L I B RAR.Y OF THE U N IVER.SITY Of ILLINOIS 4 1L H!$T. Sfcfdtl Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/economicsocialhiOOcarn Publications of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Division of Economics and History James T. Shotwell, Director ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR JAMES T. SHOTWELL, Ph. D., LL. D. GENERAL EDITOR OUTLINE OF PLAN European Series WASHINGTON CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 1924 COPYRIGHT I924 BY THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AT THE RUMFORD PRESS, CONCORD, N. H. CONTENTS PAGE I. Outline of Plan I The Inception of the History i Archives and Documents 2 The Organization of a War History 5 Guides and Manuals for Research 7 Monographic Histories 8 II. List of Editors and Editorial Boards 12 III. List of Monographs 14 IV. Publishers 24 V. Details of Plan 26 1 . The Editors 26 2. Monographs and Authors 36 British Series 36 Austrian and Hungarian Series 53 Austria-Hungary 53 Empire of Austria 58 Kingdom of Hungary 63 Public Health and the War in Austria-Hungary 68 Belgian Series 71 Czechoslovak Series 75 Dutch Series 76 French Series 79 German Series 101 Italian Series 115 Portuguese Series 121 Rumanian Series 121 Russian Series 123 Scandinavian Series 140 Yugoslav Series 144 VI. Extracts from Press Reviews 145 Index 171 i ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR I.— OUTLINE OF PLAN The Inception of the History It is a striking fact that the services of economists, so much in demand at present, have been sought not for light upon the processes which brought about the catastrophe from which the world is now suffering, but for suggestions to enable the victims to endure — or escape — the consequences. The analysis of causes still seems relatively academic. For this limitation of interest the economists themselves have been partly responsible, almost as much as the men of affairs who appeal to them. The tend- ency to attribute all of the ills of post-war Europe to the treaties of peace and to the policies built upon them has proved well-nigh irresistible to the critic. Indeed, for practical purposes it has been almost necessary thus to limit the problem of subsequent economic adjustment, since the treaties state its terms. But the result, all the same, has been to obscure more and more the significance of the prime cause of the whole economic disorder — namely the War. The task of dealing with the problem thus left on one side was taken up by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, through its Division of Economics and History. That Division had been created, at the establishment of the En- dowment, to study scientifically the nature of the effects of war upon civilized society. Its program, prior to the World War, was drawn up in harmony with this conception. Under the inspiration of the Director of the Division, Professor John B. Clark, a conference of economists from all parts of the world met at Berne in 191 1 and as a result of their deliberations and Professor Clark's initiative some ninety studies dealing with various economic and historical problems of war and peace were already planned and many of them in preparation when the World War cut across both the work in hand and the organization which had been built up, and made necessary a reconsideration of the whole problem. To meet the new situation, already early in the war, the Director of the Division requested the present General Editor to draw up plans for a comprehen- sive economic history of the war, the theme of which should be the extent of the displacement caused by the war in the normal processes of civilization. A pro- visional program for such a work was then outlined, substantially along the lines which have since been followed. Work upon it, however, was not begun until after the signature of the Treaty of Versailles some four years later; and the effec- tive cooperation of European collaborators was not obtained until toward the spring of 1920. During the last three years steady progress has been made, until 2 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR it is now possible to give — as the accompanying statement does — an outline of the plan of the whole work, and a detailed description of the greater part of what has become an Economic and Social History of the World War. The body of the work is a collection of national series dealing with the eco- nomic and social effects of the war upon some sixteen European countries. These studies, grouped under appropriate headings, form a corpus of one hundred and fifty volumes in the original, fully documented, edition, published in English, French, German and Italian. When the Continental series are translated it is planned to shorten the complete English edition by about one third. This is the History as it stands at present. Ultimately it is the intention to add some ten volumes of comparative international surveys and general conclusions. As it is too soon to plan this synthesis, however, the description which follows is limited to the corpus of national series, work upon which is well under way in every country which it covers, and in most of them already approaching publication. Such an extensive survey, if it was to be made with anything like a scientific accuracy* necessarily involved both a large organization and a careful choice of collaborators. It naturally demanded first of all that the direction of the enter- prise should be exercised in Europe and not from an office in America, sharing the responsibility with European editors whose names would carry weight in the different countries and whose judgment could be relied upon as authoritative in the selection of contributors as well as in the treatment of subject matter. The General Editor has therefore spent most of the time since his appointment in close personal touch with those working upon the History, first in Great Britain and later upon the Continent ; with the result that the plans as finally adopted are so much a matter of compromise and mutual cooperation that it would be impossible to apportion the responsibility for them. If they bear the mark of an underlying unity, the reason for that is to be sought in the emphasis placed upon a common ideal rather than in any attempt to impose uniformity in the method of work. It is a genuinely cooperative enterprise, to which the European editors and authors have contributed their full share. On the other hand, the final responsibility for both plan and execution rests with the General Editor. Archives and Documents Before proceeding to outline the organization of editorial control, some account should be given of a line of work which, while not incorporated to any large degree in the History itself, has been carried on in connection with it. In every country the first inquiry has been concerning the state of the documentary material. It is at least as important to insure adequate archives for the materials for future economic and social histories of the war as to insure an adequate history now. No history has ever succeeded in anticipating the interests of the future, and the problem of archives will always be fundamental. It has been estimated, on data supplied by archivists, that it would require something over two hundred miles of shelving to file the documents of the War OUTLINE OF PLAN 3 which have a claim to be preserved as source material for history. The British war archives alone would require over thirty-five miles of shelving. And this refers only to materials of value to history. How many more hundred miles of documentary files were produced to be destroyed, as merely routine matter, it would be idle to imagine. When one recalls that every inch of these miles is packed with documents, two or three hundred to the inch, the magnitude of the archival problem becomes clear. And the problem is as pressing as it is real. The documents already exist; the responsibility for dealing with them belongs to the age which produced them, for the future histories of our time will depend upon what we do with this source material now. It is perhaps not surprising how little this responsibility is appreciated by governments, engrossed in the business of post-war adjustment and hampered by lack of funds. The demands of the future make little appeal to those whose imagination conceives of it only as a source of credit and a haven of postponed debts; and such demands seem doubly unreal when presented by historians or archivists, whose interests are supposed to be limited to antiquarian pursuits in the past. The result is a sad failure to deal adequately with the records of our age — a failure to be seen at its worst in Washington, where to cite a single instance, documents upon which rest the case — and the honor — of the United States in war- time dealing with other nations have been left in imminent danger of fire and de- struction. But the instance cited brings out the fact that the archive problem is not merely historical. It is an intensely practical one as well. The administra- tor is as much involved in it as the researcher. This is yet but little understood ; it is perhaps well to make it clear. So long as documents were mostly written with the pen, or if printed, limited in extent, the business of the archivist was to preserve all he could. He was trained as an historian and was generally an antiquarian in tastes and outlook. Now, since the invention of the typewriter and the quick typesetting machine, the chief problem is not what to preserve but what to destroy. And as this output is continuous, the archivist who deals with it must transfer his interests to the pres- ent, which now supplies him the materials for his shelves which he formerly drew from the past. He can no longer be the scholarly antiquarian, but becomes an administrator in touch with the other branches of current administration. Just as the archivist of thirteenth-century documents must know the way in which the medieval offices functioned, in order to deal intelligently with them, so the official in charge of the documents of today must have an intimate knowledge of their origin and setting. And this means that the solution of the archival problem is to consider the question of preserving or destroying documents at the time they are produced. It is all a part of the process of government. To enforce this lesson, room was made in the Economic and Social History of the War for a Manual of Archive Administration (by Mr. Hilary Jenkinson of the British Public Record Office). The French Revolution had been the starting point for much of the archival training of the nineteenth century. The World 4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR War, by accentuating the change in conditions until, from the archival point of view, it became revolutionary, may ultimately lead to as great a revision of stand- ards and methods. But this can only come about with the help of archivists themselves ; and so far, the manual of archival administration in this series is the only one in existence which deals in any thorough way with the subject. And it is prepared especially for those students who come to London to study in the archives there. There should be others for other countries; but such an extension of the problem would be outside the limits of the History; and archivists have shown, by their reception of the present volume, that they can adjust its uses to their varying needs. It is impossible to describe all the investigations which have been made in different countries concerning the condition of source material for the Economic and Social History of the War. In some instances, especially in the Central Empires, the archives had been kept up to date with remarkable care. Even in the midst of political ruin, the archives of Vienna were well and carefully ad- ministered, and an order of the Chancellor of Austria made all the documents available for those at work upon the History. General surveys have been in- corporated in the History only in the case of those states which departed widely from their archival tradition, owing mainly to the vast extension and dislocation of war-time government, namely, Great Britain and the United States. In the case of the former, the description must naturally center around the existing Record Office; and, in the British way, the suggestions for improvement are given their full force by citing precedent and showing continuity. The manual which deals with American documents l has a freer ground since the United States has the almost unique distinction among civilized nations of possessing no national archive building. This incredible state of affairs is made workable only through the thankless labors of departmental archivists, some of whom, under conditions of great discouragement, have brought comparative order out of chaos. But such a system offers no security for records of defunct war-time organizations, some of which are of the highest importance. So far we have been speaking of official documents. But the future history of the war will depend as well upon the unofficial sources. These are preserved, in most cases, by libraries or historical societies ; and naturally the amount of care bestowed upon them varies not only from country to country but from one com- munity to another. The activities of the State historical societies of the United States may be indicated by the fact that they maintain an office in Washington to secure for them the materials or guides to the materials which bear upon the his- tory of the various states in the War, and this refers to economic and social ma- terial as well as to political and military. In Great Britain the only systematic survey of local war records — including all available economic data — was that 1 This is the only volume which has been planned to deal with American economic history. It is being prepared by Mr. Waldo G. Leland and Dr. Newton D. Mereness, with the cooperation of others in Washington. OUTLINE OF PLAN 5 undertaken by a joint committee of the British Academy and the British Editorial Board for the Economic and Social History of the War, at the instigation of the General Editor. The result of two years' work, and a searching questionnaire, is given in a monograph in the British series (Guide to Local War Records, by Miss Wretts-Smith). It is only when one recalls the use that has been made of this kind of material by the historians of social history, in recasting for us the perspective of the evolution of European society, that the value of this work will be realized. It is impossible to dwell further upon this aspect of the work. It has not been possible to devote to it anything like the attention which it deserves. But it is at least a matter of some satisfaction to recall that even when other opportunities offered more immediate returns in the form of historical monographs, these plans for the future researcher were not forgotten. It is also necessary to explain the setting in the History of one or two manuals which do not themselves contribute to the body of fact with which it deals, but only to the arrangement and preserva- tion of source material. The Organization of a War History In the matter of archives, the most that a private and unofficial body could do was to stimulate action through the appropriate national organs, governments or local authorities. With the actual preparation of a war History, however, the case was entirely different. Here, there was no one to share the responsibility. Governments could not undertake such a survey of the effects of the war upon national economy, for the more official the account the more certainly partisan and incomplete it would be. Besides it would be written from another standpoint, for it would have to show the achievements of the economic war rather than to indicate its strain. A number of such histories have been prepared and some of them already published. The most imposing are the official history of the British Munitions Control, in over twenty volumes, part of which may yet be published, and a shorter but not less carefully prepared history of the economic mobilization of Germany, prepared under the orders of the Minister of War by a scientific commission of economic historians upon which the Imperial Government spent during the war a million and a half gold marks. But both of these vast enterprises properly belong with military history. They show the strategy of the work behind the lines ; their theme is as much the winning of the war as is that of the narrative of armies in the field. That of the Economic and Social History was to be the obverse of this conception, namely, the displacement caused in the civilian society by such an economic and social disturbance. The distinction was clear — in theory. But in practice it was exceedingly difficult to keep it in view without weakening the scientific value of the narrative by a constant reminder of its ulti- mate purpose. The point is worth an illustration. The ultimate purpose of the history of the Ministry of Munitions is to show how successful the ministry was in supplying the 6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR munitions to the army. It must therefore direct the attention of the reader to the number of shells produced, the gas or tanks or cannon made available. The German official history was similarly intent upon the realization of the "Hinden- burg program." The Economic and Social History on the other hand would deal with such a topic, not from the standpoint of the output of shells or guns, but of the effect of such a diversion of energy upon the iron and steel trades, and other industries. To reach conclusions in this matter it has to know the facts of the official histories; and where they are not otherwise available, it has to work them out for itself. In the latter case it approximates a semiofficial history, but one cast in an international mould, revealing the reactions to the war in all their com- plexity, for the intelligence of future generations to judge of the reach of its destruc- tive power, not merely from the destruction itself but from the very energies which it unloosed — sometimes even creative energies — in the societies whose existence it threatened. Obviously the chief editorial difficulty was not so much the size of the History as its intricacy and difficult orientation. The control of such an enterprise had to be most carefully worked out, country by country. At first the General Editor had hoped to prepare, simultaneously with the national series, volumes of inter- national and comparative surveys, bearing more upon the larger lessons of the war. But it soon became apparent that the facts were not yet well enough estab- lished to attempt synthetic volumes of this sort; and the work, up to the present, has been confined to the national series. The first step in the preparation of these national series was the nomination by the General Editor of an Editorial Board, or, in the case of smaller countries, of a single Editor, charged with the immediate direction of research. The list of their names is given below. It is not too much to say that, within the given limits, no more competent group of men could be found in Europe, willing and able, as they have been, to bring the weight of their authority and experience in scientific pursuit and in public affairs to the arduous and often the ungrateful task of edi- torial collaboration. That their collaboration has been real the History itself is sufficient witness ; for otherwise there would have been no such body of contribu- tors as that which has been enlisted through their efforts. The total number of those employed in research reaches well over two hundred. There is something more than the preparation of a history in the work in hand. It has brought into existence a sort of international academy, analyzing the effect of war, critically and objectively; and so, from across what were hostile frontiers, both consciously and unconsciously by their common pursuit of similar ends, linking up once more the broken contact of the international mind. Moreover, however limited the period of its active research, it is, as has well been said, an academy in permanent session ; for the fruit of its labors belongs less to our day than to future generations and centuries. Perhaps the most striking fact about this body of academicians, however, is their unacademic character. There are especially few historians among them. OUTLINE OF PLAN 7 Economists figure most largely, and form the largest group upon the whole. But they are economists who know the world of action as well as that of theory. Mostly the choice has fallen upon men of affairs, statesmen of outstanding qualities and public servants in charge of war-time administration, presidents of business corporations, managers of railway systems, engineers, representatives or students of labor movements, lawyers, soldiers in charge of military economic organizations or students of war losses in man power, scientists, physicians and men of letters, each in his own field a recognized authority, and in not a few instances the only or one outstanding authority from whom an adequate account could be obtained of the subject assigned. As has already been noted, it is an indication of the com- petence of the collaborators to speak for Europe, that at least twenty-five of them have held the rank of Cabinet Ministers in their Governments. Guides and Manuals for Research Actual research began in every country with a bibliographical survey of the material available for research. This must be carefully distinguished from the archival survey referred to above. Here we are dealing with printed material. In the case of the larger countries this has led to the preparation of manuals to be included in the History proper. But similar work has been undertaken in other countries, without going to the extent of publishing the results. For instance, the visitor to The Hague will find material carefully prepared by direction of the Dutch Editor, most of it accessible in the library of the Peace Palace; at Brussels the efficient work of those in charge of the Archives of the War — under the presi- dency of Professor Pirenne — has made similar collections unnecessary; but at Copenhagen the chairman of the Scandinavian Board maintained a repository throughout the war. In the larger countries the bibliographical guides which have been prepared form an integral part of the national history. The need for this is due not only to the great amount of material published in war-time, for much of this is historically worthless; but also to the fact that, owing mainly to the seal of secrecy laid upon many of the activities of war governments, there were not a few printed papers, now more or less accessible, which were never published but were distributed to a limited number of readers, generally inside government depart- ments. These documents often throw light upon problems otherwise obscure to the historian, but they are not easily traced. The general bibliographical guides naturally do not go deeply into source materials of this kind ; but the special mono- graphs describe them further under the various subjects with which they deal. In addition to bibliographical guides, a few other manuals for future research- ers have been judged necessary or fitting. Some of these have to do with the description of war-time organizations for economic purposes, of which many — ■ official as well as unofficial — came into existence for a short time, played roles of varying importance, and disappeared, leaving little historical trace of their ac- tivities. Even government departments were created and disappeared with mysterious rapidity. This was especially true of countries of parliamentary or 8 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR congressional government, ill-supplied before hand with the bureaucratic ma- chinery for waging a great war. The legal situation was still further complicated by the fact that these bodies did not necessarily go out of existence when their functions were taken over by others, but sometimes remained in the scheme of things, to puzzle either the enemy or their own administration. In England and France special studies have beeen made of these temporary and confusing or- ganizations. No other guide to them exists. In Italy the archival guide to the papers of the department of industrial mobilization deals in part with the same theme, and the same is true of America. In the Central Powers, however, the need for it is less evident, owing, in part, to the more definitely military control of the economic machinery of supply. Monographic Histories While the guides and manuals, which have just been described, have been grouped in the announcement of the History in the different national series, the body of the work is composed not of guides for future historians but of histories in the form of monographs offering a detailed survey of as much of the field as can now be covered. These vary considerably in form and method. Some contain the materials for the history of a subject rather than a history itself ; others attempt to work up the materials into a definite narrative. But all, as contrasted with the books above noted, are concerned with the presentation of fact. The unifying theme of each of these series of monographs is the effect of the war upon the economic and social life of the nation. The political history of the war has been left aside as far as possible; and, in any case, the international diplo- matic history except in certain questions which were predominantly economic. Naturally, however, where the economic situation could only be understood after one knew the political agencies which determined it, those agencies had to be described — since no other history had undertaken to do so. This meant the preparation of a statement of the effects of the war upon the Governments of England, France, Austria-Hungary and Germany, and of the economic legislation of the war in Italy. The first four of these studies will be contributions as well to the history of public law. Taken by themselves their first place in an economic history might be open to question ; but any economist or historian familiar with the evolution of war-time economics will readily understand that they are as essential to this History as a whole, as a knowledge of the powers of a congress or parlia- ment would be to the historian of a tariff or income tax. In some of the smaller countries politics intrude more into the body of the economic narrative, as the two fields are not differentiated in fact. A good example of this is Portugal, where it would give a completely false picture of the whole situation if such formal dis- tinctions were insisted upon. As far as possible, however, politics have been avoided. The subjects covered are loosely grouped into the familiar categories of eco- nomics, production (industrial and agricultural), labor, commerce and transporta- OUTLINE OF PLAN 9 tion, finance, consumption, etc. Thus the British Series of some thirty volumes contains about forty separate studies, mainly concerned with the effects of the war upon industry and commerce as shown through the records of war-time govern- mental control, taxation and budgetary expenditure, the distribution of war profits, labor, shipping, and special studies of leading industries like textiles, coal and iron and steel, and of social history in industrial areas and Wales. The French Series, while slightly less in total length, is divided into more separate monographs covering substantially the same subjects, with due regard for the economic consequences of the fact that the war was so largely fought on French soil. The history of each country naturally brings to the fore in this way the chief national problems. That of Italy, consisting of eleven volumes, emphasizes the questions of food supply and finances. That of Belgium, in seven volumes, has mainly to do with the effects of the German occupation. The synthesis of this series will be supplied by the historian of Belgium, who is also the editor of the Belgian series, Professor Henri Pirenne. Of a special interest, however, are the series devoted to the Economic History of the Central Empires. That of the late Hapsburg Monarchy is already well under way, and in spite of the changed political situation there — or perhaps mainly on account of it— the Austro-Hungarian Series promises to be of unusual signifi- cance. Vienna in particular offers rich material for the student of the economic displacement of the war, and this material has been less affected by post-war events and rendered more accessible by the fact that nothing is to be gained by any short-sighted policy of concealment. To the scientific value of the work in hand has been added the lesson to be learned from catastrophe in war. Directly per- tinent also to the purposes of the History as a whole is such a volume as that by the former Governor of the Austro-Hungarian Bank, Dr. Popovics, revealing for the first time the official figures of the bank's activities during the war, with the result that one is at last offered a glimpse behind the specious facade of war-time policies, and can see month by month the steadily increasing liabilities of the war until they reached the point of bankruptcy. It is clear from a study like this that even had the Hapsburg Monarchy not been dismembered, it would have been ruined financially by the war. The plans for the War History from the very first included Germany, but it was not possible to begin work there until last summer. Now at last a German Editorial Board has been appointed representative of the more important currents of public opinion — capital, labor, finance, and economics — and the list of mono- graphs of the German series is now taking shape. It is proposed to make this series fully as comprehensive as any other. But as it has been the policy through- out to make no announcements concerning the History until the work itself is actually in hand, detailed announcements will be made later. The history of Russia is covered only as far as the Bolshevik Revolution. Beyond that it is not proposed to go, for the present at least. If it is an almost impossible task to estimate the effects of the war as distinguished from other 10 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR destructive economic factors in the countries of Western Europe, it is perhaps for- ever impossible to trace them through the period of revolutionary disturbance in Russia. But for the period under survey, although the sources are extremely difficult of access, the editor, Sir Paul Vinogradoff, has been able to enlist the services of a group of distinguished Russian writers, who, writing in exile, are able to offer as authoritative an account as can be obtained under prevailing circum- stances of the effect of the war upon Russia so long as its armies were in the field. The main theme of the Russian history, which is also that of most of south- eastern Europe, Rumania, Yugoslavia, etc. is the effect of the war upon the most numerous portion of the population, namely, the peasantry and farmers. This receives the emphasis given to industry and business in the western countries. The profound, far-reaching significance of the change which the war has wrought in agricultural areas is registered more clearly in social history than in the statistics of production, and it is treated here mainly in this light. Finally, although originally planned on a somewhat more liberal scale, the economic histories of other countries are covered in single volumes or at most two. These include Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Yugo- slavia, Rumania and Portugal. The existence of a semiofficial history of Switzer- land at present under preparation, excludes it from this survey; Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey are not included; and Spain, as a neutral, with external economic policies difficult to detach from belligerent policies has also been left out. This admittedly leaves the History "in the air" in some degree; but not merely so much as it suffers from the fact that it has proved impossible to place in its proper perspective the effects upon the war economics of Europe of its relations with America, so vital a factor in the whole economic scheme of things. As for the effects of the war upon America itself, that is a theme still challenging the in- vestigator. It has been stated several times that the purpose of the History is to attempt to describe the displacement caused by the war in the processes of civilization. There is in each series a study devoted to the estimate of "War Costs" upon the country concerned. In the case of the larger countries this consists of at least one whole monograph, generally two. There is a statistical estimate of direct war costs and a final summing up in which the intangible, imponderable effects of war are placed alongside the figures; the philosophic mind judging the value of the accountant's balances and especially emphasizing the critical methods to be em- ployed in so baffling a problem. But these final volumes cannot be written yet. The data are not yet enough known. Indeed, without the researches which this History is calling forth and until the essential work upon it is done, any attempt to estimate the total displacement would be premature. The process of disturbance was a long one and by no means simple. War creates energies of defense as well as of destruction, and the activities of peace against which they must be measured are not all productive. So the survey of it, if it is to be scientific, must extend not only beyond the immediate and rather obvious data of war-time budgets and OUTLINE OF PLAN II military expenditure but into the very structure of social life. It must extend over more than the period of fighting, and vary the scope with that of each phase of the subject. The whole History is, therefore, contributary to the conclusions which are to be based upon it. II.— LIST OF EDITORS AND EDITORIAL BOARDS (See also post, pp. 26-35) Great Britain Sir William Beveridge, K.C.B., Chairman. Professor H. W. C. Davis, C.B.E. *Sir Edward C. K. Gonner, K.B.E. Mr. Thomas Jones, LL.D. Mr. J. M. Keynes, C.B. Mr. F. W. Hirst. Professor W. R. Scott, D.Phil., LL.D. Professor James T. Shotwell, ex officio. Austria-Hungary Joint Editorial Board: Professor James T. Shotwell, Chairman. Editors, Austrian Series: Professor Dr. Friedrich von Wieser, Chairman. Dr. Richard Riedl. Dr. Richard Schuller. Editor, Hungarian Series: Dr. Gustav Gratz. Editor, Public Health Series: Professor Dr. Clemens von Pirquet. Belgium Professor H. Pirenne, Editor. France Professor Charles Gide, Chairman. M. Arthur Fontaine. Professor Henri Hauser. Professor Charles Rist. Professor James T. Shotwell, ex officio. 1 Deceased. 12 editors and editorial boards 1 3 Germany Dr. Carl Melchior, Chairman. Ex-Chancellor Gustav Bauer. Dr. Hermann Bucher. Dr. Carl Duisberg. Professor Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Executive Secretary. Professor Max Sering. Professor James T. Shotwell, ex officio. Italy Professor Luigi Einaudi, Chairman. Professor Pasquale Jannaccone. Professor Umberto Ricci. Professor James T. Shotwell, ex officio. The Netherlands Professor H. B. Greven, Editor. Rumania Mr. David Mitrany, Editor. Russia Sir Paul Vinogradoff, F.B.A., Editor, First Series. Scandinavia Professor Harald Westergaard (Denmark), Chairman. Professor Eli F. Heckscher (Sweden). Mr. N. Rygg (Norway). Professor James T. Shotwell, ex officio. Yugoslavia Professor Velimir Bajkitch, Editor. III.— LIST OF MONOGRAPHS This list includes only those published and in course of preparation, and may be changed from time to time. The monographs fall into two main classes, those which may be said to constitute full numbers in the series, volumes of from 300 to 500 pages; and partial numbers or special studies of approximately 100 pages or less, which may ultimately be incorporated in a full volume along with others dealing with cognate subjects. Titles have been grouped to indicate the proposed volume arrangement, but this grouping cannot be regarded as final in the larger and more complicated series. It is the intention, however, to keep to the total number of volumes indicated. Separate announcement will be made concerning volumes dealing with countries outside Europe. Monographs already published are indicated by an asterisk, partial numbers by a double asterisk. British Series * Bibliographical Survey, by Miss M. E. Bulkley. * Manual of Archive Administration, by Mr. Hilary Jenkinson. British Archives in Peace and War, by Dr. Hubert Hall. War Government of Great Britain and Ireland (with special reference to its eco- nomic aspects), by Professor W. G. S. Adams, C.B. * War Government of the British Dominions, by Professor A. B. Keith, D.C.L. * Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom, 1914-1920, by Professor A. L. Bowley. British War Budgets and Financial Policy, by Mr. F. W. Hirst and Mr. J. E. Allen. Taxation and W'ar-Time Incomes, by Sir Josiah C. Stamp, K.B.E.: Taxation during the War. War-Time Profits and Their Distribution. The War and Insurance. A series of studies : Life Insurance, by Mr. S. G. Warner ; Fire Insurance, by Mr. A. E. Sich and Mr. S. Preston; Shipping Insurance, by Sir Norman Hill; Friendly Societies and Health Insurance, by Sir Alfred Watson; Unemployment Insurance, by Sir William Beveridge; with an additional section on the National Savings Movement, by Sir William Schooling. ♦Experiments in State Control at the War Office and the Ministry of Food, by Mr. E. M. H. Lloyd. British Food Control, by Sir William Beveridge, K.C.B., and Sir Edward C. K. Gonner, K.B.E. * Food Production in War, by Sir Thomas Middleton, K.B.E. Effect of the W r ar upon British Textile Industries: The Wool Trade during the War, by Mr. E. F. Hitchcock. **The Cotton Control Board, by Mr. H. D. Henderson. 14 LIST OF MONOGRAPHS 1 5 * Allied Shipping Control; An Experiment in International Administration, by Sir Arthur Salter, K.C.B. General History of British Shipping during the War, by Mr. C. Ernest Fayle. * The British Coal-Mining Industry during the War, by Sir Richard Redmayne, K.C.B. The British Iron and Steel Industry during the War, by Mr. W. T, Layton, C.H., C.B.E. British Labour Unions and the War (3 volumes), by Mr. G. D. H. Cole: ** Trade Unionism and Munitions. ** Labour in the Coal Mining Industry. ** Workshop Organization. * Labour Supply and Regulation, by Mr. Humbert Wolfe, C.B.E. Effect of the War upon Public Health : Public Health Conditions in England during the War, by Dr. A. W. J. MacFadden, C.B. Health of the Returned Soldier, by Dr. E. Cunyngham Brown, C.B.E. industries of the Clyde Valley during the War, by Professor W. R. Scott and Mr. J. Cunnison. Scottish Agriculture and Fisheries (with a supplementary chapter on the jute industry). A series of studies of War-Time Economics, by Mr. H. M. Conacher, Mr. Joseph Duncan, Mr. D. T. Jones, and Dr. J. P. Day, with Introduction by Professor W. R. Scott. Wales in the World War, by Thomas Jones, LL.D. Manchester: A Study in Local War-Time Conditions, by Professor H. W. C. Davis. Guides to the Study of War-Time Economics : Guide to Local War Records, by Miss Wretts-Smith. Dictionary of Official War-Time Organizations, by Dr. N. B. Dearie. Economic Chronicle of the War, by Dr. N. B. Dearie. Studies in British Social History during the World War (to be arranged). Cost of War to Great Britain (to be arranged). Austrian and Hungarian Series A ustria-Hungary: * Bibliography of Austrian Economic Literature during the War, by Professor Dr. Othmar Spann. Austro-Hungarian Finance during the War, by Dr. Alexander Popovics. Military Economic History, a series of studies directed by Professor Dr. von Wieser, Generals Krauss and Hoen, and Colonel Glaise-Horstenau : Conscription, etc., by Colonel Klose; Munitions and Supply, by Colonel Pflug; Transportation under Military Control, by Colonel Ratzenhofer; The Costs of the War to Austria, by Dr. Hornik. Others to follow. Economic Use of Occupied Territories: Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, by General Kerchnawe. 16 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR "Mittel-Europa": The Preparation of a New Joint Economy, by Dr. Gratz and Dr. Schuller. Exhaustion and Disorganization of the Hapsburg Monarchy, by Professor Dr. Friedrich von Wieser, with a section on the Disruption of the Austro- Hungarian Economic Union, by Dr. Richard Schuller. Empire of Austria: War Government in Austria, by Professor Dr. Joseph Redlich. Industrial Control in Austria during the War, a series of studies directed by Dr. Richard Riedl. Food Control and Agriculture in Austria during the War, a series of studies di- rected by Dr. H. Lowenfeld-Russ. Labor in Austria during the War, a series of studies directed by Mr. Ferdinand Hanusch. Austrian Railways during the War (Civil Control), by Ing. Bruno Ritter von Enderes. Coal Supply in Austria during the War, by Ing. Emil Homann-Herimberg. The Moral Effects of the War upon Austria, by Chancellor Dr. Ignaz Seipel. The War and Crime, by Professor Franz Exner. Kingdom of Hungary: Economic War History of Hungary: A General Survey, by Dr. Gustav Gratz. Effects of the War upon the Hungarian Government and People, by Count Albert Apponyi. Hungarian Industry during the War, by Baron Josef Szterenyi. History of Hungarian Commerce during the War, by Dr. Alexander Matlckovits. History of Hungarian Finance during the War, by Dr. Johann von Teleszky. Hungarian Agriculture during the War, by Dr. Emil von Mutschenbacher, and Food Control in Hungary during the War, by Professor Johann Bud. Social Conditions in Hungary during the War, by Dr. Desider Pap. Public Health and the War in Austria-Hungary: General Survey of Public Health in Austria-Hungary, by Professor Dr. Clemens von Pirquet. The Effect of the War upon Public Health in Austria and Hungary. A series of studies by Drs. Helly, Kirchenberger, Steiner, Raschofsky, Kassowitz, Breitner, von B6kay, Schacherl, Hockauf, Finger, Kyrle, Elias, Economo, Muller-Deham, Nobel, Wagner, Edelmann, and Mayerhofer, edited with Introduction by Professor Dr. Clemens von Pirquet. Belgian Series Belgium and the World War, by Professor H. Pirenne. Deportation of Belgian Workmen and the Forced Labor of the Civilian Popula- tion during the German Occupation of Belgium, by M. Fernand Passelecq. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS 1 7 Food Supply of Belgium during the German Occupation, by Dr. Albert Henry. German Legislation with Reference to the Occupation of Belgium, by Drs. J. Pirenne and M. Vauthier. Unemployment in Belgium during the German Occupation, by Professor Ernest Mahaim. Destruction of Belgian Industry by the Germans, by Count Charles de Kerchove. Economic Policy of the Belgian Government during the War, by Professor F. J. van Langenhove. Czechoslovak Series * Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the first year of its History, by Dr. A. Rasin. The Effect of the War upon the Czechoslovak People. A volume of studies under the direction of President Masaryk. Dutch Series * War Finances in the Netherlands up to 191 8, by Dr. M.J. van der Flier. The Effect of the War upon Supplies and upon Dutch Agriculture, by Dr. F. E. Posthuma. The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Manufacturing Industry, by Mr. C. J. P. Zaalberg. The Effect of the War upon Dutch Commerce and Navigation, by Mr. E. P. De Monchy. The Effect of the War upon Prices, Wages, and the Cost of Living, by Professor Dr. H. W. Methorst. The Effect of the War upon Banking and Currency, by Dr. G. Vissering and Dr. J. Westerman Holstyn. The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Colonies, by Professor Dr. J. H. Carpentier Alting. The Effect of the War Upon the Housing Problem, 19 14-1922, by Dr. H. J. Romeyn. War Finances in the Netherlands 19 18- 1922. The Costs of the War. By Pro- fessor Dr. H. W. C. Bordewyk. French Series Bibliographical Guide to the Literature concerning France for the Economic History of the War, by Dr. Camille Bloch. Effects of the War upon Government: Effect of the War upon the Civil Government of France, by Professor Pierre Renouvin. 1 8 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Problem of Regionalism, by Professor Henri Hauser. Official War-Time Organizations, by M. Boutillier du Retail. Organization of the Republic for Peace, by M. Henri Chardon. Studies in War-Time Statistics: Effect of the War upon Population and upon Incomes, by M. Michel Huber. Prices and Wages during the War, by M. Lucien March. Supply and Control of Food in War-Time: Rationing and Food Control, by MM. Adolphe Pichon and P. Pinot. Agriculture during the War, by M. Michel Auge-Laribe. The History of French Industry during the War, by M. Arthur Fontaine. Effects of the War upon Textile Industries, by Professor Albert Aftalion. Effects of the War upon Metallurgy and Engineering, by M. Robert Pinot, and Effects of the War upon Chemical Industries, by M. Eugene Mauclere. Effects of the War upon Fuel and Motive Power: Coal Industry and Mineral Fuels, by M. Henri de Peyerimhoff. Hydraulic Power, by Professor Raoul Blanchard. Forestry and the Timber Industry during the War, by General Georges Chevalier, and War-Time Aeronautic Industries, by Colonel Paul Dhe. Organization of War Industries, by M. Albert Thomas. Labor Conditions during the War, by MM. William Oualid and C. Picquenard. Studies in War-Time Labor Problems (2 volumes) : Unemployment during the War, by M. A. Crehange. Syndicalism during the War, by M. Roger Picard. Foreign and Colonial Workmen in France, by M. B. Nogaro. Women in Industry under War Conditions, by M. Marcel Frois. Effects of the War in the Occupied Territories: The Organization of Labor in the Invaded Territories, by M. Pierre Boulin. Food Supply in the Invaded Territory, by MM. Paul Collinet and Paul Stahl. Damage Inflicted by the War, by M. Edmond Michel. Refugees and Prisoners of War : The Refugees and Interned Civilians, by Professor Pierre Caron. Prisoners of War, by M. Georges Cahen-Salvador. Effects of the War upon Transportation : French Railroads during the War, by M. Marcel Peschaud. Internal Waterways, Freight Traffic, by M. Georges Pocard de Kerviler. Effects of the War upon French Shipping: Merchant Shipping during the War, by M. Henri Cangardel. French Ports during the War, by M. Georges Hersent. Effects of the War upon French Commerce, by Professor Charles Rist. The Blockade, by MM. Denys-Cochin and Jean Gout. French Commercial Policy during the War, by M. fitienne Clemen tel. Effects of the War upon French Finances: LIST OF MONOGRAPHS 19 War-Time Finances, by M. Henri Truchy. War-Time Banking, by M. Albert Aupetit. Studies in Social History: Cooperative Societies and the Struggle Against High Prices, by Professor Charles Gide. Effects of the War upon the Problem of Housing, by M. Henri Sellier. Effect of the War upon Public Health : Public Health and Hygiene, by Dr. Leon Bernard. The Wounded Soldiers, by MM. Cassin and Ville-Chabrolle. Economic History of French Cities during the War (two volumes) : Lyons, by M. Edouard Herriot. Rouen, by M. J. Levainville. Bordeaux, by M. Paul Courteault. Bourges, by M. C. J. Gignoux. Tours, by Professor M. L'h6ritier. Marseilles, by M. Paul Masson. Paris, by M. Henri Sellier. Effects of the War upon Colonies and Possessions : The Colonies in War-Time, by M. Arthur Girault. Effects of the W T ar upon Northern Africa, by M. Augustin Bernard. Effects of the War upon Alsace-Lorraine, by M. Georges Delahache. The Cost of the War to France: War Costs: Direct Expenses, by Professor Gaston Jeze. The Costs of the War to France, by Professor Charles Gide. German Series Bibliographical Survey of German Literature for the Economic History of the War, by Professor Dr. A. Mendelssohn Bartholdy and Dr. E. Rosenbaum; with a supplementary section on the Imperial German Archives, by Dr. E. F. C. Miisebeck. The Effect of the War upon the Government and Constitution of Germany: 1. The War Government of Germany, by Professor Dr. A. Mendelssohn Bartholdy. 2. The Political Administration of Occupied Territories, by Freiherr W. M. E. von Gayl, Dr. W. von Kries and Dr. L. F. von Kohler. The Effect of the War upon Morals and Religion: 1. The Effect of the War upon Morals, by Professor Dr. Otto Baumgarten. 2. The Effect of the War upon Religion, by Professor Dr. Erich Fcerster and Professor Dr. Arnold Rademacher. 3. The Effect of the War upon the Young, by Dr. Wilhelm Flitner. The War and Crime, by Professor Dr. Moritz Liepmann. The Effect of the War upon Population, Income and Standard of Living in Germany : 20 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 1. The Effect of the War upon Population: a Study in Vital Statistics, by Professor Rudolf Meerwarth. 2. The Effect of the War upon Incomes, by Professor Dr. Adolf Gunther. The General Effects of the War upon Production, by Professor Max Sering. The War and Government Control : 1. State Control and Decontrol, by Professor Dr. H. Goppert. 2. The Supply of Raw Materials under Government Control, by Dr. A. Koeth. 3. Economic Cooperation with the Allies of Germany, and the Government Organization of Supplies, by Dr. W. Frisch. The Economic Exploitation of Occupied Territories: 1. Belgium and Northern France, by Dr. Georg Jahn. 2. Rumania and the Ukraine, by Dr. Fritz Karl Mann. 3. Poland and the Baltic, by Dr. W. von Kries and Freiherr W. M. E. von Gayl. The Effect of the War upon German Commerce, by Professor Dr. W. Wiedenfeld. The Effect of the War upon Shipping and Railways: 1. The War and German Shipping, by Dr. E. Rosenbaum. 2. The War and German Railways (to be arranged). The Influence of the War upon German Industry, by Geheimrat Hermann Biicher. The War and German Labor Unions, by Herren Paul Umbreit, Adam Stegerwald, Anton Erkelenz and Ex-Chancellor Gustav Bauer. The Social History of the Laboring Classes during and after the War : 1. The War and the German Working Man, by Ex-Minister David. 2. The War and Wages, by Professor Dr. Waldemar Zimmermann. Food Supply and Agriculture: 1. The War and the Agricultural Population, by Professor Max Sering. 2. Food Supply during the War, by Professor A. Skalweit. 3. Food Statistics of the War Period, by Professor Dr. Ernst Wagemann. 4. The Influence of the War upon Agricultural Production, by Professor Dr. Friedrich Aereboe. The Effect of the War upon German Finance : 1. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Banking, by Professor Dr. Hermann N. Schumacher. 2. German Public Finance during the War, by Professor Dr. Walter Lotz. Italian Series Bibliographical Survey of the Economic and Social Problems of the War, by Professor Vincenzo Porri, with an introduction on the collection and use of the documents of the War, by Comm. Eugenio Casanova. The Economic Legislation of the War, by Professor Alberto De'Stefani. Agricultural Production in Italy, 1 914-19, by Professor Umberto Ricci. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS 21 The Agricultural Classes in Italy during and after the War, by Professor Arrigo Serpieri. Food Supply and Rationing, by Professor Riccardo Bachi; and Food Supply of the Italian Army, by Professor Gaetano Zingali. War-Time Finances, by Professor Luigi Einaudi. Cost of the War to Italy, by Professor Luigi Einaudi. Currency Inflation in Italy and its Effects on Prices, Incomes and Foreign Ex- changes, by Professor Pasquale Jannaccone. Vital Statistics and Public Health in Italy during and after the War, by Professor Giorgio Mortara. The Italian People during and after the War: A Social Survey, by Professor Gioacchino Volpe. Social and Economic Life in Piedmont as Affected by the War, by Professor Giuseppe Prato. Portuguese Series Economic and Social History of Portugal as Affected by the War, by Professor George Young. Rumanian Series The Rural Revolution in Rumania and Southeastern Europe, by D. Mitrany. Economic Consequences of the War in Rumania: The Effect of the Enemy Occupation of Rumania, by Dr. G. Antipa. The Effect of the War upon Public Health in Rumania, by Professor J. Cantacuzino. The Effect of the War upon Rumanian Economic Life (volume to be arranged) . First Russian Series (To the Bolshevik Revolution) Effects of the War upon Government and National Finances in Russia : Effects of the War upon the Central Government, by Professor Paul P. Gronsky. State Finances during the War, by Mr. Alexander M. Michelson. Russian State Credit during the War, by Mr. Paul N. Apostol. Effects of the War upon Currency and Banking in Russia: Currency in Russia during the War, by Professor Michael V. Bernadsky. German Capital in Russia and the War, by Mr. Basil B. Eliashevitch. Municipalities and Zemstvos during the War: Effect of the War upon Russian Municipalities, and the All-Russian Union of Towns, by Mr. N. I. Astroff. The Zemstvos, the All-Russian Union of the Zemstvos and the Zemgor, by Prince Vladimir A. Obolensky and Mr. Sergius P. Turin. 22 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR The War and the Psychology of the Zemstvos Workers, by Mr. Isaak V. Shklovsky. Effects of the War upon the Cooperative Movement in Russia : Effect of the War upon Agricultural Cooperation and Cooperative Credit, by Professor A. N. Anziferoff. Cooperatives of Consumers in Russia during the War, by Professor V. T. Totomianz. The Russian Army in the World War: a study in social history, by General Nicholas N. Golovine. Rural Economy in Russia and the War, by Professor A. N. Anziferoff, Professor Alexander Bilimovitch and Mr. M. O. Batcheff. Effect of the War upon Landholding and Settlement in Russia, by Professor Alexander D. Bilimovitch and Professor V. A. Kossinsky. Problem of Food Supply in Russia during the War, by Professor Peter B. Struve. State Control of Industry in Russia during the War, by Mr. Simon O. Zagorsky. Effects of the War upon Russian Industries: Coal Mining, by Mr. Boris N. Sokoloff. Petroleum, by Mr. Alexander M. Michelson. Chemical Industry, by Mr. Mark A. Landau. Flax and Wool Industry, by Mr. Sergius N. Tretiakoff. Metal Manufacturing Industries, by General Hermonius. Textile (Cotton) Industry, by Mr. Theodorovitch G. Karpoff. Effects of the War upon Labor and Industrial Conditions: Wages in War Time, by Miss Anna G. Eisenstadt. Workmen's Family Budgets, by Mr. Stanislas S. Kohn. Changes in the Conditions and Composition of the Working Classes, by Mr. W. T. Braithwaite. Effects of the War upon Trade and Commerce : Internal Russian Trade during the War, by Mr. Paul A. Bouryschkine. Russia in the Economic War, by Professor Boris E. Nolde. Effects of the War upon Transportation in Russia, by Mr. Michael B. Braikevitch. Effects of the War upon Education and Public Health in Russia: Elementary and Secondary Schools during the War, by Professor D . M . Odineiz. Universities and Academic Institutions during the War, by Professor P. J. Novgorodzoff. Public Health, by Professor L. A. Taracievitch. Social History of the Ukraine during the War, by Mr. Nicholas M. Mogilansky. Vital Statistics of Russia during the War, by Professor A. A. Tschuproff, and Russia in the World War; a historical synthesis, by Sir Paul Vinogradoff. Scandinavian Series The Economic Effects of the War upon Sweden, a series of studies edited and with an introduction by Professor Eli F. Heckscher. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS 23 1. The Effect of the War upon the Life and Work of the Swedish People (General Introduction), by Professor Eli F. Heckscher. 2. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Agriculture and Food Supply, by Mr. Carl Mannerfelt. 3. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Industry, by Mr. Olof Edstrom. 4. The Effect of the War upon the Working Classes, by Mr. Otto J arte. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Finance and Commerce: 1. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Finances, by Professor Eli F. Heckscher. 2. The War and Swedish Commerce, by Mr. Kurt Bergendal. Norway and the World War, by Dr. Wilhelm Keilhau. The Economic Effects of the War upon Denmark, by Dr. Einar Cohn, with a section on Iceland by Mr. Thorstein Thorsteinsson. Yugoslav Series Economic Situation of Serbia at the Outbreak and during the First Year of the War, by Professor Velimir Bajkitch. Economic and Social Effects of the War upon Yugoslavia (volume to be arranged). IV.— PUBLISHERS The publication of the monographs is being carried forward under the general direction of the Yale University Press, in cooperation with publishers in other countries. Each of the volumes as published is thus made available not only through the national publisher, but through each of the other publishers in other countries. The following volumes are now ready, or will be shortly: Austrian and Hungarian Series (In German) Bibliographic der Wirtschafts — und Sozialgeschichte des Weltkrieges, by Othmar Spann. Das Geldwesen im Kriege, by Dr. Alexander von Popovics. Die Kohlenversorgung Osterreichs wahrend des Krieges, by Emil von Homann-Herimberg. Die Regelung der Arbeitsverhaltnisse im Kriege, by Ferdinand Hanusch. Belgian Series (In French) L'activite legislative et juridique allemande en Belgique pendant I'occupation de 1914 a 1918, by Marcel Vauthier and Jacques Pirenne. Le ravitaillement de la Belgique pendant I'occupation allemande, by Albert Henry. British Series (In English) Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration, by J. A. Salter, C.B. War Government of the British Dominions, by Arthur Berriedale Keith, D.C.L., D.Litt. Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom, 1914-1920, by Arthur L. Bowley, Sc.D. A Manual of Archive Administration, including the Problems of War Archives and Archive Mak- ing, by Hilary Jenkinson. The Cotton Control Board, by Hubert D. Henderson, M.A. Bibliographical Survey of Contemporary Sources for the Economic and Social History of the War, by M. E. Bulkley. Labour Supply and Regulation, by Humbert Wolfe. The British Coal-Mining Industry during the War, by Sir Richard A. S. Redmayne. Food Production in War, by Sir Thomas Hudson Middleton. Workshop Organization, by G. D. H. Cole. Trade Unionism and Munitions, by G. D. H. Cole. Labour in the Coal-Mining Industry, by G. D. H. Cole. Experiments in State Control at the War Office and the Ministry of Food, by E. M. H. Lloyd. Industries of the Clyde Valley during the War, by W. R. Scott and J. Cunnison. Czechoslovak Series (In English) Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the First Year of its History, by Alois Rasin. 24 PUBLISHERS 25 Dutch Series (In English) War Finances in the Netherlands up to 1918, by M. J. van der Flier. French Series (In French) Bibliographic generate de la guerre, by Camille Bloch. Le probleme du regionalisme, by Professor Henri Hauser. Portuguese Series (In English) Portugal's War, by George Young. The publishers and selling agents for each of the countries are as follows: America: Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Austria-Hungary: Holder-Pichler-Tempsky A.-G., Vienna, Austria. France: Les Presses Universitaires de France, 49, Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris, France. Germany: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Berlin and Stuttgart. Great Britain: Oxford University Press, Amen House, Warwick Square, London, E. C. 4, England. Italy: Casa Editrice Laterza, Bari, Italy. Inquiries regarding the content or price of any of the volumes should be ad- dressed to the publisher for the country or locality from which the inquiry origi- nates. V.— DETAILS OF PLAN 1. THE EDITORS GREAT BRITAIN Sir William H. Beveridge, K.C.B., Chairman. Director of London School of Economics; Fellow of University College, Oxford, 1902-9; Subwarden of Toynbee Hall, 1903-5; leader writer for Morning Post, 1906-8; member of Central Unemployed Body for London, 1905-8, and first Chairman of Employment Ex- changes Committee; in Board of Trade, 1908-16, as Director of Labor Exchanges, 1909-16, and Assistant Secretary in charge of Employment Department; Assistant General Secretary to Ministry of Munitions, 1915-16; in Ministry of Food, Second Secretary, 1916-18, Per- manent Secretary, 19 19. Author of Unemployment: A Problem of Industry; The Ministry of Food under Lord Rhondda; contributed to Life of Lord Rhondda; articles in Contemporary Review, economic journals, etc. Professor H. W. C. Davis, C.B.E., M.A. Professor of History in Manchester University, 1921; Director, Dictionary of National Biography since 1920; Fellow and tutor of Balliol College, Oxford (Scholar 1891-95), Fellow, 1902; Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1895-1902; member of War Trade Intelligence Department, 1915; War Trade Advisory Committee, 1916; member of the British delegation to negotiate peace, Paris, 19 18-19. Author of History of Balliol College (1899) ; Charlemagne (1900); England under the Normans and Angovins (1905); Mediaeval Europe (191 1); Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum (vol. I, 1913); new edition of Stubb's Select Charters (1913); Political Thought of Treitschke (1914); (joint) Why we are at War (1914); editor of Oxford Pamphlets, 1914-15; contributions to the English Historical Review, Cambridge Modem History, Encyclopedia Britannica (1910); Helmolt's History of the World (1910); Mowbray's History of Church History (19 12) ; History of the Peace Conference (ed. Temperley, 1920), etc. Thomas Jones, M.A., LL.D. Principal Assistant Secretary to Cabinet; Secretary, National Health Insurance Commis- sioners (Wales) since 1912; Secretary to War Cabinet; Barrington Lecturer in Ireland, 1904- 5; Assistant in Political Economy and Lecturer in Economics, Glasgow University; special investigator, Poor Law Commission, 1906-9; Professor in Economics, Queen's University, Belfast, 1909-10; Secretary, Welsh National Campaign Against Tuberculosis, 1910-11; member of University Court, University of Wales; Governor of National Library and of National Museum of Wales. Author of Reports on Outdoor Relief; edited Mazzini's Essays; and frequent contributor to Welsh periodicals. John Maynard Keynes, M.A., C.B. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Editor of Economic Journal since 1912 ; member of Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency, 1913-14; attached to Treasury, 1915- 19; principal representative of Treasury at Paris Peace Conference and Deputy for Chancel- lor of Exchequer on Supreme Economic Council, January-June, 1919; Officier de 1'Ordre de Leopold; India Office 1906-8. Author of Indian Currency and Finance (1913); The Eco- nomic Consequences of the Peace; The Revision of the Treaty; A Treatise on Probability; Editor of Economic Journal; General Editor of Reconstruction Series of Manchester Guardian Commercial. 26 THE EDITORS 27 Francis W. Hirst. Formerly Lecturer at London School of Economics; City Editor of London papers; Editor of The Economist, 1907-16; member from the first of Committee of Research of Division of Economics and History of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Author of The Progress of the Nation; The Stock Exchange; The Political Economy of War, etc. Professor W. R. Scott, M.A., D.Phil., Litt.D., Hon. LL.D., F.B.A. Adam Smith Professor of Political Economy in University of Glasgow since 19 15 ; Lecturer on Political Economy, University of St. Andrews, 1 899-1915; Jevons Memorial Lecturer, University College, London, 1916-18; Lecturer for Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, 1919; appointed by Secretary for Scotland to report on Highland Home Industries, 191 1 ; member, Departmental Committee on Increases in Rental of Small Dwelling Houses in Industrial Districts in Scotland, 19 16, of Rural Transport (Scotland) Committee, 19 18, and of Com- mittee on Cooperative Credit, 19 19 ; Vice President, Economic History Section, International Historical Congress, 1912; President, 1919, Economic Section and Chairman of Commit- tees on Credit and Employment, British Association, 1915-1918; member of Council of the British Academy, 19 19. Author of An Introduction to Cudworth's Treatise on Morality (1891), Francis Hutcheson (1900); Scottish Economic Literature to 1800 (1911); The Constitu- tion and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint Stock Companies to 1720 (3 vols., 1910- 12); Report to the Board of Agriculture for Scotland on Home Industries in the Highlands and Islands (1914); Economic Problems of Peace After War (1st Ser., 1917; 2d Ser., 1918); Editor of Records of a Scottish Cloth Manufactory, 1681-1703 (1905); also contributions to Mind, Economic Journal, Riforma Sociale, Scienza, Scottish Historical Review, etc. !Sir Edward C. K. Gonner, K.B.E., M.A., Hon. Litt.D. Late Professor of Political Economy at University of Liverpool; member of the British Editorial Board from its organization until his death in February, 1922; Director of Statis- tics, Ministry of Food; chairman on Committee of Production; Lecturer for London Exten- sion Society, 1885; Lecturer at University College, Bristol, 1885; Lecturer at University College, Liverpool, 1888; Professor at University College, Liverpool, 1891; Rae Lecturer at University College, Bangor, 191 1 ; President of Section F, Economics and Statistics, British Association (Toronto) 1897; President of Section F, British Association (Australia) 1914; Vice President, Economic History Subsection, International Historical Congress, London, 1913; member of Royal Commission on Shipping Conferences, 1906-9; Chairman of Sub- committee for Elementary Education, County of Chester; Chairman of War Savings Com- mittee, County of Chester, 191 7-18. Author of The Socialist State; edited Ricardo's Princi- ples of Political Economy and Taxation; The Social Philosophy of Rodbertus; Commercial Geography; Interest and Saving; Common Land and Inclosure; The Economic History of Ger- many in the Nineteenth Century; contributor to Dictionary of National Biography, Dictionary of Political Economy, and Conrad's Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, etc. AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY Professor James T. Shot well, Chairman, Joint Editorial Board Austrian Series Professor Dr. Friedrich von Wieser, Chairman. Professor of Political Economy at University of Vienna and formerly Minister of Com- merce for the Empire of Austria; from 1884 to 19 13, Professor of Political Economy at Ger- 1 Died February 24, 1922. 28 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR man University of Prague; from 1903, in University of Vienna; one of the founders of "Aus- trian School " of political economy ; although never a member of any party, during the World War he was made a life member of the Upper House, and in the summer of 191 7 he accepted office as Austrian Minister of Commerce, which position he held until the Revolution. Dur- ing his residence in Prague he was for several years President of Society for the Promotion of German Science, Art and Literature in Bohemia, which acquired almost the status of an academy; member of Vienna Academy of Sciences; Member of Committee of Research of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1911-17. Author of a lengthy series of theoretical works and others on finance and social history; among these are: Uber den Ur- sprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirtschaftlichen Wertes (1884); Der natiirliche Wert (Natural Value, 1889; translated into English by Professor William Smart, London, 1893); Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft; volume I of Grundriss der Sozialokonomie (1914); Die Ergebnisse und die Aussichten der Personaleinkommensteuer in Oesterreich (1901) ; Die deutsche Steuerleistung und der offentliche Haushalt in Bohmen (1904) ; Uber Vergangenheit und Zukunfi der ester reichischen Verfassung (1905); Die Revolutionen der Gegenwart (Deutsche Rund- schau, 1920); The Fight Against the Famine in Austria (1920). Dr. Richard Riedl. Austrian Minister; Ph.D. of University of Vienna; as Director of Statistics for Vienna Chamber of Commerce he prepared the plans followed in the industrial census of Austria in 1912, and had an important part in the preparation of commercial treaties; in 1909, ap- pointed Chief of Staff (Sektionschef) in the Austrian Ministry of Commerce, he negotiated commercial treaties and was responsible for the administration of Trieste harbor; during the War Dr. Riedl was the organizer of government war economics in industry, creating the various war and central organizations and negotiating with other states for their supplies; in 191 6 he took over as well the direction of all politico-industrial questions, and was appointed Commissioner General for War Economics and Reconstruction; after the Revolution he was made a member of the first Republican cabinet as Secretary of State for Commerce and later in other official capacities, he continued to direct important administrative and diplomatic undertakings, and in 1921 was made Minister to Germany. Dr. Richard Schuller. Director of Economic Section of Austrian Foreign Office; from 1898, a member and from 1913 to 1918 Director (Sektionschef) of the politico-commercial section of the Ministry of Commerce, where he worked on customs tariffs and commercial treaties; in 19 15 and 19 16 he represented Austrian Ministry of Commerce in the negotiations for the new Compromise with Hungary and in 1916 and 1917 conducted the negotiations for the economic rap- prochement -with Germany; in 1918 he represented the Austrian Government at the peace negotiations with Russia and the Ukraine at Brest-Litovsk, and at those with Rumania at Bucharest; after the Revolution at the end of 191 8 he was appointed to Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Chief of Economic and Financial Section; he was in charge of economic and finan- cial affairs during the peace negotiations at St. Germain and in the negotiations with the Allied Powers on the subject of food credits for Austria; he was appointed by Austrian Gov- ernment as its representative on the Reparations Commission, and was head of the Austrian delegation sent to Rome and Portorose to reorganize the economic relations with the succes- sion states. Author of Die Klassische Nationalokonomie und ihre Gegner; Freidhandel und Schutzzoll, and treatises on the theory of wages. Hungarian Series Dr. Gustav Gratz. Formerly Hungarian Minister; his political career began in 1906 with his election to the THE EDITORS 29 Hungarian Parliament; from 19 10, as a Director of the Union of Hungarian Manufacturers, he exercised a constant influence on all economic and war measures affecting the industries of Hungary; in 191 7 appointed by Count Czernin Director of Politico-Commercial Depart- ment of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; then Minister of Finance for Hungary in Count Ester- hazy 's cabinet; then recalled by Czernin to conduct the negotiations for "Mittel-Europa" with Germany and the economic part of the peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk and Bucha- rest; after the Revolution he took an important part in the overthrow of the Bolshevist regime, and later became Hungarian Minister at Vienna, resigning in 192 1 to become Min- ister of Foreign Affairs in the Teleki cabinet; in this capacity he was the first to base Hun- gary's foreign policy frankly upon the Peace Treaty of Trianon, and to conduct negotiations for the purpose of regulating Hungary's political and economic relations with the neighbor- ing states by means of friendly agreements; this work was, however, interrupted in April, 192 1, when he resigned in connection with the endeavor of King Charles to regain the throne of Hungary; later he conducted the negotiations with Austria on the question of Western Hungary; he withdrew from politics after the attempted coup d'etat of Charles, in which he found himself involved; as a publicist he plays an active part in the pages of the Pester Lloyd, and as a director of the Pester Ungarische Commercialbank — one of the two leading banks in Hungary — and of several other commercial and industrial undertakings, he also occupies a leading place in the economic life of Hungary. Public Health Series Professor Clemens von Pirquet. Austrian Commissioner General for Child Feeding, 1919-22; Professor at University of Vienna; called in 1908 to Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore, Md., as Professor of Pediatrics, and in 1910, Professor of Pediatrics at University of Breslau, and in 1911, at Vienna; author of important contributions to medical science, particularly in connection with diphtheria and tuberculosis (the "von Pirquet test ") ; as a result of the experiments in child feeding Dr. Pirquet has elaborated a system of nutrition units, offering a new way of administering food values; in 19 19 appointed Austrian Commissioner for American Relief Administration, European Children's Fund, in which position he won international distinc- tion both for the scientific results of the child-feeding organization and for administration skill in administering a fund for feeding over a quarter of a million children; in 192 1 Silliman Lecturer at Yale University; in 1923 lecturer in London, Glasgow and Edinburgh. BELGIUM Professor H. Pirenne. Historian of Belgium; Professor of History and sometime Rector of the University of Ghent; Secretary of Royal Historical Commission of Belgium; President of Commission of Archives of the War; member of Royal Academy of Belgium and Institute of France (Academy of Inscriptions); President of Union Academique Internationale, 1919-22; President of Executive Committee of Fifth International Congress of Historical Studies; corresponding member of Academies of Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Christiania, Madrid, Petrograd, Vienna, Britain; Doctor (Honoris Causa) of Universities of Brussels, Oxford, Manchester, Strasburg and Groningen. Among Professor Pirenne's contribu- tions to history may be noted Bibliography of Belgian History; History of Belgium (in five vols.); The Early Democracies of the Low Countries; Collection of Documents in the Economic History of Flanders. 30 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR FRANCE Professor Charles Gide. Honorary Professor at Faculty of Law University of Paris, and Professor at College de France. From 1898 to 19 19, Professor of Comparative Social Economy, Faculty of Law, University of Paris; Professor of Social Economy at l'Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees from 1900 to 1915; Lecturer on Political Economy at l'Ecole Superieure de Guerre from 1907; Rapporteur General for Social Economy for Universal Exposition of 1900; member of Conseil Superieur du Travail, from 1903, and of Conseil Superieur de la Cooperation; Member of Committee of Research of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 191 1-20. Author of Cooperation: Conferences de propagande (1900); Les Institutions de Progres Social (1903); Les Societes Cooperatives de Consommation (1905); Cours d'Economie Politique (1909); Histoire des Doctrines Economiques depuis les Physiocrates jusqu'd nos jours (in collaboration with M. Rist, 1909); Les Institutions en vue de V Abolition ou de la transformation du Salariat (192 1). M. Arthur Fontaine. Administrator and Mining Engineer; organized Section of Labor Statistics in the Min- istry of Commerce 1891; Under Director at Office of Labor, 1893 and Director, 1889-1921; 191 1, Administrator, and since 1915, President of Council of Administration of State Rail- ways of France; 1915-19, President of Commission in charge of contracts for artillery and other war supplies; 19 19, General Secretary of Commission of Peace Conference on Labor Legislation; President of Committee of Organization of International Labor Conference at Washington, and French delegate to Washington; 1920, President of the Governing Body of International Labor Office and delegate of French Government to Conference of Genoa; President in France of Commission for Industrial Hygiene; 1920, President of Council of Administration of the Saar Mines; 192 1, member of Economic Committee of Supreme Council of National Defense. Author of many reports and investigations, mostly official, e. g. Salaires et duree du travail dans I'industrie francaise (1892-95); Les Associations ouvrieres de Production, etc. Professor Henri Hauser. Professor of History at University of Paris; Docteur es lettres; Correspondent of In- stitute of France (Academy of Moral Sciences and Politics); formerly Professor, Univer- sities of Clermont and Dijon; Professor at the Sorbonne (economic history of the modern and contemporary period) ; Professor at National Conservatory of Arts and Trades (indus- trial and commercial geography); during the War attached to Cabinet of Ministry of Com- merce and technical delegate of the French Government to Economic Commission of the Peace Conference. Exchange Professor at Harvard University, 1923. Author of Francois de la Noue; U Enseignement des Sciences Sociales; Les Sources de VHistoire de France au XVIeme siecle; Ouvriers du temps passe; Compagnonnages d 'Arts et Metiers & Dijon, Le traite de Madrid; Les methodes allemandes d' expansion economique; Travailleurs et Marchands dans Vancienne France. Professor Charles Rist. Professor of Political Economy in University of Paris; Docteur en droit es sciences juridiques et economiques, Paris; Licencie es lettres (section historique), Paris; Professor of Economic Science at University of Montpellier, 1899-1913; since 1913 Professor in Faculty of Law, University of Paris. Author of Histoire des doctrines economiques depuis les physiocrates jusqu'd nos jours (in collaboration with M. Ch. Gide, 1909); Les Finances de Guerre de I'Allemagne (1920), etc.; also numerous articles. THE EDITORS 3 1 GERMANY Herr Gustav Adolph Bauer. Formerly Chancellor of German Empire; later Vice Chancellor and Treasurer; Pres- ident of the Clerk's Union since 1895; from 1903, Secretary in the Zentral-Arbeiter- Sekretariat; member of Reichstag from 1912; Vice President of General Kommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands (together with Legien), and, as such, during the War, in- formal representative of the Trades Unions with the government; Imperial Chancellor in 1919-20; Treasurer (Reichsschatzminister) and representative of Imperial Chancellor (Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers) from May, 1921, to November, 1922; specialist on questions of social legislation and insurance. Dr. Hermann Bucher. A representative of German industrial capitalists; Geheimer Legationsrat; before the War a member of German colonial service; sometime adviser to Kamerun Administra- tion on agriculture; during the War, among other activities, organized fight against locusts in Syria and Asia Minor; in 191 9, appointed to Trade Department of Foreign Office; and in 1921 elected Geschaftsfiihrendes Prasidialmitglied des Reichsverbandes Deutscher Industrie, or Directing Manager of Union of German Industries, a position of great importance internationally as well as in Germany; no one else is so well placed to con- tribute accurate facts concerning movements and strategy of German industrial capital, or to discuss effects of the War upon "big business." Dr. Carl Duisberg. Chemical and industrial specialist; formerly assistant in Chemical University Laboratory at Jena; then leading chemist in firm of Friedrich Bayer & Co., manufacturers of chemical dyes (at present Director of that company); Titular Professor, 1904; Geheimer Ober- regierungsrat, 1909; Dr. Ing. honoris causa, Dresden, 1907; Dr. Med. honoris causa, Munich, 1909; member of Administration of Deutsche Naturforscher und Arzte Gesell- schaft and Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft; member, before the War, of the Chemical Society, Societe Chimique de France, etc.; leading man in German dye industry. Professor Dr. Max Sering. Geheimer Regierungsrat ; Professor of Political Economy at University of Berlin; member of the Academy of Sciences, Berlin; director of the Institute for Research for agrarian ques- tions and land settlement; chairman of the Permanent Commission for Land Settlement in the Ministry of Labor; member of the Prussian Statistical Office; in 1879 entered Depart- ment of Justice in administration of Alsace-Lorraine; in 1882, called to Ministry of Agricul- ture at Berlin; sent by this Ministry on an official visit to America in 1883; Professor at University of Bonn, 1885; in Academy for Agriculture in Berlin, 1889; Professor Ordinarius in University of Berlin, 1897; elected member of Prussian Academy of Sciences, 1914; for the last 15 years has directed the courses in political economy for higher officials and judges; appointed in 19 15 President of Scientific Commission of Prussian Ministry charged with the preparation of a scientific and economic history of Prussian War Ministry, the results of which are appearing under his editorship in the series Die deutsche Kriegswirtschajt im Bereich der Heeresverwaltung IQ14-IQ18. Author of many works in the history of agricul- ture: Landwirtschaftliche Konkurrenz Nordamerikas in Gegenwart und Zukunft (1887); Die Arbeiterausschusse in der deutschen Industrie (1890); Die inner e Kolonisation im ostlichen Deutschland (1893); Erbrecht und Agrarverfassung in ScMeswig-Holstein auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (1908); Die Verteilung des Grundbesitzes und die Abwanderung vom Lande (1910); Die Politik der Grundbesitzverteilung in den grossen Reichen (1912); Das Moselland und die 32 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR westdeutsche Eisenindustrie (1910); Russlands Kultur und Volkswirtschaft (1913); Westruss- land in seiner Bedeutung fiir die Entwicklung Mitteleuropas (19 17); and, in collaboration with Gustav Schmoller and A. Wagner, two volumes of addresses and essays on Handels- und Machtpolitik (1900). Dr. Carl Joseph Melchior. Banker and lawyer; appointed in 1900 Judge in Hamburg Courts in the first instance; entered banking firm of M. M. Warburg & Co., Hamburg, in 1902, as general counsel; later became a partner in the firm; during the War served with the territorial artillery, and also cooperated in forming the Zentral-Einkaufs-Gesellschaft, Berlin (centralized institu- tion for German purchases of foodstuffs abroad), directing its financial affairs until October, 1915; German delegate in Bucharest, November, 1915-June, 1917, except for an interval of military service, concluding the agreements with Rumanian Government for export foodstuffs and for finances and engaged in administration; financial and economic delegate at The Hague, July-December, 191 7; financial delegate in Petrograd and Kief, December, 1917-September, 191 8; after the end of the War, Chairman of German Financial Com- mittee at the armistice and peace negotiations; one of the six official delegates of German Government in Versailles, May -June, 1919; financial expert at Conference of Spa, July, 1920; at Brussels, December, 1920; and at Genoa, April, 1922. Professor Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy. Geheimer Hofrat; Professor of International Law and of German Civil Law at Univer- sity of Hamburg; Director of Seminar fiir Auslandrecht and of Archiv fiir Fragen des Friedensvertrages und der Auswartigen Politik; Professor, Leipzig University, 1904; Professor, Wiirtzburg University, 1905-20; legal adviser to German delegation at Ver- sailles; founded, with Niemeyer and Meurer, Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Volkerrecht in 19 1 6, and is a member of the Vorstand of this society; Editor-in-chief of Diplomatische Akten des Auswartigen Amtes since October, 1919, and of Handbuch der Politik since 1921; Editor of the Europdische Gesprdche; Director of the Institut fiir Auswartige Politik. Publications: on law: Grenzen der Rechtskraft (1900); Imperium des Richters (1907); Eng- lisches Richtertum (1910) ; Kriegsbegriff des englischen Rechts (1915) ; Internationales Strafrecht (1912); on political history and sociology: Bilrgertugenden in Krieg und Frieden (1916); Irland ein Beispiel der Machtpolitik (19 17); Der Volkswille (1919); co-editor of Rheinische Zeitschrift fiir Civil und Prozessrecht (since 1907); of Archiv fiir offentliches Recht, and Archiv der Friedensvertrdge. ITALY Professor Luigi Ein audi, Chairman. Professor of Finance, University of Turin, since 1902; Professor at Commercial Univer- sity (Luigi Bocconi), Milan, since 1904; Professor of Political Economy, Royal Polytech- nicum, Turin, since 1901 ; member of Italian Senate (1919) and Senate Finance Committee (1920); member of Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin; member of Royal Society (deputa- zione) for Natural History, Turin (also life Secretary); member of Royal Academy of Lincei, Rome (correspondent); member of Royal Academy of Georgofili, Florence (corre- spondent); member of Societe d'Economie Politique, Paris; honorary member of London Cobden Club; Editor of La Riforma Sociale, Turin, since 1900; economic and financial contributor to the Corriere delta Sera, Milan. Author of Vimposta suite aree edilizie (1900) ; Studii sugli effetti delle imposte (1902); Intorno al concetto di reddito imponibile e di un sistema di imposte sul reddito consumato (19 12); Osservazioni critiche intorno alia teoria dell' ammortamento delta imposta e Teoria delle variazioni nei redditi e nei valori capilali susseguenti THE EDITORS 33 alVimposta (19 19); Sulla riforma generate delle imposte dirette sui redditi in Italia (a report laid before the Chamber of Deputies by the Finance Minister Signor Meda, 1919); SuW applicazione delta legge per V avocazione dei profitti di guerra alio Stato (a report of the Parlia- mentary Committee on the same subject, 1921); and other economic, political and his- torical works. Professor Pasquale Jannaccone. Doctor of Law; Professor of Statistics, University of Turin, since 1915; General Secretary, International Exhibition, Turin, 1898; General Secretary, International Institute of Agricul- ture, Rome, 1910-12; Italian delegate to the General Assembly of the International Insti- tute of Agriculture, 1920 and 1922; member of the Italian Association for Advancement of Science; member of Royal Academy of Georgofili, Florence; correspondent of Royal Acad- emy of Lincei, Rome; member of Royal Academy of Science and Arts, Padua; member of Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin; Editor of La Biblioteca dell' Economista, 1901-21 ; Asso- ciate Editor, La Riforma Sociale. Author of II Contralto di Savoyo (1898); Questioni con- trover se nella traslazione delle imposte in regime di monopolio (1902); II Costo di Produzione (1904) ; Questioni controverse nella teoria del baratto (1907) ; // u dumping" e le discriminazione dei prezzi (1914); La grande industria siderurgica in Italia (1917); Relazioni tra Commercio internazionale, Cambi esteri e Circolazione monetaria in Italia (1918); La Ricchezza Nazionale e it costo economico delta guerra (19 19), and other economic, legal and literary works, as well as numerous articles. Professor Umberto Ricci. Chief of the Statistical Bureau, International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, June, 1910- January, 1914, and again March, 1918-December, 1921; Professor of Political Economy, University of Bologna, 1921; member of Scientific Committee of Italian Society for Ad- vancement of Science, 19 17-18; member of Italian Scientific Food Commission, 1918; corre- spondent of Royal Academy of the Georgofili, Florence; associated member of International Colonial Institute, Brussels; honorary member of London Cobden Club; delegate of Inter- national Institute of Agriculture at the meetings of the International Institute of Statistics at The Hague, September, 191 1, and Vienna, September, 1913; delegate at Conference of Statisticians, convened by League of Nations at London, August, 1920, and at the World Cotton Conference, Liverpool and Manchester, June, 192 1. Author of Les bases theoriques de la statistique agricole internationale (19 14); Suite diver genze fra statistiche del Movimento commerciale (1914); Le service de la Statistique Generate de VInstitut International d' 'Agricul- ture, ce qu'il est ce qu'il pourrait devenir (1920); II fallimento delta politico annonaria (1921), and other economic works, as well as many articles. THE NETHERLANDS Professor H. B. Greven. Doctor of Laws of University of Leiden, 1875; member of Council for the Mint at Utrecht, 1879; Professor of Political Economy and Statistics at University of Leiden, 1880; Co-editor of the (Dutch) Economist, 1888-1911; Rector of University of Leiden, 1902-1903; Presi- dent of Dutch Economical and Statistical Society, 1910; member of Institut International de Statistiques, 19 10; member of Committee of Research of Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace, 191 1 -1920; Emeritus Professor, University of Leiden, 19 15. RUMANIA David Mitrany. Graduate of the High School of Commerce, Bucharest; B.Sc. in Economics (London); 34 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR with Rumanian Army in the second Balkan War, 1913; during the War attached to Ruma- nian Legation at London, at the request and at the disposal of the British authorities; worked for Foreign Office, Intelligence Department of War Office and the Ministry of Information; from July, 1919, for three years on the editorial staff (foreign affairs) of Manchester Guardian; since January, 192 1, Foreign Editor of Manchester Guardian Com- mercial; in charge of editorial arrangements in Southeastern Europe for that journal's "Reconstruction Series"; Fellow of the Royal Economic Society; correspondent for Ru- mania of Royal Society of Literature. Author (in collaboration) of The Balkans, Oxford Press; contributor to the historical monographs of the British Foreign Office, to the Oxford Pamphlets, etc. RUSSIA First Series (to the Bolshevist Revolution) Sir Paul Vinogradoff, F.B.A. Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford University, since 1903; Doctor of History, University of Moscow; M.A., Hon. D.C.L. (Oxford and Durham), LL.D. (Cambridge, Harvard, Liverpool and Calcutta); Dr. Juris., Berlin; Fellow of Russian Academy of Petro- grad; foreign member of Royal Danish, Royal Belgian and Norwegian Academies, of Ac- cademia dei Lincei, Rome, and of Academy of Bologna; corresponding member of Prussian Academy, Berlin; lectured in Harvard, Columbia and other American Universities in 1907; lectured in University of Calcutta in 1913-14; Director of Publications of British Academy (Series of Records of Social and Economic History). Publications (in English): Villeinage in England (1892); The Growth of the Manor (1905); English Society in the Eleventh Century (1908); Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe; Commonsense in Law (Home University Series, 1914); Self -Government in Russia (1915); edited (with Mr. F. Morgan) Survey of the Honour of Denbigh (1st vol. of Records of Social and Economic History, published for the British Academy, 1914); Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence (vol. I, 1920; vol. II, 1922); edited (with Dr. L. Ehlich) for the Selden Society, the 13th and the 14th volumes of their Year Book series; edited six volumes of the Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, and the Essays in Legal History, contributed by members of Section Via of the International Con- gress of Historical Studies held in London in 1913; (in Russian): The Rise of Feudalism in Lombard, Italy; Inquiries in the Social History of England, etc. SCANDINAVIA Professor Harald Ludwig Westergaard. Danish economist and statistician; Lecturer in University of Copenhagen, 1883; Pro- fessor Ordinarius, 1886; distinguished authority on statistics; member of board controlling life insurance companies in Denmark, 1904; member of Committee of Research of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 191 1-20; Chairman of Editorial Board for the Baltic countries. Author of Die Lehre von der Mortalitat und Morbilitat (1882; 2d ed., 1901); A Theory of Statistics (1890; 2d ed., 191 5); The Scope and Method of Statistics (19 16); Economic Development in Denmark before and during the World War (1922); contributed papers to the Statistical Journal, Economic Journal, and Journal of the American Statistical Association. Professor Eli F. Heckscher. Professor of Political Economy at the University College of Commerce, Stockholm; D.Phil.; Vice President of the Swedish Economic Society; member of the Royal Commis- sion on Fiscal Policy. Formerly Chairman of the Royal Commission on Economic Pre- THE EDITORS 35 paredness in time of war and member of different Government committees. Author of works on economics and economic history: in English, The Continental System; An Eco- nomic Interpretation (published by the Carnegie Endowment); in Swedish, Influence of Railways upon the Economic Development of Sweden; Economics of the World War; Swedish Problems of Production; Economics and History, and numerous shorter studies on economic theory. Mr. Nicolai Theodorius Nilsson Rygg. Norwegian statistician and economist; studied law in University of Christiania, grad- uating in 1894; appointed to Statistical Department (Statistisk Centralbyra) ; in 1910 Professor of Political Economy and Statistics; later Director of the Statistical Department; in 1920 appointed leading Director of the National Bank (Norges Bank). YUGOSLAVIA Professor Velimir Bajkitch. Professor of Political Economy at University of Belgrade; formerly Under Secretary of State for Finance; studied in Germany, 1899-1903; Ph.D., Munich; Instructor in Finances and Statistics in University of Belgrade and Secretary at Ministry of National Economy, 1903; member of Serbian delegation to negotiate Treaty of Commerce with Austria-Hun- gary, 1905-6; fought through Balkan Wars as a private soldier, 1912; after demobilization in 1913, nominated by Professor Brentano and Professor Westergaard to investigate economic, social and financial consequences of Balkan Wars, and was engaged upon this work up to July, 1914; in the War was attached to the press bureau of the government and then was appointed as economic expert to general headquarters of Serbian Army, mainly to study questions of supply for the army and the civilian population; later liaison officer between General Serail, Commander in Chief at Salonika and Serbian Commander at Monastir; after retreat of Serbian Army, attached to Serbian General Consulate at Salonika as Direc- tor for Serbian refugees; sent by Serbian Government to Inter- Allied Conference on Com- merce, France, September, 19 16; economic and financial expert to Peace Conference at Paris, 1918; appointed Under Secretary of State for Finances, August, 1919; elected Professor of Political Economy at University of Belgrade, 1920. Author of numerous books and articles in Serbian, German and French. 2. MONOGRAPHS AND AUTHORS BRITISH SERIES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOURCES By Miss M. E. Bulkley, B.S., B.Sc. Secretary, National Committee for Prevention of Destitution, 1905; Secretary, Ratan Tata Foundation (a Research Department of London University), 19 13; Welfare Officer, Ministry of Munitions, 19 16 (Senior Welfare Officer, West Mid- lands Division). On research staff of the European Carnegie War History, 1920-22. Author of The Feeding of School Children; Minimum Rates in the Box- Making Trade. A manual to the literature dealing with the Economic and Social History of the United Kingdom during the War and reconstruction periods, with digest of the contents of each number. The volume (published 1922) is divided into nine main sections: Social Conditions; Administration; Industry and Commerce; Transport; Labor; Army and Navy; Finance; Prices and Cost of Living; Mis- cellaneous. It deals comprehensively with the official publications of the period and includes also general literature. It aims at providing a careful anthology rather than a bibliographical miscellany. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 158-9.) ARCHIVE ADMINISTRATION By Hilary Jenkinson, M.A., F.S.A. Of Public Record Office; Class Classical Tripos, Cambridge, 1904; Home and Indian Civil Service Examination, 1905; Public Record Office, 1906; F. W. Mait- land Memorial Lecturer, Cambridge, since 191 1; Lecturer, London School of Eco- nomics, 1912-15; commission in Royal Garrison Artillery, 1915; served in France, August, 1916-November, 1918; on General Staff at War Office (Army Education) 1918-20; Lecturer, University College, London (School of Librarianship) since 1919; Lecturer, King's College, London, since 1919; member of Board of Studies in History (London University); on Council of Society of Antiquaries, etc.; Honorary Secretary of Surrey Archaeological Society and Surrey Record Society. Author of Palaeography and the Study of Court Hand (Cambridge, 19 15) (with C. Johnson) Court Hand Illustrated (Oxford, 19 15) 133, The War Service of a Siege Battery (Lon- don, 1920); General Editor of Schedule of Surrey Antiquities (London, 1912), and editor of many volumes of Surrey Archaeological and Surrey Record Societies; also editing volumes for Selden Society and Jewish Historical Society; articles in English Historical Review, Archaeologia, Transactions of Bibliographical Society, Royal His- torical Society, and other societies. This is a unique volume in the series — a manual for the archivist rather than a chapter of the War History. The vast accumulation of documents with reference to the War opens problems both of administration and research which can not be handled by existing mechanism. No general manual exists for dealing with the problem from the archival standpoint, and while this volume is prepared 36 BRITISH SERIES 37 specially for the student of British records it offers as well general conclusions of far-reaching importance. As these are based upon the experience of archives of the past, it covers in detail some of the chief problems which have arisen in the experience of the British Record Office, ending with suggestions for the adminis- tration and formation of archives in the future. (See Extracts from Press Reviews post, pp. 159-60.) BRITISH ARCHIVES IN PEACE AND WAR By Dr. Hubert Hall, F.S.A., Hon. Litt. D. Late of H. M. Public Record Office; appointed to Public Record Office, 1879; Assistant Keeper of Public Records, 1912; Resident Officer since 1892; and Inspect- ing Officer of Records since 1905; Secretary to Royal Commission on Public Records, 1 9 10-18; Literary Director of Royal Historical Society; Vice President of Historical Association; foreign member of American Antiquarian Society, and corresponding member of other societies; Honorary Auditor of Selden Society and new Palaeog- raphy and Economic History in University of London. Author or editor of numerous historical works and articles, mainly dealing with earlier periods of British history. This volume is a description of British archives and an account of the disposi- tion of war records. Prepared largely as a guide for students using the materials, and for research students elsewhere, it opens with a short account of the develop- ment of British archives. It masses the various criticisms of official commissions and committees of inquiry, and offers suggestions for a reorganization to deal with the difficult problem of contemporary documentation. The description of the materials for current history is prepared specially for the use of the researcher; tables show the origin and distribution of war records, and the volume is articu- lated with other monographs on government departments and local war records. WAR GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND By Professor W. G. S. Adams Gladstone Professor of Political Theory and Institutions, Oxford, since 1912; Fellow of All Souls College; member of Staff and Political Secretary of War Cabinet. Owing to the great extension of government control in war time, this volume is essential as a basis for understanding the structure of economic administration ; primarily in itself a study in public law, it deals with the system of government as it had developed immediately before the outbreak of hostilities, paying special attention to those aspects which particularly affected war-time organization. It then traces historically the different stages in the transformation of the British Government, examining the relation between Parliament and the Administration, the evolution of the War Cabinet, and its influence on the Administration, and the relations between central and local government in war time. Particular attention is paid to the close relationship between war and peace administration in govern- ment, and the problem how far democratic organization of government gives responsive and effective machinery in time of war. 38 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR WAR GOVERNMENT OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS By Professor A. B. Keith, D.C.L., D. Litt. Late of Colonial Office; Regius Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Edinburgh University since 19 14; Crown Member of Governing Body of School of Oriental Studies, London, 1916; D.C.L., 191 1; D. Litt., Edinburgh, 1914; called to Bar Inner Temple, 1904; Lecturer in Ancient History in Edinburgh, 1907; Deputy Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, 1907-8; received thanks of British Agent for services in connection with Alaska Boundary Arbitration, 1903; Secretary to Crown Agents for Colonies, 1903-5; reappointed to Colonial Office, 1905; representative of His Majesty's Government at Colonial Navigation Conference, 1907; Joint Secre- tary to Imperial Copyright Conference, 19 10; Clerk, Imperial Conference, 1907; Junior Assistant Secretary to Imperial Conference, 191 1. Author of Responsible Government in the Dominions (first in 1909 and completely rewritten and enlarged to 3 volumes in 1912); State Succession in International Law (1907); 3d ed. of Sir C. Lucas's Historical Geography of West Africa (vol. 1 1 1) ; catalogues of the Sanskrit and Prakrit MSS. This work is an attempt to describe, mainly in its political aspect, the influ- ence of the War on the activities of the governments of the Dominions and on their relations to the government of the United Kingdom. The chapters deal with the framework of Empire government before the War, the Dominions and the United Kingdom, 1914-16, the Imperial War Cabinet and the War Conferences, the eco- nomic activities of the Dominion governments, the Expeditionary Forces of the Dominions, Dominion war operations and naval defense, the Peace Conference and the status of the Dominions, the mandatory system and the mandated terri- tories, coalition government and nationalism in the Dominions, constitutional developments in the Dominions, the federal constitutions under war conditions, the Dominions and India, and the Dominions and native races. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 155-7.) PRICES AND WAGES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1914-1920 By Arthur Lyon Bowley, Sc.D., F.S.S., F.E.S. Professor of Statistics in University of London, 1915; Lecturer at London School of Economics and Political Science since 1895; Mathematical Lecturer at Univer- sity College, Reading, 1900-7; Professor of Mathematics and Economics, 1907-13; Lecturer in Economics, 1915-19; educated, Christ's Hospital; Trinity College, Cam- bridge; 10th Wrangler (bracketed), 1891; Cobden Prize, 1892; Adam Smith Prize, 1894; Sc.D., 1913; Guy Silver Medal, Royal Statistical Society, 1895; member of Council of Royal Statistical Society, 1 898-1904 and 1906-16; Vice President, 1907-9 and 1912-14; member of Council, Royal Economic Society; member of Interna- tional Institute of Statisticians, 1903; British Association, Section F, Secretary, 1899-1901, Recorder, 1902-5, President, 1906, member of council, 1906-11; Assistant Master, St. John's School, Leatherhead, 1893-99; Newmarch Lecturer at University College, London, 1897-8. Author of England's Foreign Trade in the Nineteenth Century (i893;2ded., 1909); Wagesinthe United Kingdom in theioth Century (1900); Elements of Statistics (1901; 3d ed., 1907); National Progress in Wealth and Trade (1904); An Elementary Manual of Statistics (1910); A General Course of Pure Mathe- matics (1913); Measurement of Social Phenomena (1915); War and External Trade BRITISH SERIES 39 (19 1 5); Livelihood and Poverty (19 15); The Division of the Products of Industry (19 19); articles in economic and statistical journals. The purpose of this book is to give an account of the principal movements in prices and rates of wages in the United Kingdom from the beginning of the War to the summer of 1920. A carefully balanced treatise richly provided with statis- tical tables and diagrams, it analyses the official and other bases of calculation, and brings out clearly the various elements which must be considered in reaching the final conclusions, especially in questions relating to the cost of living. A fundamental contribution. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 153-5.) BRITISH WAR BUDGETS AND FINANCIAL POLICY By Francis W. Hirst Member of British Editorial Board and J. E. Allen Honorary Secretary to Finance Section of British Association. Author of a standard book on the Capital Levy, contributions to the British Association, etc. The present volume will commence with an historical introduction on the public finance of Great Britain, with special reference to war taxes and to expendi- ture on wars and armaments. Then will follow a detailed description and criti- cism of the successive war budgets from 19 14 down to 1921, the years after the War being included in order to complete as far as possible the story of British war finance. TAXATION DURING THE WAR By Sir Josiah Stamp, K.B.E. D.Sc, London; F.C.I.S.; Examiner in Public Finances, Economics and Statistics, London and Cambridge Universities and other public bodies; Honorary Secretary and Joint Editor of Royal Statistical Society; member of Council of Royal Eco- nomic Society; before the War engaged with Inland Revenue for fifteen years in their outdoor and indoor administration; personally assisted during the War the suc- cessive Chancellors of the Exchequer with their budgets; official responsible for the framing and administration of the Excess Profits Tax; represented Inland Revenue on Coal Mines Excess Profits Committee, and gave evidence before Coal Commis- sion and other government committees; after abandoning official work became mem- ber of Royal Commission on the Income Tax; British representative on League of Nations Committee on Double Taxation. From 1909 onwards many contributions to scientific literature on Taxation: British Income and Property; Principles of Taxa- tion; Wealth and Taxable Capacity, etc. The book opens with a survey of the British tax system before the War, the part played by direct and indirect taxation in the national finance and the imme- diate problems that were then under consideration. It proceeds to deal on broad lines with the developments that the progress of the War gradually brought about, placing particular stress upon the contemporary feeling toward the several suc- cessive changes, and the spirit in which they were received by the nation. 40 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR In the next section particular kinds of taxation are dealt with in more specific detail ; and the special modifications that were necessary, owing to economic con- ditions brought about by the War and the altered circumstances of individuals due to the War, are indicated. The special fiscal product of war conditions in the taxation of excess or war profits, as an important and unique expedient, receives detailed treatment — not, indeed, of a technical nature, but by reference to its interactions of an economic and social character in the national life. The part played by each branch of taxation in the national finance as the War drew to its close, and for some time afterwards, is shown wkh statistical aids. An attempt is made to estimate the permanent effects of the development of taxation during the War upon the future of the British system. A final section deals with proposals that were actively considered but not actually adopted in practice, such as the capital levy, the war wealth levy, the luxury tax and the turnover tax, with the reports that the several committees have made upon them. The appendix includes various statistical statements and the text of the more important original documents to which access has not hitherto been given, which are difficult to obtain, or which can conveniently be detached from this context elsewhere and brought together in one volume. WAR-TIME PROFITS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION By Sir Josiah Stamp, K.B.E. Author of the monograph on Taxation during the War. In this study an attempt has been made to ascertain the way in which the total profits in the United Kingdom were divided between the broad classes of industry before the war and the difference made both to their absolute amount and to their proportion to the whole during the course of the war. Following upon this division into classes, the question of the distribution of wealth, so created, amongst individuals also, is examined in order to see how far, after special taxation had had its due effect, the distribution of wealth has been changed by the existence of war profits. Further an attempt will be made to determine the special movements of wealth brought about by the relative impoverishment of the "older rich" through the debasing effects on pre-war wealth of the rise in price level. It is proposed ultimately to publish this study in the same volume with that on taxation. THE WAR AND INSURANCE I. Life Insurance By S. G. Warner Former President of Institute of Actuaries. BRITISH SERIES 41 2. Fire Insurance {including Air Raid Risks Insurance) By A. E. Sich, M.A. Officer in Foreign Department of Commercial Union Assurance Company and Sidney Preston Officer in the Home Department of Commercial Union; Barrister at Law of Middle Temple. 3. Shipping Insurance By Sir Norman Hill Secretary and Treasurer of Liverpool Steamship Owners' Association; Manager and Secretary, Liverpool and London Steamship Protection Association; Manager and Secretary, Liverpool and London War Risks Insurance Association; Chairman of Board of Trade Advisory Committee on Merchant Shipping; British delegate, International Conference, Safety of Life at Sea, 19 13-14; Chairman, Port and Transit Executive Committee, since 1915; Chairman, Seaman's National Insurance Society since 191 1. 4. Friendly Societies and Health Insurance By Sir Alfred Watson, K.C.B. Chief Actuary to Nation Health Insurance Joint Committee, 19 12-19; government actuary, 1917; President of Institute of Actuaries; Fellow of Royal Statistical Society; member of recent Royal Commission of Decimal Coinage. Author of various works on actuarial subjects. 5. Unemployment Insurance By Sir William Beveridge, K.C.B. Member of Central (Unemployed) Body for London, 1905-8; first Chairman of Employment Exchanges Committee; Board of Trade, 1908-16, as Director of Labor Exchanges, 1909-16, and Assistant Secretary in charge of Employment Department; Chairman, British Editorial Board. 6. National Savings Movement By Sir William Schooling, K.B.E. Vice President of National Savings Committee; author and journalist. Author of manuals on insurance and other economic topics. A series of separate studies dealing with the effects of the War upon all the principal types of insurance — marine, fire and air raid risks, life, health and friendly societies, unemployment — together with the history of the savings move- ment during the War; written by experts in the various sections. This volume is of interest in the study of war costs, offering a general survey of the statistics of war risks and the extent to which they were successfully carried. 42 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR EXPERIMENTS IN STATE CONTROL AT THE WAR OFFICE AND THE MINISTRY OF FOOD By E. M. H. Lloyd Member of Inland Revenue Department, 1913-14; Private Secretary to Director of Army Contracts, War Office, 1914-15; head of Raw Materials Section, Army Con- tracts Department, 19 16-17; Secretary, Central Wool Advisory Committee; Deputy Chairman, Meat and Livestock Board, 19 17-18; Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Food, 19 18; member of Economic and Finance Section, League of Nations Secretariat, 1919-21. The aim of this book is to trace the evolution of war-time control in certain sections of the War Office and Ministry of Food. No attempt has been made to give a complete historical record of each control (some of which such as wool and food, are more fully dealt with in other monographs in this series), but rather to present a comparative picture of a fairly wide range. The first chapter contains a brief sketch of army supply in the past as a background to the work of the Army Contracts Department during the War. Two chapters are devoted to the early days at the War Office, before the Min- istry of Munitions was established. The rest of the book is concerned with trades and industries falling outside the sphere of munitions, principally with textiles, leather and certain foods. The latter part of the book examines the general principles of war organiza- tion, price fixing, the costing system from a comparative point of view, with illus- trations drawn from the body of the book. The last chapter summarizes some of the lessons and consequences of war-time control with special reference to the problems of large scale organization and public administration. BRITISH FOOD CONTROL By Sir William Beveridge, K.C.B. Chairman, British Editorial Board This volume describes the working and effects of measures taken to deal with food supplies in the United Kingdom from the beginning of the war up to the dissolution of the Ministry of Food in March, 192 1; the institution in that month of the Ministry of Food, and its working under Lord Davenport; the great developments and success of the work under Lord Rhondda, with its complete control of supplies, prices, distribution and consumption ; the international control of food, and finally, after the Armistice, the difficulties of liquidation. A detailed description with statistics and documents. This volume was originally planned in cooperation with the late Sir Edward Gonner, and part of it will be based upon manuscript left by Professor Gonner on his death. BRITISH SERIES 43 FOOD PRODUCTION IN WAR By Sir Thomas Middleton, K.B.E. Commissioner under Development and Road Improvement Funds Acts, 1909, 1910, and since 1919. Glasgow University (B.Sc., 1883); Edinburgh University (B.Sc, 1889); Professor of Agriculture, Baroda College, India, 1889-96; Lecturer in Agriculture, University College of Wales, 1896-99; Professor of Agriculture, Durham College of Science, 1 899-1902; Professor of Agriculture, Cambridge, 1902-7; Assistant Secretary, Board of Agriculture, Cambridge, 1902-7; Assistant Secretary, Board of Agriculture, 1906-19; Deputy Director General, Food Production Department, 1917-19. This volume offers a closely documented and statistical survey of the do- mestic food supply of the United Kingdom during the War. After an historical survey and an account of the resources of the British farmer in 1 9 14, it describes the measures taken from a scientific and administrative standpoint to increase the output; the effect of these measures upon British agriculture and the har- vest output year by year. It ends with an account of the period of reconstruc- tion and the return to a normal basis of industry. It includes documentary appendices and statistical tables. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 160-1.) WOOL TRADE DURING THE WAR By E. F. Hitchcock Former member of War Contracts Department; now in the wool business; recog- nized authority in wool control; wrote special articles for The Times on the subject; for a time acting Warden of Toynbee Hall. The intention of this monograph is as far as possible to show the operation and results of war conditions upon the wool textile trade from raw material to the finished product. It outlines the mechanism of state control but while supplying statistics and some documents based upon memoranda, departmental files, Army Council Orders, etc., also takes into account those less tangible and recordable factors which are appreciated by the practical business man as a basis for criticism and appraisement. After a general survey of the wool textile trade and the situa- tion in 1914 with the problems of military supply, it traces in a series of chapters the history of British wool requisition; the Colonial wool contracts; wool pur- chase in Australia, imports and distribution; price fixing; East Indian wool control; control by Whitehall; reorganization of the general supply; machinery of the War Office; department of wool textile production; problems of man- power; demand for representative machinery; control of civilian trade; the situation at the Armistice; and the various aspects revealed in the period of de-control. 44 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR THE COTTON CONTROL BOARD By H. D. Henderson Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge; University Lecturer in Economics at Cam- bridge; during the War at Board of Trade, and acted as Secretary of Cotton Control Board; visited America in connection with cotton control. A short but compact story of government control in one of the most impor- tant British industries. Written by the Secretary of the Cotton Control Board, it describes in an impartial manner the way in which conflicting claims were weighed and disputes settled, and brings out clearly the importance of a dominat- ing personality in reaching settlements. The comments upon the attitude of the labor unions is of much interest in the history of labor politics. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 157-8.) ALLIED SHIPPING CONTROL: AN EXPERIMENT IN INTER- NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION By Sir Arthur Salter, K.C.B. Secretary, British Department, Supreme Economic Council since 1919; Higher Division Clerk, Transport Department, Admiralty, 1904; Private Secretary to Rt. Hon. C. F. G. Masterman; Chairman, National Health Insurance Joint Committee, 1912; Assistant Secretary, National Health Insurance Commission, England, 1913; Assistant Secretary, National Relief Fund, 19 14; Assistant Director of Transports, Admiralty, 1915; Director of Ship Requisitioning, 1917; Secretary of Allied Transport Maritime Council and Chairman of Allied Maritime Transport Executive, 191 8; Special Shipping Mission to America, May, 191 8; Secretary of Reparations Commis- sion, 1919-22; head of Economics Division of Secretariat of League of Nations, 1922; Commander of Legion of Honor; Officier de la Couronne Belgique, 1919. This book gives the history of the Allied Maritime Transport Council, which coordinated the control of the merchant shipping of the Allies in the last year of the War and may claim to be within the economic sphere the most advanced experiment yet made in international administration. As an introduction the book also outlines the history of British shipping during the War and of the struggle against the submarine, and gives a scheme on a smaller scale of the general economic control system. As an epilogue the principles of international adminis- tration are discussed and an attempt is made to forecast the way in which it may develop under the League of Nations. The author writes with the advantage of direct official experience of each section, and has received permission to publish important official documents. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, PP. 150-3) GENERAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SHIPPING DURING THE WAR By C. Ernest Fayle On staff of Garton Foundation for promoting the Study of International Polity, 1914-19; assisted in producing Foundation's Memorandum on the Industrial Situation after the War (1916; rev. ed., 1919); on staff of Historical Section, Committee of Im- BRITISH SERIES 45 penal Defense, 1919-22; engaged upon official war history of sea-borne trade; Lec- turer at Royal Naval War College, Greenwich, since 1920. Author of The Great Set- tlement (191 5); The Fourteenth Point; A Study of the League of Nations (19 19); Sea- borne Trade; Official History of the War (vol. 1, 1920; vol. 11 in press; vol. in shortly); articles in the Quarterly, Edinburgh Review and elsewhere, mainly on industrial and shipping subjects. The subject of the book is the shipping industry in Great Britain as affected by the War. It begins by a brief description of the industry as it existed in 1914: its extent, character, functions, place in the national economy, and relations with the state, and goes on to examine the effect of war conditions under all these as- pects. While Sir J. A. Salter in Allied Shipping Control, and the author in Sea- borne Trade, have dealt with the maintenance of oversea supplies and the control of shipping for this purpose, the present volume is primarily concerned with the shipping industry itself: the relations between the shipowners and the control and the effects of control on the working of the industry; the effects of the War on freights, profits, and shipping finance generally; on the organization of services and ownership; on seamen's wages and the conditions of life afloat. The story is continued beyond the cessation of hostilities through the period of transition and de-control, and ends with an examination of the after effects of the War on the position and prospects of British shipping. Special attention is given to the development of opinion in Great Britain, during and after the War, on questions of shipping policy, such as nationalization, legislative regulation, and the pro- posed revival of the Navigation Acts. BRITISH COAL-MINING INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By Sir Richard A. S. Redmayne, K.C.B. Chief Inspector of Mines since 1908; M.Sc, M. Inst. C.E., M.I.M.E., F.H.S.; hon- orary member, Surveyors Institute; honorary member, Mining and Metallurgical Society of South Africa; H.M. Assistant to Controller of Coal Mines since February, 1917; member, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (President, 1916-17); mining engi- neer and colliery manager; Consulting Mining Engineer and Professor of Mining in Birmingham University, 1902-8; member of a departmental committee on an eight- hour day for miners, 1906-7; Chairman of Committee of Royal Commission on Mines, on accidents in shafts, etc., 1907-9; member of Royal Commission on Exhibi- tions, Brussels, Turin and Rome, 1909; Chairman of Departmental Committee on Use of Electricity in Mines, 1909; member of Royal Commission on Metalliferous Mines and Quarries, 1910-14; member of Departmental Committee on Organization of Rescue and Aid in Case of Accidents in Mines, 191 1; Chairman, Departmental Committee on Testing of Safety Lamps for Use in Mines, 191 1 ; member of Executive Committee on Coal Dust and Colliery Explosions, 191 1; Chairman, Departmental Committee on Spontaneous Combustion in Mines, 1912; Chairman, Departmental Committee on Organization of Coal Mining Industry of Great Britain, 1915; mem- ber, Departmental Committee on Export (Licensing) of Coal, 19 15; Chairman of Board for Mining Examinations since 1912; Vice Chairman, Coal Distribution Com- mittee under Board of Trade, 1916-17; Mining Assessor to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; member of Coal Conservation Committee, 1917-18; member of 46 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Fuel Research Board; member of Committee on Fuel Oil from Home Sources, 1918; Chevalier, Legion of Honour. Author of Official Reports on Colliery Disasters; An- nual Reports of Mines Department; Colliery Working and Management (joint author); Coal: its Occurrence, Value and Method of Boring; The Sinking of Shafts; The Ventila- tion of Mines; Methods of Working; Report on the Minerals of the Vryheid and Non- dweni Districts, igo6,for Natal Government; contributions to Transactions of Institute of Mining Engineers; numerous papers on mining and allied subjects to various scien- tific, antiquarian, and industrial periodicals. This is a comprehensive study of the coal mining industry throughout the War and the period of readjustment. It describes the organization of the indus- try in the early days of the War, the effects of mobilization and of compulsory limitation of prices. It traces year by year the changing mechanism of control and the effects of each effort to secure adequate supplies and satisfactory condi- tions. Leaving the detailed study of labor history for a special monograph, it nevertheless covers the history of the official and unofficial means employed to carry on the industry during the War through committees, commissions and administrative stimuli. It closes with a careful survey of the post-war disturb- ances and attempted settlements. Richly documented with official material and statistics, it is a comprehensive survey of the whole subject. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 161-3.) BRITISH IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By Walter Thomas Layton, C.H., M.A. Editor of The Economist; formerly Director, National Federation of Iron and Steel Trades; member of Munitions Council in Ministry of Munitions; Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1909; University Lecturer in Economics, 191 2; Jevons Memorial Lecturer, University College, 1909-12; Lecturer for Workers' Educational Association classes, in Leicester and Portsmouth, 1908-12; represented Ministry of Munitions on the Milner visit to the United States in 1917; sometime head of Division of Economics of League of Nations Secretariat. Author of An In- troduction to the Study of Prices; Relations of Capital and Labor; various articles in reviews and journals. A volume dealing with the industry which was most directly transformed by the War, and analyzing the data of war-time control from the standpoint of the industry. After a brief historical resume of the iron and steel trades in Great Britain the volume treats the following topics: the economic position of the chief iron and steel producing countries immediately prior to the War; war re- quirements of steel; measures taken to meet requirements; restriction of export; strict rationing of the supplies; extension of iron and steel works; raw material supplies; labor and wages questions; price control; the crisis in 19 18 and shortage of men, material and tonnage; inter-Allied arrangements; the effects of the War in the iron and steel producing countries; the post-war position; the effect of the Peace Treaty on the balance of power in Europe. BRITISH SERIES 47 BRITISH LABOUR UNIONS AND THE WAR A Series of Studies By G. D. H. Cole Honorary Secretary, Labour Research Department; Secretary, Advisory Com- mittee of the Labour Party; Secretary, Trade Union side of National Industrial Con- ference; Executive Member, National Guilds League; Balliol College, Oxford, prizeman; Fellow of Magdalen College, 1912-19; Deputy Professor of Philosophy, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1913-14; Tutorial Class Tutor, Oxford University, 1914-19; London University, 19 16-19; Adviser to Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 19 16-19; member of Fabian Society Executive, 19 14-16; helped to found National Guilds League, 191 5; Chairman, University Socialist Federation, 19 15-18. Author of Poems (19 10); edited and translated Rousseau's Social Contract, (19 13); The World of Labour (1913); New Beginnings (1914); Labour in War Time (1915); Trade Unionism on the Railways (with R. Page Arnot, 19 17); Self Government in In- dustry (1917); The Meaning of Industrial Freedom (with W. Mellor, 1918); An Intro- duction to Trade Unionism (19 18); The Payment of Wages (19 18); Labour in the Commonwealth (19 18). This series of studies, dealing with the history of organized labor, is written from contemporary documents and first-hand information. While, upon the whole, it presents the point of view of labor, an effort has been made throughout to present facts rather than conclusions, history rather than economic theory. It is based largely upon material which is either unpublished or difficult of access. 1. Trade Unionism and Munitions This monograph deals with the history of labor in the chief industry of Britain during the war, that of munitions. It describes from the labor point of view the effect of successive private and government measures, which under the pressure of war necessity endangered the peace-time organization of labor in Britain. It resembles a constitutional history of labor organization, following in detail the negotiations of labor leaders with the government and the effect upon the unions of dilution, the admission of non-union labor under war pressure particularly through the increased numbers of women workers. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, p. 166). 2. Labour in the British Coal Mining Industry, 1914-22 This monograph deals with the history of the mining trade unions from the standpoint of the worker. After an analysis of the situation in the early days of the War, it describes the working of state control and war service generally. The full effect of War conditions in mining, however, was not evident until after the period of adjustment following the War, and this book deals in detail with the miners' program of 1919, the Coal Commission from the miners' standpoint, and the results of the campaign. After an analysis of wages and prices and the strike of 1920, it closes with a survey of de-control and the national agreement of 1921. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 164-5). 48 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 3. Workshop Organization This monograph deals with one of the most interesting phases of war-time indus- trial history, the growth of workshop organization based on local lines rather than according to the different branches of industry. The book describes this move- ment in detail and includes as well an account of the attitude toward the War of the leaders of the movement, and estimates its revolutionary tendencies. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, p. 166). LABOUR SUPPLY AND REGULATION By Humbert Wolfe, C.B.E. Controller, Labour Regulation Department (with rank as Assistant Secretary), Ministry of Munitions; entered Board of Trade (Harbor Department) as Upper Division Clerk, 1907; Chief of Section, Labour Exchanges Department, Board of Trade; member, Committee on Discharged Soldiers and Sailors; Committee on Re- cruiting of Shop Assistants; Secretary, Treasury Committee on Munitions of War; member of various reconstruction committees; Labour Resettlement Committee, Central Billeting Board; entered Ministry of Munitions on formation; Controller, Labour Regulation Department. The volume deals with the steps taken to organize civilian labor for national purposes, particularly the production of munitions during the war, by diverting labor from unessential occupations, by the release of skilled men from the army, by the stoppage of disputes, by forming mobilized bodies of munition volunteers, and by the regulation of wages, etc. It is accompanied by many documents, some of which have not hitherto been published. (See Extracts from Press Re- views, post, pp. 166-8). PUBLIC HEALTH CONDITIONS IN ENGLAND DURING THE WAR By Dr. Arthur W. J. MacFadden, C.B., M.B., CM., D.Ph. Senior Medical Officer in Ministry of Health; late Chief Inspector of Foods, Local Government Board; member of Food (War) Committee of the Royal Society; mem- ber of Committee of Accessory Food Factors and Human Nutrition; appointed by Medical Research Council. Author of various official reports on public health and medical subjects to Ministry of Health and late Local Government Board. After a short historical sketch of health conditions and administration prior to the war, the volume describes the changes due to new social conditions, to the movement of population and troops, overcrowding, fluctuations in purchasing power, food restrictions and organized feeding, alcohol control, industrial condi- tions, etc., general health is measured on the basis of vital statistics and deduc- tions drawn. The volume includes as well a section on post-war health conditions in England during the period of demobilization, the influence of housing and trans- port conditions and food de-control, and ends with a description of the influence of these factors on health conditions in England generally. BRITISH SERIES 49 HEALTH OF THE RETURNED SOLDIER By R. Cunyngham Brown, C.B.E., M.D. Deputy Director General of Military Services in Ministry of Pensions. This monograph deals with the various questions in connection with the treat- ment of invalided and wounded soldiers, reeducation, social displacement, cost to the community and to the nation, etc. INDUSTRIES OF THE CLYDE VALLEY DURING THE WAR By Professor W. R. Scott Member of British Editorial Board and James Cunnison, M.A. Lecturer in Social Economics, University of Glasgow; Lecturer in Economics, Woodbroke College, Birmingham, 1912-19; Examiner in Political Economy, Glas- gow, 1912-14; Secretary of Economic Section, British Association, 1919-20; Artil- lery officer during the War. Publications : Report of Replacement of Men by Women in Industry during the War; Economics (1920); articles, etc. This book has a double purpose. On the one hand it shows how the very diversified power of the West of Scotland was made available for war-time produc- tion, while on the other hand it traces the necessary diversion from peace products to those of war and the reverse movement to normal work, as far as this has de- veloped. The introductory chapter discusses the industrial capacities of the district, explaining the causes, geographical and historical, which have resulted in the Clyde Valley being noteworthy both for the extent and variety of its indus- tries. Thereafter the center of interest depends upon the double character of the main war work of this area, meeting the demands of the Navy in the first instance, and secondarily those for munitions and other military requisites. As a prelim- inary to both of these there is an account of the coal, the iron and steel industries of the West of Scotland. This leads on to the story of the shipyards and marine engine shops during the War and since the Armistice, which is amplified by orig- inal documents of the Admiralty. The interest then shifts to the utilization of the remaining productive power in the making of munitions and other supplies for the Army. As more and more labor was drawn into war work, there arises the ques- tion of whence it came and so a brief account is given of other industries, e. g. locomotive-building, boiler-making, structural engineering, electrical engineering, agricultural machinery, chemicals, the textiles and the tobacco industry. Also the effect of the War on commerce is illustrated by the shipping trade of the Clyde, before, during and since the War. The life of the people and labor conditions are dealt with in the last three chapters and at the end the reactions of the War upon the present and the future of the industry, commerce and shipping of the Clyde are discussed. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 168-9). 50 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR SCOTTISH AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES (With a supplementary chapter on the Jute Industry) A Series of Studies in War-Time Economics Edited, with an Introduction, by Professor W. R. Scott Member of British Editorial Board 1. Agricultural Food Production By H. M. Conacher Deputy Commissioner of Board of Agriculture for Scotland. This is a detailed study of agricultural food production, dealing with all aspects of the problem, the imports of food into Scotland before and during the War, modifications of agriculture during the War, sheep farming, Scottish dairy farms and stock farms, increased production of food and a discussion of the per- manent effects of the War on Scottish Agriculture. 2. Scottish Agricultural Labour By Joseph Duncan Secretary of Scottish Farm Servants' Union The peculiarities of the agricultural work on Scottish farms is shown, also the housing conditions and conditions of employment before the War and since. The influx of women to agricultural work during the War is described, as well as the methods for fixing wages. The study concludes with a notice of the elements involved in the problem of rural depopulation. 3. Scottish Fisheries During the War By David T. Jones, C.B.E. Chairman of Fishery Board The study begins with an account of the conditions of the industry in so far as they were peculiar to Scotland at the outbreak of the War. The combinations of difficulties that had to be faced is analyzed step by step under the heads of man-power, the position created by the orders of the Admiralty in relation to naval operations, the effects of a changing situation on the herring fishing, trawl- ing and line fishing respectively, the problem of distribution, the double role of the fisherman in war and in increasing the national food supply and the general effects of the War on this trade. 4. The Jute Industry By J. P. Day, Ph.D. Lecturer in Economics, University College, Dundee This study, while dealing with a manufacturing industry is included in the series, because of the distinct r61e which it played in the War, as indicated in the BRITISH SERIES 5 1 volume on war controls, and also because of the unique setting of the industry in the economic life of Dundee. Being peculiarly sensitive to war demands, it offers some interesting economic data. WALES IN THE WORLD WAR A Volume of Social History By Thomas Jones, M.A., LL.D. Member of British Editorial Board This volume is planned to cover the entire field of the effects of the War upon Welsh life and industry. It is based upon careful preliminary studies, statistical and descriptive, by specialists working under Dr. Jones' direction in various parts of Wales. Chief emphasis is naturally given to the Welsh mining industry, but an account is also included of the more agricultural North. In keeping with the spirit of the survey there is also an analysis of the moral and religious history of Wales during and after the War. MANCHESTER: A STUDY IN LOCAL WAR-TIME CONDITIONS By Professor H. W. C. Davis, C.B.E., M.A. Member of British Editorial Board This study is planned as one of a number of local war histories dealing with areas of special interest. An analysis of the effect of the War upon the Manchester district is of much more than local application. It opens up most of the ques- tions treated in the History as a whole, and thus offers suggestions for the gen- eral synthesis. Descriptive and historical rather than purely statistical. GUIDES TO THE STUDY OF WAR-TIME ECONOMICS The three monographs here grouped together are the outgrowth of the activ- ities of the British Editorial Board in that phase of its work which has had to do with the preparation of material for future research and for reference. I. Guide to Local War Records By Miss Wretts-Smith, M.A., M.Sc. (Econ.) Secretary of Local War Records Committee, working under joint authority of British Academy and British Editorial Board of Carnegie Endowment. The Committee on Local War Records circulated a questionnaire to all local government authorities and to numerous societies and institutions throughout Great Britain, to learn the condition of local war records both official and unoffi- cial, in so far as they bear upon the economic history of the country. The manual is the result of the answers to this questionnaire and of subsequent investigations, and is the only guide in existence covering this material. LIBRARY UNJVERsrnr of mwow 52 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 2. Dictionary of Official War-Time Organizations By Norman Burrell Dearle, D.Sc. D.Sc. in Economics, London, 1915; Technical Adviser to Apprentices Branch, Ministry of Labour, Training Department, 1919-21; previously in Board of Trade, Labour Statistics Department; Ministry of Munitions, Labour Supply Department; Office of the Umpire, Unemployment Insurance; Ministry of Labour, Demobilization Section. Author of Industrial Training (19 14); Problems of Unemployment in the London Building Trades (1908); The Working of the Unemployed Workmen Act (1905); in relation to the London Building Trades (1908); English Statistics of Unemployment (19 10); Organization of Public Work in relation to Unemployment in the Building Trades (191 1); The Alien Act (1911); The Use and Abuse of Overtime (1920); Appren- ticeship and Boy Labor (1922). This will be a guide to the many government organizations established during the War. No such guide exists at present, and the manual is planned for use by both researchers and those interested in practical administration. The relation of commissions, committees, etc., to the various departments is traced to some extent and a brief note given of the history, scope of activity and final disposition of the organizations. The period covered is from July 1, 1914, to the end of 1922. 3. Economic Chronicle of the War By Norman Burrell Dearle, D.Sc. Author of A Dictionary of Official War-Time Organizations This is a mere summary account, in chronological order, of the main economic events arising out of the War and the reconstruction period. It will include agri- culture and industry; commerce, finance and transport; labor problems and indus- trial relations; economic legislation; social developments to meet the needs of war. The chronicle will extend from the closing days of July, 1914, to the end of 1922 and will thus cover the emergency measures taken at the outbreak of war and the period of reconstruction after its close. STUDIES IN BRITISH SOCIAL HISTORY DURING THE WORLD WAR (Volumes to be arranged) THE COST OF THE WAR TO GREAT BRITAIN (Volume to be arranged) AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 53 AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES Austria-Hungary BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRIAN ECONOMIC LITERATURE DURING THE WAR By Professor Dr. Othmar Spann Professor of Political Economy at University of Vienna; collaborator on Scientific Committee of War Ministry, 1916-18. This is a general bibliographical guide to the literature in the German language dealing with the economic and social aspects of the history of Austria-Hungary during the War. It covers articles, parliamentary and government records, in addition to book titles; and arranges material according to the main headings of the Austrian Series of the Economic and Social History. (Published, September, 1923). AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN FINANCE DURING THE WAR By Dr. Alexander von Popovics Late Minister; President of Royal Hungarian Institute for the issue of currency notes; entered Hungarian Ministry of Finance in 1884, and remained in that depart- ment without a break until April, 1909; in this office he had to do with practically . every branch of financial administration; was principally engaged in the sections concerned with the state loans and questions relating to currency, the Bank of Issue (Notenbank) and railways, and later with many of the affairs which necessitated economic and financial negotiations between Hungary and Austria; in 1892 became Deputy Government Commissioner of the Bank of Issue (Austro-Hungarian Bank), and later Government Commissioner: in 1902 appointed Administrative Secretary of State for his department and finally Governor of Austro-Hungarian Bank, with headquarters in Vienna; in 19 18 he entered third Wekerle Cabinet as Minister of Finance, in which he remained until 1918; after collapse and close of Bolshevist regime in Hungary, he was appointed to Hungarian Peace Delegation at Neuilly, and took part in its work as head of the Economic and Financial Sections; in 1920 he was one ot the Hungarian delegates at International Financial Conference in Brussels; in April, 192 1, he was appointed President of the newly established State Note Institute which began its operations on August 1 of the same year; in May, 1924, was chosen Governor of the Hungarian State Bank; is also President of Administrative Council of Hungary's first shipping enterprise — Hungarian River and Sea Shipping Company. The book opens with a short introductory account of the development and condition of currency in both states of the Monarchy. This includes an account of the r61e played by the Austro-Hungarian Bank in 191 1 with reference to the Balkan War. It then deals authoritatively with the question of financial pre- paredness for war on the basis of documents hitherto unpublished. Then it out- lines the relations existing between the General Staff and the Bank authorities. Then follows an exhaustive account of financial conditions and measures at the 54 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR outbreak of the War and the first results of those measures. War-time develop- ments are traced in detail: The taxation policy of the governments. Increase of state revenue. Original intention of covering only actual war expenditure out of extraordinary credits. Price movements and blockade completely prevent reali- zation of this intention. Slow and inadequate response of taxation policy. As a consequence, further war loans and further foreign credits (Holland, Switzerland, Scandinavian states). Financial operations in support of war-time commerce. Export and import prohibitions. Balance of trade in its final aspects. Rates of exchange. Method of ascertaining exchange movements. Establishment of Central Exchange Office. Effort to establish it without state compulsion. In- adequacy of measure. Its organization. Operation. Attempts to restrict in- flation. Moratorium. Discontinuance. Report to extraordinary general meeting of Bank shareholders in 191 7. Resumption of publications. Disparity in recourse to bank credit on part of Austria and Hungary. Criticism and conclusions. MILITARY ECONOMIC HISTORY A Series of Studies Edited by Professor Dr. Friedrich von Wieser With collaboration of General Alfred Krauss Ranks high among army commanders of the War and is an outstanding figure in Austrian history. Author of a recent work on the causes of defeat of Central Powers; General Max Hoen General Director of War Archives and a writer on scientific military subjects; and Colonel Glaise-Horstenau Of historical section of the Army; during the War in charge of documentation of Military Cabinet and appointed to important missions, since the War he has returned to the archives. Author of a number of military and political histories. So much of the economic life of Europe was under direct or indirect military control during the War, that a description of this phase of economic administra- tion is indispensable in a history of the War. In Austria-Hungary this is espe- cially the case, and a systematic description and statistical analysis has been planned in considerable detail, the material being prepared for the most part by those in positions of responsibility in the military administration itself. The following are among the more important of the monographs planned : I. Problems of Conscription, Man-Power, etc., in the Austrian Army By Colonel Eugen Klose Late of Austrian General Staff; entering the army in 1892, called to War Ministry in 1906 (where he remained until 19 18), Colonel Klose was at the head of Division of AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 55 Mobilization with but short interruption for active service throughout the War; his unrivaled knowledge of the legal as well as the practical aspects of this vast and complicated system was recognized as well in the period of liquidation and he was appointed an inspector for liquidating War Ministry; now in retirement. This monograph describes the economic effects of National Service Laws which were in existence at the beginning of the War, and counter measures of the military administration (War Office and both Ministries of Defense), to lessen the adverse economic effects of this action where necessary. It then deals in detail with the extension of war services, showing how industries working for military purposes (war industries) and mines were successively brought under the scope of the War Service Acts. Of great interest is the account of the social measures adopted, social welfare measures being used much more than military coercion, to produce the proper morale. Among these measures were the creation of the sys- tem of foremen, "works committees" (shop stewards), and the creation of a com- mittee of complaints with the object of deciding all questions and conflicts between employers and employed by judicial methods. 2. Munitions and Supply By Colonel Ottokar Pflug A member, since 1908, of bureau of Operations of General Staff, which had charge of the rearming of Austro-Hungarian Army; during the war, Chief of Artillery Section and in responsible relations with Division of Raw Materials; in 1920 retired from service to become General Secretary of Enzenfeld Metal Works Company. This is a technical account of the mobilization of industry under the general staff, the manufacture of munitions and weapons, plans for procuring raw ma- terials, the strain of the prolonged war, relations with other concerns, and an estimate of total output. 3. Transportation under Military Control By Colonel Emil Ratzenhofer Since 1908 in Bureau of Railroads of Austrian General Staff; on the outbreak of war became Military Director of Railroads on the eastern front, then organizer of grain shipments by rail and boat; both by experience and study he has the most inti- mate knowledge of the subject. The military control of the Austro-Hungarian railroads is described from the standpoint of the administration and of practical engineering. The strain of mobilization and army movements, problems of transport, changes in method and expedients to insure necessary movement of supplies for civilians as well as for the Army. Then follows an outline of transport by waterways, especially the Danube. Total results of military movements upon economic activities. 4. The Cost of the War to A ustria By Dr. Fritz Hornik President of Austrian Office for Liquidation of Military Affairs; 1910-1918 in the Ministry of Finances, where he helped frame regulations with reference to the banks, 56 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR the organization of war insurances, and various war-time institutions of credit; during the War he was charged with important commissions, among them being the over- seeing of special war-time legislation in connection with the army, the Vienna money market and credit institutions; since the Revolution he has been President of Office of Military Liquidation. Upon the acceptance by Austria of the conditions for in- ternational loans arranged by the League of Nations, Dr. Hornik was made Commis- sioner charged with the reform of the Austrian Administration in order to meet the financial terms of the international agreement. During the earlier period of liquidation Dr. Hornik was in charge of the military, financial administration, and his book will include an account of military expenses and methods of bookkeeping. The book, however, will deal mainly with the major problem of the direct and indirect financial costs of the War to Austria as revealed in the later period of Dr. Hornik's activity. No other official is so well qualified as Dr. Hornik to contribute this fundamental volume to the Austrian Series. (Others to follow.) THE ECONOMIC USE OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES: SERBIA, MONTENEGRO, ALBANIA By General Hugo Kerchnawe General in former Austrian Army; 1902-14 in Department of History of General Staff at War Archives in Vienna; knighted in 1908; during the War, Chief of Staff in Serbia and as such largely responsible for administration of the territory occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Army; after the evacuation of Serbia by Austria was entrusted with the liquidation of the former military administration with which he had been connected in Vienna, and is still Director of this work; for his work during the War he received many decorations. Author of some ten or twelve volumes mainly of military history. The first part is devoted mainly to Serbia. It deals with the Central Powers' need of the occupied territories for the conduct of the War and gives a short survey of similar Austrian military administrations in former times. It then describes the nature of the military administrative authorities in Poland, Serbia and Monte- negro; the fiasco of the first military administration in Serbia and its reorganiza- tion. The volume contains a detailed account of how the economic exploitation of the country was carried out and the significance of it for the continuation of the War by the Central Powers, especially Austria-Hungary. This is based upon unique personal documents of the author, who was largely responsible for the administra- tion of these measures. Similar, but less developed, accounts are also given of the exploitation of Montenegro and parts of Albania. Similar studies of other occupied areas have been planned, e.g., Northern Italy by General Leidl, the Ukraine by General Krauss, Rumania by Consul- General Felix Sobotka, and Poland by General Mitzka. AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 57 "MITTEL-EUROPA": THE PREPARATION OF A NEW JOINT ECONOMY By Dr. Gustav Gratz and Dr. Richard Schuller The plans for realizing the scheme for an economic Mittel-Europa were carried out during the period when Professor Wieser was Minister of Commerce. Dr. Schuller was negotiator for Austria and Dr. Gratz for Hungary. This volume (their joint production) describes in detail the negotiations for the commercial treaty between Austria-Hungary and Germany, and the new "Compromise" (Ausgleich) between Austria and Hungary. The formal negotiations which began with the preparation of a memorandum by the German Government in 19 15 ended in a conference at Salzburg which reached agreement only a few days before the close of the War. Although the Peace rendered these negotiations futile, a total analysis offers a most instructive chapter in the history of tariff arrange- ments. The texts of both agreements have not otherwise been published and the volume therefore offers a contribution to political as well as to economic history. A separate section deals with the negotiations for the Treaties of Brest- Litovsk and Bucharest and the close connection of these with the foregoing is clearly shown. EXHAUSTION AND DISORGANIZATION OF THE HAPSBURG MONARCHY By Professor Dr. Friedrich von Wieser Chairman of Austrian Editorial Board This volume is planned to describe the final effects of the War upon the Hapsburg Monarchy. It is a study of both social and economic factors in the break-up of the Monarchy, but deals as well with the administrative and political elements of the crisis. One of the most important volumes in the History. Detailed announcement later. DISRUPTION OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ECONOMIC UNION By Dr. Richard Schuller Member of Austro-Hungarian Editorial Board A short study of the immediate effects of the War and Revolution as seen from the standpoint of an old Austrian government department. The essay will be closely articulated with the larger study by Professor W T ieser dealing with general conditions in the Monarchy prior to and during the final break-up. 58 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Empire of Austria WAR GOVERNMENT IN AUSTRIA By Professor Dr. Joseph Redlich Jurist and Professor at University of Vienna; elected in 1906 to Moravian Diet as Deputy of South Moravian Germans, and in 1907 to Lower House (House of Representatives) of Reichsrat, of which he continued a member until the fall of the Empire in 1918; in 1908 appointed regular Professor of Public and Administrative Law in Technical College in Vienna, holding this post until 1918; initiator and princi- pal director of the work of Imperial Commission for Administrative Reform ap- pointed by Austrian Government in I9ii;in 1918 Minister of Finance in government formed by Dr. H. Lammasch; a recognized authority on British political institutions; as jurist, Dr. Redlich was invited to deliver the Godkin lectures at Harvard in 1910, also lecturing at University of Illinois and at Columbia University; in 19 13 prepared a report on legal instruction in America for Carnegie Foundation and delivered the Schouler Lectures at Johns Hopkins University; member of Committee of Carnegie Endowment for investigating the atrocities of the Balkan War of 1912-13; gave the Lowell Lectures in 1922 and lectured at Institute of International Affairs. Author of Englische Lokalverwaltung (1901); English local Government (2 vols., 1903); Recht und Technik des englischen Parlamentarismus, Parliamentary Procedure of the House of Commons (vols, i-iii, 1907); Oesterreichische Kommunalverfassung (1908); Bericht iiber die Entwicklung und den gegenwdrtigen Stand der osterreichischen Finanzverwaltung sowie Vorschldge zur Reform dieser Verwaltung (19 13); The Case Method in the Ameri- can Law Schools (19 14); Das osterreichische Reichs- und Staats problem; Geschichtliche Darstellung der Inneren Politik der habsburgischen Monarchic von 1848 bis zum Untergang des Reiches (vol. 1, pts. 1 and II, 1920). This volume shows what changes were introduced in consequence of the War in the constitution and functions of the economic administration. In particular it treats of the rise and growth of the military administration, the changes in the relations between Austria and Hungary, as well as the growth of state regulation in the first period of the War, and the subsequent development of national, social and local opposition. In order to make this clear it develops the historical back- ground of the complicated problems of the old federal system, with its local or- ganizations serving as media for national aspirations, and a centralizing bureau- cracy without adequate legislative support. The relation of these prewar strains in the political organization to those of the War are then shown, and the effects of the War itself upon the government prior to the revolution. INDUSTRIAL CONTROL IN AUSTRIA DURING THE WAR By Dr. Richard Riedl Member of Austrian Editorial Board Monographic studies of the war-time history of the more important industries, prepared by a staff of specialists under the direction of Dr. Riedl, who also con- tributes largely. The volume begins with a brief statement of the position of the industry before the War. (1) Statistical accounts of number of firms and work-people AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: AUSTRIA 59 in the industry, size of the industry and characteristic machinery and plant, e.g., number of spindles and looms, of blast furnaces, of converters, of open hearth furnaces, etc. (2) The methods by which the raw material requirements of industry were met before the War. (3) Extent of production so far as statis- tical data exist. (4) Market conditions of home production and the supply from abroad of similar manufactures. Part II describes the changes in economic conditions during the War: (1) Effect of the War on the supply of raw materials of industry. (2) Effect of the War on production. (3) Effect of the War on consumption and sale. Part III is an account of economic war measures, successful and unsuccess- ful. The desperate strain caused by the War, until the gradual exhaustion. FOOD CONTROL AND AGRICULTURE IN AUSTRIA DURING THE WAR By Dr. Hans LOwenfeld-Russ Formerly Austrian Departmental State Secretary; member of Austrian State Service since 1897, and from 1899 in Ministry of Commerce, becoming in 1913 Director of Industrial Department and of Bureau of the Industrial Council; during the War prepared and carried into effect the legislative and administrative measures for the War organization of food industries, and when National Food Department was established at the end of 1916 he was appointed to that Ministry, acting from 1917 as the Minister's deputy, and as such taking part in most of the negotiations con- ducted with the German Empire and with Hungary on food questions; in 1918, after the Revolution, Dr. Lowenfeld-Russ was appointed Chief Director of State Food Department (Ministry of Food), and as State Secretary for Food he was a member of first Republican cabinet as well as of second and third Renner cabinets; under his direction the internal food service was speedily adapted to the altered conditions in New Austria and reorganized; he also took part in the economic negotiations con- ducted in Belgrade, Prague, Paris and Rome; in July, 1920, he left the service of the State and in 192 1 joined the management of the Export und Industrie Bank in Vienna, which forms part of an important Austrian industrial undertaking. A number of heads of departments in the former ministry and other highly qualified specialists are associated with Dr. Lowenfeld-Russ in the preparation of this volume. In view of its importance it has been planned in great detail. The introduction deals with the conditions and capacity of Austrian agri- culture and food industries before the War. The proportion of home food pro- duction to consumption requirements. Of special interest is the position of Vienna and its dependence on the Hungarian supply. Similar analyses of the situation of various large Austrian provincial capitals. War measures in general; a comprehensive account of war administration serving as framework for the separate narratives which follow and offering critical and historical data. Detailed studies of the development of the war administration with regard to (a) food produced in agriculture; and (b) food produced in industry. Each is prefaced by a short account of the war measures of a general nature and con- 60 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR eludes with a description of the position directly before the collapse, in order to show in the briefest manner the prospects for the winter 191 8-19, if the war had continued. Part IV deals with: (a) organization of the food service; (b) organization of consumption. Part V describes the feeding of the Army and the Austrian food policy; its effects on civilian consumption: (a) account of the organizing measures; (b) food conditions in the Army. Relations with Hungary and with foreign countries; comprehensive account of food administration relations during the War, are dealt with in detail in Chapter VI: (1) Relations with Hungary (Croatia) and Bosnia-Herzegovina: (2) Relations with the occupied districts (Serbia, Poland, Italy and Rumania, the latter two before their entry into the War and after occupation). Value to the civilian population and the Army. (3) Relations with Germany. (4) Relations with Bulgaria and Turkey. (5) Relations with neutral countries. The blockade compensation treaties (especially for sugar), organization, monop- oly and centralization of imports (import prospects). The final Chapter (VII) deals with conditions at the time of the collapse. It analyzes the effect of the War on agricultural and industrial food production and the effect of the War on consumption. LABOR IN AUSTRIA DURING THE WAR By Ferdinand Hanusch The author began life as a spinner in Silesia, as journeyman apprentice visiting all the countries of Southeastern Europe; a local leader of Social Democratic Party, he was elected in 1897 Secretary of his Union for Silesia and the German part of Moravia in old Austria; in 1900 came to Vienna as Secretary of Union of Textile Workers for Austiia, which post he held until 1918; since 1907 (when universal suffrage was introduced into Austria), member of the Reichsrat, and a member of its Committee on Social Politics, he has collaborated on every law dealing with matters of social welfare duiing that time; 1918-20, Minister for Social Welfare; at present Director of Vienna Organization of Workers and Employees, and a member of National Assembly. This is a war-time history of labor prepared by representative working men, under the direction of Herr Hanusch, who also contributes largely. The differ- ent sections are assigned to competent authorities representing each branch of labor. After an introduction, giving a brief resume of the whole subject, the volume deals with the legal regulation of labor conditions and with administrative measures (governmental assistance, etc.). Then follows a description of labor conditions in the various branches of industry, worked up for each group in the following chronological order: (a) Conditions immediately before the outbreak of war. (b) Immediate effect of the outbreak of war. (c) Consequence of the diversion of numerous trades to war industries, (d) Effects of the long duration of the war. (e) Position in the summer of 191 8. The volume concludes with a AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: AUSTRIA 6l close survey of the influence of the war legislation and the state of war upon : (a) Labor organization, particularly on the political and legal position of the worker, the labor press, strike movements, influence of the War upon the personal out- look and political attitude of the workers; and (b) Health and food conditions, reduction in working power and inclination for work, consideration for health and physical safety of the worker in the trades, regulations for protection of the workers. AUSTRIAN RAILWAYS DURING THE WAR (Civil Control) By Ing. Bruno Ritter von Enderes Since 1917 on staff of the Ministry of Railways; engineer and railroad constructor, for part of the War at the head of Office of Transportation; after the revolution he remained Secretary of State in Ministry of Transportation, and as such has played a leading r61e in the difficult task of reconstructing Austrian transportation, and was the Austrian railway expert at Conference of Portorose in 192 1. A short survey of the effects of the War upon the Austrian railway system viewed from the standpoint of civilian control. This study forms a supplement to that dealing with military control. It brings out the displacement caused by the War in practical railroading and the question of transport. COAL SUPPLY IN AUSTRIA DURING THE WAR (1914-1918) By Ing. Emil Homann-Herimberg For many years a high official in Austrian Government, and Director of the most important technical section of Office of Public Works; after serving in this capacity for several years appointed Minister for Public Works, which office he held for some time during the War; President of Austrian Society of Engineers and Architects, and a member of Economy Commission. General account of the coal industry of Austria in the prewar period. Pro- duction, imports and exports of coal in the years 1914 to 191 8. Relations with Hungary and the German Empire. Administrative measures for the speeding up of coal production. Labor conditions in the coal mining industry. The demand for coal, with special consideration of the principal groups of consumers. Meeting of the demand for coal. Organization of the distribution of coal. Measures for economizing coal. Provision of coal for the larger towns. Hin- drances to the coal supply service through the disorganization of the railway traffic. Regulation of coal prices. Coal management in the occupied districts; exploitation of the coal mines in the coal districts of Dabrowa in Russian Poland. THE MORAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON AUSTRIA By Chancellor Ignaz Seipel Chancellor of Austria since May 1922; professor of moral theology at Salzburg and Vienna before entering political life; joined the Christian Socialist party in 191 7; 6e ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Minister for Social Welfare in the Lammasch Cabinet in 191 8; elected to Parliament in 1920; chosen to lead his party in 1921; through his cooperation with the League of Nations he has enabled Austria to stabilize its currency by an international loan, and his policy has contributed effectively to one of the most striking chapters of post-war history. Author of many books, some purely theological, as Beim eucha- ristischen Gott (1909); Der heilige Ambrosius von Mailand (191 3); Die Grundwahr- heiten der Erlosung (1914); others dealing with the moral education of the young, as Die Askese im Leben der studierenden Jugend (191 2) and Lehrbuch der Moral fiir Mil- telschulen (191 3); and some political, as Nation und Staat (1916) and Die osterreichis- che Verfassungsreform (191 7). Chancellor Seipel proposes to consider in this study the exceedingly difficult task of the moral healing of Austria; and the volume is therefore planned as an introductory survey of the elements of moral and social displacements caused by the war, together with a search for a basis for measures of social reform. It will, however, deal with its subject historically and objectively in order to secure a sound foundation for future action. The value of such a survey is increased by the concern of southeastern Europe and of the Continent generally in the attitude of public opinion in the old Austrian Monarchy toward peace and war. For obvious reasons this volume will not be ready until later than others in this series. THE WAR AND CRIME IN AUSTRIA By Professor Franz Exner Professor of Criminal Law, Law of Nations, and Legal Philosophy in the Univer- sity of Leipzig; legal practicioner in Vienna 1905-1911; Professor of Criminal Law in the University of Czernowitz 1912-1914; artillery officer 191 4-1 916; Professor in the German University of Prague 1916-1919, Tubingen 1919-1921, and Leipzig since 1921. Author of Das Wesen der Fahrldssigkeit (1910); Die Theorie der Sich- erungsmittel (1914); Gerechtigkeit und Richteramt (1922). This volume is similar to that by Professor Liepmann in the German series. Despite the relatively scanty statistical data available, it treats of psychological and moral consequences of the war which indubitably exist and which are of grave influence upon society, so that it forms in effect a study in social psychology. The problem of the effect of army discipline upon the soldiers is balanced against the anti-social tendencies of war, notably the destruction of the normal sense of values of life and property. The displacement in civil life is studied with par- ticular regard to the relations of family life, the unsettlement of customs and manners, the neglect and consequent demoralization of the young, the new place of women in industry, the malign consequences of economic pressure, and other such phenomena. The chief emphasis, however, is laid upon the post-war period, where a comparison, based upon statistics, between conditions in German Austria in 1912-1913 and in 1919-1920 renders it possible to show the ruinous ethical results of neglect and of the economic, political, and moral collapse of which the Austrian revolution is itself a product. AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: HUNGARY 63 Kingdom of Hungary THE ECONOMIC WAR HISTORY OF HUNGARY: A GENERAL SURVEY By Dr. Gustav Gratz Editor for Hungary The volume, which covers the general economic war history of Hungary, is planned as a final survey of the whole field, covered for the most part by the more detailed separate monographs. It therefore takes account (1) of the various factors which altered economic war-time conditions in Hungary: (a) curtailment of production; (b) creation of new production facilities; (c) transfor- mation of currency. (2) Their cumulative effect is a gradual exhaustion, finding expression in (a) growing lack of raw materials until it is impossible to meet the demand; (b) increasing shortage in labor; (c) growing exhaustion of the soil; (d) reaction of irrational finance economics; (e) actual consumption of capital (decrease of the public wealth) ; (f) high prices as a symptom and consequence of exhaustion. (3) The attempts to prevent or delay complete exhaustion (like the Hazay enterprise) are described, as well as their failure in the various economic spheres. (4) The volume concludes with an analysis of social tension as a product of exhaustion. EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON THE HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE By Count Albert Apponyi Since 1872 a member of Hungarian House of Representatives, where as orator and statesman, he long played a leading r61e; at first Conservative, later chief of a separate National party, he joined the Liberal party from 1899 to 1903; for the next two years he revived the National party, then in 1905 he took a further step in the direction of national radicalism by joining the Independent party; in Wekerle Coalition Cabinet he was Minister of Instruction, 1906-10, when he again went into opposition; during the War was drawn to a policy of political and social progress, becoming one of the most resolute champions of universal suffrage in Hungary, a step which formerly he had steadfastly opposed; in February, 1917, he again took office as Minister of Instruction, but resigned in the summer of 19 18 because the Cabinet had decided upon certain restrictions in the first draft of the electoral reform bill; after the Revolution he withdrew entirely from political life, and it was only in the summer of 1919, after collapse of the Bolshevist regime, that his public activities were resumed; at that time Apponyi was — and has been ever since — one of the keenest opponents of those extreme political tendencies which have obtained ascendency in Hungary since 1919; in December, 1919, he was appointed President of Hungarian Peace Delegation, but he declared himself unable to sign resulting Peace Treaty and resigned office before its signature; Count Apponyi was leader of Hungarian group in the Inter- parliamentary Conference and President of League of Nations Association in Hun- gary; in 1921 he was appointed representative of Hungary to League of Nations when that country's admission came before the League; Hungary regards him as her "grand old man" and he is held in the highest esteem throughout the country. In order to supply the necessary background for an understanding of Hun- garian affairs, the volume first gives an outline of Hungarian history and of the 64 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR evolution of the Hungarian constitution. It mentions the chief features of economic and moral evolution; parties and currents of opinion in the era of the Compromise; the nationality problem and socialism. The second part is devoted to the War. It discusses with reference to that period the attitude of the Hun- garian Government; the changes in government machinery; the mentality of the Hungarian people and of the different national minorities during the War. The last part surveys the evolution of Hungary after the War : the collapse ; the two revolutions; the restoration of a national government; provisional constitutional arrangements ; new parties ; survival of old traditions; characteristic features of the new post-war mentality, as compared to former currents of opinion; chances of the future. HUNGARIAN INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By Baron Josef Szterenyi In 1889 appointed Inspector of Industries; in 1889 Hungarian delegate at first Labor Conference on Labor Legislation in Beilin; in 1892 Government Commis- sioner and Chief Supervisor of Industrial Instruction, with supervision of entire industrial section of Ministry of Commerce; Secretary of State, 1905; special meas- ures adopted for promotion of industry — to which Hungarian industries largely owe their existence — were mainly due to his labors; elaboration of provisions for pro- tection of labor and workers' insurance is also due to his initiative; instituted and completed first Hungarian statistical return of production; in January, 1918, Minister of Commerce in Wekerle Cabinet; the last stage of the War coincided with his period of office — the period in which the state control of industry reached its fullest de- velopment; no one in Hungary, therefore, can describe with equal authority the motives underlying the various war measures affecting industries; retained office as Minister of Commerce until the Revolution; since the overthrow of Bolshevism again a member of the National Assembly; president of the Hungarian Social -Political Union and director of important concerns in Hungarian business life. Author of many works in Hungarian, chiefly on industrial questions. This volume consists of two parts: the first, covering the entire field in a general way; the second, consisting of monographs dealing with the more im- portant industries separately. The general account of the industrial conditions during the War, describes Hungarian industry at the outbreak of war (geographical, historical and economic surveys based upon the data of 1913); the perplexity and confusion produced by the suddenness of the declaration of war; relations between consumption and production; legislative and governmental measures, and their consequences; price control; the supply of raw material and semi-manufactures; the effect of labor and wage conditions on production. Part I concludes with a summary of the industrial situation at the end of the War, comparing 1913 data with those of the end of the War relating to different branches of industry; the ruin of industrial plants; extent and effect of militarization in individual branches of industry; Hungary's share in supplies for the Army; war earnings of industries and con- centration of capital. AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: HUNGARY 65 Part II consists of detailed industrial monographs on the situation, conditions of working and production, and economic results during the War in the various trades. HISTORY OF HUNGARIAN COMMERCE DURING THE WAR By Alexander von Matlckovits President of Hungarian National Industrial Association for Agricultural Industries; formerly Secretary of State; entered Ministry of Commerce in 1867, becoming Director of Commercial Section in 1875; 1880-89, Secretary of State for Ministry of Commerce, he was largely responsible for Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Acts, and the shaping of Hungarian commercial policy; retiring in 1889, he published an important volume on the commercial policy of the Habsburg Monarchy, written from the standpoint of a liberal and free trader; as President of National Industrial Association, he was technical adviser to Hungarian Government during the War; president or member of many boards of industrial undertakings. By conviction a free trader and liberal, the author nevertheless was obliged to meet war conditions on a practical basis as directing head of Hungarian indus- trial concerns and technical adviser to the government during the War. The history of Hungarian commerce is of special interest owing to the blockade and the relation with neighboring states — especially Austria. The narrative rests upon a basis of facts and statistical data and practical experience and is carefully planned to articulate with the volumes on finance. HISTORY OF HUNGARIAN FINANCE DURING THE WAR By Johann VON Teleszky For many years head of Budget Section in Ministry of Finance; Minister of Finance, 1909; became Minister of Finance in Lukacs Cabinet, April, 1912, a position which he retained in Tisza Ministry, which was in power in Hungary during the first years of the War; in this capacity he laid the foundations of the new financial policy followed during the War not only by his successors but also by his colleagues in Austria; admittedly the most competent person to give an account of financial policy in Hungary during the War; after his resignation along with Tisza in 1917, he still played an active part as adviser in the conduct of Hungary's financial policy; during both revolutions he lived in retirement, and until recently he took no active part in public affairs, but he is still a leading and authoritative figure in the sphere of finance, and latterly has been called in consultation on international negotiations, especially at Genoa. The introduction describes the financial situation of Hungary on declara- tion of war, giving short accounts of the taxation system, of the position of state debt and of the financial relations with Austria, Croatia and Slavonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Part II deals with direct war expenditure. Then follow chapters on the effects of the War on state revenue, on loans and loan organiza- tion during the War; on taxation policy during the War; and on the influence of the War on the money market. The concluding chapter is a summary of the principal features of state finance during the War (so far as the accounts have been finally made up) and critical remarks. 66 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR HUNGARIAN AGRICULTURE DURING THE WAR By Dr. Emil von Mutschenbacher Managing General Secretary of National Agriculture Association, the principal body representing the interests of Hungarian agriculturists; Hungarian Editor for International Institute of Agriculture; one of the best known economic publicists in Hungary; during the War a member of all commissions concerned with agricultural questions. Author of works on agricultural policy of Hungary, on customs tariffs and agriculture, effect of the War upon farmers, etc. The volume was originally planned by Dr. Julius Rubinek, formerly Hun- garian Minister of Agriculture, with the collaboration of Dr. von Mutschenbacher. Upon the death of Dr. Rubinek, Dr. von Mutschenbacher has taken over the direction of the entire work. Owing to its importance in the Hungarian Series it is planned in detail, with sections by specialists. Section I — Hungarian Agriculture on the Outbreak of War The collaborators in this section are: Dr. Alois Szab6ky, Director of the National Statistical Office; Dr. Savoly, member of the Meteorological Institute; Director Karl Meyer, Ministerialrat, Director of the Social-Political Section of the Ministry of Agriculture; and Baron Friedrich KorAnyi, formerly Minister of Finance, late Managing Director of the National Central Credit Cooperative Society, as expert in questions relating to agricultural credits and cooperative societies. This section deals with the position of the agriculture and of the agricul- tural population of Hungary on the outbreak of war. It also refers to external trade and tariff policy. Section II — Measures of the Legislature, Government and Municipalities for Control of Agricultural Production and Restriction of Free Trade The collaborators in this section are: Mr. Bela Terffy, formerly Minister of Food, and Dr. Theodor Guthy, formerly Departmental Secretary to the Ministry of Food. Section III — Economic and Social Effects upon Agriculture of the State of War and of the Restrictive Measures described in the Second Section The collaborators in this section are: Dr. Bela Reichenbach, Professor of the Theory of Industrial Management at the University of Political Economy, Budapest; and Mr. Barna Buday, General Secretary of the National Agricul- tural Association. Exhaustion of the soil. Decline in production. Increase in land values and income from land, and in the price of agricultural products. Increased cost of im- plements and labor. Rapid enrichment of farmers. Development of unfair com- petition ; social evils. Aggravation of conditions of owners of capital and workers. AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: HUNGARY 67 Section IV — Effects of the State of War and of the Restrictive Measures upon the Individual Classes of Landowners, as also upon the Agricultural Domestics and Laborers The collaborators in this section are: Mr. Barna Buday, Dr. Bela Reich- enbach, and Director Karl Meyer. I. Large properties, medium properties, small holdings. 2. Large and small tenant farmers. 3. Increase of wages for domestics and laborers. De- crease of desire for work. Land reform schemes. Schemes for introduction of legislation and ordinances for protection of laborers. Disturbing effects of the War from a national, moral and intellectual point of view. FOOD CONTROL IN HUNGARY DURING THE WAR By Professor Johann Bud Minister of Food for Hungary during the War; as expert in Central Statistical Bureau, he had prepared numerous reports on Industry, Prices, etc., before the War, and was Hungarian representative at International Institute of Statistics in Copen- hagen in 1907, and in Paris, 1909; from 1912 on Staff of Ministry of Commerce, he prepared material for the renewal of the Ausgleich between Austria and Hungary, and after outbreak of the War represented this Ministry in Economic Agricultural Commission until his transfer to Ministry of Food, which was set up in 19 16. Was also Vice President of the Price-Fixing Commission. In 1920, elected professor at Budapest Polytechnikum and, finally, in 1922, appointed Minister of Food for Hungary. This monograph is closely articulated with that on Agriculture. It gives in outline the history of one of the most controverted sections of the economic history of the Hapsburg Monarchy. It describes the working of government regulations and, as well, analyzes the motives behind the war-time policies. It also touches the effect of these policies on the problem of food supply in the Central Powers outside Hungary. SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN HUNGARY DURING THE WAR By Dr. Desider Pap Doctor of Political Science and Lecturer on Social Politics at Budapest Poly- technic; in i8q6 entered Hungarian Ministry of Commerce, in which he still serves, having been Deputy Departmental Chief since 1918; member of council of several scientific societies, including Agricultural Society, Hungarian Section of International Society for Legislative Labor Protection, Hungarian Section of International Society for Combating Unemployment, etc., and Hungarian correspondent of International Laboi Office in Genoa. In addition to numerous articles and papers which have appeared in various journals and periodicals, Dr. Pap's literary labors comprise the following separate works: The Guarantee of Bond Issues (1901); The Redemption of Public Debts, which received the prize of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1906); Industrial Labour Conditions (19 10); The Security of Wages (191 1); The Legal Regula- tion of Home Industries (19 12); Contract of Service under the Bill oj the Hungarian Civil Code (1914); The Peace Treaty and Labour Protection (1920). This volume is planned to deal in a general manner with the effect of the War upon different classes in Hungary, upon mode of life, household income, 68 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR attitude and outlook. It describes more especially the social history of the work- ing class but also analyzes the effect upon the middle class, especially in regard to the shifting of fortunes and social status. The subject is of more than usual interest in view of the Bolshevist revolution in Hungary and the subsequent reaction; but as far as possible theories and controversies are left aside. The volume is also carefully articulated with the more special monographs. Public Health and the War in Austria-Hungary EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON PUBLIC HEALTH IN AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY A Series of Studies Edited by Professor Clemens von Pirquet In view both of the importance of this subject and of the scientific opportu- nity offered by the cooperation of Austrian medical and scientific specialists, a more detailed survey is being made of this subject in the Austro-Hungarian Series than in any other. Arrangements had originally been made for some five volumes of studies similar to those described below, one of which will contain an histori- cal survey of the whole field by Professor von Pirquet. It is planned now to group the whole series into two full volumes. I. Vital Statistics of the Republic of Austria during and after the War By Dr. Karl Helly Chief of Section and Director of Department of Public Health in Federal Ministry for Social Welfare; Medical Sanitary Officer; member of Staff of Ministry for Home Affairs, 1896-191 1; then chief commissioner on sanitation for the government (k. k. Statthalteiei); member of Administrative Committee of Medical Society of Vienna and Vice President of Austrian Red Cross. This is a detailed statistical study, with charts and tables both geographi- cal and chronological. It analyzes the effects of the War as shown in vital statistics of various classes of population and the extent of the ravages of different war time diseases. 2. Health Statistics of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the War By Generalstabarzt Dr. S. Kirchenberger Of Medical Department of General Staff The statistics of various diseases in the Army and of the extent of their ravages. AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SERIES: PUBLIC HEALTH 60, 3. The Medical Service of the Austro-Hungarian Army By Dr. Johann Steiner Of Medical Department of General Staff Contains tables and description of the organization and equipment, and statistical tables. 4-5. Organization and Administration of Field Hospitals in the Austro-Hungarian Army By Dr. Wilhelm Raschofsky Of Medical Department of General Staff This consists of two separate studies: one dealing with the hospital service in general, and the other with the special hospitals for epidemic diseases. The latter study is of especial interest owing to the geographical situation of the Austro-Hungarian front. 6. The Army Surgeon at the Front By Dr. Karl Kassowitz Member of Staff of Children's Clinic in Vienna This short study deals in a graphic way with the experiences of a front-line physician, describing the organization for the treatment of wounded, etc. 7-8. Austro-Hungarian Prisoners and their Medical Service in Russian Siberia By Dr. Burkhead Breitner Member of Staff of Eiselberg Clinic, Vienna A personal narrative based upon personal experience showing the sufferings of Siberian prisoners and the work of the Austrian Medical Staff among them. 9. The State of Nutrition of Austrian Children during and after the War By Professor Clemens von Pirquet 10. The State of Nutrition of Hungarian Children at the Close of the War By Dr. Johann von Bokay Professor of Pediatrics at University of Budapest and Director of Stephanie Children's Hospital; knighted by King of Hungary for his work as physician and organizer; head of American Relief Organization in Hungary, 1919. These two studies, prepared by those in charge of the organization of child feeding in Austria and Hungary, are of especial interest in view of the extent of the experiment carried out largely through American cooperation. 70 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR II. Food Substitutes during and after the War By Dr. G. Schacherl Hofrat; member of Staff of Institute of Hygiene, Vienna and Professor Josef Hockauf Professor in Institute of Hygiene A study of the interesting developments during the War in legal and illegal food substitutes, treated from both social and medical standpoints. 12. The Spread of Syphilis in Austria 1910-1920 By Dr. Ernst Finger Professor at University of Vienna and Director of Clinic for Venereal Diseases. Analysis of statistics and medical data with reference to the apparent ex- traordinary increase of this disease as a result of the War. Deals as well with the moral and social aspects. 13. Smallpox during and after the War By Dr. Josef Kyrle Professor at University of Vienna Deals with the measures taken to combat smallpox epidemics at the front, among refugees and in the local population. Deals as well with the progress made by scientific experimentation under these circumstances. 14. Asiatic Cholera By Dr. Herbert Elias Of Staff of Medical Clinic, University of Vienna The repeated danger to Europe from the spread of Asiatic cholera during and after the War and the measures taken by the Austro-Hungarian medical pro- fession to prevent it. A careful study of war-time experience and scientific achievement. 15. Influenza during and after the War By Dr. Herbert Elias Beginning with a scientific analysis of the various forms of the epidemic, this study gives a short history of the origins and extent of the ravages of "grippe," and the baffling medical problem which it presented. 16. Sleeping Sickness; its Relation to Influenza under War Conditions By Professor C. Economo Of University of Vienna This form of influenza, analyzed and described by Prof. Economo, is of especial medical interest, although apparently not in itself a specific war-time disease. BELGIAN SERIES 7 1 17. Typhus and Spotted Fever, etc., as War-Time Diseases A Series of Seven Separate Studies By Dr. Albert Muller-Deham Of Medical Department, University of Vienna Dr. Edmund Nobel Of Staff of Children's Clinic, University of Vienna Dr. Richard Wagner Of Children's Clinic, University of Vienna and Dr. A. Edelmann Of Medical Clinic, University of Vienna Analyzing the various forms of this most dreaded of war-time scourges, with especial reference to the work of field hospitals in combating them and the efforts made to secure bacteriological analyses. 18. Dysentery as a War Disease By Dr. E. Mayerhofer Of Staff of Children's Clinic, University of Vienna A detailed study of this disease both in the Army and among the civilian population: primarily an analysis of the progress of medicine in regard to this disease. 19. Barlow's Disease By Dr. Edmund Nobel The medical importance of this study is considerable, but its social implica- tion is still more important as it deals with the question of malnutrition, etc. (The above studies are already completed, and are being prepared for publica- tion ; plans for others have already been drawn up.) BELGIAN SERIES BELGIUM AND THE WORLD WAR By Professor H. Pirenne Editor of Belgian Series This will be a general history of the people of Belgium as affected by the War, with emphasis upon moral, social and economic conditions. It will cover as well such questions as reconstructions of government; the special Belgian question arising from the occupation and from the Treaty of Versailles; the displacement caused by the War; social and intellectual reforms; political and 72 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR local problems of Belgian nationality; revision of the Constitution; relations with the territories annexed to Belgium, etc. One of the few volumes of historical synthesis as yet planned in the series, it will appear after the completion of the more special monographs. DEPORTATION OF BELGIAN WORKMEN AND FORCED LABOR OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF BELGIUM By Fernand Passelecq Author and member of the Belgian bar (Court of Appeals); regular contribu- tor to important Belgian, French and Swiss papers and periodicals; during the War, 1915-19, Director of Bureau Documentaire Beige of Belgian Government at Havre; in 19 19, appointed by Belgian Government to draw up the list of Germans charged with infractions of international law, etc.; member of the Commission of Inquiry of Belgian Government on Violations of International Law in Belgium and of the Commission of Archives of the War. Author of Francs-tireurs et atrocites en Belgique; U alteration oficielle des documents beiges dans le second Livre blanc allemand; La reponse du Gouvernement beige au Livre blanc allemand du 10 mai igi 5; Les de- portations beiges d la lumiere des documents allemands; La question flamande et V Allemagne, etc. This volume covers historically the subject which the author developed so forcefully from a legal standpoint during the War, adding subsequent docu- mentation and bringing the narrative up to date. It studies the origin of the plans for deportation, the attempts to apply it in the different sections of Belgium with numerous detailed examinations of local materials. It describes the actual conditions of deportees, and the attitude of those dependent upon them. Then it discusses the legal problems involved, the action of other states and the situa- tion at the close of the War, with statistical apparatus. It offers a most realistic chapter of the social history of the War. THE FOOD SUPPLY OF BELGIUM DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPA- TION By Dr. Albert Henry Doctor of Laws at the University of Louvain, 1892; member of the Belgian bar (Court of Appeals); Secretary of the Central Society of Belgian Agriculture; Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Agriculture, 1900; Director General of the Ministry of Agriculture; Professor of Statistics in the Institut Sup6rieur de Commerce; member of the Central Commission of Statistics since 1919; during the German occupation he became Secretary General of National Committee of Relief and Subsistence. Author of Etudes sur Voccupation allemande en Belgique and Vczuvre du Comite National de Secours et d' 'Alimentation, with a preface by Cardinal Mercier. Dr. Henry had already prepared an official report of the work done by the Belgian organizations in this field. In this volume he enlarges the field to cover the entire effort made to supply Belgium with food during the War. BELGIAN SERIES 73 The story is told in detail both as to the administration of the various bodies contributing and as to the effect of the work upon Belgium. In this it analyzes the attitude of various elements in the population and offers an interesting chapter in social history. The American reader will be especially struck by the extent of the purely Belgian effort, as narrated here. GERMAN LEGISLATION WITH REFERENCE TO THE OCCUPATION OF BELGIUM By Professor Jacques Pirenne Docteur en droit et philosophic; member of Belgian bar (Court of Appeals); Pro- fessor of Legal History of the Ecole des Sciences Sociales and the University of Brussels; collaborator of Commission of Inquiry concerning violations of interna- tional law during the German occupation of Belgium (Ministry of Justice); fought through the War as a volunteer. Author of Les vainqueurs de VYser (1917); Coup d'oeil stir Vhistoire du Congo (1920); collaborator, Encyclopaedia Britannica; joint au- thor (with M. Vauthier) of Legislation et administration allemande en Belgique, a study of the political system imposed by Germany in Belgium during the German occupation with reference to the exploitation of Belgium; and Dr. Marcel Vauthier Docteur en droit, University of Brussels; former collaborator of Commission of Inquiry concerning the violations of the law of nations during the German occu- pation of Belgium; Ministry of Justice; Inspector of Public Law at the Ecole Cen- trale de Service Social de l'Etat (Ministry of Justice); fought through the War as a volunteer. Joint author of Legislation et administration allemande en Belgique. This volume deals historically with the subject which the authors had already made their own in their earlier legal study of German methods of govern- ment in Belgium. It is closely documented, like the official statement, and the narrative is reduced as far as possible; but the outlines of the successive stages are clearly developed for the general student of history. UNEMPLOYMENT IN BELGIUM DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION By Professor Ernest Mahaim Doctor of Law, of Political Sciences and of Political Economy; Professor of Political Economy and of International Law at University of Liege since 1892; one of the founders of International Association for the Legal Protection of Labor in Paris, 1900; during the German occupation of Belgium Director of Relief for the Province of Liege; delegate of Belgium to Peace Conference in 19 19; member of Commission on International Labor Legislation and representative of Belgium at the Conferences at Washington, 1919, Genoa, 1920, Geneva, 1921; member of Royal Academy of Belgium since 1908; National Institute of Statistics, 1910; correspondent of Royal Economic Society; Honorary LL.D. from University of Glasgow; Minister of Industry, Labor and Food, October-December, 192 1. Author of Le droit inter- 74 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR national ouvrier (19 13); Etudes sur V association professionnelle (1890); Les abonne- mcnts d'ouvriers sur les lignes de chemin defer beiges et leurs effets sociaux (1910), and of numerous articles in reviews, etc. The problem of unemployment in Belgium during the War and of its social as well as its economic consequences, treated by the greatest authority on this subject, is a necessary complement to the other monographs dealing with Belgian labor in the War. Professor Mahaim describes personal experiences as well as technical matters of administration and enriches the narrative with important source material. DESTRUCTION OF BELGIAN INDUSTRY BY THE GERMANS By Comte Charles de Kerchove Graduate of Engineering School of University of Ghent; during the War in cap- tivity in Germany; since 1919 General Secretary to Commission of Inquiry on the violation of international law during the occupation of Belgium, the first volume of the report of this commission appearing during January, 1922. A parallel volume to that devoted to the history of Belgian labor during the War, and based, like it, upon documentary material which is largely re- produced, it includes as well statistical data and an economic commentary. The narrative is prepared for the student, but the theme is clearly developed for the general reader as well. ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE BELGIAN GOVERNMENT DURING THE WAR By Professor F. J. van Langenhove Scientific Secretary of Solvay Institute of Sociology', 1910; Secretary of Bureau of Documents of the Belgian Ministry of War, 1915; Director of Office of Economic Study and Documentation of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1917; instructor in Social Economy and General Sociology in University of Brussels, 1919-21 ; Professor of Mobilization of National Resources at War College, 1920. Author (among others) of Le dossier diplomatique de la question beige (19 17); La volonte nationale beige en 1830 (1917); De la science & faction; U enseignement d y Entile Waxweiler (1916), and of many articles in learned reviews, etc. This volume deals with an important phase of the economic war history of Belgium which is more in line with monographs in other series than those which describe the occupation. It describes the effort of the Belgian Government not only to meet the War expenses, but also to continue to function as far as possible for the Belgian people. It indicates the economic war measures taken in connection with the blockade, finance, supplies, etc., and the relation of these to the organizations of allied governments. CZECHOSLOVAK SERIES 75 CZECHOSLOVAK SERIES FINANCIAL POLICY OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF ITS HISTORY By Dr. Alois Rasin Late Minister of Finance; Publicist and Lawyer; Doctor of Laws of University of Prague, 1891; as a member of "Omladina" Nationalist organization he was im- prisoned for two years by Austrian Government; both in the Austrian Reichsrat, to which he was elected in 191 1, and in the newspaper Narodni Listy he gained distinc- tion as a leader of the Czech Party; during the War he was a member of the secret organization for Czech independence, was sentenced to death in 19 15 but shared the general amnesty proclaimed by Emperor Charles in 1917; later, in October 1918, when the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed, he was a member of the National Council and in the first government he was Finance Minister; as such he distin- guished himself by his resolute handling of the Czechoslovak currency reform separat- ing the Czech crown from that issued by the Austro-Hungarian Bank, and forbidding the issue of uncovered notes; by this he laid the foundation of the Czechoslovak state finance and it is, in the first place, due to him that the Czechoslovak state finances have been second only to those of Great Britain, among the later belliger- ent powers. Perhaps the most notable achievement in financial statesmanship in post- war Europe is that which is here described by the Minister responsible for the policy. The way in which the new state of Czechoslovakia disentangled its finances from the old Hapsburg organization is clearly and fully told; the diffi- culties and uncertainties of the early days; the element of national strength, economic and moral, and the effort to realize these in practical ways; first budgets, financial measures with reference to business companies, stock exchanges and conditions of livelihood. It is a compact story, documented and supplied with statistical charts. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post, pp. 163-4.) THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON CZECHOSLOVAKIA A Series of Studies Edited by President Masaryk President of the Czechoslovak Republic since 1918; instructor in philosophy at the University of Vienna 1 879-1 882; professor in the Bohemian University of Prague 1882-1891; member of the Austrian Parliament 1891-1893; deputy 1907-1914. Author of many works on philosophical, historical, and political problems. This volume, for which provisional arrangements have already been made, is expected to comprise two main divisions, social and economic ; and its individ- ual chapters will probably cover for Czechoslovakia many of those topics which are studied in special monographs in the larger national series. Thus it is likely that the social portion will consider such problems as the effect of the war upon morals, religion, and the young; its relation to crime; its influence upon incomes and the standards of living, as well as upon the health of civilians and soldiers; 76 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR and its results for the working classes, the peasant, and the farmer. In like manner it may be expected that the economic section will deal with questions like those of civil and munitions industries in connection with the war, agricul- tural production and food-statistics, and the general economic effects and costs of the war. This study should be of particular interest as concerned with a people who have gained independent nationhood as a result of the war, and who face prob- lems of unusual intricacy in passing from old conditions to those which are wholly new to them and untried. It will not claim to cover each and every one of the vast and varied effects of the war upon Czechoslovakia, but it will endeavor to dis- cuss all questions which are of major significance and importance. DUTCH SERIES A SERIES OF STUDIES PREPARED UNDER THE EDITORSHIP OF Dr. H. B. Greven Professor Emeritus of the University of Leiden I. The Effect of the War upon Supplies and upon Dutch Agriculture By Dr. F. E. Posthuma Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, 1914-18; Doctor honoris causa, Wageningen Academy; President of the cooperative society, Centraal Beheer. This important study bears directly upon the social as well as the economic history of the Netherlands during the War, dealing as it does with those effects of the War which were of daily and vital concern to the population. It is also of especial interest in this series for the light it throws upon blockade conditions in a neutral state. 2. The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Manufacturing Industry By Mr. C. J. P. Zaalberg Director General of the Inspectorate of Labor, since 1920. Formerly naval offi- cer, 1893-1900. Labor Inspector, 1900-1918. Deputy Director General, 1918- 1920. Deputy General Secretary of the " Royal National Relief Committee," 1914- 1918; Secretary since 1918. Member of the "High Court" of labor. Delegate of the Netherland Government to the international conferences on labor at Genoa (1920) and Geneva (1921). Distribution of the industrial population. Short historical sketch of the princi- pal industries before the war. Influence of the war on number of workmen, mate- rials and fuel; hindrances to import and export; increasing demand, for the national market and for export, of agricultural produce. Effect of these influences on the principal branches during the war. The revival in 19 19 and 1920 and the crisis period since the autumn of that year. Separate treatment of (1) the small increase of labor by women; (2) changes in conditions of labor; (3) unemployment; and (4) the building trade. DUTCH SERIES 77 3. The Effect of the War upon Dutch Commerce and Navigation By Mr. E. P. De Monchy President of the Rotterdam Chamber of Commerce, 1908-22; member of the warehousing firm, Pakhuismeesteren. The difficulties of a neutral in modern war; the Netherlands Oversea Trust, the Nederlandsche Uitvoer Maatschappy; trade statistics; the situation in 1922-23; problems of war-time shipping; gains and losses; general results. 4. The Effect of the War upon Prices, Wages, and the Cost of Living By Professor Dr. H. W. Methorst Director of the Central Bureau of Statistics for the Netherlands; member and former secretary of the Central Commission for Statistics; Professor at the Superior Military College; honorary member Royal Statistical Society (London); director of the International Institute of Statistics. Discusses the fundamental statistical problems of prices and wages and the bearing of these upon the general standard of living. 5. The Effect of the War upon Banking and Currency By Dr. G. Vissering President of the Nederlandsche Bank since 1912; President of the Javasche Bank, 1906-12; Doctor of Laws. Author of important monographs dealing with the post- war financial problems of Europe; recognized as one of the leading authorities of Europe in international finance; and Dr. J. Westerman Holstyn Doctor of Laws; Director of the Nederlandsche Bank, 192 1 The money market at the beginning of the War ; measures taken by the Govern- ment and the banks; Treasury bills and government loans; shares and bonds; the rate of interest; the influx of foreign capital. The banks: statistical survey; exten- sion of their sphere of activity and capital; concentration in banking; foreign banks; the Nederlandsche Bank. Foreign exchanges: gold and the policy concerning exchange ; course of exchange. 6. The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Colonies By Professor Dr. J. H. Carpentier Alting Late member of the Council of Netherland-India. Doctor of Laws, Amsterdam, 1886. Attorney at law Padang, Sumatra, 1886. Secretary of the Department of Justice at Batavia, 1904. Professor in the codified private and criminal laws of Netherland-India at the University of Leiden, 1907. President of the High Court of Justice at Batavia, 1917. Member of the Council of Netherland-India, 1919. (1) General survey of the condition of Netherland (East) India about 1900: population, indigenous and foreign ; government and administration ; economic con- 78 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR dition (agriculture, commerce, industry, navigation, finance). (2) Development since 1900. The revival in the non-European population of India. Social and economic changes, also under the influence of the said revival. (3) Economic posi- tion of East India at the outbreak of the war: statistics of agriculture, commerce industry, navigation, public finance, etc. (4) Influence of the war: impediments to commerce with European countries ; increase of the relations with the countries around the Pacific. New manufacturing industries in India. The food supply. (5) Commerce and public finance during the war. (6) Development after the peace, 1918— 1922. (7) The colonies in the West Indies (Surinam and Curacao), 1914-1922. THE HOUSING PROBLEM By Dr. H. J. Romeyn Second Secretary of the First Chamber of the States-General 1 900-1 905; Sec- retary of the State Housing Committee and Counsel 1 905-1 922; Alderman of The Hague 1917-1919. This volume treats of the situation of the housing problem in the Netherlands in 1914 and discusses the measures taken to diminish the unemployment which became rife in consequence of the high price of materials, as well as the conditions caused by the rise of wages and interest. The special laws on housing passed during the war period are likewise considered together with their effect upon owners and tenants of houses. Subsidies to building societies and to building trades receive due attention, and the study closes with an account of the gradual liquidation of the measures which had necessarily been applied during the crisis. WAR FINANCES IN THE NETHERLANDS UP TO 1918 By Dr. M. J. van der Flier Doctor of Laws, University of Leiden, 1902; Barrister-at-Law at The Hague, 1903; Lecturer on Political Science at Intermediate School, The Hague, 1905; Doctor of Political Science, 1909; Co-editor of Annuaire International, "Grotius," 1916; Secre- tary of Labor Council at The Hague, 1919. A general survey covering the economic resources of the Netherlands, the cost of the War to the Dutch Government, the methods of financing, the state budget at the close of the War, and the influence of the War upon the general welfare and with reference to different classes of the population. (See Extracts from Press Reviews, post y p. 168.) WAR FINANCES IN THE NETHERLANDS, 1918-1922 COSTS OF THE WAR By Professor Dr. H. W. C. Bordewyk Professor of political economy and statistics at the University of Groningen. Doctor of Laws and of Political Science, Leiden, 1906. Assistant Secretary to Commission of Agriculture, 1906. Attached to the Department of Agriculture, 1910. Lecturer on economics, etc., at the High School for Agriculture at Wagen- ingen, 1913. FRENCH SERIES 79 This study forms a supplement to that of Dr. van der Flier. It is pri- marily a statistical survey dealing with the same kind of data as those consid- ered in the earlier monograph. In addition, however, it takes up the difficult final problem of the costs of the War to the Netherlands, a subject of great interest in view of the supposed war-time prosperity of that country, and of especial importance as indicating the effect of war upon a neutral state deeply involved in the fortunes of the belligerents. FRENCH SERIES GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FRENCH ECONOMIC WAR LITERATURE By Camille Bloch Docteur es lettres; Archiviste Paleographe; in 19 14, General Inspector of Libraries and Archives for France; Lecturer at the Sorbonne in 191 8; Director of Library and Museum of the War; Officer of Legion of Honor; Officer of Public Instruction; since January, 192 1, Honorary Inspector General of Public Instruction; Secretary of the section of modern and contemporary history of Committee on Historical and Scien- tific Works, etc.; President of Society of Modern History; Director of review Les Archives de la Grande Guerre. Author of Etudes sur I'histoire economique de la France au XVIII* me siecle; V assistance et VEtat en France cL la veille de la Revolution, etc.; also Editor of Repertoire methodique de la presse quotidienne frangaise pendant la guerre (19 19). A comprehensive bibliographical guide prepared by Dr. Bloch with the collaboration of specialists at the Musee de la Guerre. Introductory. Part I. — War legislation and general war measures. Part II. — Production, general agriculture, fisheries, industry. Part III. — Commerce and trade, including ports, shipping, customs, etc. Part IV. — Public and private finances. Part V. — Social life, labor, welfare work, public health, social assistance to civilians and discharged soldiers. Part VI. — Colonies and coloniza- tion. Part VII. — Consequences of the War and reconstruction. Part VIII. — France and the treaty of peace. Index of authors and index of subjects. EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE By Professor Pierre Renouvin Professor of History of the Great War at the University of Paris; docteur es lettres; licencie en droit, 1913; seriously wounded in the War, and made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 191 7; since 1920, conservator at the Library at the Musee de la Guerre and supervisor of the service of documentation; appointed in October, 1922, to conduct the course on the Sources of the History of the War at the Sorbonne. Author of Les assemblies provinciates de 1787; Introduction aux Tableaux oVHistoire de Guillaume II (in collaboration); articles on the War in the Revue de Synthese his- torique, and La Revue des Cours et Conferences, etc. 80 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR This study opens with a general historical survey of those elements in the French Constitution which were most affected by the exigencies of war govern- ment. It examines the extent to which those exigencies affected normal progress. It passes then to a study of the executive and legislative organization of govern- ment and considers the relation of parliament to military control. The latter part of the study deals with problems of individual liberty, of the censorship, of limitations in business matters, and the extent of actual military control in these fields. It analyzes also the more purely economic aspects of government in the methods of parliamentary control over finance, etc. REGIONALISM, FRENCH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS By Professor Henri Hauser Member of French Editorial Board. During the War, while general centralization became inevitable, the provinces had often to rely on their own efforts for the satisfaction of their needs. Hence the growth of spontaneous organizations, like the Regional Economic Committee of the Military Zones. The writer describes the causes which brought them into being; their geographical bases; their organization, with subsidiary bodies, and activity. This led the Ministry of Commerce in 1917 to elaborate a project for a wide regionalistic system, which this study describes. OFFICIAL WAR-TIME ORGANIZATIONS By Armand Boutillier du Retail Archiviste Paleographe, 1905; Archivist of Department of the Aube, 1906-19; on the staff of the Bibliotheque et Musee de la Guerre, 1919-22; Archivist and Librarian of Ministry of Commerce, 1922; Honorary Correspondent of Ministry of Public Instruction. This monograph is a descriptive catalogue of the various bodies and services concerned with war administration which were at work in France from 1 9 14 to 1920. It gives for each of these departments or bodies, a brief historical sketch since August, 1914, with mention of the laws or regulations which established or modified it; its attributions and organization; its war activity; its leading per- sonnel; its publications and principal reports; and the fate of its archives. The whole presents a historical and methodical picture of French war administration from 1914 to 1920. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE REPUBLIC FOR PEACE By Henri Chardon Member of the Council of State; formerly General Secretary of the Universal Exposition of 1900 (from 1894 to 1901) ; Director at the Ministry of Public Works and charged by it with important missions, 19 16 to the end of 19 19; Commander of the Legion of Honor. Author of several works in the field of political science. FRENCH SERIES 8 1 This final section is a general monograph summing up the lessons of the War and also those of the history preceding it, with reference to the fundamental problem of maintaining a government for a democracy which shall be adequate to meet the crises of the future through a more perfect coordination of responsi- bilities in its constitution. It criticizes in a thorough-going fashion the tendency in politics to maintain historic institutions which are not justified by their results and proposes reforms in the administrative sphere which might tend to restore confidence by simplifying instead of complicating the machinery of government. A philosophical study based upon historical facts. STATISTICS OF POPULATION By Michel Huber Director of Office of Statisque Generate de la France; Director of Bureau of Prices of Ministry of Labor; sometimes President of Statistical Society of Paris; member of International Institute of Statistics; Officer of the Legion of Honor. Author of many works on statistics and contributor to the following volumes of the Statistique Generale: Annuaire statistique et bulletin trimestriel de la Statistique Generate de la France; Depouillement, analyse et publication des resultats des recense- ments de la population en igoi, igo6 et ign; Statistique des families en igo6; Statis- tique des families et des habitations en ign; Statistique du mouvement de la population depuis i8gg; Statistique internationale du mouvement de la population, publiee par la Statistique Generale de la France sous le patronage de VInstitut International de statis- tique: i er volume — depuis Vorigine des statistiques de Vetat civil jusqu'en igos (2 &me volume, annees 1901 a 1910). Chapter I is a sociological survey of the French population before the War on the basis of the 191 1 census, together with a survey of its movement between 1910 and 1914. The second chapter deals with the period of the War. It de- scribes mobilization; the displacement of population; the refugees from the invaded regions and from abroad; foreign immigration, etc. The movement of the population between 19 14 and 19 19 is analyzed with reference to the various causes of mortality, and with a general statement of losses from among the Army and the civil population. Chapter III deals with the situation after the War and gives the state of the population in 1921 on the basis of the census of March, 192 1. The second part of the volume deals with revenues and their distribution before the War and attempts to survey the changes in their repartition caused by the War. STATISTICAL STUDY OF PRICES AND WAGES DURING THE WAR By Lucien March Honorary Director of Statistique Generale de la France; Vice President of Coun- cil and of Central Commission on the Cost of Living; President of Statistical Com- mission on Primary Education; member of Commission of Contracts of Ministry of Liberated Regions; member of Committee for the Technical Exploitation of Railways; honorary member of Central Commission of Statistics of Belgium, of Royal Society of London, and of American Statistical Society; formerly President of Statistical 82 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Society of Paris; Reporter of International Commission of Statistics appointed by Council of League of Nations, and expert attached to Reparations Commission, etc. ; Officer of Legion of Honor. Author of numerous publications and reports on statis- tical methods and data, etc. This statistical essay is the French counterpart of the volume written by Professor Bowley on Great Britain. It first gives a description of methods and a survey of the movement in France of prices, cost of living and wages before the War. The second part describes the movement during the War of wholesale prices for foodstuffs, manufactures, transport, and compares the general move- ment of wholesale prices with that of other economic factors. Chapter III deals with the retail price of foodstuffs and other objects of first necessity, with the general movement of retail prices and cost of life according to regions, and com- pares the movement of wholesale with that of retail prices. Chapter IV describes the movement of wages in various branches of industry, with a special section on women's wages. In conclusion it compares the movement of prices with that of the cost of living. A number of tables are annexed. WAR-TIME CONTROL OF PRICES AND FOOD SUPPLY By Adolphe Pichon Docteur en droit, University of Paris; during the War Chief of Cabinet and later Under Secretary of State of Ministry of Supplies; at present Maitre des Requetes at Council of State, Assistant General Secretary of French delegation on Reparations Commission; Officer of Legion of Honor. Author of a number of legal treatises; and Pierre Pinot Doctor of Laws, University of Paris; Chef de Cabinet of Ministry of the Liber- ated Regions; Maitre des Requetes at Council of State; during the War Assistant Chief, then Chief of Cabinet of Under Secretary of State for Ministry of Supplies; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of Traite des retraites ouvrieres (in collabora- tion). The book begins by an account of the reasons for the development of state control over civilian supplies, analyzes the laws which created it and then de- scribes its working in each branch of food supply. The essential ones then receive separate historical and statistical treatment continued through the period of de-control. The movement of prices is then analyzed and the measures taken by the government to prevent unduly high cost of living; expedients of taxation, etc.; and methods of administration. Statistical tables are given throughout. AGRICULTURE DURING THE WAR By Michel Auge-Laribe Doctor of Laws, University of Paris; specialist in problems of French agriculture and Editor in Chief of La France Paysanne; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of various works, among them being: Grande ou petite propriete (Histoire des doctrines FRENCH SERIES 83 en France sur la repartition du sol et la transformation industrielle de V agriculture,, (1902) ;Le probleme agraire du socialisme (1907); Les ouvriers de la viticulture langue- docienne et leurs syndicats; Les resultats des grlves agricoles dans le Midi de la France; Les cooperatives paysannes et socialistes de Maraussan (Herault); Memoires et docu- ments du Musee Social; U evolution de la France agricole (19 12). The volume begins with a general social and economic survey of French agriculture on the eve of the War. In the second part are described the changes brought about by the War in the amount of soil cultivated, in the nature of crops, in the supply of labor, and in the marketing of agricultural products, with a statement on the degree to which French agriculture covered the needs of the country during the War. The third part deals with reconstruction. It has a special section on the work done for rehabilitating the war area. The section dealing with the situation in regard to labor gives figures of the loss suffered in the War by the rural population of France. Reference is made to the new labor organizations and to the change in customs policy with regard to foodstuffs. FRENCH INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By Arthur Fontaine Member of French Editorial Board This is a survey of French industries ; of the changes suffered by them during the War; of their progress or decay. The introductory chapter surveys French industry in 19 14 in general and with special reference to those situated in the regions that were afterwards invaded. Then follows a description of the dis- integration resulting from mobilization. The body of the work deals in a more general way with the variations in personnel, wages, raw materials, markets from the beginning to the end of the War, and the general displacement of in- dustry. This analysis is made first region by region and then according to industrial groups. It is a complete general survey of an intricate and vast subject, most parts of which are covered by special monographs in other volumes of the French Series. FRENCH TEXTILE INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By Albert Aftalion Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Lille; during the War Under Director of Transport at Ministry of Shipping; then Under Director and afterwards Chief of Service of Foreign Purchases at Ministry of Commerce; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of La crise de V Industrie liniere et la concurrence de Vindustrie cotonniere (1904) ; Le dheloppement de lafabrique et le travail & domicile (1906); Les crises periodiques de surproduction (2 vols., 1913); Prix Woloski de l'Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques 19 15, etc. This volume will deal in a special way with one of the largest industries affected by the War, and will be carefully articulated with other volumes on production, finance, labor, etc. It will be complete in itself, and is by an acknowl- edged authority on the subject. 84 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR METALLURGY AND ENGINEERING By Robert Pinot Formerly Professor in Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques, and Director of the Musee Social; for the last 20 years General Secretary, and at present Vice President of Comite des Forges of France; general delegate of Union of Metallurgical and Mining Industries and of Mechanical Construction, etc.; general delegate of adminis- tration for hydraulic forces, etc., the manufacture of railway material, of shipbuild- ers and iron mines and of material for war; administrator of the mutual insurance society of the iron and steel industries against accidents; of workmen's retiring allowances and of housing credits; Treasurer of the metallurgical and mining asso- ciation against tuberculosis; administrator of National Credit to facilitate repara- tion for war damages, of the industrial union of credit for reconstruction; member of Council of Administration, Bureau of International Labor Organization; member of Supreme Councils of French Railways and of Public Works and of the consultative committee of hydraulic forces; during the War in charge of the direction of the fabrication of munitions by private industry, of the centralization of purchases and allocation of steel and iron, etc. Author of many works relating to the steel and iron industries and to problems of social organization and betterment. This study, written by a leading authority, will be of special interest in view of the problems of reparations. It will be written from the general rather than the technical standpoint, but will be amply fortified by documents and statistics. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES By Eugene Mauclere President of Committee of Guarantees and Vice President of Reparations Com- mission; Controller General of Administration of the Army (retired); formerly gen- eral director of the manufacture of explosives at the Ministry of Munitions; Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor. The history of this industry, which played such a large role in war-time, is carried down through the period of reparations and the relative international position of the French chemical industries clearly defined. While not one of the larger studies of the series, it will deal compactly and fully with the industry as a whole. PETROLEUM By Henri de Peyerimhoff Vice President; formerly General Secretary of Administration of French Coal Mines; formerly Maitre de Requetes at Council of State, and General Secretary of Government of Algeria; Professor of Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques; President of numerous administrative business organizations; Officer of Legion of Honor. Owing to the destruction of the French coal mines along the front and the subsequent bearing of this upon the French claim for the coal mines of the Saar Valley, this study is of political as well as economic interest. It is dealt with, however, solely from the economic aspect here, and an authoritative account is given of the total effect of the War upon French mines, and also the coal trade. FRENCH SERIES 85 The section dealing with the supply of petroleum and the problems involved, while less properly a theme of the War itself, enters definitely into the period of reconstruction. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC POWER By Raoul Blanchard Docteur es lettres; Professor at University of Grenoble; Director of Institute of Alpine Geography; Editor of Review of Alpine Geography; Exchange Professor (Har- vard), 1917; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of La Flandre (1906); Grenoble, Etude de geographie urbaine (1910); and many articles in French and American periodicals. Historical survey of the development of hydraulic power in France up to 1914. The influence of the War on that development: the immediate result is a set back, but the needs of the War and dearth of fuel a forward policy, with state aid. The volume describes what was done in the French Alps between 19 15 and 191 8, as well as the projects made in that period but not yet realized. The two following chapters give similar surveys for the Pyrenees and the Vosges respectively. The concluding chapter contains a statistical estimate of the work done; a survey of new methods and new projects, of the stoppage which followed upon the War, and of future prospects. FORESTRY AND THE TIMBER INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By General Georges Chevalier Graduate of Ecole Polytechnique; General of Division, August, 1914; Director of Artillery at Ministry of War to June, 1917; then Chief of Central Service for Wood Supply for Ministry of Munitions until June, 1919; Grand Officer of Legion of Honor; Officer of Public Instruction, Officer of Order of the Crown of Belgium; Knight of Orders of St. Michael and St. George; Fellow of Order of the Bath; Dis- tinguished Service Medal of the United States. The volume first deals historically with timber consumption and supply in France. No special preparation had been made for the event of war and a Central Timber Department was created at the outbreak of the War to handle the problem. The volume describes in detail the organization and activity of that department including the opening of Colonial sources of supply. Chapter II describes the exploitation of timber by the Allied Armies in France. It con- tains a comparative study on a Canadian war-time exploitation and a peace-time exploitation by local industry. The situation after the War with regard to stocks, supply, transport, prices, etc., described in Chapter III with special statements on the destruction caused by the War and general statistics. AERONAUTIC INDUSTRIES By Colonel Paul Dhe Graduate of Ecole Polytechnique; Captain of Artillery and then attached to the Air Force; appointed Director of Aeronautics, 1917; President of inter- Allied Com- 86 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR mittee for Unifying the Air Forces during the War; at present President of Bureau of Economic Organization; Officer of Legion of Honor; knight of Orders of St. Michael and St. George; Officer of Order of the Crown of Belgium; Distinguished Service Medal. The study describes the formation of a flying personnel, the technical difficulties of the industry and how they were overcome, and the general organi- zation of the industry as called out by the War. Special sections deal with the handling of repairs and the manufacture of accessories. The tendencies prevail- ing in the industry at the end of the War are analyzed in conclusion. ORGANIZATION OF WAR INDUSTRIES By Albert Thomas Formerly Minister of Munitions; formerly Professor of History, and Editor of Humanite for questions of labor legislation; in 1909 founded the Revue-Syndicaliste, later amalgamated with Revue Socialiste, of which he became editor in chief; mem- ber of Chamber of Deputies from 19 10, where he served on important commissions; served as Second Lieutenant through the battle of the Marne; then called by Minis- ter of War to reorganize munitions industry; from May, 1915, Under Secretary of State for Artillery and Munitions; December, 1916-September, 191 7, Minister of Munitions and member of War Council; in February, 1920, appointed Director of Office for International Labor Legislation. Collaborator on Histoire socialiste de Jean Jaures; author of L'Etat et les compagnies de chemins de fer, Le syndicalisme allemand, L 1 Histoire anecdotique du travail, and the important reports of Office for Interna- tional Labor Legislation, etc* The account of the organization of French munition industries will be largely substantiated by original documents, many of them previously unpub- lished. The narrative itself will be largely based upon notes taken at the time by the Minister of Munitions during his inspection of plants in different parts of France, as well as in the course of routine administration. These will deal specially with problems of labor, the attitude of the working class in the munition factories during the War and the displacement in their lives caused by the War. It is planned on a comprehensive scale to cover both the question of production on the one hand and of social history on the other. WAGES, TARIFFS, COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS, AND STRIKES By William Oualid Docteur en droit es sciences juridiques and es sciences politiques et economiques; member of French bar; since 1921 Professor of Political Economy, University of Strasburg; Director of Statistical Bureau of Alsace-Lorraine; Prizeman of Faculty of Law, Algiers, and Faculty of Law, Aix: 1911-19 attached to Ministry of Labor; March, 1919-November, 1920, head of Foreign Labor Section in Ministry of Labor; Technical Adviser for Franco-Polish Labor Convention, September, 1919; mission for recruiting of Austrian Labor for Devastated Regions, March, 1920; French dele- FRENCH SERIES 87 gate on International Emigration Commission, Labor Office of League of Nations, etc. Has published numerous economic works and articles on labor questions in scientific reviews; and C. PlCQUENARD Directeur du travail of Ministry of Labor; member of staff of Ministry of Com- merce and Industry, from 1899; from 1902, Editor in Chief of Bulletin of Depart- ment of Labor; called to Ministry of Labor, 1906, at its establishment; appointed in 1910 Chief of Service of Inspection for France; from 1914 to 1920, Chief of Cabinet for Ministry of Labor; in 1920 succeeded Arthur Fontaine as directeur du travail; Commander of Legion of Honor; member of Council of State for Special Service. Author of several important laws and treatises on labor legislation. The outbreak of the War invested with a new character of intensity some of the usual labor problems, while others disappeared in the new conditions. A primary cause of these changes was the rapid growth of the state as employer. The creation of a Ministry of Armaments, its organization, and especially its handling of labor problems are dealt with in detail in the first part of this volume, both with regard to the principles by which it was guided and to their application. There are also sections on collective contracts, on labor conflicts in munitions works, on conditions of work, etc. The second part of the volume deals with the policy and activity of the Ministry of Labor. While some of its regulations, with regard to hours of work, etc., are relaxed, its efforts towards securing fair wages develop. It also intervenes in disputes and in 191 7 introduces the innovation of letting professional organizations initiate legislation, by means of collective agreements between employers' and workers' unions. Another novelty is the bill (March, 1920) for compulsory conciliation and arbitration. The third part of the volume, supplied with ample statistics, deals with actual events: strikes, tariffs, collective contracts. It analyzes in conclusion the heritage of the War in the sphere of labor problems. UNEMPLOYMENT DURING THE WAR By A. Crehange Under Director of Ministry of Labor; formerly Chief of Employment Exchanges and Unemployment Benefit; Officer of Legion of Honor. The various studies describing different French industries will for the most part deal with problems of labor and unemployment, viewed from the standpoint of the industry. This study is articulated carefully with the general volume on labor during the War, but deals with an aspect which demanded support and special treatment owing to the problem of labor readjustment at the close of the War. It is a special study designed more for the specialist than the general reader. 88 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR SYNDICALISM By Roger Picard Agrege du Faculte de Droit; Reporter for National Committee of Social and Po- litical Studies; Technical Adviser to International Chamber of Commerce; Assistant Secretary General for French Association against Unemployment; President of French Bureau ot Domestic Labor; during the War, officer attached to Health Service to 1916; then attached to Ministry of Armaments and Ministry of Industrial Re- construction. Author of many works on economic topics: La philosophic sociale de Renouvier (1908); La conciliation et V arbitrage des conflits ouvriers du temps de guerre (19 1 8) ; La vie chere et la hausse des salaires (1 9 19) ; La crise economique et la baisse des salaires (192 1). The introduction describes syndicalist legislation, organization and tendencies on the eve of the War. Chapter I tells the part played by the syndicates in the mobilization of labor for munitions work. In the following chapters are described the conditions of work during the War; the participation of labor in management; the growth of collective contracts; the strikes of the War. The syndicates cooperate with the authorities in various economic organizations. The movement grows, a special feature being its development among women workers. It elaborates a general doctrine of national economy, with a plan for an Economic Labor Council. Chapter VI deals with the period after the Armi- stice, the social legislation passed, and various outstanding events in the down- ward path of the syndicalist movement. It shows in conclusion that the period of cooperation between syndicates and public authorities coincides with the period of labor unity; the split in the movement goes side by side with friction between the government and the syndicates with moderate tendencies. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL LABOR IN FRANCE DURING THE WAR By Bertrand Nogaro Professor of Political Economy in University of Caen; Reader in Faculty of Law, Paris; in charge of Department of Manual Labor at Ministry of Labor; an authority also on finance. Author of many important contributions to economic literature, among others: Le rdle de la monnaie dans le commerce international et la theorie quanti- tative (1904); L 'arbitrage obligatoire (1906); L introduction de la main-d 1 ceuvre etrangere en France (Revue d'Economie Politique, November, 1920); Les recentes conventions d 'emigration et oVimmigration (Revue Politique et Parlementaire, October, 1920). The volume is divided in three parts. The first deals with colonial labor: the problem, the sources of supply; conditions of recruiting with specimen con- tracts; organization in France; employment, distribution and productivity. The second part treats of Chinese labor on similar lines. In the third part these questions are discussed with reference to white labor (Italian, Greek, Portuguese, Spanish, Polish). The concluding section shows how the legal administrative problems raised by the importation of white labor were solved; it also discusses the influence which war experience has had on post-war policy. FRENCH SERIES 89 WOMEN IN INDUSTRY UNDER WAR CONDITIONS By Marcel Frois Graduate of School of Mines; Inspector of Industrial Labor at Paris since 1899; member of Commission on Industrial Hygiene of Ministry of Labor; member and Reporter of the Committee on Women's Labor and numerous other official positions; Officer of the Academy; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Summary of regulations prevailing in France before the War with regard to women's work. Legislation after the War. The various bodies entrusted with the supervision of conditions of women's work. Report of the confer- ence on the poisonous qualities of explosives. The second part of the study deals with the employment of women in war manufactures; the effects of overwork and of work on poisonous materials. Diseases and mortality of workers. Meas- ures of protection and the results obtained at the time of the Armistice. In conclusion a survey on the lessons of the War concerning the health of workers and of women's work. ORGANIZATION OF LABOR IN THE INVADED TERRITORIES By Pierre Boulin Began career as workman; Licencie es sciences; member of Council of Public Health for Department du Nord, etc.; from 1892 Inspector for Ministry of Labor; since 1905 Divisional Inspector at Lille; remained at Lille during the occupation; charged by Lille Chamber of Commerce to oversee the requisitions made by German Army of Occupation; Officer of Legion of Honor; Officer of Public Instruction. Author of several works dealing with industrial hygiene and conditions of labor. The study shows the economic importance of the invaded regions and the economic effects of their occupation by the German armies. Section III de- velops the fate of various industrial undertakings, their adaptation to the new circumstances or their decay; others were stopped by destruction or by the re- moval of machinery. Sections IV to IX deal with the recruiting of labor. The final chapter gives as a parallel to the first a description of the economic situation of the invaded regions at the time of the Armistice. ORGANIZATION OF SUPPLY IN THE INVADED REGIONS By Paul Collinet Docteur en droit, Paris; since 19 19 Professor of Roman Law in Faculty of Law, University of Paris; member of Council of Lille University, 191 5-1 8; during the War Secretary of the Committee for Food Supply of Northern France, under the patronage of Commission for Relief in Belgium; also Secretary of National Belgian Relief Committee; Officer of Public Instruction; Prizeman of Faculty of Law, Paris, of Societe des Sciences, Lille; of the Institut, Paris. Author of many standard works on judicial subjects; and Paul Stahl Civil Engineer; member of Superior Council of Public Works and of Lille Cham- ber of Commerce; during the War member of District and of Regional Committees 90 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR of Lille; also member of Committee for Food Supply of Northern France; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. A study dealing with the direct effects of the War in the invaded area and the measures taken to meet the needs. It begins with an introductory survey of conditions in the invaded region in the first months of the War. The first part deals with the supply of foodstuffs by the various official, private, and foreign agencies. The second part deals with the conditions and regulation of the supply of coal. The third, dealing with the supply of clothes, contains a monograph (by Mme Collinet-Guerin) on the distribution of clothes in a distributing center of Lille. The last part deals with footwear. In the annex, statistical documents and bibliography. WAR DAMAGES IN FRANCE By Edmond Michel Chief Inspector of Credit Foncier de France; Chief of Section in Department of Mortgages; Ministry of Supply, 191 7; in charge of statistics at Control of Corn Supply; awarded the Andiffret Prize of the Academie des Sciences Morales et Po- litiques for statistical and economic studies (191 1). This is a descriptive and statistical account of the direct economic effects of the invasion of France, the extent of the destruction of property of all kinds and the geographical distribution of the ravages of the War. It will be articulated with the other monographs in the series dealing with the more distinctly financial aspects of the problem. THE WAR REFUGEES AND INTERNED CIVILIANS By Pierre Caron Archivist at Archives Nationales; Secretary of Commission on Economic His- tory of the French Revolution at Ministry of Public Instruction; Secretary of Commission for Publication of Documents relative to Origin of the War of 1870- 71 at Ministry of Foreign Affairs; during the War one of the founders at Paris (De- cember, 19 14) of an office for aiding refugee families; in 19 16 charged by Ministry of Interior with organization and direction of correspondence with the invaded departments and the service of information with refugees generally; in 19 16 and 19 1 7 on missions to Switzerland concerning civilian prisoners in Germany; in July, 19 1 8, representing Ministry of Interior at Franco-German Conference at Berne, on exchange of interned civilians; from 1919-20 in charge of service for the civilian victims of the War; Chevalier of Legion of Honor and Officer of Public Instruction, etc. Principal publications: Les Comites des droits feodaux et de legislation et V abolition du regime seigneurial (with Ph. Sagnac, 1907); Paris pendant la Terreur, Rapports des agents secrets du Ministre de VInterieur (tomes 1 and 1 1 , 1910-14) ; La defense nationals de 1792-1795 (1912); Manuel pratique pour Vetude de la Revolution franqaise (1912); Rapports des agents du Ministre de VInterieur dans les Departements, 1793 -an II (tome 1, 1913) ; Bibliographie des travaux publies de 1866-1897 sur Vhistoire de la France depuis 1789 (1912). The monograph begins with an analysis of the various classes of refugees and war victims: refugees properly so-called, those forcibly repatriated by the enemy, FRENCH SERIES 9 1 including civilians interned, and those forced by military necessity to evacuate territory on either side the front. Then follows a statistical, historical account of the movement of refugees, month by month. The third part deals with the action of the State, tentative measures finally codified in 191 7 with widespread administrative organization. After a detailed analysis of this the book treats of the many important private enterprises for the relief of war victims. Repatria- tion across neutral frontiers is then described, and the volume closes with an account of the return of refugees to their homes or land, with a word on present conditions, the social, moral and economic effects of the vast movement of popu- lation. There is a final section on the history of the internment of civilians in France during the War. PRISONERS OF WAR IN FRANCE By Georges Cahen-Salvador Member of Conseil d'Etat from 1838; at present Maitre des Requetes at the Coun- cil; Departmental Chief in Ministry of Labor; Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Paris; charged with organization and direction of General Service of Prisoners of War, 19 14-19 19; then President of Commission on War Prisoners at Peace Con- ference, 1919; Officer of Legion of Honor. Principal works: La loi et le regtement — Le Gouvernement legislateur (1903); Les fonctionnaires — leur action corporative (191 1); Le logement dans les villes — La crise parisienne (Crowned by the Institute); also con- tributor of frequent articles to reviews. The volume first describes the evolution in the treatment of prisoners of war in France, from the international conventions in force in 1914, through the changes that occurred during the War for local reasons or by way of rec- iprocity, to the situation on the day of Armistice. The second section deals with the various stages in the employment of prisoners in industry, agriculture, etc., and with the results of their labor. The third section describes the life of the French prisoners interned in Switzerland. FRENCH RAILROADS DURING THE WAR By Marcel Peschaud General Secretary of Capital Administration of French Railway Lines; Docteur en droit; formerly Chief of Cabinet of Ministry of Public Works, later, President of Cabinet; Secretary of Administration of Orleans Railway Company, 1900; later General Secretary of the company; Officer of Legion of Honor. Author of Reseaux d'Etat et tarijs (1903); Les chemms de fer de VEtat beige (1906); Uetat actuel des chemins de fer francais (1909); Le Bilan du rachat des chemins de fer suisses (1913); Les effets de la guerre sur le Budget de la Suisse et sur la situation financier -e des chemins defer suisses (19 15); Le relevement des tarifs des chemins defer aux Etats-Unis (191 5); La crise des transports (1920). The volume begins with a short but pertinent survey on the history of the French railroads. The second part is a description of their administrative and financial organization, dealing separately with private and with state-owned lines. The third part deals with the war period. Laws and regulations governing the 92 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR use of. the railroads in the War are described, with the development of their organization during the War and the degree to which pre-war conditions were reintroduced after the Armistice. The technical working of the railroads during the War is surveyed with reference to personnel, material, fuel and general econ- omy. A special section analyzes the effects of the War on the railroads, both during the actual period of the War and after the Armistice. In the annex are given the part played by each railroad system in the War. INTERNAL WATERWAYS, FREIGHT TRAFFIC By Georges Pocard de Kerviler Engineer in Chief of Bridges and Highways; during the War, Colonel of Artil- lery, constructing the line of defense on Lorraine and Alsace fronts, 1914-16; 1916-17, Chief of Service of Roads for 1st and 3d Armies; 19 17, Chief of Service of Roads for 8th Army; from 19 19 Chief of Central Service for Navigable Waterways for France; Croix de Guerre, Chevalier of Legion of Honor. In order to give a graphic survey of the development of French inland navigation during the War, the study first describes the general situation (waterways, material, traffic, organization) in 1914, then of the events affecting it from August 2, 1914, to November 2, 19 15, and finally of developments from that date to the Armistice. Part IV first deals with the various regulations governing navigation on the Seine — then with those concerning the other water- ways. The results of the military exploitation of inland waterways are dealt with in Chapter V; the final chapter describes the situation after the War, and gives the new arrangements for the case of mobilization. FRENCH MERCHANT SHIPPING DURING THE W r AR By Henri Cangardel Director of largest combination of ship-owners in France since the War; formerly Director of Franco-American shipping service; during the War, Chief of Service of Captured Ships at Ministry of Shipping; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of various works on maritime subjects. This monograph will not compare in length with the exhaustive treatment of British shipping planned in the British Series, but it deals both historically and statistically with a subject which is nevertheless of vital interest to France. FRENCH PORTS DURING THE WAR By Georges Hersent Bachelier es Sciences; Contractor of Public and Maritime Works; director of many industrial undertakings; member of Conseil Superieur de l'Enseignement Technique; of Ligue Maritime Francaise (President of Section de l'Outillage Na- tional); of the Academie de Marine, etc.; frequent Lecturer at the Sorbonne, at the Geographical Society, etc.; recipient of Prix Fabien (Academie Francaise), 1918. Author of he nouveau regime d'autonomie de nos ports; La mise au point de notre outillage maritime (1920); etc. FRENCH SERIES 93 The introductory chapter gives the historical development of French ports during the last century; their classification according to importance and character of their traffic; a general survey of their situation in 19 14; and a more detailed description of the ports which played a special part in the War. The second part describes the peculiar character and needs of war-time traffic. How the ports adapted, or failed to adapt, themselves to those needs is the subject of Chapter III, which also refers to inter-Allied cooperation and contains short monographs on the activity of the principal ports during the War. The effects of the War on the French ports and mercantile marine are discussed in the last chapter: the crisis in shipping, the difficult after- war problems, the works con- templated and future prospects. GENERAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON FRENCH FOREIGN TRADE By Professor Charles Rist Member of French Editorial Board The interruption of foreign trade during the period of the War and the great changes it suffered during that period, first, in its composition, and, secondly, in its geographical direction, raise a number of interesting economic questions. Were those changes incidental or have they permanently affected the character of French foreign trade? France passed (wrongly, the writer thinks) for being largely self-sufficient; has the War strengthened that economic autonomy, or has it made France more dependent on other countries? Finally, what has been the general effect of war policy, war legislation and war administration (discussed in detail in other volumes of the series) on French foreign trade? Professor Rist's volume is an attempt to elucidate these problems. The first part analyzes French pre-war trade in its composition and geographical distribution ; it also dis- cusses the question of French "self-sufficiency" before the War. In the second part the same general aspects of the subject are studied during the period of the War. The final part deals with the period after the Armistice. After giving a summary of the new commercial policy bequeathed by the War, it indicates to what extent foreign trade tends to return to its former conditions. The changes in geographical distribution are examined with their causes: are they due to the country's economic policy or to a new economic situation? In conclusion the author sums up the lessons of his study by inquiring whether war can permanently affect foreign trade. He also discusses the corollary question whether it is possi- ble to organize foreign trade with an eye on national defense, or whether, on the contrary, national defense must be adapted to the natural course of commercial exchanges in the same way in which it is adapted to the geographical conditions of the country. He ends by showing the extent to which trade facts point to a development of international economic cooperation. 94 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR THE BLOCKADE By J. E. P. Gout (With a Preface by the late M. Denys-Cochin) Member of French Foreign Office since 1891; after service in the Near East, ap- pointed Under Director of Commercial Affairs, 1907; Under Director for the Levant in 1909; Under Director for Asia, 1914; in this capacity in charge of questions of maritime law, contraband and restriction of enemy goods from the beginning of the War; Director of the Services of the Under Secretary for the Blockade, 19 16-17; at present Chief of French Division of Foreign Office for League of Nations; Officer of Legion of Honor; Minister plenipotentiary, first class Minister. The late M. Denys-Cochin's general sketch for the volume which he was to write is here used as a preface. The volume gives a historical survey of the block- ade measures taken by France, in conjunction with her Allies, during the War. To the more negative action of stopping war contraband were gradually added various attempts to bring about a general economic and financial blockade of the enemy countries. Reasons, means and effects are analyzed in detail, with a special chapter on the effects of the development of submarine warfare on blockade measures. Another chapter deals with the various ways in which the neutrals were drawn into the blockade system. In conclusion the volume suggests a number of rules that should be recommended to the League of Nations for the application of Article 16 of the Covenant. The volume contains different sections by various authors who have col- laborated with M. Gofit in its preparation. THE WAR AND FRENCH COMMERCIAL POLICY By £tienne Clementel Minister for Civil Supplies, November, 1915-December, 1916; Minister of Agri- culture and Minister of Labor, 1916-17; Minister of Shipping, 1917-19; Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, 19 15-19; Minister of Commerce, 19 15-19; President of Eco- nomic Committees for the Treaties of Versailles, Neuilly and Saint Germain; chief French delegate on Supreme Economic Council; Senator; President of International Chamber of Commerce, etc. From the important and responsible posts which he oc- cupied both in the French Government and in inter-allied administrative bodies, M. Clementel is in a unique position to give authoritative documentary and personal narrative; perhaps no other statesman saw more of the economic aspects of the World War. This is a series of studies, planned to cover the entire history of French commercial policy through the War and reconstruction. The first section will deal especially with inter-Allied economic cooperation so far as it affected France. Beginning with the period of separate action, August, 1914, to November, 1915, it traces those elements in the situation which led to inter- Allied accord. The Conference of June, 1916, the creation of the Wheat Executive, and the contempo- rary pressure of the submarine warfare are then traced down to the final French FRENCH SERIES 95 projects and the attitude of America. The decisions of the Council of Ten, activity of the Supreme Council, etc., and the bearing of these upon reparations. The second section deals with the role of the executive in war in the erection of various controls ; the way these were created in France and the way they worked. An important section deals with the history of consortiums. WAR FINANCES By Henri Truchy Professor of Political Economy, Faculty of Law, University of Paris; Professor of Ecole des Hautes fitudes Commerciales; member of Advisory Committee on the Teaching of Law; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of a Cours d'economie poli- tique (2 vols., 1919-21); and of numerous review articles. As an introduction the volume describes the French public finance before the War: budgets, taxation, public debt. The first chapter takes up the story of the War with a description of the rapid growth of expenditure, and its general and special reasons. The second and third parts deal with the various means adopted for covering that expenditure: at home, assistance of Bank of France, creation of Treasury bonds, funding loans, etc., with their results and effects; abroad, foreign loans and the various methods used in handling them. The changes introduced for the purpose in French taxation policy are described in detail, with tables (by periods) of the results obtained from new taxes or from the modification of old taxes. The last part is a summary and general survey of the means used by France to finance the War, with a comparison with other belligerents. It analyzes the financial situation left by the War, the problem of balancing the budget, and the question of reparations. THE MONEY MARKET AND FRENCH BANKS By Albert Aupetit General Secretary of Bank of France; although serving for some months at the front from the beginning of the War, the author has assisted at the solution of all major banking problems which were posed during that period. This monograph is one of a series of technical studies devoted to the details of French war financing. A comparison of this study with similar studies in other series will be of the greatest interest in forming a judgment concerning the administration of war-time finance, and bears directly upon the fundamental problem of the series: the question of war costs as a whole. WAR COSTS: DIRECT EXPENSES By Gaston Jeze Professor of Administrative Law (specially Finance), Paris, since 1918; 19 16-19 at Ministry of Munitions; Reporter for Commission of Contracts; in 1919 at Min- istry for Invaded Regions; Chevalier of Legion of Honor; Officer of Public Instruc- tion; Commander of Order of the Saviour of Greece; Editor of the Bibliotheque 96 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Internationale de Science et de Legislation financier e. Author of Cours elementaire de science des finances et de legislation financiere, and Traite de science des finances; also numerous articles. The introduction points out the difficulties of determining the amount of government war expenditures and analyzes the figures given. The volume then deals with the various factors which made the War so costly; the economic character of the War and the resulting rise in prices ; weakening of control ; waste ; war profiteers, etc. In the second part the author describes the changes which occurred during the War in the constitutional machinery for the provision of public money. General effects are analyzed in the conclusion. COST OF THE WAR TO FRANCE By Professor Charles Gide Chairman of French Editorial Board. The volume estimates the reduction in wealth which the War has caused to France. Public expenditure only enters into the cost of war in so far as it represents a real destruction of wealth; all the waste on the battlefield in iron, copper, coal, cotton, horses, etc.; all the damage inflicted on railways, shipping, houses, and on the soil itself. The cost of the War must also include the diminution in the capital value invested abroad, and inversely the increase in obligations towards foreign countries. And, however difficult to estimate in terms of money, such a survey must include in the war cost the human losses. On the other side of the balance sheet are figured Alsace-Lorraine, the German colonies, reparations, and certain technical improvements achieved in industry under the stress of war. To complete the picture, an attempt is made to draw up a moral balance sheet, examining on the one side the moral deterioration caused by the War (increase in criminality, in sexual excesses, in luxury), and on the other side the contention that the War has released new energies, that "the War creates more man-power than it destroys." COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST HIGH PRICES By Professor Charles Gide Chairman of French Editorial Board. Where public authorities often failed in their struggle against the high cost of living, private organizations have in many respects achieved remarkable success. Professor Gide describes in the first part the activity of consumers' cooperatives in keeping down the cost of living and in helping the government with the work of supply. The second part describes the experiment with con- sumers' leagues. Without undertaking any economic activity on their own account, they attempted by pressure and even boycott to keep down the price FRENCH SERIES 97 of necessaries. But they failed to find adequate support among the public. The third part deals with the societies formed to inculcate economy. The conclusion of the writer is that in France they failed to achieve the results ob- tained by similar organizations in England. HOUSING PROBLEMS AND TOWN LIFE By Henri Sellier Author of the volume on Paris during the War. The effect of the War upon housing conditions offers one of the most striking instances of economic disturbance. This monograph is a study of these phenom- ena in France, covering the post-war period as well, the movements of population and French needs. PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE By Dr. Leon Bernard Professor of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Paris; member of Academy of Medi- cine; Technical Sanitary Adviser for Ministry of Health; member of Conseil Supe- rieur d'Hygiene Publique and of Conseil Departemental d'Hygiene de la Seine; President of Commission des Dispensaires de l'Office Public; General Secretary of National Anti-Tuberculosis Committee; member of Committee on Public Health of Society of Nations; during the War physician-in-chief of Hospital for Conta- gious Diseases; Technical Assistant to Director of Health for Camp of Paris, 19 16; Inspector for Ministry of Interior of anti-tubercular establishments; Croix de Guerre; Officer of the Legion of Honor. The volume begins with a historical summary of the diseases of previous wars. It then gives a general description of health characteristics of the Euro- pean War; war diseases; diseases favored by the War; diseases imported by the War; measures of defense. Chapters III and IV deal with the various infectious diseases. In Chapter V are discussed epidemic diseases and the measures taken for the closing of the frontiers against them. Special chapters are devoted to the nervous diseases of the War; to alcoholism; to infantile mortality. The concluding chapter analyzes the consequences of the War on public health, the modification in pathology and in "sanitary defense." THE WOUNDED By Professor Rene Cassin Professor in University of Lille; President of Federal Union of Associations of War Wounded, Former Combatants, Widows, Orphans and Dependents (73 fed- erations and over 400,000 adherents); member of Office National des Mutil6s; Secretary General of Federation Interalliee des Invalides de Guerre; French expert of International Bureau of Labor for questions dealing with war invalidism; member of Executive Commission of French Association for League of Nations; French 98 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR delegate at various International Conferences for the Protection of Wounded Soldiers, and author of numerous studies dealing with these subjects; severely wounded in the War; Croix de Guerre, Medaille Militaire and Legion of Honor; and M. Marcel de Ville-Chabrolle Member of the Office National des M utiles et Reformes de la Guerre and of various commissions and conferences connected therewith; Secretary of Conseil Superieur de Statistique; authority on Social Statistics; author of many mono- graphs relating to this subject; seriously wounded in the War; Croix de Guerre, Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, Officier d'Academie. This monograph begins with a statistical survey of the victims of the War and of the financial problems involved, both national and individual. It then de- scribes the organizations, governmental and otherwise, which deal with the problem, the legal situation is analyzed in detail and then the medical and social. A section deals with the problem of reeducation, both of the wounded and of their dependents. Problems of labor are discussed in connection with various schemes for advancing capital by way of credits and, finally, a section deals with the whole problem of social insurance as affected by various classes of war invalids. A general conclusion follows. HISTORY OF FRENCH CITIES IN THE WAR Monographs describing the organization and work of a number of important provincial centers in dealing with the problems raised by the War, and the local social history. The History of Lyons during the War By Edouard Herriot Docteur es lettres; Mayor of Lyons since 1905; Senator, 1912-19; Deputy since 1919; President of Radical Party since 1919; has filled important posts, both ad- ministrative and diplomatic; has played a unique r61e in French political and eco- nomic history; Prizeman of the Institute, Paris (1896). Has published a number of volumes, philosophical and literary as well as economic, among which may be noted Agir and Creer (2 vols.). The Economic History of Rouen during the War By J. Levainville Bachelier es sciences et esl ettres; member of Commission of Port of Brest during the War; Croix de Guerre; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of History of Rouen and of various articles on economic topics, etc. The Economic History of Bordeaux By Paul Courteault Professor of History in University of Bordeaux; Docteur es lettres, etc.; member of Academy of Science, Belles-Lettres et Arts of Bordeaux; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of various works dealing mainly with the history of Bordeaux and southern France. FRENCH SERIES 99 The City of Bourges during the War By Claude-Joseph Gignoux Attached to Economic Commission of the Peace Conference, 19 19; charged with missions by French Government to Supreme Economic Council, London, Rome, Paris, 1919-20; Inter-Allied Rhineland Commission, 1920-21; International Chamber of Commerce, 192 1; member of French delegation at the Conference of Portorose; Chief of Service of Inter- Allied Organization at French Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1920-21 ; Chevalier of Legion of Honor. Author of U arsenal de Roanne et I'etat industriel de guerre and articles in reviews. The Economic and Social History of Tours By Michel L'heritier Docteur es lettres; formerly professor in the Lycee of Tours and at the Institut d'Etudes francaises de Touraine; during the War administrative officer of the Red Cross; since 1919 on various missions; representing French intellectual interests at Vienna, and collaborating with M. Driault on a diplomatic history of East European States, especially Greece; laureate of the Institut. Author of important studies on the administration of France in the eighteenth century; the recent history of Greece; Vienna since the war; Tours and the economic problems of Touraine; and Camille Chautemps Mayor of Tours; deputy from the Indre-et-Loire; vice president of the Radical Party; during the War acting mayor of Tours (a city of especial interest owing to the American occupation); elected mayor and deputy in 1919. He is the author of a proposition for a reform in the laws on hygiene and in municipal administration. Marseilles during the War By Paul Masson Professor of economic history at University of Aix-Marseille; docteur es lettres; a founder and director since 1916 of colonial school at Marseilles; President of Societe de Geographie et d'Etudes Coloniales; corresponding member of Academy of Moral and Political Sciences; Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Author of important works on Marseilles and the French colonial movement. Paris during the War The Organization of its Economic Life By Henri Sellier Conseiller general of Department of the Seine; Mayor of Suresnes; specialist in questions of housing, city planning, etc. The economic life of Paris during the War is a theme of special interest. This study begins with a survey of Parisian industries, the adaptation of factories for war purposes, the transformation in the conditions of labor, and the peace- time readjustment. It then describes the organization of supply, the measures, both private and official, for dealing with rising prices, the local markets, etc. After a short account of urban transportation problems the volume closes with a descriptive account of conditions among the laboring class. 100 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR THE COLONIES By Arthur Girault Professor of Political Economy in Faculty of Law, University of Poitiers, 1899; vice president of Colonial International Institute; member of Superior Council for Colonies, 1921; recognized authority on French colonial problems; Chevalier of Legion of Honor; Officer of Public Instruction. The volume is divided in chapters dealing respectively with Indo-China, Madagascar, East and West French Africa, and the smaller colonies. With regard to each of them the author describes the political situation, the eco- nomic situation, the economic and financial evolution during the War, and the contributions made by them to the defense of France in men, food-stuffs, raw materials, capital. The concluding chapter sums up these developments and services and analyzes the influence which they exercise on the new colonial policy of France. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF NORTHERN AFRICA IN THE WAR By Augustin Bernard Docteur es lettres; Professor in Faculty of Arts, Algiers, 1894-1900; since 1902 Professor of Geography and Colonization of Northern Africa, Faculty of Arts, Paris; Professor at Colonial School; entrusted with various missions in Morocco and Algeria; during the War attached to M. Jonnart, General Governor of Algeria; and to General Lyautey, French High Commissary at Rabat, etc. Publications: VAlgerie (1908); Les Confins Algeriens-Marocains (191 1); received prize from the Institut and from the Geographical Society, Paris; Le Maroc (1913); etc, as well as many papers on geographical and sociological subjects. The introductory chapter is a political, social and economic survey of North- ern Africa on the eve of the War. Follows a detailed description of events during the War in Algeria, Tunis and Morocco, with their effects on the life of the country and the spirit of the population. A special chapter describes the help received in the War by France from her North African colonies. In conclusion the volume describes the situation in that region after the War; worse economic conditions; the state of mind of settlers and natives, the results of the census of 192 1; the decline in the number of European settlers, and the prospects of the future. In an appendix are given the census of 191 1 and 1921 ; trade statistics for 1913-21; and the law of 191 9 for the enfranchisement of natives. ALSACE-LORRAINE By Georges Delahache Licencie es lettres; Director of Archives and of Public Library of Strasburg; at- tached, January-November, 19 18, to Bureau for Alsace-Lorraine of French Cabinet; November, 1918-May, 1919, General Secretary of Commissary of Republic in Strasburg. Chevalier of Legion of Honor; Officer of Public Instruction; Prizeman GERMAN SERIES 10 1 of Academie Francaise, of Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, etc. A well- known writer on Alsatian subjects; among his works may be noted Petite histoire de V Alsace-Lorraine (191 8); Strasbourg, IQ18-IQ20 (1920); Les debuts de V administration jranqaise en Alsace et en Lorraine (1921); etc. The first part of the volume is a historical and sociological survey of the country. The second part deals with economics showing the disorganization brought into economic life by the war of 1870. Passing to the European War the volume describes the various economic phases and how in the end the result was a general economic depression. The last chapter describes the political situation and the state of mind of the various sections of the population. GERMAN SERIES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF GERMAN LITERATURE FOR THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE WAR By Professor Dr. A. Mendelssohn Bartholdy Member of the German Editorial Board; and Dr. E. Rosenbaum Head Librarian, Commerzbibliothek, Hamburg; author of A Commentary to the Treaty of Versailles] Coeditor of Archiv der Friedensvertrdge and Wirtschaftsdienst. with a supplementary section on The Imperial German Archives By Dr. E. F. C. Musebeck Assistant archivist at Zerbst, Marburg, Breslau, and Schleswig 1 897-1900; at Metz 1900-1906; archivist at Marburg 1906-1908; at Berlin since 1908; Director of the German Reichsarchiv since its foundation in 1920. Author of E. M. Arndt, ein Lebensbild, vol. i (1913); Gold gab ichfiir Eisen, Deutschlands Schmach und Erhebung 1806-1815 (1913); Das preussische Kultusministerium vor hundert Jahren (1918). A guide to German literature on social and economic conditions during the War, and on the effects of the War during the period of reconstruction. This vol- ume will serve as a bibliographical manual dealing with most of the subjects treated in the German Series. A short summary of the contents of each volume is given in some, but not all of the entries. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON THE GOVERNMENT AND CON- STITUTION OF GERMANY 1 . The War Government of Germany By Professor Dr. A. Mendelssohn Bartholdy This work is intended to describe the changes wrought by the War in the government and administration of the Reich and the Lander, without a knowledge 102 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR of which the whole economic system of war-time Germany can not be set forth historically. It will deal particularly with the three great conflicts involved in those changes, viz. : the conflict of the central Imperial authority with the powers of sovereignty left to the States, especially in the case of Prussia and Bavaria; the conflict about the delimitation of civil and military power; and finally the conflict between the old bureaucratic order and the growing influences of the great trusts and federations of industry, trade and agriculture on the political administration during the War and following years. 2. The Political Administration of Occupied Territories A. NORTHEASTERN TERRITORY By Freiherr W. M. E. von Gayl High Commissioner to the Council of the Empire for East Prussia; director of East Prussian Land Society (Agrarian Reform movement) and lecturer on Land Re- form, University of Konigsberg 1910-1914; chief of Political Department of the High Command of the East; chief of war-time administration in Lithuania. B. THE GOVERNMENT OF WARSAW By Dr. W. von Kries Landrat, Filehne, since 1903; Wirklicher Geheimer Rat; during the War, chief of Administrative Department, High Command of the East; chief of administration of the general Government of Warsaw 1915-1917; Vice President (Deputy Speaker) of Prussian Diet; Member of the Reichstag. C. BELGIUM By Dr. L. F. von Kohler Minister of State, Wurttemberg; Professor of Public Law, Tubingen University; chief of Department for Commerce and Industry of the general Government of Bel- gium from 19 1 5-19 1 8. Author of several works on state insurance and the law of public administration. These monographs will appear as complementary studies to Professor Men- delssohn Bartholdy's work on War Government. They describe the guiding prin- ciples as well as the practical working of the political administration of the occu- pied territories. In these studies it has been possible to draw upon the experience of the chief officials charged with the administration in the East and of a member of the Belgian administration who, without being himself responsible for the Ger- man government in Belgium, had access to all the important facts, and is a high authority in administrative law. The study will contain a description of the administration of Lithuania, Esthonia and Latvia, in the period following the War, up to the evacuation. A similar series of studies is also planned to deal with the economic exploita- tion of the occupied territories, partly by the same authors, partly by others equally well placed to contribute to this fundamental section of the Economic History of the War. GERMAN SERIES IO3 THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON MORALS AND RELIGION A Series of Studies 1 . The Effect of the War upon Morals By Professor Dr. Otto Baumgarten Chairman of the Social Evangelical Congress; Professor of Theology, University of Kiel since 1894; member of Imperial Conference on Education, 1920; founder and editor of Evangelisch-soziale Zeitfragen; editor of Monatsschrift fur praktische theologie and of Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1903-1913; author of numerous works on theology, political science and sociology, among them Politik und Moral (1916); Erziehungsaufgaben des neuen Deutschland (1917); Christentum und Weltkrieg (19 1 8); Die Bergpredigt und die Kultur der Gegenwart (1920); Der Aufbau der Volk- skirche (192 1). In so highly organized a state as Germany, and especially in view of post-war circumstances, there is naturally a danger of the economic history becoming too largely one of economic officialdom and a discussion of technical problems. Hence these studies on the effect of war upon the fundamental beliefs and attitudes as shown in the life of the individual citizen. Only by understanding the changes brought about by the War in the conception of the state and of the duties of the citizen as well as of the man towards his neighbor, can the changes wrought in the economic and social conditions of the nation be properly appreciated. Professor Baumgarten's monograph describes the effect of the War on the morals of the people, differentiating between the effects shown during the first years of the War and the effects of losing the War, and though it is not possible to draw a clear line between the results of the War by themselves and of the condi- tions following the treaty of peace, an effort will be made to distinguish war effects proper and after- war phenomena. The first section of the book deals with the general effects of the War on the spiritual life of the nation as shown in the bru- talizing of feeling and instinct, the reenforcement of all tendencies to put self- preservation and masterfulness before helpfulness and charity, the shattering of solidarity and the general weakening of sound sexual instincts and rules of life. In the second section the author deals with the effects upon the relation between individuals or groups of individuals and the nation, and upon the relation be- tween older and younger generations, individuals reverting from the ideals of humanity to the barbaric exclusiveness of clan, group, party or trade federation; the new self-centered youth movement opposing itself to the State protection of youthful people and denying any obligation of respect and piety towards their elders and teachers; the weakening of the sense of responsibility towards the com- ing generation; decline in savings for children; loose marriages, etc. Both the first and the second section will be supported in their conclusions by statistics: sexual offenses, divorce, childless marriages and reduction of birth-rate, illicit practices, bad housing. In the third part Professor Baumgarten describes the effect of these war and post-war conditions upon the relations to other nations: the spread of the belief that there can be no peaceful development of international 104 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR life, that the relations of peoples are not regulated by reasonable laws but that sacro egoismo must govern the foreign policy of a self-esteeming people, and the intensifying of the revanche idea beneath a thin varnish of enforced pacifism, of powerlessness without ethic foundations. 2. The Effect of the War upon Religion By Professor Dr. Erich Fcerster Professor at University of Frankfurt, and distinguished Protestant theologian. Author of standard works both theological and ethical; and Professor Dr. Arnold Rademacher Professor of Theology at the University of Bonn. A representative Catholic theologian and publicist. Author of works on morals and religion and of the relation of the Catholic Church to war problems. In these two studies, the one by a Protestant and the other by a Catholic writer, an attempt is made to estimate the effects of the War upon the religious life of Germany. Professor Fcerster's study is planned in two main divisions, the first part deal- ing with the church as a contributing element to the national idealism which ac- cepted participation in the War as a patriotic duty. It deals therefore mainly with the church's contribution to national demands. The second part is devoted to the obverse of this picture — the effect of the War upon the church with reference to its form and content and the changed attitude of the people towards cult, clergy and religious outlook generally. Professor Rademacher's monograph deals similarly in the first part with the manifestations of religious life both at home and in the army during the first phases of the War, the peculiar nature of war-time religious literature, the religious out- look in soldiers' letters, the development of superstition, etc., and the peculiar difficulties of religious ministration in war-time. The social activities of the church are then outlined, especially the efforts to organize movements of the young. A concluding section deals with the effect of the War upon theologians and theology and the situation of Catholicism in post-war Germany. 3. The Effect of the War upon the Young By Dr. Wilhelm Flitner Docent at the University of Jena; Principal of Volkshochschule of Jena. Author of several recent works dealing with the development of secular education in Ger- many, and an authoritative observer of the Jugendbewegund. The War came at a time when the German educational system was adjusting itself to new tendencies, manifested most definitely in the movement of German youth for freedom from traditional restraints. The effect of the War itself must therefore be measured against this background. The monograph proceeds to deal GERMAN SERIES 105 with this problem upon the basis of a careful statistical survey. It then describes the new interests in politics, the results in education of the social revolution due to the War, cultural dangers and possibilities, the movement of German youth (Jugendbewegund) as a unique phenomenon, and the effort of educational authori- ties to meet the new conditions. The issues of peace and war are here discussed as they shape themselves in the mind of the coming generation of Germany. THE WAR AND CRIME By Professor Dr. Moritz Liepmann Professor of Criminal and International Law in the University of Kiel 1902-19 19; University of Hamburg from 19 19. Judge of Hamburg Criminal Court; member of the Commission of the Hamburg Senate for Prison Administration. Author of works on the reform of the German jury system (1906-1910); on the Death Penalty (19 12); and of an authoritative work on crime and punishment (19 12). This volume will describe the influence of the War on the development of criminal instincts and crime itself. It will deal with war crime in a narrower sense (criminality in the army) as well as with those crimes among the civilian popula- tion for which the War can be said to be responsible in an indirect way. It shows the decrease of crime during the first year of the War, a phenomenon explained by the conscription of many would-be criminals, and the increase in crime during the later period of the War when its demoralizing influence made itself felt among the youth of the country as well as among soldiers on leave from the front. A section is devoted to tendencies toward lawlessness which developed as an offset to the extension of government control. The results are largely based upon a compre- hensive examination of the available statistics, of which the most important will be quoted. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON POPULATION, INCOME AND STANDARD OF LIVING IN GERMANY 1. The Effect of the War upon Population: A study in vital statistics By Professor Rudolf Meerwarth Professor at the University of Berlin; member of the Economic Council, and of the Prussian Statistical Office. During the war statistical specialist on the General Staff in the Prussian War Office, and in the Imperial Administration for Food Sup- plies. Author of a manual on economic statistics (1920); etc. In this study in vital statistics the chief problem is naturally the question of the direct and indirect cost of the War in terms of human life. In addition to the discussion of this problem which is taken up from various angles so as to secure reliable conclusions, the study treats of the movement of population both during the War and in the years immediately following. 106 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 2. The Effect of the War upon Incomes By Professor Dr. Adolf Gunther Professor of Statistics at the University of Innsbruck A statistical statement of the changes in both the amount and distribution of income and the effect upon the standard of living, in so far as the available statis- tics permit conclusions to be drawn. The basis of study is the income tax in the different German States before the War and in the German Reich in 1920, statis- tics of consumption of grain, meat, clothing, etc. and household accounts. A closing section deals with the economic effects of the shifting of income and the disastrous results to the middle classes. THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON PRODUCTION By Professor Max Sering Member of the German Editorial Board. From 19 15 the author was Chairman of a Scientific Commission in the Prussian War Ministry which had at its disposal all means to investigate the nature of war economics, and so was directed to set forth the results historically and critically, without regard to political exigencies. After the War the members of this Commission continued their work privately, and these studies form the basis of the present general survey. The volume begins with a general historical introduction showing the nature of the relatively recent economic development of Germany from an agrarian to an industrial state, with its foreign as well as domestic markets, etc. The first effect of the War upon this industrial system, the cutting off of external supplies, the loss of productive capital outside Germany, and the consequences of the blockade will then be treated in general outlines, carefully articulated with the separate studies dealing with the special industries and production in foodstuffs. The efforts to supply necessities from both occupied territories and scientific devices, and the inevitable development of government control over all the main depart- ments of economic life will be narrated systematically and chronologically. Finally there will be a synthetic statement of the general effects of these condi- tions and measures, closing with a statement of the new industrial outlook of Germany as an indication of the extent of the total displacement from the eco- nomic pressures of the World War. THE WAR AND GOVERNMENT CONTROL I. State Control and De-Control By Professor Dr. H. Goppert Professor of Public Law, University of Bonn; Wirklicher Geheimer Rat; formerly Permanent Under Secretary of State in the Reichswirtschaftsamt and Secretary of State in the Prussian Ministry of Commerce and Industry. In Germany as elsewhere, state control over industry and commerce (Zwangs- wirtschaft) had not been foreseen or prepared in peace-time nor was it systemati- GERMAN SERIES IO7 cally built up when the War began to reveal the need for it. It had to be impro- vised as from day to day the pressure of events made the taking over of the control of important businesses by the state authorities more and more inevitable. This was done in a haphazard way, and sometimes at very short notice. The methods employed for establishing state control changed very quickly and often. Profes- sor Goppert's volume shows how, point by point, war-time necessities forced this control upon the economic machinery of the nation. It then analyzes the essen- tial points of the change in productive activities, leaving the details to be filled in by the monographs on single industries in Dr. Biicher's volume. The second part deals with the preparations for de-control and the first stages of its realization as far as it has been effected. There is still a good deal of Zwangswirtschaft left. 2. The Supply of Raw Materials under Government Control By Dr. A. Koeth Minister of Political Economy for the Reich in the Stresemann Cabinet, and one of the leading organizers of the state control of industry. During the War associated with Dr. Walter Rathenau in the organization of the Raw Materials Department of the War Office. Perhaps the only leading statesman who could give a comprehen- sive and authoritative statement of the development and working of this central branch of German Government control. The well-known scheme originated by Dr. Rathenau for meeting the effect of the blockade upon the supply of raw materials by an intensive and all-embracing organization to control the supply of such materials from home sources and from the occupied territories, is the subject of this volume. The organization of the administration will be treated in slight detail and the chief emphasis will be upon the effect of this vast concentration of supply upon the economic structure of Central Europe. The volume therefore is not a contribution to military history but to the effect of the War upon the normal economic life of the countries con- cerned. 3. Economic Cooperation with the Allies of Germany, and the Government Organiza- tion of Supplies By Dr. W. Frisch Director of the Dresdener Bank; in 1906 appointed to the staff of the Ministry of Commerce, later substitute State Commissioner with the Berlin Borse; since 19 15 Geheimer Regierungsrat at the Ministry of the Interior. During the War managing head of the Zentral Einkaufsgesellschaft (Z.E.G.), the central government office con- trolling internal commerce; during the peace negotiations on the staff of the Foreign Office. Author of Die Organisations-bestrebungender Arbeiter in der deutschen Tabak- industrie (1905). The effect of the war-time isolation of Germany upon its economic supplies and the means taken to increase the internal output. The author depicts the economic situation at the opening of the War, recalling the advice of Albert Ballin 108 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR to establish a central organization for the supply of foodstuffs ; and the establish- ment in January, 1915 of the Zentral-Einkaufsgesellschaft (Z.E.G.). The in- creased scarcity of foodstuffs with the entry of Italy into the War and the growing efficiency of the hostile blockade brought forth an extension of the field of the Z.E.G. which is depicted here with all its varied activity. At first there was a tendency to permit private commerce in foodstuffs, but from the end of the year 19 1 5 the state monopoly extended more and more in the effort to control and keep open those neutral markets which were still available and to maintain tolerable prices for commodities. This led to the negotiations for a Kartell with Austria and Hungary to secure the foodstuffs from Rumania and Bulgaria until the en- trance of Rumania into the War. Further negotiations with Austria and Hun- gary are given in detail down to the establishment of peace with Russia. The volume offers a picture of the organization of the work of the Z.E.G. as it had grown at the end of the War both in Berlin and throughout the whole country; perhaps the greatest single economic war-time organization of the Central Powers. ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 1. Belgium and Northern France By Professor Georg Jahn Economic expert in various organizations and editor of technical journals 1909- 191 4; in active military service 1914-1916; director of the Belgian bureau for utiliza- tion of raw materials, economic adviser of the division for trade attached to the Governor General of Belgium, and manager of the Belgian Economic Society 1916- 1918; assistant professor of political economy and sociology in the Technical High- School at Brunswick 1919-1923; professor of the same subjects in the similar school at Dresden 1 923-1 924; professor of political economy in the University of Halle since 1924. Author of Die Gewerbepolitik der deutschen Landesjiirsten vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (1909); Belgiens Volkswirtschaft (in collaboration with H. Waentig and C. Gehrig; 1918); Die Haupt industrien Belgiens, 3 vols. (1918-1919); Verstaatlichung und Vergesellschaftung (1920); Grundziige der Volkswirtschaftslehre (2nd ed. 1922); Sozialpolitik ( 1 924) . 2. Rumania and the Ukraine By Professor F. K. Mann Economic expert in Rumania and attached to the German Grand Headquarters 1916-1918; delegate to the peace negotiations at Bucharest 1918; taught in the Universities of Kiel and Breslau 1919-1921; professor at the University of Konigs- berg since 1922; director of the Institute for East-German Economics. Author of Der Marschall Vauban und die Volkswirtschaftslehre des A bsolutismus, eine Kritik des Merkantilsystems (1914); Kriegswirtschaft in Rumanien (191 8). 3. Poland and the Baltic By Dr. W. von Kries and Freiherr W. M. E. von Gayl GERMAN SERIES 109 THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON GERMAN COMMERCE By Professor Dr. W. Wiedenfeld Ministerialdirektor in the Foreign Office; Ambassador Extraordinary to the Sowjet Republic, 1 920-1 922; Professor of Political Economy, University of Leipzig. With the development of the blockade against the Central European Powers it became more and more evident how in world economics the activities of an un- fettered trade and the independence of prices from state control belonged, with the unrestricted exchange of goods over the whole world, to the same order of things everywhere. It was not the predilection of Government offices but the inevitable and hard realities of war economics which force a state control over the distribution of goods and the fixing of prices, and the abandonment of free trade. The effects of these state measures are described in regard to all the more im- portant kinds of goods. The two great groups of war materials and articles of common use are treated separately; in the first group, raw materials and muni- tions, in the second group, foodstuffs and textiles are dealt with. It appears, on the whole, that the official regulations, necessary though they were, proved insuffi- cient to the task set for them, and did not compensate for their bad effects by an elimination of inequalities in the distribution of goods with the resultant making and losing of fortunes. The lesson is then forced home by a detailed study of the history of the effects of the War upon German commerce, how those effects are a necessary consequence of every system of war economics and not merely the result of mere blundering of officers and officials, so that it is already possible to say that the experience of the last war will not suffice to exclude similar results arising from a similar state of things in future wars. There is no other lesson to be learned from these facts than that to avoid the consequences we must avoid war itself. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON SHIPPING AND RAILWAYS 1. The War and German Shipping By Dr. E. Rosenbaum Author of the Bibliography of German Literature This monograph is planned to form part of a volume dealing with the effect of the War upon the transport system of Germany in general. Although the actual history of German shipping is slight, owing to the blockade, the effect of the War upon one of the major industries of Germany is here dealt with statistically and descriptively, and the study closes with a section on post-war conditions and their relation to economic recovery. 2. The War and German Railways (to be arranged) 110 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAR UPON GERMAN INDUSTRY By Geheimrat Hermann Bucher Member of the German Editorial Board with the assistance of specialists The treatment of this important subject falls into two main divisions, the first dealing primarily with the effect of the war upon the functioning of German industry, and the second with its effect upon industrial organization. The first part opens with a general view of the development of German in- dustry, the peculiar characteristics which led to its great extension, and the way in which the War emphasized the necessity of a peace-time basis for so vast and complicated a structure. The War itself is considered, not as a military event, but as a disturbance of economic processes absorbing both supplies and produc- tions of industry. The influence upon production of the limitations of raw ma- terial is then considered, industry by industry. After this detailed analysis there follows a general survey of the results of the War upon German industry as a whole. The second part deals with the organization of industry, describes the forma- tion and outlines the history of cartels, syndicates, and the compulsory organiza- tion of the war-time. This history is followed through the post-war period in an authoritative account of the influence of the War upon industrial organization. The subject is then treated in detail dealing with individual concerns and the for- mation of great industrial companies, the relation of industry to the state and the problems of labor are all considered from the standpoint of the organization of big business. Finally, the whole work closes with a section estimating the total effects of the War upon this most important branch of German national economy. THE WAR AND GERMAN LABOR UNIONS By Mr. Paul Umbreit Editor of Korrespondenzblatt der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands, author of many books, pamphlets and essays on questions of trade unionism, state insurance, etc., e.g., Bedeutung und Aufgaben der Gewerkschaftskartelle (1903); Die Arbeiterschutzgesetzge- bund (1905); Die gegnerischen Gewerkschaften in Deutschland (1906); Die Arbeits- losenversicherung in Reich, Staat und Gemeinde (191 1); Vom Umlernen wahrend des Krieges (191 5); 25 Jahre deutscher Gewerkschaftsbewegung 18QO-IQ15 (191 5); Sozial- politische Arbeiterforderungen und Gewerkschaften (19 18); Das Betriebsrategesetz (third ed., 1920). Member of Reichswirtschaftsrat since 1920, of the Bundesvorstand des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes since 1919 and of many ministerial committees on questions of labor law and social policy. Mr. Adam Stegerwald President of the German Federation of Labor Unions and the Joint Federation of Christian Labor Unions of Germany; Editor of the daily paper Der Deutsche; Presi- dent of the Supervisory Board of the German Volksbank (a working man's industrial savings institution); member of the German Reichstag; from March, 1919, to GERMAN SERIES III November, 1921, Prussian Minister for Social Welfare; from April to November, 192 1, Prime Minister of Prussia. Author among other works of Gewerkschaftliche Studien in England, Arbeiterschaft und politische Zukunftsentwicklung. Mr. Anton Erkelenz Member of Reichstag, leader of the Hirsch-Duncker Trade Unions (Trade unions belonging to the Liberal section) ; and Ex-Chancellor Gustav Bauer Member of the German Editorial Board A volume on the effect of the War upon German trade unions by the leaders of the three great branches of the trade union movement — the Catholic, Socialist, and Liberal groups, to which will be added a section on the government control of labor in war-time by ex-Chancellor Gustav Bauer. After a short survey of the legal position of workingmen and their unions in Germany before the War, this volume describes the social and economic effect of the War on labor and on the structural and political setting of the trade unions. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the War upon working hours, health conditions, state insurance for workers and to the effects of the Hilfsdienst- gesetz. The concluding chapters deal with the reconstruction of normal labor conditions after the War, beginning with the first preparations made in 191 7, with special emphasis on the effects of de-control. The present-day position of the trade unions in their relation to the Betriebsrate (councils of working men), the Economic Council of the Empire and the communist attempt at organization is discussed in the last chapter. The volume is edited and for the greater part written by Herr Umbreit, but special trade union and political questions will be dealt with by the other con- tributors. THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE LABORING CLASSES DURING AND AFTER THE WAR 1 . The War and the German Working Man By Ex-Minister Edward H. R. David Founder, Social Democratic Mitteldeutsche Sonntagszeitung at Giessen, 1893; editor, Maimer Volkszeitung, 1 896-1 897; member, Parliament of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 1 896-1 908; Under Secretary of State in German Foreign Office, October, 1918; First President of National Assembly in Weimar. February, 1919, and member of Government as Minister for Home Affairs. A general social history by an acknowledged authority. Leaving aside the treatment of labor politics for the volume devoted to the history of the labor unions, this monograph describes the influence of the War upon the outlook and attitude of mind of the German laboring classes. It describes the effect of war 112 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR industry upon family life and social relationships. A descriptive and sociological survey of the life of the mass of the German industrial population, duly articulated with the more technical studies. 2. The War and Wages By Professor Dr. Waldemar Zimmermann Professor of Statistics at the University of Hamburg This is a statistical study of the effect of the War upon the income of the work- ing classes, showing the tendency of the War to increase wages beyond the stand- ard set under peace-time conditions. The study furnishes a statistical base for judging of the delusive nature of war-time prosperity by a detailed analysis of incomes both nominal and real. The study forms a counterpart to that by Pro- fessor Adolf Gunther. FOOD SUPPLY AND AGRICULTURE I. The War and the Agricultural Population By Professor Max Sering Member of the German Editorial Board This monograph deals mainly with the effects of the War upon the rural popu- lation of Germany. It describes the methods of landholding prior to the War, organizations for credit for agricultural industries, cooperative institutions, and statistics and structure of mortgage holding, etc. A section follows devoted to the agricultural laborer, migration, colonization, and wage problems. After this general description, the monograph shows the effect of the War in detail upon the whole agricultural organization, the compulsory cultivation and improvement of the soil and increases of area under cultivation ; the legal basis of government con- trol, etc. This phase of the study is considered in the light of the parallel mono- graph on agricultural food supplies. A closing section will deal with the effects of the War on rural life as shown in the period after the War ; the relatively less serious effects upon the agricultural classes as contrasted with the industrial popu- lation; the problem of production with a shifting currency; the strengthening of democratic ideas leading to a new basis of landholding, and the legal rights of the agricultural laborer. 2. Food Supply during the War By Professor Dr. A. Skalweit Professor of Political Economy, Universities of Giessen 1913-1923, Bonn 1921- 1923, Kiel since 1923; Departmental Head in the Food Ministry and the Ministry of National Economy 19 16-19 19. Author of Getreidehandelspolitik Friedrischs d. Grossen (Acta Borussica) (191 1); Agrarpolitik (1923). The first part of this monograph describes the main periods of German food supply: pre-war conditions; period of scarcity caused by speculation, with the be- GERMAN SERIES 113 ginning of state control over prices and distribution of food ; and period of absolute want of food, with the completion of state control. In the second part the govern- mental organization of food supply is described: the law of August 4, 1914 (Er- machtigungsgesetz) the (Reichspreisstelle) and the (Kriegsernahrungsamt) . A third part deals with the general measures for securing a sufficient supply of food, and regulating its distribution (question of the " Selbstversorger " and "Schwerar- beiter") and with the steps taken against profiteering and illegal trade (Schleich- handel), while in the fourth part the state control over the different kinds of food supply (corn, flour, bread; peas and beans; potatoes; vegetables and fruit; sugar and saccharine; groceries; beer and spirits; cattle, meat, fish; eggs; milk and milk products and fodderstuffs) is described in detail. The volume closes with a dis- cussion of the effects and successes of state control in this direction. 3. Food Statistics of the War Period By Professor Dr. Ernst Wagemann Lecturer, Colonial Institute, Hamburg, 1908-1911, Berlin University, 1914; Head of Department in the Ministry of Food, 1916; Vortragender Rat in the Ministry of National Economy, 1919; author of: Britisch-westindische wirtschafts politik (1909); Die wirtschaftsverfassung der Republik Chile (19 13); Die Nahrungswirtschaft des Auslands (1917). This short study gives the statistics of food administration during the War. In the first part the author, after explaining the calorimetric method used in his statistics deals with the amount of home production, imports and consumption in Germany both before and during the War, and shows the food balance as it changed in consequence of the War. The second part gives the statistics of prices during the three periods of August, 1914 — first months 1915; 1915 to May, 1916; May, 1916, to end of 1918, and tries to formulate the economic laws governing these changes in the movement of the index and the interdependence of prices. As a conclusion the author tries to establish a gold mark balance of the food cost at the beginning and towards the end of the War. 4. The Influence of the War upon Agricultural Production By Professor Dr. Friedrich Aereboe Professor at the University of Berlin; formerly scientific agriculturalist directing large estates in Prussia; Professor of Agricultural Economy from 1907 to 1913; carried through a reform of land valuation for agricultural credits in Brandenburg; founded and directed the Institute for Economic Administration of Landed Estates. In 1920 appointed member of the Economic Council of the Empire; honorary degree Doctor of Science from the University of Tubingen, 192 1. Among his writings the best known is the Allgemeine Landwirtschaftliche Betrielslehre. This is a somewhat technical study of agricultural economics and production in Germany and the effect of the war upon it. It treats of the output in grain, sugar, potatoes, and other vegetables, and dairy farming and the marketing of 114 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR products. After a survey of the war period there will be a short account of post- war conditions. Then follows an analysis of the effects of the war upon this industry with reference to the methods pursued to increase production, and to make it independent of foreign imports and the results obtained. A third section carries the question over into the post-war period, having special regard to the effect upon the agricultural economy of the large estates in Prussia. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON GERMAN FINANCE I . The Effect of the War upon Currency and Banking By Professor Dr. Hermann Schumacher Professor of Political Economy, University of Berlin, 191 7; organizer and director of the High School of Commerce in Cologne, 1901-1904; Professor of Economics at the University of Bonn, 1904-1917; Exchange Professor in America (Columbia Uni- versity), 1906-07. During the War consulting economist in the Prussian Ministry of Finance. Among his publications are: Geschichte der deutschen Bankliteratur im ioten Jahrhundert (1908); Ursachen der Geldkrisis (1908); Die deutsche Geldverfassung und ihre Reform (19 10); Die Westdeutsche Eisenindustrie und die Moselkanalisrung (19 10); WeltwertschaftlicheStudien (191 1). The book opens with a survey of the German monetary and banking system before the War. The peculiar features in its organization and working are pointed out in contrast to other countries. The first part of the volume then outlines the history of the monetary system of Germany during the War. The former credit organization having been destroyed, cash payments were required everywhere; Treasury bills were substituted for private bills of exchange as the main basis of the issue of bank notes; new credit organizations, especially the Darlehnskassen and the gold and silver coins extracted from circulation enlarged Reichsbank funds although the redemption of bank notes in gold had been stopped and paper cur- rency introduced. In the private banking business, to the description of which the second chap- ter proceeds, no fundamental changes took place during the War. The process of concentration of the previous twenty-five years increased slightly and the banking business preserved in almost all branches its former form. The main alterations were the cessation of almost all international banking relations and the replace- ment of the issue of shares and bonds by the issue of war loans and by the dis- counting of Treasury bills. Thus the banks became to a large extent agents of the financial organization of the Reich. After a careful analysis of inflation as an after effect of the War and a descrip- tion of the post-war development of the Reichsbank, the volume closes with a section upon the development of private banking in Germany under post-war con- ditions, showing how the decline of the large banks and the growth of smaller new ones was largely dependent upon the liquidation of German banks in foreign coun- tries. The effect of this in the competition between the new and the old banks upon the whole development of German banking and its position in the economic life of the nation. ITALIAN SERIES 115 2. German Public Finance during the War By Professor Dr. Walter Lotz Professor of Political Economy, University of Munich; author, among other works, of Finanzwissenschaft (1917), and of Valuta und offentliche Finanzen in Deutsch- land, Bd. 164 I der Schriften des Vereins fur Sozial-politik (1923). This is an important volume by a competent authority. The introductory chapter is a survey of income, expenditure, debt and budget law of the Empire, the states and municipalities of Germany for the year 1914. In the following chap- ters the author deals with war expenditure and the means by which it was met. The bearing of war finance on the Imperial, state and municipal budgets, on cur- rency and on the budget law of the Empire is described. The volume concludes with a survey of the conditions of German public finance at the end of the War. ITALIAN SERIES A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE WAR By Professor Vincenzo Porri Lecturer in Political Economy, University of Turin, 191 8; in High School of Com- merce, Turin, 1919-20; in High School of Commerce, Genoa, 1921-22; Lecturer and Vice Director of Institute of Political Economy, Bocconi Commercial Univer- sity since 1921; Doctor of Laws, 1913; served as an officer during the War; Tech- nical Expert for Paris Peace Conference. Principal works: Le Finanze delle Pro- vincie Austriache (19 13); Saggi di Politica commerciale, economica e finanziaria (I, 1920; II, 1922); Lezioni di Politica commerciale e legislazione doganale (1920); L'equilibrio economico net Veneto alia vigilia della guerra (1920); Cinque anni di crisi net Veneto, IQ14-IQI& (1922). With an introduction by Comandatore Eugenio Casanova Superintendent of the Archives of the Kingdom of Italy This manual, while similar to the bibliographical guides in the other national series, contains as well a survey of the pertinent materials in the archives which are, or may be, made accessible for research. The bibliographical survey is carefully edited and contains descriptive comments of the most important entries. ECONOMIC LEGISLATION OF THE WAR By Professor Alberto de' Stefani Minister of Finance, 1922; Professor of Political Economy, High School of Com- merce, Venice, since 1921; member of Italian Chamber of Deputies, 1920; corre- spondent of Royal Venetian Institute of Science and Arts, and of Agricultural Acad- emy of Verona. Author of L'ofelimita del denaro (1913); Le alternanze dei massimi e dei minimi nei fenomeni collettivi (19 15); U accertamento e la valutazione dei patri- monii successor ii (1919) ; Decadenza demografica e decadenza economica (1920) ; La dina- mica patrimoniale nelV odierna economia capitalistica (1921); also numerous articles. Il6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR The volume describes in detail all the measures decreed by the Italian Government for the control and adaptation to war purposes of labor, production, consumption (rationing), transport and commerce. A special section outlines, within the scope of the volume, how Italy financed the War (note issues and loans). Another section gives a full account of the economic activity of the military authorities. The volume contains a chronological index of all the measures described in it, as well as an index of the economic and financial organs created for the purpose of the War. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN ITALY, 1914-1920 By Professor Umberto Ricci Member of Italian Editorial Board The volume begins with a sketch of Italian agriculture before the War and then shows the effects of the War on the various factors of agricultural produc- tion. While labor is withdrawn for the needs of the Army and war industries, the state attempts to make the loss good by encouraging the use of machinery. Control of the distribution of seed and fertilizers, compulsory rearrangement of crops, control of prices are described in detail and their effects analyzed. The second part of the volume is a statistical survey : (a) of production by regions and crops, with notes on the various factors of production and on the yield per unit of area; (b) of imports and exports, war figures being compared with pre-war figures, and the general data with figures of home production and consumption; (c) of prices, official and unofficial, given separately for each crop, and analyzed comparatively with the data of production and consumption. The after-effects of the War on agriculture are discussed, with special reference to the changed outlook of the returned land workers, to agricultural strikes, to the forcible occupation of land, and how these circumstances are affecting production. AGRICULTURAL CLASSES IN ITALY DURING AND AFTER THE WAR By Professor Arrigo Serpieri Secretary of Agricultural Association of Lombardy, 190 1-3; Professor of Rural Economics, High School of Forestry, Florence; since 19 13 Director of the same; member of Agricultural Society of Lombardy (honorary), Royal Academy of Geor- gofili, Florence, Royal Academy of Agriculture, Turin, Agricultural Society, Bologna; also of Board of Agricultural Education, of Board on Waters and Forests and of Ad- ministrative Board of Public Forests. Author of Studio sui pascoli alpini della Svizzera (1901); Studio sui pascoli alpini lombardi (1902-7); II contralto agrario e le condizioni dei contadini nelV alto Milanese (1910); La stima dei beni fondiarii (1915); Le imposte sui redditi forestali e il nuovo ordinamento tributatario (1920); I boschi e gli ordinamenti forestali nelle nuove provmcie (1920); Studio sui contratti agrarii (1921); / provvedimenti per la piccola proprieta (192 1). Begins with a brief historical survey of the rural population of Italy and of the forms of land tenure customary before the War. The volume then describes ITALIAN SERIES 1 17 in greater detail the general changes brought about by the War in landholding. As main causes are described cooperative developments, the forcible occupation of land by the peasants, the settlement of ex-soldiers on the land and the ten- dency to form state landholdings. Change in the relations between landowner and tenant: development of collective tenancies for small holdings. Changes in the relations of tenant and farm-hand : growth of system of collective agreements, in relation with syndicalist organization of farmers and laborers. Tendency towards workers' control. Finally, a special section deals with the technical changes and improvements brought about by the boom in Italian agriculture. FOOD SUPPLY AND RATIONING By Professor Riccardo Bachi General Secretary of Royal Museum of Industries, Turin, 1900-3; Editor of Bulle- tin of Board of Labor, Department of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Rome, 1904-8; Librarian of same Department, 1909-15; Professor of Statistics, Univer- sity of Macerata, since 1916. Author of Inchiesta sulle abitazioni degli impiegati e ferrovieri in Roma ed altre citta d 1 Italia (1908); V Italia Economica (Year Book, since 1909) ; Sui tnetodi per la rilevazione delV andamento del mercato del laboro (1907) ; Saggio sulle infiuenze demografiche delta grande citta sul territorio circostante (19 13); La ques- tione economica delle abitazioni popolari (1914) ; Le fiuttuazioni stagionali nella vita eco- nomica italiana (19 19). General sketch of supply and consumption of foodstuffs before, during and after the War. In more detail the volume describes every aspect of Italy's food supply policy during the War: organization of the respective services; imports; inter-Allied action; government as purchasing agent; territorial distribution of supplies in relation to production. Description of the measures to regulate consumption: control of prices; control of transport; rationing; food supply regulation ; food supply finances. A special section deals with food supply policy as applied to various commodities. The final section consists of monographs detailing the food supply policy of certain great centers: Rome, Milan, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Venice, Naples. FOOD SUPPLY OF THE ITALIAN ARMY By Professor Gaetano Zingali Lecturer in Statistics in University of Catania, 1922; Doctor of Law, University of Bologna, 191 5; during the War, Statistician to War Department on problems of food supply for the Army in connection with Historiographical Institute of Mobili- zation and Statistician for the Commission Scientifique Interalliee du Ravitaille- ment. Author of many monographs on Statistics. This is a short statistical survey of the problem of food supply to the Italian Army. It deals as well with the physiological value of different foods and various schemes for rationing. The peculiar problems of Italy are considered with com- parison of those of other countries and the economic complications both with the government and with the civilian population. Il8 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR WAR-TIME FINANCES By Professor Luigi Einaudi Chairman, Italian Editorial Board Introductory survey of Italy's financial system and situation on the eve of the War. The volume then describes financial preparations for war during the neutrality period; gives an account of the break-up of the traditional system of control of expenditure by Parliament. Some consequences of the War already appear in the chapter discussing the liquidation of war expenditure and the growth of political and social expenditure. The second part of the volume deals with public revenue during and after the War: changes in the incidence of taxation; new taxes and their results; the levy on capital in its successive phases. Aban- donment of the real taxation system and approach to a personal system made inevitable by the War. The law on compulsory registration of securities. Cer- tain features peculiar to Italy are discussed separately: custom duties and the War; the new tariff. Fiscal monopolies and their yield. The new commercial monopolies, their failure and abandonment. In conclusion Professor Einaudi analyzes the burden of taxation before and after the War; its distribution by regions and its distribution between the various social classes, as affected by the War. COSTS OF THE WAR TO ITALY By Professor Luigi Einaudi This volume is planned along lines similar to those in other national series. It will deal in the first place with the direct financial costs of the War; govern- ment expenses, both during the War and after (including soldiers' pensions, widows' allowances, etc.). The financial costs apart from that borne by the government, city budgets, community costs, destruction of property by the enemy, wastage of war plants, etc. The second part of the volume will deal with the human costs of the War as shown in vital statistics, loss of life, disabilities, etc. The volume considers the more intricate economic problem of the disturb- ances in normal activities caused by the transition from peace to war and war to peace, and attempts to estimate the gains and losses in man-power, owing to war conditions. The economic balance sheet is then made up as far as the available data permits. ITALIAN CURRENCY INFLATION AND ITS EFFECT ON PRICES, INCOMES AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE By Professor Pasquale Jannaccone Member of Italian Editorial Board The first part of the volume deals with the state of Italian currency before, during and after the War; regulations on currency; and the institutions concerned with it. ITALIAN SERIES 119 Part II is a detailed analysis of the movement of Italian exchanges during and after the War. It first describes the internal factors which have influenced the exchange, including the restriction of exchange transactions and the monopoly- invested in the "National Institute for Dealing in Foreign Exchanges." In discussing the foreign factors influencing the Italian exchange the volume also refers to the effects of Allied war debts and of German reparations. It outlines proposals for an International Clearing House and for an international standard currency. Part III is on prices. It deals with the various factors which influenced them during the War, and gives statistical measurements of price variations and of the purchasing power of money, together with a survey of the movement of prices after the War. The final part deals severally with the income of various of the different classes and sections of the population. VITAL STATISTICS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN ITALY DURING AND AFTER THE WAR By Professor Giorgio Mortara Professor of Statistics, University of Messina, 19 10-14; High School of Commerce, Rome, since 191 5; Honorary Fellow of Royal Statistical Society, 1920. Author of Le popolazioni delle grandi cittd italiane (1908); La mortalitd, secondo I'etd e la durata delta vita economicamente produttiva (1908) ; Indagini sulla delinquenza in Italia (1909) ; I concepimenti antenuziali (191 1); Vinculo dello spopolamento in Italia (1912); Tavola di mortalita secondo le cause di morte per la popolazione italiana (1914); Ele- menti di statistica (19 17); Lezioni di statistica economica (series of 1920); Prospettive economiche (1921), etc.; also numerous articles. The volume first considers the direct effects of the War on the numbers and physical condition of the population. The various causes of mortality among soldiers and civilians are treated separately and the distribution of mortal- ity analyzed according to sex, age, profession, etc., of the victims. Partial disablements are discussed on similar lines. In its second part the volume deals with the indirect consequences of the War on public health, on marriages, on births, with a special study of the consequences of war conditions on the vitality of children born in that period. Internal and external migration form the subject of a special chapter. Part III, worked out mainly on a comparison of the census of 1921 with that of 191 1, summarizes the modifications in the composition and distribution of the population; it contains an appendix on the population of the new Italian provinces. The last part of the volume discusses the effects of the War on the vital and social circumstances of the Italian people according to the period when the effects became manifest, and to their nature, whether permanent or transitory, whether limited or widespread in extent. 120 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR THE ITALIAN PEOPLE DURING AND AFTER THE WAR A Social Survey By Professor Gioacchino Volpe Professor of Modern History, Royal Academy, Milan, since 1906; member of Royal Society (Deputazione) of National History for Tuscany; id. for the Abruzzi; Historical Society of Lombardy, Royal Institute of Lombardy for the Advancement of Science and Arts. Author of Studi per le istituzioni comunali a Pisa (1902) ; Lom- bardi e Romani nelle campagne e nelle cittd: Per to studio delle classi sociali, della nazionel del Rinascimento italiano (1904-5); Questioni fondamentali sui Vorigine e svolgimento dei Comuni italiani (1904); Montieri, Costituzione politico,, struttura sociale ed attivitd economica di una terra toscana nel 200 (1908), etc.; two historical volumes in press. The writer gives as introduction a sketch of social conditions and political and national currents in Italy in the last half century. The period of neutrality produces several changes in the outlook of various sections of the population, changes which are helped about by open or covert propaganda. This evolution continues with Italy's entry into the War, and the volume analyzes it with reference to causes and effects for the various periods of the conflict. The disaster at Caporetto, especially, acts as a great influence for strength and unity. But the end of the War brings disappointments, perplexities and difficulties which cause a serious social and moral crisis. Fiume, the forcible occupation of land and of factories, are manifestations of a latent spirit of revolution. The writer elucidates that development by analyzing in his concluding chapter the peculiar difficulties of the Italian War, like the absence of evident and urgent motives for intervention. He discusses the part played by the various classes and sections of the population and the effect of the War upon them and on their relations to the state and attempts to estimate how the War has left Italy's moral position at home and before the world. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE IN PIEDMONT AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR By Professor Giuseppe Prato Professor of Political Economy and Public Finance, High School of Commerce, Turin, since 1910; Lecturer on Industrial Law, University of Turin, since 1914, and on Commercial Policy and History of Economic Theory, Commercial University (Luigi Bocconi) in Milan, since 1920; member of Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin, Royal Academy of Agriculture, Turin, Royal Academy of the Georgofili, Florence (correspondent); Societe d'Economie Politique, Paris, London Cobden Club; joint editor of La Rijorma Sociale since 1908. Author of II costo della guerra di succes- sione Spagnuola in Piemonte (1908); La vita economica in Piemonte a mezzo il secolo XVIII (1909); II protezionismo operaio (1910); Problemi monetari e bancari nei secoli XVII e XVIII (1916); Riflessi storici dell' economica di guerra (1919), etc. In each series of the history it is planned to have a certain number of volumes of the general social history of limited areas. These studies will be historical rather than purely economic as they deal with the entire life of a society as RUMANIAN SERIES 121 affected by the War. They are also synthetic rather than analytic. In Italy it is planned to have several such monographs, but this one which deals with the important region of Piedmont will be of especial interest because of the effects of the War upon industry in the great munition enterprises and also because of the character of the labor movement there. It will describe the different elements in Piedmontese society, and the displacement caused by the War in readjustments of incomes and expenditures, housing conditions, social and political outlook and morals. It will trace these factors as well in the post- war period of adjustment. PORTUGUESE SERIES PORTUGAL IN THE WORLD WAR By Professor George Young Professor of Portuguese and Examiner in Ottoman Law in University of London; formerly Secretary of Embassy in British Diplomatic Service at Constantinople, Washington and Lisbon; served in Horse Artillery, and Lieutenant in Royal Marines. Author of Le Corps de Droit Ottoman; Nationalism and War in the Near East; Portugal Old and Young; The New Germany; Tales of Trespass; The New Diplomacy, etc. Analysis of the economic causes which brought Portugal into the War, and the economic consequences which it entailed in that country. Of especial interest because of the relation of Portuguese commerce and commercial policy to English and German developments in Africa. The volume begins with a careful survey of the international situation in the African Empire. The econ- omies of the Republic carry the theme inevitably over into the field of politics and the attitudes of the various groups and leaders. It then discusses the policy of Portugal with reference to international as well as domestic questions, and the relation of these to the entry into the War on the Allied side. The Portuguese participation in the War is described in some detail and then a statistical account is given of the financial and general economic situation at the end of the War, based upon first-hand material. RUMANIAN SERIES RURAL REVOLUTION IN RUMANIA AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE By David Mitrany Editor of Rumanian Series This volume deals with one of the most striking social transformations in Europe due to the War — the emergence and predominance of land owning peasantry. This is the key to much of the contemporary history of Southeastern Europe. The narrative begins with an account of the old system of communal land tenure in Rumania, of the usurpations, legal and illegal, which reduced most of the peasantry to serfdom, their fierce but fruitless revolts (of which the last, 122 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR in 1907, cost 10,000 peasant lives), and the situation during the first years of the War. The effect of the War upon the peasantry was not decisive until after the Russian revolution; then, under pressure of desperate events, the government, in refuge at Jassy, decreed in 191 7 the expropriation of large estates and their distri- bution among the peasantry. This transformed Rumania from a country of immense latifundia into a country of small holdings. Land hunger and ignorance balked plans for making the reform on a cooperative basis. The economic effect is reduction in output; the political, impossibility of collecting heavy taxation in spite of international obligations; and the social, an abatement of nationalism, an anti-town movement and a tendency toward self-contained communities; in short, a reversal of the entire prewar social and political process. After a detailed history of these phenomena in Rumania, the author corre- lates them with the main features of similar peasant movements in neighboring countries. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR IN RUMANIA A Series of Studies 1 . The Effect of the Enemy Occupation of Rumania By Dr. G. Antipa Rumanian High Commissioner in the Occupied Territory; Vice President of the Rumanian Academy. This study is based on first-hand evidence and presents details otherwise unavailable for the history of one of the central economic struggles of the War. In addition to a description of enemy exploitation it describes the Rumanian organizations for continuing economic life, and sums up results. 2. The Effect of the War upon Public Health in Rumania By Professor J. Cantacuzino Director General of the Rumanian Sanitary Service, 19 16-18; Director of the Institute of Experimental Chemistry; formerly of the Institut Pasteur, Paris, etc. Rumania offers an unusual opportunity to study war-time diseases, owing both to the spread of epidemics from the East and to the flight of the civilian population. This study is therefore a general survey, planned to cover in short space, some of the same topics treated in the Austrian section. 3. The Effect of the War upon Rumanian Economic Life A study of the total effects of the War in Rumania. (To be arranged.) (Other studies to follow.) RUSSIAN SERIES 123 RUSSIAN SERIES EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT By Professor Paul Pavlovitch Gronsky Assistant Professor of Constitutional Law at University of Petrograd since 1912, and Professor at Petrograd Polytechnicum and Commercial Institute; member of State Duma since 1912; Master in Constitutional Law (University of Moscow); in 19 1 7 appointed by Provisional Government member of Special Commission for prep- aration of Act for elections to the Constituent Assembly and member of Committee for the Organization of Elections; since 1920 Professor of Russian Law at Institut de Droit Russe of Faculty of Law of University of Paris; Chairman of Russian Aca- demic Group in Paris. Publications (in Russian): Decentralization and Self -Govern- ment (1912; 2d. ed., 1917); Local Government (Gemeindeverwaltung) in the principal States oj Germany (19 16); The Zemstvos' Reform (19 16); The New " Volosti'' (Essay on Reform of Townships under the Provisional Government, 1917). After a general sketch of the structure of the Russian Central Government before the War, this study traces the first effects of the War in the weakening of legislative institutions and predominance of the administrative power. A number of advisory bodies (Special Advisory Committees) became attached to the government for economic problems and those of defense. The history then passes to the era of the Revolution, the formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma; the formation of the Provisional Government and of the Soviet (Council) of Workmen; the coup d'etat of October 25, 1917. The study closes with a statement on the effects of the War upon Russian Central Govern- ment in the different periods of the War and Revolution. STATE FINANCES DURING THE WAR By Alexander Michailovitch Michelson Since 19 17 Assistant Professor of University of Moscow and Lausanne and lec- turer on Finances; Fellow of French Society of Political Economy, of Free Economic Society of Petrograd and of Agricultural Society for South Russia; member and financial adviser of different Russian organizations in Paris; Lecturer in Finances at Institut de Droit Russe of Faculty of Law of Paris University. Publications (in French): he problhme des finances publiques aprh la guerre (Payot, 1919); Banque et monnaie; memoir es presentes par le Comite des ReprSsentants des Banques Russes & Paris & la Conference de Gines; La lutte pour le petrole en Russie (in collaboration with M. Paul Apostol, Payot, 1922); La dette publique de la Russie (Payot, 1922). The study opens with a sketch of the financial readiness of Russia for the War and a survey of the system of Russian finances before the War. The author then shows the changes produced by the War in Russian financial organization and gives a survey of the reduction of revenue (mainly due to the abolition of the spirit monopoly) ; of the increase of expenditure connected with the conduct of special military operations; and of the means by which war-time expenditure was met. The monograph then summarizes criticism of the taxation policy of the 124 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR government by the press, the legislative bodies and the declarations of separate political and professional groups. It concludes with a survey of the conditions of Russian state finances at the cessation of hostilities. RUSSIAN STATE CREDIT DURING THE WAR By Dr. Paul Nicholaevitch Apostol Doctor of Political Economy, Munich; Reader at High School of Social Sciences organized by M. M. Kovalevsky in Paris; attached to representative of Russian Ministry of Finance in Paris since 1898; Commissioner for Russian Section of the Paris Exposition, 1900; Secretary to Financial and Economic Committee of Russian Political Conference in Paris; Secretary to Bureau Economique Russe; member of Russian Chamber of Commerce in Paris; Fellow of French Society for Political Economy, of French Statistical Society, etc.; a constant contributor to the official Russian publications, The Financial News (Vestnik Finanzov) and The Gazette of Commerce and Trade (Torgovo-Promishlenaia Gazeta) and to a number of French periodical publications ; (in French) : Economie sociale d la section russe de I' Exposition universelle de iqoo (1900); La lutte pour le petrole en Russie, and La dette publique de la Russie (in collaboration with others, Payot, 1922), etc. After a short sketch of the conditions of Russian state credit at the out- break of the War and the discussion of the capacity of the internal money market with regard to the possibility of the floating of loans, this volume gives a detailed survey of war-time loans. Internal and foreign loans are carefully examined and the amount and conditions of loans floated in England, France, and other countries are shown. The importance of the revenue from loans is compared with the revenue from other sources and the study closes with a survey of the problem of loans at the cessation of hostilities. CURRENCY IN RUSSIA DURING THE WAR By Professor Michael Vladimirovitch Bernadsky Assistant Professor of Political Economy in University of Kief, 1901-2; Assistant Professor of Political Economy in University of Petrograd since 1904; Master of Political Economy, University of Petrograd, 1912; Professor at Petrograd Polytech- nicum, 1917; after the Revolution of March, 1917, entrusted by Provisional Govern- ment with organization of Labor Ministry; in charge of Ministry of Finances, July- September, 1917, and member of Board of that Ministry from September, 1917, to advent of the Bolshevik; Secretary of State for Finances in Anti-Bolshevik Govern- ment of South Russia from May, 1918, to withdrawal of Anti-Bolshevik forces. Publications (in Russian) : The Theory of State Socialism and the Economic Views of Prince Bismarck (191 1); The Evolution of Economic Relations (1915); (in French): "Le Probleme de la circulation monetaire de la Russie," in La dette publique de la Russie (Payot, 1922). The study begins with a short historical sketch of the establishment of gold currency in Russia, by S. J. Witte, and a survey of the Russian trade balance and of the conditions of currency and the money market on the eve of the out- break of the War. The author then shows in detail the effects of the War upon RUSSIAN SERIES 125 Russian currency and describes the measures taken by the government to check the inevitable results of the inflation of currency. The problem of Russian gold reserve is next dealt with, and the volume gives a survey of the agreements with England in 1914-15-16 and of the agreement with Sweden; the transfer of a part of the gold reserve to Germany under the treaty of Brest-Li to vsk. The monograph concludes with a discussion of the effects of the War and Revolution upon Russian currency. GERMAN CAPITAL IN RUSSIA AND THE WAR By Basil Borisovitch Eliashevitch Assistant Professor of Civil Law at Polytechnicum of Petrograd since 1903 ; Pro- fessor at Petrograd University College for Women since 19 10; Legal Adviser to Min- istry of Finance; member of Board of Ministry of Trade and Commerce and of Min- ing Board; Director of Moscow Bank for Industry and of other banks; editor of two periodicals in Russia. Publications (in Russian): The War and the Conditions Re- sulting out of the Application of Civil Law (19 14), etc.; (in collaboration with Mr. Vorms) : Civil Law, Theoretical and Practical Comments (3 volumes have been pub- lished in 1912-16 out of proposed 10 volumes). After a sketch of the role played by German capital before the War in Russian industry, trade, banking and agriculture, this monograph traces the measures taken against it by the government. It describes the measures taken against individual subjects of enemy countries; prohibition of payments; suspen- sion of obligations; liquidation of commercial concerns; redemption of shares; reorganization of joint-stock companies; liquidation of German landholding. The author then discusses the measures taken by the government and how they affected certain branches of Russian industry. EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON RUSSIAN MUNICIPALITIES AND THE ALL-RUSSIAN UNION OF TOWNS By Nicholas Ivanovitch Astroff Member of Board of Trustees and of Executive Board of Moscow Peoples' (Sha- niavsky) University; Honorary Justice of Peace of Moscow; member of Moscow Mu- nicipal Council and of Moscow Zemstvo Conference; Mayor of Moscow, 19 17, and Chairman of Central Committee of All-Russian Union of Towns; member of Con- stituent Assembly; one of the organizers and leaders of All-Russian Union of Towns; member of its Executive Board and head of Municipal Section; Leader of Liberal group of Moscow Municipal Council. Author of a report on the activities of the Moscow Municipal Self-Government in 19 13-16 and of a report on the work of Mos- cow Municipal Credit Association for the last 50 years; member of Editorial Board of Liberal paper Moskovsky Vedomosty. The monograph begins with a survey of the structure of Russian municipal self-government at the outbreak of the War and of municipal health, educational, charitable and other institutions. The author then traces the activities of Russian towns after the outbreak of the War; the organization of the All-Russian Union 126 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR of Towns and its work for the army and for the relief of refugees, etc., as well as the share of the municipalities in the supply of necessities to wounded and refugees, etc. Special attention is paid to Moscow Municipal Council, and to the struggle between municipalities and the central power. The narrative ends with a description of the ruin of the municipal organization of Russia and the starvation of Russian towns. THE ZEMSTVOS, THE ALL-RUSSIAN UNION OF THE ZEMSTVOS AND THE "ZEMGOR" By Prince Vladimir A. Obolensky Director of the Statistical Department of the Orel Zemstvo, 1900-1903; member of the Duma, 1906; during the War closely connected with the All-Russian Union of Towns; chairman of the Executive Board of the Tver Zemstvo, 1918-20; and Sergius Petrovitch Turin Lecturer in Economics, Moscow Institute of Commerce; Vice Director of Statis- tical Department of Moscow Municipal Council; representative of Russian Zemst- vos' and Towns' Unions in England during the War. Publications (in Russian): The All-Russian Unions of Towns and Zemstvos in England during the War and Revolu- tion; The Central Board oj Moscow Professional Unions (19 12), etc.; (in English): Revolution and New Russia; "Market Prices and Controlled Prices of Food in Moscow," in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (May, 1920). After an account of the Zemstvos themselves, these studies trace the creation of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos and the organizations of its different institutions; the extension of the Zemstvos "Union" activity, its part in the struggle against high cost of living, disorganization of transport, the settlement of refugees, the problem of food supply. It discusses the changes produced in the work of the Union by the Revolution and the reasons of the decline in the public spirit. The second part of the study gives a similar survey of the activi- ties and organization of the "Zemgor" (the Union of Zemstvos* and Towns' Unions). THE WAR AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE ZEMSTVOS WORKERS By Isaak Vladimirovitch Shklovsky Publicist and Fellow of Russian Imperial Geographical Society; contributed to many Russian liberal periodicals; numerous books and essays on literary and social subjects in Russian. In Far North East Siberia was also published in French (1896), and in English (1915). This study contains a survey of the acitivity of the intellectual workers employed by the Zemstvos, characteristic representatives of the famous Russian 11 Intelligenzia," whose share in the events of 1917 was important. The monograph opens with a survey of the reasons of the strong antagonism which always existed between the government and the intellectual class of Russia, and then traces the RUSSIAN SERIES 1 27 work and conditions of the social workers of the Zemstvos in the domain of education, social relief, agriculture, etc. This discussion leads up to special chapters analyzing the ideas of the Intelligenzia on the War and the attitude on questions of patriotism. EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION AND COOPERATIVE CREDIT By Professor Alexis Nicholaevitch Anziferoff Doctor of Political Economy, Kharkoff; in 1903 appointed Assistant Professor at University of Kharkoff; studied cooperatives in Germany and France; since 1907 Professor of Statistics at University of Kharkoff. Publications (in Russian): Lease of Peasants 1 Holdings and its Effects (1902); Small Credit, its Organization and Influ- ence in Russia (1903); Cooperative Statistics (Report to XIV Section of International Statistical Institute, Vienna); Essays on Cooperation (1915 and 1918); Actual Condi- tions of Cooperative Credit in Western Europe (1916); Cooperative Credit and Co- operative Banks (1922), etc. After a short sketch of the development of Russian cooperative credit in- stitutions, the study shows their growth during 1914-17. It gives a survey of the geographical distribution of cooperative credit institutions, explains the organization of institutions of the first, second and third degree, their unions and evolution. The author then describes different types of agricultural cooperative societies and associations and their unions; agricultural cooperation of Siberia. He traces the policy of the government with regard to cooperative societies during the War, the participation of cooperative institutions in the work of the government under the Imperial regime and the Provisional Government, the role of cooperative societies in the corn monopoly, and their non-economic activity: lectures, libraries, publications, conferences; the formation of the All-Russian Council of cooperative congresses and their local representatives. The monograph concludes with a survey of the conditions of agricultural cooperation at the moment of the Bolshevik coup d'etat. COOPERATIVES OF CONSUMERS IN RUSSIA DURING THE WAR By Vachan Thomitch Totomianz Doctor of Political Economy, Kief; Doctor of Social Science, Brussels; Assist- ant Professor of Economics and Finance at Institute of Commerce and University of Moscow; 1919-20, Professor at Tiflis Polytechnicum; now Professor of Cooperation at Czech University of Prague and Professor of Economics at Russian Faculty of Law, Prague. Publications (in Russian): History, Theory and Practice of Consumers' Cooperatives (4th ed., 19 18); Theory of Cooperation (2d ed., 1921); His- tory of Social and Economic Studies (translated into French, Italian and Czech, 192 1 ), etc., as well as various works in foreign languages. A general sketch of the organization and development of consumers' co- operative societies in Russia before the War and a survey of their conditions at the outbreak of the War. Fluctuation and rise of prices produced by the 128 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR War result in a great increase in the number of Russian consumers' societies. The study shows the development and the part they played in war economy. Passing to the unions of consumers' societies, the author traces how their or- ganization and growth were affected by the War, describes the organization and activities of local unions, the creation of the Siberian "Zakup-Sbit," the organization of the Central Union of Russian Consumers' Societies ("Centro- sous") and its part in meeting the requirements of the Army and in the organiza- tion of army supply. The study closes with a survey of the positive and negative effects of the War upon the development of consumers' cooperation in Russia. THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN THE WORLD WAR A Study in Social History By Nicholas Nicholaevitch Golovine Lieutenant General; Professor of Military History, Tactics and General Staff Service at Russian Imperial General Staff College; attached to French Ecole Supe- rieure de Guerre, 1910-11; Chief of Staff of Armies of Russo-Rumanian front in 191 7; Lecturer on Russian History in Lycee Janson de Sailly, Paris, 1921-22; Pro- fessor of History, Russian Section, University of Prague, 1922. Publications (in Russian): Psychological Analysis of the Combatant (1907), etc.; (in English): arti- cles on "History of the War on the Russian Front in 1914-17," in the new edition of Encyclopedia Britannica; Problem of the Pacific in the XX Century (Glydendal, London, 1922). The volume opens with a detailed survey of the problem of "man power" in Russia. The author describes the system of conscription, the changes in- troduced during the War, exemptions and privileges, losses in killed and wounded in different periods of the War, the number of Russians made prisoners and the number of prisoners taken by the Russians, their employment in different occupations, etc. He then passes to the problem of the organization and dis- tribution of supply in the Army and shows the crisis in military and technical supply, the increase of the losses of men, as the next result of this crisis, and its effect upon the Army and the general feeling of the country. The influence of the sea-blockade of Russia upon the issue of the War is next dealt with, and the volume closes with a general estimate of the strength of the effort which was made on the Russian front. RURAL ECONOMY IN RUSSIA AND THE WAR: AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES By Professor Alexis Nicholaivitch Anziferoff In collaboration with Professor Alexander Dmitrievitch Bilimovitch and Michael Ossipovitch Batcheff Late Deputy Director of Industry Department of Ministry of Trade and Indus- try; since 19 12 attached to the Russian Embassy in Paris as representative of RUSSIAN SERIES 1 29 Ministry of Trade and Industry; represented Russia in Comite Permanent Inter- national d' Action Economique held in Paris during the War; member of Conference on Question of Blockade. Author of numerous articles on economic subjects pub- lished in French and Russian. In view of the importance of Russian agriculture and peasant life generally, this part of the Russian Series receives especial emphasis and is planned in careful detail. This study deals with the economics of agriculture, others with condi- tions of life and problems of land ownership. The volume opens with a general survey of the progress of agriculture in Russia before the War, then analyzes its various branches in detail. It then shows the effects of the War upon each branch of rural economy; changes in the balance of production and consumption of agricultural products; problems of export of agricultural products; the influence of fixed prices, etc. It shows the gradual division of Russia into separate regions as a result of the deficiency and disorganization of transport. After a sketch of the agricultural measures of the Provisional Government and of the ruinous effects of the Bolshevik coup d'etat upon Russian rural economy, the volume closes with a survey of the general movement of production, consumption and prices of agricultural products in 191 7 and 191 8. EFFECT OF THE WAR UPON LANDHOLDING AND SETTLEMENT IN RUSSIA Agrarian Conditions and Problems By Professor Vladimir Andreevitch Kossinsky Doctor of Political Economy, Moscow; Professor of Political Economy and Statistics, Riga Polytechnicum, since 1901, and University of Odessa, since 1904; Principal of Faculty of Law of Odessa University, 1 905-1 907; Professor, Kief Polytechnicum, since 1909; later, Professor, University of Kief; actually Professor of Political Economy, Russian Faculty of Law, Prague; Fellow of Ukrainian Academy of Science (founded in Kief, 1918), of Free Economic Society at Petrograd, of Mos- cow Society for Rural Economy. Publications (in Russian): The Agrarian Prob- lem (1906); The Leading Tendencies in the Mobilization of Land Property and their Economic and Social Reasons (2 vols., 1917 and 1918); The Land Settlement in Russia (in preparation), etc.; also numerous articles on rural problems. The study opens with a general characterization of the conditions of Russian land tenure in 1916. The author then considers the problem of the shortage of land in Russia. He calculates the reserve fund for additional allot- ments, according to the statistics on January 1, 1916, and the area of land re- quired for the increase of the holdings of landless peasants and small holders up to the standard of their consumption. He shows the effects of the new distribu- tion of land, resulting from the Stolypin legislation, upon the whole national economy, the towns, the industries and international trade and treats the prob- lem of the decapitalization of the rural economy in Russia and of the creation of a strong agrarian capitalism with parallels from Ireland, England and the United States of America. The study concludes with a general sketch of the reasons 130 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR and conditions which provoked the events of 191 7 and 191 8 in the domain of land tenure and of the effects of nationalization, municipalization, socialization and communism from the point of view of the agrarian problem. Land Settlement By Professor Alexander Dmitrievitch Bilimovitch Doctor of Political Economy, Petrograd; Assistant Professor of Political Econ- omy and Statistics, Kief University, since 1904; Professor at University of Kief and Kief University College for Women; after Revolution, in 1919, in Agricultural De- partment of Anti-Bolshevist Government of South Russia; Professor of Political Economy in University of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, since 1920. Publications (in Russian) : The Legal Position oj Russian Peasants; Problems oj Land Settlement and Land Legislation in Russia (1907); Land Legislation in Germany (1908); Remarks on the Land Settlement Act (1910); The Suspension of Servitude (191 1), etc. The monograph gives a survey of the agrarian legislation of P. A. Stolypin on land settlement and enclosure (1906, etc.) and explains the main lines of the new land settlement. The author then traces the effects of the War upon the land settlement, the weakening of the normal activity of the boards in charge of the land settlement and the creation of a new reserve fund for the allotment to ex- soldiers. Passing to the period of the Revolution, the volume deals with the hostile attitude of Russian revolutionary parties towards land settlement, the dissolution of the body in charge of the land settlement, the persecution during agrarian risings of peasants who had abandoned the communal land tenure and have established themselves as farmers and holders of compact plots and the attempts at reestablishment of communal land tenure in connection with appro- priation of large estates. PROBLEM OF FOOD SUPPLY IN RUSSIA DURING THE WAR By Professor Peter Bernadovitch Struve Doctor of Political Economy, Kief, LL.D., Cambridge; since 1907 Assistant Pro- fessor at Polytechnicum of Petrograd; Professor at Petrograd University College for Women, 191 7; Fellow of Russian Academy; member of Second State Duma; during the War, representative of Zemstvos' Union in Special Committee for Food Supply and Chairman of Committee of Inquiry of conditions of food supply and commerce in enemy countries; after the Revolution of March, 191 7, head of Economic Depart- ment of Foreign Office; State Secretary for Foreign Affairs in Anti-Bolshevist Government of South Russia, 1920. Publications (in Russian): Critical Remarks on the Problem of the Economic Development of Russia ( 1 894) ; Economy and Prices (1913-16); Economy under the Conditions of Serfdom (1913), etc.; also numerous articles. In collaboration with Simon Sergeivitch Demosthenoff Formerly Assistant Professor of Economics, Institute of Law, Sebastopol; As- sistant Professor of Political Economy in University of Sofia; in 1917, under Pro- RUSSIAN SERIES 131 visional Government, Director of Statistical Department in Ministry of Food Supply, etc.; and Cyril Zacharovitch Zaitzeff Formerly Assistant Professor of Political Economy, Institute of Law, Sebastopol; Lecturer in Economics at Russian Faculty of Law, Prague; during the War, Secretary to Special Committee for Food Supply and Assistant Commissioner for the Supply of Grain to the Army, etc. The volume begins with a sketch of the war-time organization of national economy and of its effects on food supply. It deals with the fluctuation of prices during each year of the War and with the reasons for these fluctuations; the attempt of the state to regulate prices, showing conditions under which it may be efficient. Passing to the organization of administrative services the volume explains the structure of Russian organizations for the supply of food, control of transport, establishment of food reserves, assistance to production, storage, regulation of consumption. This monograph ends with detailed descriptions of state monopolies for corn, sugar and other products. STATE CONTROL OF INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA DURING THE WAR By Professor Simon Ossipovitch Zagorsky Doctor of Political Economy, Munich; Assistant Professor, University of Petro- grad, since 1915, and Reader at Technological Institute and Institute of Commerce; Professor at Petrograd Psycho-Neural Institute since 1917; Professor at Novoros- sisk University, 1919; Under Secretary of State for Labor in Provisional Gov- ernment; now member of Russian Section of Bureau International du Travail, Geneva. Publications (in Russian): Syndicates and Trusts (1914); The War after the Peace: Problems of International Corn Policy (1917); International Economic Problems (1922), etc.; (in foreign languages): La Republique des Sovietes, Bilan Eto- nomique (Paris, 1921); U Evolution actuelle du Bolshevisme russe (Paris, 1922); Econ- omies of Russia (London, 1922), etc.; also numerous articles. After a sketch of the conditions of Russian industry before the War, this volume traces the early effects of the War upon Russian industry; the increase of production, technical improvements, concentration of production, rise of prices, lack of raw materials, lack of fuel, lack of labor, etc. The volume then deals with the establishment of state control of industry and the reasons which made this necessary, the attitudes of the leading section of public opinion and official circles and the creation, organization and activity of advisory boards for the control of industry. It then describes the control of industry after the Revolution, the changes in existing organizations, the creation of new controlling bodies, the policy of the Provisional Government with regard to the control of industry. The volume closes with a statement on the results of the policy of state control of industry up to the Bolshevik coup d'etat. 132 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON RUSSIAN INDUSTRIES (A series of shorter monographs dealing with the more important industries) Effects of the War upon Coal Mining in Russia By Boris Nicholaevitch Sokoloff Mining Engineer; Managing Director of Krivorog Mines; Vice Chairman of Board of Mine Owners of South Russia, etc.; during the War Deputy Chairman of Kharkoff Committee for Organization of War-time Industry. After a short sketch of the conditions of coal mining in Russia before the War, this monograph gives a survey of the output and consumption of coal in Russia during the War up to the Revolution of October, 191 7. It then traces the conditions of coal-mining in Russia during the War, the state control of mining industry, the creation of a special committee for fuel, the difficulties in getting materials required for production, the problem of labor and wages, the increased use of machinery, the organization of food supply for the workers. The problem of the organizations of the distribution of coal among consumers is next dealt with and the monograph closes with the statement on difficulties arising from the disorganization of transport. Effects of the War upon the Russian Petroleum {Naphtha) Industry By Alexander Michailovitch Michelson l The monograph opens with a sketch of the creation and development of Russian petroleum industry before the War and gives a survey of the output of petroleum for separate regions, of the petroleum trade, capital investment, etc. The author then traces the effects of the War upon the reduction of drilling, the interruption of export, the fluctuation of prices, etc. The monograph closes with a survey of the effects of the Revolution upon Russian petroleum industry and of the possible share of Russia in the future world struggle for petroleum. Effects of the War upon the Chemical Industry in Russia By Mark Alexandrovitch Landau Director of "Olginsky" Chemical Works, Moscow; member of Chemical Section of All-Russian Town Union and of Committee for the organization of war-time in- dustry; Fellow of Russian Society for Physical and Chemical Research and of Societe Francaise de Chimie Physique, to which he has contributed important scientific reports. After a sketch of the Russian chemical industry at the outbreak of the War the author describes war-time conditions, the influence of the management by the government of chemical works belonging to enemy residents, the mobiliza- tion of the chemical industry, the export and import of raw materials and chemical products, the fluctuation of prices. He then deals with the dye-stuffs industry, explosives and poisonous gases and gives a short survey of other branches of chemical industry during the War. 1 See also monograph on State Finances During the War, ante, pp. 123-4. RUSSIAN SERIES 1 33 Effects of the War upon the Flax and Wool Industries in Russia By Sergius Nicholaievitch Tretiakoff Managing Director of "Great Kostroma Linen Company" (the largest in Russia); Chairman of Executive of Moscow Stock Exchange since 191 6; President of All- Russian Society of Linen Manufacturers since 1909; director and chairman of other linen companies; member of Moscow Municipal Council; Chairman of Central Economic Council under Provisional Government, 191 7. The monograph opens with a sketch of the development of flax and linen industries in Russia before the War and traces the export trade, the cultivation of flax and the government policy for the development of the flax and linen industries. The author then passes to the war period and describes the reduction of the area under flax, the creation of a special committee, the difficulties in meeting the requirements of the War, the control of prices, and the conditions of internal and foreign trade. In the second part he surveys the conditions of the woolen industry during the War and the effects of the War on it. Effects of the War upon Metal Manufacturing Industries in Russia By Edward C. Hermonius Managing director of the Government Steel Works at Ijoff from 1897 to 1909. Before the War, in charge of all foreign purchasing by the artillery department of the Russian War Office, in which capacity he inspected frequently the metal works of other European countries. During the War, General Hermonius was in charge of commissions abroad and manufactures at home. Author of technical contributions in this field. This monograph opens with a short historical background of the industry in Russia and traces the effect of the war upon its various branches in detail. It closes with a general chapter on the more permanent effects as seen in the setting of this branch of industry in the economic life of Russia. Effects of the War upon the Textile {Cotton) Industry in Russia By Gennady Theodorovitch G. Karpoff Engineer; Managing Director of "Savva Morosoff" Textile Factory, the largest textile concern in Russia; Chairman of Society for Improvement and Development of Manufactures; member of Moscow Stock Exchange; Chairman of Moscow War- Time Industrial Association, 191 5; Chairman of Moscow Committee for the Organi- zation of War-Time Industry, 191 7. Author of numerous articles and of the yearly reports on textiles presented by Moscow Board of Trade and Manufactures to Ministry of Trade and Commerce. After a short sketch of the development of textile industry and trade in Russia, this monograph traces the effects of the War upon this branch of industry: lack of raw materials and dye-stuffs, new distribution of orders, reorganization of factories, regulation of prices by the government, growth of prices, effect of conscription, etc. The author then gives a survey of the reports of textile concerns during the War and shows the results of the Revolutions of March and October, 191 7. 134 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON LABOR AND EDUCATION Effects of the War upon Wages in War Time By Miss Anna Grigorievna Eisenstadt From 1915-18, Director of Economic Section of Institut Francais de Milan; in 191 7 in charge of Economic Section of Russian Institute in Milan and in the same capacity in Rome until 1920; Chargee de Cours at Faculte de Droit de l'lnstitut d'fitudes Slaves (University of Paris) ; Professor at ficole des Hautes fitudes Sociales, Paris. Publications (in French): Les causes eoonomiques de la guerre (19 16); Le traite de travail entre la France et Vllalie (1916); (in Italian): Losviluppo delta Russia sotto il regimo bolscevico (1921); Gli approvigionamenti nella Russia bolscevica (1921), etc.; also numerous articles. After a short sketch of the conditions on which the level of wages depended in Russia and of the close connection between town workers and the peasantry, this monograph endeavors to show the effects of the War upon the level of wages. The first period of the War, to the beginning of 191 5, was a period of general economic development, but it did not produce a rise of wages; the decisive rise of wages set in early in 191 5 and lasted to the end of 191 6, due to economic reasons. The year 191 7 was a period of economic decay, but the rise of wages continued and was accompanied by a reduction of the productivity of labor, the shortening of the hours of work, etc. The level of wages during the last period of the War and the first year of the Revolution was determined by non-economic factors. The monograph ends with diagrams illustrating the connection between the level of wages and the fluctuation of prices. Effects of the War upon Workmen's Family Budgets By Stanislas Salasievitch Kohn Graduated at the Polytechnicum of Petrograd in 191 1; pursued scientific investi- gations under Prof. A. A. Tschuproff and worked mainly on statistics and economic subjects; late Deputy Director of Department of Agricultural Census of Ministry of Agriculture; Director of Department of Statistics and Insurance of Ministry of Labor in "Ecole Interalliee des Hautes Etudes Sociales," Paris; Fellow of Soci6te de Statistique de Paris. Author of numerous articles and essays on economic subjects and the theory of statistics, published in Russian, German and French. This monograph opens with a short survey of data available in Russia on the question of workmen's budgets. The author then shows the budget of Russian workmen before the War, their income and expenses, the problem of nutrition. After a short discussion of the problem of wages this monograph traces the effects of the War upon the budgets of Russian workmen and passes in review each item of the budget: income; expenses for food, clothes, dwelling, heating, lighting, etc.; saving. The dependence of the structure of the budget upon the amount of the income and the size of the family is then described and a special chapter is de- voted to the important problem of the standard of consumption of working classes as compared to those of other sections of the community. The interesting phe- nomena of the "victual communes" (Charchevii arteli) are discussed at a con- RUSSIAN SERIES 135 siderable length. Each phase of the investigation is illustrated by parallels drawn from the life of Western Europe. The monograph closes with a general state- ment of the effects of the War upon the budgets and nutrition of workmen. Effects of the War upon Conditions and Composition of Working Classes By William Theodorovitch Braithwaite Vice Director of Statistical Department of the Tver Zemstvos, 1915-17; in the Rjoff Union of Cooperative Societies, 191 8-1 9 to the Smolensk Credit Association and Smolensk Cooperative Society; in 191 7 member of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies as representative of the workers of the "Morosoff " factory and of the employees of the Tver Zemstvos; in 1920 member of Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Smolensk, where he represented the employees of cooperatives and workers of Smolensk Electrical Power Station; Fellow of Russian Economic Society in London. Editor of three newspapers in Tver and contributor to various publications in Russia; some articles published in English in the Russian Economist, Russian Cooperator, Inter- national Labor Review. After a short survey of the conditions of labor at the end of 19 14, the mono- graph traces the effects of the War on various aspects of the labor problem : the diminution in the number of strikes; the growing number of accidents; labor insurance and social relief; measures for the improvement and development of factories; the activity of the Provisional Government. The author then discusses the general character of the Russian working class at the end of 19 14 and shows how it changed as a result of conscription, of the reduction in the number of skilled workers, and the employment of "colored" labor and of prisoners of war. EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON RUSSIAN TRADE AND COMMERCE International Trade of Russia during the War By Paul Athanasievitch Bouryschkine Vice Chairman of Moscow Municipal Council; President of Society of Wholesale Traders and Manufacturers; member of Board of Conferences of Representatives of Trade and Commerce; honorary Justice of Peace Moscow; Assistant Commissioner for All- Russian Union of Towns and head of Finance and Control Section of the Union; member of Council of the Republic, 1917 representing Trade and Industry; Secretary of State for Finances in the Anti-Bolshevist Government of Siberia, 1919. Articles on trade and commerce in various periodical publications, some in the Russian Economist (London). The study opens with a sketch of the internal trade of Russia at the begin- ning of the present century and its conditions at the outbreak of the War. The author then shows the effects of the War upon different types of trade: the wholesale and retail trade, the fairs and the stock exchange. He gives also a survey of the conditions of special branches of trade during the war. Special conditions created for internal trade by the War are discussed, as well as the state control of trade, etc. He traces the effects of the crisis of 191 7 upon internal trade, the growth of cooperative trade, the measures of the Provisional Govern- ment and the collapse of Russian internal trade at the end of 191 7. I36 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Russia in the Economic War By Baron Boris Emmanuilovitch Nolde Assistant Professor at Polytechnicum of Petrograd since 1903; Professor, Petro- grad University, since 191 7; associate member of Institute of International Law; member of Permanent Board of the International Tribunal at The Hague; Legal Adviser to Russian Foreign Office; head of Second Department of the Russian Foreign Office, 1916: Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 191 7. Publica- tions (in Russian): The Permanently Neutral State (1905); Essays on Russian Con- stitutional Law (191 1) ; Foreign Policy, Historical Sketch (1915) ; (in foreign languages) : Guerre Maritime et Neutralite (in collaboration with A. N. Mandelstam) ; U Ukraine sous le Protectorat Russe (1914; translated into Ukrainian); Russland, Preussen und Polen, 1861-1863 (1916); Le Rlgne de Lenine (1920; translated into German and Italian). After sketching the economic, geographic and military conditions which determined the character of the participation of Russia in the economic war, and the influence of the Allies in this respect, this volume gives a survey of the influence of the War and the blockade upon the sea-going trade of Russia. The author then traces the policy of Russia with regard to exports and imports, the problem of currency from the point of view of international trade, the participa- tion of Russia in the control of neutral markets. He discusses the part of Russia in the Paris Economic Conference and the influence of the Conference on the policy of the Russian Government with regard to foreign trade. The volume closes with a chapter dealing with the general effects of the War upon Russian foreign trade, the changes in its character and volume, etc. EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON RUSSIAN TRANSPORT By Michael Basilievitch Braikevitch Civil Engineer; Chairman of Board of Directors of London and Black Sea Building Co., of General Building Co., etc.; President of Odessa Section of Russian Imperial Technical Society; Chairman of Odessa Committee for Organization of War-Time In- dustry and member of Central Committee for Organization of War-Time Industry; Mayor of Odessa; Controller of Production of Munitions for heavy artillery in South Russia (during the War) ; Commissioner of Provisional Government for Black Sea Transport ; Under Secretary of State for Trade and Commerce in Provisional Govern- ment; Editor of Russian Economist (London), to which he has contributed many articles. This volume deals mainly with the effects of the War upon Russian railways, their work during mobilization, the transport of troops and military goods, the conditions of the rolling stock, the organization of railway service during the War, the changes in traffic, the construction of new railway lines, etc. The author endeavors also to show the government policy with regard to railways in different periods of the War and discusses the problem of the building of strategic lines by private companies, and with the assistance of the government. He then passes to the conditions of the river and sea transport during the War and describes the effects of the War in this domain. The volume closes with a chapter on the conditions of road transport. RUSSIAN SERIES I37 EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RUSSIA Elementary and Secondary Schools during the War By DlMITRY MlCHAILOVITCH ODINEIZ Professor of Russian Law at Psycho- Neural Institute of Petrograd since 1909 and member of Educational Committee of that school; Principal of a College for Boys in Petrograd, 1912-17, and Lecturer in History at different secondary schools; member of Executive of Petrograd Society of Popular (Narodny) Universities and Chair- man of its Educational Committee; at present Lecturer at French Lycee at Versailles and member of Board of Russian Popular Universities in France; member of Russian Academic Group in Paris; published a number of articles on historical and educational subjects (in Russia). This monograph opens with a sketch of the organization and conditions of elementary and secondary schools in Russia before the War and of the pro- posed introduction of general primary education. The author then shows the effects of the War upon elementary and secondary schools: the conscription of school teachers, the reduction of government subsidies, the suspension of the building of new schools, the conditions of schools in the battle zone, organization of labor battalions of school boys, the government policy, etc. Passing to the period of the Revolution, the author discusses its effect upon secondary and primary education and shows the gradual decay of education. Universities and Academic Institutions During the War By Professor Paul Jvanovitch Novgorodzoff Doctor of Constitutional Law, Moscow; Assistant Professor, University of Mos- cow, since 1896; member of First State Duma; Director of Moscow Institute of Com- merce since 1906 and Professor since 1912 ; Professor of Economics and Philosophy of Law, Moscow University, since 1917; member of Constituent Assembly; Principal and Professor at Russian Faculty of Law, Prague. Publications (in Russian) : Criti- cal Period for the Interpretation of Law (1909); Political Ideas of the Ancient and Mod- ern World (1910 and 1913; 2d ed., 1918); On the Social Ideal (1917; 2d ed., 1919; 3d ed., 1921), etc. After a short sketch of the conditions of university institutions from the Revolution of 1905 to the beginning of the War, this monograph gives a survey of the effects of the War upon this important section of public opinion, the attitude of professors and students towards the War, the general desire for national unity, the enlistment of students in the army and in different organizations connected with the army, etc. The author then traces the effect of conscription, the new aspirations of the end of 1916, the spread of discontent among the students, the Revolution of 191 7 and its results; suspension of work in the universities, political meetings and conferences, the development of political activity among students; policy of the Provisional Government. He passes to the events of the second half of 191 7, the renewal of academic studies in the autumn, the poor attendance of lecture rooms and laboratories, the growing participation of students in political I38 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR life. The monograph closes with a statement of the changes produced in univer- sity life by the coup d'Stat of the Bolsheviki and the withdrawal of Russia from the War. Effects of War upon Public Health By Professor Leon Alexandrovitch Taracievitch M.D. (Paris, Odessa); Professor of Pathology and Microbiology in University of Odessa, Moscow University College for Women and Second Moscow University; chairman of Medical Board of Scientists; Director of State Institute for Public Health; during the War, Director of Epidemics Department of Zemstvos Union; head of special medical mission sent to the Western (English and French) Front by Zemstvos Union in 1916; chairman of Medical Board of Towns Union; Medical and Sanitary Inspector of the Army (under Provisional Government). Fellow of numer- ous medical and scientific societies; editor of number of medical periodicals (in Rus- sia). Author of about 100 works, many of which were published in English, French and German. Last publication: Les epidemies en Russie en 1914-21, a report pre- sented to the League of Nations, 1922. After a short sketch of the conditions of medical, military and other services in Russia and of the state of public health at the outbreak of the War, this volume gives a general picture of the state of health of the army and population in 1914-17 and deals with certain special problems; the spreading of epidemic diseases and the measures taken against them; the effects of the War upon the conditions of medical and sanitary officers and upon medical education and science. The volume closes with certain parallels and conclusions drawn from the general conditions of Russia. SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND MOVEMENTS IN THE UKRAINE DURING THE WAR By Nicholas Michailovitch Mogilansky Director of Section of Ethnography and Anthropology of Museum Alexander II, Petrograd, 1909; since 1906, Lecturer in Geography and Anthropology at University College for Women of Petrograd and at Teachers School organized by War Office; Fellow of Anthropological Society, Paris, and Russian Imperial Geographical Society; member of Executive of Anthropological Society of Petrograd University; Ukrainian by birth; active in development of the Ukrainian national movement; two of his publications deal with Ukrainian subjects: The Pottery Industry in the Tchernigoff Government and The Buildings in the Tschernigoff Government; after the Bolshevist Revolution, Under Secretary of State in Government of Hetman Skoropadsky; Edi- tor, 1920-21, of periodical La Jeune Ukraine, in Paris; numerous articles and other publications (in Russian) dealing mainly with anthropological and geographical subjects. After a short historical sketch of Ukrainia and an account of the development of the Ukrainian separatism, this monograph shows how it was affected by the War: the mobilization, the loyalty of the Ukrainian population, the influence of refugees from Poland and the front, the attitude of Ukrainian nationalists during RUSSIAN SERIES 1 39 different periods of the War, the role of Germany and Austria before and during the War. Passing to the conditions of Ukraine during the Revolution, the author describes the formation of the Central Ukrainian "Rada" and of the Ukrainian National Republic, the German occupation, the "Hetmanship" of General Skoropadsky, the Directorate and the end of independence. He closes his monograph with a sketch of the conditions of Ukrainian peasantry. VITAL STATISTICS OF RUSSIA DURING THE WAR By Professor Alexander Alexandrovitch Tschuproff Doctor of Political Science, Strasburg; Doctor of Political Science, Moscow; Assistant Professor at PetrogradPolytechnicum, 1902; Professor, 1909; distinguished economist and statistician; Fellow, International Statistical Institute. Publications: Die Feldgemeinschaft: Eine Morphologische Studie (Strasburg, 1902); Essays on the Theory of Statistics (in Russian, 1909; 2d ed., 1910), and of numerous articles on economics and statistics. This study opens with a critical survey of Russian demographic returns. The author then gives a sketch of the changes in the population of Russia during the War and considers its effect upon separate statistical problems ; the marriage rate ; the birth rate ; birth rate of illegitimate children ; rate of still-born children ; the death rate. He traces the movement of the population during the War, the problem of prisoners of war, the removal of population from the area of military operations, etc. The volume concludes with a discussion of the reduction of the population as a result of the War. RUSSIA IN THE WORLD WAR A Historical Synthesis By Sir Paul Vinogradoff, F.B.A. Editor of First Russian Series This volume of general history will follow the more detailed studies described above. It begins with a survey of the social evolution of Russia before the War: the state and bureaucracy; economic units; Imperial policy; efforts and resources; education and justice ; nationalism and struggle against revolution. The different classes are then discussed: the gentry, the bourgeoisie, the clergy, the intellectuals, the peasantry. The effect of the War upon this society is then shown ; the initial situation, ideals and efforts; the miscarriage of official Russia; the dissolution of the army; the armed people. The revolutionary crisis is thus shown in its his- torical setting; political breakdown, theories and practice; the gospel of hatred; fictions and realities; club despotism; the coming reckoning. 140 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR SCANDINAVIAN SERIES ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON SWEDEN A series of studies edited and with an introduction By Professor Eli F. Heckscher Member of the Scandinavian Editorial Board I The Effects of the War upon the Life and Work of the Swedish People i . General Introduction By Professor Eli F. Heckscher Summing up the results of the whole investigation, i.e., the fundamental fac- tors in the economic and social developments of war time ; the general cost of war to Sweden (illusory character of war-time wealth) ; results as to success and failure of state interference; probable influence upon the future conditions of the people and its industry. 2. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Agriculture and Food Supply By Mr. Carl Mannerfelt Chief of Bureau at the Ministry of Agriculture, and Inspector of Small Holdings. Formerly Secretary to the State Food Supply Board (during the War) and repre- sentative of the Swedish Government in some British Prize Court cases. A general view of the situation of the country in relation to food supply, showing a dependence on imports as to cereals for half the consumption of wheat and an eighth of rye, as well as manure and fodder, but on the other hand an excess of animal food. Next will be described the effects of the War, creating what amounted at times to a virtual food blockade, and the measures of the Government to meet the situation, maximum prices, the rationing system and the state monopoly of food supply, as well as the encouragement given to cereal production. The working of this system will be analyzed, the attitude of consumers and producers to it, the illicit trade in food, the price movements, and the direction of agricultural development. After this general account some aspects of it will be taken up for chronological and sectional treatment, including the winding up of war-time food economics. 3. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Industry By Mr. Olof Edstrom of the Swedish Ministry of Commerce. Formerly Secretary to the State Board of Industry (during the War) and editor of a report on its work, 19 14-1920, in two vol- umes. Has also published (in Swedish) a study of the cement industry. After a short statement of industrial conditions on the eve of the War, the narrative falls into three clearly defined periods. First, the general dislocation caused by the outbreak of the War, industry however soon recovering and rapidly SCANDINAVIAN SERIES 141 expanding under the stimulation of war demands in 1915-16, with trade compara- tively unhampered. Then follows the effects of the Allied blockade in the sum- mer of 1916 and the unlimited submarine warfare from February, 191 7 ; increasing scarcity of war materials, and the devices for meeting this. Far-reaching conse- quences in all directions of Swedish economic life; wages of unskilled labor, price level, etc. General view of industrial production during 1917-18; the reason for its decline in spite of rising prices and apparent boom in trade. Finally, the his- tory of the period after the cessation of hostilities will be outlined; and lessons from different lines of state policy considered. 4. The Effect of the War upon the Working Classes By Mr. Otto Jarte Chief of Bureau at the Ministry of Social Affairs. Formerly a member of the State Board on Unemployment and of the Royal Commission on Economic Prepared- ness in Time of War. Writer on trade unions, labor questions and social policy. This study begins with an account of the measures taken to deal with the large increase of unemployment as the anticipated effect of the war; traces the situation as it developed in the very opposite sense. The new conditions are then analyzed, the great inrush of agricultural labor into the cities and industries as well as the unprecedented improvement in the position of unskilled in comparison with skilled labor. The situation will be studied from the point of view of the working men themselves, the change in nominal and real wages, and the attitude and influence of trade unions, as well as the character of the very moderate amount of relief work which took place. A general view of the changes in the occupations of the people will be given, and also an analysis of the influence of the War upon the attitude and outlook of the working classes in a country with a high standard of elementary education and strong labor unions which remained outside the stimulus and depression of actual warfare. After this somewhat full treatment of the leading factors of war-time social history, the unprecedented unemployment following upon the end of the War (the "Peace Crisis"), the measures taken to meet it and its almost complete disappearance in 1 922-1 923 will be briefly out- lined. Lastly, a separate part of this section will discuss the housing question and urban rent legislation, up to its total abolishment in 1923. II The Effects of the War upon Swedish Finance and Commerce 1 . The Effect of the War upon Currency and Finance By Professor Eli F. Heckscher The currency history of Sweden during the War has created more widespread interest outside the country than any other aspect of her war-time economics on account of the gold embargo policy, resulting in a rise in the international value of Swedish money far above gold import point. All the principal factors dominating 142 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Swedish currency history will be worked out. The success and failure of the policy of keeping up the value of money in Sweden in the face of international in- flation, the rate of interest, the credits given by exporters and banks to the bel- ligerents, the influence of the financial policy of the state, and the reaction of velocity in circulation and scarcity of commodities upon the value of money. Next, the influence of inflation upon the direction of production and upon the changes in the distribution of capital and income will be studied. The short re- action in 19 1 8-19, followed by a new boom, and then the great deflation in 1920-22 come up for treatment ; the comparative stability of money and prices reached in the last year will end this part of the narrative. The moratorium and other secondary issues will, however, be briefly noticed. The history of public finance will be somewhat less exhaustively treated than currency developments of the state budget. On the income side will be shown the big turnover from "indirect" to "direct" taxation, the unexpected yield of excess profits duties, but also the unforeseen reaction of these taxes upon production and the illusory character of a great deal of assessments and payment of taxes as a re- sult of the changes in the value of money; lastly the comparatively small amount of war-time borrowing. On the expenditure side will be considered the results of all-embracing government regulation to the finances of the state and municipali- ties, as well as the problem of salaries of Government officials under the influence of inflation. The reversal of the whole situation after the War will then be ex- plained, in connection with the reaction setting in against the expansion of state action and state establishments. 2. The War and Swedish Commerce By Mr. Kurt Bergendal Consul General and Chief of Section at the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Formerly Secretary and member of the State Board of Commerce (during the War). Formerly Under Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance. This deals with one of the principal factors determining the supply of food- stuffs and raw materials and deeply influencing Swedish currency and credit con- ditions. The different (economic) agreements with the Allied Powers, the Central Powers, and the Neutrals as to the treatment of imports and exports, tonnage, and credits will be given and explained as far as they have been made public. Particu- lar notice will be taken of the cooperation of the three Scandinavian countries in the economic field during the War. The important internal legislation, giving effect to the policy pursued by the Swedish Government and the agreements entered into with other countries, will be discussed in its bearings upon the economic life of the country. Annexed to this section will be a brief analysis (by Professor Heckscher) of actual trade development, taken as a whole, in so far as this does not come within the compass of the different sections of the first volume. This will be more or less in the shape of a digest of official trade statistics. SCANDINAVIAN SERIES I43 NORWAY AND THE WORLD WAR An Economic History By Dr. Wilhelm Keilhau Assistant Professor at the University of Christiania; consultant member of the Nobel (Peace Prize) Committee; former managing director of the Norwegian Air Traffic Co. Scientific Publications: (in Norwegian): Legal Basis of Norwegian Waterpower Concessions (1914); Outline of Economics (1916); Elements of Law (1916); The Theory of Rent (1916); The Report of the Royal Commission on Grain Monopoly (1918). (in German): Die Wertungslehre; Versuch einer exakten Beschreibung der Okonomischen Grundbeziehungen (1923). A historical chronological survey of the general effects of the World War upon the economic life of Norway. After a short narrative of the development of the country during the hundred years of peace from 18 14 up to 19 14, leading up to the conditions of production and trade at the outbreak of the War, the volume treats the war period in detail, showing how industry and shipping under the pressure of the blockade brought surprising if precarious profits, which led to false conclusions. Then mistaken ideas as to the duration of the War and an optimistic belief in the benefits of the coming peace, shared by both Government and business men, re- sulted in a short-sighted economic policy and the speedy loss of most of the war- time profits. The history is outlined on this background. After a statement of the new social problems due to the War, the author concludes by a statement of the balance of gain and loss; discussing the effects of the World War upon his country in the moral as well as the economic sphere. THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON DENMARK By Dr. Einar Cohn Editor of the Danish Journal of Political Economy; on the staff of Statistical De- partment of Danish Civil Service; during the War he held important positions in the Administration of Food Regulation. Author of a study on the economic effects of the War of 1864, written for the Carnegie Endowment. Editor of National Okono- misk Tiksckrift. This is a general study of the economic and social effects of the War upon Denmark arranged topically rather than chronologically so as to make clear the varying effect of the War in different aspects of national business and policy. It is of special interest in that, although neutral, Denmark was thrown to some extent into the economic war between the Central Powers and the Allies. Special atten- tion will be paid to food policies, price control, public finance, and labor regula- tions. The volume will contain as well the short monograph on the effects of the war upon Iceland noted below. 144 economic and social history of the world war The Economic Effects of the War upon Iceland By Mr. Thorstein Thorsteinsson Chief of Icelandic Statistical Office This small monograph, which will be articulated with the volume on the his- tory of Denmark, will be of considerable interest as showing the repercussion of the War upon the distant and isolated economy of these Danish possessions. It is planned in general along the same lines as the larger Scandinavian studies. YUGOSLAV SERIES ECONOMIC SITUATION OF SERBIA PRIOR TO THE WAR By Professor Velimir Bajkitch Editor of Yugoslav Series The general situation of Serbia — economic, social and financial — prior to the War. Short sketch of the tariff war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary in 1906. Effect in Serbia of the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria- Hungary in 1908. Serbia and the Balkan War, 1912-13. The economic situa- tion, internal and external, in 1914. Largely documented with original texts. SERBIA DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR By Professor Velimir Bajkitch The effect upon Serbia of the outbreak of the war. Formation of the army. Equipment. Munitions, etc. Effects of the first phase of the War upon agricul- ture, manufactures, and industry. Communications and transport. Domestic and foreign commerce. Movement of the civil population. Concentration centers, and the flight of the populace. Housing and rents. Moratorium. Money and banking questions. The effect of the two early invasions of the enemy in August and October, 1914. Prices and price fixing, and health of the army and of the civilian population. Three hundred and fifty thousand out of four to five millions died of typhoid and typhus, etc., in three months. Social questions: Education — doles — the organization of foreign help. Local finances and the state. General conclusions for this period. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR UPON YUGOSLAVIA (Volume to be arranged) V.— EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE SERIES A volume of the British Series of the Economic and Social History of the World War, organised by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Certainly this institution could not find a stronger argument for peace — apart from war's selection of our best lives for slaughter and disablement — than the economic chaos produced by bad war finance in the region of wages and prices, a chaos of which we have not yet seen the full consequences. — Saturday Review, November 5, 1921. It has been estimated that the official documents relating to the War are equal in bulk to the whole contents, accumulated through the ages, of the Record Office in July. 1914. It is known, for example, that the War Office alone has many hundreds of tons of documents stored in a London suburb, and the Admiralty, the Foreign Office and the defunct Ministry of Munitions, among other departments, must have collected stupendous masses of papers. . . . Mr. Jenkinson's fore- bodings have already been justified. The War Office, for example, had maintained since the Armistice a small section — costing, we believe, no more than £3,000 a year — for the purpose of making a preliminary index to its immense accumulation of war documents, many of which are, of course, of the highest possible interest and value, while others necessarily deal with ephemeral topics. Until such an index is made, the documents are virtually useless — rudis indigestagtie moles. But the War Office abolished its Indexing Section, and its war archives may remain unexamined in their repository till the Golden Age dawns with a shilling income-tax. — From a review on Mr. Hilary Jenkinson's A Manual of Archive Administration, in Spectator, June 24, 1922. We have not the smallest inclination to question the discretion of the General Editor and the Trustees in this matter. If anything is calculated to restrain the fierceness of man, it is the knowl- edge that the portion of mankind which counts itself most "civilised" nearly wiped itself off the earth with its own devilish inventions. — Manchester Guardian, September 5, 1921. It is inevitable that the unprecedented magnitude of the War should have its reflex in the literature of the War, all the more because its literature must . . . also treat of the economic and social aspects and effects which assume such exceptional importance. Even the preliminary work of collecting the material and putting it in a form available for future historians, entails work of the greatest magnitude, requiring the co-operation of a large number of highly skilled experts and very large funds. Probably it would never have been done or would have been left at the best to the unorganised and spasmodic attempts of individuals, had not the Carnegie Endowment come forward. . . . The outline of the plan ... is itself a testimony of the magnitude of the task they have undertaken. . . . — Times Literary Supplement, October 20, 1921. Having mentioned in a recent article a great publication undertaken by the Carnegie Endow- ment on the economic and social history of the War, the desire has been expressed that I should give more detailed information on the subject. The undertaking certainly makes this worth while. To my knowledge it is the greatest historical work of which the war of 1914-1918 has been so far, and probably will ever be, the object. . . . The structure as a whole, it will be seen, will be truly imposing. It could not have been on a lesser scale if it was to correspond with the colossal proportions of a war which has shaken the foundations of the whole world and has transformed, perhaps for centuries, the economic life of all the civilized peoples. — Fernand Pas- selecq, in La Libre Belgique, September 9, 1922. 145 I46 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR It is fortunate that the record of the important experiments made in the control of industry during the War will be preserved for posterity by men so highly competent. . . . Mr. Salter and Mr. Henderson have set a high standard and if the remaining books to be published by the Carnegie Endowment are of the same quality, the library will be invaluable. As the organisation of industry becomes every day a more and more urgent problem, these studies will be examined carefully for the instructions and warning they provide. — Daily News, May 5, 1922. The new Series . . . promises to be of the highest merit and value. — Westminster Gazette, July 14, 1921. The range rather staggers a critic not enthused over the results of co-operation in less extended works on modern, mediaeval and literary history. . . . It is a scheme that will be modified by the execution, and we trust Dr. Shotwell's grasp of the objective will enable him to control, if not to direct, the lines of the vastest enterprise in history to which mankind has yet aspired. — Scottish Statistical Review, October, 1921. Already in the autumn of 1916 the Carnegie Endowment thought of preparing a social and economic history of the Great War. But it was in the summer and autumn of 1919 that the scheme entered upon its realization, after the particularly happy appointment of Professor Shot- well as general editor. . . . One hopes that this great undertaking will be carried through with sufficient speed. — Revue Historique (Paris), November-December, 192 1. . . . The series on the Economic and Social History of the W^orld War, projected by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which will create a valuable record. — Scottish Historical Review, January, 1922. While the World W T ar was still being waged, the Carnegie Endowment, whose object is the promotion of international peace, assumed the task of compiling the economic history of the War in a composite work of monumental dimensions and thus transmitting to posterity a record of the bitter experiences which the present generation suffered during the conflict. . . . It is just such economic lessons as these that often are forgotten only too quickly. . . . This enormous undertaking would hardly have been executed in a worthy and adequate fashion without the employment of the great resources at the disposal of the Carnegie Endowment. The adminis- trators of the Endowment made a great and useful decision in placing their resources at the service of this work, which otherwise would certainly never have been carried out. — Dr. Gustav Gratz, in Pester Lloyd (Budapest), September 18, 1921. . . . The fact that it forms a volume in the new series on the Economic and Social History of the War (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) . . . should go far to recommend it, apart altogether from its own solid merits and its opportune appearance. — From a review of Professor Keith's volume in Birmingham Post, December 1, 192 1. How the unheralded millions of men, women and children, far from the fighting line, faced the effects of the World War is to be recorded in a monumental history by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. . . . Mr. Root and his colleagues are convinced that even limitation of armament will be no more potent an argument for world peace than this categorical exhibit of the gigantic sacrifices which non-combatants must undergo in modern warfare. . . . The theory underlying the Carnegie Endowment scheme is to turn the searchlight wholesale on the gigantic derangement in the affairs of the common people necessitated by preparation for modern war. — F. W. Wile, in Christian Science Monitor, May 22, 1922. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 147 The object of this great historical scheme is to present the facts of the world while at war, rather than the facts of the War itself, and this it does by recognising, both in aim and scope, the peculiar character of modern war, and its far-reaching effects upon the ordered life of all nations, neutral as well as combatant. . . . There can be no doubt that the completed series will form one of the most complete economic and social surveys ever made. — Land Agents 1 Record, October 1, 1921. The future historian will be indebted to the Carnegie Endowment for having placed part of their funds at the disposal of various eminent authorities ... in order to investigate and place on record the economic and social effects of the World War. — Clare Market Review, London School of Economics, Autumn, 192 1. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has taken up the task of publishing accounts of what may be called the civilian aspects of the War. Questions like labor in war time, the mobilisation and the re-organisation of industry, the shifting of wealth, and the ultimate evalua- tion of war costs, are all subjects that call for historical treatment, and it is well to have the facts relating to them on record while they are fresh in the memories of those who were in contact with them. — Shipping World, October 25, 1921. . . . The gigantic economic history and survey of the war period. . . . The enter- prise is almost staggering in its comprehensiveness. — Daily News, July 18, 192 1. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . . . has undertaken a great work of the utmost importance in connection with the W 7 orld W T ar. This institution, animated by the lofty aim to be served by such a work, has decided to devote a portion of its revenue to the publi- cation of an economic and social history of the World War. — Bollettino Mensile delV Ufficio del Lavoro e della Statistica (Turin), May, 1922. An historical work which has been planned on a large scale is at present beginning to assume form and substance. . . . It is a result of the program of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . . . and in its gigantic dimensions, its vast resources, and its scientific exactitude the work is worthy of the serious character of that institution. . . . We have selected this topic in order to show by means of a single example the amount of enlightenment which the historian may expect to reap from this work of the Carnegie Endowment. — Berthold Molden, in Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, May 13, 1922. A task of vast magnitude and of equal value and importance. . . . — Daily Telegraph, July 19, 1921. The Great War had many victims apart from those who met their death in the field or suc- cumbed to wounds and diseases. There were many who died of broken hearts, and prominent among those was Mr. Andrew Carnegie. . . . But his dreams find continued expression in the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, whose latest issue, in the Division of Economics and History, is this considerable tome (Keith). . . . — Guardian, January 13, 1922. The Endowment has undertaken to prepare an economic and social history of the Great War, . . . "working upon an unofficial basis, and yet commanding the confidence in each country of those whose co-operation is essential for an authoritative survey of the economic and social dis- placement of the war." This is an urgent, though formidable undertaking and its successful accomplishment should alone justify the existence of the Endowment. — Melbourne Argus, May 13, 1922. I48 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR This whole historical survey is an attempt to measure the economic cost of the War and the dis- placements that it has caused in the processes of civilisation. Of course such an undertaking can not literally produce a balance-sheet with an estimated loss to carry forward. Since the War was fought by the Allies to resist the imposition of terrible evils upon the work by Germany the value of the resistance to the invasion of France and Belgium by the German forces, though it can not be estimated in terms of money or gain, was a gain to civilisation that must be set against the eco- nomic losses of the War. Balance-sheets with such mixed assets and losses cannot be satisfactory. All that an economic and social history of the War can do is to estimate actual facts from reliable records. — Contemporary Review, November, 1922. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has taken up the task of publishing accounts of what may be called the civilian aspects of the War. The basic idea of such histories is that mod- ern war exercises far-reach ing effects upon the ordered life of all nations, neutral as well as com- batant, and these are phenomena that military history is wont to ignore. Questions like labour in war time, the mobilisation and reorganisation of industry, the shifting of wealth, and the ultimate evaluation of war costs are all subjects that call for historical treatment, and it is well to have the facts relating to them on record while they are fresh in the memories of those who were in contact with them. — Shipping World (London), October 26, 1921. The Economic and Social History of the World War is history on a new plan. It shows what a world at war is like rather than describes the war itself. Its theme is the far-reaching effects of modern war upon the ordered life of nations, neutral as well as combatant. It is an attempt to record and so far as possible to measure those effects. It deals with subjects which military history seldom touches: war governments, economic controls, labour as affected by war, the mobilization and reconstruction of industry, the shifting of wealth and the ultimate evaluation of war costs. — The Spectator, February 24, 1923. The beginning of the realization of the plan (of the History) promises an achievement worthy of its greatness. . . . The first four volumes which have appeared are, each in its own way, masterpieces of living history, which will do honor to any learned academy in the world, and in which we especially — "the enemy" — can frankly admire the serious conception, the thoroughness of the critical handling of materials and the sureness of method. — From Wilbrandt and Thimme's Wahrheitswille, April, 1923. The war, which interrupted the execution of the scheme undertaken by the Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, has been adroitly turned to their purpose and itself made the subject of a rigorous examination. — Times Literary Supplement (London), March 22, 1923. In a period of history in which the devastating consequences of a sanguinary conflict have made international relations almost impossible and have frustrated even the best meant efforts to restore the interrupted intercourse between statesmen of the countries concerned, especially those of German speech, there is a certain consolation in the announcement that, in all the countries which have suffered from the War, a group of men, animated by a common impulse, have under- taken with the earnest zeal of men of science, to establish by the most careful research, the extent and character of the displacement which the common ruin of the War has caused in their own States. For it is immediately clear that without such a thorough investigation of the effects of the War, country by country, a comparative, synthetic survey is not to be thought of, and that unless the comparative survey is made possible the infinitely complex and disparate results of the world catastrophe will always lack that analysis which would contribute most effectively to peace. It is the merit of the Carnegie Endowment for Peace, and more especially of the Division of Eco- EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS I49 nomics and History, to have given the impulse to such a work, and to have planned for its execution on a vast and most comprehensive scale. — Dr. Felix Oppenheimer, in Oesterreichische Rundschau, November, 1921. The Carnegie Endowment, which is dedicated to peace, as its name indicates, has undertaken this work deliberately in that spirit. It feels that it is a duty to humanity as well as a scientific duty to preserve and organize the material by means of which future generations may see what the War has meant for our own generation. Probably no other institution possesses the means for undertaking such a work. . . . Governments alone have sufficient funds, but it is doubtful whether Governments would realize the importance of the task, and it is also doubtful whether they would have that solid wisdom which would allow the work to proceed untouched by biased influences. In any case they could not give to such an inquiry the homogeneity which alone could lead to such general conclusions that are both valid scientifically and sufficiently convincing to become applicable in practical politics. So that the Carnegie Endowment, both by means which are at its disposal, and by the moral guaranties which it offers, seems to have been destined to undertake that work; and there can be no doubt that the work would not have been done, or would not have been done as it should be done, if the Endowment had not come forward for the purpose. The general plan of the work has been from every point of view so laid out as to do justice to the subject and honor to the Endowment. If the undertaking is fully completed, science will be endowed with a work more grandiose than anything ever conceived by the mind of a scholar; and it will remain a monument to the services rendered by the American nation to human civilization. — Archiva Pentru Stiinta si Reforma Sociale (Bucharest), vol. iv, Nos. 4-5. Great, unique in many ways, at once a work of history and a contribution to peace. . . . All so-called propaganda has been eliminated by the General Editor. . . . The central thought of those in charge of the Carnegie Endowment . . . is to show what wounds civilization has suffered from the World War. — Schlesische Zeitung, May 11, 1923. The subjects generally do not touch on fields where bitter controversies have raged. . . . No direct emotional or sentimental reaction is expected. . . . It is intended to put a record of the economic and social costs of the War in the hands of those who can use it. In this way it is intended, through the medium of historians, teachers, statesmen and political thinkers to record for future generations the varied damage to civilization that was accomplished by the War. — European Press (Munich), May 5, 1923. Under this plan every volume will have a distinct value as the deliberate expression of in- formed opinion, independent of that derived from its place in an organised scheme. It should be possible to trace the birth and progress of projects that were devised to meet urgent conditions and were subsequently developed under the stern necessity of compelling need. But it may not be equally easy to see the mutual relations and reactions of simultaneously operating schemes, or the total effects of all the varying forces which were modifying each other, while shaping and control- ling the industrial activities of the countries affected by the War. To construct a simple panorama of the industrial situation that prevailed can be undertaken only when time has developed the full consequences of measures, whose operations could not be foreseen, and has arranged the tangled threads of events into a clear and harmonious picture. — From a review of Sir Richard Redmayne's volume in Engineering, July 13, 1923. While it will be something of a relief to read a war history of facts and results alone, the unnatural calm of the work may prove a little tepid. — Stead's Review (Melbourne, Australia), May 26, 1923. 150 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR No doubt the history to be based on this mass of information will be the most exhaustive record of the Great War, or of any particular period in the life of the world, ever published. It will be a prodigy of industry, a marvel of public spirit, a priceless service to future generations. What would students today not give for such a chronicle of some momentous epoch in the far past? — The Globe, Toronto, December 18, 1923. These series of books are valuable compendiums of facts on all phases of war history; and as they are provided with good indexes they ought to be an inexhaustible source of reference. . . — Newcastle Daily Chronicle, August 2, 1923. ALLIED SHIPPING CONTROL By J. A. Salter Subsequent historians may not improbably say, that Mr. J. A. Salter, a British civil servant, has written the most important book on the Great War down to 1921. — New Statesman, September 10, 1921. It seems very doubtful if anyone was quite in as good a position as Mr. Salter to write the chap- ters on Allied Shipping Control. . . . This has been admirably done by Mr. Salter. — Times (London), July 22, 1921. . . . Marvellously well done and lucid. . . . It is an epic cast in the form of a Blue Book. — Manchester Guardian, September 5, 1921. The new series on the Social and Economic History of the World War which is being prepared, with Professor Shotwell as general editor, on behalf of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, promises to be of the highest merit and value. But though we had looked to it for clear records and indispensable documents, we own we had scarcely expected to find in it the fascinating story and brilliant economic study that run side by side in Mr. J. A. Salter's volume on the Allied Shipping Control. Rare ability and great skill in the handling of material that must be difficult and even forbidding from the literary point of view have gone to the making of this book, which, unless we are greatly mistaken, will long stand as one of the classics of the War. Not only does Mr. Salter write uncommonly well, but he is telling a story in which he himself bore a considerable part; and at every stage he is able to bring back to us the emotions of the moment, the doubts, fears and tense anxieties of those who had this tremendous responsibility on their shoulders. The result is something quite new in economic history, and we have to thank Mr. Salter for a book which, without shirking any detail that is needed for history or science, has many of the qualities of a great romance. . . . — Westminster Gazette, July 16, 1921. By position, bv impartiality, and by capacity, few men could be so well equipped for the task as he; and from many points of view his book is likely to be a classic of the economic history of the war. ... It illustrates, to begin with, though not intentionally, nor at length, the true char- acter of modern war. . . . The German method was the submarine war, the Allied method the so-called blockade. Both were directed more against non-combatants than against combat- ants. Both involved the maximum of cruelty and inhumanity. . . . — G. Lowes- Dickinson, in Nation (London), July 30, 1921. Mr. J. A. Salter's account of Allied Shipping Control will help much in establishing public admin- istration, that is to say, the science of securing business efficiency in the operation of the machinery of government, not only as a recognised subject of academic study, but as a matter of vital impor- tance to the well-being of the State. . . . The story . . . will serve for a considerable time as a classic example of real internationalism. — Observer, August 21, 1921. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 151 Is there, then, no lesson to be drawn from the story of how the nations combined, how resources were co-ordinated . . . ? There is, and Mr. Salter draws it most convincingly, with special relation to the functions the League of Nations might exercise. — Mr. H. Wilson Harris, in Daily News, August 15, 1921. The volume forms one of a series of works dealing with the economic and social history of the War and it is supremely adequate to its purpose. . . . The bearing of this book upon the future of international relationships can not be over-estimated. — Liverpool Daily Courier, Septem- ber 19, 1921. It is an admirable record of a great achievement, with a large moral for the future. . . . These are sound generalisations; but the reader is not left with them alone. He will find in this well-argued chapter practical suggestions for the applying of a system of sane internationalism. — London Mercury, November, 1921. Allied Shipping Control is a book which everyone should read. It is of special interest to the readers of Headway because it is full of promise for those who have faith in the co-operative powers of mankind. — Sir Leo Chiozza Money, in Headway, November, 1921. For an understanding of the economic measures by means of which the Allies were able to carry on the War, to ultimate victory, this book . . . is a most noteworthy contribution ... a remarkably complete, clear, and informing account. . . . Probably no other man could be found so competent to write a book on international co-operation. — George Rublee, in Evening Post (New York), October 22, 1921. . . . Invaluable as a history and of the greatest promise for the series arranged by the Carnegie Endowment ... of a quality, within its own limits, for which no praise can be too high. — Time and Tide, August 19, 1921. . . . A record which will not only be of undoubted value to the student of history and economics, but which may, one day, prove of inestimable use also to the politician and the soci- ologist. — Fairplay, September 22, 1921. Those who have studied the history of international co-operation in the past. ... I strongly recommend sceptics to read an excellent work . . . written by Mr. J. A. Salter and entitled Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration. — Looking Forward, October, 1921. His book is extraordinarily interesting. It is an economic document of the first importance, but it is much more than that. It is a book full of matter, so well organised and so clearly arranged that the extremely complicated subject it surveys becomes intelligible, even to the reader least familiar with them. — Review of Reviews, September-October, 192 1. Anyone who was at all closely connected with the work of the time will recognise the accurate skill with which the picture is presented. . . . As an accurate record of the facts and events described it is almost impossible that the book will be surpassed. — Economic Journal, September, 1921. As an historical volume, dealing with a most important phase of the war operations, the book is invaluable, as it reveals in detail much that was not previously understood. — Glasgow Herald, August 5, 192 1. 152 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR . . . Mr. Salter's book has a great value as a first hand record of the things that actually did happen in war time. . . . — Shipping World, October 26, 192 1. Mr. Salter's volume supplies material on which the future historian may be able to weigh the relative advantages of public control and private enterprise. — Newcastle Daily Journal, July 21, 1921. . . . The student of economic history will find in this book a valuable additional contribu- tion to our knowledge of the various features of the Great War. Particularly valuable is the Appendix, comprising 90 pages, in which is given a collection of official documents relating to the Allied Control and a series of statistics dealing with all the phases of the Control problem. — Ship- building and Shipping Record, December 8, 1921. This book is an interesting and valuable contribution to knowledge . . . remarkably cheap for its size. — Oxford Magazine, February, 1922. When the world has recovered from the Treaty of Versailles ... we hope to read an inner history of Reparations as lucid and authoritative as the recent volume on Allied Shipping Control. — New Statesman, December 10, 1921. Contains much valuable documentary and historical data . . . a valuable contribution to the history of shipping during the World War. — Nation (New York), February 8, 1922. In the history of the War there are three outstanding periods of danger to the Allied cause — the threat to Paris in 1914, the advance in March, 1918, and the submarine campaign of 1917. Of these three dangers, two were known to the whole world, and were little, if at all, underrated by the British people. The third was vaguely recognised and partially understood, but, as we look back now over the four years of war, we see in it, perhaps, the greatest of all the perils that we had to meet. . . . Mr. J. A. Salter, whose great abilities were devoted throughout the war to this problem, has in a recently published book told the story of how the organisation of Government control grew, through Admiralty requisitioning, blue-book rates, departmental committees, ministries and conferences, until, with the formation of the Allied Maritime Transport Council, almost the whole effective tonnage of the world was brought under the control and disposition of a single authority, an authority that almost could move the steamers of the world about at its will and divert them at a moment's notice to the work that seemed at the time to be most urgent. It is the story of how the peace-time machinery of ship management was replaced piecemeal by a despotic power that cared nothing for the pull of profit and loss which normally directs the move- ments of steamers throughout the world. It is a fascinating tale. . . . — Economist, August 27, 1921. . . . Having regard to the difficulties through which the sea-carrying trade is now passing, the book should find a wide public among those who go down to the sea in ships and others in- terested in shipping and its future. — Financial Times, July 18, 1921. A fascinating and little-known story of the War. . . . Dundee Evening Telegraph and Post, July 21, 1921. . . . Mr. Salter has produced a book of first-rate importance. If all administrators could give as good an account of public affairs, history would not be so difficult to write in future years. Mr. Salter not only gives a vivid impression of the danger of defeat by submarine, which was hardly acknowledged in 191 7; but he is also able to state clearly the general conclusions to which EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 153 war experiments point. . . . Whether we agree or not with Mr. Salter's assumptions and conclusions, clearly his book is not simply a record of dead facts. It provides good political science for the use of statesmen and citizens who are capable of thinking. . . . — Saturday Review, August 6, 1921. The author's qualifications for his task, so far as it is concerned with the description of what was actually done, could not well have been better. — Lloyd's Shipping List, July 18, 1921. Mr. Salter, who was director of ship requisitioning and secretary to the two bodies, whose work he describes, finds his way through an enormous amount of detail to a remarkably clear presentation of the economic system set up under the pressure of war conditions and of the prob- lem of shipping after the War and the solution of that problem. — Glasgow Herald, August 5, 192 1. . . . In Mr. Salter's engrossing narrative we obtain a considerable insight into the position of shipping during the War. The mental attitude of the public towards shipowners and that of neutral owners towards the Allies at various stages of the War are indicated as part of the problem with which the controlling officials had to deal. The knowledge is essential to a full understanding of the events of 1914-1918, and Mr. Salter's volume is a valuable contribution to that end. — Shipping World, October 26, 1921. Fits in perfectly with the plan of the whole series. ... In the old way of writing history, the "drum and trumpet" style, such a work as this had no place. But since historians began to realize the important part economics play in wars, the making of wars and their aftermaths, vol- umes like these are of first importance. Mr Salter writes in an easy style that makes even his most statistical pages attractive, his personal participation in the making of these statistics giving them an agreeable human touch. At his hand economics are not as "dismal" as Carlyle said that science was, and he also gives them their true value and relation to the world war as a whole. — New York Herald, May 30, 1922. A mine of information and instruction. It recalls to life the tragic hours, which those who lived through them will never forget. It offers a unique occasion for reflection for all those who, in economics as in other things, recognize the sovereignty of experience. The experience treated here is one of the most moving and instructive that history records. — From one of three articles based upon the book in Moniteur des Interets Materiels, Sept. 22, 1922. PRICES AND WAGES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1914-1920 By Arthur L. Bowley The Editorial Board of the Economic and Social History of the World War did well when they induced Professor Bowley to undertake the monograph on Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom, 1914-1920. . . . Professor Bowley has the mathematician's detachment, and can plot a diagram of the price of eggs or give a tabulated statement of coal-miners' wages with as little indulgence in moral indignation as Bishop Creighton showed in describing the doings of the Renaissance Popes. He is simply concerned to describe what happened when certain military and political events led to the sudden dislocation of an intricate economic machine. . . . But even on such topics as these Dr. Bowley is severely reticent. . . . But the desire for more guesses and fewer figures is clearly unreasonable, even though, in its way, it is a tribute to the author's knowledge and mastery of his subject. — Times Literary Supplement (London), August 25, 1921. . . . The greatest living authority on the subject. — Economist, September 3, 1921. 154 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR The most valuable work that has so far appeared in the British Series. . . . Altogether the work . . . [has] . . . a unique value. — Statist, August 27, 192 1. . . . The study of his work is indispensable. His criticisms are masterly and his qualifica- tion is of the highest order. — Spectator, September 10, 1921. . . . Substantial and noteworthy contribution by a man of science to the historical elucidation of these anxious questions. ... It surveys in a skilfully detailed and interestingly varied array, always clearly and precisely ordered, of statistical lists and tables, the principal movements in prices and rates of wages in the United Kingdom from the beginning of the War to the summer of 1920. . . . — Scotsman, August 18, 1921. Dr. Bowley's scientific methods will discourage the bold propagandist, but they have provided a detailed and valuable record of wage and price movements upon which future economists can build. — Manchester Guardian, October 27, 192 1. Any propagandist, on whatever side, who hopes to get ammunition from Professor Bowley, will be seriously disillusioned by his new book. It is a model of scientific discretion. . . . He will delight the scientific student of economics. In statistical arrangement his book is a master- piece. — Westminster Gazette, December 24, 192 1. Dr. Bowley's deeply interesting book . . . justly assessed as an invaluable compilation of social and industrial data of the first importance. — Observer, November 20, 192 1. Dr. Bowley treats his subject in a manner worthy of his great reputation. — Saturday Review, November 5, 1921. . . . A masterpiece of statistical research, indispensable to the historian of labour and to writers on economic and industrial problems. . . . — Tablet, November 5, 1921. One is so accustomed to read opinions first and supporting facts (if any) afterwards. . . . The present volume, . . . just because it is a plain record, with only a splash of varnish here and there, is likely to be of real value to the future student in Nicaragua, who will be working up a thesis showing the process whereby Europe, through the genius of her governing class, by the end of the 21st Century, had become the economic and political appanage of the trans- Atlantic peoples. — A. E. Davies, L. C. C, in Daily News, September 29, 1921. That most subtle and penetrating of English statisticians, A. L. Bowley, that practised and profound investigator of the great mass of statistical data. . . . The author's conclusions are reached by way of an analytical survey of the most instructive nature, which it is impossible to summarize here. . . . Bowley's masterly volume is a magnificent inauguration of the series of works dedicated by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to the examination of the economic phenomena of the war. — La Riforma Sociale (Turin). That excellent statistician, Professor Bowley, here exhibits and analyses the economic results following the principal movements in Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom from the outbreak of the War to the summer of 1920. — Chamber of Commerce Journal, September 30, 1921. This book is worthy of Professor Bowley's reputation as a statistician. He writes with intimate knowledge of the War conditions, for, although he does not tell us so, he was in constant touch with the government departments during the period of strain, which he here dispassionately describes. — Scottish Historical Review, July, 1922. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 1 55 This book will undoubtedly prove an invaluable reference work for all those who have occasion to require any facts or figures relating to prices and wages during the period 1914-1920. — Clare Market Review, London School of Economics, Autumn, 1921. . . . It is a mass of detailed statistics of extraordinary value, as to the whole movement of prices and wages in the period under review. — Time and Tide, September 2, 1921. . . . A very laudable attempt to clear up the confusion in which the important subject of prices and wages is involved. . , . The section dealing with prices contains a great deal of valuable and original matter. — New Statesman, May 6, 1922. Professor Bowley . . . presents in digestible form material which is of infinite value to persons interested in the problem of equal pay for equal work. — Woman's Leader, October 24, 1922. The whole chapter ... is a valuable contribution to the important history of farm- workers during the Great War. . . . The volume is a record of the war years that is invaluable to all who take any interest whatever in the vital problems of either prices or wages. — Land Agents' Record, October 21, 1921. . . . A very large and valuable collection of statistics. . . . — Daily Herald, March 22, 1922. Solid raw material for the economic historian of the future. — Nation (New York), March 22, 1922. Professor Bowley's admirable book is a veritable mine of information . . . and gives a statistical basis for important comparisons with similar conditions in the United States and other countries. . . . — Evening Post (New York), May 20, 1922. . . . The text is clear and logical, and has the merit of being easily comprehensible. Primarily a work of reference, it will also repay the earnest student who has the courage and leisure to tackle it. — Financial Times, August 22, 1921. . . . A masterpiece of statistical research, indispensable to the historian of labour and to writers on economic and industrial problems, but rather in the nature of "caviare to the general." — Tablet, November 5, 1921. WAR GOVERNMENT OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS By Arthur Berriedale Keith The editors have been fortunate in securing the services of Professor Keith. ... He has compiled a very lucid, well-informed and judicial account of the part played by the Dominions both in the W 7 ar and in the Peace Settlement. — Times Literary Supplement (London), October 20, 1921. If succeeding volumes maintain the high standard ... set by this one, the History will be a monument of historical scholarship. — Nation (New York), January 4, 1922. ... a wide and comprehensive survey of what may almost be called the emancipation of the Dominions, for certainly their relations with the British State itself, loose as they were in 1914, have been most profoundly modified since that eventful year. The book is planned on agree- I56 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR able lines; each subject is dealt with as it affected the particular Dominion, and the various diver- gencies of opinion and effect which sprang from local or racial instincts or prejudices are treated generously and without bias. . . . — Birmingham Post, December 1, 1921. The history of these developments, with a full account of the consequences and implications, is to be found in an admirable volume published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. — Manchester Guardian, in a first leader entitled "The Colonial Revolution," September 12, I92I. This is a valuable and illuminating survey of the methods of Colonial administration during the war. Professor Keith has long been known as our foremost authority on Dominion govern- ment; and this volume is worthy of his great reputation. — Nation (London), September 24, 1921. Here Professor Keith has performed yeoman service, for the changing status of the Domin- ions has led to much loose thinking and loose speaking: in pages that are admirably clear . . . we see the varying forms of Coalition forced on the Dominions by war conditions, . . . the growing opposition from racial, economic or particularist causes, ... we see the straining of the various written constitutions of the Dominions. . . . Lastly we face the greatest of all racial problems, the question of the treatment by the Dominions of Indians and of the native races within their own borders, and we are left with a feeling of the complexity and number of the problems to be solved. The book is written in a studiously impersonal spirit. . . . — C. S. S. Higham, in Scottish Historical Review, January, 1922. Describes somewhat discursively, but most completely, and with abundant knowledge the influence of the War on the activities of the governments of the Dominions and of their relations to the governments of the United Kingdom. . . . The book is one of the British series of war monographs published on behalf of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and, like other volumes of the same origin, is handsomely bound and printed. — English Historical Review, April, 1922. We have here a contribution of the front rank on all the subjects with which it deals, nor is this a contribution of the dry-as-dust order. We can do no more than select one of the topics in order to show from it how carefully this book deserves to be studied. — Irish Times, August 8, 1921. More narrative than criticism, Professor Keith's book is an admirable piece of history.— Scotsman, August 8, 1921. Those who are acquainted [with his former writings] readily recognise that he is an authority on the subject, and the present volume, which is published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . . . will add to his reputation. Writing with a thorough mastery of facts. . . . — Satur day Review, September 24, 1 92 1. The result is an invaluable record of Dominion development faithful to reality both in fact and in atmosphere. — Glasgow Herald, August 18, 192 1. In this work Dr. Keith contributes yet another to the series of masterly and penetrating studies which have done so much in recent years to elucidate the constitutional relations of the several parts of the Empire. — Fortnightly Review, September, 192 1. Professor Keith's solid and erudite, if rather dryish, volume will form a rich armoury of facts and points in connection with the next [Dominion Conference]. — Guardian, January 13, 1922. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 1 57 His book may be read with interest and will be invaluable for reference. — Spectator, August 20, 1921. In view of the offer of Dominion status to Ireland no investigation could be of greater inter- est than that which Dr. Berriedale Keith has conducted into the actual meaning and practical working of that status, and the effects of the War and of the peace settlement upon it. — West- minster Gazette, August 30, 1921. The Editorial Board were fortunate in securing a book by Professor Keith. There is no higher living authority on the subject of the British Dominions and their constitutional relations to the mother country, and the present work, in full measure, embodies and illustrates his wealth of knowledge, mastery of detail and clearness of statement. For all who care at all about the Brit- ish Empire and its problems, this is a book of first-rate importance and abounding interest. There are of necessity points in it which admit of difference of opinion and judgments on men and things which may or may not be called in question; but, taken as a whole, it is a masterly survey of the effect which the war produced upon the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire in their internal history and in their relations to the United Kingdom and to the Empire generally. The material is well arranged, chapter and verse are given for the statements made; there is a good Bibliography and a full index. ... In conclusion, special attention may be called to the chapter on "The Mandatory System and the Mandated Territories" — a very excellent and lucid account of a subject which somewhat lends itself to misunderstanding. — Sir Charles P. Lucas, in History, April, 1922. THE COTTON CONTROL BOARD By Hubert D. Henderson As Mr. Henderson was Secretary of the Board during the whole time of its active existence, he is able to throw light on a number of questions which were purposely left somewhat obscure at the time. — Manchester Guardian, February 14, 1922. A descriptive book, but one so interesting that it has a claim on the attention of the general reader. . . . Mr. Henderson describes a social experiment of remarkable significance, and describes it very well. — Economist, February 25, 1922. . . . An account of its fortunes and its conduct which is a model for all such histo- ries. ... In both cases the active and responsible participation of the Trade Unions was an essential feature. For that reason, if for no other, this experiment should be carefully studied by all who are interested in industrial control. — J. L. Hammond, in Daily News, May 5, 1922. Mr. H. D. Henderson, in this excellent short monograph, tells the story of the Board's work, and especially of the successive developments of the Unemployment Scheme. . . . Mr. Hen- derson's very clear and readable account of it should be studied by all who are considering the possibilities of insurance by industry. The Minister of Labor is at present making en- quiries ... on the point. It is to be hoped that those who have to answer his questions will first read his book, and that the Minister, too, will give it his careful attention. — New States- man, April 8, 1922. . . . A thoroughly competent performance. . . . Students of industrial psychology will notice with interest the favourable result upon the worker of the "playing off" week. — Nation (London), April 27, 1922. I58 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR . . . A most interesting record. . . . The Student of social economics can make much use of it. It presents several interesting studies like its revelation of war mentality as evi- denced in Capital on the one hand and Labour on the other, Lancashire parochialism, Trade Union Diplomacy. — Socialist Review (London), September, 1922. . . . His interesting and well informed account. . . . — Scotsman, February 20, 1922. . . . A most interesting review of the work of the Board. . . . Mr. Henderson's volume is undoubtedly a valuable addition to the extensive literature relating to the cotton in- dustry. — Lloyds' List, March 11, 1922. Mr. H. D. Henderson's new book ... is primarily intended for the guidance of future historians of the economic and social incidents of the War period, and we do not doubt that it will serve their purposes. To the cotton trade of to-day . . . the chief interest of the work will be in the light it throws on things never before authoritatively explained. — Manchester Guard- ian Commercial, February 16, 1922. . . . It tells the story of the Cotton Control Board and its relations with employers and men, shows how imports and prices were arranged, explains the work of the different committees, and so provides a large amount of useful information of an historical character, while at the same time it throws considerable light on conditions and wages in the industry generally, and on the work of the men engaged in it. — Glasgow Herald, February 21, 1922. Mr. Henderson was Secretary of the Cotton Control Board from June, 1917, to January, 1919. It is to be hoped that others who had an inside experience of the working of "controls" during the War will tell us as frankly and clearly as he does what the problems were and how they were met. He is particularly successful in conveying to the reader a vivid impression of the peculiar nature of the industry and — what is still more important — of the temper of the people engaged in it. . . . — Scottish Historical Review, (London), October, 1922. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOURCES By Miss M. E. Bulkley For an undertaking like this history it is of primary importance that all the data should be made easily accessible, and so one of the first volumes in the series is a Bibliography. The mass of material bearing on the subject is almost inexhaustible; the present volume deals only with the United Kingdom; it is merely a selection, but even so covers 629 columns. . . . Miss Bulkley, the compiler of the Bibliography, is to be congratulated on the way in which she has accomplished her task, and the publishers on the clear type and neat arrangement. — The Outlook, London, March 31, 1923. This book constitutes a tentative survey of the literature dealing with the economic and social history of the United Kingdom, during the War and reconstruction periods. . . . — Financial Times, November 13, 1922. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is making a valuable contribution to methodically organised scientific historical investigation in its publications for an economic and social history of the World War. ... Of this type of historical compilation Miss Bulkley 's bibliographical survey of contemporary sources is an admirable specimen. . . . This book should be on the reference shelves of all economists, modern historians and sociologists. To the laymen the publication has an interest and value as a contribution towards the provision of data EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 1 59 for the formation of sound public opinion on the effects of the War, and so to the fulfilment of the aims of those concerned with the cause of international peace. — Cardiff Western Mail, December 15, 1922. A valuable bibliography ... of literature dealing with the economic and social history of the United Kingdom during the War and reconstruction periods. . . . It is well printed and admirably arranged in nine main sections — Social Conditions, Administration, Industry and Commerce, Transport, Labour, Army and Navy, Finance, Prices and Cost of Living, Mis- cellaneous. — Times Literary Supplement (London), November 9, 1922. Contains a tentative survey of literature dealing with the economic and social history of the United Kingdom during the War and reconstruction periods. ... A work of reference of great value to the student of economics and allied subjects. — Review of Reviews, December, 1922. Of the monographs issued under the care and at the cost of the Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . . . this bibliographical survey is the largest and certainly not the least laborious . . . impressive as a condensed survey of the official and literary activities of the war in this sphere, should be of the greatest value for purposes of reference. — Scotsman, November 18, 1922. This comprehensive book is a model of what a bibliography should be. It is arranged with admirable clearness; it is full and detailed, and yet shows discrimination in rejecting rubbish; and it is excellently printed and produced. . . . Under each section the hunter of references will find exactly what he wants, and find it without unnecessary trouble. There is a good index; but the thoroughness of the classification makes it almost unnecessary. Every reference library ought to contain a copy. — New Statesman, January 27, 1923. . . . This book should be on the reference shelves of all economists, modern historians, and sociologists. To the layman the publication has an interest and value as a contribution towards the provision of data for the formation of sound public opinion on the effects of war, and so to the fulfilment of the aims of those concerned with the cause of international peace. — Western Mail, December 15, 1922. . An exhaustive bibliography . . . covering every phase of the subject. — International Book Review, New York, April, 1923. Rich in documentation, a most valuable instrument for research. — Revue oVEconomie Poli- tique, November-December, 1922. A work of remarkable interest as a guide for consultation and research on this important subject. — Giornale degli Economista (Rome), May, 1923. A MANUAL OF ARCHIVE ADMINISTRATION By Hilary Jenkinson It is surely one of the oddest results of the war that we should owe to it the most authoritative book on Archive Administration which this, or any other, country has yet produced — for nothing less can be said of Mr. Jenkinson's work. The reason why it appears as one of a series of publica- tions on "The Economic and Social History of the World War", under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment, is, however, a simple one. The mass of war records is so gigantic as to have raised l60 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR the whole question of the making of true archives and the care of them when made. Since this country is fortunate enough to possess in Mr. Jenkinson perhaps the most clear-headed, as well as one of the most distinguished archivists in the world, the solution of the immediate problem has been properly and admirably based upon a comprehensive treatment of archive administration in general, with the result that we have before us a set of principles and rules of abiding value. — Oxford Magazine, March, 1923. It is in the main a technical treatise, long needed in English, on the best methods of keeping official documents, with special reference to the history of the Public Record Office, where Mr. Jenkinson is engaged. But the book is brought within the scope of the series by the pages devoted to the new and thorny problem of the War archives. It has been estimated that the official docu- ments relating to the War are equal in bulk to the whole contents, accumulated through the ages, of the Record Office in July, 1914. It is known, for example, that the War Office alone has many hundreds of tons of documents stored in a London suburb, and the Admiralty, the Foreign Office and the defunct Ministry of Munitions, among other departments, must have collected stupendous masses of papers. Mr. Jenkinson discusses the best means of dealing with these new archives, "which offer an unique opportunity for experimenting in the practical application of Archive Science. But if it is to be efficacious", he adds, "the work will need to be taken in hand very speedily; and there is much reason to fear that the opportunity may be lost." — Spectator, June 24, 1922. Mr. Jenkinson's learned and practical volume on Archive Administration ... is a study of the theory and practice of archive administration which has a value that is in no sense limited to the special work of making the war archives easily available, though that goal is one on which depends any full and final estimate of the economic dislocations and reactions of the War period. — Contemporary Review, November, 1922. . . . Deals with the classification, preservation, and destruction of current documentation, not only in the archives, but also in the administrative offices where the documents arise. — Pall Mall and Globe, March 6, 1922. FOOD PRODUCTION IN WAR By Sir Thomas Middleton It is to the pride of Sir Thomas Middleton that he has evidently aimed at presenting us with a gem of many facets in his particular contribution to the series. Synthesis is the thing lacking, but in truth we all stand too near as yet to the trees, and cannot hope for some while to come clearly to see the wood. Sir Thomas Middleton had particular claims to write this volume. For years be- fore the war he had studied the agricultural resources of Germany, and during the war he was Deputy Director-General of the Food Production Department. It may be added that he possesses a clear elucidatory style, and that he keeps his own conclusions well in hand. . . . The sta- tistics presented throughout this volume are exceedingly valuable, and are admirably marshalled. — The Economist, March 24, 1923. The author writes particularly for two classes of readers: those who have no knowledge of tech- nical agriculture, and agriculturists who desire to study their subject from a new angle. — Times Literary Supplement, London, March 8, 1923. The volume has for its purpose "to preserve in time of peace facts and considerations respect- ing the output of foods by the soils of the United Kingdom that were forced upon attention during the time of war". — Scotsman, March 16, 1923. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS l6l The author of this work established his ability for such a task by his services during the war, following a long period of important public work in educational and allied matters. The manner in which he has discharged his heavy responsibility is characteristic of him in thoroughness and method. It was not an easy book to write or compile, for it covers a very wide field and makes heavy demands upon practical knowledge and literary and statistical research. The author has proved equal to the demand and has produced a book which can be regarded as one of the most instructive ever published on the subject of food production. — The Field, April 7, 1923. Undoubtedly one of the most instructive and valuable books of reference yet published. — The Agricultural Gazette, London, May 4, 1923. Sir Thomas Middleton's monograph ... is pretty certain to rank as the standard work on the subject, and, further, to provide a handbook for British students of agriculture for some time to come. It contains a mass of most useful statistics, and some warnings, not too bluntly expressed, as to how not to do it, for the future. — Economist, May 12, 1923. No one is better qualified for this task than the author, who was Deputy Director Gen- eral of the Food Production Department. — Scottish Farmer, March, 1924. THE BRITISH COAL-MINING INDUSTRY DURING THE WAR By Sir R. A. S. Redmayne, K. C. B. This book, in the British section of what is already the most comprehensive and authoritative survey yet made of European civilization, completely satisfies the desires expressed for the series that, "undertaken by men of judicial temper and adequate training it might ultimately, by reason of its scientific obligations to truth, furnish data for the forming of a sound public opinion and thus contribute fundamentally towards the aims of an institution dedicated to the cause of world peace". — Cambtia Daily Leader, March 31, 1923. It is curious and interesting to look back upon the war years through, as it were, the long per- spective of a pit shaft. It is such a view that we obtain in this book. — Times Weekly Edition, London, March 29, 1923. This work is, as it should be, in the main a record of facts. It tells a long and intricate story full of details. It is a bit of history, essentially objective and unpolemical, which will have permanent value as an accurate and compendious statement of particular events during and in consequence of the war, and will provide material for lessons to be drawn hereafter by the synthetic or philo- sophical historian. That seems to be the object of the promoters of the enterprise to which it is a contribution. . . . It is necessary to give this explanation in order that readers may under- stand the nature and object of Sir Richard Redmayne's history. No one could be named better qualified to undertake it. If the work is open to any criticism it is that he has been too austere and sparing of comment on important events. — Times Literary Supplement, London, March 22, 1923. On this aspect of the great problem of maintaining the supply of coal throughout the war Sir Richard has written a great chapter of war history. He also relates in abundant detail the whole story of the organization of this supply and its distribution under gradually extending Government control. Incidentally he notes how the patriotism of the miners themselves added to the diffi- culties. Nearly half a million men were sent to the front. — Yorkshire Post, March 14, 1923. The author has the subject at his finger tips, having been Chief Inspector of Mines and Technical Adviser to the Controller of Coal Mines, in addition to being Chairman of the Imperial 1 62 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Mineral Resources Bureau. . . . The various measures introduced by the State in regard to mining, together with data and actual copies of documents in respect of its administration, enhances the utility of the book as a reference work. — South Africa, March 23, 1923. A mass of the most interesting information is given. The appendices include tables of output, and values during the years 1889-1918, also the various orders and Acts, forms used, and other data. Maps showing the pit timber areas and the transport of coal scheme, and other diagrams are ap- pended. Excellently written and well printed, this is a book which even those not connected with the trade would do well to study if they wish to keep in touch with contemporary industrial progress. — Raw Materials Review, London, March, 1923. The author is studiously impartial in his narrative of events; and, when he allows himself to criticise, his observations carry a weight well justified by his technical knowledge and his laige ex- perience and skilful direction of the work of the Coal-Mining Organisation Committee. — Scotsman, March 19, 1923. The author's endeavour throughout has been to given an impartial narrative of events. — Iron and Coal Trades Review, March 30, 1923. An impartial story, and one which should go far to make clear a position which was frequently difficult to understand; and to provide future historians with facts of an indisputable character, and with materials which should keep them right in many of the details of the industrial side of the war. The book is a storehouse of valuable and authoritative information. — Glasgow Herald, March 27, 1923. Sir Richard Redmayne has written a useful book of reference; but he has refrained, save in- cidentally, from expressing his own conclusions on either the past or the future. — New Statesman, March 31, 1923. His endeavour was to be simply an impartial narrator of events, and the book shows that he has waded through the tangle of heated controversy very successfully. — Newcastle Daily Chronicle, March 21, 1923. When one takes up Sir Richard Redmayne's work on British coal mining during the war, which forms one of the British Series of the Economic and Social History of the World War, pub- lished for the Carnegie Endowment, the immensity of the task of those who undertook the control of the coal trade is revealed. . . . Sir Richard Redmayne's work will be deservedly accepted as a standard authority upon the subject. No one could write with greater authority and knowledge. The book is in the main historical and free from bias. Sir Richard deals with the situation as it existed, the aim and objects of the Government in assuming control, and the manner in which control was exercised. — Cardiff Western Mail, March 10, 1923. In all aspects the importance of the coal industry is convincingly shown, and the results to be feared from its dislocation or failure to meet the demands made upon it faithfully depicted. — Engineering, July 13, 1923. Of the utmost importance and interest for the general reader as well as for the specialist student are the conclusions on the subject of government control formed by a man who may be counted among the world's most experienced authorities on this subject. — Catholic World (New York), July, 1923. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 163 The late chairman of the Coalmines Organisation Committee has epitomised in the history of seven eventful years much that exceeds the strict bounds of his period. His book is the more readable, and the general reader will be the wiser, for this apparent discursiveness. — Manchester Guardian Commercial, May I, 1924. There is no man in Great Britain whose official positions during the war fitted him so well for the writing of this volume of the "Economic and Social History of the World War" as the author, and in addition he brought to it an experience of some thirty to forty years spent in dif- ferent spheres of activity in the industry. The result is that the information is abundant and the style is very intimate, as if the writer was describing to his readers at the end of each week what had been passing before his eyes and under his eyes day by day. He is at pains to disguise the importance of his own share in the daily task but, as has been well said by one who was associated with him, he is narrating events quorum pars magna juit, and therein lies the supreme merit of the book. It is not a mere compilation of official documents, a "thing in book's clothing," but a per- sonal narrative with a common thread running through it. — Journal of Public Administration, March 1924. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND POLICY OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA DURING THE FIRST YEAR AFTER THE WAR By Dr. A. Rasin A really great Finance Minister, who is the author of the book now before us, which sets forth simply and quietly, his tremendous achievement in establishing the Czechoslovakian crown so firmly amid the general currency chaos of Europe. — Saturday Review, March 10, 1923. To follow the course of the economic struggles of a state in the first year of its existence is a rare opportunity. . . . Dr. Rasin approaches his task with evident relish, and his writing is as vigourous as his financial policy. . . . The book deals in its three parts with currency, na- tional finance, and economic measures, and, being based on inside information, is a valuable addi- tion to our knowledge of the reactions of the war. — Glasgow Herald, March 9, 1923. An informative and elucidating volume. . . . No one who desires to understand the new republic can afford to miss the statements and facts in this comprehensive survey of financial policy. Moreover, no business man seeking overseas markets should pass it by. — Financial Times, February 13, 1923. • Dr. Rasin's book is a document of first-rate historical importance, and an example which might well be followed by Chancellors of the Exchequer in other countries. — New Statesman, March 3i» 1923- In this book Dr. Rasin reviews the financial history of the Republic from its foundation down to the end of 192 1. It is a reasoned statement of the difficulties with which the country was con- fronted at the moment of the disruption of the old Hapsburg Empire, and of the steps that were taken to build up a sound currency amidst the turmoil of weltering chaos. The reader will not always agree with the author's reasoning, but this, too, has a definite historical value coming, as it does, from the pen of one who was the principal actor in the events he describes. . . . This book should prove of very great value to the student of Central European economics, and must remain an authoritative account of one of the most satisfactory chapters in the history of the liquidation of the disastrous heritage of the former Hapsburg Empire. — Economist, February 10, 1923. 1 64 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR This is the story of Czechoslovakia's finance told by its maker. It is chiefly the merit of Dr. Rasin that Czechoslovakia alone of all the later belligerent countries of the Continent balances her budget and does not suffer from financial inflation; and the work which he has done in this direction is so well grounded that it will undoubtedly survive even his tragic death. The story is told in a most businesslike, lucid, concise manner; Dr. Rasin knew how to express and explain the thoughts to which he gave effect in practice. — Manchester Guardian Commercial, May 3, 1923 (reviewing the German edition). Objectively conceived and rich in facts and references, due to the competence and eminent position occupied by the author. — Giornale degli Economista (Rome), May, 1923. The volume supplies us with very valuable information, and does honor, like all those which have preceded it, to the great historical work directed by Professor Shotwell for the Carnegie Endowment; a work which most fortunately is not limited to the War proper but extends over the principle economic events of the post-war period. — Revue d'Economie politique, May-June, 1923. LABOUR IN THE COAL-MINING INDUSTRY By G. D. H. Cole We can recommend the book to that ever-growing body of serious readers who are seeking the facts on which to base sound judgments. — South Wales Argus, October 24, 1923. His book is an important contribution, for it is written with a considerable amount of inside knowledge of the movements that occurred on the Labour side in the critical events which he narrates; and he shows that sound sense of proportion which we believe he shares with the great masses of the workpeople of this country, in recognising that the tragedy of 1921 was essentially a consequence of the economic dislocation of the Great War, and not an episode in a desperate class struggle. — Economist, November 10, 1923. As a clear narrative of the events of these crowded years — which include the miners' post-war demands, the Coal Commission, the nationalisation struggle, the disastrous three months' stop- page, the wages agreement, and the collapse of the industry — Mr. Cole's book could hardly be bettered. His discussion of the failure of the Triple Alliance is particularly illuminating. — Manchester Guardian, November 22, 1923. Mr. Cole has a definite point of view throughout his work, but he has faithfully collected the facts . . . Mr. Cole has performed a useful task competently, and opponents and friends alike will find this volume very helpful if not absolutely necessary. — Current Opinion, December, 1923. It certainly places upon the canvas a picture of labour ideals and tribulations during the war that is correct in all essential details and forms a valuable record of events. — Colliery Guardian, December 14, 1923. Mr. Cole's book comes opportunely. He sets out with extreme clarity the history of labout in the mining industry during the war period and during the more important period of Govern- ment control that followed the Armistice and ended with the disastrous national stoppage of 1921. The present trouble has its roots in the settlement of that stoppage, and Mr. Cole's explanation of how the agreement came to be made will be of great help in understanding the new phases of the controversy. — Manchester Guardian Commercial, January, 1924. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 1 65 Mr. Cole's latest book . . . is of quite a high order. It is a history, not a mere chronicle. Moreover, it is not a history of a trade union, but of a particular struggle, and is delimited con- sequently by real and not conventional lines. . . . Not only has Mr. Cole approached the question with more understanding and much greater objectivity than do most historians when they touch on the Labour struggle; but his treatment of the subject is so clear and his style so pleasant as to make it a book, not merely for the student, but for the ordinary citizen. It is both refreshing and surprising ... to have the facts summarised for us concisely and readably. — Challenge, January 18, 1924. The coal-mining industry provides an excellent example of Mr. Wolfe's dictum that "the war altered not only the mechanism of industry, but its psychology," and no one will dispute the right of Mr. Cole's book, which carries the story of the coal industry down to the settlement of the 1921 strike, to a place in the "Economic and Social History of the World War." Mr. Cole has admirably carried out his intention — "to recount the facts, and not to moralize over them." Clare Market Review, March 1924. The Book shows how the War brought to the miners, as to other sections of workers, an il- lusory prosperity, speedily shattered after the artificial boom of 1919 and 1920, by the collapse of markets and prices in 1921. The author has endeavoured to set out the facts and leave his read- ers to draw their own conclusions. — Coal & Iron & By-Products Journal, March 9, 1924. A book of extraordinary interest in a series of inestimable value. — Industrial Welfare Journal March 1924. . . . Mr. Cole's latest book in the Carnegie Series of Social Histories of the War is of quite a higher order. It is a history, not a mere chronicle. . . . Not only has Mr. Cole approached the question with more understanding and much greater objectivity than do most historians when they touch on the Labour struggle; but his treat- ment of the subject is so clear and his style so pleasant as to make it a book, not merely for the student, but for the ordinary citizen. — The Challenge, January 18, 1924. The work has been admirably done by Mr. Cole. . . . Only an endowment, one sup- poses, can afford to supply so excellently produced a volume at the comparatively low price of 7s. 6d. No worker's library should be without it. — New Standard, April 1924. The book is well written. . . . His method of treatment, in my opinion, tends to over- emphasise the war; for, as the coal-mining industry was the basis of capitalism in the production of steel and iron, so it is the first to reveal the contradiction within capitalism itself, and its inevi- table collapse. — The Plebs, March 1924. In a further volume of the admirable Carnegie Endowment series, Mr. G. D. H. Cole tells us the story of the British miners from the eve of the World War to the close of the great coal strike in 192 1. He tells it with unvarnished simplicity, with a complete absence of rhetoric, and with a clear-cut lucidity which inspires the confidence of the reader from start to finish. He makes no attempt to whip up interest by descriptive flights or references to the personalities of his protago- nists. And though he never allows himself to lose sight of the wood among the interlacing branches of a million trees, he is uncompromising in his insistence upon detail and in the completeness of his marshalled facts. It is a very notable piece of work. — The Pilgrim, March 1924. Mr. Cole's method has been to tell the facts and to let the moral look after itself, and he could not have pursued a better method. Ninety-nine people out of every hundred have never grasped the real questions at issue. Mr. Cole's study removes the last excuse for this state of ignorance. — The Commonwealth, March 1924. 1 66 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR TRADE UNIONISM AND MUNITIONS By G. D. H. Cole Mr. G. D. H. Cole makes an interesting and well- documented study of the changes brought about by the war in the industries which were directly engaged in making munitions — changes which, as the work shows, were typical of developments more general in the relations between skilled and less skilled workers in other lines of industry. — The Scotsman, May 3, 1923. The story of the official labour organisations under the Munitions Acts is told with admirable clearness and objectivity. — The Challenge, August 31, 1923. This volume deals with labour in the munitions industries during the war, and will be found to afford much interesting reading, inasmuch as peace in the munitions industries was one of the chief bulwarks on the "home front." — Chamber of Commerce Journal, September 7, 1923. Students of economics are continually being reminded of the debt they owe to the Carnegie Foundation for undertaking the gigantic task of compiling an economic and social history of the world war. In the admirable British series, a large number of volumes of which have already been published, none will interest the workers more than these studies from Mr. Cole's pen. — Labour Magazine. Mr. Cole has had a most difficult task. To recount the history of an experience in which he played an important part with an impartiality which yet preserves interest is no inconsiderable feat. — Journal of Public Administration, February 1924 WORKSHOP ORGANISATION By G. D. H. Cole The author disclaims having made any attempt to write a definitive history of the war-time workshop movement, but he has certainly succeeded in making a very valuable addition, not only to this unique Carnegie Endowment series, but also to the general literature of the economic aspect of the war and of the Labour movement. — Syren and Shipping, May 23, 1923. This is a volume in the admirable series of monographs on the Economic History of the War . . . and an exceptionally interesting one. Mr. Cole describes impartially as an his- torian, not as a theorist. His book is one that serious students of Trade Unionism and workers' control must master. — New Leader, June I, 1923. Mr. Cole deals with his subject simply as a chronicler. He recognises that it is still too early to draw conclusions, and he seeks to collect and to record so that the historian of the future, in writing the economic history of the war years, shall have accurate material on which to work. — Manchester Guardian, June 5, 1923. LABOUR SUPPLY AND REGULATION By Humbert Wolfe A noteworthy contribution to the important Economic and Social History of the World War. . . . In a series of this kind no volume is more essential than one devoted to the organisation of the civilian "man-power" of the nation, and no one is more competent to write such a volume than Mr. Humbert Wolfe. — Economist, December 29, 1923. The story Mr. Wolfe has told is the record of the most impressive experiment in industrial organisation this country has ever witnessed, and as such it ought not to lie forgotten. — Economist, December 29, 1923. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 1 67 Much of the volume, particularly the chapter relating to the strikes of 1916 and 1917, is of real historical interest from the Trade Union point of view.— Labour Magazine, August, 1923. Written in an able and illuminating style by Mr. Humbert Wolfe, it treats a highly interesting and extremely important subject in a manner which sheds light on many little-known aspects of the problem of man-power during time of war. — Syren and Shipping, August 1, 1923. It is an ably written and valuable report on the supply and regulation of labour for national necessities during the war. The author is one of the principal Assistant Secretaries of the Ministry of Labour, and his aim has been to make the book "impersonal and uncontrovertial." In that he has succeeded, while contriving to make his presentation of the "plain facts entirely readable." — Birmingham Post, August 7, 1923. It is interesting; to the student of the industrial side of the war as to the future historian it will be essential. — Times Literary Supplement, August 9, 1923. Mr. Wolfe has succeeded, where so many have failed, in eliminating his personality, and in writing a monograph which is ideal from the standpoint of the purpose of this series — the collection of material on special subjects as a preliminary to broader treatment of the war as a whole. He so uses the facts of which through his connection with the Ministry of Munitions he had first hand knowledge, as to leave the reader convinced that every step was the inevitable outcome of the precedent circumstances. A picture of the principle of evolution at work is presented. — Glasgow Herald, August 16, 1923. A book of human interest and charm and grace of diction which in other less gifted hands might have become merely a stodgy collection of dull statistics annotated in Blue-Book English. — Sunday Times, August 19, 1923. It was a colossal task to produce coherent narratives of events and negotiations which were often as chaotic as the motives and causes which gave rise to the industrial problems of the war. To is accomplishment Mr. Wolfe and Mr. Cole have brought highly-trained faculties of selection, condensation, and lucid arrangement, and the merits of their work far outweigh the defects. — The Daily News, August 21, 1923. Mr. Wolfe has performed the incredibly difficult feat of presenting an orderly narrative of the confused efforts of various Ministers and various Departments to find and retain workers for the munition industry without depriving the Army of able-bodied men. He explains, clearly and on the whole fairly, the wages question. — The Spectator, August 25, 1923. A survey of State action, the book, as a contribution to economic and social history, is to be read along with the two volumes by Mr. G. D. Cole, Trade Unionism and Munitions and Workshop Organisation, already published in the same series. The three volumes must be classed among the really enlightening books dealing with the war and its reactions on the national life. — Birmingham Post, August 7, 1923. Mr. Wolfe is evidently a man of the most diverse talents; for few would recognize a not undis- tinguished figure in contemporary letters beneath the mask of this careful and judicious survey. Certainly he makes us feel that, granted the vast transformation of industry entailed by the war, the Ministry of Labour made a gallant effort to cope with its task. Obviously certain great gen- eral lessons have emerged. — Journal of Public Administration, February 1924. The book shows all the necessary documentations of the regime and changes which English Labour underwent during the war, with its militarised industry. — Archive for Social Science and Reform, Volume v, No. 12, Bucharest, 1924. 1 68 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Mr. Wolfe avoids the drawing of inferences, but few of his readers will wish to emulate his caution. The war has left deep marks on the industry of to-day, but of the elaborate structure of war-time labour regulation astonishingly little remains. — Clare Market Review, March 1924. WAR FINANCES IN THE NETHERLANDS UP TO 1918 By M. J. van der Flier It is a really valuable contribution to demography and the history of public finance. — The Economist, January 26, 1924. It is not an uncommon belief that the neutral countries grew richer during the War. It was not so in Holland. In this book, published under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Dr. Van der Flier deals with the effect of the War upon the State finances and upon general welfare. He has collected some very interesting and valuable material, which enables him to present a comprehensive and authoritative study. — Oxjord Magazine, June 5, 1924. The author has made skillful use of the available, sometimes scarcely adequate, material. — Manchester Guardian Commercial, April 17, 1924. INDUSTRIES OF THE CLYDE VALLEY DURING THE WAR By W. R. Scott and J. Cunnison It aims at showing how the economic and social life of a Scottish industrial district was affected by the war. The Clyde valley has naturally been chosen on account of its size and the diversity of its industries, which are to a great extent interconnected, and also because it had special facilities for the production of many things for which there was a most urgent demand during those fateful days. The study of such a sudden shifting of the centre of gravity in industry, as well as the attempt to return to a normal industrial equilibrium, is of peculiar economic interest. — The Syren, April 23, 1924. The authors, one of whom is a professor and the other a lecturer in economics at Glasgow University, have devoted an immense amount of labour to its preparation, and its pages are packed with facts and statistics relating to the magnitude and directions of the Clydeside effort to provide the nation with machinery, munitions, and ships — an effort which has no parallel in the history of industry — which will in turn furnish valuable material for the student of this period of social and economic history. — Aberdeen Press, April 22, 1924. It is one of a series of books in accordance with a definite plan, the main point in which is the provision of first-hand material for the future historian. It is in the nature of pioneer work, of primary research, and in the circumstances, the first consideration for an author is objectivity. The books therefore are apt to become somewhat formless, rather frigid, and altogether lacking the qualities which arise from the formative and creative power of personality. But for the avowed purpose, what in ordinary circumstances might be regarded as defects are in fact virtues. Our authors have always had in their minds the fundamental limitation laid down by the supreme editor, but more than in any other of the similar volumes which we have read they have succeeded, without loss of objectivity, in introducing a certain amount of local colour. — Glasgow Herald, April 3, 1924. Anyone who desires to form a just appreciation of the Clyde effort and of the Clyde capacity, pre-war and post-war, will find in this volume all the required material. — Glasgow Herald, April 3, 1924. EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS 1 69 Any book, bearing as does this the honourable cachet of inclusion among the important and distinguished volumes of the "Economic and Social History of the World War," published under the beneficent auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, will, I well know, command an appreciative and sympathetic reception at the hands of the general reading public of my native province. But in the case of this particular book there are added some elements of special interest to economists and business-men in Northern Ireland. It is an attempt, conspic- uously successful — though nothing less would have been expected of its well-known and eminent authors — to trace out the industrial and commercial development of Glasgow and the Clyde Valley before the war; to describe the economic and social conditions which prevailed throughout that area at the outbreak of hostilities; to explain the enormous changes effected during the war both in the quality and quantity of production, as the manufacture of munitions gradually re- placed the output of peace-times; to indicate the extent to which the district has since the war reverted to pre-war methods and character of production or diverted its activity to new methods or the manufacture of new commodities; and to estimate to what extent productive capacity has been impaired by, or improved in efficiency, or has been enlarged by war-time "speeding-up" or organization. This critical and exhaustive examination of the productive powers and potentialities of the Clyde Valley, compiled with a precision which is beyond praise, and "documented" fully and by reference to official papers and statistics, is presented in lucidity of language that never conceals an exiguous argument beneath obscurity of phrase. — Northern Whig, May 3, 1924. The chapters on the economic development of the West of Scotland, and its commerce and industries, are specially valuable, as they give in reasonable compass a good idea of the immense facilities which were diverted with amazing efficiency from the purposes of peace to the grimmer uses of war. The difficulties which had to be overcome, especially the labour difficulties, are amply described and discussed without bias. When we were in the midst of them the troubles were not easy to bear, and hard words were commoner in everyday speech than the other kind. Curiously enough, reading about them in the admirable record does not revive the original bitter- ness. — Fairplay, May 1, 1924. . . . retraces in an interesting and thoughtful exposition the course of the still unsettled conditions called into existence by the sudden shifting of the centre of gravity in industry by the pressure of the war, not only for the production of munitions but in the call for men both from the workshops and the directing offices. — Scotsman, June 2, 1924. An account of the development of the Clyde as a manufacturing region — with all the evil social effects of the industrial revolution exhibited in concentrated form — helps to explain many of the events associated with the change over to war activities. — Daily News, June 4, 1924. INDEX Adams, W. G. S., 14, 37. Aereboe, Friedrich, 20, 113. Aeronautic Industries (French series), by Dhe, 18,85-^6. Africa in the War, Economic and Social History of Northern (French series), by Bernard, 19, 100. Aftalion, Albert, 18, 83. Agriculture: Scottish Agriculture and Fisheries. A series of studies by various authors, 15, 50-1. Food Control and Agriculture in Austria during the War, by Lowenfeld-Russ, 16, 59- Hungarian Agriculture during the War, by Mutschenbacher, 16, 66-7. The Effect of the War upon Supplies and upon Dutch Agriculture, by Posthuma, 17, 76. Agriculture during the War (French series), by Auge-Laribe, 18, 82-3. The War and the Agricultural Population (German series), by Sering, 20, 112. The Influence of the War upon Agricultural Production (German series), by Aereboe, 20, 1 13-14- Agricultural Production in Italy, by Ricci, 20, 116. The Agricultural Classes in Italy during the War, by Serpieri, 21, 1 16-17. Rural Revolution in Rumania and South- eastern Europe, by Mitrany, 21, 12 1-2. Effect of the War upon Agricultural Coopera- tion and Cooperative Credit (Russian series), by Anziferoff, 22, 127. Rural Economy in Russia and the War, by Anziferoff, Bilimovitch and Batcheff, 22, 128-9. Effect of the War upon Landholding and Settlement in Russia, by Bilimovitch and Kossinsky, 22, 129-30. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Agricul- ture and Food Supply, by Mannerfelt, 23, 140. Albania, Economic Use of Occupied Territories: Serbia, Montenegro and (Austro-Hungarian series), by Kerchnawe, 15, 56. Allen, J. E., 14, 39. Alsace-Lorraine (French series), by Delahache, 19, 100-1. Alting, J. H. Carpentier, 17, 77. Antipa, G., 21, 122. Anziferoff, Alexis M., 22, 127. Apostol, Paul N., 21, 124. Apponyi, Albert, 16, 63. Archives: Manual of Archive Administration (British series), by Jenkinson, 14, 36, 159-60. British Archives in Peace and War, by Hall, 14, 37- Guide to Local War Records (British series)> by Wretts-Smith, 15, 51. The Imperial German Archives, by Miisebeck, 19, 101. Astroff, Nicholas I., 21, 125. Auge-Laribe, Michel, 18, 82-3. Aupetit, Albert, 19, 95. Austrian series, list of editors, 12. Austria-Hungary, editorial board for, 12. Bachi, Riccardo, 21, 117. Bajkitch, Velimir: editor for Yugoslav series, 13; monograph by, 23, 144; biography, 35. Baltic, Poland and the (German series), by Kries and Gayl, 20, 108. Banking: The Effect of the War upon Banking and Cur- rency (Dutch series), by Vissering and Holstyn, 17, 77. The Money Market and French Banks, by Aupetit, 19, 95. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Banking (German series), by Schu- macher, 20, 114. Barlow's Disease (Public Health series), by Nobel, 71. Batcheff, Michael O., 22, 128-9. Bauer, Gustav: member of German editorial board, 13; monograph by, 20, in; biog- raphy, 31. Baumgarten, Otto, 19, 103-4. Belgium, editorial board for, 12. Belgium and the World War, by Pirenne, 16. Bergendal, Kurt, 23, 142. Bernadsky, Michael V., 21, 124. Bernard, Augustin, 19, 100. Bernard, Leon, 19, 97. Beveridge, Sir William: chairman of British editorial board, 12; monograph by, 14, 41, 42; biography, 26. Bibliography: Bibliographical Survey (British series), by Bulkley, 14, 36, 158-9. Bibliography of Austrian Economic Literature during the War, by Spann, 15, 53. Bibliographical Guide to the Literature con- cerning France for the Economic History of the War, by Bloch, 17, 79. Bibliographical Survey of German Literature for the Economic History of the War (German series), by Mendelssohn Barth- oldy, Rosenbaum and Miisebeck, 19, 101. Bibliographical Survey of the Economic and Social Problems of the War (Italian series), by Porri and Casanova, 20, 115. Bilimovitch, Alexander D., 22, 128-9, I 3°« Blanchard, Raoul, 18, 85. Bloch, Camille, 17, 79. 171 172 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Blockade, The (French series), by Gofit, 18, 94. B6kay, Johann von, 16, 69. Bordeaux, The Economic History of (French series), by Courteault, 19, 98. Bordewyk, H. W. C, 17, 78. Boulin, Pierre, 18, 89. Bourges during the War, The City of (French series), by Gignoux, 19, 99. Bouryschkine, Paul A., 22, 135. Boutillier du Retail, Armand, 18, 80. Bowley, A. L.: 14, 38; press reviews, 153-5. Braikevitch, Michael B., 22, 136. Braithwaite, William T., 22, 135. Breitner, Burkhead, 16, 69. Brown, E. Cunyngham, 15, 49. Biicher, Hermann: member of German editorial board, 13; monograph by, 20, no; biog- raphy, 31. Bud, Johann, 16, 67. Buday, Barna, 66, 67. Budgets: British War Budgets and Financial Policy, by Hirst and Allen, 14, 39. Effects of the War upon Workmen's Family Budgets (Russian series), by Kohn, 22, 134-5. Bulkley, Miss M. E.: 14, 36; press reviews, 158-9. Cahen-Salvador, Georges, 18, 91. Cangardel, Henri, 18, 92. Cantacuzino, J., 21, 122. Capital, German, in Russia and the War, by Eliashevitch, 21, 125. Caron, Pierre, 18, 90. Casanova, Eugenio, 20, 115. Cassin, Rene, 19, 97-8. Chardon, Henri, 18, 80. Chautemps, Camille, 99. Chemical Industry: The Chemical Industries (French series), by Mauclere, 18, 84. Chemical Industry (Russian series), by Landau, 22, 132. Chevalier, Georges, 18, 85. Children: The State of Nutrition of Austrian Children during and after the War (Public Health series), by Pirquet, 69. The State of Nutrition of Hungarian Children at the Close of the War (Public Health series), by von Bokay, 69. Cholera, Asiatic (Public Health series), by Elias, 70. Civilians, War Refugees and Interned (French series), by Caron, 18, 90-1. Clementel, Etienne, 18, 94. Clyde Valley, Industries of the, during the War (British series), by Scott and Cunnison, 15, 49, 168-9. Coal: The British Coal-Mining Industry during the War, by Redmayne, 15, 45, 161-3. Labour in the British Coal- Mining Industry, by Cole, 15, 47, 164-5. Coal Supply in Austria during the War, by Homann-Herimberg, 16, 61. Coal Industry and Mineral Fuels (French series), by Peyerimhoff, 18, 84-5. Coal Mining (Russian series), by Sokoloff, 22, 132. Cohn, Einar, 23, 143. Cole, G. D. H.: 15, 47; press reviews, 164-5. Collective Agreements, Wages, Tariffs and Strikes (French series), by Oualid and Picquenard, 18, 86-7. Collinet, Paul, 18, 89. Colonies: The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Colonies, by Carpentier Alting, 17, 77-8. Foreign and Colonial Workmen in France, by Nogaro, 18, 88. The Colonies in War-Time (French series), by Girault, 19, 100. Commerce: History of Hungarian Commerce during the War, by Matlckovits, 16, 65. The Effect of the War upon Dutch Commerce and Navigation, by De Monchy, 17, 77. Effects of the War upon French Commerce, by Rist, 18, 93. French Commercial Policy during the War, by Clementel, 18, 94-5. The Effect of the War upon German Commerce, by Wiedenfeld, 20, 109. The War and Swedish Commerce, by Bergendal, 23, 142. Conacher, H. M., 15, 50. Conscription, etc. (Austro-Hungarian series), by Klose, 15, 54. Cooperation : Cooperative Societies and the Struggle against High Prices (French series), by Gide, 19, 96-7. Economic Cooperation with the Allies of Ger- many and the Government Organization of Supplies, by Frisch, 20, 107-8. Effect of the War upon Agricultural Coopera- tion and Cooperative Credit (Russian series), by Anziferoff, 22, 127. Cooperatives of Consumers in Russia during the War, by Totomianz, 22, 127-8. Costs of War: Cost of War to Great Britain (to be arranged), 15. 52. The Costs of the War to Austria, by Hornik, 15. 55- War Finances in the Netherlands, 1918-1922, The Costs of the War, by Bordewyk, 17, 78. War Costs: Direct Expenses (French series), by Jeze, 19, 95-6. The Costs of the War to France, by Gide, 19, 96. Cost of the War to Italy, by Einaudi, 21, 118. Cotton : Cotton Control Board (British series), by Henderson, 14, 44, 157-8. INDEX 173 Effects of the War upon the Textile {Cotton) Industry in Russia, by Karpoff, 22, 133. Courteault, Paul, 19, 98. Credit : Russian State Credit during the War, by Apostol, 21, 124. Effect of the War upon Agricultural Coopera- tion and Cooperative Credit (Russian series), by Anziferoff, 22, 127. Crehange, A., 18, 87. Crime, The War and (German series), by Liepmann, 19, 105. Cunnison, J.: 15, 49; press reviews, 168-9. Currency : The Effect of the War upon Banking and Cur- rency (Dutch series), by Vissering and Holstyn, 17, 77. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Banking (German series), by Schu- macher, 20, 114. Currency Inflation in Italy and its Effect on Prices, Incomes and Foreign Exchanges, by Jannaccone, 21, 1 18-19. Currency in Russia during the War, by Bernadsky, 21, 124-5. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Finance (Scandinavian series), by Hecks- cher, 23, 141-2. Czechoslovak People, The Effect of the War upon the, by Masaryk, 17, 75-6. Damages, War, in France, by Michel, 18, 90. David, Edward H. R., 20, 111-12. Davis, H. W. C.: member of British editorial board, 12; monograph by, 15, 51; biog- raphy, 26. Day, J. P., 15, 50. Dearie, Dr. N. B., 15, 52. Delahache, George, 19, 100-1. De Monchy, E. P., 17, 77. Demosthenoff, Simon S., 130-1. Denmark, The Economic Effects of the War upon, by Cohn, 23, 143. Denys-Cochin, M., 18, 94. Dhe, Paul, 18, 85-6. Duisberg, Carl: member of German editorial board, 13; biography, 31. Duncan, Joseph, 15, 50. Dysentery as a War Disease (Public Health series), by Mayerhofer, 71. Economic Chronicle of the War (British series), by Dearie, 15, 52. Economic Union, Disruption of the Austro- Hungarian, by Schiiller, 16, 57. Economo, C, 16, 70. Edelmann, A., 16, 71. Editors, List of, 12-13. Edstrom, Olof, 23, 140-1. Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools during the War (Russian series), by Odiniez, 22, 137. Universities and Academic Institutions during the War (Russian series), by Novgorod- zoff, 22, 137-8. Einaudi, Luigi: chairman of Italian editorial board, 13; monograph by, 21, 118; biog- raphy, 32. Eisenstadt, Anna G., 22, 134. Elias, Herbert, 16, 70. Eliashevitch, Basil B., 21, 125. Enderes, Bruno von, 16, 61. Engineering, Metallurgy and (French series), by Pinot, 18, 84. Erkelenz, Anton, 20, ill. Exner, Franz, 16, 62. Fayle, C. Ernest, 15, 44. Finance: British War Budgets and Financial Policy, by Hirst and Allen, 14, 39. Austro-Hungarian Finance during the War t by Popovics, 15, 53. History of Hungarian Finance during the War T by Teleszky, 16, 65. Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the First Year oj its History, by Raiin, 17, 75, 163-4. . War Finances in the Netherlands up to 1918, by van der Flier, 17, 78, 168. The Effect of the War upon Banking and Com- merce (Dutch series), by Vissering and Holstyn, 17, 77. War Finances in the Netherlands, 1918-1922. The Costs of the War, by Bordewyk, 17, 78. War-Time Finances (French series), by Truchy, 19, 95. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Banking (German series), by Schu- macher, 20, 114. German Public Finance during the War, by Lotz, 20, 115. War-Time Finances (Italian series), by Einaudi, 21, 118. State Finances during the War (Russian series), by Michelson, 21, 123-4. German Capital in Russia and the War (Rus- sian series), by Eliashevitch, 21, 125. The Effect of the War upon Currency and Finance (Scandinavian series), by Heck- scher, 23, 141 -2. Finger, Ernst, 16, 70. Flax and Wool Industries in Russia, Effects of the War upon, by Tretiakoff, 22, 133. Flier, M. J. van der, 17, 78, 168. Flitner, Wilhelm, 19, 104-5. Foerster, Erich, 19, 104. Fontaine, Arthur: member of French editorial board, 12; monograph by, 18, 83; biog- raphy, 30. Food and Food Control: British Food Control, by Beveridge and Gonner, 14, 42-3. Food Production in War (British series), by Middleton, 14, 43, 160-1. 174 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Food Control and A griculture in A ustria during the War, by Lowenfeld-Russ, 16, 59. Food Control in Hungary during the War, by Bud, 16, 67. Food Supply of Belgium during the German Occupation, by Henry, 17, 72-3. Rationing and Food Control (French series), by Pichon and Pinot, 18, 82. Food Supply in the Invaded Territory (French series), by Collinet and Stahl, 18, 89-90. Food Supply during the War (German series), by Skalweit, 20, 112. Food Statistics of the War Period (German series), by Wagemann, 20, 113. Food Supply and Rationing (Italian series), by Bachi, 21, 117. Food Supply of the Italian A rmy, by Zingali, 21, 117. Problem of Food Supply in Russia during the War, by Struve, DemosthenofT, and Zaitzeff, 22, 130-1. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Agricul- ture and Food Supply, by Mannerfelt, 23, 140. Food Substitutes during and after the War, by Schacherl and Hockauf (Public Health series), 70. Forestry and the Timber Industry during the War (French series), by Chevalier, 18, 85. France, editorial board for, 12. France, Belgium and Northern (German series), by Jahn, 20, 108. Foreign Exchanges, Currency Inflation and its Effects on Prices, Incomes and (Italian series), by Jannaccone, 21, 1 18-19. Freight Traffic, Internal Waterways (French series), by Kerviler, 18, 92. French Cities in the War, History of, by various authors, 19, 98-9. Frisch, W., 20, 107. Frois, Marcel, 18, 89. Gayl, W. M. E. von, 19, 20, 102, 108. German Capital in Russia and the War (Russian series), by Eliashevitch, 21, 125. Germany, list of editors for, 13. Gide, Charles: chairman of French editorial board, 12; monograph by, 19, 96; biog- raphy, 30. Gignoux, Claude-Joseph, 19, 99. Girault, Arthur, 19, 100. Glaise-Horstenau, Colonel, 15, 54. Golovine, Nicholas N., 22, 128. Gonner, Sir Edward C. K.: member of British editorial board, 12; monograph by, 14, 42; biography, 27. Goppert, H., 20, 106-7. Goiit, J. E. P., 18, 94. Government: War Government of Great Britain and Ireland, by Adams, 14, 37. War Government of the British Dominions, by Keith, 14, 38, 155-7. War Government in Austria, by Redlich, 16, 58. Effects of the War upon the Hungarian Govern- ment and People, by Apponyi, 16, 63. Economic Policy of the Belgian Government during the War, by van Langenhove, 17, 74- Effect of the War upon the Civil Government of France, by Renouvin, 17, 79. Problem of Regionalism (French series), by Hauser, 18, 80. The War Government of Germany, by Mendels- sohn Bartholdy, 19, 101-2. Effects of the War upon the Central Government (Russian series), by Gronsky, 21, 123. Gratz, Gustav: editor of Hungarian series, 12; monograph by, 16, 57, 63; biography, 28. Great Britain, editorial board, 12. Greven, H. B.: editor for Netherlands, 13, 76; biography, 33. Gronsky, Paul P., 21, 123. Gunther, Adolf, 20, 106. Guthy, Theodor, 66. Hall, Dr. Hubert, 14, 37. Hanusch, Ferdinand, 16, 60. Hapsburg Monarchy, Exhaustion and Disorgani- zation of the (Austro-Hungarian series), by Wieser, 16, 57. Hauser, Henri: member of French editorial board, 12; monograph by, 18, 80; biog- raphy, 30. Health, Public: Friendly Societies and Health Insurance (British series), by Watson, 14, 42. Public Health Conditions in England during the War, by MacFadden, 15, 48. Health of the Returned Soldier (British series), by Brown, 15, 49. The Effect of the War upon Public Health in A ustria and Hungary. A series of studies, edited by von Pirquet, 16, 68. Public Health and Hygiene (French series), by Bernard, 19, 97. Vital Statistics and Public Health in Italy during and after the War, by Mortara, 21, 119. The Effect of the War upon Public Health in Rumania, by Cantacuzino, 21, 122. Effects of War upon Public Health (Russian series), by Taracievitch, 22, 138. Vital Statistics of the Republic of Austria during and after the War (Public Health series), by Helly, 68. Health Statistics of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the War (Public Health series), by Kirchenberger, 68. Heckscher, Eli F.: member (from Sweden) of Scandinavian editorial board, 13; mono- graph by, 22, 23, 140, 141; biography, 34. Helly, Karl, 16, 68. Henderson, H. D., 14, 44; press reviews, 157-8. Henry, Albert, 17, 72. INDEX 175 Hermonius, Edward C, 22, 133. Herriot, Edouard, 19, 98. Hersent, Georges, 18, 92. Hill, Sir Norman, 14, 41. Hirst, F. W.: member of British editorial board, 12; monograph by, 14, 39; biog- raphy, 27. History : Studies in British Social History during the World War (to be arranged), 15, 52. Military Economic History (Austro-Hungarian series), a series of studies by various authors, 15, 54-^6. Economic War History of Hungary, by Gratz, 16, 63. Hitchcock, E. F., 14, 43. Hockauf, Josef, 16, 70. Hoen, General Max, 15, 54. Holstyn, J. Westerman, 17, 77. Homann-Herimberg, Emil, 16, 61. Hornik, Fritz, 15,' 55. Hospitals, Field, Organization and Administra- tion of, in the Austro-Hungarian Army (Public Health series), by Raschofsky, 69. Housing: The Housing Problem (Dutch series), by Romeyn, 78. Effects of the War upon the Problem of Housing (French series), by Sellier, 19, 97. Huber, Michel, 18, 81. Hungarian series, editorial board, 12. Hydraulic Power, The Development of (French series), by Blanchard, 18, 85. Hygiene. See Health, Public. Iceland, The Economic Effects of the War upon (Scandinavian series), by Thorsteinsson, 23, 144. Incomes: The Effect of the War upon Incomes (German series), by Gunther, 20, 106. Currency Inflation and its Effects on Prices, Incomes and Foreign Exchanges (Italian series), by Jannaccone, 21, 1 18-19. Industry: Industries of the Clyde Valley during the War (British series), by Scott and Cunnison, 15. 49- Industrial Control in Austria during the War, by Riedl, 16, 58. Hungarian Industry during the War, by Szterenyi, 16, 64. Destruction of Belgian Industry by the Germans, by de Kerchove, 17, 74. The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Manu- facturing Industry, by Zaalberg, 17, 76. The History of French Industry during the War, by Fontaine, 18, 83. Organization of War Industries (French series), by Thomas, 18, 86. The Influence of the War upon German Indus- try, by Biicher, 20, no. State Control of Industry in Russia during the War, by Zagorsky, 22, 131. Effects of the War upon the Russian Petroleum Industry, by Michelson, 22, 132. Effects of the War upon the Chemical Industry in Russia, by Landau, 22, 132. Effects of the War upon the Textile {Cotton) Industry in Russia, by Karpoff, 22, 133. Flax and Wool Industry (Russian series), by Tretiakofif, 22, 133. Metal Manufacturing Industries (Russian series), by Hermonius, 22, 133. The Effect of the War upon Swedish Industry, by Edstrom, 23, 140-1. Influenza during and after the War (Public Health series), by Elias, 70. Insurance, The War and (British series), a series of studies by various authors, 14, 40. Iron and Steel Industry, The British, during the War, by Lay ton, 15, 46. Italy, editorial board for, 13. Jahn, Georg, 20, 108. Jannaccone, Pasquale: member of Italian editorial board, 13; monograph by, 21, 1 18-19; biography, 33. Jarte, Otto, 23, 141. Jenkinson, Hilary, 14, 36; press reviews, 159- 60. Jeze, Gaston, 19, 95. Jones, D.T.,15,50. Jones, Thomas: member of British editorial board, 12; monograph by, 15, 51 ; biography, 26. Karpoff, Gennady T., 22, 133. Kassowitz, Karl, 16, 69. Keilhau, Wilhelm, 23, 143. Keith, A. B.: 14, 38; press reviews, 155-7. Kerchnawe, General Hugo, 15, 56. Kerchove, Charles de, 17, 74. Kerviler, Georges Pocard de, 18, 92. Keynes, J. M.: member of British editorial board, 12; biography, 26. Kirchenberger, S., 16, 68. Klose, Eugen, 15, 54. Koeth, A., 20, 107. Kohler, L. F. von, 19, 102. Kohn, Stanislas S., 22, 134. Koranyi, Friedrich, 66. Kossinsky, V. A., 22, 129-30. Krauss, General Alfred, 15, 54. Kries, W. von, 19, 20, 102, 108. Kyrle, Josef, 16, 70. Labor and Labor Unions: British Labour Unions and the War, by Cole (3 vols.), 15, 47, 164-6. Labour Supply and Regulation (British series), by Wolfe, 15, 48, 166-8. Labor in Austria during the War, by Hanusch, 16, 60. Deportation of Belgian Workmen and Forced Labor of the Civilian Population during the German Occupation of Belgium, by Passelecq, 16, 72. 176 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Unemployment in Belgium during the German Occupation, by Mahaim, 17, 73-4. Labor Conditions during the War (French series), by Oualid and Picquenard, 18, 87. Unemployment during the War (French series), by Crehange, 18, 87. Foreign and Colonial Workmen in France, by Nogaro, 18, 88. The Organization of Labor in the Invaded Territories (French series), by Boulin, 18, 89. The War and German Labor Unions, by Umbreit, Stegerwald, Erkelenz, Bauer, 20, 110-11. The War and the German Working Man, by David, 20, 111-12. Effects of the War upon Workmen's Family Budgets (Russian series), by Kohn, 134-5. The Effect oj the War upon Conditions and Composition of Working Classes (Russian series), by Braithwaite, 22, 135. The Effect of the War upon the Working Classes (Scandinavian series), by Jarte, 23, 141. Landau, Mark Alexandrovitch, 22, 132. Landholding: Rural Revolution in Rumania and South- eastern Europe, by Mitrany, 12 1-2. Agrarian Conditions and Problems (Russian series), by Kossinsky, 22, 129-30. Land Settlement (Russian series), by Bili- movitch, 22, 130. Langenhove, F. J. van, 17, 74. Layton, W. T., 15, 46. Legislation : German Legislation with reference to the Oc- cupation of Belgium (Belgian series), by Pirenne and Vauthier, 17, 73. The Economic Legislation of the War (Italian series), by De'Stefani, 20, 1 15-16. Levainville, J., 19, 98. L'heritier, Michel, 19, 99. Liepmann, Moritz, 19, 105. Lloyd, E. M. H., 14, 42. Lotz, Walter, 20, 115. Lowenfeld-Russ, Hans, 16, 59. Lyons during the War, The History of (French series), by Herriot, 19, 98. MacFadden, A. W. J., 15, 48. Mahaim, Ernest, 17, 73. Manchester: A Study in Local War-Time Condi- tions, by Davis, 15, 51. Mann, F. K., 20, 108. Mannerfelt, Carl, 23, 140. Manufactures: The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Manu- facturing Industry, by Zaalberg, 17, 76. Effects of the War upon Metal Manufacturing Industry in Russia, by Hermonius, 22, 133. March, Lucien, 18, 81-2. Marseilles during the War (French series), by Masson, 19, 99. Masaryk, President, 17, 75. Masson, Paul, 19, 99. Matlckovits, Alexander von, 16, 65. Mauclere, Eugene, 18, 84. Mayerhofer, E., 16, 71. Medical Service: The Medical Service of the Austro-Hungarian Army (Public Health series), by Steiner, 69. The Army Surgeon at the Front (Public Health series), by Kassowitz, 69. Austro-Hungarian Prisoners and their Medi- cal Service in Russian Siberia (Public Health series), by Breitner, 69. Meerwarth, Rudolf, 20, 105. Melchior, Carl: chairman of German editorial board, 13; biography, 32. Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Albrecht: executive secretary of German editorial board, 13; monograph by, 19, 101-2; biography, 32. Metallurgy: British Iron and Steel Industry during the War, by Layton, 15, 46. Metallurgy and Engineering (French series), by Pinot, 18, 84. Metal Manufacturing Industries (Russian series), by Hermonius, 22, 133. Methorst, H. W., 17, 77. Meyer, Karl, 66, 67. Michel, Edmond, 18, 90. Michelson, Alexander Michailovitch, 21, 123, 132. Middleton, Sir Thomas, 14, 43; press review, 1 60-1. Mitrany, David: editor for Rumanian series, 13; monograph by, 21, 121; biography, 33- " Mittel-Europa" : The Preparation of a New Joint Economy (Austro-Hungarian series), by Gratz and Schiiller, 16, 57. Mogilansky, Nicholas Michailovitch, 22, 138. Montenegro, Economic Use of Occupied Terri- tories: Serbia, Albania and (Austro- Hungarian series), by Kerchnawe, 15, 56. Moral Effect of the War: The Moral Effects of the War upon Austria, by Seipel, 16, 61. The War and Crime in Austria, by Exner, 16,62. The Effect of the War upon Morals (German series), by Baumgarten, 19, 103-4. The War and Crime (German series), by Liepmann, 19, 105. Mortara, Giorgio, 21, 119. Muller-Deham, Albert, 16, 71. Municipalities, Effect of the War upon Russian, and the All-Russian Union of Towns, by Astroff, 21, 125-6. Munitions and Supplies (Austro-Hungarian series), by Pflug, 15, 55. Miisebeck, E. F. C, 19, 101. Mutschenbacher, Emil von, 16, 66. Naptha. See Petroleum. INDEX 177 Navigation, The Effect of the War upon Dutch Commerce and, by De Monchy, 17, 77. Netherlands, editorial board for, 13. Nobel, Edmund, 16, 71. Nogaro, Bertrand, 18, 88. Nolde, Boris Emmanuilovitch, 22, 136. Norway and the World War, by Keilhau, 23, 143. Novgorodzoff, Paul Jvanovitch, 22, 137. Obolensky, Vladimir, 21, 126. Occupied Territories: Economic Use of Occupied Territories (Austro- Hungarian series), by Kerchnawe, 15, 56. Deportation of Belgian Workmen and the Forced Labor of the Civilian Population during the German Occupation of Belgium, by Passelecq, 16, 72. The Food Supply of Belgium during the Ger- man Occupation, by Henry, 17, 72-3. German Legislation with reference to the Occu- pation of Belgium, by Pirenne and Vau- thier, 17,73. Unemployment in Belgium during the German Occupation, by Mahaim, 17, 73-4. Destruction of Belgian Industry by the Ger- mans, by de Kerchove, 17, 74. -Organization of Labor in the Invaded Terri- tories (French series), by Boulin, 18, 89. Food Supply in the Invaded Territory (French series), by Collinet and Stahl, 18, 89-90. The Political Administration of the Occupied Territories (German series), by Gayl, Kries and Kohler, 19, 102. Economic Exploitation of Occupied Terri- tories (German Series): 1. Belgium and Northern France, by Jahn, 20, 108. 2. Rumania and the Ukraine, by Mann, 20, 108. 3. Poland and the Baltic, by Kries and Gayl, 20, 108. The Effect of the Enemy Occupation of Ru- mania, by Antipa, 21, 122. Odiniez, Dimitry Michailovitch, 22, 137. Organization: Dictionary of Official War-Time Organization (British series), by Dearie, 15, 52. Official War-Time Organizations (French series), by du Retail, 18, 80. Organization of the Republic for Peace (French series), by Chardon, 18, 80-1. Organization of War Industries (French series), by Thomas, 18, 86. The Organization of Labor in the Invaded Ter- ritories (French series), by Boulin, 18, 89. Economic Cooperation with the Allies of Ger- many and the Government Organization of Supplies (German series), by Frisch, 20, 107-8. Oualid, William, 18, 86-7. Pap, Desider, 16, 67. Paris during the War (French series), by Sellier, 19,99. Passelecq, Fernand, 16, 72. Peschaud, Marcel, 18, 91. Petroleum: Petroleum (French series), by Peyerimhoff, 18, 8 4"5- Petroleum (Russian series), by Michelson, 22, 132. Peyerimhoff, Henri de, 18, 84. Pflug, Ottokar, 15, 55. Picard, Roger, 18, 88. Pichon, Adolphe, 18, 82. Picquenard, C., 18, 87. Piedmont, Social and Economic Life in, as affected by the War (Italian series), by Prato, 21, 120-1. Pinot, Pierre, 18, 82. Pinot, Robert, 18, 84. Pirenne, H.: editor of Belgian series, 12; mono- graph by, 16, 71; biography, 29. Pirenne, Jacques, 17, 73. Pirquet, Clemens von: editor of Public Health series, 12; monograph by, 16, 68, 69; biography, 29. Poland and the Baltic (German series), by Kries and Gayl, 20, 108. Popovics, Alexander, 15, 53. Population: Effect of the War upon Population and upon Incomes (French series), by Huber, 18, 81. The Effect of the War upon Population (Ger- man series), by Meerwarth, 20, 105. The War and the Agricultural Population (German series), by Sering, 20, 112. Porri, Vincenzo, 20, 115. Ports, French, during the War, by Hersent, 18, 92-3- Portugal in the World War, by Young, 21, 121. Posthuma, F. E., 17, 76. Prato, Giuseppe, 21, 120. Press reviews, 145-69. Preston, S., 14, 41. Prices: Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom, 1914-1920, by Bowley, 14, 38, 153-5. The Effect of the War upon Prices, Wages, and the Cost of Living (Dutch series), by Methorst, 17,77. Prices and Wages during the War (French series), by March, 18, 81-2. War-Time Control of Prices and Food Supply (French series), by Pichon and Pinot, 18,82. Cooperative Societies and the Struggle against High Prices (French series), by Gide, 19, 9 6 ~7- Currency Inflation in Italy and its Effects on Prices, Incomes and Foreign Exchanges, by Jannaccone, 21, 1 18-19. Prisoners : Austro -Hungarian Prisoners and their Medi- cal Service in Russian Siberia (Public Health series), by Breitner, 69. Prisoners of War in France, by Cahen-Salva- dor, 18,91. i 7 8 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Production, The General Effects of the War upon (German series), by Sering, 20, io6 f Profits, War-Time, and their Distribution (Brit- ish series), by Stamp, 14, 40. Public Health series (Austria-Hungary), editor of, 12. Publishers, 24-5. Rademacher, Arnold, 19, 104. Railways (see also Transport) : Austrian Railways during the War, by von Enderes, 16, 61. French Railroads during the War, by Peschaud 18,91. The War and German Railways (to be ar- ranged), 20, 109. Raschofsky, Wilhelm, 16, 69. Rasfn, Alois, 17, 75, 163-4. Rationing. See Food and Food Supply. Ratzenhofer, Emil, 15, 55. Raw Materials, The Supply of, under Government Control (German series), by Koeth, 20, 107. Records, Guide to Local War, by Wretts-Smith, I5.5I- Redlich, Joseph, 16, 58. Redmayne, Sir Richard: 15, 45; press reviews, 161-3. Refugees, War, and Interned Civilians (French series), by Caron, 18, 90-1. Regionalism, French Local Government and Eco- nomic Problems, by Hauser, 18, 80. Reichenbach, Bela, 66, 67. Religion, The Effect of the War upon (German se- ries), by Foerster and Rademacher, 19, 104. Renouvin, Pierre, 17, 79. Ricci, Umberto: member of Italian editorial board, 13; monograph by, 20, 116; biog- raphy, 33. Riedl, Richard: member of Austrian editorial board, 12; monograph by, 16, 58; biog- raphy, 28. Rist, Charles: member of French editorial board, 12; monograph by, 18, 93; biography, 30. Romeyn, H. J., 17, 78. Rosenbaum, E., 19, 20, 101, 109. Rouen during the War, The Economic History of (French series), by Levainville, 19, 98. Rubinek, Julius, 66. Rumania, editorial board for, 13. Rumania and the Ukraine (German series), by Mann, 20, 108. Rumanian Economic Life, Effect of the War upon (to be arranged), 21, 122. Russia, editorial board for, 13. Russia in the Economic War, by Nolde, 22, 136. Russia in the World War, by Vinogradoff, 22, 139. Russian Army in the World War, by Golovine, 22, 128. Rygg, N.: member (from Norway) of Scandi- navian editorial board, 12; biography, 35. Salter, Sir Arthur, 15, 44; press reviews, 150-3. Savings Movement, National (British series), by Schooling, 14, 42. Savoly, Dr., 66. Scandinavia, editorial board for, 13. Schacherl, G., 16, 70. Schooling, Sir William, 14, 41. Schiiller, Richard: member of Austrian editorial board, 12; monograph by, 16, 57; biog- raphy, 28. Schumacher, Hermann, 20, 114. Scott, W. R. : member of British editorial board, 12; monograph by, 15, 49, 50; biography, 27; press reviews, 168-9. Seipel, Ignaz, 16, 61. Sellier, Henri, 19, 97, 99. Serbia : Economic Use of Occupied Territories; Serbia, Montenegro, Albania (Austro-Hungarian series), by Kerchnawe, 15, 56. Serbia during the First Year of the War (Yugoslav series), by Bajkitch, 23, 144. Serbia, Economic Situation of, prior to War (Yugoslav series), by Bajkitch, 23, 144. Sering, Max: member of German editorial board, 12; monograph by, 20, 106, 112; biography, 31. Serpieri, Arrigo, 21, 116. Shipping: Shipping Insurance (British series), by Hill, 14,42. Allied Shipping Control (British series), by Salter, 15, 44, 150-3. General History of British Shipping during the War, by Fayle, 15, 44. French Merchant Shipping during the War, by Cangardel, 18, 92. The War and German Shipping, by Rosen- baum, 20, 109. Shklovsky, Isaak Vladimirovitch, 22, 126. Shot well, James T., ex-offcio member of edi- torial boards, 12-13. Siberia, Austro-Hungarian Prisoners and their Medical Service in Russian (Public Health series), by Breitner, 69. Sich, A. E., 14, 41. Skalweit, A., 20, 1 12-13. Sleeping Sickness: its Relation to Influenza under War Conditions (Public Health series), by Economo, 70. Smallpox during and after the War (Public Health series), by Kyrle, 70. Social conditions: Studies in British Social History during the World War (to be arranged), 15, 52. Social Conditions in Hungary during the War, by Pap, 16, 67. The Italian People during and after the War, by Volpe, 21, 120. Social and Economic Life in Piedmont as affected by the War (Italian series), by Prato, 21, 1 20-1. Social History of the Ukraine during the War (Russian series), by Mogilansky, 22, 138-9. The Effect of the War upon the Life and Work of the Swedish People, by Heckscher, 23, 140. INDEX 179 Sokoloff, Boris Nicholaevitch, 22, 132. Spann, Othmar, 15, 53. Spotted Fever, Typhus and, etc., as War-Time Diseases (Public Health series), by Miiller- Deham, Nobel and Wagner, 71. Stahl, Paul, 18, 89-90. Stamp, Sir Josiah C, 14, 39, 40. State control : Experiments in State Control at the War Office and the Ministry of Food (British series), by Lloyd, 14, 42. State Control and De- Control (German series), by Goppert, 20, 106-7. The Supply oj Raw Materials under Govern- ment Control (German series), by Koeth, 20, 107. State Control of Industry in Russia during the War, by Zagorsky, 22, 131. Stefani, Alberto de', 20, 115. Stegerwald, Adam, 20, 110-11. Steiner, Johann, 16, 69. Strikes, Wages, Tariff's, Collective Agreements and (French series), by Oualid and Pic- quenard, 18, 86-7. Struve, Peter Barnadovitch, 22, 130. Sweden, The Economic Effects of the War upon, by Heckscher, 22, 140. Swedish People, The Effect of the War upon the Life and Work of the, by Heckscher, 23, 140. Syndicalism (French series), by Picard, 18, 88. Syphilis, The Spread of, in Austria, IQI0-IQ20 (Public Health series), by Finger, 70. Szaboky, Alois, 66. Szterenyi, Josef, 16, 64. Trade: General Effects of the War on French Foreign Trade, by Rist, 18, 93. Internal Trade of Russia during the War, by Bouryschkine, 22, 135. Russiain the Economic War, by Nolde, 22, 136. Transport {see also Railways; Snipping): Transportation under Military Control (Aus- tro-Hungarian series), by Ratzenhofer, 15,55. Effects of the War upon Russian Transport, by Braikevitch, 22, 136. Tretiakoff, Sergius Nicholaievitch, 22, 133. Truchy, Henri, 19, 95. Tschuproff, Alexander Alexandrovitch, 22, 139. Turin, Sergius Petrovitch, 21, 126. Typhus and Spotted Fever, etc., as War-Time Diseases (Public Health series), by Miiller- Deham, Nobel and Wagner, 71. Ukraine: Rumania and the Ukraine (German series), by Mann, 20, 108. Social Conditions and Movements in the Ukraine during the War (Russian series), by Mogilansky, 22, 138-9. Umbreit, Paul, 20, no. Unemployment: Unemployment Insurance (British series), by Beveridge, 14, 42. Unemployment in Belgium during the German Occupation, by Mahaim, 17, 73-4. Unemployment during the War (French series), by Crehange, 18, 87. Union of Towns. See Municipalities. Unions, Labor. See Labor and Labor Unions. Taracievitch, Leon Alexandrovitch, 22, 138. Tariffs, Collective Agreements and Strikes, Wages and (French series), by William Oualid and Picquenard, 18, 86-7. Taxation and War -Time Incomes (British series), by Stamp, 14, 39. Teleszky, Johann von, 65. Terflfy, Bela, 66. Textile Industries: The Wool Trade during the War (British series), by Hitchcock, 14, 43. The Cotton Control Board (British series), by Henderson, 14, 44, 157-8. Effects of the War upon Textile Industries (French series), by Aftalion, 18, 83. Effects of the War upon the Flax and Wool In- dustries in Russia, by Tretiakoff, 22, 133. Effects of the War upon the Textile {Cotton) Industry in Russia, by Karpoff, 22, 133. Thomas, Albert, 18, 86. Thorsteinsson, Thorstein, 23, 144. Timber Industry during the War, Forestry and (French series), by Chevalier, 18, 85. Totomianz, Vachan Thomitch, 22, 127. Tours, The Economic and Social History of (French series), by L'heritier and Chau- temps, 19, 99. Vauthier, Marcel, 17, 73. Ville-Chabrolle, Marcel de, 19, 98. Vinogradoff, Sir Paul: editor of Russian series, 13; monograph by, 22, 139; biography, 34. Vissering, G., 17, 77. Vital statistics: Vital Statistics of the Republic of Austria during and after the War (Public Health series), by Helly, 68. Vital Statistics and Public Health in Italy during and after the War, by Mortara, 21, II9. Vital Statistics of Russia during the War, by Tschuproff, 22, 139. Volpe, Gioacchino, 21, 120. Wagemann, Ernst, 20, 113. Wages : Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom, iqi 4-1920, by Bowley, 14, 38, 153-5- The Effect of the War on Prices, Wages and the Cost of Living (Dutch series), by Methorst, 17, 77. Statistical Study of Prices and Wages during the War (French series), by March, 18, 81-2. i8o ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR Wages, Tariffs, Collective Agreements, and Strikes (French series), by Oualid and Picquenard, 18, 87. The War and Wages (German series), by Zimmermann, 20, 112. The Effects of the War upon Wages in War- time (Russian series), by Eisenstadt, 22, 134- Wagner, Richard, 16, 71. Wales in the World War, by'Thomas Jones, 15, 5i. Warner, S. G., 14, 40. Waterways, Internal, Freight Traffic (French series), by Kerviler, 18, 92. Watson, Sir Alfred, 14, 41. Westergaard, Harald: chairman of Scandina- vian series, 13; biography, 34. Wiedenfeld, W., 20, 109. Wieser, Friedrich von: chairman of Austrian series, 12; monograph by, 15, 54, 57; biog- raphy, 27. Wolfe, Humbert, 15, 48; press reviews, 166-8. Women in Industry under War Conditions (French series), by Frois, 18, 89. Wool: Wool Trade during the War (British series), by Hitchcock, 14, 43. Effects of the War upon Wool and Flax Indus- tries in Russia, by TretiakofT, 22, 133- Workman : Foreign and Colonial Workmen in France, by Nogaro, 18, 88. The War and the German Working Man, by David, 20, 111-12. Effects of the War upon Workmen's Family Budgets (Russian series), by Kohn, 22,. 134-5. Changes in the Conditions and Composition of the Working Classes (Russian series), by Braithwaite, 22, 135. The Effect of the War upon the Working Classes (Scandinavian series), by J arte, 23,141. Wounded, The (French series), by Cassin and Ville-Chabrolle, 19, 97-8. Wretts-Smith, Miss, 15, 51. Yale University Press, 24-5. Young, George, 21, 121. Young, The Effect of the War upon (German series), by Flitner, 19, 104-5. Yugoslavia, editorial board for, 13. Yugoslavia, Economic and Social Effects of the War upon (to be arranged), 23, 144. Zaalberg, C. J. P., 17,76.. Zagorsky, Simon Ossipovitch, 22, 131. Zaitzeff, Cyril Zacharovitch, 131. Zemstvos (Russian series): The Zemstvos, the All-Russian Union of the Zemstvos and the " Zemgor," by Obolen- sky and Turin, 21, 126. The War and the Psychology of the Zemstvos Workers, by Shklovsky, 22, 126-7. "Zemgor," The Zemstvos, the All-Russian Union of the Zemstvos and the, by Obolensky and Turin, 21, 126. Zimmermann, Waldemar, 20, 112. Zingali, Gaetano, 21, 117.