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Digitized by tine Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/plantfooditsnatu02germ 
 
PLANT FOOD 
 
 ITS NATURE, 
 
 COMPOSITION AND MOST 
 
 PROFITABLE USE 
 
 PREPARED TO AID 
 
 PRACTICAL FARMERS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 Supervising Committee of the Experimental Farms 
 
 OF THE 
 
 North Carolina State Horticultural Society, 
 REPUBLISHED BY 
 
 GERMAN KALI WORKS 
 
 NEW YORK. N. Y. ATLANTA, GA. CHICAGO, ILL. HAVANA. CUIW 
 
NOTICE 
 
 Every farmer can obtain, free of charge, a copy of the 
 following agricultural books: 
 
 POTASH IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 FARMERS' GUIDE 
 
 COTTON CULTURE 
 
 TOBACCO CULTURE 
 
 TROPICAL PLANTING 
 
 STASSFURT INDUSTRY 
 
 FERTILIZING TOBACCO 
 
 FERTILIZING SUGAR CANE 
 
 SUGAR CANE CULTURE 
 
 THE COW PEA . 
 
 PLANT FOOD 
 
 TRUCK FARMING 
 
 WHY THE FISH FAILED 
 
 FARMERS' NOTE BOOK 
 
 STRAWBERRY CULTURE 
 
 ORANGE CULTURE 
 
 VALUE OF SWAMP LANDS 
 
 State which of the above mentioned publications yon 
 desire, and it will be mailed to you, free of charge, 
 
 ADDRESS: 
 
 GERMAN KALI WORKS 
 
 NEW YORK ATLANTA, GA. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 93 Nassau Street 1224 Candler BIdg. 562 Monadnock Block 
 
 HAVANA, CUBA 
 Empedrado 30 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Jntroduction , 7 
 
 Part I. CHEMISTRY OF FERTILIZERS. 
 
 Nitrogen as a Fertilizer , , g 
 
 Potash as a Fertilizer , ic 
 
 Phosphoric Acid as a Fertilizer lo 
 
 The function of Lime ii 
 
 Terms used in stating Fertilizer Analyses ii 
 
 («) Nitrogen 12 
 
 0) Phosphoric Acid 14 
 
 (c) Potash 15 
 
 Loss of Fertilizer Constituents from the Soil 16 
 
 Composition of Fertilizer Materials used as sources of 
 
 (i) Nitrogen , 28 
 
 (2) Phosphoric Acid 29 
 
 (3) Potash 30 
 
 Average Composition of most important Farm Manures 31 
 
 Part II. DESCRIPTION OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS. 
 
 Indirect Fertilizers 18 
 
 Direct Fertilizers 20 
 
 Farm -produced fertilizing materials 26 
 
 Part III. USE OF FERTILIZERS. 
 
 Preferences shown by plants for different forms of food 34 
 
 How to use Fertilizers 35 
 
 Needs of different crops 36 
 
 Part IV. MIXTURES FOR DIFFERENT CROPS. 
 
 PAGE PAGE 
 
 Alfalfa 41 Buckwheat 46 
 
 Apples 42 Cabbage 47 
 
 Asparagus 43 Carrots 47 
 
 Barley 43 Celery 48 
 
 Beans 44 Cherries 49 
 
 Beets, garden .., 45 Clover 50 
 
 Blackberries 46 Corn ,..,.. 50 
 
PAGE 
 
 Cucumbers ....,..,.. 51 
 
 Currants 52 
 
 Egg Plants 52 
 
 Flax 53 
 
 Gooseberries 54 
 
 Grapes. 54 
 
 Grass for Pastures 56 
 
 Grass for Lawns 57 
 
 Grass for Meadows 58 
 
 Hops , 58 
 
 Lettuce 59 
 
 Lucerne 6c 
 
 Nursery Stock 60 
 
 Oats 60 
 
 Onions 61 
 
 Parsnips 62 
 
 Peaches 62 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pears 63 
 
 Peas , , 63 
 
 Plums 63 
 
 Potatoes 65 
 
 Radishes 65 
 
 Raspberries 68 
 
 Rye 69 
 
 Sorghum 69 
 
 Spinach 69 
 
 Squashes 70 
 
 Strawberries 70 
 
 Tobacco 70 
 
 Tomatoes 71 
 
 Turnips 73 
 
 Vetch • 73 
 
 Watermelons 73 
 
 Wheat. 73 
 
 Suggestions relating to separate fertilizer ingredients 73 
 
 Methods and seasons of applying fertilizers 75 
 
 Rules for calculating from one compound into other compounds.. 80 
 
Pr^EPAGB. 
 
 This book has been compiled from Bulletin N<v 94 
 (new series), issued by the New York Agricultural Expteri- 
 ment Station at Geneva, N. Y. The original Bulletin, 
 which was prepared by Dr. L. L. Van Slyke, has been 
 thoroughly revised with his approval and authority, and 
 many of the technical and scientific details are omitted. 
 However, all the main points of interest and importance 
 are given in this book, which is offered to the careful 
 study and consideration of intelligent and practical farmers 
 everywhere. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THIS treatise should be carefully studied. It is not 
 enough to merely read it over ; the whole foundation 
 of scientific manuring is given as briefly as possible, but a 
 mere casual reading will not make it of practical use to the 
 average farmer. It must be studied. Possibly the best 
 plan would be to take it up in sections, and read and re- 
 read until the points involved become familiar. 
 
 The farmer must bear in mind that with modern com- 
 petition, he cannot afford to neglect the slightest detail. 
 A careful study of this book will enable him to buy and 
 use the different forms of manures and fertilizers as intelli- 
 gently as the progress in agricultural science permits. The 
 book should be constantly kept at hand for convenient 
 reference. 
 
 Manure and fertilizers are one and the same thing — all 
 manures and fertilizers are merely so much nitrogen, pot- 
 ash, and phosphoric acid. It is as well for the reader to 
 try and not think of manure as so much refuse from the 
 stables, but rather as substances containing so much nitro- 
 gen, potash, and phosphoric acid. 
 
 THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL LAWS. 
 
 The systematic scientific study of agriculture was com- 
 menced about fifty years ago, and it is to the celebrated 
 
8 PLANT FOOD 
 
 German agricultural chemist Justus von Liebig we owe the 
 following four elementary laws, which are the foundation 
 of the best modern practice. 
 
 I. A soil can be termed fertile only when it contains 
 all the materials necessary for the nutrition of plants, 
 in the required quantity, in the proper form, 
 
 II. With every crop a portion of these ingredients 
 is removed. A part of this is again added from the 
 inexhaustible store of the atmosphere , another part, 
 however, is lost forever if not replaced by man. 
 
 III. The fertility of the soil remains unchanged it 
 all the ingredients of the crop are given bacli to the 
 soil. Such a restitution is effected by manure or fer- 
 tilizers. 
 
 IV. The manure produced in the course of farming 
 is not sufficient to maintain permanently the fertility of 
 a farm ; it lacks the constituents which are annually 
 sold in the shape of grain, hay, milk, and live stock. 
 
 These laws cove^ the whole subject, but to understand 
 
 them so that they may be applied at work in the field, it is 
 
 necessary to have a fair idea of the sources of plant-food of 
 
 the different kinds, and how best to use these different 
 
 kinds for different crops. 
 
PART I. 
 
 CHEMISTRY OF FERTILIZERS. 
 
 It is generally understood that all manures or fertilizers 
 are valuable for the nitrogen, potash, or phosphoric acid 
 they contain. Though other substances are needed for 
 plant growth, they are almost always present in the soil in 
 sufficient quantity. Lime might be made an exception, 
 although its. use is largely to improve the mechanical con- 
 dition of the soil, and cure it of sourness. Lime also 
 aids in rotting the vegetable matter. 
 
 NITROGEN AS A FERTILIZER. 
 
 The influence of nitrogen in its various forms upon 
 plant growth is shown by at least three striking effects. 
 
 First. The growth of stems and leaves is greatly pro- 
 moted, while that of buds and flowers is retarded. Ordin- 
 arily, most plants, at a certain period of growth, cease to 
 produce new branches and foliage, or to increase those 
 already formed, and commence to produce flowers and 
 fruits, whereby the species may be perpetuated. If a plant 
 is provided with as much available nitrogen as it can use 
 just at the time it begins to flower, the formation of flowers 
 may be checked while the activity of growth is transferred 
 back to and renewed in stems and leaves, which take on a 
 new vigor and multiply with luxuriance. Should flowers 
 
 9 
 
kO PLANT FOOD. 
 
 be produced under these circumstances, they are often 
 sterile and produce no seed. 
 
 Second. The next effect of nitrogen upon plants is to 
 deepen the color of the foliage, which is a sign of increased 
 vegetative activity and health. 
 
 Third, Another effect of nitrogen is to increase in a 
 very marked degree the relative proportion of nitrogen in 
 the plant. 
 
 POTASH AS A FERTILIZER. 
 
 Potash is essential to the formation and transference of 
 starch in plants. Starch is known to be first formed in the 
 leaves of plants, after which in some way it becomes soluble 
 enough within the plant cells to enable it to pass through 
 the cell-walls gradually and later to be carried into the 
 fruit, where it accumulates and changes back to its in- 
 soluble form. It is well established that potash is inti- 
 mately connected with the formation of starch in the leaves 
 and with its transference to the fruit. No other element 
 can take the place of potash in performing this work. 
 Potash is important on account of its influence upon the 
 development of the woody parts of stems and fleshy por- 
 tions of fruits. 
 
 PHOSPHORIC ACID AS A FERTILIZER. 
 
 Experiments have shown that plants will die before 
 reaching maturity, unless they have phosphoric acid to 
 feed upon. Phosphates appear to perform three distinct 
 functions in plants. 
 
 First. They aid in the nutrition of the plant by furnish 
 Vng the needed quantities of phosphoric acid 
 
PLANT FOOD. il 
 
 Sicond. They aid the plant, in some way not well un- 
 derstood, to make use of or assimilate other ingredients. 
 Phosphates are found in the seeds of plants, and, as already 
 stated, a plant does not come to maturity and so does not 
 produce seeds, unless phosphates are present in the soil for 
 the plants to feed upon. The liberal application of avail- 
 able phosphate compounds appears to hasten the maturity 
 of plants. 
 
 Third. Certain forms of phosphates render the albumi- 
 noids sufficiently soluble to enable them to be carried from 
 the growing parts of plants to the seeds, in which they 
 accumulate in quantity. 
 
 THE FUNCTION OF LIME. 
 
 The chief function of lime is to improve the mechanical 
 condition of the soil by loosening heavy clay soils and also 
 by holding together and giving body to light sandy soils. 
 Lime aids in the decomposition of animal and vegetable 
 matter, such as vegetable mould, stable-manure, etc., and 
 tends to convert them into available plant-food. 
 
 In using lime, care should be taken not to use too large 
 quantities at a time ; and, ordinarily, it is best to use it in 
 connection with liberal applications of nutritive fertilizers 
 Lime can be used with much advantage on freshly drained 
 swamp-lands and also on lands newly cleared. 
 
 TERMS USED IN STATING FERTILIZER ANALYSES. 
 
 Fertilizer dealers, and the Experiment Station Bulletins 
 treat the different forms of fertilizer materials separately, 
 
12 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 and it is important tnat the farmer should be familiar with 
 these trade names, and understand what they mean 
 
 The following list contains most of the terms used in 
 stating fertilizer analyses. 
 
 Nitrogen is expressed as 
 
 {a) Nitrogen, {b) Ammonia, {c) Nitrogen equal (oi 
 equivalent) to Ammonia. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid is expressed as 
 
 {a) Phosphoric Acid, {U) Soluble Phosphoric Acid, 
 {c) Reverted Phosphoric Acid, {d) Precipitated Phos- 
 phoric Acid, {e) Available Phosphoric Acid, (/) Soluble 
 and Available Phosphoric Acid, {g) Insoluble Phos- 
 phoric Acid, (Ji) Total Phosphoric Acid, (/) Phosphoric 
 Acid equal (or equivalent) to Bone Phosphate of Lime. 
 
 Potash is expressed as 
 
 {a) Potash, {b) Potash (actual), {c) Potash S. (or Sul.), 
 (^) Potash (Soluble), {e) Potash as Sulphate, (/) Potash 
 equal (or equivalent) to Sulphate of Potash, (^) Sul- 
 phate of Potash, iji) Potassium Oxide. 
 
 NITROGEN. 
 
 {a) Nitrogen is a gas and, in this form, cannot be used 
 in fertilizers. Therefore, whenever we speak of nitro- 
 gen in fertilizers, we do not mean that nitrogen exists in 
 them as simple nitrogen. The nitrogen in fertilizers is 
 always combined with other elements, and may be present 
 in one or more different forms: — (ist) in the form of 
 Nitrates, as nitrate of soda ; (2nd) in the form of Ammonia 
 compounds, as sulphate of ammonia ; and (3rd) in the form 
 
PLANT FOOD. 13 
 
 3f organic matter, animal or vegetable, as dried blood, 
 meat, tobacco-stems, etc. Chemical analysis according to 
 official methods does not attempt to ascertain and state in 
 which form or forms the nitrogen is present in a fertilizer. 
 
 When, therefore, nitrogen is expressed in an analysis or 
 guarantee as " nitrogen," it refers to the entire amount of 
 nitrogen present without regard to the particular form or 
 forms in which it is present. 
 
 (b) Ammonia consists of nitrogen combined with hydro- 
 gen. A pound of nitrogen will form more than a pound of 
 ammonia, because the ammonia formed from a pound of 
 nitrogen will contain that pound of nitrogen plus the neces- 
 sary amount of hydrogen added to form ammonia. The 
 chemical relations of nitrogen and ammonia are such that 
 14 pounds of nitrogen will unite with exactly three pounds 
 of hydrogen, and will, therefore, produce just 17 pounds of 
 ammonia ; or one pound of nitrogen will make 1.2 14 pounds 
 of ammonia. 
 
 {c) Nitrogen equal or equivalent to Ammonia is a form of 
 expression which simply means that the nitrogen is stated 
 not as nitrogen but as ammonia. 
 
 It would be better on every account if all guarantees 
 stated simply nitrogen and never mentioned ammonia at 
 all. As a matter of fact, compounds of ammonia are quite 
 uncommon in commercial fertilizers, because nitrogen in 
 this form is the most expensive and, therefore, least used. 
 Strictly speaking, the term ammonia should never be used 
 except when sulphate of ammonia or some similar com 
 pound is present in the fertilizer. 
 
I^ PLANT FOOD. 
 
 PHOSPHORIC ACID. 
 
 {a) Phosphoric Acid^ as used in connection with fertil- 
 izers, is a compound containing phosphorus and oxygen, 
 which in fertilizers is found never by itself, but in combina- 
 tion with lime. Phosphoric acid stands for a certain amount 
 of phosphate of lime. We may say roughly that one part 
 of phosphoric acid is equivalent to about two parts of phos- 
 phate of lime. But we know that phosphoric acid exists in 
 several different forms. 
 
 {b) Soluble Phosphoric Acid represents the amount of 
 phosphate of lime that dissolves easily in water; it is formed 
 by treating with sulphuric acid some form of insoluble lime 
 phosphate, such as bones, bone-ash, South Carolina rock, 
 etc. The phosphate thus formed is readily soluble in water. 
 
 {c) Reverted Phosphoric Acid is formed from, soluble 
 phosphoric acid under certain conditions into which we 
 need not inquire here. Suffice it to say that the soluble 
 compound of phosphoric acid often changes, to some extent, 
 on standing into a form, which while less soluble, is still 
 quite readily available as plant-food. 
 
 {d) Precipitated Phosphoric Acid is simply another name 
 for reverted phosphoric acid. 
 
 {e) Available Phosphoric Acid includes both the soluble 
 and reverted forms of phosphoric acid, because both forms 
 arc available for the use of plants. 
 
 (/) Soluble and available Phosphoric Acid is an expres- 
 sion which means the same as available. 
 
 (g) Insoluble Phosphoric Acid represents the form of 
 
PLANT FOOD. I5 
 
 phosphoric acid in raw phosphate of lime, and which is of 
 least value for agricultural purposes. 
 
 {h) Total Phospho7'ic Acid represents the entire phos- 
 phoric acid compounds without regard to the forms in 
 which they exist. The total phosphoric acid is, therefore, 
 the sum of the soluble, reverted and insoluble forms; or, to 
 state it in another way, the sum of the available and insolu- 
 ble forms. 
 
 (?) Phosphoric Acid equal {or equivalent) to Bone Phos- 
 phate of Lime is an expression which usually means nothing 
 more nor less than insoluble phosphoric acid. 
 
 POTASH. 
 
 {a) Potash^ as used in connection with fertilizers, always 
 means a compound containing potassium and oxygen, 
 known chemically as potassium oxide. Potash is never 
 found as such in fertilizers, but chemists use this form of 
 expressing the results of analyses as a convenient standard 
 for reference. Fertilizers generally contain potash in such 
 forms as sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, or carbonate 
 of potash. Instead of stating the amount of sulphate, 
 muriate or carbonate of potash present in a fertilizer, its 
 equivalent amount is stated only in the form of actual pot- 
 ash in giving the results of analyses. 
 
 {b) Potash actual is simply another name for potash, as 
 distinct from sulphate, muriate, etc. 
 
 {c) Potash S. {or sul.) means sulphate of potash. This 
 Is quite often used by manufacturers in giving guarantees 
 
l6 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 {d) Potash soluble represents the amount of potash that 
 dissolves in water and is available for the use of plants. 
 The different forms of potash commonly used in fertilizers 
 are readily soluble in water. 
 
 [e) Potash as Sulphate means simply sulphate of potash. 
 
 (/") Potash equal {or equivalent to Sulphate of Potash) is 
 *:n expression which means simply sulphate of potash. 
 
 {g) Sulphate of Potash signifies that this compound is 
 actually present in the fertilizer, and that there is no muriate 
 present. 
 
 {h) Potassium Oxide means the same as potash, or actual 
 potash. 
 
 LOSS OF FERTILIZER CONSTITUENTS FROM 
 THE SOIL. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid, The phosphoric acid in raw materials 
 such as ground bone or ground phosphate does not readily 
 leach out of the soil. In specially prepared materials, how- 
 ever, like dissolved bone or dissolved phosphate (acid phos- 
 phate) the phosphoric acid is quite soluble and would be 
 removed from the soil by drainage water, were it not for 
 the fact that immediately after application the phosphoric 
 a-cid becomes changed into another form which is not apt. 
 to leach away. 
 
 Nitrogen. The mineral forms of nitrogen such as nitrate 
 of soda and sulphate of ammonia, both dissolve easily in 
 water, hence they would soon wash into the subsoil and out 
 of reach of the plants. The so-called organic forms of 
 nitrogen like cotton -seed-meal, tankage, fish-scrap, dried- 
 blood, etc., are less soluble, and experience indicates that 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 17 
 
 they are largely retained in the soil. It is a matter of ob- 
 servation also that there is little loss of nitrogen by drain- 
 age when the soil is covered with vegetation, because the 
 roots of the growing plants absorb nitrogen very readily. 
 
 Potash, It has been found by experience that the potash 
 salts do not wash away to any appreciable extent because 
 they form certain combinations in the soil which are not so 
 soluble, but which at the same time are readily available to 
 the growing crop. 
 
 In addition it may be said, in general, that loss of plant- 
 food is greatest in sandy soils ; the coarser the sand, the 
 greater the loss, the other conditions being the same. Clay 
 and humus have very marked power in retaining plant-food. 
 
 General View of Vegetable Department, Experiment Farm, 
 Southern Pines, North Carolina. 
 
PART II. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS 
 
 INDIRECT FERTILIZERS. 
 
 A stimulant or indirect fertilizer is one which does not 
 in itself furnish directly to the soil any needed plant-food, 
 but whose chief value depends upon the power it possesses 
 of changing unavailable into available forms of plant-food. 
 The stimulant or indirect fertilizers which have been most 
 commonly employed are lime, gypsum and common salt. 
 
 Gypsum^ or Land-Plaster^ known also as calcium sulphate 
 or sulphate of lime, in some manner aids the process of 
 nitrification, by which ammonia and the nitrogen of organic 
 matter are converted into nitric acid and nitrates. It also 
 acts upon the insoluble forms of potash and other elements 
 of plant-food, converting them into soluble and available 
 forms ; it is of value on certain soils to certain crops, such 
 as clover, peas, lucerne and similar plants. 
 
 Quicklime or Burnt Lime, or calcium oxide, commonly 
 called lime, produces changes in both the physical and the 
 chemical character of soils. Freshly burned lime acts 
 chemically upon soils by decomposing vegetable and min* 
 eral matter already present in the soil and changing them 
 Into forms which are available as food for the plant. Thus, 
 
PLANT FOOD. 1 9 
 
 lime acts upon insoluble mineral substances containing 
 potash, etc., and converts them into soluble forms. Lime 
 aids in the decomposition of animal and vegetable matter, 
 such as vegetable mould, stable-manure, etc., and tends to 
 convert them into available plant-food. In using lime, care 
 should be taken not to use too large quantities at a time, 
 and, ordinarily, it is best to use it in connection with liberal 
 applications of nutritive fertilizing substances. Lirne can 
 be used to advantage on freshly drained swamp-lands and 
 also on lands newly cleared. 
 
 Common salt has an indirect fertilizing value which is 
 mainly due to the fact that it has the power of changing 
 unavailable forms of plant-food, especially potash, into 
 available forms. 
 
 Danger in using Stimulant Fertilizers. It should 
 be kept in mind that these stimulant fertilizers — that is, 
 gypsum (or plaster), lime, and salt, — are not used for the 
 plant-food contained in them ; hence, as used, they do not 
 furnish needed plant-food. The chief value of their use lies 
 in the fact that they can change unavailable into available 
 forms of plant-food. It can readily be seen that, when 
 stimulant fertilizers are used exclusively for a term of years, 
 the soil each year loses nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, 
 which are not replaced. The inevitable result of such treat- 
 ment is the exhaustion of these important food constitu- 
 ents from the soil. This affords an explanation of the 
 question often raised now as to why the application of land- 
 plaster does not give such results in crop yields at present 
 ^s in former days. When land-plaster was the only fertiliz- 
 
20 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 ing material added to soils for years in succession, it was 
 possible to produce increased crops so long as there were 
 in the soil enough compounds of nitrogen, potassium and 
 phosphorus to be rendered available by the action of the 
 land-plaster. When, therefore, these forms of plant-food 
 were largely removed, there was nothing for the land-plaster 
 to act upon, in orde to increase the supply of available 
 food material. The land-plaster furnished no needed food 
 but simply helped the crop to use more rapidly the store of 
 plant-food present in the soil. 
 
 DIRECT FERTILIZERS. 
 
 Direct fertilizers contam forms of plant-food, which 
 contribute directly to the growth and substance of plants. 
 Such materials may contain either nitrogen, or potash, or 
 phosphoric acid compounds, or any two, or all three of 
 these forms of plant-food. 
 
 Nitrate of Soda, known also as "Chili saltpeter," is 
 found in large deposits which have been formed in the 
 rainless regions of Chili and Peru. Good commercial 
 nitrate of soda contains from 15 J to 16 per cent, of nitrogen. 
 
 Sulphate of Ammonia is formed from waste materials 
 .produced in the manufacture of illuminating gas or coke. 
 Sulphate of ammonia contains about 25 per cent, of am- 
 monia, which is equivalent to about 2o|^ per cent, of 
 nitrogen. 
 
 Cotton- Seed-Meal is the product formed by removing the 
 oil from cotton-seed by pressure, after which the material is 
 dried and ground. Cotton-seed-meal contains about 7 per 
 
PLANT FOOD. 21 
 
 cent, of nitrogen, 3 per cent, of phosphoric acid and 2 per 
 cent, of potash. The hulls of the cotton-seed also possess 
 considerable fertilizing value. 
 
 Tobacco- Stems are the refuse from tobacco-factories. 
 They contain usually from 5 to 8 per cent, of potash, 2 to 3 
 per cent, of nitrogen, and a small quantity of phosphoric 
 acid. 
 
 Dried-Blood consists of blood obtained from slaughtering 
 animals; it is prepared for market by evaporating, drying 
 and grinding. The color varies from red to black. Dried- 
 blood contains from 10 to 15 per cent, of nitrogen. 
 
 Dried-Fish^ Scraps and Ground-Fish consist of refuse 
 from fish-oil works and canneries ; it is dried and ground 
 for market. Dried ground-fish, of good quality, contains 
 from 7 to 8 per cent, of nitrogen, together with as much or 
 more insoluble phosphoric acid. 
 
 Meat-Scraps^ Tankage^ etc., are slaughter-house refuse, 
 dried and ground. Good tankage contains 10 per cent, or 
 more, of nitrogen and often 10 per cent, or more of insoluble 
 phosphoric acid. 
 
 Nitrogenous Guanos are formed in dry regions. The 
 Peruvian guano was rich in nitrogen, containing 7 per cent, 
 or more. They usually contain 7 to 12 per cent, phosphoric 
 acid, and about i per cent, potash. 
 
 Bones consist mostly of calcium phosphate or phosphate 
 of lime, which constitutes from one-half to three-fifths of the 
 weight of the bone. The remaining portion is a soft, flesh- 
 like substance commonly called gelatin. It is distributed 
 throughout the entire mass of bone, and is rich in nitrogen. 
 
2 2 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 When bones are burned, the nitrogenous matter is driven 
 off and only the mineral portion or phosphate of lime re- 
 mains. Bones such as are used in making commercial 
 fertilizers, contain 4 to 5 per cent, of nitrogen, and from 20 
 to 25 per cent, of phosphoric acid, about | of which is in- 
 soluble and approximately J available. 
 
 Bo7ie-Ash is made simply by burning bones in the open 
 air. The nitrogen is lost in burning, and the chief consti- 
 tuent is insoluble calcium phosphate, equivalent to 30 to 35 
 or more per cent, of phosphoric acid for the most part 
 insoluble. 
 
 Bone-Blacky known also as bone-charcoal, is extensively 
 used in refining sugar. After it has been used several times, 
 portions become useless for refining purposes, and are then 
 sold as a fertilizer. It is made by heating bones in closed 
 vessels ; the fat, water and nitrogen are driven off, and the 
 bone-black remaining consists mainly of insoluble calcium 
 phosphate and carbon or charcoal. Good bone-black may 
 contain 30 or more per cent, of phosphoric acid mostly 
 insoluble. 
 
 Bone-Meal goes under various names, such as ground 
 bone, bone-flour, bone-dust, etc. Raw bone-meal contains 
 the fat naturally present in bones. The presence of the 
 fat is objectionable, because it retards the decomposition of 
 the bone in the soil, while fat itself has no value as plant- 
 food. The presence of easily decaying nitrogen compounds 
 in bone hastens, in the process of decomposition, to dissolve 
 more or less of the insoluble phosphate. Bone-meal should 
 contain from 3 to 5 per cent, of nitrogen, and from 20 to 25 
 
PLANT FOOD. 23 
 
 per cent, of phosphoric acid ; about one-third to one-fourth 
 of the latter appears to be in readily available condition. 
 Raw bone-meal generally contains somewhat more nitrogen 
 (i or 2 per cent.) and rather less phosphoric acid than 
 steamed bone-meal. The fineness of the meal affects its 
 value ; the finer the meal, the more readily available it is 
 for plant-food. 
 
 Phosphatic Guanos^ or Rock Guanos. Guanos generally 
 consists chiefly of the dung of sea-fowls, though the term is 
 applied to other animal products. They are generally 
 found in beds resembling earthy deposits. The guanos 
 which are called phosphatic contain little or no nitrogen. 
 Their phosphoric acid is generally in the insoluble form. 
 These guanos come mainly from certain islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, and from Caribbean Sea and West India 
 Islands. The phosphoric acid in guanos is very variable, 
 ranging from below 15 to over 30 per cent. 
 
 Rock Phosphates are known under several different names 
 which generally designate the localities from which they 
 come, as South Carolina Rock, Florida Rock, Tennessee 
 Rock, West India Rock, etc. Other forms of mineral phos- 
 phates are known under the names of apatite, coprolite, and 
 phosphorite, which are found in various places in America 
 and Europe, and some of which aie used in making com- 
 mercial fertilizers. The rock phosphates are extensively 
 used in making acid phosphates. When ground to a very 
 fine flour-like powder, rock phosphates are called '^ floats." 
 Rock phosphates contain usually from 25 to 30 per cent, of 
 insoluble phosphoric acid, and some as much as 35 to 40 
 per cent. 
 
24 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Acid Phosphates are known under several different names, 
 such as superphosphates, dissolved bone, dissolved Rock, 
 dissolved bone-black, etc. Acid phosphates are formed by- 
 treating some form of insoluble phosphate of lime, as rock- 
 phosphate, bone, bone-ash, etc., with sulphuric acid. By 
 this treatment there are formed soluble phosphate of lime 
 and gypsum (sulphate of lime) in nearly equal proportions. 
 Superphosphate made from rock phosphates may contain 
 from T2 to 1 8 per cent, of available phosphoric acid. 
 
 Thomas Slag, also known under several other names, 
 such as basic iron slag, Thomas scoria. Phosphate slag, etc. 
 It is a by-product formed in the manufacture of iron and 
 steel from certain kinds of iron ore containing phosphorus 
 compounds. It usually contains between 19 and 20 per 
 cent, of total phosphoric acid, with 6 to 7 and more per 
 cent, of available phosphoric acid. 
 
 Cotton- Seed-Hull Ashes were produced in the South at 
 the cotton-seed-oil factories, where the hulls, after being 
 removed from the cotton-seed, were used as fuel. Such ashes 
 contain from 15 to 25 per cent, of potash, in addition to 
 from 7 to 10 per cent, of phosphoric acid. This material is 
 not commonly found now. 
 
 Kainit is the most commonly imported product of the 
 German potash mines. It is a mixture of several different 
 compounds, containing about 12.5 per cent, of actual potash 
 together with about 35 per cent, of common salt, also 
 magnesia salts. 
 
 Muriate of Potash, a manufactured salt from products of 
 the Stassfurt mines, is the main source of supply for potash 
 
PLANT FOOD. 25 
 
 for commercial fertilizers in our market, and contains 50 to 
 53 per cent, of actual potash. 
 
 Sulphate of Potash is also a manufactured salt from pro- 
 ducts of the German mines. The product found in the 
 market contains from 48 to 5 1 per cent, of actual potash. 
 
 Sulphate of Potash-Magnesia is known also as double 
 manure salt or low grade sulphate of potash. This material 
 comes from the German mines and contains 26 to 28 per 
 cent, of actual potash. It also contains 32 to -^6 per cent, of 
 sulphate of magnesia. 
 
 Carbonate of Potash-Magnesia contains about 18 per cent, 
 potash and 19 per cent magnesia, both as carbonates. It is 
 practically free of chlorine. It is also a product of the 
 German potash mines. 
 
 Wood-Ashes contain more or less potash, which is present 
 chiefly in the form of carbonate. The amount of potash in 
 commercial wood-ashes varies from below 4 to over 7 per 
 cent., the average being under 5 per cent. Wood-ashes also 
 contain between i and 2 per cent, of phosphoric acid. 
 
 The foUov/ing are inferior sources of nitrogen. They 
 are all very slowly available, and should be used only where 
 immediate effects are not sought. In some States the fer- 
 tilizer laws either prohibit the use of these substances in 
 fertilizers or demand that these goods shall be specified 
 when used in making mixtures. 
 
 Hair is obtained from slaughter houses ; it is often 
 mixed with dried blood and other forms of animal matter. 
 It contains about 15 per cent, of nitrogen. 
 
 Hoof-Meal and Horn- Dust are by-products containing 
 
26 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 lo to 15 per cent, nitrogen and about 2 per cent, phosphoric 
 acid. . They are sometimes treated with super-heated steam 
 or with sulphuric acid, the treatment rendering the nitrogen 
 compounds more readily available. 
 
 Leather- Scraps and Leather-Meal are waste products of 
 various factories. When treated with super-heated steam 
 and dried or roasted, they can be finely ground. They con- 
 tain 7 to 8 per cent, nitrogen which, however, is not in a 
 readily available form. 
 
 FARM-PRODUCED FERTILIZING MATERIALS. 
 
 Stable or farmyard manure consists of the solid and 
 liquid excrements of the animals fed on the farm, mixed 
 with straw and waste products of the farm. 
 
 Horse-Manure is difficult to mix thoroughly with litter 
 on account of its being very dry. It is called a ^'hot" 
 manure, because, on account of its loose texture, it easily 
 undergoes decomposition or fermentation, producing a high 
 degree of heat. On this account it is very liable to lose 
 more or less of its nitrogen in the form of ammonia. 
 
 Sheep-Manure is quite dry, and is commonly the richest 
 of farm produced manures. Like horse-manure, it under- 
 goes fermentation easily and is classed as " hot " manure 
 It is similarly very liable to lose ammonia. 
 
 Pig-Manure varies greatly in composition, but is gener- 
 ally rich as compared with other farm-produced fertilizer 
 materials, and contains considerable water. In decompos- 
 ing, it produces but little heat, and is, therefore, called a 
 "cold " manure. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 27 
 
 Cow-Manure contains, as a rule, less fertilizing materials 
 than any of the preceding manures. It contains a large 
 amount of water, and, in decomposing, generates little heat. 
 
 Poultry -Manure contains a comparatively large amount 
 of all the different forms of plant-food, being especially rich 
 in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It undergoes fermentation 
 readily, and loses nitrogen unless properly treated with ab- 
 sorbents or preservatives. 
 
 Generally speaking, manures produced from working or 
 fattening animals contain from 90 to 95 per cent, of the 
 fertilizing constituents contained in the food. Manure made 
 from cows in milk and young, growing animals contains 
 from 50 to 85 per cent, of the fertilizing constituents con- 
 tained in the food. In the case of animals which are neither 
 increasing in weight, nor giving milk, the amount of fertil- 
 izing materials in the manure will be nearly equal to that 
 contained in the food eaten. The foregoing statements pre- 
 suppose that all the dung and urine are saved, a supposition 
 which is not often true, considering the manner in which 
 stable-manure is commonly treated. 
 
 Perhaps the element of manures least understood is the 
 humic matter, of which ordinary manures contain from 16 
 to 20 per cent. The litter used in bedding stock furnisho 
 much of this, and the quantity depends upon the nature of 
 the material used. 
 
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 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 General view of Fruit Department, Experiment Farm, 
 Southern Pines, North Carolina. 
 
PART III. 
 THE USE OF FERTILIZERS. 
 
 There is no way to tell, without experiment, what food 
 constituents a soil lacks. The crops themselves give valu- 
 able suggestions. As a rule lack of nitrogen is indicated 
 when plants are pale-green in color, or when there is small 
 growth of leaf or stalk, other conditions being favorable. 
 A bright, deep green color, with a vigorous growth of leaf 
 or stalk, is, in case of most crops, a sign that nitrogen is not 
 lacking, but does nut necessarily indicate that more nitro- 
 gen could not be used to advantage. An excessive growth 
 of leaf or stalk, accompanied by an imperfect bud, flower, 
 and fruit development, indicates too much nitrogen for the 
 potash and phosphoric acid present. When such crops as 
 corn, cabbage, grass, potatoes, etc., have a luxuriant, health- 
 ful growth, an abundance of potash in the soil is indicated; 
 also when fleshy fruits of fine flavor and texture can be 
 successfully grown. On the contrary, when these plants 
 fail of a luxuriant growth, or are very low grade in quality, 
 it is a certain indication that potash is lacking. When a 
 soil produces good, early maturing crops of grain, with 
 plump and heavy kernels, phosphoric acid will not generally 
 be found deficient in the soil. 
 
 In order to ascertain with greater certainty what fooc 
 elements are lacking in the soil, the surest way is for each 
 
 33 
 
34 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 tarmer to do some experimenting on his own soil and crops 
 Apply different kinds of fertilizing materials in different 
 combinations, using, for example, potash compounds in one 
 place, phosphoric acid compounds in another, nitrogenous 
 materials in another. Then different combinations can be 
 made on other portions of the crop. Some portions of the 
 field can be left without application of any kind. The 
 result can then be studied in the yield of crop. In carrying 
 on such field tests, several difficulties may be met. The 
 season may frequently be such as to interfere seriously with 
 the favorable action of the fertilizing materials applied. 
 Thus, a severe drought may counteract all other conditions 
 and prevent a satisfactory yield. The difference of mechan- 
 ical condition of the soil on the same %rm or even in the 
 same field may prevent a fair comparison of the action of 
 different kinds of fertilizing materials and elements. But, 
 notwithstanding such difficulties, valuable suggestions will 
 be gained from an experimental study of one's soil through 
 the behavior of the crops. 
 
 PREFERENCES SHOWN BY PLANTS FOR DIFFERENT 
 
 FORMS OF FOOD. 
 
 It is a fact of great interest and importance that one 
 form of a fertilizing constituent is preferred by some plants 
 to the same constituent in another form. This preference 
 is indica^ted by greater yield or better quality of product oi 
 by both. Thus, wheat seems to give better results when 
 nitrogen is applied in the form of nitrate of soda than in 
 any other form. The quality of tobacco is injured by 
 potash in the form of muriate and, hence, only sulphate 
 
PLANT FOOD. 35 
 
 should be used for fertilizing purposes. The quality of 
 sugar beets and of potatoes appears to be better when sul- 
 phate of potash is used. 
 
 HOW TO USE FERTILIZERS. 
 
 While the soil may contain certain quantities of fertilizer 
 naturally, in most cases it will not pay to give serious atten- 
 tion to this source of fertilization. Farmyard manure, and 
 similar refuse substance should always be used with hoed 
 crops, in which case it is plowed under; otherwise it is best 
 used as a top dressing. When plowed under, farm manures 
 should be applied for fall plowing, unless the crop to be 
 grown covers the entire growing season, as, for example, 
 Indian corn. The fertilizer in such manures becomes avail- 
 able very slowly. 
 
 Nitrate of soda, when used alone, should always be ap- 
 plied to growing crops, and for quick effects. For young 
 fruit trees or for vegetables, one or more applications may 
 be made with benefit. Complete fertilizers usually have a 
 small proportion of their nitrogen in the form of nitrate of 
 soda, and the remainder in a less active form, so that by the 
 time the nitrate of soda is utilized, the other nitrogenous 
 products become effective. 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia is a quick-acting nitrogenous fert 
 ilizer, but should be used only when the soil has been lately 
 limed. Dried-blood, dried-fish and other similar materials 
 are less active than nitrate of soda, but more so than the 
 nitrogen of farm manures. They are generally used in 
 complete fertilizers, and are best plowed in, or drilled in at 
 seeding time. All forms of potash are equally available 
 
|6 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 but should be applied as early in the season as possible, 
 even fall applications Lve advisable, as there is little danger 
 of loss through drainage. Lime aiso aids the effectiveness 
 of potash salts. Phosphates in the form of "supers" or 
 acid phosphates, are very quickly available, resembling 
 nitrate of soda in this respect, though it is hardly advisable 
 to make more than one application, early in the season or 
 at planting time. All other forms of phosphates are bes? 
 applied in the fall, or very early in the spring. 
 
 NEEDS OF DIFFERENT CROPS. 
 
 It is a well known fact that different crops need different 
 quantities of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid com- 
 pounds. If we know with a fair degree of accuracy how 
 many pounds of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid a 
 crop of any kind w^ill remove from the soil, then we have 
 fairly definite knowledge of the amounts of different forms 
 of plant-food to apply to the soil to insure a crop. If we 
 could not depend upon the soil to furnish any plant-food, 
 then, we should use, at least, the amounts of fertilizing ma- 
 terials removed by one crop. In the following table, we 
 give the number of pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and 
 potash used by different kinds of crops grown on one acre 
 of land. In studying this table, we must keep in mind that 
 the figures do not in every case represent the amount of 
 plant-food removed from the soil. Thus, with clovers, 
 beans, peas and other leguminous crops, a portion of the 
 uitrogen is obtained from the air, and hence we have need 
 to apply less nitrogen in the form of fertilizer than appears 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 3J 
 
 to be called for by the table. In the case of fruits, like 
 apples, pears, plums, etc., it will be found safe often to 
 apply larger quantities than the table calls for, because the 
 figures in the table do not indicate the demands made by 
 the tree in increasing its growth. 
 
 Table givjng the amounts of Fertilizer ingredients 
 (Nitrogen, Potash and Phosphoric Acid> CONTAINED 
 
 IN THE CROP FROM ONE ACRE. 
 
 CROP. 
 
 Apples 
 
 Barley 
 
 Beans 
 
 Buckwheat . . . 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 *Clover, green. 
 Clover, dry . . . 
 
 Corn 
 
 Grapes 
 
 Hops . . . 
 
 Mixed Hay. . . 
 
 Oats ' 
 
 Onions 
 
 Pears 
 
 Peas 
 
 Plums 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Rye 
 
 Sugar Beets. . . 
 Timothy Hay. . 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 Turnips 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Yield. 
 
 15 tons 
 
 30 bu. 
 
 30 " 
 
 34 " 
 30 tons 
 
 70 bu. 
 2 tons 
 600 lbs. 
 
 60 bu. 
 45,000 lbs 
 16 tons 
 30 bu. 
 8 tons 
 200 bu. 
 
 30 " 
 15 tons 
 
 1,600 lbs. 
 
 10 tons 
 700 bu. 
 
 35 '' 
 
 StraWy etc. 
 
 2,000 lbs. 
 2,700 " 
 2,800 " 
 
 15 tons 
 2 " 
 6,000 lbs. 
 '7,000 " 
 2,700 " 
 5,000 " 
 3,200 " 
 
 3,000 lbs. 
 
 1,50c lbs. 
 4,250 " 
 6,000 " 
 4,000 " 
 
 1,400 stems 
 
 5 tons 
 3,000 lbs. 
 
 Nitro- 
 s^en. 
 
 39 lbs. 
 
 57 '' 
 
 75 " 
 56 " 
 
 200 *' 
 
 130 '' 
 
 82 " 
 
 83 " 
 32 " 
 
 84 " 
 70 - 
 
 55 " 
 
 72 " 
 
 32 " 
 
 108 *' 
 
 30 *' 
 
 46 '' 
 
 51 '' 
 
 69 " 
 
 89 *' 
 
 76 " 
 
 32 '' 
 
 80 " 
 
 59 " 
 
 Potash. 
 
 60 lbs 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 270 
 
 140 
 
 88 
 
 55 
 
 39 
 
 53 
 
 77 
 62 
 
 72 
 26 
 
 52 
 40 
 
 74 
 
 45' 
 143 
 
 94 
 200 
 
 54 
 180 
 
 3T 
 
 Phospkif'ii 
 
 Acid, 
 
 30 lbs 
 17 
 30 
 14 
 
 70 
 
 40 
 18 
 48 
 II 
 
 23 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 37 
 10 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 23 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 24 
 
 ^Crimson Clover. 
 
38 
 
 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 The above table may safely be used in computing the 
 probable draught on the soil for each of the crops men- 
 tioned. It must be understood, however, that for fruits, the 
 demand for fertilizer for the annual wood growth, and for 
 the leaves and pruned twigs is not included. 
 
 Showijsg Effect of Fertilizers on Cow Peas. — Vine in right hand, 
 
 FROM unfertilized PORTION OF THE FIELD; ViNE IN LEFT 
 
 hand, from fertilized part. 
 From Experiment Farm, Southern Pines. N. C. 
 
PART IV. 
 MIXTURES FOR DIFFERENT CROPS. 
 
 In making fertilizer mixtures, it was first proposed to 
 make the ingredients correspond to the analysis of the plant. 
 This method was practiced for some time, but it was found 
 that there was already in the soil more or less available 
 plant-food and that fertilizing material was often applied 
 where one or more constituents could be omitted or reduced 
 in quantity. It was then suggested that soil analysis should 
 form the basis of determining the needs of the soil for dif- 
 ferent crops, but this failed to produce satisfactory results. 
 The formulas at present used by many have been based, in 
 part, upon the composition of the plant, and, in part, upon 
 actual field tests. 
 
 The amount of nitrogen called for by analysis of plants 
 
 is generally reduced, because we can depend upon the soil 
 
 to furnish a considerable amount. In case of leguminous 
 
 crops, the amount of nitrogen which we need to supply can 
 
 be reduced to a small fraction of what the plant will use, 
 because such crops can draw their main supply of nitrogen 
 
 from the air. 
 
 The amount of soluble phosphoric acid is ordinarily in- 
 creased above what plant analysis calls for, because the 
 solubility is more or less decreased after tlie feriilizer comes 
 in contact with the soil. 
 
 39 
 
40 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 The formulas given in the pages following have been 
 drawn fiom such various sources as could be considered 
 reliable. The materials which are given for use are as- 
 sumed to have a fairly definite composition, and calculations 
 are based on the following composition : 
 
 (i) Nitrate of soda, containing i6 per cent, of nitrogen. 
 
 (2) Dried-blood, containing 10 per cent, of nitrogen. 
 
 (3) Sulphate of ammonia, containing 20 per cent, of 
 nitrogen. 
 
 (4) Bone-meal, containing 20 per cent, of total phos- 
 phoric acid (one half being calculated as available during 
 first season of application) also containing 4 per cent, of 
 nitrogen. 
 
 Whenever bone-meal is used in a mixture, allowance 
 should be made for its nitrogen, and so much less of other 
 forms of nitrogen materials used. 
 
 (5) Dissolved bone, containing 15 per cent, of available 
 phosphoric acid, and 3 per cent, of nitrogen. 
 
 (6) Acid phosphate, containing 12 per cent, of available 
 phosphoric acid. 
 
 (7) Muriate of potash, containing 50 per cent, of potash. 
 
 (8) Sulphate of potash, containing 50 per cent, of potash. 
 
 (9) Kainit, containing 12 to 13 per cent, of potash. 
 
 In the directions for making equivalent fertilizers, it will 
 be noticed that under each head of nitrogen, potash, or 
 phosphoric acid, three separate sources of supply are given. 
 Any one of these three may be used, depending on th*!; 
 home supply or the state of the market, as each one supplies 
 the same quantity of actual fertilizer; but it will be well to 
 examine carefully the remarks given earlier in this book as 
 
PLAINT FOOD. ^i 
 
 to the fertilizer functions of the three chief fertilizer ingre- 
 dients, and decide from the nature of the crop to be grown 
 whether a quick-acting fertilizer is needed, or if a more 
 slow- acting fertilizer is desirable. For crops growing 
 throughout a long season, it is better to use a portion ol 
 the nitrogen from a quick-acting source like nitrate of soda 
 and a portion from a slow-acting source, as tankage, dried- 
 blood or bone-meal. 
 
 ALFALFA. 
 Use per acre from 400 to 800 pounds of the following 
 fertilizer : 
 
 Nitrogen i per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 8 " 
 Potash ,.. 10 " 
 
 Instead of the above, the following materials may be 
 used, which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 { (i) 30 to 60 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen •< (2) 25 to 50 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 5° t^ ^°° " dried-blood. 
 
 . ., , , ( (i) 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal, or 
 
 PhoVoWic Acid \ (') '°^ ^° 400 - dissolved bone, or 
 1 hosphonc Acid ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ « ^^j^ phosphate. 
 
 ( (i) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash <• •] (2) 80 to 160 " sulphate, or 
 
 ((3) 325 to 650 ** kainit. 
 
 SuggcSitons. Like clover, alfalfa needs only small ap- 
 plications of nitrogen, because it can obtain nitrogen 
 from the air. A liberal supply of phosphoric acid and 
 
^2 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 potash compounds needs to be applied from time to time, 
 the application being made preferably in the fall or early 
 winter. Lime needs to be present in the soil in liberal pro- 
 portions. When deficient, it can be applied in the form of 
 ground limestone, chalk or marl at the rate of one to three 
 tons an acre, and preferably two or three years before sow- 
 ing crop. 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 For an apple orchard, an annual top-dressing of 400 to 
 
 800 pounds is necessary of a fertilizer as follows : 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 8 ** 
 Potash 12 " 
 
 Instead of the above, the following materials may be 
 used, which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials j)er acre. 
 
 i) 50 to 100 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen -^(2) 40 to 80 ** sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 3) 80 to 160 " dried-blood. 
 
 i) 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal, or 
 
 2) 200 to 400 " dissolved bone, or 
 
 3) 250 to 500 ** acid phosphate. 
 
 i) 100 to 200 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash -^ (2) 100 to 200 " sulphate, or 
 
 3) 400 to 800 '* kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. Excessive application of nitrogen com- 
 pounds to apple orchards is to be avoided, because it favors 
 rank growth of trees at the expense of fruit. Fruit trees in 
 bearing require annual application of fertilizers for best 
 results. 
 
 Available \ 
 Phosphoric Acid ^ 
 
PLANT FOOD. 43 
 
 ASPARAGUS. 
 
 As a fertilizer, use per acre from 400 to 800 pounds of 
 the following : 
 
 Nitrogen 5 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 7 " 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above, the following materials may be 
 used, which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen^ 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 Nitrogen -i ^^^ *^° ^^ ^^o lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 ° ( (2) 200 to 400 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( ^^^ 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal, or 
 Phosphoric Acid j (^) ^°° ^"^ 400 ;; dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 acid phosphate. 
 
 i (i) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash ■< (2) 70 to 140 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 3°o to 600 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. Stable-manure may be applied every two 
 or three years in the fall after removing plants, and also 
 every year a dressing of phosphoric acid and potash„ 
 Nitrate of soda is applied to best advantage in the springs 
 just as the shoots begin to appear. 
 
 BARLEY. 
 
 Use per acre 500 to 1000 lbs. of a fertilizer as follows • 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 7 ** 
 Potash 8 " 
 
 Instead of the above, the following materials may bt 
 
4* 
 
 PLANT FOOD, 
 
 used, which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively. 
 
 Pounds materials per acre, 
 
 { (i) 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 Kiirogen. ...... -j (2) 50 to 100 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 125 to 250 ** dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( (^) ^^^ Jo 400 lbs. bone-meal or 
 Phosphoric Acid ) ^^^ ^5° to 300 dissolved bone, or 
 ((3) 175^0350 ^* acid phosphate, 
 
 i (i) 50 to 100 lbs, muriate, or 
 
 Potash •] (2) 50 to 100 " sulphatCj 01 
 
 ( (3) 200 to 400 *' kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. Excess of nitrogen as found in stable 
 
 manure is to be avoided, because the quality of the grair 
 
 may be injured. 
 
 BEANS. 
 
 Use per acre 500 to 1000 pounds of the following . 
 
 Nitrogen , i per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 7 " 
 Potash ..... . 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above, the following materials may be 
 
 lasedj which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 ^ (i) 30 to 60 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen •] (2) 25 to 50 " sulph. of ammo., 01 
 
 ( (3) 50 to 100 ** dried-biGod. 
 
 Avj^n^Klf. ( (^^ 250 to 500 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 PhosDhoric Acid 1 (') '^° '^ 400 *' dissolved bone, or 
 Phosphoric Acid ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ., bone-meal. 
 
 (i) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash.*. "{(2) 70 to 140 " sulphate, or 
 
 (3) 300 to 600 " kainit. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 4| 
 
 Suggestions. The formula given above applies to beams 
 grown for the seeds. When beans are grown to be eaten 
 green, as for string beans, three or four times as much 
 nitrogen should be applied, as for example, loo to 2©© 
 pounds of nitrate of soda for one acre; this is applied pr@= 
 ferably in three or four portions at different times rather 
 than all at once. The extra application of nitrogen will 
 develop the foliage and pods and retard ripening. 
 
 BEETS-GARDEN. 
 
 Use per acre from 500 to 1,000 pounds of a fertilli^f 
 analyzing as follows : 
 
 Nitrogen 5 per cent= 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 6 " 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may 'b% 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogeiL 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 i{i) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda, os 
 
 Nitrogen , \i?) 100 to 200 " sulph. of ammo., o? 
 
 ( (3) 200 to 400 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( ^^^ ^°° ^^ 4°° ^^^- ^^'^^ phosphate, o? 
 Phosphoric Acid 1 (\) ^75 to 350 - dissolved bone, 01 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 " bone-meal, 
 
 I (i) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash -| (2) 70 to 140 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 300 to 600 " kainit. 
 
 Sugget^Jions. When beets are grown for sugar, potash it 
 ^n ferably used in the form of sulphate. In growing beeti 
 
46 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 for garden or feeding purposes, somewhat less nitrogen can 
 be used. 
 
 BLACKBERRIES. 
 
 Use per acre 500 to 1,000 pounds of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 6 " 
 Potash 8 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen. 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 r (i) 100 to 200 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen •] (2) 75 to 150 '* sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) ^5° to 300 " dried-blood. 
 
 . -1 ui ( (i) 250 to 500 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 oi. ^'^l^^^y^ . , \ (2) 200 to 400 " dissolved bone, or 
 Phosphoric Acid ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ,, bone-meal. 
 
 ( (i) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash -< (2) 80 to 160 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 3°o to 600 " kainit. 
 
 BUCKWHEAT. 
 
 Use per acre 350 to 700 pounds of a fertilizer containing 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 8 " 
 Potash 9 '* 
 
 Instead of the above, the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 47 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 i (i) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen •< (2) 75 to 150 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 150 to 300 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric 
 
 , . r (i) 250 to 500 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 • ^ '^q i (^) ^°° ^° 4°*^ " dissolved bone, or 
 ic Acid ^^^^ ^^^ ^Q g^^ u bone-meal. 
 
 r (i) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash •< (2) 70 to 140 '* sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 30^ to 600 " kainit. 
 
 CABBAGE. 
 
 Use per acre from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds of fertilizer 
 containing : 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 7 " 
 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 i) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen. , "{ (^) ^°*^ ^^ 4°*^ " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 400 to 800 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash 
 
 dried-blood. 
 
 600 to 1200 lbs. acid phosphate, 0/ 
 500 to 1000 *' dissolved bone, 0/ 
 700 to 1400 ** bone-meal. 
 
 180 to 360 lbs. muriate, or 
 180 to 360 " sulphate, or 
 700 to 1400 *' kainit. 
 
 CARROTS. 
 
 Use per acre from 500 to 1000 pounds of a fertilizer 
 containing : 
 
48 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent: 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 7 " 
 Potash 8 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may oe 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 75 to 150 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 150 to 300 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available j Y 
 Phosphoric Acid 1 ^ 
 
 Potash.. . -5(2 
 
 ((3 
 
 300 to 600 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 250 to 500 '' dissolved bone, or 
 350 to 700 " bone-meal. 
 
 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 80 to 160 " sulphate, or 
 300 to 600 '' kainit. 
 
 Sug^^estions. When stable-manure is used, it is preferably 
 applied to the land the preceding year. 
 
 CELERY. 
 
 Use per acre from 800 to 1600 pounds of a fertilizer 
 containing; 
 
 Nitrogen 5 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 6 " 
 Potash 8 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre, 
 
 { (i) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen ■! (2) 200 to 400 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 400 to 800 " dried-blood. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 49 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 A •] hi ( (^^ 4°° ^^ ^°° ^^^* ^^^^ phosphate, or 
 
 T^, , . A -J K (2) ^So to 700 " dissolved bone, or 
 Phosphoric Acid I ^^j ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ .. bone-meal. 
 
 r (i) 130 to 260 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash •< (2) 130 to 260 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 5°^ to 1000 ** kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. On muck soils the amount of nitrogen may 
 be decreased and that of potash increased. The direct ap- 
 plication of stable-manure has been found often to produce 
 rusty celery. 
 
 CHERRIES. 
 
 The fertilizer application should be from 500 to looc 
 pounds per acre, of a fertilizer containing : 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 7 " 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 i(i) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 (2) 50 to 100 '* sulph. of ammo., 01 
 (3) 100 to 200 " dried-blood. 
 
 . •! v,i ( (0 300 to 600 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 iDu A\. • \ -^ \ (2) 2C50 to c;oo " dissolved bone, or 
 Phosphoric Acid y ) { ^ ^ ^ a u 1 
 
 ( (3) 35^ to 700 " bone-meal. 
 
 C (i) 90 to 180 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash ^{2) 90 to 180 " sulphate, or 
 
 ((3) 350 to 700 " kainit. 
 
50 
 
 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 The application per tree, depending on whether light or 
 heavy bearing may be expected, would be as follows : 
 
 Pounds materials per tree. 
 
 { (i) -J to I lb. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen •< (2) -^ to i '' sulph. of ammonia, or 
 
 ( (3) T to 2 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash , 
 
 (i) 3 to 6 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 (2) 2\ to 5 " dissolved bone, or 
 
 (3) 3i ^<^ 7 *' bone-meal. 
 
 (i) I to 2 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 (2) I to 2 " sulphate, or 
 
 (3) Z\ to 7 " kainit. 
 
 CLOVER. 
 
 Fertilizer for Clover, same as for Alfalfa. 
 
 CORN, 
 
 Use per acre 500 to 1000 pounds of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 7 " 
 
 Potash 6 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively: 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 50 to 100 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 (I 
 
 Nitrogen \{2 
 
 (3 
 
 Available 
 
 W 
 
 (2 
 
 100 to 200 
 
 dried-blood. 
 
 300 to 600 lbs. acid phosphate, 01 
 250 to 500 " dissolved bone, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid ]|^^^ ^^^^^^^^ a bone-meal 
 
PLANT FOOD. ^I 
 
 (i) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash •{ (2) 60 to 120 '' sulphate, or 
 
 (3) 250 to 500 •' kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. The nitrogen may be applied to advantage 
 tn the form of stable-manure, especially if the soil is at all 
 lacking in humus. For sweet corn, somewhat larger 
 -amounts of nitrogen may be applied. 
 
 CUCUMBERS 
 
 Use at the rate of 750 to 1500 pounds per acre 01 the 
 following fertilizer : 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 6 *' 
 Potash 8 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen^ 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 i (1) 180 to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen -j (2) 150 to 300 '• sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 30° to 600 '' dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( (i) 400 to 800 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid -< (2) 350 to 700 '* dissolved bone, or 
 ((3) 500 to 1000 " bone-meal. 
 
 f(i) 130 to 260 lbs. muriate, or 
 Potash -<(2) 130 to 260 " sulphate, or 
 
 ((3) 500 to 1000 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions, Too much nitrogen is to be avoided, as 
 there will be a tendency to excessive growth of vines, and 
 the fruit will be less firm and more likely to decay. Sul- 
 phate of ammonia will often give better results than the 
 
52 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 more quickly acting nitrate of soda, as the period of growth 
 will be longer and the yield larger. Stable-manure, when 
 used, is preferably applied in fall, followed by sulphate of 
 ammonia in the spring. The phosphoric acid may be 
 applied, one-half in the fall and the rest in the spring, 
 
 CURRANTS. 
 
 Use per acre 500 to 1000 pounds of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen. , 2 per cent, 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid, . 5 " 
 Potash _ 8 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre, 
 ( (i) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen -< (2) 50 to 100 ** sulph. of ammo., 01 
 
 ( (3) 100 to 200 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ^(i) 200 to 400 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid -<(2) 17510350 " dissolved bone, of 
 ((3) 250 to 500 " bone-meal. 
 
 ( (i) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash •< (2) 80 to 160 ** sulphate, or 
 
 ((3) 32010640 " kainit 
 
 EGG PLANTS 
 
 Use per acre 1,000 to 2,000 pounds of a fertilizer, cob 
 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 5 ** 
 Potash 9 " 
 
PLANT FOOD. 53 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 240 to 480 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 200 to 400 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 400 to 800 " dried-blood. 
 
 (i 
 
 Nitrogen....... -{(2 
 
 (3 
 
 Available i (i 
 
 Phosphoric Acid \ (2 
 
 ((3 
 
 Potash •< (2 
 
 ((3 
 
 400 to 800 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 350 to 700 " dissolved bone, or 
 500 to 1000 *' bone-meal. 
 
 180 to 360 lbs. muriate, or 
 180 to 360 " sulphate, or 
 700 to 1400 " kainit. 
 
 FLAX. 
 
 Use per acre 325 to 650 pounds of a fertilizercontaining : 
 
 Nitrogen , . . . . 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 8 " 
 Potash 9 *' 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively r^ 
 
 Pounds materials per acre, 
 
 ( (i) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen •] (2) 50 to 100 " sulph. of ammo, or 
 
 ( (3) 100 to 200 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( (i) 200 to 400 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid \ (2) 175 to 350 '' dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 " bone-meal. 
 
 i (i) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash -^(2) 60 to 120 *' sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 " kainit. 
 
^4 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 Fertilizer for Gooseberries, same as for Currants. 
 
 GRAPES. 
 
 Use per acre from 400 to 800 pounds of the following 
 fertilizer : 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid 0.8 " 
 Potash II " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 
 "^11 
 
 ^•fi^lL ^ y 
 
 -r 
 
 
 
 Grapes, unfertilized. — Experiment Farm, 
 Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
i>LANT FOOD. 
 
 55 
 
 Grapes, with medium fertiliza.tion. — Experiment Farm. 
 Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
 
 Grapes, with heavy fertilization — Experiment Farm, 
 Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
56 
 
 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 50 to 100 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 40 to 80 '' sulph. of ammo., or 
 80 to 160 " dried-blood. 
 
 250 to 500 lbs. acid phosphate, 01 
 200 to 400 '* dissolved bone, or 
 300 to 600 " bone-meal. 
 
 90 to 180 lbs. muriate, or 
 90 to 180 " sulphate, or 
 350 to 700 '' kainit. 
 
 Suggestions, Much of the nitrogen can be supplied by 
 growing clover between the rows and turning under. Ex- 
 cessive use of stable-manure is believed to produce a growth 
 of weakened vitality, not able readily to withstand attacks 
 of fungous diseases. Once in a few years, lime may be 
 applied to advantage. 
 
 GRASS FOR PASTURES. 
 
 Use per acre from 750 to 1,500 pounds of the following 
 fertilizer : . 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 8 " 
 Potash 10 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 (i) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen \{?) 75 to 150 '' sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 (3) 150 to 300 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 (i) 250 to 500 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 (2) 200 to 400 " dissolved bone, o* 
 
 (3) 300 to 600 " bone-meal. 
 
PLANT FOOD, 57 
 
 ( (i) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 Potash •< (2) 80 to 160 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 275 to 550 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. It is probable that the droppings from 
 animals will furnish most of the nitrogen needed, but pains 
 should be taken occasionally to run some kind of smooth- 
 ing harrow over the ground to distribute the droppings 
 evenly. 
 
 GRASS FOR LAWNS. 
 
 Use 400 to 800 pounds per acre of the following 
 fertilizer : 
 
 Nitrogen 5 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 6 '' 
 Potash 8 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 i (i) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen i (2) 100 to 200 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 200 to 400 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( (i) 200 to 400 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid I (2) 175 to 350 " dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 " bone-meal. 
 
 r (i) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash •] (2) 60 to 1 20 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 '' kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. As a more specific mixture, we suggest the 
 following : 100 lbs, nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. bone-meal, 100 
 lbs. acid phosphate, and 100 lbs. muriate of potash per acre. 
 
^8 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 GRASS FOR MEADOWS. 
 
 Use from 375 to 750 lbs. per acre of the following 
 fertilizer : 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 7 ** 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively: 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 { (i) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen i (2) 75 to 150 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 150 to 300 " dried-Lflood. 
 
 Available i (i) 250 to 500 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid •< (2) 200 to 400 " dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 300 to 600 " bone-meal. 
 
 ^ (i) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash •] (2) 70 to 140 " sulphate, or 
 
 ((3) 275 to 550 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. The fact cannot be too strongly emphasized 
 that meadows from which grass is cut year after year should 
 be regularly fertilized every year in a liberal manner. 
 
 HOPS. 
 
 Use per acre 650 to 1,300 pounds of a fertilizer 
 
 containing : 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . . 6 " 
 Potash 12 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen. 
 
 ph.')sphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 59 
 
 Nitrogen .... 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 i) 1 20 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 2) 100 to 200 ** sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 3) 200 to 400 " dried-blood. 
 
 i) 275 to 550 lbs. acid phosphate, 01 
 
 2) 250 to 500 '* dissolved bone, 01 
 
 3) 350 to 700 " bone-meal. 
 
 i) 200 to 400 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 2) 200 to 400 " sulphate, or 
 
 3) 800 to 1600 '' kainit. 
 
 LETTUCE. 
 
 Use per acre 800 to 1,600 pounds of a fertilizer 
 
 containing : 
 
 Nitrogen 5 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . 6 " 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Founds materials per acre. 
 i) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 '2) 200 to 400 '^ sulph. of ammo , or 
 ^3) 400 to 800 " dried-blood. 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash. 
 
 i) 400 to 800 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 2) 350 to 700 " dissolved bone, or 
 
 3) 500 to 1000 " bone-meal. 
 
 i) 150 to 300 lbs. muriate, 01 
 
 2) 150 to 300 " sulphate, 01 
 
 3) 600 to 1200 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. When lettuce is grown under glass, use 
 about half as much nitrogen and a half more phosphoric 
 acid and potash than indicated above. 
 
DO PLANT FOOD. 
 
 LUCERNE. 
 
 Fertilizer for Lucerne, same as for Alfalfa. 
 
 NURSERY STOCK. 
 
 Use per acre 325 to 650 pounds of the following 
 fertilizer : 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 6 " 
 Potash . 7 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively. 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 50 to 100 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 (( 
 
 Nitrogen •< ( 
 
 ((3) 
 
 Available {. (i 
 
 Phosphoric Acid -< (2 
 
 ((3 
 
 Potash ■< (2 
 
 ((3 
 
 100 to 200 " dried-blood. 
 
 200 to 400 lbs, acid phosphate, or 
 175 -^ ZS'^ " dissolved bone, or 
 250 to 500 " bone-meal. 
 
 60 to 120 lbs. muriate, or 
 60 to 120 " sulphate, or 
 240 to 480 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. Excess of nitrogen produces a rapid but 
 Wwak growth of wood. 
 
 OATS. 
 On average soils, it would be best to give oats 300 to 600 
 pounds per acre of a fertilizer containing: 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 6 '* 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 6l 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 60 to 120 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 120 to 240 " 
 
 Nitrogen -< (2 
 
 ((3 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash. 
 
 dried-blood. 
 
 160 to 320 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 140 to 280 " dissolved bone, or 
 
 (3) 200 to 400 " bone-meal. 
 
 60 to 120 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 60 to 120 " sulphate, or 
 
 250 to 500 " kainit. 
 
 ONIONS. 
 
 Use per acre 900 to 1,800 pounds of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 5 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 6 " 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 (i) 270 to 540 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 225 to 450 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 450 to 900 
 
 Nitrogen •<{ (2 
 
 (3 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash. 
 
 (I 
 
 (2 
 
 (3 
 
 (I 
 (2 
 (3 
 
 dried-blood. 
 
 450 to 900 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 385 to 770 " dissolved bone, or 
 550 to 1 100 " bone-meal. 
 
 160 to 320 lbs. muriate, or 
 160 to 320 " sulphate, or 
 650 to 1300 " kainit. 
 
52 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Suggestio?is. Fresh stable-manure is to be avoided on 
 account of weed-seeds and also a tendency to favor the 
 growth of onion-maggots. Stable-manure is preferably 
 used in soil two years before planting onions. An excess 
 of nitrogen delays the ripening and injures the keeping 
 qualities of the onions. 
 
 PARSNIPS, 
 
 Use per acre 650 to 1,300 pounds of a fertilizer as 
 follows ; 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 9 '* 
 Potash 8 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen^ 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively. 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 { (i) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 Nitrogen, .... ...s (2) 100 to 200 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 200 to 400 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( (i) 450 to 900 lbs, acid phosphate, 01 
 
 Phosphoric Acid •< (2) 375 to 750 " dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) S'S^ ^^ 1 100 " bone-meal 
 
 [ (i) 100 to 200 lbs, muriate, or 
 
 Potash *j (2) 100 to 200 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 400 to 800 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions -_ Stable-manure, when used, is preferably 
 applied the preceding year. 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 Use 750 to 1500 pounds per acre of a fertilizer con 
 taining? 
 
PLANT FOOD. 6;^ 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 5 " 
 
 Potash 7 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 osed which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively ; 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 r(i) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen -(2) 75 to 150 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ((3) 15010300 ** dried-blood. 
 
 Available ) ^^^ 320 to 640 ibs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 xy-u I, • A 'J r (2) 280 to c;6o ** dissolved bone, or 
 Phosphoric Acid ( ) ( . % ^^ . , * 
 
 ) (3) 400 to 800 " bone-meaL 
 
 1 (i) no to 220 lbs. muriate, or 
 Potash..,,...., >■ (2) no to 220 " sulphate, or 
 ) (3) 45° to 900 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. Much of the nitrogen may be furnished by 
 raising leguminous crops between the rows of trees and 
 turning under for green-manure. It is claimed that large 
 applications of potash enable the trees more readily to 
 withstand the disease known as *'Peach Yellows/* 
 
 PEARS. 
 
 Fertilizer for Pears, same as for Apples. 
 
 PEAS. 
 
 Fertilizer for Peas, same as for Beans. 
 Suggestio7is. When peas are raised for picking green^ 
 larger amounts of nitrate of soda may be used to advantage 
 
 PLUMS. 
 
 Fertilizer for Plums, same as for Cherries. 
 
64 
 
 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Peaches. — Unfertilized. 
 
 _>«; — -^y^--^^^- . r- 
 
 Peaches. — Fertilized with Potash, Phosphoric Acid and Nitrogen. 
 Experiment Farm, Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 65 
 
 POTATOES (Sweet or White) 
 
 For general purposes use per acre 750 to 1500 pounds 
 of a fertilizer containing : 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 6 *' 
 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 r (t) 180 to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen i (2) 150 to 300 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 300 to 600 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ^ (i) 325 to 650 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid \ (2) 275 to 550 " dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 400 to 800 " bone-meal. 
 
 i (i) 130 to 260 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash -< (2) 130 to 260 " sulphate, or 
 
 ((3) 520 to 1040 " kainit. 
 
 Suggestions. The use of stable-manure appears to favor 
 the growth of potato-scab. When used, stable-manure 
 should be applied to a preceding crop. Wood-ashes are also 
 reported to favor the attack of the scab. It is commonly 
 held that sulphate of potash produces potatoes of better 
 quality than does muriate. The testimony on this point is 
 conflicting. 
 
 RADISHES. 
 
 A good fertilizer for radishes per acre is 50c to 1,000 
 pounds of the following mixture : 
 
66 
 
 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Potatoes, — Unfertilized. Experiment Farm, 
 Southern Pines. N. C. 
 
 Potatoes. — Fertilized with Potash, Phosphoric Acid and Nitro- 
 gen. Experiment Farm, Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 67 
 
 Sweet Potatoes, — Unfertilized. Experiment Farm, 
 Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
 Sweet Potatoes. — Fertilized with Potash, Phosphoric Acid and 
 Nitrogen. Experiment Farm, Southern Pines, N. C. 
 
68 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 7 ** 
 
 Potash. . , 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 ( (i) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen -j (2) 75 to 150 '• sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) J 5° to 300 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available ( (i) 280 to 560 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid -J (2) 250 to 500 " dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 35° to 7*^° " bone-meal. 
 
 i (i) 90 to 180 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash -1(2) 90 to 180 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) ZS^ to 700 " kainit. 
 
 RASPBERRIES. 
 
 Use 600 to 1,200 pounds per acre of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid. . . 7 ** 
 Potash 10 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 ( (^) 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen S (2) 60 to 120 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 120 to 240 " dried-blood. 
 
 Available T (i) 320 to 640 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid -< (2) 280 to 560 '* dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) 400 to 800 " bone-meal. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 69 
 
 Pounds materials per acre, 
 
 (i) 120 to 240 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash "^(2) 120 to 240 " sulphate, or 
 
 (3) 480 to 960 " kainit. 
 
 RYE. 
 
 Fertilizer for Rye, same as for Oats. 
 Suggestions. Nitrogen is preferable in the form of 
 nitrate of soda rather than stable-manure. Excessive use 
 of nitrogen should be avoided. 
 
 SORGHUM. 
 
 Fertilizer for Sorghum, same as for Corn. 
 SPINACH. 
 Use per acre 750 to 1,500 pounds of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 2 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 7 " 
 Potash 5 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre, 
 
 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 7510150 ** sulph. of ammo., or 
 150 to 300 *' dried-blood. 
 
 450 to 900 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 375 to 750 '* dissolved bone, or 
 550 to 1 100 '' bone-meal. 
 
 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 80 to 160 " sulphate, or 
 320 to 640 ** kainit. 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 (I 
 
 Potash \ (2 
 
 (3 
 
yo PLANT FOOD. 
 
 SQUASHES. 
 
 Fertilizer for Squashes, same as for Cucumbers. 
 
 STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 Apply per acre 825 to 1650 pounds of a fertilizer 
 containing ; 
 
 Nitrogen 3 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 7 " 
 Potash 9 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 
 { (i) 150 to 300 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen .'. ■< (2) 125 to 250 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 
 ( (3) 250 to 500 *' dried-blood. 
 
 Available T (i) 450 to 900 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 Phosphoric Acid \ (2) 375 to 750 " dissolved bone, or 
 ( (3) ^S^ t*^ 1 100 ** bone-meal. 
 
 { (i) 140 to 280 lbs. muriate, or 
 
 Potash \{?S 140 to 280 " sulphate, or 
 
 ( (3) 550 to 1100 " kainit. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 Use per acre 750 to 1,500 pounds of a fertilizer con- 
 taining : 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 6 " 
 Potash ,,.. 10 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 7T 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash , . . . 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 \) i8o to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 
 Nitrogen \l?) 150 to 300 " sulph. of ammo., 01 
 
 3) 300 to 600 " dried-blood. 
 
 i) 400 to 800 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 
 2) 350 to 700 '* dissolved bone, or 
 
 3) 500 to 1000 '* bone-meal. 
 
 i) 160 to 320 lbs. sulphate, or 
 2) 320 to 640 *' sulphate of potash- 
 ( magnesia. 
 
 Suggestions. Stable-manure may advantageously be ap- 
 plied to the preceding crop. Potash should be used only in 
 form of sulphate. 
 
 TOMATOES. 
 
 On an acre use 625 to 1,250 pounds of a fertilizer 
 containing : 
 
 Nitrogen „ 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid . . 6 " 
 Potash 7 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds jnaterials per acre. 
 150 to 300 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 125 to 250 *' sulph. of ammo., oj 
 250 to 500 " dried-blood. 
 
 Nitrogen -^ (2 
 
 (3 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 (I 
 
 (3 
 
 Potash \ (2 
 
 (3 
 
 280 to 560 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 250 to 500 " dissolved bone, or 
 350 to 700 " bone-meal. 
 
 80 to 160 lbs. muriate, or 
 80 to 160 *' sulphate, or 
 320 to 640 *' kainit. 
 
72 
 
 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Tobacco Unfertilized. 
 
 Tobacco Fertilized with Potash, Phosphoric Acid and Nitrogen. 
 Experiment Farm. Southern Pines N. C. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 
 
 73 
 
 TURNIPS. 
 
 V Fertilizer for Turnips, same as for Beets. 
 
 VETCH. 
 
 Fertilizer for Vetch, same as for Cow Peas. 
 
 WATERMELONS. 
 
 Fertilizer for Watermelons, same as for Cucumbers 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 Use per acre 300 to 600 pounds of a fertilizer containing: 
 
 Nitrogen 4 per cent. 
 
 Available Phosphoric Acid.. 7 " 
 Potash 4 " 
 
 Instead of the above the following materials may be 
 
 used which will furnish equivalent quantities of nitrogen, 
 
 phosphoric acid and potash respectively : 
 
 Pounds materials per acre. 
 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda, or 
 60 to 120 " sulph. of ammo., or 
 120 to 240 '' 
 
 (I 
 
 Nitrogen \ (2 
 
 (3 
 
 Available 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 (> 
 
 (3 
 (I 
 
 Potash -{ (2 
 
 (3 
 
 dried-blood. 
 
 160 to 320 lbs. acid phosphate, or 
 140 to 280 " dissolved bone, or 
 200 to 400 " bone-meal. 
 
 25 to 50 lbs. muriate, or 
 25 to 50 " sulphate, or 
 100 to 200 " kainit. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATING TO SEPARATE 
 FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS. 
 
 It will generally be found more economical to purchase 
 fertilizinar materials of high grade. In applying fertilizers, 
 
74 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 bulk is often desirable, but in purchasing commercial fertil* 
 izers, the object should be to secure as much nitrogen, 
 potash and phosphoric acid in available forms as possible 
 for one dollar, instead of as many pounds as possible of 
 fertilizers, regardless of the amount of plant food contained 
 in it. This is particularly applicable to mixed fertilizers. 
 Since there is a smaller bulk to handle in mixing, a smaller 
 number of packages for holding and, consequently, less 
 weight and freight, it is, as a rule, more economical to 
 purchase fertilizers in their more concentrated forms. For 
 illustration, it is more economical to purchase one ton of a 
 high-grade fertilizer than three tons of a low-grade fertilizer, 
 one ton of the former containing the same amount of plant- 
 food contained in three tons of the latter; because, in 
 making the latter, three times as many packages are re- 
 quired and three times as much freight must be paid all 
 for the same amount of plant-food. 
 
 Fertilizers cannot^ as a rule, be in too finely powdered 
 condition, nor can they be too dry. With many materials, 
 bone for example, the availability as plant-food is directly 
 dependent upon the fineness of division. Excessive moist- 
 ure in fertilizer is undesirable on several grounds. First, 
 the larger the amount of moisture, the smaller will be the 
 amount of plant-food in a ton. Second, excess of moisture 
 causes the particles to stick together, and is likely to result 
 in caking and clogging when used in drills. Third, an 
 excess of moisture favors the decomposition and loss of 
 nitrogen in many forms of organic matter. This is shown 
 by the fact that some fertilizers give off a very offensive 
 
PLANT FOOD. 75 
 
 odor if allowed to become damp, while they are compara- 
 tively free from disagreeable odors if they are thoroughly 
 dry. A strong odor in a fertilizer is an indication that 
 organic matter is decomposing and nitrogen is being lost. 
 
 METHODS AND SEASONS OF APPLYING FERTILIZERS. 
 
 The effect of a fertilizer is lost if it does not reach the 
 plant roots. Pains must be taken to secure even and com- 
 plete distribution of fertilizers on or in the soil, since it is 
 desired to have the food reach every plant in the field. In 
 order to distribute small quantities of concentrated fertil- 
 izers over a broad area, it is well to dilute by mixing with 
 some such substance as dry earth, road-dust, sifted coal- 
 ashes or sand. 
 
 As between applying fertilizers with the drill or by 
 broadcasting, the best results are given sometimes by one 
 and sometimes by the other method, according to circum- 
 stances. When a fertilizer is especially needed by a crop 
 in its earliest stages, there is advantage in drilling it in with 
 the seed. When concentrated fertilizers are to be distributed 
 broadcast, it is desirable that they should be somewhat 
 diluted. , 
 
 Materials which are readily soluble can be scattered over 
 the surface. After the first fall of rain they distribute them- 
 selves '.hroughout the soil very completely and uniformly. 
 Such materials are nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, 
 soluble phosphates, and soluble potash salts. These ma- 
 terials are preferably used in case of top dressings. 
 
 Materials which are not readily soluble are preferably 
 
j6 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 well mixed through and beneath the soil. Thus, dried- 
 blood, bone-meal, fish-scrap, and similar materials are best 
 placed at greater depth beneath the soil, because under 
 these conditions they become soluble more rapidly and are 
 retained more surely by the soil. 
 
 Time of application. Fertilizers which dissolve easily 
 and diffuse through soil rapidly and which are not readily 
 retained by the soil, are best applied only when the crop is 
 ready to utilize them. If put on too early, there is danger 
 of their being leached from the soil and carried more or 
 less beyond the reach of the plant, and thus lost. Nitrate, 
 and to a less extent, ammonia compounds, come under this 
 precaution. Hence it is not wise ordinarly to apply 
 guano, ammonia compounds or nitrate of soda in the fall, 
 except in climates which have a dry fall and winter. Their 
 application should be deferred until spring. In wet spring, 
 ammonia compounds are preferably applied rather than 
 nitrate of soda ; or, if nitrate of soda is used, loss may be 
 avoided by making several small applications instead of one 
 at the start. Care should be taken, however, riot to make 
 applications of nitrate of soda too late in the season, as the 
 maturing of the crop will be retarded and there will be an 
 excessive growth of stems and leaves. 
 
 Fertilizers which do not dissolve readily or which do not 
 diffuse through the soil rapidly are better applied to the 
 land before the crop commences its growth. To this class 
 belong stable-manure, bone-manure, dried-blood, tankage, 
 cotton-seed-meal, ground-rock, and, to some extent, soluble 
 phosphates and potash compounds. 
 
PLANT FOOD, 77 
 
 In applying highly concentrated commercial fertilizers, 
 it is wise to prevent the fertilizer coming in contact with 
 the seeds or foliage of plants. Fertilizers containing am- 
 monia compounds should not be mixed with wood-ashes, 
 lime, or Thomas slag (odorless phosphate), since some of 
 the ammonia is likely to be lost. 
 
 On soils of loose texture and small retentive power, it is 
 best to use, for the most part, those forms of fertilizers 
 which are not too easily soluble, in order to make as small 
 as possible the losses occasioned by heavy rains. Animal 
 and vegetable materials are specially suited for such cases. 
 
 In order to use farm-yard manures to the best advantage 
 on the average soil, we need to supplement them with com- 
 mercial fertilizers containing available phosphoric acid and 
 potash. To give a roughly approximate idea, we might say 
 that for every ton of stable-manure applied, it would be 
 well to use with it from 50 to 100 pounds of acid phosphate 
 and from 25 to 50 pounds of high-grade muriate or sulphate 
 of potash. It appears to be the prevailing belief both in 
 theory and practice that best results are ordinarily secured 
 by applying stable-manure to the soil in as fresh condition 
 as possible. Fresh manure gives better results than rotted 
 manure on heavy clay soils, when one desires to lighten the 
 condition of the soil. However, when one desires direct 
 fertilizing action promptly, fresh manure gives sufficiently 
 quick returns on light soils, becoming available as fast as 
 the plant needs it, if the season is not too dry On heavy 
 ciay soils, manure decomposes slowly and the constituents 
 of fresh manure may not become available as fast as needed. 
 
78 PLANT FOOD. 
 
 Fresh miitiure has a tendency to favor rapid growth of 
 foliage and stems at the expense of the fruit and grain. It 
 is, therefore more suitable for grasses, forage plants and 
 leafy crops than for grains. Such crops as potatoes, sugar- 
 beets and tobacco appear to be injured in quality by the 
 direct application of stable-manure. It is advised in such 
 cases to apply the manure in the fall previous to the spring 
 in which the crops are to be put in, thus allowing time for 
 a considerable amount of decomposition. 
 
 In rotted manure, the fertilizing constituents, as a rule, 
 are in readily available form for the use of plants. Such 
 manure is less bulky and more easily distributed than fresh 
 manure. It is also less likely to promote the too rapid 
 growth of stems and leaves as in the case of fresh manure. 
 For the improvement of the mechanical condition of a soil, 
 the best results come from using rotted manure on light 
 soils. It must, however, be remembered that on such soils 
 there is more or less danger that some portion of the 
 valuable fertilizing constituents may be leached out andt 
 lost. On this account it is found advisable to apply such 
 manure to light soils only a short time before it is needed by 
 the crop. In general, rotted manure is better adapted to spring 
 applications. It is better to apply rotted manure on light 
 soils at frequent intervals in small amounts. In warm, moist 
 climates, it makes much less difference whether the manure 
 is applied in fresh or rotted condition. In cold climates, 
 however, the use of decomposed manure is preferable. 
 
 Three methods of applying manure on the field are in 
 common practice. 
 
PLANT FOOD. 79 
 
 Applying in Heaps. By this method the manure is distrib- 
 uted in heaps over the field and permitted to lie some time 
 before being spread. This method is objectionable for 
 several reasons. The labor of handling is increased ; there 
 is danger from loss of decomposition and leaching ; the 
 manure is not uniformly distributed, the spots beneath the 
 heaps being more thoroughly manured on account of the 
 leaching. Storing manure in very large heaps is less objec- 
 tionable, provided the heap is carefully covered with earth 
 and not allowed to lie too long. 
 
 Applying Broadcast. By this method the manure is 
 spread more or less completely and evenly on the field, 
 being plowed in at once or allowed to lie some time on the 
 surface. This is preferably practiced on the level field, 
 where there is little danger from surface washing. In late 
 fall and early spring, there is likely to be very little loss of 
 nitrogen. On a loose soil, there may be loss from leaching, 
 if the manure is spread long before the crop is put into the 
 soil ; but in average experience this is not apt to be con- 
 siderable. This method has the advantage of uniform 
 distribution as the liquid portion is evenly by degrees 
 mixed with the soil. When manure is leached of its soluble 
 nitrogen compounds, it does not decompose so readily. On 
 this account, it is well, in case of light or porous soils, to 
 plow the manure in as soon as spread. In regard to the 
 depth in which manure should be plowed in, it is safe to 
 say that in very compact soils, the depth should not be 
 greater than four inches, while in lighter soils the depth 
 may be increased. It is important that the manure be near 
 
8o PLANT FOOD. 
 
 enough the surface to allow access of sufficient moisture 
 
 and air, in order that decomposition may not be too much 
 
 delayed. 
 
 Applying in Rows. This method has the advantage of 
 
 placing the manure where it will reach the plant most 
 
 quickly and enabling one to use smaller amounts than 
 
 in broadcasting. It is especially applicable for forcing 
 
 some garden crops. Rotted manure gives good results 
 
 when used this way. 
 
 RULES FOR CALCULATING FROM ONE COMPOUND 
 INTO OTHER COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Compounds Containing Nitrogen. 
 
 To change ammonia into an equivalent amount of nitro* 
 gen, multiply the amount of ammonia by 0.82. 
 
 To change nitrogen into an equivalent amount of am- 
 monia, multiply the amount of nitrogen by i .21. 
 
 To change nitrate of soda into an equivalent amount of 
 ammonia, divide the amount of nitrate of soda by 5. 
 
 To change nitrate of soda into an equivalent amount of 
 nitrogen, divide the amount of nitrate of soda by 6. 
 
 To change nitrogen into an equivalent amount of nitrate 
 of soda, multiply the nitrogen by 6. 
 
 To change sulphate of ammonia into an equivalent 
 amount of ammonia, divide the amount of pure sulphate of 
 ammonia by 4. 
 
 To change ammonia into an equivalent amount of sul- 
 phate of ammonia, multiply the amount of ammonia by 3.9. 
 
 To change nitrate of potash into an equivalent amount 
 of nitrogen, divide the amount of nitrate of potash by 7.2. 
 
 n^ 
 
\J UNZ A CO., PRINTERS, 24 BROADWAY, NEW YOF