UMASS/AMHERST 312066 0315 3823 9 i" ' j^ Z' C ( '^' ^@mt^ A COMPENDIUM OF THE Census of Massachusetts; 1875. PREPARED BY CAREOLL D. WEIGHT, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor. BOSTON : ALBERT J. WRIGHT, STATE PRINTER, 79 Milk Street (corner of Federal). 1877. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Letter of transmittal to Legislature, 1, 2 lutroductiou, 3-17 Part L Population and Social Statistics. Population and Sex, 21-34 Population and Sex, by Towns and Cities, 22-26 Gain and loss, 1865 and 1875, in 34 Towns and Cities, .... 27 Gain in the 19 Cities since 1865, 28 Increase in 200 Towns and Cities, 29 Decrease in 142 Towns, 29 Percentages of increase and decrease, for the Counties and State, . 30 Censuses of Population during 100 years, 31 Percentages of gain during 100 years, 32 Population computed for each year, 1865 to 1875, 33 Population, estimated, 1875 to 1885, 33 Population per square mile in Massachusetts, and foreign countries, . 33, 34 Polls and Voters, 34, 35 Families and Dwelling-houses, 35 Size of Families, 35, 36 Color and Race, 37 Conjugal Condition, 38, 39 Ages, 39-42 Ages, each month and year, 39, 40 Dependent and Productive Ages, 41 Place of Birth, 42 Foreign Born, by Nationalities, 43 Nativities, with Ages : Aliens, 43-50 Nativities, with Ages, 43, 44 Nativity of Population, 1855, 1865 and 1875, 45, 46 Foreign Population, 1855, 1865 and 1875, 46 Foreign Population in leading manufacturing towns, 1875, ... 47, 48 Native and Foreign born, by Ages, 48 Emigration to and from others of the United States, 1860 and 1870, . 49, 50 Births : Nativities of Mothers, 50-57 Nativities of Mothers, and number of Births to each, .... 50-53 Average number of Births to Mothers of different nationalities, . . 53, 54 Percentage of American and Foreign Living Births in each of the years, 1867 to 1874, 54 Parent Nativity of all Deceased in 1874, 55 Parent Nativity of Decedents, 1867 to 1874, 55-57 IV CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Page Blind, Deaf, Dumb, Deaf aucl Dumb, Idiotic and Insane, 57-64 Deaf, Dumb, etc., with Sex, 57, 58 Ages of the Blind, 59 Causes of blindness, 59, 60 Ages of the Deaf, 60 Canses of deafness, 60, 61 Ages of the Deaf and Dumb, 61 Causes of deaf-mutism, 61, 62 Ages of the Idiotic, 62 Causes of idiocy, 62 Ages of the Insane, 63 Causes of insanity, 63, 64 Paupers and Convicts, 64-76 Paupers and Convicts, with Sex, 64 Paupers and Convicts, by Place of Birth, 64-66 Causes of Pauperism, with Ages, 66-68 Conjugal Condition of Paupers, 68 Illiteracy of Pau^iers, 69 Ages of Paupers, 69 Ages of Illiterate Paupers, 70 Place of birth of Illiterate Paupers, 70 Birthplaces of Convicts, 70, 71 Causes of Imprisonment, 71-73 Conjugal Condition of Convicts, 74 Ages of Convicts, 74 Illiteracy of Convicts, 75 Ages of Illiterate Convicts, 75 Place of Birth of Illiterate Convicts, 75, 76 Occupations, 76-86 Classified Occupations, 76, 77 Occupations, by Name, 78-80 Occupations, by Name, with Ages, 80-82 Productive and Dependent Ages, 85 Engaged in leading industries, 85, 86 Schools and School Property, 86, 87 School Attendance, 87-90 Kind of School attended, . 88 Children at Work and at School, 90, 91 lUiteracy, 91-94 Illiteracy, with Sex, Age and Nativity, 91, 92 Illiteracy, by Place of Birth, 93, 94 Libraries, 94-96 Number of Libraries, 95 Volumes, Circulation, etc., 95 Private Libraries, 96 Part II. Manufactures and Occupations. General subdiAdsions of Manufactures, General subdivisions of Related Occupations, . Manufactures and Related Occupations, Increase in Manufactures in 73 Cities and Towns, 99 100 102, 103 104, 105 CONTENTS. V Page Manufactures and Occupations, by Name, . 106-126 Manufactures, by Name, 106-122 Occupations, by Name, 122-125 Eecapitulation of Aggregates, 125, 126 Principal Industries, 127, 128 Principal Manufactures for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875, 129-134 Stock Used : by Industries, 136-138 Selected Stock, 139 Values of Buildings, Stock on Hand and Machinery, 139 Values of Buildings, etc., by Industries, 140, 141 Motive Power, 141, 142 Steam and Water Power, 142 Steam and Water Power : by Industries, 142-144 Steam Power, 142, 143 Water Power, 144 Persons Employed in Manufactures and Occupations, with Age, Sex, etc., . 146, 147 Manufactures, 146 Occupations, 147 Manufactures and Occupations, 147 Persons Employed and Wages, . 149 Average Yearly Wages, . 149 Persons Employed in Manufactures and Occupations, by Industries, with Sex, Age, Wages, etc., 150-156 Persons Employed, with Sex and Ages, 151, 152 Average Yearly and Total Wages, 153, 154 Number of Day and Piece Hands, 155, 156 Summary of the General Statistics of Manufactures, 158 Summary of Manufactures : by Industries, 159-161 Basis for Estimated Wages, 162-164 Special Statistics of Manufactures and Related Occupations, .... 164-171 Machinery for Cotton, Woollen and Worsted Goods, . 164 Saws, Vats, Paper Engines and Machines and Euns of Stone, 164,165 Kinds of Saws in Lumber Mills, 165 Capacities of Vats in Tanneries, 165 Capacity of Paper Engines, and kinds of Paper Ma- chines, 165 Newspapers, 166-168 Number by Periods of Issue, 166 Circulation by Periods of Issue, 166 Objects to which devoted, 166, 167 Date of establishment, 168 Gas Companies, 168 Ship Building, 169 Kinds of Vessels Built, 169 Women furnished with Work at Home, .... 169, 170 Fishing, 171-174 Classification of Products, by Name, 172, 173 Coastwise and Ocean Commerce, 174, 175 Kinds of Vessels engaged, 174, 175 Commerce of Boston, 176 Publishing, 176 VI CENSUS OF MASS. -1875. COMPENDIUM. Page Eeservoirs, 176 Team Work, 176, 177 Manufactures and Occupations for 1865, . . . . . . . . 177 Manufactures, 177 Occupations, 177 FisMng and Commerce for 1865, 178 Massachusetts Manufactories : Persons Employed in each Story, and their Means of Escape in case of Fire, 178-194 Persons Employed in each Story, 179, 180 Persons Employed in each Establishment, 181, 182 Persons Employed as Regards Size of Establishment, .... 182, 183 Height of Buildings, and Persons Employed, 184, 185 Means of Escape (2d Story and above), 186-192 Doors, 193 Height of Buildings used as Manufactories ; Attics, Basements, etc., . 193, 194 Part III. Agriculturax Products and Property. Domestic and Agricultural Products, 198 Domestic and Agricultural Products, by Name, 199-208 Domestic Products, 199-201 Agricultural Products, 201-204 Agricultural Products (with Acreage), 204 Agricultural Products, by Counties (with Acreage), .... 205-208 Principal Products for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875, 209-214 Domestic Products, 209 Agricultural Products, 209-214 Farm Property, 216-224 Farms, 217 Buildings, 217 Land, 218,219 Fruit Trees and Vines, 219, 220 Domestic Animals, .* 220-222 Recapitulations of Aggregates, 222-224 Average Acreage and Average Value of Farms, 224 Acreage and Average Value per acre of Market-Gardens, .... 225, 226 Size of Farms, 226, 227 Farms in Cities, 228 Land in Farms in 1865 and 1875, 228 Area of the State, 229 Value of Farm Land in Towns and in Cities, 230-232 Cultivated Land, 230 Unimproved Land, 230 Unimprovable Laud, 231 Woodland 231 Farm Land in Cities, 232 Persons Employed in Agriculture, with Ages, Wages, etc., .... 232 Mines, Quarries, Pits, etc., 234, 235 Products of Mining, etc., by Name, 234 Quarrying, 235 Valuation, Property, etc., for 1865, 235, 236 co:n'tents. vii Page Products and Property, by Name, for 1865, 237-240 Domestic Products, 237 Agricultural Products, 237, 238 Agricultural Products (with Acreage), . . . . , . . 239 Mining Products, 239 Farms, 239 Land, 240 Fruit Trees and Vines, 240 Domestic Animals, 240 Part IV. Wage and Salary Receivers. Explanation of inquiries made of Wage and Salary Receivers, . . . 245-248 Number answering inquiries, 249 Yearly Wages of Wage Receivers, 250 Occupations of Wage Receivers, 252-260 Presentation by Schedule Questions, for the State, Wage Receivers, . , 260, 261 Exhibit of County Averages, 261-263 Remarks upon County Averages, 263-270 Exhibit of State Averages, 270-276 Occupations of Salary Receivers, 277 Presentation by Schedule Questions, for the State, Salary Receivers, . . 278 Exhibit of County Averages, 278-280 Remarks upon County Averages, 280-284 Appendix. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1875, .... 287-299 Aggregates of Polls, Valuation, Taxes, etc., for 15 years, 1861-1875, . . 300, 301 Notes on Incorporatioa of Counties, Cities and Towns ; Unusual Changes in Population, with causes for same, etc. ; Changes in Town Names, Bounda- ries, etc., 302-321 Commontocaltb: of IHiissacbuscffs, Au OP Statistics of Labor, > Square, Boston, June 1, 1877./ Office of Bureau of Statistics of Labor, No. 33 Pemherton To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. The results of the Census of Massachusetts for 1875, comprised in four vohimes, have been hiicl before the Legislature. The first volume, designated Volume I., in the Census series, is entitled "Population and Social Statistics," and was published in October, 1876. Volume II. is entitled "Manufactures and Occupa- tions," and was published in May, 1877. Volume III. is entitled " Agricultural Products and Property," and was published in Decem- ber, 1876. The fourth volume (not in the Census series) was pub- lished in May, 1876, as the Seventh Annual Report of tliis Bureau, and consisted of the tal)ulatioiis derived from what was known as the Individual Schedule, relating entirely to the condition of those persons engaged in wage labor aiyl in salaried positions. Averages only resulted from the returns (see Part IV. this volume), but they are exceedingly valuable and interesting when used in comparison with the tallies in Volume II. The Fisheries returns are contained in Volume II., and the Mining returns in Volume III. Besides the volumes mentioned above, one entitled "The Census System of Massachusetts for 1875," prepared more especially for the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, has been issued, and contains all schedules, blanks, instructions, circulars, forms and methods of tabulation, etc., employed in prosecuting the work of the Decennial Census of the State. Inasmuch as this Census has been taken under a system never before attempted upon any considerable scale in this, and only partially in any country, it was thought best to preserve all these matters in permanent form, and to that end the principal portion of the "Census System" volume was printed at the time of use, or from stereotype plates in the possession of the State. The "Census System" is not, of course, for general distribution; but any one engaged in kindred work can be supplied on application. 2 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. The Legislature of 1877, by Resolve, chapter 38, authorized the preparation of this Compendium, to meet the wants of those who do not care for the details by towns which make the Census volumes so bulky. This Compendium contains aggregates. State and county, of all presentations in Volumes I., II. and III. of the Census, with all the matter in the introductions to those volumes, and the most valua- ble features of the seventh Report of this Bureau. Some of the most important showings are also given by towns ; for instance, popu- lation and sex, and aggregates of products. These matters will be presented under sub-titles corresponding to the titles of the different volumes ; that is, Part I. takes the place of Volume I., etc. We wish to acknowledge the valuable aid rendered by Dr. Edward Jarvis, of Boston, and the encouragement we have received, in estab- lishing and carrying out the new methods which have been employed, from General F. A. Walker, of New Haven. Mr. Charles F. Pidgin, chief clerk, has been of invaluable service in all matters of forms, tabulations and presentations, while Mr. Oren W. Weaver has contributed largely to the success of the Census by his labor in proof reading and verifying results, and the literary assistance he has rendered from the first. In the make-up of the volumes, the experience of the State Printers has been of inestimable value, and they have given far more thought and care to the satisfactory presentation o'f the various matters, than could legitimately be expected of them. We can not speak in too high terms of the enumerators, and of our clerical force ; nor should we close without thanking the manu- facturers and farmers of the State, who have so generally aided in making the Census of Industries more complete than our own expectations demanded. The system under which the Decennial Census of Massachusetts for 1875 was taken, is such a radical departure from that of the past, that a brief account of it is given in the introduction to this volume. The results of the new plans have fully justified their adoption. Respectfully submitted, CARROLL D. WRIGHT, Chief. INTRODUCTION. Censuses of the people, relating to but few particulars, have been taken at various times. There were colonial censuses in 1754, 1765 and 1776, and state censuses were ordered in 1837, 1840 and 1850. The census has, also, been taken in INIassachusetts under the national government, each tenth year, since 1790. The regular decennial enumeration of the inhabitants, under state authorization, was begun in 1855, in connection with the collection of the industrial statistics, which were also gathered in 1837, 1845, 1855 and 1865. Thus the present is the fifth census of the industrial statistics of the State, and the third constitutional decennial enumeration of the people. A brief sketch of the recent censuses taken under the authority of the State will show the necessity of a change in methods, and secure a better comprehension of the reasons which governed the officers of the Bureau in their endeavors to give the Commonwealth the best possible results for the great outlay essential to a proper prosecution of their duties. The Legislature of 1837 passed a law [chapter 199] entitled "An Act to obtain statistical information in relation to certain branches of industry," the first section of which states, that "the assessors of each town in the Commonwealth shall, between the first day of May and the first day of October next, make a return to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, of the following facts, as they exist in each town on the first day of April preceding." The remainder of the section specifies the facts desired. They are, substantially, the quantity and value of stock used, of goods manufactured, of capital invested, and hands employed, for about forty industries which are enumerated by name, and which were at that time, doubtless, the principal industries carried on in the State. A saving clause provides for obtaining the same facts respecting any "other industries." By this Act, the prod- ucts of the soil were not asked for. The only productive property inquired about, were Saxony, merino and other sheep ; and the ques- tions were in respect to the number of each breed, and to the quan- tity of each kind of wool produced, " the average weight of fleece per 4: ce:n'sus of mass. — ists. compendium. head," the vahie of the product, and the capital invested. Inquiries were provided respecting the fisheries of the State, such as the num- ber of vessels engaged in fishing, their tonnage, the kind, quantity and value of the fish caught, and of salt consumed. Section 4 declares that " each assessor shall receive from the treasury of the Common- wealth, one dollar and twenty-five cents a day for every day that he shall be employed in making the return aforesaid"; section 6, that " if the assessors of any town shall wilfidly neglect to make the return aforesaid, in the manner aforesaid, such assessors shall forfeit to the Commonwealth a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars." No part of the Act authorizes the use of a legal process to enforce the ol)liga- tions laid upon assessors, it either being considered that compulsion was unnecessary in a work of such general usefulness to all, or that, as the native New Englander has always been impatient of much interference with what he is pleased to term " private rights," it was thought expedient to trust to the good sense and discretion of the assessors to elicit, in the most practicable way, the information desired. It is probable that the latter was the chief reason for leaving the Act in this comparatively inoperative state. March 21, 1845, an Act [chapter 171] was passed, having the same title as the preceding, and similar in form, authorizing the collection of industrial statistics in that year, the facts to be presented " as they exist in each city or town, on the first day of April next." This Act differed in no way from that of 1837, — the language employed, even, being identical with it, — except that additions were made to the heads of industries enumerated, making the number mentioned aliout ninety, inclusive of some having reference to products and productive prop- erty. The principal items in the latter class, are certain domestic animals, such as horses, asses, mules, neat cattle and swine, of which the number and value were asked. In regard to agricultural products, the quantity raised and the value of the following were called for : Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, "potatoes and other esculent vegetables," hay, hemp, flax, hops, tobacco, raw silk, teasels, "fruit of various kinds," butter, cheese, honey and beeswax. May 21, 1855, an Act was passed, having the same title as the two preceding, making provision for again gathering statistics of "indus- try" in the Commonwealth, a decade having elapsed since the previous census was taken, and it being the intermediary year between the decennial censuses taken by the national government. This Act required "the facts as they exist on the first day of June next," INTRODUCTION. 5 instead of April, as had Ijeeii required by the former Acts, and it was provided that assessors should be paid two dollars per day,' instead of one dollar and a quarter. Otherwise there was hardly a chanii'e in the whole text of the Act. April 24, 1865, there was passed "an Act to obtain the industrial statistics of the Commonwealth " [chapter 146] , the first section of which provided that "the aldermen of each city, and the selectmen of each town in the Commonwealth, shall, between the first day of May and the first day of September, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and also, between the first day of May and the first day of September in every tenth year thereafter, make to the Secretary of the Commonwealth the returns hereinafter specified," such returns being required to relate to the facts as they exist on said first day of May, or to the facts for the year ending on that day. By this Act, it is seen that the collection of the statistics was transferred from assessors to the aldermen of cities and the selectmen of towns. This change was made, doubtless, to secure greater fulness and accuracy in the returns. The Secretary of the Commonwealth, in his letter submitting to the Senate a statement of the statistics of 1855, says ; "It is next to impossible for the tax-payer, when called upon by the assessors to answer such questions as were propounded under the law, to divest his mind of the impression of an intimate connection between his answers and the assessment of his taxes ; hence the general ten- dency to understate results, and an absolute refusal, in numerous instances, to answer at all." The Act of 1865 makes a third change in the date to which the statistics should relate, fixing it as the first day of May. Section 5 provides that " if any person shall refuse to give the information required in said first section, he shall forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars." The general inquiries provided by this Act were substantially the same as for the Acts of 1837, 1845 and 1855 ; but the specific heads of "industries" (as by a legislative misnomer the statistics of the Commonwealth haA^e con- tinued to be called), respecting which the information was desired, were increased to two hundred and seventeen, nearly one-third of which had reference to the land and its products, domestic animals and fisheries. Section 2 of the Act passed May 21, 1855, entitled "An Act to secure a Decennial Census," specifies that "this enumeration shall distinguish the males and the females, and the color of each ; the natives and the foreigners, and of the latter, the country in which 6 . CENSUS OF MASS. — 1ST5. COMPEXDIUM. they were born ; and it shall determine the ages of the population within decennial periods." The occupations of the people, the num- ber of dwellings, the number of families, and the number of deaf, dumb, blind, insane and idiotic persons, and of convicts, were also determined. The decennial census of 1865 was taken under authority of chapter 69 of that year. This Act is still operative, and formed the authority under which the present work has been done, so far as it relates to the enumeration of the people. The industrial statistics of 1875 were collected in accordance with chapter 146 of 1865, as amended by chapter 386 of 1874. There was no schedule of heads of industries incorporated in this latter Act ; but section 3 provides that the Bureau of Statistics of Labor shall revise the schedule of 1865, and also make such alterations and addi- tions as the Secretary of the Board of Education, the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, and the Insurance Coilimissioner should sug- gest, and that such revised schedule should be laid before the Gov- ernor and Council, on or before the first day of December following, and when approved by them, should be substituted for the schedule of 1865. In compliance with this law, the officers of the Bureau, to whom was committed the duty of securing the enforcement of its provisions, prepared the "Industrial Statistics Schedule for 1875." December 12, 1874, it was submitted to the Governor and Council and was l)y them referred to a special committee,' which, ten days later, reported, recommending its approval. It was immediately approved, and, with the unrepealed portions of chapters 69 and 146 of 1865, formed the complete authority under which the census of the people and statistics of industries, products, etc., of 1875, were taken. This " Industrial Statistics Scliedule " is contained in full in the " Census System" volume referred to. In previous decades, there had been considerable dissatisfaction among statisticians, on account of the inexactness and incompleteness of the information obtained. But how to provide for securing inform- ation fuller and more exact, is easier to be seen now, than foreseen then. In future years, it will doubtless be an easy matter to perform a work of this kind, so that far more satisfactory results even than the present shall be obtained. The causes of miscarriage, hitherto, seem to have lain mainly in five points : firstly, that the work was done l^y assessors ; secondly, that they were not properly instructed how to do it ; thirdly, that the people themselves were wholly uninstructed ; INTRODUCTION. 7 fourthly, that hundreds of industries and products were not inquired about specifically, but only as " other industries " ; fifthly, that the people were not compelled to reply. In regard to the first, it is plain that, from the very nature of their duties, there could be no more ill-chosen men for such a work, than those whose business it is, under other laws, to appraise property and assess taxes. In regard to the second, the instructions and blanks which they received for carrying out the work were the meagre and ill-digested products of hasty legis- lation, the best that could be prepared, no doubt, under the circum- stances, but none the less imperfect and poorly calculated to secure valuable results ; for instance, the schedule for 1845 contained inquiries respecting carcU, without mentioning whether playing, visiting, wool or animal cards were meant. In regard to the third, the people were, to a great extent, ignorant of the scientific, political and economic objects of such a work, and consequently suspicious of the uses to which the information would be put. In regard to the fourth, hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of manufactures were returned in 1845 and 1855 simply as "other industries," and in 1865, about thirteen millions of dollars' worth were so returned. In regard to the fifth, it could scarcely be expected that there would be universal compliance with a law which provided no punitive means to secure it, and which was, therefore, in the nature of a recommendation, rather than a demand. There were various other causes which more or less afiected the value of the results. Some assessors made no return of industries not inquired for by name. On many of the blanks, notably in 1845, but a single question would be answered, and in the work of tabulation, estimates inserted. In view of all these facts, it was deemed essential that the schedule for 1875 should be prepared with the utmost care. The principal features of divergence from former schedules are as follows : its classification of subjects into manufactures, occupations, products and property ; the uniformity of all queries in each division ; the minute specification, under each general head, of the subjects inquired about. The exchange of commodities by trade, and the valuation of property, were beyond the pale of the law. The ol^ject desired was the ^>»ro- duction of the State and the condition of its people, and investigation showed that the former was all included under the four divisions mentioned. The first division contains fifty general heads, and one thousand and seventy-six special ; the second contains three general, and eighty-six special ; the third, two general, and one hundred and 8 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. twenty-five special ; the fourth, three general, and fifty special. The entire number of special heads, that is, reference to things by name, is one thousand three hundred and thirty-seven. Experience has shown that too much care can not be exercised in the form of a ques- tion which it is desirable should be undei'stood alike by thousands of persons. What was intended to lie the same question in the schedules of some former censuses, is asked in as many as fifteen different ways. While such literary carelessness can not be admired, it would yet be hypercritical to notice it, were it not that the various writings received various interpretations, and produced results sometimes difterent from what was intended. In the second, third and fourth divisions, the same regard was paid to exactness and agreement in the queries. In the whole list of questions, the same care was exercised that each shoidd express exactly what was meant. In spite of all the thought given to these apparently trifling matters, it lia})pened that misappre- hension arose in regard to the intent of some of them. The inquiries so far considered, relate to the first object to be attained by the work, — the 2)roduction of the State. The second object — the condition of its peojtle — is provided for by thirty-four supplemental questions, relating to persons employed in the manufact- ures enumerated, by forty-two relating to persons employed in the occupations enumerated, and by certain special inquiries. These latter embrace twenty-six inquiries, relating mainly to employers and their establishments, twenty-four relating to individuals, eighteen submitted by the Secretary of the Board of Education, and three sul)mitted by the Insurance Commissioner. The whole number of inquiries amount to two hundred and eighty-five. There were four- teen inquiries (by sul) divisions, making nineteen) relating to the enumeration of the people, which formed a portion of the law of 1865, and are still operative. The whole numlier of different questions asked, then, by this census, is three hundred and four. Of course these did not all apply to any one individual, but that number of difterent inquiries was requisite to meet all cases in all industries and in all conditions. The whole number of topics inquired a\)out, as has been stated, was one thousand three hundred and thirty-seven. In regard to the third principal feature of divergence from the schedules of former years, — the minute specification, under each general head, of the subjects inquired about, — a few words will be of value, in order to show how this object was attained. An examina- INTEODUCTION". 9 tion of the previous reports of decennial statistics will show plainly, that if the system inaugurated in 1837 of enumerating subjects about "which inquiry should be made was to be continued, as it has been in all censuses since, including the present, too much particularity could not be employed. There is no doubt but manufactures and products, amounting to large sums, have not been returned in former years, and, in many cases, this was owing to there being no inquiry for the thing by name. In the preparation of the schedule for this census, fulness of detail was attained by the following means : 'A printed list of the articles manufactured and the products raised, mentioned in the schedule of 1865, was prepared and sent to the assessors of every town and city, with a request to add the names of all manufactures or products belonging to their respective towns or cities not appearing thereon. Large additions were obtained in this way. Recourse was then had to the census statistics of other States and countries, to gazetteers, directories, the trade lists of mercantile houses, the adver- tising columns of newspapers, to the publications of florists and nurserymen, agricultural and other works devoted to special lines of inquiry, and to many more sources which it is not necessary to par- ticularize, from each of which the names of new industries or products, known to pertain to some part of the State, were acquired. The Industrial Statistics Schedule, upon its approval by the Gov- ernor and Council, became not only part of the laws of 1865 and 1874, — chapters 146 and 386 respiectively, — but the basis of work. Every inquiry in it is to be found on some one of the six schedules or blanks afterwards issued, and no others appear on them, with jjerhaps one or two exceptions. In April, 1875, the active work of the Census l)egan. Six blanks, or, as they have been invariably termed by all engaged in the work, schedules, were prepared for distri])ution. These blanks, or "prior schedules," were denominated the Family, Individual, Manuf^ictures, Occupation, Products and Property, and Special Schedules, and their names sufficiently indicate their use. The Family Schedule was accompanied by a sheet of instructions to the head of the family. Enumerators were appointed under authority of chapter 37, Ee- solves of 1875, the persons appointed first having been approved by the mayor and aldermen of cities or the selectmen of towns. The enumerators were assigned their districts, supplied with blanks, in- structions, record-books, etc., and began their field work early in May, 1875. The work was prosecuted with diligence, and the results 2 10 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. of the enumeration of the people, polls, voters and dwelling-houses reported to the Secretary of State, Septeml^er first, as the law demands. On the completion of their labors, enumerators responded to a set of inquiries as to their work, forwarding the replies to this oflice. By these replies, it appeared that thirty-six and three-fourths per cent of heads of families filled out the family schedule without assistance from the enumerators. The testimony respecting the accuracy of the enu- meration was universal in its favor. There was occasional reference to some migratory family, whose wanderings had defeated the endeavors of the census taker ; but these cases were apparently very few. The enumerator gave the causes for any unusual growth or decrease of population. He was obliged to serve penalty notices in all cases of absolute refusal to fill blanks, or give information which would enable the enumerator to do so. The returns of industries were not generally made till September and October, while a few were not received till later. Full returns were received from every town in the Commonwealth. Tabulation commenced as soon as returns began to be received, in any quantity, on July 6, 1875, and was constantly pushed to the close. As the blanks upon which returns were made were new in their construction, tabulation, of course, involved new methods, and a sys- tem was evolved, not describable w^ithout forms, by which work was rapidly done, a single clerk actually checking thirty thousand names in six hours. This system is fully described in the " Census System" volume already referred to. The aim has been, in all the volumes, to make every presentation simple and capable of being comprehended at once, and we feel con- fident that the various plans of tables will meet the approval of all having occasion to study them. All points have been thoroughly proven, and if errors are discovered, they are entirely accidental. The system of proof has been exceedingly searching, and the result is gratifjang. When the total population was obtained and proven, the number, 1,651,912, was taken as the basis, and all other points tabu- lated with that. To illustrate : the tabulation of occupations should mathematically account for every man, woman and child in the State ; practically, had it come within five thousand, it would have been con- sidered accurate for census purposes ; in reality, we had over twenty different clerks engaged upon the same tabulation, and the footings of the several parts of the whole showed a numl)er in all occupations, INTRODUCTION". 11 considering conditions, as paupers, convicts, students, etc., for the time as people engaged in occupations, only forty-three out of the way. The same accuracy has been secured by the system of answers and tabulations of same in all matters. Failures in the collection of information will be carefully pointed out in each Part, and causes fully o-iven. The greatest difficulty experienced in making the various presenta- tions has ])een to close them ; so many and such varied manipulations of the returns come to mind, by which valuable and exceedingly interesting showings might be made, that the question has not been, "What can we do?" but, "What can we leave undone?" As it is, we have carried tabulation to as full an extent as we felt warranted in doing, but have left many points, of value to the social scientist, for the succeeding reports of the Bureau, where they would be more appropriate. The feature that distinguishes the present decennial census of the population, of industries, etc., of Massachusetts, from all preceding, is, that written replies to printed questions on properly prepared blanks have been required from the people ; whereas, hitherto, ques- tions have been proposed and answered verbally. The advantages of this method are important, and the disadvantages no greater than under the other. The advantages are, superior accuracy, a saving of time, and a reflex action upon the people themselves, who are, by it, informed in much larger measure in regard to the uses, scientific, economical and political, to which statistical facts can be applied. It certainly is not the least of its advantages, that it is liighly educa- tional. By this plan, also, every intelligent person who desires to further the interests of the State has ample time to prepare answers to all the inquiries made of him. Exact statements will thus be secured generally, in place of the mere guesses of the old method : fur the business man, overtaken in the midst of business by the old-time census gatherer, will get rid of him as quickly as possible ; but if he can have a few days' time, he will fill out, or cause to be filled out, correctly, the answers to a printed list of queries. A saving of time, therefore, in the enumeration, is sure to result. By this system, the central office is put iu possession of the name and residence of every one who fills, personally or by proxy, a blank of any kind, accompanied by the name of the enumerator receiving and accepting it. Thus, in every case of failure to answer any par- 12 CEXSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. ticular question, whether from carelessness on the part of either the enumerator or citizen, or from any other cause, the record furnishes the facts necessary to allow its reiteration. In the case of all mis- statements, accidental or otherwise, which are sure to occur, and which the office examination is as sure to disclose, facility is thus afforded for correction. The questions found upon any one of the blanks used in the present work are so linked together, and have usually such a dependence upon each other, that an error in a single reply is discovered immediately upon examination, by the incongru- ity, thus introduced, with other replies. Thousands of such errors, especially in regard to manufactures, during the progress of the pres- ent work, have been corrected through the medium of the mail. It has been seen that thirty-six and three-fourths per cent of the people filled out, without assistance from the census taker, the family blank containing the usual census questions. A large proportion of the remaining sixty-three and one-fourth per cent, who did not them- selves fill out the blanks, had undoubtedly considered the questions, and debated in family conclave the answers proper to be given. The age, the occupation, the birthplace, and all the particulars inquired about, were talked over naturally, and when the enumerator called for the schedule, he Avas enabled to get truthful replies, and get them quickly, so that no more time was coilsumed in the two visits, in the aggi'egate, even in the case of the sixty-three and one-fourth per cent of the Family Schedules that he was obliged to fill himself, than would have been necessary had he made all the explanations demand- ed, and assisted in the family consultation likely to have been held to secure the answers at the first visit, while much greater accuracy was arrived at. The superior value of this plan as compared with the methods formerly in use, was, perhaps, still more apparent in collect- ing the manufacturing and agricultural statistics. Vast numbers of schedules were received from manufacturers and fiirmers which showed, plainly, that great care had been taken, and the ledger and the farm book consulted, that the answers might be exact, as was demanded. To make these statements a little clearer, we will explain the modus oj)erandi of the office. The first work performed upon the reception of the schedules was their examination. This work was done by clerks selected for their special knowledge of the subjects likely to be brought under their observation, and was for the purpose of noting, first, all omissions of replies to any inquiries ; second, all inconsist- encies in replies that were given. Every omission was of course INTRODUCTION. 13 apparent. These could sometimes be supplied, at once, by the exam- iner, although the highest degree of caution needed to be exercised in this matter, For instance, if we have a Family Schedule before us, on -which George Jones is set down as a carpenter, and a legal voter, there is no doubt Init Jones is a male, although the sex space is unfilled. So in regard to the Manufactures, the Occupation, the Products and Property, and all the schedules used ; in short, there were omissions that could be supplied without a possibility of error. In the case of omissions that could not thus be supplied, the schedule afforded the name and address of the person from whom it was received, and of the enumerator transmitting it to the oifice, and a postal card or a letter rarely failed to secure the desired inform- ation. Now, in regard to those Avho failed to answer any inquiries, — in other words, who refused utterly to fill out a schedule, — the names and post-ofiice addresses of all such persons, engaged in manufactur- ing or farming, came into the office in response to a question on the circular sent to enumerators, as well as on the penalty notices trans- mitted liy enumerators, and, as stated l^efore, by means of corre- spondence, properly filled schedules have been secured from nearly all. Persons refusing to fill the Family, Individual or Special Schedules were reported to the office on the penalty notice, and the matter was immediately attended to. Thus it can be seen that the department can guarantee to the people, that it has a return of all the industries of the Commonwealth. In regard to the truthfulness of these returns, it may be stated that the questions are so many in number, so various in the matters inquired about, and hinge upon each other in such unseen waj^s, that a careless slip of the pen, or a purposely untruthful statement is recognized at once. If the people of any community imagine their manufactures or agriculture make too small a showing, and do not realize their ambition, it must be borne in mind that the fiiult lies at the doors of their oAvn citizens, manufacturers or farmers, and with no one else. It is extremely gratifying to record the fact, that the returns are exceedingly full and accurate, as a rule. Of course, some have pre- ferred to injure their own neighborhood, rather than tell the truth ; but these instances are rare, and each community where it has occurred can readily perceive the result. The enumerators, as a class, have been faithful, patient and indus- trious. If poor appointments have occurred, it is because poor rec- 14 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. ommenclatioiis have been made by city and town authorities ; but the poor enumerators have been so few, tliat we must commend the whole body, to whose earnest endeavors the success of the field work is due. A small corps of supervisors of enumerators rendered most excellent service. Six were employed, and had the number been doubled, the result would have warranted the expenditure. In closing this brief outline of the Massachusetts census system of 1875, a few facts may be summarized, that wall prove of use in the future. The whole number of enumerators em23loyed was 529. The aggregate of days worked by them was 26,979. The average number of days worked by each was 51. The whole number of schedules, of all kinds, returned into the oiEce by them was 506,702. The average number of schedules collected by each was 957^5^^^. The average numl)er, per day, collected by each was 18^^^. The number of schedules of each kind returned to the office, and accepted as prop- erly filled, was as follows : the Family, 359,000 ; the Individual, 80,893 ; the Manufactures, 10,730 ; the Occupation, 11,641 ; the Products and Property, 42,207; the Special, 2,231. The number of penalty notices served on persons refusing to fill schedules was about one hundred. There were no prosecutions under section 6 of the Act, as correspondence between the officers of the Bureau and the persons refusing to answer obviated all necessity for it. There were less than twenty manufacturers who failed to comply with the law, while the number of farmers declining to make returns was so insignificant, as to make no perceptible difference in the aggregate. The expense of the enumeration was as follows : Paid to enumer- ators, $81,497.70; to supervisors, $2,808.76; for printing blanks, schedules, etc., $11,053.62 ; total, $95,360.08. The persons referred to as supervisors were employed to travel among enumerators, instruct them personally, and overlook their work. They were six in number. This, it must be understood, was the expense incurred in gathering the statistics. The expense of examining and tabulating was about $40,000 paid for clerical services, and $2,897.58 for rent, stationery, messenger, etc., and $900 for expressage and postage, making $43,799.68 as the cost of preparing the returns for the printer. The total expense is thus seen to be about $139,159, and there was an ao-o-regate of about thirteen millions of answers. The work of tabulating the returns consumed nearly thirteen months. The clerical force employed w\as of men and women, and was equivalent to 350 of the former and 400 of the latter working INTEODUCTIOX. 15 together for one month, or about the same as the combined hibor of 27 men and 31 women for thirteen months. The largest number employed at one time was 68. It will be seen that a distinct feature of the system adopted was the complete separation of the work of collecting facts from that of combining and arranging them. Each schedule contains upon it the isolated facts respecting one family, establishment or farm. The duty of the enumerator Ijegan and ended in securing this result. The work of tabulating and aggregating was performed entirely in the central office, under the direct and constant supervision of the officers of the Bureau and their assistants. By this division of labor, the highest degree of efficiency and accuracy was secured. Under the plan followed in many States and countries, much of the labor of aggregating is performed by those employed as census takers, each of whom makes return only of the total for his district, respecting each inquiry. This has been the case, hitherto, in this State. By this latter plan, the clerical force employed would not be required for as long a time, nor need it be as large ; however, the time consumed by enumerators would be extended, and the likelihood of as valuable results being secured would be much diminished. The system is founded on the plan followed in England, of collect- ing returns of population by means of what is known as the " prior family schedule." It has been extended, in the present work in this State, to the gathering of statistics of all kinds. Experience indicates that a greater elaboration of it — perhaps to the extent of providing a distinct prior schedule for every great industry — would be advan- tageous. To those who are unfamiliar with the official machinery of the State of Massachusetts, a few words of explanation may be necessary ; otherwise it may appear that the collection of facts in some of the most important departments of science, educational, social or politi- cal, is unprovided for. There are various points upon which the State does not, through its census, seek information, for the reason that her general system of statistics supplies much matter that other States obtain only through the census takers. Under the direction of the Secretary of State, there is published annually, a Registration Report, giving the most vital points respecting births, deaths and marriages, and a Report of the aggregates of polls, property and taxes. Under the direction of the State Treasurer, there is issued every year by the Tax Commissioner, a Report embodying all important facts resjDecting 16 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1 875. COMPENDIUM. corporations. Yearly Reports upon the matters under their charge, are made l)y the Raih'oad Commissioners, Insurance Commissioner, the Board of Education, Board of Health, Board of Agriculture, Board of State Charities, the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, and various other departments. Through these avenues, there is annually pre- sented a mass of information, the importance of which can not be estimated by ordinary standards ; and the Reports of these various departments, Avith the Decennial Census and Industrial Statistics, reall}^ make up the Statistics of Massachusetts, and they illustrate a system which is not surpassed in thoroughness and minuteness. Its l)ractical working, however, might be greatly simplified by a consoli- dation of forces, and thus avoid the duplication of work which now exists in some cases, and also ensure uniformity and intimacy of connection in all. Many obstacles stood in the way of the prosecution of the present work. It was diflicult, in the first place, to disabuse people's minds of the idea of taxation in some way supposed to be associated with the Census. Again, while the Boston press gave the ofiice great encouragement, we can not say the same of the papers generally throughout the State. Injustice to many leading papers, however, we are glad to say that as soon as the principles of the enumeration were understood, they gave us great aid l3y urging the people to comply with the require- ments of the law. The fact that it was the first time census questions were ever l)rought to the direct attention of heads of families, inquiries having heretofore been answered verbally by a servant or some mem- ber of the family in the absence of the head, was sufiicient to cause great opposition. This will not occur again, because the people will fully understand that information is not wanted for the sake of knowl- edge of individual afiairs. One o-reat obstacle to securino- correct or the best information rela- tive to agriculture, is the time of year provided by law for gathering the statistics. Facts are now called for as they existed May 1 ; if the time could be changed to October 15, or after the crops are secured, the advantages would be very great. We have not endeavored to make a complete analj^sis of the various tables in the several volumes ; to do so would require another work of considerable size ; but we have aimed to bring into summaries and com- binations simply those features a casual examiner would expect to find pointed out for him, and to indicate the study which might be made of INTEODUCTIOI^'. 17 the facts j)resented. So many manipulations of totals can be made, and so various are the lessons to be taught, that it is simply impossi- ble for us to do more than has been done. We could not expect to make all the combinations, additions and special presentations which at once suggest themselves, nor to make those which the student of statistics will want ; he must make up his own special showings. Our province has been to furnish him with all the results of the enumera- tion, and leave mathematical work to take such shape as his investiga- tions dictate. 3 Part I. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. Part I. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. The presentations in this Part are the tabulated answers to the niquiries upon the Family Schedule, used in the Census of 1875, relating to population and to the various conditions of the people ; viz., sex, polls and voters, families and dwelling-houses, size of families, color and race, conjugal condition (single, married, widowed and divorced), ages (by month and year), place of birth, foreign born, nativities, with age classification, aliens (meaning all foreign born males above 20 years of age, not naturalized), nativities of mothers and number of births to each mother, the blind, deaf, dumb, etc., paupers and convicts, classified occupations, selected occupa- tions, occupations by name, school buildings and school property, school attendance, children at school and at work, illiteracy, libraries, each for May 1, 1875, and also population for 1865 and 1875, increase and decrease, and population for one hundred years with percentage of increase or decrease for each decade. A chapter of Notes, " On incorporation of counties, cities and towns ; unusual changes in population, with causes for same ; changes in town names, boundaries, etc.," has been supplied and will be found at the end of this volume, and is referred to in discussing the tables given in Part I. Every table has been made with a view to simplicity, comprehen- siveness and compactness, and usually has its distinct title. This latter feature was considered much better than to use numbers, because a reference to a specific title gives an idea of what is shown under it, while if numbers are used the title must be stated also. The analysis of these tables exhibits many special features illustrative of the facts presented and serving for a better understanding of the condition of the people. The first presentation which claims attention, follows, and is entitled, — [21] 22 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Population and Sex. Cities and Towns. Males. Females. Total. Cities and Towns. Males. Females. Total. Barnstable Co > 15,643 16,501 32,144 Bristol County, . 63,362 67,725 131,087 Barnstable, . 2,013 2,289 4,302 Acushnet, . 530 529 1,059 Brewster, 588 631 1,219 Attleborough, • . 4,578 4,646 9,224 Chatham, 1,093 1,181 2,274 Berkley, 380 401 781 Dennis, , 1,630 1,739 3,369 Dartmouth, 1,738 1,696 3,434 Eastham, 331 308 639 Dighton, 853 902 1,755 Falmouth, 1,052 1,159 2,211 Easton, 1,987 1,911 3,898 Harwich, 1,690 1,665 3,355 Fairhaven, . 1,306 1,462 2,768 Mashpee, 139 139 278 Fall River, . 21,686 23,654 45,340 Orleans, 646 727 1,373 Freetown, . 667 729 1,396 Provincetowr > 2,170 2,187 4,357 Mansfield, . 1,301 1,355 2,656 Sandwich, 1,648 1,769 3,417 New Bedford, 12,144 13,751 25,895 Truro, . 534 564 1,098 Norton, 770 825 1,595 Wellfleet, 1,012 976 1,988 Raynham, • 847 840 1,687 Yarmouth, 1,097 1,167 2,264 Rehoboth, . 909 918 1,827 Berkshire Coun Adams, . Alford, . Becket, . Cheshire, Clarksburg, . TY, . 33,685 7,775 185 699 876 351 34,585 7,985 204 630 817 319 68,270 15,760 389 1,329 1,693 670 Seekonk, Somerset, . Swansea, Taunton, Westport, . Dukes County, 595 987 662 9,950 1,472 1,949 572 953 646 10,495 1,440 2,122 1,167 1,940 1,308 20,445 2,912 4,071 Dalton, . 815 944 1,759 Chilmark, . 252 256 508 Egremont, 434 456 890 Edgartown, 816 891 1,707 Florida, . 306 266 572 Gay Head, . 103 113 216 Great Barrington, 2,046 2,339 4,385 Gosnold, 65 50 115 Hancock, 376 354 730 Tisbury, 713 812 1,525 Hinsdale, Lanesborough, 759 691 812 666 1,571 1,357 Essex County, . 106,001 117,341 223,342 Lee, 1,865 2,035 3,900 Amesbury, . 1,787 2,029 3,816 Lenox, . 934 911 1,845 Andover, 2,381 2,716 5,097 Monterey, 366 337 703 1 Beverly, 3,478 3,793 7,271 Mt. Washington, . 89 93 182 Boxford, 421 413 834 New Ashford, 87 73 160 Bradford, 1,067 1,280 2,347 New Marlborough 1 • 1,051 986 2,037 Danvers, 3,062 2,962 6,024 Otis, 429 426 855 Essex, . 859 854 1,713 Peru, 243 200 443 Georgetown 1,079 1,135 2,214 Pittsfield, 5,799 6,468 12,267 Gloucester, 8,576 8,178 16,754 Richmond, . 564 577 1,141 Groveland, 1,026 1,058 2,084 Sandisfteld, . 603 569 1,172 Hamilton, 386 411 797 Savoy, . 385 345 730 Haverhill, 6,897 7,731 14,628 Sheffield, 1,099 1,134 2,233 Ipswich, 1,796 1,878 3,674 Stockbridge, . 1,013 1,076 2,089 Lawrence, 15,810 19,106 34,916 Tyringham, . 253 264 517 Lynn, . 15,277 17,323 32,600 Washington, 322 281 603 Lynnfield, 362 407 769 West Stockbridge 1,059 922 1,981 Manchester, 774 786 1,560 Williamstown, 1,871 1,812 3,683 Marblehead, 3,773 3,904 7,677 Windsor, 340 284 624 Merrimac, . 1,132 1,039 2,171 POPULATION^ AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 23 Population and Sex — Continued. Cities and Towns. 1 Males. Females. Total. Cities and Towns. Males. Females. Total. Essex Co.— Cow. Hampden Co.— Com. Methuen, 1,981 2,224 4,205 Chester, 715 681 1,396 MiddletOD, 562 530 1,092 Chicopee, . 4,766 5,569 10,335 Nahant, 340 426 766 Granville, . 629 611 1,240 Newbury, 730 696 1,426 Holland, 166 168 334 Newburyport, 5,971 7,352 13,323 Holyoke, 7,438 8,822 16,260 North Andover, . 1,463 1,518 2,981 Longmeadow, 738 729 1,467 Peabody, 3,988 4,078 8,066 Ludlow, 620 602 1,222 Rockport, 2,240 2,240 4,480 Monson, 1,890 1,843 3,733 Rowley, 602 560 1,162 Montgomery, 154 150 304 Salem 11,808 14,150 25,958 Palmer, 2,151 2,421 4,572 Salisbury, 1,960 2,118 4,078 Russell, .... 315 328 643 Saugus, 1,267 1,311 2,578 Southwick, . 578 536 1,114 Swampscott, 1,036 1,092 2,128 Springfield, . 14,943 16,110 31,053 Topsfield, . 616 605 1,221 Tolland, 238 214 452 Wenham, 453 458 911 Wales 524 496 1,020 West Newbury, . 1,041 980 2,021 Westfleld, . 4,133 4,298 8,431 Franklin County, . Ashfield, Bernardston, 16,925 590 478 16,771 600 513 33,696 1,190 991 West Springfield, Wilbraham, Hampshire County, 1,830 1,276 21,589 1,909 1,300 23,232 3,739 2,576 44,821 Buckland, 1,032 889 1,921 Amherst, 2,006 1,931 3,937 Charlemont, . 528 501 1,029 Belchertown, 1,161 1,154 2,315 Colrain, 841 858 1,699 Chesterfield, 375 371 746 Conway, 743 709 1,452 Cummington, 445 471 916 Deerfield, . 1,702 1,712 3,414 EasthamptOD, 1,824 2,148 3,972 Ervlng 424 370 794 Enfield, 522 543 1,065 Gill 335 338 673 Goshen, 179 170 349 Greenfield, . 1,653 1,887 3,540 Granby, 410 402 812 Hawley, 314 274 588 Greenwich, . 287 319 606 Heath 261 284 545 Hadley, 1,072 1,053 2,125 Leverett, . 426 405 831 Hatfield, . 836 764 1,600 Leyden, . 260 264 524 Huntington, 530 565 1,095 Monroe, 111 79 190 Middlefleld, 299 304 603 Montague, 1,743 1,637 3,380 Northampton, 5,273 5,835 11,108 New Salem, . 446 477 923 Pelham, 303 330 633 Northfield, . 801 840 1,641 Plainfield, . 240 241 481 Orange 1,239 1,258 2,497 Prescott, 249 244 493 Rowe 379 282 661 South Hadley, . 1,460 1,910 3,370 Shelburne, . 785 805 1,590 Southampton, 524 526 1,050 Shutesbury, . 260 298 558 Ware, .... 1,890 2,252 4,142 Sunderland, . 432 428 860 Westhampton, . 274 282 556 Warwick, 372 372 744 Williamsburg, . 1,020 1,009 2,029 Wendell, 255 248 503 Worthington, 410 408 818 Whately, 515 443 958 Middlesex County, 135,323 148,789 284,112 Hampden County, . 45,290 49,014 94,304 Acton 854 854 1,708 Agawam, 1,106 1,142 2,248 Arlington, . 1,870 2,036 3,906 Blandford, . 483 481 964 Ashby, 453 509 962 Brinifield, 597 604 1,201 Ashland, 1,102 1,109 2,211 24 CENSUS OF MASS.— 1875. COMPENDIUM. Pojndation and Sex — Continued. Cities and Towns. Males. Females. Total. CiTiKS AND Towns. Males. Females. Total. Middlesex Co.— Con. Middlesex Co.— Con. Ayer, . . . . 928 944 1,872 Winchester, 1,476 1,623 3,099 Bedford, 443 457 900 Woburn, 4,717 4,851 9,568 Belmont, 964 973 1,937 Nantucket County, 1,389 1,812 3,201 Billcrica, 896 985 1,881 Boxborougli, 159 159 318 Nantucket, . 1,389 1,812 3,201 Burlington, . 329 321 650 Norfolk County, . 42,397 45,924 88,321 Cambridge, . 23,180 24,658 47,838 Bellinghara, 612 635 1,247 Carlisle, 276 272 548 Braintree, . 1,999 2,157 4,156 Clielmsford, . 1,188 1,184 2,.372 Brookline, 2,962 3,713 6,675 Concord, 1,300 1,376 2,676 Canton, 1,975 2,217 4,192 Dracut, 577 539 1,116 Cohasset, 1,067 1,130 2,197 Dunstable, . 227 225 452 Dedham, 2,666 3,090 5,756 Everett, 1,791 1,860 3,651 Dover, . 319 331 650 Framingham, 2,443 2,724 5,167 Foxborough 1,355 1,813 3,168 Groton, 908 1,000 1,908 Franklin, 1,420 1,563 2,983 HoUiston, 1,675 1,724 3,399 Holbrook, 862 864 1,726 Hopldnton, . 2,296 2,207 4,503 Hyde Park, 2,934 3,382 6,316 Hudson, 1,739 1,754 3,493 Medfield, 515 648 1,163 Lexington, . 1,242 1,263 2,505 Medway, 2,066 2,176 4,242 Lincoln, 421 413 834 Milton, 1,279 1,459 2,738 Littleton, 483 467 950 Ncedham, 2,243 2,305 4,548 Lowell, . 21,893 27,795 49,688 Norfolk, 438 482 920 Maiden, . 5,141 5,702 10,843 Norwood, 861 888 1,749 Marlborough, 4,159 4,265 8,424 Quincy, 4,598 4,557 9,155 Maynard, 964 1,001 1,965 Randolph, 2,033 2,031 4,064 Medford, 3,121 3,506 6,627 Sharon, 625 705 1,330 Melrose, 1,840 2,150 3,990 Stoughton, 2,422 2,420 4,842 Naticlj, . 3,721 3,698 7,419 W.alpole, 1,109 1,181 2,290 Newton, 7,443 8,662 16,105 Weymouth, 4,893 4,926 9,819 North Reading, 482 497 979 Wrentham, 1,144 1,251 2,395 Pcpperell, . 951 976 1,927 1 Reading, 1,456 1,730 3,186 Plymouth County, . 34,240 35,122 69,362 Sherborn, 491 508 999 Abington, . 1,602 1,639 3,241 Shirley, . 659 693 1,352 Bridgewater, 2,000 1,969 3,969 Somerville, . 10,639 11,229 21,868 Brockton, . 5,242 5,336 10,578 Stoneham, 2,368 2,616 4,984 Carver, 573 554 1,127 Stow, . 508 514 1,022 Duxbury, . 1,104 1,141 2,245 Sudbury, 608 569 1,177 East Bridgewate r. • 1,378 1,430 2,808 Tewksbury, . 958 1,039 1,997 Halifax, 274 294 568 Townsend, . 1,117 1,079 2,196 Hanover, 873 928 1,801 Tyngsborough, 329 336 665 Hanson, 630 635 1,265 Wakefield, . 2,511 2,838 5,349 Ilingliam, . 2,212 2,442 4,654 Waltham, . 4,644 5,323 9,967 Hull, . . 161 155 316 Watertown, . 2,432 2,667 5,099 Kingston, . 759 810 1,569 Wayland, 908 858 1,766 Lakeville, . 518 543 1,061 Westford, . 956 977 1,933 Marion, 392 470 862 Weston, 656 626 1,282 Marshfield, . 899 918 1,817 Wilmington, . 431 448 879 Mattapoisett, 618 743 1,361 POPULATION AXD SOCIAL STATISTICS. 25 Population and Sex — Continued. Cities and Towns. Males. Females. Total. Cities and Towns. Males. Females. Total. Plymouth Co.— Con. Worcester Co.— Con. Middleborough, . 2,466 2,557 5,023 Holden, 1,078 1,102 2,180 Pembroke, . 705 694 1,399 Hubbardston, 737 703 1,440 Plymouth, 3,083 3,287 6,370 Lancaster, . 899 1,058 1,957 Plympton, 363 392 755 Leicester, . 1,327 1,443 2,770 Rochester, 496 505 1,001 Leominster, 2,634 2,567 5,201 Rockland, 2,200 2,003 4,203 Lunenburg, . 577 576 1,153 Scituate, 1,224 1,239 2,463 Mendon, 571 605 1,176 South Scituate, 924 894 1,818 Milford, 4,883 4,935 9,818 South Abington, 1,220 1,236 2,456 Millbury, . 2,149 2,380 4,529 Wareham, 1,446 1,428 2,874 New Braintree, 323 283 606 West Bridgewater, 878 880 1,758 Northborough, Northbridge, 662 2,028 736 2,002 1,398 4,030 Suffolk County, 173,050 191,836 364,886 North Brookfleld J 1,940 1,809 3,749 Boston, .... Chelsea Revere Winthrop, . 162,262 9,650 829 309 179,657 11,087 774 318 341,919 20,737 1,603 627 Oakham, Oxford, Paxton, Petersham, . Phillipston, . 441 1,469 300 600 335 432 1,469 300 603 331 873 2,938 600 1,203 666 Worcester County, . 103,540 106,755 210,295 Princeton, . Royalston, . 534 610 529 650 1,063 1,260 Ashburnham, 1,049 1,092 2,141 Rutland, 548 482 1,030 Athol, . 2,031 2,103 4,134 Shrewsbury, 768 756 1,524 Auburn, 680 653 1,233 Southborough, 982 1,004 1,986 Barre, . 1,206 1,254 2,460 Southbridge, 2,816 2,924 5,740 Berlin, . 483 504 987 Spencer, 2,868 2,583 5,451 Blackstone, 2,157 2,483 4,640 Sterling, 783 788 1,.^69 Bolton, . 495 492 987 Sturbridge, 1,084 1,129 2,213 Boylston, 439 456 895 Sutton, 1,493 1,558 3,051 Brookfield, 1,317 1,343 2,660 Templeton, 1,356 1,408 2,764 Charlton, 945 907 1,852 Upton, . 951 1,174 2,125 Clinton, . 3,117 3,664 6,781 Uxbridge, 1,466 1,563 3,029 Dana, . 379 381 760 Warren, 1,618 1,642 3,260 Douglas, 1,110 1,092 2,202 Webster, 2,473 2,591 5,064 Dudley, 1,286 1,367 2,653 Westborough, 2,684 2,457 5,141 Fitchburg, 6,067 6,222 12,289 West Boylston, 1,454 1,448 2,902 Gardner, 1,823 1,907 3,730 West Brookfield, 902 1,001 1,903 Grafton, 2,186 2,256 4,442 Westminster, 822 890 1,712 Hardwick, 1,016 976 1,992 Winchendon, 1,890 1,872 3,762 Harvard, 585 719 1,304 Worcester, . 24,214 25,103 49,317 26 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Population and Sex — Concluded. RECAPITULATION. Counties. Males. Females. Total. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, . Hampshire, . Middlesex, . Nantucket, . Norfolk, Plymouth, . Suffolk, Worcester, . 794,.383 857,529 1,651,912 15,643 16,501 32,144 33,685 34,585 68,270 63,362 67,725 131,087 1,949 2,122 4,071 106,001 117,341 223,342 16,925 16,771 33,696 45,290 49,014 94,304 21,589 23,232 44,821 135,323 148,789 284,112 1,389 1,812 3,201 42,397 45,924 88,321 34,240 35,122 69,362 173,050 191,836 364,886 103,540 106,755 210,295 It is shown from this table that the total population of Massachu- setts, May 1, 1875, was 1,661,912, a gain in ten years of 384,881, or 30.38 per cent, against 11.89 per cent gain from 1855 to 1865. This presentation gives the population in each city, town and county in the State; it shows that there are 794,383 males, and 857,529 females, or 63,146 more females than males ; in 1865, the time of the last State census, there were 63,011 more females than males; the disproportion, it will be seen, remains nearly the same as in 1865 ; while in 1855, the excess of females was only 32,301. In other words, the number of females to every 100 males, was, in 1855, 105.87 ; 1865, 110.46, and in 1875, 107.95. Since the first census in Massachusetts, there has been an excess of females, the i3ercentage of females to the whole population, varying from 50.52, the lowest, in 1840, to 52.48, the highest, in 1865 ; the latter percentage, in 1865, being due in a great degi'ee to the effects of the war. The composition of the 63,146 excess of females is a question often discussed, and it is answered further on under Conjugal Condition. The centre of population of the State is within one mile of the State House, while the geographical or territorial centre is near Lake Quinsigamond, within the city of Worcester. The cities of Boston, Cambridge, Chelsea and Somerville, and the towns of Arlington, Belmont, Brookline, Everett, Maiden, Medford, POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 27 Melrose, Eevere, Watertoivii, Winchester and "Winthrop, comprising territory witliin a radius of eight miles from the State House, con- tain 480,419 people, or 29+ per cent of the whole population of the State. The same cities and towns, in 1865, had a population of 352,577, showing a gain of 127,842, or 36 per cent. If the radius be extended to twelve miles from the State House, and to the cities and towns just enumerated there he added the cities of Lyim and Newton, and the towns of Braintree, Dedham, Hyde Park, Hull, Lexington, Lynnfield, Milton, Nahant, Needham, Quincy, Eeading, Saugus, Stoneham, Swampscott, Wakefield, Waltham and Woburn, it is found that Boston and territory within twelve miles, have a population of 603,909, or 36-|- per cent of the whole population of the State. The population of the cities and towns named within twelve miles of Boston, including the latter city, for 1865 and 1875, with the increase or loss in each, are given in the following table, from which it will be seen that the total population in 1865, of Boston and vicinity as specified, was 435,432, and the net gain has been 168,477, or 39 — per cent. The asterisk indicates terri- torial changes, which are explained under Notes, at the close of this volume. Cities and Towns. 1865. 1875. Gain. Loss. Cities and Towns. 1865. 1875. Gain. Loss. Boston,* 268,626 341,919 73,293 _ Melrose, 2,865 3,990 1,125 - Cambridge, . 29,112 ' 47,838 18,726 - Milton,* 2,770 2,738 - 32 Chelsea, 14,403 20,737 6.334 - Nahant, 313 766 453 - Newton, 8,975 16,105 7,130 - Needham, . 2,793 4,548 1,755 - Lynn, . 20,747 32,600 11,853 - Quincy, 6,718 9,155 2,437 - Somerville, . 9,353 21,868 12,515 - Reading, 2,436 3,186 750 - Arlington, . 2,760 3,906 1,146 - Revere, 858 1,603 745 - Belmont, 1,279 1,937 658 - Saugus, 2,006 2,578 572 - Braintree, . 3,725 4,156 431 - stoneham, . 3,298 4,984 1,686 - Brookline, . 5,262 6,675 1,413 - Swampscott, 1,535 2,128 593 - Dedham,* . 7,195 5,756 - 1,439 Wakefield, . 3,244 5,349 2,105 - Everett,* . - 3,651 3,651 - Waltham, . 6,896 9,967 3,071 - Hyde Park,* - 6,316 6:316 - Watertown, . 3,779 5,099 1,320 - Hull, . 260 316 56 - Winchester, 1,968 3,099 1,131 - Lexington, . 2,220 2,505 285 - Winthrop, . 633 627 - 6 Lynnfield, . 725 6,840 4,839 769 10,843 6,627 44 4,003 1,788 - Woburn, Totals, . 6,999 9,568 2,569 — Maiden,* Medford, 435,432 603,909 169,954 1,477 The relative population in cities and towns in the State has changed the balance, in 1875, to the side of the cities ; in 1865, the towns had 28 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. 762,344, and the cities 504,687; now the cities show 836,933, and the towns 814,979; balance in favor of tlie cities, 21,954, while in 1865 the balance in favor of the towns was 257,657. This result has been reached partly by the incorporation of the new cities, Haverhill, Somerville, Fitchburg, Holyoke, Gloucester and Newton, all of which ranked as towns in 1865 ; their aggregate population is now 97,904. The gain in the whole State, it has been seen, was 30.38 per cent over 1865. The population of the present nineteen cities is 836,933, as has been stated, while the population in 1865 of the same territory was 580,941, a gain of 255,992, or 44-|- per cent, and this is 66-f- per cent of the whole gain in the State. The present towns of the State have a population of 814,979 ; in 1865, the same terri- tory had a population of 686,090, a gain of 128,889, or 18 -f- per cent. To summarize : the gain in the whole State since 1865 has been 304- P^i* cent ; in the cities, 44 -f- per cent ; in the towns, 18 -j- per cent. The following table shows the population of cities in 1875, and of same territory in 1865. Italics signify towns in 1865 now cities : — 1865. 1875. Gain. 1865. 1875. Gain. Boston, . Charlostown, Brighton, . Dorchester, Eoxbury, . West Eoxbury, . Cambridge, . Chelsea, . Fitchburg, Fall River, . Gloucester, 192,318- 26,399 3,854 10,717 28,426 6,912. 29,112 14,403 8,118 17,481 11,937 00 341,919 47,838 20,737 12,289 45,340 16,754 14,628 16,260 73,293 18,726 6,334 4,171 27,859- 4,817 3,888 10,612 Lawrence, Lowell, . Lynn, . New Bedford, Newburyport, Newton, . Salem, . Somerville, . Springfield, . Taunton, Worcester, . Totals, . 21,698 30,990 20,747 20,853 12,976 8,975 21,189 9,353 22,035 16,005 30,055 34,916 49,688 32,600 25,895 13,323 16,105 25,958 21,868 31,053 20,445 49,317 13,218 18,698 11,853 5,042 347 7,130 4,769 12,515 9,018 4,440 19,262 JIaverhill, Holyoke, . 10,740 5,648 580,941 836,933 255,992 The population for 1875 is easily compared with that of 1865 by the three succeeding tables of increase and decrease. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 29 INCREASE. Counties. Kumber of Towns. Number showing gain. 342 200 14 2 31 14 19 10 5 2 35 27 26 10 21 12 23 8 54 43 1 - 24 18 27 14 4 3 58 37 1S6S. 1875. Increase. Per cent. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire Bristol, . . . . Dukes, . . . . Essex, . . . . Franklin, . . . . Hampden Hampshire, Middlesex Nantucket, . . Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Worcester, . 957,683 3,472 38,417 73,808 108 154,033 14,966 55,701 24,060 176,098 45,232 33,712 207,579 130,497 1,448,925 4,635 52,238 116,245 331 207,144 18,569 86,006 31,223 273,681 67,196 46,765 364,259 180,633 491,242 1,163 13,821 42,437 223 53,111 3,603 30,305 7,163 97,583 21,964 13,053 156,680 50,136 51.29 33.50 35.98 57.50 206.48 34.48 24.61 54.41 29.77 55.41 48.56 38.72 75.48 38.42 DECREASE. Counties. Number of Towns. Number showing loss. 342 142 14 12 31 17 19 9 5 3 35 8 26 16 21 9 23 15 54 11 1 1 24 6 27 13 4 1 68 21 1863. 1875. Decrease. Per cent. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, . Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, . Hampden, . Hampshire, Middlesex, . . Nantucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, . Suffolk, . Worcester, 309,348 31,138 18,527 15,587 4,092 17,001 16,374 8,869 15,209 44,286 4,748 71,074 29,395 633 32,415 202,987 27,509 16,032 14,842 3,740 16,198 15,127 8,298 13,598 10,431 3,201 21,125 22,597 627 29,662 106,361 3,629 2,495 745 352 803 1,247 571 1,611 33,855 1,547 49,949 6,798 6 2,753 34.38 11.65 13.47 4.78 8.60 4.72 7.62 6.44 10.59 76.45 32.58 70.28 23.13 .95 8.49 30 CENSUS OF MASS. -1873. COMPENDIUM. INCREASE AND DECREASE. Counties. to . ^:: o d (A 'A CO o O w c o •a S a 12 CO IH C o s 3 o, o Ci C So 'A o .s CO CO O ^ lO -M 00 o a g 6 CO Net per cent of decrease. The State, 342 200 142 1,267,031 1,651,912 384,881 _ 30.38 _ Barnstable, 14 2 12 34,610 32,144 - 2,466 - 7.13 Berkshire, . 31 14 17 56,944 68,270 11,326 - 19.89 - Bristol, 19 10 9 89,395 131,087 41,692 - 46.64 - Bukes, 5 2 3 4,200 4,071 - 129 - 3.07 Essex, 35 27 8 171,034 223,342 52,308 - 30.58 - Franklin, . 26 10 16 31,340 33,696 2,356 - 7.52 - Hampden, . 21 12 9 64,570 94,304 29,734 - 46.05 - Hampshire, 23 8 15 39,269 44,821 5,552 - 14.11 - Middlesex, 64 43 11 220,384 284,112 63,728 - 28.92 - Nantucket, 1 - 1 4,748 3,201 - 1,547 - 32.58 Norfolk, , 24 18 6 116,306 88,321 - 27,985 - 24.06 Plymouth, . 27 14 13 63,107 69,362 6,255 - 9.91 - Suffolk, . 4 3 1 208,212 364,886 156,674 - li.2b - Worcester, 58 37 21 162,912 210,295 47,383 - 29.08 - The number of towns in the State in which the population has increased is 200, and their total gain is 491,242 ; the number of towns in which the population has decreased is 142, and their total decrease is 106,361, the net increase being 384,881. The counties in which loss has taken place are Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket and Norfolk, that in the latter county resulting from loss of territory. The losses have taken place in small farming towns, as a rule, remote from mar- kets, and not well accommodated by railroads, although many towns have lost in population from loss of territory. All such matters are set forth in the Notes. From 1855 to 1865, the number of towns in which the population decreased was 166, or 24 more than from 1865 to 1875. The comparison of the population in 1875 with that in other years, is readily made by the following table : — POPULATION" A^^^D SOCIAL STATISTICS, 31 CENSUSES OF POPULATION DURING ONE HUNDRED YEARS. li Colonial Census. United States Censuses. Counties. o g a 1776. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. Barnstable, 1685, 15,546 17,354 19,293 22,211 24,026 Berkshire 1761, 17,952 30,213 33,670 35,787 35,570 Bristol 1685, 26,700 31,709 33,880 37,168 40,908 Dukes, 1683, 2,822 3,265 3,118 3,290 3,292 Essex 1643, 50,923 57,913 61,196 71,888 74,655 Franklin 1811, 10,294 21,743 26,300 27,421 29,418 Hampden, 1812, 13,274 19,193 23,462 24,421 28,021 Hampshire, ....... 1662, 12,154 18,823 22,885 24,553 26,487 Middlesex 1643, 40,121 42,737 46,928 52,789 61,472 Nantucket 1695, 4,412 4,620 5,617 6,807 7,266 Norfolk 1793, 22,124 23,878 27,216 31,245 36,471 Plymouth 1685, 29,113 31,740 32,302 35,169 38,136 1643, 3,208 18,792 25,786 34,381 43,940 Worcester, 1731, 46,437 56,807 61,192 64,910 73,625 - 295,080 378,787 422,845 472,040 623,287 United States Censuses. State Census. U.S. Census. State Census. U. S. Census. State Census. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1855. 1860. 1865. 1870. 1875. 28,514 32,548 35,276 35,442 35,990 34,610 32,774 32,144 37,706 41,745 49,591 62,791 55,120 56,944 64,827 68,270 49,592 60,165 76,192 87,425 93,794 89,395 102,886 131,087 3,517 3,958 4,540 4,401 4,403 4,200 3,787 4,071 82,859 94,987 131,300 151,018 165,611 171,034 200,843 223,342 29,630 28,812 30,870 31,652 31,434 31,340 32,635 33,696 31,639 37,366 51,283 54,849 57,366 64,570 78,409 94,304 30,254 30,897 35,732 35,485 37,823 39,269 44,388 44,821 77,961 106,611 161,383 194,023 216,354 220,384 274,353 284,112 7,202 9,012 8,452 8,064 6,094 4,748 4,123 3,201 41,972 53,140 78,892 94,367 109,950 116,306 89,443 88,321 43,044 47,373 55,697 61,495 64,768 63,107 65,365 69,362 62,163 95,773 144,517 171,841 192,700 208,212 270,802 364,886 84,355 95,313 130,789 149,516 159,659 162,911 192,716 210,295 610,408 737,700 994,514 1,132,369 1,231,066 1,267,030 1,457,361 1,651,912 32 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. From this table, the percentage of gain in each comity for each census period since 1776, and the percentage of gain for the entire century, by counties, are readily drawn, and are presented in the following table : — 14 Years. 10 Years. 10 Years. 10 Years. 10 Years. 10 Years. Counties. 1776-1790. 1790-1800. 1800-1810. 1810-1820. 1820-1830. 1830-1840. The State, 28.37 11.63 11.63 10.85 16.64 20.85 Barnstable, 11.63 11.17 15.12 8.17 18.67 14.14 Berkshire, 68.30 11.44 6.28 —.60 6.31 10.71 Bristol, . 18.76 6.84 9.70 10.06 21.22 21.31 Dukes, . 15.70 —4.19 5.51 - 6.83 12.53 Essex, . 13.73 5.66 17.47 3.84 10.98 14.63 Franklin, 111.22 20.95 4.26 7.28 .72 —2.76 Hampden, 44.59 22.24 4.08 14.74 12.91 18.10 Hampshire, 64.87 21.58 7.28 7.87 14.29 2.12 Middlesex, 6.52 9.80 12.48 16.44 26.80 36.74 Nantucket, 4.71 21.58 21.18 6.74 —.88 25.13 Norfolk, 7.93 13.97 14.80 16.72 15.08 26.60 Plymouth, 9.02 1.77 9.18 8.43 12.86 10.05 Suffolk, . 485.79 37.21 33.33 27.80 41.47 54.06 Worcester, 22.33 7.72 6.07 13.42 14.57 12.99 Counties. lO Years. 1840-1850. 10 Years. 18.50-1860. 10 Years. 1855-1865. 10 Years. 1865-1875. 100 Years. 1776-1875. The State, 34.81 23.79 11.89 30.38 459.82 Barnstable, 8.38 2.02 —2.34 —7.13 106.77 Berkshire, 18.79 11.15 7.87 19.89 280.29 Bristol, . 26.64 23.10 2.25 46.64 390.96 Dukes, . 14.70 —3.02 —4.52 —3.07 44.26 Essex, 38.22 26.13 13.25 30.58 338.59 Franklin, . 7.32 1.83 —.99 7.52 227.34 Hampden, 37.24 11.86 17.72 46.05 610.44 Hampshire, 15.65 5.85 10.66 14.11 268.78 Middlesex, 51.37 34.06 13.58 28.92 608.11 Nantucket, -6.21 27.89 —41.12 —32.58 —27.45 Norfolk, . 48.46 39.37 23.25 —24.06 299.21 Plymouth, 17.57 16.29 2.62 9.91 138.25 Suffolk, . 50.89 33.34 21.17 75.25 11,274.25 Worcester, 37.22 • 22.07 8.96 29.08 352.86 rOPULATlON AXD SOCIAL STATISTICS. 33 Taking the growth since 1865 as the basis, we calcuhite the popula- tion for each year since then as follows : — Years. Popula- tion. Years. Popula- tion. Years. Popula- tion. 1865, . . . . 1,267,030 1869, • • • • 1,420,983 1873 1,574,935 1866, • 1,305,519 1870, • • • ■ 1,459,471 1874, .... 1,613,424 1867, . 1,344,007 1871, . 1,497,959 1875 1,651,912 1868, • 1,382,495 1872, . 1,536,447 The actual population in 1870, by the United States census, was 1,457,351, or only 2,120 less than the calculated number. The population of Massachusetts for each year of the decade clos-' ing in 1885, is estimated to be as follows : — Years. Popula- tion. Years. Popula- tion. Years. Popula- tion. 1876, • ■ . • 1,702,080 18S0, . • 1,902,754 1883, • . • 2,053,260 1877, . 1,752,249 1881, . 1,952,923 1884, . 2,103,428 1878, . 1,802,417 1882, . 2,003,091 1885, . 2,153,597 1879, . 1,852,586 Massachusetts, of the United States, stands seventh in rank as to total population. New York holds the first place, Pennsylvania the second, Ohio the third, Illinois the fourth, Missouri the fifth, and Indiana the sixth. After Massachusetts come Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Iowa, Wisconsin, Alabama, in order named. For density of population, this State stands first in rank, having, in 1875, 211.78 persons to the square mile; in 1865, the average was 162.43; in 1870, 186.84, and 127.50 in 1850. Next to Massachusetts, in this respect, stands Ehode Island, having, in 1870, 190. By her census of 1875 she has 244.90; third, Connecticut, 113.15; fourth. New Jersey, 108.91 ; fifth, New York, 93.25 ; sixth, Pennsylvania, 76.56.. The State having the least is Colorado, with only .38 to the square mile. In comparison with the density of population in the European states, Massachusetts holds about an average position. In France,. Ireland, Denmark, and some other European countries, the average for the past ten years has decreased. The growth in Massachusetts compares fiivorably with that of any, excepting, perhaps, Belgium. In this connection, the following table will be of interest ; it shows the density of population in the leading countries in the world, and 5 34 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. from it it is learned that Massachusetts stands first as regards any of the United States, and sixth as to all countries. The table is com- piled from last ofiicial censuses, or from the latest official estimates : — States and ConNTRiES. Belgium England and Wales, . Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy Massachusetts, . Japan (estimate), BritiA India, . Germany, .... Switzerland, Ireland Austria and Hungary, France, .... Denmark Chinese Empire (estimate). Population per sq. mile. 451 389 291 265 237 212 209 207 193 175 169 158 150 111 110 States and ConNTRiES. Population per sq. mile. Scotland, . . . Portugal, . Spain, Greece, Sweden and Norway, Turkey, Chili Morocco (estimate), . United States, . Russian Empire, Mexico, Colombia, . Argentine Republic, . Brazil, 109 108 90 73 21 20 15 12 11 10 9 7 3 3 Polls and Voters. Counties. Ratable Polls. Native Voters. Naturalized Voters. Total Voters. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, Essex, Franklin, . Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suffolk, . Worcester, 449,686 9,109 17,869 35,384 1,205 60,340 9,786 25,056 11,381 75,831 904 23,741 19,792 101,646 57,642 281,842 8,064 11,434 20,819 1,104 40,631 7,803 15,355 8,018 46,471 860 15,621 16,141 53,081 36,440 69,271 373 2,701 6,057 13 7,999 713 3,557 1,235 12,572 30 3,591 1,298 20,680 8,452 351,113 8,437 14,135 26,876 1,117 48,630 8,516 18,912 9,253 59,043 890 19,212 17,439 73,761 44,892 It will be seen that 351,113, or 21|^ per cent of the whole popula- tion, are legal voters. Of the whole male population, 44-1- P^i" ^^^^^ are voters, and 56-}- per cent, or 449,686, are ratable polls ; the natu- ralized voters compose 19.7 per cent, or 69,271 of the whole number of voters; and the number of native voters is 281,842, or 80.3 per POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 35 cent of the whole number. The aliens, meanmg for census piu'poses all males over 20 years of age, of foreign birth, who have not been natm'alized, number 79,136, as will be seen further on. The native born voters constitute 47 -f- per cent of the native born males, and the naturalized voters 35 -\- per cent of the foreign born males. Again, of the 297,997 native born males over 20 years of age, 281,842, or 94-]- per cent, are legal voters ; while of the 161,885 foreign born males over 20 years of age, 69,271, or 42+ per cent, are legal voters. Families and Dwelling-houses. Counties. Dwellings Occupied. Dwellings Unoccupied. Total Dwelling-houses. Families. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, SuflFolk, . Worcester, 255,518 7,326 11,496 18,870 1,029 35,015 6,609 13,126 7,948 47,247 870 15,647 13,719 44,703 31,913 11,705 514 527 853 41 1,216 268 502 306 2,525 138 640 728 2,303 1,144 267,223 7,840 12,023 19,723 1,070 36,231 6,877 13,628 8,254 49,772 1,008 16,287 14,447 47,006 33,057 359,009 8,333 14,168 28,561 1,135 50,138 7,856 19,990 9,596 60,731 938 19,479 16,362 75,464 46,258 Size of Families. Counties. 1 3 3 4 5 6 11,869 57,228 69,987 66,000 53,184 37,856 499 1,761 1,851 1,643 1,120 663 387 2,027 2,519 2,542 2,102 1,626 973 4,630 5,565 5,094 4,119 2,901 94 271 257 216 148 69 1,727 8,256 10,275 9,536 7,422 5,084 280 1,371 1,648 1,493 1,182 799 696 3,194 3,779 3,585 2,915 2,092 289 1,557 1,896 1,741 1,398 1,014 1,680 9,144 11,663 11,319 9,294 6,647 71 280 228 155 93 57 667 3,078 3,743 3,534 2,990 2,083 684 2,928 3,540 3,065 2,349 1,585 2,307 10,969 13,902 13,652 11,262 8,507 1,515 7,762 9,121 8,425 6,790 4,729 The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, Dukes, Essex, . Franklin, . Hampden, . Hampshire, Middlesex, . Nantucket, . Norfolk, . Plymouth, . Suffolk, Worcester, . 25,967 391 1,178 2,115 37 3,344 480 1,469 680 4,621 23 1,442 999 5,879 3,309 36 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. Size of Families — Continued. Counties. 10 11 13 13 14 13 16 and above. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, . Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suffolk, . Worcester, 15,488 199 716 1,337 22 1,968 260 897 417 2,690 18 864 569 3,610 1,921 8,954 100 457 779 9 1,056 148 527 242 1,620 6 469 301 2,084 1,156 4,997 67 261 435 5 553 82 314 159 841 5 289 183 1,162 651 2,722 26 154 268 4 286 59 183 97 421 1 126 67 668 362 2,190 13 86 181 3 335 39 138 53 388 117 48 564 225 493 1 28 48 43 35 13 62 14 8 182 59 342 267 1 17 14 25 17 41 29 1 4 24 13 5 5 35 35 13 8 8 3 128 113 45 25 1,465 8 54 74 183 10 129 30 271 1 42 25 475 163 There are 255,518 occupied, and 11,705 unoccupied dwellings, or a total of 267,223 dwelling-houses in the State ; and 359,009 families, or 91,786 more families than dwellings, and 103,491 more families than occupied dwellings; there are 1.4 families to each occupied dwelling. The percentage is the same for Rhode Island. In 1865, the excess of families over dwellings Avas 61,270; the occupied dwellings contain, on an average, 6.46 persons ; in 1865, the average was 6.07 ; if all the houses in the State were occupied, the average number of persons to each would be 6.18. The average size of family is established at 4.6 persons, while in 1865 it was 4.69. The average size of families in most conditions of life and in most localities, holds true to 4.5. It rarely varies but little from this. In Rhode Island, in 1875, it was 4.67. In towns or villages this limit may not be hxed, but it is true for any considerable number. In the Size of Families tal)le will be found for each county and the State the number of families and the size of same, up to 16. Those given as above 16, and in fact many of the very large families, mean hotels, boarding-houses, etc., which are always counted as fami- lies for census purposes. The families having three persons are most numerous, numbering 69,987 ; and those having four persons rank next, giving 66,000 ; while those having only two rank third, numljer- ing 57,228 ; and those with five persons stand fourth, showing 53,184 ; the families composed of six, seven and eight persons then follow in rank, numbering respectively, 37,856, 25,967 and 15,488. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 37 Color and Kace. Whitk. Black. Mulatto. Chinese. Japanese. Indian. Counties. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fem. Males Fem. Males. Fem. The State, . 786,400 849,220 5,140 5,306 2,355 2,683 238 40 10 ■ - 240 280 Barnstable, . 15,457 16,294 44 62 75 69 1 - - - 66 76 Berkshire, . 32,939 33,942 391 392 225 246 129 4 - - 1 1 Bristol, 62,3-27 66,557 742 825 262 316 4 3 - - 27 24 Dulies, 1,803 1,963 32 30 48 37 - - - - 66 92 Essex, . 105,521 116,761 321 364 153 212 4 3 2 - - 1 Franklin, . 16,884 16,729 31 33 1 9 9 - - - - - Hampden, . 44,756 48,458 413 415 81 132 29 4 1 - 10 5 Hampshire, 21,426 23,077 105 104 44 51 13 - 1 - - - Middlesex, . 134,442 147,847 675 716 192 210 12 9 - - 2 7 Nantucket, . 1,370 1,769 9 28 10 .15 - - - - - - Norfolk, . 42,181 45,714 147 143 58 57 2 4 1 - 8 6 Plymouth, . 34,002 34,897 192 183 34 31 - 1 - - 12 10 Suftblk, 170,384 189,112 1,669 1,640 934 1,037 33 10 5 - 25 37 Worcester, . t 102,908 106,100 369 371 238 261 2 2 ~ ~ 23 21 BY TOTALS. Counties. Population. White. Black. Mulatto. Chinese. Japanese. Indian. The State, 1,651,912 1,635,620 10,446 5,038 278 10 520 Barnstable, . 32,144 31,751 106 144 1 - 142 Berkshire, 68,270 66,881 783 471 133 - 2 Bristol, 131,087 128,884 1,567 578 7 - 51 Dukes, . 4,071 3,766 62 85 _ - 158 Essex, . 223,342 222,282 685 365 7 2 1 Franklin, 33,696 33,613 64 10 9 - - Hampden, 94,304 93,214 828 213 33 1 15 Hampshire, 44,821 44,503 209 95 13 1 - Middlesex, 284,112 282,289 1,391 402 21 - 9 Nantucket, 3,201 3,139 37 25 - - - Norfolk, 88,321 87,895 290 115 6 1 14 Plymouth, 69,362 68,899 375 65 1 - 22 Suffolk, 364,886 359,496 3,309 1,971 43 5 62 Worcester, 210,295 209,008 740 499 4 ■" 44 From the above we learn that out of 1,651,912, the whole popula- tion of the State, 1,635,620 are white, and 16,292 colored; in 1865 the number of colored was 10,167. The classification by color and race is somewhat arbitrary and unsatisfactory, but it is that of the Census laws. We have omitted extended comparisons with other years. 38 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S73. COMPENDIUM. Conjugal Condition. CODMTIES. Sin 3LB. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Unknown. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fem. The State, 449,307 458,285 321,730 323,515 20,624 73,527 900 1,717 1,822 485 Barnstable, . 7,959 7,544 7,137 7,220 528 1,705 15 32 4 - Berkshire, 19,669 18,844 13,135 13,114 843 2,569 37 58 1 - Bristol, . 35,800 35,774 25,898 26,027 1,575 5,774 77 139 12 11 Dukes, . 997 931 889 911 61 275 2 5 - - Essex, . 59,197 62,440 43,836 44,162 2,735 10,437 105 265 128 37 Franklin, 9,097 8,218 7,246 7,206 565 1,319 15 28 2 - Hampden, 25,816 26,372 18,270 18,415 1,123 4,097 72 130 9 - Hampshire, 12,213 12,506 8,730 8,791 613 1,888 27 33 6 14 Middlesex, 76,756 80,961 54,601 55,193 3,296 12,150 139 324 531 161 Nantucket, 625 770 703 735 60 305 1 2 - _ Norfolk, 23,955 24,802 17,199 17,339 1,144 3,672 62 82 37 29 Plymouth, 18,339 17,316 14,753 14,776 1,102 2,982 43 45 3 3 Suffolk, . 100,338 105,827 67,124 67,375 4,353 18,088 151 319 1,084 227 Worcester, 58,546 55,980 42,209 42,251 2,626 8,266 154 255 5 3 BY TOTALS. The Conjugal Condition presentation informs us that 54 -f per cent, or 907,592 of the poimlation, are single ; 645,245, or 39 — per cent, are married; 94,151 widowed, and 2,617 divorced, while 2,307 were reported as unknown, the majority probably belonging to the divorced column. From the same table, it is ascertained that of the single, 449,307 POPULATIOIsr AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 39 are males, and 458,285 are females, an excess of 8,978 females ; of the married, 321,730 are males, and 323,515 are females, an excess of 1,785 females; of the widowed, 20,624 are males, and 73,527 are females, an excess of 52,903 females ; of the divorced, 900 are males, and 1,717 are females, an excess of 817 females; of the unknown, 1,822 are males, and 485 females, an excess of 1,337 males, a large proportion being without doubt divorced, but reported unknown. It was seen from the statements under Population and Sex, that the excess of females over males in the State was 63,146. From the above statement we learn how and from what classes that excess is made, as follows : — Single women, . Married women, Widowed women, Divorced women, Total, . 8,978 1,785 52,903 817 64,483 Deduct excess of males unknown, 1,337, and we find the excess of females by this table is 63,146 as by the first. Ages. Age. M. F. Agk. M. F. Age. M. F. Age. M. F. 1 mo. 1,742 1,754 12 yra. 15,116 14,549 34 yrs. 9,729 10,837 56 yrs. 5,499 5,474 2mos. 1,786 1,694 13 " 14,581 14,893 35 " 16,056 17,363 57 " 4,530 4,370 3 " 1,832 1,937 14 " 16,104 16,078 36 " 9,714 11,031 58 " . 4,871 5,008 4 " 1,699 1,687 15 " 15,938 16,471 37 " 9,019 10,198 59 " 3,788 3,770 5 " 1,511 1,549 16 " 15,726 17,258 38 " 11,480 12,810 60 " 8,154 8,822 6 " 1,971 1,896 17 " 15,094 16,870 39 " 7,953 9,248 61 " 2,957 3,123 7 " 1,497 1,454 18 " 16,709 18,604 40 " 17,318 19,655 62 " 3,883 4,228 8 " 1,531 1,490 19 <• 16,111 17,155 41 " 6,346 6,715 63 " 3,950 4,031 9 " 1.633 1,545 20 " 15,616 19,061 42 " 9,202 10,045 64 " 3,538 3,662 10 " 1,224 1,260 21 " 14,353 15,953 43 " 7,229 8,144 65 " 4,874 5,268 11 " 700 648 22 " 15,051 18,459 44 " 6,642 7,678 66 " 2,806 3,172 lyr. 13,825 15,589 23 " 14,629 17,323 45 " 13,907 13,874 67 " 2,919 3,246 2 yrs. 19,976 19,731 24 " 15,518 17,117 46 " 6,783 7,291 68 «' 2,707 3,089 3 " 18,345 18,333 25 " 16,407 19,791 47 " 6,508 7,084 69 " 2,325 2,432 4 " 17,042 16,974 •26 " 13,403 15,639 48 " 8,029 8,352 70 " 3,454 4,511 5 " 17,636 17,218 27 " 12,651 14,030 49 " 5,904 6,117 71 " 1,752 1,976 6 " 16,456 16,278 28 '< 15,183 17,553 50 " 13,628 14,462 72 " 1,934 2,327 7 " 16,804 16,547 29 " 10,967 12,157 51 " 4,761 4,772 73 " 1,704 2,191 8 " 16,521 16,254 30 " 19,027 21,709 52 " 6,687 6,615 74 " 1,566 1,974 9 " 15,075 14,949 31 " 8,979 9,670 53 " 5,785 5,671 ■ 75 " 2,186 2,891 10 " 15,327 14,797 32 " 11,236 12,978 54 " 5,639 5,651 76 " 1,346 1,683 11 '< 13,394 13,526 33 " 10,414 11,515 65 " 7,736 7,713 77 " 1,134 1,387 40 CEK'SUS or MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. Ar/es — Continued. Age. M. F. Age. M. F.' Age. M. F. Age. M. F. 78 yrs. 1,026 1,435 87 yrs. 195 383 96 yrs. 11 21 105 yrs. 1 3 79 " 767 1,039 88 " 136 309 97 " 7 24 106 " 2 - 80 " 918 1,560 89 " 105 207 98 " 14 19 107 " 1 2 81 " 487 770 90 " 106 224 99 " 8 12 108 " - - 82 " 559 791 91 " 57 110 100 " 3 12 109 " - 1 83 " 399 697 92 " 49 101 101 " - 3 110 " - - 84 " 377 624 93 " 31 67 102 " - 3 111 " _ _ 85 " 86 " 341 240 587 441 94 " 95 " 17 18 53 58 103 " 104 " 1 2 Unk'n, 4,235 6,067 BY TOTALS. Age. Total. Age. Total. Age. Total. Age. Total. Age. Total. Ace. Total. 1 mo. 3,496 11 yrs. 26,920 32 yrs. 24,214 53 yrs. 11,456 74 yrs. 3,540 95yr8. 76 2mos. 3,480 12 " 29,665 33 21,929 54 " 11,290 75 " 5,077 96 " 32 3 " 3,769 13 " 29,474 34 20,566 55 " 15,449 76 " 3,029 97 " 31 4 " 3,386 14 " 32,182 35 33,419 56 " 10,973 77 " 2,521 98 " 33 5 " 3,060 15 " 32,409 36 20,745 57 " 8,900 78 " 2,461 99 " 20 6 " 3,867 16 " 32,984 37 19,217 58 " 9,879 79 " 1,806 100 " 15 7 " 2,951 17 " 31,964 38 24,290 59 " 7,558 80 " 2,478 101 " 3 8 " 3,021 18 " 35,313 39 17,201 60 " 16,976 81 " 1,257 102 " 3 9 " 3,178 19 " 33,266 40 36,973 61 " 6,080 82 " 1,350 103 " 2 10 " 2,484 20 " 34,677 41 13,061 62 " 8,111 S3 " 1,096 104 " 1 11 " 1,348 21 " 30,306 42 19,247 63 " 7,981 84 " 1,001 105 " 4 1 yr. 29,414 22 " 33,510 43 15,373 64 " 7,200 85 " 928 106 " 2 2 yrs. 39,707 23 " 31,952 44 14,320 65 " 10,142 86 " 681 107 " 3 3 " 36,678 24 " 32,635 45 27,781 66 " 5,978 87 " 578 108 " - 4 " 34,016 25 " 36,198 46 14,074 67 " 6,165 88 " 445 109 " 1 5 " 34,854 26 " 29,042 47 13,592 68 " 5,796 89 " 312 110 " - 6 " 32,734 27 " 26,681 48 16,381 69 " 4,757 90 " 330 111 " - 7 " 33,351 28 " 32,736 49 12,021 70 " 7,965 91 " 167 j 112 " - 8 " 32,775 29 " 23,124 50 28,090 71 " 3,728 92 " 150 , 113 " - 9 " 10 " 30,024 30,124 30 " 31 " 40,736 18,649 51 52 9,533 13,302 72 " 73 " 4,261 3,895 93 " 94 " 98 70 Unk'n, 10,302 It has been deemed advisable to report the ages of the people by months and years instead of by quinquennial periods. By this present- ation, it will be observed that after reaching 20, there is a concentration upon the quinquennial periods ; for instance, at 20, there are 34,677, while at 21, but 30,306 ; and at 25, there are 36,198, while at 26, only 29,042. Again, at 30, there are 40,736; while at 29 the number is much less, as it is also at 31. At 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, etc., the same concentration appears. This is entirely owing to the answers POPULATIOIS^ AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 41 given by the people, many of whom are careless in giving their ages, preferring, for instance, to say they are 45, rather than give an exact age either side, while many are ignorant of their real age, and almost invarial)ly give the quinquennial division for a guess. This practice is noticeable in all censuses, in all countries, but upon comparison we find the practice less prominent in this census than in most we have examined. This is owing to the time allowed in which to answer inquiries. The whole number of children five years of age and under is 208,709 : males, 103,950 ; females, 104,759. In 1865, it was 133,943. The average age of all living males is 27 years 6 months ; of all living females, 27 years 10 months ; of all, 27 years 8 months ; while from the Massachusetts Registration Reports it is learned that the averao'e ao-e to which all live is about 30. The average age of the living males over 20 is 40 years 9 months ; of females, 40 years 6 months ; and the average age of all persons in the State above 20 is 40 years T^ months. The average death age of all who die above 20 is about 52. Those people from 15 to 60 years of age belong to the productive age, while those under 15 and over 60 belong to the dependent age. Dependent and Productive Ages. Total PoruLATioN. Under 15. 15 TO 60. Above 60. Counties. 1803. 1875. 1865. 1875. 1865. 1875. 1865. 1875. The State, . 1,267,031 1,651,912 404,125 485,958 767,377 1,043,992 94,207 111,660 Barnstable, . 34,610 32,144 10,744 8,785 20,376 19,267 3,452 3,861 Berkshire, . 56,944 68,270 19,283 22,140 32,923 40,870 4,658 4,965 Bristol, . 89,305 131,087 28,054 38,539 53,784 82,644 7,488 9,233 Dukes, . 4,200 4,071 1,075 923 2,600 2,539 521 593 Essex, . 171,034 223,342 52,811 64,291 104,927 142,542 13,141 15,429 Franklin, 31,340 33,696 9,790 9,747 18,196 20,228 3,335 3,566 Hampden,* , 64,570 94,304 19,993 28,629 39,692 59,703 4,700 6,711 Hampshire, . 39,269 44,821 12,296 13,061 23,193 27,153 3,741 4,022 Middlesex, . 220,384 284,112 71,654 83,034 133,629 181,230 14,800 17,555 Nantucket, . 4,748 3,201 1,095 629 2,770 1,852 797 712 Norfolk, 116,306 88,321 39,268 26,225 68,696 54,225 8,182 6,960 Plymouth, . 63,107 69,362 19,988 19,424 36,512 42,144 6,542 7,410 SuiTolk, . 208,212 364,886 64,255 104,251 134,363 242,028 9,590 16,076 Worcester, . 162,912 210,295 53,819 64,241 95,716 129,492 13,260 15,575 Note. — The unknown are not included in this table. From the above table it will be seen that of the Avhole population 1,043,992 belong to the producing class, — a gain of 276,615 over the same class in 1865, or 72 — per cent of the whole gain (384,881) in 6 42 CE:N^SUS of MASS. — 1873. COMPENDIUM. population. An examination of the figures in tlie table for the differ- ent counties will prove of great interest; for instance, Barnstable shows a loss under 15, and between 15 and 60, but a decided gain over 60 ; that is to say, the producing class in Barnstable County is grow- ing less, while the dependent increases. Such points compared with the Notes, on loss and gain, etc., at close of this volume, can not fail to interest the social scientist. See also remarks on Occupations. Place of Birth. Counties Born in Town NAMED. Born in other Towns in Mass. boen in other States. Foreign Born. Unknown. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. The State, 290,425 300,546 178,887 197,183 119,386 133,402 196,079 222,825 3,606 3,573 Barnstable, 11,001 11,217 2,935 3,486 573 668 1,100 1,121 34 9 Berksliire, 12,644 12,269 6,781 7,.398 6,503 7,172 7,612 7,673 145 73 Bristol, . 24,224 24,733 12,418 13,764 7,591 8,366 19,010 20,731 119 131 Dukes, 1,252 1,345 431 481 154 186 83 84 29 26 Essex, 47,391 49,493 19,169 21,914 15,841 18,482 23,274 27,149 326 303 Franklin, . 6,935 6,320 5,308 5,913 2,409 2,642 2,180 1,810 93 86 Hampden, 13,737 13,767 10,070 10,869 9,214 10,249 12,164 14,071 105 58 Hampshire, 8,637 8,194 6,167 7,053 2,672 3,031 4,036 4,549 77 405 Middlesex, 42,339 42,839 33,599 37,397 24,222 27,969 34,439 39,828 724 756 Nantucket, 1,114 1,506 139 152 69 90 66 64 1 - Norfolk, . 16,364 16,224 12,125 14,041 4,883 5,769 8,769 9,532 256 358 Plymouth, 16,596 16,295 11,446 12,337 2,295 2,513 3,720 3,868 183 109 Suffolk, . 58,547 60,865 30,317 32,851 28,345 30,177 54,927 67,047 914 896 Woreester, 35,644 35,479 27,982 29,527 14,615 16,088 24,699 25,298 600 363 BY TOTALS. Counties. Population. Born in town named. Born in other towns in Mass. Born in other States. Foreign born. Unknown. The State, 1,651,912 596,971 376,040 252,818 418,904 7,179 Barnstable, . 32,144 22,218 6,421 1,241 2,221 43 Berkshire, 68,270 24,913 14,179 13,675 15,285 218 Bristol, . 131,087 48,957 26,182 15,957 39,741 250 Dukes, . 4,071 2,.597 912 340 167 55 Essex, . 223,342 96,884 41,083 34,323 50,423 629 Franklin, 33,696 13,255 11,221 5,051 3,990 179 Hampden, 94,304 27,504 20,939 19,463 26,235 163 Hampshire, 44,821 16,831 13,190 5,733 8,585 482 Middlesex, 284,112 85,178 70,996 52,191 74,267 1,480 Nantucket, , 3,201 2,620 291 159 130 1 Norfolk, 88,.32l 32,588 26,166 10,652 18,301 614 Plymouth, 69,362 32,891 23,783 4,808 7,588 292 Suffolk, . 364,886 119,412 63,168 58,522 121,974 1,810 Worcester, 210,295 71,123 57,509 30,703 49,997 963 POPULATIOI^^ AI^D SOCIAL STATISTICS. 43 Foreign Born, by Nationalities. Place of Bikth. England, Ireland Scotland Wales, Dominion of Canada, . Other British Possessions, . France Germany, .... Portugal Italy, Sweden and Norway, . Spain Denmark, .... Russia, Holland Switzerland Africa, Austria Belgium Brazil China Egypt Friendly Islands, . Greece Japan, . . . , , Liberia Mexico Persia Sandwich Islands, . Siam Society Islands, Turkey Countries not designated. At Sea American citizens born abroad, Males. Females. 25,368 103,419 6,323 315 39,880 601 1,346 9,918 2,013 1,126 2,015 161 470 561 282 326 119 167 71 17 238 1 1 29 10 1 11 27 1 2 33 155 116 956 196,079 23,771 131,137 6,493 281 46,142 713 883 7,621 1,692 582 1,938 81 144 309 228 227 70 121 45 8 40 2 21 3 27 20 86 98 35 222,825 Totals. 49,139 234,556 12,816 596 86,022 1,314 2,229 17,539 3,705 1,708 3,953 242 614 870 510 553 189 288 116 25 278 1 1 36 10 3 32 3 54 1 2 53 241 214 991 418,904 Nativities, with Ages : Aliens. [Aliens include all foreign born males above twenty years of ago not naturalized.] Under 10. 10 TO 14, ISC. 1 15 TO 20, INC. Above 20. 1 CO COCNTIES. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. The State, . Native born, Foreign born, . 168,564 159,176 9,388 169,729 159,649 10,080 72,139 62,594 9,545 73,388 63,102 10,286 93,798 77,695 16,103 102,077 81,215 20,862 459,882 297,997 161,885 512.335 330,792 181,543 79,136 44 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. N^ativities, with Ages: Aliens — Concluded. • Under 10. 10 TO 14, INC. 15 TO 20, ISC. Above 20. to Counties. Ed Males. Fem. Wales. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. < Barnstable County, . 3,116 2,982 1,434 1,329 1,724 1,687 9,369 10,503 _ Native born, 3,080 2,936 1,395 1,290 1,657 1,597 8,411 9,557 - Foreign born, . 36 46 39 39 67 90 958 946 503 Berkshire County, 7,831 7,666 3,392 3,318 4,336 4,417 18,126 19,184 - Native born, . 7,499 7,286 3,012 2,S60' 3,658 3,657 11,904 13,109 - Foreign born, . 332 380 380 458 678 760 6,222 6,075 2,888 Bristol County, . 13,543 13,286 5,956 5,774 7,812 8,738 36,051 39,927 - Native born, . 12,100 11,788 4,467 4,318 5,733 6,040 22,052 24,848 - Foreign born, . 1,443 1,498 1,489 1,456 2,079 2,698 13,999 15,079 6,776 Dukes County, 304 284 173 165 204 210 1,268 1,463 - Native born, . 304 282 170 161 201 194 1,191 1,401 . - Foreign born, . - 2 3 4 3 16 77 62 25 Essex County, 22,301 22,971 9,584 10,097 12,104 13,463 62,012 70,810 - Native born, . 21,191 21,660 8,400 8,800 10,404 10,864 42,732 48,863 - Foreign born, . 1,110 1,311 1,184 1,297 1,700 2,599 19,280 21,942 8,874 Franklin County, 3,421 3,276 1,575 1,424 1,905 1,851 10,024 10,220 - Native born, 3,318 3,198 1,471 1,332 1,743 1,715 8,213 8,726 - Foreign born, . 103 78 104 92 162 136 1,811 1,504 751 Hampden County, 9,865 9,847 4,498 4,303 5,500 6,368 25,427 28,496 - Native born, . 9,152 9,156 3,695 3,464 4,245 4,619 16,034 17,704 - Foreign born, . 713 691 803 839 1,255 1,749 9,393 10,792 5,215 Hampshire County, . 4,556 4,432 2,042 2,118 3,019 2,722 11,972 13,960 - Native born, . 4,379 4,277 1,802 1,871 2,619 2,244 11,653 10,291 - Foreign born, . 177 155 240 247 400 478 3,219 3,669 1,515 Middlesex Counti:, 28,193 29,478 11,908 12,817 16,253 18,011 78,969 88,483 - Native born, 26,594 27,692 10,550 11,189 13,677 14,247 50,183 55,820 - Foreign born, . 1,599 1,786 1,358 1,628 2,576 3,764 28,786 32,663 13,292 Nantucket County, . 190 201 119 119 142 166 938 1,326 - Native born, 189 198 119 117 142 162 873 1,271 - Foreign born, . 1 3 - 2 - 4 65 55 7 Norfolk County, . 9,214 9,095 3,961 3,974 4,995 5,277 24,227 27,578 - Native born, 8,872 8,783 3,638 3,654 4,496 4,629 16,622 19,326 - Foreign born, . • . 342 312 323 320 499 648 7,605 8,252 3,401 Plymouth County, 6,962 6,497 3,079 2,931 3,961 3,988 20,238 21,706 - Native born, . 6,826 6,390 2,969 2,820 3,765 3,772 16,960 18,272 - Foreign born, . 136 107 110 111 196 216 3,278 3,434 1,495 Suffolk County, . 36,294 37,556 14,679 15,587 19,165 22,250 102,912 116,443 - Native born, . 34,095 35,061 12,504 13,143 14,837 16,979 55,687 59,606 - Foreign born, . 2,199 2,495 2,175 2,444 4,328 5,271 47,225 56,837 24,583 Worcester County, . 22,774 22,158 9,739 9,432 12,678 12,929 58,349 62,236 - Native born, . 21,577 20,942 8,392 8,093 10,548 10,506 38,324 41,916 - Foreign born, . 1,197 1,216 1,347 1,339 2,130 2,423 ! 20,025 1 20,320 9,811 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 45 The three preceding presentations are so closely allied they will be considered together. It is ascertained that out of a population of 1,651,912, there were born in the town where they now live, 596,971, or 36-|- per cent of the whole ; 376,040 were born in other towns in tlie State, and 252,818 in other States in the United States, while 418,904, or 254- P^r cent of the total population, were born in foreign countries, and of 7,179 the birthplace was not ascertained. The native born, then, number 1,225,829, or 74-f- per cent of the whole population. Of the whole population, 973,011, or 59 — per cent, were born in Massachusetts. In 1865, the number of Massachu- setts birth was 828,156, a gain in 1875 of 144,855. The foreign l)orn in 1865 were 265,486, or 21 per cent of the total population, as against 418,904 in 1875, a gain of 153,418, or 9,563 more than the increase of those of Massachusetts birth. The number born in the United States, or the entire native ])orn in Massachusetts, in 1865, was 999,976 ; in 1875, as stated, 1,225,829, a gain of 225,853 ; so the total gain in native born is 62,435 in excess of the gain in foreign born (153,418), the total gain in population being 384,881. Under Foreign Born, by Nationalities, it is seen tliat 234,556, or 56 — per cent of the whole number of foreign, were born in Ireland. In 1865, the Irish born were 69 — per cent of the foreign born. The Dominion of Canada furnishes the next largest numl^er, or 86,022 ; while England contrilnites 49,139 ; Germany, 17,539 ; Scotland, 12,816. There were 214 born at sea, and 991 were American citizens born abroad. The balance comes from all parts of the world. The following table exhibits the numl)er and nationality of the population of Massachusetts at three periods, 1855, 1865 and 1875, with the increase and percentage of increase during the two decades, 1855-1865 and 1865-1875. [England, in the table, includes 1,314 born in British Possessions not specified.] Place of Nativity. United States, . Irelaml, . England, . Scotland, . British America, Germany, IS5a. 886,575 181,304 20,987 6,734 21,707 9,672 1865. 999,976 183,177 25,229 6,967 32,390 11,125 1875. 1,225,829 234,556 50,453 12,816 86,022 17,539 1835-1865. Increase. Per cent 113,401 1,873 4,242 233 10,683 1,453 12.79 1.03 20.21 3.46 49.21 15.02 1863-1875. Increase. Per cent. 225,853 51, .379 25,224 5,849 53,6.32 6,414 22..57 28.05 100.00 83.95 165.58 57.65 46 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. 1 1855- 1865. 1865- 1875. Place of Nativitt. 1855. 1865. 1875. Increase. Per cent. Increase. Per cent. France, 1,U3 1,110 2,229 —33 - 1,119 101.00 Sweden and Norway, 734 859 3,953 125 17.03 3,094 360.19 West Indies, . 278 332 - 54 19.42 —332 - Portugal, . 855 1,883 3,705 1,028 119.07 1,822 96.76 Wales, . 248 301 598 53 21.37 295 98.01 Italy, 358 478 1,708 120 33.52 1,230 257.32 Denmark, . 209 197 614 —12 - 417 211.67 South America, 115 96 25 —19 - —71 - Spain, 111 140 242 29 26.13 102 72.86 Switzerland, . 181 260 553 79 43.65 293 112.69 All other countries. 627 942 3,893 315 50.24 2,951 313.27 Unknown, 531 1,569 7,179 1,038 195.48 6,610 357.55 1,132,369 1,267,031 1,651,912 134,662 11.92 384,881 30.38 The above table shows that the largest accessions to our foreign born population during the decade closing May 1, 1875, were from British America, 53,632; the next from Ireland, 51,379; and from England, 25,, 224. For the preceding decade the largest accessions were from British America, 10,683 ; England, 4,242 ; and Ireland, 1,873. This small immigration was due to the war of the rebellion. Inserted below is a table showing the total foreign population in each county and in the State, also the percentage of foreign to the whole, for 1855, 1865 and 1875 : — Counties. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, . Hampshire, . Middlesex, . Nantucket, . Norfolk, rij'mouth, . Suffolk, Worcester, . Foreign Population. 1855. 1865. 1875. 245,263 265,486 418,904 1,685 1,596 2,221 9,386 11,275 15,285 15,711 15,076 39,741 125 119 167 26,827 31,817 50,423 2,131 2,559 3,990 11,890 13,265 26,235 4,733 6,638 8,585 47,552 48,840 74,267 455 207 130 23,544 26,894 18,301 6,441 5,994 7,588 65,468 68,966 121,974 29,315 32,240 49,997 Percentage. 1855. 1865. 21.66 20.95 4.75 4.61 17.78 19.80 17.97 16.86 2.84 2.83 17.76 18.60 6.73 8.16 21.68 20.54 13.33 16.90 24.50 22.16 5.64 4.36 24.95 23.12 10.47 9.50 38.09 33.12 19.61 19.79 1875. 25.36 6.91 22.39 30.32 4.10 22.58 11.84 27.82 19.15 26.14 4.06 20.72 10.94 33.43 23.77 POPULATION AN^D SOCIAL STATISTICS. 47 Following is a table exhibiting the total population, the foreign born, and the percentage of foreign born in the leading manufacturing towns in the State, 1875 : — 1 E3 E3 , s 3 •s P< 0, 0. p. O f£ . 1 = ^ bo £ . Cities and Towns. s § to S '0 Cities and Towns. .2 § &.§ g 1 ^3 11 ■Si 'I « c -;2 Barnstable Co. Hampshire— Con. Provlncetown, . 4,357 1,008 23.13 South Hadley, . 3,370 684 20.30 Ware, 4,142 1,392 33.61 Berkshire Co. Adams, 15,760 4,978 31.59 Middlesex Co. Great Bari'ington, . 4,385 830 18.93 Ashland, . 2,211 335 15.15 Lee, .... 3,900 864 22.15 Billerica, . 1,881 429 22.81 Pittsfield, . 12,267 3,029 24.69 Cambridge, Framingham, . 47,838 5,167 15,032 1,117 31.42 21.62 Bristol Co. Holliston, . 3,399 562 16.53 Attleborough, . 9,224 2,239 24.27 Hopkinton, 4,503 1,055 23.43 Easlon, 3,898 861 22.09 Hudson, 3,493 774 22.16 Fall River, 45,340 23,866 52.64 Lowell, 49,688 17,778 35.78 New Bedford, . 25,895 5,947 22.97 Maiden, 10,843 2,068 19.07 Raynliam, . 1,687 124 7.35 Marlborough, , 8,424 2,217 26.32 Taunton, . 20,445 4,783 23.39 Maynard, . 1,965 761 38.73 Essex Co. Natick, 7,419 1,660 22.37 Amesbury, 3,816 1,250 32.76 Newton, 16,105 4,205 26.11 Andover, . 6,097 1,213 23.80 Somerville, 21,868 5,866 26.82 Beverly, 7,271 791 10.88 Stonehara, . 4,984 772 15.49 Danvers, . 6,024 1,173 19.47 Wakefield, 6,349 1,120 20.94 Gloucester, 16,754 4,447 26.54 Waltham, . 9,967 2,857 28.66 Haverhill, . 14,628 2,147 14.68 Watertown, 5,099 1,456 28.55 Lawrence, . 34,916 15,546 44.52 Wayland, . 1,766 322 18.23 Lynn, .... 32,600 6,691 17.46 Winchester, 3,099 750 24.20 Marblebead, 7,677 829 10.80 Woburn, . 9,568 2,806 29.33 Metbuen, . 4,205 1,067 25.37 Newburyport, . 13,323 2,303 17.29 Norfolk Co. North Andover, 2,981 822 27.57 Braintree, . 4,186 809 19.47 Peabody, . 8,066 1,892 22.22 Canton, 4,192 1,159 27.65 Salem, 25,958 6,420 24.73 Dedham, . Fo.xborough, 5,756 3,168 1,455 325 25.28 10.26 Franklin Co. Franklin, . 2,983 478 16.02 Montague, . 3,380 910 26.92 Holbrook, . 1,726 203 11.76 Hampden Co. Medway, . 4,242 742 17.49 Chicopee, . 10,335 3,624 35.07 Needham, . 4,548 1,288 28.32 Holyoke, . 16,260 8,450 51.97 Quincy, 9,155 2,377 25.96 Monson, . 3,733 555 14.86 Randolph, . 4,064 818 20.13 Palmer, 4,572 1,380 30.19 Stoughton, 4,842 725 14.97 Springtield, 31,053 7,713 24.84 Weymouth, 9,819 1,352 13.77 Westfleld, . 8,431 1,481 17.57 Plymouth Co. Hajipshire Co. Abington, . 3,241 382 11.78 Easthampton, . 3,972 1,165 29.33 Bridgewater, 3,969 884 22.27 Northampton, . 11,108 2,817 25.36 Brockton, . 10,578 1,663 15.72 48 CENSUS OP MASS. -1875. COMPENDIUM. Cities and Towns. s a. o Plymouth— Con. Middleborougli, Plymouth, . Rockland, . South Abington, Suffolk Co. Boston, Chelsea, Worcester Co. Athol, Blackstone, Clinton, Dudley, Fitchburg, . Leicester, . 6,023 321 6,370 683 4,203 645 2,456 221 341,919 117,005 20,737 4,511 4,134 347 4,640 1,681 6,781 2,601 2,653 1,113 12,289 2,765 2,770 792 6.39 10.70 15.34 9.00 29.13 21.27 8.39 36.22 38.36 41.95 22.50 28.59 Cities and Towns. s ^ o. a. o Ch . fu S c c .2 = j: 3 S « > "^ o ~ >=« Worcester— Con Leominster, Milford, . Millbury, . Nortlibridge, North Brookfleld, Oxford, Southbridge, Spencer, Uxbridge, . Warren, Webster, . Westborough, Wlnchendon, Worcester, 5,201 9,818 4,529 4,030 3,749 2,938 6,740 5,451 3,029 3,260 5,064 5,141 3,762 49,317 683 2,378 1,512 1,465 906 582 2,460 1,755 681 783 2,060 926 654 13,362 13.13 24.12 33.38 36. .35 24.17 19.81 42.86 32.20 22.48 24.02 40.68 18.00 17.39 27.09 If, now, we examine the table of Nativities, with Ages, we shall learn the division as to ages of the native and foreign born, as fol- lows : — Under 10. 10 to 14, inc. 15 to 20, inc. Above 20. The State, Native born, . Foreign born, 338,293 318,825 19,468 145,.527 125,696 19,831 195,875 158,910 36,965 972,217 r628,7S9 343,428 Of the native born above 20, the males number 297,997, and the females, 330,792 ; of the foreign born above 20, the males number 161,885, and the females, 181,543. The aliens, or males of foreign birth above 20 years of age not naturalized, are 79,136. These points are interesting, in view of the agitation of the suffrage question ; the recruiting field consists of 330,792 females native born above 20; 181,543 females foreign born above 20; 512,335 total number of females above 20 years of age. The nativity of parents is not called for by the Massachusetts census. Our census, of course, gives no data as to natives of Massachusetts in other States, but in the following table, compiled from the United States censuses for 1860 and 1870, will be found the number of natives of ^Massachusetts in other States, and of natives of other States in Massachusetts. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 49 Emigrated to— from Massachusetts. 1860. 1870. States and Terkitobies. Emigrated from— to Massachusetts. 1860. 1870. 753 217 12,165 14,674 214 295 773 19,053 3,443 6,214 10,997 926 1,350 13,822 1,032 9,873 3,719 309 2,702 286 19,973 2,819 50,004 324 16,313 535 7,777 13,965 322 680 660 11,913 1,431 12,115 9 20 514 72 523 242,786 370 226 15,334 17,871 331 464 635 22,156 3,490 8,929 2,894 792 885 11,139 1,212 10,839 5,731 274 5,731 1,277 997 16,510 6,068 41,355 288 13,390 746 9,119 18,719 325 566 623 9,202 1,206 10,403 117 621 143 1,254 199 295 85 492 399 178 243,880 Alabama, . . . . Arkansas, . • . • California Connecticut, .... Delaware Florida, . . . . Georgia, . . . . Illinois, Indiana, . . . . Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine, Maryland, . . . . Michigan Minnesota, . . . . Mississippi, .... Missouri, . . . . Nebraska, . . . . Nevada, .... New Hampshire, . New Jersey New York, .... North Carolina, . Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, • . Tennessee, . . . . Texas, Vermont Virginia and "West Virginia, Wisconsin, .... Alaska Arizona Colorado, .... Dakota District of Columbia, . Idaho Indiana, .... Montana New Mexico, Utah, Washington, . , Wyoming Totals, 112 23 289 15,580 124 57 235 534 123 102 11 118 198 43,031 1,128 260 58 54 121 44,035 1,326 18,508 216 847 15 2,297 13,326 233 53 34 18,652 1,391 277 260 163,637 176 22 451 17,313 315 88 375 972 236 260 53 245 346 65,571 1,593 502 186 66 210 8 6 47,773 1,893 24,628 673 1,427 27 3,257 14,356 532 181 72 22,180 3,138 521 1 2 2 422 200,107 50 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. The foregoing table shows 200,107 people m Massachusetts, in 1870, born in other States of the United States ; the census of Massachu- setts for 1875 shows 252,818, a gain of 52,711 since 1870. Births : Nativities of Mothees. ["Total married •women " includes all -who are or have been married. The numerals at the heads of the columns indicate the number of births to each mother.] Counties. 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 IS The State, . 57,644 57,070 46,774 37,550 29,815 23,400 17,692 13,507 9,948 6,874 4,026 2,545 Native born, . 42,335 40,912 31,585 23,369 16,816 11,769 8,147 5,679 3,887 2,670 1,396 893 Foreign born, 15,309 16,158 15,189 14,181 12,999 11,631 9,545 7,828 6,061 4,204 2,630 1,652 Barnstable Co., 1,228 1,294 1,155 885 720 533 423 367 263 163 110 50 Native born, . 1,130 1,171 1,049 813 641 463 373 326 230 147 104 47 Foreign born. 98 123 106 72 79 70 50 41 33 16 6 3 Berkshire Co., . 2,058 2,190 1,850 1,617 1,255 1,051 789 639 489 327 211 143 Native born, . 1,643 1,645 1,352 1,069 774 558 386 262 193 135 89 52 Foreign born, 415 545 498 548 481 493 403 377 296 192 122 91 Bristol Co., 4,548 4,315 3,423 2,943 2,307 1,899 1,419 1,163 961 642 419 233 Native born, . 3,309 3,013 2,289 1,873 1,331 1,019 762 487 378 263 51 84 Foreign born. 1,239 1,302 1,134 1,070 976 880 657 676 583 379 368 149 Dukes Co., . 151 181 160 92 74 58 36 29 22 15 7 6 Native born, . 143 177 151 90 68 56 31 29 21 14 7 4 Foreign born. 8 4 9 2 6 2 5 - 1 1 - 2 Essex Co., . 8,056 8,020 6,387 5,085 4,195 3,178 2,416 1,678 1,310 874 463 283 •Native born, . 6,191 6,054 4,576 3,363 2,506 1,752 1,265 833 618 409 215 123 Foreign born. 1,865 1,966 1,811 1,722 1,689 1,426 1,151 845 692 465 248 160 Franklin Co., . 1,135 1,251 1,053 898 660 447 363 264 165 138 78 47 Native born, . 1,016 1,095 892 750 534 357 265 192 119 95 50 30 Foreign born, 119 156 161 148 126 90 98 72 46 43 28 17 Hampden Co., . 3,501 3,393 2,784 2,075 1,681 1,265 946 719 570 430 259 147 Native born, . 2,566 2,467 1,876 1,225 918 598 368 264 169 122 67 31 Foreign born. 935 926 908 850 763 667 578 455 401 308 192 116 Hampshire Co., . 1,402 1,471 1,280 1,055 799 647 478 364 257 205 111 75 Native born, . 1,144 1,190 961 747 525 398 271 186 120 95 50 34 Foreign born, 258 281 319 308 274 249 207 178 137 110 61 41 Middlesex Co., . 9,328 9,503 7,755 6,362 4,870 3,857 2,875 2,279 1,606 1,087 592 394 Native born, . 6,753 6,671 5,128 3,864 2,621 1,794 1,188 815 578 376 213 112 Foreign born, 2,575 2,832 2,627 2,498 2,249 2,063 1,687 1,464 1,028 711 379 282 Nantl'cket Co., . 172 169 140 107 52 43 38 18 13 5 7 9 Native born, . 164 167 134 102 49 38 35 17 12 5 7 8 Foreign born, 8 2 6 5 3 5 3 1 1 - - 1 Norfolk Co., 2,903 2,961 2,699 2,106 1,593 1,284 953 774 529 367 197 133 Native born, . 2,228 2,287 1,952 1,409 1,006 722 512 410 225 157 78 62 Foreign born, 675 674 747 697 587 662 441 364 304 210 119 j 71 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 51 Births: JVativities of Mothers — Continued. Counties. 1 a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 Plymouth Co., . 2,699 2,607 2,243 1,750 1,367 1,047 771 571 383 264 137 93 Native born, . 2,373 2,299 1,935 1,443 1,079 787 546 397 279 191 94 71 Foreign born. 326 308 308 307 288 260 225 174 104 73 43 22 Suffolk Co., 12,949 12,420 9,793 7,823 6,315 5,066 3,954 2,842 2,078 1,421 841 522 Native born, . 7,831 7,240 5,070 3,601 2,553 1,663 1,089 738 451 308 168 103 Foreign born. 5,118 5,180 4,723 4,222 3,762 3,403 2,865 2,104 1,627 1,113 673 419 Worcester Co., . 7,514 7,295 6,052 4,752 3,927 3,025 2,231 1,800 1,302 936 594 410 Native born, . 5,844 5,436 4,220 3,020 2,211 1,564 1,056 723 494 353 203 132 Foreign born, 1,670 1,859 1,832 1,732 1,716 1,461 1,175 1,077 808 683 391 278 Births: JSfativities of Mothers — Continued. Counties. 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 ao 21 as as a4 as Total Mothers. Total married women. The State, . 1,295 727 302 142 92 61 22 11 10 4 3 2 4 309,520 398,759 Native born, . 429 239 101 39 15 16 7 1 3 - 1 1 1 190,311 - Foreign born, 866 488 201 103 77 45 15 10 7 4 2 1 3 119,209 - Barnstable Co., 25 12 9 2 - - 2 1 - - - - - 7,242 8,957 Native born, . 21 10 9 2 - - 1 - - - - - - 6,537 - Foreign born. 4 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 705 - Berkshire Co., . 63 39 16 6 4 3 _ - 1 - - - 1 12,752 15,741 Native born, . 24 17 7 3 - - - - - - - - 1 8,210 - Foreign born. 39 22 9 3 4 3 - - 1 - - - - 4,542 - Bristol Co., 158 96 36 18 10 9 4 1 4 - - - - 24,608 31,940 Native born, . 53 31 8 7 - 2 1 - 1 - - - - 14,962 - Foreign born, 105 65 28 11 10 7 3 1 3 - - - - 9,646 - Dukes Co., . 4 _ - - - - - - - - - - - 835 1,191 Native born, . 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - 795 - Foreign born, - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 - Essex Co., . 144 82 32 16 9 10 2 1 _ - - - 1 44,242 54,864 Native born, . 63 33 9 4 1 4 1 - - - - - - 28,020 - Foreign born. 81 49 23 12 8 6 1 1 - - - - 1 14,222 - Franklin Co., . 28 17 5 3 1 - 1 - _ - - - - 6,554 8,553 Native born, . 21 12 5 1 - - 1 - - - - - - 5,4.35 - Foreign born, 7 5 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1,119 - Hampden Co., . 96 41 19 13 4 6 _ 1 _ 1 _ _ _ 17,951 22,642 Native born, . 21 7 3 4 - 2 - - - - - - - 10,708 - Foreign born. 75 34 16 9 4 4 - 1 - 1 - - - 7,243 - Hampshiuf. Co., . 27 17 4 4 2 1 - _ - - - - _ 8,199 10,712 Native born, . 11 7 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 5,742 - Foreign born, 16 10 3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 2,457 - 52 CENSUS OP MASS.— 1ST5. COMPENDIUM. Births: Nativities of Mothers — Concluded. Counties. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aa as 24 25 Total Mothers. Total married women. Middlesex Co., . Native born, . Foreign born, Nantucket Co., . Native born, . Foreign born, Norfolk Co., Native born, . Foreign born, Plymouth Co., . Native born, . Foreign born, Suffolk Co., Native born, , Foreign born, Worcester Co., . Native born, . Foreign born. 184 59 125 1 1 66 20 46 42 32 10 261 60 211 196 50 146 91 25 66 1 1 33 12 21 29 23 6 132 30 102 137 31 106 33 17 16 1 1 18 9 9 6 5 1 69 18 51 54 9 45 21 4 17 1 1 4 3 1 2 2 26 4 22 26 4 22 20 7 13 2 2 7 1 6 3 2 1 14 14 16 2 14 7 2 5 1 1 4 4 14 1 13 6 6 4 1 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 2 2 2 3 3 _ 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 _ 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50,876 30,231 20,645 781 745 36 16,630 11,093 5,537 14,018 11,560 2,458 66,552 30,919 35,633 40,280 25,354 14,926 67,667 1,042 21,093 17,803 85,782 50,772 RECAPITULATION BY TOTALS. Births. Native born Mothers. Number of Births. Foreign born Mothers. Number of births. Total Mothers. Total Births. 1 birth each, . . .• . 42,335 42,335 15,309 15,309 57,644 57,644 2 births each, . 40,912 81,824 16,158 32,316 57,070 114,140 3 births each, . 31,585 94,755 15,189 45,567 46,774 140,322 4 births each, . 23,369 93,476 14,181 56,724 37,550 150,200 5 births each, . 16,816 84,080 12,999 64,995 29,815 149,075 6 births each, . 11,769 70,614 11,631 69,786 23,400 140,400 7 births each, . 8,147 57,029 9,545 66,815 17,692 123,844 8 births each, . 5,679 45,432 7,828 62,624 13,507 108,056 9 birtlia each, . 3,887 34,983 6,061 54,549 9,948 89,532 10 birtlis eacli, . 2,670 26,700 4,204 42,040 6,874 68,740 11 births each, . 1,396 15,356 2,630 28,930 4,026 44,286 12 Ijirths each, . 893 10,716 1,652 19,824 2,545 30,540 13 births each, . 429 5,577 866 11,258 1,295 16,835 14 births each, . 239 3,346 488 6,832 727 10,178 15 births each, . 101 1,515 201 3,015 302 4,530 16 births each, . 39 624 103 1,648 142 2,272 17 birtlis each, . 15 255 77 1,309 92 1,564 18 births each, . 16 288 45 810 61 1,098 19 births each, . 7 133 15 285 22 418 20 births each, . 1 20 10 200 11 220 21 birtlis each, . 3 63 7 147 10 210 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 53 Recapitulation by Totals — Concluded. Births. Native born Motliers, Number of Births. Foreign born Mothers. Number of Births. Total Mothers. Total Births. 22 births each 23 births each 24 births each, .... 25 births each, .... 1 1 1 _ 23 24 25 4 2 1 3 88 46 24 75 4 3 2 4 88 69 48 100 Totals Births to each mother, . 190,311 669,193 3.52 119,209 585,216 4.91 309,520 1,254,409 4.05 Births : Nativities of Mothers is a most valuable presentation, and is the result of the inquiry on the family schedule, "Number of children borne by women." The object was to ascertain the relative fecundity of women of different nationalities, and to settle, so far as Massachusetts is concerned, the question which continually arises concerning the growth of our native population as compared with that of our foreign born. The table is full of instruction, but space permits us to call attention to salient points only. The total number of women in this State who are or have been married, is 398,759, and the number who have become mothers is 309,520 ; of this number, 190,311,' or 61+ per cent, are native born mothers, and 119,209, or 38+ per cent, are foreign born mothers; that is, while the population stands 74+ per cent native and 25 + per cent foreign, the mothers are 61+ per cent native and 38+ per cent foreign. Of 631,131, the whole number of native born females, 190,311, or 30+ per cent, have become mothers; while of 222,825, the whole number of foreign born females, 119,209, or 53+ per cent, have be- come mothers ; again, of the 330,792 native born females in the State over 20 years of age, 57+ per cent are mothers ; and of the 181,543 foreign born females over 20 years of age, QQ — per cent are mothers. As regards births, the following statement gives the averages : — Average number of births to native born mothers, . foreign born mothers, . all mothers, . Massachusetts mothers, Irish mothers, Canadian mothers, other British mothers, . German mothers, . 3.52 4.91 4.05 3.55 5.03 4.78 4.40 4.23 54 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. The presentation gives all these facts, except averages, by towns, and the recapitulation will be found on pages 52, 53, all arranged as to native and foreign mothers. Four mothers are reported as having borne twenty-five children each, and the statements are well authenticated. One statement of a mother that was said to have borne twenty-six children was not deemed sufliciently reliable for presentation. By reference to the Massachusetts Registration Report for 1875, we find that the total number of living births for 1874 was 45,631 ; by dividing those having one foreign parent and those of unknown parentage equally, and giving half to the side of American and half to the foreign born parents, 20,666 of the births in 1874 were to American parents, and 24,965 to foreign born parents. Now, by comparing the births in 1874 with the mothers in 1875, we reach the following proportions : — Whole number of births, 45,631 ; whole number of mothers, 309,520, or one birth to every 6| mothers ; whole number of births to native born mothers, 20,666, and whole number of native born mothers, 190,311, or one birth to every 9 mothers ; whole number of liirths to foreign born mothers, 24,965, and whole number of foreign born mothers, 119,209, or one birth to every 4| mothers. In other words, 190,311 native mothers, in 1874, had 20,666 children, while 119,209 foreign born mothers had 24,965. This preponderance of foreign births in this State over native, for the past seven years, is shown in percentages by the following table from the Registration Reports : — Percentage of American and Foreign Living Births in each or THE PAST Eight Years. Ykaes. American. Foreign. One Parent Foreign. Years. American. Foreign. One Parent Foreign. 1S67, . 42.36 48.75 8.89 1871, . 40.17 48.61 11.22 1868, . 43.05 47.60 9.35 1872, . 39.45 49.21 11.34 1869, . 42.07 48.01 9.92 1873, . 39.98 48.24 11.78 1870, . 41.01 48.33 10.66 1874, . 38.89 48.43 12.68 From this it seems that the percentage of births to American parents constantly diminishes ; those to foreign parents remains quite constant ; those to mixed parentage l^eing on the increase. These POPULATION AKD SOCIAL STATISTICS. 55 statements assume a different value when considered in connection with the mortuaiy results of like periods ; and for facts we must refer again to Dr. Draper's analysis in the last Eegistration Eeport, from which we draw the following table of the mortality in 1874, giving the parent nativity of all deceased in that year, by ages : — Parent Nativity of all Deceased in 1874. Parentage. Whole No. Under 1 1 toS 5 to 10 10 to 20 30 to 30 Totals 31,887 7,489 4,175 1,260 1,803 3,150 American, .... 14,773 2,780 1,323 491 760 1,366 Foreign 14,650 3,801 2,412 664 933 1,631 Half-foreign 1,647 802 408 99 82 78 Not stated, .... 817 106 32 6 28 75 Parent Nativity of all Deceased in 1874 — Concluded. Parentage. 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 70 Over 70 Not stated. Totals, 2,492 2,157 2,193 2,518 4,479 171 American 1,093 955 1,112 1,593 3,222 78 Foreign, 1,282 1,108 981 797 980 61 Half.foreign, .... 48 26 22 28 62 2 Not stated 69 68 78 100 225 30 By the above table, it will be seen that the death rate of foreign born is much in excess of that of American born until fifty years of age is reached. The general result for a series of years is the same, evidenced by the following table of deaths since 1867, by years and percentages : — Parent Nativity of Decedents. Under; 5 years. 5 to 20 SO to SO 2,947 1,197 3,182 4,432 987 2,536 504 101 100 40.6 54.6 55.5 59.4 45.4 44.6 Over 50 1867. American parents, Foreign " ... Half-foreign " ... Percentages. American parents. Foreign " ... 4,958 1,393 58 77.8 22.2 56 CEl^SUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Parent Nativity of Decedents — Continued. Under 5 years. 3 to 30 -r- 1868. American parents, Foreign " ... Half-foreign " ... Percentages. American parents, Foreign " ... 1869. American parents, . . Foreign " ... Half-foreign " ... Percentages. American parents, Foreign " .... 1870. American parents, Foreign " ... Half -foreign " ... Percentages. American parents, Foreign " ... 1871. American parents, . Foreign " ... Half- foreign " ... Percentages. American parents. Foreign " ... 1872. American parents, . ■ . Foreign " ... Half-foreign " ... Percentages. American parents, Foreign " ... 1873. American parents. Foreign " ... Half-foreign " ... Percentages. American parents, ... Foreign " ... 3,501 6,067 667 41.5 58.5 3,538 4,854 721 42.8 57.2 3,601 5,284 799 41.3 58.7 3,386 5,191 824 40.4 59.6 4,779 7,551 1,150 39.7 60.3 4,167 6,491 1,178 38.7 61.3 1,189 1,193 110 49.9 50.1 1,250 1,194 110 51.1 48.9 1,107 1,171 104 48.7 51.3 1,109 1,364 99 45.1 54.9 1,463 1,752 155 45.7 54.3 1,295 1,878 210 41.4 58.6 20 to 50 Over 50 3,280 2,763 82 54.2 45.8 3,337 3,018 90 52.5 47.5 3,474 3,462 84 50.1 49.9 3,456 3,647 107 48.7 51.3 3,986 4,489 146 47.1 52.9 3,925 4,422 153 47.1 52.9 5,248 1,855 69 73.6 26.4 5,492 1,922 81 73.8 26.2 5,645 2,082 72.8 27.2 5,765 2,996 75 71.3 28.7 6,405 2,471 93 71.9 28.1 6,291 2,748 117 69.3 30.7 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 57 Parent Naii vity of Decedents — Concluclecl. Under 5 years. 5to80 SO to 30 Over SO American parents, Foreign " Half-foreign " American parents, Foreign " 1874. • • • • • • • • Percentages. • • • , 4,103 6,213 1,210 40.9 59.1 1,251 1,597 181 44.3 55.7 3,414 4,021 152 46.0 54.0 5,927 2,758 102 68.0 32.0 The preceding tables from the Eegistration Reports, with the results drawn from the census as stated, as well as the ditHculty found in any enumeration of the people, in ascertaining parentage, lead to one important conclusion, and that has been so well stated by Dr. F. W. Draper, in the reports referred to, we give it in his words : " When it is remembered that we reckon as American every child that is born in America, even though both his parents are of foreign stock, the apparent significance of the contrasts shown .... becomes somewhat modified. We seek to avoid erroneous inferences in this direction, by carrying our comparison backward one generation, and studying the results with reference to the nativity of the parents of decedents. The time is coming when any tables like these, seeking to discriminate the nativity of persons deceased, and to suggest deductions therefrom, will lose much of their present interest and value ; for the rate of immigration is no longer what it was a gener- ation ago, and the children of the foreign parent-nativity of that day are now the parents of a new generation of children, whose claim to being; American is more and more manifest and reasonable." Blind, Deaf, Dumb, Etc. Counties. Blind. Deaf. Dumb. Deaf and Dumb. Idiotic. Insane. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. The Stat Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, . Essex, . PE, 1,517 162 72 87 9 154 1,279 205 45 64 9 138 3,733 140 201 169 12 531 3,522 ' 136 164 164 14 476 81 5 8 14 48 2 4 8 358 10 16 20 12 55 296 9 8 20 10 52 835 40 40 48 4 91 491 23 25 29 3 47 1,704 20 23 348 2 129 1,933 35 41 308 3 132 58 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. C0MPE;N^DIUM. Blind, Deaf, Dumb, Etc.— -Concluded. CODNTIES. Blind. Deaf. Dumb. Deaf and Dumb. Idiotic. Insane. Male. Fcm. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Franklin, 48 22 147 101 1 2 10 4 23 17 18 39 Hampden, 82 90 225 209 3 1 21 16 42 43 17 41 Hampshire, 32 25 178 190 6 2 6 6 25 17 285 238 Middlesex, 228 167 650 684 10 10 56 48 122 67 291 456 Nantucket, 6 5 6 9 - - - - 2 1 4 1 Norfolk, 88 29 245 192 3 2 28 13 54 25 37 51 Plymouth, 91 43 208 176 3 2 16 19 55 31 43 45 Suffolk, 242 271 328 447 20 7 65 52 134 71 147 144 Worcester, 226 166 694 560 8 8 43 39 155 102 340 399 BY TOTALS. Counties. Blind. Deaf. Dumb. Deaf and Dumb. Idiotic. Insane. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, . Hampshire, . Middlesex, . Nantucket, . Norfolk, Plymouth, . Suffolk, Worcester, . 2,806 367 117 151 18 292 70 172 57 395 11 117 134 513 392 7,255 276 365 333 26 1,007 248 434 368 1,334 14 437 384 775 1,254 129 7 12 22 3 4 8 •20 5 5 27 16 654 19 24 40 22 107 14 37 12 104 41 35 117 82 1,326 63 65 77 7 138 40 85 42 179 3 79 86 205 257 3,637 55 64 656 5 261 57 58 523 747 5 88 88 291 739 This table gives the enumeration of the blind, deaf, dumb, deaf and dumb, idiotic and the insane. The totals show 2,806 blind, 7,255 deaf, 129 dumb, 654 deaf and dumb, 1,326 idiotic and 3,637 insane. These figures are considered perfectly reliable, except as to the deaf and dumb ; it is evident that many of those reported as deaf or as dumb, should be classified among the deaf and dumb ; the actual number of this latter class is undoubtedly more than given above ; the discrepancy, if any, arises from an eftbrt to make a perfect classifica- tion ; as it is, the enumeration shows, of deaf and dumb, 654, as com- pared with 561 in 1865. The blind, in 1865, numbered 762; the POPULATIOI^ AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 59 insane, 2,391 ; a^d the idiotic, 863. The number given for 1875 is evidently too large, but we give it as returned. The following talkie exhibits the age distribution of those in Massa- chusetts who report themselves deprived of sight : — Ages. Blind. ropulation. Proportion : One in — Under 10 j'cars, 10 to 19 (both inclusive), . 20 to 29, " " 30 to 39, " " 40 to 49, " " 50 to 59, " " 60 to 69, " " 70 to 79, " " 80 to 89, " " 90 and over. 96 283 242 239 313 354 348 414 183 34 337,593 314,301 310,861 240,966 182,823 126,430 79,186 38,283 10,126 1,041 3,517 1,112 1,285 1,008 584 357 228 92 55 31 This being the first attempt to define the causes of blindness among the people of the State with some detail, Ave can not make a comparison to show whether through improved skill in ophthalmic sur- gery, or from other causes, certain kinds of blindness are diminishing. The following table gives a numerical exhibit of the causes as they were returned in 1,618 cases, and includes those cases only which show tolerably well defined marks of accuracy. The sources of the information upon which this table is founded are to be remembered, and the conclusions to be drawn are subject to modification accord- ingly. In many cases, the causes assigned are undoubtedly derived from medical consultation ; in many more instances, probably in the majority, the decision is that of the sufferer himself, who is not expert in discovering an obscure real cause for his infirmity in the place of an apparent but erroneous one. Such names as amaurosis, cataract, Bright's disease, and glaucoma, indicate the intervention of profes- sional skill in the case, while other assigned causes show quite plainly that a coincidence has been made to stand as a substitute for the real agency in producing the eifect. 1. Accidents by gunpowder, 2. by fii-earms, 3. mechanical, 70 4. Accidents unspecified, . 452 27 5. Age . 60 3 6. Amaurosis, . . 20 60 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. 7. Belladonna, • • 2 18. .... , Fever, unspecified, 26 8. Bright's disease, . • 4 19. Glaucoma, .... 13 9. Cataract, . . 238 20. Injury of head, . 15 10. Diphtheria, . • 2 21. Inflammation, 205 11. Diseases of brain and nervous 22. Measles, .... 59 system, .... 12. Diseases, constitutional and spe- cific, .... 96 46 23. 24. Malpractice, Optic nerve, disease of. 8 28 13. Erysipelas, . 14. Exposure, . 31 23 25. 26. Overwork, .... Retina, disease of. 65 3 15. Fever, scarlet, 55 27. Rheumatism, 13 16. typhoid, . 17. yellow. . 7 . 2 28. 29. Small-pox, .... Sunstroke, .... 29 . 16 The age distribution of the deaf is exhibited in the following table : — Ages. Deaf. Population. Proportion : One in— Under 20 years, 20 to 39 (botli inclusive), . 40 to 59, " " 60 to 79, " " 80 and over, 696 1,584 2,124 2,131 669 651,894 551,827 309,253 117,469 11,167 937 348 145 55 17 The progressive increase in the proportion of deaf persons in each vicennial period of life, is suggestive of the decay of power and impair- ment of function which come with advancing years. The observation illustrated in the last table, that age is an important factor in the matter of deafness in any community, finds further exem- plification in an analysis of the assigned causes of the defect. Of the 7,255 persons avowing themselves deprived of hearing, 4,815 give their opinion of the circumstances in which their deprivation occurred. Nearly a fourth of this number (1,067) assign advanced age as the cause of their deafness. Scarlatina is next to old age in the list, 951 cases being charged to the account of this scourge of childhood. In- flammatory action, variously described as otitis, sores in the head, ulcers in the head, abscesses in the ear, catarrh, was the cause of deafness in 878 persons. Fevers of various kinds, typhoid being the populatio:n" akd social statistics. 61 chief, are charged with 280 cases. Congenital cases numbered 230, and hereditary cases, 211. Measles are the assigned cause of 216 instances. Among the 283 cases of deafness caused by accidental injury, are 44 which are ascribed to the " discharge of cannon," or to "cannonading"; a number add the clause, "in the army." The "noises of trip-hammers " and other " fiictory noises," chiefly in boiler- works, founderies and cotton mills, are blamed by 50 persons. Oth- ers among the assigned causes are as follows : scrofula (144) ; neural- gia (48) ; disease of throat (32) ; cerebro-spinal meningitis (36) ; exposure (57) ; cold bathing and diving (40) ; erysipelas (30) ; diphtheria (31) ; sunstroke (17) ; whooping-cough (19) ; small-pox (15) ; thunder storms (11) ; cancer (5). Among the improbable and fanciful causes are : mumps (16) ; vaccination (4) ; asthma (2) ; hay fever (1) ; cliolera (1) ; chicken-pox (1) ; fright (1) ; abuse (1). The following is an exhibition of the ages of the deaf and dumb as reported : — Ages. Deaf and Dumb. Population. Proi>ortion : One in — Under H years, . 5 to 9 (both inclusive), 10 to 19, " " 20 to 29, " " 30 to 39, " " 40 to 49, " *' 60 to 59, " 60 to 69, " " 70 to 79, " " 80 and upwards. 21 80 115 123 105 77 51 54 26 2 173,855 163,738 314,301 310,861 240,966 182,823 126,430 79,186 38,283 11,167 8,279 2,047 2,733 2,527 2,295 2,374 2,479 1,466 1,472 5,583 Without doubt the number of the deaf and dumb at ages under five years is understated ; a defect, we may remark in passing, that is common to every census enumeration, in Europe or America. Among the principal causes assigned for the cases of the acquired deafness, upon which the loss of speech so largely depends, the follow- ing may be mentioned : — Scarlet fever is charged with 112 cases. Of the cases of deaf- dumbness not congenital, scarlet fever is blamed, and probably upon good grounds, for nearly one-third. Various forms of fever, other than scarlet fever, caused 29 cases. Falls and other accidents caused injury in 28 cases which resulted in deaf-mutism. 62 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Eighteen cases are ascribed to measles. Cerebro-spinal meningitis is the alleged cause of 15 cases. Inflammatory afFections of tlie ear, of a nature not specified, caused loss of speech and hearing in fourteen instances. Of diseases of the nervous system, we have paralysis (4), hydro- cephalus (5), disease of the spine (6) ; in all, 15 cases. The less direct and definite causes assigned were scrofula, whoop- ing-cough, convulsions, cholera infantum and croup. Small-pox and diphtheria were credited with one case each. The ages of the idiotic class in Massachusetts are distributed as follows : — Age Distribution of Idiots. A G K S . Idiotic. Population. Proportion : One in — Under 10 years, 10 to 19 (both inclusive), 20 to 29 " " 30 to 39 " " 40 to 49 " " 50 to 59 " " 60 to 69 " " 70 to 79 " " 80 and upwards, 80 316 253 205 160 128 78 47 17 337,593 314,301 310,861 240,966 186,823 126,430 79,186 38,283 11,167 4,220 994 1,229 1,175 1,141 988 1,015 814 657 Epilepsy is set down as the cause of 159 cases of idiocy. Fevers of various kinds are charged with 49 cases. In 18 cases, fright of the mother during her pregnancy is the alleged cause. Blows on the head, falls and injury at the time of birth, are assigned as having caused idiocy in 34 cases. Intemperance of the father is given in 11 instances. In 10 cases the parents were cousins. This matter of the close rela- tionship of the parents, as contributing to idiocy as well as to other abnormal peculiarities, mental and physical, is well worthy of careful investigation. Among the less fertile and more remote causes assigned are the following : hydrocephalus (6), rickets, (10), harsh treatment in childhood (3), sunstroke (3), measles (3), fright (4), masturbation (2), overdosing (2). The ages of the insane, so far as they are reported, are distributed as shown in the next table ; — POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 63 f . Proportion Proportion Ages. Insane. of Population : One in— Ages. Insane. of Population : One in— Under 20 years, 96 6,791 50 to 59 (both inclusive), 596 212 20 to 29 (both inclusive), . 527 590 60 to 69 " " . . 462 171 30 to 39 " " . . 740 326 70 and upwards, . 342 145 40 to 49 " " . . 801 228 The supposed causes of the mental alienation are described in a minority (37 per cent) of the cases. The subjoined table presents these causes in their numerical summary, as they were returned from five large hospitals and from the friends of those who were not under hospital treatment. Returns of the presumed causes of lunacy were not made with reference to the inmates of the Boston Lunatic Hospital ; this will account for the omission of that institution from the table : — Causes of Insanity. Causes, C3 c o O. OJ § 5 a cs t: s 1 a O c cs s b* tz; tH m 'A o 51 Hereditary, .... Epilepsy Intemperance, . . , . Masturbation Prolonged illness. Uterine disease, .... Overwork Injury to the head, . Domestic trouble, Grief, Puerperal Religious excitement, . . Disappointed affection, Business trouble. Paralysis Sunstroke Overstudy Old age, Fever (typhoid, scarlet, brain). Anxiety Fright Spiritualism, . . . . Excesses Softening of brain, . Measles, 20 -, 4 5 94 26 33 9 1 34 31 24 15 1 27 33 - 10 2 12 23 - - 5 16 14 1 6 - 15 10 - 4 23 16 11 5 4 1 47 3 - 8 2 31 10 - 2 - 25 14 - - 8 15 9 - 2 2 18 1 - 2 1 29 11 - 2 1 24 6 1 - 1 22 4 4 2 1 21 3 1 - 4 20 11 - - - 11 5 1 1 - 31 11 - - 1 7 2 - - - 15 3 - - 1 8 4 3 : : - 8 6 152 128 127 91 68 57 64 79 51 49 49 40 40 43 37 37 32 28 44 21 20 12 12 8 10 64 CEN-SUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Causes of Insanity — Concluded. to a C ft b o3 O. CO Causes. o a 3 '? fe a s 3 ^ ^ s *j 2 ^ E-i 'A o El o 03 !2; o E-i Disease of brain and spine, .... 6 _ _ _ _ 10 16 Overuse of narcotics - - - - 6 6 Congenital 3 - - - 2 2 7 Syphilis - 1 - - 3 - 4 Parents cousins, " - - - - - 3 3 Small-pox, - - - - - 2 2 Lightning, - - - - - 3 3 Paupers and Convicts. C O U N T I E ; Paupers. Males. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, . . . Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, . Hampshire, . Middlesex, . Nantucket, , Norfolk, Plymouth, . Suffolk, Worcester, . 2,388 65 77 155 8 206 57 370 22 639 21 77 159 339 193 Females. 1,954 70 56 136 11 185 52 197 36 645 17 57 120 156 216 Totals. 4,342 135 133 291 19 391 109 567 58 1,284 38 134 279 495 409 Convicts. Males. 3,578 2 64 175 296 113 291 74 167 1,850 546 Females. 762 1 6 47 39 7 39 214 385 16 Totals. 4,340 S 70 222 335 120 330 82 381 2,235 562 Paupers and Convicts, by Place of Birth. Paupeks. COUVICTS. Place of Bikth. Males. Females. Totals. Males, Females. Totals. In town where pauper or convict, . 892 691 1,583 706 78 784 In other towns in Massachusetts, 646 443 1,089 902 96 998 Maine, 46 32 78 129 39 168 New Hampshire, 46 45 91 58 16 74 Vermont, 26 22 48 20 8 28 Bhode Island 20 23 43 38 7 45 Connecticut 13 18 31 38 4 42 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 65 Paupers and Convicts hy Place of Birth — Continued. Paupers. Convicts. Place of Birth. Males. Females. Totals. Males. Females. Totals. New York 35 20 55 145 17 162 New Jersey, 1 - 1 15 1 16 Pennsylvania, . 6 1 6 30 2 32 Maryland, . 3 1 4 12 3 15 District of Columbia, 2 1 3 7 1 8 Virginia, . 6 4 10 48 8 56 North Carolina, . 1 2 3 4 1 5 South Carolina, . 3 2 5 6 - 6 Louisiana, . 2 - 2 4 1 5 Georgia, - - - 1 - 1 Mississippi, . 1 - 1 1 - 1 Missouri, - ~ - 3 - 3 Minnesota, . - - 1 - 1 Tennessee, . - 1 1 - - - Indiana, - - - 1 1 2 Alabama, - - - 1 - 1 Florida, - - - 1 - 1 Texas, . _ - - 3 - 3 Ohio 2 - 2 7 1 8 Kentucky, . 1 - 1 8 - 8 Illinois, 3 1 4 8 - 8 Michigan, 1 - 1 2 - 2 California, . 1 - 1 - - - Canada, 31 21 52 61 20 81 Nova Scotia, 14 15 29 57 23 80 New Brunswick, . 11 12 23 47 20 67 Cape Breton, 1 1 2 2 - 2 Newfoundland, . 1 1 2 6 3 9 Mexico, - - - 1 - 1 West Indies, 7 2 9 13 - 13 South Ameri ca, . 1 - 1 2 - 2 England, 52 48 100 169 51 220 Ireland, 421 480 901 731 309 1,040 Scotland, 16 11 27 47 20 67 Wales, . - 1 1 5 1 6 France, . 1 - 1 4 - 4 Germany, 20 9 29 24 3 27 Denmark, - - - 4 - 4 Holland, - 1 1 2 - 2 Belgium, 1 - 1 - - - Italy, . 3 1 4 7 - 7 Spain, . 1 - 1 2 - 2 Norway, 2 - 2 1 - 1 Sweden, 2 3 5 7 7 14 Portugal, 1 2 3 2 - 2 Austria, - 2 2 - - - Bavaria, - 1 1 - - - Switzerland, - 1 1 2 - 2 66 CENSUS OF MASS.— 1875. COMPENDIUM. Paupers and Convicts hy Place of Birtli- —Concluded. Paupers. Convicts. Place of Birth. Males. Females. Totals. Males. Females. Totals. Finland, _ _ _ 1 _ 1 Malta, . - 1 1 1 - 1 Africa, . 2 - 2 1 1 2 India, . 1 - 1 - - - New Zealand, 1 - 1 - - - Australia, - - - 2 - 2 Unknown, . 42 S4 76 178 20 198 Totals, . 2,388 1,954 4,342 3,578 762 4,340 By the preceding tables, it will be seen there are 4,342 paupers, 2,388 males, and 1,954 females; and 4,340 convicts, 3,578 males, and 762 females. The number of paupers given includes only those receiving full support at town, county and state institutions. May 1, 1875. The number has been verified by collateral returns, and is reliable. The number of convicts given includes all undergoing sentence. May 1, 1875 ; it does not include the inmates of the Industrial School for Girls at Lancaster, because, by the provisions of the law creating the institution, the inmates can not properly be classified as convicts. The number of paupers reported in 1865 was 5,200, while the number of convicts was 1,754. We present the following table, in which the causes of pauperism are given, as returned by the individual, but little condensation hav- ing been made. The sexes are designated and a classification by age made : — Causes of Pauperism. Under 10. 10 to 15. Above 15. Totals. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F, Abuse . . _ ^ 1 _ 1 _ 1 Bad company. - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 Bad conduct. - - - - 2 6 2 6 8 Bereavement, - - - - - 3 - 3 3 Convict father, 2 o - - - - 2 2 4 Convict mother, . 3 1 - - - - 3 1 4 Cruelty of parents, - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 Death of husband, - - - - - 8 - 8 8 Dependency, 2 1 - - - 3 2 4 6 Desertion, . 1 2 - - - 7 1 9 10 POPULATION A^T> SOCIAL STATISTICS. 67 Causes of Pauperis7n — Continued. Under 10. 10 to 15. Abo\ El5. Totals. Total. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Desertion of children, _ _ _ _ - 1 - 1 1 Desertion of father, . 6 5 5 - 4 - 15 5 20 Desertion of husband, - - - 1 - 9 - 10 10 Desertion of parents, . 5 - 3 1 - 1 8 2 10 Disappointment, . - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 Discharged prisoners, - - - - 9 3 9 3 12 Family trouble, . - - - - 2 1 2 1 3 Fatherless, . 2 3 5 2 2 2 9 7 16 Father a pauper, . 6 - 3 2 2 - 11 2 13 Friendless, . - - - - - 4 - 4 4 Grandmother a paupei 'i - 2 - - - - - 2 2 Hereditary, . - - - - 2 - 2 _ 2 Idiocy, . 4 2 3 7 158 132 165 141 306 Ignorance and loss o ■ head of family, 1 - - - 2 2 3 2 6 Illegitimacy, 9 5 2 1 - 9 11 15 26 Immorality, . - - - - 1 6 1 6 7 Infancy, 1 2 - - - - 1 2 3 Infirmity, - - - - 12 9 12 9 21 Injury - - - - 6 2 6 2 8 Insanity, 1 1 1 - 213 452 215 453 668 Insanity of father, - - - - 1 - 1 1 Insanity of mother, - - - 2 - - - 2 2 Intemperance, - 3 - - 362 108 362 111 473 Intemperance of husband, . - - - - - 18 - 18 18 Intemperance of father. 11 10 8 3 4 4 23 17 40 Intemperance of mother, . - 1 - - - - - 1 1 Intemperance of parents, . 25 11 7 5 3 1 35 17 52 Large family, bad management - - - - 5 2 5 2 7 Loss of property, and business trouble - 1 - 1 10 5 10 7 17 Mental infirmity, . - - - 1 26 43 26 44 70 Mental infirmity of parents, - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 Misconduct of parents. 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 Mismanagement, . - - - - 12 12 12 12 24 Motherless, . 3 2 2 - - - 5 2 7 Mother a pauper. 51 52 4 - - 1 55 53 108 Neglect, - - 1 - - 1 1 1 2 Neglect of father. - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 Neglect of parents, 1 - 1 - - - 2 - 2 No home. , - - - - 1 - 1 1 Not given, . . 168 182 226 98 256 9 650 289 939 Old age, . - - - 119 154 119 154 27» Orphan, 14 13 10 12 1 2 25 27 52 Parents paupers, . 13 23 5 3 1 5 19 31 50' Physical infirmity, 11 11 6 5 354 264 371 280 651 Physical Infirmity of husband. . - - - - 1 - 1 1 Poverty, .... 6 5 4 - 18 41 28 46 74 68 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Causes of Pauperism — Concluded. Under 10. 10 to 15. Abo\ el5. Totals. Total. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Shiftlessness, . . . . _ . _ 27 7 27 7 34 Shiftlessness of husband, - - - - - 2 - 2 2 SbiftlcBsness of parents, 1 5 2 3 - 2 3 10 13 Shiftlessness of father. - 2 - - - - - 2 2 Sickness and disease, . - 1 1 - 102 88 103 89 192 Sickness of father. 6 4 1 - - - 7 4 11 Sickness of husband, . - - - - - 5 - 5 5 Sickness of parents, . 5 2 - 1 - - 5 3 8 Sickness of child. - - - - - 1 - 1 1 Spent all his money, . - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 Spiritualism, - - - - - 1 - 1 1 Unable to work, . - - - - 5 8 5 8 13 Want of employment. - - - - 1 2 1 2 3 War - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 Wife of convict, . - - - - - 1 - 1 1 Totals, . 359 354 302 148 1,727 1,452 2,388 1,954 4,342 From the tabulation of conjugal condition, several interesting points are learned. Conjugal Condition of Paupers. Conjugal Condition. Males. Females. Total. Single, 1,526 1,138 2,664 Married 366 344 710 Widowed 367 459 826 Divorced 14 9 23 Unknown, 115 4 119 Totals, 2,388 1,954 4,342 If we deduct the children of both sexes from the number of single and from the total number, we arrive at the following percentages : Of the male adult paupers, 51-|- per cent are single, 21-j- per cent married, and 21-|- per cent are widowers. Among the female adult paupers, 43 -j- per cent are single, 23 -|- per cent married, and 31 -f- per cent are widows. Considering the adults of both sexes together, 46-(- per cent are single and 49 per cent are or have been married. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 69 Illiteracy of Paupers. Place of Birth. Born in town named Born in other towns in Massachusetts, Born in other States, .... Born in England, Born in Ireland Born in other foreign countries, Totals IOtoISYrs. (both inc.) 03 11 CS a Em 18 7 3 5 1 34 Above 15 Years. •v rt s a Ee4 127 105 25 6 112 32 407 140 99 38 19 251 38 585 o H 289 215 68 25 369 71 1,037 o c a OS o 61 106 31 16 111 30 355 g ^ 228 109 37 9 258 41 682 Those who can read but can not write amount to 34-{- per cent of the whole number of illiterates, and the balance, 65+ per cent, are wholly uneducated. Of the male illiterates, 116 can read but can not write, and 302 can neither read nor wi-ite. Of the female illiterates, 239 can read but can not write, and 380 can neither read nor write. Adopting the arbitrary division used in the age presentation in the census, and calling those 15 and under, and those over 60 the naturally dependent class, we arrive at the following statement : — Periods of Agk. 15 years and under. Above 15, to and including 60, Above 60 years. Totals Males. a a 661 920 787 2,368 27+ 38+ 33+ Females. u ■a ■a a i3 4) a u ^ Bh 502 25+ 825 42+ 605 31+ 1,932 Totals. , ETC 10 - 1,059 1 80,050 36 81,119 37 81,156 Agriculture, . 9 - 977 1 69,925 83 70,911 34 70,945 Animals, care of, etc., . . - 10 - 3,544 1 3,554 1 3,555 Fisheries, 1 - 72 - 6,581 2 6,654 2 6,656 Manufactures and Me _ CHANiCAL Industries, 58 106 4,725 5,863 228,469 77,238 233,252 83,207 316,459 Agricultural implements. - - 7 - 551 - 558 - 558 Arms and ammunition, - - 2 - 590 22 592 22 614 Artisans' tools, 1 - 10 - 1,133 8 1,144 8 1,152 Bakeries, . - 10 1 2,069 11 2,079 12 2,091 Book binderies, . , - - 1 601 492 601 493 l,09l Boots and shoes, . 1 - 344 86 42,210 6,638 42,555 5,724 48,279 Boxes - 1 2 8 1,021 610 1,023 619 1,642 Bi'ooms, - - 1 - 153 - 154 - 154 Building, - - 13 - 46,239 3 46,252 3 46,255 Carriages and wagons, . - 3 - 4,200 13 4,203 13 4,216 Carpetings, . - - 9 14 1,352 1,738 1,361 1,752 3,113 Clocks and watches, . - - 1 - 1,109 237 1,110 237 1,347 Clothing, - - 12 47 4,653 24,223 4,665 24,270 28,935 Cooking and heating appara . tus - - - 1 164 2 164 3 167 Cotton goods. 33 87 1,755 3,239 9,464 13,228 11,252 16,554 27,806 Cotton and woollen goods, 11 12 1,488 1,354 15,961 14,571 17,460 15,937 33,397 Cotton and woollen hosiery - - 9 18 502 489 511 507 1,018 Flax, hemp and jute goods - - 44 36 835 211 879 247 1,126 Food preparations. - - 7 2 1,676 178 1,683 180 1,863 Furniture, 6 4 81 80 6,518 378 6,605 462 7,067 Glass, .... - - 19 - 888 42 907 42 949 Hair - - - 1 77 179 77 180 257 Leather, - - 17 1 7,954 189 7,971 190 8,161 Linen - 1 13 20 637 623 650 644 1,294 Liquors and beverages, - - 2 - 475 6 477 6 483 Lumber, - - 1 - 980 - 981 - 981 Machines and machinery. - - 30 1 14,781 93 14,811 94 14,905 Metals and metallic goods, - ~ 132 12 21,784 771 21,916 783 22,699 Musical instruments, . - - 1 - 1,771 6 1,772 6 1,778 Oils and illuminating fluids - - - - 142 - 142 - 142 Paper - - 46 31 2,388 2,474 2,434 2,505 4,939 Printing, - - 27 2 3,938 674 3,965 676 4,641 Print works, . 2 - 103 9 3,134 502 3,239 511 3,750 Publishing, . - - - - 173 - 173 - 173 Kailroad construction, . - - 1 - 248 - 249 - 249 Rubber, .... - 11 4 452 360 463 364 827 11 82 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Occi(j)ations, for the Stale, with Ages — Concluded. Undkr 10. 10 TO 15. Above 15. Totals. Totals Males. Fern. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. both Sexes. Scientific instruments and appliances, - - 1 - 241 12 242 12 254 Silk - - 62 138 168 574 230 712 942 Stone - - 52 - 4,893 - 4,945 - 4,945 Tobacco, .... - - 11 3 1,073 286 1,084 289 1,373 Vessels, - - - - 3,023 - 3,023 - 3,023 Wooden goods, . - - 14 - 5,204 159 6,218 159 5,377 Woollen goods, . 4 - 310 647 5,944 3,354 6,258 4,001 10,259 Worsted goods, . - 1 17 35 851 1,678 868 1,714 2,582 Miscellaneous manufactures, - - 57 72 6,249 3,204 6,306 3,276 9,582 Indefinite, Non-Produc- TivE AND Propertied, 132 99 280 76 61,757 3,086 62,169 3,261 65,430 Apprentices 1 - • 32 11 1,123 39 1,156 50 1,206 Laborers 1 1 164 3 61,789 221 51,954 225 52,179 Indefinite - - 1 2,857 439 2,857 440 -3,297 Retired, - - - - 1,662 125 1,662 125 1,787 Non-productive, . 130 98 84 61 4,326 2,262 4,540 2,421 6,961 Occupation not given, . 102,345 107,471 5,487 8,118 35,491 88,217 143,323 203,806 347,129 Unemployed (relation to head of family). 102,345 107,471 5,487 8,118 35,491 88,217 143,323 203,806 347,129 BY TOTALS. Undek 10. 10 TO 15. Above 15. Totals. Totals Classified Occupations. both Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Sexes. Government and profes- sional - - 6 3 19,055 10,666 19,061 10,669 29,730 Domestic and personal office 1 7 109 j 1,171 11,182 411,819 11,292 412,997 424,289 Trade and transportation. 2 1 328 65 101,083 3,456 101,413 3,522 104,935 Agriculture, fisheries.etc. 10 - 1,059 1 80,050 36 81,119 37 81,156 Manufactures and me- chanical industries, 58 106 4,725 5,863 228,469 77,238 233,252 83,207 316,459 Indefinite, non-produc tive and propertied. 132 99 280 76 61,757 0,086 62,169 3,261 65,430 Occupation not given, 102,345 107,471 5,487 8,118 35,491 537,087 88,217 594,518 143,323 203,806 347,129 Totals, 102,548 107,684 11,994 15,297 651,629 717,499 1,369,128 Under the titles, Classified Occupations, Occupations by Name FOR THE State, and Occupations, for the State, with Ages, will be found all the facts relating to the employments of the people. The three presentations will be considered together. Classified Occu- POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 83 PATiONS embodies the classification of the English and United States censuses, and shows the general division of employment as follows : — I. Government and Professional, .... 29, .780 II. Domestic and Personal Ofiice, .... 424;289 III. Trade and Transportation, ..... 104,935 IV. Agriculture, Fisheries, etc., .... 81,156 V. Manufactures and Mechanical Industries, . . 316,459 VI. Non-productive and Propertied, .... 65,430 VII. Students, all grades, 282,784 VIII. Not given (including children under 5, unemployed persons and children of school age not attending school), . . 347,129 Under Occupations by Name is given the entire numl^er in the State, without reference to locality, engaged in the various vocations followed by the people. The intention was to make this presentation minute in detail and complete in classification, that the actual number of persons engaged in any occupation, by which a livelihood was secured, or upon which they chiefly depended might be known. To this end heads of families and enumerators were supplied with the following instructions on this point : — " Where practicable, and especially where it may seem necessary for the sake of explicitness, every person, in respect to their trade, profession or occupation, is desired to state these three things : the general name of the trade, the particular name of the branch followed, the material worked upon. As, ^Factory Operative — Cotton Sjyinner.' In many cases the general name indicates these three things, and is sufficient of itself: as, ' Tinsmith.'' Mechanics should, in no case, return themselves as mechanics, but should state the specific trade followed : as, ' Machinist,' ' Plumber,' etc. In those trades which have subdivisions, they should also state the specific branch which the}' follow : as, ^Shoemaker — Laster,' ^Hatter — Finisher.' So factory operatives should give the specific name indicating the branch of work they perform, and the material worked upon : as, ' Factory Operative — Cotton- Spooler' ; ^Factory Operative — Woollen Weaver' So, all engaged as work- ers in any and every kind of manufacturing process, should give firstl}' the- general name, if there be one, indicating thus with some exactness the trade they fullow and the material worked upon, and secondl}', the specific name,, indii'ating thus precisely the particular work they do." 84 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Like instructions applied to all branches, — to persons employed in all industrial processes, owning or hiring farms, employed in stores as clerks and salesmen, requiring the latter to specify the branch, as '' dry goods," " drug," "grocery," etc., railroad officials and employes, jDhysicians, clergymen, etc. The instruction to ministers was to add the denomination ; in all respects the details of the directions were full and complete. Notwithstanding this, there are 35,349 designated under various heads, as "not specified"; that is, they appear under the general designation, but not under the specific. This numljer is really small, but it would have been exceedingly gratifying to have had the results entirely in specific details. The bulk of the not specified is under traders, salesmen and clerks, these furnishing 20,046 out of the 35,349 ; nearly all the rest will be found under boot and shoe, and cotton factory operatives, and printers, under w^hich last general name compositors made returns. It should not be understood that so many clerks, salesmen, traders, j)rinters, etc., have not been returned and accounted for; as clerks, salesmen, traders, etc., they have, under the general names ; but they do not appear as dry-goods clerks, or hardware salesmen, or book- traders. Persons having more than one occupation were instructed to give only the one upon which they chiefly depended for a livelihood ; thus, for instance, the number of constables, or postmasters or municipal officers given may not be the actual number of postmasters, or consta- bles or municipal officers in the State, but is the number of those per- sons depending upon their earnings in those callings for their support. The presentation. Occupations by Name, exhibits the real com- position, as to labor, of the population of the State ; it gives the pro- ducing and the non-producing, the dependent and the self supporting, the idle and those who live at home in a semi-assistant character ; it shows the relation to the head of the family of the great unemployed class, and it gives many lessons relating to our social system. Under Ages we found the dependent classes (those under 15 and .over 60 years of age) numbered, under 15, 485,958 ; over 60, 111,660 ; total, 597,618 ; and those of the producing age (15 to 60), 1,043,992. This, of course, is an arbitrary division. The terms producing and productive are applied generally to all occu- pations, or persons, which help to carry on the affairs of business, and include professional men as well as mechanics and farmers. The terms non-productive and uiieinployed are applied to all who take no part in the work of life. POPULATION AI^^D SOCIAL STATISTICS. • 85 By the presentations we are considering, the total number of those of all ages having no occupation is 638,661, divided into classes as follows : — Retired, 1,787 Non-productive, — blind, insane, etc., having no occupation, . . . 6,961 Unemployed, having no occupation, 3-17,129 At school, 282,784: Total, 638,661 The whole number, of all ages, having an occupation (perhaps not actually employed, however), is 1,013,251. The actual dependent class includes the whole 638,661, except the retired, 1,787. The total number of persons having occupations in which something is actually produced is 450,742, employed as follows : — Agriculture and fisheries, 77,601 Manufactures and mechanical industries, 316,459 Laborers, 52,179 Ajjprentices and indefinite, 4,503 Total, 450,742 That is, 27-|- per cent of the whole population are found in these occupations employed in raising food or producing manufactured arti- cles, and the result of their labo7^ was, in dollars and cents, for the year ending May 1, 1875, $643,478,277, or a product of $1,427.15 to each man, woman and child in the actually producing occupations. In Part II. will be shown the nuinber actually/ employed, their wages, etc. Those engaged in the leading industries are classified as follows : — In agriculture, care of animals and fisheries, 81,156 Boots and shoes, 48,279 Building, 46,255 Clothing, 28,935 Furniture, 7,067 Leather, 8,161 Machines and machinery, 14,905 Metals and metallic goods, 22,699 Paper, 4,939 Printing, 4,641 Stone work, 4,945 Textile fabrics, 85,287 Wooden goods, 5,377 86 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIUM. Under Domestic Service will be found housewives and housework ; the former are those in charge of their own households, and who attend personally to its duties ; the latter are persons in the family, sisters, daughters and others who are not servants for wages, but yet perform a most important part in the family work. Housekeepers mean those keeping house for wages. Those given as I^on- Productive are the blind, insane, convicts, etc., for whom no occupation was given ; a large number, the majority in fact of the blind, insane, convict, etc., have or have had some kind of an occupation, which, in each case, has been given. The most of the 6,961 reported under this head are actual dependents. Under Occupation not Given is classed all those who have no occu- pation, are unemployed and reside with the head of family. There are 13,961 sons and 42,156 daughters, over 15 years of age, at home, having no occupation, and not attending school. There are 8,735 male and 2,541 female heads of families having nothing to do but to superintend the household; and there are 4,786 wives of heads of families simply ornamental. There are 1,676 fathers, 690 fathers-in- law, 7,352 mothers, and 4,588 mothers-in-law, who iind homes with their children, who have become heads of families of their own. Schools and School Property. [The numbers and values given are for buildings and for tbe school property therein, not including libraries.] Public Schools. Incorporated Private Schools. Unincorporated Private Schools. Ko. Buildings. Property. No. Buildings. Property. No. Buildings. Property. The State, 3,317 $21,248,736 $1,050,252 131 $4,297,181 $354,446 172 $295,260 $31,025 Barnstable, . 105 191,300 5,640 1 1,000 350 1 - 40 Berkshire, . 266 546,900 9,876 17 156,000 18,500 7 68,000 2,500 Bristol, 254 1,345,443 46,675 1 10,000 500 2 200 Dukes, 18 14,950 420 1 5,200 50 - - Essex, . 331 2,402,314 61,565 12 352,300 14,100 3 7,000 2,200 Franklin, . 219 204,300 3,715 7 25,400 700 2 - 65 Hampden, . 214 1,119,787 16,367 10 142,739 14,396 6 34,900 3,400 Hampshire, 209 374,850 8,189 30 690,000 73,000 1 500 15 Middlesex, . 492 3,400,280 54,179 39 2,673,292 220,850 8 9,700 600 Nantucket, . 5 15,000 2,000 1 10,000 500 - - - Norfolk, . 191 1,120,400 21,065 2 152,750 12,300 4 4,600 650 Plymouth, . 263 512,255 9,140 5 33,500 3,700 5 6,000 235 Buffolk, 164 7,959,000 700,800 - - - 112 30,000 800 Worcester, . 586 2,041,957 110,621 5 45,000 5,500 21 134,560 20,430 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 87 Under this title are given the number of public, incorporated and unincorporated private school buildings and their value and the value of school property used by each, not including value of libraries. The aggregate shows 3,317 public school buildings with a total value of $21,248,736, and having apparatus to the value of $1,050,- 252. The incorporated private schools, including colleges, occupy 131 school buildings having a value of $4,297,181, and use appa- ratus to the value of $354,446. The unincorporated private school buildings are worth $295,260, and contain apparatus worth $31,025. The statistics of unincorporated private schools are not entirely complete. The Census was taken in the summer, and teachers were not, in many instances, to be found ; we give what we have : the tabulations are generally full, with the exception of those for Suffolk County, which are to some extent deficient. Unincorporated private schools usually occupy hired rooms or buildings, consequently values have no importance as to this class of schools. By the report of the Board of Education, there are 5,551 public schools in the State, 63 incorporated academies, and 369 private schools and academies ; the estimated value of the public school- houses is $20,856,777 ; the aggregate amount expended for the support of public schools, for the year ending May, 1875, was $4,668,472, and for erecting and repairing buildings, $1,533,141. School Attendance. Under 5. 6 TO 10. 10 TO 15. Above 15. All Ages. Counties. Ma. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fern. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, Essex, Franklin, . Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suftblk, . Worcester, 718 9 14 191 3 128 13 43 11 119 2 9 20 114 42 551 8 54 21 2 146 13 34 11 92 3 16 13 86 52 65,320 1,188 2,902 4,593 130 9,275 1,247 3,786 1,958 11,236 85 3,462 3,080 14,101 8,277 62,6.36 1,180 2,676 4,478 119 8,720 1,175 3,574 1,839 10,767 85 3,433 2,686 14,014 7,890 63,141 1,398 2,691 4,093 181 8,573 1,269 3,432 1,655 10,764 96 4,096 2,909 14,079 7,905 63,471 1,416 2,814 4,136 140 8,485 1,378 3,299 1,717 10,856 99 3,978 2,887 14,057 8,209 13,602 259 580 653 61 1,420 307 744 837 3,097 38 848 528 2,359 1,871 13,345 310 487 835 75 1,597 390 805 761 2,410 39 761 577 2,378 1,920 142,781 2,854 6,187 9,530 375 19,396 2,836 8,005 4,461 25,216 221 8,415 6,537 30,653 18,095 140,003 2,914 6,031 9,470 336 18,948 2,956 7,712 4,328 24,125 226 8,188 6,163 30,535 18,071 88 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIUM. BY TOTALS. Counties. Under 5. 5 to 10. 10 to 15. Above 15. All Ages. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, . Essex, Franklin, . Hampden, . Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, . Suffolk, . Worcester, 1,269 17 68 212 5 274 26 77 22 211 5 25 33 200 94 127,956 2,368 5,578 9,071 249 17,995 2,422 7,360 3,797 22,003 170 6,895 5,766 28,115 16,167 126,612 2,814 5,505 8,229 321 17,058 2,647 6,731 3,372 21,620 195 8,074 5,796 28,136 16,114 26,947 569 1,067 1,483 136 3,017 697 1,549 1,598 5,507 77 1,609 1,105 4,737 3,791 282,784 5,768 12,218 19,000 711 38,344 5,792 15,717 8,789 49,341 447 16,603 12,700 61,188 36,166 Kind of School. Under 5. 5 TO 10. 10 TO 15. Aboi •E 15. Totals. Kind of School. Ma. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Academy, _ _ 2 _ 90 38 559 539 651 577 College, . - - - - 57 2 2,341 30 2,398 32 Private school. 60 38 2,018 2,916 1,885 2,823 1,041 1,497 5,004 7,274 Public school, . 616 482 62,648 57,654 60,184 58,897 8,118 10,783 131,564 127,816 Reformatory, . 11 6 133 58 486 62 119 33 749 159 Religious and chari- table, . . . 1 22 309 1,746 206 1,489 99 189 615 3,446 Taught at home. 30 3 208 262 52 90 21 27 311 382 Special instruction, . - - 1 - 3 2 379 59 383 61 Students, not speci- fied. - - 1 - 178 68 927 188 1,106 256 Totals, 718 551 65,320 62,636 63,141 63,471 13,602 13,345 142,781 140,003 BY TOTALS. Kind of School. Under 5. 5 to 10. 10 to 15. Above 15. Totals. Academy, . College, Private school, . 2 4,934 128 59 4,708 1,098 2,371 2,538 1,228 2,430 12,278 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 89 By Totals — Concluded. Kind of School. Public school, . Reformatory, • Religious and charitable. Taught at home, Special instruction, . Students, not specified, . Totals, Under 5. 5 to 10. 10 to 15. Above 15. 1,098 120,302 119,081 18,899 17 191 548 152 23 2,055 1,695 288 33 470 142 48 - 1 5 438 - 1 246 1,115 1,269 127,956 126,612 26,947 Totals. 259,380 908 4,061 693 444 1,362 282,784 Under School Attendance is given the number of children attending school at least three months during the year ending May 1, 1875, and from the recapitulation, on page 88, it is learned that the whole number of all ages is 282,784; 1,269 being under 5 years of age, 254,568 between 5 and 15, and 26,947 above 15. From the returns made to the Board of Education contempora- neously with the Census returns, there appear to be .300,834 children between 5 and 15 years of age in the State, and this number is fully sustained by the Census. These statements indicate that there were 46,266 children in the State between 5 and 15 years of age, who had not "attended school three months during the year ending May 1, 1875." To use the returns to the Board of Education entirely, we find that there were 276,479 children between 5 and 15 in the public schools, and 300,834, as stated, of that age in the State. This statement indicates that there are 24,355 between 5 and 15 not in the public schools. These two results, or the premises which indicate results, prove two things : first, how difficult it is to learn the exact facts relative to school attendance without asking the precise age, in years and months, of every child, and whether it has ever attended school at all, and when and how long it has attended. This involves great minuteness in inquiry, which requires legislative sanction. Second, that by the Census and by the sworn returns of school boards, there is a large number of children of school age (5 to 15) in the State that did not last year have the benefit, for any length of time, of the public schools; it is not shown by either statement that a large number are growing up without any schooling ; for many, and perhaps the most, have received schooling in previous years, and many probably received private instruction. This is not the place for a discussion of this matter ; the facts are given as they appear, 12 90 CENSUS OF MASS.— 1875. COMPENDIUM. and they call for stringent legislation relative to the annual returns by school boards. Children at Work and at School. At Work. At Work and at School. Total Total at Work and COUNTIKS. Under 10. 10 to 15. Under 10. 10 to 15. Work. AT School. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. The State, 139 109 7,234 5,783 44 30 2,932 1,643 7,373 5,892 2,976 1,673 Barnstable, 1 2 119 36 1 - 94 12 120 38 95 12 Berkshire, 5 3 561 465 4 2 230 127 566 468 234 129 Bristol, . 36 25 1,275 1,019 15 14 557 351 1,311 1,044 572 365 Dukes, . - - 2 7 - - 1 1 2 7 1 1 Essex, 11 6 663 665 3 - 173 131 674 670 176 131 Franklin, - - 134 88 - - 118 54 134 88 118 54 Hampden, 11 8 674 719 3 2 199 130 685 727 202 132 Hampshire, 7 6 379 354 3 3 237 130 386 360 240 133 Middlesex, 10 6 693 557 2 2 286 128 703 563 288 130 Nantucket, - - 3 - - - _ - 3 - - - Norfolk, . 2 - 163 198 1 - 52 40 165 198 53 40 Plymouth, 1 1 103 35 1 1 52 12 104 36 53 13 Suffolk, . 2 1 793 387 - - 91 35 795 388 91 35 Worcester, 53 52 1,672 1,253 11 6 842 492 1,725 1,305 853 498 BY TOTALS. • At Work. AT Work and at School. Total AT Work. Total at Work Counties. Under 10. 10 to 15. Under 10. 10 to 15. AND AT School. The State, 248 13,017 74 4,575 13,265 4,649 Barnstable, 3 155 1 106 158 107 Berkshire, . 8 1,026 6 357 1,034 363 Bristol, 61 2,294 29 908 2,355 937 Dukes, - 9 - 2 9 2 Essex, 16 1,328 3 304 1,344 307 Franklin, . - 222 - 172 *>22 172 Hampden, . 19 1,393 5 329 1,412 334 Hampshire, 13 733 6 367 746 373 Middlesex, . 16 1,250 4 414 1,266 418 Nantucket, . - 3 _ _ 3 _ Norfolk, . 2 361 1 92 363 93 Plymouth, . 2 138 2 64 140 66 Suffolk, 3 1,180 - 126 1,183 126 Worcester, . 105 2,925 17 1,334 3,030 1,351 This presentation following the School Attendance, and closely allied to it, is of great importance ; it betrays a few points demand- POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 91 ing attention by the executors of law. The numl^er of children under 10 at work in manufactories is 248, and of tliis number only 74 attended school during the year ending May 1, 1875, as required by law; the number between 10 and 15 employed is 13,017, of which number 4,575 only received the legal amount of schooling during the year ending May 1, 1875; or in the aggregate, 13,265 children were emploj^ed May 1, 1875, and but 4,649 of them had received the legal amount of schooling the year previous. To put the matter in another light, there have been 8,616 violations of the laws of the State in this one respect in one year. The facts given are taken from direct returns by heads of families, and the name and residence of every child of the whole 13,265 is in the possession of the Bureau. Illiteracy Counties. 10 TO 15 Years. 16 TO 19 Years. 20 TO 21 Years. Aboa •e 21. ■2 _. ^ « S. o « t3 ci V, o c OS 0} 'u c 3 o neither d nor te. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. The State, 3,165 2,876 2,520 3,034 838 1,291 34,597 56,192 104,513 307 26,656 77,550 Native born, 1,701 1,353 823 859 200 267 3,153 3,794 12,150 52 5,278 6,820 Foreign born. 1,464 1,523 1,697 2,175 638 1,024 31,444 52,398 92,363 255 21,378 70,730 Barnstable, . 82 58 35 24 16 16 434 494 1,159 6 279 874 Native born, 72 41 17 7 4 4 95 151 391 2 186 203 Foreign born. 10 17 18 17 12 12 339 343 768 4 93 671 Berkshire, 255 241 116 188 36 47 1,836 2,290 5,009 8 1,629 3,372 Native born, 175 139 47 79 19 18 349 337 1,163 1 616 546 Foreign born. 80 102 69 109 17 29 1,487 1,953 3,846 7 1,013 2,826 Bristol, . 546 456 432 578 166 280 3,264 5,357 11,079 56 3,129 7,894 Native born, 233 179 103 120 24 36 455 579 1,729 12 775 942 Foreign born, . 313 277 329 458 142 244 2,809 4,778 9,350 44 2,354 6,952 Dukes, 2 2 1 - 2 1 42 23 73 - 16 57 Native born, 2 2 1 - 1 1 17 11 35 - 16 19 Foreign born. - - - - 1 - 25 12 38 - - 38 Essex, 254 271- 209 259 75 105 3,419 5,713 10,305 23 2,800 7,482 Native born, 149 138 73 86 14 25 292 383 1,160 3 545 612 Foreign born. 105 133 136 173 61 80 3,127 5,330 9,145 20 2,255 6,870 Franklin, 23 17 19 20 11 7 377 368 842 2 148 692 Native born, 16 15 11 8 2 2 59 31 144 - 57 87 Foreign born, . 7 2 8 12 9 5 318 337 698 2 91 605 Hampden, . 526 478 400 474 91 186 2,748 4,292 9,195 29 1,795 7,371 Native born. 271 208 112 118 26 31 243 244 1,253 4 544 705 Foreign born, . 255 270 288 356 65 155 2,505 4,048 7,942 25 1,251 6,666 92 CEK"SUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPEN^DIUM. Illiteracy — Concluded. 10 TO 15 Years. 16 TO 19 Yeaks. 20 TO 21 Years. Above 21. •a OJ o '3 Counties. o « H o a S o a « T3 a? M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F, Can Kea Writ Hampshire, 60 64 72 57 20 36 900 1,079' 2,288 12 465 1,811 Native born, 36 39 31 16 4 6 74 84 290 1 118 171 Foreign born, 24 25 41 41 16 30 826 995 1,998 11 347 1,640 Middlesex, 279 207 241 237 78 120 5,008 8,173 14,343 56 3,551 10,736 Native born. 153 71 87 67 22 17 345 362 1,124 9 427 688 Foreign born, . 126 136 164 170 56 103 4,663 7,811 13,219 47 3,124 10,048 Nantucket, - - - - - - 13 8 21 - 11 10 Native born, - - - - - - 7 3 10 - 6 4 Foreign born, - - - - - 6 5 11 - 5 6 Norfolk, . 80 68 56 56 15 36 1,460 2,197 3,967 17 976 2,974 Native born. 65 45 25 23 5 8 142 115 428 5 182 241 Foreign born, 15 23 31 32 10 28 1,318 2,082 3,539 12 794 2,733 Plymouth, 37 30 26 21 15 18 765 946 1,858 9 484 1,365 Native born. 23 22 21 12 7 7 145 93 330 2 108 220 Foreign born, . 14 8 5 9 8 11 620 853 1,528 7 376 1,145 Suffolk, . 120 174 124 281 64 158 8,031 16,855 25,807 20 7,505 18,282 Native born. 72 88 46 69 11 35 432 872 1,625 4 644 977 Foreign born. 48 86 78 212 53 123 7,599 15,983 24,182 16 6,861 17,305 Worcester, 901 810 789 840 249 281 6,300 8,397 18,567 69 3,868 14,630 Native born. 434 366 249 254 61 77 498 529 2,468 9 1,054 1,405 Foreign born. 467 444 540 586 188 204 5,802 7,868 16,099 60 2,814 13,225 BY TOTALS. Counties. Total Population. Total Illiterates. Xative born Popu- lation. Native born Illiter- ates. Foreign born Popu- lation. Foreign born Illiter- ates. The State, 1,851,912 104,513 1,233,008 12,150 418,904 92,363 Barnstable, 32,144 1,159 29,923 391 2,221 768 Berkshire, 68,270 5,009 52,985 1,163 15,285 3,846 Bristol, 131,087 11,079 91,346 1,729 39,741 9,350 Dukes, 4,071 73 3,904 35 167 38 Essex, 223,342 10,305 172,919 1,160 50,423 9,145 Franklin, . 33,696 842 29,706 144 3,990 698 Hampden, 94,304 9,195 68,069 1,253 26,235 7,942 Hampshire, 44,821 2,288 36,236 290 8,585 1,998 Middlesex, 284,112 14,343 209,845 1,124 74,267 13,219 Nantucket, 3,201 21 3,071 10 130 11 Norfolk, . 88,321 3,967 70,020 428 18,301 3,539 Plymouth, 69,362 1,858 61,774 330 7,588 1,528 SufTolk, . 364,886 25,807 242,912 1,625 121,974 24,182 Worcester, 210,295 18,567 160,298 2,468 49,997 16,099 POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 93 Illiteracy by Place of Bieth. Place of Birth. Males. Females. Totals. Massachusetts, . . . . Massachusetts, — foreign parents, Other States Canada, England, Ireland Scotland, Wales, Africa Austria, Belgium, .... Bohemia Brazil, Chili, China Denmark, .... Finland France Germany Greece Holland Italy Mexico, New Zealand, Norway Sweden, Persia, Poland, . . . . Portugal, .... Russia Sandwich Islands,. Smyrna South America, Spain, Switzerland Turkey, . . , ■ . West Indies At sea, Unknown, . . . Total 2,126 1,677 2,074 8,546 967 23,523 129 15 13 7 5 16 4 1 3 9 5 90 237 2 6 305 2 1 10 55 31 1,141 35 1 1 3 19 7 1 26 1 26 41,120 2,245 1,598 2,430 8,991 1,917 43,641 357 18 1 6 7 17 1 5 2 89 421 1 16 275 1 10 99 1 36 1,105 45 15 7 12 6 18 63,393 4,371 3,273 4,504 17,537 2,884 67,164 486 33 14 13 12 33 4 1 4 14 7 179 658 3 22 680 3 1 20 154 1 67 2,240- 80 1 1 3 34 14 1 38 7 44 104,513 Illiterates have been, in this Census, classified as those persons who can not read, but can write ; can not write, but can read ; and can neither read nor write ; of the first class there are 307 ; of the second, 26,656 ; of the third, 77,550 ; total, 104,513, — above 10 years of age, or about 6^ per cent of the whole population. The disproportion in the numbers 94 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. of those who have returned themselves able to wi'ite, but unable to read (307) , and those who answered that they could not ^vrite, but could read (26,650), is to be explained only on one supposition. Illiterates are not, as a rule, desirous of making their ignorance known ; they often say, when you desire them to write their name, as the enumerator would, they can not write, but they can read ; if they should answer that they could write, they Avould be called upon at once to sign their returns, and they would then be obliged to expose their inability to write ; thus few say they can write, but can not read, while many say they can not write, but can read. If they were called upon to read, l)ut not to write, the disj^roportion would be reversed, and many would be found who could not read, l)ut could write. Of the whole number of illiterates, 6,041 are between the ages of 10 and 15, inclusive ; 5,554 are between 16 and 19, inclusive ; 2,129 from 20 to 21, inclusive, and the balance, or 90,789, — more than 86 per cent of the whole, — are above 21 years of age. The native born illiterates number 12,150 (more than half being above 21) , or less than one per cent of the native born population; the foreign born illiterates number 92,363, or 22 + per cent of the whole foreign born population ; 83,842 of 92,363 foreign born illiterates are above 21 years of age. Of the native born illiterates, 7,646 were born in Massachusetts ; this is about -^-^ of 1 per cent of the Massachusetts born population, 973,011. Of the Massachusetts l)orn illiterates, 3,275 were of foreign parents. There are 4,505 illiterates from other States of the United States, or 1^'^^ per cent of those born in other States ; 67,164, or 28-1- per cent of the whole Irish born in this State, are illiterates; 17,537, or 20-(- per cent of those born in Canada; 2,831, or 6 — per cent of the English born; 2,246, or 60 per cent of those born in Portugal; 658, or 4 — per cent of the Germans ; 580, or 34 — per cent of the Italians ; 486, or 4 — per cent of the Scotch. In 1865, the total number of illiterates above 20 was 50,110. The seemingly large increase since then has two explanations ; the Census of 1865, in this particular, was not reliable, and iinmigration since 1865 has been much more than during the war period preceding the Census of 1865. Libraries. The importance of statistics concerning lil^raries has been felt, and the best efforts exerted to secure full returns, and we confidently present the two tables following as thoroughly reliable. POPULATION AND SOCIAL STATISTICS. 95r NuaiBER OF Libraries. Counties. The State, ' Barnstaljle, Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Kantucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Worcester, o 1,875 71 109 107 13 224 75 106 67 331 9 124 112 244 283 Secular. , i-i Bn ~: •o c o Eh ■a c a o P o a o Ph o CO a 172 8 9 5 21 10 6 8 36 15 7 10 38 62 6 54 5 1 4 1 1 - 1 5 - - _ 1 - - 6 - " 2 1 - 14 2 11 - 2 - 2 - 2 5 8 - 1 - 2 18 6 10 - 12 - 120 6 7 5 2 11 6 5 4 16 7 12 22 17 u 88 2 6 5 19 1 5 6 30 5 Religious. 5J 65 3 6 2 2 2 2 10 1 2 30 5 o C3 B CC 1,276 49 81 86 10 170 54 81 49 220 4 93 79 106 194 27 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 13 2 Volumes, Circulation, Etc., of Libraries. CLASSinCATICN. Bound in paper, including pam- phlets. § . a to o k 3 >H S .2 a a O g if < a >• a « % a § u so c Value of library building, when owned. Totals, , 1,875 711,646 2,771,012 7,976,128 $1,235,025 $92,639 111 $2,854,529 Public 172 143,385 968,123 3,064,335 581,888 40,060 53 1,359,740 Public and private school, 62 14,252 92,649 40,475 59,100 3,835 4 77,000 College, 6 157,700 293,566 297,218 204,200 12,154 3 145,000 Scientific and artistic, . 54 249,495 365,030 90,679 333,562 33,045 20 1,008,789 Hospital, 5 1,055 6,741 15,000 5,000 400 1 - Association (secular) , . 120 10,765 219,351 426,296 26,900 1,691 23 39,000 Private circulating. 88 9,302 113,796 701,398 - - - - Church, .... 65 2,649 35,590 185,850 4,950 319 3 - Sunday School, . 1,276 18,050 604,249 3,081,684 10,325 614 - - Association (religious), 27 104,993 71,917 73,193 9,100 521 4 225,000 An attempt was made, in the enumeration, to secure a full account of all j^rivate libraries, but in this Census, as in all, state or national, 96 CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. C0MPE:N-DIUM. the efforts in this direction failed of success. To be sure, many towns made an excellent showing : Adams returned 34,307 volumes ; Pittsfield, 17,379; Stockbridge, 4,967; New Bedford (3 wards), 10,425; Boxford, 12,105; Salem (4 wards), 64,797; West New- bury, 4,125; Greenfield, 16,375; Amlierst, 17,655; Cambridge (4 wards), 191,500; Concord, 50,361; Maiden, 18,604; Ne\\i;on (5 wards), 99,181; Reading, 7,930; Winchester, 10,550; Boston (12 wards), 240,069; Chelsea, 13,927; Leicester, 6,405; Webster, 10,550; Worcester (6 wards), 51,410. These indicate what might have been shown ; as it is, no private library presentation is made. We simply give the totals by counties in the following table, and regret the failure to make the statistics complete : — Private Libraries. Counties. Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, £ssex, Franklin, . Hampden, Hampshire, Volumes. 1,365 68,783 19,220 122,922 20,270 12,126 27,296 Counties. Volumes. Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plj^mouth, Suffolk, . Worcester, Total, (the State), 427,471 1,900 25,792 16,010 258,196 108,989 1,110,340 Part II. MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 13 Part II. MANUFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. The productive mechanical industries of the State have been classi- fied, for Census purposes, into Manufactures and their Related Occu- pations. By the former term is meant all those products which require, in their make, labor and raw materials; that is, things pro- duced by hand or machinery from materials called stock. Under this general term have been classed the following : — Agricultural implements. Dyestufts. Printing. Arms and ammunition. Fertilizers. Print works. Artisans' tools. Fine arts. Polishes and dressings. Bags. Food preparations. Publishing. Bagging. Furniture. Railroad construction. Boots and shoes. Glass. Rubber. Boxes. Leather. Scientific instruments and Brooms. Linen. appliances. Building. Liquors and beverages. Silk. Carriages and wagons. Lumber. Stone. Carpetings. Machines and machinery. Tobacco. Chemical preparations. Metals and metallic goods. Vessels. Clocks and watches. Musical instruments and Wooden goods. Clothing. materials. Woollen goods. Cotton goods. Oils and illuminating Worsted goods. Dress trimmings. fluids. Miscellaneous manufact- Drugs and medicines. Paper. ures. The various subdivisions under these general heads will be found on pages 106-122. By Related Occupations is meant those industries where an added value is given an article by new processes or manipulations with the use of little, if any, additional stock. Under the term Related Occu- pations, we have classed — 100 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Blacksmithing. Bleaching and dyeing. Bottling. Bronzing. Building moving. Butchering. Cane seating chairs. Carpentry and joinei'y. Carpet making. Carpet, feather and hair cleansing. China decorating. Clock repairing. Clothes making and re- pairing. Clothing repairing and re- modelling. Cloth finishing. Coastwise and ocean com- merce. Cobbling. Coopering. Coppersmithing. Cotton waste cleaning. Cotton drying. Curing fish. Decorating. Drain building. Di'aughting and designing. Electro-plating. Embroidery stamping. Enamelling. Engraving. Fishing. Fresco painting. Gilding. Glass cutting and graving. Glazing. Gunsmithing. Harness and saddle repair- ing. Japanning. Jewelry repairing. Lapidary Avork. Lathing. Locksmithing and bell- hanging. Macliinists' woi'k. Masoning. Metal plating. PajDer and wood hanging. Paper ruling. Painting. Paving. Plastering. Plumbing. Roofing. Sewing-machine repairing. Silversmithing. Stair building. Steam and gas fitting. Stone cutting and dressing. Tack leathering. Telegraph building. Tinsmithing. Umbrella repairing. Upholstering. Varnishing and polishing. Vessel repairing. Watch repairing. Wheel wrighting. Whitening and coloring. Wool stapling. Wool washing and drying. The detailed classification of occupations by name will be found on pages 122-125, but the above general list indicates fully the distinguish- ing features of it. The value of manufactures is the cost of the labor and stock which enter into their production ; while in occupations the value is simply the work done ; by each the production of the State is increased. In the various presentations in this Part the value under "Manufactures" is stated as "goods made," and under "Occu- pations " as " work done." Generally in censuses no such distinction has been made, all being Ijrought under the broad term manufactures. This distinction became essential in this Census in order to facilitate the gathering of the information sought, otherwise it would be somewhat arbitrary and unmeaning. The introduction to this volume describes the distinctive features of this Census, and the methods employed, and need not be repeated here. MANUFACTURES AND OCCUrATIONS. 101 The manufactures and occupation schedules furnished the manufact- urers and employers contained all the inquiries relative to the pro- duction of mechanical industries for the year ending May 1, 1875, and the answers to them as given by the manufecturers and employ- ers form the basis of the tabulations presented in this Part. Less than a score of the persons in the State, bound by law to make returns, have failed to do so, and in nearly all these cases a sufficient reason existed for non-compliance. Having, then, a separate report from each and every manufacturing establishment in the Commonwealth, certified to by the proprietors, or for them by the enumerator, it will readily be seen that the fidlest confidence can be placed in the facts given. Whenever confidence should not be given we shall unhesitat- ingly state the exact parts lacking proper completeness and give the reasons therefor. Every effort has been made to secure the fullest returns, the aim to make the total value of products perfectly accurate being uppermost at all times ; great credit is due the manufacturers for the general intelligence with which they have aided the exertions of the officers of the bureau. If, however, it is found that the product of this or that community, as stated in this Part, falls short of the actual facts, the reader must let his criticism fall where it justly belongs, upon the parties giving information, and not upon this office, or ujjon the Census enumerator. When manifest error has been made, the system adopted, as ex- plained in the introduction, has allowed every facility for correction, and these facilities have been used to the fullest extent. This Part is pre-eminently a report on the statistics of labor, for it presents, either in its tables, or by the computations and various manipulations which may be made, the most important features of the labor of the State. The space devoted to wages is well occupied, and we warmly commend its exliibits to the careful consideration of both employer and employed. The state of the mechanical industries of the Commonwealth at the time of writing does not dift'er materially from that at the time of the enumeration, the summer of 1875. We believe the aggregate pro- duction of such industries, as given in this Part, falls short of the actual production less than 5 per cent. In the light of the hard and unanswerable arguments of facts as evidenced herein, our anxiety for the future, industrially, of Massachusetts must be allayed. Our great industries are built upon too firm a foundation to be toppled over by any ephemeral, speculative schemes, and they will only wane 102 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. to that extent which is necessary to the proper adjustment of the great branches of human enterprise, agriculture, commerce and manufact- ures. In this adjustment, the equilibrium of which is now disturbed by the vast sectional resources which stagnate home markets, New England is sure to hold her proper position, and exert her proper influence. Encouragement and confidence, with some of that enter- prise which sends our goods into the face of foreign production, will enable the manufacturers of Massachusetts to still further enrich the State by their successes. One of Napoleon's maxims, that "statistics mean the keeping of an exact account of a nation's affairs, and with- out such account there is no safety," finds practical application in this, that the men who by their enterprise have kept our factories and workshops open in such large degree during the present depression, can know by this account of stock that the results warrant their efforts, and compare most fiivorably with other years ; and although profits have been meagre, the amount of goods made and work done has kept thousands employed, and consequently a direct service to the public good has been accomplished. The same energy, courage and abihty will replace with new industries those we may lose in the inevitable adjustment now apparently taking place. Attention is called to the following tables : — Manufactures and Related Occupations. Manufactdres. Occupations. Counties. Number of estab- lishments. Capital invested. Value of goods made. Number of estab- lishments. Capital invested. Value of work done. The State, 10,915 $267,074,802 $532,136,333 11,313 $15,608,916 $60,195,629 Barnstable, 127 1,617,465 1,365,610 154 78,031 166,202 Berkshire, 399 11,815,505 19,677,648 468 454,249 1,337,680 Bristol, 566 37,971,263 48,321,951 576 1,017,497 2,777,136 Dukes, 9 55,800 68,360 42 8,160 35,205 Essex, 1,775 31,283,215 82,645,625 1,471 2,501,973 10,837,119 Franklin, . 282 4,127,715 4,843,117 207 121,041 458,757 Hampden, 633 19,765,118 32,504,175 714 1,140,229 3,187,855 Hampsliire, 297 6,718,547 9,993,217 284 274,820 804,339 Middlesex, 1,457 44,895,488 95,715,710 1,699 2,158,044 7,369,538 Nantucket, 25 79,200 125,413 44 27,000 48,570 Norfolk, . 512 9,574,200 25,088,700 530 483,242 1,816,340 Plymouth, 535 6,947,174 19,595,853 472 277,347 994,279 Suffolk, . 2,712 61,914,414 116,620,259 3,117 5,702,288 24,189,597 Worcester, 1,586 40,309,698 75,570,695 1,535 1,364,995 6,173,012 MAKUPACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 103 BY TOTALS. Counties. Number of estab- lishments. Capital invested. Value of goods made and work done. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, . Hampden, . Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suffolk, . Worcester, 22,228 281 867 1,142 51 3,246 489 1,347 581 3,156 1,042 1,007 5,829 3,121 $282,683,718 1,695,496 12,269,754 38,988,760 63,960 33,785,188 4,248,756 20,905,347 6,993,367 47,053,532 106,200 10,057,442 7,224,521 57,616,702 41,674,693 $592,331,962 1,531,812 21,015,328 51,099,087 103,565 93,482,744 5,301,874 35,692,030 10,797,556 103,085,248 173,983 26,905,040 20,590,132 140,809,856 81,743,707 By this recapitulation it is seen that the total laroducts of the mechanical industries of the State are $592,331,962, from 22,228 establishments, on a capital invested of $282,683,718. Of the num- ber of establishments given, 10,915 come within our classification of manufactures purely, and 11,313 under that of occupations. No limit of amount of business done has been placed uijon establishments as necessary to their being considered. Many of those industries we have classed as occupations have in former censuses, both state and national, been called manufactures ; it is therefore proj^er to compare the whole number of establishments in both classes of this Census with the whole number returned as manufactures under former cen- suses. With this understanding we have made no limit, as above stated, to the amount of annual production necessary for a concern to be considered as an establishment, as was done in the last national Census. In 1865 the total number of establishments was 11,823, a gain in 1875 of 10,405. This large gain is, to a gi'eat degi'ee, real, and is partly accounted for by an extension of the enumeration to manufactures not included in the Census of 1865. Any one not agreeing with our classification can adjust it to suit his own ideas, as it is preserved complete in all showings where it enters into the composition of the tables. The capital invested in 1865 was $174,- 361,496; a gain in 1875 of $108,322,222. The total product of 104 CEI^SUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. mechanical industries in 1865 was $429,906,046 ; a gain in 1875 of $162,425,916. But these figures are in currency, gold in 1865 being at 1.57, and in 1875 at 1.12. Reduced to a gold basis in both years the products of manufactures in 1865 were $273,825,507 ; in 1875, $528,867,823 ; gain, $255,042,316 ; or 93+ per cent on a gold basis. Of the whole number of establishments, 22,228, less than 700, incorporated mostly, control about $165,000,000 of the whole cap- ital ($282,683,718) invested in mechanical industries, leaving about 21,500 establishments with a capital of $118,000,000. In the products of mechanical industries, 1875, Suffolk County stands first, returning $140,809,856 worth; Middlesex second, with an aggregate of $103,085,248 ; Essex third, $93,482,744 ; Worcester fourth, $81,743,707; Bristol fifth, $51,099,087; Hampden sixth, $35,692,030; Norfolk seventh, $26,905,040; Berkshire eighth, $21,015,328; Plymouth ninth, $20,590,132; $10,797,556; Franklin eleventh, $5,301,874; $1,531,812; Nantucket thirteenth, $173,983; $103,565. In agricultural products the counties stand in the following order, relative to amount of production : Worcester, Middlesex, Hampshire, Essex, Berkshire, Hampden, Franklin, Bristol, Norfolk, Plymouth, Barnstal)le, Suffolk, Dukes, Nantucket. The following table exhil^its the towns in which the increase over 1865 has been most marked : — Hampshire tenth, Barnstable twelfth, Dukes fourteenth, Currency Value of Currency Value of CiTms AKD Towns. Counties. Manufactures, 1865. Manufactures, 1875. Increase. Falmouth, Barnstable, $208,800 $492,230 $283,430 Yarmouth, Barnstable, 31,365 179,317 147,952 Adamt>, Berkshire, 6,663,031 8,888,665 2,225,634 Dalton, Berkshire, 620,485 828,150 207,665 West Stockbridge, Berkshire, 300,902 ■ 536,768 235,866 Williamstown, . Berkshire, 243,012 865,090 622,078 Attleborough, . Bristol, . 2,107,378 3.485,018 1,377,640 Fall Kiver, Bristol, . 17,808,326 24,668,505 6,860,179 Rayuhrini, Bristol, . 530,837 1,020,749 489,912 Beverly, . Essex, 590,661 1,820,757 1,230,096 Danvers, . Essex, 1,354,035 2,320,062 906,027 Gloucester, Essex, 474,460 4,868,346 4,393,886 Haverhill, . Essex, 5,724,923 10,635,828 4,910,905 Ipswich, . Essex, 278,738 858,532 579,794 Lynn, Essex, 10,565,444 21,011,427 10,445,983 Methuen, . Essex, 866,072 2,115,942 1,249,870 Newburyport, . Essex, 4,048,263 4,693,185 644,922 Salem, Essex, 6,530,940 8,512,693 1,981,753 Greenfield, Franklin, 350,066 479,621 129,555 Montague, Franklin, 102,795 1,478,446 1,375,651 Orange, Franklin, 455,510 807,242 351,732 MANUFACTUPtES A^N^D 0CCUPATI0:N'S. 105 Cities and Towns. Counties. Currency Value of Manufactures, Currency Value of Manufactures, 1875. Increase. Holyoke, . Palmer, Spriiigtii-ld, Wales, Westtield, . Williraliam, Kortlianipton, South HaUley, Ware, Arlington, Ashland, . Cambridge, Holliston, . Lowell, Maiden, . Marlborough, Natick, Newton, . Pepperell. Soniervillc, Stoneham, Townsend, Wakefield, Watertown, Wayland, . Wincliester, Woburn, . Braintree, . Canton, Franklin, . Medlield, . Medway, . Needham, Weymouth, Brockton, . Middleborough Plymouth, Boston, Chelsea, . Athol, Clinton, . Dudlej', Fitchburg, Leominster, Milford, . Northbridgc, North Brooktie Spencer, . Upton, Webster, . Westborough, Worcester, Totals, lid, Hampden, Hampden, Hampden, Hampden, Hampden, Hampden, Hampshire, Hampshire, Hampshire, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Middlesex, Norfolk, . Norfolk, . Norfolk, . Norfolk, . Norfolk, . Norfolk, . Norfolk, . Plymouth, Plymouth, Plvmonth, Suffolk, . Suffolk, . Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, Worcester, AVorcester, Worcester, Worcester, $5,171,886 1,031,137 6,509,814 412,096 1,415,761 323,212 2,022,652 793,240 1,296,249 271,830 800,430 7,281,432 902,857 19,23«,839 1,419,390 2,501,546 1,764,469 1,240,467 155,065 3,152,600 1,687,859 177,050 735,220 1,850,357 289,760 202,167 2,625,657 1,249,792 2,233,552 819,998 117,758 828,839 534,335 3,560,882 1,679,239 1,111,557 1,459,639 91,817,707 1,591,910 873,388 3,210,053 808,249 3,991,476 728,842 3,964,792 912,310 997,585 1,391,215 629,543 2,588,262 713,124 15,274,628 $8,788,306 1,855,218 12,483,010 904,603 3,446,358 964,802 3,673,063 1,056,428 1,957,(511 738,223 1,186,365 16,837,412 1,225,661 29,725,539 3,038,789 3,363,227 2,736,973 2,676,784 586,461 7,740,831 3,014,746 483,579 1,302,811 2,650,781 1,946,675 1,067,448 4,343,740 1,649,306 3,094,681 1,270,915 490,750 1,548,931 1,549.244 4,809,152 6,492,087 1,598,239 2,468,156 135,931,504 4,825,252 1,387,955 4,048,294 1,336,909 5,827,391 2,069,192 4,199,986 1,521,072 2,059,375 2,935,573 927,996 3,186,797 2,381,763 23,496,767 $268,117,760 $441,469,304 $3,616,420 824,081 5,973,196 492,507 2,030,597 641,590 1,650,411 263,188 661,362 466,393 385,935 9,555,980 322,804 10,486,700 1,619,399 861,681 972,504 1,436,317 431,396 4,588,231 1,326,887 306,529 567,591 800,424 1,656,915 865,281 1,718,083 399,514 861,129 450,917 372,992 720,092' 1,014,909 1,248,270 4,812,848 486,682 1,008,517 44,113,797 3,233,342 514,567 838,241 628,660 1,835,915 1,340,350 235,194 608,762 1,061,790 1,544.358 398,453 598,535 1,668,639 8,222,139 $173,351,544 In the 73 cities and towns named aliove, the products of manufact- ures in 1865, amounted to $268,117,760 (gold, $170,775,643) ; in 1875 to $441,469,304 (gold, $394,169,021); an increase over 1865 of $173,351,544, or a gold increase of $223,393,378, or 130+ per cent. These 73 cities and towns produced 75 — per cent of the whole prod- uct of manufactures for the State. Three cities. New Bedford, Taun- ton and Lawrence, do not appear in the above table ; the latter city 14 106 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. did, in fact, increase her productions, but it is made to appear other- wise by various duplications reported in 1865. It should be remembered that throughout this Part all values for all years are given in currency, unless specially designated to be in gold. Manufactures and Occupations by Name. Manufactures. [In this subdivision, each separate article of manufacture is specified bj' name, and the total value of each, for the State, is given. In the majority of instances the quantity of each article made is also given, and is accompanied by the average value for the unit of measurement.] Abticles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Agricultural implements Alcohol, bbls.. Ale bbls.. Ale and porter, bbls., Alphabet blocks, boxes, Anchors, heavy, tons. Anchors, boat, and boat iron work, .... lbs.. Anchors, boat, and clothes drying reels, Apple parers, doz., Applesauce, Artificial flowers, Artificial limbs Artificial building stone Artificial stone work, Artificial teeth and dental goods, Artificial wood ornaments, Artists' materials, Augers and bits Awls, gross, Axes, doz.. Axes, boys', and hatchets doz.. Bagging, cotton Bags, cotton, Bags, cotton duck, Bags, cotton and jute, Bags, paper Bags, travelling, Baking powders lbs., Balances and scales Baseballs, doz., Baskets, Baskets and frames, straw, Beavers, yds.. Bedsteads, Beef, salt, bbls.. Bells, church, factory, etc Belt lacings, b'ches. Belting, leather feet. Belting, loom straps, etc., Billiard tables, Billiard, bagatelle and sippio tables, .... Billiard table legs, Billiard table frames, Billiard time and price registers, Billiard cues and balls Bit braces Blacking and dressing, leather, Blacking, shoe manufacturers' edge bbls.. Blacking, shoe manufacturers' edge, .... Blank books Blasting materials, Bleaching, dyeing and calendering, Blinds, doors and sashes 10,000 308,367 60,514 15,000 295 2,500 2,000 39,706 45,463 4,000 1,100,000 245,675 800 20,000 382,787 403,187 6,212 2,191 5,100 908,506 598 100 60 87,843 1,517 $378,786 600,000 1,899,302 535,000 4,000 40,.575 340 1,000 11,000 300 4,887 12,978 13,500 5,800 157,418 50,000 4,672 85,400 37,525 591,100 21,100 160,000 150,000 40,915 216,000 130,745 3,000 400 37,000 60,(100 177,178 1,425 922,713 18,500 38,059 52,500 5,100 363,503 11,115 168,600 31,8.35 12,480 6,250 1,000 6,645 90,000 196,600 23,500 40,2.iO 496.100 78,000 1,167,911 1,226,297 $60 00 6 16 8 84 27 137 .54 14 5 50 95 13 00 5 28 14 16 50 3 00 46 2 29 2 98 17 37 1 00 40 281 94 62 50 16 67 1 02 15 49 TVfANUrACTUBES AI^^D OCCUPATIOIfS. 107 Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Articles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. BlockB, pumps and ship tackle $133,500 Blowpipes - 600 _ Bluing _ 75,114 _ Bluing and ink^ .... _ 18,000 _ Boats 3,652 162,999 $44 63 Boats _ 11,150 6,000 183,745 _ Boat timber, .... _ Bobbins and spools, . _ _ Bolts and nuts . tons, 720 84,000 116 67 Bolts and rivets, . tons. 50 12,000 240 00 Bones, . tons. 586 13,900 23 72 Bones, ground . tons. 260 8,324 32 00 Bonnets and hats, trimmed, . _ 1,188,705 Books, printing and publishing, _ 2,454,986 ^ Bookbinding - 1,078,548 _ Bookbinding and paper boxes, . 3,000 ^ Book clasps and box trimmings. - 30,000 _ Boots (not specified), pairs. 6,163,685 15,411,221 2 50 men's, pairs. 1,894,249 4,451,055 2 35 women's pairs. 2,170,071 3,077,045 1 42 misses' pairs, 55,202 66,165 1 20 pairs, 235,374 209,495 89 boys', pairs. 164,463 363,953 2 21 pairs. 123,720 185,772 1 50 men's and boys', , pairs. 168,600 421,500 2 50 men's and women's, . - 50,000 «. misses' and children's. pairs, 88,800 92,700 1 04 women's, misses' and children'^ 1 pairs. 211,754 258,500 1 22 women's and misses', . pairs. 1,157,800 1,436,500 1 24 Shoes (not specified), . pairs. 5,872,220 7,765,834 1 32 men's, pairs, 1,714,364 2,621,825 1 53 women's, .... pairs. 6,160,487 7,238,045 1 17 misses', .... pairs. 738,221 766,014 1 04 children's, .... pairs. 1,763,787 1,351,824 76 hoys', pairs. 150,877 166,019 1 10 youths' pairs, 72,446 73,069 1 02 infants', .... pairs. 432,614 87,864 20 men's and hoys', . pairs. 109,124 152,722 1 39 men's, boys' and youths', . pairs, 8,220 32,880 4 00 boys' and youths'. pairs. 1,275 1,825 1 40 men's and women's, . pairs, 415,500 387,000 93 women's and children's, . pairs, 60,000 50,000 83 women's, misses' and children's > ■ pairs, 3,593,248 3,450,770 96 misses' and children's, pairs, 301,211 266,612 88 women's and misses'. pairs. 436,520 745,500 1 71 men's, women's and misses'. pairs. 90,000 100,000 1 11 men's, women's and children's, pairs, 120,000 95,000 79 Slippers, pairs. 284,504 244,860 86 men's, pairs. 361,083 359,990 1 00 women's pairs. 607,810 309,468 51 misses', .... pairs. 7,900 7,500 95 children's, pairs. 3,500 1,500 43 youths' pairs. 5,000 3,983 79 boys' pairs, 15,260 15,126 99 infants', ..... _ 2,500 men's and women's, . pairs, 214,415 185,051 ~86 men's, hoys' and youths', . pairs. 27,000 12,500 43 misses' and children's. pairs. 30,000 19,500 65 women's and misses', . pairs. 278,024 251,758 90 women's and children's, . pairs. 65,000 83,000 1 28 women's, misses' and children's » pairs. 10,500 8,475 81 men's, women's and misses'. pairs. 319,800 313,625 93 men's, women's, boys', youths' and nissc ^s', . _ 111,520 Boots and shoes (not specified), _ 10,457,318 _ pairs, 5,673,618 9,957,470 1 75 men's, . . . ... pairs, 129,088 342,272 2 64 women's pairs, 1,712,804 2,545,492 1 48 misses', pairs. 156,170 182,650 1 17 children's pairs. 908,941 697,720 72 boys' pairs. 3,000 4,000 1 33 youths', .... pairs. 1,500 1,875 1 24 men's and women's pairs, 394,000 450,000 1 14 108 CENSUS OF MASS.— 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Abticles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Boots and shoes — Con. men's and boys', men's, youths' and boys', pairs, men's, women's and misses', pairs, women's and misses', pairs, women's, misses' and children's pairs, misses' and children's, pairs, Boots and slippers, men's pairs, women's, pairs, women's and misses', pairs, women's, misses' and children's, .... pairs, Shoes and slippers, women's pairs, women's and misses' pairs, women's, misses' and children's, .... pairs. Boots, shoes and slippers, pairs, women's, pairs, women's and misses' pairs, women's, misses' and children's, .... pairs, Buskins, pairs. Buskins and slippers, pairs. Boot and shoe cement Boot and shoe dressing, Boot and shoe heels, Boot and shoo lasts and patterns Boot, shoe and corset patterns, Boot and shoe last-irons, tons, Boot and shoe varnish, Bouquets Boxes, butter, cheese cigar, fruit and salt, paper paper, tags and tickets, wooden, and jjacking cases, wooden, and paper, wooden, and barrel heads Brackets and ornamental sawed work Brackets, doors and mouldings, Braids, alpaca, silk, etc., Brass and composition castings, lbs., Brass, fuiishcd, Brass ship trimmings Bread, Bread, crackers and pastry, Bricks, M, Bricks, polishing, Brick machines, Britannia ware Britannia and silver-plated ware, Broadcloth, yds.. Bronze goods Brooms, doz.. Broom brushes doz., Broom tools Brushes, Brushes, jewelers' gross. Brush woods, Buckwheat flour lbs.. Builders' finish, Buildings (dwelling-houses), Buildings (other than dwelling-houses) Burial cases, caskets, etc., Butter lbs., Buttermilk and skimmed milk Butler tubs Buttons Buttons, covered gross, Button books gross, Cabinet organs Cabinet organ parts, 176,000 62S,2G0 2,982,141 464,000 431,008 60,000 222,960 120,000 150,000 35,000 48,150 144,108 250,000 104,000 82,080 81,600 71,000 525,285 15 42,580 12,600 512,082 7,517,962 1,121,810 215,1.52 5,000 15 348,100 83,126 19,004 502 748,700 1,007 54,540 46,200 651,000 4,500 19,482 $160,000 222,000 800,000 4,285.663 608,473 394,482 60,000 347,550 145,000 125,000 50,000 48,150 170,000 283,700 134,000 116,000 101,700 34,160 333,800 13,070 83,250 135,489 374,348 5,044 5,000 2,050 2,000 6,770 1,650 67,533 10,000 648,872 175,000 1,665,204 50,400 5,000 276,000 40,000 580,500 373,278 44,525 4,900 859,165 2,538,225 1,652,750 500 1,725 63,000 100,500 641,015 125.000 230,749 40,347 ' 2,.500 814,567 7,545 9,500 28,977 839,327 3,422,761 2,435,859 397,154 18,213 767 7,500 314,983 200,000 5,000 2,091,725 73,000 $1 26 1 27 1 43 1 33 91 00 56 20 83 43 00 18 11 29 40 25 48 63 333 00 15 13 13 22 33 7 68 10 115 00 1 84 2 78 2 12 15 03 04 3,398 97 33 16 40 1 11 107 37 ]VIAN"LrFACTURES AND OCCUPATION'S. 109 3fanufactures and Occupations hy Name — Continued. Akticles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Cabinet organ reeds, $114,200 Cabinet organs and brackets, . — 3,000 - Cabinet work, - 65,592 - Cables and chains - 66,260 - Cake and paslri', .... - 428,581 - Calicoes, yds.. 116,319,734 9,852,127 $0 08 Calicoes, delaines, etc. (printing), . yds.. 75,805,577 1,261,886 - Calicoes, delaines, etc. (printing), . — 1,300.000 - Candles lbs.. 672,075 82,750 12 Candles, sperm lbs.. 123,000 33,450 27 Canes, doz., 12,200 15,900 1 30 Canned fruits and jellies, . - 134,926 - Canned meats - 29,900 - Canned vegetables - 24,500 - Canvas yds., 25,360 5,579 22 Card clothing, .... sq. ft., 850,416 798,612 93 Card clothing remnants, . lbs.. 120,000 30,000 25 Cards, hand, - 78,550 - Carpeting, cotton yds., 42,500 12,000 28 cotton and jute, .... — 10,000 — ■woollen yds.. 1,665,000 1,822,000 1 09 tapestry, Brussels, etc., yds., 2,926,535 3,664,157 1 25 Carpet lining, yds.. 3,.347.U00 321,000 10 Carpet warp and twine, . lbs.. 1,402,552 335,630 23 Carpet sweepers 8,000 15,000 1 88 Carriages, wagons, etc., . - 3,155,328 - Carriages, children's, — 455,357 - Carriage and wagon axles. tons, 938 112,040 120 09 13,241 28,904 2 19 Carriage hardware, . - 15,800 - Carriage hardware, children's. - 68,745 — Carriage mats, .... 12,016 50,917 4 24 Carriage stock — 77,665 - Carriage and wagon wheels, . — 260,915 - - 132,217 — Cars, railroad, .... — 270,009 - Car axles - 25,000 - Car-head linings. — 19,700 - - 120,000 - Car springs, steel. 5,000 12,000 2' 40 Car wheels, .... - 156,453 — Cartridges, - 210,000 - Carved wood, - 19,000 - Cases for jewelry, .... gross, 901 21,000 23 31 Casks, 1,323,202 710,662 54 Casks - 106,050 - Casks, screw-bungs for, . - 1,000 - Cassimercs, .... . yds.. 15,174,324 15,086,145 99 Cattle-card boards, . 242,400 6,400 03 Chairs, 2,515.410 2,105,316 84 Chairs, easy, .... 3,500 23,700 6 77 camp, 34,000 19,000 56 folding 75,000 150,000 2 00 step, 1,000 2,200 2 20 Chair frames 175,180 25,600 15 seats, 20,000 5,000 25 cane . bales, 5,020 300,000 53 38 reeds . lbs.. 600,000 340,000 57 Block (wood). - 67,843 - Charcoal . bush.. 245,7.50 19,800 08 Cheese . lbs., 1,780,783 242,467 14 Chemicals (crude), . — 1,237,069 .. [ lbs.. 20,000 15,000 75 (refined), I'rnssiate ot potash. . lbs.. 130,000 35,000 27 (refined), Prussian blue, . . lbs.. 700 5,000 7 14 Chests, seamen's, 360 1,280 3 56 Chocolate and cocoa, '. lbs.. 520,000 180,000 35 Chroraos, - 260,000 _ Chronios and lithographs, - 157,000 - Church organs, .... 141 337,342 2,392 50 Churns, 6,057 6,040 1 15 Cider . bbls., 35,931 94,269 2 62 110 CENSUS OF MASS. -1873. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Articles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Cider, refined, . Cider and vinegar, Cider brandy, . Cigars, Circular saw mills. Cisterns, tanks and vats, . Clocks, Clocks, chronometers, etc.. Clothing, men's and boys', women's, .... men's and boys' ready-made, men's and women's ready-made, boys' ready-made, women's ready-made, women's under, . children's, .... men's custom-made, . women's custom-made, oiled, overalls, jumpers, etc.. Clothes driers Coal sifters, .... Coatings, Coffee, Coffee and spice, Coffee, epico and cream of tartar. Coffin handles and trimmings,. Coal tar and coke. Coke Combs, horn, .... Combs and jewelry, tortoise shell. Concrete walks Conductors' punches. Cone fire kindlers, ... Confectionery Confectionery, ice cream and cake, , Copperas, . Copperplate prints, Copper, rolled, . Copper, yellow-metal and zinc, rolled. Copper and yellow metal sheathing. Copper ship fastenings. Coppersmiths' work. Cop tubes, paper, Corks, Cork goods, Cork life preservers, . Corkscrews, Corn planters, . Corsets, Corset jeans. Costumes, . Cotton batting, . wadding, mops, . . cloth, . goods in variety, . goods in variety, . dress goods, drills, . denims, ticking, duck, . flannel, goods, . goods, . sheeting and shirting, shirting, muslin, jaconet, etc., lines and cords, . lines, cord and twine, sheeting ebirtiug bbls., gals., M, yds., lbs., chald., sq. yds.. lbs., tons, tons, lbs., tons, doz.. yds.. lbs., lbs., yds., yds., yds., yds., yds., yds., yds., yds., yds.. yds., lbs., yds., yds.. 5,000 4,111 90,300 42 300 896 228,412 1,695,604 11,784 96,763 1,600 7,191,453 900 350 96,667 16 1,200 1,600 2,000,000 2,772,942 219,800 18,099 132,833,595 4,400,000 2,217,790 2,692,150 10,310,752 4,016,500 5,620,368 2,254,264 36,333,131 46,108,337 98,026 27,727,032 8,557,502 $35,000 21,000 8,437 2,919,189 18,260 7,500 3,000 10,800 1,217,032 218,081 10,598,639 164,344 183,255 587,840 169,640 2,450 3,768,195 377,751 169,619 169,627 2,175 8,750 194,797 525,247 177,493 592,000 25,000 11,975 46,080 523,060 18,465 62,212 3,600 300 1,955,709 59,337 18,000 7,100 225,000 1,650,000 1,550,000 32,000 348,049 4,000 107,900 2,600 2,400 4,000 1,500 291,9.57 160,000 25,750 367,574 37,3.03 3,790 11,986,823 610,000 1,609,900 367,224 247,215 1,248,489 383,010 1,025,167 249,819 5,764,241 6,533,698 4,498,049 456,226 37,950 284,800 2,456,673 846,467 $7 00 2 05 32 33 434 76 10 00 2 43 85 31 3 91 64 2 25 27 20 00 642 86 33 287 50 2 00 2 50 .08 13 17 21 09 14 17 09 12 10 18 11 16 10 39 09 10 MAXTJPACTURES A^D OCCUPATIOITS. Ill Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Articles Mass. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Cotton tape yds., warp, yarn and twine, lbs., waste tons, and wool goods (mixed), yds., batting, thread and wadding spool, doz., thread, lbs., Cottonade yds., Cottouade, stripes, yarn, etc., Cotton gins Cotton and woollen machinery fixtures. Covered wire, Crackers, bbls.. Crackers lbs., Crackers and ship bread, Cream of tartar, lbs., Croquet sets, Crucibles, black lead Crutches, elastic, Curled hair, Curtains, shades and fixtures Curtain fixtures, Cutlery gross, Cutlery, • • Delaines • yds., Desks, Desks and counters, Diaries, ...» • Die blocks, Die cutters' stock Dies, Doeskins yds., Door bells, speaking tubes, etc., Door mats and rugs, Door plates and badges Drain pipe Drugs Dyestuffs, Dyestuffs and drugs Earth closets Earthen and stone ware Eave troughs, conductors, etc Edge tools, Edging and lace, yds., Elastic fabrics, Electric discs Electrotype and stereotype plates, Elevators, Elevators, power Embroidery Emery tons, Emery wheels, Emery wheels, cloth, etc., Emery cloth, Emery and crocus cloth reams, Enamelled cloth, yds., Engravings Engravings, steel, Engravers' blocks Engravers' plates, Envelopes, Erasable tablets Extracts, flavoring Eyelets, • M, Fans, Feather dusters, Feathers, ornamental, Feed tons, Feed and meal, lbs.. 500,000 5,999,407 1,296 1,060,700 3,154,850 28,000 1,850,000 249,113 400,000 372,750 60,000 32,338,544 400,000 877,380 20,126 1,000 1,250 350 214,852 1,000,000 502,836 4,016 37,593,210 $4,000 2,122,707 220,982 592,500 120,000 1,137,470 30,800 394,000 733,640 23,741 10,800 29,709 1,214,273 24,000 70,000 149,455 22,000 40,000 4,000 281,450 178,350 38,600 800,000 220,265 5,745,172 44,920 40,810 150,000 950 8,665 99,102 1,257,600 3,000 18,132 10,000 251,250 260,000 103,700 184,000 6,000 284,600 ■11,000 32,668 1,500 1,313,620 5,000 194,795 1,350 81,825 7,000 162,000 34,000 200,000 4,000 4,550 81,805 4,400 4,000 2,000 600 1,325,896 40,000 144,915 100,000 65,000 108,000 3,000 227,250 607,370 $0 08 35 170 51 56 36 1 10 21 4 87 06 40 16 00 18 38 1 43 90 1 50 129 60 13 00 38 10 13 56 59 02 112 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations hy Name — Coutinued. Abticles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. $1,397,133 7,500 15,000 $2 00 1,376,316 564,357 41 - 123,945 - 630,000 38,000 08 41,032 1,531,781 37 33 53,775 204,448 3 80 - 156,900 - 4,200 37,000 8 80 - 25,000 - 62,620 609,500 9 73 14,600 50,750 3 48 - 219,283 - ' - 20,800 _ - 7,175 _ - 28,500 _ 1,370 901 60 - 12,350 - - 585 - 1,145,555 126,000 11 122,138 1,042,354 8 53 237,500 3,300 01 20,000 5,000 25 55,832 87,950 1 58 311,000 43,200 14 - 174,968 - 500 600 1 00 82 12,800 400 00 - 431,450 - 1,330 110,500 S3 00 — 8,725 - - 75,880 _ _ 4,979,878 - _ 37,300 _ - 16,150 ~ _ 41,700 _ - 150,000 - 1,223,542 4,471,172 3 65 78,343 309,457 - . 160,255 - _ 146,233 - _ 88,071 - - 4,045 _ 8,856 399 04 142,400 125,750 89 7,434,122 725,000 10 - 1,247,300 - - 49,500 - 50,000 175,000 3 50 1,712 452,632 204 39 317,702 9,942 03 500,000 7,500 02 4,807 160,629 33 00 - 21,000 - 400 2,000 5 00 - 896 - _ 32,500 - 2,152,859 276,863 13 200 7,000 35 00 - 1,500 _ 2,125,000 320,000 15 2,500 7,500 3 00 100 1,500 15 00 1,327,054 147,792 11 _ 10,500 - - 295,874 - 2,011,500 80,400 04 - 13,125 - 250 600 2 40 7,142,658 791,832 11 Feed, flour and meal Fellies sets, Felting yds., Felt goods, Felting, hair, eq. ft., Fertilizers tons, Files and rasps, doz., Firearms shot guns rifles revolvers pistols Fire brick and stove lining Fire engines and apparatus Fire-proof building material, Fireworks, Fish covers Fishing rods, Flags and decorations, Flocks lbs., Flour bbls., Flour (bran), lbs.. Food for infants, lbs.. Friction matches gross. Friction match woods gross, Fringes, cords, gimps, etc., Frocking, yds., Fulling mills Fur goods Furnaces, heating, Furnace registers, Furnishing goods, Furniture Furniture, school Furniture supplies, Gaiters and leggings Games, . Gas, illuminating, M ft., Gas, coke and coal tar, Gas fixtures and car lamps Gas machines Gas meters and lanterns Gas stoves Gimlets Gin f without tax added), gals., Gingnams yds.. Glass ware, Glass, decorative, Glass, window, boxes, Glue, tons. Glue stock lbs.. Glue substitute, lbs.. Gold leaf, oz., and silver leaf, amalgam, oz., bronze Gold pens Grease, rendered lbs., Grindstones, tons, Gum, chewing, Gunpowder lbs.. Gunpowder kegs, Gun tubes gross. Gunny cloth, yds.. Hair jewelry, Hair work, Hair for iilastering lbs., Halters Hames pairs. Hams, lbs.. MANUFACTUKES AISTD OCCUPATIONS. 113 Manufactures and Occupations hy Name — Continued. Articles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Handles, axe, sledge, pick, etc Hardware (heavy), tons. Hardware (light) Harnesses, and saddles, and hose, and trunks trunks and hose, and carriage triramiug Harness and saddlery goods Harness and saddlery hardware, Hassocks, H.it blocks, wooden Hats Hats and caps, Hats, silk, Hats, wool doz., Hats, oiled doz., Hat bodies, Hay rakes (hand) Hay rakes (drag) Hay tedders, Heddles, Heliotypes, Hoes doz., Hominy, Hoops and bails, Hoop skirt trimmings Horse boots Horse collars, Horse covers (oiled) Horse clothing, Horse blanketing, yds., Horse feeders, Horse powers Horse rakes Horseshoes, tons. Hose, cotton, feet, Hose (hosiery) doz.. Hulled corn bush.. Ice, tons, Ice cream, gals., Ice cream and confectionery Ice tools, Images and plaster casts, Indelible pencils, India rubber boots and shoes pairs, cement, goods diagonal cloth yds., hand stamps, thread, . '. lbs., Insect bellows, Iron, bar tons, rolled, tons, round, tons, castings, tons, castings, malleable tons, castings, boilers and bridges guns, cast (11 inch), aimcaling pots, cupolas, fence, ornampntal work for building purposes, buildings corrugated, lbs., galvanized, tons, hollow ware, tons, hollow ware, sets, hoop, tons. 309 11,574 2,200 57,270 189,283 3,150 93,100 200 325 1,167 20,000 170 115,463 25 1,425 222 300,000 1,103,060 517 84,400 40,449 1,648,680 21,800 48,864 180,000 20,786 13,322 1,000 57,047 652 4 11,000 330 148 9,200 3,300 $4,270 41,636 414,563 550,056 12,550 28,000 89,000 14,000 2,600 169,898 4,575 2,778 7,100 102,000 395,852 236,725 1,787,359 8,200 30,000 15,850 200 19,500 3,000 100,000 6,000 700 10,226 3,558 30,000 1,000 3,000 665,548 20,608 2,000 3,700 38,750 27,813 113,000 1,683,856 2,000 102,300 78,949 47,500 38,790 7,370 5,000 1,277,316 25,000 1,890,180 47,950 30,850 287,000 150 1,388,586 1,282,000 55,000 4,706,622 164,876 200,000 11,200 9,500 2,400 4,400 74,700 375,852 50,000 1,100 27,700 10,000 15,800 375,000 $134 74 47 53 1 26 4 13 9 45 2 60 17 1 00 60 00 5 14 1 50 5 88 23 148 00 27 19 125 28 37 1 53 3 87 1 21 1 95 2 20 63 1 59 66 80 96 23 55 00 82 50 252 88 5,600 00 600 00 12,500 00 10 83 94 108 11 1 72 113 64 15 114 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COIVIPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Average Akticles Made. Quantity. Value. Value. Iron— Con. and Bteel, _ $705,000 _ mop-heads, . 46,000 5,625 $0 12 pig, . . .- . tons. 17,400 582,000 33 45 safes and vaults, . - 140,000 _ wire tons. 7,277 1,782,724 244 98 work, forged, tons. 619 65,833 106 35 Isinglass, .... . lbs., 125,200 104,375 83 Isinglass, .... . bbls.. 200 35,000 175 00 Jewelry, .... _ 2,334,121 _ Jewelers' findings, . - 17,840 - Jewelry, horn and hoof, . - 422,631 - Job printing, - 2,216,460 - hat tips, doz.. 3,000 3,000 1 00 neckties. doz., 100 100 1 00 scarfs, .... , doz.. 100 100 1 00 Jute goods. ■ yds.. 3,520,425 402,451 11 Kersey, .... . yds., 154,194 173,365 1 12 Kitchen ware, . - 33,544 - Knit worsted goods (nubias, etc.), . - 294,686 - Knit goods, cotton, woollen and worstec 1 - 383,485 - Knitting machines 2,550 63,750 25 00 Knitting-machine parts, . - 12,500 - Knitting-machine needles, - 10,712 - Knobs, door, - 10,622 - Ladders, .... _ 30,750 _ Ladders, step. - 11,500 - Ladies' cloth. yds., 175,179 240,872 1 38 Lager beer. bbls.. 85,679 679,159 7 93 Lampblack, lbs.. 102,750 12,645 12 Lamp shades, doz.. 5,000 4,000 80 Lamp wicking. lbs.. 10,082 1,613 16 Lamp wicks, gross. 45,000 13,000 29 Lard, . lbs.. 12,549,856 1,688,378 13 Lard oil, gals.. 293,355 316,420 1 08 Lard, ham and sausages, . - 40,080 - Lawns (printing). yds.. 3,220,000 116,000 - Lawn mowers, . . 675 8,000 11 85 Leached ashes, . bush., 5,600 1,360 24 Lead pencils and crayons. - 29,800 - Lead pipe and sheet lead. lbs., 704,073 53,817 03 Leather sides, 1,073,864 3,448,215 3 21 finished upper, . sides, 735,794 2,654,083 3 61 rough ujiper. sides. 3,600 12,400 3 44 card, .... sides. 33,050 143,300 4 34 lace and picker, . sides. 43,810 87,634 2 00 glove, .... sides. 700 1,375 1 96 alligator skins (finishing), 5,100 8,650 1 70 •wax, .... sides. 341,347 1,027,233 3 01 kip sides. 350,046 890,078 2 54 kip and split. sides. 29,122 62,589 2 15 wax and kip. sides. 243,723 614,494 2 52 wax and buff. sides. 2,000 6,700 2 58 buflf, .... sides. 240,293 948,261 3 95 bag sides. 2,000 8,000 4 00 finished calfskins. 619,382 1,365,730 2 20 finished calfskins. lbs.. 1,391,110 1,104,445 79 patent sides. 30,357 124,750 4 10 enamelled, . sides. 8,116 39,000 4 80 grain and russet. sides. 19,925 65,625 3 29 grain sides. 317,559 1,152,850 3 63 grain feet. 2,317,384 354,172 15 russet, .... sides. 7,222 29,920 4 14 finished splits, . lbs.. 6,400,358 1,972,117 31 finished splits, . sides, 66,500 130,000 1 95 rough splits. lbs., 933,111 196,838 21 finished horse, . 6,000 12,400 1 88 harness, sides. 4,865 30,945 6 36 MANUEACTUKES AND OCCUPATION'S. 115 Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Contiuued. Articles Made. Quantity. Value. Leather — Con. sole sides, roundings, lbs., inner soling, board, tons, goods hose feet, leggings, letters, mittens and gloves pairs, shoestrings, soles, stitieuings, heels and shoe parts, . Btiffenings pairs, top-lifting Lightning rods feet, and iron railing and vanes, Lime casks. Lime hurdles feet, Lime, oyster-shell, bush.. Linen thread and yarn, lbs., and hemp twine, lbs., cloth, yarn and twine, crash, yds., burlaps hose, feet, and cotton hose, Lines and cords Lines (corset and shoe lacings) Liusoed oil, gals., and cake cake, tons, Liquid cement Lithographs Lobster pots Locks, Locomotives, Locomotive boilers, Locomotives, boilers, tanks, etc. Looms, Loom harness Loom harness frames, Lounges and sofas, Lounge frames Lumber (sawed) M ft., grain and meal rough, dressed, and doors, sashes and blinds, railroad sleepers, rosewood veneers feet, planed M ft., shingles, M, small manufactured (fence pickets, etc.), . turned (broom, brush and hoe handles), . turned posts Macadamizing stone, tons. Machinery, boot and shoe and castings, factory, iron working, wood parts, woodworking, wool dusters and tools paper nail, Machinists' tools Machine knives and cutters, Magno-electric machines, Malt, bush.. Manufacturers' supplies, 299,101 316,551 4,030 27,474 5,618 180,000 86,000 94,327 20,000 50,000 668,000 914,300 4,255,400 50,000 876,666 4,200 325 31 5 4,000 1,200 145,691 17,592 30,000 9,009 36,217 1,320 12,000 6,650 28,600 $1,627,590 40,118 1,000 491,447 63,340 42,016 2,624 1,000 5,900 224,150 2,537,188 4,800 6,500 9,000 6,000 15,000 129,712 3,600 10,000 298,550 196,540 835,000 466,594 1,023 12,500 71,000 90,965 70,000 655,000 625,000 210,000 24,000 281.000 487 108,550 292,000 4,000 226,619 270,000 209,977 3,000 73,600 3,000 2,598,455 84,885 350,000 7,246 2,500 452,915 125,531 361,253 10,441 2,900 12,000 2,197,595 284,287 53,400 1,951,691 317,200 3,820 386,731 900 148,863 30,500 125,050 442,926 327,472 4,300 51,480 14,230 Average Value. $5 44 13 121 95 1 53 1 05 03 25 1 38 18 20 45 21 11 25 75 50 00 i 50 9,419 35 800 00 75 2 50 17 84 41 08 47 13 3 47 2 20 1 00 150 00 65 1 80 116 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occujpations hy Name — Continued. Average Abiicles Made. Quantity. Value. Value. Marble nnd other stone goods, $2,786,155 dust . bbls., 15,000 17,000 $1 13 quarried - 20,000 - Marseilles quilts, 20,000 59,000 2 95 Masts and spars, - 161,575 - Mast hoops, - 300 - Matting, floor and stair yds., 1,500 1,200 80 Meal, T bush., 4,711,543 4,426,116 94 corn, bush.. 2,34'2,56T 2,035,260 87 oat, bush.. 28,641 17,289 60 rye bush.. 59,238 70,267 1 19 ■wheat lbs., 82,600 3,304 04 Meat and vegetable choppers, . 2,440 16,000 6 56 Meat presses 500 1,000 2 00 Medicines and compounds, - 1,256,190 - Meltons (imitation), yds.. 510,000 150,000 29 Meltons, repellents and light-weight cloths, . yds.. 199,606 192,121 96 Metallic scam-stitching machines, . - 1,000 - Metallic spring jjacking - 2,000 - Milk, condensed, gals.. 57,767 57,767 1 00 Mineral water, - 34,674 - Mineral water and ginger ale, .... - 24,543 - doz.. 5,689 41,093 7 22 Miscellaneous manufactures (Foxborough), . - 57,000 - yds.. 3,927 11,780 3 00 Morocco doz.. 251,523 1,695,774 6 74 finished goat doz.. 33,822 478,352 14 14 pebbled goat doz.. 3,900 57,300 14 69 finished sheep doz.. 104,108 794,150 7 63 roans, doz., 4,000 30,000 7 50 pebbled sheep doz.. 1,500 12,000 8 00 skivers, doz., 18,562 154,480 8 32 linings and bindings doz., 28,396 152,933 5 39 Morocco dressers' colors - 6,200 - - 498,856 - Mowing machines, 2,077 156,590 75 39 - 65,655 - Music stands, 1,337 2,672 2 00 14,236 4,000 28 Mustard, lbs., 200,000 40,000 20 Nails kegs. 505,420 1,840,266 3 64 tons. 35 15,000 428 57 tacks and rivets, tons. 1,252 390,212 311 67 brads and tacks, . tons, 3,886 1,025,000 263 77 brads and tacks, - 199,150 - . tons. 1,500 140,000 93 33 tacks, . tons. 74 40,000 540 54 horseshoe nails . tons. 1,212 503,000 415 02 shoe nails, lbs.. 6,168,379 1,003,300 • 16 tacks and shoe nails, .... lbs.. 678,582 211,640 31 carriage lining, and buttons. - 11,747 - and tacks, copjier lbs., 10,000 4,000 40 and tacks, zinc, . lbs.. 30,000 2,500 08 and tacks, steel, . lbs.. 12,000 2,500 21 and tacks, brass and copper, . . lbs.. 73,900 46,760 63 trunk and chair - 5,000 _ Nail plate, . tons. 9,295 546,938 58 84 Naphtha burners - 10,696 _ Nautical instruments - 1,150 _ doz., 86,951 226,358 2 60 Needle threaders - 14,000 - Nets and seines, _ 529,500 .. Newspapers (value of issue), . - 4,629,939 _ - 565,486 - Oakum, tons. 200 28,000 140 00 Oars pairs. 2,720 5,455 2 00 Oil - 21,584 - fish . gals.. 2,060,972 377,000 18 . gals.. 10,000 7,000 70 neat's-foot . gals.. 5,824 6,708 1 15 MAXUFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 117 3Ianufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Abticles Made. Quantity, Value, Average Value. Oil— Cora. parafHne gals., parafline, and wax, paraffine, axle, lubricating, etc., .... repacking resin, sperm, gals., spprm and whale, and caudles, tallow gals., •whale, gals., whale and " fish foots," Oil cloths, floor, yds., Oil paintings Oil tanks, cabinet Oleomargarine, lbs., Optical instruments, Organ pipes, metallic Ox shoes, Oyster shells, ground tons, Fails doz., and tubs, tubs, buckets kcelers nests. Pail cars and washers Paints, Palm-leaf hats doz.. Palm-leaf hats (finished), Palm leaf, split, lbs., Palm.lcaf tea mats dz. sets. Paper lbs., belting, baskets, etc tons. lbs., lbs., lbs.. carpet lining, book, . book and collar, . collar, . cloth-faced collar, book and news, printing and wrapping, ledger tons, ledger reams, Bhcatbing lbs., wrapping roofing, lbs., writing lbs., straw tons, wall, tons, manilla, tons, binders' board, tons, card board straw board Paper hangings, .... Paper collars, cuflfs and bosoms, Paper cutters, printers', . Paper patterns, Papier-macho goods, Parafline wax (crude), Parafline wax (refined) and candles. Passepartouts Paste, Patterns for castings, and models, Patterns and models of ships Patterns for wood carving, Pencil sharpeners, gross. Percales (printing) Perforated paper and sheet metals Perfumery and hair oil, Petroleum and its products, kerosene oil . gals., machine and lubricating oil lbs., rolls. lbs., 260,750 311,600 4,000 623,400 476,200 775 240,000 61,876 300 35,317 223,810 50,276 4,000 33,810 40,000 ■ 7,000 39,482,746 30 200,000 1,500,000 2,615,759 843 150,000 3,100,000 1,300,000 22,925,8(31 300 1,601 2,221 283 88,000 2,615,769 155,000 350 4,185,725 $58,500 75,000 269,713 300,000 16,303 613,700 599,500 3,000 525,350 36,275 166,200 28,400 26,250 54,000 9,000 66,000 4,260 4,000 68,628 3,900 93,655 15,184 3,000 7,000 838,408 78,396 45,000 7,500 4,000 3,147,128 30,000 7,500 276,599 200,000 254,000 345,000 840,000 641,319 501,868 529,000 87,400 407,965 38,000 4,485,384 54,000 351,600 385,100 19,849 160,590 2,900 353,050 1,137,842 400 2,000 34,480 8,500 265,000 19,000 58,579 120,194 5,100 7,000 2,000 386,000 29,000 296,027 31,758 575,000 612,680 $0 22 1 97 75 84 33 87 23 07 13 33 1 94 42 30 75 2 32 19 57 08 1,000 00 04 13 10 591 83 3 53 03 03 20 180 00 219 61 173 39 70 14 03 13 100 00 05 5 71 14 118 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations hy Name — Continued. Akticles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Philosophical instruments, Photographs and other camera pictures, Photograjihic apparatus Photographic goods Piano fortes, actions and parts cases, skeletons, and billiard table legs, sets, and billiard table materials Pickles bbls., Pickles, preserves, ketchup, etc., Picture frames, passepartouts, etc., .... Pipe, cast-iron gas and water feet. Pipe, wrought-iron gas, steam and water, Pitch, naplnha and other naval stores, .... Plasters, adhesive Plaster, ground, tons, Plaster and manganese, Ploughs, Plumbers' materials, Pocket-books aud wallets doz., Pocket stoves, . . ■ Pop corn, Pork, fresh, . . . ". lbs., slaughtered hogs, salt bbls., Portraits, crayon, Postal cards M, Prepared fish, Pressure blowers Print cloths, yds-i Print cloths and sheetings, yds., Printers' ink lbs.. Printers' ink and lampblack Printers' materials, Printing presses, Proprietary medicines, Pumps, brass and iron copper wooden, wooden and iron fence, Pump rods and boxes, B.ag carpeting, yds., Railro.id rails (including re-rolling), .... tons. Rattan furniture and other goods Rattan and willow toys, Razor strops, . . . doz.. Refined sugar lbs., and syrup, lbs., and syrup Refined syrup . gals.. Refrigerators Rcgafia, Repellents, ycls.. Repellents and tweeds, yds.. Roll covering, Roofing cement, Roofing materials Roots and herbs (pressed) Rope and cordage tons. Ruffling, dress trimmings, etc Rum (with tax 72 cents per gallon), .... gals.. Rum (tax not included), gals.. Rustic work Saddles, Safety valves Sails, Sails, awnings and tents Salt, bush.. 5,269 3,750 100 6,050 8,655 400,000 1,810 9,100 119,934 16,210,100 43,068 845 120,000 371,485,830 4,137,078 25,000 430 120 838 1,900 13,139 14,100 105,624,000 47,500,000 583,400 6,493 449,874 160,000 12,829 1,020,930 1,038,295 8,600 $12,500 629,502 1,625 143,000 2,219,672 305,566 183,750 2,000 59,100 15,000 91,240 474,228 1,112,665 42,000 498,000 19,910 101, .300 18,248 2,325 77,994 23,000 539,395 5,000 52,660 1,686,571 926,552 21,020 2,000 168,000 3,500 149,640 26,432,494 233,349 3,750 3,100 45,440 26,000 605,156 330 39,393 12,150 1,800 1,520 1,050 518,461 629,970 2,580 29,300 10,694,000 4,000,000 3,950,000 258.000 105,190 63,400 40'.',399 120,000 47,196 62,500 116,800 6,600 2,957,243 193,200 1,345,309 613,347 10,500 2,668 12,000 484,512 163,044 4,070 $421 27 49 00 20 00 9 77 10 54 11 10 OS 8 57 4 50 10 21 51 24 88 1 40 07 06 15 60 46 2 75 14 50 55 39 46 2 08 10 03 44 19 15 89 75 230 51 1 32 50 47 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 119 Manufactures and Occupations hy Name — Continued. Akticles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Salt, tabic $30,000 Salt, Epsom, .... bush.. 208 258 $1~24 Saltpetre, - 28,000 — Sand for sandpaper, . '. bbls., 700 5,000 7 14 Sandpaper, .... . reams. 30,000 106,000 3 63 Satinet yds., 3,802,021 1,289,245 34 Sausages, lbs., 2,636,745 374,016 14 Bologna . lbs.. 318,933 38,272 12 Bologna, and head cheese, lbs., 650,000 65,000 10 Sausage cases - 4,320 •. Saw gummers, .... 25 1,250 50 00 Sawed and turned wood, . - 212,017 - Saws, - 117,400 - Scarfs and ties, women's, . doz., 51,000 118,700 2 33 Scenic paintings. - 1,750 - Scraps (pork and beef)i • - 43,881 - Screws, jack, cotton press, etc.. - 15,200 - Screws, machine and set, . - 70,600 - Scythes, . doz., 2,100 18,833 8 97 corn hooks, etc - 13,167 - - 9,029 - enatli-nebs and irons, - 500 - stones, .... doz., 9,651 2,950 31 Settees and stools, .... - 16,800 — lbs., 204,299 1,865,400 9 13 Sewing-machines, - 1,130,000 — button-hole, 75 7,500 100 00 parts of, .... - 47,010 - attachments, - 24,700 - needles, .... - 208,941 - - 500 - Shawls and table spreads, printed, - 15,000 - Shearing machines, . — 5,000 - Shipping and merchandise tags, - 21,281 - Shirts 152,627 233,750 1 53 and drawers, - 407,045 — and bosoms. - 58,000 - Shirting flannels (woollen), yds.. 30,000 15,000 50 (cotton and wool), yds.. 425,000 85,000 20 Shoddy lbs.. 4,983,667 943,474 19 wool extract, lbs.. 25,000 5,000 20 wool waste, lbs.. 100,000 5,000 05 Shoes. (See Boots.) Shoe findings - 103,834 - Shoe pegs, bush., 16,700 28,925 1 73 Shoe trimmings. - 103,850 - Shoemakers' wax, . - 17,500 — Show cards ~ 14,000 - Showcases 75,390 — Shrouds, ..... - 50,480 - Shuttles - 128,825 - Shuttle eyes (porcelain), . gross. 604 285 47 Signs - 72,823 — Signs, metallic - 2,750 - Silesia, yds.. 1,022,256 112,448 11 Silk ribbons yds.. 8,400 1,800 21 - 1,082,100 — Silver-plated ware, .... - 869,762 - Pinks, cast iron. tons, 76 8,000 105 26 Sizing lbs.. 4,000 240 06 Skates, pairs. 50,000 102,500 2 05 Skewers - 3,000 — Skirts, Balmoral, 17,695 23,924 1 35 Sleds, children's. 7,900 6,070 77 Sleighs - 136,885 - Small beer, .... - 135,790 - Small wares — 2,200 - Snuff, lbs.. 46,882 28,720 61 Snuff and cigars. - 40,000 - Soap - 309,682 - bar lbs.. 22,416,363 1,343,874 06 eoft bbls., 56,653 177,202 3 13 120 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Articles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Soap and tallow Soap liqukls and compounds, Soap and candles, Soap and glue for printers tons, Soapstono goods Soda water, Soda water and compounds, Soda-water apparatus, etc Sole linings (India rubber) cases. Spades and shovels, doz., Spade and shovel plates, doz.. Spectacles and eye glasses, eye-glass frames, gross, eye-glass holders gross, Spermaceti lbs., Spokes, Spice Spring beds, Springs, furniture and bod, tons, Stairs, Stair rails and balusters, Stamps, seal presses, "etc Starch Staves M, Staves and heads Staves, heading and heads, Stearine lbs., Steam boilers Steam boilers, tanks and keirs, Steam drills, Steam en^'ines Steam engines and boilers Steam excavators, dredging machines, etc., . Steam and gas fittings, Steam and water gauges, detectors, etc Steam governors, Steam-heating apparatus, Steam packing lbs., Steam pumps, Steam and water regulators Steam and water power furnished H. P., Steels, butchers', doz., Steel letters and figures, Steel shanks for boots and shoes, gross. Stencil plates, letters, etc Stereoscopes Stockinet, Stocks for anchors Stoves, furnaces and ranges (cast Iron),. . . . tons, Stoves, sheet iron, Stove shelves, . Stoves and tinware, Stove polish, black lead, etc., Straw goods, . Stucco work Supporters, skirt, stocking, etc Surcingles, Surcingle webbing, yds., Surgical elastic goods Surgical instruments and appliances Surveyors' instruments Suspenders doz.. Suspenders and garters, Tallow, lbs.. Tallow and scraps, Tassels and carriage trimmings, Taxidermic goods Telegraphic, electric and fire-alarm machines. Telescopes, Thermometers Thimbles 50 500 126,612 5,000 1,000 100 135,000 508,360 172 14,298 2,586,980 393 331 180,000 2,016 191 274 145,044 287 7,573 2,523 12,000 60,000 15,000 253,250 8,587,063 15 9,000 $60,190 2,009 142,360 15,000 39,005 44,757 312,621 764,410 10,000 1,721,461 45,000 208,500 3,400 2,000 26,250 25,914 182,727 393,672 37,780 50,400 10,000 35,200 88,000 83,015 36,300 26,150 347,638 267,970 484,363 8,500 425,550 265,000 34,000 224,277 307,000 24,000 22,444 35,000 721,800 6,500 19,100 1,500 2,200 164,000 51,990 23,200 35,000 485 1,113,554 10,700 12,000 794,109 100,081 6,247,932 35,898 104,000 17,420 1,500 19,000 72,000 11,250 792,850 171,516 789,414 125,000 6,300 5,126 64,000 10,000 2,800 6,500 $300 00 20 00 13 60 9 00 3 40 20 00 19 05 219 65 5 80 13 681 86 1,285 65 19 358 00 100 00 5 47 1 13 1 69 147 00 4 24 1 00 29 10 3 13 09 666 67 31 MAXUPACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 121 3Ianufactures and Occupations hy Name — Continued. Abticles Made. Tinctures, extracts, etc., Tin heddles, Tinware (also, sheet iron and copper ware), . Tobacco lbs., Tobacco cutters, doz.. Toe calks, tons. Toilet articles, belt clasps, etc Tools, boot and shoe, carpenters', tanners' and curriers', Toys, Treenails, M, Tree protectors, Tripe lbs.. Trunks and valises, Trusses Tubing, brass and copper, tons, iron feet. Tweeds, yds.. Twist drills Type, tons. Umbrellas and parasols Undershirts and drawers doz., Valentines, Valve packing, Valves, cocks and couplings, brass, iron, etc.. Varnish and japan, Venetian blinds, Vessels, — barges barks barkentines brigs iishing boats schooners, ships sloops, sloops of war, steamboats, steam revenue cutters, sail boats yachts, Vinegar, bbls., Vises, Wash benches Washing machines, Watch movements, Watches and movements Watch cases Watches and clocks, Watch and clock springs, Watch hands (steel) gross, Watch keys, gross. Watchmakers' machinery and tools Water meters, Water wheels, Water wheels, turbine, Wax work, Weather vanes and cresting Weavers' reeds, Webbing and binding, Wedding stationery Whalebone goods, Whaling apparatus (harpoons, etc.) Wheelbarrows Whips, doz., Whip coverings Quantity. 23,807 113 70 200 800 903,571 200 360,000 11,394 184 67,092 2 13 3 1 1 48 12 1 1 2 1 10 7 29,438 3,168 200 55,431 1,.500 1,752 1,500 110 101 785 148,179 Value. $4,340 2,400 1,289,008 8,282 2,500 17,000 27,700 186,867 102,650 56,777 3,375 145,469 1,695 1,000 62,050 781,000 102,375 250,000 111,000 5,698 136,505 266,000 82,469 402,778 50,000 10,000 512,148 221,000 1,450 3,500 740,065 112,000 20,000 100 863,585 1,303,070 10,500 148,000 26,500 73,000 4,575 8,600 171,950 16,514 200 23,771 642,509 2,000 360,363 300,000 700 4,500 19,112 26,217 45,000 26,432 265,400 29,300 4,675 8,000 37,825 86,800 25,000 114,876 12,170 2,043 826,002 12,000 Average Value. $0 35 22 12 242 85 8 43 1 25 07 1,250 00 31 50 1,445 65 6 00 1,750 00 66,928 08 37,333 33 17,991 35 108,589 17 13,250 00 457 50 228 57 5 84 5 21 1 00 11 60 3 00 10 90 30 00 240 29 290 10 2 61 5 57 16 122 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations hy Name — Continuecl. Articles Made. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Whip butts, M, plaiting machines lashes, doz., mountings, lash stock snappers, doz., White and red lead, litharge, etc., White and red lead, etc., lbs., White and sheet lead, tons, White lead and chemical colors, Whiting, bbls. Willow ware, Windlasses and steering apparatus, .... Windows, Wine (native), Wire cloth, sq. ft.. Wire cloth goods, Wire ferrules, Wooden faucets, Wood hangings, Wood, kindling, Wood (for stove) Wood parts of tools, W'ood pulp, lbs.. Wood screws, gross. Wooden ware, Wood, slabs and waste, cords. Woollen blankets, blankets yds., cloths, yds., goods, yds., goods flannel, s . . yds., flannel (cotton warp), yds., sh.iwls shawls, yds., and worsted goods (mixed) yds., Wool scourers, Worsted dress goods (alpacas and poplins), . . . yds., coatings yds., goods, Wrenches, Wrenches, parts of, Writing ink, gals., and bluing, and mucilage Yarn, Yarn, warp and filling, woollen and worsted, . . lbs.. Yeast, dry liquid, and distillery slops, Yellow metal, rolled, lbs.. Zinc, sheet, lbs., refined lbs.. 520 7 11,565 1,500 12,165,908 1,000 22,000 263,000 1,380,459 175,000 5,902 306,700 300 3,156,601 2,910,250 18,485,004 2,476,661 110,168 4,140 984,571 5,167,377 181,000 330,242 10,000 1,859,875 33,350 750,000 500,000 400,000 $4,120 1,050 9,475 22,700 1,400 94 117,377 1,279,641 225,000 100,000 57,500 7,900 1,650 22,000 300 53,600 1,028,423 19,600 15,890 24,031 174,071 3,193 10,179 61,463 60,000 551,670 14,216 398,000 240 1,962,931 2,932,532 2,440,000 5,583,289 629,661 371,162 16,301 687,000 46,810 1,516,.396 510,000 1,356,350 193,890 2,000 7,.500 8,000 112,750 367,020 1,.398,954 84,712 5,000 2,000 175,000 40,000 36,000 $7 92 150 00 82 06 11 225 00 2 61 20 04 34 2 41 1 30 80 62 1 00 30 25 3 37 3 94 70 29 2 82 59 75 75 15 23 08 09 Occupations. WOHK Done. Establish- ments. Capital in- vested. Value of work done. Artificial limb repairing, , Blacksmithing Bleaching, dyeing and cleansing, 1,180 36 $100 1,064,421 158,456 $400 3,077,668 490,531 MANUFACTURES AXD 0CCUPATI0:N"S. 123 Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. Work Done. Establish- ments. Capital in- vested. Bone boiling, Bookbinding, Book k'ttciing and stamping, .... Boot tree and shoe tool repairing, . Boot and shoe heels and heeling, Boot and shoe making (contract work), . Boot and shoe stitching, Bottling ale, beer, cider, etc., .... Bread baking, Building moving, Butchering, Burnishing jewelry, Camera shield repairing, Carpentry and joinery, Carpet, feather and hair cleansing, . Carpet sewing, Carpet weaving, Carriage and harness repairing and trimming. Carriage and wagon making and repairing, . Casket and burial case trimming, . Chair cane seating, China decorating, ...... Cider and vinegar making, .... Cigar making, Cistern building, Clothes cleaning, repairing and remodelling, . Clothes wringer repairing, .... Cloth finishing, Clothing making and repairing. Cobbling, Colored sand or smalt preparing. Comb repairing (machinery) Coopering, Coppersmithing, Cotton dyeing, Cotton and woollen waste cleaning and sorting. Cutlery repairing and tool sharpening, . Cutting shoe patterns Drain building, Draughting and designing, .... Dress and cloak making, Dressmaking, Dressmaking iind millinery, .... Die repairing and cutting, .... Embossing Embroidery stamping, Enamelling, Engraving Etching glass ware, Finishing porcelain picture glass, . Fish curing and packing Fresco painting and decorating. Fruit canning and preserving Funeral wreath preserving, .... Fur goods dyeing and repairing. Furniture painting, Furniture repairing Gilding, bronzing, etc., Glass cutting and graining Glass decorating Glazing, Gold and silver plating Gold pen repairing Grading, Grain grinding, Grinding bark, etc Gum cojial cleaning, 1 1 5 1 2 16 92 47 43 10 48 435 1 1 ,042 23 42 3 306 64 8 55 2 10 4 3 272 2 6 152 998 1 1 87 24 1 8 4 2 20 59 66 314 17 4 1 23 7 1 50 40 3 1 2 27 50 42 7 2 114 1 1 3 16 1 1 $4,700 1,900 1,100 11,490 408,273 103,225 140,440 26,200 57,075 2,082,747 500 50 1,851,956 12,162 37,007 320 226,639 38,696 24,825 2,919 1,5110 18,775 6,400 10 74,498 600 36,600 38,941 170,137 500 700 117,958 14,658 88,100 3,600 3,600 54,552 40,127 6,389 45,563 4,035 6,850 1,000 11,830 3,910 47,510 4,000 3,000 862,443 41,047 28,100 25 450 89,810 23,368 45,307 21,575 5,100 44,689 1,500 150 9,000 10,700 5,000 390 Value of work done. $1,200 14,743 3,000 4,600 137,694 2,085,424 528,602 370,855 72,160 154,841 14,379,934 1,728 700 8,012,265 20,373 110,108 500 595,105 177,009 73,754 24,968 5,025 3,478 92,545 8,300 264,590 2,060 23,380 359,245 835,415 250 1,500 452,129 76,740 1,125 153,780 10,800 10,500 152,673 141,440 64,488 257,443 10,601 12,850 2,000 24,947 4,520 169,272 10,000 1,000 3,811,814 161,333 20,312 300 1,050 295,044 36,945 124,358 96,657 3,000 124,793 9,500 800 40,800 8,893 5,000 773 124 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Manufactures and Occupations by Name — Continued. WoKK Done. Establish- ments. Capital in- vested. Value of work done. Gunny bag repairing, Gunsmithing, Hair pickins: and carding, Hair work, human, Ham curing and smoking, Hand-card board making, Hat, cap and bonnet bleaching, cleansing and repairing, Hide packing, Horn pressing, Horseshoeing, etc., Horseshoe making, House, carriage and sign painting, etc., Ice cutting Japanning Kindling wood making, Lapidary work, Lard rendering Lathing, Laying concrete roofs and walks, Leather belting repairing, Leather finishing and dressing, Lithographing, Locksmithing and bell-hanging, Locomotive, passenger and freight car painting and repairing. Loom harness repairing, Lumber sawing and dressing, Machine stitching and button-hole making, . Machinists' work, Map mounting, Marble cutting and dressing Masoning and plastering, Mast, spar, block and pump making and repairing, Match card sawing Mattress making, Metal plating, Metal punching and stamping, Mica work, Millinery, Millwrighting, Model and pattern repairing, Musical instrument reijairing ISTautical instrument repairing, Net and seine repairing Nickel plating Palm leaf splitting, .... Paper and wood hanging, . . . Paper hanging, glazing, etc., . Paper ruling, Paper stock assorting. Paving, Paving and roofing, .... Photograph finishing, Photographing Photographing and painting on iron, Picture framing, .... Plastering Ploughs, titling wood parts of, , Plumbing, gas" fitting and roofing, . Preparing hair for plastering, . Pulverizing bones, ores, minerals, etc., Rag sorting and picking, . Railroad bridge and station repairing, Railroad repairing, etc., . 1 35 2 23 5 1 19 o i 42 1 811 8 1 29 18 1 65 6 o 28 6 171 1 9 373 14 1 1 28 1 1 110 6 1 15 1 1 1 163 97 8 3 11 1 2 25 1 15 104 1 267 1 1 15 1 1 $300 14,740 2,000 7,495 46,800 3,000 7,435 40,000 250 57,335 100 743,045 36,000 8,100 4,400 20,139 15,000 2,078 11,400 40,325 6,500 32,431 132,000 7,200 61,880 3,975 1,134,055 600 11,116 490,013 17,088 300 1,000 35,135 2,000 2,000 97,895 11,800 3,000 3,175 1,150 500 20,000 20,700 87,803 130,351 28,800 7,000 156,787 2,000 325 32,175 500 14,935 58,351 100 523,259 300 25,000 34,650 6,000 19,380 5,.500 55,555 71,900 500 64,320 390,000 300 197,148 1,045 2,850,221 41, .500 16,550 10,200 44,565 35,000 22,719 47,166 500 102,793 7,004 104,-578 183,-328 19,900 41,243 16,020 2,134,717 4,000 26,9.50 2,203,579 32,765 1,800 400 95,536 8,000 9,000 247,8-59 111,-3.50 4,2-50 16,880 1,-500 500 50,000 -53,080 241,303 393,375 53,190 40,754 504,362 2,400 2,700 48,877 150 35,689 311,368 60 1,631,509 5,000 30,000 152,191 59,099 147,199 MAI^UFACTUKES AND OCCUPATIONS. 125 Manufactures and Occupations hy Name — Concluded. Work Done. Establish- ments. Capital in- vested. Value of work done. Rigging Road building, Roll covering, Roofing, Rubber grinding Sail, awning and tent making and repairing. Saw and file cutting and repairing, . Sewing-macliine repairing, Sheepskin finishing, Ship carpentry and joinery, . Ship steering wheel making, . Ship windlass making, .... Shipwrighting and calking. Silver plating Silversmithing, Skeleton leaves, preparing. Spectacle and eye-glass repairing, . Stair building, Stamping and gilding boots and shoes, . Steam and gas fitting Stencil cutting, Stone cutting, dressing, etc Stone quarrying, Stove and furnace repairing, . Straw goods making and dyeing, . Sugar pulverizing Tack leathering Tallow rendering, Taxidermy, Telegraph and electrical instrument making. Tin and copper smithing, roofing, etc., . Tripe cleaning and pickling Trunk repairing, Tubular well driving, Umbrella repairing, Upholstering, varnishing and polishing, . Varnishing, polishing, etc Watch, clock and jewelry repairing, Wheelw righting, Whip covering, Whip stocking and rounding, . . . . Whitening and coloring Window shade fitting, Wire working Wood carving, turning, etc., . . . . Wool carding, stapling, washing, etc., . Woollen and worsted frame knitting. 12 6 5 138 1 10 21 41 1 65 1 2 15 4 24 1 45 1 96 2 128 9 8 2 1 1 2 6 1 374 2 1 3 29 202 82 857 388 1 1 72 2 2 43 19 2 $28,950 6,950 4,200 191,634 8,000 15,591 14,979 17,146 144,100 200 25,850 3,800 13,780 10,835 112,469 6,000 271,019 2,020 579,770 35,600 1,150 1,800 5,000 5,000 8,000 10,925 25,000 475,516 2,500 150 595 2,885 310,156 58,792 202,198 192,480 500 1,000 44,812 1,100 135 61,105 186,710 525 $99,460 24,988 49,259 891,606 20,000 25,147 22,485 55,552 3,500 591,327 450 680 82,630 13,883 29,253 600 5,075 276,573 7,000 1,130,837 5,050 1,703,954 79,050 9,050 1,578 9,500 13,700 12,000 6,969 50,000 990,974 6,500 675 3,235 7,187 805,416 141,417 592,555 632,939 1,.500 7,000 149,363 5,600 1,500 182,867 202,656 732 EECAPITULATION OF AGGEEGATES. [Under the following general heads, all the foregoing articles and occupations (work done) are included.] Manufactures and Occupations. Establish- ments. Capital in- vested. Value of goods and work. Arms and ammunition. Agricultural implements. Artisans' tools. Bags and bagging. 20 38 124 $964,300 1,144,475 2,226,570 437,000 $1,502,841 2,365,004 2,459,275 670,595 126 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Recapitulation of Aggregates — Concluded. Manufactures and Occupations. Establish- ments. Capital in- vested. Value of goods and work. Boots and shoes, Boxes, Brushes and brooms Building Carpetings, Carriages and wagons, . , Chemical preparations, Clocks and watches, .... Clothing Cotton goods Cotton and woollen and other textiles, Dress trimmings, Drugs and medicines, .... Dyestuffs Fertilizers Fine arts, ...... Food preparations, .... Furniture, Glass, Leather, Linen, Liquors and beverages, Lumber Machines and machinery, . Metals and metallic goods, . Musical instruments and materials, . Oils and illuminating fluids, Paper Polishes and dressings, Printing and publishing. Print works (work done), . Railroad construction Rubber Scientific instruments and appliances. Bilk Stone, Tobacco Vessels "Wooden goods Woollen goods Worsted goods Miscellaneous manufactures, Occupations (value of work done), . Totals, 1,461 157 57 379 24 356 9 14 1,088 220 28 7 116 2 9 31 783 294 13 495 5 155 679 311 768 71 33 120 27 633 9 15 15 52 6 151 264 163 460 183 14 1,250 11,313 $18,692,864 1,147,250 395,650 1,484,045 3,855,950 2,412,709 311,800 1,853,950 9,184,826 63,844,708 4,751,597 147,450 1,069,226 55,000 1,230,500 14,918 9.850,459 4,949,990 1,555,000 8,399,850 924,000 4,154,309 2,719,711 13,859,618 21,907,802 3,845,600 2,287,250 10,860,281 295,525 6,413,427 2,570,000 1,019,175 1,787,706 428,675 488,000 1,663,965 811,697 934,485 4,475,095 17,209,980 1,693,000 26,745,414 15,608,916 22,228 $282,683,7 8 $89,375,792 2,624,901 1,023,925 8,656,471 6,190,239 4,433,458 661,447 1,331,824 29,340,962 77,934,753 8,107,999 458,118 2,987,305 145,000 821,900 70,595 44,633,984 8,422,883 1,484,500 23,680,775 790,609 8,967,140 3,953,956 16,399,230 37,884,873 5,504,030 5,838,889 15,602,599 628,391 12,120,674 3,609,669 1,720,510 3,383,796 643,075 1,842,200 2,902,190 2,599,819 3,840,119 7,208,317 39,566,378 2,991,210 34,754,113 60,195,629 $592,331,962 MA:NUrACTUEES AND OCCUPATION'S. 127 From this presentation it is seen that- the manufacture of textiles and leather and leather goods comprises nearly one-half the total value of all goods made in the State. The textiles are as follows : — Bags and bagging, $670,695 Carpetings, 6,190,239 Cotton goods, 77,934,753 Cotton and woollen and other textiles, 8,107,999 Linen goods 790,609 Woollen goods, 39,566,378 Worsted goods, 2,991,210 Total $136,251,783 Leather, and boots and shoes, as follows : — Leather, $23,680,775 Boots and shoes, 89,375,792 Total, $113,056,567 Aggregate of these two grand industi'ies, . . . $249,308,350 Those industries which produced $1,000,000 worth, or over, of goods or work, in 1875, are the following : — Arms and ammunition, $1,502,841 Agricultural implements, 2,365,004 Artisans' tools, 2,459,275 Blacksmithing (including horseshoeing), . . . . 8,274,816 Boots and shoes, 89,376,792 Boot and shoe making (cobbling and contract-work), . 3,449,441 Boxes, 2,624,901 Brushes and brooms, 1,023,925 Bricks, 1,656,250 Butchering, 14,379,934 Building 8,656,471 Carpentry and joinery, 8,012,265 Carpetings, 6,190,239 Carriages and wagons, . . . ' . . . . 4,433,458 Clocks and watches, 1,331,824 Clothing, 29,340,962 Cordage, lines, etc., 2,124,332 Cotton goods 77,934,753 Cotton and woollen and other textiles, .... 8,107,999 128 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Drugs and medicines, Elastic goods, Fish curing and packing, Fisliing, Freigliting, ocean and coastwise Food preparations, Furniture, .... Gas and residual products, Glass, ..... House and sign painting, . Leather, .... Liquors and beverages. Lumber, .... Machines and machinery, . Machinists' work, Masoning and plastering, . Metals and metallic goods, Musical instruments and materials. Oils and illuminating fluids, Paints, colors and chemicals, Paper, .... Plumbing, gas fitting and roofin Printing and publishing, Print works, Railroad construction. Rubber goods, . Silk goods, . Soap, candles, tallow, etc., Steam and gas fitting. Stone, .... Stone cutting and dressing. Straw and palm-leaf goods. Tin and coppersmithing, etc.. Tobacco goods, . Vessels, Wooden goods, . Woollen goods, . Worsted goods, . g. $2,987,305 1,932,486 3,811,814 7,684,716 3,164,845 44,633,984 8,422,883 4,350,841 1,484,500 2,850,221 23,680,775 8,967,140 3,953,956 16,399,230 2,134,717 2,203,579 37,884,873 5,504,030 5,838,889 2,239,408 15,602,599 1,631,509 12,120,674 3,609,669 1,720,510 3,383,796 1,842,200 3,315,434 1,130,837 2,902,190 1,703,954 5,922,345 1,882,580 2,599,819 3,840,119 7,208,317 39,566,378 2,991,210 In order that the facts relating to the chief indnstries of the State for the year ending May 1, 1875, may be compared with those for former years, we have arranged the following table, showing compar- ison for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875 :— MANUrACTUKES AND OCCUPATIONS. 129 Principal Manufactures for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875. Manufactures. 1843. 1S3S. 18G3. 1875. Agricultural Implements. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used, Persons emploj'cd, . Value of goods made, Arms and Ammunition. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Artisans' Tools. Number of establishments. Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Bags and Bagging. ■= Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Boots and Shoes. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made. Pairs of boots and shoes made. Boxes. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Bricks. Number of establishments. Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Quantity made, in M, Brushes and Brooms. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made. Building. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used. Persons emjiloyed, . . Value of goods made. Buttons. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, 132 $252,115 68S $510,838 32 $1,029,848 454 $508,319 $48,225 340 $256,340 45,877 $14,799,140 20,896,312 235 ^215,105 1,407 $612,832 110,076 19 $68,875 533 $354,714 55 $657,375 1,260 $1,779,027 33 $236,500 376 $673,751 26 $409,860 1,532 $1,769,268 77,827 $37,501,725 45,066,828 199 $439,125 792 $997,783 1,109 $2,267,165 108,353 18 $267,600 689 $807,635 2 $51,500 60 $56,080 $172,500 229 $267,120 40 $1,063,040 $1,460,510 1,109 $2,648,810 $1,596,250 $1,637,229 2,307 $4,898,094 55 $1,889,250 $1,561,205 2,162 $3,474,240 $108,000 $342,500 192 $419,500 206 $10,322,599 $36,418,845 52,821 $56,113,987 31,870,581 221 $512,612 $798,860 1,191 $1,393,718 101 $566,815 1,079 $772,442 88,495 10 $281,200 $310,117 535 $593,577 788 $4,121,411 4,742 $6,708,608 10 $226,800 $293,300 419 $608,617 38 $1,144,475 $365,586 1,187 $2,365,004 20 $964,300 $421,047 1,109 $1,502,841 124 $2,226,570 $831,980 1,240 $2,459,275 $437,000 $528,282 226 $670,595 1,461 $18,692,864 $54,976,504 48,090 $89,375,792 59,762,866 157 $1,147,250 $1,351,241 1,528 $2,624,901 104 $1,657,625 $468,176 2,394 $1,655,250 215,152 57 $395,650 $526,670 669 $1,023,925 379 $1,484,045 $3,451,545 4,033 $8,656,471 10 $409,000 $213,355 771 $559,058 17 130 CEN^SUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUTVI. 1^7'incipal Manufactures, etc. — Continued. Manufactdkes. 1843. 1833. 1863. 1875. Carpetings. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Yards of carpeting made. Carriages and Wagons. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Clocks (and Watches in 1875). Number of establishments. Capital invested. Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Clothing. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Cordage, Lines, etc. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made. Pounds manufactured. Cotton Goods. Number of establishments, Number of spindles, . Capital invested. Value of stock used, . Persons employed, Value of goods made. Yards of cloth manufactured. Cotton and Woollen and other Textiles Number of establishments. Capital invested, Value of stuck used, . Persons employed, Value of goods made, Drugs, Medicines and Dyestuffs. Number of establishments, Capital invested, .... Value of stock used, .... Persons employed, .... Value of goods made. Fertilizers. Number of establishments, Capital Invested, Value of stock used, . Persons employed, Value of goods made, Fine Arts. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used, . Persons employed, . Value of goods made. 17 $488,000 1,034 $834,322 1,158,958 563 $553,434 1,881 $1,343,576 $10,350 40 $54,975 160 $213,793 1,003 $797,434 49 $543,930 647 $906,321 9,398,783 302 817,483 $17,739,000 20,710 $12,193,449 178,401,614 13 $2,264,172 1,614 $1,362,819 1,988,460 425 $949,770 2,491 12,352,955 2 $17,000 26 93 $3,120,973 1,758 $9,061,896 44 $636,400 1,000 20,653,418 294 1,519,527 $31,961,000 34,787 $26,140,537 318,224,188 13 $2,370,200 $3,153,609 1,734 $4,207,509 2,124,915 285 $1,106,938 $1,248,673 1,941 $2,427,777 2 $43,000 $6,500 42 $35,764 809 $16,806,596 $18,252,309 29,914 $24,235,862 31 $850,175 $1,985,186 822 $2,768,902 13,865,600 237 1,913,756 $33,822,086 $50,393,831 24,151 $55,508,447 175,875,934 89 $474,667 $937,652 391 il,719,015 1 $20,000 $55,000 20 $75,000 2 $264 $364 3 $1,560 24 $3,855,950 $3,236,606 3,119 $6,190,239 8,507,235 356 $2,412,709 §2,099,173 3,072 $4,433,458 14 $1,853,950 $523,643 1,140 $1,331,824 1,088 $9,184,826 $17,412,942 13,702 $29,340,962 16 $537,000 $1,498,705 992 $2,124,332 25,658,000 220 3,859,237 $63,844,708 $41,059,893 60,176 $77,934,753 874,780,874 28 $4,751,597 $4,260,185 3,290 $8,107,999 118 $1,124,226 $1,334,310 363 $3,132,305 $1,230,500 $372,858 298 $821,900 31 $14,918 $5,920 22 $70,595 MANITFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 131 Pi^incipal Manufactures, etc. — Continued. Mandfacthkes. 1845. 1853. 1865. 1875. Food Preparations. Number of establishments 596 472 580 783 Capital invested $901,335 $1,741,374 $3,779,621 $9,850,459 Value of stock used - - $11,565,908 $31,856,274 Persons employed, 747 2,187 2,750 4,672 Value of goods made $1,502,375 $8,665,484 $21,599,625 $44,633,984 Fur Goods, etc. Number of establishments, .... _ _ 21 17 Capital invested, _ _ $322,100 $238,275 Value of stock used, _ - $336,200 $318,150 Persons employed, - - 205 115 Value of goods made - - $558,485 $430,950 Furniture. Number of establishments, .... 449 309 306 294 Capital invested, $477,374 $1,913,615 $1,853,403 $4,949,990 Value of stock used - - $2,338,366 $3,799,379 Persons employed 2,594 4,243 4,097 6,674 Value of goods made $1,476,679 $3,969,982 $4,989,891 $8,422,883 Gas and Residual Products. ♦ Number of establishments, .... _ 37 58 53 Capital invested, - $2,733,900 $4,850,246 $10,865,016 Value of stock used - - $1,187,175 $891,501 Persons employed - 318 663 1,155 Value of goods made - $932,332 $2,031,085 $4,350,841 Glass. Number of establishments 10 13 23 13 Capital invested $700,200 $1,805,500 $1,755,500 $1,555,000 Value of stock used , - - $1,245,600 $503,436 Persons employed 630 1,887 2,101 1,291 Value of goods made $758,300 $2,648,125 $2,905,750 $1,484,500 Horn and Shell Goods. Number of establishments, .... _ _ 25 22 Capital invested, - - $178,500 $293,700 Value of stock used - - $233,866 $248,097 Persons employed, - - 599 661 Value of goods made - - $516,586 $812,616 Leather. Number of establishments, .... 772 851 667 495 Capital invested - $4,744,933 $5,840,505 $8,399,850 Value of stock used - - $10,095,527 $16,108,845 Persons employed 2,691 4,808 5,321 6,620 Value of goods made $4,259,451 $13,790,107 $18,937,413 $23,680,775 Linen. , Number of establishments, .... 3 4 5 5 Capital invested $79,000 $550,000 $665,000 $924,000 Value of stock used, - - $915,648 $278,107 Persons employed 192 910 901 1,059 Value of goods made, $145,000 $1,440,000 $1,330,900 $790,609 Liquors and Beverages. Number of establishments, .... _ 55 54 155 Capital invested - $1,085,925 $1,036,595 $4,154,309 Value of stock used - - $1,638,895 $3,874,031 Persons employed - 280 501 879 Value of goods made, - $3,509,667 $2,959,512 $8,967,140 Lumber. Number of establishments _ _ 1,137 579 Capital invested, - - $1,594,760 $2,719,711 Value of stock used - - - $2,123,563 Persons employed, 2,506 3,413 1,980 1,961 Value of goods made $921,106 $3,664,462 $3,824,754 $3,953,956 Machines and Machinery. Number of establishments, .... 130 165 258 311 Capital invested, $1,305,850 $4,794,500 $5,766,036 $13,859,6ia Value of stock used, - - $8,149,476 $6,329,204 Persons employed, 2,732 6,707 8,694 9,561 Value of goods made, $2,314,438 $7,493,590 $16,024,261 $16,399,230 132 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Principal Manufactures, etc. — Continued. Mancpactdees. 1843. 1855. 1865. 1873. Mattresses, Bedding, etc. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Metals and Metallic Goods. Number of establisbments. Capital Invested, Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Musical Instruments and Materials Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made, O'lLS AND Illuminating Fluids. Number of establishments. Capital invested, . . Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made. Paper, Numljer of establishments. Capital invested. Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Paints and Colors. Kumber of establishments, Cai)ital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made. Photographs, etc. Number of establishments. Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons emploj'ed, . Value of goods made. Printing and Publishing. Number of establishments, Capital invested. Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made, Print Works. Number of establishments. Capital invested. Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of work done, Yards subjected to processes, Polishes and Dressings. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used. Persons employed, . Value of goods made. Railroad Construction. Number of establishments. Capital invested, . Value of stock used, Persons employed, . Value of goods made, 642 $4,392,615 5,556 $7,270,883 31 $293,100 427 $548,625 69 $2,619,917 377 $3,346,483 89 $1,144,537 1,369 $1,750,273 $192,000 23 $1,602,000 2,264 $6,945,817 64,027,014 35 $10,422 $8,643,050 10,788 $18,707,651 69 $1,280,700 1,765 $2,656,830 56 $4,017,513 538 $6,955,675 121 $2,564,500 2,630 $4,141,847 $280,340 134 $139,875 260 $749,550 1,134 $1,351,318 17 $2,639,000 1,801 $10,324,200 129,890,200 60 $75,800 19 $93,875 $235,670 163 $339,096 842 $12,566,521 $21,164,381 15,823 $35,797,633 78 $1,233,330 $1,200,668 1,565 $2,774,364 31 $1,884,700 $5,763,004 392 $8,045,083 125 $3,701,260 $5,294,248 3,578 $8,451,783 4 $49,000 $43,100 29 >218,200 254 $338,140 $331,903 766 $806,288 243 $3,259,534 $1,572,723 3,011 $7,292,580 11 $4,110,000 $11,760,394 4,130 $23,935,271 89,463,013 31 $127,553 100 $292,363 2 $9,500 $31,694 22 $51,728 24 $163,090 $427,635 183 $723,920 768 $21,907,802 $19,460,275 17,563 $37,884,873 71 $3,845,600 $1,760,280 2,249 $5,604,030 33 $2,287,250 $5,180,685 673 $5,838,889 120 $10,860,281 $9,471,987 6,493 $15,602,599 20 $1,115,800 $1,253,570 304 $2,239,408 148 $250,290 $183,607 347 533 $6,413,427 $3,842,358 4,360 $12,120,674 9 $2,570,000 $1,930,024 3,199 $3,609,669 251,405,321 27 $295,525 $359,807 115 $628,391 15 $1,019,175 $1,157,141 537 $1,720,510 MANUFACTURES AKD OCCUPATIONS. 133 Pi'incipal Manufactures, etc. — Continued. Manufactures. 1845. 1835. 1863. 1875. Rubber and Elastic Goods. Number of establishments - 5 16 23 Capital invested, - $438,000 $1,621,000 $3,484,706 Value of stock used, - - $2,006,063 $3,1.54,714 Persons employed, - 462 1,062 2,195 Value of goods made - $968,000 $2,840,030 $5,316,282 Scientific Instruments and Appliances. Number of estriblishnients - - 24 52 Capital invested, - - $154,400 $428,675 Value of stock used, - - $202,255 $268,687 Persons employed, 68 76 190 367 Value of goods made $54,050 $204,850 $420,450 $643,075 Shoddy. Number of establishments, .... - - 35 20 Capital invested, - - $164,650 $149,900 Value of stock used, - - $334,155 $440,326 Persons employed, - - 212 157 Value of goods made - - $653,800 $538,474 Silk Goods. Number of establishments, .... 8 5 9 6 Capital invested, $38,000 $55,000 $204,000 $488,000 Value of stock used - - $782,298 $1,010,807 Persons employed, 156 138 503 860 Value of goods made $150,477 $300,000 $1,179,300 $1,842,200 Soap, Tallow and Candles. Number of establishments, .... 109 114 189 124 Capital invested $405,872 $1,582,500 $631,645 $1,480,835 Value of stock used - - $1,365,224 $2,356,993 Persons employed, 343 445 504 451 Value of goods made, $836,156 $7,720,533 $1,925,333 $3,315,434 Stone. Number of establishments, .... - - 128 151 Capital invested, - - $417,446 $1,663,965 Value of stock used, - - $419,283 $1,123,718 Persons employed, 2,161 2,660 913 2,553 Value of goods made, $1,285,603 $2,146,863 $1,097,917 $2,902,190 Straw and Palm-Leaf Goods. Number of establishments - 42 99 23 Capital invested - - $1,237,995 $2,629,500 Value of stock used - - $3,130,704 $3,211,059 Persons employed, 13,311 14,511 13,501 5,004 Value of goods made $1,649,496 $3,713,375 $4,889,158 $5,922,345 Textiles (all kinds). Number of establishments 510 464 499 480 Number of cotton spindles, .... 817,483 1,519,527 1,913,756 3,859,237 Number of sets of machinerj', . 514 695 1,157 1,574 Capital invested $24,424,002 $43,316,672 $52,429,458 $92,716,235 Value of stock used, - - $91,912,042 $74,853,615 Pounds of cotton used, 57,051,954 105,904,749 46,686,250 185,697,210 Pounds of wool used, 17,173,676 21,667,272 31,865,387 49,946,173 Persons employed, 30,154 48,463 46,663 88,405 Value of goods made $22,704,815 $42,497,608 $112,540,839 $136,251,783 Yards manufactured 195,759,729 354,570,708 232,176,160 992,506,132 Tobacco, Cigars, etc. Number of establishments - - - 264 Capital invested - - $394,037 $811,697 Value of stock used, - - $565,090 $1,038,589 Persons employed 572 775 855 1,350 Value of goods made $324,639 $988,790 $1,059,912 $2,599,819 Vessels and Materials. Number of establishments _ - 281 163 Capital invested - $2,367,200 $1,490,390 $934,485 Value of stock used - - $4,167,149 $1,875,426 Persons employed, 1,385 5,198 2,424 1,454 Value of goods made $1,382,339 $1,235,809 $6,963,457 $3,840,119 134 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Principal Manufactures, etc. — Concluded. Manufactures. 1845. 1853. 18(i5. 1873. Whips. Number of establishments, Capital invested, Value of stock used, . Persons employed, . Value of goods made, "Wooden Goods. Number of establishments. Capital invested. Value of stock used, . Persons employed. Value of goods made, Woollen Goods. Number of establishments, Number of sets of machinery. Capital invested. Value of stock used, . Persons employed. Value of goods made, Yards of cloth manufactured, . Worsted Goods. Number of establishments. Number of sets of machinery. Capital invested, Value of stock used, . Persons employed. Value of goods made, . . Yards of cloth manufactured, . 526 $111,947 1,592 $964,833 178 514 $5,604,002 7,372 $8,877,478 13,877,819 10 $514,000 846 $654,566 2,321,338 367 $505,500 109 $328,980 1,822 $2,271,923 146 695 $7,305,500 10,090 $12,105,512 26,168,130 $1,236,000 1,062 $1,448,740 8,189,930 40 $186,600 $337,800 476 $628,002 487 $1,-585,870 $1,820,630 2,688 $3,387,538 231 1,157 $14,714,672 $35,377,996 18,753 $48,879,828 46,008,141 8 $749,500 $1,728,458 932 $2,194,655 8,167,170 54 $615,630 $384,009 626 $922,096 460 $4,475,095 $3,627,888 4,26T $7,208,317 183 1,383 $17,209,980 $23,607,561 19,036 $39,566,378 90,208,280 14 191 $1,693,000 $1,882,981 1,499 $2,991,210 9,873,464 The foregoing table embraces all important industries for which the elements of comparison in one or more particulars existed for two or more of the years named. Many more points for 1875 could have been stated, but no corresponding facts had been returned for the other years. In this matter we miss comparisons as to wages, values of buildings, steam and water power, etc. All values stated in the table are currency, gold being at par in 1845 and 1855, at 1.57 in 1865, and 1.12 in 1875 ; to reduce the values in 1865 to par, divide by 1.57, and 1875 by 1.12. We then have a just money value of comparison. This basis is, however, fictitious in a large degree ; hence the importance of the table above, wherein other elements, quantities, hands employed, etc., are exhibited. With these matters understood, the table becomes of great utility, and the labor and research essential to its production are amply repaid. Attention should be called to some of its features. In Arms and Ammunition for 1845 and 1865, it is evident the items for the United States Armory have been included. Glancing at Boots and Shoes, the efiect of machinery becomes clearly apparent. In 1845, the number of hands employed, 45,877, MAN^UFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 135 produced 20,896,312 pairs of boots and shoes ; in 1855, 77,827 persons made 45,066,828 pairs; in 1865, 52,821 persons produced 31,870,581 pairs, while 48,090 persons in 1875 made 59,762,866 pairs, or nearly three times as many as were made in 1845 by only 3,000 less persons. The number employed in 1875, however, as shown by the table above, should be increased by 1,518 women, fur- nished with work at home, making a total employed in boots and shoes of 49,608. This does not change the features stated. To the value of Brushes and Brooms for 1875, there should be added $400,000 worth manufactured by an establishment whose returns were inadvertently omitted in the body of the tables under Manufactures by Name. To the number employed in the manufacture of Clothing for 1875, should be added 9,249 women working at home. In the manufacture of Cotton Goods in 1875, 60,176 operatives produced 874,780,874 yards of goods, while in 1845, about one- third (20,710) the number of operatives produced but one-tifth (178,401,614) the number of yards. We have shown Cotton and Woollen Goods (mixed) for 1875, but not for the other years, because for those years they were classed either with cotton or woollen goods. The statements for Print Works demand attention. In all the cen- suses prior to 1875, the products of print works have in a majority of instances been identical in yards and value with the products of the mills weaving print cloths. This, of course, is erroneous, as the printing is only a part of the manufacture of the completed prints, and should only appear as such, as in the statement for 1875. This explanation will account for the apparently glaring discrepancies in the foregoing table under Print Works. It has been impossible to elimi- nate the duplications in 1845, 1855 and 1865. This error of dupli- cation in the products of cotton Victories often occurs in censuses, and of course to the extent of its occurrence deceives the public, and exaggerates the production of a State. This has occurred in a recent Census in a neighboring State, where the products of her print works have been reported at over sixteen million dollars, and the whole prod- uct of her cotton mills but about twenty-two million, while the stock used in her print works was over thirteen millions, and in her cotton mills only twelve millions. The true product of her print works should have been reported at about $3,000,000. The value of work clone in print works, for 1875, amounted to $3,609,669 on 251,405,321 yards of goods, while in 1865 the value 136 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPEN^DIUM. of j)rocliicts was given at $23,935,271 on 89,463,013 yards, while the whole products of our cotton mills in that year were valued at 155,508,447. The figures for 1875 relate to work done in establish- ments carried on exclusively as "print works," and not to those cotton factories having their own print works connected therewith. By Railroad Construction, is meant cars, springs, wheels, etc. To the number of persons employed on Straw and Palm-leaf Goods, should be added 14,762 women furnished with work at their homes ; the number in the table includes those only who work in the factory. The magnitude of all our textile manufactures is well displayed under Textiles (all kinds) , where it is seen that the product has grown from 195,759,729 yards in 1845, to 992,506,132 yards, the product of our mills for 1875, a bandage long enough to be wound around the globe nearly twenty-three times. In Woollen Goods again, is the influence of machinery clearly shown, 19,036 persons producing 90,208,280 yards of goods in 1875, while it took 18,753 persons in 1865 to produce 46,008,141 yards. Stock Used : by Industries. [The value of stock used was not called for in those branches of industry designated as " Occupations."] In the Makdfactuke of— Value of stock used. Arms and ammunition, Agricultural implements, Artisans' tools, . Bags and bagging, Boots and shoes. Boxes, .... Brushes and brooms, . Building, Carpetings, . Carriages and wagons. Chemical preparations. Clocks and watches, . Clothing, Cotton goods, Cotton and wool and other Dress trimmings, Drugs and medicines, Dyestuffs, . Fertilizers, . Fine arts, . . . tex es, $421,047 365,586 831,980 528,282 54,976,504 1,351,241 526,670 3,451,545 3,236,606 2,099,173 254,561 523,643 17,412,942 41,059,893 4,260,185 361,666 1,212,210 122,100 372,858 5,920 In the Manufacture of- Food preparations, . . . , Furniture Glass Leather, Linen Liquors and beverages. Lumber Machines and machinery, . . Metals and metallic goods. Musical instruments and materials, . Oils and illuminating fluids. Paper Polishes and dressings, Printing and publishing, . Print works, . . . . Railroad construction. Rubber Scientific instrum'ts and ajspliances. Silk Value of stock used. $31,856,274 3,799,379 503,436 16,108,845 278,107 3,874,031 2,123,563 6,329,204 19,460,275 1,760,280 5,180,685 9,471,987 359,807 3,842,358 1,930,024 1,157,141 2,127,400 268,687 1,010,807 MANUrACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 137 8tock Used: by Industries — Continued. In the Manufacture of — Stone, Tobacco, .... Vessels Wooden goods, . Woollen goods, . . . Worsted goods, . Miscellaneous. Acid, pyroligneous and iron liquor Alphabet blocks, Artificial tcctb and dental work. Awnings, tents and horse-covers, Base balls Billiard, bagatelle and sijipio tables Bluing, soluble and Chinese, . Boot and shoe patterns and lasts, Bouquets Braided cords and steam packing. Bricks, Brush woods Burial cases, caskets, coffins, etc., Buttons, Cabinet oil tanks, . . '. Cases for jewelry and silver ware, Cement, adhesive, Channel cement, . Charcoal, Chewing gum Cisterns, tanks and vats, . Cologne Combs, toilet Concrete walks Cordage, . . ' . Corks Counters, show cases, etc.. Crayons and lead pencils, . Croquet sets Curtain fixtures, Curtain fixtures and window shades. Drain pipe, Drain pipe, garden vases, wall cop ing, etc Earth closets and corn planters, Earthen ware Earthen and stone ware, . Elastic goods Elastic webs, .... Value of stock used. $1,123,718 1,038,589 1,875,426 3,627,888 23,607,561 1,882,981 1,300 19,015 500 30,000 114,775 60,000 23,232 1,000 39,800 468,176 600 271,336 213,355 8,050 7,500 20,000 13,000 6,500 587 3,800 61,186 60,200 11,125 732,545 28,720 30,312 18,200 3,400 1,000 9,350 60,502 2,400 2,500 37,029 16,434 614,806 412,508 In the Manufacture of — Elastic and non-elastic webs, . Emery, . . . . ' . Emery cloth, Emery, flint, sand and match paper emery cloth, etc., . Enamelled cloth. Erasable tablets. Extracts, colognes, hair oils, etc., Eye-glass frames and screws, . Feather dusters, beds and pillows. Fire brick Fire brick, tiles, etc., . Fire-clay goods, .... Fireworks Fish, and other lines and cords, Fish covers, .... Fishing nets Fishing rods, etc.. Flags, banners and decorations. Fly traps, Fur goods and buffalo robes, . Games Gas, Gas and coke, .... Gas, coke and tar, Glue, Glue and plasterers' hair, . Grease, Hair, curled, .... Hair felting, .... Hair goods, human, . Hair oil, Hair work, Hair work, switches, wigs, etc., Harness hames Hemp twine and marline, . Horn and shell combs, jewelry, etc Horse boots, .... Horse clothing and saddlery goods. Horse feeders Horse powers, machinery, etc.. Hose, rubber, linen, etc., . Ice Ink and mucilage. Ink, printing, and lampblack. Ink, writing, and bluing, . Insect bellows, . Value of stock used. $15,000 95,750 5,580 80,165 70,000 28,000 17,187 736 7,030 4,500 6,400 21,000 9,034 18,160 362 3,500 2,300 503 214 318,150 86,500 792,394 13,330 85,777 153,955 100,000 45,000 274,675 28,000 101,928 50 4,360 19,339 150 7,800 248,097 16,000 147,742 1,000 2,500 110,000 17,500 35,400 4,600 16,100 59 18 138 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Stock Used: hy Industries — Concluded. In the Mandfacture of — Value of stock used. Jewelry, hair, Lamp shades, folding. Leather cement, . Life ijreservers, buoys, fenders, etc. Lime, Lime and lime casks, Lime from oyster shells, . Lime hurdles. Liquid cement, . Manganese and plaster. Manufactures not specified by Matches, .... Match woods and cases, Mattressess, bedding, etc.. Mirrors, knobs, frames, clasps, etc, Models and patterns, Oakum Ornaments and pressed goods, made from ground hoofs, Ox muzzles, etc., Paints, colors and chemicals, Palm-leaf goods, Passepartouts, panels, and mats for pictures, . Paste, .... Pencils, indelible. Perfumes and toilet preparations. Photographs, etc.. Photographic goods, etc.. Printers' materials. Printers' rollers, . Refrigerators, . . Roofing cement, . Roofing material. Roofing materials and coal tar prod ucts Rope, .... Rope and cordage. Rope halters. Sails, awnings, etc., . Saltpetre, refined, Sash holders. Sausage cases. Scenery, theatrical, etc., $3,000 1,350 25 40,000 77,785 50,600 7,200 1,500 500 800 12,250 71,199 12,120 427,635 12,000 14,292 25,000 195 67 1,253,570 12,900 9,200 33,020 300 32,350 183,607 14,000 6,090 600 30,545 7,943 26,400 75,000 350,000 398,000 3,000 211,604 25,000 725 480 1,635 In the Manufacture of— Shoddy, Show cards, .... Show cards, enamelled, iron and glass, . , • . . Show cases, etc.. Shuttle eyes, porcelain. Signs Signs, glass and metal. Soap, hard and soft, , Soap, soft, : . . . . Soap and candles, . Soap, candles, and rendered grease and tallow, .... Soap, glue, etc Soap and tallow, Solar pictures, .... Spirits of turpentine, rosin, pitch etc Spring shade rollers, . Stairs, Starch Stoneware, Stove lining and fire brick, Straw goods, .... Stucco work, .... Stufied birds, animals, etc.. Tags, shipping, .... Tags, labels, tickets and jewellers cards and boxes, Tallow, rendered. Tallow and scraps, Tallow, grease, scraps, ground bone, neat's-foot oil, etc., . Torpedoes, Toys Trellises, Wardian cases, etc., . Trunks Twine, Wax flowers, .... Wax, shoe and harness, • Waxwork Whalebone goods, Whips and whip materials. Window and door screens. Window shades, screens, rollers and rubber mouldings, . . . . Value of stock used. $440,326 1,800 8,205 750 42 17,243 3,000 580,389 17,305 166,086 1,019,299 46,334 79,220 197 8,000 3,100 11,620 60,000 23,245 39,011 3,198,159 6,041 1,845 1,000 56,425 36,960 7,500 358,900 500 31,637 4,000 307,711 2,200 1,500 1,100 50 39,970 384,009 19,250 151,684 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 139 The total value of stock used in producing the goods made during the year ending May 1, 1875, was $294,963,575 as against $264,958,- 060 for 1865. Comparisons with former years, so far as the stock used in the staple products is concerned, can readily be made by reference to the table of Principal Manufactures for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875. The principal articles of stock used in 1875, are as fol- lows : — Description op Stock Used. Quantity. Value. Building stone, brick, etc., Cotton (not including waste) lbs.. Cotton goods (not including warps), Flax, hemp and jute (including tow and jute butts), . . . lbs., Flour bbls., Meal, bush., Iron (pig and scrap) tons. Iron (manufactured) steel and other metals, .... Leather (not including rough leather, hides and skins). Lumber Paper Sugar, syrup and molasses, Shoe findings (including leather in some towns), Wool (not including waste) lbs.. Woollen and worsted goods - $814,565 185,697,210 29,538,663 - 5,366,048 39,133,359 2,562,118 212,402 1 206,352 1 1,757,507 82,514 2,780,898 - 14,120,500 - 39,922,928 - 9,523,445 - 3,128,281 - 14,966,5.33 - 8,431,098 49,946,173 23,840,143 - 10,228,342 Values of Buildings, Stock on Hand and Machinery. [The figures given in this table as the values of buildings, stock on hand and machinery are drawn exclusively from the returns classified as Manufactures.] Ko. of Value of Aver- Value of im- Counties. Establish- Value of Build- age Stock on Value of Ma- ported Ma- ments. mgs. hand. chinery. chinery. The State, . . . 10,740 $80,997,503 $89,061,506 $73,434,914 $5,120,488 Barnstable, 98 157,230 352,638 211,760 850 Berkshire, 391 3,444,411 3,835,786 4,006,997 157,865 Bristol, 536 11,942,529 8,685,164 15,377,809 2,118,651 Dukes, 9 23,250 11,100 13,750 - Essex, 1,771 9,444,384 15,998,760 9,738,208 471,115 Franklin, . 288 1,419,895 1,085,789 1,012,358 155 Hampden, . 616 6,206,022 6,339,726 6,219,841 449,918 Hampshire, 295 1,912,415 2,066,473 1,790,158 671,252 Middlesex, 1,443 13,754,149 15,018,625 12,695,366 614,656 Nantucket, 25 52,050 16,240 14,835 - Norfolk, . 506 2,262,275 3,215,521 2,051,435 107,543 Plymouth, 534 1,669,425 2,942,488 2,084,523 27,100 Sufiblk, . 2,636 16,808,720 16,892,835 8,561,773 196,670 ^yorce8ter, 1,592 11,900,748 12,600,341 9,656,101 304,713 140 CE:N-SUS 0¥ MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. The value of buildings occupied by manufacturers is $80,997,503. The whole number of establishments in the State, 10,915, of course, would not return this point, because many occupy buildings returned l)y others, owners and proprietors ; but whenever this oc- curred, the foct was stated ; thus it will be seen that these figures are trustworthy. The value of average stock on hand reaches the sum of $89,0(31,500, and of machinery used, $73,434,914, of which only $5,120,488 worth was imported during the decade, 1865-1875, while the value of machinery made in Massachusetts for the same period was at least $80,000,000, it being $10,399,230 for 1875. This cer- tainly does not show very great dependence upon foreign production so far as machinery is concerned. The total amount invested in buildings, stock on hand and ma- chincr}'^ is $243,493,923, which represents so much of the capital invested in manufiictures ($207,074,802, not including occupations), and is an excellent proof of the correctness of the latter sum, for if details are correct, results must be also. The facts, as shown in this presentation, were brought out by ques- tions suggested by the Honorable Commissioner of Insurance, and the original returns upon these points will be classified by him in his official reports, but upon an insurance basis, and therefore can not be compared with our showing, because we simply deal with the item of value in the as-ofreffate. The value of buildings occupied foi; manufactures, together with the value of machinery and of average stock on hand, classified by industries, are shown in the following table : — Values of Buildings, etc., by Industries. Industhies. Value of Buildings. Value of Macliinery. Value of Average Stock on hand. Agricultural implements, Arms and ammunition, Artisans' tools. Bags and bagging, "Boots and shoes, . Boxes, .... Brushes and hrooms, . Building, Carriages and wagons, . Carpetings, . Chemical preparations. $227,845 195,350 512,150 202,000 4,330,332 479,250 91,350 327,175 1,150,665 923,900 3,250 $171,950 425,900 401,430 251,000 2,588,305 341,796 27,910 172,790 218,913 836,275 1,574 $340,625 203,500 701,665 32,500 9,031,734 346,303 290,285 312,195 1,276,584 1,004,175 2,050 MAJ^UFACTFRES AN"D OCCUPATIOITS. 141 Values of Buildings, etc., hy Industries — Concluded. Industries. Value of Buildings. Value of Machinery. Value of Average Stock on hand. Clocks and watches, .... Clothing Cotton goods Cotton and -woollen and other textiles, Dress trimmings Drugs and medicines, .... Dyestuffs, Fertilizers Fine arts Food preparations, .... Furniture, Glass, Leather, Linen, Liquors and beverages. Lumber, Machines and machinery, . . Metals and metallic goods, . Musical instruments and materials, . Oils and illuminating fluids. Paper Polishes and dressings. Printing and publishing. Print works Railroad constniction, .... Rubber, Scientific instruments and appliances. Silk Stone, Tobacco, Vessels, Wooden goods, Woollen goods Worsted goods, Miscellaneous, $242,800 4,399,060 10,162,506 1,155,000 13,000 508,360 89,000 296,500 23,300 3,291,850 1,809,540 180,600 2,138,702 361,600 1,342,477 999,945 2,600,943 7,921,648 992,800 483,000 3,096,741 46,800 1,880,140 11,815,758 174,400 401,180 73,292 22,000 445,565 431,405 175,950 1,541,195 5,167,218 167,600 8,102,461 $418,820 870,126 13,703,549 1,961,500 29,169 129,273 76,200 184,850 3,540 1,493,334 854,565 188,605 1,218,838 182,000 466,582 1,029,937 2,633,033 6,602,583 167,780 426,113 2,985,104 20,850 1,001,254 14,428,345 163,200 412,050 66,450 80,600 222,574 13,099 44,165 929,491 5,795,953 237,500 8,947,039 $955,066 6,465,157 6,437,792 3,154,233 16,300 334,495 100,000 370,500 10,625 2,366,474 2,430,532 393,570 5,302,486 127,586 734,761 1,293,750 2,613,836 9,098,027 1,027,933 1,089,410 2,434,746 111,137 868,216 7,461,679 320,400 712,000 129,700 105,900 614,991. 563,758 320,561 1,767,136 7,439,882 224,400 8,122,851 Motive Power. Counties. Steam engines. Water wheels. Horse powers. Hand powers. Foot powers. Wind mills. The State Barnstable, Berkshire, 2,525 7 134 2,950 9 333 254 8 1,031 4 12 2,749 6 2 38 33 142 CEN^SUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Motive Power — Concluded. Counties. Steam engines. Water wheels. Horse powers. Hand powers. Foot powers. Whid mills. Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, Franlilin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suflblk, . Worcester, 236 2 414 28 137 56 450 136 114 452 359 134 1 177 267 285 246 352 138 203 4 801 14 25 2 24 13 40 10 17 2 41 3 93 5 50 21 237 1 210 39 217 56 936 9 129 133 304 6 326 171 428 238 Steam and Water Power. CODNTIES. Number of Engines. Nominal Horse power. Actual Horse power. Number of Water wheels. Nominal Horse power. The State, 2,525 109,307 208,186 2,950 110,582 Barnstable, . 7 220 428 9 186 Berkshire, 134 4,767 9,654 333 11,116 Bristol, . 236 23,281 46,093 134 4,280 Dukes, . 2 40 50 1 10 Essex, . 414 19,956 37,267 177 12,519 Franklin, 28 728 1,406 267 8,586 Hampden, 137 3,053 5,989 285 14,472 Hampshire, 56 2,237 3,716 246 6,416 Middlesex, 450 19,067 34,482 352 19,039 Norfolk, Plymouth, 136 114 4,407 4,031 8,238 7,179 138 203 3,230 4,918 Suflblk,. Worcester, 452 359 13,077 14,443 26,935 26,749 4 801 80 25,730 Steam and Water Power : By Industries. [In the following presentation of horse power by industries, indefiniteness in the returns has compelled the dropping of 14 steam engines and 221 water wheels from the classification.] STEAM POWER. INDUSTKIE8. Engines. Nominal Horse power. Actual Horse power. Agricultural implements. Arms and ammunition, . Artisans' tools, . 13 23 597 352 251 1,158 683 487 MA:NTrPACTUEES AND OCCUPATIOISrS. 143 Steam Power — Concluded. INDUSTEIES. Bags and bagging, Boots and slices, Boxes Building Carpetings, Carriages and wagons, Chemical preparations, Clocks and watches, Clothing Cotton goods, Dress trimmings, Drugs and medicines, Dyestufls Fertilizers, Food preparations Furniture Glass Leather Linen, Liquors and beverages Lumber, Machines and machinery Metals and metallic goods Musical instruments and materials, . . Oils and illuminating fluids Paper Printing and publishing, Print works, Polishes and dressings, Railroad construction Rubber, Scientific instruments and appliances, . . Stone, Tobacco Vessels, Wooden goods, Woollen goods, Worsted goods Miscellaneous manufactures and occupations, Engines. 2 242 52 39 10 30 8 3 35 134 3 3 2 8 97 77 26 363 Nominal Horse power. 325 4,454 1,674 1,014 1,210 591 154 14 1,280 20,895 24 85 450 376 3,240 2,797 296 198 4,389 8,515 3 225 436 37 748 1,461 102 3,733 7,242 194 5,366 10,410 218 11,741 22,777 22 591 1,146 980 66 3,020 5,859 80 916 1,776 104 6,945 13,473 6 165 320 12 615 1,193 12 1,570 3,046 6 179 347 34 775 1,503 1 3 6 12 325 630 82 2,975 5,771 129 7,923 15,370 6 865 1,678 15,179 Actual Horse power. 630 8,641 3,247 1,967 2,347 1,146 299 27 2,483 40,536 46 165 873 729 6,285 5,426 574 1,901 25,587 144 CEK"SUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. WATER POWER. Industries. Water Nominal wheels. Horse power 31 877 18 753 69 1,506 4 176 72 1,295 7 101 6 765 26 448 1 2 6 250 292 32,959 3 50 181 4,390 110 2,405 2 30 63 1,061 6 225 7 86 521 10,362 74 2,183 135 4,991 1 10 298 14,527 4 114 40 4,294 162 3,008 2 40 3 120 1 8 164 3,751 309 13,994 15 955 Agricultural implements, • Arms and ammunition, . . . Artisans' tools, Boots and shoes, .... Boxes, Building Carpetings Carriages and wagons, Clocks and watches Clothing Cotton goods, Fertilizers Food preparations Furniture, Glass, Leather Linen, Liquors and beverages, Lumber Machines and machinery, . Metals and metallic goods, Musical instruments and materials, Paper, Printing Print works Saw and grist mills Scientific instruments and appliances. Tobacco, Vessels, Wooden goods Woollen goods Worsted goods Miscellaneous manufactures and occupations, 96 4,846 These tables show 2,525 steam engmes, 2,950 water wheels, 254 horse powers, 1,031 hand powers, 2,749 foot powers, and 38 wind mills in use in the State for driving its machinery. Of the whole number of steam engines, 2,257 are high pressure, and of the water wheels 209 are breast, 124 overshot, 62 undershot, and the great majority, 2,317, are turbine. The tables also exhibit the nominal and actual horse power of the MANTJFAOTUIIES A:N^D OCCUPATIONS. 145 steam engines and water wheels. By nominal horse power is meant that estimated power put upon an engine by the seller ; this is always far within the actual capacity, for reasons of safety and on account of the deduction usually made for power to drive the belting, shafting, etc. ; so that the nominal horse power has more particular reference to the power delivered to the machine, while actual horse power, which we have obtained by proper measurement, and computation in this office, relates to the actual initial capacity of an engine. In regard to water wheels, we could obtain only the nominal power, for to secure the actual power would require a scientific survey of all the elements of each water power, the head, the fall, etc. The nominal horse power of the steam engines of the State is 109,307, the actual, 208,186, and the nominal power of the water wheels, 110,582. Under the title. Steam and Water Power by Industries, power is classified according to the industries in which it is used. The total horse power, of steam engines and water wheels, emploj^ed in the industries of the State, is 318,768, equal to the hand labor of 1,912,488 men ; this labor is actually performed, with the aid of the motive power of the State, by about 300,000 men, women and children. In other words, the industries of Massachusetts, without the aid of her motive power, would require a population of about 7,400,000, or nearly 4| times as great as it is now, to furnish the hand labor neces- sary to carry them on. The use of motive power is to this extent supplemented to hand labor, Ijut the influence of this supplemental labor has not been alike in all industries. In horology, 29 horse power, or the physical force of 174 men, representing on the scale we have chosen a population of 522, supplements by the aid of accurately thought-out machinery the work of 1,140 souls, representing a population of 5,700, and by the aid of this very machinery in which human thought is so formularized in metal as to go on forever with the cheapest power doing the work of very competent men, represents a far greater increase in the production of clocks and watches than the average ratio of 4| to 1, while the 20,386 horse power of the paper workers which supplements the labors of 6,792 souls in the business probal)ly represents a less productive ratio. In the one case, the watchmaker represents the physical force of 1.15 men. In the other, the paper worker represents the physical force of more than 18 men. In textile fabrics, with 70,715 work people, we have 105,492 horse power employed, representing in each operative 19 146 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. the phj'sical force of nearly 9. The hard work of the leather busmess is done for 6,774 persons by 9,576 horse power, while the 1,565 box makers consume 4,542 horse power. The 48,536 boot and shoe workers, with their infinite subdivisions and wonderful use of highly organized machinery, only employ 8,817 horse power, or about a man power each beyond his own force, while the furniture artisan employs 1.1 horse power, and the lumber workers, 2,095 in number, employ 16,865 horse power, giving each a physical equivalency of about 50 men. In the manufacture of food preparations, only 4,760 persons are employed in the State, much of our food being imported, yet they consume 10,010 horse power, having a productive equivalency of more than 12.7 to 1. These comparisons illustrate the magnitude of the influence of motive power on the industries of the State. Persons Employed in Manufactures and Occupations, with Classification by Age, Sex, Etc. [This presentation gives the whole number of persons employed in manufacturing and mechanical in- dustries during the year ending May 1, 1875. The figures presented under " Manufactures " are drawn from the returns of manufacturers, and those under "Occupations" from the returns of other employers. These are combined under " Manufactures and Occupations," to obtain the totals. The numbers given ill the fourth to ninth columns, both Inclusive, in the three parts of the presentation, are comprehended in the first three columns. As regards women furnished with work at home, in many cases work was so supplied to women living in other towns than where the establishment was situated. The figures in the tenth column are not included in those given in the third column.] MANUFACTURES . , , 0*? — V- ,; u u a ■ c^ Oh ■« a w rH ^ 2 T-H 0; ,c c ^ Counties. O o . o. 3 S ° § O 1 o i| i ^ a (4 ■a ales between and 15 yean age. emales botwee and 15 yean age. t— ( u -a ^ to CO c; s <.- a a e oth Sexes, ui 15, employed more than mths. in the y ^ 1 IS s (^ S S Pi S b< a y^ The State, 267,925 177,781 90,144 8,982 6,568 4,915 84 114 872 31,185 Barnstable, . 700 695 105 6 16 - - - - 444 ^Berkshire, 10,729 6,701 4,028 606 484 319 - 4 118 69 Bristol, . 28,081 16,947 11,134 1,119 1,311 1,049 6 - 26 1,093 Dukes, . 89 88 1 1 - - - - - 1 Essex, 44,837 28,382 16,455 1,762 747 535 3 - 36 2,978 Franklin, 4,284 2,875 1,409 440 203 236 10 70 4 642 Hampden, 19,812 11,045 8,767 986 527 558 18 32 42 976 Hampshire, . 6,825 3,823 3,002 300 370 293 10 6 7 611 Middlesex, 47,978 30,346 17,632 1,471 985 794 - 1 43 1,544 Nantucket, 144 40 104 81 - - - - - 267 Norfolk, . 12,548 9,447 3,101 196 160 44 - - 4 7,234 Plymouth, 10,317 8,754 1,563 218 142 38 10 - 10 1,963 Sufi"olk, . 38,478 27,855 10,623 495 376 145 1 - 215 6,214 Worcester, 43,103 30,883 12,220 1,301 1,247 904 26 1 367 7,149 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 147 OCCUPATIONS. Counties. i. o B^ ■a ^ >, o Q. o !2i o 03 o C o >- 1 s « o H is o 1 s BO a •a a 36,527 4,511 516 679 7 1 811 21 4 5,530 120 6 91 1 - 4,795 1,571 43 265 17 10 2,526 276 96 466 7 - 4,710 302 37 183 - - 1,132 28 5 702 28 6 11,399 1,694 227 3,238 439 81 a-a o c 3 5 « U L4 X • o; o — ^ •C ■" .= S ^ S OJ !» ^ i S = 2 izi The State » 41,038 Barnstable, . 686 Berkshire, 832 Bristol, . 5,650 Dulfes, . 92 Essex, 6,366 Franklin, 282 Hampden, 2,802 Hampshire, 473 Middlesex, 5,012 Nantucket, 183 Norfolk, . 1,160 Plymouth, 730 Suffolk, . 13,093 Worcester, 3,677 103 38 6 7 1 39 11 73 20 51 54 54 23 1,517 1 46 9 21 59 1 1 1 2 14 18 2 1,356 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. The State, 308,963 214,308 94,655 9,498 6,671 4,988 84 168 895 32,702 Barnstable, . 1,386 1,274 112 7 16 - - _ 445 Berkshire, 11,561 7,512 4,049 610 485 319 - 4 118 69 Bristol, . 33,731 22,477 11,254 1,125 1,311 1,049 6 - 26 1,097 Dukes, . 181 179 2 1 - - - - - 1 Essex, . 51,203 33,177 18,026 1,805 785 536 3 _ 36 3,024 Franklin, 4,566 3,140 1,426 450 203 236 10 70 4 651 Hampden, 22,614 13,571 9,043 1,082 533 558 18 32 45 997 Hampshire, 7,298 4,289 3,009 300 370 293 10 6 7 611 Middlesex, 52,990 35,056 17,934 1,508 992 795 - 1 45 1,603 Nantucket, 327 223 104 81 - - - - 267 Norfolk, . 13,708 10,579 3,129 201 160 44 - - 5 7,235 Plymouth, 11,047 9,456 1,591 224 143 38 10 - 11 1,965 Suffolk, . 51,571 39,254 12,317 722 415 165 1 - 229 6,232 Worcester, 46,780 34,121 12,659 1,382 1,258 955 26 55 369 8,505 This presentation gives the whole number of persons, by sex and age, actually engaged in the mechanical industries of the State during the year ending May 1, 1875, as returned on the certificates of the manufacturers and proprietors themselves, and these returns compre- hended all employed in the manufacture of goods or in occupations, in accordance with the classification stated at the beginning of this Part. This table furnishes the best proof of the completeness and 148 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. accuracy of the Census of 1875, in this, that by the returns of the people themselves, upon the family schedule, as shown on page 82, Part I., the whole number, of all ages and of both sexes, having an occupation in some manufacturing or mechanical industry was 316,459 ; of which 233,252 were males, and 83,207 were females; and of the males 228,469 were above fifteen years of age, 4,725 from ten to fifteen, and 58 below ten; of the females 77,238 were above fifteen, 5,863 from ten to fifteen, and 106 below ten. This total, 316,459, included all actually engaged in mechanical pursuits, and also those who claimed a mechanical pursuit as an occupation, whether actually engaged during the year or not. Now, from the returns of the manu- facturers and proprietors, on certificates entirely distinct from the family returns, we have, as will be seen by reference to page 147, a total of 308,963 of both sexes and all ages actually employed in man- ufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Of this number 214,308 were males, 207,553 being over fifteen, 6,671 between ten and fifteen, and 84 under ten years of age. The females numbered 94,655, of which 89,499 were over fifteen, 4,988 between ten and fifteen, and 168 under ten years of age. The variation in totals, as shown between the family returns, presented in Part I., and those from manufact- urers and proprietors, is but 7,496, a very small number indeed. The variation in. the nuniber of females over fifteen, as given by the two processes, is the result of erroneous answers to the family sched- ule inquiries as to occupations. The figures, drawn from the returns which form the basis of this Part, must be taken as correct, for the classification has been arbitrary and absolute, on the answers of the proprietors, of the number of males and females employed, and no liability to error existed, as in the case of the answers by operatives. The apparent discrepancy in the number of males occurs 1)y not counting, in this Part, the proprietors themselves, while in Part I., on the basis of the family returns as to occupation, they were classed as engaged in a manufacturing or mechanical industry. The variations, however, on the whole, are so insignificant, and the reasons, to us, so satisfactory, that we consider the comparison the best test of the completeness of the Census, and of the conscientious co-operation of the people. In addition to the 308,963, as shown as being employed in mechanical jDursuits, 32,702 women were fur- nished with work at home, being also engaged in housework. By this present^ition we learn that 895 children, of both sexes, were employed for more than nine months in the year, in direct violation MANUFAOTUKES AND OCCUPATIOXS. 149 of the provisions of law; by the family returns (Part I.) there were returns of 8,616 such violations. . Persons Employed and Wages. [In this presentation only those persons for whom wages were returned arc given. In the preceding presentation, "Persons Employed," the whole number of employes is given without regard to wages. To learn the connection between this presentation and the succeeding, which relates to persons employed and wages by industries, see explanatory note on page 150.] Average Yearly Wages. Persons Employed, Both Sexes. Classification by Sex and Age. Counties. Average Males Average Females Average Both sexes Average Number. wages. above 15. wages. above 15. wages. under 15. wages. The State, 266,339 $475 76 179,383 $568 13 76,389 $343 42 10,567 $146 65 Barnstable, . 690 452 70 577 503 55 97 204 43 16 123 81 Berkshire, 10,615 393 60 6,466 486 36 3,376 271 94 773 150 38 Bristol, . 28,376 444 81 16,967 547 12 9,082 331 80 2,347 141 U Dukes, 164 395 94 . 103 395 82 1 419 00 - - Essex, 46,208 441 35 29,272 524 80 15,769 307 34 1,167 159 77 Franklin, . 3,115 432 14 2,362 480 83 568 320 43 185 153 47 Hampden, 19,496 453 44 11,323 576 38 7,063 307 23 1,110 133 24 Hampshire, 5,807 389 18 3,311 502 86 1,975 269 98 521 118 56 Middlesex, 45,696 452 55 28,959 559 08 15,033 281 45 1,704 151 31 Nantucket, 71 448 86 65 476 01 6 154 66 - - Norfolk, . 10,459 456 55 8,019 521 78 2,272 249 35 168 145 07 Plymouth, 8,667 472 62 7,385 502 50 1,172 312 07 110 176 41 Suffolk, . 46,977 616 23 36,364 697 11 10,108 346 91 505 162 86 Worcester, 39,998 453 96 28,150 531 62 9,887 293 45 1,961 153 41 150 CEN-sus OF MASS.— 1S75. compe:n^dium. The foregoing exhibits a statement of persons employed, chissi- fied as to age and sex, with their wages, as returned by proprietors in manufactures and occupations, for 266,339 employes. The whole number of persons employed, as returned, was, as stated under the previous topic, 308,963, but wages were given for 266,339 of that number, as shown in this presentation. The total amount of wages paid this latter number was $126,711,583, of which males above fif- teen years of age received $101,913,544, and females above fifteen, $23,248,404; both sexes mider fifteen, $1,549,635. The average yearly Avages of both sexes was $475.76; of males above fifteen, $568.13 ; of females above fifteen, $343.42 ; and of both sexes under fifteen', $146.65. From returns made by individuals, independent of the proprietors, as will be shown in Part IV., the average yearly wage for the State, both sexes and all industries, was $418.39. From the United States Census of 1870, the average wages per year for the State, including both sexes, as returned by the manufacturers for 279,- 380 employes, were $422.10. For further remarks on average wages, see p. 157. The averages, in the foregoing table, it should be re- membered, are for all industries ; for each industry they are given in the next presentation, entitled, — Persons Employed in Manueactures and Occupations, by Indus- tries ; AviTH Classification by Sex, Age, etc. ; Average Yearly and Total Wages ; and Nibiber of Day and Piece Hands, with Classification by Sex and Age. [In the presentation on page 146 of this Part, entitled " Persons Employed," the returns made by manu- facturers and other employers of the number of persons in their employ are given. The entire number borne on the schedules are tliere presented, with a classification showing the respective numbers engaged in Manufactures and Occupations, and with other particulars concerning sex, ages, married females, chil- dren unlawfully employed, and women supplied with work at their homes. In the presentation on page 149, entitled " Persons Employed and Wages," the distinctions relating to Manufactures and Occupations are dropped, and only those are accounted for, for whom wages were returned. The presentation, therefore, gives the whole number of persons for whom j-early wages were given, and the amount of the wages. The persons employed are therein divided into male employes above 15 years of age, female employes of a similar age, and employes of both sexes under 15 j-ears of age. The following presentation relates to persons employed, working time, wages, etc., with reference to industries. Under each subdivision the diti'erent industries are specified. In making the showing for each industry, only those persons are accounted for for whom the information presented in the subdivision was given. Besides, in all cases where only one person was returned in an industry, the person and par- ticulars h.ave been dropped. It will thus be seen that the total of the persons omploj'ed in all the industries, as given in the succeeding tables, will compare with the presentation given on page 149 and not with that given on page 146. The preceding explanation serves to show that the number for whom wages were reported was smaller than the number returned as being employed. The second 8ul)division of tliis presentation contains columns showing the number of males and females for whom the data of average working time and daily wages were given. All deficiencies in the returns operated, of course, to render the totals of these columns less than those of " persons employed " in the first subdivision of the presentation. The yearly and total wages given are derived from the details for average yearly working time and daily wage.] MANUPACTUKES AND OCCUPATIONS. 151 Persons Employed, with Classification by Ages. Persons Employed. 2. Persons Employed, With Age. u to I—) o o o o o O a a s ^ 2 o a 3 U* O c3 a c ■o 3 ir, ■3 w o 1 — M "rf o X a m "^ to o s (4 a o rt S £13 3 Occupations. Blacksmitliing, 2,458 2,458 - - 2,455 - 3 _ _ ^ Bleaching and dyeing, 569 253 316 48 253 316 .. _ _ _ Boot and slioe making and repairing 2,626 1,462 1,164 324 1,459 1,156 3 8 _ _ Bottling, .... 141 141 - - 138 - 3 - _ _ Building moving, . 193 193 _ _ 193 _ _ _ _ _ Butchering 743 743 - - 740 - 3 - - Carpentry and joinery, 5,059 5,059 ^ _ 5,059 _ _ _ _ Clock, watch and jewelry re )airing, .... 490 487 3 1 484 3 3 _ _ _ Clot les making and repair- ing 518 126 392 67 125 389 1 3 _ _ Clothing repairing and re- modelling, .... 573 281 292 38 281 291 _ 1 _ _ Coopering 168 168 - - 167 - 1 - - - Dress making. 860 - 860 153 - 852 - 8 - - Glass and china decorating. 100 92 8 3 90 8 2 _ _ Glazing, painting, paper hanging, etc 1,491 1,484 7 4 1,484. 7 - - - _ Gilding, .... 122 118 4 - Ill 4 7 - - - Harness and saddle repair. ing 293 293 - - 292 - ■ 1 - - - Machinists' work, 1,754 1,754 _ 1,750 4 Masoning and plastering, . 2,716 2.716 - - 2,714 - 2 - - _ Millinery, .... 339 10 329 40 9 328 1 1 - - Painting, .... 1,877 1,877 _ _ 1,877 _ _ _ _ _ Paper hanging, . 246 243 3 - 243 3 _ _ - - Plumbing and gas fitting, . 1,188 1,185 3 - 1,180 3 5 - - - Roofing 347 347 - - 346 - 1 - - - Stair building, 188 188 _ _ 188 _ _ _ _ Stone cutting and dressing. 1,542 1,542 - - 1,539 - 3 - - - Tinsmithing, 873 873 - - 873 - - - - - Upholstering, 498 424 74 11 421 73 3 1 - - Vessel and boat repairing, . 380 380 - - 380 - - - - - Wheelwrighting, . 303 303 - - 303 - - - - - Miscellaneous occupations, 4,723 33,378 4,235 29,435 488 45 4,181 483 54 5 - - Totals 3,943 734 29,335 3,916 100 27 - - Aggregates. • Manufactures, 263,664 175,371 88,293 8,949 168,483 83,376 6,815 4,855 73 62 Occupations, 33,378 29,435 3,943 734 29,335 3,916 100 27 - - Totals 297,042 204,806 92,236 9,683 197,818 87,292 6,915 4,882 73 62 MANUFACTUEES A:N'D OCCUPATIOXS. 153 AvEEAGE Yearly axd Total Wages. Working Tim Wagks Given E AND FOK,— Average Yearly Wages. INDUSTEIES, 1 S 3 n CO a S CO c B a "A 0) o ■a c C3 a A m •a c 03 a > O CO . O O ■5 ^ I— < CO a ° c P 3 ^ (n ■*-) g 6 ■£ .o O r1 a> o > o s ^ to - o 3 ^ M *^ V C3 ■S « O --I pa Manufactures. Agricultural implements, Arms and ammunition. Artisans' tools, . 1,176 1,108 1,132 1,118 588 798 58 520 334 1,116 493 775 95 9 2 14 58 520 330 1 3 Bags and bagging, . Book binderies, . Boots and shoes, Boxes, .... Brooms, .... Building 224 1,034 38,516 1,445- 103 3,816 191 599 12,882 1,2(10 61 3,774 33 435 25,634 245 42 42 79 387 10,206 914 61 3,773 92 207 2,442 282 20 5 234 4 1 2 72 18,397 72 42 42 3 363 6,752 172 28 485 1 Carpetings, Carriages and wagons, Chemical preparations, . Clocks and watches, . Clothing Cotton goods. Cotton and woollen and other textiles, . 3,112 3,003 162 1,106 10,376 56,182 3,259 2,159 2,492 151 695 6,002 29,064 1,666 953 511 11 411 4,374 27,118 1,593 1,150 2,443 151 535 2,004 14,472 1,043 969 48 160 3,835 9,856 402 40 1 163 4,736 221 166 507 3 193 1,033 5,799 457 787 4 8 218 3,337 20,184 1,127 4 1,135 9 Dress trimmings. Drugs and medicines, 213 336 121 322 92 14 25 240 96 82 - 11 3 71 11 10 Fertilizers, .... Food preparations, . Furniture 294 4,441 5,802 294 4,304 3,516 137 2,286 291 3,544 3,445 3 725 59 35 12 38 1,821 97 444 2 21 Glass 1,288 900 388 771 66 63 351 15 22 Leather Linen, Liquors and beverages, . Lumber, .... 6,172 1,059 802 1,664 5,469 769 802 1,617 703 290 47 5,356 367 802 1,605 79 300 34 102 12 661 84 43 42 142 2 64 2 Machines and machinery, . Metals and metallic goods. Musical instruments and materials. 9,374 16,962 2,095 8,969 13,975 806 405 2,987 1,289 8,752 13,051 789 153 675 13 64 249 4 331 2,270 1,266 73 598 23 1 119 Oils and illuminat'g fluids, 628 624 4 510 114 - 4 - - Paper Po ishes and dressings, , Printing and publishing, . 6,408 101 3,932 4,434 95 3,300 1,974 6 632 2,683 63 2,589 1,699 32 628 52 83 10 424 1,953 6 208 11 Railroad construction, Rubber 507 956 507 613 343 504 485 3 111 17 72 263 8 Scientific instruments and appliances. Stone, 354 2,499 261 2,155 93 344 239 2,155 22 - 67 344 26 _ Tobacco 1,211 391 820 229 160 2 627 186 7 Vessels, .... 1,213 1,172 41 1,168 4 - 41 - - Wooden goods, . Woollen goods, . Worsted goods, . 4,037 17,692 1,481 3,259 11,227 1,063 778 6,465 418 3,105 7,603 440 llfi 2,322 506 38 1,302 117 681 2,005 93 46 4,194 316 51 266 9 Miscellaneous manufact- ures, .... 18,676 14,522 4,154 12,090 112,503 1,924 28,289 508 8,135 1,327 2,726 101 Totals, .... 235,951 148,927 87,024 40,267 44,398 2,359 156 CEI^SUS OP MASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIUM. N'umber of Day and Piece Hands, etc. — Concluded. Persons Employed. DAT Hands. Piece Han DS. INDDSTEIES. a o •a c C! a o m c a O o 'C Males above 15, No. at work. »— ( > S ° fe a > a ^ 03 BO g 'A u = js u a S 6 > a o o a "A Fern's above 15, No. at work. u •a '5 s > a o 1^ Occupations. Blacksmithing, . Bleaching and dyeing, Boot and slice making and repairing, Bottling, .... Building moving, Butchering, 2,171 543 2,373 131 190 630 2,159 497 913 131 190 617 12 46 1,460 13 2,159 236 810 131 190 614 261 97 6 3 12 3 407 13 43 1,050 3 Carpentry and joinery, . Clock, watch antl, jewelry repairing, Clothes making and repair- ing, Clothing repairing and re- modelling, Coopering, .... 4,791 400 495 539 163 4,790 380 323 489 114 1 20 167 50 49 4,790 378 98 238 114 230 251 2 1 20 14 24 49 149 26 4 Dressmaking, . 77-t 768 6 - 762 6 - 6 - Glass and china decorating. Glazing, painting, paper hanging, etc., . Gilding, .... 96 1,.392 118 90 1,384 91 6 8 27 83. 1,382 83 5 2 2 2 6 3 8 26 3 1 Harness and saddle repair- ing 265 264 1 264 - 1 - - Machinists' work, Masoning and plastering, . Millinery, .... 1,723 2,542 308 1,723 2,456 297 86 11 1,719 2,454 6 291 4 2 86 11 - Paintihg, .... Paper hanging, . Plumbing and gas fitting, . 1,781 201 1,143 1,730 127 1,141 51 74 2 1,730 124 1,136 3 5 51 • 74 2 - Roofing 346 346 - 346 - - - - - Stair building, . Stone cutting and dress- ing 186 1,417 170 1,203 16 214 170 1,201 - 2 16 214 - _ Tinsmithing, 821 815 6 815 - - 6 - - Upholstering, . 433 414 19 354 58 2 19 - - Vessel and boat repairing, 373 363 10 363 - - 10 - - Wheelwrighting, 272 266 6 266 - - 6 - - Miscellaneous occupations. 3,771 3,570 201 3,177 373 20 117 79 5 Totals, .... 30,388 27,826 2,562 25,431 2,335 60 1,182 1,367 13 Aggregates. Manufactures, . 235,951 148,927 87,024 112,503 28,289 8,135 40,267 44,398 2,359 Occupations, 30,388 27,826 2,562 25,431 2,335 60 1,182 1,367 13 Totals 266,339 176,753 89,586 137,934 30,624 8,195 41,449 45,765 2,372 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 157 This grand presentation of the subject of wages is for the 266,339 persons, as stated above. The variation in numbers — that is, between the whole number employed, 308,963, and the number for whom wages were returned, 266,339 — is accounted for generally by inability to divide time, in many callings, and give the proper classification of wage payments ; this reason prevailed in most cases, for the propri- etors returned age and sex for 297,042, and only omitted wage returns from want of ability to state the facts with accuracy. The wage return, however, for 266,339 is so complete and satisfactory no fault can be found with the presentation. Estimates based on this table will be found on pages 158-161, Summary of General Statistics of Manufactures, and will be treated under that title. The foregoing ta])les are exceedingly instructive and thoroughly incontrovertible. From them it appears that the highest yearly wages are paid in the manufacture of musical instruments and materials, $866.09, while the lowest is in the manufacture of liags and liagging, $249.59. It will be noticed that the total wages paid in the man- ufacture of boots and shoes and in cotton goods is very nearly the same, being $18,727,124 in the first named for 38,516 persons, and $18,717,286 in the second for 56,182 persons. The average j^early wages in the first, however, are $455.05 ; in the latter, $333.15. These averages and all in the preceding tables are drawn from the actual working time and actual wages paid, and not from any com- putation based on a weekly Avage. In most all tabulated statements usually made in reports dealing with the subject of wages, it has been necessary heretofore to rely upon the returns made by a few indi- viduals, and oftentimes the most earnest discussions have been based upon the results obtainable from less than a score of returns, and upon an average yearly wage made up from the weekly earnings on full time multiplied by fifty-two. Eesults thus secured are of course unsatisfactory, for it is at once alleged that the average from the deficiencies would more than counterbalance those ol)tained, the number of deficiencies in proportion to the number given being usually far the greater ; in the above tables the reverse is true, the deficiency being too small, as has been stated, to aflect the results. This fact in connection with the other, that the tallies give actual wages earned on actual time employed, enables the Census to furnish data long desired in this State. 158 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Summary of the General Statistics of Manufactures. [In this presentation the jjrincipal points given in the preceding presentations are brought into juxtaposi- tion for purposes of ready use and comparison. Eacli column stands for itself, and when comparisons and deductions are made the information given in the head-notes of tlie various tables, and in tlie text relating to them, must be taken into account. Every column, with the exception of the one headed " Stocli Used in Manufactures," contains figures representing manufactures and related occupations combined. The " Estimated Wage " figures for the 308,963 persons employed are based upon full and accurate returns from 266,339, the deficiency being for 42,624 persons, or 13.7 per cent.] <„ a O J= o S 'A Steam Engines. Watek Wheels. All Ages. COVNTIES. Number. Actual power. Number. Nominal power. Persons Emploied. Males. Females. The State, . 22,228 2,525 208,186 2,950 110,582 308,963 214,308 94,655 Barnstable, . 281 7 428 9 186 1,386 1,274 112 Berkshire, 867 134 9,654 333 11,116 11,.561 7,512 4,049 Bristol, . 1,142 236 46,093 134 4,280 33,731 22,477 11,254 Dukes, . • 51 2 50 1 10 181 179 2 Essex, . 3,246 414 37,267 177 12,519 51,203 33,177 18,026 Franklin, 489 28 1,406 267 8,586 4,666 3,140 1,426 Hampden, 1,347 137 5,989 285 14,472 22,614 13,571 9,043 Hampshire, 581 56 3,716 246 6,416 7,298 4,289 3,009 Middlesex, 3,156 450 34,482 352 19,039 52,990 35,056 17,934 Nantucket, 69 - - - - 327 223 104 Norfolk, 1,042 136 8,238 138 3,230 13,708 10,579 3,129 Plymouth, 1,007 114 7,179 203 4,918 11,047 9,456 1,591 Suflfolk, 5,829 452 26,935 4 80 51,571 39,254 12,317 Worcester, 3,121 359 26,749 801 25,730 46,780 34,121 12,659 MAI^^UFACTUPtES AND OCCUPATIONS. 159 SUIVIMARY OF MaNUFACTUKES : BY INDUSTRIES. [Before using the figures in this presentation for purposes of comparison or calculation reference should be made to the head-note of the preceding presentation, entitled, "Summary of the General Statistics of Manufactures." The remarks there made are equally applicable to both "summaries." For reasons specified in the note on page 150, the persons employed, as classified by Industries, fall short of the preceding classification to the number of 11,921. Their estimated wages amount to $6,564,061, or a yearly average of $550.6-1. These rejections were all made in the case of small establishments. Those engaged in manufactures comprised 4,261; those in related occupations, 7,660.] Inddsteies. Arras and ammunition, Agricultural implements. Artisans' tools, . Bags and bagging, Boots and shoes, Boxes, Brushes and brooms. Building, . Carpetings, Carriages and wagons. Chemical prcparatior Clocks and watches. Clothing, . Cotton goods, . Cotton and woollen and other textiles, Dress trimmings. Drugs and medicines Dyestufts, . Fertilizers, . Fine arts, . Food preparations, Furniture, . Glass, . Leather, Linen, Liquors and beverages. Lumber, Machines and machinery, Metals and metallic goods, Musical instruments and materials, Oils and Illuminating fluids, . . . . Paper, . . . . Polishes and dressings, . Printing and publishing, . w S CO O S 28, 31 783 294 13 495 5 155 579 311 768 71 33 120 27 533 Steam Engines. Number. 13 23 2 242 52 39 10 2,347 30 1,146 8 299 3 27 35 2,483 134 3 3 97 77 198 3 37 102 194 218 26 66 6 80 Actual power. 683 1,158 487 630 8,641 3,247 1,967 40,536 46 165 873 729 6,285 5,426 574 8,515 436 1,451 7,242 10,410 22,777 1,146 1,901 5,859 320 1,776 Water Wheels. Number. Nominal power. 18 31 69 26 1 ■ 6 292 262 110 2 63 6 7 602 74 135 298 4 753 877 1,506 176 1,295 101 765 448 2 250 32,959 50 5,894 2,405 30 1,061 225 86 11,866 2,183 4,991 10 14,527 114 All Ages. Persons employ'd. Males. Females. 1,109 1,014 1,187 1,187 1,240 1,225 226 108 48,090 36,767 1,528 1,051 669 504 4,063 4,033 3,119 1,349 3,072 3,018 163 155 1,140 757 13,702 4,016 ■ 60,176 24,814 [ 3,290 1,047 278 37 363 262 298 295 4,672 3,754 6,674 6,014 1,291 1,208 6,620 6,394 1,059 527 879 879 1,961 1,958 9,561 9,309 17,563 16,155 2,249 2,213 673 558 6,493 2,760 115 77 5,456 3,926 95 15 lis 11,323 477 165 1,770 54 8 383 9,686 35,362 1,643 241 101 918 660 83 226 532 3 252 1,408 36 115 3,733 33 1,530 160 CENSUS OF IVLASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIUM. Summary of Manufactures: hy Industries — Continued. 1 V. a O J= 6 n "A Steam Engines. Water Wheels. All Agks. INDUSTIUES. Number. Actual power. Number. Nominal Power. Persons employ'd. Males. Females. Print works (work done), 9 104 13,473 40 4,294 3,199 2,852 347 Railroad construction, 15 12 1,193 - - 537 534 3 Rubber, .... 15 12 3,046 - - 1,054 635 419 Scientific instruments and appliances, 52 6 347 2 40 367 318 49 Silk 6 - - - - 860 159 701 Stone, 151 34 1,503 - - 2,5.53 2,533 - Tobacco, .... 264 1 6 3 120 1,350 948 402 Vessels, .... 163 12 630 1 8 1,4.54 1,450 4 Wooden goods, . 460 82 5,771 164 3,751 4,267 4,091 176 "Woollen goods, . 183 129 15,370 309 13,994 19,036 11,334 7,702 Worsted goods, . 14 6 1,678 15 955 1,499 580 919 Miscellaneous manufact- ures 1,2501 f 18,539 11,946 6,593 Occupations (value of > 363 25,587 96 4,846 < work done), . 11,313J 208,186 [ 33,378 29,435 3,943 Totals,. fl-^/?-W 2,511 2,729 110,.5S2 297,042 204,806 92,236 Summary of IVIanufactuees : by Industries — Continued. Ages dnder 15. Capital in- vested. Total Yearly Wages Stock used in Jlanufiict- Value of Goods Industries. made and Males. Females. (Estimated). ures. Work done. Arras and ammunition, . _ _ $964,300 $734,923 $421,047 $1,-502,841 Agricultural implements, 2 - 1,144,475 808,169 365,586 2,365,004 Artisans' tools, . 13 2 2,226,570 801,201 831,980 2,459,275 Bags and bagging, . 27 21 437,000 56,407 528,282 670,595 Boots and shoes. 882 326 18,692,864 21,883,354 54,970,504 89,375,792 Boxes, .... 7 - 1,147,250 748,063 1,351,241 2,624,901 Brushes and brooms. 2 - 395,650 322,487 526,670 1,023,925 Building 1 - 1,484,045 2,439,844 3,451,545 8,656,471 Carpetings, 30 10 3,855,950 1,006,-377 3,236,606 6,190,239 Carriages and wagons, . 2 - 2,412,709 1,910,907 2,099,173 4,433,458 Chemical preparations, . 1 - 311,800 120,880 254,561 661,447 Clocks and watches, 7 3 1,853,950 806,231 523,643 1,331,824 Clothing, .... 130 98 9,184,826 6,107,666 17,412,942 29,340,962 Cotton goods, . 3,103 2,963 63,844,708 20,047,663 41,059,893 77,934,7-53 Cotton and woollen and other textiles. 131 102 4,751,597 1,208,153 4,260,185 8,107,999 Press trimmings, . - 10 147,450 87,990 361,666 458,118 MAN^UFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 161 Summary of Manufactures: hy Industries — Concluded. Ages under 15. Capital in- vested. Total Yearly Wages Stock used in Manufact- Value of Goods Industries. made and Males. Females. (Estimated). ures. Work done. Drugs and medicines, 2 2 $1,069,226 $157,415 $1,212,210 $2,987,305 Dyestuffs - - 55,000 - 122,100 145,000 Fertilizers, . - - 1,230,500 190,613 372,858 821,900 Fine arts - - 14,918 - 5,920 70,595 Food prei)aration8, . 32 18 9,850,459 2,458,952 31,856,274 44,633,984 Furniture, 39 91 4,949,990 3,800,109 3,799,379 8,422,883 Glass, .... 64 - 1,555,000 693,900 503,436 1,484,500 Leather 15 2 8,399,850 3,901,033 16,108,845 23,68i),775 Linen, .... 81 85 924,000 301,614 278,107 790,609 Liquors and beverages, . - - 4,154,309 537,957 3,874,031 8,967,140- Lumber, .... 17 - 2,719,711 847,349 2,123,563 3,953,956 Machines and machinery. 55 20 13,859,618 6,133,095 6,329,204 16,399,230 Metals and metallic goods, 347 71 21,907,802 10,135,432 19,460,275 37,884,873 Musical instruments and materials. 10 - 3,845,600 1,947,836 1,760,280 5,504,030 Oils and illuminating * fluids, .... - - 2,287,250 367,256 5,180,685 5,838,889 Paper, .... 47 41 10,860,281 2,791,990 9,471,987 15,602,599 Polishes and dressings, . - 1 295,525 58,245 359,807 628,391 Printing and publishing. 97 7 6,413,427 3,311,159 3,842,358 12,120,674 Printworks (work done), 316 7 2,570,000 1,361,686 1,930,024 3,609,669 Railroad construction, . 4 - 1,019,175 301,509 1,157,141 1,720,510 Rubber, .... 18 8 1,787,706 ■ 502,010 2,127,400 3,383,796 Scientific instruments and appliances, , 3 - 428,675 218,468 268,687 643,075 Silk, 20 65 488,000 262,952 1,010,807 1,842,200 Stone 1 - 1,663,965 1,601,497 1,123,718 2,902,190 Tobacco 12 3 811,697 763,749 1,038,589 2,599,819 Vessels 1 - 934,485 900,622 1,875,426 3,840,119 Wooden goods. 119 2 4,475.095 2,362,126 3,627,888 7,208,317 Woollen goods. 958 684 17,209,980 6,678,590 23,607,561 39,566,378 Worsted goods. 48 96 1,693,000 556,938 1,882,981 2,991,210 Miscellaneous manufact- ures, .... 239 179 26,745,414 7,978,088 16,990,510 34,754,113 Occupations (value of work done), . 100 27 15,608,916 19,374,260 - 60,195,629 Totals, 6,988 4,944 $282,683,718 $139,595,765 $294,963,575 $592,331,962 The Summary enables one to make comparisons and calculations; without the labor of research, and will be found a useful and convenient table. The column in this table entitled estimated wages, is perhaps the principal feature of it ; it exliibits, by industries, the estimated 21 162 CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. wages of the whole 308,963 persons employed on the basis of the wages given for 266,339. The total wages paid this latter number, as actually returned, as stated, was $126,711,583 ; on the same basis, it was $146,159,826 for the number actually employed. An estimate of wages for 308,963 persons, based on the actual wages of 266,339, can not vary materially from the acts, had they been reported, and is, to our mind, as valuable. The following table exhibits the basis of the estimates referred to, showing, in each industry, the whole number of persons employed, the whole number for whom wages have been returned, and the defi- ciencies. It will be seen that in a majority of instances the deficiency is trivial, and always, in relation to the whole number, too small to vitiate the statements made. Basis for Estimated Wages. Industries. Persons Em- ployed. Wages given for,— Manufactures. Agricultural implements, Arms and ammunition, . . Artisans' tools Bags and bagging, .... Book binderies, Boots and shoes, Boxes, Brooms, Building, Carpetings Carriages and wagons, .... Chemical preparations, Clocks and watches, .... Clothing Cotton goods, Cotton and woollen and other textiles. Dress trimmings, ..... Drugs and medicines, .... Fertilizers, Food preparations, .... Furniture Glass, Leather, . . . . Linen, Liquors and beverages, Lumber, Machines and machinery, . 1,187 1,109 1,240 226 1,096 48,090 1,528 140 4,033 3,119 3,072 163 1,140 13,702 60,176 3,290 278 363 298 4,672 6,674 1,291 6,620 1,059 879 1,961 9,561 1,176 1,108 1,132 224 1,034 38,516 1,445 103 3,816 3,112 3,003 162 1,106 10,376 56,182 3,259 213 336 294 4,441 5,802 1,288 6,172 1,059 802 1,664 9,374 Deficiency. 11 1 108 2 62 9,574 83 37 217 7 69 1 34 3,326 3,994 31 65 27 4 231 872 3 448 77 297 187 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 163 Basis for Estimated Wages — Continued. Industries. Persons Em- ployed. Wages given for,— Deflciencj'. Metals and metallic goods, . Musical instruments and materials, . Oils and illuminating fluids, . , Paper Polishes and dressings. Printing and publishing, Railroad construction, .... Rubber, Scientific instruments and appliances, Stone Tobacco Vessels, Wooden goods, Woollen goods, Worsted goods Miscellaneous manufactures. Totals, Occupations. Blacksmithing Bleaching and dyeing, .... Boot and shoe making and repairing. Bottling, Building moving, .Butchering, ...... Carpentry and joinery. Clock, watch and jewelry repairing, . Clothes making and repairing, . Clothing repairing and remodelling, . Coopering, Dressmaking, Olass and china decorating. Glazing, painting, paper hanging, etc.. Gilding, Harness and saddle repairing, Machinists' work, Masoning and plastering. Millinery, Painting, Paper hanging, Plumbing and gas fitting, . Roofing Stair building, Stone cutting and dressing, . Tinsmithing, Upholstering, 17,563 2,249 673 6,493 115 4,360 537 1,054 367 2,553 1,350 1,454 4,267 19,036 1,499 23,127 263,664 2,458 569 2,626 141 193 743 5,059 490 518 573 168 860 100 1,491 122 293 1,754 2,716 339 1,877 246 1,188 347 188 1,542 873 498 16,962 2,095 628 6,408 101 3,932 507 956 354 2,499 1,211 1,213 4,037 17,692 1,481 18,676 235,951 2,171 543 2,373 131 190 630 4,791 400 495 539 163 774 96 1,392 118 265 1,723 2,542 308 1,7S1 201 1,143 346 186 1,417 821 433 601 154 45 85 14 428 30 98 13 54 139 241 230 1,344 18 4,451 27,713 287 28 253 10 3 113 268 90 28 34 5 86 4 99 4 28 31 174 31 96 45 45 2 125 52 65 164 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. OOMPEITOIUM. Basis for Estimated Wages — Concluded. INDUSTKIKS. Persons Em- ployed. Wages given for,— Deficiency. "Vessel and boat repairing, . Wheelwrighting, Miscellaneous occupations, . Totals Aggregates. Manufactures Occupations, Totals 380 303 4,723 33,378 263,664 33,378 297,042 373 272 3,771 30,388 235,951 30,388 266,339 7 31 952 2,990 27,713 2,990 30,703 Special Statistics of Manufactures and Related Occupations, machinery for cotton, woollen and worsted goods. Cotton. Woollen. Worsted. Counties. CO a 00 a o o I-] u 1 . 1 BO a 8 I-) •o a a S IS 05 a o o I-) o . 1 a o o ^A ■a c a 191 CO i u & 5,114 i o 1^ ■a a 03 13 The State, 3,859,237 80,964 30 1,383 8,412 131 3 Barnstable, . - - - 1 2 - - - - Berkshire, 125,960 2,362 - 186 1,134 - - - - Bristol, . 1,455,294 32,282 - 8 25 - - - - Essex, . 487,732 9,584 - 260 1,941 - 64 3,806 - Franklin, 28,880 628 - 8 31 - - - - Hampden, 409,500 5,995 - 92 371 - 3 271 - Hampshire, 70,292 907 - 81 730 - - - - Middlesex, 801,635 19,591 - 278 1,527 62 85 191 - Norfolk, 35,308 857 - 89 318 65 - - 3 Plymouth, 10,876 155 - 12 48 - - - - Suffolk, . 7,332 - - - - - - - - Worcester, 426,428 8,603 30 368 2,285 . 4 39 846 - SAWS, VATS, PAPER ENGINES AND MACHINES, RUNS OF STONE, ETC. Counties. Saws. Vats. Paper En- gines. Paper Ma- chines. Runs of Stone. The State, 2,148 8,007 575 125 516 Barnstable, . _ _ - - 10 Berkshire, 192 247 101 28 61 Bristol, . 114 71 9 2 59 Essex, . 117 4,312 35 5 38 Franklin, 318 67 20 4 45 Hampden, 127 241 176 31 57 Hampshire, 172 55 47 20 57 MAN^UFACTUEES AND OCCUPATION'S. 165 Saws, Vats, Paper Engines, etc. — Concluded. Counties. Saws. Vats. Paper En- gines. Paper Ma- chines. Runs of Stone. Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suflblk, . "Worcester, 187 19 292 610 2,286 43 46 639 71 49 7 16 44 14 10 1 2 50 8 9 O 120 KINDS OF SAWS IN LUMBER MILLS. Description of Saws. Band, Circular, , Cylinder, Gang, Gig, . , Number of Saws. 22 1,782 45 3 41 Desceiption of Saws. Muley, . Up and down, Total, Number of Saws. 15 240 2,148 CAPACITIES OF VATS IN TANNERIES. Capacity of Vats. Number of Vats. Capacity op Vats. Number of Vats. 20 sides, 25 to 30 sides 31 to 40 sides, 41 to 50 sides, 51 to 60 sides 50 131 1,972 4,264 797 61 to 70 sides, 71 to 100 sides 130 to 191 sides Total 403 212 178 8,007 CAPACITY OF PAPER ENGINES AND KINDS OF PAPER MACHINES. Paper En- gines. Capacity in Pounds. Paper Machines. Counties. Fourdrinier. Other Kinds. Total. The State, 575 220,770 28 97 125 Berkshire, . 101 38,650 2 26 28 Bristol, 9 1,600 - 2 o Essex, . 35 7,600 - 5 5 Franklin, . 20 10,400 4 - 4 Hampden, . 176 82,200 8 23 31 Hampshire, 47 17,750 4 16 20 Middlesex, . 71 21,775 4 10 14 Norfolk, . 49 8,000 - 10 10 Plymouth, . 7 960 - 1 1 Suffolk, 16 3,785 - 2 2 Worcester, . 44 28,050 6 2 8 166 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. NEWSPAPERS. NUMBER BY PERIODS OF ISSUE. Counties. a ^ H t OJ a ^ CO I 1 c 11 CO t; a 1 s a c "3 3 a a < The State, 26 1 11 222 8 58 10 2 3 341 Barnstable, . - _ _ 5 - ~ - _ _ 5 Berkshire, - - - 6 1 - •- - - 7 Bristol, . 5 - - 12 - - - - - 17 Dukes, . - - - 1 - - - - _ 1 Essex, . 4 1 5 23 - 4 2 - 39 Franklin, - - - • 4 - - - - - 4 Hampden, 2 - - 10 - - - - - 12 Hampshire, - - - 5 - 1 - - - 6 Middlesex, 3 - 1 36 - 3 1 - - 44 Nantucket, - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 Norfolk, . - - - 16 - - - - - 16 Plymouth, - - - 9 - - - - 9 Suffolk, . 8 - 4 69 6 47 7 2 3 146 Worcester, 4 - - 25 1 3 - - - 33 CIRCULATION BY PERIODS OF ISSUE. Periods or Issue. Number of Papers. Copies issued Annually. Periods op Issue. Number of Papers. Copies issued Annually. Daily Three times a week, . Semi-weekly, Weekly, 26 1 11 222 8 83,389,028 100,000 2,117,920 47,650,250 792,400 Monthly, Quarterly, . Semi-annually, . Annually, . Totals, . 58 10 2 3 7,504,224 179,560 30,000 11,000 Semi-monthly, . 341 141,774,382 OB.JECTS TO WHICH DEVOTED BY PERIODS OF ISSUE. ma;n^ufactures and occupations. 167 Objects to which Devoted by Periods of Issue — Continued. Daily. Three Times A AVeek. Semi-Weeklt. Weekly. Semi- Monthly. Objects to which Devoted. 1 a S5 i3 fl 3 .2 a 1^ a i a O .2 Is c S a 1 a c ^ .2 « 5 -4 a Freemasonry, Odd Fel- lowship and temper- ance, .... Law, .... Literature, Medicine and surgery, . Music, .... News and politics, . Real estate and insur- ance, . . . . Religion,. Science and art, Sunday schools, Various " reforms," 26 83,389,028 1 100,000 10 1,717,920 ■ 8 1 1 175 12 1 2 7 6,834,000 84,000 17,289,950 7,890,756 30,000 2,577,016 1,614,528 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 120,000 250,000 260,000 14,400 36,000 96,000 16,000 Totals, . 26 83,389,028 1 100,000 11 2,117,920 222 47,650,250 8 792,400 Objects to which Devoted by Periods of Issue — Concluded. Monthly. Quabterly. Semi-Annu- ALLY. Annually. Totals. Objects to which Devoted. a 3 •a 3 3 S 5 u CI a a 'A 5 o S a a, a a 'A ■hi n >< u a a 3 S 23 a a 'A u ^ 3 o « i Advertising, . Agriculture, . Amusement and instruc- tion of children, . Commerce and finance, . Education, Freemasonry, Odd Fel- lowship, and temper- ance Law Literature, Medicine and surgery, . Music News and politics. Real estate and insur- ance Religion, Science and art, Sunday schools, . Various "reforms," 1 2 2 2 1 14 1 3 3 16 5 1 7 36,000 480,000 68,500 24,000 10,800 2,273,640 9,000 279,600 144,400 3,647,400 306,000 45,384 179,500 3 1 1 2 3 134,400 24,000 7,000 3,460 10,700 1 1 24,000 6,000 1 1 1 2,000 5,000 4,000 2 5 4 15 1 3 2 26 2 5 213 3 32 9 4 15 66,000 2,561,000 8,487,000 1,016,900 350,000 144,000 34,800 9,369,640 93,000 539,600 102,511,298 144,400 11,581,616 346,700 2,718,400 1,810,028 Totals, . 58 7,504,224 10 179,560 2 30,000 3 11,000 341 141,774,382 168 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT OF NEWSPAPERS. GAS COMPANIES. Counties. 1 1 C u o •S 1 s s Capital Stock. Kumber of Shares. Amount received for Gas and all residual prod- ucts during the year ending May 1, 1875. Amount paid for Coal, Transport- ation of same, and all other ex- penses of Manu- facture and Man- aeement during the year ending May 1, 1875. The State, 57 $10,120,350 105,572 $4,471,874 $3,242,634 Berkshire, 4 , 134,800 1,867 68,483 47,353 Bristol, 4 350,200 4,302 231,627 168,567 Essex, 10 1,268,550 14,326 415,319 256,937 Franklin, . 1 50,000 1,000 9,148 7,230 Hampden, . 2 454,000 4,540 170,000 89,000 Hampshire, 2 75,000 4,500 29,700 19,213 Middlesex, 11 1,901,700 19,017 673,803 433,289 Nantucket, 1 36,000 360 4,405 4,100 Norfolk, . 3 387,500 5,125 113,119 79,235 Plymouth, . 3 104,000 1,040 23,188 16,754 Suffolk, . 8 4,592,000 41,480 2,489,627 1,960,959 Worcester, 8 766,600 8,015 243,455 159,997 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 169 SHIP BUILDING. Counties. The State, Barnstable, Bristol, . Essex, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suffolk, . Number. 102 12 2 50 1 3 34 Tonnage. Value of Hulls of Vessels. Total Viilue with, complete Equip- ment. 46,135 140 522 15,942 2,100 1,111 26,320 $2,479,701 11,075 26,000 858,750 115,000 60,500 1,408,376 $3,161,995 16,095 49,000 1,167,900 140,000 80,000 1,709,000 KINDS OF VESSELS BUILT. Kind of Vessel. Number. Barges, . Barks, Barkentines, . Brig, Fishing boat, . Schooners, Ships, Sloop, Sloop of war, . Steamboats, Steam revenue cutter, Sail boats. Yachts, . Totals, 2 13 3 1 1 48 12 1 1 2 1 10 7 102 Tonnage. Value of Hulls of Vessels. 350 10,720 1,565 330 11,262 20,298 101 900 228 294 40 47 46,135 $3,500 562,065 77,000 13,000 637,965 1,006,070 8,500 148,000 15,000 3,175 5,426 2,479,701 Total Value with complete Equip- ment. $740,065 112,000 20,000 100 863,585 1,303,070 10,500 26,500 73,000 4,575 8,600 $3,161,995 WOMEN FURNISHED WITH WORK AT HOME. [This table includes only those women employed at home for whom wages were given.] Industries. Manufactures. Bools and shoos, Brooms, . Brushes, . Clocks and watches, Clothing, . I'M '^.^^ O c >- I. o 65 i^ 1,518 1 3 1 9,249 a •o (2 $162,839 30 252 50 614,763 Industries. Cotton goods, . Drugs and medicines, . Furniture, Leather, .... Metals and metallic goods. SS2 o 2 ov..- 72 5 2,450 5 48 ^ -T ^ « 5 S ^ $2,725 450 87,254 1,050 2,825 22 170 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Women furnished with Work at Home — Concluded. INDUSTKIES. No. of Women furnished with Work at home. s. so to to O CO Industries. No. of Women furnished with Work at home. Wages for Year ending May 1, 1875. Paper, 5 $54 Occupations. Printing and publishing, . 20 1,000 Bleaching and dyeing, . 3 $345 Rubber Scientific instruments and ap- pliances, . . . . 12 18 1,251 600 Boot and shoe making and re- pairing Clock, watch and jewelry re- pairing 31 3 3,524 668 Wooden goods, "Woollen goods, "Worsted goods. 12 158 94 1,200 7,201 2,863 Clothes making and repairing. Clothing repairing and remod- elling 13 20 1,160 1,414 Miscellaneous. Carpet making (sewing). 10 750 Buttons 4 $1,220 Chair cane seating, . 350 6,000 Drums, hoops, etc 7 236 Dressmaking, . . . . 14 1,949 Elastic goods, .... 675 26,688 Hat and fur repairing, . 2 75 Fireworks, . . . . 2 40 Palm-leaf splitting, . 1,000 24,000 Fur goods and buflfalo robes, . 5 1,000 Upholstering 11 1,263 Horse halters, .... 4 100 Worsted hood making, . 50 632 Mattresses and bedding, . 3 289. Aggregates. Palm-leaf goods. 790 15,150 Manufactures, . . . . 29,409 $1,486,752 13,972 276 548,569 7,153 Occup.ntions Totals, . . . . 1,507 41,780 "Whips 30,916 $1,528,532 Under Special Statistics of Manufactures and Eelated Occupations will be found various presentations. First. Machinery for Cotton^ Woollen and Worsted Goods. In cotton mills there are 3,859,237 spindles, 80,964 power looms, and 30 hand looms; in woollen mills, 1,383 sets of machinery, 8,412 j)ower looms, and 131 hand looms ; in making worsted goods, 191 sets of machinery, 5,114 power looms, and 3 hand looms. Besides these, but not called for by the Census schedules, and not appearing in the tables, there were returned 15,606 spindles and 605 looms used in making linen and gunny cloth ; 500 spindles in silk works ; 288 weliljing looms ; 2,194 braiding machines ; 82 power and 6 hand knitting machines. The number of spindles in cotton mills in 1865 was 1,913,756; in 1855, 1,519,527; and in 1845, 817,483. Second. Saios in Lumber Mills, Vats in Tanneries, Engines and Machines in Pajjer Mills, Huns of /Stone in Grist and Flouring Mills. Third. JVewspaj)e?'S. In this presentation every periodical in ex- MAINUFACTUIIES AND OCCUPATIONS. 171 isteiice in the State, May 1, 1875, is given. We are not aware that a single paper has been omitted. The whole number returned is 341, including 26 dailies, with an annual circulation of 83,389,028 copies; 222 weeklies, with circulation of 47,650,250 copies annually ; 58 month- lies, with annual circulation of 7,504,224 copies. The 341 periodicals circulate 141,774,382 copies annually. The oldest paper was estab- lished in 1768; this is the "Essex County Mercury," a weekly paper published in Salem. Fourth. Gas Companies. There are 57 establishments, with a capital stock of $10,120,350, and a product of $4,471,874. Fifth. Ship Building, by which we learn that during 1875 there were built 102 vessels, of all kinds, valued at $3,161,905. Sixth. Women Furnished with Work at Home, by Industries. The whole number of women doing work at home for manufacturers, for whom wages were given, was, in 1875, 30,916, and their wages for the year ending May 1, 1875, were $1,528,532, a yearly average of $49.43 ; and they consumed $1,967,517 worth of stock, and produced $3,233,260 worth of goods. These two latter amounts are not per- fectly reliable, but the most careful revision has enabled the office to give them as the minimum. The number and wages of women employed, and their wage returns, are trustworthy. The value of stock used and goods made, as stated, is undoubtedly less than the truth. It is extremely difficult to give accurate returns, for the stock is usually given out, and the goods made are invoiced with the bulk used and made in the factory by the establishments making the returns. Fishing. [In this presentation, in the classification by name, it has been impossible to bring the proportional figures for capital invested, vessels engaged and tonnage opposite the identical products where they belong. Those figures marked with an asterisk are put where they are as being in connection with the largest product, but other products were taken by the use of such capital, vessels and tonnage.] Counties. Value. Capital In- vested. Vessels En- gaged in. Tonnage. Value of Salt consumed. The State, Barnstable, . Bristol, Dukes, Essex, . Hampden, • Nantucket, . Norfolk, . Plymouth, . Suffolk, $7,684,716 1,879,158 2,071,925 48,691 3,218,254 794 39,320 61,580 149,659 215,335 $7,269,442 1,366,140 2,674,812 51,943 2,800,062 410 10,750 52,600 117,125 195,600 1,223 79,882 415 20,423 99 24,096 12 359 478 30,251 125 _ 12 730 46 1,396 36 2,627 $278,622 50,319 1,230 209,709 1,250 2,273 3,716 10,125 172 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Classification by Name. Products. Quantity. Value. Capital In- vested. Vessels Engaged in. Tonnage. Value of Salt con- sumed. Alewives, . * . ■ 985,562 $3,683 $1,370 4 8 $9 Ambergris, lbs.. 39 4,150 - - - - Bass, . bbls.. 120 420 - - - - Bass, . lbs.. 22,206 1,892 5,915 11 46 - Blaokfish, . . 200 25 - - - - Blackftsh oil. bbls.. 93 1,747 - - - - Blackfish oil, gals.. 45,514 26,745 - - - - Bluefish, bbls.. 2,825 9,525 3,942 10 805 - Bluefish, . boxes, 4,335 38,120 - - - - Blueflsh, . lbs., 1,116,600 20,547 35,000 ' 27 2,469 Bluefish, . 5,000 1,000 - - - Bone, .... lbs.. 400 - - - - Bonitos, • . 13,000 620 - - - - Clams, . bufih., 100,672 35,719 20,533 6 8 - Clams, . bbls., 3,028 6,351 4,134 - - Clams (bait). bbls.. 3,178 22,246 - - - - Clams, dressed, . gals., 9,250 5,413 - - - - Cod, . Cod, . . quintals, . 11)S., 395,859 5,895,623 1,935,341 671,083 1 *3,934,409 *933 *45,353 242,970 Cod, . . - 23,120 - - - - Cod liver oil, gals.. 23,825 14,594 - - - - Crampflsh oil, . gals.. 15 11 - - - - Cusk, . . quintals. 20 40 *2,000 - - - Dogfish, . 55,000 2,700 - - - Dogfish oil, . gals.. 8,445 4,495 4,000 20 150 - Eels, . lbs., 83,530 5,302 - - - Eels, . bbls.. 87 868 - - - Fish for food, lbs.. 750 625 _ - - - Fish scraps. tons. 2,750 28,000 - - - - Fish for manure, bbls., 500 125 - - - ~ Fish oil (misc.), . Fish oil (misc.), . gals., bbls.. 73,457 4,200 30,354 65,000 1 *100,000 *7 *300 - Flatfish, lbs.. 2,000 80 - - - - Flatfish, bbls., 25 70 - - - - Flounders, . lbs.. 30,370 911 - - - - Haddock, quintals, 20 40 - - - - Hake, . lbs.. 454,000 12,690 - - - - Halibut, lbs.. 61,700 3,085 - - - - Herring, bbls.. 4,999 25,936 - - - - Herrings, . . 826,000 9,243 400 - - - Humpback whale oil gals., 27,168 14,671 - - - - Humpback whale oil bbls.. 1,000 18,900 - - - - Lobsters, bbls.. 280 1,050 - - - - Lobsters, • • • 836,883 51,751 19,478 1 36 - Mackerel, . bbls.. 241,434 2,211,481 • Mackerel, . lbs., 938,856 39,390 }. 394,264 107 6,374 35,643 Mackerel, . • • • 909,326 46,126 . MAIs^UFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 173 Classification by Name — Concluded. Products. Quantity. Value. Capital In- vested. Vessels Engaged in. Tonnage. Value of Salt con- sumed. Manhaden, . bbls., 16,126 $4,838 _ _ _ _ Manhaden, , lbs., 4,728 8,720 - - - - Manhaden, . . 400,000 2,000 - - - - Miscellaneous, . . - 1,065 - - - - Oysters, Oysters, bbls., bush.. 792 87,617 4,233 58,553 1 $10,357 - - - Oil, . - 76 - - - - Plaice, . lbs.. 1,250 25 - _ - - Perch, . lbs., 845 60 - - - - Perch, . bbls.. 266 2,446 - - ~ - Pickerel, . lbs.. 150 20 r - - - Pollock, lbs., 36,000 300 - - - - Pollock, . quintals. 50 100 - - - - Porgy oil, . gals., 300 120 - - - - Quahaugs, . bush.. 3,708 2,644 400 - - Scup, . lbs., 7,500 225 - _ - - Scup, . bbls.. 3,561 8,724 5,800 2 26 - Shad, . . 23,050 2,569 410 - - - Sharks, ■ • . 2,000 1,000 •- • - - - Shell fish, . bush., 120 120 - - - - Smelts, lbs.. 1,515 115 - - - Sperm oil, . Sperm oil, . gals., bbls., 96,717 25,602 162,728 1,310,229 1 * 2,707,030 *93 *24,13T - Spermaceti, lbs.. 100 6,000 - - - - Squeteague, lbs., 40,000 800 - - _ - Squeteague, • • - 4,600 - - - - Swordfish, . bbls., 227 889 - - - - Swordfish, . lbs.. 40,000 2,000 - _ _ _ Swordfish, . • 6,800 174 - - - - Tautog, • • 97,000 3,500 - - - - Tautog, bbls.. 13 55 - - - - Tongues and sounds, • • - 2,314 - - - - Whalebone, lbs.. 187,423 211,908 - - - _ Whale oil, . gals., 74,739 57,641 20,000 2 170 - Whale oil, . bbls.. 24,770 429,640 - - - - This exhibit is not satisfactory. By it there is $7,269,442 invested in the fisheries, producing annually $7,684,716 worth of products. This is probably not the whole truth. The difficulty in the way of correct returns of fisheries is that the Census is taken at the very time of year when our fishermen are the most active, their vessels away, and no adequate means of obtaining the facts remaining. The statis- tics presented, however, are as complete as possible under the circum- stances. In 1865 the product of the fisheries was $14,618,307 cur- 174 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUTVI. rency (gold at 1.57). In 1875 there were 6,656 persons emploj^ed in the fisheries, of which number 1,018 were paid wholly by wages, 1,337 partly by wages and partly by share in the profits, 3,024 wholly by share in the profits ; 277 owned stock in the vessels they went in. Coastwise and Ocean Commerce, Counties. Number of Vessels. Tonnage. Value. Amount Received for Freight. The State, Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, . Suffolk, . 1,051 468 87 1 202 3 23 18 249 343,013 70,712 23,070 437 146,925 175 4,180 3,475 94,039 $11,946,137 1,735,970 1,383,300 12,000 1,168,300 8,500 141,200 178,000 7,318,867 $3,164,845 461,461 476,283 18,000 481,447 6,100 108,482 74,166 1,538,906 KINDS OF VESSELS ENGAGED. CoUNTiKS, Cities ASD Towns. •a c . 03 o 1 a a a o O > o c s o 1 a o O 8 c 03 O 09 "? ■.-» m a o U a ta o O «3 CO i 00 S3 C O Barnstable. Barnstable, - - 6 - 8 - 4 - 99 - 3 - 120 Chatham, . - - - - - - - - 7 - - - 7 Dennis, - - - - - - - - 20 - - - 20 Eastham, . - - - 2 - 1 - - 2 - - - 5 Falmouth, . - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 Provincetown, . - - - - - 2 - 34 248 - 1 2 287 Sandwich, . - - - - - - - - 4 - - - 4 Truro, - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 Wellfleet, . - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 Yarmouth, - - - 2 - - - 1 16 - 1 1 21 Bristol. Dartmouth, - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 3 Freetown, . - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 New Bedford, . 8 2 - 17 - - - - 23 - - - 50 Somerset, . - - - 1 - - - 2 3 - - - 6 T.-iunton, . - - - - - - - - 18 - - 8 26 Westport, . - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 Dukes. Edgartown, - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 175 Kinds of Vessels Engaged — Concluded. •a c . Ships. Barks and Barkkntines. BniGS. Schooners. Sloops. 09 o Counties, Cities AND Towns. a 5 .4^ a If an i o O 0$ 03 i e o O i § 3 o O CO .2 1 1 5 g o a o en > o O tU Essex. Ipswich, . - - - - - - - - 8 - - - 8 Lynn, - - - - - - - - 4 - - 1 5 Manchester, - - - - - - - - 3 - - 2 5 Newburyport, . - 9 - 4 - 2 - 3 - - - 1 19 Rockport, . - - - - - - - - 13 - 10 - 23 Salem, - - - - - - - - 64 - - 78 142 Nantucket. Nantucket, - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 3 Norfolk. Coliasset, . - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 Quincy, - - - - 1 - 1 - 8 - 11 1 22 Plymouth. Kingston, . - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 2 Plymouth, . - - - - - - - - 5 - 2 4 11 Wareham, - - - - 2 ~ - - 3 - - - 5 Suffolk. Boston, 26 16 3 13 2 3 1 1 95 - - 88 243 Winthrop, - 27 9 - - - - - - - 1 34 - 1 Totals (State), 34 40 13 9 6 42 647 190 1 1,051 The exhi1)it for Coastavise and Ocean Commerce is imperfect for siniiltir reasons given under Fishing. The tonnage reported was, in 1875, 343,013 for 1,051 vessels, and they received for freight $3,164,845. The amount received for freight in 1865 was $11,344,394. In 1865 the whole number of vessels engaged in the fisheries and in coastwise and ocean commerce wag 2,533, with a total tonnage of 451,818. In 1875 the whole number of vessels so engaged was 2,274, with a tonnage of 422,895. While the total number of vessels and the total tonnage in 1865 and 1875 are shown to be nearly the same, the j^roducts of fisheries and amount of freight received difter widely, as stated. This slight variation in the number and tonnage of vessels employed in 1865 and 1875 in fishing and commerce would seem to indicate that the returns generally were quite correct for 1875, but reference to the official registration of vessels proves the contrary ; for instance, as shown by returns to the National Bin-eau of Statistics, the number, kind and tonnage of vessels giving Boston as their home port are as follows : — 176 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Kind of Vessels. Number. Tonnage. Kind of Vessels. Number. Tonnage. Brigs, . Barks, . Schooners, . Ships, . Steamship, . Screw steamships. 119 225 603 208 1 60 25 32,378.77 113,881.43 89,163.82 249,076.53 1,062.80 15,805.89 10,719.23 Sloops, Yachts, Steam yachts Steamers Barkentines Tugs Totals 89 7 2 13 3 2 2,447.06 292.10 37.41 6,845.89 1,635.91 79.78 Paddle steamers, 1,357 523,426.62 For the balance of the State, the returns, as stated in the Census, are quite complete ; but, for the reasons given, we do not hesitate to say that the statistics of Fishing and Commerce are decidedly weak ; in fact, are the least trustworthy of any of the presentations made in this volume. Publishing. While publishers gave excellent returns as to the aggregate value of their pu1)lications, they found a difficulty in com- plying with the requirements of the Census, relating to the number of copies of books and pamphlets published, and some other points, compliance with which would have resulted in information of great value to all engaged in an industry producing, in 1875, goods to the amount of $12,120,674. Reservoirs, used for manufacturing purposes, are distributed as follows : — Counties. Number. Acreage. Counties. Number. Acreage. The State, .... 247 32,961 Hampden 21 2,370 Barnstable, 3 40 Hampshire 19 1,339 Berkshire 26 5,526 Middlesex, 19 1,373 Bristol 12 619 Norfolk 15 1,2S'8 Essex, ...... 6 739 Plymouth, 21 9,073 Franklin 6 260 Worcester, 100 10,324 A number of establishments often take their power from the same reservoir. Team Work. By team work is meant a species of work made use of to some extent in manufacturing boots and shoes, and, in some instances, in other industries, and signifying a combination of men MAl^UFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 177 where the labor of all — each doing a particular part — is necessary to the production of a single article. The "team" is usually hired by a superior workman, who takes sub-contracts from the proprietor, and makes a profit on the labor of each man in the team. The total number of these teams in the State is 1,260, having 4,500 men work- ing in them. Manufactures and Occupations for 1865. MANUFACTURES. Counties. No. of establish- ments. Value of goods made. Capital invested. Value of stock used. Males employed. Females employed. The State, 10,522 $426,975,822 $146,615,783 $264,958,060 143,849 92,219 Barnstable, 254 1,372,245 829,826 ' 697,825 1,079 70 Berkshire, 613 20,005,825 7,369,130 12,464,799 6,028 3,027 Bristol, 715 43,985,016 13,578,895 28,916,766 9,861 4,988 Dukes, 24 31,252 35,675 21,185 57 6 Essex, 1,774 72,719,694 22,337,317 47,671,703 27,227 17,053 Franklin, . 361 3,941,829 1,205,487 1,783,393 2,022 861 Hampden, 484 23,699,138 10,920,830 14,308,767 7,184 5,139 Hampshire, 384 8,514,051 3,904,427 5,285,154 2,668 2,313 Middlesex, 1,270 60,390,301 28,980,829 37,770,772 21,560 9,550 Nantucket, 22 78,406 65,520 45,833 46 361 Norfolk, . 401 20,110,248 5,708,253 13,100,208 9,872 6,554 Plymouth, 501 13,790,636 3,669,437 8,663,953 8,123 2,351 Suffolk, . 2,105 92,701,282 28,887,461 54,321,895 23,493 24,378 Worcester, 1,614 65,635,899 19,122,696 39,905,807 24,629 15,508 OCCUPATIONS. Counties. No. of establish- ments. Value of work done. Capital invested, including value of vessels. Males employed. Females employed. The State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, . Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, . Worcester, 1,301 48 88 87 5 149 51 48 54 172 9 78 76 203 233 !,930,224 24,925 92,780 162,370 3,150 286,456 50,161 55,525 57,175 706,898 2,990 192,830 94,102 873,435 827,427 $27,745,713 2,252,683 35,335 5,659,260 251,350 3,006,105 16,825 24,710 26,250 407,235 253,103 264,205 373,300 15,073,917 101,435 29,155 5,897 133 3,455 415 7,947 68 152 92 495 289 569 1,219 7,967 457 251 125 20 4 102 23 178 CENSUS OE MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. Fishing and Commerce for 1865. Counties. Vessels en- gaged in. Value of products. Amount received for freigtit. Value of salt consumed. Tonnage of vessels. The State, Barnstable, Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suffolk, . 2,533 715 326 14 717 2 20 48 115 576 $14,618,307 2,619,635 6,141,801 167,172 4,442,609 11,812 6,000 650 12,827 138,600 686,209 490,992 $11,344,394 1,025,343 652,027 24,100 292,815 38,860 88,337 73,269 9,249,643 $565,815 192,826 308,416 510 8,922 42,266 12,875 451,818 62,867 77,952 3,072 42,886 189 3,424 3,756 8,743 248,929 Massachusetts Manufactories : Persons Employed in each Story, and their means of Escape in case of Fire. In the Census schedules used in gathering the particulars concern- ing the manufactures of this State, certain inquiries were embraced which related particularly to the manufactories themselves. The points concerning which information was required, were, first, the size of the establishments, meaning the length and width in feet, and the number of stories, designating the basements and attics ; second, the number of persons employed in each story ; and third, the particular means of escape in case of fire or panic, with information relating to doors swinging inwardly, outwardly, sliding, etc. In taking the Census, the owners or lessees of every establishment in the State, without regard to kind of business or numl^er of persons employed, were called upon to answer the previously mentioned in- quiries, and the returns were full and reliable. We have selected the returns of the nineteen cities and twenty-one important manufacturing towns as far as they relate to the persons em- ployed in each story and their means of escape in case of fire or panic. The remaining towns are omitted for several reasons. Their estab- lishments are usually small, rarely above two stories in height, and so situated as to render the escape of the few employes in case of danger almost a matter of certainty. The full presentation, also, would have occupied a hundred pages or more of this volume, and, in our opin- ion, the value of the statistics did not warrant their printing. The MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 179 full returns are in possession of the Bureau, however, and are avail- able for any official purpose or legislative requirement. The tirst table we present shows the number of establishments con- sidered in the nineteen cities and twenty-one towns, and the number of persons employed in each story of the buildings in which they are employed. Peesoxs Employed in Each Story. CO W Persons Employed IN EACH Stort. m Cities and Towns. o s TO 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. S o Cities. Fall River, 241 4,707 4,349 2,747 2,101 1,915 775 - - - 16,594 New Bedford, 242 1,767 1,289 916 523 147 - - ~ - 4,642 Taunton, . 134 1,638 1,163 588 167 12 - - - - 3,568 Gloucester, 105 460 189 22 - - - - - - 671 Haverhill, . 317 802 909 751 523 133 - - - - 3,118 Lawrence, . 214 3,651 3,377 2,340 1,350 458 468 336 92 - 12,072 Lynn, 502 2,216 2,576 2,682 1,663 1,029 139 ~ - - 10,305 Newburyport, 140 1,028 741 640 222 82 34 - - - 2,747 Salem, 446 2,424 1,251 738 212 170 18 - - - 4,813 Holyoke, . 27 1,389 1,581 1,350 865 319 113 - - - 5,617 Springfield, 438 3,306 1,281 1,122 604 201 153 - - - 6,667 Cambridge, 344 3,645 1,489 796 570 99 10 - - - 6,609 Lowell, 373 5,559 4,085 3,216 1,454 1,263 503 100 - - 16,180 Newton, 93 888 250 87 78 - - - - - 1,303 Somerville, 115 1,390 228 104 40 19 - - - - 1,781 Boston, 4,516 17,968 8,922 8,949 6,446 3,356 1,084 13 20 19 46,777 Chelsea, . 141 1,109 342 217 49 - - - - - 1,717 Fitchburg, . 158 1,471 707 325 42 - - - - - 2,545 Worcester, 528 3,517 2,032 2,045 1,046 452 - 449 112 19 9,092 Totals, 9,074 58,935 36,761 29,635 17,955 9,655 3,297 156,818 Towns. Adams, 119 1,437 1,654 800 370 3 - - - - 4,264 Pittsfleld, . 148 736 523 241 87 4 - - - - 1,591 Attleborough, 41 440 471 245 46 39 - - - - 1,241 Beverly, . 26 195 415 409 90 - - - " - 1,109 Marblehead, 28 74 454 528 287 - - - ~ - 1,343 North Andover, 4 256 227 179 107 5 - - - 774 Chicopee, . , 8 755 926 694 341 314 - - - - 2,930 Northampton, ,7 336 346 57 23 - - - - 762 Maiden, 9 225 182 374 31 - - - - 812 Marlborough, 17 384 728 779 344 96 - - - 2,331 Natick, 14 161 227 191 97 - - - - - 676 Stoneham, 25 240 306 453 305 - - - - - 1,304 Waltham, . 8 908 679 285 123 23 - - - - 2,018 Woburn, . 29 305 372 369 41 30 - - - - 1,117 Weymouth, 41 426 496 360 261 10 - - - - 1,553 Brockton, . 38 559 438 797 637 160 - - - - 2,591 Blackstone, 9 277 439 194 160 123 106 - - - 1,299 180 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Persons Employed in each Story — Concluded. 60 X Persons Employed IN EACH Stoky. Cities and Towns. o a 'A *- 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. eth. 7th. 8th. 9th. o Milford, . 28 322 326 232 295 129 _ _ ^ _ 1,304 Millbury, . 13 419 401 195 103 - - - - - 1,118 Southbridge, . I 520 550 361 151 59 - - - - 1,641 Westborough, . 5 152 165 300 260 44 - - - - 921 Totals, 62Jt 9,127 10,325 7,943 4,159 1,039 106 - - - 32,699 Aggregates. Cities, 9,074 58,935 36,761 29,635 17,955 9,655 3,297 449 112 19 156,818 Towns, 624 9,127 10,325 7,943 4,159 1,039 106 - - - 32,699 Totals, 9,698 68,062 47,086 37,578 22,114 10,694 3,403 449 112 19 189,517 It will be seen that tlie persons employed in the 9,698 establish- ments considered, number about 190,000. The whole number of em- ployes in mechanical and manufacturing industries in the forty cities and towns is given, by the manufacturers, as about 215,000. The whole number for the State, from the same source of information, is about 308,000. Thus, the returns which we give cover 88 -|- per cent of the persons employed in the towns tabulated, and 70 per cent of all employed in manufactures in the State. The 9,698 establish- ments form 434- per cent of those in the State engaged in manu- factures. The average number of persons employed in each estab- lishment of the 9,698, is 19-f-. For the balance of the establishments in the State, the average is only 7-}-. The 190,000 employes are at work in stories numbering from the first to the ninth. The figures plainly indicate the distribution by stories, but we present the percentages as being more easily used or remembered. Ill first story, . In second story, In third story, . 35-}- per cent. 24-[- per cent. 19-}- per cent. In fourtli story, . . 11-|- per cent. In fifth story, . . . h-\- per cent. In sixth story, and above, 2-\- per cent. The percentage employed in the third story or below is about 80, or, in other words, 152,000 employes out of 190,000 are obliged to descend but two flights of stairs to reach the ground. The two tables Avhich follow are intimately related. The first gives a classification of size of establishments, the size being determined by MANUFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 181 the number of employes. The second shows the number of persons employed with regard to this size classification. Persons Employed in Each Establishinient. Cities and Towns. UuMBKK OF Establishments Employing p< o S o o Cities. Fall River, New Bedford, Taunton, Gloucester, . Haverhill, Lawrence, Lynn, , Newburyport, Salem, . Holyoke, Springfield, . Cambridge, . Lowell, . Newton, Somerville, . Boston, . Chelsea, . Fitchburg, . Worcester, . Totals, Towns. Adams, . Pittsfleld, Attleborough, Beverly, . . Marblehead, . North Andover, Chicopee, . Northampton, Maiden, . Marlborough, Natick, . Stoneham, . Waltham, Woburn, Weymouth, . Brockton, Blackstone, . Milford, . Millbury, 120 135 67 67 190 137 216 82 294 243 197 198 44 73 2,907 76 95 313 5,454 63 102 6 62 80 46 33 89 51 157 42 120 1 132 88 103 36 26 1,173 49 S3 118 2,439 29 32 15 9 13 5 1 6 6 5 10 16 6 3 10 21 19 13 5 36 18 109 9 27 9 54 44 54 10 13 379 13 26 81 940 13 9 17 16 14 3 5 4 3 4 7 15 17 21 26 3 13 16 6 5 20 6 4 13 6 13 9 52 3 4 15 181 12 5 3 1 1 1 3 11 1 4 1 2 4 5 2 5 5 22 2 3 60 182 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPEOT3IUM. Persons Employed in each Establishment — Concluded. Cities akd Towns. Number of Establishments Employing— o c .3 Southbridge, ... Westborough, . . Totals, ... Aggregates. Cities Towns, . . . . , Totals, . . . , 171 5,454 171 6,625 167 2,439 167 2,606 201 940 201 72 181 72 1,141 253 13 60 13 73 624 9,074 624 9,698 Persons Employed as Eegards Size of Establishment. Cities and Towns. Employed in Establishments having- o c C3 M O o. Fall River, . New Bedford, Taunton, Gloucester, . Haverhill, Lawrence, Lynn, . Newburyport, Salem, . Holyoke, Springfield, . Cambridge, . Lowell, . Newton, Somerville, . Boston, . Chelsea, Fitchburg, Worcester, . Totals, . Adams, . Pittsfield, Attleborough, Cities. Towns. ,264 395 171 174 483 306 526 222 749 618 474 503 180 184 6,943 212 246 810 13,410 168 258 21 673 789 571 304 898 511 1,657 469 1,280 16 1,378 949 1,111 377 287 12,719 401 336 1,316 927 744 740 193 1,395 888 4,480 501 949 583 2,228 1,915 2,193 348 619 16,445 632 1,188 3,770 26,042 294 339 171 40,638 757 307 690 3,139 731 836 342 355 3,642 1,205 600 2,363 914 2,568 1,647 448 341 8,437 572 775 2,514 31,329 2,000 687 359 11,591 1,983 1,250 10,012 350 1,336 2,655 1,529 703 10,726 360 2,233 682 45,399 1,045 16,594 4,642 3,568 671 3,118 12,072 10,305 2,747 4,813 5,617 6,667 6,609 16,180 1,303 1,781 46,777 1,717 2,545 9,092 166,818 4,264 1,591 1,241 MANUFACTUEES AND OCCUPATIONS. 183 Persons Employed as regards Size of Establishment — Concluded. Employed in Establishments having— lit « . n .^3 Cities and Towns. u tn O M Q. O 2 § (A 21 to 100 per- sons. a f i o 1 CO CO S o o It « in 1 o Beverly, - 101 858 150 - 1,109 Marblehead - 176 820 347 - 1,343 North Andover - - 254 - 520 774 Chicopee - - 259 275 2,396 2,930 Northampton - - 304 458 - 762 Maiden, - 72 201 - 539 812 Marlborough, - 18 255 1,568 490 2,331 Natick - 98 461 117 - 676 Stoneham - 88 646 570 - 1,304 Waltham, . - 69 - 195 1,754 2,018 Woburn - 122 693 302 - 1,117 Weymouth - 209 802 542 - 1,553 Brockton, - 84 1,272 860 375 2,591 Blackstone, - 48 100 368 783 1,299 Milford - 131 485 688 - 1,304 Millbury, - - 535 583 - 1,118 - - 116 716 809 1,641 "Westborough - 15 68 316 522 921 Totals 447 2,035 9,883 11,101 9,233 32,699 Aggregates. Cities 13,410 26,042 40,638 31,329 45,399 156,818 Towns 447 2,035 9,883 11,101 9,233 32,699 Totate 13,857 28,077 50,521 42,430 54,632 189,517 The town and city details in these tables may be condensed into the following summary in which the tabular basis of classification, 5 and under, 6 to 20, etc., is retained : — 5,625 establishments employ 2,606 establishments employ 1,141 establishments employ 253 establishments employ 73 establishments employ 13,857 persons. 28,077 persons. 50,521 persons. 42,430 persons, 54,632 persons. 9,698 establishments employ 189,517 j)ersons. Average in each, Average in each, Average in each, Average in each, Average in each, Average (the State), 2-f 10+ 44-}- 167-}- 748-}- 19+ The next table shows the height of buildings in which the 190,000 employes are at work. 184 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Height of Buildings, and Peesons Employed. Persons Emplotkd IN Buildings having — mber Cities and Towns. 1 1-H o rn o CO CO •a 1 tn V 'u o o 13S o m o CO CO o Ci o 2 a Cities. Fall River, 966 847 129 1,465 6,567 6,630 - - - 16,594 New Bedford, 698 798 874 772 1,500 - - - - 4,642 Taunton, 485 995 826 1,136 126 - - - - 3,568 Gloucester, . 364 249 58 - _ - - . - 671 Haverhill, • . 546 659 713 854 346 - - - - 3,118 Lawrence, 494 599 507 214 1,667 633 5,983 1,975 - 12,072 Lynn, 919 1,700 2,202 2,505 2,729 250 - - - 10,305 Newburyport, 584 413 454 425 521 350 - - - 2,747 Salem, 1,188 959 1,012 98 1,406 150 - - - 4,813 Holyoke, . - 189 1,229 1,352 1,565 1,282 - - - 5,617 Springfield, . 2,356 884 952 1,172 246 1,057 - - - 6,667 Cambridge, 2,379 955 1,046 1,476 743 10 - - - 6,609 Lowell, . 1,653 1,079 1,422 655 2,761 7,795 815 - - 16,180 Newton, . 530 370 74 329 - - - - - 1,303 Somerville, 1,083 193 326 - 179 - - - - 1,781 Boston, . 11,497 8,280 9,141 8,244 5,936 3,528 9 - 142 46,777 Chelsea, . 551 497 171 498 - - - - - 1,717 Fitchburg, 541 910 878 216 - - - - - 2,545 Worcester, 1,319 912 2,164 2,297 2,250 150 - - 142 9,092 Totals, . 28,153 21,488 24,178 23,698 28,542 21,835 6,807 1,975 156,818 Towns. Adams, .... 204 315 1,470 2,105 170 - - - - 4,264 Pittsfteld, 368 324 350 420 129 - - - - 1,591 Attleborough, 196 496 372 - 177 - - - - 1,241 Beverly, . 40 180 617 272 - - - - - 1,109 Marblehead, . - 306 437 600 - - - - - 1,343 North Andover, - - - 697 77 _ - - - 774 Chicopee, - 50 395 89 2,396 - - - - 2,930 Northampton, - 468 140 154 - - - - - 762 Maiden, . 14 39 70 689 - - - - - 812 Marlborough, . - 18 170 1,378 765 - - - - 2,331 Natick, . - 131 135 410 - - - - - 676 Stoneham, 25 7 495 777 - - - - - 1,304 Waltham, 20 49 945 - 1,004 - - - - 2,018 Woburn, . 17 159 308 331 302 - - - - 1,117 Weymouth, . 191 196 446 680 40 - - - - 1,553 Brockton, - 82 540 1,594 375 - - - - 2,591 Blaekstone, - 65 37 414 783 - - - - 1,299 Milford, . 8 142 166 408 580 - f - - 1,304 Millbury, - 100 115 903 - - - - 1,118 Southbridge, . - 246 133 453 809 - - - - 1,641 Westborough, - - 203 - 718 - - - - 921 Totals, . 1,083 3,373 7,544 12,374 8,325 - - - - 32,699 MANUFACTUKES A^D OCCUPATIONS. 185 Height of Buildings, and Persons Employed — Concluded. Peesons Employed IN Buildings having— 1 a . 3 -S Cities and Towns. o 93 CO o o o CO o CO (a CO o *n o CO o U3 CO o V3 'u o 'fl S. o. '^ C-1 CO -* o CO l^ GO CJ Aggregates. Cities, .... 28,153 21,488 24,178 23,698 28,542 21,835 6,807 1,975 142 156,818 Towns 1,083 3,373 7,544 12,374 8,325 - - - - 32,699 Totals, 29,236 24,861 31,722 36,072 36,867 21,835 6,807 1,975 142 189,517 If we compare tlie results of this table with those of the first, we secure the following statement :- Einploj'ed in one story buildings, . Employed in two story buildings, . Employed in three story buildings, . Employed in four story buildings, . Employed in five story buildings, . Employed in six story buildings, . Employed in seven story buildings, . Employed in eight story buildings, . Employed in nine story buildings, . Working in first story of all buildings. Working in second story of all buildings, Working in third story of all buildings. Working in fourth story of all buildings. Working in fifth story of all buildings. Working in sixth story of all buildings. Working in seventh story of all buildings, Working in eighth story of all buildings. Working in ninth story of all buildings, 29,236 24,861 31,722 36,072 36,867 21,835 6,807 1,975 142 68,062 47,086 37,578 22,114 10,694 3,403 449 112 19 The above is easily understood when it is remembered that although persons may be employed in five-story buildings, they may perform their labor in the first or second stories of such buildings. The state- ment plainly shows the concentration of workmen in the lower stories of the buildings in which they are employed. The succeeding table gives in detail the means of escape from the second story and those stories above the second in the forty cities and towns. The average number of persons depending upon each stair- way or fire escape as a means of exit, is shown for each story. 24 186 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Means or Escape (2d story and above) 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, 5th story, 6th story. Totals, 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, 5th story. Totals, 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, 5th story. Totals, 2d story, 3d story. Totals, 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, 5th story, Totals, 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, 5th story, 6th story, 7th story, 8th story. Totals, 2d story, 3d story. Cities and Towns. Cities. Fall River. New Bedford. Taunton. Gloucester. Haverhill. Lawrence. Lynn. 4,349 2,747 2,101 1,915 775 11,887 1,289 916 523 147 2,875 1,163 688 167 12 1,930 189 22 211 909 751 523 133 2,316 3,377 2,340 1,350 458 468 336 92 8,421 2,576 2,682 Means of Escape. 73 59 54 20 295 107 29 6 1 143 69 22 6 1 31 5 36 138 79 29 252 68 41 17 10 8 7 1 152 244 160 147 13 17 11 9 9 6 4 43 00 0) a 03 29 118 34 107 39 98 33 87 12 32 442 6 113 4 33 2 8 1 2 156 75 28 10 o 115 31 5 36 139 80 29 6 254 79 50 26 16 12 10 2 195 244 160 MANTXFAOTUKES AND OCCUPATIOI^"S. 187 Means of Escape — Continued. Cities and Towns. Lynn— Continued. 4th story, 5th story 6th story, Totals Newbukyport. 2d story 3d story 4th story 5th story 6th story Totals Salem. 2d story, 3d story 4th story 5th story 6th story Totals, HOLYOKE. 2d story 3d story, 4th story 5th story 6th story Totals, Springfield. 2d story Sd story 4th story, 5th story, 6th story, Totals, Cambridge. 2d story 3d story, 4th story, 5th story, 6th story, Totals Lowell. 2d story, 3d story o 1,663 1,029 139 8,089 741 640 222 82 34 1,719 1,251 738 212 170 18 2,389 1,581 1,350 865 319 113 4,228 1,281 1,122 604 201 153 3,361 1,489 796 570 99 10 2,964 4,085 3,216 Means of Escape. '3 62 24 1 491 46 25 5 3 1 80 165 64 10 3 1 243 26 22 16 9 1 74 131 74 26 7 5 243 110 49 25 4 1 189 160 80 17 10 21 19 13 6 1 60 4 4 5 1 1 15 17 18 15 « P.ni'O < MAIiTlIPACTUKES AND OCCUPATIONS. 189 Means of Escape — Continued. Cities and Towns. Persons em- ployed. Means of Escape. 0. of each and Stairways. CO It u Stairways and fire escapes. Avcrnge N persons to stairway flre escap< Towus. Adams. 2d story, 1,654 67 7 74 22 3d story, 800 39 8 47 17 4th story. 370 13 5 18 21 5th story. 3 1 1 2 1 Totals, . 2,827 120 21 141 20 PiTTSFIELD. 2d story, 623 49 5 54 10 3d story. 241 21 6 27 9 4th story. 87 4 2 6 14 5th story, . 4 1 - 1 4 Totals, . 855 75 13 88 10 Attleborough. 2d story. 471 24 4 28 17 3d story, 245 11 3 14 17 4th story, . 46 2 o 4 11 5th story, . 39 2 2 4 10 Totals, . 801 39 11 50 16 2d story, 415 24 - 24 17 3d story. 409 16 - 16 26 4th story. 90 3 - 3 30 Totals, . 914 43 - 43 21 Marblehead. 2d story. 454 23 _ 23 20 3d story, 528 17 _ 17 31 4th story, ■ 287 7 - 7 41 Totals, . 1,269 47 - 47 27 North Andover. 2d story. 227 4 4 8 28 3d story, 179 5 5 10 18 4th story, . 107 4 4 8 13 5th story, . 5 1 1 2 2 Totals, . 518 14 14 28 19 Chicopee. 2d story, 926 19 6 25 37 3d story. 594 16 5 21 28 4th story. 341 10 4 14 24 5th story, . 314 8 2 10 31 Totals, . 2,175 53 17 70 31 190 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Means of Escape — Continued. Cities and Towns. Northampton. 2d story, 3d story 4th story, Totals Malden. 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, Totals, Marlborough. 2d story 3d story, 4th story, . • . . . 5th story, Totals Natick. 2d story 3d story 4th story, Totals Stoneham. 2d story, 3d story, 4th story Totals * Waltham. 2d story, 3d story, 4th story, 6th story Totals WOBURN. 2d story, 3d story 4th story 5th story, Totals, Weymouth. 2d story, 3d story, 346 57 23 426 182 374 .31 587 728 779 344 96 1,947 227 191 97 515 306 453 305 1,064 679 285 123 23 1,110 372 369 41 30 812 496 360 Means of Escape. 15 10 7 4 21 24 21 17 3 65 12 10 6 28 25 12 12 49 17 6 2 2 27 34 27 12 3 76 40 29 ■a c 11 5 4 20 12 9 5 26 25 21 18 3 67 12 11 29 25 12 12 49 18 8 3 4 33 36 28 12 3 79 41 30 MANUFACTURES AXD OCCUPATIONS. 191 Means of Escai^e — Concluded. Cities and Towns. en O Weymouth— Continued. 4th story 5th story Totals Brockton. 2d story 3d story, 4th story 5th story, Totals, Blackstone. 2d story, 3d story 4th story, 5th story 6th story Totals MiLFORD. 2d story 3d story 4th story, 5th story, Totals MlLLBURY. 2d story 3d story 4th story, Totals, SOUTHBRIDGE. 2d Story, 3d story, 4th story, 5th story Totals, Westborough. 2d story, 3d story 4th story 5th story, Totals 261 10 1,127 438 797 637 160 2,032 439 194 160 123 106 1,022 326 232 295 129 982 401 195 103 699 550 361 151 59 1,121 165 300 260 44 769 Means of Escape. & ^ 13 1 83 42 37 22 1 102 20 33 26 16 5 80 14 13 11 38 18 14 11 II 11 7 29 p. 12 13 1 43 38 23 1 105 11 9 7 2 2 31 34 29 16 5 84 25 24 18 67 14 8 6 2 30 O O C O « 14 192 CENSUS OF MASS.- COMPENDIUM. This table gives an easily understood showing of the stories in which persons are employed, and their means of escape in case of fire or panic. The averages of persons to each means of escape have a com- parative value, for each city and town has been dealt within the same manner. We present next a summary for the State, showing the whole num- ber of stairways and fire escapes by stories, and the average number to each means of escape in the cities, in the towns, and in both com- bined. Means of Escape, by Stoeies ; for the State. Stairways. Fire Escapes. AvG. No. OF Persons to EACH Stairway and Fire Escape. Stories. T5 •a ■o s. '-3 CO C is o H o o ■■S H 3 c o H « 2 3 CO 3 00 c o Eh a g CO P= o o b Second, .... 2,989 491 3,480 161 57 218 12 19 13 Third, 1,803 333 2,136 152 56 208 15 20 16 Fourth, 888 170 1,058 125 35 160 18 20 18 Fifth, . 342 32 374 80 10 90 23 25 23 Sixth, . 95 1 96 34 1 35 25 53 26 Seventh, 12 - 12 5 - 5 26 - 26 Eighth, 2 - 2 1 - 1 37 - 37 Ninth, 1 - 1 - - - 19 - 19 Totals, 6,132 1,027 7,159 558 159 717 14 20 15 A comparison of this table with the city and town presentations will show what cities and towns are above or below the State average. In the cities we find one fire escape to about ten stairways ; in the towns one fire escape to about six stairways, and in both cities and towns one fire escape to about ten stairways. It will be seen that the number of persons to each means of escape grows larger from story to story as we go up higher, which is just what should not be the case. This is undoubtedly owing to the fact that in all kinds of business the heavy machines requiring few attendants are jjut in the lower stories, while the light and small machines with the greatest number of employes are in the upper stories. This state of afiairs, with our present knowledge of building, is a necessity, and can only be palliated, for a radical change is impossible. MANUFACTURES AND OCCUPATIONS. 193 Doors. A tabulation of the returns of the 9,698 establishments in the pre- viously mentioned 19 cities and 21 towns, as regards the opening of outside doors, discloses the fact that the great majority swing in- wardly. Those opening outwardly number but 175 ; those sliding, 78 ; those having either outwardly opening or sliding doors, in part, number 146. By this latter statement, we mean that in the case of the 146, some of their outside doors also swing inwardly. The bal- ance reporting, state that the outside doors swing inwardly. There can be no valid reason for doubting the existence of this state of ajffairs, or for not considering that in case of fire or panic serious consequences are likely to follow. With recent disasters so fresh in the public mind, there would seem to be need of no more inves- tigation or argument to cause the passage of laws which will secure a desirable uniformity in the manner of the opening of doors toward the outside. In this case, at least, an arbitrary law is the kind needed to secure one well recognized and easily attainalile condition of safety. From a tabulation of the same city and town returns that have fur- nished the basis for all that has preceded, we derive the following exhibit : — Height of Buildings used as Maxutactories ; Attics, Base- ments, Etc. Stoeies. Number of Buildings. With Allies. Witli Basements. Witli both Allies and Basements. One Story Buildings. In cities In towns, Totals, ........ One and a half Story Buildings. In cities In towns Totals, Two Story Buildings. In cities In towns Totals Two AND A HALF StORY BUILDINGS. In cities In towns, Totals, 25 1,340 267 1,607 62 23 85 1,042 383 1,425 73 19 92 22 10 15 39 16 55 3 1 194 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Height of Buildings used as Manufactories, etc. — Concluded. Stories. Number of Buildings. With Attics. Witli Basements. Witli botli Attics and Basements. Three Story Buildings. In cities, In towns, Totals Three and a half Story Buildings. In cities In towns Totals, In cities. In towns. Totals, Four Story Buildings. Four and a half Story Buildings. In cities In towns Totals, In cities, In towns. Totals, In cities, In towns, Totals, In cities, In towns, Totals, Five Story Buildings. Six Story Buildings. SEyEN Story Buildings. Eight Story Buildings. In cities. In towns. Totals, In cities, In towns, Totals, Nine Story Buildings. 749 243 992 25 5 30 658 163 821 12 3 15 389 39 428 97 2 99 14 16 34 23 67 21 19 40 15 o 17 63 28 91 108 23 131 105 110 10 10 11 12 17 29 12 20 These 5,613 buildings contained the 9,698 establishments, and the 190,000 employes. In the large cities, especially, several firms occu- py the same building. We find that but 2.7 per cent of the buildings have attics ; 7.4 per cent have basements, and a trifle over 1 per cent both attics and basements. Part III. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. Part III. AGEICULTUEAL PEODUCTS AND PEOPEETT, This Part contains the tabulated returns relating to Domestic Man- ufactures, Agricultural Products, Farms and Farm Property, Domestic Animals on Farms, Persons Employed in Agriculture, their wages, value of implements, etc.. Mines, Quarries, Pits and Fish Ponds; and it should be distinctly understood at the outset in this Part that no agricultural products are considered except those from farms. The Census took no account of city or village lots or houses, or the products of small house gardens, or of animals not on farms, although for general information the tables will be found to contain the number of all horses, cows and sheep in the State, including those not on farms ; but these figures have been derived from the returns of the assessors to the Secretary of State. The facts presented are for all products during the year ending May 1, 1875, and as to all other matters of property or fixed things, as they existed May 1, 1875. To bring out the required infonnation on the points stated above, the Products and Property Schedule, containing forty-three inquiries, was used, and a separate Schedule for every farm in the State, certi- fied to by the proprietor or the enumerator, was filed in this office ; while the enumerator also filed a certificate giving the address of all proprietors of farms who positively declined to give to the State the facts called for. Of this latter class there are about fifty in the whole State ; but their farms, as a rule, were so insignificant, the office did not feel warranted in taking legal steps to enforce the inquiries, for the grand results are neither vitiated nor perceptibly lessened by their obstinacy. It will readily be seen that our statements as to the num- ber of farms are absolutely correct in one respect at least : the number is no less than that given ; there maybe, and probably are, a very few more. The amount and value of products, if not correct, are the 198 CEjiTsus or MASS.— 1875. compe:ndium. results of the certified statements of the producers themselves ; and from all the collateral evidence we have been able to gather, we believe the total amount of farm products, as stated, does not vary ten per cent from the positive facts ; and the amounts of products stated are, of course, less rather than more than the truth. The great question, so far as the products of the soil are concerned, and the one of most vital interest in this respect to the people of this State, is, whether Massachusetts is on the decline as to her agricult- ural pursuits. In general terms, the agriculture of the State holds its position in spite of the losses in small agricultural districts as shown by the Census. Loss of population does not by any means indicate a loss of production ; for, as in manuftictUres, one weaver in a cotton mill now represents ten yards of cloth per day instead of three yards twenty years ago, so in agriculture, less area cultivated and less hands employed represent a larger yield, as a rule, than under the conditions existing ten or twenty years ago. We believe agriculture is not on the decline. The question will, however, be answered by facts and figures in detail as the various showings may indicate. Domestic and Agricultueal Products. CODNTIES. Domestic Products, for sale. Domestic Products, for use. Total Domestic Products. Agricultural Products. Total Domestic and Agricult- ural Products. The State, $4,942,050 $2,135,954 $7,078,004 $34,443,795 $41,521,799 Barnstable, . 45,568 25,589 71,157 647,613 618,770 Berkshire, 586,467 279,697 866,164 2,794,545 3,660,709 Bristol, . 284,354 99,919 384,273 2,411,305 2,795,578 Dukes, , 6,305 7,791 14,096 135,022 149,118 Essex, . 280,559 116,343 396,902 2,974,659 3,371,561 Franklin, 540,391 270,401 810,792 2,593,738 3,404,530 Hampden, 417,457 200,899 618,356 2,774,297 3,392,653 Hampshire, 484,242 260,804 745,046 3,066,883 3,811,938 Middlesex, 625,590 188,446 714,036 6,272,089 6,986,125 Nantucket, 9,317 1,682 10,999 96,639 107,638 Norfolk, 296,919 66,178 363,097 1,696,338 2,059,435 Plymouth, 343,725 134,243 477,968 1,646,260 2,124,228 Suflfolk, . 2,841 1,108 3,949 473,630 477,579 Worcester, 1,118,315 482,854 1,601,169 6,960,777 8,561,946 By domestic products is meant such articles as are manufactured on the fiirm, — "home-made" productions, like butter, cider, dried fruits, firewood, carpets, etc. The returns relating to the quantity and value AGKICULTUKAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 199 of such products for use are probably the least reliable of any consid- ered in this Part, except, perhaps, for mines, quarries and pits, although they amount to the goodly sum of $2,135,954, and for sale to $4,942,050, or a total value of domestic manufactures on farms alone of $7,078,004, currency. In 1865, this class of products amounted to $5,774,597, currency. We have reported everything that was returned, even to a pair of shoes or of mittens, regretting only that all the results of household manufactures can not be given, but feeling gratified at the same time, that in so difiicult a branch of the Census so much has been done, and the exhibit is as complete as we find it. It is seen that the total domestic products reached $7,078,004, as stated, and the purely agricultural products $34,443,795 ; total domes- tic and agricultural products of the farms of Massachusetts for the year ending May 1, 1875, $41,521,799. These values are currency; in gold they are respectively $6,319,646, $30,753,388 and $37,073,034. In 1865, they were, in gold: domestic products, $3,678,087; agri- cultural products, $28,349,734, — total domestic and agricultural products, $32,027,821, a gain over 1865 of $5,045,213, or'nearly 16 per cent. In agricultural products, 1875, Worcester County leads the State, returning $6,960,777 worth; Middlesex comes near to Worcester, producing $6,272,089 worth; Hampshire ranks third, $3,066,883; Essex, fourth, $2,974,659; Berkshire, fifth, $2,794,545; Hamixlen, sixth, $2,774,297; Franklin, seventh, $2,593,738; Bristol, eighth, $2,411,305; Norfolk, ninth, $1,696,338; Plymouth, tenth, $1,646,- 260; Barnstable, eleventh, $547,613; Sufi'olk, twelfth, $473,630; Dukes, thirteenth, $135,022 ; Nantucket, fourteenth, $96,639. Domestic and Agricultukal Products by Name, i. — domestic products. Products. Quantity for sale. Value. Quantity for use. Value. Total Products. Total Value. Average Value. Ashes, bush., _ _ 700 $140 700 $140 $0 20 Axe handles, . 168 $84 - - 168 84 50 Bark, cords, 7,035 51,983 673 1,926 7,708 53,909 6 99 Baskets, . - 2,940 - - - 2,940 - Blacking, leather, . gals.. 11,400 1,710 - - 11,400 1,710 15 Blankets, . pairs, 331 1,062 91 326 422 1,388 3 03 Blocks, last, . 6,000 165 - - 6,000 165 03 200 CEN"SUS OP MASS. — 1ST5. COMPE:NDnjM. Domestic Products — Continued. Pkoducts. Quantity for sale. Value. Quantity for use. Value. Total Products. Total Value. Average Value. Boiled cider, . . gals., . _ 46 $46 46 $46 $1 00 Boots (including "work on"), . . pairs. 14,645 $31,509 1,398 1,796 16,043 33,305 - Brooms, . 40,800 10,485 - - 40,800 10,485 26 Brooms and brushes, 700 150 - - 700 150 21 Butter, . lbs., 5,111,354 1,792,239 2,811,077 955,639 7,922,431 2,747,878 35 Candles, . . lbs.. 80 13 - - 80 13 16 Canned fruit, . . cans, 373 118 359 121 732 239 33 Cardigan jackets, . 312 216 - - 312 216 69 Carpets, . . yds.. 10,063 6,452 10,882 7,571 20,945 13,023 62 Carpets, rag, . . yds.. 6,000 3,000 32 25 6,032 3,025 50 Catsup, ,. - 256 - - - 256 - Charcoal, . . . . bush.. 1,013,811 120,264 1,262 292 1,015,073 120,556 12 Cheese, . lbs.. 1,036,997 128,465 243,237 34,361 1,280,234 162,826 13 Cider, . gals., 3,969,433 482,603 1,654,413 186,206 5,613,846 668,809 12 Clam barrels, . 350 350 - - 350 350 1 00 Cloth, yds., 3,922 1,236 6,076 2,305 8,998 3,541 39 Clothes driers, . 12 12 1 1 13 13 1 00 Clothing, . - - - 4,059 - 4,059 - Cranberry barrel^, . 400 250 - - 400 250 63 Dried fruit, . lbs., 108,311 11,939 139,936 17,412 248,247 29,351 12 Evergreen goods, . - 5,834 - 137 - 5,971 - Firewood, cords, 418,393 1,578,437 217,666 822,056 636,059 2,400,493 3 77 Gaiters, . pairs, 300 500 - __ 300 500 1 67 Gloves, pairs. 709 294 362 469 1,071 763 71 Grated horse-radish. b'ttles. 5,782 542 - - 5,782 542 09 Half-barrels, . 300 195 .. .. 300 195 65 Hammer handles, . 150 20 _ _ 150 20 13 Harnesses, - 200 _ _ - 200 - Hoops, .... 10,804 - - - 10,804 - Hoops, barrel, . 40,000 400 - - 40,000 400 01 Hot-bed mats, . 75 130 - - 75 130 1 73 Leggings, .... pairs. 30 63 2 3 32 56 1 75 Liniment dozen. 1,200 1,500 1 1 1,201 1,501 1 25 Lumber - 175,276 - 431 - 175,707 - Maple molasses. gals.. 9,749 11,671 13,266 15,564 23,015 27,235 1 18 Maple sugar, . lbs.. 577,953 67,517 504,249 55,496 1,082,202 123,013 11 Mittens pairs. 9,190 6,873 3,125 2,104 12,315 8,977 73 Mop sticks. dozen, 57 114 - - 57 114 2 00 Nail kegs, .... 1,000 150 _ _ 1,000 150 15 Nail-keg hoops. 6,000 30 - - 6,000 30 005 Oil, gals.. 2,000 1,000 - - 2,000 1,000 50 Ox-bows pairs. 16 24 - - 16 24 1 50 Ox-yokes 32 58 - - 32 58 1 81 Palm-leaf hats (including "work on"), 33,747 3,830 - - 33,747 3,830 - AamCULTUEAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 201 Domestic Products — Concluded. Products. Quantity for sale. Value. Quantity for use. Value. Total Products. Total Value. Average Value. Perry, . gals.. 199 $77 15 $23 214 $100 $0 47 Pickles, . . bbls., 20 200 - - 20 200 10 00 Picture frames, 58 56 - - 58 56 97 Poles, hoop, 95,400 1,009 - - 95,400 1,009 01 Quilts, 473 1,779 1,563 6,476 2,036 7,255 3 56 Railroad sleepers, . 458,544 204,171 - - 458,544 204,171 44 Roman scarfs, . 300 200 - - 300 200 67 Rope, - 250 - - - 250 - Rugs, 226 237 49 165 275 402 1 46 Salt, .... bush., 1,600 622 - - 1,600 622 39 Shirts, - - 184 138 184 138 75 Shoes (including "wori • on"), . . . pairs, 147,926 182,690 996 1,391 148,922 184,081 - Skirts, 72 300 - - 72 300 4 17 Socks, pairs. 3,402 2,272 8,900 5,696 12,302 7,968 65 Soft soap, bbls., 400 1,700 - - 400 1,700 4 25 Sorghum molasses, . gals.. 80 101 213 175 293 276 94 Stockings, . pairs. 240 100 12 6 252 106 42 Straw braid, - 40 _ - - 40 - Straw hats (including "work on"). 2,884 354 - - 2,884 354 - Suspenders, pairs. 250 25 - - 250 25 10 Type for the blind, . sets, 6 25 - - 6 25 4 17 Vinegar, .... gals.. 31,668 8,837 4,007 1,321 35,675 10,158 28 Whip lashes, . 1,080 114 - - 1,080 114 11 Whip stocks, . 50 13 - - 50 13 26 Wine, .... gals.. 18,481 22,385 7,501 11,138 25,982 33,523 1 29 Wooden goods, - 789 - - - 789 - Yarn lbs.. 1,434 1,751 1,723 1,938 3,157 3,689 1 17 II. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Products. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Apples bush., 3,252,957 $1,450,252 $0 45 Apricots, . bush., 3,978 1,955 49 Asparagus, . • . . b'ches, 521,408 55,669 11 Barberries, . . bush.. 1,299 2,745 2 11 Basket willow, . . lbs.. 6,300 240 04 Beans, string and shell, . bush.. 37,603 45,325 1 21 Beef, .... . lbs., 12,258,542 1,068,154 09 Beeswax, . . lbs.. 11,596 2,058 18 Beets, mangel-wurzel, . bush., 22,140 6,676 30 Blackberries, . qts., 93,164 12,728 14 202 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. AQricultural Products — Continued. Products. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Blueberries, qts., 219,483 $20,156 $0 09 Butternuts, . • bush.. 5,559 3,313 60 Cabbage, . heads. 7,660,722 440,691 OS Cabbage plants, . . 83,400 629 007 Carrageen, . . lbs.. 128,430 2,372 02 Cauliflower, . heads, 108,601 10,758 10 Celery, . b'ches. 627,329 49,614 08 Celery plants, . 31,910 1,865 06 Cherries, . bush.. 5,441 15,124 2 78 Chestnuts, . . bush.. 3,046 8,362 2 75 Chiccory, . lbs.. 2,046 170 08 Citron melon. . lbs., 400 13 03 Corn, broom, . lbs.. 63,821 5,075 08 Corn, green. . bush.. 199,496 134,170 67 Corn, pop, . . bush.. 8,582 13,809 1 61 Crab-apples, . bush.. 2,313 3,446 1 49 Cranberries, . bush., 110,184 288,113 2 61 Cream, . gals.. 4,470 4,487 1 00 Cucumbers, . bush., 38,236 43,844 1 15 Cucumbers, . 37,414,726 119,490 003 Currants, . . qts.. 82,538 10,605 13 Dandelions, , bush.. 7,188 7,021 98 Eggs . dozen, 3,446,530 903,357 26 Eggs, fancy. . dozen. 1,010 1,160 1 15 Eggs, game. . dozen. 40 240 6 00 Feathers, . . lbs.. 15,985 3,834 24 Flax . lbs.. 520 86 17 Flowers, leaves and v ines. cut. . - 167,422 - Fodder, barley, . . tons. 91 1,371 15 07 Fodder, corn. . tons. 15,863 162,448 10 24 Fodder, oat, . tons. 2,634 44,638 16 91 Fodder, rye, . tons. 17 292 17 18 Game, wild. ■ , - 2,675 - Gooseberries, . qts.. 9,800 1,101 11 Grapes, . bush.. 19,836 32,635 1 65 Grapes, . lbs.. 267,617 34,624 13 Greens, beet, . bush.. 340 428 1 26 Greens, cabbage. . bush.. 2,882 2,586 90 Hair, for plastering, . . lbs.. 8,136 265 03 Hemp, . lbs.. 8 2 25 Hides . 5,355 23,512 4 39 Honey, . lbs.. 70,717 20,331 29 Hop poles, . . 126,345 2,629 02 Hops, .... . lbs.. 22,133 7,556 34 Horse-radish, . lbs.. 245,892 10,262 04 Huckleberries, . . qts.. 337,777 26,826 08 Ice . tons. 395,184 500,666 1 27 AGEICULTUKAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 203 Agricultural Products — Continued . Products. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Leeches, Lettuce, Mangoes, Manure, M.inure, hen. Manure, sea, Melons, Milk, . Millet, . Mutton, Oyster plant, Parsley, Peaches, Pears, . Pease, . Pease, green. Pelts, . Peppers, Plants, flowering Plums, Pork, . Potatoes, sweet. Poultry, dressed chickens. Poultry, dressed geese. Poultry, dressed turkeys. Poultry, dressed, other than chickens, geese turkeys, . Pumpkins, . Quinces, . and other, in greenhouses. Radishes, Raspberries, Rhubarb, Roots and herbs, medicinal and Seeds, garden and flower. Seeds, grass, Shellbarks, . Shrubs in nurseries. Skins, calf, . Spinach, Squashes, . Straw, . Strawberries, Teasels, Thirableberries, . Tomatoes, . Tomato plants, . Trees, fruit, in nurseries, aromatic, and dozen, heads, bush., cords, bush., cords. gals., bush., lbs., bush., bush., bush.. bush., bush., bush.. bush., bush., lbs., bush., lbs., lbs., lbs., lbs., lbs., bush., b'ches, qts., lbs., lbs., lbs., bush., bush.. bush., lbs., tons, qts., lbs., qts., bush., 312 2,683,211 33,531 422,478 357 21,670 298,136 35,698,159 1,250 589,323 180 3,704 15,942 59,259 5,490 68,294 1,957 4,984 1,769 12,786,062 267 876,955 35,170 241,317 52,656 4,214,881 3,011 90,527 67,109 350,478 182,359 28,307 .2,300 1,190 256,056 75 6,094 6,978,689 18,865 1,156,801 1,800 200 230,565 25,112 215,770 .$1,863 96,410 14,659 2,321,373 201 30,587 25,109 5,934,671 1,806 55,374 183 2,640 44,893 118,302 9,164 96,512 2,190 5,499 203,535 3,481 1,272,409 369 193,210 7,164 51,955 11,066 37,789 9,334 4,480 14,214 6,573 16,199 43,410 4,041 2,764 14,919 135 6,498 147,124 267,066 214,940 200 20 137,945 851 88,526 204 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUIVI. Agricultural Products — Concluded. Products. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Trees, ornamental, in nurseries. 224,982 $36,004 $0 16 Tripe, . lbs., 115,128 7,567 07 Turnips, ruta-baga . bush., 2,427 545 22 Turnips, table, . bush., 697,501 252,222 36 Veal . . lbs.. 3,598,942 363,517 10 Vines in nurseries, . • 60,789 12,478 21 Watercress, . b'ehes. 3,500 280 08 Wool, merino, . lbs.. 70,927 30,061 42 Wool, Saxony . lbs.. 6,430 2,798 44 Woo!, other than merino and Saxony, . lbs.. 129,578 51,704 40 III. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (wiTH ACREAGE), Products. Quantity. Acreage. Value. Average yield per acre. Average Value. Barley, bush.. 46,884 l,828i $47,655 .25^ $1 02 Beans, . . bush., 41,879 1,354^ 97,052 31 2 32 Beets (table). . bush.. 215,740 884i 109,415 244 51 Buckwheat, . . bush., 52,127 3,609^ 46,911 14i 90 Carrots, . . bush.. 191,646 439J 86,503 436 45 Corn (Indian), . bush.. 1,040,290 29,1933 1,006,384 35| 97 Hay (clover). . tons. 3,443 2,959 51,903 n 15 07 Hay (English), . tons. 526,490 509,294 9,106,159 1 17 30 Hay (meadow), . tons. 116,211 130,792 1,225,456 .88 10 55 Hay (millet), . . tons. 2,418 1,619 41,918 1^ 17 33 Hay (salt), . . tons, 22,568 23,519 234,832 .96 10 46 Oats, . bush.. 457,710 14,614J 314,202 3U 69 Onions, . . bush.. 359,706 1,045 338,205 344^ 94 Parsnips, . bush.. 30,377 137J 24,977 221 J 82' Potatoes (Irish), . bush.. 3,630,546 33,616 2,349,815 lOS 65 Rye, . bush.. 250,113 21,351 248,437 113 99 Tobacco, . lbs.. 5,993,666 3,7571 1,032,262 1,595 17 Wheat, . . bush.. 13,749 677J 23,105 20J 1 68 AGEICULTUKAL PKODUCTS AND PKOPEKTY. 205 Agricultural Products (with Acreage). Barley. Beans. Beets (table). Counties. Acre- age. Bush- els. Value. Acre- age. Bush- els. Value. Acre- age. Bush- els. Value, The State, l,828i 46,884 $47,655 1,354| 41,879 $97,052 884i 215,740 $109,415 Barnstable, 39 868 868 50 1,420 4,120 255 4,641 2,447 Berkshire, 222 6,302 6,637 643 1,215 2,952 571 13,805 5,220 Bristol, . 51J 1,171 1,259 933 2,560 6,129 58i 15,394 7,573 Dukes, - 8 9 6 133 324 7J 1,032 572 Essex, 1651 3,914 4,086 165i 4,871 12,003 102i 24,200 11,474 Franklin, . 126 3,627 3,544 -m 1,948 4,896 45J 11,894 4,388 Hampden, 513 1,508 1,550 863 2,237 5,100 413 11,823 5,744 Hampshire, m 1,178 1,217 85^ 1,983 4,508 30^ 7,166 3,060 Middlesex, 273J 6,443 6,123 366i 13,126 28,497 241i 56,684 36,625 Nantucket, 3 120 120 3 65 149 8 1,606 950 Norfolk, . 33 759 799 86 2,321 4,816 m 10,428 4,408 Plymouth, 243 583 662 653 1,763 4,752 52 13,730 6,339 Suffolk, . - - 163 489 761 243 8,119 3,680 Worcester, 796 20,403 20,781 203i 7,748 18,045 140 35,218 16,935 Agricultural Products (with Acreage) — Continued. Buckwheat. CAEROTt 5. Corn (Indian). Counties. Acre- age. Bush- els. Value. Acre- age. Bush- els. Value. Acre- age. Bush- els. Value. The State, 3,609J 52,127 $46,911 439^ 191,646 $86,503 29,1933 1,040,290 $1,006,384 Barnstable, - - - m 4,281 1,744 746i 20,652 20,637 Berkshire, 2,0181 31,755 27,580 193 7,066 3,324 3,6063 124,070 114,565 Bristol, . n 81 94 23 6,927 2,708 1,309^ 47,196 49,452 Dukes, - - - 13 334 126 235^ 6,437 6,489 Essex, 3 37 32 89g 52,194 17,856 1,0473 43,911 42,965 Franklin, . 106i 1,573 1,447 20| 9,718 5,479 4,104i 154,310 145,996 Hampden, 9941 11,394 10,701 20i 7,251 3,500 4,745| 130,504 127,458 Hampshire, 202J 3,384 3,110 193 8,604 3,781 4,905 156,193 150,121 Middlesex, 62^ 762 770 106e 42,268 22,362 2,539| 108,007 104,873 Nantucket, - - - 3i 745 407 160^ 5,759 5,369 Norfolk, . 121 268 258 21| 11,441 5,182 475 18,432 18,441 Plymouth, 4^ 66 87 lOJ 5,110 2,519 860 28,826 28,329 Sufiblk, . - - - 17 8,766 4,326 1 SO 30 Worcester, 1973 2,807 2,832 71 26,941 13,189 4,457| 195,963 191,659 206 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COI^IPENDIUM. Agricultural Products (with Acreage) — Continued. Hat (English). Hat (Meadow). Hat (Clover). Counties. Acreage. Tons. Value. Acreage. Tons. Value. Acreage. Tons. Value. The State, 509,294 526,490 $9,106,159 130,792 116,211 $1,225,456 2,959 3,443 $51,903 Barnstable, 3,815 4,170 74,525 1,091 1,100 11,501 31 44 845 Berkshire, 70,952 72,422 831,441 22,109 21,907 202,598 773 793 9,276 Bristol, . 32,298 29,340 627,686 6,879 4,296, 50,471 53 83 1,452 Dukes, 1,728 1,850 35,597 274 299 3,767 2 2 32 Esses, 34,782 35,817 685,323 9,434 8,191 82,491 240 267 5,082 Franklin, . 48,806 52,763 801,735 8,606 7,589 81,719 455 663 9,776 Hampden, 38,420 41,084 700,090 8,445 7,306 74,486 111 134 1,832 Hampshire, 50,619 51,449 817,878 7,219 6,494 66,585 332 393 5,379 Middlesex, 60,777 65,649 1,303,510 23,426 20,742 232,565 139 204 4,070 Nantucket, 1,119 1,649 32,706 128 141 1,853 - - - N-orfolk, . 21,041 20,475 448,122 9,192 7,512 91,000 24 29 590 Plymouth, 22,830 21,723 444,627 8,507 7,489 83,287 18 19 310 Suffolk, . 2,408 3,521 81,525 72 78 1,274 2 3 50 Worcester, 119,699 124,578 2,221,394 26,410 23,067 .241,859 779 809 13,209 Agricult\iral Products (with Acreage) — Continued. Hat (Millet). Hat (Salt). Hat (all kinds). Counties. Acreage. Tons. Value. Acreage. Tons. Value. Acreage. Tons. Value. The State, 1,619 2,418 $41,918 23,519 22,568 $234,832 668,183 671,130 $10,660,268 Barnstable, 4 6 90 4,249 4,659 43,617 9,190 9,979 130,578 Berkshire, 36 59 701 - - - 93,870 95,181 1,044,016 Bristol, 59 71 1,226 1,112 986 10,807 39,401 34,776 691,642 Dukes, - - - 301 391 4,429 2,305 2,542 43,825 Essex, 128 201 4,117 13,246 11,870 116,531 57,830 56,346 893,544 Franklin, . 30 41 633 - - - 57,897 61,056 893,863 Hampden, 89 122 2,105 - - - 47,065 48,646 778,513 Hampshire, 75 62 975 "" - - 58,245 58,398 890,817 Middlesex, 494 784 13,480 1,208 1,423 22,5.'.0 86,044 88,802 1,576,155 Nantucket, _ - - 41 62 621 1,288 1,852 35,180 Norfolk, . 125 198 3,650 776 918 12,549 31,158 29,132 555,911 Plymouth, 75 120 2,087 1,845 1,722 16,802 33,275 31,073 547,113 Suffolk, . - - - 741 537 6,946 3,223 4,139 89,795 Worcester, 504 754 12,854 - - - 147,392 149,208 2,489,316 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND RROPERTY. 20T Agricultural Products (with Acreage) — Continued. Oats. Onions. Parsnips. Counties. Acreage. Bushels. Value. Acreage. Bushels. Value. Acreage. Bushels. Value. The State, 14,614J 457,710 $314,202 1,045 359,706 $338,205 137 1 30,377 $24,977 Barnstable, H9| 3,023 2,255 13.i 2,412 2,570 n 182 166 Berkshire, 5,71U 186,595 123,853 % 2,771 2,953 n 162 122 Bristol, . 5971 17,847 12,720 935 15,5.58 15,207 63 1,391 1,153 Dulces, 100 2,123 1,520 n 295 315 - 4 3 Essex, 322J 9,056 6,546 6195 195,531 170,099 181 3,330 2,616 Franklin, . l,173i 39,145 26,768 45i 16,365 14,5.35 15 354 252 Hampden, 1,406^ 37,745 25,786 28 7,648 8,300 111 2,627 2,173 Hampshire, 1,216^ 34,931 25,426 293 8,598 8,111 2 400 332 Middlesex, 6381 19,207 13,345 173J 64,384 68,345 693 16,494 13,771 Nantucket, 53 1,591 1,252 n 134 254 - 16 14 Norfolk, . 67i 2,053 1,481 243 8,255 8,717 3J 668 656 Plymouth, 2123 6,206 4,369 36 13,344 12,393 03 157 145 Suffolk, . 0| 13 10 22 9,544 10,053 9 2,152 1,462 Worcester, 2,9951 98,175 68,871 471 14,867 16,353 121 2,440 2,112 Agricultural Products (with Acreage) — Continued. Counties. Potatoes. Acreage. Bushels. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, . Middlesex, . Nantucket, . Norfolk, Plymouth, . Suffolk, Worcester, . 33,616 5353 4,083^ 2,915 155.1 2,683 2,1671 3,285 2,874 4,542J 65| 1,3533 l,564i 208 7,183^ 3,630,546 44,656 454,285 293,420 13,609 307,241 254,528 317,653 298,396 521,204 7,223 143,870 158,261 31,031 785,169 Value. $2,349,815 28,371 234,154 222,923 9,865 222,441 133,151 191,065 177,140 371,663 6,016 107,661 116,104 24,894 504,367 Rye. Acreage. 21,351 294 1 3,4253 681| 34^ 229 2,013J 7,545^ 4,014J 975i 2143 410J 43J 1,4693 Bushels. 250,113 3,858 43,405 8,490 399 3,814 21,957 71,566 4S,,598 15,634 3,241 5,177 879 23,095 Value. $248,437 4,095 40,179 8,825 444 4,018 22,048 69,612 48,476 16,443 3,583 5,469 ^19 24,326 208 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Agricultural Products (with Acreage) — Concluded. Counties. The State, Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, . Dukes, . Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, . Middlesex, Nantucket, . Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, "Worcester, . Tobacco. Acreage. 3,7571 69J OJ 1,216| 808i 1,652J 0| 10 Pounds. 5,993,666 99,609 630 1,000 1,997,091 1,224,670 2,655,561 240 70 14,895 Value. $1,032,262 15,148 78 80 321,815 230,475 462,956 53 19 1,638 Acreage. 677^ 4| 47J ii 5| 354 in 1343 32| . 3| 76 Wheat. Bushels. 13,749 104 827 33 18 135 7,456 182 2,946 547 78 1,351 Value. $23,105 155 1,401 58 25 245 12,241 255 5,207 890 111 100 2,417 Great care lias been taken in this presentation to correct all inherent errors, especially in the relation of values to quantity, and to this end much research and investigation have been undertaken, and with the best of results. Occasionally it may be found that the quantity of grain, potatoes or other product is out of proportion to the value ; but this, if it occurs at all, is either explainable hj peculiar local influ- ences, or by some extra quality, or else it is error. For instance, the value of apples in some towns in the State bears no relation to the values given in other towns ; but the value given by the producer was that realized, and that depends not only upon the time of year he disposed of his apples, but their kind and quality. Two dollars per bushel for some kinds of apples might seem high, and yet the report be true. A town may raise principally apples of some extra grade, while the apple crop of another town might be in cider apples of little value. Again, in the examination of the milk yield : in a few towns the price will be found to be as low as six or eight cents per gallon, a figure much too low, and which calls for special reasons, and they are found in the fact that the milk crop as reported includes skimmed milk sold by the producer at low rates for special purposes ; this, of course, in a few instances, ojDcrates to bring down the average for such localities, and afiects, to a slight degree, the general average AGKICULTURAL PEODUCTS AND PKOPEETY. 209 for the State. So in all other products, variations will be found in comparing one town with another. Following is a table showing the quantity, value, average value and acreage when given, of the chief products of the State for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875 :— Principal Products for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875. [The returns in 1865 included "other esculent vegetahles " with beets, and in 1845 and 1855 they included "poultry" with eggs and "eggs" with poultry; in 1865, also, "tomato plants" were included with tomatoes.] Prodiicts. 1845. 1835. 1863. 1S75. Domestic Products. Butter, pounds, Total value Value per pound Charcoai, bushels, Total value, Value per bushel, Cheese, pounds, Total value, ........ Value per pound Cider gallons, Total value, Value per gallon Firewood cords. Total value Value per cord, Lumber, Total value, Maple Molasses gallons, Total value Value per gallon Maple Sugar, pounds. Total value Value per pound, Railroad Sleepers, . . . number. Total value, Value each Agricultural Products. Apples, bushels. Total value, Value i)ur bushel, Barley, bushels. Total value, Value per bushel, ...... Acreage Bushels per acre 27 7,688,556 $1,116,709 $0.15 775,925 $48,477 $0.06 7,262,637 $398,174 $0.05 368,554 $1,010,328 $2.74 $921,106 573,048 $41,443 $0.07 121,931 $72,261 $0.52 8,116,009 $1,678,-558 $0.21 2,657,212 $237,469 $0.09 5,762,776 $464,251 $0.09 671,910 $2,960,915 $4.41 $3,664,462 520,441 $52,293 $0.10 $1,121,262 99,430 $110,1.58 $1.11 4,97U 20 3,745,293 $1,360,248 $0.36 2,301,245 $250,424 $0.11 3,560,481 $582,353 $0.16 271,680 $21,764 $0.08 506,101 $2,189,044 $4.33 1,039 $1,428 $1.37 656,823 $99,946 $0.18 600 $280 $0.47 $1,244,420 13S,.524 $184,343 $1.33 7,103J 19i 7,922,431 $2,747,878 $0.35 1,015,073 $120,556 $0.12 1,280,234 $162,826 $0.13 5,613,846 $668,80a $0.12 636,059 $2,400,493 $3.77 $175,707 23,015 $27,235 $1.18 1,082,202 $123,013 $0.11 458,544 $204,171 $0.44 3,252,957 $1,450,252 $0.45 46,884 $47,655 , $1.02 l,828i 25^ 210 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Principal Products — Continued. Peoducts. 1845. 1855. 1865. 1875. Beans, bushels, Total value, Value per bushel Acreage, Bushels per acre, Beef pounds. Total value, Value per pound, Beet.s, bushels, Total value, Value per bushel Acreage, Bushels per acre, Buckwheat bushels, Total value, . Value per bushel, Acreage Bushels per acre, Cabbage, heads, Total value Value per head, Carrots, bushels. Total value, Value per bushel Acreage Bushels per acre Celery bunches, Total value Value per bunch, Corn, Indian bushels, Total value, Value per bushel, Acreage, Bushels per acre Corn, Green bushels, Total value Value per bushel Cranberries, bushels. Total value, Value per bushel, Cucumbers bushels. Value of above, Value per bushel, Number Value of above, Value per hundred Total value, - _ 6,3891 41,879 - - $22,468 $97,052 - - $3.52 $2.32 - - 1491 1,354J - - 425 31 - - 70,825,396 12,258,542 $225,918 - $8,188,564 $1,068,154 - - $0.12 $0.09 - - 133,589 237,880 - - $117,161 $116,091 - - $0.88 $0.49 - - 690 9741 - - 193J 2441 32,274 - 64,259 52,127 $15,099 - $64,621 $46,911 $0.47 - $1.00 $0.90 - - 4,6063 3,609^ - - 131 135 - - - 7,660,722 - - $184,869 $440,691 - - - $0.06 - 632,117 225,015 191,646 - $148,041 $105,695 $86,503 - $0.23 $0.47 $0.45 - 1,479J 6235 439J - 427J 3605 436 - - - 627,329 - - $2,750 $49,614 - - - $0.08 1,985,215 2,595,096 2,015,771 1,040,290 $1,352,677 $2,820,109 $2,953,067 $1,006,384 $0.68 $1.09 $1.46 $0.97 - 91,056 70,141^ 29,1935 - 28J 285 355 - - - 199,496 - - - $134,170 - - - $0.67 - - 34,621 110,184 - $135,200 $101,538 $288,113 - - $2.93 $2.61 - - 1,000 38,236 - - - $43,844 - - - $1.15 - - 2,365,000 37,414,726 - - - $119,490 - - - $0.30 - - $35,627 $163,334 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 211 Principal Products — Continued. Products. 1845. 1853. 1865. 1875. Eggs dozen, Total value Value per dozen, ...... Grapes (ordinary), .... bushels, Value of above, Value per bushel, Grapes (best, including hothouse), . pounds. Value of above, Value per pound Total value Hay, clover, tons. Value of above, Value per ton Acreage, Tons per acre Hat, English, tons. Value of above Value per ton, Acreage, Tons per acre, Hay, meadow tons, Value of above Value per ton Acreage Tons per acre, Hay, millet tons. Value of above Value per ton, Acreage, Tons per acre Hay, salt, tons, Value of above, Value per ton, Acreage • . . Tons per acre Hay, all kinds tons. Value of above, Value per ton Acreage Tons per acre, Ice, tons, Total value Value per ton Lettuce, heads. Total value Value per head, $25,891 1,339 $8,476 $6.33 604,821 5,222,833 $8.63 $52,688 487,3441 7,362,006 $15.11 498,480J .98 129,1511 1,054,743 $8.17 $5,509 303i 32,115 $285,568 $8.89 648,6103 $8,707,826 $13.42' 387,100 $639,100 $1.65 $372,912 877 24,415 $40,100 479,837 0,537,789 $21.96 507, 163 J .94 115,447 1,274,956 $11.04 142,1934 .80 29,147 $339,659 $11.65 31,477 .92 624,431 $12,152,404 $19.46 680,833g .92 650,359 $735,077 $1.13 3,446,530 $903,357 $0.26 19,836 $32,635 $1.65 267,617 $34,624 $0.13 $67,259 3,443 $51,903 $15.07 2,959 1.13 526,490 $9,106,159 $17.30 509,294 1 116,211 $1,225,456 $10.55 130,792 .88 2,418 $41,918 $17.33 1,619 1.50 22,568 $234,832 $10.46 23,519 .96 671,130 $10,660,288 $15.88 668,183 1 395,184i $500,666. $1.27 2,683,211 $96,410 $0.04 212 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Principal Products — Coiitiniiecl. Peoddcts. 1845. 1835. 1865. 1875. Manure cords, Total value Value per cord, Milk, gallons. Total value Value per gallon Mutton, pounds. Total value Value per pound 'Oats bushels. Total value, Value per bushel Acreage Bushels per acre, Onions, bushels, Total value Value per bushel, Acreage Bushels per acre IPaksnips, bushels. Total value, Value per bushel Acreage Bushels per acre, Pears, bushels. Total value Value per bushel, Pork pounds. Total value Value per pound Potatoes, Irish bushels, Total value Value per bushel Acreage, 'Bushels per acre ■Poultry, pounds, Total value Value per pound Pumpkins pounds. Total value Value per pound, Kye, bushels, Total value, Value per bushel, Acreage, Bushels per acre 2,850,412 $304,917 $0.11 1,238,169 $405,657 $0.33 4,767,115 $1,309,030 $0.27 $25,891 446,925 $328,033 $0.73 3,300,916 $755,888 $0.23 792,982 $563,729 $0.71 37,623i 21J 240,971 $187,446 $0.78 769J 313 $88,144 3,991,456 $2,521,906 $0.63 41,982| 935 $52,688 523,777 $560,201 $1.07 42,143 12i 10,079,180 $1,966,187 $0.19 8,989,506 $1,090,368 $0.12 678,779 $587,133 $0.86 28,610J 233 210,831 $322,412 $1.53 839^ 251 $243,068 29,440,447 $4,596,433 $0.16 3,832,523 $2,499,845 $0.65 42,0825 91 $217,991 271,016 $400,140 $1.48 24,205 11 422,478 $2,321,373 $5.49 35,698,159 $6,934,671 $0.17 589,323 $55,374 $0.09 457,710 $314,202 $0.69 14,614^ Z\\ 369,706 $338,205 $0.94 1,045 344^ 30,377 $24,977 $0.82 137i 2213 59,259 $118,302 $2.00 12,786,062 $1,272,409 $0.10 3,630,546 $2,349,815 $0.65 33,616 108 1,206,098 $263,395 $0.22 4,214,881 $37,789 $0,009 250,113 $248,437 $0.99 21,351 "I AGRICULTURAL PEODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 213 Principal Products — Continued . Products. 1845. 1855.. 1865. 1875. Beeds, garden and flower, , . . pounds, Value of above Value per pound Seeds, grass bushels, Value of above Value per bushel Squashes pounds, Total value Value per pound, Straw tons, Total value, Value per ton, Strawberries quarts, Total value, Value per quart Tobacco, pounds. Total value, Value per pound Acreage, Pounds per acre Tomatoes, bushels, Total value, ....... Value per bushel, Trees, Fruit, in nuAeries, . . number, Total value, Value each, Turnips bushels, Total value, Value per bushel, Veal pounds. Total value Value per pound, Wheat bushels, Total value Value per bushel Acreage Bushels per acre, Wool, merino pounds. Value of above, Value per pound, Wool, Saxony pounds, Value of above, Value per pound $4,721 265,560 $0.06 4T,986 $54,502 $1.14 487,050 93,218 $57,474 421 523,735 $116,351 $0.22 41,003 $73,928 $1.82 2,600J 188,504 14,549 $12,545 2,175 $2,941 $1.35 $96,611 104 $1,420 $13.65 $30,728 9,306,067 $1,577,100 $0.17 5,615| 1,657 $23,160 $10,650 534,096 $187,913 $0.35 4,977,436 $562,895 $0.11 39,709 $79,562 $2.00 2,6671 236,103 $196,198 $0.83 12,789 $6,718 $0.53 28,307 $43,310 $1.53 2,300 $4,041 $1.76 6,978,689 $147,124 $0.02 18,865 $267,066 $14.16 1,156,801 $214,940 $0.19 5,993,666 $1,032,262 $0.17 3,7571 1,595 230,565 $137,945 $0.60 215,770 $88,526 $0.41 697,501 $252,222 $0.36 3,598,942 $363,517 $0.10 13,749 $23,105 $1.68 677J 20| 70,927 $30,061 $0.42 6,430 $2,798 $0.44 214 CEITSUS OF MASS. — 1875. C0MPE:N'DIUM. Principal Products — Concluded. Pkoducts. 1843. 1855. 1863. 1875. Wool, other pounds, Value of above, Value per pound, Wool, all kinds, pounds. Total value, ' Value per pound 435,962 1,016,230 $365,136 $0.36 213,103 416,156 $155,046 $0.37 361,363 $262,225 $0.73 610,255 $465,141 $0.76 129,578 $51,704 $0.40 206,935 $84,563 $0.41 In the foregoing table we have the true basis of comparison, quan- tity, and when it applies, acreage ; the values are interesting as indi- cating the value of same quantity at different periods. For 1845 and 1855 gold was the standard, and of course for 1865 and 1875 the values should be reduced to a gold basis ; this is done by dividing the currency value for 1865 by 1.57, and for 1875 by 1.12. The table just given shows only the chief products, and principally those where comparisons could be made for some or all of the years named. Very many products returned in 1875 found no place in former censuses, and are not mentioned in the table. Much can be drawn from the foregoing table ; it teaches the changes in crops, in value, in acreage, in average yield per acre, and the in- crease or decrease in the leading crops ; the result is gratifying in many respects, for while it is seen that there is a loss in the great staple products of barley, corn, oats, potatoes and wheat, there is for each of these crops an increased yield per acre ; the lighter crops — beans, beets, carrots, cranberries, onions and turnips — show large increase generally, not only in amount raised, but in yield per acre ; the hay crop has increased in quantity and in average yield per acre. The item of cheese in the foregoing table includes for 1875 that made upon farms only, while for the other years it comprises the total prod- uct of cheese, not only on farms, but from factories. The total product of cheese for 1875 was 3,067,017 pounds ; valued at $405,293. The details of the statistics show that our agriculture has been changing, a fact that has long been perfectly apparent and which was easy to be accounted for in the rapid increase of the number of man- ufacturing villages and local markets. The eg^ and milk products exhil)it wonderful progress, the latter growing from 2,850,412 gallons in 1845 and 10,079,180 gallons in AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 215 1865 to 35,698,159 gallons in 1875. Accompanying the great in- crease in the milk product will be noticed the decrease in the beef product, dropping from 70,825,396 pounds in 1865 to 12,258,542 pounds in 1875. Tobacco loses, many farmers during the past five years having abandoned it as a crop. Kaising small fruits, pears, etc., will be found to occupy considerable attention now, and their product has been returned for 1875, but there are no statistics for former years with which comparison can be made. An examination of the relation of quantities raised to acres tilled convinces one that the farmers of Massachusetts have learned the important lesson of tilling less land and tilling it better, for we find that even in the crops where loss in the aggregate occurs there has been a great improvement in results. In 1855 it took 4,971^ acres to produce 99,430 bushels of barley; and in 1865, 7,103| acres to pro- duce 138,524 bushels; while in 1875 it took but 1,828| acres to produce 46,884 bushels ; an increase in the average yield from 20 bushels to 25| bushels to the acre. The beet crop increased from 193 1 to 244| bushels per acre, from 1865 to 1875. The product of corn per acre grew from 28 1 bushels in 1865 to 35| bushels in 1875. Onions, an important product, made an increase in quantity per acre, and the average yield of oats per acre increased from 21|^ bushels in 1855 to 31^ bushels in 1875 ; and potatoes from 91 bushels per acre in 1865 to 108 in 1875 ; and wheat from 15f in 1855 to 201 in 1875. The agriculture of Massachusetts can hardly be said to be on the decline with the facts before us ; and the only statement which can tempt one to such belief is the superficial one relative to what has been considered tJie important crops. Corn, wheat, etc., are the tra- ditional products associated in the mind as the leading agricultural products, and when other but less bulky articles are raised in their place, notwithstanding the increased value of the new crops, conserv- ative persons are apt to feel that there is retrogression instead of prog- ress. It must be conceded, however, that the important crop is the one which soonest and surest brings substantial returns to the farmer, and if milk, eggs, or small fruits, or the leading fruits, will do this, then they become the important crops. It is the province of another department, whose secretary is much more able than we, to discuss these matters, and we gladly leave it to him, although the temptation to rebuke the cry of decline is exceedingly strong. 216 CENSUS OF MASS.— 1875. COMPENDIUM. Farm Property. Number Number Value Acres Value Value of Farms Counties, of of of of of (Land Farms. Buildings. Buildings. Land. Land. and Buildings). The State, 44,549 118,063 $66,033,291 3,402,368J $116,629,849 $182,663,140 Barnstable, 721 1,820 771,939 59,914 843,479 1,615,418 Berkshire,'. 3,791 12,149 5,004,277 470,594 10,069,671 15,073,948 Bristol, 3,570 10,096 4,641,818 217,368 7,239,865 11,881,683 Dukes, 371 978 247,432 33,945 431,458 _678,890 Essex, 3,282 8,294 5,321,407 179,6S3J 8,891,828 14,213,235 Franklin, . 3,956 10,223 3,967,091 350,443^ 7,385,412 11,352,503 Hampden,. 3,736 9,645 5,104,606 316,015| 9,391,839 14,496,445 Hampshire, 3,666 9,627 4,788,319 316,991J 7,472,011 12,260,330 Middlesex, 6,085 15,984 13,808,976 362,945^ 22,566,209 36,375,185 Nantucket, 105 286 71,475 15,973 111,491 182,966 Norfolk, . 2,331 5,571 4,490,075 135,n2J 6,256,660 10,746,735 Plymouth, 3,587 9,409 4,373,259 200,193 4,884,265 9,257,524 Suftblk, . 369 678 1,469,025 8,203^ 9,422,348 10,891,373 Worcester, 8,979 23,303 11,973,592 734,9874 21,663,313 33,636,905 Farm Property — Concluded. Value Value Value of Agri- Total Value Counties. of Fruit Trees of Domestic cultural Imple- of and Vines. Animals. ments in use. Farm Property. The State, $4,674,188 $17,316,381 $5,321,168 $209,974,877 Barnstable, 44,280 191,061 48,722 1,899,481 Berkshire, 399,584 1,966,891 469,073 17,909,496 Bristol, 186,448 1,187,337 335,645 13,591,113 Dukes, . . 9,926 95,959 14,508 799,283 Essex, 486,429 1,334,195 483,869 16,517,728 Franklin, . 270,514 1,450,840 438,127 13,511,984 Hampden, 257,782 1,352,278 394,355 16,500,860 Hampshire, 271,988 1,391,070 455,998 14,379,386 Middlesex, 1,049,884 2,749,719 957,653 41,132,441 Nantucket, 234 50,661 8,784 242,645 Norfolk, . 230,797 765,100 263,816 12,000,448 Plymouth, 237,501 875,747 209,932 10,580,704 Suffolk, . 114,208 155,209 64,682 11,225,472 Worcester, 1,114,613 3,750,314 1,176,004 39,677,836 AGKICULTUPtAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 217 Faems. Sl2 E OF B'arms (in Acres). Whole No. of Farms. Value of Farms Counties. Under 3. . From 3 to 5. From 5 to 10 (both Inc.). Above 10. (Land and Buildings). The State, 724: 896 2,694 40,235 44,549 $182,663,140 Barnstable, 8 13 55 645 721 1,615,418 Berkshire, 14 23 85 3,669 3,791 15,073,948 Bristol, . 21 53 212 3,284 3,570 11,881,683 Dukes, 18 6 22 325 371 678,890 Esses, 47 94 326 2,815 3,282 14,213,235 Franklin, . 102 76 191 3.587 3,956 11,352,503 Hampden, 46 98 243 3,.349 3,736 14,496,445 Ilampshire, 95 72 177 3,322 3,666 12,260,330 Middlesex, 195 164 469 5,257 6,085 36,375,185 Nantucket, 3 4 9 89 105 182,966 Norfolk, . 60 49 138 2,084 2,331 10,746,735 Plymouth, 50 115 294 3,128 3,587 9,257,524 Suflblk, . 38 44 80 207 369 10,891,373 Worcester, 27 85 393 8,474 8,979 33,636,905 Buildings. Counties. o CO 1 s 05 M si 5^ CO O to o 2 '3 n £ .5 o 1 c ~ Value of Buildings. The State, 43,620 46,848 2,899 2,610 127 325 1,057 20,577 118,063 $66,033,291 Barnstable, . 687 700 63 16 - - 98 256 1,820 771,939 Berkshire, 3,873 5,823 156 97 16 10 173 2,001 12,149 5,004,277 Bristol, . 3,445 3,404 654 188 2 8 601 1,794 10,096 ' 4,641,818 Dukes, . 349 352 39 35 - - 26 177 978 247,432 Essex, . 2,921 3,151 246 354 3 30 17 1,572 8,294 5,321,407 Franklin, 3,731 4,026 111 158 19 14 18 2,146 10,223 3,967,091 Hampden, 3,670 4,221 80 92 8 38 6 1,530 9,645 5,104,606 Hampshire, 3,675 4,026 83 93 4 15 45 1,686 9,627 4,788,319 Middlesex, 6,103 5,874 363 376 22 70 25 3,151 15,984 13,808,976 Nantucket, 98 126 11 13 - - - 38 286 71,475 Norfolk, 2,322 2,183 125 106 1 6 2 826 5,571 4,490,075 Plymouth, 3,480 3,311 229 369 11 9 1 1,999 9,409 4,373,2.59 Suftblk, . 308 248 7 5 - - 1 109 678 1,469,025 Worcester, 8,958 9,403 732 708 41 125 44 3,292 23,303 11,973,592 28 218 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Land. Cultivated Land. COCKTIES. LAND UNDER CROPS. MARKEl GARDENS. NURSERIES AND SEED GARDENS. ORCHARDS. Acreage. Value. Acreage. Value. Acreage. Value. Acreage. Value. The State, 882,178J $57,961,529 3,9881 $1,147,200 7361 $335,179 25,617^ $2,643,801 Barnstable, . 11,575 410,989 21 1,957 23 2,439 242 17,583 Berkshire, 128,813 4,908,585 73 12,033 20 1,430 2,129 140,681 Bristol, . 49,558 3,335,718 348 39,867 18 4,255 1,631 116,948 Dukes, . 4,767 140,092 41 1,030 - - 85 5,291 Essex, 63,928 4,682,545 428 78,563 115J 38,365 1,633 178,039 Franklin, 77,451 3,547,653 2U\ 12,448 86^ 4,550 2,120 99,538 Hampden, 76,366 4,729,940 464^ 54,325 172 16,570 2,724 166,853 Harapsbire, 96,413 4,385,196 89 18,220 in 725 1,798 118,948 Middlesex, 113,3413 12,722,719 l,233g 497,079 100 104,562 5,485 762,929 N^an tucket. 1,662 59,725 lOi 1,560 8 400 Oh 150 Norfolk, . 35,1883 3,046,195 3193 65,703 403 . 6,825 1,0093 144,498 Plymouth, 38,9151 1,974,385 111 15,997 26J 2,577 1,613| 131,590 Buffolk, . 3,5675 4,505,153 233 256,580 511 146,766 312 387,274 Worcester, 180,631.1 9,512,634 402J 91,838 &ik 6,715 4,8341 373,479 Land — Concluded. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AIS^D PROPERTY. 219 LAND — BT TOTALS. Cultivated Land. Uncultivated Land. Land (both kinds). Counties. Acreage. Value. Acreage. Value. Acreage. Value. The State, 912,521 $62,087,709 2,489,8471 $54,542,140 3,402,368J $116,629,849 Barnstable, . 11,861 432,968 48,053 410,511 59,914 843,479 Berkshire, 131,035 5,062,729 339,559 5,006,942 470,594 10,069,671 Bristol, 51,555 3,496,788 165,813 3,743,077 217,368 7,239,865 Dulies, . 4,893 146,413 29,052 285,045 33,945 431,458 Essex, . 66,104i 4,977,512 113,579 3,914,316 179,683^ 8,891,828 Franklin, 79,871g 3,664,189 270,572 3,721,223 350,443^ 7,385,412 Hampden, 79,726^ 4,967,688 236,289 4,424,151 316,015^ 9,391,839 Hampshire, 98,3111 4,523,089 218,680 2,948,922 316,9911 7,472,011 Middlesex, 120,160J 14,087,289 242,785g 8,478,920 362,9451 22,566,209 Nantucket, 1,680 J 61,835 14,292i 49,656 15,973 111,491 Norfolk, 36,559 3,263,221 98,553^ 2,993,439 135,112i 6,256,660 Plymouth, 40,666i 2,124,549 159,5265 2,759,716 200,193 4,884,265 Suffolk, 4,164^ 5,295,773 4,039J 4,126,575 8,2031 9,422,348 Worcester, 185,933^ 9,983,666 549,054 11,679,647 734,987 i 21,663,313 Fruit Trees and Vines. Apple Trees. Cherry Trees. Peach Trees. Pear Trees. Counties. Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. The State, 1,861,204 $3,656,271 12,040 $31,517 • 82,884 $93,871 231,229 $601,138 Barnstable, . 8,582 25,659 9 29 453 436 4,567 13,176 Berkshire, . 121,947 338,445 1,044 3,474 1,703 1,816 10,827 34,305 Bristol, 79,023 131,371 766 1,340 3,573 2,870 18,468 36,041 Dukes, . . 3,114 7,957 20 10 52 45 381 1,026 Essex, . 197,315 399,635 852 2,134 8,312 10,549 23,328 58,919 Franklin, . 167,038 242,375 261 522 2,358 2,226 5,646 13,433 Hampden, . 129,117 229,522 660 1,583 2,635 3,489 4,079 11,570 Hampshire, 120,486 234,672 504 1,232 1,755 1,849 6,323 19,451 Middlesex, . 373,058 765,195 2,719 6,799 36,471 44,995 55,885 136,120 Nantucket, . 20 40 - ■ 2 4 50 150 Norfolk, 62,524 176,135 791 2,126 ■1,314 1,815 12,460 36,311 Plymouth, . 90,489 187,277 924 1,885 3,672 2,861 11,968 28,059 Suffolk, 6,306 21,121 392 3,072 159 385 32,120 83,882 Worcester, . 502,185 896,867 3,098 7,311 20,425 20,531 46,127 128,695 220 CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Fruit Trees and Vines — Concluded. Plum Trees. Other F RUiT Trees. Grape Vines. Total Va'ue COUNTIKS. of Trees and Number, Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. Vines. The State, 3,958 $7,363 34,536 $48,264 224,352 $235,764 $4,674,188 Barnstable, 16 4 444 1,275 1,523 3,701 44,280 Berkshire, 1,501 3,399 4,185 10,526 3,392 7,619 399,584 Bristol, 36 40 1,583 1,501 13,392 13,285 186,448 Dukes, - - 337 758 72 130 9,926 Essex, 215 467 1,175 3,358 10,581 11,367 486,429 Franklin, . 276 602 2,091 3,618 8,443 7,838 270,514 Hampden, 448 715 1,644 3,218 4,683 7,685 257,782 Hampshire, 455 711 1,742 2,668 6,369 11,405 271,988 Middlesex, 319 410 2,009 4,472 94,935 91,893 1,049,^84 Nantucket, - - 9 10 7 30 234 Norfolk, . 72 214 11,374 3,036 11,237 11,160 230,797 Plymouth, 154 233 1,911 4,956 14,034 12,230 237, .501 Suffolk, . 8 14 2,667 2,847 1,977 2,887 114,208 Worcester, 458 654 3,365 6,021 53,707 54,534 1,114,613 Domestic Animals. Counties. Bees (Swarms of). Bulls. Calves. Colts. Pucks. Geese. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. The State, 8,365 $49,846 5,312 ^188,260 38,099 $371,009 4,254 $389,066 9,884 $6,845 7,003 $8,008 Barnstable, . 91 736 71 2,365 501 4,503 37 3,350 992 548 76 103 Berkshire, . 1,339 7,438 932 26,918 4,708 38,732 843 71,445 571 355 644 937 Bristol, 850 4,477 209 6,780 2,364 21,824 199 24,102 1,939 1,370 1,389 2,216 Dukes, . 3 20 29 649 212 1,588 32 1,681 141 65 90 85 Essex, . 441 3,152 278 11,141 2,500 23,752 241 23,093 1,184 853 230 437 Franklin, 722 4,764 453 16,046 4,336 43,814 627 52,352 220 157 199 340 Hampden, . 905 4,956 573 18,238 3,033 28,826 305 23,953 540 372 251 414 Hampshire, . 667 3,588 546 17,322 3,603 33,959 418 35,261 284 194 105 149 Middlesex, . 939 5,855 560 24,086 4,506 52,296 455 51,900 952 728 209 302 Nantucket, . 18 196 29 794 125 869 19 1,720 78 54 14 21 Norfolk, 327 1,922 127 4,639 1,242 10,571 119 10,990 639 524 114 150 Plymouth, . 627 149 5,993 1,.532 14,960 158 12,987 971 607 3,101 1,794 Suffolk, 14 101 18 1,280 127 1,328 25 3,250 87 67 5 5 Worcester, . 1,422 9,114 1,338 52,009 9,310 93,987 776 72,982 1,286 951 576 1,055 AGEICULTUEAL PKODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 221 Domestic Animals — Continued. Heifers. Hens and Chick- Hogs. Horses. Lambs. Counties. No. Value. No. A'alue. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. The State, . 28,057 $667,355 1,012,784 $575,374 42,255 $721,955 53,218 $5,805,485 29,294 $115,001 Barnstable, . 340 6,924 36,862 16,489 574 10,194 763 73,158 330 1,296 Berkshire, . 3,967 86,843 78,678 38,527 3,831 64,320 5,635 625,343 7,421 25,064 Bristol, 994 25,444 144,360 89,584 3,513 64,775 4,109 430,240 913 3,877 Diilies, 172 3,422 10,322 5,089 158 2,616 307 26,520 1,438 2,213 Essex, 1,426 33,881 77,185 45,518 2,343 46,125 4,067 483,508 538 2,441 Franlilin, . 3,348 80,883 57,680 27,810 3,441 50,019 4,098 423,298 8,049 34,898 Hampden, . 2,445 51,141 70,419 37,009 3,410 51,256 4,151 431,363 2,617 10,534 Hampshire, 2,832 63,563 57,839 30,294 3,898 63,057 4,388 467,288 3,610 13,951 Middlesex, . 3,451 91,524 147,165 91,417 7,543 134,621 8,716 1,032,929 385 1,889 Nantucliet, . 89 1,502 3,392 2,582 127 3,295 122 15,450 521 1,688 Norfollr, . 732 20,258 48,334 30,776 2,917 50,072 2,742 300,559 170 1,061 Plymouth, . 827 20,820 87,429 51,134 2,357 45,552 3,357 356,009 1,174 6,033 Suffolk, 61 1,505 5,165 3,622 581 10,240 580 96,845 - - Worcester, . 7,373 179,645 187,954 105,523 7,562 125,813 10,183 1,042,975 2,128 10,056 Domestic Animals — Continued. COCNtlES Milch Cows. Mules. Oxen. Pigs. Sheep (Me- rino). No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. The State, 126,034 $6,054,136 203 $20,887 16,308 $1,345,204 41,009 $241,368 14,456 $58,290 Barnstable, 1,211 49,676 - - 145 10,435 445 2,438 257 1,260 Berkshire, . 15,527 714,185 25 2,525 1,422 105,781 3,694 19,025 7,675 29,165 Bristol, 7,502 364,748 11 640 1,158 96,877 4,026 24,323 194 840 Dukes, 552 19,322 13 1,130 133 7,880 156 809 127 346 Essex, 9,151 471,401 24 2,145 1,762 149,522 2,008 15,079 26 203 Franklin, . 10,271 415,398 8 690 1,692 148,120 3,707 19,905 2,611 10,104 Hampden, . 9,891 447,119 10 1,750 1,955 149,047 2,443 13,813 563 2,449 Hampshire, 9,806 448,886 15 1,605 1,104 95,037 3,639 19,564 2,530 11,325 Middlesex, . 20,244 1,068,223 31 3,170 1,206 105,358 7,522 46,752 63 424 Nantucket, 376 13,950 - - 31 1,861 145 742 11 215 Norfolk, . 5,743 274,019 18 2,582 367 29,790 3,088 17,800 36 96 Plymouth, . 5,006 231,369 9 580 1,064 84,475 1,689 11,147 48 178 Suffolk, 496 30,344 3 300 22 2,125 336 2,084 - - Worcester, 30,258 1,505,496 36 3,770 4,247 358,896 8,111 47,887 315 1,685 222 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. Domestic Animals — Concluded. Sheep (Sax- ontI. Othek Sheep. Steers. Turkeys. Other Animals. Total Value Counties. of Domestic Ko. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Animals. The State, 1,631 $7,993 42,686 $179,934 10,448 $354,924 23,738 $32,642 39,582 $122,899 $17,316,381 Barnstable, . 22 125 294 2,588 137 3,539 216 253 270 1,081 191,061 Berkshire, . 769 3,261 8,400 41,550 1,540 51,511 3,980 4,681 1,897 9,286 1,966,891 Bristol, 64 418 1,096 4,427 216 8,093 1,725 2,891 2,814 9,391 1,187,337 Dukes, - - 9,087 18,297 141 3,498 329 474 109 265 95,959 Essex, . 9 88 586 3,470 274 9,695 972 1,378 3,011 7,313 1,334,196 Franklin, 232 1,020 8,475 39,673 2,092 68,868 2,156 2,848 1,289 9,833 1,450,840 Hampden, . 16 120 3,284 15,007 1,278 47,320 3,684 6,316 13,361 12,275 1,352,278 Hampsbire, . 189 1,028 6,292 23,453 1,524 48,920 1,544 2,510 1,416 10,116 1,391,070 Middlesex, . 8 60 608 3,646 281 10,801 1,816 2,181 5,030 21,557 2,749,719 Nantucket, . - - 1,287 4,561 33 905 191 245 12 11 50,661 Norfofic, . 2 10 502 2,151 18 790 157 273 1,663 6,067 766,100 Plymouth, . 131 632 1,442 7,703 260 10,090 1,454 1,901 3,021 8,256 876,747 Suffolk, - - - - - - - - 373 2,113 155,209 "Worcester, . 199 1,231 2,333 13,408 2,654 90,894 5,514 7,591 5,326 25,346 3,750,314 RECAPITULATIONS OF AGGREGATES, FOR THE STATE. Farm Property. Number. Value. Average Value. I.— Farms. Farms containing less than 3 acres " " more than 3 and less than 5 acres, . " " from 5 to 10 acres (both inclusive), . " " more than 10 acres Farms, all sizes. [The value given is that of land and buildings combined] II.— Buildings. Dwelling houses Barns, Carriage houses, Cheese houses Cider mills Corn houses, Granaries, Greenhouses Grist and saw mills, Ice houses, Mills (not specified) Out-buildings Sheds, Shops, Slaughter houses Stables 724 896 2,694 40,235 44,549 43,620 46,848 2,899 56 325 1,480 1,067 279 127 263 44 3,950 13,383 2,610 94 293 $182,663,140 $4,100 27 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 223 Recapitulations of Aggregates — Continued. Fardi Pkopertt. Number. Value. Average Value. Buildings— Concluded. Storehouses Sugar houses Tobacco barns Buildings, all kinds, .... in.— Land. Cultivated — Land under crops, Market gardens, . Nurseries and seed gardens, Orchards, .... Uncultivated — Unimproved land, . Unimprovable land, . Woodland, Land, all kinds acres, acres, acres, acres, acres, acres, acres, acres. IV.— Fruit Trees and Vines. Apple trees, . Apricot trees Butternut trees Cherry trees, Chestnut trees, Crab-apple trees, Fig trees Fruit trees not designated, .... Hickory trees Mulberry trees, Nectarine trees, Peach trees, Pear trees, Plum trees, Pomegranate trees Quince trees Shellbark trees, Walnut trees, Grape vines Fruit trees and vines, all kinds. v.— Domestic Animals. Asses, Bees (swarms of) Buffalo Bulls Calves Colts, Dogs Ducks, Geese, Goats, Guinea fowls 20 144 571 118,063 882,178i 3,9S8| 7361 25,617^ 1,469,9881 89,457^ 930,402^ 3,402,368| 1,861,204 11 24 12,040 13 1,131 50 26,820 4 8 5 82,884 231,229 3,958 8 6,120 221 121 224,352 SO 8,365 1 5,312 38,099 4,254 11,489 9,884 7,003 201 3,102 $66,033,291 $57,961,529 1,147,200 335,179 2,643,801 32,141,620 331,362 22,069,158 $116,629,849 $3,656,271 14 34 31,517 60 2,013 250 36,067 25 20 18 93,871 601,138 7,363 50 8,918 632 163 235,764 $4,674,188 $65 70 287 62 454 86 103 20 21 86 3 70 23 72 $34 28 fl 96 1 27 1 42 2 62 4 61 1 78 5 00 1 34 6 25 2 50 3 60 1 13 2 60 1 86 6 25 1 45 2 86 1 35 1 05 $1,600 $53 33 49,846 5 96 100 100 00 188,260 35 44 371,009 9 74 389,066 91 46 110,877 9 65 6,845 69 8,008 1 14 872 4 34 2,129 68 224 CENSUS or MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. Ilecapitulalions of Aggregates — Concluded. Farm Propektt. Number. Value. Average Value. Domestic Animals— Concluded. Heifers, Hens and chickens, Hogs, Horses, Lambs, Milch cows, Mules, Oxen, Pea fowls Pigeons, Pigs, Sheep, merino, Saxony, other Steers, Turkeys Domestic animals, all kinds, 28,057 1,012,784 42,255 63,218 29,294 126,034 203 16,308 389 24,370 41,009 14,456 1,631 42,686 10,448 23,738 $667,355 575,374 721,955 5,805,485 115,001 6,054,136 20,887 1,345,204 666 6,655 241,368 58,290 . 7,993 179,934 354,924 32,542 $23 78 57 17 08 109 09 3 92 48 03 102 89 82 48 1 71 27 5 88 4 03 4 90 4 21 33 97 1 37 $17,316,381 From the foregoing we draw the following table of the number of farms, their acreage, average acreage, total and average value. Number Total Average Total Value of Average Counties. of Acreage in Acreage in Farms (Land and Value Farms. Farms. Farms. Buildings). of Farms. The State, 44,549 3,402,368J 76 $182,663,140 $4,100 Barnstable, . 721 59,914 83 1,615,418 21240 Berkshire, 3,791 470,594 124 15,073,948 3,976 Bristol, . 3,570 217,368 61 11,881,683 3,328 Dukes, , 371 33,946 91 678,890 1,830 Essex, . 3,282 179,6831 55 14,213,235 4.331 Franklin, 3,956 350,443g 88 11,352,503 2,870 Hampden, 3,736 316,015J 85 14,496,445 3,880 Hampshire, 3,666 316,991^ 86 12,260,330 3,344 Middlesex, 6,085 362,945^ 60 36,375,185 5,978 Nantucket, 105 15,973 152 182,966 1,742 Norfolk, . 2,331 135,112J 58 10,746,735 4,610 Plymouth, 3,687 200,193 56 9,257,524 2,581 Suffolk, . 369 8,2031 22 10,891,373 29,516 Worcester, 8,979 734,9871 82 33,636,905 3,746 The preceding tables of Farm Property present all the details of such property Under appropriate heads, as farms, buildings, land, fruit trees and vines, and domestic animals, with the quantity and value for each. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 225 The horses on farms number 53,218, the whole number in the State being 129,969. The number of cows on farms, inckiding heifers, 154,091 ; of milch cows, 126,034; whole number of cows in the State according to assessors' returns and including those not on farms, 148,395. The total value of domestic animals on farms alone is $17,316,381. The total value of fruit trees upon the farms of the State is $4,674,188, apple trees alone numbering 1,861,204, and valued at $3,656,271. The farm land of all kinds is valued at 1116,629,849, and the buildings upon the same $66,033,291, mak- ing the total value of the farms in the State, land and l)uildings, $182,663,140. The aggregate value of the farms, with all their appliances, is shown to be as follows : — Laml, Buildings, Fruit trees and vines, . Domestic animals, Agricultural implements. $110,629,849 GG,033,291 4,674,188 17,316,381 5,321,168 Total, $209,974,877 The above total represents an actual value in property alone, and does not include any capital employed in the cultivation of the farms. This immense sum produces for market about $42,000,000 worth of products. The total value of ftirms, including all kinds of land and buildings, in 1865, was $176,579,965. The number of sheep killed by dogs during the year ending May 1, 1875, was 1,673 ; valued at $9,332. Included among the farms of the State are the market-gardens, with acreage, value and average value per acre, as follows : — Counties. Total Acreage in Market-gardens. Total Value of Land in Market-gardiMS. Average Value per Acre. The State, . Barnstable, .... Berkshire Bristol, .... Dukes Essex Franklin, .... 29 3,988| 21 73 348 41 428 214J $1,147, -200 1,957 12,a33 39,867 1,030 78,563 12,448 93 165 114 25 183 58 226 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Counties. Total Acreage in Market-gardens. Total Value of Land in Market-gardens. Average Value per acre. Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Worcester, , 464J 89 l,233i 319J 111 233 402} 54,325 18,220 497,079 1,560 65,703 15,997 256,580 91,838 117 205 403 152 205 144 1,101 228 Of the whole number of farms in the State, 44,549, only 1,054 are carried on by proprietors who hire, while the great majority, 43,495, are carried on by the owners. That the public may have a complete classification of farms as to sizes, from 3 acres and under to 1,000 and over, we present the fol- lowing special table : — Size of Farms. Size of Farms. All sizes, Under 3 acres, From 3 to 5 acres From 5 to 10 acres, both inclusive, Above 10 to and including 20 acres. Above 20 to and including 50 acres. Above 50 to and including 100 acres. Above 100 to and including 200 acres Above 200 to and including 300 acres, Above 300 to and including 400 acres Above 400 to and including 500 acres, Above 500 to and including 600 acres Above 600 to and including 700 acres, Above 700 to and including 800 acres, -< H 44,549 724 896 2,694 6,196 11,633 12,219 7,954 1,622 336 142 62 27 14 Counties. 721 8 13 55 125 211 142 111 26 16 4 6 2 1 V u, ^ en o •g Ui s^ w M 3,791 3,570 14 21 23 53 85 212 295 590 638 1,177 967 1,039 1,232 394 379 54 98 16 32 8 14 3 6 ~ 3 - 371 18 6 22 52 84 100 12 B 03 3,282 47 94 326 607 970 804 369 45 10 3,956 102 76 191 406 829 1,131 988 170 37 17 ■a a C3 33 3,736 46 98 243 517 808 958 797 209 32 15 AGKICtJLTURAL rRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 227 Size of Farms — Continued. The State. Counties. Size of Farms. 3 a c 1 en O O CO c G PKOPERTT. 229 By Laud under Crops is meaut all laud from which any crop, iu- cludiug hay, was harvested duriug the years ending on the first day of May, 1865 and 1875. Unimproved Land comprises all laud devoted to pasturage and other purposes than actual cultivation, and which may be made arable and is capable of improvement other than clear- ing. By Unimprovable Land is meant that which is absolutely inca- pable of cultivation. Any classification of this latter kind of land must vary according to the minds of different judges. Woodland includes all that is actually wooded. This classification must be quite accurate, from the nature of the returns, and it appears satisfactory, also, when judged in relation to the total area of the State, as follows : — Total area, 4,992,000 acres. Included in farms, as above, .... 3,402,308 acres. in lakes and ponds, .... 93,000 «i in rivers, 200,000 t( in cities and villages, city and town lots, cemeteries, parisli and asso- ciation lands, etc., 550,000 it in 1,837 miles of railroad, including stations, 20,000 (( in 20,000 miles of highways, . 140,000 u in detached and non-resident lands, . 81,759 ii in reservoirs, ..... 32,367 u Total, 4,519,494 acres. This leaves unaccounted for 472,506 acres. The preceding areas are quite relial^le : the area of lakes and ponds is taken from compu- tations by H. F. Walling, Esq. ; of rivers, cities, towns, etc., from estimates ; of railroads and highways, from computations made from actual returns ; of detached and non-resident lands not in farms, and reservoirs, from Census returns to this office. The assessors' returns to the Secretary of State show 537,635 acres not taxed May 1, 1875. It should be remembered that the total area of the State is only a computation, not the result of survey. Most excellent estimates, based on very reliable data, establish the area of the State at 7,800 square miles; and this must be the rule till the State is scientifically surveyed, — an undertaking exceedingly desirable. That the effect proximity to cities has upon fiirms and farm lands may be considered, we have prepared four tables, presenting the total acreage and average value per acre of Cultivated Land, Unim- 230 CE:N'SUS of MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. proved Land, Unimprovable Land, and Woodland, by counties, including cities, excluding cities, and for the cities alone, and a fifth table, giving all the just mentioned points for the cities by name. Cultivated Land. Including Cities. Excluding Cities. The Cities. Counties. Acreage of Average Acreage of Average Acreage of Average Cultivated Value Cultivated Value Cultivated Value Land. per acre. Land. per acre. Land. per acre. The State, 912,521 $68 03 874,6943 $56 42 37,826^ $336 66 Barnstable, 11,861 36 50 11,861 36 50 - - Berkshire, 131,035 38 63 131,035 38 63 - - Bristol, . 51,555 67 82 44,964 55 17 6,591 154 14 Dukes, 4,893 30 12 4,893 30 12 - - Essex, 66,104i 75 29 58,54U 69 48 7,563 120 26 Franklin, . 79,87ie 45 87 79,871g 45 87 - - Hampden, 79,726^ 62 30 73,9433 47 89 5,7821 246 70 Hampshire, 98,3111 46 00 98,3111 46 00 - - Middlesex, 120,160J 117 23 116,1341 98 05 4,026 670 68 Nantucket, 1,6803 36 78 1,6803 36 78 - - Norfolk, . 36,559 89 25 36,559 89 25 - - Plymouth, 40,666^ 52 24 40,666J 52 24 - - Suffolk, . 4.164^ 1,271 79 969 40 26 3,195J 1,5^5 41 Worcester, 185,933^ 53 69 175,2643 46 82 10,6681 166 56 Unt:mproved Land. Including Cities. Excluding Cities. The Cities. Counties. Acreage of Average Acreage of Average Acreage of Average Unimproved Value Unimproved Value Unimproved Value Land. per acre. Land. per acre. Land. per acre. The State, 1,469,988^ i $21 86 1,425,1251 $17 41 44,S62i $163 47 Barnstable, 15,416 12 20 15,416 12 20 - - Berkshire, 210,084 13 45 210,084 13 45 - - Bristol, . 70,458 25 88 62,593 15 93 7,865 105 04 Dukes, 17,990 9 34 17,990 9 34 - - Essex, 78,835 34 97 68,954 33 25 9,881 46 95 Franklin, . 175,218 12 67 175,218 12 67 - - Hampden, 147,359 18 88 137,904 12 54 9,455 Ill 40 Hampshire, 145,894 11 53 145,894 11 53 - - Middlesex, 136,256^ 35 07 134,3641 32 32 1,8913 230 70 Nantucket, » 14,016 3 27 14,016 3 27 - - Norfolk, . 45,1983 33 24 4.5,1983 33 24 - - Plymouth, 54,784^ 18 65 54,7841 18 65 - - Suiiblk, . 3,402^ 1,151 77 295 171 22 3,107j 1,244 85 Worcester, 355,076J 18 10 342,4133 16 77 12,662.1 54 15 AGRICULTUKAL PRODUCTS AND PEOPERTY. 231 Unimprovable Land. Woodland. 232 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Farm Land in Cities. Cultivated. Ukimproved. Unimprovable. Woodland. Cities. Average Average Average Average Acreage. Value per acre. Acreage. Value per acre. Acreage. Value per acre. Acreage. Value per acre. Fall River, . 1,807 $274 97 2,418 $130 91 _ _ 3,254 $57 54 New Bedford, . 933 167 57 777 33 10 19 $13 68 1,737 23 17 Taunton, . 3,851 81 36 4,670 41 36 185 17 51 6,261 29 91 Gloucester, 954 122 04 1,717 41 11 - - 341 27 57 Haverhill, . 4,156 79 06 5,159 45 33 5 5 00 1,583 32 68 Lawrence, . 279 241 22 385 93 64 - 131 224 05 Lynn, . 319 456 24 97 113 40 - - 368 58 42 Newburyport, 1,089 71 90 958 41 02 - - 210 31 90 Salem, 766 226 40 1,565 46 72 4 - 150 43 33 Holyoke, . 809 64 14 1,425 39 27 - - 1,165 20 44 Springtield, 4,973^ 270 94 8,030 124 20 94 17 77 2,765 91 84 Cambridge, 833 1,444 77 - - - - 2 1,000 00 Lowell, 1,417 320 94 751 119 22 ji - 621 80 92 Newton, 2,1113 680 35 1,1403 304 09 - - 827 165 35 Somerville, 413i 1,663 12 - - - - 18 6,944 44 Boston, 3,151 1,551 59 3,107 1,244 86 37 481 08 586 320 89 Chelsea, ii\ 375 14 OJ - - - - - Fltchburg, . 3,9733 102 35 5,489 23 44 183 4 21 2,849J 43 07 Worcester, 6,6943 204 66 7,1731 77 65 62 7 74 3,1813 77 95 Persons Employed, Wages, Etc. S cS Pk Cm O U OJ £1 a 3 (2! Farm Land. Persons Employed. oard, year 75. Counties. CULTI- VATED. UNCULTI- VATED. MALES. Females. Total. nclud"g b ring the May 1, 18 Acres. Acres. Under 15. Above 15. Under 15. Above 15. Wages, I paid di ending The State, . 44,54 912,521 2,489,8471 2,136 24,961 805 7,586 35,488 $5,600,919 Barnstable, . 721 11,861 48,053 49 380 36 205 670 38,180 Berkshire, , 3,791 131,035 339,559 186 2,560 77 1,119 3,942 523,177 Bristol, . 3,570 51,555 165,813 219 2,032 94 425 2,770 378,107 Dukes, . 371 4,893 29,052 16 132 - 90 238 $6,523 Essex, . 3,282 66,104J 113,579 171 2,332 23 418 2,944 550,744 Franklin, 3,956 79,871i 270,572 173 1,910 80 923 3,086 324,490 Hampden, 3,736 79,726J 236,289 190 2,042 106 711 3,049 445,226 Hampshire, 3,666 98,311^ 218,680 161 1,978 56 790 2,985 385,551 Middlesex, 6,085 120,160^ 242,785g 315 4,225 102 999 5,641 1,204,796 Nantucket, 105 1,6803 14,292J 1 45 - 1 47 10,720 Norfolk, 2,331 36,559 98,553J 91 1,421 13 112 1,637 374,.305 Plymouth, 3,587 40,666J 159,5263 86 1,249 13 229 1,577 248,967 Suffolk, 369 4,164J 4,039^ 13 379 3 70 465 143,918 Worcester, 8,979 185,933^ 549,0.54 465 4,276 202 1,494 6,437 966,215 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 233 This is a sliort presentation, in wliicli the number of farms is stated in juxtaposition to the hind, dassified under the grand divisions of culti- vated and uncultivated, the number of persons employed, and the wages paid them. The 44,549 farms are divided into 912,521 acres of cultivated and 2,489,847| acres of uncultivated land. The total number of persons employed is 35,488 ; this number includes only those who have been paid wages for their labor on farms. In Part I. (page 78), the entire number given as engaged in agriculture is 70,945, but this includes proprietors or owners of farms as well as the fiirm hands. Deducting the number of farm hands, 35,488, as returned on the Products and Property Schedules by the proprietors of farms, from the total number of persons engaged in agriculture, as returned by each individual on the Family Schedule, we have 35,457 to represent the proprietors, a perfectly satisfactory result, in consid- eration of the fact that many proprietors carry on two or more farms each, as shown by the returns, and of the fact, also, of tkrm hands being returned as engaged upon more than one fiirm. These results, derived as they are from returns by different people, furnish positive evidence of the general accuracy of the whole work. In 1865, the total number so engaged in agriculture was 68,538, including pro- prietors. The total wages paid for farm labor during the last census year was $5,600,919. This, of course, does not in any way represent the time or labor of the proprietors, but has reference to wages paid hired hands only. The wages for previous years have not been reported. An average daily or yearly wage can not be given, with certainty, from the aggregates, because a farm hand, working perhaps one month for one farmer and another for his neighbor, must, of course, have been reported as a person hired by each proprietor. In busy seasons many hands are hired, and discharged at the close. In a few instances proprietors have been returned as laborers, but these exceptions, while they interfere with the determination of just averages, as stated, do not interfere with the harmony of the general results. The small number of females reported as engaged in agriculture sometimes calls out the expression that farmers' wives should be accounted as so engaged, because they aid the farmer ; so does the mechanic's wife aid the mechanic ; both should be classed as engaged in housework, as they have been in Part I. 30 234 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COIVIPENDIUM. Mixes, Quarries, Pits, Etc. Value of rroducls. Acreage. Capital invested in working. Peksons Employed. Counties. Under 13. Above 13. Total. The State, $1,939,800 4,911i $719,790 74 1,913 1,987 Barnstable, . 892 84 250 - - - Berkshire, 168,266 44U 44,220 2 153 155 Bristol, . 115,673 232.1 19,700 - 48 48 Dukes, . 6,124 140 - - - - Essex, . 1,118,767 8S4J 520,068 43 1,090 1,133 Franklin, 14,465 192^ 900 1 8 9 Hampden, 153,530 2994 59,250 - 29? 298 Hampshire, 21,555 213 13,400 - 25 25 Middlesex, 99,425 691 12,485 2 51 53 Nantucket, 285 34 - - - - Norfolk, 28,104 592 4,246 - 24 24 Plj-mouth, 4,305 205 - - - - Suffolk, . 19,721 7J 8,000 - 28 28 Worcester, 188,688 895 37,271 26 188 214 CLASSIFICATIOlSr BY NAME. Name of Pkopertt. Value of Products. Acreage. Capital invested in working. PERSON'S Employed. Under Above 13. 13. 2 74 - 2 1 8 - 90 _ 6 45 1,374 - 32 _ 143 - 6 21 118 4 32 1 28 Total. silver and Clay pits. Fish ponds, . Gravel pits, . Marl and muck beds. Mines (not specified). Mines, asbestos, . Mines, supposed copper and lead Mines, iron, . Mines, supposed gold Peat bogs. Quarries, granite, Quarries, limestone. Quarries, marble. Quarries, sandstone. Quarries, slate. Quarries, soapstone, Quarries (products not Sand pits. Salt, Not classified. specified) lead. $49,710 24,942 31,862 22,207 134,747 11,606 1,408,793 17,725 27,755 4,200 122,080 49,127 473 34,573 276.1 4613 421i 996 1 10 24 57 107 1,263^ 573 5 200 16 4 2 254| 239 i $16,250 7,750 150 5,495 27,776 1,158 582,896 9,100 22,100 2,000 23,300 7,800 14,015 2 9 90 6 1,419 32 143 6 139 36 29 AGRICULTURAL RRODUCTS AKD RROrERTY, 235 The endeavor lias been to make this showing as complete as possi- ble, but it has been diffi(3ult to distinguish between rough products of quarries and dressed stone; the latter properly belong in Part II., — Manufactures ; but yet, the rough product, to some extent, has entered into the showings in Part II. The total value of the prod- ucts of quarries, as drawn from the preceding recapitulation, is 11,580,553. After a careful elimination of all rough products from the returns given in Part II., and a thorough sifting of the whole matter, the true products of the quarries of the State for the last census year are found to amount to $2,498,237, as exhil)ited in the following county table : — Quarrying. Counties. The State, Berkshire, . Bristol, Essex, . Franklin, Hampden, . Value of Prod- ucts. ^2,498,237 30,925 136,205 1,122,060 1,205 172,655 Counties. Value of Prod- ucts. Hampshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, SuflTolk, Worcester, $2,860 68,055 786,434 6,000 171,838 The total product of quarries in 1865 was, in currency, $704; 255 ; but this figure can not be relied upon, as the returns relating to such matters were meagre. For 1875, they are wanting in those positive elements which characterize the returns of Agricultural Products and Farm Property. Valuation, Property, Etc., FOR 1865. u .a a 3 "A OP CD 03 2 o < bo < 9 to ll C« 1 c 2 t, — fa a "S -5 Counties. i § o rt H fa- 1 = - 2 « a « 1 2 8 o > 7.— Value (Land ai ings). The State, 47,014 3,235,4793 1,052,3743 282,359 1,019,3431 881,402 $153,084,565 Barnstable, 942 149,818 37,965 22,274 72,015 17,564 1,851,832 Berkshire, . 4,131 417,785 128,542J 68, 133 J 112,547 108,562 12,502,083 Bristol, 4,264 • 245,186.1 64,758 9,298 114,1181 57,012 11,548,481 Dukes, 368 34,036 15,198 3,436 11,658 3,744 712,776 ^ 236 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Valuation, Propertij, etc., for 1865 — Contimiecl. U a to to to to to _; 5 -3 a a « = ^ a 3 S .2 g -a b« ^25 < < 1 < r- • c3 1.1 II. H ^ L, .- E-. ■" ■ ■-H P J— .-. > « S, I "s 15 I 5 I "5 1.5 i e.= M M ee '9 w e t^ Essex, 3,317 177,080^ 51,578.1 4,835J 42,8791 77,787 12,311,629 Franklin, . 3,633 285,7363 104,956 50,222 63,1273 67,431 8,045,751 Hampden, . 3,427 248,260 88,512 35,785 55,315 68,648 9,450,806 Hampshire, 1 3,722 207,792 69,041 21,101 44,952 72,698 11,033,790 Middlesex, . 6,420 351,4031 129,498J 13,698 89,619 118,588 26,379,729 Nantucket, m 11,133 8,513 500 705 1,415 140,735 Norfolk, . 2,801 167,636g 43,696 3,4373 72,1126 48,390 11,750,529 Plymouth, . 4,205 285,728 68,405 8,021.\ 161,275i 48,026 9,814,444 Suflfolk, 253 14,992 3,389 120 2,332 9,151 8,371,570 Worcester, 9,420 638,892^ 238,322i; 41,497^ 176,6863 182,386 29,170,410 Valuation, Property, etc., for 1865 — Concluded. COUNTIKS. o > o a ^ I s 9.— Persons Em- ployed in Agri- culture. 10.— Products of Domestic Manu- facture, Agricult- ure and Mining. 11.— Valuation of Personal Prop- erty. o .2 o a « 1 s ■4 a > ■a o l 3 M - P4 The 8¥ate, $198,516,103 68,538 $51,149,576 $386,079,955 $605,761,946 $991,841,901 Barnstable, 2,938,630 1,149 701,657 6,519,051 7,020,065 13,539,116 Berkshire, 17,086,162 6,958 6,598,717 10,001,039 18,480,570 28,481,609 Bristol, . 15,037,873 5,714 2,761,201 25,330,520 32,097,983 57,428,503 Dukes, . 984,057 629 200,799 900,388 1,. 389,297 2,289,685 Essex, 15,530,445 5,574 4,672,027 33,884,670 55,542,925 89,427,595 Franklin, 10,500,146 5,198 2,681,602 3,700,951 9,168,618 12,869,569 Hampden, 12,234,042 5,000 3,227,000 10,351,677 22,721,000 33,072,677 Hampshire, 13,51o,.329 5,947 3,411,942 7,678,036 13,418,042 21,096,078 Middlesex, 33,001,006 10,144 8,296,563 47,045,461 105,671,378 152,716,8.39 Nantucket, 203,016 245 105,367 1,415,016 569,982 1,984,998 Norfolk, . 14,855,0.57 3,937 2,905,027 33,324,501 57,983,786 91,308,287 Plymouth, 13,702,375 4,928 2,625,753 7,539,894 19,104,134 26,644,028 Suffolk, . 10,596,713 798 4,974,220 171,9,54,892 209,436,389 381,391,281 Worcester, 38,330,652 12,317 7,987,701 26,433,859 53,157,777 79,591,636 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 237 Peoducts and Property, by Name, for 1865. Products. [The figures given in this table are State totals for the principal proclucts and kinds of farm property. They are drawn from the Bureau tabulation of the Industrial Statistics returns of 1865.] DOMESTIC PRODUCTS. Pkouucts. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Butter, lbs.. 3,745,293 $1,360,248 $0 36 Carpets . yds.. 875 756 86 Charcoal, .... bush.. 2,301,245 250,424 11 Cheese, .... . lbs.. 3,500,481 582,353 16 Cider . gals.. 271,680 21,764 08 Cloth yds., 6,012 7,293 1 21 Dried apples. - 219 - Evergreen goods. - 125 - Fence posts. 430 100 23 Firewood and bark, . cords. 606,101 2,189,044 4 33 Locust wood. cords. 40 1,000 25 00 Maple sugar, lbs.. 556,823 99,946 18 Maple gynip and molasses, gals., 1,039 1,428 1 37 Palm-leaf hats, . - 17,709 - Railroad sleepers, 600 280 47 Saw logs 276 270 98 Socks and mittens, - 1,056 - Sorghum and sorghum syrup, gals.. 608 575 94 Straw braid, .... - 17,065 - Vinegar, cider, . ... bbls., 170 1,360 8 00 "Wine, gals.. 2,484 4,460 1 80 Yarn - 94 - AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Apples Asparagus, Basket willow Beef, lbs.. Beeswax, lbs., Blackberries, Broom corn, lbs., Broom-corn seed, bush., Cabbages Carrageen lbs.. Celery, Cherries, Chestnuts and walnuts, ( lbs.. Clover and grass seed I bush.. 70,825,396 2,149 290,185 26,628 465,980 50,000 340 ,244,420 - 975 - 1,180 - ,188,564 $0 12 2,521 1 17 1.50 - 47,254 13 17,262 65 184,869 - 22,588 05 2,750 - 38 - 4,579 - 1,123 238 CEXSUS OF MASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIUM. Agricultural Products — Concluded. Products. Quantity. Value. Average Value. Cranberries bush., f bush., Cucumbers, ( number Currants and strawberries, Cut flowers and greenhouse plants Eggs Feathers, Flax lbs., Flaxseed, bush.. Fodder, oat tons, Garden and flower seeds, I lbs., Grapes, I bush., Herdsgrass seed, bush.. Honey, lbs., Hops lbs., Ice, tons. Melons Milk gals., ( tons, Millet , ,' t bush.. Mutton lbs., Nuts and berries Peaches Pears, Pease Pork lbs., Poultry Quinces bush., Roots and herbs Squashes, Straw, tons. Strawberries, ( cans, Sweet corn, j , ( bush.. Tomatoes and tomato plants Trees, fruit, in nurseries, Tripe Turnips bush.. Veal lbs.. Wild game Wool, merino lbs.. Wool, Saxonj- lbs.. Wool, other than merino and Saxony, . . . lbs., 34,621 1,000 2,365,000 6,113 185 194 24,415 877 835 79,222 93,808 650,359 10,079,180 16 319 8,989,506 29,440,447 4 104 1,750 350 634,096 4,977,436 236,103 12,789 361,363 $101,538 35,627 9,622 11,600 372,912 115 1,404 449 2,245 12,545 40,100 1,818 23,258 32,546 735,077 2,070 1,956,187 1,807 1,090,368 140,981 2,240 243,068 881 4,596,433 217,991 8 10,965 96,611 1,420 30,728 1,625 23,160 10,650 80,700 187,913 562,895 980 196,198 6,718 262,225 62 93 23 2 43 11 57 2 17 29 35 1 13 19 12 16 2 00 13 65 35 11 83 53 73 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 239 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (WITII ACREAGE), Products. Quantity. Acreage. Value. Avenige yield per acre. Average Value. Barley bush., Beans, bush.. Beets and other esculent vegetables, bush., Buckwheat, bush., Carrots, bush., Corn, Indian bush., Hay, English, tons, Hay, salt, tons. Hay, meadow, tons, Oats bush., Onions, bush., Potatoes, Irish bush.. Rye bush.. Tobacco, lbs.. Wheat, bush.. 138,524 6,3891 133,589 64,259 225,015 2,015,771 479,837 29,147 115,447 678,779 210,831 3,832,523 271,016 9,306,067 39,709 7,1033 1494 690 4,606J 6233 70,141 4 507,163i 31,477 142,193J 28,610i 839J 42,0823 24,205 5,615| 2,667J $184,343 22,468 117,161 64,621 105,695 2,953,067 10,537,789 339,659 1,274,956 587,133 322,412 2,499,845 400,140 1,577,100 79,562 19.1 423 193i 13J 3603 283 .94 .92 .81 233 251 91 11 1,657 14J $1 as 3 52 88 1 00 47 1 46 21 96 11 65 11 04 86 1 53 65 1 48 17 2 00 MINING PRODUCTS. Pkodhcts. Quantity. Value. Coal and ore, Lead, Marble Paint ore, and porcelain or white clay, Peat 1^°""^'' I cords. Sand Stone and marble $115,200 250 3,500 6,200 7,992 32,000 700,755 Property — 1865. FARMS. Phopertt. Number. Value. Average Value. Farms (value includes buildings but excludes woodland). Farms (including values of buildings and woodland), . 47,014 47,014 $153,084,565 176,579,965 $3,256 15 3,755 90 24:0 CEXSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. LAND. Pkopertt. Number. Value. Cultivated — Land under crops acres, Market-gardens acres, Nurseries and seed gardens, acres. Uncultivated — Unimproved land acres, Unimprovable land, acres. Woodland, acres, 880,8943 459J 48 1,052,3-43 282,359 1,019,3431 $62,910 146,141 23,495,400 FRUIT TREES AND VINES. Property. Kumber. Value. Apple trees, Pear trees, Grape vines, 2,417,433 406,792 400 $225 DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Property. Number. Value. Asses and mules. Bees, swarms of, . Horses, Milch cows, . . . . Heifers Oxen (over 4 years old). Steers (less than 4 years old), Sheep, merino. Saxony, other Swine, 107 26 89,899 134,090 31,040 29,067 20,508 65,1171 3,347 l 104,448 J 63,106 $9,075 219 9,297,560 6,595,702 3,090,020 737,759 1,143,497 By the preceding tables, the total domestic and agricultural prod- ucts and property for the years 1865 and 1875 can be compared so for as values are concerned. The aggregates have already been consid- ered. The number of persons employed in agriculture for 1865, as shown on page 237, includes both proprietors and farm hands. The number of farms, as stated on page 240, for 1865, is 47,014. It is evident this number is too large hy at least 2,000, from want of AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROPERTY. 241 a strict classification. A close examination of the matter convinces us that the number of farms in 1865 was about 45,000. There has been no wholesale consolidation since then ; the number reported in 1875, as has been stated, was 44,549. The statement of land, 1865, is very accurate. The fruit trees given include all in the State, both on and not on farms, while for 1875 only those on farms have been returned ; the same is true of domestic animals. A large propor- tion of the fruit trees of the State are to be found in small e:ardens and orchards not connected with farms. 31 Part IV. WAGE AND SALARY RECEIVERS. Part IV. WAGE AND SALARY RECEIVERS. The work of the Decennial Census and Industrial Statistics of the Commonwealth for the decade ending May 1, 1875, having been com- mitted to this Bureau by Act of the Legislature of 1874, we were enabled to gain very extended knowledge of the varied interests of the State, and especially information relative to the condition of the wage laborers. Among the inquiries established by law, was a series instituted for the purpose of securing such extensive returns as to set at rest some of the questions which had for the past few years furnished topics for investigation and discussion. These inquiries constituted by themselves one of the schedule forms used in taking the Census, and the facts returned by the enumerators on this form furnish the material for the seventh annual report of the Bureau. On the schedule referred to, denomi- nated the "Individual Schedule," were twenty questions ; and that they may be fully understood as to their object, results and impor- tance, they are here enumerated seriatim, and as the phraseology adopted on the schedule itself was a condensed one, each interrogatory' is also explained : First. " Sex and Age " was, as will be inferred naturally, for the purpose of ascertaining to which sex the figures returned related. Of the schedules used, all were filled in this particular, a result which efiectually precluded the possiljility of having used sets of figures pertaining to one sex in illustrating the general condition of the other. Second. " What is the occupation upon which you chiefly depend for a livelihood ? " By answers to this, we have been able to determine the hours of labor, average wages, etc., pertaining to leading occu- pations. Third. "Were you at work May 1, 1875?" This had reference to whether they were permanently engaged at that time. The ques- 246 CExsus or mass.— ists. compekdium. tion has not been tabulated, as the entire number answering were of the employed class. Fourth. "Number depending upon you for support." Two objects were in view in the preparation of this question ; first, to ascertain the number supported by males and females ; and second, to arrive at the average size of workingmen's families without reference to any general average of families obtained from the people at large through the Census proper. Fifth. "Numljer of hours per day employed in your occupation." Through answers to this question, we learn, as was designed, the aver- age numl)er of hours per day that males and females are employed, throughout the State ; showing in which occupations they exceed the legal limit, or in what locality such excess exists. /Sixth. "Number of days employed during the year ending May 1, 1875." Answers to this establish the average time lost from various causes. Seventh. "Average daily wages for working days derived from occupation during the year ending May 1, 1875." Fighth. "Amount of Avages derived from occupation for the year ending May 1, 1875." Minth. "Amount of your other earnings for the year ending May 1, 1875." It was regarded as particularly desirable to ascertain what proportion of the working people were enabled to procure employ- ment during the time they might be unemployed in their regular occupations, and to learn the amount of wages received from such extra or outside work. Reference to the tables will show the impor- tance of this question. Tenth. "Amount of wife's earnings for the year ending May 1, 1875." The subject of receipts of the head of a family through his wife's employment has received much attention, and caused consider- able vague discussion ; inasmuch as no dehnite information upon this point, based upon any considerable number of returns, has been pre- sented to the public, we were led to introduce this question, and the results of the investigation, as tabulated, more than justify us for sending out an inquiry which many have been pleased to term imper- tinent. The principal object of the interrogatory -was to ascertain whether the head of a family, when the wife worked for wages, could sustain his family on his own earnings. Fleventh. " Amount of minor children's earnings for the year end- ing May 1, 1875." This question was suggested by the frequent WAGE a:n^d salary eeceiyees. 247 legislation on the employment of children in manufacturing and mechanical establishments. Another consideration was the desire to know the truth or falsity of the following statement from a former report of this Bureau, for, if true, the public should make a senti- ment too positive in its character to allow a continuance of such a state of affairs as alleged ; if false, the seeming disgrace should be righted. We quote from the sixth annual report of this Bureau : — " There are others also who make unjustifiable use of the plea of poverty. In one of the cities where a half-time school exists, in which the chiklren are nearl}^ all of one nationality, it was the testimony' of the mill agent that the fathers, as soon as they had chiklren whose united earnings would support the family, were wont to give over all personal effort, and spend their time in idly smoking their pipes in the sun, in summer, and about the kitchen or saloon stove, in winter. This was claimed to be true of the majorit}- of fathers of chiklren of this nationality in this mill. Among them a rapidly growing family is not reckoned as a burden, but is looked upon as the happy harbinger of daj's of restful ease and fumous comfort." Tioelfth. "Numlier of persons in your family, over eighteen years of age, prevented by continuous sickness, or physical disalnlity, from attending to any occupation." The question explains itself, the object being to learn to how great an extent the families of working people were deprived of the average income of adult members incapacitated for work. TJdrteenth. "Do you OAvn the house you live in?" One is quite likely to judge of the general prosperity of a working community by the answers to such a question as this. Fourteenth. "If you OW'U it, what is the amount of mortgage on it?" Fifteenth. "Rate of interest paid on such mortgage?" These two questions are really subdivisions of one general inquiry. It was our desire, through the answers, to secure information not onl}^ regarding the amounts of mortgages and rates of interest, but to learn to wdiat extent the homes of laborers were encumbered, and also to learn the variations in these particulars in different sections of the State. The great importance of reliable data upon these points can not be denied, for it is evident that wdien the members of a manufact- uring community, to any considerable degree, become burdened with encumbrances upon their homes, then begins the decline of the com- munity itself, and its financial prosperity has a duration governed 248 CENSUS or mass.— ists. compendium. only by the extent of conditions named. If we could, by any proper means, know the number of small estates which, during the past twenty years, have fallen into the hands of mortgagees, by inability on the part of the mechanic to keep his interest account square, the State would find a prolific cause for earnest and emphatic legislation. The question usually comes directly to the owner of the equity, whether he will deprive his family of ordinary support, or lose the little place he has worked so hard to secure. And yet, when this inquiry reached the people it was sought to benefit, the Bureau was held up by the people, and largely, too, by the press, as an inquisito- rial institution, which, if allowed to continue in existence, would seek to expose the private affairs of the citizens of the State, forgetting all the while that all matters of mortgage and foreclosure are subjects of public record. Sixteenth. "If you hire, what is the number of rooms?" Seventeenth. " Amount paid for a year's rent ? " The two preceding questions are very plain, and require no elabora- tion. Very important tabulations from answers made are contained in this Part. Eighteenth. "Value of garden crops raised by you, and used in your family, less all money expenditures on account of same." By answers to this question could be determined what proportion of families were able, by a j)rivate garden, to piece out the family income. Nineteenth. " Cost of supporting your family (or yourself) for the year ending May 1, 1875." The division of the returns, under this question, into the various presentations, gives the reader power to ascertain at once the average cost of living in different parts of the State, as well as in the State at large. Twentieth. "Xumber of volumes in your private library, if the number is one hundred or over." A question was inserted as to amounts in savings banks, but not used in the tabulations owing to an admitted ambiguity in the form of the same. The questions referred to, as has been stated, constituted the "Indi- vidual Schedule" of the Census system. The schedule was distributed and collected as all others were, and forwarded to this office by the enumerators. It will be seen readily, that the results to be obtained from a tabulation of the answers would be a series of averages on the various points, and to give the reader an idea of the value of these WAGE AND SALARY RECEIVERS. 249 averages, the extent to wliicli the schedule was filled and returned becomes important. The whole number received was 110,246. After a careful exami- nation of each one, there were rejected as decidedly imperfect, 19,523, and subsequently 9,830 more were rejected; this latter number com- prised all where any doubts whatever existed as to their genuineness or value, and where minors had filled a return when it was evident they had been accounted for by the head of the family. The total number rejected, then, was 29,353, leaving a total balance used of 80,893. Of this large number, 63,263 were returns from males, and 17,630 from females ; also of the total number used 71,339 were from the "wage" class, and 9,554 from the "salary" class ; of the 80,893 answering, 45,929 males and 1,935 females returned 142,385 people dependent upon them for support, — 138,966 on the males answering, and 3,419 on the females. The average number dependent upon the males was 3j-oo, and on the females ^yq-q, while the average for both males and females was 2^-^^. From this statement it will be seen that there were, — Males having dependents, . . . . . . .45,929 Number dependent, ........ 138,966 Females having dependants, ...... 1,935 Number dependent, . . . . . . . .3,419 Males having no dependents, ...... 17,350 Females having no dependents, . . . . . .15,687 Making a total of 223,286 people represented by the "Individual Schedules," on which the tables in this Part are based. European reports on earnings, cost of living, etc., of the wage labor- ers have never been based upon a number exceeding fifty. The United States government has based its returns upon a number no larger. This Bureau has used returns in different years from a number vary- ing from six to three hundred and ninety-seven, — the number of re- turns used as a basis in the sixth annual report. We are now al)le to base all averages upon a number of returns so extensive that their value cannot be gainsaid, and especially when it is considered that the general averages of wages and cost of living established by pre- vious reports of this Bureau, and by the National Bureau of Statistics 32 CE:N^SUS of MASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIin^I. at Washington, all based upon the most meagre returns, except, per- haps, those for 1874-75 hy this Bureau, are in all essential features thoroughly substantiated by the averages deduced herein from the vast number of returns at the disposal of this office. And further- more, by comparison of the average wages derived from the returns by the wage laborers themselves, male and female, with the returns made by manufacturers, in the Industrial Statistics for 1875, so little difference is found that the absolute reliability of the averages given in this Part is thoroughly assured. Nothing could be more convincing than the following table, showing average wages as returned by em- ployed and by employer — each made distinct from the other, both covering the same period, — the year ending May 1, 1875 : — Yearly Wages of Wage Eeceivers. Counties. For the State, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, . $475 76 452 70 393 60 444 81 395 94 441 35 432 14 $418 39 362 10 380 91 387 63 350 24 407 16 390 94 Counties. Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, . Plymouth, Suffolk, . Worcester, Cm? w C- ^ ^ c'a OJCO $453 44 389 18 452 55 448 86 456 55 472 62 616 23 453 96 c o Sen's — OT >, $480 49 359 12 415 34 203 00 405 98 376 49 452 69 436 81 From the United States census of 1870, the average wages per year for the whole State, including both sexes, as returned by the manu- facturers for 279,380 employes, were $422.10. Of course no one will for a moment understand that the returns given in this Part relate to the whole people of the State, but only to those making returns on the "Individual Schedule." Yet, it is per- fectly evident from the comparative statements given, from the wage laborers, the manufocturers, and from the United States census of 1870, that no material difference would be apparent if every working man and woman in the State had made similar returns. In tabulating the replies made upon the Individual Schedule, one of the first difficulties that presented itself to us was the separation of what are known as salary receivers from the larger class known as WAGE AND SALARY EECEIVEES. 251 wage receivers. In the few particular instances that any one can call to mind of the class of hired workers among his personal acquaint- ances, it is usually an easy matter to determine in each case whether the person is one who would be generally recognized as a salary receiver or a wage receiver. For it somehow happens that one's acquaintances do not seem to adopt exceptional employments as a means of obtaining a livelihood. They are usually clerks, carpenters, tailors, otficers of corpovations, common laborers, etc. But when nearly a hundred thousand persons throughout a great Commonwealth like ours, representing such various employments that they become an epitome of the civilization of the world's nineteenth century, are to be considered, it becomes a difficult matter to determine to which class certain employments belong. Moreover, there are a great many occu- pations wdiich represent hoth wage and salary receivers. The sales- man wdio is hired at a round salary of three thousand a year, and is allowed his month's vacation at midsummer, and an occasional day at other times, without a pro rata deduction from his pay, which he draws in twelve equal portions during the year, and his brother who works for eight dollars a week, and receives but seven dollars and thirty-three cents Saturday night, if he has been absent one-half of one of the six preceding days, represent the same occupation. So that it seemed to become necessary, in the assortment and tabu- lation of such a vast number of schedules, representing the multifari- ous industries of the State, that a more or less arbitrary line should be drawn in the consideration of this or that particular schedule, and it should be said : this shall be held to represent a salary receiver ; that, a wage receiver. The plan that was adopted was, in the case of the ordinary trades, or handicrafts, to consider all as wage receivers unless the rate of pay was so exceptionally high as to indicate exceptional skill, and make it probable that such exceptional favors to the w^orker might follow, in the w^ay of vacations, etc., as to elevate it substantially to a salaried occupation for him. Among handicrafts, and the avocations involving manual labor-, when the pay received has amounted to more than ten or eleven hundred dollars per year, they have generally been classed and tabulated as salaried; otherwise, as wage. Yet, here and there, where there was evidence that justified it, persons receiving twelve and even fifteen hundred dollars a year, have been included among w\age receivers. Such cases have been rare, however, and not sufficiently numerous to affect the results materially. 252 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. On the other hand, many persons who receive comparatively low rates of pay for their services have been included among salary receiv- ers. Such is the case in those avocations which are not supposed to involve much manual labor, and in those in which the use of the crafts- man's tools is not needed ; as salesmen, clerks and teachers of all grades. It will be seen, then, from what we have said, that persons pursu- ing the same occupation, in some cases have been tabulated as wage receivers ; in others, as salary receivers. To recapitulate : occupations involving chiefly mental and literary qualifications are considered as salaried ; those involving manual labor and skill in the use of tools, as wage ; there being some exceptions in each case, those in the latter being where the rate of pay is exception- ally high. Following will be found a list of the occupations represented by all the persons in the State, working for wages, who answered even one question of those asked on the Individual Schedules. About 950 dif- ferent occupations are enumerated, representing the employments of the 71,339 persons working for wages from whom we received sched- ules. Some of the occupations mentioned are followed by but few persons, while others are pursued by vast numbers. One important point must be borne in mind in the examination of the tables which follow; that is, that in some of these avocations board is given in addition to wages. Such is the case in respect to domestic servants, cooks, housekeepers, waiters, nurses, mariners, and stewards. It is often the case with laundresses, seamstresses, and dressmakers ; with the latter it is especially apt to be the case in rural districts. Coachmen, also, usually get board, and oftentimes lodg- ing. With these few preliminary words, we present the following list of occupations, and the showing by schedule questions for the State, and an exhibit of averages for all counties : — Occupations or Wage Workers from whom Schedules were Received. Artificial stone worker. Atomizer maker. Awl grinder. Awl maker. Axe grinder. Axe helve maker. Agricultural implement maker. Anchor smith. Annealer of iron. Armorer. Artificial limb maker. Baker. Barber. Bartender. Basket maker. Base ball maker. Batting maker. WAGE AND SALARY KECEIVERS. 253 Bedstead makei". Beei* maker. Bell-hanger. Belt lacing maker. Belt maker. Billiard ball maker. Billiard cushion maker. Billiard table maker. Bill collector. Bill poster. Bird-cage maker. Bit and gimlet maker : Filer. Forger. Grinder. Twister. Blacking maker. Blacksmith. Bleachery factory oper. : Bleacher. Drier. Finisher. Presser. Starcher. Block cutter. Block maker. Boat builder. Boatman. Bobbin maker. Boiler maker. Bolt cutter. Bolt header. Bolt maker. Book agent. Bookbinder. Book cutter. Book foldei'. Book gilder. Book sewer. Boot tree maker. Bottler. Box fitter. Box maker. Box nailer. Braid ftictory operative : Overseer. Brass and copper tube maker. Brass finisher. Brass moulder. Brass turner. Brass worker. Brewer. Brick maker. Brick mason. Bridge builder. Bridge tender. Britannia ware maker : Spinner. Bronzer. Broom maker. Brush maker. Busheller. Butcher. Butler. Butter maker. Button maker. Cab maker. Cabinet-maker. Cable wire maker. Calkei*. Candy packer. Cap maker. Car buildei". Card clothing maker : Cutter. Inspector. Machine opei'ator. Setter. Wood maker. Cardigan jacket maker. Cai'penter (house). Carpenter (ship). Carpet cleaner. Carpet factory operative : Cutter. Finisher. Pattern changer. Rug weaver. Setter. Sewer. Weaver. Winder. Carpet upholsterer. Carriage blacksmith. Carriage maker. Carriage trimmer. Carriage stitcher. Cartridge maker. Carver. Casket maker. Cement maker. Cement pipe maker. Chain maker. Chair factory operative : Back finisher. Cane seater. Finisher. Ornamenter. Turner. Sawyer. Cliai-coal burner. Chalk maker. Cheese maker. Children's carriage maker Body maker. Wheel bender. Wheel maker. Cigar maker. Cigar packer. Civil engineer. Cloak makei". Clock maker. 254 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUIH. Cloth clipper. Clothing trimmer. Coachman. Coal heaver. Coal oil maker. Coffee roaster. Coffin maker. Collar maker. Collier. Comb maker : Bendei'. Engraver. Finisher. Packer. Shaver. Common laboi'er. Companion. Compass maker. Concrete roofer. Concrete walk maker. Confectioner. Cook. Cooper. Coppersmith. Copper stamp maker. Cojjyist. Copy reader. Cork cutter. Cornice maker. Corset maker : Cutter. Finisher. Lacing braider. Presser. Stitcher. Cotton factory operative : Beamer. Braider. Carder. Card grinder. Card stripper. Cotton factory oper. — Con. Cloth finisher. Cloth inspector. Cloth marker. Dresser. Dyer. Folder. Filling assorter. Lapper tender. Loom fixer. Mule spinner. Packer. Picker tender. Quiller. Section hand. Slasher tender. Speeder tender. Spinner. Spooler. Trimmer. Twister. Warper. Weaver. Web drawer. Winder. Cotton sampler. Cotton waste cleaner. Crutch maker. Currier : Beamster. Dresser. Finisher. Measurer. Scourer. Splitter. Stuffer. Tableman. Curtain fixture maker. Cutler : Blade cutter. Blade oiler. Cutler — Con. Bolster dropper. Cleaner. Finisher. Forger. Grinder. Hafter. Hammersman. Handle sawder. Inspector. Packer. Polisher. Riveter. Temperer. Trimmer. Deck hand. Decorator. Designer on wood. Diary case maker. Die cutter. Die sinker. Distiller. Domestic servant. Dressmaker. Drain pipe maker. Draughtsman. Dredger. Driver (ice, grocery and other wagons). Drum maker (military and toy). Dye house operative. Earthen ware maker. Edge tool maker : Finisher. Forger. Grinder. Temj^erer. Elastic goods maker. Electro-plater. Electrician. WAGE AND SALARY EECEIVERS. 255 Electrot3"per. Electrotype finisher. Emery maker. Emery wheel maker. Engineer (marine). Engineer (stationary). Engineer (steam fire). Engraver (gold and sil- ver). Engraver (plate). Engraver (steel). Engraver (stone). Engraver (wood). Envelope cutter. Enveloi^e maker. Expressman. Eyelet maker. Fan maker. Fan polisher. Fancy trimmings maker. Farm laborer. Faucet maker. Ferryman. File maker : Cutter. Forger. Grinder. Layer. Fireman (marine). Fireman (stationary). Fireman (steam fire en- gine). Fish drier. Fisherman. Fish packer. Flour inspector. Founderyman : Assorter. Core maker. Dresser. Foreman. Founderyman — Con. Furnace man. Grinder, Heater. Helper. Hollow-ware dresser. Iron polisher. Melter. Moulder. Puddler. Stove mounter. Frame maker. Fur cutter. Fur dresser. Fur sewer. Fur tanner. Furnace builder. Furniture maker: Finisher. Repairer. Trimmer. Varnisher. Gardener. Gas meter maker. Gilder. Glass factory operative : Blower. Burnisher. Cutter. Designer, Engraver, Flattener, Ornamenter. Packer. Polisher. Pressor. Shearer. Stoppleman. Glazier. Gold beater. Gold chain maker. Gold leaf cutter. Governess. Grinder of ochre. Grist mill operative. Gunny cloth weaver. Gunpowder maker. Gunsmith. Hackman. Hair picker. Hair weaver. Hair worker, Hame maker. Harness cleaner. Harness maker. Hatter : Binder. Bleacher. Hardener. Finisher. Pressor. Washer. Hay rake maker. Herb assorter. Herb presser. Hoe makei". Hod-carrier. Hoop maker. Hoop-skirt maker. Horn jewelry maker. Horn worker. Horse boot maker. Horse clipper. Horse clothing cutter. Horse collar maker. Horse nail maker. Horse trainer. Horse shoer. Hose carriage driver. Hose maker. Hosiery mill operative ; Cutter. 256 CE:N-SUS of MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Hosiery mill oper. — Con. Finisher. Folder. Knitter. Mender. Presser. Roller. Spinner. Stitcher. Trimmer. Weaver. Winder. Hostler. Housekeeper. Ice tool maker. Instrument maker. Iron worker: Fireman. Forger. Hammersman. Rail cutter. Rivet maker. Roller. Sealer. Shingler. Steel cutter. Ivory worker. Janitor. Japanner. Jeweller. Jewelry case maker. Jeweller's basket maker. Jewelry maker : Chaser. Foreman. Polisher. Junk gatherer. Junk assorter. Label packer. Lace maker. Ladder maker. Lamplighter. Lamp maker. Lantern maker. Last maker. Lather, Laundress. Laundrjman. Lead caster. Leather assorter. Leather board finisher. Leather cutter. Leather japanner. Lime burner. Linseed oil maker. Lithographer. Lithographer (chromo). Locksmith. Lock polisher. Longshoreman. Loom harness maker. Lumberman, Lumber mill operative : Jointer. Planer. Sawyer. Machinist. Machine knitter. Malt maker. Marble worker : Finisher. Foreman. Polisher. Mai'iner. Marketman. Mason. Mast and spar maker. Match maker. Mathematical instrument maker. Mat maker. Mattress maker. Mechanic, Messenger, Metal moulding maker. Milkman. Miller. Millwright. Milliner, Miner. Morocco dresser : Finisher. Shaver, Moulding maker. Musician. Nail maker : Feeder. Ganger. Neck stock maker. Necktie maker. Needle book maker. Needle grinder. Needle maker. Nurse, Nui'seryman. Oar maker. Oil factory laborer. Organ factory oi^erative : Action maker. Bellows maker. Case maker. Finisher. Key board maker. Key maker. Key polisher. Pipe maker. Reed board maker. Reed maker. Shaft maker. Spring maker. Stop maker. Tuner, Oysterman. ^ WAGE ANT> SALARY RECEIVERS. 257 Oyster opener. Packer (of merchandise). Painter (house). Painter (ornamental). Paint grinder. Paint maker. Palm leaf worker : Hat maker. Hat finisher. Hat packer. Hat presser. Hat stamper. Paper mill operative : Assorter. Bleacher. Boiler tender. Calenderer. Counter. Cutter tender. Dyer. Finisher. Folder. Foreman. Machine tender. Packer. Pulp maker. Rag cutter. Ruler. Sealer. Size maker. Paper bag maker. Paper box maker. Paper collar maker. Paper hanger. Paper stamper. Paper stainer. Pattern maker. Paver. Pedler (of various kinds). Peg machine operator. Perfumery maker. 33 Photographist. Photograph printer. Piano maker : Action maker. Case maker. Finisher. Key fitter. Plate driller. Polisher. Regulator. Sounding-board mak- er. Stringer. Top maker. Trimmer. Tuner. Varnisher. Veneerer. Piano mover. Picture frame gilder. Picture frame maker. Picture frame varnisher. Pile driver. Pin maker. Pipe la3'er. Pipe works operative : Carriage runner. Pipe cutter. Pistol maker. Plane maker. Planing-mill operative. Plaster block maker. Plasterer. Plumber. Policeman. Polisher. Pop-corn makei*. Pork-packer. Porter. Potter. Poultry dresser. Powder keg maker. Printer : Compositor. Foreman. Press feeder. Pressman. Print works operative : Calenderer. Calico finisher. Calico printer. Proof reader. Pump maker. Quarry man. Railroad employes, steam ; Baggage master. Brakeman. Car inspector. Check man. Engineer. Engine wiper. Flag man. Fireman. Freight agent. Frei":ht conductor Freight master. Gate tender. Laborer. Section master. Signal tender. Station agent. Switchman. Trackman. Watchman. Railroad employes, horse : Conductor. Driver. Rake maker. Rattan worker : Basket weaver. Chair maker. Shaver. 258 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Rattan worker — Con. Sizer. Spinner. SiJlitter. Washer, Weaver. Razor strop maker. Reed maker. ; Reed and heddle maker. Reporter. i Rigger. \ Road surveyor. ! Roofer. I Rope maker. Rope factory operative : Hemp dresser. Spinner. Rubber factory opelrative. •, Saddler. Safe maker. Sailmaker. Sash, door and blind maker. Sausage maker. Saw maker. Saw filer. Saw setter. Sawyer. Scale maker. Seamstress. Seedsman. Sewing machine maker. Sewing machine heedle maker. Sewing machine operator. Sewing machine repairer. Sexton. Ship fastener. Ship keeper. Shipper. Shipsmith. Shirt maker. Shirt-front maker. Shoddy maker. Shoe-knife maker. Shoe-string cutter. Shoemaker : Beater otit. Binder. Blacker. Blocker. Bottomer. Buffer. Burnisher. Button-hole maker. Channeller. Clamper. Clicker. Closer. Corder. Counter maker. Crimper, Cutter. Dresser. Edge maker. Embosser. •Eyeleter. Finisher. ' Fitter. Foreman. Gluer. Heeler. Inner sole maker. Inspector. Lacer. Laster. Leather assorter. Leveller. Machine operator. McKay machine oper- ator. Nailei*. Shoemaker — Con. Packer. Paster. Pegger. Pegging-machine op- erator. Rivetei'. Roller. Rosette maker. Sand paperer. Seam rubber. Shank presser. Shaver. Sider. Skiver. Slipper liner. Sole assorter. Sole leather cutter. Sole quilter. Stamper. Stiffen er. Stitcher. Stock fitter. Stringer. Stripper. Tagger. Tip maker. Treer. Trimmer. Turner. Vamper. Welter, Shoe-shank maker. Shovel factory operative : Hammersman, Handler. Heater. Polisher. Setter. Welder. Show-case maker. WAGE AND SALARY RECEIVERS. 259 Shuttle maker. Sieve maker. Silk mill operative : Spooler. Weaver. Winder. Silver and nickel plater. Silversmith. Slater. Sleigh maker. Soap maker. Soap stamper. Soapstone worker. Soda fountain maker. Soda maker. Spectacle maker : Filer. Finisher. Jointer. Polisher. Spindle grinder. Spindle maker. Spoke driver. Spoke maker. Spoon maker. Spring bed maker. Spring maker. Stage driver. Stair builder. Stamp maker. Starch maker. Steam and gas fitter. Steam fire engine driver. Steel letter cutter. Steel melter. Steel polisher. Stencil cutter. Stereotype caster. Stereotype finisher. Stereoscope maker. Stevedore. Steward. Stone cutter. Stone gi'inder. Stone mason. Straw factory operative ; Bleacher. Blocker. Bonnet maker. Braid measurer. Dyer. Finisher. Frame maker. Machine operator. Overseer. Packer. Presser. Sewer. Shaper. Sizer. Ti'immer. Weaver. Wirer. Street waterer. Stucco worker. Sub-marine diver. Sugar-house laborer : Boiler. Refiner. Surveyor. Suspender maker. Sword maker. Tack factory operative : Foreman. Header. Japan ner. Machine tender. Maker. Marker. Overseer. Packer. Plate slitter. Tack factory oper. — Co7i. Shoe nail cutter. Tailor : Cutter. Pressman. Trimmer. Tailoress. Tanner. Tape factory operative. Tassel maker. Teamster. Telegraph operator. Telegraph repairer. Thread mill operative : Dresser. Dyer. Twister. Warper. Winder. Timekeeper. Tinsmith. Tobacco stripper. Tollman. Tool maker. Tortoise-shell worker. Toymaker. Tripe dresser. Truckman. Trunk maker. Trunk wood fitter. Truss maker. Twine maker. Twine netter. Twist drill maker. Type caster. Umbrella maker. Undertaker. Upholsterer. Varnisher. Varnish maker. Vinegar maker. 260 CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Waiter. Wallet maker. Watch factory operative Case maker. Engraver. Finisher. Gilder. Hair sjiring maker. Key maker. Pallet maker. Plater. Polisher. Screw maker. Turner. Wheel maker. Watchman. Water pipe layer. Well digger. Wharfinger. Wheel maker. Wheelwright. Whip maker : Biittoner. Mounter. Plaiter. Whitener. Whitewasher. Window shade maker. Wire factory operative : Annealer. Cleaner. Wire factory oper. — Con. Cooler. Drawer. Finisher. Plater. Pointer. Straightener. Temperer. Weaver. Willow ware maker. Wood chopper. Wood dyer. Wood polisher. Wood worker. Wooden box maker. Wooden ware maker. Woollen factory operative : Assorter. Burler. Card cleaner. Carder. Colorer. Comber. Drawer in. Dresser. Drum tender. Dyer. Felter. Finisher. Foreman. Fuller. Woollen fact'y oper. — Con. Gijjger. Jack spinner. Loom fixer. Napper. Oiler. Overseer. Picker tender. Presser. Reeler. Repairer. Scourer. Shawl fringer. Shearer. Specker. Spinner. Spooler. Stitcher, Teasel setter. Twister. Warper. Weaver. Woollen felt factory oper- ative : Carder. Finisher. Fuller. Hardener. Worsted worker. Wreath maker. Yeast maker. Presentation by Schedule Questions — Wage Keceivers. FOR the state. Whole number of schedules received: Males, 55,515 ; Females, 15,824. Schedule Questions. Number Answering. Per Cent Answering. Average foe each Per- son Answering. Males. Females. Males. Fem. Males. Females. Persons dependent. Hours employed, .... Days employed, , ' . 40,680 63,304 47,781 1,783 13,507 13,997 73 96 86 11 85 88 3.08 10.21 241.65 1.78 10.49 258.96 WAGE AND SALAliY RECEIVEKS. 261 Presentation by Schedule Questions — Concluded. Schedule Questions. Daily wages, . Yearly wages, Other earnings. Wife's earnings. Children's earnings, Unable to work. Who own houses, . Amount of mortgage. Rate of interest, Number of rooms hired Rent paid. Value of garden crops. Cost of living, . Number of volumes in 1 brary, Number Answering. Males. 48,747 50,062 6,437 5,297 4,913 1,185 13,046 5,823 5,824 25,005 25,405 9,144 39,543 808 Females. 13,593 14,659 416 203 57 287 116 110 1,095 1,098 94 7,701 22 Pkr Cent Average fob EACH PeR- Answering. SON Answering. Males. Fem. Males. Females. 88 86 $2.01 $0.82 90 93 $482.72 $198.76 12 3 $119.69 $78.09 10 - $101.32 - 9 1 $227.65 $182.01 2 - 1.16 1.07 23 2 1.00 1.00 10 - $977.57 $688.52 10 - 7.40 7.30 45 7 4.61 3.37 46 7 $109.07 $93.62 16 - $20.99 $15.24 71 49 $488.96 $182.86 1 - 159.11 119.45. Exhibit of County Averages. [For a similar exhibit respecting salaried persons, see page 278. The averages presented in this table refer to wage receivers.] Average for each Person answering each Inquiry. Schedule Questions. Persons dependent, Hours employed. Days employed. Daily wages. Yearly wages. Other earnings. Wife's earnings. Children's earnings, . Unable to work, . Who own houses. Amount of mortgage, Rate of interest, . Number of rooms hired. Rent paid, . Value of g.irden crops. Cost of living. Number of vols, in library. Barnstable. Males. Fem 2.86 10.78 224.16 $1.89 $388.86 $79.66 $53.77 $99.85 1.04 1.00 7.50 4.80 $50.71 $21.46 $387.89 112.67 1.71 10.47 204.89 $0.66 $133.44 $25.88 $46.75 1.25 1.00 $250.00 7.00 4.88 $40.00 $7.67 $130.40 Berkshire. Males, Fem 3.39 10.35 247.93 $1.77 $431.00 $112.72 $103.82 $267.88 1.03 1.00 $651.45 7.10 5.22 $58.98 $15.66 $430.38 227.18 2.27 10.49 266.39 $0.72 $179.40 $80.56 $324.89 1.00 1.00 $195.00 6.80 4.20 $50.04 $17.75 $180.82 Bristol. Males. Fem. 3.13 10.14 224.29 $2.05 $456.05 $162.19 $123.61 $335.52 1.51 1.00 $988.10 7.50 5.21 $107.93 $19.16 $479.85 175.55 1.93 10.26 257.42 $0.94 $213.02 $98.09 $244.60 1.00 1.00 4.66 $93.16 $25.00 $185.98 166.00 DOJfES. Males. Fem 3.63 10.26 188.13 $2.07 $359.28 $90.77 $60.10 $48.67 1.20 1.00 $465.20 7.00 5.53 $46.82 $21.80 $398.24 256.25 1.50 9.11 185.00 $0.78 $149.56 $12.50 $50.00 1.00 $10.00 $136.50 262 CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Exhibit of County Averages — Continuecl. Schedule Questions. Persons dependent, . . Hours employed, Days employed, . Daily wages, Yearly wages, Other earnings, . Wife's earnings, . Children's earnings, . Unable to work, . Who own houses. Amount of mortgage. Rate of interest, . Number of rooms hired. Rent paid, . Value of garden crops. Cost of living. Number of vols, in library, Essex. Males. Fern 2.96 10.23 237.20 $1.96 $461.65 $116.80 $112.26 $196.07 1.13 1.00 $927.37 7.50 4.70 $105.10 $18.60 $486.53 156.13 1.95 10.25 257.58 $0.89 $212.22 $76.58 $218.04 1.00 1.00 $572.20 7.50 3.45 $84.40 $8.33 $203.10 110.00 Franklin, Males. Fern. 2.99 10.51 247.47 $1.82 $438.19 $100.09 $76.85 $173.12 1.14 1.00 $696.08 6.90 4.77 $76.48 $17.68 $426.51 124.12 1.74 10.49 250.85 $0.72 $178.74 $45.50 $96.50 1.00 $900.00 7.00 4.33 $70.11 $152.81 Hampden. Males. Fern, 3.03 9.95 249.87 $1.83 $563.48 $143.71 $122.56 $517.85 1.11 1.00 $1,936.07 7.10 5.07 $114.91 $15.41 $569.69 177.16 1.71 10.89 172.78 $0.90 $219.59 $54.30 $288.06 1.00 1.00 $750.00 6.70 3.47 $68.52 $7.50 $192.84 Hampshire. Males. Fern, 3.10 9.75 241.02 $1.79 $408.01 $87.89 $89.16 $183.93 1.13 1.00 $694.34 7.40 5.57 $79 24 $16.37 $413.77 146.88 1.56 10.41 260.86 $0.78 $192.13 $99.40 $150.00 1.00 $400.00 7.30 3.16 $51.47 $10.00 $169.61 Exhibit of County Averages — Continued* Middlesex. Nantucket. Norfolk. Pltmouth. Schedule Questions. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Persons dependent, . 3.11 1.60 2.00 1.00 3.18 1.81 3.06 2.09 Hours employed. 10.29 10.44 9.73 10.00 10.14 10.49 9.96 9.84 Days employed, . 241.33 270.56 251.18 254.17 224.59 237.46 205.48 235.09 Daily wages, . , $2.06 $0.82 $1.47 $0.44 $1.87 $0.85 $2.01 $0.96 Yearly wages. $496.58 $205.24 $327.73 $88.67 $447.18 $148.54 $403.30 $182.14 Other earnings, . $133.15 $18.74 $41.25 $100.00 $109.70 $69.34 $93.60 $72.62 Wife's earnings, , $114.00 - - - $84.06 - $79.99 - Children's earnings, . $207.83 $161.90 - - $199.19 $194.39 $165.93 $209.88 Unable to work, . 1.16 1.18 - - 1.15 1.00 1.13 1.00 Who own houses, 1.00 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Amount of mortgage, $1,007.00 $788.63 - - $761.51 $544.62 $630.47 $881.00 Rate of interest, . 7.60 7.60 - - 7.30 7.10 7.30 7.00 Number of rooms hired, . 4.73 3.14 4.33 - 5.14 4.17 5.10 3.93 Rent paid $116.21 $78.81 $40.66 - $82.77 $55.91 $81.59 $74.90 Value of garden crops, $23.25 $19.94 $10.00 - $32.70 $14.75 $22.20 $17.80 Cost of living, $503.69 $178.82 $532.50 $81.25 $479.27 $190.60 $423.85 $185.39 Number of vols, in library. 149.85 90.56 — — 173.86 100.00 187.17 ■" WAGE AND SALARY KECEIVEIIS. 263 Exhibit of County Averages — Concluded. Suffolk. Worcester. For the State. Schedule Questions. Males. Females. Males. Females. Hales. Females. Persons dependent, . 3.03 1.81 3.04 1.65 3.08 1.78 Hours employed, . Days employed, 10.35 252.21 11.06 298.31 10.22 266.24 10.29 252.77 10.21 241.65 10.49 258.96 Daily wages, . Yearly wages, . Other earnings, $2.29 $576.19 $173.18 $0.71 $197.87 $113.98 $2.00 $490.78 $114.54 $0.85 $191.07 $73.43 $2.01 $482.72 $119.69 $0.82 $198.76 $78.09 Wife's earnings. Children's earnings, $132.17 $224.05 $123.29 $92.48 $200.94 $155.57 $101.32 $227.65 $182.01 Unable to work, . 1.13 1.07 1.13 1.00 1.16 1.07 Who own houses, . 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Amount of mortgage. Rate of interest. $1,613.07 7.70 $1,037.50 8.60 $982.57 7.10 $710.72 7.20 $977.57 7.40 $688.52 7.30 Number of rooms hired, 4.08 2.60 3.98 3.81 4.61 3.37 Rent paid. $163.23 $152.66 $100.92 $69.15 $109.07 $93.62 Value of garden crops. Cost of living, . $18.38 $559.87 $184.55 $20.03 $485.45 $14.50 $175.77 $20.99 $488.96 $15.24 $182.86 Number of vols, in library, 162.77 124.33 < 142.28 168.80 159.11 119.45 It will be seen by the tables on pages 260 and 278 that as regards "persons dependent" 73 per cent of the wage receivers make reply, or five per cent more than of salary receivers. This of course indicates a larger number of people in a condition to answer. Or, in other words, as wives and children constitute the mass of dependents, that there are more wage receivers, with wife or child, than of salary receivers. The numbers of each class considered are sufficiently large to make the per- centages reliable , and indicative of exactly that condition. So that mar- riage is more general among the wage class than in the class next above them in the means of supporting families. Turning now to the " average for each person answering," it is found that among the wage receivers there are 3.08 persons dependent on each one answering, while (page 278) there are 2.64 dependent on each salaried person answering. The number of dependent, then, on each, among wage receivers, is about 17 per cent more than among salary receivers. And as most of the dependents are children, fecundity must be considerably greater amono' the wajje class. So far we have considered the males who have returned schedules. A comparison of the returns of depend- ence among females — the wage with the salaried — exhibits the same facts. Among the wage class, 11 per cent answer that they have per- sons dependent upon them. Among the salaried class (page 278), 264 CEXSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. only 8 per cent reply affirmatively. Among the wage class, the aver- age number dependent on each person answering is 1.78. Among the salaried class (page 278), it is 1.63. The tabulation of the returns to the question, "Number of hours per day employed," seems to verify the old adage, that "Man's work is from sun to sun, while woman's work is never done." Ninety-six per cent of the schedules returned by males were filled out as to this inquiry ; while only 85 per cent of those returned by females were filled out. Among the wage occupations of the latter sex, that of domestic service is the most common, and as it is a species of employ- ment that is "never done," this question was quite commonly unan- swered by females so employed. The average number of hours em- ployed, for males, is shown to be 10.21 ; and for females, 10.49. The average for salaried persons (page 278) is seen to be 10.41 for males, and 6.34 for females. The average per day, for wage males, is largest in Barnstable County, and smallest in Hampshire ; for females, it is largest in SufiV^lk, and smallest in Plymouth. Among salaried males (page 278), it is found to be largest in Barnstable, and smallest in Franklin ; among females, the largest in Sufiblk, and smallest in Berkshire. Thus it is the largest, for males, for both wage and sala- ried workers in Barnstable ; and the largest, for females of both classes, in Suffolk. The inquiry as to the "Number of days employed in your occupa- tion during the year," was a very important one, and the number of answers obtained make the averag-es deduced of the highest value. Forty-seven thousand seven hundred and eighty-one males, out of 55,515, replied to this question; and 13,997 females out of 15,824, replied, or a total of 61,778 persons, out of 71,339. The average number of days worked by males throughout the State is shown to be 241.65 ; by females, 258.96. The average among salaried jDersons (page 278) is shown to be for males, 290.29; for females, 192.37. The highest average is in Worcester County, 264.24; but Suffolk, Hampden, Franklin and Berkshire are above the average. The work- ing year is seen to be the shortest in Dukes County, where the aver- age is but 188.13 days. After Dukes comes Plymouth, 205.48; Barnstable, 224.16; Bristol, 224.29; and Norfolk, 224.59. The remaining counties vary but slightly from the State average. As there are 308 legal working days in the year, it will be seen that there is an amount of time lost for each male workman equal to a fraction more than GG days. This is an important fact to be consid- WAGE AXD SALARY RECEIVEES. 265 ered in any speculations upon the wage and capital problem. By refer- ence to Vol. II., Census of 1875, the number of days in which estab- lishments were open for work, as returned for each industry, can be found ; a condensed statement suitable for Part II. was impracticable. Forty-eight thousand seven hundred and forty-seven males have made reply as to the wages per day received by them, or 88 per cent of the whole number returning schedules. The average daily wage is found to be $2.01. Nearly or quite 900 occupations must be repre- sented by the above number of persons. Certainly, here is a suffi- cient numbei" of persons whose wages are aggregated to make the average ol)tained of such value as to be above criticism. We think it can be safely said, that the daily wage of the male adult workman in this Commonwealth for 1875 was $2.01. It may be held that there are included large numbers of persons in some occupations in which the wages are low, while ])ut few in other employments which yield bet- ter remuneration are so included ; or the reverse of this may be sup- posed and maintained. But the probability is, that if one thousand schedules were sent in representing one occupation, and only one hundred representing another, it was because there were ten times as many persons in the State following the former as the latter. Taking the State at large, it is likely that about the same per cent of sched- ules was received from the representatives of all occupations. The average daily wage of females is seen to be 82 cents. The daily wages, then, of women, appear to be about two-fifths as much as those of men. Among salaried persons (page 278), it will be seen they are over three-fifths as much. This dift'erence between the rela- tive earnings of the sexes, in the two classes, may be, and undoubt- edly is, owing to the large number of wage schedules received from domestic servants, whose wages per day appear comparatively small, since their board, which is included, is an item of no small moment. Fifty thousand and sixty-two males, or 90 per cent, answer as to their yearly wages, and 14,659 females, or 93 per cent. The average yearly earnings of the former is found to be $482.72, and of the latter $198.76. The highest average of yearly earnings, for males, is found to be in Suffolk County, $576.19. Hampden is nearly as high, while Middlesex and Worcester are both above the state average. The lowest average (excepting Nantucket) is found in Dukes, $359.28. In Barnstable it was nearly as low, being but $388.86. The rural counties show, generall}'^, the lowest average, and those possessing urban centres of importance the highest. Females seem to be the 34 266 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. best paid in Hampden, receiving an average of $219.59 ; in Bristol, $213.02 ; in Essex, $212.22 ; and in Middlesex, $205.24. In Bristol and Middlesex counties, the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods especially predominates ; so also in Essex. This latter county is also the seat of the shoe manufacturing business. The question "Amount of other earnings," was expected to secure the sums earned in various ways before or after the regular day's labor at the regular employment had been done, or on days when no regular occupation was being pursued. The average, for males, in the State, is seen to be $119.69, a sum of considerable importance as an auxiliary in the support of a family, being aljout one-fourth as much as the regular yearly earnings ; 12 per cent of all the males re- turnino: schedules had such earnino's. Throwing; out Dukes and Nan- tucket, Barnstable County returns the largest number of males having such earnings, and Suffolk County the smallest. But the latter shows the highest average for each — $173.18, and the former, the lowest, — $79.66. By reference to the returns from salaried persons (pages 278-280), it will be seen that the same counties made a corre- sponding exhibit in that class. The average amount of minor children's earnings, for males, in the State, is $227.65, a sum nearly one-half as large as the fathers them- selves earn at their regular occupations. It is to be borne in mind that this sum is not the average earnings of each child, but is the amount which accrues to each father or mother from tlie labor of a child or children. "Males" and "females" in the head line of the tables, refers in this case, as heretofore, to the sex of the persons re- turning the schedules, and not to the sex of the children. Only 4,913 males, or 9 per cent of the whole number, answer this question, so that the advantage obtainable from this source accrues to only a small portion of the wage workers of the State. It is, however, a great question whether the money brought into the family in this way subserves its best interests. The children thus put into the fiictory and workshop, are usually deprived of the school education necessary to their highest success in after life. So that the real interests of the individual and of the State are thus sacrificed to the immediate de- mand for subsistence. It is a fact, that the most of the children work- ing in mills, who furnish the large proportion of the earnings exhib- ited in the table, are growing up in ignorance. That they are the nucleus of a class that is likely to expand graduall}^ into an element unfit for self-government, and unmanageable by the purblind intelli- WAGE AND SALARY RECEIVERS. 267 gence that in its haste to be rich has made use of their ignorance, there can be no doubt. Only two per cent of males, and less than one per cent of females, made reply as to the "Number of persons over eighteen years of age prevented by continuous sickness or physical disability from attending to any occupation " ; the males answering are seen to have an average of 1.16 persons dependent, by reason of mental or physical incapacity, on each; and the females an average of 1.07. Taking the schedules received from males and females together, it is found that for the whole 71,339 wage laborers there were 1,430 persons thus unable to work. This is an average of about one for every fifty indi- viduals. By referring to the returns from salaried workers (page 278), it will be seen that the average, in that class, varies but slightly from this. In an examination into the condition of the working population of a state, there is no more important fact to be discovered than the pro- portion of people who possess, in fee simple, the houses which shelter them. No statement as to the occupations, earnings, expenses, etc., is of much value that is not accompanied with the facts relating to this point. It is seen by the above table that 13,046, or 23 per cent of the male wage receivers, own their houses. This may be taken as a fair index of the condition of the whole class in the State, as the num- ber of cases considered is so large as to ensure a very close approxi- mation to the true per cent. The aggregation of those who own houses with those who hire, does not, of course, equal the whole number of persons returning schedules, as wage or salaried persons who board would not consider the question applicable to them, and therefore would not repl3^ Thirteen thousand and forty-six males, and 287 females, by the preceding tables, were seen to be owners of the dwellings in which they live. This is an aggregate of 13,333 persons. It is also seen that 5,823 males, and 116 females, have an encumbrance on their houses in the shape of a mortgage. This is an aggregate of 5,939 persons, or about 44|^ per cent of those who own houses. The aggTC- gate of all mortgages for the males making return is $5,692,816, and the average $977.57. The average rate of interest paid on mortgages by male wage labor- ers is 7^4-, the same as the average for male salaried laborers. The highest rate, 7^^, is in Suffolk ; Middlesex comes next, 7-^^^. Barn- stable, Bristol and Essex are each above the average. 268 CENSUS OF MASS. -1875. COMPENDIUM. The question in regard to "rooms hired" elicited two points. Firstly, the number of those who hire ; and secondly, the nmiil)er of rooms hired. The average in respect to the first point is shown to be 45 per cent for the State among males, and 7 per cent among females. The number of rooms hired is the highest in Hampshire, being 5.57 to each male. It is the lowest in Worcester, where it is 3.98 to each. Suffolk, with an average of 4.08, approaches very near to this. It has l)een seen that 23 per cent own houses ; 45 per cent, or about double the number, answer that they hire. Thus, 68 per cent own or hire. It is probal^le that the most of the 32 per cent remaining are boarders. The average numljer of rooms hired for females is 3.37. The lowest average is in Suffolk County, 2.50, and the highest in Barnstable, 4.88. The percentages of those answering as to the amount paid for rent vary but slightly from the percentages of those who hire; 25,005 males, and 1,095 females, hire rooms; and 25,405 males, and 1,098 females, give the amounts paid for rent. The average for males throughout the State is $109.07, and for females, $93.62. Rent is an important item in the fixmily expenses. The yearly wages of males was found to be $482.72. The amount paid for rent is 22i per cent of this sum. A comparison of the same points among salaried work- ers shows that the amount paid for rent by males is 22 per cent of the yearly wages. The highest rent paid is $163.23, in Suffolk County; and the lowest (except in Nantucket) is $46.82, in Dukes. In Barn- stable it is $50.71 ; in Berkshire, $58.98 ; and in Hampden, $114.91. Next is shown the tabulation of the returns respecting "garden crops raised and used by the family, less all money expenditures on account of the same." This inquiry refers simply to what are ordinarily known as "kitchen gardens." The average value of crops raised, for males, throughout the State, is $20.99. Norfolk County has an average value of $32.70 for gar- den crops, while Hampden has but $15.41. This was the last ques- tion asked on the schedule wdiich had reference to the workman's in- come. The four preceding ones were, "Amount of yearly wages," "Amount of other earnings," "Amount of wife's earnings," and "Amount of minor children's earnings." An examination of the tables presenting the results elicited by these five questions, in connec- tion with the one which follows this, "Cost of living," will give the reader sufficient data for forming a correct conclusion as to the ability of the wage workman, in Massachusetts, to make his way. It WAGE AND SALARY EECEIVEES. 269 is probable that more persons have gardens than is shown by the tables, as some would consider it an impossibility to state, in dollars, the value of the crop raised, and so have made no reply to this inquiry. In considering the result obtained from the question, "Cost of sup- porting your family (or yourself) for the year ending May 1, 1875," it must be borne in mind that many of the persons who tilled out schedules were unmarried, and had no families dependent on them for support ; so that the averages in these tables do not show the cost of supporting families in the various counties. An aggregation of the various means of income exhibited in the preceding tables, and a com- parison of the results with the averages shown in the " cost of living " tables, will indicate pretty clearly whether the people whose cases are here considered are living within or beyond their means. And, of course, the number considered being sufficiently large, and distributed throughout the State, it would furnish a reasonably accurate index of the condition of the entire wage class of the Commonwealth. Seventy-one per cent of males, and 49 per cent of females, who answered, of the wage laborers, have given their "cost of living." The average for the former is $488.96, and for the latter, $182.86. The largest average expenses of living among male wage laborers is in Hampden County, where it amounts to $569.59 ; and the lowest in Barnstable, $387.89. A similar exhibit appears among females. Barnstable County furnishes the lowest average, $130.40, and Essex the highest, $203.10 ; but Hampden comes up pretty near to the latter sum, being $192.84. The number of volumes in each library, for males, is 159.11 ; and for females, 119.45. Berkshire had the largest number of books in each library, being 227.18 ; and Barnstable the smallest, 112.67. In Dukes, it is seen that the average was 256.25 ; but as only four males made returns, the number is too small to furnish an average of much value. These figures, of themselves, afford no basis by which to de- termine the reading proclivities of the people. There is hardly a church in any little hamlet that is not possessed of a library of some extent, the volumes of which circulate freely and constantly among its members. This is the case generally with the hundreds of charitable organizations in the State. Nearly all the smaller villages have social libraries supported by the contributions of members, and the more important towns and cities maintain free libraries, often of many thou- sand volumes, open to every inhabitant. The newspapers and maga- 270 CENSUS or MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. zines found in almost every house, furnish additional sources of sup- ply of reading matter. The great proportion of wage laborers undoubtedly read a daily paper each day. The figures given in the tables may be considered as representing those persons having a spe- cially literary taste, who love books and desire to accumulate them. Only libraries of one hundred volumes or over have been considered. Exhibit of State Averages. The following pages show the average of days employed, yearly wages and cost of living, by sexes, for all the persons following the occupations enumerated, who have returned schedules. That no one may fall into the error of ascribing equal value to all these averages, the reader is referred for the aggregates to the seventh annual report of the Bureau, where he can find the basis from which each average is deduced. A few are drawn from returns received from but a small number of persons, while others are derived from the returns of more than four thousand. Average for each Wage Receiver answering each Inquiry, OCCDPATIOKS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS. Sex. Average of Average Days of Yearly Employed. Wages. 266.19 $700 89 256.71 574 25 242.14 545 06 218.55 539 40 162.14 51 28 198.43 97 06 272.60 494 40 300,00 600 00 260.00 325 00 200.00 673 00 185.00 375 00 238.79 450 36 225.10 367 16 300.00 600 00 225.00 400 00 257.63 419 25 251.62 229 93 273.13 404 35 242.46 287 23 300.00 300 00 175.00 160 00 Average of Cost of Living, Armorers, .... Blacksmiths, Cabinet makers. Carpenters, Chair makers : Cane sealers, . . Finishers, , Ornamenters, . (( Sawyers, . Stock turners, . Undesignated, , . Common laborers, , Cotton factory operatives : Assorters, . Beamers, Carders, Card grinders, . Card strippers, •• 11 II Cloth trimmers, . Males, Males, Females, Males, II Females Males, Males, Females, Males, II Females, 1^674 57 538 52 538 28 526 79 117 67 636 67 360 00 243 00 425 00 315 00 462 65 417 12 475 00 463 50 182 31 372 00 369 60 300 00 300 00 WAGE AND SALARY EECEIVERS. 271 Average for each Wage Receiver^ etc. — Continued. Average of Average Average OCCDPATIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS. Sex. Days of Yearly of Cost Employed. Wages. of Living. Cotton factory operatives — Con. Drawers in Males, . 225.00 |282 .50 $322 00 rroducts of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. 1 rroducts of Ag- riculture and Mining. 'S 3 > "3 09 3 •a 2 ■3 H Barnstable County, . $6,576,155 $8,808,209 $3,410,970 $619,662 $15,384,364 $4,030,632 Barnstable, 1,037,250 1,577,450 72,007 77,645 2,614,700 149,652 Bre-wstcr, 268,118 353,986 2,840 21,203 622,104 24,043 Chatham, 251,265 509,069 179,418 26,633 760,334 206,051 Dennis, . 785,243 663,344 77,624 47,361 1,448,587 124,985 Eastham, 43.814 143,084 57,047 45,363 186,898 102,410 Falmouth, 1,285,632 1,037,780 492,500 75,987 2,323,412 668,487 Harwich, 370,005 719,085 75,666 47,606 1,089,090 123,272 Mashpec, 6,728 104,235 - 5,492 110,963 5,492 Orleans, . 112,386 309,978 69,543 62,479 422,364 122,022 Provincctown, 828,902 1,015,289 1,287,858 5,500 1,844,191 1,293,358 Sandwich, 277,400 1,121,550 523.855 121,800 1,398,950 650,655 Truro, . 80,921 202,453 4S0 23,439 283,374 23,919 Wellfleet, 454,283 422,866 383,805 24,032 877,149 407,837 Yarmouth, 774,208 628,040 183,327 45,122 1,402,248 228,449 Berkshire Countt, . $11,577,086 $25,882,400 $21,015,328 $3,828,975 $37,459,516 $24,844,303 Adams, . 1,861,914 4,407,755 8,888,665 189,824 6,269,669 9,078,489 Alford, . . 90,808 183.161 360 72,161 273,969 72,521 Becket, . , . 168,053 332,494 336,019 111,316 500,547 447,335 Cheshire, 302,668 660,360 199,953 107,951 963,028 307,904 Clarksburg, . 57,543 198,842 268,660 49,211 256,385 317,871 Dalton, . 537,092 752,135 828,150 112,587 1,289,227 940,737 Egremont, 187,564 369,380 112,750 136,975 550,944 249,725 Florida, . 33,614 147,510 8,200 51,638 181,124 59,838 Great Barrington, 1,190,222 1,974,576 1,032,039 188,124 3,164,798 1,220,163 Hancock, 101,640 345,290 151,551 83,612 446,930 235,163 Hinsdale, 256,845 667,528 506,821 110,213 824,373 617,034 Lanesborough, 154,511 602,750 343,000 137,713 757,261 480,713 Lee, 643,768 1,301,734 1,616,760 116,682 1,945,502 1,733,442 Lenox, . 326,804 029,184 111,615 112,481 1,255,988 224,096 Monterey, 52,825 192,245 17,580 106,904 245,070 124,484 288 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUIVI. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1875 — Con. Counties, Cities and Towns. 1 1 B o a «> > o c o o i s a "1 > Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. a a 00 S 1 i Berkshire Co.— Con. Mount Washington, $9,902 $79,032 - $23,012 $88,934 $23,012 New Ashford, 17,715 85,540 $86 30,794 103,255 30,880 New Marlborough, 204,311 537,153 308,554 265,874 741,464 574,428 Otis, 60,377 236,130 32,510 58,180 302,507 90,690 Peru, 33,032 132,760 3,200 52,200 165,798 55,400 Pittsfield, 2,671,031 5,741,205 4,073,672 325,687 8,412,236 4,399,359 Richmond, 86,159 528,030 176,400 86,058 614,189 262,458 Sandisficld, . 108,801 367,020 22,055 131,923 476,421 153,978 Savoy, . 44,567 188,365 22,963 104,742 232,932 127,705 Sheffield, 271,760 888,390 105,745 269,608 1,160,150 375,353 Stockbridgc, . 1,252,100 1,368,185 408,058 104,879 2,620,335 512,937 Tyringh.im, . 52,765 220,100 18,073 75,622 272,865 93,695 ■Washington, . 42,682 219,174 - 93,926 261,856 93,926 West Stockbridgc, 270,801 671,729 536,768 231,992 942,620 768,760 Williamstown, 431,959 1,465,000 865,090 193,384 1,896,959 1,058,474 Windsor, 47,113 189,067 20,031 93,702 230,180 113,7.33 Bristol County, $42,783,567 $71,643,158 $53,171,012 $2,911,251 $114,426,725 $56,082,203 Acushnct, 122,500 446,750 51,350 101,094 500,250 153,344 Attleborougli, 1,320,857 2,963,172 3,485,018 198,490 4,290,029 3,683,514 Berkley, . S8,6S« 263,397 2,305 78,828 302,083 81,133 Dartmouth, . 275,600 1,401,250 234,716 447.826 1,070,850 ' 682,542 Dighton, . 214,856 610,639 193,979 123,409 825,495 317,448 Easton, . 1,198,526 1,080,900 1,836,150 100,979 2,279,420 1,937,129 Fairhaven, 399,604 1,023,200 434,405 60,988 1,422,804 495,393 Fall River, 17,440,988 33,960,479 24,668,505 212,726 51,401,407 24,881,231 Freetown, 143,020 495,125 66,440 94,608 638,145 161,048 Mansfield, 164,036 900,548 555,159 54,366 1,064,584 609,525 New Bedford, 14,428,674 11,946,600 12,525,230 104,563 26,375,274 12,629,793 Norton, . 148,090 594,055 233,030 54,022 742,145 287,052 Raynham, 283,225 746,240 1,021,577 95,195 1,029,465 1,116,772 Rehoboth, 103,977 682,408 19,974 227,160 786,385 247,134 Seekonk, . 168,239 638,513 47,178 149,299 706,752 196,477 Somerset, 208,002 747,638 345,601 96,371 955,640 441,972 Swansea, 111,565 612,100 69,030 173,845 623,665 242,875 APPEN"DIX. 289 Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1875 — Con. Counties, Cities and Towns, Valuation of Per- sonal Property. a . o o S 2 > Products of aian- nfacturcs and Fisheries. 1 Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. i 3 I a o 1 1 "a o Bristol Co.— Con. Taunton $5,707,922 $11,618,744 $7,265,923 $199,882 $17,326,666 $7,455,805 Westport, 299,200 1,111,400 125,442 336,634 1,410,600 462,076 Dukes County, . $614,103 $2,706,732 $152,256 $155,242 $3,320,835 $307,498 Chilmark, 66,087 203,802 22,849 45,042 269,889 67,891 Edgartown, • 348,550 1,837,100 95,432 43,733 2,185,650 139,165 Gay Head, 2,546 8,430 - 10,108 10,976 10,108 Gosnold 43,680 132,200 9,000 6,100 175,880 14,100 Tisbury 153,240 525,200 24,975 61,259 678,440 76,234 Essex County, • $53,506,329 $112,135,305 $96,700,998 $4,490,328 $165,641,634 $101,191,326 Amesbury, 718,749 1,889,205 2,050,440 67,348 2,607,954 2,107,788 Andover, 912,263 1,946,064 1,406,710 145,824 2,859,227 1,552,534 Beverly 2,940,325 6,064,800 1,958,357 61,361 8,005,125 2,019,718 Boxford 85,790 518,440 67,590 103,217 604,230 170,807 Bradford, 136,449 1,110,879 62,300 43,635 1,247,328 95,935 Danvers 1,082,500 2,258,600 2,320,062 168,460 3,341,100 2,488,522 Essex, .... 234,267 628,058 277,442 89,970 862,325 367,412 Georgetown, . 275,340 721,665 637,700 61,385 997,005 689,085 Gloucester, . 8,443,455 6,794,810 7,274,406 711,986 9,238,265 7,986,392 Groveland, 165,137 674,727 647,518 77,121 839,864 724,639 Hamilton, 83,700 439,114 9,400 77,364 622,814 86,764 Haverhill, 2,171,087 8,326,045 10,635,823 201,870 10,497,132 10,837,698 Ipswich 477,553 1,324,383 879,480 243,609 1,801,936 1,123,089 Lawrence, 6,751,108 17,366,265 19,757,120 20,452 24,117,373 19,777,572 Lynn 6,147,042 21,930,751 21,011,427 88,311 28,077,793 21,099,738 Lynnfield, 320,050 438,730 13,937 69,721 758,780 83,658 Manchester, . 426,179 1,313,037 200,391 22,500 1,730,216 222,891 Marblehead, . 1,014,160 3,044,450 1,501,949 123,741 4,058,610 1,625,690 Merrimac, - - 792,298 49,222 - 841,520 Methuon, 636,946 1,673,235 2,115,942 231,510 2,210,181 2,347,452 Middlcton, 95,826 395,600 306,801 60,363 491,425 367,164 Nahant, .... 4,783,907 1,320,850 136,705 - 6,104,757 136,705 Newbury, . 146,245 721,025 78,830 236,224 867,270 315,054 Newburyport, 3,140,838 4,904,075 4,826,594 46,223 8,044,913 4,872,817 37 200 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1875 — Con. Counties, Cities and Towns. ft- § 11 "3 Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. § 33 d 3 "3 1 Eh TO 3 ■a "3 O Essex Co.— Con. North Andover, $589,435 $1,513,205 $1,440,000 $161,921 $2,102,640 $1,601,921 Peabody, 2,152,450 4,028,900 4,620,851 117,459 6,181,350 4,738,310 Rockport, 607,829 1,473,244 474,393 500,226 2,081,073 974,619 Rowley, . 74,110 441,351 183,500 109,968 515,461 293,468 Salem, . . 11,988,672 14,323,600 8,634,693 64,734 26,312,272 8,699,427 BaliBbury, 496,970 1,496,602 872,786 120,066 1,993,572 992,852 Baugus, . 448,825 1,289,433 771,370 46,154 1,738,258 817,524 Swampscott, 389,441 2.074,850 146,897 38,491 2,464,291 185,388 Topsfleld, 282,561 487,809 229,100 106,287 770,370 335,387 Wenham, 122,525 403,825 45,000 53,807 526,350 98,807 West Newbury, 264,595 796,778 423,181 189,798 1,061,373 612,979 Franklin County, $3,849,795 $12,729,640 $5,301,874 $3,418,995 $16,579,435 $8,720,869 Ashfield, . 142,173 387,744 12,860 142,806 529,917 155,66S Bernardston, 87,094 314,044 103,700 114,490 401,138 218,190 Buckland, 100,536 505,874 433,765 117,265 606,410 551,030 Charlemont, 69,249 285,125 38,750 118,347 354,374 157,097 Colrain, . 192,888 491,570 390,622 183,900 684,458 574,522 Conway, . 254,049 564,244 333,430 235,296 818,293 568,726 Deerfield, 295,276 1,044,766 312,720 410,166 1,340,042 722,886 Erving, . 75,767 242,292 272,145 34,210 318,059 306,355 Gill, . . 78,815 391,691 18,500 148,348 470,506 166,848 Greenfield, 853,321 1,969,665 479,621 170,840 2,822,986 650,461 Hawley, . 33,535 123,685 7,070 71,299 157,220 78,369 Heath, . 38,112 153,210 9,630 86,714 191,322 96,344 Leverett, . 62,105 255,405 32,004 84,200 317,510 116,204 Leyden, . 36,089 171,042 2,454 95,260 207,131 97,714 Monroe, . 8,062 39,715 1,700 23,071 47,777 24,771 Montague, 450,200 1,598,600 1,478,446 175,186 2,048,800 1,653,632 New Salem, 69,960 257,270 44,550 89,916 327,230 134,466 Northfleld, 107,255 596,819 79,455 267,021 704,074 346,476 Orange, . 302,675 1,093,125 807,242 84,990 1,395,800 892,232 Rowe, 38,174 141,445 15,202 70,761 179,619 85,963 Bhelburne, 215,417 651,424 193,306 164,943 866,841 358,249 Bhutesbury, 21,025 164,525 11,357 54,942 185,550 66,299 APPENDIX. 291 Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1S75 — Con. Counties, Cities and Towns. Valuation of Per- sonal Property. ■3 a ■s II •3 « > Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. c o s I 1 so "S s •o I 1 Fkanklin Co.— Con. Sunderland, . $61,865 $378,428 $800 $184,520 $440,293 $185,320 Warwick, . 44,804 221,232 86,810 72,026 266,036 158,836 Wendell, 21,228 157,460 68,035 46,005 178,688 114,040 Whately, 190,121 529,240 67,700 172,473 719,361 240,173 Hampden County, $18,057,202 $57,576,840 $35,692,824 $3,546,183 $75,634,042 $39,239,007 Agawam, 274,961 897,950 177,000 314,094 1,172,911 491,094 Blandford, 112,400 294,915 44,375 163,856 407,315 208,231 Brimfield, 129,440 436,050 103,438 169,302 565,490 272,740 Chester, . 94,025 435,047 184,496 104,271 529,072 288,767 Chicopee, 1,833,975 3,641,860 4,035,600 214,799 5,475,835 4,250,399 Granville, 89,364 315,808 68,280 122,860 405,172 191,140 Holland, 16,957 120,190 2,059 33,056 137,147 35,115 Holyoke, 2,889,882 6,791,245 8,788,306 63,340 9,681,127 8,851,646 Longmeadow, 182,340 849,595 159,040 261,935 1,031,935 420,975 Ludlow, . 121,311 445,267 253,800 149,776 566,578 403,576 Monson, . 320,925 1,017,386 1,270,000 312,370 1,338,311 1,582,370 Montgomery, . 28,919 112,807 3,643 64,331 141,726 57,974 Palmer, . 636,187 1,237,475 1,855,218 163,472 1,873,662 2,018,690 Russell, . 107,139 316,446 181,500 34,848 423,585 216,348 Southwick, 121,885 458,097 63,058 227,956 679,982 291,014 Springfield, . 8,398,912 31,125,660 12,483,010 248,903 39,524,572 12,731,913 Tolland, . 68,464 198,866 82,540 62,818 267,330 145,358 Wales, . 163,535 284,415 904,603 48,998 447,950 953,601 Westfield, 1,945,085 5,354,590 3,446,358 362,900 7,299,675 3,809,258 West Springfield, 319,153 2,487,159 621,698 141,299 2,806,312 762,997 Wilbraham, . 202,343 756,012 964,802 290,999 958,355 1,255,801 Hampshire County, . $7,261,049 $18,888,576 $10,797,556 $3,833,484 $26,149,625 $14,631,040 Amherst, 740,745 1,896,705 497,526 263,925 2,637,450 761,451 Belchertown, . 151,820 848,228 138,152 303,662 1,000,048 441,814 Chesterfield, . 87,453 220,170 19,904 84,626 307,623 104,530 Cummington, . 143,025 297,817 109,496 111,755 440,842 221,251 Easthampton, 834,654 1,570,879 1,968,155 140,127 2,405,533 2,108,282 Enfield, . 291,510 375,390 372,361 111,353 666,900 483,714 292 CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May i, 1875 — Con. Counties, Cities and Towns. if 11 > d . o o i 3 ■3 » > Products ofMan- ufactnres and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. a a I o CQ s -a 2 1 Hampshire Co.— Con. Goshen, .... $29,794 $108,028 $4,750 $52,344 $137,822 $57,094 Granby, .... 103,242 399,009 26,988 191,816 502,251 218,804 Greenwich, 85,760 205,360 43,794 73,569 291,120 117,363 Hadley, .... 275,117 1,121,987 207,345 492,551 1,307,104 699,896 Hatfield 398,929 820,085 65,200 413,426 1,219,014 478,626 Huntington, . 137,640 375,585 114,112 83,418 513,225 197,530 Middlefleld, . 156,250 216,410 97,089 64,855 372,660 161,944 Northampton, 2,242,989 6,627,900 3,673,063 317,408 7,870,889 3,990,471 Pelham 26,096 150,494 9,225 58,553 176,590 67,778 Plainfield, 47,350 133,460 16,685 74,395 180,810 91,080 Prescott 80,648 172,110 9,260 60,403 202,758 69,663 South Hadley, 361,312 1,407,285 1,056,428 164,173 1,708,597 1,220,601 Bouthampton, 77,687 417,637 66,669 184,796 495,324 251,465 Ware, .... 482,770 1,239,470 1,957,611 200,863 1,722,240 2,158,474 WeBthampton, 42,910 260,259 16,698 114,797 303,169 131,495 Williamsburg, 424,511 756,855 299,935 108,741 1,181,366 408,676 Worthington, . 88,837 267,453 27,110 161,928 356,290 189,038 Middlesex County, . $70,508,724 $224,709,488 $103,085,248 $7,085,550 $295,218,212 $110,170,798 Acton, .... 260,771 974,885 386,421 171,315 1,235,656 557,736 Arlington, 1,440,505 4,558,123 738,223 398,370 5,998,628 1,136,593 Ashby, .... 86,887 404,824 70,913 138,396 491,711 209,309 Ashland 263,333 1,117,277 1,186,365 66,501 1,380,610 1,252,866 Ayer 200,425 853,637 336,408 62,555 1,054,062 388,963 Bedford 105,163 685,843 220,164 122,169 791,006 342,333 Belmont,. 854,261 2,973,075 15,900 241,777 3,827,336 257,677 BiUerica,. . . , 651,662 971,761 1,287,610 151,652 1,623,423 1,439,262 Boxborough, . 42,027 201,623 - 88,411 243,650 88,411 Burlington, . 138,204 384,223 38,000 129,291 522,427 167,291 Cambridge, . 16,467,715 60,155,300 16,837,412 8T,075 66,623,015 16,924,487 Carlisle 49,830 314,340 8,451 89,571 364,170 98,022 Chelmsford, . 312,335 1,145,300 823,561 128,459 1,457,635 952,020 Concord 1,172,114 1,779,662 292,870 324,627 2,951,776 617,497 Dracut, .... 150,535 821,375 36,850 203,990 971,910 240,840 APPENDIX. 293 Valuation and Products for the Year ending May i, 1875 — Con. Counties, Cities and Towns. ^ if (^ a ° 2 a *i 'it OS B > "3 « ^ 3 3 to ■3 W !> Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. 1 a "a o H Total Products. Middlesex Co.— Con. Dunstable, $53,767 $232,965 $23,210 $74,640 $286,732 $97,850 Everett, . 592,100 3,812,550 960,236 29,398 4,404,650 989,634 Framingham, . 1,233,210 3,130,070 1,778,360 191,310 4,363,280 1,969,670 GrotoD, . 992,480 1,070,220 339,195 173,987 2,062,700 513,182 HollistoD, . . 569,615 1,334,555 1,225,661 101,302 1,904,170 1,326,963 Hopkinton, . 703,156 1,537,830 1,863,215 111,494 2,240,986 1,974,709 Hudson, . 280,413 1,464,805 2,011,634 98,263 1,745,278 2,109,897 Lexington, . , 663,346 2,416,365 139,072 272,719 2,979,711 411,791 Lincoln, . 226,816 648,972 12,725 166,435 775,788 179,160 Littleton, 148,330 659,505 18,659 151,327 707,835 169,986 Lowell, .- 12,164,516 26,529,979 29,725,539 78,098 38,694,495 29,803,637 Maiden, . 1,867,460 7,978,650 3,038,789 24,641 9,846,110 3,063,430 Marlborough, . 577,812 2,803,205 3,363,227 187,947 3,381,017 3,551,174 Maynard, 316,825 971,020 1,574,735 49,548 1,287,845 1,624,283 Medford, . 1,859,102 8,028,415 688,095 44,489 9,887,517 732,584 Melrose, . 390,378 4,062,450 388,872 16,186 4,452,828 405,058 Natick, • 960,785 2,724,405 2,736,973 101,583 3,685,190 2,838,556 Newton, . 7,882,374 21,073,495 2,676,784 215,588 28,955,869 2,892,372 North Reading, 66,468 398,556 145,071 78,016 455,024 223,087 Pepperell, 387,815 942,104 586,461 194,965 1,329,919 781,426 Reading, . 284,572 2,082,446 620,613 89,102 2,367,018 709,715 Sherborn, 165,645 747,112 136,150 149,115 912,757 285,265 Shirley, . 226,130 579,214 259,472 118,418 805,344 377,890 Somerville, . 3,561,200 27,755,800 7,740,831 55,228 31,317,000 7,796,059 Btoneham, 468,068 2,543,440 3,014,746 66,712 3,011,508 3,081,458 Btow, 189,644 635,905 330,100 148,878 725,549 478,978 Sudbury, 241,165 748,150 174,265 180,441 989,315 354,706 Tewksbury, • 135,495 686,340 88,500 150,514 821,835 239,014 Townsend, 248,457 803,279 480,579 124,781 1,051,736 605,360 Tyngsborough, 40,731 270,082 84,219 86,715 310,813 170,934 "Wakefield, . 677,640 3,200,030 1,302,811 36,351 3,877,670 1,339,162 Waltham, 2,264,570 7,866,200 2,620,788 178,896 10,130,770 2,799,684 Watertown, . 2,376,320 5,623,600 2,650,781 105,965 7,999,920 2,756,746 Wayland, 223,356 842,274 1,946,675 138,199 1,065,630 2,084,874 294: CE:N"SUS of MASS. — 1S75. COIMPENDIUM. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May i, 1875 — Con. CoDNTiES, Cities and Towns. Valuation of Per- sonal Property. 2 o g 6 3 CO Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. Total Valuation. 1 •a o 1 Middlesex Co.— Con. Westford, $212^32 $897,232 $491,561 $190,120 $1,109,764 $681,681 Weston, . 866,766 864,850 51,900 227,883 1,731,616 279,783 "Wilmington, 74,714 462,903 104,408 64,607 537,617 159,015 Winchester, 1,458,573 3,252,925 1,067,448 67,208 4,711,498 1,134,656 Woburn, . 2,770,611 5,986,282 4,343,740 160,322 8,756,893 4,504,062 Nantucket County, . $1,348,112 $1,000,157 $213,303 $107,923 $2,348,269 $321,226 Nantucket, 1,348,112 1,000,157 213,303 107,923 2,348,269 321,226 Norfolk County, $28,713,307 $63,202,592 $26,966,620 $2,087,539 $91,915,899 $29,054,159 Bellingham, , • 109,160 418,808 544,530 94,017 527,968 638,547 Braintree, 732,550 2,036,950 1,649,306 105,963 2,769,500 1,755,269 Brookline, 9,883,900 17,695,200 364,558 9,234 27,579,100 373,792 Canton, . 1,164,440 1,894,115 3,094,681 93,522 3,058,555 3,188,203 Cohasset, 890,620 1,437,440 106,730 73,009 2,328,060 179,739 Dedham, . 2,040,369 3,949,496 1,012,448 143,452 5,989,865 1,155,900 Dover, . 65,139 377,040 69,550 70,797 442,179 140,347 Foxborough, 351,977 1,379,897 1,093,000 14,580 1,731,874 1,107,580 Franklin, 372,600 1,064,600 1,270,915 142,881 1,437,200 1,413,796 Holbrook, 200,070 738,570 1,049,796 11,477 938,640 1,061,273 Hyde Park, 693,083 6,151,394 676,403 6,920 6,844,477 683,323 Medfield, 309,080 636,215 490,750 82,592 945,295 673,342 Medway, 363,200 1,420,725 1,548,931 149,419 1,783,925 1,698,350 Milton, . 4,086,300 3,150,500 422,757 137,286 7,236,800 660,043 Needham, 1,033,370 3,714,814 1,549,244 156,659 4,748,184 1,705,903 Norfolk, . 95,055 336,068 489,386 68,943 431,123 658,329 Norwood, 448,633 1,343,867 484,086 36,373 1,792,500 520,459 Quincy, . 1,736,475 5,577,550 2,087,072 127,143 7,314,025 2,214,215 Bandolpb, 619,390 1,441,840 1,302,386 54,797 2,061,230 1,357,183 Sharon, . 253,226 800,387 280,979 91,053 1,053,563 372,032 Stoughton, 650,825 1,743,350 1,455,805 139,530 2,394,175 1,595,335 Walpole, 306,738 1,069,576 692,700 110,723 1,376,314 803,423 Weymouth, 2,107,711 3,863,523 4,809,152 88,054 5,971,234 4,897,208 Wrentham, 199,396 960,717 421,455 79,115 1,160,113 600,570 APPENDIX. 295 Valuation and Products for the Tear ending May 1, 1875— Con. Counties, Cities and Towns. Si 1 £ § ft. 11 > i S Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. 1 Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. a o a "a > "a Total Products. Plymouth County, . $9,962,517 $28,096,879 $20,739,791 $2,128,533 $38,059,396 $22,868,324 Abington, 466,449 1,294,856 1,199,700 29,848 1,761,305 1,229,543 Bridgewater, . 494,033 1,513,115 1,038,956 119,988 2,007,148 1,158,944 Brockton, 1,160,594 4,475,916 6,492,087 129,595 5,636,510 6,621,682 Carver, . . . 211,999 353,392 199,574 62,867 665,391 262,441 Duxbury, 182,600 915,925 137,307 76,645 1,098,525 213,952 East Bridgewater, . 291,750 939,860 401,072 82,777 1,231,610 483,849 Halifax, .... 51,831 269,919 19,946 53,678 321,750 73,624 Hanover, 306,199 719,778 297,704 106,407 1,025,977 404,111 Hanson 98,893 401,588 160,783 54,426 600,481 215,209 Hingham, 1,004,851 2,323,286 909,740 70,940 3,328,137 980,680 Hull 72,780 619,412 15,248 7,771 692,192 23,019 Kingston, 664,572 682,033 316,185 36,071 1,346,605 352,256 Lakeville, 113,493 434,196 7,040 62,250 547,689 69,290 Marion 89,517 343,667 22,518 14,574 433,184 37,092 Marshfleld, . 136,355 850,839 61,543 85,445 987,194 146,988 Mattapoisett, . 733,049 690,616 70,010 52,937 1,423,665 122,947 Middleborougb, 459,446 1,970,179 1,598,729 291,957 2,429,625 1,890,686 Pembroke, 138,810 464,807 36,053 97,150 603,617 133,203 Plymouth, 1,369,769 2,612,350 2,503,349 96,144 3,982,119 2,599,493 Plympton, 43,972 254,148 41,750 38,606 298,120 80,356 Rochester, 87,947 387,960 66,145 89,035 475,907 155,180 Rockland, 438,480 1,497,270 1,270,290 51,730 1,935,750 1,322,020 Scituate 168,528 1,085,768 165,887 108,894 1,254,296 274,781 South Scituate, 223,398 659,007 385,545 99,330 882,405 484,875 South Abington, . 316,557 1,060,776 1,982,581 50,906 1,377,333 2,033,487 Wareham, 422,866 606,085 882,461 57,875 1,028,951 940,336 West Bridgewater, 213,779 670,131 457,588 100,687 883,910 558,275 Suffolk County, $237,388,569 $578,134,152 $141,025,191 $497,300 $815,522,721 $141,522,491 Boston, .... 235,020,895 558,941,000 136,138,504 399,175 793,961,895 136,537,679 Chelsea, .... 2,178,316 16,364,800 4,825,252 12,034 18,543,116 4.837.286 Revere 144,900 1,836,575 11,900 64,235 1,981,475 76,135 Winthrop, 44,458 991,777 49,535 21,856 1,036,235 71,391 296 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPEKDIUM. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1875 — Con. CocMTiES, Cities and Towns. t §. 11 > 1 %* o a . o Products of Man- ufactures and Fislieries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. t d 3 > o (A "3 o H Worcester County, . $37,554,865 $105,037,163 $81,743,707 $8,750,634 $142,592,023 $90,494,341 Ashburnham, 288,071 803,835 558,674 113,304 1,091,906 671,978 Athol, . 619,580 2,068,330 1,387,955 103,885 2,687,910 1,491,840 Auburn, . 120,584 434,175 253,000 120,689 554,759 373,689 Barre, 520,851 1,201,505 509,909 266,167 1,722,356 776,076 Berlin, 68,248 399,027 171,000 90,685 467,275 261,685 Blackstonc, 707,750 1,403,705 2,209,580 98,143 2,111,455 2,307,723 Bolton, . 100,333 416,379 31,625 170,447 525,712 202,072 Boylston, 124,265 431,285 161,000 147,537 555,550 308,537 Brookfiold, 330,538 947,055 818,237 146,520 1,277,593 964,757 Charlton, 264,140 746,610 158,150 225,404 1,010,750 383,554 Clinton, . 1,212,144 3,128,644 4,048,294 12,165 4,340,788 4,060,459 Dana, 76,511 225,595 115,510 73,043 302,106 188,553 Douglas, . 226,778 740,268 701,510 74,726 967,046 776,238 Dudley, . 246,334 799,945 1,336,909 117,062 1,046,279 1,453,971 Fitchburg, 2,990,867 9,527,875 5,827,391 201,799 12,518,742 6,029,190 Gardner, . 600,016 1,481,175 897,291 73,644 2,081,191 970,935 Grafton, . 593,160 1,292,323 860,058 179,259 1,885,483 1,039,317 Hard wick, 312,975 732,540 96,496 219,569 1,045,515 316,063 Harvard, . 183,809 691,259 37,900 223,892 875,068 261,792 Holden, . 191,245 788,865 582,360 142,410 980,110 724,770 Hubbardston, 187,806 715,370 114,787 132,535 903,176 247,322 Lancaster, 1,368,453 747,256 184,200 142,003 2,115,709 326,203 Leicester, 887,842 1,076,999 1,569,454 107,502 1,964,841 1,676,956 Leominster, 799,940 3,138,567 2,069,192 238,311 3,938,507 2,307,503 Lunenburg, 108,809 671,572 63,063 182,283 780,381 245,346 Mendon, . 191,423 484,639 107,537 108,600 676,062 216,137 Milford, . 1,231,240 3,838,623 4,199,986 225,880 5,069,863 4,425,866 Millbury, 771,485 1,746,633 1,937,797 118,401 2,518,118 2,056,198 New Braintree, 112,080 359,950 25,041 183,440 472,030 208,481 Korthborough, 425,278 811,165 197,450 161,252 1,236,443 358,702 Northbridge, . 758,535 1,062,252 1,521,072 115,330 1,820,787 1,636,402 North Brookfield, 608,440 1,237,235 2,059,375 119,945 1,845,675 2,179,320 Oakham, . 59,367 295,375 47,831 99,478 354,742 147,309 Oxford, . 442,912 1,015,570 1,207,578 145,936 1,458,482 1,353,514 APPENDIX. 29'; Vahiation and Products for the Year endinrj May i, 1875 — Con. CoDNTiEs, Cities and Towns. "3 "S § 2 3 en > Products of Man- ufactures and fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. 1 a > 3 o o S t n o Worcester Co.— Con. Fasten $86,298 $237,185 $215,298 $69,610 $323,483 $284,908 Petersham, 149,011 517,259 31,961 166,605 666,270 198,566 Phillipston, 72,604 241,090 31,290 90,246 313,694 121,536 Princeton, 183,123 737,521 66,941 165,530 920,644 232,471 Royalston, 206,061 483,045 223,850 94,792 689,106 318,642 Rutland, . 79,087 438,430 85,678 123,339 5^7,517 209,017 Shrewsbury, 389,240 738,080 461,732 166,302 1,127,320 628,034 Southborongh 331,140 1,073,127 442,950 197,363 1,404,267 640,313 Southbridge, 1,025,809 1,923,825 3,569,438 160,908 2,949,694 3,730,346 Spencer, . 894,302 1,710,725 2,935,573 189,162 2,605,027 3,124,735 Sterling, . 225,935 847,733 167,622 195,178 1,073,668 362,800 Sturbridge, . 317,067 826,970 669,554 150,111 1,144,037 819,665 Sutton, . 440,734 977,635 758,157 210,073 1,418,369 968,230 Templeton, . 255,743 873,223 706,521 94,312 1,128,966 800,833 Upton, . 241,897 636,613 927,996 103,429 878,510 1,031,425 Uxbridge, 635,113 1,204,990 1,029,099 240,570 1,840,103 1,269,669 Warren, . 511,587 1,296,950 1,493,150 194,283 1,808,537 1,687,433 Webster, 684,400 1,243,655 3,186,797 71,898 1,928,055 3,258,695 Westborough, 560,510 1,904,854 2,381,763 247,827 2,465,373 2,629,590 West Boylston, 278,945 789,840 849,171 105,072 1,068,785 954,243 West Brookfield, . 220,626 610,402 647,305 125,971 831,028 773,276 Westminster, . 170,195 659,000 212,660 141,713 829,195 354,373 Winchendon, . 603,679 1,587,210 1,085,222 88,948 2,190,889 1,174,170 Worcester, 11,250,881 38,016,200 23,496,767 476,146 49,267,081 23,972,913 38 298 CENSUS OE MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Valuation and Products for the Year ending May 1, 1875 — Concluded. EECAPITULATION BY COUNTIES. CODNTIES. £ I <» o. 2 2 .2 ^ « S 1 i > ■s « > Products of Man- ufactures and Fisheries. Products of Ag- riculture and Mining. 1 a > a o E-i 7i 3 •O O *-4 3 o H . The State, . $529,701,380 $1,310,551,321 $600,016,678 $43,461,599 $1,840,252,701 $643,478,277 Barnstable, 6,576,155 8,808,209 3,410,970 619,662 15,384,364 4,030,632 Berkshire, . 11,577,086 25,882,430 21,015,328 3,828,975 37,459,516 24,844,303 Bristol, 42,783,567 71,643,158 53,171,012 2,911,251 114,426,725 56,082,263 Dukes, 614,103 2,706,732 152,256 155,242 3,320,835 307,498 Essex, 53,506,329 112,135,305 96,700,998 4,490,328 165,641,634 101,191,326 Franklin, . 3,849,795 12,729,640 5,301,874 3,418,995 16,579,435 8,720,869 Hampden, . 18,057,202 57,576,840 35,692,824 3,546,183 75,634,042 39,239,007 Hampshire, 7,261,049 18,888,576 10,797,556 3,833,484 26,149,625 14,631,040 Middlesex, 70,508,724 224,709,488 103,085,248 7,085,550 295,218,212 110,170,798 Kantucket, 1,348,112 1,000,157 213,303 107,923 2,348,269 321,226 Norfolk, . 28,713,307 63,202,592 26,966,620 2,087,539 91,915,899 29,054,159 Plymouth, . 9,962,517 28,096,879 20,739,791 2,128,533 38,059,396 22,868,324 Suffolk, 237,388,569 578,134,152 141,025,191 497,300 815,522,721 141,522,491 Worcester, 37,554,865 105,037,163 81,743.707 8,750,634 142,592,028 90,494,341 The total products for 1875 are shown to be, in currency, as fol- lows : — Manufactures and fisheries, Agriculture and mining, Aggregate, . For 1865 :— Manufiictures and fishei'ies, Agi'iculture and mining, Aggregate, . . 1600,016,678 43,461,699 . $643,478,277 . $444,524,353 51,149,576 . $495,673,929 These .values should be reduced to a gold basis, in both years, in order to be of any service in comparison, as values. Of course, the APPENDIX. 299 only true comparison in products must be by quantity produced, and this has been done, as far as the returns in former years would permit, in the appropriate place in Part II., mider PrindjMl Manufactures for 1845, 1855, 1865 and 1875, and in Part III., imdev Fnncipal Products for the same years. On a gold basis of values, the products of the State for 1875 and 1865 were as follows : — For 1875 :— Manufactures and fisheries, $535,729,176 Agriculture and mining, 38,804:,999 Aggregate, $574,534,175 For 1865 :— Manufactures and fisheries, $283,136,530 Agriculture and mining, 32,579,347 Aggregate, $315,715,877 From this it is seen that a gain of $258,818,298, or 82 per cent, on a gold basis, has been made in the productions of the State since 1865. The population, in the same time, increased from 1,267,030 to 1,651,912, a gain of 384,882, or 30.38 per cent. The proportion of property, real and personal, according to valuation, to products, was as 3 to 1 in 1875, and as 2 to 1 in 1865. 300 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Aggregates of Polls, Valuation, Taxes, Houses, Horses, Cows, Sheep and Taxable Land during Fifteen Years — 1861 to 1875. [From returns of Assessors.] DATE. £ o Ph R o a H 0) (S !> a en 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 May 1, 1861, May 1, 1862, May 1, 1863, May 1, 1864, May 1, 1865, May 1, 1866, May 1, 1867, May 1, 1868, May 1, 1869, May 1, 1870, May 1, 1871, May 1, 1872, May 1, 1873, May i, 1874, May i, 1875, 280,885 276,443 275,758 281,220 287,655 306,993 315,742 332,759 337,043 357,339 374,079 396,784 408,131 414,800 417,788 $455,333 564,796 567,360 574,274 607,528 641,413 664,120 696,179 722,088 757,734 782,753 825,250 854,250 875,486 873,108 $309,397,669 315,311,213 343,500,267 324,584,847 386,079,955 430,272,298 457,728,296 469,775,322 603,085,988 616,089,535 506,154,883 565,294,622 637,388,751 642,292,402 529,701,380 $552,087,749 543,669,113 553,650,716 677,298,256 605,761,946 651,043,703 708,165,117 750,723,617 838,083,415 901,037,841 991,196,803 1,131,305,347 1,226,041,239 1,289,308,763 1,310,551,321 APPENDIX. 301 Aggregates of Polls, Valuation, Taxes, Houses, Horses, Cows, Sheep and Taxable Land during Fifteen Tears — 1861 to 1875. [From returns of Assessors.] §■ "3 > -s "S H Total tax for State, County, City and Town purposes, in- cluding Highway tax. to a 1 « o . .. s o s 3 W V 2 o O 1 3 a z 3 o .a "S s "S o < . •a 1 i 'A $861,547,583 $7,600,501 178,194 88,299 149.090 81,110 4,062,035 1 858,980,326 8,605,511 178,450 87,478 151,756 137,478 4,397,363 2 897,150,983 10,599,097 183,528 89,228 158,905 150,922 4,383,103 3 901,883,103 12,876,850 185,232 91,862 155,043 169,513 4,410,805 4 991,841,901 16,800,332 188,005 89,750 145,801 160,997 4,431,554 5 1,081,316,001 15,694,039 190,439 95,154 145,914 157,588 4,426,000 6 1,165,893,413 19,104,074 195,388 97,244 144,561 137,352 4,429,954 7 1,220,498,939 16,056,193 200,267 99,978 151,141 140,359 4,412,186 8 1,341,069,403 20,007,863 207,027 103,113 155,830 112,047 4,461,574 9 1,417,127,376 21,922,569 214,371 107,198 161,185 87,061 4,438,549 10 1,497,351,686 22,063,946 224,333 112,782 162,172 65,565 4,447,087 11 1,696,599,969 22,911,883 233,787 116,719 158,304 58,534 4,453,968 12 1,763,429,990 25,153,399 243,290 123,290 151,033 55,642 4,451,137 13 1,831,601,165 28,700,605 249,738 127,601 147,359 60,228 4,467,066 14 1,840,252,701 27,712,396 256,814 129,969 149,765 58,595 4,454,362 15 302 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPEOTDIUM. NOTES On Incorporation of Counties, Cities and Towns ; Unusual Changes in Population, with causes for same, etc. ; Changes in Town Names, Boundaries, etc. [Loss or gain means loss or gain by the censxis of 1875, in comparison with that of 1865. This is not given unless it is unusual, and seems to be called for by special reasons. The date after the name of a town or city is the date of incorporation. These dates are taken from an abstract of the U. S. Census of 1860, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of State of Massachusetts. The dates of incorporation of towns or cities established since then, or of changes in area, boundary lines, etc., are from other official sources.] BARNSTABLE COUNTY. [Incorporated June 2, 1685. Loss, 2,466; general cause, depression in the fisheries.] Barnstable. — Sept. 3, 1639. The decline in commerce, especially in the coasting business, has caused a loss of over 600. Brewster. — Feb. 9, 1803, from northerly part of Harwich. Part of Harwich also annexed to Brewstei-, June 21, 1811. Loss, over 200 ; by removals to seek better business facilities. Chatham. — June 11, 1712. Boundary line between it and Orleans, and between it and Har- wich, changed in 1862. The beach in front of Chatham has been washed away in recent years, compelling fishing-vessels to seek other ports. This, in connection with the fact that the town is so far from the railroad as to interfere with getting shell-fish, etc., to market readily, has caused a loss of nearly 400. Dennis. — June 19, 1793. Out of the East Precinct of Yarmouth. Eastham. — June 2, 1646. The young men do not go to sea as much as formerly, but seek employment in large towns ; hence the population declines. Falmouth.— June 4, 1686. Part of Marshpee District annexed March 17, 1841. Harwich. — Sept. 14, 1694. See Brewster and Chatham. Mashpee. — May 28, 1870. Plantation of Marshpee incorporated June 14, 1763. Parts of it afterwards annexed to Falmouth and Sandwich, which see. Incorporated as District of Marsh- pee, March 31, 1834. The interest in raising cranberries helps the prospects of Mashpee. Orleans. — March 3, 1797. Southerly part of Eastham. Part of Eastham annexed to Orleans, March 9, 1839. Boundary line between it and Eastham defined March 23, 1867. See Chatham. Same causes which affect other Cape towns result in loss of over 200. Provincetown. — June 14, 1727. From Cape Cod Precinct. Parts of Truro annexed June 12, 1813, March 2, 1829, and March 30, 1836. The building of a railroad to Provincetown has tended to stimulate the growth of the town. Sandwich. — Sept. 3, 1639. Part of Plantation of Marshpee annexed Feb. 26, 1811, and parts of District of Marshpee, April 1, 1859, and March 13, 1860. See Mashpee. Loss over 700, caused largely by depression in the manufacture of glass. APPENDIX. 303 TiirRO.— July 16, 1709. Boundary line between Truro and Wellfleet established Feb. 22, 1837. See Provmcetown. Loss, nearly 400; from general depression in fisheries. Wellfleet. — June 16, 1763. North Precinct of Eastham. See Truro. Loss, about 300. Yarmouth. — Sept. 3, 1639. See Dennis. BEEKSHIEE COUNTY. [Incorporated April 24, 1761. See Hampshire County. Gain, 11,326 ; principally in Adams and Pittsfield.] Adams. — Oct. 15, 1778. East Hoosuck. See Cheshire. Gain, 7,462 over 8,298 ; by the devel- opment of manufactures. Alford. — Feb. 16, 1773. "Westerly part of Great Barrington. Part of latter annexed Feb. 18, 1819. See Egremont. o Becket. — June 21, 1765. Old " No. 4." Several grants of land annexed to Becket, Feb. 3, 1798. Part of Loudon (Bethlehem District) annexed to Becket, March 1, 1810. See Otis in this county and Middlejield in Hampshire. Cheshire. — March 14, 1793. From parts of Lanesborough, Windsor, Adams and New Ash- ford. Part of New Ashford annexed to Cheshire, Feb. 6, 1798. See Windsor. The stoppage of a cotton fiictory about the time of taking the Census, and the breaking up of a settlement of wood- choppers and sand-diggers, for furnace, caused many families to leave town, consequently the town shows no growth in population. The check is probably temporary. Clarksburg.— March 2, 1798. From a gore of unincorporated land lying north of Adams. See Florida. Dalton.— March 20, 1784. Part of Windsor annexed Feb. 28, 1795. Gain, 622 over 1,137; caused by rebuilding four paper mills and one woollen mill, burned some years ago. Egremont.— Feb. 13, 1760. From lands lying west of Sheffield. Boundary line between Egremont and Alford established Feb. 6, 1790. Parts of Sheffield annexed to Egremont, Feb. 22, 1790, and Feb. 16, 1824 ; and part of Mt. Washington, June 17, 1817. Boundary line between Egremont and Sheffield established 1869. See Mt. Washington. Florida. — June 15, 1805. From Bcrnardston's Grant and a part of Bullock's Grant, unincor- porated lands. Part of Clarksburg annexed to Florida, May 2, 1848. Apparent loss, 601. Population in 1855 was 612; in 1865, 1,173; while in 1875 it dropped to 572. These extreme variations were caused by the work on the Hoosac Tunnel. It being nearly completed when the Census was taken, in 1875, the workmen, a large proportion of whom lived in Florida during the work, left, and the town resumed.its former position as to population. Great Barrington.— June 30, 1761. North Parish of Sheffield. See Alford. Owing to the idleness of an iron furnace usually employing a large number of men, the population of this town is several hundred less than it probably would have been, as the men thus thrown out of employment have left town with their families. A brick yard and a flock mill are also unoccu- pied, while the woollen and cotton mills employ smaller forces than usual. Hancock.— July 2, 1776. See New Ashford. Loss 207. Owing to depression in the iron busi- ness, the demand for charcoal, in the manufacture of which this town is largely interested, has been very small. This has caused the removal of many families. Hinsdale.— June 21, 1804. Westerly Parish of Partridgefield [Peru]. The stoppage of three woollen mills, early in 1875, compelled large numbers of people to leave ; otherwise Hinsdale would have shown a handsome increase. Lanesborough. — June 21, 1765. New Framingham. See Cheshire. This to\^^l has, by the stoppage of a furnace and a glass factory, lost slightly since 1870. Lee. — Oct. 21, 1777. From the south-westerly part of Washington, north-easterly part of Great Barrington, the Glass Works Grant, and part of Williams' Grant. See Lenox. SOtt CENSUS OP MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Lenox. — Feb. 26, 1767. East part of Richmond. Parts of Washington annexed to Lenox, Jan. 31, 1795, and Feb. 18, 1802. Boundary line between Lenox and Lee established Feb. 7, 1820. Monterey. — April 12, 1847. Part of Tyringham. Part of New Marlborough annexed to Monterey, May 24, 1851. Part of Sandisfield annexed April 24, 1875. Mt. "Washington. — June 21, 1779. Taconic Mountain. Part of Egremont annexed to Mt. Washington, June 17, 1817. Boundary line established March 12, 1847. See Egremont. New Ashfoed. — Feb. 26, 1781, as a district, and as a town, May 1, 1836. Part of Hancock annexed to New Ashford, June 26, 1798. See Cheshire. New Marlborough. — June 15, 1759. Old " No. 2." Parts of Sheffield annexed to New Marlborough, June 10, 1795, and Feb. 7, 1798, and April 19, 1871, and part of Tyringham, Feb. 27, 1811. See Monterey and Tyringham. Otis.— June 13, 1810. Town of Loudon and District of Bethlehem united as the to\\Ti of Loudon, June 19, 1809, and the name changed to Otis, June 13, 1810. Part of East (unincor- porated land) annexed to Otis, and part to Sandisfield, April 9, 1838. Loss, 101 ; by the burning of an iron furnace and shutting down of a tannery Peru. — July 4, 1771, under the name of Partridgefield. Name changed to Peru, June 19, 1806. Pittsfield. — April 21, 1761. Increase has been steady, but the shutting down of two woollen mills and one paper mill the year before the census made the number of the population smaller than it otherwise would have been. Richmond. — June 21, 1765. Yokum and Mount Ephraim. Name changed from Richmont in 1785. Boundary line between Richmond and West Stockbridge established March 24, 1834. See Lenox. Sandisfield.— March 6, 1762. Old "No. 3." District of Southfieid united with Sandisfield, Feb. 8, 1819. Portion of boundary between Sandisfield and Tolland defined May 4, 1853. See Otis. Part of Sandisfield annexed to Monterey, April 24, 1875. Savoy.— Feb. 20, 1797. Old " No. 6." Loss, 136 ; owing to depression in iron and lime busi- ness in adjoining towns, which furnished employment to many persons in Savoy. Sheffield. — June 22, 1733. See Egremont and New Marlborough, Stockbridge. — June 22, 1739. Housatonnuc or Housetonick. Boundary line between Stock- bridge and West Stockbridge changed Feb. 6, 1830. See West Stockbridge. Tyringham. — March 6, 1762. Old "No. 1." Part of New Marlborough annexed to Tyring- ham, Feb. 11, 1812. See Neic Marlborough and Monterey. Loss, 133 ; from failure of paper mills. Washington. — April 12, 1777. See Egremont, Middlefield aaA Lenox. Loss, 256; resulting from inclination to change ; no special cause. West Stockbridge. — Feb. 23, 1774. West part of Stockbridge. Gore of land annexed to West Stockbridge, March 2, 1793. Part of Stockbrtdge annexed to West Stockbridge, Feb. 12, 1824. See Richmond and Stockbridge. WiLLiAMSTOWN. — Juuc 21 , 1765. West Hoosuck. A tract of unincorporated land, bounded west by State of New York. Annexed to Williamstown, April 9, 1838. Gain, 1,128 over 2,555; by establishment of Williamstown Manufacturing Company. Windsor. — July 2, 1771. Gageborough, or old "No. 4." Part of Cheshire annexed to Windsor, Feb. 26, 1794. See Cheshire and Dalton. Loss 129. Population gradually decreases. This town was formerly on direct stage line; now it is so far from the railroad as to seriously injure its interests. APPENDIX. 305 BRISTOL COUNTY. [Incorporated June 21, 16S5. Gain, 41,692; largely in cities and chief towns, from the unusual development of manufacturing interests.] AcusHNET. — Feb. 13, 1860. Northerly part of Fairhaven. Part of Acushnet annexed to New- Bedford, April 9, 1875, Loss, 192; from loss of territory as above. Attleborough. — Oct. 19, 1694. Boundary line between it and Wrentham established Feb. 18, 1819. Gain, 3,024 over 6,200 ; from the development of the manufactm-e of jewelry ; increase also aided by building North Attleborough Branch Railroad. Berkley. — April 18, 1735. From parts of Taunton and Dighton. Part of Dighton annexed to Berkley, Fell. 26, 1799, and parts of Taunton, Feb. 6, 1810, and March 3, 1842. See Freetoim. There arc no manufactures here, and Taunton draws the young men on account of her facilities for business ; hence Berkley loses gradually. Dartmouth. — June 8, 1664. Boundary line between it and Westport changed Feb. 20, 1828. See Westjiort. Dighton. — May 30, 1712. South Precinct of Taimton. Wellington set off from north part of Dighton, June 9, 1814. Boundary between Dighton and Wellington established Feb. 12, 1824. Wellington and Dighton united as one town, Feb. 22, 1826, and March 3, 1827. See Berkley, Somerset and Freetown. The shutting down of a thread mill has tended to a slight deci'ease in population. Easton.— Dec. 21, 1725. Part of Norton. Fairhatex. — Feb. 22, 1812. Easterly part of New Bedford. Part of Freetown annexed to Fairhaven, June 15, 1815. See Acushnet in this county, and Rochester in Plymouth. Fall River. — Feb. 26, 1803. Southerly part of Freetown. Name of Fall River changed to Troy, June 18, 1804. Name of Troy changed to Fall River, Feb. 12, 1834. Incorporated as a city, April 12, 1854. Part of Fall River, R. I., annexed to Fall River, Mass., 1861. See Free- town and Tawtucket. Gain, 27,859 over 17,481 population in 1865, or 159-f per cent.; primary cause, development of the manuftxcture of textile fabrics. Annexation of territory has tended to the general result by furnishing room for increased population within the city limits. Freetoavx. — July, 1683. The Free Men's land at Fall River. Centre of main ship channel in Taunton Great River established as boundary line of Berkley, Dighton, Freetown, Fall River and Somerset, March 17, 1847. See Fairhaven and Fall River. Loss, about 100 ; from proximity to business attractions. Mansfield. — April 26, 1770. North Precinct of Norton. New Bedford. — Feb. 23, 1787. Easterly part of Dartmouth. Part of Dartmouth annexed to New Bedford, March 20, 1845. Incorporated as a city, March 9, 1847. Act accepted March 18, 1847. Part of Acushnet annexed to New Bedford, April 9, 1875. See Dartmouth and Fair- haven. Gain, about 5,000 over 20,853. The decline of the whaling business has materially inter- fered with the growth of New Bedford. On the other hand, the erection of the Potomska Mills has to some extent offset this, and assisted in the continued prosperity of the city. Norton. — June 12, 1711. North Precinct of Taunton. See Easton and Mansfield. Loss, 114, resulting mainly from the burning of the Norton Furnace Company's Works, and the Norton Steam Power Company's Works. Raynham. — April 2, 1731. Part of Taunton. Boundary between Raynham and Taunton established Feb. 27, 1866. Stagnation in shoe and iron business has reduced the population 181 . Rehoboth. — June 4, 1645. See Seekonk. The closing of two cotton mills early in 1875, before the census was taken, operated against an increase in this town, which would otherwise have been realized. 39 30G CENSUS OF MASS. — 1ST5. COMPENDIUIM. Seekonk. — Feb. 26, 1812. Westerly part of Rehoboth. Part of Seekonk annexed to Rhode Island, 1861. Somerset. — Feb. 20, 1790. Part of Swansea. Part of Dighton annexed to Somerset, April 4, 1854. See Freetown. Swansea. — Oct. 30, 1667. See Somerset. Taunton. — Sept. 3, 1639. Incorporated as a city, May 13, 1864. See LaJceville (in Plymouth County), also Raynham and Berkley. Gain, 4,440 over 16,005; from natural growth. The burning of the Taunton Car Company's Works, removal of American Screw Company's Works to Providence, R. I., the depression in the iron and brick business, are causes which have pre- vented a large increase in population. Westport.— July 2, 1787. Parts of Dartmouth annexed to Westport, Feb. 28, 1785, Feb. 25, 1793, and March 4, 1805. Part of Portsmouth, R. I., annexed to Westport in 1861. See Dart- mouth. DUKES COUNTY. [Incorporated November 1, 1683. Loss, 129.] Chilmark. — Oct. 30, 1714. Manor of Tisbuiy. In 1820 this town included the Elizabeth Islands. Boundary between Chilmark and the Indians of Gay Head established March 9, 1855. See Gay Head and Gosnold. Edgartown. — July 8, 1671. Boundary line between Edgartown and Tisbury established Feb. 5, 1830 ; also April 23, 1862. Gat Head.— April 30, 1870. Part of Chilmark. Gosnold. — March 17, 1864. That part of Chilmark known as Elizabeth Islands. TiSBURY. — July 8, 1671. In 1810 Tisbury included the Elizabeth Islands. See Chilmark and Edgartoion. Loss, 173, partly from removals to Oak Bluffs, in Edgartown, where employment has been more readily obtained, and partly from the fact that the deaths have in ten years past exceeded the births by 75. ESSEX COUNTY. [Incorporated May 10, 1643. Gain, 52,308 ; general cause, development of manufactures.] Amesbury. — April 29, 1668. New Salisbury, or Salisbury Newtown, a part of Salisbury. Pai't of Salisljury annexed to Amesbury, March 15, 1844. See Merrimac. Loss, 365 ; occasioned by incorporation of town of Merrimac from west part of Amesbury, April 11, 1876; otherwise Amesbury would show a gain of 1,806. Andover. — May 6, 1646. See NortJi Andover, Middleton and Latorence. Loss, 217 ; by the closing up of the Whipple File and Steel Works at Ballardvale. Beverly. — Oct. 14, 1668. Bass River. See Danvers. BoxFORD. — Aug. 12, 1685. Rowley Village. Part of Rowley annexed to Boxford, June 10, 1808, and part of Ipswich, March 7, 1846. Boundary between Boxford and Rowley estabhshed June 18, 1825. See Groveland and Middleton. Bradford. — 1675. Men-imac. See Groveland and Newbury. Danvers. — June 16, 1757. Village and Middle parishes of Salem. Boundary between Danvers and Salem changed March 17, 1810. May 18, 1855, Danvers was divided into two towns ; that part known as North Danvers received the name of Danvers, and the remaining portion the name of South Danvers (changed to Peabody, April 13, 1868). Boundary line between Danvers and South Danvers established May 31, 1856. Part of Beverly annexed to Danvers, April 27, 1857. Essex.- Feb. 18, 1819. Second Parish of Ipswich. APPENDIX. 307 Georgetown. — April 21, 1838. New Rowley. Part of Rowley. Gloucester. — May 22, 1639. Cape Ann. See Rockport. Incorporated as a city, April 28, 1873. Increase in the fishing business has stimulated the growth of Gloucester. Groveland. — March 8, 1850. East Parish of Bradford. Part of Boxford annexed to Grove* land, March 21, 1856. Gain, 465 ; owing largely to additions made by Groveland Mills Company. Hamilton. — June 21, 1793. Ipswich Hamlet. A Parish of Ipswich. Haverhill. — 1645. Haverhill originally included a large part of the territory of the present towns of Salem, Plalstow, Atkinson and Hampstead in New Hampshire, and Methuen and Law- rence in Massachusetts. Incorporated as a city, March 10, 1869. See Bradford. Gain, nearly 4,000 over 10,740 ; but during the past two years it has lost probably 1,500 by depression in shoe business. Ipswich. — August 5, 1634. See Boxford, Essex and Hamilton. Lawrence. — April 17, 1847. From parts of Andover and Methuen. Incorporated as a city, March 21, 1853. A small portion of Methuen annexed to Lawrence, April 4, 1854. See Haverhill. Gain, 13,218 over 21,698 ; caused in a large degree by the enterprise of the manufacturers of Law- rence ; the building of Water Works has also done considerable to enhance the growth of the city. Lynn. — Nov., 1637. Boundary between Lynn and Chelsea defined July 21, 1830. Incorporated a city, April 10, 1850. Gain, 11,853 over 20,747. The unusual growth of the shoe business of Lynn is the prime cause. Like all manufacturing places, the city has suffered a cheek during the past two or three years. Lynnfield. — July 3, 1782. Set off from Lynn, July 3, 1782, as a district. Incorporated as a town, Feb. 28, 1814. Boundary line between it and Reading established April 10, 1854. Line between it and Wakefield defined 1870. See North Reading. Manchester. — May 14, 1645. Jeffry's Creek. Marblehead. — May 2, 1649. Marble Harbor. Merrimac. — April 11, 1876. From west part of Amesbury. Methuen. — Dec. 8, 1725. Part of Haverhill. Sqq Lawre7ice and Haverhill. Gain, 1,629 over 2,576 ; induced by activity in manufacturing. MiDDLETON.^June 20, 1728. From parts of Salem, Topsfield, Boxford and Andover. Nahant. — March 29. 1853. Set off from Lynn. Gain, 453 over a population of 313. Many persons who were formerly summer residents have become permanent settlers. Newbury. — May 6, 1635. Boundary line between it and Bradford established June 16, 1809. See Newburyport and West Newbury. Newburyport. — Jan. 28, 1764. Part of Newbury. Part of Newbury annexed to Newbuiy- port, April 17, 1851. Incoi-porated a city, April 17, 1851. North Andover. — April 7, 1855. North Parish of Andover. Peabody. — May 18, 1855. Formerly South Daavers. Name of Peabody given April 13, 1868. Rockport.— Feb. 27, 1840. Part of Gloucester. Rowley.— Sept. 4, 1639. See Boxford and Georgetown. Salem. — June 24, 1629. Incorporated as a city, March 23, 1836. Part of Salem annexed to Swampscott, April 3, 1867. See Danvers, Peabody and Middleton. The decay of the commerce of Salem, with decrease in the tanning and currying business, the jute manufacture, the fishery business and in some other industries, has interfered materially with the growth of Salem. Salisbury.— Oct. 7, 1640. See Amesbury. 308 CEITSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. COMPENDIUM. Saugus.— Feb. 17, 1815. Part of Lynn. Part of Chelsea annexed to Saugus, Feb. 22, 1841. See Lynn. SwAMPscoTT. — May 21, 1852. Easterly part of Lynn. See Salem. TopsFiELD. — Oct. 18, 1650. New Meadows. See Middleton. Wenham. — May 10, 1643. Enon, or Salem Village. West Neavbuet. — June 14, 1820. Formerly Parsons. Name changed Jane 14, 1820. Par- sons a part of Newbury. Incorporated Teh. 18, 1819. FKANKLIN COUNTY. [Incorporated June 24, 1811. Gain, 2,356.] AsHFiELD. — June 21, 1765. Iluntstown. Bernardstox. — March 6, 1762. Falltown. Part of Deerfield annexed to Bemardston, April 14, 1838. See Leyden. BucKLAND. — April 14, 1779. " No Town." Part of Conway annexed to Buckland, April 14, 1838. Improvements on Troy and Greenfield Railroad stimulate the growth of this town. Charlemont. — June 21, 1765. Plantation of Charlemont. Sec Roroe, Heath and Shelbxirne. Work on Troy and Greenfield Railroad increases the i^rosperity of Charlemont. CoLRAiN.— June 30, 1761. Conway. — June 16, 1767. South-west part of Deerfield. Part of Deerfield annexed to Conway, June 17, 1791. Boundary line between Conway, Deerfield and Whatclj' defined June 21, 1811. See Buckland. A few months prior to the census, about forty people died in this town from diphtheria, making a loss in population for five years. Deerfield. — May 24, 1682. See Bemardston, Comoay, Shelburne and Whately. The removal of the John Russell Cutlery Works to Turner's Falls has interfered with the anticipated growth of Deerfield. Gain, 376 over 3,038. Erving.— April 17, 1838. Erving's Grant. Part of Northfield— knoAvn as Hack's Grant- annexed to Erving, Feb. 10, 1860. See Neiv Salem and Orange. Gill.— Sept. 28, 1793. Easterly part of Greenfield. Part of Northfield annexed to Gill, Feb. 28, 1795, and Great Island, in Connecticut River, March 14, 1805. Greenfield. — June 9, 1753. North-easterly part of Deerfield. See Gill. Hawley.— Feb. 7, 1792. Plantation " No. 7." Heath.— Feb. 14, 1785. North-easterly part of Charlemont. Leverett.— May 5, 1774. Part of Sunderland. Leyden.— Feb. 22, 1809. Part of Bemardston. Monroe. — Feb. 21, 1822. From a part of Rowe and a gore of unincorporated land north of Florida. Montague.— Dec. 22, 1753. North Parish of Sunderland. See Wendell. Gain, 1,806 over a population of 1,574; caused by establishment at Turner's Falls, a village in Montague, of large manufacturing interests, especially cutlery. Small concerns in adjoining towns have removed here and consolidated. Montague gains, while Greenfield, Deerfield and some other towns suffer by the changes. The increase in Montague is legitimate and permanent. New Salem.— June 15, 1753. Part of Shutesbury annexed to New Salem, Feb. 20, 1824. Loss, nearly 200 ; owing to distance from railroad. Northfield.— Feb. 22, 1713. See Erving and Gill. APPENDIX. 309 Orangp. — Feb. 24, 1810. Parts of Erving's Grant and New Salem annexed to Orange, March 16, 1837. Boundary Ijctweeu Orange and Erving established Feb. 27, 18-11. Gain, 588; by development of manufactures. RowE.— Feb. 9, 1785. Myrifield and several tracts of land. Part of Zoar, in Berkshire County, annexed to Piowe, and part to Charlemont, April 2, 1838. See Monroe. The building of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad lias aided Rowe, in population. SHELBt'ENE. — Juuc 21, 1768. North-wcstcrly part of Deerfleld. Gore of unincorporated land annexed to Shelburne and Charlemont, March 19, 1793. Shutesbuet. — June 30, 1761. Roadstown. See New Salem. Loss, 230 on 788. No special cause. General depression. Sunderland. — Nov. 12, 1714. Swampfield. See Leverett and Montague. "Warwick. — Feb. 17, 1763. Roxbury Canada. "Wendell. — May 8, 1781. Part of Shutesbury and Erving-shire. Part of Montague and a gore of unincorporated land annexed to "Wendell, Feb. 28, 1803. "Whatelt.— April 24, 1771. North part of Hatfield (in Hampshire Comity). Part of Deer- field annexed to Whatcly, March 5, 1810. Boundary line between Williamsl)urg and Whately establislicd Feb. 2, 1849. See Comcay. The destruction of a manufacturing establishment has given Whatcly a temporary checlc. HAMPDEN COUNTY, [Incorporated Feb. 20, 1812. Gain, 29,734; from increased manufacturing facilities.] Agaavam. — May 17, 1855. Part of West Springfield, — the parishes of Feeding Hills and Agawam. Blandford. — April 10, 1741. Glasgow. Boundary line between Blandford and Chester estab- lished Feb. 22, 1809, and June 13, 1810; and between Blandford and Russell, Feb. 22, 1809. See Huntington in Hampshire. Brimfield. — July 14, 1731. Loss, 115, caused by destruction, by fire, of woollen mill. Chester. — Oct. 31, 1765. Murrayfield, changed to Chester in 1783. See Blandford and Tol- land in this county, and Huntington and Middlefield in Hampshire. Chicopee. — April 29, 1848. Northerly part of Springfield. Business enterprise gives Chicopee *a steady growth. Gain, nearly 3,000 over 7,577. Granville. — Jan. 25, 1754. See Tolland. Loss, 127; from want of railroad facilities and lack of manufacturing. Holland. — July 5, 1785. East Parish of South Brimfield. Incorporated as a district, July 5, 1785, and as a town. May 1, 1836. See Wales. HoLTOKE. — March 14, 1850. Part of "West Springfield. Incorporated as a city, April 7, 1873. Gain on 5,648 population, 10,012, or 187+ per cent., the largest gain in any city in the State; owing to increased manufacturiug facilities, extensive works by Water Power Company and general business enterprise. Longmeadow. — Oct. 17, 1783. Second Parish of Springfield. Ludlow. — Feb. 28, 1774. Stony Hill. See Springfield. MoNSON. — April 25, 1760. Westerly part of Brimfield. Boundary line between Monson and Palmer established Feb. 8, 1828. Montgomery. — Nov. 28, 1780. Easterly part of "No. 5." Part of Norwich (now Hunting- ton) and Southampton annexed to Montgomery, March 6, 1792. See Russell. 310 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPEXDIUM. Palmer.— Jan. 30, 1752. The Elbows. Part of Western (now Warren) annixed to Palmer, Feb. 7, 1831. See Monson. Gain, 1,492 over 3,080; from bnilding a large cotton mill at the vil- lage of Three Rivers, and the growth of the Depot Village on the Boston and Albany Railroad. Russell. — Feb. 25, 1792. North-westerly part of Westfield and part of Montgomery. See Blandford. SouTHWiCK.— Nov. 17, 1770. Southerly part of Westfield. Springfield. — May 14, 1636, as a town. Boundary between Springfield and Ludlow estab- lished June 5, 1830. Incorporated as a city, April 12, 1852. See West Springfield, Wilbraham, Loyigmeadoio and Chicopee. Gain, 9,018 over 22,035 ; from no special cause, but from the gradual growth of manufiicturing establishments and the ordinary, legitimate and healthy increase of a flourishing inland city. Tolland. — June 14, 1810. West Parish of Granville. See Sandisfield. Distance from rail- road operates to cause a loss of population. Wales.— Sept. 18, 1762. Incorporated as District of South Brimfield, Sept. 18, 1762. As Town of Wales, Feb. 20, 1828. See Holland. Gain, 324 on 696 ; from the increased manufacture of woollen goods. Westfield. — May 19, 1669. Boundary line between Westfield and Southwick changed March 20, 1837. See SoiithtcicJi, Russell and West Springfield. Gain, 2,797 on 5,634; owing to the beauty and healthfulness of the to^vn and the steady employment usually furnished by manufacturing establishments. West Springfield.— Feb. 23, 1774. West part of Springfield. Part of Westfield annexed March 3, 1802. See Agaioam and Hohjoke. Gain, 1,639 on 2,100; caused, in large degree, by removal from Springfield to West Springfield of the engine houses and repair shops of the Boston and Albany Railroad. WiLBRAHAM.— June 15, 1763. Fourth Parish of Springfield. A tract of land called The Elbows annexed to Wilbraham, June 11, 1799- HAMPSHIEE COUNTY. [Incorporated May 7, 1662. Gain, 5,552.] Amherst. — Feb. 13, 1759. Second Precinct of Hadley. Parts of Hadley annexed to Amherst, Feb. 28, 1811, Feb. 18, 1812, and Feb. 17, 1814. Belchertown. — June 30, 1761. Cold Stream. Sea Enfield. Loss, 321 ; caused partially by burning of one woollen mill and one paper mill. Chesterfield. — June 11,1762. NewHingham. Part of Norwich (now Huntington) annexed to Chesterfield, Feb. 22, 1794. Boundary between Chesterfield and Goshen established Feb. 7, 1797, and between Chesterfield, Goshen and Williamsburg, Feb. 16, 1810. See Williamsburg. Cummington. — June 23, 1779. East part of " No. 5, W." See Plainfield. Small loss, occa- sioned by decline in the manufacture of scythes, and by the transfer of some parts of the paper making business to North Adams. Easthampton. — June 17, 1785. Parts of South and North Hampton. Incorporated as a dis- trict, June 17, 1785, and as a town, June 16, 1809. Boundary line between Easthampton and Southampton established Feb. 1, 1828. Changed February 21, 1862. Parts of Southampton annexed to Easthampton, March 13, 1841, and April 4, 1850. Boundary line between Easthamp- ton and Northampton established March 26, 1855. See Southampton and Westhampton. ENFiELD.^Feb. 16, 1816. Parts of Greenwich- and Belchertown. Goshen. — May 14, 1781. From a gore of unincorporated land, called Chesterfield Gore, and northerly part of Chesterfield. See Chesterfield. APPENDIX. 311 Granbt.— June 11, 1768. Second Parish of South Hadley. Part of South Hadley annexed to Granby, March 6, 1792. Boundary line between Granby and South Hadley changed June 12, 1824, June 20, 1826, and June 16, 1827. Loss, 96 ; occasioned principally by the destruction by fire, in 1870, of a woollen mill. Greenwich.— April 20, 1754. See Dana, Enfield and Petersham. Hadley.— May 22, 1661. Boundary line between Hadley and Amherst chanjrcd March 1, 1815. See South Hadley, Amherst and Northampton. Loss, 121 ; from business failures. Hatfield.— May 11, 1670. Boundary line between Hatfield and Williamsburg established, March 14, 1845, and March 19, 1846. See WilUatnsbiirg in this county, and Whatebj in Franklin. Huntington.— June 29, 1773. Norwich. Parts of Chester and Blandford annexed to Norwich, April 28, 1853. Name changed to Huntington, March 9, 1855. See Chesterfield in this county, and Montgoinery in Hampden. MiDDLEFiELD.— March 12, 1783. From parts of Worthington, Chester, Becket, Patridgefield, Washington, and all of Prescott's Grant. Loss, 124 ; partly from reservoir disaster in 1874, causing suspension of business for some months. Northampton.— Oct. 18, 1654. Hockanum Meadows set off from Hadley, and annexed to Northampton, April 15, 1850. See Easthampton, Southampton and Westhampton. Gain, 3,183 over 7,925. The Mill River disaster in May, 1874, checked to a considerable extent the usual growth of this town, otherwise quite rapid; it is recovering from the effects of its losses. Pelham.— Jan. 15, 1742. See Prescott. Loss, 104; from aggregation of farms, and consequent decline in agricultural interests. Plainfield.— March 16, 1785, as a district; as a town, June 15, 1807. Pkescott.— Jan. 28, 1822. East Parish of Pelham and south part of New Salem. South Hadlet.— April 12, 1753. Second Precinct of Hadley. See Granby. Gain, 1,271 on 2,099; from development of textile manufactures. Southampton.— Jan. 5, 1753, South Hampton. Second Precinct of Northampton. Part of Easthampton annexed to Southampton, March 13, 1841. See Easthampton and Westhampton in this county, and Montgomery in Hampden. Loss, 166 ; from deaths over births, and removals to larger towns. Ware.— Nov. 25, 1761. Ware River Parish. Parts of Brooktield and Western (now Warren) annexed to Ware, Feb. 8, 1823. Westhampton.— Sept. 29, 1778. West part of Northampton. Boundary line between North- ampton, Easthampton, Westhampton and Southampton changed March 12, 1872. Williamsburg.— April 24, 1771. West part of Hatfield. Boundaiy between Williamsburg and Chesterfield established June 24, 1795. See Chesterfield and Hatfield in this county, and Whately in Franklin. The Mill River disaster in May, 1874, checked the growth of Williamsburg. Worthington.— June 30, 1768. " No. 3, W." Part of Chester annexed to Worthington, June 21, 1799. See Middlefield. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. [Incorporated May 10,1643. Gain, 63,728. Including Charlestown and Brighton, annexed to Boston in 1873, the gain would have been 103,484, those places having a population of 39,756. The gain is from the use of many portions of the county for residence of gentlemen doing business in Boston, and from the general increase in manufactures, with the usual natural growth of a large community.] AcTON. — July 3, 1735. Part of Concord. See Carlisle. Arlington.— Feb. 27, 1807. As West Cambridge. The Westerly Parish of Cambridge. Part of Charlestown annexed to West Cambridge, Feb. 25, 1842. Name changed to Arlington, April 30,1867. See Winchester, Belmont and Cambridge. Gain, 1,146 over 2,760; from tho extension 312 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1S75. CO^IPENDIUM. of the Lexington and Arlington Puailroad to Concord, tlic enterprise of the Arlington Land Co., the completion of water-works, and from its general desirableness as place of residence. AsHBY. — March 6, 1767. From parts of To^ynsend, Fitchbnrg and Ashburnliam. Part of Ashburnham annexed to Ashby, Nov. 16, 1792, and part of Fitchbnrg, March 3, 1829. Ashland. — March 16, 1846. From parts of Hopkinton, Framingham and Ilolliston. Ater. — Feb. 14, 1871. Parts of Groton and Shirley. See Groton as to change in population. Bedford. — Sept. 23, 1729. From parts of Billerica and Concord. Belmont. — March 18, 18.59. From parts of West Cambridge (Arlington), Watcrtown and Waltham. Boundaries defined, 1862. Billerica. — May 29, 1655. See Bedford and Carlisle. BoxEORoroH. — Feb. 25, 1783. From parts of Stow, Harvard and Littleton. Incorporated as a district, Feb. 25, 1783 ; as a town, May 1, 1836. See Littleton. Brighton. — See Boston. Burlington. — Feb. 28, 1799. Part of "Woburn. See Lexington. Cambridge. — Sept. 8, 1633. " New-town." Parts of Charlcstown annexed to Cambridge, March 6, 1802, Feb. 12, 1818, and June 17, 1820. Incorporated as a city, March 17, 1840. Part of Watertown annexed to Cambridge, April 27, 1855. Boundary line between Somerville and Cambridge changed April 30, 1856, and April 29, 1802. See Belmont, Brighton, Lexington and West Cambridge. Gain, 18,726 over 29,112; principally from use as place of residence. Devel- opment of furniture manufacturing also enters into causes. Carlisle. — April 28, 1780. Parts of Concord, Acton, Chelmsford and Billerica incorporated as the District of Carlisle, April 28, 1780, and as a town, Feb. 18, 1805. See Chelmsford. Charlestown. — See Boston. Chelmsford. — May 29, 1655. Part of, annexed to Lowell, May 18, 1874. See Loxcell, Carlisle and Westford. Concord. — Sept. 2, 1635. See Acton, Bedford, Lincoln and Carlisle. Draci-t.— Feb. 26, 1701. Part of, annexed to Lowell, May 18, 1874. See Loicell. Loss, 789 from 1,905; owing partly to loss of territory in 1874 as stated, and partly from shutting down of the Merrimack Woollen Company's Mills. Dunstable. — Oct. 15, 1073. Boundary between Dunstable and Tyngsborongh established, Jan. 29, 1798. Everett. — March 9, 1870. Southerly part of Maiden. Part of, annexed to Mcdford, April 20, 1875. Population, 3,651. See Maiden, which loses this number of persons. Framinghaji. — June 25, 1700. Part of Ilolliston annexed to Framingham, Feb. 11, 1833. Part of Natick annexed 1871. See Ashland, Hollislon, Hojjkinton and Marlborough. GROTON.-^May 29, 1655. Part of Pepperell annexed to Groton, Feb. 3, 1803. Boundary line between Groton and Dunstable established Feb. 15, 1820. See Pepperell, Dunstable, Harvard, Shirley and Ayer. Population of Groton, 1,908; with Ayer, which was set oIT in 1871, it would have been 3,780 ; showing a gain of about 600 instead of a loss. HoLLiSTON. — Dec. 3, 1724. Part of Sherburne. Boundary line between Holliston and Med- way changed March 3, 1829, and established between Holliston, Hopkinton and Medway, March 27, 1835. See Ashland, Framingham and Milford. Hopkinton. — Dec. 13, 1715. See Ashland, Ilolliston and Uj^ton. APPENDIX. 313 Hudson. — Marcli 19, 1866. From parts of Marlborough and Stow. Part of Bolton annexed Marcb 20, 1868. Population, 3,493. Bolton, Marlborough and Stow lose in consequence of the incorporation of Hudson. Lexington. — March 29, 1712. Part of Cambridge. Part of Burlington annexed to Lexington, Jan. 10, 1810. See Lmcoln. Lincoln. — April 19, 1754. From parts of Concord, Lexington and "Weston. Littleton. — Dec. 3, 1715. Boundary line between Littleton and Boxborough established Feb. 20, 1794. See Boxborough, LoAVELL. — March 1, 1820. Part of Chelmsford. Incorporated as a town, March 1, 1826, and J!S a city, April 1, 1836. Parts of Tcwksbury annexed to Lowell, March 22, 1832, and March 29, 1834; and part of Dracut (Ccntralville), Feb. 28, 1851. Parts of Chelmsford and Dracut annexed May 18, 1874. The second city in the State. Gain, 18,698 over 30,990 ; from general causes, but especially from increased manufacturing. Annexation of territory has not added much to the population. Malden. — May 2, 1649. See Meclford, Melrose and Everett. Gain, 4,003, even with the loss of Everett, set off Marcli 9, 1870, the latter having a population of 3,651. The growth of the two places is due to the facilities of communication with Boston, giving it advantages as a residence for business men. MAELKOROL'Gn. — May 31, 1660. Part of Framingham annexed to Marlborough, Feb. 23, 1791 ; and part of Southborough, March 24, 1843. See Bolton, Norihboroufjk, Southboroitgh and Ilndson. Marllwrough makes a gain of 1,260 over 7,164, notwithstanding losses of territory to Hudson, etc. Matnard. — Apiil 19, 1871. Parts of Stow and Sudbury. Population, 1,965, a great part of which Stow and Sudbury lose. Medfokd.— September 28, 1630. Part of Maiden annexed June 10, 1817. Part of Medford annexed to Cliarlcstown (now part of Boston), June 21, 1811. See Winchester. Part of Everett annexed to Medford, April 20, 1875. Gain, 1,428 ; from its use as place of residence. Melrose.— May 3, 1850. Part of Maiden. Gain, 1,125 over 2,865; from development of building lands and settlements on same. Natick. — 1762. Incorporated as a district in 1762, and as a town, Feb. 19, 1781. Part of Sherburne annexed to Natick, Feb. 7, 1820. Boundary between Naticli and Wayland established April 20, 1850. Part of Isatick annexed to Framingham, April 22, 1871. See Xeedham. Gain, 2,211 over 5,208 ; from development of business enterprises and building projects. Newton. — Dee. 15, 1691. New Cambridge. An island between Necdham and Newton annexed to Newton, June 21, 1803. Part of Waltham annexed April 16, 1849. Sec Roxhury. Incorporated as a city, June 2, 1873. Part of city of Boston annexed May 5, 1875. Gain, 7,130 over 8,975 ; due principally to opening building lands and the enterprise which has made Newton a desirable place of residence. North Peading.— March 22, 1353. Northern part of Reading. Boundary between Lynn- field in Essex County and North Reading changed May 27, 1857. Pepperell. — April 6, 1753. Incorporated as a district from Second Precinct of Groton. Part of Pepperell annexed to Groton, Feb. 3, 1803, See Groton. Reading.— May 29, 1644. Lynn Village. See Wilmington and Wakefield (formerly South Reading) ; also Lynnficld in Essex County. Gain, 750 over 2,436 ; from its advantages as a resi- dence and the opening of building lands. Sherborn.— May 27, 1674. Name changed from Sherburne to Sherborn, May 3, 1852. See Holliston, Natick and Medway. 40 314 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. Sjiihley. — Jan. 5, 1753. South-west part of Groton. Part of Groton annexed to Shirley, Feb. 6, 1798. Part of Shirley set off as part of Ayer (new town), Feb. 14, 1871. See Lunenburg and Ayer. Loss, 135, largely from loss of territory as above. SoMERviLLE. — March 3, 1842. Part of Charlcsto^v"n (now part of Boston). Incorporated as a city, April 14, 1871. See Cambridge. Gain, 12,515 over 9,353. This gain is owing to the development of building lands, the filling of Miller's River, the laying out of a public park, and to the many means of reaching Boston, which makes Somerville desirable as a residence. South Reading. — Sec V/akejleld. Stoxeham. — Dec. 17, 172-5. Part of Charlcstown. See Wakefield (formerly South Reading). Gain, 1,686 over 3,298; from increased manufactures and building projects. Stow. — May 16, 1683. Sec Boxborough, Ilarvard and Maynard. Part of Stow set off as part of Maynard, April 19, 1871. Loss, 515; from loss of territory as described. Sudbury. — Sept. 4, 1639, Part of Sudbury set off as part of Maynard, April 19, 1871. Loss, 526; from loss of territory as above. Teavksbuuy.— Dec. 23, 1734. Northerly part of Billerica. Part of, annexed to Lowell, June 5, 1874. See Loicell. TowxsEND. — June 29, 1732. See Ashby. Tyngsboeough. — June 22, 1789. Southerly and easterly parts of Dunstable. Incorporated as a district, June 22, 1789 ; as a town, Feb. 23, 1809. Part of Dunstable annexed to Tyngsborough, March 3, 1792. Boundary between Tyngsborough and Dunstable established June 10, 1814. See Dunstable. Wakefield. — Feb. 25, 1812. As South Reading. South Parish of Reading. Part of Stone- ham annexed to South Reading, April 5, 1856. See Lynnfield in Essex County. Name changed to Wakefield, June 30, 1868. Gain, 2,105 over 3,244; due to enlargement of Rattan Works and to the building enterprises of the past few years, together with the excellent railroad facilities of the town. Waltham. — Jan. 4, 1737. Westerly Pi-ecinct of Watertown. Sec Belmont and Netcton. Gain, 3,071 over 6,896 ; due to manufactures, especially watchmaking. Watertown. — Sept. 7, 1630. S&q Belmont, Weston and Cambridge. Gain, 1,320; from build- ing enteii^rises. Wayland. — April 10, 1780. East part of Sudbury, called East Sudbury. Name changed to Wayland, March 11, 1835. See Natick. Gain, 629 over 1,137; due largely to increase in shoe manufacturing. West Cambridge. — See Arlington. Westford.— Sept. 23, 1729. Westerly Precinct of Chelmsford. Gain, 365 over 1,568; from growth of manufiicturing interests in the villages of Graniteville, Forge Village and Brookville. Wkston. — Jan. 1, 1712. Part of Watertown. See Lincoln. Wilmington. — Sept. 25, 1730. From parts of Woburn and Reading. Winchester. — April 30, ISoO. From parts of Wobura, Medford and West Cambridge (now Arlington). Part of, annexed to Woburn, May 12, 1873. Gain, 1,131 over 1,968; owing to build- ing enterprises and proximity to Boston. Woburn. — May 18, 1642. Charlestown Village. Sec Burlington, Wilmington and Winchester. Gain, 2,569 over 6,999 ; principally due to development of manufactures, especially of leather. Building operations have also tended to increase the population. APPENDIX. 315 NANTUCKET COUNTY. [Incorporated Jwno 20, 1695. Loss, 1,547. From lack of employment at home, the younger portion of the inhabitants seek it abroad.] Nantucket. — June 27, 1687. Formerly Sherburn. Name changed June 8, 1795. Only toA\-n in Nantucket County. NORFOLK COUNTY. [Incorporated March 26, 1793. Loss, 27,985; owing to annexation to Boston of Dorchester, Roxhury and West Roxbury, with a population of 78,000. Otherwise Norfolk County would have shown a gain of 50,015.1 Bellingiiam. — Nov. 27, 1719 From parts of Dedliam, Wrcntham and Mendon. Boundary between Bcllingliam, Franklin and Medway established Feb. 23, 1832. Braintree. — May 13, 1640. Sec Qumcy .and Randolph. Brookline. — Nov. 13, 1705. Part of Roxbury annexed to Brookline, Feb. 24, 1844. Part of Brookline annexed to Boston, May 8, 1874. See Boston. Gain, 1,413 over 5,262; due to building enterprise. Canton.— Feb. 23, 1797. Northerly part of Stoughton. See Stovghton. Gain, 874 ; from manufactures. CoHASSET. — April 26, 1770. Second Precinct of Hingham. Dedham. — Sept. 8, 1636. Boundary between Dedham and Dover defined March 7, 1791. Part of Dedham annexed to Dorchester, June 17, 1831. See Bellingliam, Dover, Dorchester, Need- ham, Medjield, Walpole, West Roxbury, Hyde Park and Norwood. Loss, 1,439 ; from loss of South Dedham, set off as town of Norwood, 1872, and territory set off to Hyde Park, 1868. Chief loss from South Dedham, now Norwood, the population of which is 1,749. Dorchester — Sec Boston. Dover. — July 7, 1784. Part of Dedham incoi-porated as a district, July 7, 1784, and as a toM-n, March 31, 1836. Boundary betAveen Dover and Dedham defined March 7, 1791 ; between Dover and Walpole changed Feb. 27, 1872. FoxBOROuGH. — June 10, 1778. From parts of Wrentham, Walpole, Stoughton and Stoughton- ham (Sharon). Parts of Stoughton and Sharon annexed to Foxborough, March 12, 1796 ; part of Wrentham annexed Feb. 7, 1831 ; and part of Sharon, Feb. 28, 1850. See Sharon, Walpole and Wrentham. Franklin. — March 2, 1778. Westerly part of Wrentham. Part of Medway annexed to Franklin, June 27, 1792. Boundary between Franklin and Medway established Nov. 3, 1792, and Feb. 23, 1832. See Bellingham and Norfolk. HoLBROOK. — Feb. 29, 1872. Part of Randolph. S(tQ Randolph. Hyde Park. — April 22, 1868. From parts of Dorchester, Dedham and Milton. Population, 6,316, which the towns named lose. Hyde Park has lost since 1873, by the burning of a large woollen mill, and the shutting down of a rolling mill and a machine shop. Medfield. — May 23, 1651. Dedham Village. See Medway. Medway. — Oct. 24, 1713. Part of Medfield. Boundary between Medway and Sherborn established March 3, 1792. See Bellingham, Franklin and Norfolk in this count}', and Holliston in Middlesex. Gain, 1,023 over 3,219 ; due to establishment of several boot manufactories. MiLTON.—May 7, 1662, See Byde Park. Small loss, from loss of territory to Hyde Park. 316 CENSUS OF MASS. -1875. COMPEXDIUM. Neeeham.— Nov. 5, 1711. Part of Dcdlifim. Boundaiy between Nccdham and Natick changed June 22, 1797. Sec Newton. Gain, 1,755 over 2,793; from general development of the building and manufaeturing interests of the tomi, and, perhaps, from the establishment of Wellesley College. Norfolk.— Feb. 23, 1S70. From parts of Wrentham, Franldin, Medway and Walpolc. Boundary between it and Wrcntham changed in 1S71. Popnlation, 920, which the towns named lose. NouAvooD.— Feb. 23, 1872. From tliat part of Dedham called South Dedham and small part of Walpole. Population, 1,749, taken chiefly from Dcdliara, which sec. QuiNCY.— Feb. 23, 1792. North Precinct of Braintrce. Parts of Dorchester annexed to Qiiincy, Feb. 12, 1819, and May 2, 1855, and a part of Braintrce, April 24, 1856, Gain, 2,437 over 6,718; from building operations and the deshableness of Quincy as a residence. RANDOLini.— March 9, 1793. Part of Braintrce. Portion of boundary defined June 22, 1811. Part set off into new town of Ilolbrook, which sec. Loss, 1,670 ; from loss of territory as above. RoxBURY. — Sec Boston. Sharon.— June 20, 1765. Formerly Stoughtonh.am, Second Precinct of Stoughton. Part of Stoughton annexed to Sharon, Feb. 12, 1792; also, ]\Iarch 26, 1864. Boundary between Sharon and Foxborough established Jan. 30, 1833. Part of Sharon annexed to Walpole, May 1, 1874. See Foxborough and Walpole. Small loss, from loss of territory in 1874, as above. Stoughton.— Dec. 22, 1726. Part of Dorchester. Part of Canton annexed to Stoughton, March 31, 1847. See Canton, Foxborough and Sharon. WALroLE.— Dec. 10, 1724. Part of Dedham. Parts of Sharon annexed to "Walpole, Feb. 28, 1804, and June 21, 1811; part of Dedham, June 21, 1811; and parts of Foxborough, March 27, 1833, and March 28, 1834. Line between Dover and AValpole changed Feb. 27, 1872. See Fox- borough, Norfolk and Nonoood. West Roxbury. — See Boston. "Weymouth.— Sept. 2, 1635. Boundary between Weymouth and Abington established March 31, 1847. Wrentham.— Oct. 15, 1673. Boundary between Wrcntham and Foxborough established Feb. 3, 1819; between Wrcntham and Norfolk changed in 1871. Part set off to Norfolk, Feb. 23, 1870. See Attleborough, Bellingham, Foxborough, Franklin and Norfolk. Loss, about 700; from loss of territory as above. PLYMOUTH COUNTY. [Incorporated June 2, 16S5. Gain, 6,255.] Abington. — June 10, 1712. Easterly part of Bridgewatcr. North and east part of Abington made into the new town of Rockland, IMarch 9, 1874 ; South Abington incorporated as a separate town, March 4, 1875. See Weymouth, Rockland and South Abington. Loss, 5,335 from 8,576 in 1865 ; occasioned by loss of territory to Rockland and South Abington, as above, otherwise Abington would have shown a gain of 1,324. Bridgeavater.— June 3, 1656. Boundary between it and East Bridgewatcr established Feb. 23, 1838, and March 20, 1846. See East Bridgeioater, Ilalifax, North Bridgewatcr (now Brockton) and West Bridgewatcr. Brockton.— June 15, 1821, as North Bridgewatcr ; name changed to Brockton, March 28, 1874. Part of Brockton annexed to South Abington, April 24, 1875, and pai-t of South Abington to Brockton same date. Gain, 4,246 over 6,332 ; almost entirely due to the growth of the manu- facture of boots and shoes during the past five years. Carver. — Jan. 9, 1790. South part of Plympton. Boundary between Middle borough and Carver established March 24, 1849. See Plympton. APPENDIX. 317 DrxufRT. — June 7, 1637. Boundary between Duxbury and Marshficld established June 14, 1S13. See Kingston and Pembroke. Loss, 139 ; from decline of shipbuilding. East Bridoewater. — June 14, 1823. Part of Bridgewater. Part of Halifax annexed to East Bridgewater, April 11, 1857. Sec Bridgeioater and South Ahington, Part of East Bridgewater annexed to Brockton, April 24, 1875. Loss of 168, from loss of territory. Halifax. — July 4, 1734. From parts of Plympton, Middleborough and Pembroke. Part of Bridgewater annexed to Halifax, Felj. 20, 1824, and part of Plympton, March 16, 1830. Boundary between it and Plympton established Feb. 6, 1SG3. See East Bridgeioater. Loss, 154; by removals to Brockton and to Abington of boot and shoe mechanics who formerly worked in their own shops. Hanover.— June 14, 1727. Boundary between Hanover and South Scituate determined May 15, 1857, by Resolve of May 31, 1856. Hanson.— Feb. 22, 1820. Westerly part of Pembroke. HiNGHAM. — Sept. 2, 1635. Hingham and Hull taken from Sufifolk County, June 18, 1803. See Cohasset. Hull. — May 29, 1644. Nantasket. See Hingham. Kingston. — June 16, 1726. Pait of Plymouth. Part of Duxbury annexed to Kingston, April 14, 1857. Lakeville.— May 13, 1853. South-westerly part of Middleborough. Boundary between Lakeville and Taunton defined, 1867. Marion. — May 14, 1852. South-easterly part of Rochester. Boundary between Marion and Wareham established Feb. 18, 1859, and Feb. 13, 1866. Marshfield. — March 2, 1640. See Duxbury. Mattapoisett. — May 20, 1857. Mattapoisctt Precinct — a part of Rochester. This town has lost since its organization, through decline in shipbuilding, but is growing again from its having become a seaside resort to some extent. MiDDLEEOROuGu. — June, 1669. See Carver and Lakeville. North Bridgewater.— See Brockton. Pembroke. — March 21, 1711. Westerly part of Duxbury. See ffawson. Plymouth. — Dec. 11, 1620. See Kingston, Wareham and Plympton. Pltmpton. — June 4, 1707. South-westerly part of Pl.vmouth. Boundary between Plj^mpton and Carver established Feb. 8, 1793. See Carver and Halifax. Rochester. — June 4, 1686. Boundary line between Rochester and Fairhavcn established April 9, 1836. See Marion and Mattajwisett. Rockland. — March 9, 1874. North and east part of Abington. Population, 4,203, which Abington loses. See Abington, Scituate. — Oct. 5, 1636. See Cohasset and South Scituate. South Scituate. — Feb. 14, 1849. Part of Scituate. See Hanover. South Abington. — March 4, 1875. Parts of Abington and East Bridgewater. Part of, annexed to Brockton, April 24, 1875. Population, 2,456, largely a loss to Abington. See Abington. Wareham.— July 10, 1739. Part of Plymouth annexed to Wareham, Jan. 20, 1827. Bound- aiy between Wareham and Rochester defined 1864 and 1866. See Marion. West Bridge-water.— Feb. 16, 1822. Part of Bridgewater. See North Bridgewater. 318 CENSUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. SUFFOLK COUNTY. [Incorporated May 10, 1643. Gain, 156,674, of which 117,756 is from annexation,— 78,000 from Norfolk County, and 39,766 from Middlesex. See Boston.] Boston. — Sept. 7, 1630. Indian name, Shawmut. Tri-Mountain. Noddle's Island (East Boston) granted to Samuel Maverick, April 1, 1633, and annexed to Boston, March 9, 1636-7, Long, Spectacle, Deer and Hog islands granted to Boston, March 4, 1634. Dorchester Point (South Boston) annexed to Boston, March 6, 1804. Boston incorporated as a city, Feb. 23, 1822. Act accepted March 4, 1822. Boundary line between Boston and Brookline established, and part of Brookline annexed to Boston, Feb. 22, 1825 ; annexed portion joined to Ward 6, March 3, 1826 ; Thompson's Island granted to Dorchester, March 4, 1634, and annexed to Boston from Dorchester, March 25, 1834. Boundary line between Boston and Roxbury established March 16, 1836; changed April 19, 1837 ; established May 3, 1850 ; and changed April 3, 1860. Part of Dorches- ter, kno^vn as Washington Village, annexed to Boston, May 21, 1855. Dorchester annexed 1869. Part of Brookline annexed 1870. Boundary line between Brookline and Boston changed April 27,1872. Roxbury annexed to Boston June 1,1867. Brighton, West Roxbury and Charlestown annexed by chapters 303, 314 and 286 of the Acts of 1873. Part of, annexed to the city of New- ton, May 5, 1875. Gain, 149,601 over 192,318; present population, 341,919. Boston has grown, by annexation of Roxbury, 50,429 ; by annexation of Dorchester, 15,788 ; by annexation of West Roxbury, 11,783 ; by annexation of Brighton, 6,200 ; by annexation of Charlesto\vn, 33,556. Total, 117,756. The present population of the territory which formed Boston in 1865, is 224,163, so that the city of 1865 has gained, exclusive of annexations, 31,845. The annexed territory, with 117,756 population, has gained 41,448 over the population of same territory in 1865, which was 76,308. Chelsea. — Jan. 10, 1738. See Satigus and North Chelsea (now Heveve) . Gain, 6,334; largely from building enterprises. NouTH Chelsea. — See Revere. Revere. — March 19, 1846, as North Chelsea. See Winthrop. Name changed to Revere, March 24, 1871. Gain, 745 over 858 ; due to its selection as a residence. Winthrop. — March 27, 1852. Easterly part of North Chelsea (Revere). Slight loss from ehutting down of Revere Copper Works. WORCESTER COUNTY. [Incorporated April 2, 1731. Gain, 47,384; principally in cities of Worcester and Fitchburg, and a few manufacturing towns, induced by extended facilities for manufacturing.] AsHBURNHAM — Feb. 22, 1765. Part of Gardner annexed Feb. 16, 1815; and part of West- minster, Jan. 28, 1824. See Ashby and Gardner. Athol.— March 6, 1762. Part of Gerry (now Phillipston) annexed to Athol, Feb. 26, 1806; part of Orange, Feb. 7, 1816; and parts of New Salem, Feb. 5, 1830, and March 16, 1837. See Royalston, Phillipston and Boylston. Gain, 1,320 over 2,814; due to manufacturing facilities. Auburn. — April 10, 1778. Formerly Ward ; from parts of Worcester, Sutton, Oxford and Leicester. Name changed to Auburn, Feb. 17, 1837. Barre. — March 28, 1753. North-westerly part of Rutland incorporated as Rutland District, March 28, 1753 ; as Town of Hutchinson, June, 1774 ; and name changed to Barre, Nov., 1776. Loss, 396 ; from shutting down of woollen mill and of powder manuftictory. Berlin. — March 16, 1784. South Painsh of Bolton incorporated as District of Berlin, March 16, 1784 ; and as a town, Feb. 6, 1812. Part of Lancaster annexed to Berhn, Feb. 8, 1791 ; and part of Northborough, Feb. 14, 1806. Blackstone. — March 25, 1845. Part of Mendon. Loss, 217 ; occasioned by destruction of several manufactories by fire within two years. These have not yet been rebuilt; otherwise Blackstone would have gained considerably. ATPENDIX. 319 Bolton.— June 24, 1738. Part of Lancaster. Part of Marlborough annexed to Bolton, Feb. 11, 1829. Boundary between Bolton and Westborough established March 16, 1838. See Berlin; also Hudson, in Middlesex County. Loss, 515 ; cause loss of territory. BoTLSTON.— March 1, 1786. North Parish of Shrewsbury. See West Boyhton. Slight gain from extension of mills. Brookfield.— Nov. 12, 1718. Boundary between Brookfield and New Braintrec established, June 10, 1791, and March 8, 1792. Part of North Brookfield annexed to Brookfield, April 15, 1854. See North Brookfield and Ware. Charlton.— Nov. 2, 1754. West part of Oxford. See Oxford, Southhridge and Sturbridge. Clinton.— March 14, 1850. Part of Lancaster. Gain, 2,760 over 4,021 ; due to manufactures. Mills are newly constructed, which will swell the population in the future. Dana.— Feb. 18, 1801. From parts of Petersham, Hardwick and Greenwich. Boundary line established Feb. 12, 1803. Boundary line between Dana and Greenwich established June 19, 1811. Parts of Petersham and Hardwick annexed to Dana, Feb. 4, 1842. Douglas. , 1746. Boundaiy between it and Uxbridge established April 25, 1864. See Webster. Dudley.— Feb. 2, 1731. From lands between "Woodstock and Oxford. Middlesex Gore, unincorporated lands, annexed to Dudley and Sturbridge, June 25, 1794. See Southbridge and Webster. Gain, 577 ; from establishment of a linen mill and a paper mill. FiTCHBURG.— Feb. 3, 1764. "West part of Lunenburg. See Ashby and Westminster. Incor- porated as a city, March 8, 1872. Gain, 4,171 over 8,118; from manufacturing enterprises. Garbner.— June 27, 1785. From parts of "Westminster, Ashbumham, Winchendon and Tem- pleton. See Ashbumham, Ashhj and Westminster. Gain, 1,177 over 2,553. The building of the Boston, Barre and Gardner Railroad has, with the increase in the manufacture of chairs, induced the growth of Gardner. Grafton.— April 18, 1735. Gore of public land annexed to Grafton, June 14, 1823 ; part of Shrewsbury annexed March 3, 1826, and part of Sutton, March 3, 1842. See Worcester. Hard-wick.- Jan. 10, 1738. Lambstown. Part of New Braintree annexed to Hardwick, June 10, 1814, and gores of public lands, Feb. 7, 1831, and Feb. 6, 1833. See Da7ia and Petersham. Shutting down of a factory at Gilbertvillc has interfered with the recent growth of this town. Harvard.— June 29, 1732. From parts of Lancaster, Groton and Stow. See Boxborough. HoLDEN.— Jan. 9, 1740. North part of "Worcester. Boundary between it and Paxton estab- lished March 27, 1793. Part of Paxton annexed to Holden, March 19, 1831. See Paxton and West Boylston. Hubbardston.— June 13, 1767. North-easterly part of Rutland. See Princeton. Loss, 106 ; from the loss of a few small manufactories and the removal of laborers previously employed on the county roads. Lancaster.— May 18, 1653.— Boundary line between Lancaster and Sterling established, March 7, 1837. See Berlin, Holden, Leominster and Sterling. Leicester. — Feb. 15, 1713. See Ward {Auburn), Spencer and Paxton. Leominster.— June 23, 1740. Part of Lancaster. Part of No-town (not now in existence) annexed to Leominster, April 13, 1838. Gain, 1,888 over 3,313; from increased facilities for manufacturing. Lunenburg.- Aug. 1, 1728. Boundary between it and Shirley fixed, March 3, 1846. See Fitchburg and Townsend. Mendon. — May 15, 1667. See BelUngham , Blackstnne and Milford. 320 CEN^SUS OF MASS. — 1875. COMPENDIUM. MiLFORD. — April 11, 1780. East Precinct of Mendon. Part of Holliston annexed to Milford, April 1, 1859. MiLLBURY. — June 11, 1813. North Parish in Sutton. New Braintree. — Jan. 31, 1751. See Brookfield and Hardwick. NoRTHBORouGH.— Jan. 24, 1766. North Precinct of Westborough. Part of Marlborough annexed to Northborough, June 20,1807. Sea Berlin. Loss, 225; resulting from the change of cotton manufacture to woollen, and the entire discontinuance of the manufacture of boots. NoRTHBRiDGE.— July 14, 1772. North part of Uxbridge. Parts of Sutton annexed to North- bridge, Feb. 17, 1801, and March 16, 1844. See Sutton and Uxbridge. Gain, 1,388 over 2,642; from manufacturing enterprises. North Brookfield.— Feb. 28, 1812. North Parish in Brookfield. See Brookfield. Gain, 1,235 over 2,514 ; owing to enterprise in shoe manufacturing. Oakham. — June 11, 1762. West part of Rutland. Oxford. , 1713. Part of Sutton annexed to Oxford, Feb. 18, 1793 ; Oxford South Gore annexed Feb. 6, 1807 ; part of Charlton, Feb. 23, 1809 ; and Oxford North Gore, March 22, 1838. See Charlton, Ward {Auburn) and Webster. Paxton. — Feb. 12, 1765. South part of Rutland and north part of Leicester incorporated as District of Paxton, Feb. 12, 1765. Parts of Ilolden annexed to Paxton, Feb. 13, 1804, and April 9, 1838; and part of Rutland, May 24, 1851. See Ilolden and Rutland. Loss, 26; from destruc- tion by fire of boot manufactory. Petersham. — April 20, 1754. See Dana. Loss, 225 ; principally owing to distance from rail- road. Phillipston. — Oct. 20, 1786. Formerly Gerry; name changed Feb. 5, 1814. From parts of Templeton and Athol. Boundary between Phillipston and Royalston changed March 29, 1837. See Royalston and Athol. Princeton. — April 24, 1771. East wing of Rutland. Part of Hubbardston annexed to Prince- ton, Feb. 16, 1810, and part of No-town, April 4, 1838. See Westminster. Royalston. — Feb. 17, 1765. Parts of Athol and Gerry (now Phillipston) annexed to Royals- ton, Feb. 26, 1799, and part of Athol, March 7, 1803. See Phillipston. Rutland. — Feb. 23, 1713. Boundary between Rutland and Paxton established Feb. 20, 1829. See Barre, Ilubbardston, Oakham and Paxton. Shrewsbury.— Dec. 19, 1727. See Boylston and Grafton. SouTHBOROuGH. — July 6, 1727. Part of Marlborough. Boundary line between Southborough and Westborough established March 5, 1835. See Marlborottjh. Southbridge. — Feb. 15, 1816. From parts of Sturbridge, Charlton and Dudley. Pai-t of Dudley annexed to Southbridge, Feb. 23, 1822, and part of Sturbridge, April 6, 1839. Boundary between it and Sturbridge changed in 1871. Gain, 1,609 over 4,131; caused in large degree by the erection and operation of " Southbridge Print Works," aided also by the extension of the American Optical Company's works, and of the Hamilton Print Works. Spencer.— April 3, 1753. Second Precinct of Leicester. Gain, 2,427 over 3,024. No special cause ; due to general development of manufactures. Sterling. — April 25, 1781. Second Precinct of Lancaster. See Lancaster and West Boylston. Sturbridge.— June 24, 1738. New Medfield. Part of Charlton annexed to Sturbridge, June 27, 1792. See Dudley and Southbridge. Boundary between it and Southbridge changed in 1871. APPEXDIX. 321 Sutton. — June 21, 1715. Part of Northbridge annexed to Sutton, June 1-5, 1831. Boundary between Sutton and Nortlibridge changed March 7, 1837. See IVard {Auburn), Grafton, Mill- bury, Northbridge and Oxford. Gain, 688 over 2,363 ; largely from the establishment of a new cotton mill. Templeton. — March 6, 1762. See Gerry (Phillipston) and Gardner. Upton. — June 14, 1735. From parts of Mendon, Sutton, Uxbridge and Hopldnton. UxBRiDGE.— June 27, 1727. Part of Mendon. Boundary between "Oxbridge and Northbridge changed April 30, 1856. See Douglas. Wakken. — Jan. 16, 1741. Incorporated as Western; name changed to Warren, March 13, 1834. See Palmer and Ware. Western was made from parts of Brookiicld, Brimfield and the easterly part of what was Kingsfield. Gain, 1,080 over 2,180; from the erection of a new cotton mill, and from a general increase in manufactures. Webster. — March 6, 1832. From parts of Dudley and Oxford. Boundary between Webster and Douglas established Feb. 27, 1841. Gain, 1,456 over 3,608. Owing to the shutting down of several concerns, Webster shows less increase than she ordinarily would. WESTBOEoroH.— Nov. 18, 1717. Chauncy. See Bolton and Southborovgh. Gain, 2,000 over 8,141 ; from the healthy growth of established business. West Boylston. — Jan. 30, 1808. From parts of Boylston, Holden and Sterling. Part of Boylston annexed to West Boylston, Feb. 10, 1820, and June 17, 1820. See Bolton. West Brookfield. — March 3, 1848. Part of Brookfield. Westminster. — April 26, 1770, Part of Fitchburg annexed to Westminster, Feb. 12, 1796, and Feb. 16, 1813, and part of what was called " No-town," April 10, 1838. Part of Westminster annexed to Princeton, April 22, 1870. See Ashburnham and Gardner. WiNCHENDON. — Juuc 14, 1764. Sec Gardner. Gain, 961 over 2,801 ; caused by the growth of manufactures. Worcester.— Oct. 15, 1684. Grafton Gore (unincorporated land) annexed to Worcester, March 22, 1838. See Holden and Ward {Auburn). Incorporated as a city, Feb. 29, 1848. Gain, 19,262 over 30,055; due to geographical position (being a railroad centre) erection of public buildings, etc., with general and healthy growth of industries. 41 ■ii I liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii liiifiiliiiiiihiiliiilli II ! niili M i i INiL !ii!i!llij!ltllJllillllililillilliilii!iJliili!tilllll!liilllililill!!!!!li!!li!!llH^