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AI.MANA( 
 
 AND ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
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 NAIWNAlHARVESeOHIIMNYOFAMB^ICA 
 
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 CHICAGO USA 
 
r 
 
 I've scanned the world from east to west. 
 
 To learn what systems pay the best. 
 Why some crops yield in large amount. 
 
 And how to start a bank account. 
 What I have gleaned is written here 
 
 To help you in your work this year. 
 Read what we've learned, and then begin 
 
 With I H C to work and win. 
 
 
 ^h<rrt 
 
i) 
 
 S^ 
 
 THE IHC SERVICE BUREAU 
 
 We have established a free Bureau of real, practical 
 everyday service for the good of everybody, every- 
 where, interested in the farm and its many-sided prob- 
 lems. The object is improved farm methods and larger 
 and better crops. 
 
 Farmers, dairymen, fruitmen, stockmen, teachers, 
 students, editors, and others are invited to make free 
 use of the Bureau. 
 
 When you want to know, write the IHC Service 
 Bureau of the International Harvester Company of 
 America, Harvester Building, Chicago. Experts are 
 employed to answer questions pertaining to soils, soil 
 fertility, seeds, rotation of crops, climatic conditions, 
 irrigation, insect pests, spraying, the feeding and hous- 
 ing of cattle, diseases of animals, care and use of farm 
 machines, planting- and cultivation of specialties, market- 
 ing — in short, anything the man on the farm wants to 
 know the Bureau will try to tell him. 
 
 Old farm problems are constantly presenting new 
 angles, and new problems are appearing all the while. 
 Whenever, wherever, and whatever the problem, be it 
 new or old, write out the facts and send them to the 
 Bureau. If the problem is an old one, the most accurate 
 existing information will be sent the person making 
 the inquiry. If the problem is new, the wheels of in- 
 vestigation will be set in motion, and as soon as a solution 
 is obtained the results will be given not only to the man 
 who brought the problem to attention but to the press 
 of the country. 
 
 While the Bureau cooperates with the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, the Government Experi- 
 ment Stations, and the State Agricultural Colleges, 
 and constantly draws from the knowledge and experi- 
 ments of the world's experts, yet much of the most 
 valuable information comes out of the experiences of 
 the men in the field. This being true, we beg the co- 
 operation of farmers, dairymen, fruitmen, and stockmen, 
 and solicit their experiences as well as the problems 
 facing them. 
 
 Professor J. E. Waggoner is at present chief agricul- 
 tural advisor. He was a farmer before he was a student, 
 and he has remained both farmer and student since 
 his graduation from Iowa State College of Agriculture 
 
 ^ 
 
 84331 
 
and Mechanic Arts, at Ames, and so he mixes well the 
 practical and the theoretical. Previous to assuming his 
 present position Professor Waggoner was professor of 
 agricultural engineering in Mississippi Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College. 
 
 Aside from the individual and general exchange of 
 experiences and solution of problems, the Bureau is 
 conducting a popular educational campaign. One of 
 the most interesting features of this campaign is "The 
 Romance of the Reaper," an entertainment illustrated 
 with beautifully colored views and motion pictures. 
 This we offer free to large gatherings where there are 
 farmers and others interested, such as fairs, land and 
 corn shows, agricultural colleges, institutes, conven- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 Lantern slides illustrating agricultural progress are 
 loaned by the Bureau to schools, colleges, and other 
 institutions. 
 
 We have also placed the Bureau at the service of 
 editors, teachers, and speakers who need data on agricul- 
 tural topics for the preparation of articles, essays, and 
 addresses. On request we prepare special articles for 
 the press, and photographs of every kind of farm scene 
 are loaned. 
 
 This is an age of want-to-know, and the more the 
 man on the farm knows, the less hard work he does and 
 the more money he makes. Agriculture has passed 
 from drudgery to a scientific profession — the most 
 important science in the universe. To cultivate more 
 acres and make those acres yield larger and better crops, 
 to produce more milk and butter and eggs, to raise 
 more cattle, and to grow more fruit — to better .feed 
 and nourish the millions — is the most honorable as 
 well as the most profitable business in the world. Or 
 it will be the most profitable when those who till, and 
 produce, and raise, and grow, more fully know the whys 
 and hows of tilling, and producing, and raising, and 
 growing. 
 
 The Bureau is a center for the collection and dis- 
 tribution of information — a home for everyone inter- 
 ested in agriculture — a place where difficulties are 
 made easy and gloom is turned into cheer. 
 
 The International Harvester Company of America 
 invites those interested in the soil and its products to use 
 the I H C Service Bureau as though it were their own. 
 In truth it is their own, and, like the arm that is exer- 
 cised, the more it is used the stronger it becomes, 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 / <•*,»* *t 
 
ADV. 27 A 
 
INDEX 
 
 FARMERS' ALMANAC AND ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR 1911 
 
 Agriculture, The Department of . 14 
 
 Antidotes for Poisons 26 
 
 April Calendar 21 
 
 August Calendar 2g 
 
 Auto Wagon 86 
 
 Brick Walls 88 
 
 Builders, Information for 87 
 
 Building Suggestions for Farmer. 26 
 
 Bulletins, Farmers' 14 
 
 Bushels, Statutory Weights of ... 61 
 
 Bushes,How Long They Will Bear 67 
 
 Calendar Signs, Explanation of . . 4 
 
 Calendar Pages, Explanation of. . 3 
 
 Chronological Cycles 3 
 
 Church Days 6 
 
 Concrete and Cobble Stone for 
 
 Stables and Walls 32 
 
 Concrete Mixing on the Farm ... 72 
 
 Cooking Time Table 30 
 
 Corn 78 
 
 Corn, A Novel Crib 32 
 
 Cream Separator, What it Will Do 78 
 Crops, Plant Food Removed per 
 
 Acre 60 
 
 Crops, Yield per Acre 66 
 
 Dairying, Up-to-Date 76 
 
 December Calendar 37 
 
 Dehorning Calves 95 
 
 Disk Harrows, The Value of 84 
 
 Drugs, Doses for Farm Animals . 94 
 
 Eclipses 7 
 
 Farm Machines and Progress ... 42 
 
 February Calendar 17 
 
 First Aid to the Injured 24 
 
 Gestation Table 95 
 
 Ground Grain, Advantages of 
 
 Feeding 95 
 
 Heavens, Chart of 13 
 
 Homestead Laws 92 
 
 Implements and Farm Machines 
 
 in use i860, Value of 43 
 
 Implements and Farm Maphines 
 
 in use 1900, Value of 45 
 
 Incubation Table 95 
 
 Injured, First Aid to the 24 
 
 Interest, Compound 93 
 
 Interest, Legal Rate of 92 
 
 Interest, Simple, Table of 93 
 
 January Calendar 15 
 
 July Calendar 27 
 
 June Calendar 25 
 
 Limitations, Statutes of 92 
 
 Machines and Progress 42 
 
 Manure, Analysis of Stable 59 
 
 Manure, Stable, Value of 5g 
 
 Map of United States 48-49 
 
 March Calendar 19 
 
 May Calendar 23 
 
 Money Orders 20-22 
 
 Money, Transmit'g through Banks 24 
 
 November Calendar 35 
 
 October Calendar 33 
 
 Planets, The 8 
 
 Planets, Brightest or Best Seen . . 6 
 
 Planets, Situation of 6 
 
 Planets, Visibility of lo 
 
 Plant Food Removed by Various 
 
 Crops 60 
 
 Plant, When to 69 
 
 Poisons, Antidotes for 26 
 
 Postage, Rates of 20 
 
 Weight Limits, Foreign 22 
 
 Power, Farm 34 
 
 Power, New Farm 41 
 
 Power on the Farm 40 
 
 Repair Parts 60 
 
 Renting a Farm 91 
 
 Road Drag, How to Make a 87 
 
 Sanitation in the Country 69 
 
 Seasons, The 7 
 
 Seeds, Usual Weight per Bushel. 68 
 
 Germination, Table of 67 
 
 Length of Germ Life 66 
 
 Quantity to Sow per Acre 67 
 
 When to Plant 66 
 
 September Calendar 31 
 
 Shingles, Covering Capacity 88 
 
 Silos, Building, Capacity, Form 
 
 and Size Neede.d 74-75 
 
 Soil Building 57 
 
 Spray, How and When to 89 
 
 Spraying Calendar 89 
 
 Spraying Formulas 90 
 
 Time, Eras of 3 
 
 Time, Standard II 
 
 Standard Time Chart, Explana- 
 tion of 4 
 
 Time, Standard Table, U. S 12 
 
 Tractors, Gasoline 41 
 
 Trees Worth Growing 63 
 
 Trees, How Long They Will Bear 67 
 
 Trees, Planting Distance 67 
 
 United States, Map of 48-49 
 
 Wagons, Points of Good 86 
 
 Wagons, Steel 86 
 
 Walls, Stone and Brick 88 
 
 Weather Forecast 4 
 
 Weights and Measures, Table of 62 
 Weights and Measures, Deviation 
 
 in Laws 61 
 
 Wheat in V. S., Maps Showing 
 
 Production of from 1840-1900.50-56 
 Zodiac, Signs & Constellations of 5 
 
I H C ALMANAC AND 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 FOR 1911 
 
 Astronomical Calculations 
 
 By BERLIN H. WRIGHT, De Land. Florida 
 
 Eras of Time 
 
 The Gregorian year 191 1 corrssponds to the following eras: 
 
 From July 4th the 136th year of the Independence of the United 
 States. 
 
 The year 1329 (nearly) of the Mohammedan era of the Hegira. be- 
 ginning January 2: the year 1330 begins Dec. 22. 
 
 The year 8020 of the Greek Church, beginning January 14. 
 
 The year 460S (nearly) of the Chinese era, beginning January 30. 
 
 The year 5671-72 (nearly) of the Jewish era, year 5672 beginning 
 at sunset September 22. 
 
 The year 2571 (nearly) of the Japanese era, beginning January 30. 
 
 The year 6624 of the Julian period. 
 
 The year 2223 of the Grecian era. 
 
 January i, 191 1, is the 2,419,038th day since the commencement 
 of the Julian period. 
 
 Chronological Cycles 
 
 Dominical Letter A Solar Cycle 16 
 
 Epact (Moon's Age, Jan. i) . . .30 Roman Indiction 9 
 
 Lunar Cycle, or Golden number. 12 Julian Period 6624 
 
 Dionnysian Period 240 Jewish Lunar Cycle 9 
 
 Explanation of the Calendar Pages 
 
 All the calculations are based upon mean or clock time, except the 
 Moon's Phases, which are of that standard within which zone the prov- 
 inces named are located. The Sun's rising and setting are for the 
 upper limb, corrected for parallax and refraction. In the case of the 
 Moon no correction is needed, as in the Sun, for "parallax and refrac- 
 tion," with her are of opposite nature and just balance each other. The 
 figures given, therefore, are for the Moon's center on a true horizon, such 
 as the ocean or a large plain affords. 
 
 The calculations in each of the geographical divisions of each calendar 
 page will apply with sufficient accuracy to all places in the contiguous 
 North American zones indicated by the headings of the divisions. 
 
 Although the 24-hour system of reckoning is used on some of the 
 Canadian railways in order to reduce the chance of error in running 
 trains, it has not been generally adopted. 
 
. JHC ALMANAC g> EKCYCLOPEDIA. 
 Explanation of Standard Time Chart 
 
 The heavy dotted lines show the arbitrary divisions of time in the 
 United States. The plus and minus marks on either side of the meridian 
 lines show whether it is necessary to add to or subtract from the mean 
 time of points east or west of these lines, to arrive at actual standard 
 time. Examples. New York City is i° east of the 5th meridian, there- 
 fore New York local time, less 4 m. gives standard time, and for Boston 
 standard (eastern) time 16 m. must be subtracted from mean time. 
 
 Explanation of Signs on Calendar Pages 
 
 The signs used are as follows; c/, conjunction or near approach; 
 cP, opposition or i 80° from the Sun; D, quadrature or 90° from the Sun; 
 O, Sun; ©, Earth; §, Mercury; s, Venus; J', Mars; 2i, Jupiter; T?, Sat- 
 urn; S, Uranus; '^ , Neptune; Q, Ascending Node; ^, Descending 
 Node; "J, Moon generally. 
 
 Weather Calendar Explanation: All storms are progressive, i. e., 
 the entire storm area moves. This motion is in a general Easterly direc- 
 tion except in the tropical storms, which generally pass Northward along 
 the Atlantic Seabord. Hence by keeping this in mind and the following 
 facts, in connection with the " Weather Calendar," every one may become 
 a good local "Weather Prophet." 
 
 The wind always blows in a circle around a storm center, in a direc- 
 tion contrary to the hands of a clock, and generally towards the storm 
 center. Hence, when it blows from the N. the heaviest rain is E. of you ; 
 if from the S. the heaviest rain is W. of you ; if from the E. the heaviest 
 rain is S. of you. 
 
 Every one should own a barometer and have a wind vane; a careful 
 observation of the behavior of these will enable one to obtain a fore- 
 knowledge of local conditions when studied in connection with the gen- 
 eral storm periods on each calendar page and the above directions. 
 
 These "Storm Periods" are the times when the conditions are such 
 as to warrant the forecast. But, as previously stated, very opposite 
 conditions always obtain in opposite portions of the storm area. Thus 
 while a violent thunder storm is prevailing in the S. W. quadrant of a 
 storm area, cold N. E. rains will be falling in the opposite quadrant. A 
 storm area will pass from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic in from 
 3 to 5 days. 
 
 The forecasts in the right hand column of the calendar pages are 
 based on sound astro-physical principles and long observation. 
 
 For "long range" forecasts they will compare favorably with 24 or 
 36 hour forecasts, and will be considered as being fulfilled when compared 
 with official observations covering the period for which they are made 
 under the following conditions, viz.: If it storms within 12 hours before 
 or after the date given for storm. For warm and cold periods allow five 
 days, as they may occasionally overlap. Storm periods cover three 
 days. 
 
 It must not be understood that "Storm Period" means that storms 
 are expected to prevail at all places within the range of the district 
 covered by the almanac at one time, as all. storms are progressive. That 
 is, they move in an easterly direction if they originate in the West, and 
 in a northerly direction if their birthplace is in the South. The periods 
 so marked are simply the times within which severe storms are most 
 likely to occur. The stonns also may vary greatly m character, accord- 
 ing to location with respect to the storm center, or they may be chiefly 
 electrical or of wind alone. 
 
,, IHC ALM ANAC g* ENCYCLOPED IA ,FjiWm 
 
 The Zodiacal Signs are here given, with the period during which they 
 are in control according to Astrologists. 
 
 January 20 to February 19, sjk, Aquarius, the Water Bearer. 
 
 February ig to March 21, K, Pisces, the Fishes. 
 
 March 21 to April 21, HP, Aries, the Ram. 
 
 April 21 to May 22, "O'. Taurus, the Bull. 
 
 May 22 to June 22, n, Gemini, the Twins 
 
 June 22 to July 23, 6^, Cancer, the Crab. 
 
 July 23 to August 23, Q, Leo, the Lion. 
 
 August 23 to September 23, Tip, Virgo, the Virgin. 
 
 September 24 to October 24, ^, Libra, the Scales. 
 
 October 24 to November 23, Tit, Scorpio, the Scorpion. 
 
 November 23 to December 22, -^, Sagittarius, the Archer. 
 
 December 22 to January 20, \3. Capricorn, the Sea Goat. 
 
 The Signs and Constellations of the Zodiac 
 
 Until recently wc supposed that the present relationship between the 
 signs and constellations of the zodiac was generally understood, as all 
 astronomical te.xt-books mention their disagreement and explain the 
 cause. The numerous letters of inquiry concerning differences between 
 this data in this almanac and certain others show the necessity for this 
 note of explanation. 
 
 Thousands of years ago when the zodiac, that belt of the heavens 
 about 16° in width within which move the moon and planets, was formed 
 and divided into twelve parts or seasons called signs, each containing 
 certain star groups called constellations. Each was given a name of an 
 object or animal which never did bear any relationship to the configura- 
 tion of the stars in that group or division, but which did or is suppos d 
 to have reference to certain a.stronomical or other facts. Thus Libra, =2= 
 the scales or balance comes at the autumnal equinox when there is an 
 equilibrium or balance between the length of day and night the world 
 over. Aquarius, jk;, the water bearer, and whose sign is the Egyptian 
 sign for running water, comes at the season of greatest rams in Egypt, etc. 
 
 Since the time when these divisions were made and named, owing to 
 the precession of the equinoxes, resulting from the differing polar and 
 equatorial diameters of the earth, the signs have moved back west 
 nearly a whole division or constellation and where T* was the first, X 
 now is. Hence though the sun now enters the sign "y March 20, it is a 
 month later when he enters the constellation y. It must be apparent, 
 therefore, that any supposed influence or relationship which early astrol- 
 ogers attributed to the position of the sun, moon or planets when in cer- 
 tain of these divisions can no longer exist, as the sign now only represents 
 that space or division of the zodiac where the controlling constellation was 
 2,000 or more years ago but is not now. Nevertheless some almanacs 
 .still give the signs for the moon's place, which is very misleading to those 
 who attempt to follow her in her course among the stars. Hence this 
 almanac gives the constellation and discards the ancient picture of the 
 disemboweled man as relics of the age of superstition. The sign is re- 
 tained for sun's place in the seasons and sun's path each month because 
 of its relationsh'.f) to the equinoxes and solstices. Inquiries will receive 
 attention when stamped and self-directed envelopes are inclosed. 
 
 Berli.n H. Wright, De L.\nd, Fla. 
 5 
 
^^II/C ALMANAC '^ EKCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Fixed and Movable Feasts, or Church Days 
 
 New Years' Day (Circumcision) . . .Jan. 
 
 Conversion of St. Paul " 
 
 Purification B. V. M Feb. 
 
 Septuagesima Sunday " 
 
 St. Valentine " 
 
 Sexagesima Sunday " 
 
 Quinquagesima Sunday " 
 
 Shrove Tuesday '* 
 
 Ash Wednesday (Lent begins) Mar. 
 
 Quadragesima Sunday 
 
 St. Patrick's Day " 
 
 Annuncia-tion (Lady Day) 
 
 Mjd-Lent Sunday 
 
 Palm Sunday Apr. 
 
 Good Friday ]] 
 
 Easter Sunday "^ 
 
 Low Sunday (St. George) 
 
 St. Mark " 
 
 Philip and James May 
 
 Rogation Sunday 
 
 Ascension (Holv) Thursday 
 
 Whit Sunday (Pentecost) June 
 
 Trinity Sunday 
 
 Corpus Christi 
 
 Nativity John the Baptist 
 
 Peter and Paul June 
 
 Mary Magdalen July 
 
 St. James 
 
 Transfiguration .Aug. 
 
 St. Bartholomew " 
 
 Exalt. Holy Cross Sept. 
 
 St. Matthew " 
 
 Michaelmas " 
 
 St. Luke Oct. 
 
 Simon and Jude 
 
 Hallowe'en " 
 
 All Saints Nov. 
 
 Thanksgiving " 
 
 St. Andrew 
 
 Advent Sunday Dec. 
 
 St. Thomas 
 
 Christmas Day 
 
 St. Stephen 
 
 St. John the Evangelist [' 
 
 Holy Innocents 
 
 EMBER DAYS. 
 Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. 
 
 Mar. S, loand 1 1. 
 June 7, Q and lo. 
 
 Sept. 
 Dec. 
 
 2 2 and 23. 
 22 and 23. 
 
 Jl 
 
 Planets Brightest or Best Seen 
 
 Mercury (C). Feb. i-s and Sept. 23-30. asa morning star, rising i hour 15 minutes 
 before the sun; also April 1 -10 and Dec 4-10. as an evening st .r, setting i hour 15 minutes 
 after the sun. Venus V 5), Aug. 8-12 as an evening star, and Oct. 21-25 asa morning star. 
 Mars (cf). Nov. 24-25, all night. Jupiter fJI), April 30, all night. Saturn (h ). Nov. 9. 
 all night. Uranus (6 or Ijl), July 20. all night. Neptune (^), Jan. 11, all night. 
 
 Morning Stars ( West of Sun ) 
 
 Mercury — see "Planets Brightest." 
 
 Venus, until Sept. 14. 
 
 Mars, until Aug. S. 
 
 Jupiter, until Feb, 3 and after Nov. 18. 
 
 Saturn, from May i to Aug. 13. 
 
 Evening Stars (East of Sun) 
 
 Mercury — see " Planets Brightest." 
 
 Venus, after Sept. 14. 
 
 Mars, after Aug. 8. 
 
 Jupiter, from Feb. 3 to Nov. 18. 
 
 Saturn, until May i and after Aug. 13. 
 
 Situation of the Planets for the Sundays; also Moon's 
 Position for the Year 
 
 Explanation of Signs. — T Aries, y Taurus, n Gemini. 5:s Cancer. H Leo. 
 110 Virgo. £^ Libra. Il) Scorpio. I Sagittarius, l^ Capricornus. "Aquarius. K Pisces. 
 The place indicated for the planets is for the ist, 2d, 3d. 4th and 5th Sundays of each month. 
 in the order of the planets. 
 
 PLANET 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 March 
 
 Apr. 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 .^Ug. 
 
 Sept 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 D. Cn. 
 
 D. Cn. 
 
 D. Con. 
 
 D. Cn. 
 
 D. Cn. 
 
 D.Cn. 
 
 B. Con. 
 
 D.Cn. 
 
 D. Cn. 
 
 D.Cn. 
 
 D.Cn. 
 
 D. Con. 
 
 Venus (9).. 
 
 I i 
 
 5 15= 
 
 5 H 
 
 2T' 
 
 7 B 
 
 4n 
 
 2 r^ 
 
 b<). 
 
 3U 
 
 :y 
 
 54i 
 
 3 111) 
 
 Mars (d').. 
 
 8 111 
 
 12 ? 
 
 12/ 
 
 23T 
 
 14 ~ 
 
 iiH 
 
 i?S 
 
 23 T' 
 
 13 -v 
 
 10 b 
 
 8 8 
 
 12 a 
 
 10 'P 
 
 lupiterCm. 
 Saturn (I)).. 
 
 %-v 
 
 2b T 
 
 2b T 
 
 21 ii 
 
 28 T 
 
 18 — 
 
 25 T 
 
 27 T 
 
 17^ 
 24 T 
 
 '^^ 
 
 2?T 
 
 170 
 
 24 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 30/ 
 
 
 
 30/ 
 
 
 
 29/ 
 
 
 3' / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I) Perigee . 
 
 12 
 
 q 
 
 b 
 
 \f 
 
 28 
 
 2S 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 D Apogee . ■ 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 2-2U 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 6t 
 
 » Highest (a) 
 
 1.1 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 2-29 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 D Lowest (^,/ 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 12* 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 \i 
 
 
 Datn 
 
 B atQ 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 i; 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 1-28 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 >5 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 ^■^^ 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 2C 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 \ 
 
 3-30 
 
 « On Equator. . 
 
 6-19 
 
 3-16 
 
 3-15-30 
 
 I2-2b 
 
 9.23 
 
 5-20 
 
 3-17-30 
 
 13-26 
 
 9-23 
 
 6-19 
 
 3-ib 
 
 1-13-28 
 
 * Moon lowest of the Year, 
 igio edition. « 
 
 t Moon highest of the Year. See Note of Explanation in 
 
IHC ALMANAC "^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 The Seasons and the Sun's Apparent Path through the Zodiac 
 
 Sun Enters 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Mean 
 
 Local T 
 
 me) 
 
 
 Sign Constellation 
 l^ = / Dec. 
 - = I* Jan. 
 
 22 
 20 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 56 
 37 
 
 a. m. 
 a. m. 
 
 1910. 
 191 1. 
 
 Winter begins and lasts 
 South of Equator. 
 
 D. 
 
 89 
 
 K = 
 f = 
 8 = 
 
 K 
 
 T 
 
 Feb. 
 Mar. 
 Apr. 
 
 19 
 21 
 21 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 a. m. 
 
 igii. 
 191 1. 
 1911. 
 
 Spring begins and lasts 
 North of Equator. 
 
 92 
 
 n = 
 
 8 
 n 
 
 May 
 June 
 lulv 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 20 
 12 
 
 a. m. 
 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 
 1911. 
 1911. 
 1911- 
 
 Summer begins and 
 lasts, north of Equator. 
 
 93 
 
 M = 
 
 i^ = 
 
 m = 
 
 f^ 
 
 Aug. 
 Sept. 
 Oct. 
 
 24 
 23 
 24 
 
 2 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 2 
 
 ,S8 
 
 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 a. m. 
 
 IQII. 
 191 I. 
 I9II. 
 
 Autumn begins and 
 lasts, south of Equator. 
 
 89 
 
 / = 
 
 ? 
 
 Nov. 
 Dec. 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 .^7 
 
 a. m. 
 p. m. 
 
 191 I. 
 I9II. 
 
 Winter begins, tropical 365 
 
 D. H. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 D. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 year. 
 
 
 89 
 89 18 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 93 
 
 ig 42 
 14 42 
 
 
 
 18 35 
 
 178 19 17 South of the Equator. 186 10 24 North of the Equator. 
 Subtract 178 19 17 
 
 715 7 longer north of Equator than south 
 of it. owing to the slower motion of the Earth (Sun's apparent motion) at and near Aphelion. 
 
 Eclipses L iring 1911 
 
 There will be two eclipses this year and both of the Sun, as must 
 always be the case when only two occur. They are as follows: 
 
 I. Total, April 28, partially visible in the 
 United States as a small partial eclipse on the 
 Sun's southern limb. The Sun will set more or 
 less eclipsed east of a line from near Pittsburg, 
 Pa., to Matagorda Bay, Texas. Washington, 
 D. C, is on the northern Atlantic boundary of 
 the area of visibility. No part of the eclipse 
 will be visible north of a hne from Portland, 
 Ore., through Milwaukee and Pittsburg to Wash- 
 ington, D. C. Therefore the eclipse will be very 
 small in the western and middle states west of 
 
 the above mentioned line from Pittsburg to , -, 7 ^ 
 
 Matagorda Bay, being largest in the extreme ^t&"c^^oix\li7^. 
 Southwest. More exactly visible as follows : sun's southern limb. 
 
 
 Begins 
 
 H. M. 
 
 Ends 
 
 H. M. 
 
 Size 
 Digits 
 
 Correction for 
 Standard Time 
 
 Chicago 
 
 6:10 p. m. 
 Contact of limbs 
 6:14 p. m. 
 5:43 
 
 6:15 p. m. 
 at sunset. 
 © sets eclipsed 
 6:23 p. m. 
 
 0.5 
 
 2.0 I at sunset 
 
 i-S 
 
 — lom. Central 
 
 Washington 
 
 Charleston. S. C... 
 St. Louis. Mo 
 
 — 20m. Eastern 
 -f- im. Central 
 
 St. Paul / 
 
 Minneapolis. . . . \ 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 San Diego 
 
 San Francisco- . . . 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 Contact of limbs 
 
 5:22 p. m. 
 
 3:11 " 
 
 2:52 
 
 3:08 •' 
 
 5:39 
 
 6:23 " 
 
 6:06 " 
 
 5:34 ** 
 
 5:27 
 
 5:52 " 
 
 6:07 
 
 ^:56 " 
 
 Contact of limbs 
 
 at sunset. 
 sets eclipsed 
 4:46 p. m. 
 4:15 
 4:20 
 sets eclipsed 
 
 At sunset 
 
 sets eclipsed 
 
 at sunset. 
 
 2.0 D at sunset 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 3-0 
 
 2.8 D at sunset 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.7 D at sunset 
 
 3-0 I " 
 
 0.9 D " 
 
 ~ Central 
 
 — iim. Pacific 
 + lom. 
 
 — 6m. 
 
 — 13m. Central 
 + I sni. Eastern 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Little Rock 
 
 Jackson, Miss 
 
 Chattanooga 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Richmond, Va.. . . 
 
 — 33ni. Central 
 + 9ni. 
 
 + im. 
 
 — 19m. " 
 
 — Z^VCi. 
 
 — i8m. 
 
 I Indicate that the eclipse will be increasing at sunset. 
 D Indicates that the eclipse will be decreasing at sunset. 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 II. Annular, Oct. 22. Invisible on the Western Continent. Visible 
 in the southwestern Pacific and Asia. The path of the Annular phase 
 passes through New Guinea, southern Philippines and southern China 
 to the sea of Aral. 
 
 The Planets 
 
 Mercury (") will be brightest: (a) A.s an Evening Star, April i-io 
 and Dec. 4-T0, setting about i h. 15 m. after the £un, being a,; greatest 
 angular distance east of the Sun April 14(19°) and Dec. 7 (ii°). At the 
 April date he will be in K directly south of a Alpha Arietis and the line 
 of stars in the horn of the Ram, and in December in Tfl near the end of 
 the handle of the Milk-maid's Dipper. On April 10 Tj will be 4° south of 
 g and on September 24 % wiU be 6° north of 9. (b) As a Morning Star. 
 February 1-5 and September 23-30, rising about i h. 15 m. before the Sun, 
 being at greatest angular distance west of the Sun February 2 (25°) and 
 September 25 (iS°). When brightest in Februarj^ the Milkmaid's "Dipper 
 in 7f1 will be about 10° west of him, and in September the Sickle in Q will 
 be about 15° west of him. The absence of the Moon on the February and 
 September periods will render those dates still more favorable. 
 
 Venus (9). the "Queen of Beauty," and whose sign is a looking 
 glass, will bo a most attractive celestial object nearly all of the year. 
 Twice she will be at her very brightest; first, August S-12 as an Even- 
 ing Star, and again after passing between the Earth and Sun (inferior 
 conjunction) as a Morning Star, October 21-25. See Table of the 
 Planets and Chart of Visibility of the Planets. Venus not only attains 
 a greater degree of brilliancy tlian any of the other planets, but at such 
 times, and for about a month before and after, she will show a large 
 crescent phase like the Moon between new and the quarters. At the 
 October date she will shine with unusual splendor in the absence of the 
 Moon, and will cast a distinct shadow. 
 
 Explanation : A. Fifteen days before 
 superior conjunction or June i8. igi2, 
 
 B. -At greatest elongation West— Nov. 
 26, 1911. 
 
 C. — When brightest as a morning star — 
 Oct. 21-25, 1911. 
 
 D. — Just after inferior conjunction or 
 Sept. 20. 1911. 
 
 E. — Fifteen iays after superior conjunc- 
 tion July 18, 1912. 
 
 F. — At greatest elongation East— July 7, 
 1911. 
 
 G.— When brightest as an evening star, 
 Aug. 8-12.1911. 
 
 H.— Just before inferior conjunction, 
 Sept. 10, 1911, 
 
 Towards Ihe Sun 
 
 00 
 
 As seen in rfie Horn 
 
 West of Sun 
 
 As seen in Ihe Eve 
 
 East of Sun 
 
 At the beginning of the year ? will be found 5° N. of Milkmaid's 
 Dipper in ^'•; January 11 just S. of the brightest star in \3 and on the 
 boundary betw-Cti ^fl and \3 : cC 3 February i, $ 3° 37' N. ; February 
 8 in Kx 10° S. of the A on the equator of the heavens; February 26 on 
 the prime meridian of the heavens 15° S. of the square of Pegasus; 
 ;/ 3 March 2 , $ 2° 20' N.; enters K March 26-29; April i, cC Q, ? 
 14' N. and occulted; April 15, 5° S. of the Pleiades; April 26, 7° N. of 
 Aldebaran, the lucida of the Hyades; May i, c/ 3. ? 1° 29' S. ; May 7 
 in eastern ■q' and due N. of Orion's Belt 24°; May 15 in line northward 
 with the bright stars in the feet of the twins (n) with the brightest star 
 of the heavens (Sirius) due S. of her about 40°. Note that an immense 
 diamond is formed by Venus on the N., Sirius on the S., Betelguese on 
 the W. and Procyon on the E. — a most striking figure in the evening 
 skies west of the meridian; May 29-30, between Castor and Pollux in 
 n on the N. and Procyon on the S., but nearest the former, and 3° N. 
 
IHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 of U? ; June 12-13 in on northern edge of the group of dim stars called 
 Praesepe; June 29, (/ 3. ? 3° 4°' — ; July 5^6 'ess than 1° M. of Regu- 
 lus in the end of the handle of the Sickle; brightest August 8-12, when 
 about 15° E. of Regulus, near the middle of -'^l, where she soon becomes 
 stationary, with respect to the stars, and then begins to move back west- 
 ward, or retrogrades. She may be seen in the day time, in July and 
 August; becomes invisible early in September, being at infeiior con- 
 junction September 15. When next seen she will appear m the east in 
 the morning, west of the Sun; cC § , September 24, being 10° S. of SJ ; 
 stationarv again earlv in October in eastern Q : occulted by 3 Novem- 
 ber 16; advances past the stars of Itf, passing about 4° N. of Spica the 
 last of November, and through the square of ^ the last of December. 
 
 Mars (J') willbebrightest as an Evening Star November 24-25, being 
 a Morning Star until August 8, and afterward an Evening Star to the end 
 of the year. At the beginning of the year he will be in Ttl, low in the east 
 at dawn and about 5° N. of Antares; (/ 3 January 26; February i, 3° 
 N. of the Milkmaid's Dipper in x": cf 2) February 24, cC ty March 11; 
 March 15, in \3 about 5° S. of the bright stars in the head of the goat; 
 c/ 3 March 25; last of April in k^ 10° S. of the A: c/ (D April 23 and 
 May 22; June i on first meridian of the heavens; c/ 2). (? '=' N- 20th. 
 On the 15th of Julv he will be about 10° S. of the bright stars in Hf; 
 August S at westcni □ and cf T? August 16; last of August 8° S. of 
 Pleiades; last of September close to and N. of the Hyades. Stationary 
 middle of October in ><; retrogrades very slowly back to the Pleiades 
 December i, being at rj" November 26, when he will rise at sunset, pass 
 the meridian at midnight and set at sunrise. 
 
 Jupiter (Qi) will be at ^ April 30, when he will be brightest and an 
 evening and all-night star. Inasmuch as % requires 12 of our years in 
 which to make a revolution about the Sim and pass all the stars of the 
 Zodiac, his movements from time to time will be very slight as compared 
 with the planets whose orbits are interior to his, as he traverses only one 
 sign in a year. He is still in =&, and during the first days of February 
 he will be very close (1° N.) to the brightest star in that constellation — 
 Alpha Librae, situated on the Ecliptic and being the S. W. star of the 
 Square of Libra. The last of November he will pass out of and E. of the 
 Square and at the close of the year be about 8° E of its easternmost scar. 
 
 Saturn f T? ) will be brightest November g as an evening and all-ni.ght 
 star, and will be very bri.ght for a considerable time before and after that 
 time. As two and one-half years are required for him to pass through 
 one sign or constellation, we can scarcely detect any change in position 
 with respect to the stars from month to month. He is in T" and of his 
 large family of satellites — ten in all — only one (Titan) is ordinarily 
 visible with a 3-incli telescope, but his wonderful ring system is always 
 visible in such an instrument, except when the Earth is crossing their 
 plane every 15 years. The ring system is best observe 1 in August 
 about the time of the western quadrature of T? . From August on he 
 will be only a few degrees west of the Pleiades and Hyades. 
 
 Uranus (S or IjO will be brightest July 20, and will not be near any 
 bright or conspicuous star. Perhaps the best time for an amateur to 
 locate this planet will be at its close conjunction with ^ March 11, 
 when ^ will be seen for several days only one-third of a degree (or about 
 one-half the Moon's apparent diameter) N. of (J*. 
 
 Neptune Cj?), the outermost known of our planetary family, will be 
 brightest January 11, in jt, a few degrees S. of Castor and Pollux. It is 
 stated that a good opera or field glass will show '-^ at the time of cP. or 
 when brightest. Look for it on a line from Castor to Procyon nearly 
 midway between those stars with a fine cluster of dim stars to the west. 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA . 
 
 VISIBILITY OF THE PRII 
 
 CIPAL PLANETS. 1911 
 
 Q Venus O" Mars 
 
 T/ Jupiter >2 Saturn 
 
 ''^'^ Eve. Morn. Eve. Morn. 
 Star Star Star Star 
 
 Eve. Morn. Eve. Morn. 
 Star Star Star Star 
 
 1 """in "Z-riii-i:: r : : 
 
 _:::: :" t------ -/ 44-- 
 
 Jan " J_ -X- \ 
 
 \.. . , , / , 1,,^ 
 
 '^^"- 21 — __:± 4 
 
 
 1 ---- ±i:± :; : 
 
 ::~_:gax :::::3 e°-X_ 
 
 
 i \ _ i 
 
 2" 3 3 ? 2 
 
 ._t;/: I L -HZ- 
 
 i"vj" <rt, ^ ^ ^^ -„»^. 
 
 :i::'^ ^ i -4_- 
 
 
 y X ;_: 33^ 
 
 
 :_2- - E ^ --zt- 
 
 , -f-- — t ? — 3~p" 
 
 y \ - I _-3-- 
 
 
 ,'^ 5 _ __ - aU- 
 
 P""' 2i~o"- --OC g; 
 
 / Bfifivtest s,_iB:daiU- ' _ 
 
 
 .. _, . J "I 
 
 „3.. ,,-«-- --HS S ■ S I\l 1 1 1 1 M 1 lU 1 W f,1 n\i l,!M..LI 
 
 '"' 21 ji' - s~ ~u L* 
 
 .J _ _ ^: a J__L-- 
 
 1--- V.-- 
 
 . L L ia_X__r,-fc-- 
 
 
 - A ^ -? UTS-- 
 
 — 21 ^_ 4:n:___ 4_ 
 
 .Ipf -t—\ — vEs" 
 
 1 ^^ 
 
 ::=^===;- :::t==:=-=A|:: 
 
 -illiE^ --^-. U 
 
 A /tn ._S^ 4iS_- 
 
 Aug. n fer'-hf St ,. WO/ V \ 
 
 ::|±:::::i:::s::^^-i\:: 
 
 ^l—-\ .- — ---I 
 
 "-ihiirr-i-^iiA^^:^:: 
 
 SeDt " S -+ 
 
 _iiy[ L _-. ai- J y ,-;-.L..V 
 
 21 inf't ilriysbe / "1 
 
 ::|±V— £^-44=2+—^- 
 
 °-^-;!fegttU-'v— --^ 
 
 
 1 _ ■ _. ..- ^ .. z 
 
 Nov " \ _-. -y.. - 
 
 ■til l-rf-l K-i"" K +-4#y 
 
 Copyr.ghf. I909,by Berlin H.Wr.ghK De Land.Fla 
 
 Explanation 
 
 The light portions show when and to what extent each of the planets named will 
 be visible. 
 
 See I H C Almanac and Encyclopedia for iqio for Extended Explanation. 
 
 Examples: Venus will be east of the Sun, an evening star, and increasing her angular 
 distance from the Sun until July 7, and will be brightest August 10, when much nearer the 
 Sun. After this she approaches the Sun and decreases in brightness to invisibility Septem- 
 ber 15, when at inferior conjunction, or exactly between the Earth and Sun. She reappears, 
 shortly after her conjunction, west of the Sun as a morning star and again widens her dis- 
 tance from the Sun until November 26, being brightest October 22. Thus itwillbeseen 
 that she may be at her brightest twice in one year, but never when farthest from the Sun 
 ■ — in angular distance — as in the case (nearly) of the superior planets. 
 
 Mars starts in the year as a morning star and gradually grows in brightness as he 
 recedes from the Sun until November 75 whenhe will be at opposition, of 180° from the Si-n, 
 rising at sunset and shining all night. He will begin to be seen in the evening hours August 
 g, and by about December i he may very properly be called an "all-night star," appearing 
 equally in the evening and morning hours. 
 
 Replies to all questions as to the Star and Planet Charts will be made to all who enclose 
 a stamped and self -addressed envelope, by Berlin H, Wright, DeLand, Fla. 
 
 10 
 
IHC ALMANAC ^ ENCTCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Standard Time 
 
 For the convenience of the railroads and business in general a standard of time was 
 established by mutual agreement in tSSj, and by this calculation trains are now run and 
 local time is regulated. By this system the United States, extending from 65° to 125° 
 west longitude, is divided into four time sections, each of 15® of longitude, exactly equiva- 
 lent to one hour (7Ji° or 30 m. on each side of a meridian), commencing with the 75th 
 meridian. The first or eastern section includes all territory between the Atlantic Coast and 
 an irregular line drawn from Buflalo to Charleston, S. C, the latter city being its southern- 
 most point. The second or central s.'ction includes all the territory between this eastern 
 line and another irregular line extending from Bismarck, N. D,. to the mouth of the Rio 
 Grande. The third or mountain section includes all the territory between the last-named 
 line and nearly all the western bordtrs of Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona. The fourth or 
 Pacific section includes all the territory of the United States between the boundary of the 
 mountain section end the Pacific Coast. Inside of each of these sections standard time is 
 uniform, and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly one hovu". 
 
 It is obvious that to express the time of rising and setting of the Sun and Moon in 
 standard time wotild limit the usefulness of such data to the single point or place for which 
 it was computed, while in mean time it is practically correct for places as widely separated 
 as the widtli of the continent fsee note at bottom of February calendar), and persons having 
 obtained the mean time by the rising or setting of the Sun or Moon, may easily ascertain 
 the correct standard time of any event by making use of the following table. 
 
 The 60th, 75th, goth, 105th and i 20th meridians west of Greenwich are the ones from 
 which the various standards are reckoned. Ascertain which is the nearest to the point 
 in question and the difference in longitude, then if the station be west of the meridian add 
 this difference of lon-^itude ( 4 m. = 1") and if east subtract, as indicated by the signs in the 
 different divisions (see maps). 
 
 
 
 / o 
 
 *"',""t^^J. 
 ^1^ '• '. DAKOTA 
 A,MaodaL" MINN' 
 
 ^ I DAKJJTA 
 
 
 OU • 
 
 ^•d. ! T?"^"oKLA. - -.-'t:;-^>y 
 
 ^-'ZONA 
 
 NEW/ 
 
 ■-., , MEXICO 
 
 ^,N«" y ^ E x% s 
 
 STANDARD TIME^^'"\ 
 
 BELTS 
 
 A 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 If the original plan of reckoning from the above-named meridians 
 had been followed the correction could never be over 30 m., whereas it 
 is often more. By reference to the following table and locating the place 
 the correction is desired for (if not named in the table), by means of other 
 places there named, the correction for all points may be readily obtained 
 by approximation. 
 
 In the Dominion of Canada Pacific time is in use from Vancouver 
 toLaggan; Mountain time from Laggan to Broadview; Central time from 
 Broadview to Fort William; Eastern time from Fort William to S. S. 
 Marie and Detroit to Vanceboro; Atlantic or Inter-Colonial time from 
 Vanceboro eastward. (See table and map.) 
 
 Standard Time Table — United States 
 
 To obtain standard time, add or subtract the figures given to local 
 time. 
 
 City 
 
 Albany NY 
 
 
 Austin, Texas 
 
 Central 
 
 
 
 BatonRouge, L^ 
 
 Central 
 
 Bismarck, N. Dak 
 
 Central 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Burlington, Iowa 
 
 Central 
 
 Cairo 111 
 
 
 Charleston. S. C 
 
 Easterri 
 
 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Central 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Central 
 
 Columbia, S. C 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Columbus. Ohio 
 
 Central 
 
 
 Central 
 
 Denver. Colo 
 
 Mount'n 
 
 Des Moines. Iowa 
 
 Central 
 
 Detroit. Mich 
 
 Central 
 
 Dubuque. Iowa 
 
 Central 
 
 Duluth, Minn 
 
 Central 
 
 
 
 Evansville, Ind 
 
 Central 
 
 Fort Gibson, Cher. N. . . 
 
 Central 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark 
 
 Central 
 
 Fort Wajme, Ind 
 
 Central 
 
 Galena. Ill 
 
 Central 
 
 Galveston, Texas 
 
 Central 
 
 Grand Haven. Mich 
 
 Central 
 
 
 
 
 Central 
 
 Huntsville. Ala 
 
 Central 
 
 Indianapolis. Ind 
 
 Central 
 
 
 Central 
 
 Jacksonvi le. Fla 
 
 Central 
 
 JanesviUe. Wis 
 
 Central 
 
 Jefferson City, Mo 
 
 Central 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 
 
 Central 
 
 
 Central 
 
 Knoxville. Tenn 
 
 Central 
 
 
 Central 
 
 Lawrence, Kan 
 
 Central 
 
 Lexington. Ky 
 
 Central 
 
 Standard 
 
 or 
 Division 
 
 Correc'n 
 Minutes 
 
 Sub. s 
 Add 31 
 Add 5 
 Add 40 
 Add 43 
 Sub. 16 
 Add 16 
 Add 5 
 Sub. 3 
 Add 20 
 Sub. 10 
 Sub. 22 
 Sub. 33 
 Add 24 
 Sub. 28 
 Sub. 23 
 Add o 
 Add 14 
 Sub. 2S 
 Add 3 
 Add 9 
 Sub. 39 
 Sub. 10 
 Add 21 
 Add 19 
 Sub. 20 
 Add 2 
 Add 10 
 Sub. 15 
 Add 7 
 Add 2 1 
 Sub. 12 
 Sub. 16 
 Add I 
 Sub. 33 
 Sub. 4 
 Add 9 
 Add 19 
 Add 6 
 Sub. 24 
 Add s 
 Add 2 1 
 Sub. 23 
 
 City 
 
 Standard 
 
 or 
 
 Division 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.. . 
 
 Louisville. Ky 
 
 Lynchburg, Va. . . 
 Memphis, Tern, . 
 Milwaukee, Wis.. . 
 
 Mobile, Ala 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. . 
 Nashville, Tenn. , . 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New York. N. Y... 
 
 Norfolk, Va 
 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
 
 Omaha, Neb 
 
 Pensacola. Fla 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa.. . 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 Providence, R. I.. . 
 
 Quincy, 111 
 
 Raleigh, N. C 
 
 Richmond. Va . . . . 
 Rochester. N. Y. . . 
 Rock Island, 111... 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 Santa Fe, N. M.. . . 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 Shreveport, La. . . 
 Springfield, 111. . . , 
 St. Joseph. Mo. . . 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 Superior City. Wis 
 Syracuse, N. Y. . . 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 Trenton, N. J. . . . 
 
 Utica. N. Y 
 
 Washington. D. C. 
 Wheeling, W. Va. . 
 Wilmington, Del.. 
 Wilmington, N. C. 
 Yankton, S, Dak.. 
 
 Correc'n 
 Minutes 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 Pacific 
 
 Mount'n 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Central 
 
 IS 
 13 
 
 Add 9 
 Sub. 18 
 Add J 7 
 Sub. o 
 Sub. 
 Sub. 
 Sub. 
 Sub. 
 Sub. 
 Add o 
 Sub. 4 
 Add s 
 Add 2 
 Add 24 
 Sub. 1 1 
 Add I 
 Add 20 
 Sub. ig 
 Sub. 14 
 Add 6 
 Add 15 
 Add 10 
 Add II 
 Add 3 
 Add 10 
 Add 4 
 Sub. 36 
 Add 15 
 Sub. 2 
 Add 19 
 Add I 
 Add 12 
 Add 8 
 Add 5 
 Sub. 26 
 Sub. I 
 Add I 
 Add 8 
 Add 23 
 Add 2 
 Add 13 
 Add 29 
 
 12 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 CHART or THE HEAVENS 
 
 Scale of Magniiudes. 
 • • • • 
 
 / 2 i a 
 
 Explanation 
 
 If a bright, uncharted body be seen near the "Ecliptic Circle" it must be a planei 
 To locate the planets or Moon, refer to the monthly calendar pages in this Almanac, find 
 the proper signs on the chart in the " Ecliptic Circle " and an inspection of that part of the 
 Heavens, comparing with the Chart, will serve to identify the planet and all surrounding 
 objects. (Large ch.Tts published.) 
 
 Because of the Earth's motion from W, to E. (opposite to the direction of the arrow 
 in the chart), the stars rise 4 m. earlier each day or 30 m. per week or 2 hrs. a month. The 
 chart shows the position at 9 p. m. Then if the position for any other hour be desired, as 
 for 7 p. m.. count back one month, or ahead one month for up. m., and so on for any 
 hour of the night, holding the month desired in front as the face looks either to the North 
 or South with name down. 
 
 A circle described from the zenith on the "Zenith Circle" for the desired Lat. with 
 a radius of 90 degrees (see graduated meridian) will show what stars are above the horizon'. 
 Thus Capella is near the overhead (zenith) point on Lat. 40 degrees N., Jan. 15th, q p. m., 
 as will be Algenib in the handle of the "Big Dipper" at 3 a. m. ^ Then from Capella or Al- 
 genib all the surrounding visible groups can be identified. The " Po nters" being 5 degrees 
 apart and always in sicht may be used as a convenient unit of measure; also when visible 
 the "Belt of Orion" 3 degrees, or the sides of the "Square of Pegasus " 
 
 Questions will always be cheerfully answered by BERLIN H. WRIGHT, 
 
 (Enclose stamp and self-addressed envelope.) DeLand, Fla 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 What Uncle Sam is Doing for the Farmer 
 
 Farmers do not realize what valuable service the Department of 
 Agriculture is willing to give free of charge. The government spends 
 millions of dollars annually in maintaining this department, and its 
 sole object is to improve agricultural conditions. The results of its 
 experiments, the information it collects, seeds, publications, etc., are 
 all distributed to farmers free of charge. 
 
 This department is divided into a number of bureaus or divisions, 
 which have charge of various branches of the work. 
 
 The Bureau of Animal Industry has charge of the work of the depart- 
 ment relating to the live stock industry — investi.gates the existence, 
 nature, and prevention of dangerous diseases of live stock, conducts 
 investigations in breeding and feeding of animals, etc. 
 
 The Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant life in all its relations 
 to agriculture. The forest service has charge of all investigations in 
 forestry, and gives practical assistance to tree planters. 
 
 The Bureau of Chemistry investigates methods proposed for the 
 analysis of plants, fertiuzers, and agricultural products, and makes such 
 analyses as pertain in general to the interests of agriculture. 
 
 The Bixreau of Soils is intrusted with the investigation of surveying 
 and mapping of soils, the investigation of the cause and prevention of the 
 rise of alkali in soils, and the drainage of soils. 
 
 The Bureau of Entomology obtains and oisseminates information 
 regarding injurious insects affecting field crops, fruits, small fruits, 
 truck crops, forests and forest products, stored products, etc. 
 
 The Bureau of Biological Survey studies the geographic distribution 
 of animals and plants, maps the natural life zones of the country, etc. 
 
 The Bureau of Statistics collects information as to the condition, pro- 
 duction, etc., of the principal crops, and the status of farm animals; 
 investigates land tenures, costs of producing farm products; country 
 life education ; transportation and other lines of rural economics, issu- 
 ing bulletins on these subjects. 
 
 In addition to the above bureaus, there is a Division of Accounts and 
 Disbursements, and Division of Publications, a Librarian, Office of 
 Experiment Stations, and Office of Public Roads. 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins 
 
 Below is a partial list of helpful Farmers' Bulletins available for 
 distribution, giving the title and number of pages in each. Copies will 
 be sent free to any address in the United States on application to a 
 Senator, Representative, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary 
 of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Applications from residents in foreign 
 countries should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, Govern- 
 ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. ; price per copy, 6 cents, including 
 postage. 
 
 2 2. The Feeding of Farm Animals. Pp.32. 
 
 24. Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. Pp.16 
 
 25. Peanuts; Culture and Uses. Pp. 24. 
 
 27. Flax for Seed and Fiber. Pp. iS. 
 
 28. Weeds; And How to Kill Them. Pp. 
 
 ^2. 
 2Q. Souring and Other Changes in Milk. 
 Pp. 23. 
 
 30. Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Pp. 15. 
 32. Silos and Silage. Pp.32. 
 2},. Peach Growing for Market. Pp. 24. 
 
 35. Potato Culture. Pp. 24. 
 
 36. Cotton Seed and Its Products. Pp. 16. 
 
 37. Kafir Com : Culture and Uses. Pp.12. 
 3g. Onion Culture. Pp.31. 
 
 14 
 
I^^JffC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harvesting 
 
 n the Argentine Republic 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 D 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 J First Quarter 
 @ Full Moon 
 
 f 
 
 2 20 
 
 I 20 
 
 20 
 
 1 1 20 7th 
 
 10 20 7th 
 
 M 
 
 6 26 
 
 5 26 
 
 4 26 
 
 3 26 
 
 2 26 
 
 § Last Quarter 
 
 2 1. 
 
 2 21 
 
 I 21 
 
 21 
 
 II 2 1 21st 
 
 10 2l2l!t 
 
 © New Moon 
 
 3c 
 
 5 44 
 
 4 44 
 
 3 44 
 
 2 44 
 
 I 44 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 "J (. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Sun 
 
 Bun 
 
 Moon 
 
 ^ 
 
 11 n 
 
 Sun 
 
 Moon 
 
 1 
 
 
 3;; 
 
 S 
 
 Rises 
 H. M 
 
 Sets 
 H. M. 
 
 S.4 K 
 H. M. 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 ses 
 
 Sets 
 H. M. 
 
 S.& K. 
 H. M. 
 
 Every month in the year 
 the world has a wheat har- 
 vest somewhere. 
 
 t 
 
 Sun 
 
 © 
 
 "?^ 
 
 7 25 
 
 4 43 
 
 5 27 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 (© 
 
 
 7 25 
 7 25 
 
 7 2=; 
 
 4 44 
 4 45 
 4 46 
 
 031 
 7 39 
 848 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 7 
 5 7 
 5 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 7 
 
 9 8 
 
 During January they are 
 harvesting in New Zealand 
 
 S 
 
 rh 
 
 © 
 
 KK 
 
 7 2=; 
 
 4 47 
 
 9 567 
 
 4 
 
 5 9 
 
 10 8 
 
 and the Argentine Republic. 
 
 6 
 
 Fr 
 
 © 
 
 K2 
 
 7 25 
 
 448 
 
 II 77 
 
 4 
 
 5 10 
 
 II 10 
 
 The Argentine is growing 
 
 7 
 
 Sat 
 
 © 
 
 K 
 
 7 25 
 
 4 49 
 
 mom 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 II 
 
 mom 
 
 into a new agricultural em- 
 
 X 
 
 Sun 
 
 f» 
 
 « 
 
 7 24 
 
 4 SO 
 
 14 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 II 
 
 9 
 
 pire, and promises soon to 
 
 Q 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 7 24 
 
 4 51 
 
 I 27 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 12 
 
 1 13 
 
 to 
 
 lu 
 
 ^ 
 
 'T' 
 
 7 24 
 
 452 
 
 2 41 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 13 
 
 2 18 
 
 rank well up as a wheat pro- 
 
 II 
 
 W 
 
 d 
 
 b 
 
 7 24 
 
 4 53 
 
 3 5« 
 
 
 3 
 
 514 
 
 3 27 
 
 ducer. Its wheat exports for 
 
 12 
 
 Ih 
 
 !$ 
 
 b 
 
 7 23 
 
 4 54 
 
 5 ift 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 IS 
 
 4 38 
 
 1908 totaled 155,000,000 
 
 t,3 
 
 Fri 
 
 |i 
 
 11 
 
 7 23 
 
 4 55 
 
 6 30 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 i(> 
 
 5 47 
 
 bushels. 
 
 M 
 
 Sat 
 
 ® 
 
 11 
 
 7 23 
 
 4 5<> 
 
 rises 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 17 
 
 rises 
 
 IS 
 
 Sun 
 M 
 
 
 Oc, 
 
 6o 
 
 7 22 
 7 22 
 
 4 57 
 4 59 
 
 5 47 
 7 1 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 518 
 5 19 
 
 6 21 
 727 
 
 
 l6 
 
 
 17 
 
 lu 
 
 
 ^; 
 
 7 21 
 
 5 
 
 815 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 20 
 
 832 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 IS 
 10 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 i 
 
 11V 
 
 7 21 
 
 7 21 
 
 5 1 
 5 2 
 
 9 21 
 10 27 
 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 521 
 5 21 
 
 931 
 10 28 
 
 See Explanation on page 5. 
 
 20 
 
 Fr 
 
 ';^0 
 
 IH' 
 
 7 20 
 
 5 3 
 
 II 31 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 22 
 
 II 24 
 
 I — 2. Fair and Mild. 
 
 21 
 
 Sat 
 
 ttf) 
 
 \\\> 
 
 7 IQ 
 
 5 4 
 
 mom 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 23 
 
 mom 
 
 3 — 8. Storm Period. 
 
 22 
 
 SU3 
 
 <ii. 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 IS 
 
 5 5 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 5 24 
 
 17 
 
 9 — 12. Cold Wave. 
 13 — 15. Milder, sleet and 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 f 
 
 HI 
 
 7 17 
 7 17 
 
 5 I 
 5 8 
 
 1 35 
 
 2 ^8 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 525 
 526 
 
 1 13 
 
 2 Q 
 
 2S 
 
 W 
 
 (f. 
 
 111 
 
 7 16 
 
 5 
 
 3 41 
 
 6 
 
 so 
 
 5 27 
 
 3 6 
 
 snow. 
 
 26 
 
 l"h 
 
 c 
 
 in 
 
 7 16 
 
 5 10 
 
 4 43 
 
 6 
 
 58 
 
 528 
 
 4 3 
 
 16 — 20. Storm Period. 
 
 27 
 
 Fr 
 
 f 
 
 xi 
 
 715511 
 
 5 42 
 
 6 
 
 58 
 
 5 29 
 
 4 59 
 
 21 — 25. Cold Wave. 
 
 2S 
 
 Sat 
 
 (1 
 
 X' 
 
 7 14 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 34 
 
 6 
 
 57 
 
 5 30 
 
 5 51 
 
 26 — 29. High Wind and 
 severe storm 
 
 29 
 
 Sun 
 
 tj 
 
 w 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 14 
 
 7 i« 
 
 6 
 
 5" 
 
 531 
 
 39 
 
 3° 
 
 M 
 Tu 
 
 
 \3 
 
 7 12 
 7 12 
 
 5 15 
 5 16 
 
 sets 
 6 40 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 5C 
 s6 
 
 5 32 
 5 33 
 
 sets 
 7 2 
 
 30 — 31. Fair and Cool. 
 
 15 
 
-^^^^///C ALMANAC g^ ENCYCLOPEDIA „^ 
 
 Farmers* Bulletins {Continued) 
 
 Pp. -'4. 
 Pp.2 
 
 41. Fowb: Care and Feeding. 
 
 42. Facts about Milk. Pp. ^:>. 
 
 43. Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 
 
 44. Commercial Fertilizers. Pp. 24. 
 40. Irrigation in Humid Climates. Pp. 27 
 
 47. Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant. 
 
 Pp. ,^2. 
 
 48. The Manuring of Cotton. Pp. 16. 
 
 49. Sheep Feeding. Pp. 24. 
 
 sr. Standard Varietiesof Chickens. Pp. 4S. 
 
 52. The Sugar Beet. Pp. 48. 
 
 55. The Dairy Herd. Pp. 24. 
 
 58. TheSoy Bean as a Forage Crop. Pp.24. 
 
 59. Bee Keeping. Pp. 32. 
 
 60 Methods of Curing Tobacco. Pp. 19. 
 
 61. Asparagus Culture. Pp. 40. 
 
 62. Marketing Farm Produce. Pp. 2S. 
 64. Ducks and Geese. Pp. 48. 
 
 66. Meadows and Pastures. Pp. 28. 
 
 68. The Black Rot of the Cabbage. Pp.22. 
 
 70. Insect Enemies of the Grape. Pp. 23. 
 
 71. Essentials in Beef Production. Pp. 24. 
 
 72. Cattle Ranges of the Southwest. Pp. 
 
 74. Milk as Food. Pp. 39. 
 
 77. The Liming of Soils. Pp. 19. 
 
 50. The Peach Twig-borer. Pp. 16. 
 
 81. Com Culture in the South. Pp. 24. 
 
 82. The Culture of Tobacco. Pp. 24. 
 
 83. Tobacco Soils. Pp. 23. 
 
 86. Thirty Poisonous Plants. Pp. 32. 
 
 87. Experiment Station Work. — VIII. 
 
 Pp. ,32. 
 
 88. Alkali Lands. Pp.23. 
 
 gi. Potato Diseases and Treatment. Pp, 
 12. 
 
 93. Sugar as Food. Pp. 27. 
 
 96. Raising Sheep for Mutton. Pp. 4S. 
 
 98. Suggestions to Southern Farmers. Pp. 
 48. 
 
 90. Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. Pp. 30- 
 100. Hog Raising in the South. Pp. 40. 
 loi. Millets. Pp. 28. 
 102. Southern Forage Plants. Pp. 4S. 
 104. Notes on Frost. Pp. 24. 
 106. Breeds of Dairy Cittle. Pp. 48- 
 
 108. Saltbushes. Pp. 20. 
 
 109. Farmers' Reading Courses. Pp, 
 
 1 10. Rice Culture in the United States. 
 
 28 
 
 111. Farmers' Interest in Good Seed. 
 
 24. 
 113. The Apple and How to Grow It. Pp. 
 32. 
 
 115. Hop Culture in California. Pp. 27 
 
 116. Irrigation in Fruit Growing. Pp. 4S. 
 118. Grape Growing in the South. Pp. 32. 
 
 120. Insects Affecting Tobacco. Pp. 32. 
 
 121. Beans, Peas, and other Legumes as 
 
 Food. Pp. 32. 
 
 125. Protection of Food Products from In- 
 
 jurious Temperatures. Pp. 26. 
 
 126. Practical Suggestions for Farm Build- 
 
 ings. Pp. 48. 
 
 127. Important Insecticides. Pp. 42. 
 
 1 28. Eggs and Their Uses as Foods. Pp. 
 
 129. Sweet Potatoes. Pp.40. 
 
 132. Insect Enemies of Growing Wher.t. 
 
 Pp. 10. 
 :34. Tree Planting in Rural School Grounds. 
 
 Pp. 3S. 
 i3t;. Sorghum Sirup Manufacture. Pp. 4°- 
 
 136. Earth Roads. Pp, 24. 
 
 137. The Angora Goat. Pp. 4S. 
 
 138. Irrigation in Field and Garden. Pp.40. 
 
 Pp. 
 Pp. 
 
 13-), Emmer: A Grain for the Semi-arid Re- 
 gions. Pp. 10. 
 140. Pineapple Growing. Pp. 48. 
 141 Poultry Raising on the Farm. Pp, 16. 
 
 142. Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive 
 
 Value of Food. Pp. 48. 
 
 143. The Conformation of Beef and Dairy 
 
 Cattle. Pp. J4. 
 
 145. Carbon Bisulphid, as ^n Insecticide. 
 
 Pp. 2S. 
 
 146. Insecticides and Fungicides. Pp. 16. 
 
 147. .Winter Forage Crops for the South. 
 
 Pp. 3C>. 
 14S. Celery Culture. Pp. 32. 
 
 150. Clearing New Land. Pp. 24. 
 
 151. Dairying in the South. Pp. 48. 
 
 152. Scabies in Cattle. Pp. 24. 
 
 153. Orchard Enemies in theT^acific North- 
 
 west. Pp. 39. 
 
 154. The Home Fruit Garden: Preparation 
 
 and Care. Pp. 20. ^ 
 
 155. How Insects Affect Health in Rur^ 
 
 Districts. Pp. 20. 
 
 156. The Home Vineyard. Pp. 24. ; 
 
 157. The Propagation of Plants. Pp. 24. 
 
 158. How to Build Small Irrigating Ditches. 
 
 Pp. 28. 
 
 159. Scab in Sheep. Pp. 48. 
 
 161. Practical Suggestions for Fruit Grow- 
 ers. Pp. 2S. 
 
 164. Rape as a Fora.ge Crop. Pp. 16. 
 
 165. Culture of the Silkworm. Pp. 32- 
 r66. Cheese Making on the Farm. Pp. 16. 
 
 167. Cassava. Pp. 32. 
 
 1 68. Pearl Millet. Pp. 16. 
 
 170. Principles of Horse Feeding. Pp. 44. 
 
 1 72. Scale Insects and Mites on Citrus Trees. 
 
 Pp. 43. 
 17?. Primer of Forestry. Pp. 48. 
 174. Broom Com. Pp. 32. 
 1 7 J. Cranberry Culture. Pp.20. 
 
 177. Squab Raising. Pp. 32. 
 
 178. Insects Injurious in Cranberry Culture. 
 
 Pp. 32. 
 
 179. Horseshoeing. Pp. 31. 
 
 181. Pmning. Pp. 39. 
 
 182. Poultry as Food. Pp. 40. 
 
 183. Meat on the Farm. — Butchering. Cur- 
 
 ing, etc. Pp. 30- 
 
 184. Marketing Live Stock. Pp. 40. 
 
 185. Beautifying the Horne Grounds. Pp. 
 
 24 
 
 1 87. Drainage of Farm L"nds. Pp. 40. 
 
 1 88. Weeds Used in Medicine. Pp. 48. 
 IQ2. Barnyard Manure. Pp. 32. 
 
 194. Alfalfa Seed. Pp. 14. 
 
 195. Annual Flowering Plants. Pp. 48. 
 177. Importation of Game Birds and Eggs 
 
 Propagation. Pp. 30. ' 
 
 i-)S. Strawberries. Pp. 24, 
 i->o. Corn Growing. Pp. 32. 
 
 2 30. Turkeys. Pp. 44- 
 
 20I. Cream Separator on Western Farms. 
 Pp. 27. 
 
 203. Canned Fruits. Preserves, and Jellies. 
 
 Pp. A 2. 
 
 204. The Cultivation of Mushrooms. Pp.24. 
 
 205. Pig Management. Pp. 40. 
 
 206. Milk Feve»- and Its Treatment. Pp. 10. 
 20S. Varieties of Fruits Recommended Tor 
 
 Planting. Pp. 48. 
 209. Controlling the Boll Weevil in Cotton 
 
 Seed and at Ginneries. Pp.32. 
 211. The Use of Paris Green in Controlling 
 
 the Cotton BoU Weevil. Pp. 23. 
 213. Raspberries. Pp. 38. 
 
 16 
 
I^m IHC AL MANAC '^ ENCYCLOPEDIA ^ j^ 
 
 ■ , I • _ ! 
 
 fliii4p#;''^^^ -M^, 'M ^ ^""'^S^-''. '■■■ 
 
 EBR 
 
 
 Harvesting in East India 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 ^ First Quarter 
 'c|) Ftill Moon 
 1^1 Last Quarter 
 © New Moon 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 H. 
 I I 
 
 6 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 M. 
 
 44 
 31 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 10 44 
 7 31 
 
 Central T. 
 
 M. 
 27 
 
 H. 
 
 4 
 9 
 6 
 
 44 
 31 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 H. M. 
 S 2; 
 
 8 54 
 5 31 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 II. M. 
 7 27 
 2 37 
 7 44 
 4 31 
 
 4 
 
 •; 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 i; 
 16 
 
 17 
 is 
 10 
 20 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 2.S 
 27 
 
 w 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Northern States Southern States 
 
 Siiii 
 Else; 
 
 ^ 
 
 fiun 
 
 Sets 
 
 Moon 
 
 S. & R 
 
 Sun 
 Rise* 
 
 748 
 856 
 
 10 7 
 
 11 17 
 
 morn 
 
 20 
 
 I 46 
 
 3 ° 
 
 4 13 
 =; 20 
 
 6 26 
 rises 
 
 5 50 
 
 7 2 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 13 
 
 10 18 
 
 11 21 
 mom 
 
 26 
 
 1 29 
 
 2 .56 
 
 3 y- 
 
 4 2( 
 
 5 i; 
 
 5 5- 
 
 6 2: 
 sets 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 Moon 
 S. 4 K 
 H. M 
 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 
 45 
 46 
 5 46 
 5 47 
 548 
 5 49 
 5 50 
 5 51 
 
 ^o 
 
 8 2 
 
 9 3 
 
 10 4 
 
 11 6 
 
 morn 
 
 1 I 
 
 2 24 
 
 3 32 
 
 4 37 
 
 5 4f- 
 rises 
 
 6 12 
 
 7 15 
 
 8 14 
 
 9 
 
 10 7 
 
 11 2 
 II 59 
 
 mom 
 56 
 
 1 54 
 
 2 48 
 
 3 43 
 
 4 32 
 
 5 16 
 5 57 
 
 sets 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 During the latter part of 
 February' the harvest is on in 
 East India, Upper Hgypt and 
 Chili. 
 
 In Upper Egypt the camel 
 is used as a draft animal to 
 ojierate American harvesting 
 machines. In Chili the pony 
 and oxen draw the har- 
 vesters. In East India primi- 
 tive methods are still in use — 
 the reaping hook has not 
 been superseded by modern 
 harvesting machines, owing 
 to the multitudes of penny- 
 a-dav laborers. 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 ^ee Explanation on pa^'e S- 
 
 — 3. Mild, and snow or 
 
 rain. 
 
 — S. General Storm 
 
 Period. 
 
 — i.V Cold Period. 
 Milder. 
 
 Storm Period. 
 High Wind and 
 
 Colder. 
 Milder and contin- 
 ued hi.gh wind 
 
 -17- 
 -21. 
 
 -2S. 
 
 NoTi;.— For PaciKc Coast points corresponding to the two zones of latitude above add 
 6 minutes to moon's rising and setting, or adi 2 minutes lor eacli hour of longitude west 
 of Washington. 
 
 The iulMaced or black type figures a-e p. m : all ethers are .A. Jl. 
 
 17 
 
JHC ALMANAC g> EKOVLOPEDIA " 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins (Continued) 
 
 215. Alfalfa Growing. Pp. 40. 
 
 21O. The Control of the Boll Weevil. Pp. 
 
 32- 
 
 217. Essential Steps in Securing en Early 
 Crop of Cotton. Pp. 16. 
 
 219. Lessons from the Grain Rust Epidemic 
 
 of 1904. Pp. 24. 
 
 220. Tomatoes. Pp. ^2. 
 
 221. Fungous Diseases of the Cranberry. 
 
 Pp. 16. 
 
 223. Miscellaneous Cotton Insects in Texas. 
 
 Pp. 24. 
 
 224. Canadian Field Peas. Pp. 16. 
 
 228. Forest Planting and Farm Manage- 
 
 ment. Pp. 22. 
 
 229. The Production of Good Seed Corn. 
 
 Pp. 24. 
 2JO. Game Laws, 1905. Pp. $(). 
 
 231. Spraying for Cucumber and Melon 
 
 Diseases. Pp. 24. 
 
 232. Okra: Its Culture and Uses. Pp. 16. 
 
 234. The Guinea Fowl. Pp. 24. 
 
 23^. Preparation of Cement. Pp. 32. 
 23'). Incubation and Incubators. Pp. 32. 
 
 235. Citrus Fruit Growing in the Gulf 
 
 States. Pp. 49. 
 
 230. The Corrosion of Fence Wire. Pp. 3 2 . 
 
 240. Inoculation of Legumes. Pp. 8. 
 
 241. Butter Making on the Farm. Pp. 32. 
 
 242. An Example on Model Farming. Pp. 
 
 ii'i. 
 
 243. Fungicides and Their Use in Prevent- 
 
 ing Diseases of Fruits. Pij. 32. 
 245. Renovationof Worn-out Soils. Pp. 32. 
 240. Saccharine Sorghums for Forage. Pp. 
 
 37. 
 247. The Control of the Codling Moth and 
 
 the Apple Scab. Pp. 21. 
 240. Cereal Breakfast Foods. Pp. 16. 
 250. The Prevention of Wheat Smut and 
 
 Loose Smut of Oats. Pp. 16. 
 
 252. Maple Sugar and Sirup. Pp. 3*^1, 
 
 253. The Germinationof Seed Corn. Pp. 16. 
 J55. The Home Vegetable Garden. Pp. 47. 
 2<56. Preparation of Vegetables for the 
 
 T^ble. Pp. 4S. 
 
 257. Soil Fertility. Pp. 39. 
 
 258. Texas or Tick Fever and Its Preven- 
 
 tion. Pp. 45. 
 
 260. Seed of Red Clover and Its Impurities. 
 
 Pp. 24. 
 
 261. The Cattle Tick. Pp.22. 
 
 253. Practical Information for Beginners 
 in Irrigation. Pp. 40. 
 
 264. The Brown-Tail Moth and How to 
 
 Control It. Pp. 22. 
 2 55. Management of Soils to Conserve 
 Moisture. Pp. .^o. 
 
 265. Industrial Alcohol: Sources and Manu- 
 
 facture. Pp. 4.S. 
 
 259. Industrial Alcohol: Uses and Statistics. 
 
 Pp. 29. 
 2 70. Modern Conveniences for the Farm 
 Home. Pp. 4S. 
 
 271. Forage Crop Practices in Western Ore- 
 
 gon and Western Washington. Pp. 
 30- 
 
 272. A Successful Hog and Seed-Corn Farm. 
 
 Pp. If). 
 
 274. Flax Culture. Pp. 36. 
 
 271. The Ginsy Moth and How to Control 
 
 It. Pp. 22. 
 277. The Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in 
 
 Farm Engines. Pp. 40. 
 
 275. Lef^uminous Crops for Green Manur- 
 
 ing. Pp. .-7. 
 
 J 7. J. A Metliod uf Eradicating Johnson 
 
 Grass. Pp. lO. 
 2S0. A Profitable Tenant Dairy Farm. Pp. 
 
 I ft. 
 2S2. Celery. Pp. 3O. 
 2)y,^. Spraying for Apple Diseases and the 
 
 Codling Moth in the Ozarks. Pp. 
 
 42. 
 2.S4. Insect and Fungous Enemies of the 
 
 Grape East of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Pp. 4S. 
 285. The Advantage of Planting Heavy 
 
 Cotton Seed. Pp. 16. 
 
 256. Comparative Value of W^hole Cot'on 
 
 Seed and Cotton-Seed Meal in i er- 
 tilizihg Cotton. Pp. 14. 
 
 257. Poultry Management. Pp. 4S. 
 2SS. Nonsaccharine Sorghums. Pp. 2S. 
 Li'). Beans. Pp. 2S. 
 
 2.)o. The Cotton Bollworm. Pp. 32. 
 
 2 -J I. Evaporation of Apples. Pp. $S. 
 
 2-)2. Cost of Filling Silos. Pp. 15. 
 
 2':)3. Use of Fruit as Food. Pp. 3S. 
 
 294. Farm Practice in the Columbia Basin 
 
 Uplands. Pp. },o. 
 2 i . Potatoes and Other Root Crops as 
 
 Food. Pp. 45. 
 297- Methods of Destroying? Rats. Pp. 8. 
 20S. The Food Value of Corn and Corn 
 
 Products. Pp. 40. 
 
 299. Diversified Farming Under the Plan 
 
 tation System. Pp. 14. 
 
 300. Some Important Grasses and Forage 
 
 Plants for the Gulf Coast Region. 
 Pp. 1=;. 
 13 1. Home-Grown Tea. Pp. 16. 
 
 302. Sea Island Cotton: Its Culture. Im- 
 
 provement, and Diseases. Pp. 48. 
 
 303. Corn Harvesting Machinery. Pp. 32. 
 
 304. Growing and Curing Hops. Pp. 39. 
 30O. Dodder in Relation to Farm Seeds. 
 
 Pp. 27. 
 307. Roselle: Its Culture and Uses. Pp. iC>. 
 
 305. Game Laws for 1907. Pji. 52, 
 
 310. A Successful Alabama Diversification 
 
 Farm. Pp. 24, 
 III. Sand-Clay and Bumt-Clav Roads. 
 
 Pp. 19. 
 ^12. A Successful Southern Hav Farm. 
 
 Pp. 15. 
 
 313. Harvesting and Storing Corn. Pp. 20. 
 
 314. A Method of Breeding Early Cotton 
 
 to Escape Boll-Weevil Damage. 
 Pp. 28. 
 
 315. Progress in Legume Inoculation. Pp. 
 
 20. 
 
 318. Cowpeas. Pp. 28. 
 
 319. Demonstration Work in Co-operaticn 
 
 with Southern Farmers. Pp. 22. 
 <2i. The Use of the Split-Log Dragon 
 Earth Roads. Pp. 14. 
 
 322. Milo as a Dry-Land Grain Crop. Pi.i, 
 ^ 23- 
 
 323. Clover Farming on the Sandy Jack- 
 
 Pine Lands of the North. Pii. 24. 
 324.. Sweet Potatoes. Pp. 19. 
 i2y. Small Farms in the Corn Belt. Pp. 
 
 29. 
 
 326. Building up a Run-down Cotton Plan- 
 
 tation. Pp. 22. 
 
 327. The Conservation of Natural Re- 
 
 sources. Pp. 12. 
 ^28. Silver Fox Farming. Po. 22, figs. ro. 
 330. Deer Farmin'^ in the United States. 
 
 Pp. 20, figs. 2. 
 
 I^ 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 
 JH 
 
 RCW 
 
 -^•>^.:\:'<^^';mmm 
 
 HarvestinpT in Chili 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 D 
 
 H . M , 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 First Quarter 
 
 
 7 I 
 
 6 I 
 
 5 I 
 
 4 I 
 
 3 I 
 
 @ Full Moon 
 
 i-l 
 
 7 58 
 
 6 58 
 
 5 58 
 
 4 58 
 
 3 58 
 
 fj Last Quarter 
 
 2: 
 
 8 26 
 
 7 26 
 
 6 26 
 
 5 26 
 
 4 26 
 
 (3 New Moon 
 
 3^ 
 
 S i;8 
 
 7 38 
 
 6 38 
 
 5 38 
 
 4 38 
 
 
 
 ?^ 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 
 
 •M _.= 
 
 n 
 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 i= 18 
 
 E 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Southern States 
 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 "g 
 
 
 
 "S-M 
 
 'a 
 
 Sun 
 
 Sun 
 
 M.u.i. 
 
 Sun 
 
 Siiii 
 
 Moon 
 
 
 K 
 
 'q 
 
 'y b 
 
 
 
 
 Ki.t's 
 
 Sfta 
 
 8. & R, 
 
 Rises 
 
 SetH 
 
 S. 4R. 
 
 March witnesses a con- 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 s 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 il. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 M. M. 
 
 tinuation of the harvest 
 Ijcgun during February in 
 
 I 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 ^?; 
 
 635 
 
 S 53 
 
 6 43 
 
 6 28 
 
 5 58 
 
 652 
 
 2 
 
 Th 
 
 © 
 
 H 
 
 634 
 
 5 53 
 
 7 55 
 
 627 
 
 558 
 
 7 55 
 
 East India, Upper Egj^pt and 
 
 3 
 
 Fr 
 
 © 
 
 H 
 
 632 
 
 5 54 
 
 9 7 
 
 6 26 
 
 5 59 
 
 858 
 
 Chili. 
 
 4 
 
 Sat 
 
 © 
 
 T 
 
 6 30 
 
 5 55 
 
 10 21 
 
 6 25 
 
 6 
 
 10 3 
 
 ■; 
 
 Sun 
 
 
 q. 
 
 6 2q 
 
 5 56 
 
 II 35 
 
 624 
 
 6 I 
 
 II 8 
 
 In Egypt, American and 
 
 6 
 
 M 
 
 © 
 
 ■(:< 
 
 627 
 
 5 57 
 
 morn 
 
 62^ 
 
 6 I 
 
 mom 
 
 English engineers are build- 
 
 7 
 
 Tu 
 
 5 
 
 "n 
 
 6 2=; 
 
 5 58 
 
 53 
 
 6 22 
 
 6 2 
 
 iS 
 
 ing a dam across the Nile at 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 6 24 
 6 22 
 
 5 59 
 
 6 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 14 
 
 6 21 
 6 20 
 
 6 3 
 
 1 25 
 
 2 30 
 
 Philae which will control the 
 
 lO 
 
 Fr 
 
 ?> 
 
 n 
 
 6 20 
 
 6 I 
 
 4 II 
 
 6 10 
 
 6 4 
 
 'i 2 ( ; 
 
 annual Nile flood, inaking 
 
 1 1 
 
 Sat 
 
 D 
 
 Or, 
 
 6 1 9 
 
 6 2 
 
 4 SO 
 
 6 17 
 
 6 5 
 
 4 22 
 
 Egypt like our own Western 
 
 12 
 
 Sun 
 
 ^ 
 
 6r, 
 
 6 17 
 
 6 3 
 
 =; 36 
 
 6 16 
 
 6 6 
 
 5 6 
 
 irrigated lands. 
 
 13 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 D 
 
 6 16 
 
 6 4 
 
 ^ 7 
 
 6 14 
 
 6 6 
 
 5 45 
 
 
 14 
 
 Tu 
 W 
 
 'J) 
 
 111' 
 
 6 14 
 6 12 
 
 6 5 
 6 6 
 
 rises 
 653 
 
 6 I', 
 6 II 
 
 7 
 6 8 
 
 rises 
 658 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Th 
 Fr 
 
 (a) 
 
 11V 
 
 SI. 
 
 6 II 
 
 6 9 
 
 6 8 
 6 9 
 
 8 2 
 
 9 6 
 
 6 10 
 6 9 
 
 6 9 
 6 9 
 
 7 54 
 850 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 18 
 
 Sat 
 
 'i) 
 
 -fX 
 
 6 7 
 
 6 10 
 
 10 10 
 
 6 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 47 
 
 See KxpUination on pa^re s. 
 
 19 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 'J 
 
 J3. 
 
 6 ( 
 
 6 II 
 6 12 
 
 II 16 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 II 
 
 10 45 
 
 I — 4. Storm Period. 
 
 20 
 
 j) 
 
 6 4 
 
 mom 
 
 6 s 
 
 6 II 
 
 II 41 
 
 21 
 
 Tu 
 
 >iJ 
 
 111 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 13 
 
 iS 
 
 6 '^ 
 
 6 12 
 
 mom 
 
 5 — 10. Cold Wave. 
 
 2 2 
 
 W 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 I 
 
 6 14 
 
 I 10 
 
 6 2 
 
 613 
 
 3S 
 
 II — 13. Milder. 
 
 2o 
 
 Th 
 
 <i 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 59 
 
 615 
 
 2 16 
 
 6 I 
 
 6 14 
 
 I 3- 
 
 14 — 17. Storm Period. 
 1 8 — 2 1 . Warmer, ^^■ i t h 
 local showers. 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 Fr 
 Sat 
 
 $ 
 
 
 558 
 5 56 
 
 6 16 
 6 17 
 
 3 6 
 3 48 
 
 5 59 
 5 58 
 
 6 14 
 6 15 
 
 2 24 
 
 3 9 
 
 26 
 
 Sun 
 
 f 
 
 \5 
 
 5 54 
 
 6 18 
 
 4 25 
 
 5 57 
 
 6 16 
 
 3 52 
 
 27 
 
 M 
 
 c 
 
 ::k 
 
 5 52 
 
 6 19 
 
 4 54 
 
 5 56 
 
 6 16 
 
 4 29 
 
 22 — 27. General Storm 
 
 28 
 
 Tu 
 
 (:' 
 
 Kr. 
 
 5 5' 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 19 
 
 5 55 
 
 6 17 
 
 5 - 
 
 Period, 
 
 29 
 
 W 
 
 (:' 
 
 K 
 
 S 49 
 
 6 21 
 
 5 42 
 
 5 54 
 
 6 18 
 
 5 34 
 
 28 — ^i. High V/ind and 
 
 30 
 
 Th 
 
 © 
 
 K 
 
 5 47 
 
 6 22 
 
 sets 
 
 5 5- 
 
 6 18 
 
 sets 
 
 
 21 
 
 Fr 
 
 © 
 
 ir 
 
 =; 4^ 
 
 623 
 
 8 3 
 
 ^ io 
 
 6 iq 
 
 748 
 
 Cold. 
 
 19 
 
JHC ALMANAC 'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins (Continued) 
 
 331- 
 
 332- 
 
 335- 
 
 337- 
 
 338. 
 339- 
 343- 
 
 346- 
 
 347- 
 
 340- 
 
 35°. 
 351. 
 
 354- 
 3 55- 
 
 356. 
 357. 
 
 Forage Crops for Hogs in Kansas and 
 
 Oklahoma. Pp. 24. 
 Nuts and Their Uses as Food. Pp. 
 
 28. figs. I. 
 Harmful and Beneficial Mammals of 
 
 the Arid Interior. Pp. 31. figs. q. 
 Cropping System for New England 
 
 Dairy Farms. Pp. 24, figs. 2. 
 Macadam Roads. Pp. 3g, figs. 10. 
 Alfalfa. Pp. 48, figs. 14. 
 The Cultivation of Tobacco in Ken- 
 tucky and Tennessee. Pi'. 2S. 
 
 figs. 13. 
 The Boll-Weevil Problem with Special 
 
 Reference to Means of Reducing 
 
 Damage. Pp. 46, figs. o. 
 The Computation of Rations for Farm 
 
 Animals by the Use of Energy 
 
 Values. Pp. 32. 
 The Repair of Farm Equipment. Pp. 
 
 3*, figs. 23. 
 The Dairy Industry in the South. Pp. 
 
 37. figs. 10. 
 Dehorning Cattle Pp. 14. figs. 6. 
 The Tuberculin Test of Cattle for 
 
 Tuberculosis. Pp. S. 
 Onion Culture. Pp. 36, figs. 20. 
 A Successful Poultry and Dairy Farm. 
 
 Pp. 40. figs. 7. 
 Peanuts. Pp. 40, figs. 20. 
 Methods of Poultry Management at 
 
 the Maine Agricultural Experiment 
 
 Station. Pp. 30. figs. 10. 
 
 ,^1.^. A Primer of Forestry. Part II: Prac- 
 tical Forestry. Pp. 4S. figs. 25. 
 (See also Bulletin 276 in the list 
 under Experiment Station Work. 
 P. 20.) 
 
 .s?o. Canning Vegetables in the Home. Pp. 
 1 6. figs. 9. 
 
 :J>2. Conditions Affecting the Value of Mar- 
 ket Hay. Pp. 21), figs. 7. 
 
 ,1,;. The Use of Milk as Food. Pp. 44. 
 charts 4. 
 
 v>4. A Profitable Cotton Farm. Pi>. 2.1. 
 fi^s. 12. 
 
 365. Potato Growing in Northern Sections. 
 
 Pp. 31, figs. II. 
 
 367. Lightning and Lightning Conductors. 
 
 Pp. 20. figs. 3. 
 3f)(j. How to Destroy Rats. Pp. 20, figs. 
 
 5- 
 370. Replanning a Farm for Profit. Pp.36. 
 .S7I. Drainage of Irrigated Lands. Pp. 52. 
 
 figs. ig. 
 ,472. Soy Beans. Pp. 26, figs. 6. 
 37.5. Irrigation of Alfalfa. Pp. 4S. figs. 32. 
 375. Care of Food in the Home. Pp. 46. 
 
 figs. 2. 
 
 377. Harmfulness of Headache Mixtures. 
 
 Pp. 16. 
 
 378. Method of Exterminating the Texas 
 
 Fever Tick. Pp. 30. 
 3.S5. Boys' and Girls' Agricuitur:-1 Clubs, 
 
 Pp. 23, figs. I I. 
 380. Bread and Bread Making. Pp. 40. 
 
 lig«. 7 
 
 Rates of Postage and Money Orders 
 
 Domestic 
 
 First-Class Matter (Letters, and all Sealed Matter) 2c an oz. 
 
 Second-Class (Newspapers and Periodicals) ic. for 4 oz. 
 
 Third-Class (Books. Circulars) ic for 2 oz. 
 
 Fourth-Class (Merchandise) ic. an oz. 
 
 Registration Fee (additional postage) loc. 
 
 Immediate Delivery Stamp (additional to regular postage) loc. 
 
 Money Order ($1 to $100) 3= to 30c. 
 
 (See below for Explanations and Exceptions.) 
 
 First-Class Matter. — Letters and all other written matter (whether 
 sealed or not), excepting manuscript copy accompanying proof sheets; 
 also all matter sealed (see below), 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof, 
 excepting drop letters at Non-Carrier oSces, i cent an ounce. Postal 
 cards, i cent each. Limit of weight. 4 pounds. 
 
 Second-Class. — Newspapers and periodicals, published quarterly 
 aid oftener, and not for gratuitous distribution. The general public 
 pay by affixing stamps at the rate of i cent for each 4 ounces or part 
 thereof, when not sealed. 
 
 Third-Class. — Books (printed, not blank), circulars, other printed 
 matter, proof sheets and manuscript copy accompanying same, valen- 
 tines, sheet-music, photographs, heliotypes, chromos, posters, litho- 
 graphs and printed advertising matter in general — all, when not sealed, 
 I cent for 2 ounces or fraction. Limit of weight, 4 pounds. 
 
IHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Harvesting in Mexico 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-CoI.T. 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 D 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 First Quarter 
 
 f 
 
 I 5 5 
 
 ° 55 
 
 1 1 5s5tli 
 
 10 S5.51I1 
 
 9 SS5tli 
 
 j) Full Moon 
 
 I ^ 
 
 10 ",6 
 
 9 36 
 
 8 36 
 
 7 36 
 
 6 36 
 
 '1 Last Quarter 
 
 21 
 
 2 35 
 
 I 35 
 
 35 
 
 II 35 
 
 10 ^^ 
 
 © New Moon 
 
 2.^ 
 
 6 25 
 
 5 25 
 
 4 25 
 
 3 25 
 
 2 25 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 c 
 
 
 1| 
 
 Pm 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Southern States 
 
 
 
 Sun 
 
 Sun 
 
 Moon 
 
 Sun 
 
 Sun 
 
 Moon 
 
 
 >1 
 
 i 
 
 Ti '~ 
 
 c 
 
 
 Rises 
 
 Sets 
 
 S. &R. 
 
 Rises 
 
 Sets 
 
 S. &K. 
 
 April is the harvest month 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 JS 
 
 s 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 in Lower Egypt, Asia Minor 
 and Mexico. 
 
 I 
 
 Sat 
 
 :v) 
 
 'T 
 
 T 44 
 
 624 
 
 Q 21 
 
 5 47 
 
 621 
 
 857 
 
 2 
 
 Sun 
 
 -^ 
 
 'T 
 
 5 42 
 
 6 26 
 
 10 38 
 
 5 45 
 
 621 
 
 10 6 
 
 In Mexico the harvest is 
 
 3 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 >< 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 27 
 
 II 54 
 
 5 44 
 
 6 22 
 
 II 15 
 
 carried on almost as it is in 
 
 
 Tu 
 
 '-) 
 
 ri 
 
 S 39 
 
 6 28 
 
 mom 
 
 5 43 
 
 6 2-( 
 
 mom 
 
 
 s 
 
 W 
 
 'V^ 
 
 n 
 
 5 37 
 
 6 29 
 
 I 7 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 24 
 
 23 
 
 this country, except that 
 
 6 
 
 Th 
 
 J) 
 
 n 
 
 =; 36 
 
 6 30 
 
 2 g 
 
 5 40 
 
 625 
 
 I 26 
 
 oxen are frequently used in 
 
 7 
 
 Fr 
 
 
 00 
 
 ^ 34 
 
 O31 
 
 2 .;q 
 
 5 39 
 
 6 26 
 
 2 20 
 
 place of horses. The farms 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 5 33 
 5 31 
 
 632 
 633 
 6 34 
 
 3 39 
 
 4 10 
 4 .6 
 
 5 3« 
 536 
 5 35 
 
 626 
 6 27 
 6 28 
 
 3 7 
 
 3 46 
 
 4 20 
 
 are huge plantations owned 
 by rich Spaniards, while the 
 
 II 
 
 Tu 
 
 ?) 
 
 11V 
 
 q 28 
 
 635 
 
 4 58 
 
 5 34 
 
 6 29 
 
 4 5° 
 
 work is done by peons, or 
 
 12 
 
 W 
 
 -5 
 
 111' 
 
 5 26 
 
 636 
 
 5 19 
 
 5 33 
 
 6 29 
 
 5 19 
 
 natives, half Spanish and 
 
 13 
 
 Ih 
 
 .0 
 
 III' 
 
 5-5 
 
 037 
 
 rises 
 
 5 31 
 
 b 30 
 
 rises 
 
 
 14 
 
 Fr 
 
 >) 
 
 AA 
 
 =; ^4 
 
 638 
 
 7 5« 
 
 5 30 
 
 031 
 
 7 37 
 
 
 15 
 t6 
 
 Sat 
 Sun 
 
 1) 
 
 11T 
 
 5 22 
 5 -° 
 
 <> 39 
 
 6 40 
 
 9 2 
 10 7 
 
 5 20 
 5 28 
 
 031 
 
 6 ^2 
 
 «34 
 9 32 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 M 
 
 i) 
 
 111 
 
 =; iQ 
 
 6 41 
 
 :i 10 
 
 527 
 
 633 
 
 10 30 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 18 
 
 lu 
 
 ^) 
 
 111 
 
 ^ 17 
 
 6 42 
 
 mom 
 
 5 25 
 
 t)33 
 
 :i 24 
 
 See E.\planation on page 5. 
 
 TO 
 
 W 
 
 ^) 
 
 
 =; lb 
 
 6 43 
 
 7 
 
 5 24 
 
 t> 34 
 
 mom 
 
 
 20 
 
 Th 
 
 ■4) 
 
 7?' 
 
 =; 14 
 
 644 
 
 50 
 
 5 2;, 
 
 635 
 
 16 
 
 I — 4. Fair and Mild. 
 
 21 
 
 Fr 
 
 it 
 
 \j 
 
 5 13 
 
 (> 45 
 
 I 45 
 
 5 22 
 
 636 
 
 I 4 
 
 q — 9. Storm Period. 
 
 22 
 
 Sat 
 
 1 
 
 \i 
 
 5 II 
 
 646 
 
 2 22 
 
 5 21 
 
 636 
 
 I 46 
 
 II — 13. Clear frosts. 
 14 — 16. Cloudy and 
 warmer. 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 2=; 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 'i 
 1 
 
 
 5 1° 
 5 8 
 
 =; 7 
 
 647 
 648 
 
 640 
 
 2 53 
 
 3 20 
 
 3 43 
 
 5 20 
 5 19 
 5 18 
 
 037 
 638 
 6 39 
 
 2 24 
 
 2 50 
 
 3 3° 
 
 2fi 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 ir 
 
 S 6 
 
 6 so 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 17 
 
 t 39 
 
 4 2 
 
 17 — 20. General Storm 
 
 27 
 
 Th 
 
 1' 
 
 ¥. 
 
 =; 4 
 
 651 
 
 4 3° 
 
 5 16 
 
 6 40 
 
 4 35 
 
 Period. 
 
 28 
 
 Fr 
 
 (fl 
 
 '1 
 
 =; 3 
 
 652 
 
 4 54 
 
 5 15 
 
 6 40 
 
 5 9 
 
 21 — 2^. Local Showers. 
 
 2C) 
 
 Sat 
 
 m 
 
 "i 
 
 S 2 
 
 053 
 
 sets 
 
 5 14 
 
 6 41 
 
 ^cts 
 
 26 — 28. High Wind. 
 
 30 
 
 Sun 
 
 w 
 
 VJ 
 
 5 ° 
 
 655 
 
 9 34 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 41 
 
 857 
 
 29 — 30. Storm Period. 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 Rates of Postage and Money Orders {Continued) 
 
 Fourth Class. — Merchandise and samples; blank books and paper; 
 iires; all matter not included in any of the Other classes and not in its 
 nature perishable or liable to injure the contents of the mails. ( By 
 express ruling the postage on seeds, cuttings, roots, scions, and plants 
 is at the rate of i cent for each two ounces.) — all, when not sealed and 
 not exceeding 4 pounds in weight, i cent an ounce or fraction thereof. 
 
 Sealing. — Any matter is regarded as sealed when it is not so wrapped 
 a-; to allow of a thorough examination withovit in any way injuring tiie 
 wrapping. 
 
 Registration. — All classes of mail matter may be registered in any 
 Post-office by affixing 10 cents in stamps in addition to the regular 
 postage. 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Registration. — Ten cents additional to ordinary' postage on all articles 
 to foreign countries. 
 
 On Letters. — Five cents for each ounce or fraction thereof and y, 
 I ents for each additional ounce. Double rates are collected on delivery 
 of unpaid or short-paid letters. Letters to Great Britain and Ireland, 
 Shanghai, China, and Germany, 2 cents an ounce or fraction. 
 
 Post Cards. — Single, 2 cents each; with paid reply, 4 cents each. 
 
 "Private Mailing Cards" (Post Cards). — Two cents each, subject 
 to conditions governing domestic post cards. 
 
 On newspapers, books, pamphlets, photographs, sheet-music, maps, 
 engravings, and similar printed matter, i cent each two ounces or fraction 
 thereof. Prepayment required at least in part. 
 
 Postage to Canada and Mexico. — The general nde is that articles 
 admitted to the domestic mails of either country are admitted at the 
 same postage rates and under the same conditions to the mails exchanged 
 between the two countries ; but this rule is subject to important excep- 
 tions, not particularizable in brief, and it is best to consult the postmaster 
 before entrusting merchandise or any unusual matter to the international 
 mails. 
 
 Limits of Size and Weights. — Packages of samples of merchandise 
 to foreign countries must not exceed twelve ounces, nor measure more 
 than twelve inches in length, eight inches in breadth, and four in depth, 
 and packages of printed matter must not exceed four pounds six ounces. 
 
 Money Order Rates 
 
 Sums not exceeding S2.50 3c 
 
 Over $ 2.50 and not exceeding $ 5.00 5c 
 
 Over $ 5.00 and not exceeding $ 10.00 8c 
 
 Over Sio.oo and not exceeding $ 20.00 loc 
 
 Over $20.00 and not exceeding $ 30.00 '. . .12c, 
 
 Over $30.00 and not exceeding S 40.00 15c 
 
 Over $40.00 and not exceeding $ 50.00 i8c 
 
 Over $50.00 and not exceeding $ 60.00 20c 
 
 Over $60.00 and not exceeding $ 75.00 25c 
 
 Over $75.00 and not exceeding $100.00 30c 
 
 22 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ EKCYCLOPEDIA . 
 
 Harvesting in Algiers 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 5 First Quarter 
 
 i) I*ull Moon 
 
 ? Last Quarter 
 
 ^^ New Moon 
 
 !nter- 
 
 Col.T. 
 
 11. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 i;, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 -.1 
 
 2 
 
 ^4 
 
 Eastern T. | 
 
 II. 
 
 .\l. 
 
 S 
 
 I ^ 
 
 4 
 
 ,5 
 
 I 
 
 ^1 
 
 Central T. 
 
 II . M . 
 
 24 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 6 I -, 
 1 1 9 I'Jtlj 
 
 II 24 2itli 
 
 Pacil'ic T. 
 
 ;i. M. 
 
 J 
 
 10 glitli 
 10 24"27tli 
 
 I) 
 10 
 1 1 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 1.1 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Risvs 
 
 n. M. 
 
 Sun 
 Set.s 
 
 Mnon 
 S. &K, 
 
 10 39 
 12 o 
 
 mom 
 56 
 
 1 41 
 
 2 14 
 
 2 41 
 
 3 4 
 3 24 
 3 43 
 
 24 
 
 rises 
 
 859 
 10 o 
 
 10 55 
 
 11 42 
 morn 
 
 1 44 
 
 2 7 
 2 28 
 
 2 53 
 19 
 51 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 set^ 
 9 40 
 
 ID 44 
 II 36 
 
 Southern States 
 
 Sets 
 H. M 
 
 M.v„, 
 S. &1! 
 
 10 10 
 
 11 17 
 morn 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 4 I' 
 446 
 rises 
 
 8 21 
 
 9 18 
 
 10 II 
 
 11 c 
 
 II 43 
 
 mom 
 2 I 
 
 5£ 
 I 2S 
 
 1 59 
 
 2 29 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 38 
 
 4 20 
 s^ts 
 
 857 
 10 2 
 
 10 so 
 
 The World'j Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 May is the harvest season 
 in Algiers, Central /.r.ia, 
 China, Japan and Texas. 
 
 Rice is the principal ;=;rain 
 crop in Japan and China 
 although in Manchuria con- 
 siderable grain is grown. 
 
 In Algiers both thepriira- 
 tive and modem methods of 
 harvesting are often found 
 in the same field. 
 
 Texas is the first state in 
 this country to begin the 
 wheat har\'est. 
 
 Weather C:ilendar 
 
 ^ce C\;)l;iiiation on pa^e 5. 
 
 I — 3. I'torm Period. 
 
 4 — 8. Showery and Fair. 
 
 9 — 13. Storm Period. 
 
 14 — 17. Pleasant Period. 
 
 iS — 21. Western Storms. 
 
 22 — 25. Eastern Storms. 
 
 26 — 29. High V/inds, espe- 
 cially in theO. E. 
 
 30 — 3T. Fair and Cool. 
 
. JHC ALMANAC '& ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 Transmitting Money through the Banks 
 
 As a means o£ sending money to distant points, bank drafts are safe, 
 convenient, and economical. 
 
 Bank drafts are absolutely safe. If lost in the mail, the bank will 
 issue a duplicate at no additional expense; if paid to the wrong party, 
 the bank so paying is responsible for the amount. 
 
 It is convenient to use this form of transmitting money. Simply go to 
 the bank, tell the amount for which j^ou wi.sh the draft written, and name 
 of the person or firm to whom it is to be sent. It is not necessary to 
 register a draft in sending it through the mails, as it cannot be cashed 
 by any one except the person to whom issued. 
 
 Bank drafts are the cheapest method of sending money, except of 
 course paying by check. Drafts up to S20.00 cost 5 cents, and for larger 
 amounts the rate is in proportion. 
 
 First Aid to the Injured 
 
 Burns and Scalds. — Cover with cooking soda and lay wet cloths 
 over the injured part. Household ammonia applied immediately is 
 excellent. Other remedies are: white of egg and olive oil. Olive oil 
 or linseed oil, plain or mixed with chalk and whiting. Sweet or olive 
 oil and lime water. 
 
 Lightning. — Dash water over the person struck. 
 
 Sunstroke. — Loosen clothing. Get patient into the shade and apply 
 ice-cold water to head. Keep head in elevated position. 
 
 Stings of Insects. — Apply weak ammonia, oil, salt water, iodine. 
 
 Mad Dog or Snake Bite. — Tie a cord tightly above wound. Suck 
 the wound and cauterize with caustic or white-hot iron immediately, 
 or cut out adjoining parts with a sharp knife. Give stimulants — whiskey 
 or brandy being the most effective. 
 
 Fainting. — Place flat on back. Allow fresh air to circulate, and 
 sprinkle with water. Place head lower than re.st of body. 
 
 Cinders in the Eye. — Rub the other eye. Roll soft paper up like 
 a lamp-lighter and wet the tip to remove, or use a medicine dropper 
 to draw it out. 
 
 Fire in One's Clothing. — Don't run — especially not downstairs or 
 out-of-doors. Roll on a carpet, or wrap in a woolen rug or blanket. 
 Keep the head down, so as not to inhale flame. 
 
 Dro'wning. — i. Loosen the clothing, if any. 2. Empty the lungs 
 of water by laying the patient on his stomach, and lifting him by the 
 middle, so that the head hangs down. Jerk the body a few times. 3. 
 Pull tongue forward, using handkerchief, or pin with string, if neces- 
 sary. 4. Imitate respiration by alternately compressing and expand- 
 ing the lower ribs about twenty times a minute. Alternately raising 
 and lowering the arms from the sides up above the head, gently but 
 persistently, will stimulate the action of the lungs. 5. Apply warmth 
 and friction to extremities. 6. By holding tongue foreward, closing the 
 nostrils, and pressing the "Adam's apple" back (so as to close entrance 
 to stomach) direct inflation may be tried. Take a deep breath and 
 breathe it forcibly into the mouth of patient, compressing the chest 
 to expel the air. Repeat this operation. 7. Don't give up! People 
 have been saved after hours of patient, active effort. 8. When breath- 
 ing begins, get patient into a warm bed, give warm drinks, or spirits by 
 teaspoonfuls. Let there be plenty of fresh air and quiet. 
 
 Suffocation from Inhaling Illuminating Gas. — Get into the fresh 
 air right away and lie down. Keep warm. Take ammonia — 20 drops 
 to a tumbler of wate*-, at frequent intervals. Also, 2 to 4 drops tinc- 
 ture of nux vomica every hour or two for five or six hours. 
 
 24 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 a 
 
 ^^:^r- r: r:: — 
 
 
 Harvesting in California 
 
 Moon's Pliases 
 
 ^ First Quarter 
 eg) Full Moon 
 Q; Last Quarter 
 © New Moon 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 ' 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 ID 
 II 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 II. 
 
 Inter-Col. T 
 
 -M. 
 
 4 
 50 
 01 
 
 11) 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 H. 51. 
 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 50 
 51 
 
 19 
 
 Central T. 
 
 H. .M. 
 
 Mountain T, 
 
 H. .M. 
 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 50 
 51 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 50 
 51 
 
 19 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Northern States Southern States 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 H. M 
 
 4 31 
 4 30 
 
 4 3° 
 
 4 30 
 4 2g 
 9 
 29 
 2q 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 2S 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 4 29 
 4 29 
 4 29 
 4 29 
 4 29 
 4 3° 
 4 3° 
 4 30 
 4 29 
 4 29 
 4 29 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 7 28 
 7 29 
 7 30 
 7 30 
 731 
 7 31 
 732 
 7 32 
 732 
 7 33 
 7 33 
 7 33 
 7 34 
 7 34 
 7 34 
 7 34 
 7 35 
 7 35 
 7 35 
 7 351 
 7 35 
 7 35 
 7 35 
 7 35 
 
 Moon 
 S. & R 
 
 44 
 
 I 9 
 
 1 3° 
 
 1 51 
 
 2 10 
 2 30 
 
 2 53 
 
 3 21 
 rises 
 848 
 9 40 
 
 ID 22 
 
 10 56 
 
 11 26 
 II 48 
 
 morn 
 1 1 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 32 
 
 53 
 
 1 17 
 1 45 
 
 2 "^ I 
 
 3 8 
 sets 
 9 23 
 
 10 8 
 
 ID 42 
 
 11 II 
 
 Sun 
 Seta 
 ft. M. 
 
 Moon 
 S. & R 
 
 II 46 
 
 mom 
 
 23 
 
 56 
 
 I 26 
 
 I .';4 
 
 221 
 
 2 49 
 
 3 20 
 
 3 S4 
 
 rises 
 
 8 5 
 
 «57 
 
 9 42 
 
 10 22 
 
 1059 
 
 II 29 
 
 12 
 
 mom 
 
 29 
 
 59 
 
 I 32 
 
 2 9 
 
 2 54 
 
 3 4« 
 
 sets 
 
 843 
 
 9 35 
 
 10 18 
 
 10 55 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 n. 
 2 
 I 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 .M. 
 
 4 
 50 
 51 
 
 19 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 In June the harvest begins 
 in Turkey, Spain, Southern 
 France, California, Tennes- 
 see, Vireinia, Kentucky, 
 Kansas, Utah and Missouri. 
 
 The modem self-binder is 
 found throughout France, 
 though the machines, as a 
 rule, are operated with oxen. 
 
 The same is true of har- 
 vesting in Spain. All of these 
 European countries but Eng- 
 land have a duty on incom- 
 ing grain, which makes the 
 cost of flour higher than it 
 would be if they could buy 
 American products at 
 American prices. 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 See Explanation on page 5. 
 
 — 4. Severe Storm 
 Period, 
 
 Local Showers. 
 
 Very Warin. 
 
 Severe Storms. 
 
 Cooler. 
 
 Hot Wave. 
 
 Storm Period : Fu- 
 rious Winds in 
 S. E. 
 
 Milder and Fair. 
 
 5— 8- 
 9— II. 
 
 12—15. 
 
 16 — 19. 
 
 20 — 23. 
 24 — 27. 
 
 28 — 30. 
 
 25 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA . 
 
 Antidotes for Poison 
 
 First. — Send for a physician. 
 
 Second. — Induce vomiting by tickling throat with feather or finger; 
 drinking hot water or strong mustard and water; swallow sweet-oil or 
 whites of eggs. 
 
 Acids are antidotes for alkalies and vice versa. 
 
 For Poisoning from Opium, Laudanum, and Morphine. — An emetic 
 should be followed by strong coffee or the white of an egg. Keep the 
 patient walking for two or three hours. 
 
 For Poisoning from Arsenic, Corrosive Sublimate, Verdigris, 
 Blue Vitriol, and Vegetables Kept in Copper Kettles. — Give an emetic 
 and the white of an egg. swcct-oil and mill<. 
 
 For Sugar of Lead Poisoning. — Give an emetic and Epsom salts. 
 
 For Poisoning from Hemlock, Aconite, Belladonna, and Fox- 
 Glove. — After emetic give tannin and stimulants. 
 
 Strychnine. — First give an emetic, and then large dose of bromide 
 of sodium (60 grains in solution). Repeat ever\' hour until three or 
 four doses have been taken. 
 
 Toadstool Poisoning. — Give emetics promptly, then castor oil and 
 stimulants. Apply heat. 
 
 Poison Ivy or Oak. — There are three generally effective remedies for 
 poison ivy or mercury. One is to apply hot water to the poisoned sur- 
 face. Another is peroxide of hydrogen. The third is to apply a solution 
 of sugar of lead, about 40 grains to a poimd of water. Two other rem- 
 edies tliat are more or less e.'I'ective are leaking soda and d::y starch. 
 
 Building Suggestions for the Farmer 
 
 By J. E. Wing 
 
 The Grouping of Farm Buildings 
 
 There was a time not long ago when men took land, new, raw, ana 
 sought to make a living thereon. These men had little capital ; stern econ- 
 omy made them "get along" as best they could. They built cheaply, their 
 buildings placed as they happened. There was little or no regard for per- 
 manence, convenience, or, least of all, for beauty of form or arrangement. 
 
 Let us outgrow that. "Farmin'" has become Agriculture. There 
 is now no doubt as to whether it pays or not. Agriculture is very profit- 
 able now. Usually, farms pay best that have on them best buildings. 
 
 Let us now take a piece of land clear of buildings and consider how we 
 would arrange it so as to be most convenient, sanitary, and beautiful. 
 Some of us can begin new; some of us can rearrange old buildings. 
 
 The farmhouse should be well back from the highway. It should 
 never be closer than 100 feet and it is best if it can be back 400 feet. 
 Put it, if you can, on a little elevation overlooking the suriyjunding region. 
 Usually 1 would not put the house away from the highway. There are 
 large farms where it is well to ,gct in the center but there is human interest 
 in seeing the highway. Further, if you achieve aught in your planting 
 and building you should share it with passers-by. There is true mis- 
 sionary work in doing that, and pleasure as well. We will not do things 
 very well unless we feel that others see what we do. 
 
 The ideal farmer's home setting and lawn is to put the house in the 
 midst of a little meadow of two to ten acres. This can be kept mown witli 
 the horse mower and will be a source of profit as well as beauty. It may 
 be in timothy. Kentucky blue grass, or almost any sort of grass. It may 
 be sown to alfalfa, except the parts near the house, which should be se., 
 [Continued on page ;C] 
 
 26 
 
i^^//rC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEBTA mfiMfj^ 
 
 JUL.ir^ 
 
 _-^ 
 
 Harvesting in France 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 ^ First Quarter 
 i^ Full Moon 
 C Last Quarter 
 @ New Moon 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 H. 
 
 5 
 S 
 
 M. 
 
 20 
 
 53 
 ^^ I 
 12 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 1 1 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 2 I 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 2Q 
 30 
 31 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sub 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 H . M . 
 4 20 
 
 7 53 
 o 31 
 3 12 
 
 Central T. 
 
 n. M. 
 ^ 20 
 6 53 
 
 3il8tli 
 12 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Northern States Southern States 
 
 Risea 
 
 H. M, 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 .■1.5 
 
 54 7 
 
 5 5 17 
 
 Moon 
 S. & B. 
 
 H. 
 
 M 
 
 II 35 
 
 II 54 
 mom 
 I 
 
 35 
 4 
 I 2, 
 
 1 5: 
 
 2 3- 
 
 3 20 
 rises 
 
 858 
 9 27 
 
 9 53 
 10 15 
 10 35 
 
 10 57 
 
 11 19 
 
 II 45 
 
 mom 
 
 16 
 
 56 
 
 1 46 
 
 2 53 
 sets 
 838 
 9 9 
 9 34 
 9 57 
 
 10 17 
 1038 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 5 14 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 Moon 
 S.& H 
 
 H. 
 
 M, 
 
 7 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 I 
 o 
 6 59 
 6 59 
 
 II 27 
 
 II 55 
 
 morn 
 
 24 
 
 52 
 
 III 
 
 1 55 
 
 2 31 
 
 3 14 
 
 4 3 
 rises 
 
 8 22 
 
 8 58 
 
 9 32 
 10 
 
 10 30 
 
 11 o 
 
 II 31 
 
 mom 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 n. 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 M. 
 20 
 
 53 
 
 3il8tli 
 
 12 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 M. 
 
 3iI8tli 
 12 
 
 •■ JO 
 
 2 28 
 
 3 36 
 sets 
 
 8 9 
 849 
 
 9 23 
 9 55 
 
 10 23 
 10 52I 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 July is the harvest season 
 in Roumania, Austro-Hung- 
 ary. Southern Russia, Ger- 
 many, Switzerland, France, 
 Southern England, Oregon, 
 Nebraska, Southern Minne- 
 sota, Wisconsin, Colorado, 
 Washington, Iowa, Illinois, 
 Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, 
 New York, New England and 
 Eastern Canada. 
 
 In Southern Russia camels 
 and the small Russian ponies 
 are used as draft animals, 
 while in Roumania, France 
 and Austro - Hungary oxen 
 are largely used. 
 
 Next to America, Russia 
 is the biggest exporter of 
 wheat. The Russians them- 
 selves prefer bread and cakes 
 made of rve flour. 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 See Explanation on pa^u ;. 
 
 1—3. Fair. 
 
 4 — "■ Local Showers. 
 
 8 — II. Storm Period. 
 12 — 1 6. Fine Weather. 
 17 — 21. Storm Period. 
 22 — 25. High Winds. 
 20 — 28. Fair. 
 2Q — 31. Storm Period. 
 
 27 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 [Continued from page 26] 
 in blue grass. Trees may be planted in this meadow. They should not 
 be irregularly scattered over it but should be planted with a definite 
 plan, leaving a wide, open, unbroken expanse, with trees in clumps or 
 fringes at the borders. The ideal lawn is a lake of grass with shores 
 of trees and shrubs. This is both most beautiful and most economical, 
 since there is no loss of the meadow I'and. 
 
 The drive to the house should follow such natural lines as one would 
 take in driving from the front gate to and beyond the house. It is 
 better if it is curving, but the curves should be placed with reason; and 
 in the points about which the drive turns should stand trees or groups 
 of shrubs that would indicate a reason for the curves. There should be 
 two drives, one past the dwelling and on to the stables, the other direct 
 from the highway to the barnyard. This last will need fencing, as animals 
 will be driven through it. 
 
 The building of bams will of course depend much on the character 
 of farming followed. I do not favor the building of large combined 
 bams and stables to house all the animals of many classes, the tools and 
 machines, the forage and grain, under one roof. Instead, I advise a 
 stable for the horses, another apart from it for the dairy, if one is kept, 
 though if only two or three cows are kept they can be sheltered in the 
 horse stable or in a leanto at one side or end. As a rule, horses and cows 
 should be separated. Horses are better ofT for abundant air and in cool 
 or almost cold stabling. Cows giving milk also need abundant air but 
 will not endure cold well or as low temperatures as make horses thrive. 
 To get best results make these stables apart. An open yard, if possible 
 paved with concrete made rough, should be provided for both cows and 
 horses. Naturally, one cannot well have both classes of animals in the 
 same yard. 
 
 Sheep require a shed by themselves. "Sheep are better to have a very 
 great flood of fresh air. They do not mind the cold at all. By all means give 
 the sheep their owm quarters. They need a yard, akso. Better have it 
 on the north side of the bam. There will be less mud there; the ground 
 will remain frozen in winter. There will be shade there in summer. 
 
 Pigs are best off in a place by themselves. A permanent pigging 
 house is good to have. Concrete the small yards in front of each pen. 
 
 Poultry need separate quarters. One does not wish fowls in the 
 stable or on the hay. The carriage shed is a poor place for hens. 
 
 Then there is the tool shed. Make it at a very convenient point so 
 that it is easy to drive through it and unhitch right there from the wagon, 
 drill, mower, or corn planter. The simpler the tool shed is, the better, 
 probably. A simple shed open at two sides with posts 10 feet apart; 
 the shed about 30 feet wide and as long as you need is satisfactory'. 
 Have an upper story or half story with a bridge that can be let down. 
 There you can place tools that will not be needed for months to come. 
 The beauty of such a shed is that one can drive right through it cross- 
 ways and leave any machine or wagon in place. 
 
 Now about grouping these buildings. It is not a simple thing to 
 plan. Nor can one plan for any farm until he has seen it. A safe rule 
 is to place buildings far enough apart so that should there come a fire, 
 all will not be devoured. 
 
 Roofs of slate, tile, or metal will lessen the danger from fire. There 
 is little economy in having buildings crowded together. Naturally the 
 horse stable deserves a central and convenient place; the carriage house 
 may abut the lawn. It should not be attached to the stable. If it is, 
 there should be a close partition dividing it from the stables, else the odors 
 of ammonia will fill the carriage robes. If a dairy is kept, the milk should 
 [Continued on page 30] 
 
 28 
 
miism ^^JffC ALMANAC ^ ENC}VL0PED1A\^£^ 
 
 Harvesting in Western Canada 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 5 First Quarter 
 ® Full Moon 
 (J Last Quarter 
 ® New Moon 
 5 First Quarter 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 S 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 lo 
 II 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 iS 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sun 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 Th 
 
 Inter-CoI. T. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 i4 24lh 
 
 20 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 II 
 
 29 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 Central T. 
 
 n. 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 M. 
 29 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 Mountain T 
 
 n. M. 
 
 4 
 7 
 5 
 9 
 II 
 
 29 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 2o30tli 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 3 29 
 6 54 
 
 4 10 
 8 14 
 
 10 2o30th 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 4 56 7 16 
 7 14 
 
 5S 
 
 59 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 
 5 19 
 5 20 
 5 21 
 5 22 
 5 2,5 
 5 24 
 5 25 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 I 
 
 7 o 
 658 
 6 57 
 655 
 '' 54 
 653 
 651 
 6 50 
 648 
 647 
 
 645 
 644 
 6 42 
 6 41 
 6 39 
 6 37 
 636 
 635 
 6 34 
 
 Moon 
 S. 4 E, 
 
 H. M, 
 
 II O 
 II 25 
 
 II 54 
 mom 
 
 29 
 
 1 1=; 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 5 
 rises 
 
 7 57 
 
 8 21 
 
 8 42 
 
 9 2 
 9 23 
 9 51 
 
 10 15 
 
 10 5 
 
 11 36 
 
 mom 
 
 33 
 
 1 42 
 
 2 59 
 
 4 7 
 sets 
 
 7 57 
 
 8 18 
 840 
 
 9 I 
 9 24 
 952 
 
 10 25 
 
 Southern States 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 Suu 
 
 Sets 
 
 4658 
 
 6 57 
 656 
 
 655 
 654 
 653 
 652 
 651 
 6 50 
 6 49 
 648 
 647 
 5 22 6 46 
 5 23 6 45 
 5 24 6 44 
 5 25 6 43 
 5 256 42 
 5 26 6 41 
 5 2 7 6 40 
 6 39 
 6 37 
 636 
 6 35 
 6 34 
 633 
 631 
 6 30 
 6 29 
 6 28 
 
 Moon 
 S.& R 
 
 H. M 
 
 II 22 
 
 II 54 
 
 mom 
 
 3° 
 I 10 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 49 
 
 3 45 
 rises 
 
 7 33 
 
 8 5 
 834 
 
 9 3 
 9 a 
 
 10 9 
 
 10 42 
 
 I 26 
 
 mom 
 
 1 17 
 
 2 24 
 
 3 35 
 
 4 35 
 sets 
 
 751 
 
 8 21 
 
 851 
 
 9 20 
 
 - 9 51 
 6 26 10 26 
 6 25 II 
 
 29 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 August is the harvest 
 month in Holland, Belgium, 
 Great Britain, Denm.ark, Po- 
 land, Western Canada and 
 the Dakotas. 
 
 Western Canada has been 
 called the "Bread Basket of 
 the World." 
 
 The recent introduction of 
 quickly ripening, hardy- 
 wheat from vSiberia has 
 opened up thousands of acres 
 of Canadian northland hith- 
 erto thought worthless. 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 See E.xpjanation on page 5. 
 
 I — 4- Continued Storm 
 
 Period. 
 5 — 8. Clear and Sultry. 
 9 — 13. Showery Period. 
 14 — 17. Pleasant Period. 
 I S — 2 1 . Sultry. 
 22 — 25. General Storm Pe- 
 riod. 
 26 — 29. Fair. Showers on 
 
 29th. 
 3° — '.ii. StormsintheWest. 
 
J HC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 [Continued from page 28] 
 not be very far from the dairy room. Overhead trolleys will convey this 
 milk from the stable to the dairy building; such an arrangement is ur.cd 
 by enterprising dairymen. The sheep may as well be farther back. 
 The pig pens should not be where prevailing winds will carry their odor 
 to the dwellings. Even clean pig pens have an odor. The poultr\' house 
 . will be well located in the orchard, convenient of access for the housewife, 
 who naturally will be much interested in its career. 
 [Continued on page 32] 
 
 For the Housewife 
 
 Cooking 
 For Baking 
 
 Meats 
 
 Time in ove 
 JIutton, leg, per pound 10 to 15 mi: 
 Beef ribs, per pound. . . S to i 5 
 Round of beef, per 
 
 pound 1 2 to 15 
 
 Lamb, well done, per 
 
 pound 15 
 
 Pork, well done, per 
 
 pound -o 
 
 Veal, well done, per 
 
 pound I S to 20 
 
 Mutton, shoulder. 
 
 stuffed, per pound 15 
 
 Venison, rare, per 
 
 pound .10 
 
 Goose, per pound . 18 
 
 Chicken, per pound 15 
 
 Turkey i Ji to o hours.' 
 
 Birds, small (hot 
 
 oven) 15 to 20 mi 
 
 Ducks, wild (very hot 
 
 oven) 15 
 
 Ducks, tame -45 
 
 Partridge.' ■ 5 to 40 
 
 Bread i hou 
 
 Custard (very slow over.) . . .i 
 
 Biscuits 20 mi 
 
 Cakes 20 to 45 
 
 For Broiling 
 
 Meats 
 
 Mutton chops 8 to 10 ni 
 
 Grouse 15 
 
 Quail 8 to 10 
 
 Steak, 1 1^ inches thick.io to 15 
 
 Steak, I inch thick S to lo 
 
 Spring chicken 20 
 
 Squab 10 to 15 
 
 Time Table 
 
 Shad. 
 
 For Baking 
 
 Fisil 
 
 Time in oven. 
 I 5 to 2; min. 
 
 Bluefish 15 to 25 " 
 
 Small fish. , 5 to lo " 
 
 For Boiling 
 Vegetables 
 
 Peas 1 5 to 20 min. 
 
 Spinach 15 to 20 " 
 
 Liina beans 30 to 40 " 
 
 String beans 20. to 30 " 
 
 Potatoes 20 to 30 " 
 
 Asparagus 20 to 25 " 
 
 Brussels sprouts.. .. 10 to 15 " 
 
 Green corn 20 to 25 " 
 
 Onions. 30 to 40 " 
 
 Parsnips 30 to 40 " 
 
 Rice ... 15 to 20 " 
 
 Turnips 30 " 
 
 Beets 30 min. or more 
 
 Cauliflower 20 min. 
 
 Cabbage 20 " 
 
 Macaroni j j " 
 
 Meals 
 
 Mutton, per pound 15 n'.in. 
 
 Ham, per pound 23 " 
 
 Chicken, per pound 15 " 
 
 Turkey, per pound 15 " 
 
 Corned beef, per pound. 30 " 
 Fowl, per pound . .20 to 30 " 
 
 Tripe, per pound 3 to 5 hoitrs 
 
 Fish 
 
 Halibut, per pound 15 min. 
 
 Bluefish, per pound 10 " 
 
 Bass, per pound 10 " 
 
 Codfish, per pound 6 " 
 
 Haddock, per pound 6 " 
 
 Salmon, per pound. 10 to i ^ " 
 Small fish, per pound. ... 6 " 
 Lobster 30 to 40 " 
 
 30 
 
JHC ALMANAC 'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 .dW^IA^ 
 
 EPTE M B E R ■■^^^{[■- ''i^'^gp^ 
 
 Harvesting in Siberia 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 r) 
 
 H . M . 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 11. M . 
 
 i) Full Moon 
 
 
 5 II s6 
 
 10 :^6 
 
 9 S6 
 
 8 55 
 
 7 56 
 
 \ Last Quarter 
 
 I 
 
 s I 50 
 
 50 
 
 II 50 
 
 10 50 
 
 50 
 
 (§( New Moon 
 
 2 
 
 = 1° 37 
 
 3 7 
 
 8 37 
 
 
 6 37 
 
 § First Quarter 
 
 ^< 
 
 -) 7 oS 
 
 6 08 
 
 5 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 3 8 
 
 
 
 
 ij 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 
 
 Jd 
 
 = 
 
 % 
 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 = c 
 
 Ph 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Southern States 
 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 -„ 
 
 Kuii 
 
 Sum 
 
 Moon 
 
 Sun 
 
 Sun 
 
 Moon 
 
 
 5 
 
 >1 
 
 '■it 
 
 a 
 
 Rises 
 
 Set.H 
 
 H.& R. 
 
 Rises 
 
 Sets 
 
 S. & R, 
 
 In September harvest is 
 
 
 
 
 
 H M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 M. H. 
 
 H. M 
 
 H. M 
 
 on in Scotland, Sweden, Xor- 
 way, Northern Russia and 
 
 I 
 
 Fr 
 
 D 
 
 ni 
 
 i 2 6 
 
 6 3.S 
 
 II 7 
 
 S 3S 
 
 6 24 
 
 II 50 
 
 2 
 
 Sat 
 
 \') 
 
 XI ' 
 
 5 27 
 
 631 
 
 II 57 
 
 5 36 
 
 623 
 
 mom 
 
 Siberia, ami continues into 
 
 4 
 
 Sun 
 M 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 
 5 2S 
 
 ; 2C, 
 
 6 29 
 6 28 
 
 mom 
 53 
 
 5 37 
 S ^7 
 
 b 21 
 6 io 
 
 41 
 
 I 35 
 
 October. 
 
 5 
 
 lu 
 
 J> 
 
 \J 
 
 5 30 
 
 6 26 
 
 I 57 
 
 5 3« 
 
 6 19 
 
 2 34 
 
 These countries of the 
 
 (1 
 
 7 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 & 
 
 ^ 
 
 \j 
 
 5 31 
 
 625 
 
 6 2^ 
 
 3 I 
 
 4 II 
 
 5 39 
 S SQ 
 
 O17 
 6 16 
 
 3 32 
 
 4 33 
 
 frozen north, as we are apt 
 
 S 
 
 I'r 
 
 <'i) 
 
 ;;;; 
 
 ■; V. 
 
 6 21 
 
 rises 
 
 S 40 
 
 6iq 
 
 rises 
 
 to consider them, are users 
 
 1) 
 
 Sat 
 
 S) 
 
 H 
 
 =; 34 
 
 6 20 
 
 7 7 
 
 s 40 
 
 613 
 
 7 5 
 
 of a large number of Amer- 
 
 lO 
 
 Sun 
 
 m) 
 
 H 
 
 5 35 
 
 6 18 
 
 728 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 12 
 
 7 35 
 
 ican made harvesting ma- 
 
 I I 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 s ^(> 
 
 6 16 
 
 7 52 
 
 5 42 
 
 6 II 
 
 8 8 
 
 chines. 
 
 12 
 
 Tu 
 
 m 
 
 ,y> 
 
 ^ ^7 
 
 el's 
 
 8 18 
 
 S 42 
 
 6 q 
 
 843 
 
 I 1 
 
 W 
 
 •:s) 
 
 'T' 
 
 ^ 38 
 
 613 
 
 8 50 
 
 S 4i 
 
 6 8 
 
 Q 23 
 
 
 M 
 
 Ih 
 Fr 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 >1 
 
 5 3') 
 S 40 
 
 6 II 
 6 Q 
 
 932 
 
 10 24 
 
 5 43 
 S 44 
 
 6 6 
 6 5 
 
 10 12 
 
 11 8 
 
 
 I i 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 Sat 
 
 ei 
 
 n 
 
 =; 41 
 
 6 8 
 
 II 2p 
 
 S 4S 
 
 6 4 
 
 morn 
 
 
 1/ 
 iS 
 
 Sun 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 5 42 
 
 6 6 
 6 4 
 
 morn 
 40 
 
 5 46 
 S46 
 
 6 3 
 6 I 
 
 12 
 
 I 19 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 i() 
 
 lu 
 
 H 
 
 60 
 
 ^ 44 
 
 6 3 
 
 I 5S 
 
 S 47 
 
 6 
 
 2 27 
 
 Sec E.vplanation on page 5. 
 
 20 
 2 I 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 % 
 
 ^i 
 
 5 45 
 s 46 
 
 6 I 
 5 5Q 
 
 3 12 
 
 4 26 
 
 5 4S 
 
 S 4S 
 
 558 
 5 57 
 
 3 35 
 
 4 40 
 
 I — 3. Storm Period. 
 
 22 
 
 Fr 
 
 
 III' 
 
 T 47 
 
 s,s« 
 
 sets 
 
 S 40 
 
 550 
 
 sets 
 
 4— 8. Very Pleasant. 
 
 2 > 
 
 24 
 
 Sat 
 Sun 
 
 
 III' 
 
 11V 
 
 ^ 4.^ 
 
 ^ 4'/ 
 
 556 
 
 5 54 
 
 6 41 
 
 7 2 
 
 5 50 
 S SO 
 
 5 54 
 5 53 
 
 6 49 
 718 
 
 9 — 12. Storms in West. 
 
 ' S 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 ji 
 
 ^ SO 
 
 ■S ,=i3 
 
 7 25 
 
 S SI 
 
 5 52 
 
 7 49 
 
 ij — 16. Storms in East. 
 
 26 
 2- 
 
 lu 
 W 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 51 
 
 S S2 
 
 5 52 
 
 s 50 
 
 7 51 
 
 8 22 
 
 552 
 
 S S2 
 
 5 50 
 5 40 
 
 8 22 
 q 
 
 17 — 20. Cool and Fair. 
 
 28 
 
 Ih 
 
 Ct5 
 
 ni 
 
 S Si 
 
 548 
 
 Q I 
 
 S 5.1 
 
 5 4« 
 
 q43 
 
 21 — 2(1. Great Storm 
 
 2q 
 
 Fr 
 
 (S 
 
 ^' 
 
 5 54 
 
 546 
 
 946 
 
 5 54 
 
 5 4t> 
 
 10 3: 
 
 Period. Danger. 
 
 3° 
 
 Sat 
 
 » 
 
 7f' 
 
 5 54 
 
 5 44 
 
 10 41 
 
 5 5 5 
 
 5 40 
 
 II 24 
 
 
 27 — ;;o. Cool Period 
 
 31 
 
J HC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 [Continued from page 30] 
 
 Concrete and Cobblestones for Stables and Walls 
 
 Where stones abound 
 they make beautiful 
 walls. Lay them in 
 forms made about 12 
 inches wide, the stones 
 next the outer face; 
 throw wet concrete back 
 of the stones and agitate 
 it with sticks till it flows 
 in between them. Thus 
 a pleasure wall can be 
 built at a trifling cost. 
 
 Herewith is shown a 
 picture of a stable, the 
 lower walls of which are 
 built of concrete and 
 cobble stones. 
 
 The lower portion of the walls of this stable is of 
 concrete and cobblestones 
 
 A Novel Corn Crib 
 
 Corn is worth saving nowadays. The days of piling it on the ground 
 or throwing it in rail pens, unprotected, are over, Or shov.ld be over. 
 Com is too precious to feed to rats. We present here a simple com crib 
 
 designed by an Ohio farmer and 
 built quite commonly in his neigh- 
 borhood. It is nearly perfect, 
 since it is rat proof, keeps com 
 well — better in fact than any 
 other crib — is ver\' easily and 
 rapidly built, needs really no car- 
 penter, and is the cheapest pos- 
 sible form of com crib. 
 
 Get at the tin shop eight cyl- 
 inders of galvanized iron, each 
 one 24 inches long and S inches 
 in diameter at the end. You can 
 have them tapered at one end if 
 you wish. These are the eight 
 legs or piers on which the crib 
 rests and are filled with concrete. 
 Get one cylinder of same length, 
 12 inches in diameter, for the 
 middle pier. Lay off the places 
 for the piers, according to the size 
 you wish the crib. For Ohio and 
 Indiana a crib 12 feet in diameter 
 is wide enough : v.-ith a central air 
 shaft it may be indefinitely larger. 
 Excavate to sound earth under 
 each pier a hole 20 inches scjuare, fill the excavation with concrete to the 
 surface of the ground, set up j'our galvanized iron cylinders, place them 
 at exactly the same level, then fill with concrete. On these rest the 
 2x1 2-inch sills of the floor. Lay these across each other like spokes of 
 a wheel, and put "trimmers" across at their ends and intermediate 
 [Continued on page 34] 
 
 Photograph of a novel corn crib — On 
 the farm of J. E. Wing 
 
 .S2 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 
 
 CTOBE R 
 
 '^." -: -43»«^c;p"\r_ ---7?^"% :C-.,^^'» ."-'-»."- 
 
 '"•'.*'^*^^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harvesting in 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-Col. T 
 
 . Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 D 
 
 II. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H, 11. 
 
 II. .M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 @ Full Moon 
 
 , 
 
 I r 81 
 
 Il II II 
 
 :o II 
 
 9 11 
 
 8 II 
 
 f[ Last Qviarter 
 
 14 
 
 7 46 
 
 6 46 
 
 5 46 
 
 4 46 
 
 3 46 
 
 © New Moon 
 
 2 I 
 
 922 
 
 J II 9 
 
 10 9 
 
 9 9 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 First Quarter 
 
 3 c 
 
 2 41 
 
 I 41 
 
 41 
 
 II 4i:'!)tii 
 
 10 41 29th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 
 1 
 
 "d 
 
 8 
 
 Northern States 1 
 
 Southern States 
 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 
 Sun 
 
 Rises 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 Mnnii 
 S. 4 R. 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 Sm 
 Sets 
 
 MOOTI 
 
 S. 4R. 
 
 The harvest which began 
 
 O 
 
 « 
 
 ja 
 
 s 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. V- 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. W. 
 
 H. HI 
 
 in September is continued 
 
 I 
 
 Sun 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 5^' 
 
 5 43 
 
 II 40 
 
 5 =;i 
 
 5 45 
 
 mom 
 
 during October throughout 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 D 
 
 \i 
 
 5 57 
 
 541 
 
 mom 
 
 5 36 
 
 5 43 
 
 20 
 
 Sweden, Norway, and North- 
 
 3 
 
 Tu 
 
 5 
 
 \3 
 
 5 5« 
 
 5 39 
 
 45 
 
 5 56 
 
 5 41 
 
 I 19 
 
 em Russia. 
 
 4 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 1 
 
 '.;" 
 
 =; 50 
 
 6 
 
 538 
 536 
 
 I 52 
 3 I 
 
 5 57 
 3 58 
 
 540 
 5 39 
 
 2 19 
 
 3 19 
 
 In these countries a large 
 
 6 
 
 Fr 
 
 "g 
 
 ;;a 
 
 6 I 
 
 5 35 
 
 4 9 
 
 5 58 
 
 5 37 
 
 4 19 
 
 part of the harvesting work 
 
 7 
 
 Sat 
 
 'S) 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 33 
 
 5 18 
 
 ; 59 
 
 536 
 
 5 19 
 
 is done by women. They 
 
 S 
 
 Sun 
 
 ,v) 
 
 H 
 
 6 3 
 
 5 31 
 
 rises 
 
 6 
 
 5 35 
 
 rises 
 
 often develop the strength 
 
 lO 
 
 M 
 Tu 
 
 § 
 
 T 
 T 
 
 6 4 
 6 5 
 
 530 
 
 52S 
 
 6 20 
 651 
 
 6 I 
 6 I 
 
 5 33 
 5 32 
 
 6 42 
 
 7 22 
 
 of men, but the continuous 
 
 II 
 
 W 
 
 ® 
 
 vj- 
 
 6 7 
 
 5 27 
 
 731 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 31 
 
 8 9 
 
 hard work ages them early in 
 
 12 
 
 Th 
 
 @ 
 
 tt" 
 
 6 8 
 
 5 25 
 
 8 20 
 
 6 3 
 
 530 
 
 9 3 
 
 life. 
 
 13 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 <i 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 6 9 
 6 10 
 
 5 23 
 5 22 
 
 9 20 
 10 29 
 
 6 4 
 6 4 
 
 5 29 
 
 5 27 
 
 10 5 
 
 11 10 
 
 
 I-; 
 
 
 IS 
 
 Sun 
 
 <l 
 
 69 
 
 6 II 
 
 5 20 
 
 II 43 
 
 6 5 
 
 5 25 
 
 mom 
 
 
 i6 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 09 
 
 6 12 
 
 5 19 
 
 mom 
 
 5 6 
 
 5 25 
 
 18 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 17 
 
 Tu 
 
 (i 
 
 n 
 
 6 13 
 
 5 17 
 
 58 
 
 6 7 
 
 5 24 
 
 I 25 
 
 See Explanation on page 5. 
 
 i8 
 
 W 
 
 s 
 
 b7 
 
 6 14 
 
 5 16 
 
 211 
 
 6 7 
 
 5 23 
 
 2 29 
 
 
 19 
 
 Th 
 
 <i 
 
 Q 
 
 6 15 
 
 5 14 
 
 3 19 
 
 6 8 
 
 5 22 
 
 328 
 
 I — 5. Pleasant Period. 
 
 20 
 
 Fr 
 
 (i 
 
 11F 
 
 6 16 
 
 5 13 
 
 4 30 
 
 6 9 
 
 5 20 
 
 4 30 
 
 6 — 9. Storm Period. 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 Sat 
 Sun 
 
 © 
 © 
 
 
 6 18 
 
 6 IQ 
 
 5 12 
 5 10 
 
 5 36 
 sets 
 
 6 10 
 6 II 
 
 5 19 
 
 518 
 
 528 
 sets 
 
 10 — 12. Local Showers. 
 Frosts in low 
 
 23 
 
 M 
 
 © 
 
 -Q. 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 9 
 
 5 53 
 
 6 II 
 
 5 17 
 
 6 21 
 
 places, 
 ij; — iS. Generally Pleasant. 
 
 24 
 2^ 
 
 Tu 
 W 
 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 6 21 
 6 22 
 
 5 7 
 5 6 
 
 6 22 
 655 
 
 6 12 
 6 I-, 
 
 516 
 
 5 15 
 
 657 
 736 
 
 26 
 
 Th 
 
 © 
 
 m 
 
 6 2:; 
 
 5 4 
 
 7 39 
 
 6 14 
 
 5 14 
 
 823 
 
 K) — 22. Storm Period. 
 
 27 
 
 Fr 
 
 @ 
 
 .-?i 
 
 6 24 
 
 5 3 
 
 8 28 
 
 6 i^ 
 
 5 13 
 
 9 13 
 
 2.5 — 24. Fair. 
 
 28 
 21) 
 
 Sat 
 Sun 
 
 s 
 
 
 6 26 
 6 27 
 
 5 2 
 5 I 
 
 9 26 
 10 29 
 
 r, J 6 
 6 16 
 
 5 12 
 5 II 
 
 10 8 
 
 11 6 
 
 25 — 27. Sharp Storms. 
 
 3° 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 \^ 
 
 6 28 
 
 4 59 
 
 II 35 
 
 6 17 
 
 5 10 
 
 mom 
 
 2.T — 11. Thunder and Hail 
 
 il 
 
 Tu 
 
 15 
 
 \-i 
 
 6 20 
 
 4 -^S 
 
 moT-n 
 
 6 18 
 
 ■; 
 
 c 
 
 Storms, 
 
 33 
 
JHC ALMANAC g* ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 [Continued from page 32] 
 joists 2x6 inches for the floor; thus, counting the joists there are sixteen 
 spokes m your wheel. Now lay down a floor. Don't make it tight 
 Cracks an mch wide will make the com keep all the better. You can 
 cover the cracks if you wi,sh with woven wire to hold shelled com. Or 
 pigs and poultry may be depended on to eat the com that drops through. 
 Next you need five hoops of the same diameter as your foundation! 
 Cne rests o.i the bottom, and the floor is nailed to it, the ends of the sills 
 being notched down four inches to receive it. Thres of the other four 
 hoops are the nail girts for siding and one is the plate for the roof 
 These hoops may be built up of iX4-inch stuff, preferably ',' inch thick 
 and of green wood. A circle of stakes is driven in the ground and the 
 hoops made by bending green wood around it and nailing well together. 
 If no green wood can be had one can take pine, soak it in water, and with 
 care bend it in place. Set all the hoops on the foundation, set up some 
 cf the sidmg, which may b^ of ix6-inch sheeting, 10 or 12 feet long. Nail 
 the bottom ends of some of the siding, then lift up all the hoops: nail in 
 place the first one above the floor, then lift the remaining ones; nail in 
 place the second one above the floor, then the third; then the top one 
 or plate. Put on all the siding and nail it well. That is all there is to 
 the building, — siding, hoops, floor, roof. There is no frame, no studding, 
 no rafters. But don't fail to put on diagonal braces, well nailed, of 
 iX4-jnch stuff, in two directions, from floor to plate. 
 
 Now for the roof : make it by taking ixi2-inch boards, ripping them 
 from one comer diagonally to the opposite comer. Put them up with 
 the points together. Give a 24-inch projection to the roof. Shingle on 
 the boards. Use a line fastened to the peak, with pencil, to line for 
 shingles in circular course. It is the cheapest crib in the world, and in 
 some ways the best, for it is rat and mouse proof. 
 
 Set up slatted air shaft in center. If you make this crib cf large 
 diameter, say 20 feet, make the air shaft larger in proportion. 
 
 Farm Power 
 
 By Charles Edward Lucke, M. E.. Ph. D.. Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 
 Columbia University. Ne^v York City 
 
 One of the greatest discoveries, measured by its effects, that the world 
 has ever seen, was the determination that the heat of burning fuel could 
 be made to do useful work and replace the labor of man and beast. Of 
 course, the rnere abstract possibility of securing work from burning fuel, 
 while great in a purely scientific way, is as nothing in practical value to 
 the actual reahzation of the possibility by engineers. To design machines 
 to carrj' out with gases and vapors a series of processes, such as heating 
 and coohng, evaporation and condensation, compression and expansion" 
 m suitable order and degree, always beginning with the heat of burning fuel 
 and ending with rotating shapes, required a degree of skill, patience, and 
 perseverance that can be scarcely overestimated, and the results of this 
 work as exemplified by our power machinery are to-day almost immeasur- 
 able. This machinery for .generating power from fuel has actually created 
 the great modem industries of manufacturing and transportation, and 
 as a consequence has exerted a powerful influence on the lives and pros- 
 pects of the people of civilized cr.-.ntries who first created and thjn used 
 it. It requires but a moment's thou;//; to realize that no car or ship could 
 be moved in a way equal to modem de.r.ands without the steam or gas 
 engine, burning either solid or liquid fuel; nor could all the articles of com- 
 mon use entering into our clothing and housing be produced in suitabb 
 quantity, quality, or variety without machinery driven bv similar engines: 
 nor, finally, would it be possible to supply our tables with th; foods and 
 [Continued on page 36] 
 
-f&}i^^I/iC ALMANAC g> ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 J^' 
 
 OVEMBBR 
 
 3i^2S£^ 
 
 
 Harvesting in Peru 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 n 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 @ Full Moon 
 
 ( 
 
 II 48 
 
 10 48 
 
 9 48 
 
 8 48 
 
 7 48 
 
 (^ Last Quarter 
 
 I --. 
 
 3 19 
 
 2 If) 
 
 I IQ 
 
 19 
 
 II I9t2tli 
 
 © New Moon 
 
 2C 
 
 4 49 
 
 3 49 
 
 2 49 
 
 I 49 
 
 49 
 
 5 First Quarter 
 
 2b 
 
 9 42 
 
 8 42 
 
 7 42 
 
 6 42 
 
 5 42 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 "it 
 
 ^ 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Southern States 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 "c 
 
 Sini 
 
 Sun 
 
 Moon 
 
 Sun 
 
 Sun 
 
 Moon 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 "a '- 
 
 a 
 
 Rises 
 
 Sets 
 
 S. & K. 
 
 Rises 
 
 Sets 
 
 S, & R. 
 
 November is the harvest 
 
 Q 
 
 « 
 
 j:; 
 
 g 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 W. M. 
 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 -^ 
 
 ta; 
 
 6 30 
 
 4 57 
 
 41 
 
 6 ig 
 
 5 9 
 
 I 3 
 
 Africa. Peru grows only a 
 
 2 
 
 Ih 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 31 
 
 456 
 
 I 4S 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 8 
 
 2 2 
 
 small amount of grain. 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 l-r 
 Sat 
 
 1 
 
 
 t) 32 
 
 6 M 
 
 4 54 
 4 53 
 
 2 56 
 4 5 
 
 6 21 
 6 22 
 
 5 7 
 5 6 
 
 3 I 
 
 4 2 
 
 The American made ma- 
 
 ■; 
 
 Sun 
 
 ^ 
 
 <Y> 
 
 63s 
 
 452 
 
 S IS 
 
 6 23 
 
 5 5 
 
 S S 
 
 chines are often drawn by 
 
 6 
 
 M 
 
 ftf) 
 
 '( 
 
 6 ^6 
 
 451 
 
 rises 
 
 623 
 
 5 4 
 
 rises 
 
 a long-necked animal called 
 
 7 
 
 lu 
 
 i-d) 
 
 W 
 
 637 
 
 450 
 
 526 
 
 6 24 
 
 5 4 
 
 6 I 
 
 the llama, which was the 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 % 
 
 t5 
 n 
 
 038 
 6 40 
 
 4 49 
 448 
 
 6 12 
 
 7 II 
 
 6 2S 
 6 26 
 
 5 3 
 
 5 2 
 
 t> 54 
 7 56 
 
 only animal domesticated by 
 
 lO 
 
 Fr 
 
 CS) 
 
 n 
 
 641 
 
 4 47 
 
 8 18 
 
 6 27 
 
 5 2 
 
 9 I 
 
 the South American Indians. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Sat 
 
 I'i) 
 
 69 
 
 6 42 
 
 446 
 
 9 33 
 
 6 28 
 
 5 I 
 
 10 10 
 
 It was used in agriculture by 
 
 12 
 
 Sun 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 b 43 
 
 4 45 
 
 10 48 
 
 6 29 
 
 5 
 
 11 17 
 
 the Peruvians before the dis- 
 
 13 
 
 M 
 Tu 
 
 
 b 44 
 6 46 
 
 4 44 
 4 43 
 
 mom 
 
 b 30 
 631 
 
 5 
 4 59 
 
 mom 
 22 
 
 covery of America. 
 
 IS 
 
 W 
 Th 
 
 
 W 
 
 m^ 
 
 6 47 
 6 48 
 
 442 
 441 
 
 1 13 
 
 2 iq 
 
 631 
 632 
 
 458 
 458 
 
 1 24 
 
 2 22 
 
 
 I 6 
 
 
 i8 
 
 Fr 
 
 Sat 
 
 (J 
 
 
 6 49 
 6 50 
 
 440 
 4 39 
 
 3 2& 
 
 4 32 
 
 033 
 6 34 
 
 4 57 
 4 57 
 
 3 21 
 
 4 18 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 10 
 
 Sun 
 
 (- 
 
 XL 
 
 6 SI 
 
 438 
 
 S 39 
 
 t)3S 
 
 4 57 
 
 5 17 
 
 See Explanation on page s. 
 
 20 
 
 M 
 
 i'f) 
 
 Jl 
 
 6 S^, 
 
 4 38 
 
 6 44 
 
 6 s6 
 
 4 5<' 
 
 6 IS 
 
 I — 6. Fair Period. 
 
 2 I 
 
 Tu 
 
 ('i) 
 
 ni 
 
 6 S4 
 
 4 37 
 
 sets 
 
 6 37 
 
 4 56 
 
 sets 
 
 22 
 
 W 
 
 © 
 
 ni 
 
 6 SS 
 
 4 36 
 
 5 34 
 
 6 -,S 
 
 4 55 
 
 617 
 
 7 — 10. Local Storms. 
 
 = 3 
 
 Ih 
 
 
 X' 
 
 6 =56 
 
 436 
 
 621 
 
 6 39 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 t> 
 
 II — 14. Storm Period. 
 
 24 
 
 Fr 
 
 © 
 
 X' 
 
 &57 
 
 4 35 
 
 7 17 
 
 ') 40 
 
 4 55 
 
 8 
 
 1 3 — tS Soliterraneous 
 
 26 
 
 Sat 
 Sun 
 
 % 
 
 \3 
 
 58 
 6 SQ 
 
 4 35 
 4 35 
 
 8 17 
 
 9 21 
 
 (1 41 
 6 41 
 
 5 55 
 4 54 
 
 8 5<J 
 
 9 54 
 
 Storm Period. 
 
 27 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 \5 
 
 7 ° 
 
 4 34 
 
 10 24 
 
 642 
 
 4 54 
 
 10 49 
 
 19 — 22. Cloudy and Very 
 
 2S 
 
 lu 
 
 S) 
 
 ;tK 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 34 
 
 II 33 
 
 b 43 
 
 4 54 
 
 II 50 
 
 High Wind. 
 
 2lJ 
 
 W 
 
 s 
 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 34 
 
 mom 
 
 6 44 
 
 4 54 
 
 mom 
 
 2^ — 26 Storm Period. 
 
 3° 
 
 Ih 
 
 £) 
 
 ~ 
 
 7 4 
 
 4 34 
 
 37 
 
 945 
 
 4 54 
 
 49 
 
 ■:- — 30. Fair and Cold. 
 
 35 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA j^^^ 
 
 [Continued from page 34] 
 beverages we now enjoy and regard as necessities of comfortable living, 
 without similar assistance. Obvious as these things are on reflection, 
 and proving as they do the dependence of modern civilized living on the 
 use of nature's stores of fuel energy through the medium of power machin- 
 ery; it is equally true, though not so clearly seen, that many of our 
 common institutions of commercial, financial, sociologic, and economic 
 nature owe their existence to the same causal influence. It can be shown 
 with reasonable certainty that no single formative force has been so power- 
 ful as this in the development of society as it now exists from its earlier 
 and simpler predecessor when the majority of the people were farmers. 
 
 No matter what changes may take place in the relation of man to 
 man or in the individual life of each family, it is a truism that all 
 must be fed, and the bulk of the food of the world must come from the 
 farms; so that while one after another new occupations for men and 
 worrien may be created and new class distinctions drawn, there always 
 has been and always must be a farmer class large and fundamentally 
 important to the mere existence of the rest. In fact, as the proportion 
 of farm producing population to the whole becomes less, so do those 
 remaining on the farm become more essential to those that have left it; 
 and the former are face to face at once with greater opportunities and 
 greater responsibilities to feed with fewer hands the increasing millions 
 that produce no food themselves. 
 
 The use of power machinery is not only responsible for the creation 
 and development of the manufacturing and transportation industries as 
 they now exist, and all within the last century and a half, but there has 
 also simultaneously resulted a change in occupation of a large part of the 
 population, and to some extent in the mode of living of all. How then 
 while these colossal social and industrial readjustments were taking 
 place — -more intense and more general than have ever been produced by 
 all the wars and politics of the world — how has the original and funda- 
 mental industry of farming been effected, and what has power machinery 
 done to assist in the production of the world's food supply? Prac- 
 tically nothing, measured by the effects in the other fields; though a 
 movement in this direction is now becoming sufficiently general to 
 warrant recognition and prompt some thought as to the possible effects 
 should it continue. 
 
 There are two general classes of machinery — ^the first a development 
 of the common tools by which parts of metal and wood are used to assist 
 the fingers, as for example, in the simple loom, and which by the addition 
 of further parts to practically eliminate hand and eye, becomes the power 
 loom, on which among other things is a wheel or shaft that must be turned, 
 and when turned, cloth is woven without any other assistance from 
 operators. This class of machine may be termed "driven," and is 
 characterized by the fact that by the push or pull of man or beast applied 
 to the mechanism, something, formerly done entirely by skill, is accom- 
 plished , and faster and better than i t was done without it. The elements of 
 skill and human intelligence being eliminated, unskilled men, horses, wind 
 mills, or water wheels may be substituted, thus practically freeing the 
 intelligent man entirely from gross labor and allowing that freer play 
 of his thinkingf acuities that is possible only when relieved of bodily fatigue. 
 The second class of machinery is intended to entirely replace the horse 
 by the substitution of the energy of nature in one of its forms — fuel, wind, 
 or falling water; the most generally available of which by long odds is 
 fuel. This class of machinery burning fuel accomplishes the push, pull, 
 ■or turn required by the first class, and may properly be called power 
 generating machinery. Historically, the driven machine in one form 
 [Continued on page 38] 
 
 3'5 
 
^^JHC ALMANAC 'D ENCYCLOPEDIA, ^j^^ 
 
 ECE-MBER 
 
 '^"xmmffPl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harvest! 
 
 ng in 
 
 Australia 
 
 
 
 Moon's Phases 
 
 
 Inter-Col. T. 
 
 Eastern T. 
 
 Central T. 
 
 Mountain T. 
 
 Pacific T. 
 
 
 D 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 @ Full Moon 
 
 : 
 
 10 52 
 
 9 52 
 
 8 52 
 
 7 52 
 
 6 52 
 
 (^ Last Quarter 
 
 i: 
 
 I 45 
 
 45 
 
 II 45 
 
 10 4S 
 
 9 45 
 
 @ New Moon 
 
 2C 
 
 r I 40 
 
 10 40 
 
 9 40 
 
 8 40 
 
 7 40 
 
 ^ First Quarter 
 
 25 
 
 2 47 
 
 I 47 
 
 47 
 
 II 47 
 
 10 47 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The World's Calendar for 
 Wheat Harvests 
 
 c 
 
 ji 
 
 ? 
 
 -3 C 
 S 
 
 E 
 
 Northern States 
 
 Southern States 
 
 c 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 'a 
 
 8 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 Run 
 Sets 
 
 Moon 
 S. & R. 
 
 Sun 
 Rises 
 
 Sun 
 Sets 
 
 Moon 
 S. i R. 
 
 In December the harvest 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 3= 
 
 S 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. ^l. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M 
 
 season begins in the Argen- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tine Republic, Uruguay and 
 
 I 
 
 Fr 
 
 D 
 
 ir 
 
 7 05 
 
 4 34 
 
 I 44 
 
 6 46 
 
 4 54 
 
 I 45 
 
 Australia. 
 
 2 
 
 Sat 
 
 "5 
 
 Tt 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 33 
 
 2 53 
 
 647 
 
 4 54 
 
 2 45 
 
 The Argentine harvest is 
 
 3 
 
 Sun 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 33 
 
 4 5 
 
 647 
 
 4 54 
 
 3 4S 
 
 continued well into the month 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 7 S 
 
 4 33 
 
 5 22 
 
 6 48 
 
 4 54 
 
 4 56 
 
 of January. 
 
 5 
 
 Tu 
 
 i) 
 
 >5' 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 32 
 
 6 41 
 
 6 49 
 
 4 54 
 
 6 7 
 
 Australia offers a good ma--- 
 
 6 
 
 W 
 
 # 
 
 W 
 
 7 10 
 
 4 32 
 
 rises 
 
 6 t;o 
 
 4 54 
 
 rises 
 
 ket for American harvesting 
 
 7 
 
 Th 
 
 a) 
 
 n 
 
 7 II 
 
 4 32 
 
 6 
 
 651 
 
 4 54 
 
 644 
 
 machines. Owing to the 
 
 8 
 
 V 
 
 # 
 
 n 
 
 7 1- 
 
 4 32 
 
 7 16 
 
 (> SI 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 55 
 
 scarcity of native hay, a 
 
 9 
 
 Sat 
 
 -iD 
 
 60 
 
 7 1,1 
 
 432 
 
 834 
 
 6 52 
 
 4 54 
 
 9 6 
 
 large per cent of the grain 
 
 lO 
 
 Sun 
 
 '^ 
 
 *§ 
 
 7 14 
 
 432 
 
 9 50 
 
 6 53 
 
 4 55 
 
 10 13 
 
 sown is cut with binders an :1 
 
 1 1 
 
 M 
 
 '■^ 
 
 Q 
 
 7 15 
 
 432 
 
 II 3 
 
 6 53 
 
 4 55 
 
 II 17 
 
 mowers when green and 
 
 12 
 
 Tu 
 
 I'.i 
 
 Q 
 
 7 15 
 
 432 
 
 mom 
 
 654 
 
 456 
 
 mom 
 
 used as hay. This harvest 
 
 I? 
 
 W 
 
 'i 
 
 IM^ 
 
 7 16 
 
 4 33 
 
 1 1 
 
 655 
 
 456 
 
 17 
 
 occurs in October. As grain. 
 
 14 
 
 Th 
 
 ■' L 
 
 111' 
 
 7 16 
 
 4 33 
 
 I 17 
 
 655 
 
 456 
 
 I 14 
 
 the crop is harvested in De- 
 
 IS 
 
 Fr 
 
 
 ■TL 
 
 7 17 
 
 4 33 
 
 2 24 
 
 6 56 
 
 4 56 
 
 2 13 
 
 cember. 
 
 1 6 
 
 Sat 
 Sun 
 
 if 
 
 a 
 
 -a 
 
 m 
 
 7?! 
 
 7 iS 
 7 iS 
 
 4 33 
 4 33 
 
 3 3° 
 
 4 36 
 
 657 
 '•'57 
 
 4 57 
 
 4 57 
 
 3 II 
 
 4 9 
 
 
 17 
 
 Weather Calendar 
 
 iS 
 
 ig 
 
 20 
 
 M 
 
 Tu 
 
 W 
 
 7 19 
 7 20 
 7 20 
 
 4 34 
 4 34 
 4 35 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 45 
 
 7 44 
 
 6 5S 
 6 5S 
 6 59 
 
 4 57 
 458 
 458 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 I 
 
 See E-xplanation on pa^e 5. 
 
 I — 3. ContinuedFair and 
 
 Cold. 
 
 21 
 
 Th 
 
 
 
 -71 
 
 7 -I 
 
 4 35 
 
 sets 
 
 6 59 
 
 4 59 
 
 sets 
 
 22 
 
 Fr 
 
 
 
 Tf 
 
 7 21 
 
 4 36 
 
 6 9 
 
 7 ° 
 
 4 59 
 
 649 
 
 4 — S. Warmer and Storm 
 Period. 
 
 23 
 
 Sat 
 
 
 
 N3 
 
 7 22 
 
 4 37 
 
 7 13 
 
 7 ° 
 
 5 
 
 7 47 
 
 24 
 
 Sun 
 
 (;') 
 
 ■vs 
 
 7 22 
 
 4 37 
 
 8 18 
 
 7 I 
 
 5 
 
 845 
 
 9 — 12. Colder and Stormy. 
 
 25 
 
 M 
 
 © 
 
 
 7 -3 
 
 4 38 
 
 9 21 
 
 7 I 
 
 5 I 
 
 9 41 
 
 I :; — 16. Storm Period. 
 
 26 
 
 Tu 
 
 © 
 
 BK 
 
 7-3 
 
 4 39 
 
 10 25 
 
 7 I 
 
 5 I 
 
 10 37 
 
 I 7—2 I . Fair & High Wind. 
 
 27 
 
 W 
 
 © 
 
 ',','A 
 
 7 23 
 
 4 3Q 
 
 II 30 
 
 7 2 
 
 5 2 
 
 II 34 
 
 22 — 26. Milder and Local 
 
 28 
 21) 
 
 Th 
 Fr 
 
 "9 
 9 
 
 K 
 
 7 =3 
 7 -4 
 
 4 40 
 4 40 
 
 mom 
 34 
 
 7 2 
 7 3 
 
 5 3 
 5 3 
 
 mom 
 
 30 
 
 Showers or Snow 
 Flurries. 
 27 — ^i. Severe Storm 
 Period. 
 
 jO 
 
 Sat 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 7 24 
 
 4 41 
 
 ■I 4i 
 
 7 3 
 
 S 4 
 
 I 30 
 
 .^' 
 
 Sun 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 7 24 
 
 442 
 
 2 ^6 
 
 7 3 
 
 5 5 
 
 2 34 
 
 37 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 or another preceded the power generating machine or engine, and this is 
 quite natural, as there could be no use for the latter without something 
 to do such as is required by the former. Really great results are accom- 
 plished and correspondingly noteworthy effects only when these are 
 brought together. Some early driven machines were the pump, forge 
 bellows, drop hammer, plow, chum, spinning wheel, potter's wheel, 
 turning lathe — all operated at first by men and women; later, by beasts; 
 still later, by wind or water mills where convenient, or where the people 
 were intelligent enough. Many of these have been in use for thousands 
 of years, while power driven machinery is all of comparatively recent date. 
 Up to about 1760, nothing beyond this sort of driven machinery was 
 in existence, and the people using it were farmers or dwellers in small 
 towns associated closely with farming. These constituted the greater 
 part of the population, the rest consisting of soldiers, clergy, police, 
 government officials, land owners, and some traders, with but few me- 
 chanics, and no factory workers. About this time two things happened 
 that are worth tracing briefly. Together they changed the whole out- 
 look on life possibilities. First, a series of improvements, by a dozen 
 different men, in spinning and weaving machinery, making the machines 
 more complicated and requiring power to drive them, but greatly 
 increasing the productivity of the attendant when the power became 
 available, and almost unbe'lievably improving the quality of thread and 
 cloth. This was almost immediately followed by the perfection of the 
 steam engine by the now famous James Watt, who, by burning coal in 
 a boiler, thereby provided means to drive these machines as they needed 
 to be driven, thus relieving attendants and operators of the hard labor, and 
 making possible the factory in which production could be multiplied to an 
 almost unlimited degree. In fact, it was oaly a short time before hand 
 spinning in the farm home ceased, and only a minute fraction of those 
 who formerly spun and wove to clothe themselves sufficed in the new 
 English factories to produce cloth for the whole world. 
 
 Following the demonstration of the economy and perfection of machine 
 methods of doing things and the enormous power possibilities of fuel burn- 
 ing steam engines, machines began to appear and are still being designed 
 and invented to do every conceivable thing and many that were believed 
 to be impossible. The engines themselves, while in the beginning prac- 
 tically all the same, were gradually changed in form to suit the driven 
 machine, so that to-day we have one type of steam engine for pumpmg 
 water, another for generating electric light, and still others for locomotives 
 and boats. Not only has the steam engine been adapted in form to suit 
 its work, but the internal combustion engine, biiming within its working 
 cylinder explosive mixtures of gaseous fuel or vapors of liquid fuel with 
 air, has appeared to satisfy at once the demand for small cheap engines 
 economical in spite of intermittent service and thoroughly portable and 
 self-contained. Ever new types and systems of power generating machin- 
 ery, and machines for doing things that may be driven by the former 
 constantly appear and without a shadow of doubt will continue to appear, 
 becoming more and more perfect as time goes on. Which of all these 
 machines, in this age of machinery, have contributed to the farmer[s 
 relief and the promotion of the farming industry as in other lines to permit 
 of the suitable multiplication of the product of the man on the farm? 
 The horse drawn plow was a step above the woman hauled plow; the horse 
 drawn cultivator an advance over the hoe; the reaper, mower, and binder 
 successive advances over the sickle and scythe; the grain drill and 
 seeder over hand planting; but, in no instance was there any relief from 
 muscular power till the steam engine was applied to the driving of the 
 threshing machine and separator. 
 
 For reasons that are often a subject of speculation, this point in the 
 progress, of machine farming was not reached till nearly a century after 
 
 33 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 An I H C Entwine installed to provide a practical Farm Power House 
 
 the same stage in the manufacturing industry; and still more strange 
 it is that practically no advance toward the more general use of power 
 on the farm was made until the present time, after one whole generation 
 of stationary conditions. 
 
 At the present time experiments are under way looking toward the 
 powering of the now manifold horse and hand operated farm machines, 
 and in spite of the predictions of failure with which each new attempt is 
 met, there can be no doubt, in the light of machine and power history, 
 that success will be attained. Even at the present time our papers are 
 full of stories of the .successes of the new gasoline and kerosene traction 
 engines as plow haulers and .general service self-moving power plants, 
 capable of economies and service unheard of five years ago. Xo student 
 of industrial history can for a moment doubt that the fviture farm will be 
 amply powered, and human drudgery relieved to permit of the exercise 
 o£ the farmer's thinking capacity instead of his muscles. 
 
 If industrial history is any guide whatsoever, the farming of the 
 future is destined to be just as difficult, scientific, and systematic a process 
 as manufacturing, and one in which mental capacity will displace physical 
 strength, power in one of its various forms displace the horse, and the 
 effort of man be turned to the guidance of machines and toward a study 
 of methods and processes 
 
 Reasonable doubt there .nay be as to the time when, or how completely 
 such substitutions will take place or when the methods of mantxfacturing 
 in farming will displace the old, individual effort system; yet there can 
 be no doubt that the improvement has started; that it is attracting the 
 attention and will enlist the assistance of our best engineers and scientists, 
 who have up to this time been establishing and maintaining the other 
 more complicated machine industries, and that, with such a promising 
 beginning and fund of experience to work upon, forward strides will be 
 made that will serve to characterize this as an historical epoch. 
 
 Assuming for the moment that power machinery will be extensively 
 used in farming, what effect will it have in the long run as compared to 
 the effect of the creation of power machine manufacturing and transpor- 
 tation? There must result something similar in kind thou.gh perhaps 
 less in degree, for the primary effect of displacing human labor by power 
 machines is to increase the productivity of the man and improve its 
 quality. Less men are needed to produce the same or even more than 
 before: those no longer needed may take up other occupations more 
 suited to their mental capacity, their tastes or other personal character- 
 
 39 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 istics; even for those that remain there will be a change, for the machine 
 methods lead to a division of labor. There will always be some drudgery 
 to do, and this will be left to those mentally i ntit to guide machines, 
 while those more richly endowed will find suitable occupations in the 
 management of men, the study of soils, plant and animal life, and the 
 most economic methods to be employed to secure ample crops or suitable 
 stock, or, in the management of what will then have become a technical 
 business enterprise. Just as early manufacturing tended to create the 
 city at the expense of the farm by drawing away the laborers to the 
 neighborhood of the factory, so may the possibilities of manufacturing 
 farming be expected to result in a new readjustment of population. 
 
 Farming will cease to be the occupation of the poorly educated, and 
 the city the sole opportunity of the great thinkers; the same division of 
 labor and mental effort will apply to both, and both country and city 
 dweller will be on a similar plane; or, ratlier.the same series of levels will 
 apply to both; each will have its captains of industry, its cultured class, 
 and each will have its servant and laborer class with all grades between, 
 and no barrier to the passage from the lowest to the highest in either 
 city or country, except personal fitness to do the next higher thing needed 
 by the community. 
 
 Power on the Farm 
 
 The best farm power is gasoline engine power. This power is so 
 readily accessible at all times, so clean, requires so little attention, and 
 causes so little worry that it has 
 coine to be known as "the best 
 hired man" for every farmer. 
 
 The immense popularity of the 
 I H C gasoline engine for farm 
 use is unquestionable — due to its 
 reliability, simplicity, and eco- 
 nomical fuel consumption. It is 
 so simple in design and operation 
 that with a few instructions and 
 a little practice even the boys are 
 able to start and stop the engine. 
 
 The I H C line includes an 
 engine for every section and every Horizontal 1 H C Gasoline Engine, 8 H-P. 
 problem ; of all sizes and costs, for all farm uses — vertical and horizontal 
 (both stationary and portable) from i to 35 horse-power; engines on 
 skids, 2 to 20 horse-power; sawing, pumping and spraying outfits. 
 It also includes I M C gasoline tractors 12 to 45 horse-power — first-prize, 
 gold-medal winners — the best all-around farm tractor by test. Infor- 
 mation regarding I H C engines will be cheerfully given by the I H C local 
 dealer, or, if you prefer, write to us direct for catalogue, prices, and details. 
 
 I H C 45 H-P Tractor Plowin'4 in Winnipeg Motor Contest, July, 1910 
 
 4C 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 The New Farm Power 
 
 . .3i^ jm— ' -^'^ ; ^ - ■_ 
 
 A 20-H. 1>. 1 H C Famous Tractor plowing on the farm of A. Willsie, Moose Jaw, Sask 
 
 The horse, the ox, and the plow handle have each seen their day. 
 The man behind the plow is entering a new era of progress. Animal 
 power is being replaced by the more efficient mechanical power. _ 
 
 Gasoline tractors for plowing and al.so for hauling, and delivering 
 power from the belt have jumped into favor so rapidly that manufac- 
 turers find difficulty in ineeting the demand. 
 
 In this rapid evolution from animal to mechanical power, one tractor 
 stands out as pre-eminently the most practical. Tliis was demonstrated 
 in the Winnipeg Agricultural Motor Contest held m July, 1910, when 
 IHC tractors established two new world's records — one record 
 for fuel economy and the other for the largest per cent of the engine's 
 brake horse power delivered at the draw-bar. ^ In this contest, the 
 IHC 45-H. P. tractor pulled a ten-furrow plow in heavy gumbo soil, 
 plowing almost 2^ acres per hour and using only 2.1 1 gallons of gaso- 
 line per acre. No other tractor in the contest was able to do equal 
 work on the same amount of fuel. The IHC 20-H. P. tractor used 
 2.ig gallons of gasoline in plowing an acre. These are new world's 
 records for fuel economy. 
 
 In the test for draw-bar power, IHC tractors again established new 
 records. The IHC 45-H. P. delivered 75.8 per cent of its brake 
 horse power at the dra"w-bar; the IHC 20-H. P. delivered 71. i per 
 cent; and the IHC 15-H. P. delivered 75 per cent of its power at the 
 draw-bar. 
 
 The IHC line of tractors includes several styles and the following 
 sizes: 12, 15, 20, 25, and 45-H. P. 
 
 The IHC local dealer will be pleased to give complete information. 
 
 ■ ^P^^P^W*^ jBH^^^W^T-' -r-^SSi^^flll^^^'- 
 
 An IHC 20-horsepower Gasoline Tractor drawintt three S-foot bniders on the 
 
 jwer oasoiine tractor arawiriu iiiiee c- 
 farm of Spencer Otis, Barrinston, 111. 
 
 41 
 
^JHC ALMANAC '^ ENCYCLO PEDIA ^^^^ 
 
 Farm Machines and Progress 
 
 The Production of Wheat 
 
 Editor'." Note. — The accompanyir.g maps, Nos. i and 2, show the value of agri- 
 cultural machines in use in 1860 and in 1900, and maps Nos. 3 to y inclusi\e show the 
 production of wheat in the United States by decades, beginning -with 1840. 
 
 The number of farms increased from 1,500,000 in 1S50 to 0,000,000 in 1Q09, and the 
 total area under cultivation increased during the same period from 20,;. 000. 000 acres to 
 700,000,000 acres. The population of the United States has increased from 4,000,000 in 
 1 790 to 90,000 000 in igio. 
 
 The Staff of Life 
 
 The origin of wheat is unknown. It is at least as old as civilization, 
 and was probably used as food by our primitive ancestors long before 
 they emerged from the obscurity of the ages. For more than forty 
 centuries the golden cereal has been the staff of life of civilized nations. 
 In the advancement of human welfare, no cereal has been more instru- 
 mental than wheat. It has developed the mechanical ingenuity and 
 other intellectual faculties of man. Without wheat, farms would be 
 abandoned, cities would crumble into ruin, and civilization would perish. 
 
 From a bulletin compiled by IMiss Helen W. Atwater for the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, we Icam that probably no food, unless it is milk, 
 is more generally used than bread, nor is there any food that constitutes 
 a larger part of the diet of the average person. In the earliest historical 
 records it is spoken of, and the wild tribes which to-day inhabit South 
 Africa know something of its use. Of course, the bread made by the 
 Kafir to-day, or by the American Indian three hundred years ago, is 
 very different from that with which we are familiar. The Kafir simply 
 grinds his grain between two stones, makes a paste of this meal and water, 
 and bakes "it in the ashes of his camp fire. Israel, in Egypt, ate leavened 
 bread, the ancient Greeks cultivated the yeast plant, in Pompeii an oven 
 was found containing loaves of bread not unlike that of the present day, 
 many European peasants still bake their weekly loaves in the village 
 oven, and so on, to the mammoth bakeries and innumerable fancy 
 breads of modem times. The reason for this importance of bread is 
 very simple. Ever since the far-off days when the wild cereals were 
 first found or cultivated men have known that food prepared from them 
 would support life and strength better than any other single food except 
 milk. Although in this country the ease with which other foods can be 
 obtained makes bread seem less important, there are many districts of 
 Europe and Asia where it is still the "staff of life." and where whtn 
 people pray for their daily bread they mean it literally. 
 
 I H C Harvesting and 
 Haying Machines 
 
 The I H C line includes Cham- 
 pion, Deering, McCormick, Mil- 
 waukee, Osborne, and Piano 
 binders, reapers, headers and 
 header-binders, mowers, rakes 
 (sulky, sweep and side delivery), 
 hay tedde s, hay loaders, hay 
 stackers, binder twine, and knife 
 grinders. Any harvesting or hay- 
 ing machine .stenciled with the 
 I H C trademark is thoroughly 
 it to be first-class in every respect. 
 
 
 An I H C Binder in the Field 
 
 dependable. We can guarantee 
 
 Tlic best crop insurance is an 1 H C harvestmg machme. 
 
 42 
 
JHC ALMANAC *€> ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 ^■}> 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Even in the United States bread probably plays a more important 
 part than many realize. Statistical investigations which have been 
 conducted by the government indicate that at present the annual per 
 capita consumption of wheat in the United States is about 4>2 bushels, 
 which represents not far from a barrel of flour, and there are reasons to 
 suppose that this amount is increasing. 
 
 The Early Struggle for Bread 
 
 During the first seventy years of our national life, our abundant 
 resources failed to bring us any great increase in commerce or in 
 the products of agriculture, trades, and industries. Notwithstanding the 
 fact that tlie virgin soil was practically free to the settler, our production 
 of wheat was insufficient to supply our people with bread, and the little 
 that was imported was taken from the mouths of the poor. In the begin- 
 ning of the century just past, but 3 per cent of the people of America lived 
 in cities; the remainder lived on the farms and in small towns, and were 
 dependent upon agriculture for food; there was little manufacturing — 
 the people were dependent upon the mother-country for almost every- 
 thing except the products of the soil. It, therefore, will seem a surprising 
 statement when it is said that the people in the United States as late as 
 1845 '^I'd i^°t raise enough wheat for their bread. In that year only 4 J 
 bushels per person were raised in the United States, while in the year 
 1800, 5J bushels per person were raised. We had during the first half 
 of the century no factories such as employ thousands of hands to-day, 
 and our cities were mere villages; therefore, it is no wonder that, with 
 a population in the United States that had quadrupled since iSoo, 
 economists were alarmed at the failure of the food supply to keep pace 
 with our rapid increase in population. It is not too much to say that 
 the limit of food production with the sickle had been reached 
 
 Increase in Production of Food 
 
 About the middle of the last century there appears to have been a 
 remarkable change in the food-producing power of the American people. 
 From a low rank among nations, we have advanced to the highest posi- 
 tion, with a producing power in agriculture and manufacture that almost 
 equals that of all Europe. The source of this remarkable augmentation 
 in our economic power is the result of invention — invention of agricultural 
 machines. Our food supply increased decade by decade from 4.33 bushels 
 of wheat per person in 1849, to 5.50 bushels in 185c), to 7.45 bushels in 
 i86g, and to 10 bushels per person in 1891. In 1900 the per capita pro- 
 duction of wheat decreased to 7 bushels, but increasedto 9 bu.shels in 1 909. 
 
 Surprising as these statements are, they tell only lialf the storj'. 
 From the 97 per cent of people on the farms in 1800, the number 
 decreased to 80 per cent in 1859, and in 1900 to 33 per cent; the farms 
 to-day, therefore, with less than one-third of the labor of thecountr^^ are 
 producing sufficient not only to feed tlie people upon them, but also the 
 67 per cent that live in the cities, and export a considerable tonnage of 
 food supplies. This showing is most marvelous, and has been made 
 possible only by the genius of the .American inventor, and the intelligence 
 and energy of the American farmer. In all the history of the worla this 
 achievement stands out beyond comparison. Much, of course, has been 
 due to the fertile soil of the great plains and valleys in which we live; 
 much to the beneficent government that has given sectirity to propert)' 
 and by its patent system has encouraged invention; much to the great 
 railroads which have transported our products across the continent, 
 but more is due to that body of inventors who reco,gnized the necessity 
 of improved methods on the farm, and who have provided that intelligent, 
 
 41 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> EXCYCLOPEDIA ^ 
 
 45 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ EKCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 progressive, and energetic body — the farmers of America — with machines 
 which have enabled them to produce food-stuffs more cheaply than in 
 any other land under the sun, thereby enabling them to sell their 
 products in the m.arkets of the world in competition with the penny-a- 
 day laborers of India and China. 
 
 Advancement in Agricultural Methods 
 
 Wonderful as has been the progress made in other fields of effort during 
 ■ the last half century, the greatest forward strides have been made in 
 agriculture — and this unprecedented development is due almost wholly to 
 the numerous ingenious improvements made in agricultural implements 
 and machines since the middle of the nineteenth century. We all know 
 how important a part modem farm machines played in the industrial 
 progress of the United States, but many are prone to accept 't in too 
 much of a matter-of-fact way — prone to forget the many years of 
 unremitting toil required to build the foundation upon which we now 
 rest so securely. 
 
 Industrial Emancipation 
 
 The nineteenth century was as conspicuou,<^ lo/ its indust:"ial emancipa- 
 tion as for its political. Its history cannot be adequately written without 
 takingnoteof its industrial progress, the abolishment of many of the more 
 burdensome forms of toil, and the multiplication of the effectiveness of 
 labor by supplying mechanical servants to replace human bondsmen. 
 
 The struggle for deliverance from the tyranny of despotic govern- 
 ment, and the struggle for deliverance from the tyranny of despotic 
 nature, are manifestations of the same craving after independence and 
 individual sovereignty. There is a close kinship between the spirit 
 which combats the arbitrary authority of man over man, and the spirit 
 which seeks to establish the mastery of man over material agents. Free 
 institutions do not quench man's intuitive ambition for power; they 
 rather tend to substitute a different object for that ambition — power 
 to serve the rsce instead of power to oppress it — power to invent mechan- 
 ical agents instead of power to enthrall human agents; conquest over 
 nature rather than conquest over mankind. 
 
 When it began to be recognized that the authority which kings had 
 for centuries exercised under the solemn awe of "divine right" rested 
 rather upon the ignorance and subservience of their subjects, it was 
 natural to inquire whether Ihe fetters which natuie seemed to have 
 placed on primitive man might not yield to his intelligence, whether he 
 might not dominate each and make its force responsive to his commands 
 through the instruments which his will should summon into action and 
 direct to his service. The complete realization of man's independenc3 
 
 I H C Corn Machines 
 
 The line includes Deering 
 and McCormick corn binders, 
 pickers, buskers and shredder, 
 Osborne and Milwaukee corn 
 binders. Piano buskers and 
 shredders and Keystone corn 
 shcllers. To conserve loo per 
 cent of your corn crop's 
 value, you need I H C corn 
 machines. They are stenciled 
 with the I H C trade-mark — 
 the recognized seal of ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 An I H C Husker and Shredder Saves the Stalks 
 adding one-third to the value of the corn crop 
 
 46 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 
 
 required that inanimate substitutes should supplant the liberated slave 
 or serf in the irksome and menial tasks. So long as food and raiment and 
 whatever contributes to sustenance, cultivation, and development, are 
 procurable only through the tmaided toil of the individual, each is limited 
 to the most meager necessaries of life. Facilities for education and refine- 
 ment, and the leisure which they require, were in centuries past possible 
 only through the forced servitude of the many to the few. The inventor 
 of machines prepared the way for political emancipation and deserves 
 to share the honor which is freely accorded political liberators. He has 
 multiplied artificial servants until the average citizen to-day enjoys the 
 service of a corps of mechanical slaves more efficient, more capable, 
 and more subservient to the will of the master, than the gangs of human 
 chattels which served the planters of the South fifty years a'jo, or the 
 retinue of vassals that ministered to the barons of medieval Europe. 
 
 We little realize the extent to which we are served by mechanical 
 servants, the extent to which they relieve man from the more burden- 
 some forms of physical toil, and promote him to a sphere where his mental 
 faculties rather than his physical strength measure his earning capacity, 
 [f we were to banish the labor-saving machines which invention has pro- 
 vided, we would abandon civilization and reduce ourselves to a condition 
 far more intolerable than that of the primitive savage, for we should 
 have his limitatio.is imposed upon the craving and aspiration to which 
 he was a stranger. An invention, such as the reaping machine, which 
 blazed the trail to higher achievemcnc, is more important than many 
 of the dynasties which have been conspicuous in history. Some in- 
 ventors whose names the world seldom mentions have left a more potent 
 and enduring impress upon subsequent history than the famous heroes 
 of battle or statecraft. 
 
 The Ever-Present Problem 
 
 The opinion that the wonderful wealth and commerce of the United 
 States have sprung entirely from our natural resources has found a too 
 common acceptance among cur people. As we think of the increasing 
 population and the higher cost of living, we realize that the ever-present 
 problem of mankind has been to obtain food. The massacre of tribes and 
 the marching of annies have had the obtaining of fjod as their inspira- 
 tion. There has been no great progress in the world where food was 
 not plenty. The importance, therefore, of the food producer in the world 
 is manifest, and the honor due to those who have done most to assist in 
 securing a bounteous food supply is too often forgotten. 
 
 Wheat Production in the United States, 1866-1909 
 
 The following figures .show the production of wheat in the United 
 States by years beginning with 1866 and ending with iQog, as compiled 
 by the Bureaii of Statistics of the United States Department of Agricul- 
 ture: 
 
 Year 
 
 Bushels 
 
 Year 
 
 Bushels 
 
 Year 
 
 Bushels 
 
 1866 
 
 I5I,9<)9.90() 
 
 i8Sl 
 
 3.^3,280,090 
 
 1896 
 
 427,684,346 
 
 iSfi; 
 
 212,441,400 
 
 T882 
 
 504,185,470 
 
 1897 
 
 530,149.168 
 
 1S6S 
 
 224,036,600 
 
 1SS3 
 
 421,086,160 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1S69 
 
 260,146,000 
 
 18S4 
 
 ,' 12,765,000 
 
 1899 
 
 547.303.846 
 
 1870 
 
 235,884,700 
 
 1SS5 
 
 357,112,000 
 
 1900 
 
 522,229,505 
 
 1871 
 
 2^0.722,400 
 
 1 886 
 
 4 :7, 218,000 
 
 1901 
 
 74S.460.218 
 
 1872 
 
 219,997.100 
 
 1S87 
 
 416,329,000 
 
 lg02 
 
 670,06^.008 
 
 1873 
 
 2^1,254,700 
 
 1888 
 
 415,868,000 
 
 1003 
 
 637,821,83s 
 
 1S74 
 
 308,102,700 
 
 1889 
 
 490,560,000 
 
 1904 
 
 .^52,309,517 
 
 1875 
 
 292,136,000 
 
 1890 
 
 399,262,000 
 
 1905 
 
 692,970,489 
 
 1876 
 
 289,356.500 
 
 1 891 
 
 611,780,000 
 
 1906 
 
 735,260,970 
 
 1877 
 
 3'14,I94,I46 
 
 1S92 
 
 515.949,000 
 
 1907 
 
 654,087,000 
 
 
 430,122,400 
 
 1S93 
 
 396,131,725 
 
 190S 
 
 664,602,000 
 
 1S7Q 
 
 448,756,630 
 
 J894 
 
 4'>o,267,4i6 
 
 1909 
 
 735,000,000 
 
 iSSo 
 
 498,549,868 
 
 1895 
 
 467,102,947 
 
 
 
 47 
 
0) 
 
 ^^jurjTM ^ACy^NCYClOPEDIA, 
 
 JHC ALMANAC 'S> EKCTCLOPEDIA 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 50 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCTCLOPEDIA, 
 
 51 
 
JHC ALMANAC 'D ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 53 
 
^JHC ALMANAC g> ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 54 
 
M:^///C ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA . 
 
 55 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 V.zZ 
 
 56 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 Soil Building 
 
 Farming in America has yet to be learned. We have been a nation 
 of crop growers, not farmers. We found our soils fertile; we have 
 drawn yearly on the deposits made by nature. In the outset this was 
 wise practice, indeed was inevitable. Gradually, year by year, the 
 fertility has been used up. Thousands of fanns are now so reduced that 
 they begin to show 
 tlie lack of fertili- 
 ty. Other thous- 
 ands are worse off. 
 The "average 
 farmer" is making 
 barely a living, 
 and year by year 
 his soil is getting 
 poorer rather than 
 richer. There is no 
 state that is an ex- 
 ception to this 
 truth. Illinois, 
 California, Colo- 
 rado, Oregon, 
 Wash ington, every 
 one of the richest 
 states in the 
 Union, has learned xhe fork method of spreading is hird, disagreeable 
 
 that constant crop- work, and very wasteiu! 
 
 ping will use up availaole plant food. 
 
 In the past men have "moved on." To-day they are "moving on" 
 to the Canadian Northwest, and to the newer irrigated sections of Amer- 
 ica. There are no longer any new lands left to which man may move. 
 There are undiscovered riches within our own boundaries. It is cheaper 
 to take possession of our own, and it is better so. It is time to learn 
 farming. It is time to lose some of that bra.-i^^art air that we have used 
 so long: to cease glorifying ourselves for being bom on soil that God 
 made rich, and to learn the secrets of soil enrichment and good agri- 
 cultural practice. 
 
 In the Old World men know better than we how to farm. The 
 writer has stood on lields that were old fields 2,000 years. ago, and found 
 them far more fertile than even the best fields of America. Let's begin 
 to learn soil building, then, rather than soil robbery, of which we already 
 know enough 
 
 What constitutes soil fertility? We don't know all of it yet. These 
 things we know. Soils are living, growing, breathing things. That is, 
 "live," rich soils are living things. They are inhabited by millions of 
 microscopic organisms commonly known as bacteria. The more of the 
 useful bacteria a soil has in it the richer, the more productive it is. The 
 fewer bacteria the "deader" it is in every sense, the less possible to make 
 profit. There is absolutely no evasion of this law. A rich soil is a living 
 soil. Now how can a living soil be made? 
 
 First, get the water out of it_, the stagnant water. Drain the land. 
 Air is necessary to life. Then if it is in danger of sourness, lime it. Car- 
 bonate of lime is the source of fertility. It promotes wonderful bacterial 
 life in soils. It promotes fertility by stopping the waste of nitrogen as 
 well. Soils filled with carbonate of lime naturally tend toward increase 
 in fertility. What is carbonate of lime? It is the natural, unbumed, 
 ground limestone, in imitation of how God made soils in the beginning. 
 
 57 
 
JHC ALMARAC ^ ENCTCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Spreading Manure ^vith an 1 11 C ^^pit-ad^i 
 
 Very few soils have enough carbonate of lime in them to make maxi- 
 mum crops. The best farmers of to-day, everywhere east of the Missouri 
 River, are using lime. International manure spreaders are the best 
 means yet found for distributing ground lime stone. 
 
 What else can v.-e do to make a soil truly alive? Bacteria love lime; 
 
 yes, and veg- 
 etable matter 
 in the soils. 
 Living soils 
 have humus in 
 them, decaying 
 vegetable mat- 
 ter. The more 
 of this the more 
 bacteria, the 
 more plant 
 food. Manure 
 makes land 
 rich. Can you 
 remeniberthat ? 
 "Pshaw!" you 
 exclaim, "my 
 grandfather 
 knew that." 
 
 Yes, your grandfather knew it,yourfatherforgot it; you are beginning to 
 learn it for yourself. Agricultural truth is as old as the pyramids. Indeed, the 
 ancient peoples knew m.ore than we about most things pertaining to soil 
 building. Our latest discoveries are only confirming what the ancients knew. 
 Manures make land rich! That is the vital tn.ith that needs to 
 be impressed on the American farmer to-day. Carbonate of lime makes 
 manure show its effects in the soil for a much longer time than when the 
 soil is sour. Phosphorus added to the manure doubles its efUciency. 
 "Hold on," you exclaim, "what in thunder is phosphorus?" It is the 
 vital element in bones, it is the true source of life in man, beast, and herb. 
 Thome of Ohio proved that manures reinforced with phosphorus yielded 
 double what they did without it. You find phosphorus in mines of 
 fossil rock in Tennessee. You buy "floats," or fine ground Tennessee 
 rock, mix that with your manure, or you buy "acid phosphate," the 
 same rock treated with sulphuric acid, and mix that with the manure. 
 Either wiil double the usefulness of the manvire. 
 
 "Manure, what is it worth, anyway? It is a lot of work to handle it, 
 and will it pay." You ask this, and Thome and Hopkins answer: 
 A ton of manure may be worth in general farm crop returns as much as 
 $4.00. That is, perhaps, an extreme estimate. It is never worth less 
 than $2.00. A horse makes at least S25.00 worth of manure in a year, 
 and usually considerably more. A steer makes S20.00 worth. A sheep 
 $2.00. You keep a good many cows, horses, sheep. Do you neglect 
 this, the best of all revenues? Best because it remains a permanent asset 
 01 fertility on your land. It makes your farm worth more. "Oh, well, 
 don't worry, I haul the manure out every fall." You do, do you? Well, 
 it has lain in the weather or in piles firing, all summer. It has lost a little 
 more than half its value in that time. Then you have hauled it out 
 In a wagon and with much disagreeable labor spread it imperfectly by 
 hand. A few spots you have made too rich, so that the grain falls down ; 
 the remainder of the farm has gone untouched. Now to get true value 
 out of this manvire, don't you know that you ought to own an Internation- 
 al manure spreader, haul out the manure as fast as it is made, and get it 
 spread evenly over the land ? A ton of manure thus spread is worth four 
 tons left to lie in the yard till fall, and imperfectly sj^read. For manure 
 carries bacteria, manure carries life to the land. 
 
 58 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
 
 Analysis of Manures 
 
 In the Farmers' Bulletin, No. 21, issued by the Department of Agri- 
 culture at Washington, D. C, is a table which shows the analysis of 
 farmyard manure. This table gives the value per ton of the three 
 important fertilizing elements contained in various kinds of manure: 
 
 Cattle . . 
 Horse . . . 
 Hog.... 
 
 Sheep . . . 
 Chicken . 
 
 M 
 
 :nure 
 
 Witer 1 
 
 7S 
 
 2,S?6 
 
 48 
 
 6qy-6 
 
 7 + 
 
 13% 
 
 =(9 
 
 S2% 
 
 qA 
 
 00 "„ 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 So- 
 
 .426% 
 .490% 
 .840% 
 .768°^ 
 
 Phosphoric 
 Acid 
 
 .■;o-2 
 
 2 9<:-o 
 260% 
 390% 
 391% 
 000 °o 
 
 Potash 
 
 .440 "6 
 .480°^ 
 .320% 
 .591% 
 . .So—. goo% 
 
 Value 
 per 
 Ton 
 
 S2 .02 
 
 2 . 21 
 329 
 
 3-3° 
 
 7°7 
 
 It will be seen that three elements, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and 
 potash, are contained in manure to the value of from $2 to $7 per ton 
 
 Stable Manure 
 
 The Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station in Bulletin No. 122, 
 entitled "Stable Manures," proves conclusively that fresh manure is 
 more valuable than rotted manure; also that when applied as a top- 
 dressing manure is far more effective as a fertilizing agent than when 
 plowed vmder. The results of these experiments are embodied in a series 
 of tables, two of which are reproduced below. The first table shows a 
 comparison of the yields from unmanured land, land which received 
 applications of fresh manure, and land which received applications of 
 rotted manure. The second table shows that manure used as a top- 
 dressing proves more valuable than manure plowed under. There is no 
 good reason for burying manure. 
 
 Comparison of Yields from Application of Fresh and Rotted Manure 
 
 Yields per acre in bushels. 
 
 Unmanured 
 
 Fresh manure 
 
 Rotted manure 
 
 Gain from fresh manure 
 
 Gain from rotted manure 
 
 Gain of fresh over rotted manure . . . 
 ♦Average of 4 crops, tAver.-ge of 2 crops 
 
 * Corn 
 Bushels 
 
 t Wheat 
 Bushels 
 
 16. 1 
 
 '9-7 
 iq.i 
 
 3-0 
 0.6 
 
 Results of Applying Fresh and Rotted Manure Before and After Plowing 
 
 (Yields per acre ) 
 
 
 FRESH MANURE 
 
 ROTTED 
 
 .MA.N'URE 
 
 
 Corn* 
 
 Whe^t 
 
 Corn 
 
 Wheat + 
 
 
 Grain 
 
 Fodder 
 
 Grain 
 
 Straw 
 
 Grain 
 Bu. 
 
 Fodder 
 
 Grain 
 
 Straw 
 
 
 Bu 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Bu 
 
 Lbs 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Bu 
 
 Lbs 
 
 Before plowing . . 
 After plowing .. . 
 
 87. 2 
 qS.l 
 
 6950 
 
 7ROO 
 
 20.3 
 2 2..^ 
 
 1080 
 I 160 
 
 82.3 
 82.6 
 
 6550 
 6450 
 
 19.8 
 20.7 
 
 760 
 960 
 
 (Jain from using manure as 
 a lop drcssino; 
 
 lO.Q 
 
 SS° 
 
 2.0 
 
 So 
 
 0.;^ 
 
 roo 
 
 .00 
 
 200 
 
 "Aver.^ge of 2 crops +Aver?ge of i crop 
 
 59 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Plant Food Removed 
 
 From Each Acre 
 
 by Various Farm Crops 
 
 Weight 
 
 Crop^ per acre 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Nitrogen , P''"!^*.""'^ 
 P-"'^^ i Pounds 
 
 Potash 
 Pounds 
 
 Lime 
 Pounds 
 
 Wheat, 20 bushels 
 
 1 ,200 
 2.000 
 
 25 
 10 
 
 12-5 
 
 7-5 
 
 7 
 
 2S 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 ,>^ 1 20 
 
 ,^ > 
 
 8 
 
 Barley, 40 bushels 
 
 Straw 
 
 1,920 
 3.000 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 ?o 
 
 I 
 8 
 
 Total 
 
 
 40 i 20 
 
 .^'^ 
 
 
 
 Oats, 50 bushels 
 
 Straw 
 
 1 ,600 
 .3,000 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 10 
 3 5 
 
 1-5 
 
 9-S 
 
 Total 
 
 
 ■;o 1 18 
 
 4^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 Com, 65 bushels 
 
 Stalks 
 
 2,200 
 3 .000 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 45 
 
 I 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 7=; 1 20 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 Meadow hay, i ton 
 
 Red clover hay, 2 tons.. 
 Potatoes. 150 bushels . . . 
 
 20,000 
 2,000 
 4,000 
 0,000 
 
 75 
 3° 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 20 
 28 
 20 
 
 15° 
 45 
 66 
 
 75 
 
 30 
 1 2 
 75 
 25 
 
 I H C Spreaders 
 
 I IT C spreaders are made 
 in three styles : Corn King and 
 Kemp 2oth Century, return 
 apron machines, and Cloverleaf 
 endless apron. Each made m 
 a number of sizes. AVrite for 
 beautifully illustrated cata- 
 logue describing the machine 
 in which vou are interested. 
 
 ^ IT IS 1 SEtL OF EXCELLENCE m > BUIRIIITEE OF DUtLITT 
 
 Repair Parts 
 
 When you buy a sickle, knife section, ledger plate, guard plate, pitman 
 strap, or other repair part, look for the I H C trademark — otherw-ise it 
 may or it may not lit — it may or it may not be made of good material. In 
 other words, if you buy a repair part without this trade mark you are 
 taking chances at a time when delays mean serious losses. 
 
 When you buy repair parts with this mark, the repairs are genuine, for 
 the manufacturer has a reputation to uphold, and is just as niuch inter- 
 ested in making good repair parts as in building good machines. The 
 parts will fit. and they will give satisfactory service. 
 
 At numerous branch houses and at thousands of local a.gencies 
 throughout the world, a full supply of repair parts for these machines is 
 always carried in stock, and any part of a machine can be secured on 
 short notice. 
 
 Delay in securing the proper repairs for a machine may mean the 
 partial loss of a crop equal to or greater than the cost of the machine, and 
 it IS a source of great satisfaction to know that repairs for all I H C 
 machines can be quicklv obtained. The owner of an I IT C machine is 
 insured against loss by' the absolute certainty of getting repairs for his 
 particular machine at any time he may require them. 
 
 60 
 
J HC ALMANAC '^^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 
 
 
 Statutory Weights of the Bushel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STATE 
 
 (IR 
 
 TERRITORY 
 
 
 z 
 
 m 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 
 <5 
 
 /' 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 tJ 
 
 « 
 
 c 
 
 £ 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 
 T 
 
 Q 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t: 
 ^ 
 H 
 
 1 
 v. 
 
 & 
 c 
 
 c 
 3 
 1 
 
 -a 
 
 % 
 
 u 
 
 tniled btales 
 Alabama . . . 
 
 Al.iska 
 
 Arizona .... 
 Arkansas. . , 
 California.. . 
 Colorado. . . 
 Connecticut . 
 Delaware. . . 
 Dist. Col . . . 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia .... 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana. . . . 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky . . . 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland . . . 
 Mass. ..... 
 
 Michigan. . . 
 Minnesota . . 
 Mississippi. . 
 Missouri.. . . 
 
 Oo 
 Oo 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 5o 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 5o 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 54 
 56 
 
 S6 
 S6 
 f.b 
 56 
 56 
 5b 
 50 
 56 
 S6 
 56 
 50 
 
 56 
 56 
 Sb 
 5<> 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 S6 
 56 
 56 
 55 
 56 
 5fi 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 S6 
 
 t 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 3-' 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 26 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 30 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3° 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 4S 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 50 
 4S 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 47 
 48 
 48 
 
 48 
 s 
 
 .,8 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 S2 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 52 
 50 
 52 
 50 
 56 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 48 
 50 
 48 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 
 50 
 48 
 
 50 
 42 
 50 
 42 
 42 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 42 
 50 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 S<J 
 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 SO 
 56 
 s6 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 S6 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 70 
 70 
 
 70 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 " 
 70 
 
 70 
 70 
 
 ■ 
 70 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 50 
 48 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 48 
 50 
 
 50 
 SO 
 
 SO 
 
 SO 
 50 
 
 48 
 SO 
 50 
 50 
 
 SO 
 
 5? 
 48 
 
 so 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 SO 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 38 
 30 
 30 
 
 34 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 bo 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 5o 
 60 
 
 60 
 56 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 56 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 56 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 5S 
 50 
 S4 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 SO 
 55 
 46 
 50 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 56 
 
 SO 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 50 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 50 
 SS 
 
 56 
 
 S4 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 50 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 SO 
 
 SO 
 50 
 SO 
 
 50 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 52 
 
 S6 
 57 
 
 " 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 57 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 54 
 
 52 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 
 57 
 57 
 
 52 
 
 SS 
 52 
 
 50 
 SO 
 
 52 
 5_6 
 
 52 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 5S 
 
 55 
 55 
 
 55 
 60 
 
 SO 
 
 58 
 
 42 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 5° 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 S5 
 
 42 
 
 '. '. 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 SO 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 Oo 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 50 
 
 60 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 62 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 62 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 ; ; 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 6c 
 
 60 
 bo 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 SO 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 48 
 SO 
 
 48 
 45 
 
 SO 
 
 48 
 
 SO 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 SO 
 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 w 
 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 
 so 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 S6 
 S6 
 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 SS 
 S6 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 SS 
 
 5S 
 55 
 56 
 s6 
 S6 
 
 5 ft 
 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 S6 
 s6 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 5° 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 so 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 50 
 so 
 SO 
 
 so 
 48 
 50 
 so 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 SO 
 
 SO 
 
 SO 
 SO 
 
 SO 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 4S 
 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 45 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 45 
 45 
 
 45 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 ■4 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 SO 
 SO 
 SO 
 
 50 
 48 
 50 
 48 
 50 
 so 
 
 so 
 
 - 
 
 so 
 
 48 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 00 
 60 
 
 bo 
 60 
 60 
 
 bn 
 
 Nebraska.. . 
 Nevada .... 
 New Hamp 
 New Jersey . 
 New Mexico 
 New York. . 
 N Carolina. 
 N Dakota.. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma. . 
 Oregon,. . . . 
 Pcnnsylvani.i 
 Rh'de Island 
 So. Carolina. 
 So Dakota.. 
 Tennessee. . 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont.. .. 
 \'irninia. . - . 
 \\'ashinEton. 
 W. \'irKinia . 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 Wvomini;, 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 28 
 
 2S 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 60 
 
 04 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 bo 
 
 Note. — Rye me.il takes 48 pounds to the bushel in the District of Columbia and 50 in Maine, Mass 
 achusetts. New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Peeled dried peaches take 38 lbs. to the busliel 
 in Alabama and 40 in Virginia. The metric system is used in the Philippines and Porto Rico. 
 
 Deviations in Laws of Weights and Measures 
 
 With such divcrsicy of weight.s and mea.sures it is apparent that joint 
 action should be taken by the various states with a view to adopting 
 uniform laws with reference to weights and measures, and even now 
 conferences of many interested departments, municipal and state, are 
 beinq; held under the lead of the Director of the Bureau of Standards 
 of the United States Govemmeri. 
 
 61 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Weights and Measures Used in the United States 
 
 TROY WEIGHT 
 
 ^4 grains i pwt. 
 
 ;o pwt I ounce 
 
 r 2 ounces i pound 
 
 Used for weighing gold, silver 
 and jewels. 
 
 apothecaries' weight 
 
 20 grains i scruple 
 
 3 scruples i dram 
 
 8 drams i ounce 
 
 I 2 ounces i pound 
 
 The ounce and pound in this 
 are the same as in Troy Weight. 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT 
 
 27 JJ grains . . . i dram 
 
 1 6 drams . . . . i ounce 
 
 16 ounces . . . i pound 
 
 25 pounds ..I quarter 
 
 4 quarters . i cwt. 
 
 2,000 pounds ..I short ton 
 
 2,240 pounds . . I long ton 
 
 DRY MEASURE 
 
 2 pints I quart 
 
 S quarts i peck 
 
 4 pecks I bushel 
 
 36 bushels I chaldron 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE 
 
 4 gills I pint 
 
 2 pints I quart 
 
 4 quarts i gallon 
 
 31M gallons I barrel 
 
 2 barrels i hogshead 
 
 SQUARE MEASURE 
 
 144 square inches . i sq foot 
 9 square feet . . . i sq. yard. 
 ,^o,'4 square yards . .. i sq. rod 
 40 square rods . . . i rood 
 
 4 roods I acre 
 
 640 acres i sq. mile 
 
 TIME MEASURE 
 
 60 seconds i minute 
 
 60 minutes i hour 
 
 24 hours I day 
 
 7 days I week 
 
 28, 2g, 30, or 31 days 
 
 I calendar month 
 (30 days.. I month in coinputing 
 interest.) 
 
 365 days I year 
 
 366 days I leap year 
 
 I quire 
 
 I ream (480 sheets) 
 
 I bundle 
 
 I bale 
 
 CIRCULAR .MEASURE 
 
 60 seconds i minute 
 
 60 minutes i degree 
 
 30 degrees i sign 
 
 90 degrees i quadrant 
 
 4 quadrants, 12 signs 
 
 or 360 degrees . . i circle 
 
 LONG MEASURE 
 
 1 2 inches i foot 
 
 3 feet I yard 
 
 5J-2 yards i rod 
 
 40 rods I furlong 
 
 5 furlongs i statute mile 
 
 3 miles I league 
 
 CLOTH MEASURE 
 
 2 ' 4 inches i nail 
 
 4 nails I quarter 
 
 4 quarters i yard 
 
 PAPER MEASURE 
 
 24 sheets . 
 20 quires . 
 
 2 reams . 
 
 5 bundles 
 
 SURVEY"Or's MEASURE 
 
 7.92 inches i link 
 
 25 links I rod 
 
 4 rods I chain 
 
 10 sq. chains or 160 sq. 
 
 rods I acre 
 
 640 acres i sq. mile 
 
 36 sq. miles (6 miles 
 
 squp.re) i townsh'p 
 
 CUBIC MEASURE 
 
 1,728 cubic in. i cubic foot 
 
 27 cubic ft. I cubic yard 
 
 1 28 cubic ft. I cord (wood) 
 
 40 cubic ft. I ton (shipping) 
 2,150.42 cubic in. i standard bu. 
 
 231 cubic in. i standard gal. 
 
 I cubic ft. about 4-5 of a bu. 
 
 mariner's MEASURE 
 
 6 feet I fathom 
 
 120 fathoms., i cable length 
 ■J 14 cable 
 
 lengths . . I mile 
 
 :;,28o feet i statute mil? 
 
 6,085 f^^t I nautical mile 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 3 inches i palm 
 
 4 inches i hand 
 
 6 inches i span 
 
 18 inches i cubit 
 
 21.8 inches i Bible cubit 
 
 2.5 feet I military pace 
 
 62 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 F. P. Holland 
 
 Trees Worth Growing 
 
 F. P. Holland. President 
 Texas Farm and Ranch Publishing Company, Dallas, Texas. 
 
 I have often heard men say : " I am too 
 o'.d to plant trees; I would get no benefit 
 from trees planted by me now." A man so 
 callous to his duty to posterity does no good 
 while living, and does not deserve so grand 
 a monument as a beautiful, fruitful tree to 
 mark his last resting place. 
 
 If any man while living has not had the 
 opportunity of planting and caring for at 
 least a few beautiful fruit or ochcr trees, 
 he has been truly unfortunate, and he 
 should remember in his last hours to say, 
 as did the lamented James Stephen Hogg : 
 
 "I want no monument of stone or 
 marble, but plant at my head a pecan 
 tree, and at my feet an old-fashioned 
 walnut. And when these trees shall 
 bear, let the pecans and walnuts be given out to the plain 
 people that they may plant them, and make this a land of trees." 
 
 The grandest monument that a man can erect to his own memory is a 
 judiciously selected tree that has been properly cared for durin,g his life- 
 time, growing in a place selected for it by an eye trained for beauty 
 and profit. 
 
 Trees that do not bear bounteous drops of life-sustaining food nuts, 
 health-giving fruits, or beautiful flowers, or produce material for fuel, 
 fence post.-^, or saw mill, are not worthy to occupy space on land fertile 
 to grow them. 
 
 Trees should be known by the quantity and value of the nuts, fruits, 
 and flowers they produce, and the memory' of the man who planted and 
 cared for them honored in proportion to the judgment with which they 
 were selected and placed. 
 
 Every land owner, no matter how large or small his tract, should 
 plant trees for shade and ornament, and the trees should be selected for 
 the value of their products. Trees that bear nuts or fruits valuable for 
 food, should be considered first: and second, those that make abundant 
 shade and produce beautiful flowers. If there is room only for a limited 
 number of trees, only those that produce abundant crops of food-nuts, 
 or health-giving fruits should be planted. 
 
 The pecan (Hicoria pecan) which has been greatly improved by 
 selection, .grafting, and budding, should be first considered. .Aside from 
 its inestimable value because of the excellent quality and quantity of 
 food-nuts it bears, as a shade tree many varieties have no peer, and the 
 ■wood is equal to hickory for all purposes for which hickory is used. It 
 ranges from Indiana down the Mississippi valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 down the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida. A rich, deep 
 alluvial soil and a moi.st atmosphere are necessarv for best results, but the 
 pecan thrives on many types of soil when properly cultivated. 
 
 Next in value to the pecan is the English or Persian walnut (Jiiglaiis 
 regia). It is a native of Western Asia, but is extensively grown in this 
 country. The cultivated range of this nut is the Atlantic slope from 
 
 63 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 New York south through New Jersey, southwest Pennsylvania, central 
 Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. The tree when sheltered will 
 endure near the coast as far north as Rliode Island and Massachusetts. 
 English walnuts have been extensively planted in California, and the 
 nuts bring a handsome revenue to the growers. 
 
 In areas where more desirable nut-bearing trees cannot be grown, 
 the black walnut {Juglans nigra), of which there are many varieties, 
 should be considered for the value of its nuts and timber. The black 
 walnut was known and appreciated by the Romans The wood is very 
 valuable, and the 
 nuts of the improved 
 varieties, excellent. 
 It prefers a rich, 
 moist soil, and in cer- 
 tain favored sections 
 grows very rapidly, 
 sometimes bearing 
 as earlyas the fourth 
 year from seed. The 
 tree often grows to 
 theheightof loofeet, 
 and is sometimes 
 four feet indiameter. 
 It is found in nearly 
 every portion of the 
 United States, and is 
 known to thrive on 
 many types of soil. 
 In recent years the 
 walnut has been 
 planted, and pay- 
 ing returns are re- 
 ported in many in- 
 stances. 
 
 Next to be con- 
 sidered are the chest- 
 nuts, both Japanese 
 (Castanea japonica) 
 and American (Cas- 
 tanea dentala). The 
 Japan is smallerthan 
 the American chest- 
 nut, but resembles it in many respects. It has handsome foliage and a 
 symmetrical habit of growth. It grows well in many localities in this 
 country, and should be extensively planted. 
 
 The American chestnut has a wide range, and should have more 
 consideration as a nut and shade tree. It is found native from Portland, 
 Maine, through A'ermont across the province of Ontario, Canada, to the 
 southern extremity of Lake Huron, then southward across Michigan, 
 Indiana, and Illinois, almost to the Mississippi River. It is also found in 
 many of the southern states, and makes satisfactory growth on many 
 types of soil in localities apart from its native range. The nuts are rich 
 and nutritious and bring fancy prices on the market. 
 
 The butternut (Juglans cineria) is closely related to the black walnut, 
 which it resembles both in habit and botanical characteristics. The 
 butternut extends farther east and north than the walnut. It is not 
 
 64 
 
 Home of F. P, Holland 
 
 The trees in front of the house arc grafted pecans 
 
 planted 17 years ago 
 
IHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 common in the Southwest, but it ranges from southern New Brunswick 
 to the headwaters of the Mississippi. It is found in great abundance, 
 and reaches its greatest development in the valley of the Ohio River. 
 The trees bear comparatively early, and when cultivated produce many 
 bushels of nuts. 
 
 The shag-bark hickory {Hicoria ovata) is a very valuable tree. The 
 timber is tough and the fiber strong. It takes a high polish and is much 
 in demand where strength and durability are wanted. The nuts are 
 rich and nutritious and contain much food value. The shag-bark has 
 a wide range, and may be found from \ew York to the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, but its native growth is 
 confined to rich alluvial bottoms. 
 
 The Chinkapin (Castanca piimtila) is similar to the American chestnut, 
 and is often called "dwarf chestnut." It ran,ges from Pennsylvania to 
 Texas. It is the first nut to reach the northern markets, and therefore 
 brines a fancy price. 
 
 The Western Chinkapin (Castanopsis crysophylla) is a habitant of 
 the Cascade Mountains. The tree is an evergreen with leaves smooth 
 and shiny above, but thickly covered beneath with a yellow scale. The 
 growth varies from a tree 125 feet tall to a shrub from two to six feet tall. 
 The nuts are small and have a soft shell. It is a very valuable ornamental 
 tree, and the wood takes a fine polish. 
 
 Next to nut-bearing trees must be considered fruit trees, some of 
 which answer well for shade and timber, but the real profit comes from 
 the fruit. It is useless, because of the almost unlimited variety, to 
 attempt to name or separate them. The apple, peach, plum, pear, and 
 cherry are the most valuable, and one or more varieties of one or the 
 other can be sticcessfully grown in almost every locality ; in fact, there 
 are sections where all can be grown with more or less success. 
 
 Third, come the trees that produce valuable timber and beautiful 
 flowers. First in this dual class is the magnificent magnolia {Magnolia 
 grand; flora), the trunks of which in southeast Texas often measure eight, 
 and even more feet in circumference. This is one of the handsomest 
 trees in our southern flora. An evergreen with broad, shining leaves, 
 ma.gnificent, snow-white, deliciously fragrant flowers, it lends a charm 
 to lawn or forest. The wood is said to be unequaled for piano keys and 
 for many other purposes. It is a comparatively rapid grower, and will 
 flourish in a wide area in suitable soils and locations. 
 
 It would be impossible within reasonable limits to name the varieties 
 of trees most suitable to different sections, or to give specific information 
 regarding planting and cultivation. It is a well known fact, however, 
 that in taking up trees for transplanting, their roots should be exposed 
 as little as possible, and not put in deeper than where they grew. 
 The dirt should be packed closely about the roots, and water should not 
 be permitted to stand around them. 
 
 One who has time, land, and inclination, will have pleasure in planting 
 untried varieties, and may find some of them suitable, but generally 
 speakin.g it is a waste of time for a fanner to experiment with trees. 
 He should get the benefit of the experience of those who have already 
 made it a study. 
 
 Barren trees, like barren livestock, are valuable only for slaughter. 
 When forests are denuded, oil and coal fields are exhausted, the Pinchot- 
 Ballinger feud forgotten, human ingenuity will find substitutes for wood, 
 oil, and coal, but so lon.g as civilization stands, man will continue to 
 improve the quality, and increase the production of nuts, fruits, and 
 flowers, and no substitutes will be sought or wanted. 
 
 The man who owns land and will not plant trees is as short-sighted 
 and amVjitionless as a clam located on a hard bottom in a stream of 
 clear water. 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 Length of Germ Life 
 
 Vegetables Years 
 
 Cucumber 8 to lo 
 
 Melon S to lo 
 
 Pumpkin 8 to lo 
 
 Squash 8 to lo 
 
 Cauliflower 5 to 6 
 
 Artichoke 5 to G 
 
 Endive ... 5 to 6 
 
 Pea .... 5 to 6 
 
 Radish : . . .4 to 5 
 
 Beets 3 to 4 
 
 Cress 3 to 4 
 
 Lettuce .i to 4 
 
 Mustard .1 to 4 
 
 Okra ,^ to 4 
 
 Rhubarb 3 to 4 
 
 Spinach .1 to 4 
 
 Turnip 3 to 6 
 
 in Various Seeds 
 
 Vegetables Years 
 
 Asparagus 2 to 5 
 
 Beans 2 to j 
 
 Carrots 2 to 5 
 
 Celery 2 to 3 
 
 Co:ti (on cob) 2 to 3 
 
 Leek 2 to 3 
 
 Onion ... 2 to 3 
 
 Parsley 2 to 3 
 
 Parsnip 2 to 3 
 
 Pepper 2 to 3 
 
 Tomato 2 to 3 
 
 Egg Plant I to 2 
 
 Herbs Years 
 
 Anise 3 to 4 
 
 Caraway 2 
 
 Summer Savory i to 2 
 
 Sage 2 to 3 
 
 Yield per Acre of Various Seed Crops 
 
 Under ordinary conditions of weather and soil the following yields of 
 seed crops will be considered a fair average: 
 
 Beans 1200 llis. 
 
 Peas 2000 
 
 Summer squash 500 
 
 Winter squash ,iOo 
 
 Sweet com 2000 
 
 Cucumbers 500 lbs 
 
 Muskmelons 400 
 
 Watermelons 800 
 
 Tomato 300 
 
 Cabbage 500 
 
 When to Plant Seeds 
 
 The seeds listed below are divided into two classes according to the 
 temperature at which they will germinate and can be safely planted. 
 
 Class I includes seeds that will sprout in an average temperature of 
 45 degrees in the shade, which is about the temperature at the time peach 
 and plum trees blossom. 
 
 Class 2 includes those seeds which will germinate at an average tem- 
 perature of 60 degrees in the shade, the temperature about the time when 
 the apple trees bloom. 
 
 Class I 
 Beet Barley Parsley 
 
 Oats Parsnip Carrot 
 
 Rye Onion Cabbage 
 
 Wheat Pea Cauliflower 
 
 Red clover Radish Endive 
 
 Crimson clover Turnip Kale 
 
 Grasses Spinach Lettuce 
 
 These can be planted with safety in the spring as soon as the ground 
 can be prepared, and some of them, if planted in the fall, live through the 
 p/inter. 
 
 Class II 
 Alfalfa Squash Soy bean 
 
 Cow-pea Cucumber Pole bean 
 
 Com Pumpkin String bean 
 
 Cotton Tomato Melon 
 
 Egg plant Pepper Okra 
 
 66 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ EKCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Length of Time Trees and Bushes will Bear 
 
 Apple 
 
 Blackberry . 
 Currant . . . . 
 Gooseberry 
 Peach 
 
 .2^—40 years 
 
 . 6-14 ■; 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 Pear 50-7 ; years 
 
 Plum 20-25 
 
 Raspberry 6-1 ; 
 
 Strawberry 1-3 
 
 Usual Distance for Planting Trees 
 
 No. feet 
 each way 
 
 Apples 30 to 40 
 
 Apples, dwarf ... . 10 to 15 
 
 Pears 20 to 30 
 
 Pears, dwarf ... . 10 to 15 
 Plum 16 to 20 
 
 No. feet 
 each >vay 
 
 Peaches 16 to 20 
 
 Cherries 1 6 to 2 5 
 
 Apricots 16 to 20 
 
 Nectarines 16 to 20 
 
 Quinces S to 14 
 
 Time Required for Garden Seeds to Germinate 
 
 Days 
 
 Beans 5-10 
 
 Beet 7-10 
 
 Cabbage 5-10 
 
 Carrot 12-18 
 
 Cauliflower 5-10 
 
 Celery 10-20 
 
 Com 5~ 8 
 
 Cucumber 6-10 
 
 Endive i-io 
 
 Days 
 
 6- 8 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Onion . . 
 
 Pea 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 Pepper 
 
 Radish 3-6 
 
 Tomato 6—12 
 
 Turnip 4—8 
 
 7-10 
 
 6—10 
 
 10—20 
 
 9-14 
 
 Quantity of Seeds Necessary to Sow an Acre 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Beans, dwarf 
 
 Beans, pole 
 
 Beet 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 Carrot 
 
 Cauliflower .... 
 
 Celery 
 
 Clover 
 
 Clover, crimson 
 
 Corn 
 
 Cow-pea 
 
 Cucumber ... 
 
 Cress, water 
 
 Cress, upland .... 
 
 Egg-plant 
 
 Grass 
 
 Kale, or sprouts . . 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 *Per 1000 plants 
 
 5 lbs. Melon, musk 
 
 I ' 2 bus. Melon , wat -»r 
 
 12 qts. Mustard 
 
 6 lbs. Onion 
 
 1 bu. Onion seed for sets . 
 
 '4 bu. Onion sets 
 
 4 lbs. Orchard grass 
 
 *i oz. Parsnip 
 
 * ' < oz. Peas 
 
 16 lbs. Potato (cut-tubers) . 
 
 16 lbs. Pumpkin 
 
 10 qts. Radish 
 
 2 bus. Rye 
 
 2 lbs. Sage 
 
 3 lbs. Spinach 
 
 3 lbs. Squash, bush . . 
 *i oz. Squash, running. 
 
 4 bus. Tomato 
 
 4 bus. Turnip 
 
 *i oz. Vetch 
 
 5 lbs. 
 
 5 lbs. 
 ' ,' bu. 
 
 6 lbs. 
 30 lbs. 
 12 bus. 
 30 lbs. 
 ' 6 lbs. 
 
 2 bus. 
 S bus. 
 
 5 lbs. 
 10 lbs. 
 
 I ' J bus. 
 ID lbs. 
 1 2 lbs. 
 
 6 lbs. 
 4 lbs. 
 
 '4 lbs. 
 2 lbs. 
 I bu. 
 
 67 
 
^^m^JHC ALMANAC Z> EKCYCLOPEDIA^^^^ 
 
 Usual Weights per Bushel of Seed 
 
 Kind of Seed 
 
 per 
 Bushel 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 60 
 60 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Amber cano 45- 
 
 Bent grass: 
 
 Creeping 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Bermuda grass 
 
 Bird's-foot clover 
 
 Bitter vetch 
 
 Blue grass: 
 
 Canada 14- 
 
 Kentucky 14- 
 
 Texas 
 
 Broad bean 50- 
 
 Brome. awnless 10- 
 
 Broom com 45- 
 
 Burr clover: 
 
 Hulled 
 
 Unhulled 8- 
 
 Spotted 
 
 Castor bean 46- 
 
 Clover : 
 
 Alsike 
 
 Crimson 
 
 Egyptian 
 
 Mammoth 
 
 Red 
 
 White 
 
 Cowpea 56- 
 
 Crested dog's tail 14-30 
 
 Fescue : 
 
 Hard t 2-60 
 
 Meadow 1 4-2 4 
 
 Red 12-15 
 
 Sheep's ifi 
 
 Tall 14-24 
 
 Various leaved 15 
 
 Flat pea 50-60 
 
 Flax 4S-56 
 
 Hemp 40-60 
 
 Japan clover: 
 
 Hulled 60 
 
 Unhulled 18-25 
 
 Johnson grass 14-2S 
 
 Kafir com 50-60 
 
 Lentil 60 
 
 Lupine, white 5o-6p 
 
 Meadow foxtail 7-14 
 
 Meadow grass: 
 
 Fowl 11-14 
 
 Rough-stalked 14-20 
 
 14 
 60 
 14 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 60 
 ■60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 -60 
 
 Kind of Seed 
 
 Pounds 
 
 per 
 Bushel 
 
 Meadow grass-Continued 
 
 Wood 14-24 
 
 Millet: 
 
 Barnyard 30-60 
 
 Broom com 45—60 
 
 Common 48-50 
 
 German 48-50 
 
 Golden Wonder 48-50 
 
 Hungarian 48-50 
 
 Pearl 48-56 
 
 Milo maize 50-60 
 
 Oat grass: 
 
 Tall 10-14 
 
 Yellow 7-14 
 
 Orange cane 45-60 
 
 Orchard grass 10-iS 
 
 Pea: 
 
 Field 60 
 
 Garden, smooth 60 
 
 Garden, wrinkled 56 
 
 Peanut 20-30 
 
 Rape, winter 50-60 
 
 Redtop : 
 
 Chaff 10-14 
 
 Fancy 25-4° 
 
 Rescue grass 12—28 
 
 Rice 43-45 
 
 Rye grass: 
 
 English 28 
 
 Italian 12 
 
 Sainfoin 14-32 
 
 Serradelia 28-36 
 
 Soy bean 58-60 
 
 Spelt 40-60 
 
 Sunflower 24-50 
 
 Sweet clover: 
 
 Hulled 60 
 
 Unhulled 33 
 
 Sweet com (according to 
 
 variety) 36-56 
 
 Sweet vernal, perennial . . 6-15 
 
 Teosinte 40-60 
 
 Timothy 45 
 
 Velvet- bean 60 
 
 Vetch : 
 
 Hairy 50-60 
 
 Spring 60 
 
 Water grass, large 14 
 
 Wild rice 15-28 
 
 Yellow trefoil 60 
 
 68 
 
^JHC ALMANAC '^ ENCY CLOPEDIA ^^3^^ 
 
 Sanitation in the Country 
 
 Henry Wallace, Editor Wallace's Farmer, 
 Des Moines, la. 
 
 It is now generally conceded that whatever other 
 causes may have combined to increase the cost of 
 living, one' of the leading causes has been the de- 
 creasing supply of farm products combined with an 
 increased demand. There are too many people living 
 in town, too few living in the country; too many 
 food consumers, too few food, producers. 
 
 It is also generally conceded that labor is the 
 limiting factor in crop production. Notwithstanding 
 the fact that the disk has superseded the harrow; 
 the one and two row cultivator, the' old-fashioned 
 single and double shovel plow; the binder, the sickle 
 and cradle; the mower, the scythe; the horse rake, 
 the hand rake; the hay loader, the fork; the 
 
 com binder, the old com knife; notwithstanding all these wonderful 
 improvements in modem machinery, which multiply the efficiency of 
 labor many fold, the amount of crops in the United States is largely 
 limited by the supply of skilled labor on the farms. Improved machinery, 
 while multiplying the efficiency of the individual worker, reduces the 
 number of workers by practically excluding from farm work all but 
 the farm bom and farm bred, and those bom and bred in practically the 
 same environment in which the work is to be done. 
 
 To increase rural population, train the young to farm work, keep 
 them in vigorous health, imbue them with the farm spirit, and then keep 
 them on the farm is a problem that interests and concerns the townsman 
 quite as much as it does the farmer himself. 
 
 In sections where rotation of crops renders stock growing and im- 
 proved farm machinery necessary, we cannot use the labor that comes to 
 us from .southern Europe. We are now getting but little from northern 
 Europe and the British Isles. We cannot use the Oriental, nor can we 
 use the town "back-to-the-lander" unless we get him young. ^ The 
 farm must, therefore, grow its own labor, and that of the highest efficiency 
 physical, mental, and moral. 
 
 The farm should be the healthiest place in the land ; but unfortunately 
 it is not. There is no lack of sunshine, and outside the home there is no 
 lack of pure air. There need be no lack of pure wholesome food, and 
 certainly there is no lack of exercise. The main cause of sickness and 
 death and of inefficiency in the survivors is lack of sanitation in country 
 homes. It was my privilege as a member of the Country Life Commission 
 appointed by President Roosevelt to investigate this subject over the 
 length and breadth of the United States. 
 
 To my great surprise, I leamed that about one-fifth of the children 
 of what used to be known as the "poor white " and who are now known 
 as the one-mule farmer, on the sandy soils of the South, notably on the 
 Atlantic littoral, die in infancy from the effects of foot-itch, toe-itch, 
 ground-itch, as it is variously called, due to a parasite which breeds in 
 human excrement and enters the system through the feet. (This par- 
 asite completes its life history in about two months.) It also decreases 
 the efficiency of the adult from 20 to 50 per cent by decreasing the red 
 corpuscles of the blood. It does not affect people living in cities or towns 
 who wear shoes and have sanitary outdoor water closets or modem 
 
 69 
 
JHC ALMANAC '^ ENCYCLOPEDIA ji^^- 
 
 conveniences in the home. It is to check the ravages of this disease and 
 thus increase the supply and efficiency of farm labor in the southern 
 states, where it is so greatly needed.that Mr. Rockefeller has given a million 
 dollars into the hands of scientists competent to deal with the problem. 
 In the mountain sections of these states we found the numbers and 
 efficiency of the population greatly decreased by the prevalence of typhoid 
 fever and consumption. In fact, typhoid fever is now recognized as 
 largely a rural disease, and as a rule is rarely found in cities except in 
 the slums and places where there is the greatest lack of sanitation. 
 
 In the com belt states we found the country slaughter house, usually 
 somewhere near the town, at the head of a slough, each slaughter 
 shop at the head of a different slough, never grouped together. To 
 this the farmer takes his cattle which he suspects are tuberculous and which 
 he fears to take to the city slaughter house under government inspection. 
 The butcher feeds the offal of these cattle to his hogs, which inevitably 
 liecome tuberculous; and as there is no government inspection, the flesh 
 of both hogs and cattle is sold in the nei.ghboring town. These country 
 slaughter houses are always infested with rats, and as there is a small 
 percentage of trichinosis among the hogs, the rats, being the natural hosts 
 of the trichina, cany the disease to neighboring farms, where the chickens, 
 in their craving for animal food, especially during the winter season, 
 devour the carcasses of the slaughtered rats. It is fortunate that we 
 cook our chickens. 
 
 The great source of death and inefficiency in the country, however, 
 is the general unsanitary condition of the farm home. The farmer liv- 
 ing in an unsanitary farm home is especially liable to typhoid fever and 
 consumption, the two great scourges of the rural districts. 
 
 Typhoid fever is generally due to impure water; and the water is 
 generally rendered impure by reason of an open privy, from which the 
 impurity enters the well by surface wash, or by seepage underground. 
 It may also be carried by flies from some place in the neighborhood where 
 there is a case of typhoid fever. Both these diseases are now well under- 
 stood to be germ diseases. It is comparatively easy to avoid typhoid 
 fever. 
 
 It is not so easy to avoid consumption, for the reason that there is 
 more or less tuberculosis among the cattle on a considerable per cent of 
 the farms. Where there is tuberculosis among the cattle, there is tuber- 
 culosis among the hogs and the chickens. In fact, the entire country is 
 so infected with tuberculous germs that the main effort should lie in the 
 direction of so increasing the vitality of the individual that the system 
 can throw off the infection. 
 
 The reason why so many farmers' children, and especially girls, are 
 affected with tuberculosis is that there is lack both of sunlight and 
 ventilation in the average farm home. This could be easily remedied, if 
 farmers only understood the necessity for pure air and sunlight, as well 
 as pure food and exercise. While no lack of ventilation will in itself 
 produce tuberculosis, the lack of vitality due to an insufficient supply of 
 fresh air, especially at night, renders the system vmable to resist the germ 
 when introduced. 
 
 The primitive country home was better ventilated than the modem 
 house. It was made of timber, much of it green, which, therefore, shrank 
 and there was no especial need of providing for ventilation, particularly 
 as most of them had fireplaces. In my boyhood it was a common remark 
 that a new house meant a death in the family. This was probably a 
 superstition, and yet most superstitions have a foundation of fact. The 
 fact was that the builder built then, as he does now, for economy of 
 
 70 
 
 f 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ ENCfCLOPEDIA, 
 
 heating, and for looks, and never thought of the necessity of supplying 
 plenty of fresh air, especially in the sleeping rooms at night. All this 
 is easily remedied, and we briefly sum up what is essential to the sanitary 
 country home, a home in which the boys and girls may grow up into vig- 
 orous and sturdy manhood and womanhood. 
 
 First, there should be proper drainage to the cellar, and this drainage 
 should be put in before the fotmdation of the house is laid. The tile 
 should be two feet under the cellar floor. The cellar should be cemented. 
 It is useless to cement an undrained cellar for the pressure of the water 
 outside in a wet season will break the cement. 
 
 Second, provision should be made for ventilation, particularly of 
 the sleeping rooms. A chimney in the center of the house, commencing 
 in the cellar, with a brick or two left out at the bottom and also on each 
 floor, and the opening covered wii.h perforated iron, will draw off the air 
 wTiich has been deprived of its oxygen by breathing. Air can be introduced 
 by lowering the top sash of the window, or by using muslin instead of 
 a sash, thus admitting pure air without a draft. 
 
 Where there are modem improvements — and sooner or later these 
 will be found in all country homes — including bathroom and sanitan,- 
 closet, the waste substances can be washed into a septic tank, from which 
 the water flows chemically pure. (It is not necessary to explain the 
 philosophy of this now.) Meanwhile until these modem improvements 
 are introduced, the privy should be removed from the vicinity of the 
 well, placed lower than the well, if possible, and with no connection by 
 reason of sandy streaks in the under soil. As long as farmers are obliged 
 to use surface wells, these should be curbed with stone or brick and pro- 
 tected from wash and the entrance of small animals. 
 
 One other thing is quite essential, and that is that the farm home 
 should be screened again.st flies. Flies breed in dung, a fact well known 
 to the ancient Philistines, who worshipped Beelzebub, the fly-god. The 
 modem Beelzebub loves filth, the sore shoulders of horses, and the privy 
 vault, and has the bad habit of not wiping its feet. The hauling out of 
 the manure as fast as made, the closed privy disinfected daily with dry 
 earth, or copperas or lime, will frequently save the family from typhoid 
 fever, to say nothing of adding to the peace and comfort which should 
 be in every farm home. 
 
 If there were no other reasons involved and no other considerations 
 than the scarcity of labor, we cannot afford the loss sufl'ered by the farm 
 folk by reason of lack of sanitation in the farm home. 
 
 IHC Hay Presses 
 
 Power on I H C hay presses is applied with a pull instead of a push. 
 The presses are so desi,gn;d that they give greater pressure with the 
 
 sa ne amount of power than 
 any other presses of equal size. 
 
 IHC hay presses are made 
 
 w;t'i three sizes of bale chambers: 
 
 i-horse press, 14x18 inch 
 
 bale chamber. 
 
 , H C 2.horse Pull Power Hay Press ^ 2-horse press. 14X.S inch, 
 
 Telescoped for Transportation l6xii> mch, 17x22 mch bale 
 
 chamber. 
 Motor baling press, :4Xi3 injh, i6xiS injh. 17x22 injh bale 
 chamber. 
 
 Motor presses are equipped with 3, 4. or 6-horse power I M C gasoline 
 engines. 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 Mixing Concrete on the Farm 
 
 Concrete is the farmer's new ally and friend. With the aid of Port- 
 land cement and gravel, or broken stone, he mixes a soft, muddy slush, 
 pours it into forms, it hardens — behold! he ha-j made stone that, if the in- 
 gredients are rightly proportioned, will endure as long as time. Thus 
 watering troughs, foundations, floors, silos, dairy rooms, water tanks, and 
 a thousand useful things can be made. 
 
 Any one can make good concrete. It needs care. Use only the best 
 Portland cements ; they are all cheap now. Get the right proportion of 
 cement to your gravel or broken stone. Most farmers can find gravel 
 naturally intermixed with sand. Such stuff makes good concrete when 
 the right amounts of cement and water are added and it is mixed well. 
 One must add cement enough to fill all air spaces between the grains of 
 sand and thus make the concrete dense. With gravel and sand mixed 
 by nature a proportion of i of cement to 5 of gravel, by measure, is good 
 for most work. For surfacing or work requiring extra strength it may 
 be made stronger by adding a little more cement. 
 
 Make a measuring box that will hold exactly one-half cubic yard, 
 with no bottom. If it is made of 12-inch boaras, it may be 40', inches 
 wide and 48 inches long, inside measurement. This holds just one-half 
 a cubic yard. Lay this down on a board platform, or on the hard, smooth 
 earth. Throw in a few inches of gravel, then empty a sack of cement, 
 spreading it around evenly, then heap in more gravel, then another sack 
 of cement. Fill it a little less than level full for a one-fifth mixture. 
 Lift off the box and set to one side. Shovel it from this pile to a new 
 place at one side. Take each shovelful exactly from the bottom of the 
 pile and lay it exactly on the top of the new pile. Be careful about this, 
 for on it depends the thoroughness of your mixing. Make the new pile 
 as tall and cone-shaped as possible, and take each shovelful exactly from 
 the bottom of the first pile. Then move the stuff again back where it lay, 
 using the same exact care. One will see the reason for this method as 
 he does the work; every shovelful laid on the peak of this cone-shaped 
 pile rolls down on each side and distributes the particles. Shovel it 
 three times. Then wet it down by sprinkling on one side with a large 
 .sprinkling can. Don't wash the cement ofi^ the pebbles; hoe the moistened 
 stuff down as fast as it is wet. Make it quite wet, but never sloppy — as 
 wet as you can make it and have all the water well soaked in — no water 
 on top of it. Then hurry it into the fonns. Don't let it set while you 
 go to dinner; it won't be so good. As you put it in the forms chum it with 
 a board or stick ; agitate it to get all the air-bubbles out. Keep it moist. 
 It takes ten days for concrete to get hard, and for thirty days it ought to 
 
 be kept moist, if possible. 
 It is about as strong as 
 ever it will be in forty-five 
 days. Cover concrete 
 fence posts with moist 
 earth or sawdust or sand 
 so they can't dry out till 
 they are seasoned. Be 
 sure they are well rein- 
 forced with steel, well 
 placed. No "expert" is 
 needed to do concrete 
 work on the farm, only 
 good common sense and 
 a handy man to build 
 IHC engine operating a concrete mi.xer forms. 
 
 72 
 
JHC ALMANAC 'S^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Weber Farm Wagon 
 
 Points of a Good Farm Wagon 
 
 Wood Stock. — The wood stock is really the foundation o£ the wagon 
 so that it pays to know what stock is put into the wagon you buy. 
 Axles. — Black hickory of the highest grade makes the best axle. 
 Running Gears. — Oak should be used throughout and the parts 
 should be soaked in boiled oil to protect them from moisture. The parts 
 should be carefully ironed. 
 
 Skeins. — Skeins should be 
 heavy and designed especially 
 for stren,gth, width of throat, 
 and correct taper. 
 
 Skein Boxes. — The skein 
 boxes shovild fit the skeins 
 closely and accurately to re- 
 tain the grease and to produce 
 light draft. 
 
 Hubs. — Hubs should be 
 made of the best quality white 
 oak as first choice or Maine 
 birch as second choice. They 
 should be carefully air seasoned to prevent splitting and checking as far 
 as possible. 
 
 Wheels. — A-grade hickory or oak spokes only should be used and 
 they should be driven in hot glue. Rims should be of oak and all parts 
 should be thorou.ghly soaked in boiled oil before the tires are set to 
 exclude moisture and prolong the life of the parts. 
 
 Tires. — Tires should be steel and set while hot to prevent them coming 
 loose. 
 
 Boxes. — Boxes should be very carefully made from the best quality of 
 box board lumber. The bottom should have a double thickness of material 
 where it rests on the front and rear holster, and bottom boards should 
 be tongued and grooved. It should be carefully and thoroughly ironed. 
 Painting and Finishing. — No expense should be spared in the prep- 
 aration of the paint. Good painting lends attractiveness and durability. 
 Warranty. — By all means buy a wagon which is warranted by a 
 responsible companv. .-\ny breakage which may occur within a 
 
 year from the date of purchase- 
 and which is 
 workmanship 
 be made good. 
 
 Weber and Columbus farm 
 wagons and trucks embody every 
 point of a good farm wagon enu- 
 merated above. They are con- 
 scientiously made of good, thor- 
 oughly seasoned material of ample 
 strength. Every Weber and Co- 
 himljus wagon carries with it an 
 International Harvester Company 
 of America warranty, which is 
 recognized the world over as the 
 
 due to defective 
 or material, will 
 
 Columbus Farm Wagon 
 
 best to be had. When you purchase either a V/eber or ColumVms wagon 
 you get a good wagon. 
 
 Look for the I H C trade mark. It is a 
 seal of excellence and a guarantee of quality 
 
 73 
 
W J HC ALMANAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Modern Dairy Barns and Silos — Courtesy Breeders Gazette, Chicago 
 
 Building Silos 
 
 In building silos there are several verv' important considerations which 
 must be kept in mind. 
 
 First: The silo must be air-tight. If it i.^ not air-ti.c;ht, fermentation 
 will set in and the bacteria will multiply so rapidly tliat the mass will 
 become heated and acid will form. Putrefactive bacteria wnll then carry 
 on the work of the acid bacteria and the silage will rot. 
 
 Second: The silo must have smooth perpendicular walls, so that the 
 mass can settle without forming cavities along the sides. If cavities 
 form, air spaces occur, which will cause surrounding silage to spoil. 
 
 Third: The walls of the silo must be rigid. There is a lateral pres- 
 sure in the silo when the fodder settles, and if the walls are not rigid they 
 will spring, thereby admitting air and causing decay of the silage. 
 
 Capacity of Silos: As a rule not over forty pounds of silage should 
 be fed daily per head. Forty pounds is the average weight of one cubic 
 foot of corn silage. Assuming that a cow is fed this amoimt on an average 
 daily during a season of i8o daj's, we find that about iSo or 190 cubic 
 feet will be allowed for each head, or approximately four tons, because 
 one ton of silage will occiipy fifty cubic feet. If a farmer is feeding ten 
 cows he should have a silo that W'ill hold forty tons: if feeding twenty- 
 five cows, he should have a silo that will hold one hundred tons. The 
 capacity of rectangular silos is easily figured, as it is only a case of :nultipli- 
 cation. The capacity of round silos, however, is not as readily computed, 
 so that the table below gives at a glance the approximate number of 
 tons that can be stored in a round silo from ten to twenty-six feet in 
 diameter and from twenty to thirty-tv.'o feet deep. 
 
 Table Giving the Approximate Capacity in Tons of Cylindrical 
 Silos for Well Matured Corn Silage 
 
 Depth of 
 
 Inside Diameter of Silo— feet 
 
 Silo- 
 feet 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 tS 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23. • ■ . . 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 .1° 
 
 3t 
 
 32 
 
 2(1 
 28 
 30 
 32 
 
 34 
 3fi 
 5S 
 40 
 42 
 45 
 47 
 40 
 51 
 
 40 
 43 
 46 
 40 
 52 
 S.S 
 
 ss 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 7 I 
 
 51 
 55 
 59 
 62 
 66 
 70 
 74 
 78 
 S3 
 88 
 93 
 96 
 101 
 
 59 
 63 
 67 
 72 
 75 
 81 
 85 
 
 QO 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 lOS 
 1 10 
 
 1 1 > 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 87 
 
 0° 
 
 97 
 
 103 
 
 108 
 
 114 
 
 110 
 
 125 
 
 131 
 
 85 
 91 
 97 
 103 
 no 
 1:6 
 123 
 130 
 137 
 144 
 I 51 
 
 166 
 
 105 
 112 
 120 
 128 
 135 
 143 
 152 
 160 
 169 
 178 
 187 
 10^ 
 
 20^ 
 
 US 
 123 
 132 
 141 
 149 
 
 1^8 
 I OS 
 177 
 186 
 196 
 206 
 215 
 226 
 
 127 
 13s 
 14s 
 154 
 164 
 173 
 1 84 
 194 
 204 
 215 
 226 
 236 
 248 
 
 .38 
 148 
 X58 
 169 
 179 
 100 
 201 
 2 I 2 
 223 
 235 
 247 
 25S 
 271 
 
 151 
 
 161 
 172 
 1 84 
 105 
 206 
 219 
 231 
 243 
 256 
 269 
 282 
 2)5 
 
 163 
 
 175 
 1S7 
 199 
 
 212 
 224 
 237 
 251 
 264 
 278 
 292 
 
 3°5 
 320 
 
 177 
 180 
 202 
 216 
 220 
 242 
 257 
 271 
 285 
 300 
 315 
 330 
 346 
 
 74 
 
IHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 The table below shows at a glance how much silage is needed for dairj' 
 herds of six to fifty heads, the size of silo needed, and the number of acres 
 to plant to com in each instance. It is assumed that forty pounds of 
 silage will be fed per day per head for a season of i8o days. 
 
 Size of Silos Needed — (Harder) 
 
 No 
 
 hi 
 
 Size of Silo 
 needed 
 
 A verage 
 Acres of 
 
 Com 
 needed 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Cows 
 
 H 
 
 .§ES 
 
 Size of Silo 
 needed 
 
 Average 
 Acres of 
 
 of 
 Cows 
 
 Diam. 
 Ft. 
 
 Height 
 Ft. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Height 
 Ft. 
 
 Corn 
 needed 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 20 \ 
 10 1 
 
 I to 2 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 3S 
 
 34 1 
 
 
 <> 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 10 
 
 22 I 
 
 20 J 
 
 20'\ 
 
 2 to ;, 
 
 
 loS 
 
 lO 
 
 1 7 
 
 .33 r 
 2.SI 
 
 2.,J 
 
 S to 
 
 I,! 
 
 4.i 
 
 12 
 
 2 0_) 
 
 3 to 4 
 
 3 5 
 
 ,., 
 
 ';^ 
 
 35/ 
 
 Q to 10 
 
 21 
 
 74 
 
 I I 
 1 2 
 13 
 
 I T 
 I'. 
 
 ^2 1 
 
 24 i 
 
 22 \ 
 
 5 to 6 
 
 4^ 
 
 144 
 
 16 
 
 20 ^ 
 
 1 to I I 
 
 25 
 
 f>o 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 I 5 
 
 3'S \ 
 35 ' 
 
 6 to 7 
 
 45 
 
 5C 
 
 l6j 
 I So 
 
 1 S 
 
 i2 i 
 2Q\ 
 
 3; ^ 
 
 II to 12 
 
 I J lo 1 ^ 
 
 Form of Silos 
 
 
 Round silos seem to 
 be more satisfactory- 
 than square silos for 
 several reasons. In the 
 first place, one of the 
 essentials in silo build- 
 ing is that there shall 
 be a minimum of sur- 
 face and wall exposure 
 of the silage, as both the 
 cost and the danger 
 from losses through 
 spoiling are thereby re- 
 duced. Round silos can 
 be built cheaper than 
 square ones, because 
 li.ijhter material maybe 
 used. Wooden silos 
 seem to be more desir- 
 able than any other 
 kind, because they are easier and cheaper to construct than concrete 
 or brick silos. It has been estimated that round silos can be constructed 
 for about fourteen cents per square foot of surface. 
 
 _^^^.-. 
 
 IHC Famous portable engine operating 
 a fodder cutter 
 
 7S 
 
IHC ALMANAC 'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Up -to -Date Dairying 
 
 W. D. Hoard. Editor Hoard's Dairyman 
 Fort Atkinson, Wis. 
 
 In what does it consist? What are meant by the words used? "Up- 
 to-date" means doing a thing with the best knowledge, the best methods 
 known to the present time. In dairy farming, as in all things else, there 
 are all sorts of men. Some are following the same ideas about cows, 
 about stables, about feeding, about farm management, that prevailed 
 with their fathers sixty years ago. As matters stood then this was all 
 well enough. Sixty years ago all grain was cut by the cradle, except 
 such as was cut with the hand sickle. What would be thought of a farmer 
 who adhered to the methods and ideas of grain farming in vogue sixty 
 years ago ? But we know of plenty of farmers who have no better ideas 
 about the dairy cow than existed then; who still use the rigid stanchion 
 in their stables, ju.st the same as was used sixty years ago; who have the 
 same notions about light and pure air in the stable that prevailed among 
 the most ignorant farmers of the nineteenth century; who reject all 
 knowledge concerning bacteria or disease germs; who sneer at the idea 
 of tuberculosis; who disbelieve in the silo, and who cannot be prevailed 
 upon to accept or \vy any of the conclusions or methods of modem thought 
 or study. 
 
 The average farmer is very consen.'ative. Why? Largely because of 
 a very limited range of reading, study, contact, and obser\'ation. St. 
 Paul's injunction to "Prove all things; hold fast to that which is good," 
 is exchanged for holding fast alone to that which he learned in his youth. 
 But up-to-date dairying should have a definition. What does it require? 
 
 1. It requires the right kind of a farmer. A man who recognizes 
 what science has to give, what ;t is contributing to the well being of the 
 man behind the cow. It requires a reading, thinking student of the farm 
 and the cow. A man with an active, alert mind ready to seize hold upon 
 all the advantages of modem knowledge. This is no place for the farmer 
 who sneers at "book farming," who thinks that the profit of dairying 
 is enhanced in proportion as the farmer is ignorant of dairy principle--. 
 Some men have a way of justifying their bad practices and comforting 
 themselves in their ignorance by just that kind of sneering. But it is 
 the cry of weakness, not strength. 
 
 2. It requires next an intelligent idea of the modem dairy cow; how 
 to breed her, house, and care for her, how to feed her on a daily ration 
 that will help bring out and develop her dairy capacity for larger milk 
 and butter production. There is a wonderful difference in cows. This 
 can be seen in the same herd and especially by comparison of the several 
 herds in the same creamery neighborhood. Hoard's Dairyman has sent 
 out agents and made a special study of 2,100 herds, numbering over 28,000 
 cows'in 1 3 states from New Engla'nd to Iowa and Minnesota. A .special 
 study was made of the owners of these cows, the dairy intelligence they 
 pos.sessed, the breed of cows they kept, the way they fed them, housed 
 them, and cared for them; and finally just what it cost each farmer to 
 keep his cows. Then the agent went to the creamerj' and obtained the 
 exact figures of the yield of each herd in milk and cash. From this we 
 figured just what these cows earned for every dollar's worth of feed they 
 consumed. Here we could see the part that brains played in each herd. 
 When we struck the reading, thinking farmer, one who used his mind 
 as well as his hands, the profits went up in some cases to 300 per cent 
 for each dollar's worth of feed. When we sti-uck the ignorant, non-read- 
 ing farmer, the profits went do-nm in some cases to a loss of fifty cents 
 on every dollar's worth of feed consumed. 
 
 76 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ENCYCLOPEDIA . 
 
 3. It requires a teachable spirit on the part of the farmer, a willing- 
 ness to admit his own ignorance and a determination to put sound knowl- 
 edge in place of ignorance. No class of men in this country to-day need 
 the stirring and stimulating effect of better study of their own business 
 as do the farmers. The proof of this is seen in the widespread loss of 
 fertility in nearly all of the farms from the Atlantic coast to the great 
 lakes. Who is responsible for this kind of farming that in the past fifty 
 j'cars has wasted the natural resources of soil over so wide a stretch of 
 territory-? No one el.se but the American farmer. When the Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture of the state of New York puts out the statement 
 that that state has lost over $168,000,000 in 30 years through the decline 
 in the price of farm lands, it is time to ask the question : ' ' Would the 
 New York farmers thus have impoverished themselves and their state if 
 they had understood this business of farming as they should ? In every 
 country in Europe the price of farm land is maintained if fertility is 
 maintained. New York farmers have done no worse than Ohio and 
 Indiana farmers, and Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa farmers are following 
 in their footsteps as fast as they can. Everywhere we see the depleting 
 effects of bad, ignorant farming. 
 
 4. Tliere must be a closer study of dairy economics in the use of 
 cows. In the 28,000 cows referred to in Hoard's Dairyman cow cerisus, 
 fully one-third were kept at a loss. Think of a great body of farmers 
 imposing a tax of TiZ P^r cent on themselves because they will not study 
 the economics of their owm business! Don't you think it requires brain 
 action to comprehend the principles of up-to-date dairy farming ? Thou- 
 sands upon thousands of farmer patrons of creameries are putting them- 
 selves to all the expense of up-to-date dairying and yet they persist in 
 keeping a low grade class of cows. The lirst step towards improvement 
 is the purchase of a pure bred bull of some one of the dairy breeds. 
 Then the farmer will put himself in the way of having profit-bearing tools 
 for his use. 
 
 Here is an example of what up-to-date thinking will do in the way 
 of increasing the profit of cows. In this (Jefferson) county is a herd of 
 cows w'hich the owner has developed practically in the past twelve years. 
 He has followed enlightened ideas in every particular. This herd of 
 29 cows last yearaveraged 8.234 pounds of milk and 420 pounds of butter 
 fat. The average price of butter fat at the local creamery the past year 
 was 32 cents a potmd. So if the cream of this herd had all been taken to 
 the local creameiy they would have earned in gross S134.40 per cow. 
 The cost of keeping of this herd was not to exceed fifty dollars per cow. 
 This leaves $82.40 as the net return per cow when considered from the 
 creamery standpoint. Yet all about this herd are farmers whose herds 
 did not average more than $50.00 to $60.00 per cow with cost of keeping 
 fully S40.00 per cow. Compare the satisfaction of doing business as it 
 should be done at a profit over cost of feed of $82.40 as against $10. co 
 or $20.00 per cow. 
 
 In the one case up-to-date ideas of dairying are practiced at every 
 turn. In the other, notions, that are not ideas, control the farmer. 
 In this same herd pre seven two-year-old heifers whose average produc- 
 tion the first year of their milking was over 8,000 pounds of milk and 403 
 pounds of butter fat. That shows what a skilful use of breeding prin- 
 ciples and close adherence to up-to-date methods will do in the way of 
 jirofit. Aside from profit there is vastly more of satisfaction in carrying 
 on a farm and dealing with the problem of dairying if our intellect, our 
 :imbition, our taste, are enlisted. In a word, this means progressive 
 ideas and labor — that is, up-to-date dairying. But up-to-date prin- 
 ciples mvtst be recognized and obeyed. 
 
 n 
 
IHC ALMANAC 'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA] 
 
 What an I H G Cream Harvester Will Do 
 
 We are all anxious to make as good a living as possible with no more 
 work than necessar}'^. It seems strange that so many farmers and dairy- 
 men should continue to practice antiquated methods of handling the 
 
 dairy product when the new way — the separator 
 
 way — eliminates so much of the work, actu«aUy 
 
 transforming drudgery into work which cannot 
 
 even be called unpleasant. 
 
 In the matter of convenience and case of 
 
 operation, as well as the 
 
 time involved, a hand 
 
 separator is far more 
 
 desirable than any of the 
 
 oldmethods. Thebother 
 
 of setting countless 
 
 crocks and pans — the 
 
 primitive and wasteful 
 
 method of skimming off 
 
 the cream, and finally 
 
 the work and worry of 
 
 washing the vessels — 
 
 this is all done away 
 
 Dairymaid Cream Harvester, .j^^ith by the use of a 
 
 made in tour sizes < j_ j_ j 
 
 properly constructed 
 
 hand separator. Besides saving time, work, and 
 
 worry, an IHC Cream Harvester will pay for it- , ,, _ 
 
 self in one season if enough cows are milked . How !' ^^''tt!deiLlou^Zl^'^'^ 
 
 First, by returning more butter fat. 
 
 Second, by giving butter fat which will always bring the top market 
 price. 
 
 Third, by giving you fresh, warm, sweet skim milk valuable for feeding. 
 
 Fourth, by reducing the cost of hauling the product to market. 
 
 Fifth, by enabling you to keep more cows without additional labor. 
 
 Corn 
 
 p. G. Holden, Vice Dean and Professor of Agronomy, 
 Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa 
 
 "More com of better quality on every acre of ground" is the motto 
 of every corn-grower in Iowa. Let us each strive to grow more and better 
 corn this year than we did last. This is the secret of success. This will 
 make us love our work. Drudgery is work without thought, without 
 interest, without love for it. "The man who can make two ears of corn, 
 or two blades of grass, grow on the spot where only one grew before, 
 would deserve better of mankind and render more essential service to the 
 country than the whole race of politicians put together." 
 
 The average yield of com in the United States to-day is about 25 
 bushels per acre. It can be increased to 30, then to 35. and ultimately 
 to 50. 
 
 To produce a good crop of com we must have good land, good seed, 
 good preparation of the ground and care of the crop, a good s?ason. and 
 last but by no means least, a good man. Important as these things are. 
 
 78 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 p. G. Holden 
 
 I must omit from this short discussion 
 all of them, except the question of 
 Good Reed. 
 
 If I owned the farms of the United 
 States and could give but four orders 
 regarding com, those orders would 
 l.ic as follows: 
 
 1 . That every ear of corn in 
 tended for planting bj tested, that 
 is, not less than six kernels (better 
 ten) be taken from each ear and 
 sprouted and all weak and bad ears 
 discarded. 
 
 2. That every ear intended fur 
 planting be harvested before the fall 
 freezes and properly preser\'ed. 
 
 ;,. That the corn be graded and 
 the planter tested and made ready 
 to drop the proper number of kernels, 
 
 4. That the corn l)c improved 
 by s;lectirg for the average farm, say 
 100 of the best ears and planting them 
 on one side of the com field. The seed 
 for the following crop to be selected 
 in the fall from the part of the field 
 where the best seed was planted. 
 
 \otice that all of these are things 
 which can be done by every one; that they cost practically nothing 
 except a little time and work; that no loss can possibly come to any one 
 from properly testing, harvesting, grading, and improving his seed. 
 
 It is difficult for us to comprehend the enormous wealth which woi Id 
 be added to the United States if these four orders were carried out by 
 every farmer, and let me again add that they can be carried out by 
 every one and at practically no increased expense. 
 
 To illustrate : I presume that there is hardly a person in Iowa but 
 who will a.grce with me that if every ear of seed com had been tested 
 this spring before planting and the weak and bad ears discarded so that 
 nothing but strong seed was planted, it would have added on the aver- 
 age not less than 10 bushels per acre to the crop. In one average county of 
 Iowa with go, 000 acres planted to com annually there would be an increase 
 of goo, 000 bushels worth $450,000. But there are gg counties each 
 growing an average of go, 000 acres of corn. 
 
 It is true that the seed this 3'ear was much worse than usvial owing 
 to the sappy condition of the corn last fall, the early freezes, and the 
 unusuallj' severe winter weather, but I am perfectly safe in saying that tho 
 annual average yield for Iowa could be increased 10 bushels above the 
 present if the four orders given above were carried out on every farm. 
 
 Testing Every Ear of Corn 
 
 There are two fundamental reasons for testing each ear. 
 
 1 . It enables us to discard those ears which have been weakene.! 
 or killed by freezing, mould, or premature sprouting in the fall. 
 
 2. It enables us to discover the scrubs or nmts and discard them. 
 Let me here caution you against the delusion v/hich some men have that 
 thev can tell whether or not coni will f^row by just looking at it or kniling it. 
 
 How to Make the Test 
 
 Lay out the seed ears side by side on tables or planks arranged for 
 the purpose. Go over these carefully and discard the poorer ears. From 
 
 79 
 
IHC ALMANAC -^ EKCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 each of the remaining ears remove two or three kernels with a pocket 
 knife placing them at the butt or tip of their respective ears. I- rem a 
 study o£ these kernels you will be able to discard many more ears, some 
 or all of whose kernels are mouldy, frozen, barren immature, or are too 
 shallow or too deep, too wide or too narrow, or whose germs are small, 
 indicating poor feeding value, weak constitution, etc. 
 
 
 Plate No. 1 
 
 From each of .he remaining ears remove 2 or 3k7"f'^- Examine these kernels 
 anddiscardthoseearswhichhavepoorkernelsand thus save the work ot testmfc 
 ears which show from appearance that they are not fit to plan.. 
 
 The remaining ears should now be arranged on the planks side by 
 side for the hnal termination test. Remove not less than si.x. better ten 
 kerne°s from each ear and place them in the germination box to sprout^ 
 The Dlace°OT squares for the kernels in the box should be numbered 
 to correspond to^the number of the ear from which the kernels were taken 
 Th^° will enable us to discard those ears whose kernels m the box fail 
 ?^ grow or show only weak sprouts.. Think for a -°--^-^-, .,f ™^^^"„^ 
 to use one bad ear for seed: 900 missmg places, equal to 300 hil s, —on 
 ^n acre not less than 4 bushels of com. It means wasted land and wasted 
 fabor ?hen too.t".e weak and sickly sprouts will betray many other 
 ears which are really scrubs and can be dis^:ardcd ears which yield 10, 
 20, and sometimes 30 bushels less per acre than others. 
 
 Plate No. 2 
 
 Putting the kernels in the germination box from ear No. 1 in SQuare N 3. 1. 
 ear No. 2 in square No. 2, and so on. 
 
 80 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 It is certain that not less than 35,000 fapners tested every ear of seed 
 they planted this spring in Iowa. Eveiy farmer who grows com, whether 
 he lives in the north or south -in the east or west, should test each ear 
 to be planted. It is proverbial that a "runt pig " is always a 'runt pig." 
 In the struggle for existence he is at a disadvantage at every turn. He is 
 crowded from his comfortable sleeping place and rooted out of the feed 
 trcugh. So it is with the 800 or goo weaklings from an ear. They are in 
 reality runts, scattered there and here throughout the field, and robbed of 
 plant food, moisture, and li'ht, by their more vigorous growing brothers. 
 
 Often they are barren, i. e., produce no ears, but these stalks dp pro- 
 duce tassels with millions of pollen grains which drift over the field and 
 fertilize the ears of the good stalks. In other words, these barren stalks 
 become the fathers of millions of kernels of com in the field, thus perpetu- 
 ating their weakness. Remember that you cannot injure the seed \y 
 testing it. You cannot possibly lose. It costs nothing but a little time 
 and labor. This work can and should be done in the winter before the 
 spring work opens up. In this way none of the other farm work is 
 neglected. 
 
 How to Make the Germination Box ^. 
 
 One of the simplest and best methods for testing each ear of com 
 is by the use of what is known as the sawdust germination box. 
 
 Make ^ box 3 inches deep and 30 x 30 inches in size; fill it about 
 half full with moist sawdust and tamp firmly with a brick Pule oil a 
 piece of good white cloth (sheeting) into squares 2% x 2 !^ inches each 
 way, checker board fashion, and number the squares i, 2,3, etc Place 
 this .ioth, which should be the size of the gennination box, on the saw- 
 dust, and tack it to the sides and ends of the box. Lay the ears of com 
 to be tested side by side on the floor or table. Remove six kernels Irom- 
 six different places in ear No. i and placi them in square No. i in the- 
 germination box germ side up and crown pointing from you. Then 
 remove six kernels in a like manner frum ear No. 2 and place in square 
 No. 2 in the germination box, and so on. When the squares in the ger- 
 mination box areall fi'.ed lay a piece of good cloth over the kernels and 
 dampen by sprinkling •« ater over it. Place over this a cloth considerably 
 larger than the box and fill the box with moist sawdust, tamp with 
 a brick or board or tread on it with your feet until firmly pa.cked on top 
 of the com. Keep the box in a place where it will not freeze; raise 
 the upper side of the box or the side toward which the crowns of the 
 kernels point, 3 or 4 inches ; the stem sprouts will then grow up and the 
 root sprouts down, thus making it much easier to read the test. It 
 requires about eight days for the com to germinate. At the end of that 
 time roll back and remove the cloth containing the top layer of sawdust. 
 Now remove the second cloth as carefully as possible and examine the six 
 sprouted kernels in each sqtiare. 
 
 The above box when completed and set away for germination may be 
 described briefly as follows : Two inches of sawdust packed firmly in tlie 
 bottom of the box. On this is laid the cloth ruled off in squares, then the 
 kernels laid in the squares, a second cloth spread on the kernels and 
 dampened, then a third cloth much larger than the box, on which is 
 placed 2 inches more of damp sawdust packed firmly. The edges of 
 the larger cloth may be folded over on the top of the sawdust. 
 
 Important Things to be Remembered 
 
 Soak the sawdust at least 2 hours — better, over night.- 
 Use a good quality of sheeting for the cloth that is ruled off in squares 
 and also for the cloth covering the kernels. 
 
 81 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 Do not use a cheap, porous grade of cloth, as the sprouts will grow 
 through it and greatly interfere with the work. 
 
 Leave a 2 -inch margin around the edges of the box to prevent freez- 
 ing and :irying out. 
 
 Make the squares to receive the kernels 2}4 ■s. 2\ inches. 
 
 Never use the box more than once without thoroughly scalding both 
 the sawdust and the cloths. 
 
 To insure accurate reading the stem sprouts should be at least two 
 inches long when examined. 
 
 Throw out all ears which show weak germination as well as ears 
 whose kernels fail to grow. 
 
 Do not guess that an ear of com will grow and grow strong. Test 
 it and find out before you have wasted upon it a whole year of labor and 
 the use of your land. 
 
 Plate No. 3 
 
 Test 6 kernels from each ear and discard the bad and the weak ears. 
 
 Ears 3, $• 8, and 10 are strong. 
 
 Ears I, 4, 7, and 12 are only fair. 
 
 Ears 2, 6, 9, and 11 should be discarded. 
 
 Is there anything more foolish than to guess that 800 or 900 kernels 
 on ears like 2,6, 11, etc., are all right, when we can find out at practically 
 no expense? 
 
 You say that your field was infected with cut worms, grubs, etc. 
 How much more need then of strong seed that you may have something 
 left for yourself after feeding the worms. You say that the spring is 
 cold and backward and that this accounts for your poor stand of corn. 
 All the more need then of strong seed. Tens of thousands of farmers in 
 Iowa this yeaiihave good stands of com, while there are tens of thousands 
 of their neighbors with poor stands, and tens of thousands of others who 
 are replanting, which is always most discoui aging and most disappointing 
 in results. 
 
 82 
 
IHC ALMANAC 'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 You say that your ground is poor and foul; that the season was too 
 wet. or too dry, and the care of the crop bad. You know as well as I do 
 that strong, vigorous plants will stand these unfavorable conditions 
 better than poor, weak ones. If your land is rich, well prepared, and the 
 season good, how absolutely foolish it is to go out to this field and plant 
 it with poor seed, much of which fails to grow or gives only weak stalks. 
 
 The time is past for guessing that the ooo kernels on an ear are strong. 
 We must know before the year's labor is put upon them. 
 
 During the past seven years more than 10,000 fields of growing corn 
 have been examined. In no year has the average exceeded 72% of a 
 perfect stand. It has been as low as 64%. The average has been 67 or 
 68% of a stand. In other words the average corn grower spends three 
 hours of every day that he works in the com field traveling over plowed 
 ground that produces nothing. 
 
 There are many causes which contribute to a poor stand of com, yet 
 every one who has given the question much attention will agree with 
 me that poor seed is by far the greatest cause of the poor stand. 
 
 Better Care of Seed Corn 
 
 We must take better care of our seed com. We must harvest it in 
 the fall before the severe freezes. In Iowa and the north half of Illinois 
 the last 10 days in September will be about right. It should be hung up, 
 not piled up. It is circulation of air that is needed and not heat. Espe- 
 cially is this true during the first two weeks after the seed is harvested, 
 while it is still sappy. There is no place better than an up-stairs room or 
 attic, where the windows can be left open until the seed is dry. Again 
 I will repeat, hang it tip, don't pile it up. 
 
 Plate No. 4 
 
 Plant the 100 Best Ears Together 
 
 One hundred or so of the very best ears should be selected in the 
 spring when we are testing our seed, shelled, and mixed together. This 
 best seed which comes from the finest ears should be planted on one side 
 of the com field. Next fall from this seven or eight acres should be 
 selected the seed for the following crop. Is there any good reason why 
 any of us should fail to do this? We all recognize the great law that 
 "like tends to produce like." In planting the field it takes nolongerto 
 put this best seed in our planter and plant it out first. 
 
 83 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA , 
 
 Value of the Disk Harrow 
 
 The disk harrow is the most valuable implement that any farmer can 
 have — it does not matter whether he farms 40 acres or 40,000 acres. 
 There are certain soil conditions which must be overcome if good crops 
 are to be raised, and the disk harrow is the only implement that has yet 
 been invented which will overcome these conditions in a satisfactory 
 manner. The raising of crops depends upon the physical condition of the 
 ground, temperature, and moisture. It is essential that the farmer should 
 understand how to conserve moisture, particularly in dry years. There 
 may not be rainfall enough in one season to raise a large crop, yet if the 
 moisture has been properly conserved, no farmer need ifear a failure. 
 
 The principle of conservation of moisture is based upon capillary at- 
 traction. In order that capillary attraction may take place, the ground 
 must be so compact that each particle of soil comes in contact with the 
 next one above it. When the ground is dry, hard, and .sun-baked the 
 particles of soil are in the best possible condition for capillary attraction, 
 consequently moisture escapes rapidly. Disking this ground forms a 
 mulch of fine loose dirt which breaks up capillary attraction, thus pre- 
 venting undue escape of moisture from the surface, but in no wise inter- 
 fering with the rising of the subsoil moisture near to the surface. This 
 mulch of dirt also permits the ground to drink in to a much greater e.xtent 
 than hard and sun-baked soil, the surface water occasioned by showers, 
 and conserve it in the lower strata for future use. 
 
 If ground is disked before it is plowed the fine mulch of dirt turned 
 under with the turned over furrow and the ground iindemeath forms the 
 means of capillary attraction, thus making a much better seed bed than is 
 possible when the ground is turned without previous disking. For ex- 
 ample, when plowing com stalk ground which has not been disked, the 
 com stalks and trash form air spaces so that capillary attraction cannot 
 be formed with the under layer of ground. A compact seed bed cannot 
 be made and the moisture in the subsoil is prevented from rising to 
 nourish the roots of the growing plants. This same thing is true of any 
 kind of ground which is not mellow. 
 
 Suppose in a dry fall a field of stubble land has been cleared of shocks 
 and is ready for fall plowing. If the farmer would disk the stubble thor- 
 oughly as soon as the shocks are removed, a loose mulch would be formed 
 which would help to avoid excessive evaporation of that moisture which 
 remains in the soil, allow the moisture in the subsoil to accumulate near 
 the surface, and prepare the surface 
 to absorb rains readily, thus enabl- 
 ing the farmer to plow in a field 
 when, underordinary conditions, the 
 ground would be too dry and hard. 
 
 One year may be too wet to grow 
 good crops, another, too dry, and the 
 third, most favorable. The use of 
 a disk harrow in any one of these 
 seasons is not going to hurt the 
 land a particle, even if it is not 
 necessary, and it may doagreatdeal 
 of good. Thus the farmer is not tak- 
 ing any chances when he disks, and 
 
 he is taking grave chances if he qj^I^ Harrow 
 
 does not. 
 
 The I H C line of spring implements includes many styles and sizes 
 of disk harrows; also spring tooth, combination and peg tooth harrows, 
 and cultivators. 
 
 84 
 
THC ALMAIJAC '^ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 
 
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I HC ALMANAC '& ENCYCLOPEDL\, 
 
 New Bettendorf Steel Wagon 
 
 Steel Wagons 
 
 First-class wood stock is becoming more and more diflficult to obtain 
 tt now seems a question of only a few years until the supply of available 
 material will be exhausted. Wagon manufacturers realize this and are 
 turning to steel rather than run the risk of losing their reputation by 
 using poor wood stock. While the high standard of quality found in I H C 
 wood wagons has been maintained , 
 the New Bettendorf and Steel 
 King wagons have been designed 
 to meet the demand for a steel 
 gear. The following are a few of 
 the features which are making the 
 New Bettendorf and the Steel 
 King famous : 
 
 Gears — New Bettendorf gears I 
 are made of flawless steel with- 
 out a bolt being used in their con- 
 struction. 
 
 A removable sleeve reinforces 
 the axle, relieves the skein of all 
 wear, can be replaced when worn, 
 and makes the axle practically 
 everlasting. Steel King gears have reinforced axles and skeins and the bol- 
 sters and axles are equipped with steel top plates. Bolsters are adjustable. 
 
 Wheels — Oak hubs, oak and hickory spokes, oak rims thoroughly . 
 seasoned and soaked in oil, properly tired and banded, correctly por- 
 tioned and assembled, and artistically finished form the wheels that New 
 Bettendorf and Steel King users appreciate and recommend. 
 
 Boxes — Steel King and New Bettendorf boxes are constructed of 
 the best thoroughly- seasoned, air-dried wood stock. 
 
 Finish — P.aint and varnish of the best quality, applied by expert 
 wagon painters who understand their business in all its details, protect 
 the fibres of the wood stock, and add not only durability but attractiveness. 
 
 Guarantee. New Bettendorf and Steel King wagons are manufac- 
 tured by the International Harvester Company, which is in itself a 
 guarantee of quality and assurance of long and continued service. 
 Every I H C wagon bears the trade-mark. Look for the I H C trade- 
 mark — it's an assurance of satisfaction. 
 
 International Auto Wagon 
 
 The International auto wagon is designed for use over country 
 roads. Farmers will find an International auto wagon valuable for 
 
 quick trips. It can be used for errands 
 while the horses remain at work in the field. 
 The box is large and roomy, and can be 
 used for carrying seed, produce, or tools. 
 
 Dairymen and truck farmers use an 
 International to make quick deliveries, 
 saving time, and enabling them to give 
 better service and serve more customers. 
 From the standpoint of economy it will do as much work as two rigs, 
 thus saving the cost of one driver as well as the expense connected with 
 the care of extra horses. While this car is designed for commercial pur- 
 pose, there is no reason why it cannot be used as a pleasure vehicle 
 when occasion demands. By adding rear seat and top, which are fur- 
 nished on special order at a small additional price, this wagon becomes 
 1 neat looking and comfortable pleasure car. 
 
 86 
 
IHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Diagram of 
 the split log 
 road drag 
 
 Making a Road Drag 
 
 A good road must be oval, hard and smooth. It is possible to make 
 a road with these three attributes by the use of the split log rod drag 
 illustrated and explained herewith. 
 
 No matter how bad the road material may be, a good road is possible 
 if the drag is used. Clay, for instance, makes an almost impassable road 
 
 when water soaked. If 
 the drag is used on this 
 material, the clay is 
 molded and tamped into 
 a form that bakes on the 
 surface and sheds water 
 instead of absorbing it, 
 making one of the most 
 desirable dirt roads. If 
 the road is oval, hard, and 
 smooth, it willshed water. 
 I It has been estimated 
 that the road drag in- 
 vented by D.Ward King, 
 Maitland, Mo., has made 
 modelroadsoutof almost 
 impassable clay ones of 
 the com belt, and at a 
 cost of less than $10.00 
 per mile. 
 
 The best time to use 
 the drag is in spring. By 
 addressing the State 
 Boards of Agriculture of 
 Kansas and Missouri, 
 complete descriptions of 
 this drag may be ob- 
 tained. 
 
 1,1, split logs, 9 feet long, 10 
 to I 2 inches ihick, set on edge 
 30 inches apart, both flat sides 
 to the front, 2.2,2, strong oak or 
 hedge bars, the ends of which 
 are wedged in two-inch auger 
 holes bored through the logs or slabs. Dotted line, chainor 
 sirong wire. 4, 6, rings to connect double-tree clevis. 
 Hitch at 4 and stand at 3, on a plank laid at the cross-bars, 
 for ordinary work; or hitch at 6 and stand at 5 for ditch 
 cleaning or to make the drag throw more dirt to the left. 
 
 Information for Builders 
 
 Wood and Lumber 
 
 A cord of wood contains 12S cubic feet. To ascertain how many cords 
 there are in a pile of wood, multiply the length by the height, and that 
 by the width, and divide the product by 128. 
 
 To ascertain the circumference of a tree required to hew a stick of 
 timber of any given number of inches square, divide the givrn side of the 
 square by .225, and the quotient is the circumference required. 
 
 Round timber, when squared, loses one-fifth. 
 
 To measure round timber take the girth in inches at both large and 
 small ends, add them, divide by 2, which gives the mean girth; then 
 multiply the length in feet by the square of one-fourth of the mean girth 
 and the quotient will be the contents of cubic feet. This rule is commonly 
 adopted, and gives four-fifths of the true contents, one-fifth being allowed 
 to the purchaser for waste in sawin.g. 
 
 To measure inch boards, mtiltiply the length in feet by the width in 
 inches, and divide the product by 12. The quotient wiU. be the contents 
 in feet. For lumber ij^ inches thick, add J.^ to the quotient. If i '-^ 
 inches thick, add K. If 1J4 inches thick, add li. If 2 inches thick, 
 divide by 6 instead of by 12. If 2 '4 inches thick, add '4 to the quotient 
 and so on. If }, inches thick, divide by 4. If 4 inches thick, divide by 3. 
 If 6 inches thick, divide by 2. 
 
 87 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA ^ 
 
 Covering Capacity of Shiagles 
 
 Average size of shingles — 4X 16 inches — is taken as a basis of 
 
 calculation. 
 
 100 sq. ft. will require laid 4 inches to the weather 900 
 
 100 sq. ft. will require laid 4,' 2 inches to the weather 800 
 
 100 sq. ft. will require laid 5 inches to the weather 720 
 
 Three and one-half pounds of four-penny nails are required for laying 
 
 1 ,000 shingles. 
 
 S to 10 per cent should be adied to these figures for waste and shortage. 
 
 Stone &nd Brick Walls 
 
 A perch of stone is 24.75 cubic feet. When buit in the wall, 2%' 
 cubic feet are allowed for the mortar and filling; hence, 22 cubic feet of 
 stone make one perch of wall. 
 
 Masons estimate 3 pecks of lime and 4 bushels of sand to a perch of 
 wall. 
 
 To find the number of perches of stone in a wall, multiply together 
 the length, height, and thickness in feet, and divide by 22. 
 
 Common bricks are 7 '4 to 8 inches long by 4!^ inches wide and 2}4 
 inches thick. Front bricks are '4 inch longer and wider. 
 
 It requires 20 common bricks to lay one cubic foot. In an 8-inch 
 wall 1 5 common bricks make one foot of wall. 
 
 To find the number of bricks in a wall, 12 inches or more in thickness, 
 multiply together the length, height and thickness in feet, and that again 
 by 20. For an 8-inch wall, multiply the length by the height, and that 
 by 15, and the product will be the number of bricks in the wall. If the 
 wall is perforated by openings, such as doors, windows, etc., multiply the 
 length of such openings by the width, and that by the thickness, and 
 deduct from the cubic contents of the wall before multiplying by 15 or 
 20 as above. 
 
 Labor for laying common brick will cost $3 to $4 per thousand. 
 Material and labor for laying common brick will cost from $10 to $15 
 per thousand. 
 
 Labor for laying pressed brick will cost from $12 to $14 per thousand. 
 
 Labor and materia! for laymg pressed brick will cost from $32 to 
 $40 per thousand. 
 
 One and one-eightn barrels of lime and 's yard of sand will lay 1,000 
 common brick. 
 
 Cne mason and helpers (at the rate of i K helpers to each mason) will 
 lay m one day of ten hours 1,800 to 2,000 common brick. 
 
 Chimneys cost 90 cents per foot for an 8-inch flue to $1.20 per foot 
 for a 12-inch fl je. 
 
 Stone foimdation walls for elevators, etc., should not be less than 
 16 inches thick. A thinner wall does not bond together well. All 
 foundation walls should be at least 8 inches thicker than that portion 
 of the wall above grade. 
 
 Do noc use more mortar than necessary, as it is obvious that stone 
 is the stronger of the two materials. Do not lay the stone vertically, but 
 on its natural quarry bed. Otherwise, water will easily penetrate between 
 the layers. For all damp places, cement mortar, or lime and cement 
 mortar should be used. 
 
 How to Waterproof Walls. Allow no earth to be placed against 
 the wall, but fill space of from 12 to 18 inches next to the wall with 
 broken stone or gravel, after an open-jointed tile drain has been laid at 
 the bottom. The outside of the walls and footing should be plastered 
 thickly with cement mortar, one part sand and one part cement. As 
 an additional safeguard, it would be well to add a coat of asphalt or coal 
 tar. This, howaver, must be done only when the walls are absolutely dry. 
 
IHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
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 89 
 
JHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Spraying in a Missouri Orchard 
 
 I H G Spraying Outfits 
 
 I H C Spraying Outfits include i and 2-horse power outfits, air cooled 
 and water cooled. These outfits are very practical. The engine, when 
 not used to operate the spraying pump, can be easily disconnected and 
 used for general farm purposes. Our special spraying catalogue con- 
 tains more complete information on when and how to spray. 
 
 Renting a Farm 
 
 The greatest risk is always on the landlord's side in the rental of 
 property. He is putting his property into the possession and care of an- 
 other, who may be a person of doubtful responsibility. It is well to observe 
 these rules and cautions: 
 
 Do not trust to a verbal lease — let it be in writing, signed and sealed. 
 Its stipulations then become commands and can be enforced. Let it be 
 signed in duplicate, so that each party may have an original. 
 
 Be careful in selecting your tenant. There is more in the man than 
 there is in the bond. 
 
 Insert such covenants as to repairs, manner of use, and in restraint of 
 waste as the circumstances call for. As to particular stipulations, ex- 
 amine leases drawn by those who have had long experience in renting 
 farms, and adopt such as meet your case. 
 
 There should be covenants against assigning and underletting. 
 
 If the tenant is of doubtful responsibility, make the rent payable in 
 installments. A covenant that the crops shall remain the lessor's till the 
 lessee's contracts with him have been fulfilled is valid against the lessee's 
 creditors. In the ordinary case of renting farms on shares the courts 
 will treat the crops as the joint property of lord and tenant, and thus pro- 
 tect the former's rights 
 
 Every lease should contain stipulations for forfeiture and re-entry in 
 case of non-payment or breach of any covenants. 
 
 91 
 
IHC ALMANAC '^ ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 Interest and Statute of Limitations 
 
 
 Interest 
 
 Limitations 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
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 State 
 
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 Pnt 
 
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 Yrs. 
 
 Yrs. 
 
 Alabama .... 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 *6 
 
 3 
 
 Arkansas .... 
 
 6 
 
 lO 
 
 lO 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 Arizona 
 
 6 
 
 Any 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 California. . . . 
 
 7 
 
 Anv 
 
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 4 
 
 2 
 
 Colorado. . . . 
 
 8 
 
 Any 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Connecticut . 
 
 6 
 
 f) 
 
 t 
 
 % 
 
 b 
 
 Delaware. . . . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Dist. of Col. . 
 
 6 
 
 lO 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Florida 
 
 8 
 
 lO 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Georgia 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Idaho 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Illinois 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
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 Indian Ter. . . 
 Indiana 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
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 6 
 
 Iowa 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
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 Kansas 
 
 6 
 
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 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 '5 
 
 Louisiana.. .. 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
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 5 
 
 3 
 
 Maine - 
 
 5 
 
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 20 
 
 tt6 
 
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 Maryland. . . . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
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 6 
 
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 20 
 
 6 
 
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 Michigan .... 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
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 7 
 
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 6 
 
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 6 
 
 3 
 
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 6 
 
 8 
 
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 Yts 
 
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 8 
 
 Any 
 
 lO 
 
 8 
 
 
 Nebraska. . . . 
 
 7 
 
 lO 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 4 
 
 Nevada 
 
 7 
 
 Any 
 
 b 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 N. Hampshire 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 New Mexico . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
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 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
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 6 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
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 6 
 
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 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
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 7 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
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 6 
 
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 6 
 
 6 
 
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 b 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
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 b 
 
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 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 SouthCarolina 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 lO 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 South DakoU 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 lO 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 
 b 
 
 6 
 
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 6 
 
 6 
 
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 4 
 
 2 
 
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 8 
 
 Any 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Vermont. . . . 
 
 b 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 «6 
 
 5 
 
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 6 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Washington. . 
 
 6 
 
 I 2 
 
 6 
 
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 3 
 
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 3 
 
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 12 
 
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 5 
 
 8 
 
 >le notes 6: nc 
 
 n-neg 
 
 otiabl 
 
 e 17. 
 
 -Varies by 
 
 *Under seal 10. tNo law. tNeg 
 counties. IIReal estate 20. ttUnder seal 12. $}Under seal 14. 
 
 Days of grace on notes and drafts are given in the following states and territories: 
 Alabama, Arkansas. South Dakota, Georgia, Indian Territory, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas. 
 Kentucky, iJouisiana, Michigan, Minnesota. Mississippi, Missouri. Nebraska, Nevada. New 
 Mexico. North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Wyoming. 
 
 Homestead Laws 
 
 Any person who is the head of a family, or who is 21 years old and is 
 a citizen of the United States or has filed his declaration of intention to 
 become such, and who is not the proprietor of more than 160 acres of 
 land in any state or territory, is entitled to enter one-quarter section 
 ( 1 60 acres) or less quantity of unappropriated public land under the home- 
 stead laws. The applicant must make affidavit that he is entitled to the 
 privileges of the homestead act and that the entry is made for his exclu- 
 sive use and for actual settlement and cultivation, and must pay the legal 
 fee and that part of the commission required, as follows: Fee for 160 
 acres, $10; commission, S4 to Si 2. Fee for eighty acres, $5 ; commission, 
 $2 to $6. Within six months from the date of entry the settler must 
 take up his residence upon the land and cultivate the same for five years 
 continuously. At the expiration of this period, or within two years there- 
 after, proof of residence and cultivation must be established by four wit- 
 nesses. The proof of settlement, with the certificate of the register of the 
 land office, is forwarded to the general land office at Washington, from 
 which a patent is issued. Final proof cannot be made until the expiration 
 of five years from date of entry, and must be made within seven years. 
 The government recognizes no sale of a homestead claim. After the expi- 
 ration of fourteen months from date of entry the law allows the home- 
 steader to secure title to the tract, if so desired, by paying for it in cash 
 and making proof of settlement, residence, and cultivation for that period. 
 
 The law allows only one homestead privilege to any one person. 
 
 92 
 
IHC ALMANAC ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 Simple Interest Table 
 
 Note. — To find the amount of interest at r'a per cent on any given sum, divide the 
 amount given for the same sum in the table at 5 percent by 2; at 3'3 per cent divide the 
 amount at 7 per cent by 2. etc 
 
 Time 
 
 -0 
 
 
 
 
 
 •0 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 g 
 
 
 
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 cent 
 
 
 
 
 Rate per cent 
 
 
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 WHEN MONEY DOUBLES AT INTEREST 
 
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 93 
 
JHC ALMANAC Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 
 
 Customary Doses of Drugs for Farm Animals 
 
 In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. fur pint, lb. for pound, gr. for grain, dr. for 
 dram. dp. for drop. 
 
 Name of Drug 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Horses 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Dogs 
 
 Acetanilid 
 
 Aconite Tincture 
 
 Alcohol (see Brandy) 
 
 Alum 
 
 Ammonia Water 
 
 Ammonia Aromatic 
 
 Aniseed 
 
 Arnica Tincture 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Asafetida Tincture 
 
 Atropine 
 
 Belladonna Fluid Extract . 
 
 Boracic Acid ■ 
 
 Brandy 
 
 Calcium Phosphate 
 
 Calomel 
 
 Camphor Spirit 
 
 Cantharides 
 
 Carbolic Acid 
 
 Castor Oil 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Charcoal 
 
 Chloral Hydrate 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 Cocaine 
 
 Cod Liver Oil 
 
 Copperas 
 
 Copper Sulphate 
 
 Digitalis 
 
 Epsom Salts . . 
 
 Ergot 
 
 Ether 
 
 Fowler's Solution(see Arsenic) 
 
 Gentian 
 
 Ginger. 
 
 Glauber Salts 
 
 Glycerine 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid 
 
 Iodide of Potash 
 
 Ipecac 
 
 Iron Sulphate . . . .• 
 
 Jamaica Ginger 
 
 Laudanum 
 
 Lead Acetate 
 
 Lime Water 
 
 Linseed Oil 
 
 Morphine 
 
 Mustard 
 
 Nitre 
 
 Nux Vomica 
 
 Olive Oil 
 
 Opium (powdered) 
 
 Pepper 
 
 Peppermint Oil 
 
 Potassium Bromide 
 
 Quinine 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 Saltpetre (see Nitre) ... 
 
 Soda 
 
 Spanish Flies (see Cantharides) 
 
 Strychnine 
 
 Subnitrate of Bismuth — 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Turpentine 
 
 2 dr. 
 20—30 dp. 
 
 3-4 dr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 1 . 5 oz. 
 I oz. 
 5 dr. 
 
 3 oz. 
 1-2 gr. 
 I dr. 
 
 3 dr. 
 
 4 OZ. 
 
 I OZ. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 I oz. 
 5-20 gr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1 pt. 
 
 2 oz. 
 1-2 oz. 
 1-2 oz. 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 10 gr. 
 3-8 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 10-60 gr. 
 
 I lb. 
 .5-1 oz. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 8 dr. 
 5-8 dr. 
 i-i.S lb. 
 3-5 oz- 
 2-3 dr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 2 oz. 
 
 2-5 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 4—6 oz. 
 
 1-2 pt. 
 
 S-io gr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 3-8 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 1-2 pt. 
 
 2 dr. 
 2-4 dr. 
 30 dp. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 2 OZ. 
 
 2-3 gr. 
 2 dr. 
 
 .5-1 dr. 
 10 dp. 
 
 40 gr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 5-20 dp. 
 
 .5 oz, 
 
 I -1 5 gr. 
 
 20 dp. 
 
 £0 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 4-8 gr. 
 10-20 dp. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 25 dp. 
 
 3-8 dr. 
 
 20 gr. 
 
 20-30 gr. 
 
 5-1 5 gr. 
 
 1—4 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 Sdr 
 
 11-30 dp. 
 
 10-25 gr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 25 gr. 
 ■ 5 oz. 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 25 gr. 
 
 2 oz. 
 6-12 oz. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 30-40 gr. 
 
 6-25 gr- 
 15-25 gr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 S-io gr. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 -5 oz. 
 
 Va-i gr. 
 
 10-30 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 10-30 dp. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 .5 oz. 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1 oz. 
 .5-1 oz. 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 2 oz. 
 I gr. 
 
 .Sdr. 
 1-3 dr. 
 2-4 oz. 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 I dr. 
 2-4 dr. 
 5-20 gr. 
 .5-2 dr. 
 
 I pt. 
 .5-2 oz. 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1-2 OZ. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 5-10 gr. 
 
 2-6 oz. 
 I dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 10-50 gr. 
 .5-1 lb. 
 .5-1 oz. 
 .5-1 oz. 
 
 4-8 dr. 
 2-8 dr. 
 .5-1 lb. 
 2-5 oz. 
 1-3 dr. 
 .5-2 dr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 1—4 oz. 
 
 I dr. 
 4-6 oz. 
 .5-1 pt. 
 i-io gr. 
 .5-1 oz. 
 1-2 oz. 
 1-2 dr. 
 1-2 pt. 
 1-2 dr. 
 1-3 dr. 
 15-30 dp. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 15-60 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 I oz. 
 
 .5-2 gr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 2-4 oz. 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 .5-1 dr. 
 5 dp. 
 
 40 gr. 
 
 I dr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 5—20 dp. 
 
 2 dr. 
 1-15 gr. 
 
 3 dp. 
 15 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 1*2 dr. 
 5-20 gr. 
 15 dp. 
 4-8 gr. 
 S-iS dp. 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 2-4 dr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 20 dp. 
 
 2-6 dr. 
 
 10 gr. 
 
 20-30 gr, 
 
 3-10 gr. 
 
 I oz. 
 1-2 dr. 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 15-60 gr. 
 
 4 dr. 
 10-20 dp. 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 25 gr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 20 gr. 
 
 5-10 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 10-20 gr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 10-20 gr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 5-10 gr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 3-7 gr. 
 1-3 dp. 
 
 IS gr. 
 
 .sdr. 
 
 20—60 dp. 
 
 IS gr- 
 
 7—20 dp. 
 
 i-S dp. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 1-40 gr. 
 
 I dp. 
 
 8 gr. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 I gr. 
 
 10 dp. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 3-8 dp. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 5-1 dr. 
 
 20-60 gr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 10 dp. 
 
 1-3 dr. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 2 gr. 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 I dr. 
 2S dp. 
 
 40 gr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 S-20 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 S dp. 
 2-8 gr. 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 4 gr. 
 
 20 dp. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 1-8 dr. 
 I oz. 
 
 S-i gr. 
 
 20 gr. 
 S-20 gr. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 1-3 gr. 
 4-IO gr. 
 
 I -s dp. 
 5-50 gr. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 5-10 gr. 
 
 20-50 gr. 
 
 3-10 gr. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 20-50 dp. 
 
 94 
 
^JHC ALMANAC '^ EKCY CLOPEDIA^^^t- 
 Incubation and Gestation Tables 
 
 Guinea fowls 28 days 
 
 Pheasants 25 days 
 
 Ostriches 40-42 days 
 
 Chickens 20-22 days 
 
 Geese 28-34 days 
 
 Ducks 28 days 
 
 Turkeys 27-29 days 
 
 The period of gestation in animals varies considerably, but the follow- 
 ing is an average period based on a long series of observations: 
 
 Elephant 2 years Goat 5 months 
 
 Camel 1 1-12 months Pig 3J2' months 
 
 Ass . . . 
 Mare . . 
 Cow.. 
 Sheep . 
 
 1 2 months Bitch 9 weeks 
 
 1 1 months Cat 8 weeks 
 
 9 months Rabbit 30 days 
 
 5 months Guinea pig 65 days 
 
 Advantages of Feeding Ground Grain 
 
 Prof. W. J. Kennedy of the Iowa State College, in an article in the 
 Farmer's Tribune on the subject of grinding feed for live stock, says: 
 
 "A careful study of the experiments conducted by the various experi- 
 ment stations, and under a variety of conditions with different classes of 
 stock, has invariably shown that it requires less ground grain to produce 
 a given amount of milk, meat, or 
 work than it does when whole or 
 unground grain is used. In some 
 instances the difference is as high 
 as 35 per cent. 
 
 Use an International grinder. 
 The International feed grinder is 
 built in two styles. One style is 
 designed especially for grin4ing 
 com on the cob ; however, it will 
 also grind wheat, barley, oats, Kafir 
 com, etc. This mill is built in two 
 sizes — with 8-inch and with lo-inch 
 grinding plates. The other style is 
 designed for grinding small grain 
 only, and is built in one size with 
 8-inch grinding plates. 
 
 Dehorning Calves 
 
 Taking horns off yearling or older cattle is a hard shock to them. 
 It costs a week's feed, and may cost much more. It is very easy to 
 prevent the horns starting, requiring only thoughtful attention for a 
 few minutes before the horns have come through the skin. 
 
 The following recipe has never failed: Procure common powdered 
 concentrated lye, such as all housewives use. A lo-cent can will dehorn 
 100 calves. When the calf is a week or more old, before the horn has 
 come through the skin, and when you can feel it in the shape of a little 
 button under the skin, take the calf in hand. Lay him gently on hie 
 side. Spit on the little bump and rub it in with your finger, till a place 
 is wet as big as a silver quarter of a dollar. Don't wet anywhere else. 
 Take your knife and lift out dry the powdered lye, as much as two grains 
 of corn. Press it down on the wet place. It will siick there. Treat 
 the other side in the same manner. Let the calf go. It won't hurt him 
 much, or long. A scab forms; do not touch it. It will peel off after a 
 time, and the hair will grow over the place , you will have a fine smootli 
 head, equal to a natural polled head. 
 
 95 
 
Do You Want to Keep Posted? 
 
 Then fill in the information requested in this sheet, 
 tear it out along the dotted lines and mail to us promptly. 
 We will keep your name on our mailing list and send 
 you, free of charge, new reading matter which we issue 
 from time to time, relating to agriculture and to new 
 farm machines which will enable you to farm with less 
 expense — less work. 
 
 This Places You Under No Obligation 
 
 Name R.F.D 
 
 P. O State 
 
 How many acres do you farm? 
 
 How much stock do you keep? 
 
 Horses Hogs Sheep 
 
 Cattle, of which are Milch Cows. 
 
 Do you use a Gasoline Engine? 
 
 Manure Spreader? 
 
 Cream Separator? 
 
 Hay Press? 
 
 Feed Grinder? 
 
 Gasoline Tractor? 
 
 Auto Wagon? 
 
 ^ 
 
 Indicate L y a check mark < thus V i the literature you would like to receive 
 
 Check 
 
 
 Check 
 
 
 Here 
 
 
 Here 
 
 
 
 Gasoline entwine literature 
 
 
 Header binder literature 
 
 
 Gasoline traction engine 
 
 
 Header literature 
 
 
 literature 
 
 
 Thresher literature 
 
 
 Gasoline spraying engine 
 
 
 Mower literature 
 
 
 literature 
 
 
 Rake literature 
 
 
 Cream separator literature 
 
 
 Sweep rake literature 
 
 
 Manure spreader litera- 
 
 
 Hay stacker literature 
 
 
 ture 
 
 
 Side delivery rake lit 
 
 
 Hay press literature 
 
 
 erature 
 
 
 Feed grinder literature 
 
 
 Tedder literature 
 
 
 Wagon literature 
 
 
 Hay loader literature 
 
 
 Disk harrow literature 
 
 
 Com binder literature 
 
 
 Peg tooth* harrow lit- 
 
 
 Shredder literature 
 
 
 erature 
 
 
 Corn picker literature 
 
 
 Spring tooth harrow lit^ 
 
 
 Corn sheller literature 
 
 
 erature 
 
 
 Auto wagon literature 
 
 
 Cultivator literature 
 
 
 Thrift Land Booklet 
 
 
 Binder literature 
 
 
 
 
 g^ 
 
 International Harvester Company of America 
 
 (Incorporated) 
 
 Chicago USA 
 
We here renew the invitation to farmers, and all 
 others interested in the farm, to make free use of the 
 I H C Service Bureau. Let it help you solve some of 
 your crop, dairy, fruit, and stock problems. When 
 you have a question that needs an answer, send it along 
 to the Bureau, which is in the Harvester Building, Chicago, 
 and when you have an answer that may fit some fellow's 
 question, send that along too. 
 
 We are all working toward the same end — bigger and 
 better crops — so we had just as well work together. 
 The Bureau has gathered a lot of valuable information 
 — it is still gathering — and we employ some agricul- 
 turists who are cooperating with other agriculturists. 
 The service is accurate, and is worth using liberally. 
 
 To help in the work we would like to have you check 
 in the information asked in the table below: 
 
 ^ 
 
 I already have in use machines I have checked ^ to left of article 
 
 Check 
 
 
 Check 
 
 
 Here 
 
 
 Here 
 
 
 
 Gasoline engine 
 
 
 Header 
 
 
 Traction engine 
 
 
 Thresher 
 
 
 Cream separator 
 
 
 Mower (old) (new) 
 
 
 Manure spreader 
 
 
 Rakes (old) (new) 
 
 
 Hay press 
 
 
 Sweep rakes 
 
 
 Feed grinder 
 
 
 Hay stackers 
 
 
 Wagons (old) (new) 
 
 
 Side del. rakes 
 
 
 Farm trucks 
 
 
 Tedder 
 
 
 Disk harrow 
 
 
 Hay loader 
 
 
 Peg tooth harrow 
 
 
 Com binder 
 
 
 Spring tooth harrow 
 
 
 Shredder 
 
 
 Cultivator 
 
 
 Com picker 
 
 
 Binder {old )(new) 
 
 
 Corn sheller 
 
 
 Header binder 
 
 
 Auto wagon 
 
 Fill in Name of Your I.mple.ment Dealer: 
 
 Name 
 
 1^ 
 
 Town State 
 
 m 
 
The I H C Line includes: 
 
 CHAMPION DEERING NFCORMICK 
 
 MILV/AUKEE ■ OSBORNE • PLANO 
 
 HARVESTING 6- H AYING M ACHINES &TOOLS 
 
 TILLAGE IMPLE MENTS 
 
 KEYSTONE SHEL LERS. HAY LOADERS.RAKES 
 
 GASOLINE ENGINES, HAV PRESSES, 
 
 FEED GRINDERS, AUTO BUGGIES. 
 
 AUTO^VAGONS AND RO.\DSTERS, 
 
 DAIRVMAID AND BLUEBELL CREAM 
 
 HARVESTERS, CORN KING. CLOVERLEAF 
 
 &- KEMP20^-H CENTURY MANURE SPREADERS. 
 
 WEBER. COLUMBUS, NEW BETTENDORF 
 
 & STEEL KING WAGONS, BUCKEYE 
 
 G- STERLING FARM TRUCKS. 
 
 THRESHERS, BINDER TWINE 
 
/ 
 

 
 rR 
 
 l/;;^;;ife,!ftfi'^^^^^ 
 
 'tj^-^%.