UMASS/AMHERST # 31EDbbODSmT77'^ ^ s^/ i '\V\\<^J»S«;^S:S!SS«!5*SS^5^^' other day at farthest, and use sand or light soil for this purpose, which is accumulated in a heap and used for plants afterwards, we choosing the sub- stance so used with a view to future usefulness. If the perches are sufficiently low, however, the chances of WHITEWASHING, SHEDS, AND DUST-HEAPS. 15 either fractured breast-bone or lameness will be rare. The insides of the houses should be thoroughly lime- washed at least once a year. Just before breeding- time is the most appropriate time for this to be done, when sitting hens are often troubled with vermin. If size is mixed with the whitewash, it will prevent it from rubbing off on the clothes of those who visit the houses, for the purpose of getting the eggs, or seeing to the poultry. Whitewashing. — All the nest-boxes, as well as the perches, coops, pens, roofs, and sides of the houses,. should be washed with whitewash in this way ; which will amply repay the trouble in the cleanliness and neat appearance of everything which is thus secured, and made to look uniform, while the pre- sence of objectionable matter is at once detected. Sheds. — A shed is a useful adjunct to a fowl-house, to which the stock may run for shelter when showers ensue, without compelling them to adjourn to the fowl-house upon every occasion. Diist-Jieaps. — Beneath this shelter, heaps of dust should be placed, if the birds have only limited accom- modation, together with a supply of mortar-rubbish and gravel. If there is no shed, one may easily be extemporised by using a few poles as uprights, and covering them with hurdles thatched with furze or straw, to which I have made allusion before. Having occasion to keep different breeds from mingling, I have frequently erected these at a trifling expense, and filled them up with what might be required, so as to keep different breeds a long distance off from one another, and where the fowls belonging to each were always fed night and morning, and to which they 1 6 PO UL TR Y'KEEPING. invariably confined themselves. Some of these I have made permanent residences, being quite large and lofty edifices, thatched thickly at top with furzes from a neighbouring common, with a sloping roof that no water enters, and there are colonies of black Spanish at one place, Dorkings at another, and so on. These erections I have found of great convenience where there are a great number of poultry of one sort or another about the place in summer-time, which I thin down to the smallest possible number, com- m-cnsurate wdth keeping up the stock for breeding purposes, as winter approaches. The young cocks are then all disposed of, together w^ith any objectionable hens, retaining all useful ones that it may be considered desirable to keep ; but getting rid of all ugly, bad-shaped, long-legged birds, all the bad-tempered ones, the bad or indifferent layers ; of these I make a general clearance. Where a large number of hens are kept, w^ithout any special provision on a large scale for ensuring extra warmth through the winter, they will not pay to keep, unless the stock consists of selected pullets bred with this special object in view. The rank and file of average hens will have to be kept perhaps till April before they begin to yield profit again, and a much more paying system of keeping fowls can thus be inaugurated ; so that in many cases these sheds may only need to be temporary, where there is not enough space to keep a large number through the laying part of the season. Height and She of Houses. — Houses can of course be built of all sizes and dimensions. Good height is advantageous, as better ventilation is invariably I^[/A'S. 17 secured ; but where the accommodation and space is limited, a lean-to structure, made of boards seven feet high at back, and five in front, thus giving a slope of two feet to the roof for carrying off the water, will answer the purpose. The depth should be about six feet, and the length ten or twelve feet. This may be divided, if necessary, into two moieties, which will accommodate half-a-dozen hens and a cock in each ; so that two distinct breeds can be kept, which will be an advantage — the best layers to be made use of for the sake of their eggs, and the best flesh-forming sort for the use of the table. The eggs of either, as desired, may be given for the purpose of hatching as the hens become ready for incubation. The perch should be placed lengthwise, about two feet from the wall, and the nest-boxes placed in a row against the wall, on the ground. Rtins. — Where the fowls are intended to be con- fined, a run must be provided for them, which can be placed sideways, the length of the house ; or at each end, according to the position of the space Vv'hich can be assigned to them. A gravel path leading to the gates, with grass laid down at one side, and turned-up earth on the other, will be found a good arrangement. The fowls can thus resort to the grass when they are disposed, or exercise their scratching propensities when inclined that way. If the run is made parallel with the house, and is thus divided into gravel path, turned-up earth, and grass, the grass should be next the house, to receive all the rain-droppings from the roof, which will make it grow freely ; and the turned- up earth outside, upon which anything may be tossed from time to time to amuse the fowls with, such as II. c i8 POULTRY-KEEPING, Avorms, snails, or any intruders which maybe gathered from the garden. By constant digging, this portion will always be kept fresh. The gravel can be s^vept and renewed from time to time, and the j^rass will be kept down by the fowls, or only need a little trimming now and then, when an awkward rank patch has time to groAv and makes its appearance. The run should be divided by boards, if two distinct sets of birds are kept, to prevent the cocks from fighting vv^ith each other, which they will do if the whole is formed of wirework only. Very convenient places may thus be made at a very trifling expense. A small place should be divided off to serve as a hospital. Pilling Fcivls. — Sick, or pining fowls, should be immediately separated from the rest, and when one appears to ail it should be removed directly, out of consideration to itself as well as to the others. It has often been observed, that when some unlucky hen has met with an accident, and has perhaps bled a little, the others will peck at the place with their bills^, as if actuated by a spirit of cannibalism, and allow it to have no rest. When recovered, and put back with the others, it will for a time be hailed as a stranger, and hustled about, and perhaps have to change places, as far as the exercise of dominion and authority are concerned, with fowls over which it before dominated, who have plucked up superior courage, sufficient to dispute the old condition of affairs. A pining fowl is often the subject of dislike to both cock and hens, or sometimes the cause of extra attention on the part of the cock, who cannot make out what is the matter — which attentions are inconvenient, and embarrassing to their subject, which FIXING FOWLS. 19 inclines to peace and solitude, and wants, above all things, to be let alone, and rest in quiet. I have been supposing, in reference to the pre- ceding, that it is desired to keep the poultry strictly to their own domain, and they are never to be allowed to stray beyond their own limits. The harm that poultry do in a garden is frequently very much ex- aggerated, and they will often be found to do good in destroying vermin, if they are occasionally turned into one. There will be many readers v/ho have not the same conveniences which I possess for dealing with poultry, and I have thought it advisable in the fore- going to make allusion to the best methods that are found advantageous to follow, where a few head only can be kept, sometimes in situations where the accommodation is necessarily very limited for them. c 2 CHAPTER II. Choice of Stock — Spanish Fowls — Minorca — Andakisian — Dorking — The Cochin China — The INIalay — The Brahma-Pootras — Game Fowls — Hamburg Fowls — Silver-pencilled Hamburgs — Golden - pencilled Hamburgs — Silver - spangled Hamburgs — Golden- spangled Hamburgs — Black Hamburg Fowls, which are good Sitters — Fowls that exhibit a Disinclination to Sit — Polish Fowls — White-crested Black Polands — Golden-spangled Polands — Silver- spangled Polands. Choice of Stock. — Situation has much to do with the breed of fowls that ought to be chosen, as some kinds succeed better than others in different locahties. I have been able to keep a large number of fowls, as mine is a dry, sandy situation ; and while keeping a few of several varieties every year, I have bred large numbers of Dorkings and Black Spanish. These require a warm, genial locality, and they have plenty of room to range in, amongst hop-gardens, meadov\"s, and plantations. These two breeds will not, however, succeed so well in a confined space, as Cochins or Brahmas, the latter not reconciling themselves so readily to a limited range, as the former. Hamburgs, also, are capital layers, but these as well require a good range ; they are also hardy. Polands require a dry soil to flourish. In somewhat doubtful situations, Brahma-Pootra and Cochin are, perhaps, the surest to depend upon. The SPAXISH FOWLS, 2r I\Ialay and Game fowls are hardy, if not kept too confined, and generally do very well. " Everybody speaks of the fair, as his own market has gone it," and I have always felt most at home with the two breeds previously mentioned, as stock varieties to keep, which I will describe first in detail. Spanish. — There are white-faced and red-faced Spanish fowls, though the true Spanish is generally thought to be identified by its white face, universal black plumage burnished to a green tint, with great development of comb and wattle, and very smooth and white in the face. The cock's comb should be stiff and erect, broad at the base, and tapering towards the points. The hen's comb, though declining well over the eye, should not be soft and flabby, but per- fectly firm. The hens lay a large number of very fine eggs, v/hich they seldom attempt to hatch, and when they do, they generally turn out bad sitters and nurses. They are therefore to be considered as a valuable breed as egg-producers, and they contrast very forcibly in this disinclination for incubation with Dorking fowls, which are both good sitters and careful mothers. It will, therefore, be found a good plan, supposing these two breeds to be kept, to ^iv^ the vSpanish eggs to the Dorking fowls to hatch, when Spanish chickens are wanted. These, however, should not be hatched before April, as the early broods are delicate, and die off quickly. This more particularly refers to the white-faced variety, for the Minorcas, or red-faced Spanish, may be hatched early in the year, and will fledge well, and thrive, during cold w^eather. Their dark legs cause them to be considered inferior as table-fowls to several others, and they take a long 22 POULTRY-KEEPING. time In moulting-, which interferes with the winter laying a good deal. Minorcas. — The Minorcas are shorter in the leg- than the white-faced Spanish, the former being a favourite breed in the West of England, where they rank high as profitable layers. Red-faced birds some- times make their appearance, when both parents have white faces ; and for the sake of distinctiveness of breed, these had better not be kept as stock birds, though they will, of course, lay just as well as the others. Those young birds which have long, bluish faces, generally turn to pure white at maturity ; while those which display a decided red tinge should be discarded. In raising stock, with the view of breeding choice stock birds, it is considered advisable to allot one two-year old cock to three two-year old hens, the cock to weigh about eight pounds, and the hens six, or as near as may be. Andahisians. — These are often classed with Spanish, which they closely resemble in the most prominent features of comb, shape, weight, ear-lobe, and size ; the plumage being of bluish-gray, or deep slate, the feathers darkening at the edges, the face red, and the legs blue — which latter is considered an objection to a table-fowl. The Dorking. — This breed, one of the most widely known and appreciated, appears to have been noticed by the old Grecian and Roman authors. Aristotle mentions that a five-toed breed existed in Greece, and both Pliny and Columella describe a similar one in Rome ; and hence the conclusion that Dorking fowls were introduced into Great Britain by the Romans. It has been said that the old pure Dorking is white, DORKING FOWLS. 23 which, in the present day, is not so large as the Sussex or coloured Dorking, as it is now received, which is frequently a cross. Many prefer to keep white fowls for the sake of the feathers, which fetch a higher price than coloured ones. And by these the white breed are appreciated, though they appear to have degenerated in size, probably from being bred in-and- in too much. The fifth toe is essential for the bird to be styled a true Dorking, though Dorkings are commonly crossed in Sussex by the large Sussex fowls peculiar to the county, the progeny being often five-toed. The rose- combed, white Dorking is, however, the strain so styled by the old breeders. The coloured Dorking is, however, the bird which is generally looked for under this designation, how- ever the original breed may have become crossed from time to time — of which there is evident proof vv^hen the fifth toe is lacking. The chickens of the Dorking are delicate to rear, and some breeders, with the view of improving and hardening the stock, have crossed them with Brahmas, afterwards returning to, and aiming as much as pos- sible, at the points which constitute the Dorking by subsequent breeding. The dash of foreign blood is said to improve the quality of the strain vastly. The Dorking is a large, compact bird, with short legs, and is massive in appearance, the breast being broad and the back wide, with tail well expanded ; rather small head with broad Avattles, and long in the cock, with an even, firm comb. The comb of the hen, if single, should be fully developed, and fall over one side of the face. Her legs, also, should be short and thick. 24 POUL TR Y- KEEPING. A good deal of confusion of opinion exists as to the real Dorking, arising from the fact of their being crossed so often ; which, to a certain extent, has been a work of necessity, as no description of fowl de- teriorates so much from breeding in-and-in. And where this has been done, the distinguishing charac- teristics may be restored, by proper selection, and mating birds to restore those points which are lacking, and bring into prominence those which may have become obscured or lost. To keep this breed really in perfection, the cock should be changed every year, being, in this respect, the opposite to the game fowl, the breed of which may be kept pure, and the birds in full vigour, for a long period without change. The single comb is said to be the result of this crossing, the double comb, and five toes, belonging to the true Dorking. They are now, however, regularly got to be viewed as single-combed Dorkings and double-combed Dorkings, and when exhibited the rose-combed and the single-combed are allowed to compete together ; but they must be all alike with respect to comb in one pen, and the plumage must match, although every variety of colour is allowed. The grays, silver-gray, and white, are the most difficult to rear as chickens, doubtless from the absence of that stamina which is obtained from judicious crossing in the coloured, which has been done to a considerable extent with the large Sussex fowl — a bird often mis- taken for the pure breed of Dorking, when it has been so joined. The four-toed Dorking, so called, is truly only a sub-variety, which is indifferently termed by correct judges^ the Surrey, Old Sussex, or Kent ; the VARIETIES OF DORKING FOWLS. 25 breeds probably being the same. Mr. John Baily, an authority on these points, in his treatise on the " Management and Fattening of the Dorking Fowl," gives the following instructions for selecting a pen of these birds for exhibition : *' One of the most popular colours for hens in the present day is that known as Lord Hill's. The body of these birds is of a light slate colour, the quill of each feather being v/hite ; the hackle is that known as silver, being black-and- \vhite striped ; the breast is slightly tinged with salmon colour. The next is a larger one — the grays. These may be of any colour, provided they are not brown ; ash, cobweb with dark hackle, semi-white with dark spots, light gray pencilled with darker shades of the same colour. With ail these, the most desirable match for a cock is one with light hackle and saddle, dark breast and tail. I advisedly say dark, in pre- ference to black, because I think servile adherence to any given colour too often necessitates the sacrifice of more valuable qualities. I look on a fine Dorking cock with no less admiration if his breast is speckled and his tail composed of a mixture of black and white feathers. And such a bird is a fit and proper male for any gray hens. But the gray must not be con- founded with the speckle. These have a brown ground, v/ith white spots. One of the best judges I know of a Dorking fowl, properly describes them as brown hens^ covered with flakes of snow. These speckled hens are of two distinct colours. The first is known as Sir John Cathcart's colour. The pullets are of a rich chocolate, splashed, or spotted with w^hite ; the cocks are either black-breasted, reds without mixture, or spotted like the hens on the breast, and partially 26 - POULTRY-KEEPING. on the body. It is no objection if the tail is partly coloured. Another speckle is of a grayish-brown, spotted with white. These hens should have a cock with dark hackle and saddle, and the wings and back should show some red or chestnut feathers. These last are not essential, but a light cock will not match speckled hcjis. Next we have brown hens. These should have a black-breasted red cock ; but a speckled one will pass muster." As a table-fowl, Dorkings are unequalled. They are cooped up for fatting at the age of three or four months in summer-time, and from five to six in Vv'inter ; and as the pullets hatched in April and May will lay about Christmas-time, the young birds may be hatched in February, which will enable them to come in early for use or sale. If well fed from their infancy, they will be ordinarily fat in sixteen to tvrenty days. In addition to corn, oatmeal mixed with skimmed milk — if such is handy in a farmhouse, or water, if not — is considered good food for them ; and a little mutton - fat which is often cut off from mutton-chops, mutton suet, or any similar stray pieces of fat from the house- hold, may be chopped up in the food with advantage. Their food should be given them fresh, three times a day, and a turf, the sam.e as is given for larks in their cages, affords them amusement ; while a little gravel, to assist their digestion, should be placed within easy reach. In cold weather the coops should be covered over at night, as warmth is a great help in fattening. Both as regards economy of food, and also for the health of the fowl, they should be fatted as quickly as possible, for repletion persevered in for too long a time brings on internal disease. THE DORKING NOT DISPLACED. 27 The Dorking breed, as a rule, will be found the best to fatten, for although not of the handsomest shape, they are the best meat carriers. A good specimen of a young Dorking cock will weigh about eleven pounds when not absolutely fat, and fine young hens nine pounds or so. The pure breed will be one pound to two pounds lighter in white or grays. When Cochin China fowls were first introduced^ many poultry-keepers thought they would, on account of their large size, displace the Dorking in general estimation. The author I have quoted above (Mr, John Baily), says : " In spite of all that may be said, the Cochin China fowl, however desirable as a layer, as a table-fowl produces much offal meat. My expe- rience leads me to think that the Cochin Chinas are very profitable as long as there is a demand for them at large prices for stock ; but when that ceases, and they have to compete with other birds as purveyors of the table, they will sink below the Dorkings, and rank with the many other second-class breeds. Re- marks have been made in praise of their 'giblets.' But these, properly speaking, belong to a goose ; they comprise head and neck, pinions, feet, gizzards, liver, and heart. Afozvl has none in this country ; in Paris the abatis comprises the same parts of a turkey or a fowl. Now, the most rcc/icrchc part of a fowl is the breast, and that is the point in which the Cochin China fowl is most deficient ; and Avhat she lacks there, she makes up in giblets. For instance, in the Dorking you will find great depth, and Aveight, from the insertion of the neck in the back downwards ; in the Cochin China comparatively much less. These 28 POULTRY-KEEPING. are only poulterers' remarks, but they are not irre- levant to the subject." Dorkings are not such indefatigable foragers as some of the smaller varieties, and do not make the most of their opportunities, as some of the others will do, therefore they do not answer so well where the range is confined, and in this case their egg-producing powers are limited. This has given them a bad name with many as layers. But they will lay well enough under favourable conditions, while they are unequalled as steady sitters, and prove excellent mothers to other breeds of fowls which are not extremely delicate. They are somewhat too heavy and clumsy to bring up the most delicate breeds, and answer best when fulfilling the office of foster-mothers to breeds equally robust as themselves. The Cochin China. — Cochin Chinas were first intro- duced into England about the year 1845, ^"^^ became at once the rage. The ordinary price of their eggs was a pound a dozen, the fowls themselves selling at sums varying from fifteen to thirty shillings each ; while exhibitors put a price of fifty pounds upon their pens to keep them, as they sold readily at twenty pounds, and even thirty pounds. First-rate bufis, even now, fetch from ten pounds to twenty pounds per pair. At the Birmingham Show in 185 1, one pen sold for thirty pounds, and several others at similar high rates. A perfect y>/r^rIany suppose that by merely putting the food down by them all has been done which is necessary, but this is not so. Several of the little creatures will stand about in a listless manner, and will make no attempt to eat, or remain inside the coop with the mother. These should be tempted with a few crumbs in the palm of the hand, or some thrown down just before them. Seeing it under their beaks — I was about to say noses — they will pick up a crumb, and having made a commencement, v\ill then continue feeding. Placing the food on the ground, and there allowing it to lie, is not sufficient. In cases where mixed barleymeal and v/ater, and other things, have been given in this Vv^ay, the young chicks Avalk over it, and foul it ; sometimes stumbling in the adhesive matter, which clings to their feet and legs, and throws them down into it, so that their feathers become clogged and dirty. With this system of bringing up, the young turkey chicks are seldom reared to ad- vantage. The strongest may blunder through the ordeal, but the weak ones will inevitably suffer from such a course of procedure. They should be con- stantly tempted to eat, and their stomachs kept full, when their growth v/ill be remarkably rapid, and well repay the care and attention bestowed upon them. Turkeys in their infancy require plenty of green food, intermixed with more solid diet. Nothing green can hardly come amiss — the weed vulgarly called "cliver " is frequently given ; but lettuces, grass, tops of nettles, 122 POULTR Y-KEEPIXG. chopped dock leaves — almost anything will do — but best of all, the tops of onions, or chives, which are of a stimulating nature. Turkey chicks, which have been hatched under a hen, require more assiduous attention as respects accommodation and superintendence, on account of the larger size of the chicks, which the poor creature vainly tries to shelter with her v/ings and keep warm, when they are nearly as big as herself, so that the spare turkey eggs should ahva\-s be put beneath hens of the largest breeds — Cochin Chinas or Dorkings at least. As the young birds advance in age and growth, so great an amount of attention is not necessary, and they will begin to forage for themselves. A few spadefuls from an ant-heap, if there be any about^ should be brought up to the coop occasionally. The critical time with }-oung turkeys is when the larger feathers begin to grow, particularly those of the tail, which are a great strain upon the bird's strength. Generous diet at this time is the best preventive of loss of tone, for which caraway seeds, or rue, are often prescribed. I\Iany persons who are very successful in rearing poultr>^ of all other kinds, are unfortunate with their turkeys, which they are unable to bring up to maturity. The turkey chicks are indeed difficult to rear, unless, as stated before, a good deal of attention is bestowed upon them. If, however, the necessary pains are taken at first, they may be reared easily enough afterwards, and when they have attained a certain age there are no hardier birds ; and that is when they have got their red heads, which, hitherto ROVING TEXDENCIES OF TURKEYS. 123 clothed with down only, will gradually become covered with fleshy tubercles. Up to this time they are decidedly delicate subjects, and require constant watching and attention. The roving tendencies of turkeys can never be restrained, despite what is often said to the contrar}* if brought up by a hen. Xature will always assert itself They may always, hoAvever^ be kept near the house at roosting-time, by giving them a feed of corn at evening, which also should be done in the morning as v\'ell. They vrant a spacious house to roost in, where there is no danger of injuring themselves in flying up and dov\-n. They will often of their own accord roost in trees near the house, when they will do Yoxy well in a sheltered plantation. But they should not be allowed to roost in trees in an exposed situation, as in m.oist nights, which afterwards turn to frost, their feet get injured by the cold, the damp branches being sometimes coated with rime, v\-iLh which their feet come into contact. ]\Iuch depends upon the facilities of the situation where the breeder resides. Vvhere there are stubbles to range over, or plent}- of beech or oak mast to be picked up, large numbers of turkeys maybe kept, and a considerable profit miade out of them. They can be taken up almost in a fat condition at the end of the year, when there is plenty of feed to be had. When put up for fattening, under ordinar}- circum- stances, small hens will be ready in about three vreeks or a month, but hea\y cocks will take two months to fatten. Their progress should be watched, for somic- times after having attained a certain condition they will go back. Perhaps the best food which can be 124 given to them Is barleymeal, mixed with skim milk or water, made stiff. Corn will do, but they do not fatten so rapidly upon it. Peas, tares, and most kinds of pulse, are not suitable for turkeys. Many recommend giving tallow greaves for fattening, but as there is a danger of the flesh becoming tainted with an oily flavour when these or similar substances ^re used, I have never resorted to their use. Like human beings, a change of food is often necessary, and boiled carrots, swedes, and parsnips, may be given v/ith advantage. These, mixed with kitchen stuff, make an agreeable change for the birds. During the stages of their early growth, a mixture of boiled vegetables should always be given v/ith their barleymeal or oatmeal, or mixed with the solid grain (as barley, oats, or buckwheat), either of carrots, turnips, potatoes, the tops of young nettles, cabbages, etc. The more delicate lettuce can be given rav\^, cut into shreds. Careful and abundant feeding in infancy is the best preventive of disease, until they become turkey poults^ a title which is given to them when the sexual marks on the head are distinctly established. This point cannot be too frequently repeated, for afterwards they will become hardier and stronger every day, and will henceforth take care of themselves. It is needless to say that birds of all ages should be kept scrupulously clean, while in partial or entire confinement ; and always be supplied with fresh water, which should be given to them in shallow pans, which they cannot easily upset. Any little pools of water are often apt to communicate cramp, which is a most fruitful source of disease^, and death, in wet seasons. TURKEYS REQUIRE TO BE KEPT DRY. 125- Damp and wet bring on colds^ and colds are the forerunner of roup, which is a discharge from the eyes and nostrils, occasioned also at times from draughts in overcrowding. When roup makes its appearance it is best to kill the bird off at once, before it affects the others, wdiich should be removed to fresh ground, and fed abundantly with good food. Lowness of system causes the birds (and indeed anything else) to be more ready subjects for disease, when they easily take any contagion. Gapes is a very destructive epidemic, Vv'hich causes worms to be introduced into the windpipe. Expe- rienced breeders who have become acquainted by long practice how to manage the operation, introduce a barbed feather into the trachea — before described under the heading of Diseases of Fowls — and thus remove the worms, while others cause the birds to inhale the fumes of carbolic acid. This, however, is a very delicate operation, and requires great care in its administra- tion ; for, if the gas be inhaled too long, the bird will be killed — if not long enough, the worm is not destroyed. From five to eight seconds is generally considered the proper time the gas should be inhaled. Disease will be kept away from turkeys if the ground is not allowed to become tainted and im- pregnated with all m.anner of filth and stale food. Spilled milk which has become sour, which is often given to them mixed with their food, is very often a fruitful source of foulness, combined with spilled water, which causes little puddles to be common where the young turkeys are being reared, and frequently gives them cramp. The ground should always be diy, and svreet and clean, and no stale food 126 POULTRY-KEEPING. should ever be allowed to be left about. The young birds will then eat the fresh food brought to them with a degree of avidity, when their appetites will fail 'them for stale and objectionable food. Indeed, just in proportion to the care and attention which is bestowed upon them during their infancy, will the amount of success be which is attained in rearing the number of turkeys. Pugnacity of the Turkey. — Turkey cocks are very pugnacious and vindictive, some of the old cocks at times having inflicted serious injuries upon children. A curious incident once happened in connection with a big bully of a turkey cock that I once had. He was the terror of all the children and v/omen about the place, whom he v/ould strike violently with his legs when flying up at them, and they used to arm themselves with a stout stick when passing near him, a practice which of course I deprecated, having had several pugnacious birds lamed through this course of procedure. There was a little- bantam cock in the poultry yard, which had graduadly grown up to cock's estate, of singular beauty. How we acquired him nobody could tell, as we did not keep bantams, and could only imagine that, somehow, he had joined a brood of chickens in his and their infancy. We hardly knew what to do with him. He was so small that he was not vv^orth killing for the table, while he was not wanted to go with the rest of the hens, and deteriorate the breed ; and while matters remained unsettled, he was kept in a little enclosure near the house, where the dog-kennels were placed, between the outhouses and the fence which separated the kitchen- BATTLE BETWEEN BANTAM AND TURKEY. 127 garden, in which were often placed hen-coops, or hens with young broods. There was a good deal to be picked up there, and other fowls would occasionally intrude, but these were generally sent away ; but this was a work of some little difficulty at times, as most of the young ones had been reared there, and remembered the place. Cock turkeys least of all were welcome there, but the individual of which we are speaking would occasionally intrude himself, and this little bantam cock endeared himself to us upon one occasion by his gallant behaviour. One day, the writer's wife, who took an interest in the poultry _, went to look at a brood of chickens which had been placed in a sunny corner at the farthest end of this enclosure. The old turkey cock had got there also, and he immediately made a violent attack upon her, so that she incontinently took to flight, which was accelerated by the infuriated turkey cock flying up at her back as she ran away. This was no sooner perceived by the little bantam cock, than he at once flew to the rescue, and a battle royal ensued betvreen him and the turkey. The great weight of the lubberly turkey cock was entirely disproportionate w^ith respect to the odds of the fight, but the bantam cock made up in science for what he lacked in weight. As the turkey sprang up to strike with his heavy legs, the bantam dodged beneath each time, and the big bird could not get at his little opponent, though he tried ever so hard. The battle lasted for a considerable time, till one of the women servants had time to fetch a man who was at work in a neighbouring field to come and drive the turkey away, at which the little bantam cock crowed loudly. 128 POULTRY-KEEPING. It may be added that, in consequence of this, plucky behaviour, the bantam attained such a high place in public estimation, that whereas, before he had led a somewhat solitary life, the handsomest mi ate which could be found Avas provided for him, upon the principle that "none but the brave deserve the fair," and a race of bantam birds ensued which Avas quite foreign to their owner's original intention, who was aiming more at profit than keeping fancy birds. Game cocks have often been known to conquer a turkey cock in a pitched battle ; \\\ such cases evading the attacks of the turkey and using their spurs with such adroitness that their bulky opponent has been compelled to decline the combat. Another time, an old man who was employed about the place^ who used to feed the poultry and milk the cows, having in his younger days once filled the post of coachman in a gentleman's family, arrayed himiself one Sunday afternoon in a holiday suit, consisting of his old top-boots and v/hite cord breeches, and wearing a new sage-coloured smock-frock donned over all. When the cock turkeys saw the old man coming to feed them as usual, several of the largest, not recog- nising him in his unusual garments, made a fierce attack upon him. The ingratitude of these birds^ which he had helped to bring up from chicken- hood, so incensed the old man, that although sticks were forbidden to be used, he resorted to one in self-defence, and in consequence lamed one fine turkey. This poor old fellow was killed eventually, while doing light work in a hayfield, by sun-stroke, when between seventy and eighty years of age, having been TURKEY-HEXS FOR BREED IX G. 129 renowned as the best hcdger in the county in his middle-aged days. Choice of Turkeys for Breeding. — When a year old, the male bird becomes fitted for breeding purposes, but he does not arrive at perfection till he has attained his third year, and he will continue in good breeding condition for three or four years. Many breeders, however, make a point of not keeping males for breeding purposes after two years, preferring the substitution of young birds to follow in rotation. The common practice is to mate one cock turkey to eight or ten hens, though almost an unlimited number of hens may be assigned to a single male. In choosing a cock turkey, he should be broad in the breast, clean and short legged, and correct in plumage, according to breed, with a bright eye, ample wings, plenty of bone (vv'hich is necessary for the attainment of great weight in the progeny), and the carunculated skin of the neck should be ample, and display rapid changes of colour. The most vigorous birds should of course be selected. The hens should be chosen from their similarity of plumage to the cock, so as to ensure uniformity of breed and special distinctiveness, whicli is always a point to be cared for, and these should not exceed in weight from twelve to fifteen pounds, as larger ones are apt to break their eggs, and injure the young chicks. When a heavy hen of the largest size has been selected, being somewhat awkvvard birds in suddenly moving, they are likely to put a heavy foot down upon a slender turkey chick, and allow it to remain there some time, occasionally causing lameness to the infant brood in its earliest stages of growth. The dispositions of the birds are various, and those II. K I30 POULTR Y-KEEPING. most fitted for the business in hand, and which commend themselves to the observation for the purpose, should always be chosen. The hen com^mences breeding when a year old ; that is, if hatched in one spring, she will breed the next ; but is not supposed to be in her prim_e until she has attained two or three years, and will continue serviceable for two or three years longer. The gobblers of a good strain of the Cambridge breed will often attain a weight of thirty-five pounds at two years of age, and the hens a weight of twenty pounds. This is mentioned as some kind of explanation to the recommendation which has been given, to choose hens w^hich do not exceed fifteen pounds in weight as breeders — a large weight to those accustomed to birds of inferior size and deteriorated breed, who might have some difficulty in finding birds so heavy, even as the weights mentioned, amiongst their own inferior stock. The Bronze Turkey. — The follov^ang account of the bronze turkey, which appeared in the ''American Pet Stock Bulletin," will be found interesting to those who are unacquainted with the enormous size that this bird v/ill attain. The solution of the name of " turkey " I have already given^ so that readers will not be at a loss on this head, referred to in the annexed, vv-hich I give verbatim. " When America was first discovered, the turkey in its wild state was met with throughout nearly every section of what is now the United States. It is now rarely met with save in the unsettled portions of the west and south- west. When, and by whom it received its name, and why it was called ' turkey,' is one of those conundrums vdiich has seemed to defy any satisfactory solution. THE BROXZE TURKEY. 131 "The bronze turkey is the product of the wild turkey, or selected specimens of the common black domesticated variety. Careful breeding, and selection oi the largest and finest birds for breeding purposes, has resulted in the formation of a breed which attains immense size, and retains the splendid plumage of the wild progenitor. " The heaviest weight of which we have any knowledge, was of a gobbler v»-hich vras purchased b}^ a party of Berks County (Pa.) Democrats, and sent as a Christmas dinner to Andrew Johnson, when he occupied the presidential chair. We were at that time breeding bronze turkeys^ and had heard of this unusually heavy bird from several sources ; but on sending a party to try and purchase him, we found vv^e were two vv^eeks too late, rie had been purchased and disposed of as above stated. His weight was fifty-five pounds. Since then, vv^e have seen gobblers in the show-pen which weighed forty pounds, and even forty-five pounds. The hens are also very heavy in this variety, instances of twenty pounds being not unfrequent, and we once ovjned a three- year-old hen which weighed twenty-five-and-a-half pounds. '' In breeding, too great care cannot be taken in se- lection of the stock — in fact almost everything depends upon the parent birds. Turkeys do not reach their full size and vigour until their third year, and it is reasonable to conclude that the best results are to be obtained by breeding from fully-matured specimens. Experiments in breeding from three-year-old, and from yearling birds, have almost invariably resulted in a larger percentage raised, and a greatly increased K 2 132 POULTRY-KEEPING. weight in favour of the former. There is one dis- advantage in breeding from very heavy birds — the liabiHty of having the backs of the hens skinned and torn. But this may be in great part avoided by penning the gobblers up before the breeding season commences, and reducing their weight. Turkeys are great roamers, and it is almost impossible to have good success with them unless they have their liberty and ample range. Early in April the hen begins to wander around, searching a secluded place for her nest. We found that old barrels turned down in a thicket, under the side of a stone fence, or in a clum.p of broken rocks, often provided the sought-for spot, and prevented the hen from stealing her nest in some hidden place. Never disturb the hen when laying, or let her know you have found her nest, for if she suspects you she will quit the old nest and make another. "The early-laid eggs had better be put under common hens, letting the turkey hen sit later in the season. ''A few days before the birds hatch, the hen should be dusted with flowers of sulphur. When the chicks are twenty-four hours old, grease their heads with the following : one ounce of mercurial ointm.ent, one ounce pure lard, and half an ounce pure petroleum. " When hatched, put the mother in a roomy coop facing the south on the sod. Feed little at a time, and often. Hard-boiled eggs are good for the first two days, after which give curd, in which mix onion tops, or siveSj chopped or cut fine with a knife or scissors. When a week old, add coarse Indian meal to the food, well scalded. After three weeks, give them CRITICAL PERIOD WITH YOUNG TURKEYS. 133 cracked corn, Avheat, etc., once a day or oftener. Keep fresh cool water by them at all times. " The first three weeks is usually the critical time with the little " turks," and if kept dry and warm, with abundance of insect food within their range and reach, there will be little trouble in raising them. It is not best to give the mother her liberty until after this period, and even then it is well to limit her range for another fortnight. They should be shut up at night, and not let out until the dew is off the grass, until they are six or eight weeks old." CHAPTER VII. Ducks — The Tame Duck — White Aylesbury — Warwick Bhies — The Black East Indian Duck — Rouen Ducks — The Hook-billed — Indian Runners — Commencement of Duck-keeping — Duck- breeding. Ducks are a species of poultry which, as a rule, are very much overlooked by poultry keepers. This is somewhat surprising-, as they can be made ex- tremely profitable with proper care and fnanagement. I say " care," but they absolutely require far less care than young chickens to rear, as they begin to take care of themselves soon after they are born, and the term " care " m^ust be accepted in the sense rather of proper management than in that of any great expenditure of labour; the principal object to be attained being, that they be made to come on early in the season, when they will fetch a long price in the London and other markets, and are much in request. This is thoroughly well understood in Buckinghamshire and Berkshire, where ducklings are generall}- reared by the fireside and fattened in great numbers, in the early part of the spring, for London consumption. This is mostly done by cot- tagers, who have broods at different stages of their PROFITABLE DUCK-KEEPIXG. 135 growth, and which ver}^ early in the season fetch extravagant prices. According to '' The Bucking- hamshire Report," issued many years ago, one man, a labouring peasant, with only one room to live in, sent up as many as four hundred ducks in the year, the greater part of which were sold at six weeks old, for twelve shillings a couple ! This vv-ould not be a bad living of itself for a labouring man, but the instance maist of course be taken as a very excep- tional one. The success in this case w^as ensured by warmth, and a large amount of care and attention. I first had my notice directed to this Avay of rearing ducks, which are never allowed to go into the water, v/hile living near Berkham.pstead at a house I rented for a short time many years ago, not at that time keeping more than a score or so of fowls myself, by a man with whom I used to have occasional dealings, letting him a little grass land, etc., who kept a small public-house in the neigh- bourhood. This person used to rear great numbers, and send them up to London by the carrier in early spring, and the process, though not followed perhaps to any great extent in that immediate neighbourhood, had been imitated from the methods adopted a little farther off, which I afterwards availed myself of, the plan consisting of hatching early broods, feeding them well on barley-meal mixed up into a stiff paste, or oat- meal, and keeping them confined between hurdles, upon some little grass enclosure, when the forward kinds will be ready to kill from six to nine weeks old. The Tame Duck {^Anas boschas). — The tame duck is generally supposed to have originated froni the domestication of the British mallard, but some writers 136 POULTRY-KEEPIXG. consider that it was probably received by us in an already domesticated state from the East, which the introduction of the black East Indian, or Labrador duck, as it is sometimes termed, appears to confirm.. It is noticeable that the tame and the wild breed will freely intermingle, and when such has been the case, the progeny will incline more to the latter than the former, which shows the inclination of domesticated birds, and animals, to assume the proclivities of their original progenitors, when chance favours their doing so. In the same vray it has been remarked that town-bred cats, when taken from London to a somevdiat solitary country residence, occasionally become thoroughly wild, this happening upon two occasions, in the writer's own experience, with large, prized anim.als at different times, whose ultimate fate was decided by the gamekeeper of the neighbouring squire. The duck is indigenous to England, and Pennant describes the great numbers which used to be found in the fens of Lincolnshire, before the young had taken wing. Some writers on poultr}^ have unfortunately given a somewhat wrong description of the duck, so far at all events as its /(^_J7V/^ qualifications are concerned in its method of rearing ; and Vv-e are told they require w^ater, and that confinemxent will not suit them ; the opposite being really the case, as respects the profitable rearing of the yoiuig for market. It is true enough when taken in reference to the old birds, who delight to sport about in ditches, ponds, etc., and whose natural vigour and health are, of course, of a much higher order under these conditions ; but the WATER IXyURIOUS TO YOUNG DUCKLIXGS. 137 early access of young ducks to water actually arrests their quick approach to early maturity and condition, to fit them for the tabic. Ducklings get wet when they go into the vrater before they a.re properly fledged, and often get cram^p and die ; but the plumage of the mature duck throws the water off, so that their bodies do not become wetted. Ducks are very useful to turn into a garden occasionally, which they will very soon clear of slugs and snails. It is expedient, therefore, to give the old ducks as much liberty as possible, but \{ profit be aimed at, the ducklings should be reared as early as possible, fed on barleymeal and oatmeal, kept from the zvater, except, perhaps, to wash themselves thoroughly just before being killed, and turned into money without loss of time. If, however, the object be to raise a strong and vigorous stock, let the young ones have access to the vrater as soon as the feathers replace the down with which they are at first covered. Well-fed ducks will begin laying in January, or at latest February ; and vrith the view of getting early ducklings hatched, the first eggs are generally placed under a hen that wants to sit. A good deal has been said of the puzzled astonishment of the hen when she first sees the young brood take to water^, to Avhich she has a most ladylike aversion herself, and where she never ventures to follow them ; but she soon gets accustomed to this eccentricity^ and takes it after- wards as a matter of course. Indeed^ young ducks get independent of the mother's care very soon, and in a very short space of time learn to shift for them- selves. 138 POULTRY-KEEPING. To breed for profit, a kind which comes early to maturity should be selected, and perhaps there is none to excel in this respect the white Aylesbury. White Ayleshcry. — The true white Aylesbury is of large size, with perfectly white plumage. The legs should be yellow, and the bill of a pale flesh colour. Those ducks which have deep yellow bills are not the true breed, and are most likely derived from a cross Avith the white call-duck, v/hich is smaller in size, having an orange bill and feet. Perhaps no nicer breed could be chosen than the Aylesbury, the objec- tion which is sometimes made to white, on account of dirt showing, does not apply to ducks, as they will always keep themselves scrupulously clean when they have access to water. On this account, as well as others, ducks should always have a separate place to themselves, and not be allowed to squat on the ground in the fowl-house, beneath the perches of the roosting fowls, which is frequently seen. A thin sprinkling of straw on the ground, or any other kind of fresh litter, should be spread for them, and removed every day, for if not kept perfectly clean, their place v/ill soon become very offensive. This will apply to ducks of all colours. Warzvick Blues. — This is a fine large breed, Vvdiich is held in good repute in Warwickshire, where it is mostly to be met with. In almost every district there is something connected either with soil, climate, or situation, which leads to the particular develop- ment of certain species, and this appears to be the case with the above. The Black East Indian Duck. — The feet, legs, and EGGS OF BLACK EAST INDIAN DUCK. 139 entire plumage of this beautiful bird should be entirely black, as well as the bill, which has a slight under- tinge of green. Not only the neck and back, but the larger feathers of the tail and rump, shine with a lustre of metallic green, the hen also exhibiting traces of the same. A few white feathers will appear about the breast, in imperfect specimens. One remarkable feature in connection with these birds is, that upon first commencing laying the eggs are black. This is not caused by any internal stain, but arises from an oily pigment, which may be easily scraped off, those which come afterwards gradually toning down to the colour of those usually laid by ducks. They lay as well as the other kinds, and do not require more than the usual amount of attention to rear. If well kept, they possess the merit of being fit for the table vrhen taken direct from the pond, without undergoing any previous process of fattening. As these pair, an equal number must be kept of ducks and drakes. Rouen Ducks. — These are great favourites with those who prefer ducks which have dark-coloured plumage. They are of large size, and generally do very well in any situation where ducks are commonly reared. The Rouen do not lay till February or March, but they are considered by some to be better layers than Aylesbury; good specimens of these ducks will weigh eight or nine pounds each. The drake has a blue- green head — which has given rise to the term of " drake's-neck," as descriptive of colour when applied sometimes to articles of clothing, as silks for ladies' dresses — with claret-brown breast, the under part of I40 PO UL TR Y- KEEPING. the body being of a rich gray, shading down to white towards the tail ; back of a metallic black, up to the tail feathers, with wings of a grayish brown, in vdiich is marked a distinct ribbon-like stripe of purple and white. The flight feathers are gray and brown ii\ the best specimens, and the legs yellow ; the bill being long, of a yellowish hue, with a pale shading of green over it, with a jet black '' bean " at the tip. The head of the duck is of dark brown, Avith two distinct light brovrn lines running along each side of the face ; pale brown breast, pencilled with dark brown ; the back being brown, pencilled with black. The shoulder of the wing is also pencilled with black and gray, the flight feathers being dark gray with ribbon-mark the same as the drake. TJie Jlliisk Duck {Carina vioscJiata). — This is a distinct variety from the common duck, and owes its name to the strong scent of miusk which is exuded from its okin. It is much larger in size than the common duck, and the flesh is very good eating, but as it is far inferior, as a layer, either to the Aylesbury or Rouen, it cannot be considered a useful variety. The general colour is glossy blue-black, varied with white, but pure white are sometimes met with. A round rim of scarlet flesh surrounds the eye, brought round from scarlet caruncles at the base of the beak. It has not the curled feathers, which are distinguished sometimes by the term '^ drake's-tail," usually seen in the common drake. It is often erroneously called the Muscovy duck, but it is a native of South America, and was brought to Europe about 1500; and the learned Dr. Caius, in 1570, describes it accurately under the name oi Anas CARELESSNESS OF DUCKS IN LAYING EGGS. 141 Lidica. Equally early mention is made of that Vv'hite variety, and it has been said that the Cairo duck of Aldrovandi and the Guinea duck of other writers is identical Vv^ith it. Willoughby mentions that Bellonius thus describes it : "A few years agone a certain kind of ducks began to be kept in France, of a middle size between a goose and a duck, having a broken voice, as if it had distempered, or ulcerated lungs. Nov/ there is so great plenty of them in our country, that they are everywhere kept in cities, and publickly exposed to sale. For at great entertain- ments and marriage feasts they are sought for and desired. . . . Their flesh is neither better nor worse than that of a tame goose or duck." The Hook-billed. — These are both white and coloured, and have been described by Albin, a great deal more than a hundred years since, as well as the penguin or upright duck, which is a droll-looking variety. These are supposed to have been originally importations from the East. There are other cross-bred kinds which are not entitled to any special description, but there remains the Cayuga, or large black duck of America, which is hardy and a good layer, but is seldom seen in this country. One main point should be observed in the management of ducks, upon which particular stress must be laid, and that is, never to let them out of their pen of a morning until they have laid their eggs. The duck is very careless about laying, and does not attach nearly so much importance to the transaction as the hen, frequently dropping her eggs in the water whilst swimming. Thus, ducks' eggs are frequently 142 PO UL TR Y-KEEPIXG. picked up by children, or become the perquisite of the rats Avhich often infest the banks of ditches and water-courses. Indian Rtmners. — An interesting account re- specting these ducks was pubHshed in The Cotmtiy, in the issue of August i6th, 1S77 : " At the last Dumfries Poultry Show, there was a separate class for Indian Runners, and as these birds are nevr to most fanciers, especially to those living in the south, and Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, who v/as the judge, told us he had never seen them before, Vv'e have made some inquiries as to the origin and usefulness of these birds. " It will be seen from the following letters that these ducks vrould probably prove very useful on farms, as they will follow the plough, and eagerly devour the worms and grubs, and they are also very prolific egg-producers. "Mr. W. Pool, of Dumfries, and j\Irs. Pool, of T\Iilnneld, have very kindly furnished us with the following particulars of these birds, which will be read vv'ith much interest by all fanciers. If any of our readers are able to give further particulars, v\'e shall be very glad to hear from them. " Mrs. Pool Vv'rites : ' The Indian Runner ducks are all that they have been represented to you — splendid layers, producing an Qgg almost daily, except when they are moulting, or there is a hard frost; they lay constantly, and what is still more in their favour, they require very little food to be given them, as they search for it themselves, feeding upon grubs, worms, etc. They may be seen follovv^ing the plough at a distance of nearly a mile from home. I CASE OF DUCK-DROWXIXG. 143 cannot say so much in their favour for the table, as they are small, though \^ry sweet food. The first was given by a jMr. Wilson to my brother-in-law, Mr. W. Pool, of Dumfries, who told him they were called Indian Runners, and said the natives gave them a great name as egg-producers.' " ]\'Ir. W. Pool says : ' I have made every inquiry about Indian Runner ducks, but can find out nothing further about their history than what my sister-in-law wrote you ; but I will try to describe them to you as well as I can. Head, neat, small, and snake-like (but why it should be called snake-like I am at a loss to say, but I suppose it will be for the same reason that a good greyhound's head is called such) ; neck, long and thin ; Vvings, rather short ; colour of duck, light or dark gray, like Rouen, with sonietimes a white band half-wa}^ round neck, from one-eighth to a quarter-inch deep, the gray nicely pencilled ; the drake about same as Rouen, but the claret on breast not coming so well dov\-n to the Vv'ater-line ; legs rather long, and set far back ; the body long and slender, and when walking or running they are nearly erects like a penguin ; they can run at a great speed, seldom making any use of their wings. I don't think they can stand a great length of time in the water, as last year we lost three birds in the following manner : In the field near the house is a stone trough, used for the cattle to drink out of; this vras all right at eight o'clock, but three hours afterwards three full-grown ducks were found in it drowned, the depth of vrater being only about eighteen inches, and from top of w^ater to top of trough about twelve inches. These vrere the first ducks I ever knew drovrned ; they 144 POUL TR Y-KEEPIXG. were plucked and examined, but no marks were found on them. Two others were in the trough and were nearly dead, but on being taken out soon recovered. I have no doubt whatever but they were drowned. I think I hear you exclaim : ^ Drown a duck — impossible ! ' I must now give you what I consider their superior qualities over most other ducks, but before doing so, I may say they are, for size, about the size of the wild duck — what we in Scotland call the mire duck. They are the best egg- producers of any ducks. Their eggs are large, and good in flavour. They seldom stop laying, except when moulting, or when the weather is very severe. They seem to prefer finding their own food, and are continually hunting the fields for worms, and may be seen sometimes a long distance from home. It is a pretty sight to see twenty or thirty of these ducks let out in the morning. They go off at such a pace to their last night's feeding-ground, and come home always in Indian file, with crops fit to burst. I may add, that one drake can manage a great many ducks, and it does not seem to matter how many he has, the eggs invariably prove fertile. Their flesh is good, but they are seldom in condition for killing. It is as egg-producers they are famed, and, being easily kept Avhen crossed with Rouen or Aylesbury, they produce very fine birds, and first-rate table-fowls, being large, and I think the flavour of the flesh improved. If I can assist you further, I shall be glad to do so." Coimncnceinent of Ditck-kceping. — I began my ex- perience in duck-keeping with a sitting of eggs that was given to me by a kind friend, who lived at a plea- sant place in Hertfordshire, where the canalised river A RARA AVIS. 145 Stort separates it from Essex, not far from Bishop's Stortford, and this gentleman had some ver}' hand- some ducks, both of the Aylesbury and the Rouen species, each being of the largest kind. Only three out of the number hatched, however, grew up to maturity, as the rats destroyed the remainder. They were two ducks and one drake, the latter a most unusual specimen, for he was white all over, and possessed all the characteristics of the Aylesbuiy breed, excepting his head, and for a short distance down his neck, which w^as of dark green. A fox ran away Vvith him one night, much to his owner's regret. The two ducks left to themselves used to lay an immense number of eggs, as they had access to the food bowls of two greyhounds, which lived upon a mixture of boiled greaves and pollard. The hounds vrould snap at the ducks if they presumed to eat from the bowls before they had satisfied their own hunger ; but after that, they complacently allowed them to clear out the dishes with their bills. The ducks used both to lay in one nest at first, until the nest was found, and the eggs taken a^vay, one after another, and although nest-eggs were left they would not return, but make another elsewhere. One was a pure white Aylesbury, and the other a Rouen, The former used to lay a white e.gg, a little duller in colour than an ordinarv fowl's eo-o- • -' 00 ■ and the dark duck a greenish-coloured one ; so that the eggs of each could be distinguished. All at once no eggs could be found ; and the men about the place could find no trace of any duck's-nest. The wife of the writer at that time used to miss the ducks' II. L 146 POULTRY-KEEPING. eggs for her puddings, and so made diligent search herself. After looking into all sorts of holes and corners, an ^gg was at length discovered in some long grass, just peeping into sight out of some long grass by the edge of a pond, at the bottom of an orchard. Upon nearing it to secure it, not one, but about twenty \vere found, all light-coloured ones, which were iden- tified as those belonging to the Aylesbury. It was immediately surmised that the dark duck must have a nest close by ; but although careful search was made, it could not be found. The eggs were removed, leaving two behind ; and knowing that the ducks had deserted their nest previously, when it had been tampered with, curiosity was aroused to see if the usual result would happen. Surprise was excited, however, to find that the nest contained not two, or three eggs only, including the couple left, but a dozen ! Ten of them, or so, were the green ones belonging to the dark duck, and on looking a little farther, another stray ^gg was discovered on the road, between another artfully-hidden nest resorted to by the dark duck, Avell concealed at a short distance from the other, v^^here there were eight or ten more eggs ; the fact being that, the white duck, finding nearly all her eggs gone, had robbed the dark duck's nest of the better half of her eggs, which no doubt she had pushed along with her bill, leaving one on the road midway between the two nests. When breeding afterwards upon a regular plan, I resorted to the best system of making ducks pay, by having the best sort of the largest and finest Ayles- bury I could procure; and as the young ducks were hatched, they were kept from water, and supplied KEEPING DUCKLINGS FROM THE WATER. 147 liberally with barley-meal and oatmeal, mixed with skimmed milk or Avater. Although it may be considered too bad to prevent the duck from going into its native element — the water — I used to separate about forty ducklings from their mothers, and pen them betvreen some hurdles, from which they were unable to escape, in an orchard. A large flat packing-case, with broad sides and narrow top and bottom, was laid down on the grass with one of its sides knocked out, which otherwise would have formed the bottom as it was placed, so that, as it stood, one side acted as the top ; the real top, which was taken away, becoming^ the entrance; and into this they used to go at night, and huddled together, where they Avere as warm as possible. By this means, in addition to being confined within hurdles, the case was easily shifted by being pulled a few steps forward or backwards, and their dor- mitory was fresh and clean each night for them to go into ; a thin covering of straw being laid on the ground in a new" place each day, over Vv'hich the box was placed. In six or seven weeks they were plump fat ducks, fit for kilHng, and, of course, exquisitely tender. Duck-breeding. — The following letter upon duck- breeding appeared in The Country, under date June 28th, 1877, and signature of James Long; which will be found to contain a good deal of homely truth : "Few poultry fanciers, I believe, speaking com- paratively, breed ducks, and yet they will take a vast amount of trouble to rear chickens of delicate species, which, after all, pay them nothing relatively for their trouble. I do not think anyone will deny the L 2 148 POULTRY ^-KEEPING. assumption that poultry fanciers have an eye, at least, to make their hobby pay. True, some amateurs at times write a letter, commenting strongly upon the practice of others in ' prize grabbing,' and so on ; but doubtless, these very men, had they such birds as could win time after time, would no doubt send them. Well then, granted that all, from ' my lord ' down to the humblest mechanic or collier, desire to see the balance of ;^ s. d. on the right side, why do they not breed ducks more readily .^ I cannot tell what can be the objection ; for I have myself kept them but a short time only in comparison with fowls, and yet there was an undefined something which made me overlook them for so long. People must have a reason for discarding ducks. Is it because they have no water .'' If so, that is no earthly reason. (Query, watery reason }) Is it because they consume so much food } If so, it must be borne in mind that they fatten in so much quicker time, and are ready for table at nine or ten weeks. No doubt the majority of persons associate ducks with a pond, and naturally enough ; for, for fine condition and prolific breeding, a pond is almost necessary, and yet for simply keeping, rearing, and even showing ducks, no pond is a necessity. As a rule, duck-eggs are very fertile, although this season appears to have been an exceptionally bad one, sitting after sitting being bad. One gentleman, whose ducks are among the best in the county, tells me that he has but twenty-nine out of some 200 eggs sat. Others are equally unfortunate among high- class breeders, yet among the commoner sorts they have been prolific. Anyone with a back-yard should keep a few ducks. The best plan is to purchase eggs, REARING YOUXG DUCKS. 149 put them under hens, and so as to hatch three or four lots at once. A hen will protect as many as thirty or forty, for, unlike chicks, there seems to be a precocity beyond the years of a duckling, and after two or three days they seem to do very well without any parent at all. I saw forty cross-bred ducklings some time back all under one hen. A very small space is sufficient for them to run about in, and a tin or iron dish, not above an inch or so deep, is all that is required in the way of Vv-ater. If many ducklings are together they may have a larger vessel, or two or three, as the case may be. For the first day or two, some chopped (tgg, boiled rice, bread and meat, etc., mixed with meal and chopped nettles (boiled), is very good food. This may be given them several times during the day, and varied to entice their appetites, vrhich will shortly require no enticing at all. When they appear sufficiently old-fashioned, as they Avill in a fevv- days, to be able to feed and run about as though they vrere old birds, then feed them three times a day. Barley-meal is about the best food ; it should be given tolerably well mixed, friable, so that in distribution it takes up no dirt. This meal should be cleared up clean, but the mid-day meal may be mixed less stiffly, and put in a bowl for the little ones to help themselves, sufficient being given to last the whole afternoon. Then the last again at night as in the morning. When the ducklings get a good start they will grow rapidly, and surprise those not accustomed to them. The larger the space they have to roam about, the longer will they be in fattening ; and if a pond is allowed, then they will be some v^-eeks longer in growing even lit for table. There ISO POULTRY-KEEPIXG. need be no fear of the water harming them, though this is contrary to the opinion of many, but I have never lost a duckhng from allowing it to go to the pond. Water in vrhich young ducks spend most of their time, though it delays them in growth, nevertheless makes them into fine, strong adults, and I do not think makes any difference in the size of the frame. Some persons feed on the offal from some slaughter-house, others on tallow-greaves, but I think, take all in all, nothing; beats sound meal. What then is to hinder the thousands of towns-folk from rearing a few ducklings for their own table, at a cost of little money and little trouble .^ How many gratifying meals would be provided — one also which many often covet, but v/ill not go to the expense to obtain t If they care to retain a drake and a few ducks for laying, for fancy, or for breeding, then a little labour and it is done. Any handy man can make a miniature pond in his own garden ; it need be no more than four feet square, and eighteen inches to tv\^o-and-a-half feet deep. I saw such a pond the other day, in which were fancy ducks, mandarins, and whistlers, with Aylesbury in their turn. This was a wooden pond, and answered very well. Cement would perhaps be better. Those who would like to keep ducks for profit should remember that both Aylesburys and Rouens lay a large number of fine eggs, and are ready eaters of all garbage, insects, snails, and worms. They can be fenced off a garden by a railing less than a yard high ; and though they make the ground dirty Avhere they run, they keep themselves very clean. In some parts the cottagers rear numbers of ducks, and seldom have they more PERIOD OF INCUBATION. 151 room than a small back-yard. I have seen in a yard a.bout ten yards square as many as seventy full-grown ducklings, which had been reared, fatted, and sold off by the first week in May, making a high price for the London market. Persons who do not care to hatch their ducklings can readily purchase them a few days old, or more, from one shilling each, through the papers, and I believe even at some markets — of course I refer to cross-bred ducklings. This is the custom with many farmers, vrho purchase them when old enough to take their chance in the farm-yards, and eat up all the refuse corn, which would be v/asted but for the birds." The time of incubation of ducks is thirty days, and whether it is intended to rear for stock or not, they should be kept away from the water for a fortnight. It is found a good plan to cut off the long down at the tails of the ducklings with a pair of scissors, to prevent them from getting bedraggled. CHAPTER VIII. The Goose — Pennant — The China Goose — Pea-fowl — The Swan — Guinea-fowl. I HAVE never kept any great number of geese, con- sidering their presence objectionable where there are a number of grazing animals like milch-cows, as they injure the grass a good deal, and make it foul with their excrement ; but they give very little trouble to their owners, and ought to be much more frequently kept than they are, by those w4io live in the neigh- bourhood of commons, and other v/aste or semi-waste lands. They appear to have been kept in much greater numbers during the past century by single individuals, than they are at present, Pennant stating that single owners Avere the possessors of a thousand geese in districts such as the fens in Lincolnshire, or the Surrey commons. Probably the greater number of cattle that are now kept, and the grazing land being considered to be partly spoiled for feeding purposes, where geese go upon it, as well as the alteration in the opportunities presented to the class of persons who would interest themselves in this kind of business, on account of the BARBAROUS CUSTOM OF PLUCKING GEESE. 153 land being more completely taken up, has been one principal cause for their numbers being lessened. " During the breeding season," says the author I have quoted, '' these birds are lodged in the same houses with the inhabitants, and even in their very bed-chambers. In every apartment are three rows of coarse wicker pens, placed one above another; each bird has its separate lodge divided from the others, of which it keeps possession during the time of sitting. A person called a ' gozzard,' i.e. gooseherd, attends the flock, and twice a day drives the whole to water ; then brings them back to their habitations, helping those that live in the upper stories to their nests, without ever misplacing a single bird. The geese are plucked five times in the year ; the first plucking is at Lady-day, for feathers and quills ; and the same is renewed four times more between that and Michaelmas for feathers only. The old geese submit quietly to the operation, but the young ones are very noisy and unruly. I once saw this performed, and observed that goslings of six weeks old were not spared, for their tails were plucked, as I was told, to habituate them early to what they are to come to. If the season prove cold, numbers of the geese die by this barbarous custom. When the flocks are numerous, about ten pickers are employed, each with a coarse apron up to his chin. Vast numbers of geese are driven annually to London to supply the markets — among them all the superannuated geese and ganders (called the cagmags), which by a long course of plucking prove uncommonly tough and dry." Apropos of driving geese to market, it is related 154 POULTRY-KEEPING. that George IV., when Prince of Wales, saw a flock of turke3^s and a flock of geese being thus driven towards London ; and bets were laid as to which could be made to reach their destination soonest. Odds were freely laid on the turkeys, but the Prince Regent, who upon this occasion knew what he was about, backed the geese. The turkeys were driven along at a rattling pace, and soon outstripped their slower- paced competitors. But towards night the aspect of matters entirely changed ; for the turkeys with one accord got up to the trees and fences, to roost by the wayside ; while the geese jogged steadily on all night, and won the race. Upon first reading Pennant's account many years ago, it struck me in relation to the barbarous custom described, that the geese of the present day have much to be thankful for to the steel-pen makers, and that they must hold the names of Gillott, Mitchell, and others, in affectionate rememibrance. The ganders are generally found more pure white than the geese. All white geese are generally called " Emden geese," after a tov/n in Hanover, but are really not difl'erent to the ordinary English goose, while Toulouse geese are larger in size ; but all the different varieties resemble each other, in not reaching their prime till they are three or four years old. The eggs laid are fewer ; and the young are not so strong. Two or three geese are generally assigned to one gander. Well-fed geese will lay in the middle of January, and will cover eleven of their own eggs ; the time of incubation being thirty days, a little more or less according to season. When hatched, they had CRAMMING GOSLINGS. 155 iDetter be left all the first night with the mother. The common way of first feeding them is to break an ^^^ in a cup, and mix with it as much flour as can be made up into a stiff paste. This is formed into pellets, about half an inch long, of the thickness of a goose-quill, which are dried slowly before the fire. A few hours after the goslings are born, these are dipped in milk, to make them slip down their throats easily, and three or four are administered to each by cramming. The administration of this deli- cacy is supposed to hasten their growth, but it need scarcely be said it is not at all necessary. Geese should be set in March, or early in April, as they are difficult to rear in hot weather. The gander displays great affection for the goose while she is sitting, and will often remiain by her for hours together. Geese also frequently show attachment to persons, whom they will occasionally accompany like a dog, and m.any anecdotes of their sagacity are related. After a fortnight, the goslings will be able to shift for themselves, requiring protection from heavy rain until they are fledged, and they should have plenty of dry litter to prevent them having attacks of the cramp. Corn should be given to them as soon as they can eat it, and it is essential that plenty of green food be supplied. Green geese sell at high prices in the London markets. They are usually fed upon oatmeal and green peas, mixed with skimmed milk ; and can be got round in about four months fit for the table. The same treatment applicable to ducklings is also suitable to goslings. 156 POULT R Y-KEEPING. The CJiina Goose. — The China goose, if well fed, lays a great many eggs ; the time of incubation is longer than that of the common goose, being five weeks. They have the name of being bad sitters. It is also termed by some the Chinese swan. The Chinese White Goose. — This variety is more swan-like than the above, having snowy plumage, a bright yellow-orange bill, knob, and legs. The time of incubation is less than that of the other. The domestic goose is said to be the best and most reliable kind of any to keep, by those who have tried the various breeds, but my own experience has been extremely limited with them, for the reasons I have before assigned. Pea-fozvl {Pavo cristatiis). — The common pea-fowl begins to lay the third summer after she has been hatched, the number of eggs varying from five to seven. They are smooth, marked with little inden- tations, as if pricked with a blunt pin ; somewhat larger than a turkey's Qgg, sometimes, but not always, covered with freckle-like marks. The time of incu- bation is from twenty-seven to twenty-nine days, and the young chickens require to be reared in precisely the same manner as that pursued with turkeys. The birds do not reach maturity till their third season, but are handsome from the first, and are, perhaps, the most beautiful of all birds when their gem- like plumes are fully furnished. The hen conceals her eggs from the cock, which is animated by the same jealousy towards themi as displayed by the turkey, and he sets about breaking them whenever he can discover them. They are also destructive to the young of other fowls. The best plan to adopt, when UNAMIABLENESS OF PEA-FOWL. 157 a number of these birds is kept, is to kill and eat every male bird in the autumn, or winter, succeeding the spring in which he first coupled with the hen ; and not even to keep the hens beyond the second year of their becoming mothers. The flesh of these birds is finer eating than it is commonly imagined to be, if killed in the best condition, which is either before they have begun to moult, or after they have com- pleted moulting. It is a pity they are so unamiable, for it is almost impossible to exaggerate their beauty ; the female having the aigrette, as well as the male, though not the splendid colour and gorgeous plum.es which distinguish the male. The Japanned pea- fowl, sometimes erroneously called the Japan pea- fowl, is a distinct variety, the prevailing colours being blue and green, which blend with one another ac- cording to the action of the light. The feathers of the neck and breast are short and rounded, being at their base of the same bright colour as the head, with a lighter and broader margin. There is a naked place on the sides of the head, including the eyes and ears, which is bluish-green in front, and light yellow behind ; the primary quill feathers being of a light chestnut. Their train plumes have the same markings, and closely resemble those of the common species. The peacock is unsuited to confined spaces, and shov/s to the best advantage where there are broad terraced walks, or open glades, roosting most fre- quently on the gable-end of some building, or high up in the branches of a tree, which is readily accessible to it. The Swan. — This handsome bird can scarcely be classed with domestic poultry, though at one time 158 POULTR Y-KEEPING. cygnets were commonly eaten, and " swan-hopping," or "lipping," was formerly a popular sport, as mentioned in another place. The large white swan usually seen upon lakes, and ornam.ental water is the kind known as the mute swan, and weighs from tvv'enty-five to thirty pounds ; the beak being dark red, on which is a black knob, the tip of the beak being curved. Its wings, when expanded, will measure seven feet and a quarter across, and the bird stands four feet and a half high, from its feet to the top of its head. There are five other varieties. The Polish swan, the Australian black swan, the Chilian, Bewick's swan, and the Whooper, or whistling swan. The latter is a native of northern European countries. Bewick's swan is not so familiarly known as the black swan of Australia, but they may be seen in zoological collections, as well as the Chilian. The cygnets of the Polish swan are white, instead of being gray. The Gtiiiiea-fozvL — The Guinea-fowl is a native of Africa, of which there are several distinct species in its native country, one of which has a handsome crest, or top-knot, but only one species, that of the common Guinea-fowl, is familiarly known in England. It is generally highly esteemed both for its flesh and eggs, and out of the game season a Guinea-fowl is often considered a capital substitute for game. The two varieties of the Guinea-fowl chiefly seen in England are the white — which is said to be more delicate than the others, but I believe without reason — and the more common pied-coloured ones. There is however one kind, the plumage of which WANDERING HABIT OF GUINEA-FOWLS. 159 more nearly resembles the wild species, speckled all over with very minute spots, and having no white feathers, except the first few quills of the wing. Another variety, which is somewhat rare, is dis- tinguished by much darker plumage ; the spots being nearly obliterated. Guinea-fowls mate in pairs, the female alone having the call note, which is likened to the words ''Come back, come back!" which has caused them to be often vulgarly called " come backs " by the rustics in the Eastern counties. The hens lay a great number of eggs, but they are laid very often astray, which is considered a great drawback to the keeping of these birds by many. They are of a wandering habit, and like to provv'l about hedge-rows, and in plantations and shrubberies, in which they will often conceal themselves and their nest so skilfully, that it is often difficult to discover their whereabouts, which however is very often disclosed by the presence of the cock, who jealously guards the spot where the hen is laying. Sometimes she w^ill make her appearance unexpectedly at the farm-house, accompanied by a fine brood of chickens. The time of incubation is four weeks — some say twenty-six days. If left to themselves, they are likely to bring forth their brood too late in the season to allow of the young chickens being brought up before the Vv'et season sets in ; and the game- hen is therefore often used with advantage in hatching Guinea-chicks. Those who propose to keep Guinea-fowl for the first time should procure a pair, or pairs, in January or February ; although, if eggs alone are wanted, it is immaterial hov/ many hens are associated with one cock ; for breeding, if i6o POULTRY-KEEPING. more than one hen is allotted to a cock, there is a danger of their not being properly fertilised, which is a very important point to those who are looking to the result of a hatching. The same constant attendance upon the young chicks is as necessary as that given to turkeys, to which, being a gallinaceous bird of the same order, it bears a family likeness in some respects, though a wide divergence in others. The young birds are very delicate, and difficult to rear, until the horn on their heads is fully grown. After which, like the turkey, when he has acquired his red head, they will become hardy and take care of themselves ; deserting their mother, and keeping up their search for insects and seeds, long after the other poultry have retired to rest. Guinea-fowls generally prefer to roost on a tree, and they call to each other in a discordant tone, before retiring for the night, m.aking a noise which is very objectionable to somiC people. One very successful breeder of Guinea-fowl is in the habit of putting the eggs he desires to have hatched, under a common hen, but not before the end of May, as, according to his opinion, they are apt to prove unfertile ; but as this gentleman allows two hens to one cock, perhaps he may err in this particular somewhat. When the young birds are first hatched, he feeds them on ants' eggs, curds, chopped onions, bread and milk, Spratt's chicken food, etc., varying their provision as much as possible. For the first week they are kept under a wooden coop with the hen, the coop being open in front, through which the chickens can run in and out. At night they are shut in, and let out again the next morning. The hen is FIGHTING TACTICS OF THE GUINEA-COCK. i6i kept in the coop for the first six weeks, the position of which is constantly changed, to keep the earth fresh and clean. When the weather is fine, he allows the hen to have a run occasionally, with her young brood. His chickens, he says, will stay with the hen for some months, and also, further, that he has not had a single bird die for two years together. Fewer Guinea-fowls are kept in England than turkeys even, their wandering habits causing them to be objectionable to many. The hens lay daily throughout a great part of the summer, and mostly use one common nest, till the eggs are removed, when they will go to a fresh one. The male is of a spiteful and cruel temper, and will often pick a quarrel with birds of a larger size, and more fully armed by nature ; for his only aggres- sive weapon is his bill, which he uses so adroitly, that his superiors in strength and weight often literally " turn tail " before him. He seems, at times, to take a particular aversion to the tails of some cocks ; at which he will make a direct attack, so that it is not uncommon to see ordinary barn-door cocks walking about denuded of these ornamental appendages, where Guinea-fowls are kept. Their mode of attack always, at first, puzzles the ordinary cock ; but in time, when he gets used to it, the tables are turned, and the Guinea-cock often gets a sound thrashing. 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By the Very Rev. Daniel Rock, D.D. With Illustrations. Large crown Svo, 2s. 6d. JONES COLLECTION IN THE SOUTH KENSINGTON JMUSEUM. With Portrait and Illustrations. Large crown Svo, 2s. 6d. COLLEGE AND CORPORATION PLATE. By Wilfred Cripps. With Illustrations. Large crown Svo, clotii, 2s. 6d. IVORIES: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL. By William Maskell. With Illustrations. Large crown Svo, 2s. 6d., ANCIENT AND MODERN FURNITURE AND WOOD- WORK. By John Hungerford Pollen. With Illustrations. Large crown Svo, 2S. 6d. MAIOLICA. By C. Drury E. Fortnum, F.S.A. With Illus- trations. Large crown Svo, 2s. 6d. THE CHEMISTRY OF FOODS. With Microscopic Illus- trations. By James Bell, Principal of the Somerset House Laboratoiy. Part I. — Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, &c. Large crown Svo, 2s. 6d. Part IL — I\Iilk, Butter, Cereals, Prepared Starches, S:c. Large crown Svo, :ne. A New Edition. Uniform with the other volumes, ,1^1 is. BARNABY RUDGE : a Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty. With .Seventy-eight Illustrations by George Cattermole and H. K. Browne. Uniform with the other volumes, £,1 is. CHRISTMAS BOOKS : Containing— The Christmas Carol ; The Cricket on the Hearth ; The Chimes ; The Battle of Life ; The Haunted House. With all the original Illustrations. Cloth, 12s. OLIVEPv TWIST and TALE OF TWO CITIES. In one volume. Cloth, ^i is. OLIVER TWIST. Separately. With Twenty-four Illustrations by George Cruikshank. Cloth, iis. A TALE OF TWO CITIES. Separately. With Sixteen Illus- trations by Phiz. Cloth, 9?. '"^"' The remainder of Dickens's ]Voils ivere not originally printed in demy 8vo. CHAPMAN d- HALL, LIMITED. 33 DICKENS'S (CHARLES) WORKS. LIBRARY EDITION. In post 8vc. With the Original Ilhislrations, jo vols., doth, £12. s. d. PICKWICK PAPERS 43 lUustrns., 2 vols. 16 o NICHOLAS NICKLEBY 39 MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT 40 OLD CURIOSITY SHOP & REPRINTED PIECES 36 BARNABY RUDGE and HARD TII\IES 36 BLEAK HOUSE 40 LITTLE DORRIT 40 DOMBEY AND SON 3S DAVID COPPERFIELD 38 OUR MUTUAL FRIEND 40 S€<.ETCHES BY " BOZ " 39 OLIVER TWIST 24 CHRISTMAS BOOKS 17 A TALE OF TWO CITIES 16 GREAT EXPECTATIONS 8 PICTURES FROM ITALY & AMERICAN NOTES 8 UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER 8 CHILD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND 8 EDWIN DROOD and MISCELLANIES 12 CHRISTMAS STORIES from " Household Words," &c. 14 , THE LIFE OF CHARLES DICKENS. ByJOHN Forster. With Illustrations. Uniform with this Edition, i vol. los, 6d. A NEW EDITION OF ABOVE, WITH THE ORIGINAL ILLUSTRA- TIONS, IN CROWN 8vo, 30 VOLS. IN SETS ONLY. 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 2 vols. 16 I vol. 8 I vol. 8 I vol. 8 I vol. 8 I vol. 8 1 vol. 8 I vol. 8 I vol. 8 I vol. 8 ® I vol. 8 34 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY DICKENS'S (CHARLES) WORKS. THK "CHARLES DICKENS" EDITION. In Orozvn 8vo. In 21 vols., doth, "doith Ilhistrations, £j j6s. PICKWICK PAPERS 8 Illustrations .. :jartin chuzzlewit s „ .. DOMBEY AND SON 8 NICHOLAS NICKLEBY 8 DAVID COPPERFIELD , 8 BLEAK PIOUSE 8 LITTLE DORRIT 8 OUR MUTUAL FRIEND 8 BARNABY RUDGE 8 OLD CURIOSITY SHOP 8 A CHILD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND 4 EDWIN DROOD and OTHER STORIES 8 CHRISTMAS STORIES, from "Household Words" ... 8 SKETCHES BY " BOZ " 8 AMERICAN NOTES and REPRINTED PIECES ... 8 CHRISTMAS BOOKS 8 OLIVER TWIST 8 GREAT EXPECTATIONS 8 TALE OF TWO CITIES 8 HARD TIMES and PICTURES FROM ITALY ... 8 UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER 4 THE LIFE OF CHARLES DICKENS. Numerous IlJTistr.at.ions. 2 vols. THE LETTERS OF CHARLES DICKENS..C ■ 2 vols. 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 o 4 o 3 6 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 o 3 o 3 o 7 o 8 o CHAPMAN kf HALL, LIMITED. 35 DICKENS'S (CHARLES) WORKS. THE ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY EDITION. Complete in jo Volumes. Demy Svo, los. each ; or set, £fj. Ihis Edition is printed on a finer paper and in a larger type than has been employed in any previous edition. The type has been cast especially for it, and the page is of a size to admit of the introduction of all the original illustrations. No such attractive issue has been made of the writings of Mr. Dickens, which, various as have been the forms of publication adapted to the demands of an ever widely-increasing popularity, have never yet been worthily presented in a really handsome library form. The collection comprises all the minor writings it was Mr. Dickens's wish to preserve. SKETCHES BY " BOZ." With 40 Illustrations by George Cruikshank. PICKWICK PAPERS. 2 vols. With 42 Illustrations by Phiz. OLIVER TWIST. With 24 Illustrations by Cruikshank. NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. 2 vols. With 40 Illustrations by Phiz. OLD CURIOSITY SHOP and REPRINTED PIECES. 2 vols. With Illus- trations by Cattermole, &c. BARNABY RUDGE and HARD TIMES, 2 vols. With Illustrations by Cattermole, &c. MARTIN CHUZZLEWTT. 2 vols. W^ith 40 Illustrations by Phiz. AMERICAN NOTES and PICTURES FROM ITALY, i vol With 8 Illustrations. D0:nIBEY and son. 2 vols. With 40 Illustrations by Phiz. DAVID COPPERFIELD. 2 vols. With 40 Illustrations by Phiz. BLEAK HOUSE. 2 vols. With 40 Illustrations by Phiz. LITTLE DORRIT. 2 vols. With 40 Illustrations by Phiz. A TALE OF TWO CITIES. With 16 Illustrations by Phiz. THE UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER. With 8 Illustrations by ^farcus Stone. GREAT EXPECTATIONS. With 8 Illustrations by Marcus Stone. OUR MUTUAL FRIEND. 2 vols. With 40 Illustrations by Marcus Stone. CHRISTMAS BOOKS. With 17 Illustrations by Sir Edwin Landseer, R.A,, Maclise, R.A., &c. &c. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. With 8 Illustrations by Marcus Stone. CHRLSTMAS STORIES. (From "Household Words" and "All the Year Round.") With 14 Illustrations. EDWIN DROOD AND OTHER STORIES. With 12 Illustrations by S. L. Fildes. C 2 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY DICKENS'S (CHARLES) WORKS. THE POPULAR LIBRARY EDITION OF THE WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS, In 30 Vols., large croivn Svo, price £,(> ; separate Vols. 4^. each. An Edition printed on good paper, containing Illustrations selected from the Household Edition, on Plate Paper. Each Volume has about 450 pages and 16 full-page Illustrations. SKETCHES BY "BOZ." PICKWICK. 2 vols. OLIVER TWIST. NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. 2 vols. MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT. 2 vols. DOMBEY AND SON. 2 vols DAVID COPPERFIELD. 2 vols. CHRISTMAS BOOKS. OUR MUTUAL FRIEND. 2 vols. CHRISTMAS STORIES. BLEAK HOUSE. 2 vols. LITTLE DORRIT. 2 vols. OLD CURIOSITY SHOP and REPRINTED PIECES. 2 vols. BARNABY RUDGE. 2 vols. UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER. GREAT EXPECTATIONS. TALE OF TWO CITIES. CHILD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. EDWIN DROOD and MISCELLANIES. PICTURES FROM ITALY and AMERICAN NOTES. CHAPMAN ^ HALL, LLMITED. DICKENS'S (CHARLES) WORKS. HOUSEHOLD EDITION. Complete in 22 Volumes, Crown ^to, cloth, £d^ Zs. 6d. MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT, with 59 Illustrations, cloth, 5s, DAVID COPPERFIELD, with 60 Illustrations and a Portrait, cloth, 53. BLEAK HOUSE, with 61 Illustrations, cloth, 5s. LITTLE DORRIT, v/ith 58 Illustrations, cloth, 5s. PICKWICK PAPERS, with 56 Illustrations, cloth, 53. OUR MUTUAL FRIEND, with 58 Illustrations, cloth, 5s. NICHOLAS NICKLEBY, with 59 Illustrations, cloth, 5s. DOMBEY AND SON, with 61 Illustrations, cloth, 5s. EDWIN DROOD ; REPRINTED PIECES ; and other Stories, with 30 Illustra- tions, cloth, 5s. THE LIFE OF DICKENS. By John Forster. With 40 Illustrations. Cloth, 5s. BARNABY RUDQE, with 46 Illustrations, eloth, 4s. OLD CURIOSITY SHOP, with 32 Illustrations, cloth, 4s. CHRIST:\IAS stories, with 23 Illustrations, cloth, 4s. OLIVER TWIST, with 28 Illustrations, cloth, 3s. great EXPECTATIONS, with 26 Illustrations, cloth, 3s. SKETCHES BY "BOZ," with 36 Illustrations, cloth, 3s. UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER, with 26 Illustrations, cloth, 3s. CHRISTMAS BOOKS, with 28 Illustrations, cloth, 3s. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, with 15 Illustrations, cloth, 33. ' AMERICAN NOTES and PICTURES FROM ITALY, with 18 Illustrations cloth, 3s. A TALE OF TWO CITIES, with 25 Illustrations, cloth. 3s. HARD TIMES, with 20 Illustrations, cloth, 2s. 6d. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY DICKENS'S (CHARLES) WORKS. MR. DICKENS'S READINGS. Fcap. Sv0, sewed. CHRISTMAS CAROL IN PROSE. I STORY OF LITTLE DOMBEY. 15. IS. I POOR TRAVELLER, BOOTS AT CRICKET ON THE HEARTH, is. | THE HOLLY-TREE INN, and CHIMES : A GOBLIN STORY, is. MRS. GAMP. is. A CHRISTMAS CAROL, with the Original Coloured Plates, being a reprint of the Original Edition. Small 8vo, red cloth, gilt edges, 55. The Cheapest a7td Handiest Edition of THE WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS. The Pocket-Volume Edition of Charles Dickens's Works. In 30 Vols, small fcap. %vo, ^2 5s. Nezu and Cheap Issue of THE WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS. In pocket volumes. PICKWICK PAPERS, with 8 Illustrations, cloth, 2s. NICHOLAS NICKLEBY, with 8 Illustrations, cloth, 25. OLIVER TWIST, with 8 Illustrations, cloth, is. SKETCHES BY " BOZ," with 8 Illustrations, cloth, is. OLD CURIOSITY SHOP, with 8 Illustrations, cloth, 2s. BARNABY RUDGE, with 16 Illustrations, cloth, 2s. AMERICAN NOTES and PICTURES FROM ITALY, with S Illustrations, cht'., i5,6d. CHRISTMAS BOOKS, with 8 Illustrations, cloth, is. 6d. MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT, with 8 Illustrations, cloth, 2s. SIXPENNY RKPRINTS. (I.) A CHRISTMAS CAROL and THE HAUNTED MAN. By Charles Dickens. Illustrated. (IL) READINGS FROM THE WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS. As selected and read by himself and now published for the first time. Illustrated. (HI.) THE CHIMES: A Goblin Story, and THE CRICKt [' OX THE HEARTH. Illustrated. (IV) THE BATTLE OF LIFE; A Love Story, HUNTED DOWN, AND A HOLIDAY ROMANCE. Illustrated. CHAPMAN ^ HALL, LLMITED. 39 List of Books, Drawing Examples, Diagrams, Models, Instruments, etc., INXLCDING THOSE ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT, SOUTH KENSINGTON, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND ART AND SCIENCE CLASSES. CATALOGUE OF MODERN V/ORKS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 8vo, sewed, is. BENSON [W.]— PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENCE OF COLOUR. Small 4to, 15s. MANUAL OF THE SCIENCE OF COLOUR. Coloured Frontispiece and Illustrations. i2mo, 2s. 6d. BRADLEY [THOMAS), 0/ the Royal Military Academy, Wookvich— ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRICAL DRAWING. In Two Parts, with 60 Plates. Oblong folio, half-bound, each part i6s. Selections (from the above) of 20 Plates, for the use of tlie Royal P.l!litar>' Academy, Woolwich. Oblong folio, half-bound, i6s. BURCHETT— LINEAR PERSPECTIVE. With Illustrations. PostSvo^ys. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. Post 8vo, 5s. DEFINITIONS OF GEOMETRY. Third Edition. 24^10, sewed, sd, CARROLL {JOHN)— FREEHAND DRAWING LESSONS FOR THE BLACK BOARD. 6s. 40 BOOKS PUBLISHED .BY CUBLEY {W. H.)— A SYSTEM OF ELEMENTARY DRAWING. With Illustrations and Examples. Imperial 4to, sev/ed, 35. 6d. DA VI SON {^ELLIS A. )— DRAWING FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. Post Svo, 3s. MODEL DRAWING. 121110, 3s. DELAMOTTE {P. H.)— PROGRESSIVE DRAWING-BOOK FOR BEGINNERS. i2mo, 3s. 6d. DYCE— DRAWING-BOOK OF THE GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF DESIGN : ELEMENTARY OUTLINES OF ORNAMENT. 50 Plates. Small folio, sewed, 5s. : mounted, i8s. INTRODUCTION TO DITTO. Fcap. Svo, 6d. FOSTER [VERE]— DRAWING-BOOKS : Forty-six Numbers, at 3d. each. DRAWING-CARDS : Freehand Drawing: First Grade, Sets I., II., Ill,, is. each. Second Grade_ Set I., 2s. HENSLOW {PROFESSOR)— ILLUSTRATIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE PRACTICAL LESSONS ON BOTANY. Post Svo, sewed, 6d. JACOBSTHAL (E.)— GRAMMATIK DER ORNAMENTE, in 7 Parts of 20 Plates each. Unmounted, £^ 13s. 6d. ; mounted on cardboard, ;^ii 4s, The Parts can be had separately. CHAPMAN 6- HALL, LIMITED. 41 J E WITT— HANDBOOK OF PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. i8mo, IS. 6d. LINDLEY {JOHN)— SYMMETRY OF VEGETATION: Principles to be Observed in the Delineation of Plants. lamo, sewed, is. ■J^Li R SHALL— HUiMAN BODY. Text and Plates reduced from the large Diagrams. 2 vols., £1 is. ■XEIVTON {E. TULLE Y), F.G.S.— THE TYPICAL PARTS IN THE SKELETONS OF A CAT, DUCK, AND CODFISH, being a Catalogue with Comparative De- scriptions arranged in a Tabular Form. Demy 8vo, 3s. OLIVER (PROFESSOR)— ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, 109 Plates. Oblong 8vo. Plain, i6s.; coloured, £1 6s, POY.YTER (E. y.), R.A., issued imder the superintc?idence of— THE SOUTH KENSINGTON DRAWING SERIES. FREEHAND— ELEMENTARY ORNAMENT: books 61!., cards, 9d. each. FREEHAND— FIRST GRADE : books 6d., cards is. each. FREEHAND— SECOND GRADE: books is., cards is. 6d. each. FREEHAND— PLANTS FROM NATURE: books 6d,, cards, IS. each. TREEHAND— HUMAN FIGURE, ELEMENTARY: books 6d. FREEHAND— HUMAN FIGURE, ADYANCED : books 3s. each. FREEHAND — FIGURES FROM THE CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL : four books, 2s. each. FREEHAND— ELEMENTARY PERSPECTIVE DRAWING. By S. J. Cartlidge, F.R.Hist.S. Books is. each; or one volume, cloth, 5s. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY REDGRAVE- MANUAL AND CATECHISM ON COLOUR. Fifth Edition. 24mo, sewed, gd. ROB SON [GEORGE)— ELEMENTARY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Oblong folio, sewed, 8s. WALLIS [GEORGE]— DRAWING-BOOK. Oblong, sewed, 3s. 6d.j mounted, 8s. WORNUM [R. N. )— THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STYLES: An Intro- duction to the Study of the History of Ornamental Art. Royal 8vo, 8s. ELEMENTARY DRAWING COPY-BOOKS, for the Use of Children from four years old and upwards, in Schools and Families, Compiled by a Student certificated by the Science and Art Department as an Art Teacher. Seven Books in 4to, sewed : Book IV. Objects, 8d. ,, V. Leaves, 8d. „ VI. Birds, Animals, &c., 8d. ,, VII. Leaves, Flowers, and Sprays, 8d.- Book I. Letters, 8d. „ IL Ditto, Bd. ,, III. Geometrical and Ornamental Forms, 8d. •■^* Or in Sets of Seven Books, 4s. 6d. PRINCIPLES OF DECORATIVE ART. Folio, sewed, is. DIAGRAM OF THE COLOURS OF THE SPECTRUM^ with Explanatory Letterpress, on roller, ics. 6d. COPIES FOR OUTLINE DRAWING: LARGE FREEHAND EXAMPLES FOR CLASS TEACHING. Specially prepared under the authority of the Science and Art Department. Six Sheets, Size 60 by 40. gs. DYCE'S ELEMENTARY OUTLINES OF ORNAMENT, 50 Selected Plates, mounted back and front, iBs. ; unmounted, sewed, 55. WEITBRICHT'S OUTLINES OF ORNAMENT, reproduced by Herman 12 Plates, mounted back and front, 8s. 6d. ; unmounted, 2s. MORGHEN'S OUTLINES OF THE HUMAN FIGURE, reproduced by Hermai^. 20 Plates, mounted back and front, 15s. ; unmounted, 3s. 4d. TARSIA, from Gruner, Four Plates, mounted, 3s. 6d., unmounted, 7d. ALBERTOLLI'S FOLIAGE, Four Plates, mounted, 3s. 6d. ; unmounted, sd. OUTLINE OF TRAJAN FRIEZE, mounted, is. VVALLIS'S DRAWING-BOOK, mounted, 8s., unmounted, 3s. 6d. OUTLINE DRAWINGS OF FLOWERS, Eight Plates, mounted, 3s. 6d.. unmounted, 8d. CHAPMAN 6- HALL, LIMIT Ed. 43. COPIES FOR SHADED DRAWING: COURSE OF DESIGN. By Ch. Barc-ue (French), 20 Sheets, £-2 9s. ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES. By J. B. Tripon. 10 Plates, £,1. MECHANICAL STUDIES. By J. B. Tripox. 15s. per dozen. FOLIATED SCROLL FROM THE VATICAN, unmounted, sd.; mounted, is. 3d. TWELVE HEADS after Holbein, selected from his Drawings in Her Majesty's Collection at Windsor. Reproduced in Autotype. Half imperial, £\ i6s. LESSONS IN SEPIA, 95. per dozen. COLOURED EXAMPLES: A SMALL DIAGRAM OF COLOUR, mounted, is. 6d. ; unmounted, od. COTMAN'S PENCIL LANDSCAPES (set of 9), mounted, 155. SEPIA DRAWINGS (set of 5), mounted, ^i. ALLONGE'S LANDSCAPES IN CHARCOAL (Six), at 4s. each, or the set £,x 4s, SOLID MODELS, &c. : *Bo.\ of Models, ^i 4s. A Stand with a universal joint, to show the solid models, &c., £,x iSs. *One Wire Quadrangle, with a circle and cross within it, and one straight wire. One solid cube. One Skeleton Wire Cube. One Sphere. One Cone. One Cylinder^ One Hexagonal Prism. £2. 2s. Skeleton Cube in wood, 3s. 6d. I S -inch Skeleton Cube in wood, 12s. *Three objects oifonn in Pottery: Indian Jar, Celadon Jar, Bottle, •i8s. 6d. *Five selected Vasas in Majolica Ware, ^2 iis. *Three selected Vases in Earthenware, i8s. Imperial Deal Frames, glazed, without sunk rings, los. each. ^Davidson's Smaller Solid Models, in Box, £-2, containing— a Square Slabs. 9 Oblong Blocks (steps). 2 Cubes. Square Blocks. Octagon Prism. Cylinder. Cone. Jointed Cross. Triangular Prism. Pyramid, Equilateral. Pyramid, Isosceles. Square Block. 44 BOOKS PUB LIS HE D^ B V SOLID MODELS, Szc— Continued. *Davidson's Advanced Drawing Models, £9.— The following is a brief description of the Models :— An Obelisk— composed of 2 Octagonal Slabs, 26 and 20 inches across, and each 3 inches high ; i Cube, 12 inches edge ; i ^lonolith (forming the body of the obelisk) 3 feet high ; i Pj'ramid, 6 inches base ; the complete object is thus nearly 5 feet high, A Market Cross— composed of 3 Slabs, 24, 18, and 12 inches across, and each 3 inches high ; i Upright, 3 feet high ; 2 Cross Arms, united by mortise and tenon joints ; complete height, 3 feet 9 inches. A Step- Ladder, 23 inches high. A Kitchen Table, 14% inches high. A Chair to corre- spond. A Four-legged Stool, with projecting top and cross rails, height 14 inches. A Tub, with handles and projecting hoops, and the divisions between the staves plainly marked. A strong Trestle, 18 inches high. A Hollow Cylinder, 9 inches in diameter, and 12 inches long, divided lengthwise. A Hollow Sphere, 9 inches in diameter, divided into semi-spheres, one of which is again divided into quarters ; the semi-sphere, when placed on the cylinder, gives the form and principles of shading a dome, whilst one of the quarters placed on half the cj'llnder forms a niche. *Davidson's Apparatus for Teaching Practical Geometry (22 models), ;^5. "Binn's Models for Illustrating the Elementary Principles of Orthographic Projection as applied to Mechanical Drawing, in box, £1 los. IMiller's Class Drawing Models.— These Models are particularly adapted for teaching large classes ; the stand is very strong, and the universal joint will hold the Models in any position. JVood ]\Iodeh : Square Prism, 12 inches side, 18 inches high ; Hexagonal Prism, 14 inches side, 18 inches high ; Cube, 14 inches side : Cylinder, 13 inches diameter, id inches high ; Hexagon Pyramid, 14 inches diameter, 223^ inches side ; Square Pyramid, 14 inches side, 225^ inches side ; Cone, 13 inches diameter, 22^^ inches side ; Skeleton Cube, 19 inches solid wood if/^ inch square ; Intersecting Circles, 19 inches solid wood 2^^ by 1% inches. Wire Models : Triangular Prism, 17 inches side, 22 inches high ; Square Prism, 14 inches side, 20 inches high ; Hexagonal Prism, 16 inches diameter, 21 inches high; Cylinder, 14 inches diameter, 21 inches high ; Hexagon Pyramid, 18 inches diameter, 24 inches high ; Square Pyramid, 17 inches side, 24 inches high ; Cone, 17 inches side, 24 inches high ; Skeleton Cube, 19 inches side; Intersecting Circles, 19 inches side ; Plain Circle, 19 inches side ; Plain Square, 19 inches side. Table, 27 inches by 21^2 inches. Stand. The set complete, ;^i4 13s. Vulcanite Set Square, 5s. Large Compasses, with chalk-holder, 5s. ^Siip, two set squares and X square, 5s. ■ Parkes's Case of Instruments, containing 6-inch compasses with pen and pencil leg, 3s. ^Prize Instrument Case, with 6-inch compasses pen and pencil \fg^ 2 small compssses, pen and scale, i8s. 6-inch Compasses, with shifting pen and point, 4s. 6d. * Models, &c., entered as sets, can only be supplied in set=:. CHAPMAN e- HALL, LIMLTED. 45 LARGE DIAGRAMS, ASTRONOMICAL : TWELVE SHEETS. By John Drew, Ph. Dr., F.R.S.A. rollers and varnished, £^ 4s. Sheets, £1 BOTANICAL : NINE SHEETS. Illustrating a Practical Method of Teaching Botany. By Professor Henslow. F.L.S. £1; on rollers and varnished, ;g 3 3s. Dicotyledon Monocotyledons Angiospermous Gymnospermous C Petaloid SECTION. ( Thalamifloral I Calj'clfloral j Corollifloral \ Incomplete ( Superior i Inferior . ( Glumaceous Models, &c., entered as sets, can only be supplied in sets. 2 & 4 5 6 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: TEN SHEETS. By William J. Glennv. In sets, £\ is. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, containing LAXTON'S EXAMPLES OF 32 Imperial Plates, £\. BUSBRIDGE'S DRAWING OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 9s, INIounted on cardboard, i8s. ^5 Sheets, GEOLOGICAL : DIAGRAM OF BRITISH STRATA. By H. W. Bristow, F.R.S., F.G.S. A Sheet, 4s. ; on roller and varnished, 7s. 6d. MECHANICAL : DIAGRAMS OF THE MECHANICAL POWERS, AND THEIR APPLI- CATIONS IN MACHINERY AND THE ARTS GENERALLY. By Dr. John Anderson. 8 Diagrams, highly coloured, on stout paper, 3 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches. Sheets £1 ; mounted on rollers, £-2. DIAGRAMS OF THE STEAM-ENGINE. By Prof Goodeve and Prof. Shellev. c Stout paper, 40 inches by 27 inches, highly coloured. 41 Diagrams (5214 Sheets), £^ 6s.; varnished and mounted on rollers, ;^ii iis. MACHINE DETAILS. By Prof. Unwin. 16 Coloured Diagrams. Sheets, ;C2 2s.; mounted on rollers and varnished, £z 14s- SELECTED EXAMPLES OF MACHINES, OF IRON AND WOOD (French). By Stanislas Pettit. 60 Sheets, ^3 5s. ; 13s. per dozen. BUSBRIDGE'S DRAWINGS OF MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. 50 Sheets I2S. 6d. Mounted, £\ 5s 46 BOOKS PUBLISHED 'BY PHYSIOLOGICAL : ELEVEN SHEETS. Illustrating Human Physiology, Life Size and Coloured from Nature. Prepared under the direction of John Marshall, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., &c. Each Sheet, 12s. 6d. On canvas and rollers, varnished, £\ is. T. THE SKELETON AND LIGAMENTS. 2. THE MUSCLES, JOINTS, AND ANIMAL MECHANICS. ^. THE VISCERA IN POSITION.— THE STRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS. 4. THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION. 5. THE LYMPHATICS OR ABSORBENTS. c. THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION. 7. THE BRAIN AND NERVES.-THE ORGANS OF THE VOICE. 3 c-c 9. THE ORGANS OF THE SENSES. 10 & II. THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE TEXTURES AND ORGANS HUMAN BODY, LIFE SIZE. By Joh:-: Marshall, F.R.S., F.R.C.S. Each Sheet, I2S. 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