I "I T OnH/Tv C T A ID V %J k ^} LiiJ ■il".- '';':.'■ l!'' ^. :'; ■I 1. FRAME, PRENTICE RASD lu: ': i' '■ MilfH}'! Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/phisigmakappahisOOrand PHI SIGMA KAPPA A HISTORY 1873-1923 JOSEPH FRANKLIN BARRETT PHI SIGMA KAPPA A HISTORY 1873-1923 by FRANK PRENTICE RAND author oi GARLINGTOWN JOHN EPPS etc. Published hv The Council of Phi Sigma Kappa 1923 Copyright 1923 The Council of Phi Sigma Kappa THE KINGSBURY PRINT NORTHAMPTON, MASS. FOREWORD Brothers in Phi Sigma Kappa, these annals are yours: they tell of your work, they are gleaned from your records and recollec- tions, they are often in your own words. They are not eulogy nor propaganda, but history, — containing much of fact, which it is hoped will be found reliably, if not always flatteringly, exact, and something of interpretation, for which the author must stand largely responsible. It should be borne in mind that in places the Council files were wholly inadequate. The annalist, therefore, after preparing a draft of each period from all available docu- mentary sources, submitted his manuscript to leaders of the Fraternity during the period under consideration, and their emendations were made the basis of a re-written and expanded copy. The Fraternity owes much to the cooperation of the men whose names appear below. Eight others also received copies of manuscript and by their silence have given a tacit acquiescence to the contents. Others, too, rendered invaluable assistance in respect to smaller units. Special mention should be made of Dr. John Ashburton Cutter, William A. Mclntyre, and R. Rossman Lawrence, who. not only edited certain chapters as indicated in the listed acknowledgments, but also read the complete galley proof in search of possible error or infelicity. The numbers appended to the names which follow refer to the chapters to which brothers lent their memory and judgment. David E. Baker, A 78, (2) William S. Barnes, E '95, (7, 8) Walter C. Brandes, 9 '14, A '19, (7, 11, 12) William Penn Brooks, Founder, (1, 2, 5) Frederick G. Campbell, Founder, (1) John Ashburton Cutter, A '82, B '86, (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, S) Charles E. Davis, B '90, (4) Richard T. Duncan, A '86, B '89, (4) William H. Hackett, E '93, (7, 8) Peter M. Harwood, A '75, (1) Charles Sumner Howe, A '78, (2, 3) Elmer D. Howe, A '81, (3) R. Rossman Lawrence, X '07, (8, 10, 11, 12) Sherwood Le Fevre, B '91, (5) John Adams Lowe, X '06, (9, 10, 11) William A. Mclntyre, M '04, (0, 7, S, 9, 10, 11, 12) Donald H. McLean, A '06, (9) Evan F. Richardson, A '87, (3) Arthur Guernsey Root, B '90, (4) George J. Vogel, V '91, (7, 8, 9) Amherst, Massachusetts September 1, 1922 F. P. R. CONTENTS Beginnings 11 T^± ... 26 Pi Chapter 41 Alden March . 53 Laws and Rituals . 63 Expansion 80 EstabHshed Sovereignty 97 Quiet Times . . . 116 Into the West 130 The Administration Within . 145 During the War 169 Renewal .... 181 Appendix The Exoteric Constitution .... 201 The Grand Chapter Conventions and Officers 211 Phi Sigma Kappa in Who's Who in America 217 The Chapter in Arms 219 Membership Tabulation .... 258 Index 260 ILLUSTRATIONS Joseph Franklin Barrett Frontispiece The M. A. C. Campus in 1873 12 Jabez WilHam Clay . 16 Henry Hague 17 Brooks in 1875 19 X. Y. Clark 20 Frederick G. Campbell 22 Barrett in 1875 23 Dr. Joseph E. Root 29 Charles Sumner Howe 33 Kinney's Coat of Arms ,46 Its Evolution 47 Kinney's Diamond Design .49 Dr. Richard F. Duncan ,56 Duncan's Grand Chapter Key 57 Dr. Walter H. Conley 60 Dr. Willam H. Happel 73 The West Virginia House 75 William Penn Brooks 78 Dr. John Ashburton Cutter 81 Samuel C. Thompson 86 The Franklin & Marshall House 93 Oscar R. W. Worm 96 The Columbia House 98 The House at Cornell 107 George J. Vogel 117 William A. Mclntyre 119 The Dartmouth House 121 The House at Williams 124 The House at Yale 126 The California House 131 The Wisconsin House 140 The News of the Day 142 Root, Barrett and Thompson at Worcester .... 143 James A. Boehm 148 John Adams Lowe . . 151 R. Rossman Lawrence 155 The Alpha House . The House at IlHnois The Worcester House Robert Henri Chapon . The Pennsylvania House The Stevens House The House at Oregon The Schenectady-Beta House The House at Lehigh The Minnesota House . The St. Lawrence House Frank Prentice Rand 162 164 166 170 178 179 184 188 191 193 195 197 CHAPTER ONE Beginnings (1873) Joe Barrett was wont to say that Phi Sigma Kappa was "con- ceived in iniquity". The Big Chief, however, was given to speaking in paradox, and this historical epigram must be so considered. But before writing of the foundation, it would be well to pause for a moment and take note of the foundations, if you please, — ■ the material from which our Order was to be evolved. What was the Massachusetts Agricultural College, to which our Founders came in the fall of 1871? /What did they find, these lads, as they drove into the village of Amherst, over dusty roads but with shining and uplifted eyes, to realize their dream? Well, they found the beautiful Connecticut River valley much as it is to-day, with the Holyoke range lying off to the southwest, breaking abruptly to give passage to the river, and reappearing beyond as Mount Tom; with Toby and Sugarloaf looming up to the north; and distantly in the west the Berkshires, radiant no doubt in the glory of an autumnal sunset. They may indeed have recalled the opening lines of a lyceum declamation dear to the young Websters of that day: "Think of the country for which the Indians fought! Who can blame them!" They found, too, something in the way of college buildings. There was old South College, standing upon a sightly ridge centrally located among the several farms which together constituted the campus, a four-story, brick structure by no means undignified, containing recitation rooms, a museum of natural history, and dormitory accommodations for nearly fifty men. Nearby stood North College, substantially the same brick dormitory that Aggie students know in 1923, but graced in those days with an ample piazza and containing in its cellar a tool room for the farm. To the north of this, beyond a ravine, were two wooden buildings: a boarding house and the residence of one of the professors. To the east of it, a good five minutes' walk, was an unimposing framed house, pretentiously known as the Botanical Museum and contain- ing also the office of the president of the college. Here also stood 11 12 Phi Sigma Kappa Beginnings 13 the Durfee Plant House, containing an excellent green-house collection and apparently the pri'de of the campus. These buildings, supplemented by a farm house and barn and one or two residences, made up, with a single notable exception, the visible college. This notable exception, notable because of its bearing upon our history, was located on the ridge with the two dormitories, between North College and the ravine. In recent years it has been devoted entirely to the science of chemistry and is referred to apologetically as "the chem building". Even in the hey-day of its youth beauty knew it not. In September 1922 it was accidentally destroyed by fire. In 1871, however, it contained on the ground floor the college chapel and rooms for students in practical chemistry; on the second floor a hall for drawing, mathematics and engineering, and a chemistry lecture room, to- gether with ofhce, private laboratory and store room of the pro- fessor; and on the third floor the drill hall and the armory. It was in this building that Phi Sigma Kappa experienced her iniquitous conception. The lads found, too, a small but eminent group of teachers. There were at this time five names by which the agriculture of the Commonwealth well might conjure: Colonel William S. Clark, professor of botany and horticulture, founder of Shapporo College, Japan, and really the pioneer president of M. A. C, that institution enjoying the questionable distinction of having had two presidents complete their administration prior to the enrollment of a single student; Levi Stockbridge, professor of agriculture, a man of en- during influence and later ad interim president of the college; Henry H. Goodell, professor of modern languages, destined to serve the college in many and varied ways for forty years and to be its president for nearly half that term; Charles A. Goessmann, pro- fessor of chemistry, who brought to this baby institution a fame already established in scientific circles both at home and abroad; and Selim H. Peabody, professor of mathematics, physics and civil engineering, who resigned three years later eventually to become chancellor of the University of Illinois. This list of five includes practically all of the faculty giving full time service; a distinquished group of teachers, all men of rare endowment, four of them potential college presidents and the fifth a scientist of international renown. The college had graduated its first class only two months before, yet our Founders must have noted upon its campus every- where a high and independent spirit. And well there may have 14 Phi Sigma Kappa been! The Massachusetts Agricultural College, infant and ex- perimental institution that it was, very much a pioneer in American education and subject to considerable degree to the mistrust if not the contumely of both the humanistic and the so-called practical men, still had not come into being unwelcome or ignored. Three towns other than Amherst — Northampton, Springfield and Lexing- ton — were prepared to raise the required $75,000 for the privilege of giving to the proposed institution a place and habitation within their borders. The three preeminent, academic colleges of the Commonwealth — Amherst, Harvard and Williams — had apparently offered it, directly or indirectly, a dwelling place with them. And its first class, graduated the previous July, was lustily proud of an enrollment of twenty-seven men at the conclusion of a four year course. More than all this, it had come to pass that upon a certain placid evening, specifically that of July twenty-first of this same eventful year, at Ingleside on the Connecticut, a six-oar crew representing this newborn college had decisively beaten the boats of both Harvard and Brown and lowered the intercollegiate record for the course. It is a matter of record that President Clark there- upon came back to Amherst driving most recklessly his team of beautiful Morgans, and shouting at the top of his voice, "We've won! We've won!" Is it any wonder then that Aggie men, both young and old, settled down to work in the fall of 1871 with all of the confident optimism of a justified faith? Our lads also found, already full-fledged, that alluring, varie- gated, perennial Phoenix known to this day and generation by the name of college life. There were literary societies, a Christian Union, class offices, baseball nines, rifle associations, crews, a choir and glee club, declamation contests, eating clubs, yes, even fraternities. Moreover college life had already become self-conscious and was providing self-expression and historical record in a college annual, The Index. One might see at a glance that this was indeed a college in all of its manifestations, a college to the finger tips. It remained only for its president to present, in 1873, a thesis dealing with the circulation of sap, which was of itself, according to the great Agassiz, "an ample return for all that had been expended upon the college", and to prove the following year that a single squash in the process of growth could be made to lift the enormous weight of two and one-half tons; it remained onh- for such contribution? to knowledge and the young agricultural institution was truK- es- tablished in the hearts of the Commonwealth. Beginnings 15 The air of Amherst was ejectric, then, with great events. The foundation of Phi Sigma Kappa, looked at from the perspective of half a century, may seem to have been well nigh inevitable. There were two fraternities in the field. It was four years since the establishment of the second. Here were a group of sophomores, leaders in college activities, conscious of a great deal in common, the logical ones to take the step which the history of fraternalism indicates was now due. It is not surprising that they talked among themselves and founded Phi Sigma Kappa; it would, perhaps, have been surprising if they had not. There has been much fruitless discussion as to whether these men had or had not rejected bids from the other two fraternities. The following considered statement by Hague might indeed be interpreted to mean that they had: "There were in '75 several men who, while willing to unite in a secret society for mutual help and good fellow- ship, could not find themselves willing to join any of the societies then existing in college". The inference, however, is not inerrable. Brooks certainly had received no such bid. In later years the thought of our men having been approached by the other fraternities evoked from him only surprise; the thing was unthinkable. And therein lies what seems to be the one outstanding and significant fact: the men who founded Phi Sigma Kappa were sufficiently different from the members of the other societies, both in temper and in ideals, as to preclude the possibility of a social communion of a binding nature. It is far from the spirit of this book to cast aspersions at the men of any other order. The D. G. K. society, later Kappa Sigma, and the Q. T. V. society, later to become a national of the same name and later still to return to the status of a local again, have both had long and honorable careers and are justifiably proud of their personnel. It is, however, a matter of essential record that their members in 1873 were much too cavalier for the rather puritanic Founders of Phi Sigma Kappa. They had the reputation of being fast fellows, but Southwick doubtless expressed the feeling of our men when he wrote, years later, as follows: "But understand, in spite of their short-comings, they were thought just as much of among the students, and we thought just as much of them as we did of our own men. I think they all made good men." 16 Phi Sigma Kappa JABEZ WILLIAM CLAY Let this, then, close this dis- cussion of the prevaiHng frater- nity situation. It is only be- cause in the minds of our Founders it was so clearly a contributory influence that we touch upon it here at all. As in so many other instances, the birth of our Fraternity was, in some measure at least, a protest against the fraternity life its Founders found about them. Phi Sigma Kappa started clean. What, then, were this group of young men, so uncompromis- ing on the matter of liquor that; according to Southwick, they "did not allow (in the rooms) anything in the way of alcoholic drinks, not even sweet cider"? Let us again turn our attention to foundations. Jabez William Clay, twenty-one years of age, was of Green Mountain stock and had prepared for college in the Powers In- stitute of Bernardston. He was a giant both in body and in mind. During his freshman year he won the Pioneer Scholarship offered by the class of '71, although it is only fair to record Southwick's remark to the effect that if Brooks and Barrett had matriculated in the fall with Clay, they "would have made him do some hustling". At one time Clay roomed with an Indian, a government protege whom he had tutored for admission to college. On the evening of a Fourth of July this Indian came in upon a little party which Clay was giving to some of his friends, resented the assumed slight of not having been invited himself, and during the night attacked his roommate with fixed bayonet. Clay in some miraculous way parried the thrust and grappled with his opponent. The struggle lasted for some time and was becoming truly desperate when some of the other men broke in and brought it to an end. Ii nun- be seen from these incidents that Clay's was a substantial person- ality. Joseph Franklin Barrett, eighteen years old, when a boy Beginnings 17 HENRY HAGUE known as Frank and later al-. most exclusively as Joe, was de- scended from the English Bar- retts who came over to Chelms- ford, Massachusetts, about 1635. Dr. Root, a boyhood chum, re- calls Barrett's mother as a "most brilliant, witty and charming woman". It is said that in his later years Barrett came to bear a striking physical resemblance to his mother's father, a sturdy deacon of the old school. Dr. Root remembers Barrett as a youngster in the little red school house, and declares that "with no apparent effort he always stood first". Later at Barre High School and Leicester Acad- emy he displayed such excel- lence in scholarship that he was able to enter college as a sophomore at the age of seventeen. It is well to let the imagination linger for a bit upon the picture of a group of Barre boys, loaded into a single rack wagon together with their baggage and the meagre furniture for their rooms, plodding over the Hardwick and Pelham hills on their way to college. It is upon such scenes as this that the present greatness of our nation rests. Henry Hague, twenty-four, within a fortnight of twenty-five upon that fateful fifteenth of March, was English-born and had seen much of life in his wanderings from Ashton-under-Lyne. He had been in turn factory hand, sailor, carpenter. He had served under Farragut during the Civil War. But still, according to the Index, he had trouble with his h's. And still, characteristic of the man, he always kept upon his little stove a kettle of hot water for tea. It was a grimy kettle, too, and a periodic irritation to the military inspector, who finally in exasperation exclaimed, "Mr. Hague, if you won't polish that kettle, at least keep it out of sight when I come around". The aura of romance hovers about the untold story of this young Englishman, so far from Ashton-under- Lyne, enrolled as a student in an agricultural college, and preparing himself, as fate would have it, for the church. 18 Phi Sigma Kappa Xenos Young Clark, nineteen years old, was a native of Boston, but had received much of his training in the preparatory depart- ment of Kentucky University. Brooks used to say that he was "a brilliant son of a brilliant father". In fact his father, Henry James Clark, for several years personal assistant to Agassiz, later adjunct professor of zoology at Harvard, and then professor of natural history at various institutions, the last being Massachusetts Aggie where he died, was accounted by some as having done much work for which Agassiz received an unearned credit and was re- garded by that famous scientist himself as "the most accurate observer in the country". In Amherst Professor Clark, fighting tuberculosis, built the first house upon Mount Pleasant Hill. His son brought to Aggie a splendid mind and a facile pencil, the latter indeed pointing many a college joke. Barrett characterized him as "lovable in all his ways, a genius, brilliant, versatile, perhaps erratic". Frederick George Campbell, nineteen years of age, was an- other Green Mountain product, coming from Westminister West, Vermont and having prepared for college at Powers Institute in Bernardston. His father had an international reputation as a breeder of fine-wooled, American, Merino sheep. Indeed a pen of his sheep took the sweep-stake prize at Hamburg, and were thereupon sold to a Continental breeder for $5000. The bov was exceedingly practical in his philosophy of life, and would say of some of his college work, "Now that isn't going to be of anv use to me." While not like Clay, original and creative in his thinking powers, he seems still to have been a dynamic force in putting a presented idea into actual operation. William Penn Brooks, twenty-one years old, the tenth of a family of eleven children, was born when his father was well past fifty, in South Scituate, Massachusetts. His father's ancestors came to this country in 1635, and his mother's belonged to the Cushings of England. He had studied in the public schools, in Assinippi Institute and in Hanover Academy. Moreover he had been teaching school in Hanover and Rockland, and entered college at the beginning of the third term of his freshman >-ear. Destined for a conspicuous career in agricultural research, he earlv displayed his natural scientific bent of mind. It was in connection with the sap-running study which Agassiz praised so highly. Brooks had been collecting data for President Clark, and he had done it so well that upon the occasion of the LegislatiN-e Com- Beginnings 19 BROOKS IN 1875 mittee's visitation at the col- lege, his teacher subjected the lad to a public interview. "So you can tell which trees will run freely and which will not," he asked him. "No sir," Brooks promptly replied, "I can tell which trees have run freely and which have not". Such then, in brief, were our Founders in 1873. It cannot be too strongly stressed that these men were the best students in college. Brooks said of himself that he had never studied for marks, in fact "didn't study much any- way"; and this statement is ap- plicable to the others too. They were young men of real intellec- tual capacity. Their distinction in college was to be followed by greater distinction in the outside world. In days when prizes were few Clay won the Grinnell Agri- cultural Prize of fifty dollars, and Brooks the Hill's Botanical Second Prize of ten. Brooks was valedictorian of the class; Clay stood second; Barrett stood third; Campbell stood fifth. For the period of his senior year Hague ranked fourth, and Clark, who did not finish with the others, stood third at the time he left college. Clay's commencement address upon the sun as the great source of power was described by a hearer as "superb". This is all a matter of coldly statistical record, but its significance no one can doubt. These young men meant business. It must not be thought, however, that they were recluse or pedantic. They took their places in all of the legitimate activities of the campus. All six of them were members of the Washington Irving Literary Society, which, with its rival the Edward Everett, was a highly popular feature of undergraduate life in those days. Four of the six held office in this organization, Clay at one time being its president. All but Clark were members of the Gymnastic Association, Clay also holding office in this. Of the six editors of the 1875 college annual, five were men who belonged to our Order: 20 Phi Sigma Kappa X. Y. CLARK Clay, Clark, Barrett, Brooks and Harwood, the last, howe\-er, not a Founder. Hague, whom Brooks claimed to have con- verted from Methodism to the Episcopal fold by showing him around among the particularly shabby Methodist churches in his own home neighborhood, seems to have been the only one of the group to belong to the College Christian Union, but he held many offices therein. Of the elective officers of the class Clay was president, captain and orator, Barrett president and toastmaster, Campbell vice- president and treasurer, Clark vice-president. Brooks perma- nent historian, and Hague cap- tain during different years. In the military, three — Campbell, Hague and Barrett — were lieu- tenants, and Brooks a captain. It is perhaps worthy of record that Clay chafed under military discipline, got into trouble with the officer in charge, and left college for a while in consequence. Clay was a member of the varsity crew in '73, and Hague was a mem- ber of the class crew; both held office in the Naval Association. Before the days of intercollegiate baseball Hague was right fielder on his class nine and Clark third baseman on the same. This record of activity, taken from old college annuals, is probably not complete, but it serves to indicate the versatility' and promi- nence of our men about the campus. Mention should be made of the college store. At first it was run by Hague and a man named Weeks, but Weeks died, and his place in the firm was taken by Brooks. The store was located in the southwest corner of the first floor of old North College, and catered successfully to the wants of college boys of that period. Indeed it did a several thousand dollar business, in days when the dollar had a considerable purchasing power. There are some in- teresting sidelights upon this project. Soda and tobacco were both tabooed. Maple sugar and grapes were on sale in season, the latter Beginnings 21 in a fatuous attempt on the part tDf the college to keep inviolate its vineyard on the hill. The proprietors did a thriving business in kerosene, the boys leaving their cans at the store to be filled during the day. In fact there seems to have been a little profiteering here, for when Rockefeller first brought the price of that universal commodity crashing down, these campus financiers sat pat upon their former price, judging rightly enough that no student was going to be seen lugging his can a mile and a half to town to save a dime. Hague and Brooks advertised facetiously in the college annual. For instance they offered for sale "a fine and select stock of re- versible, concave, reflexible, back-action, three-jointed, destructible lamp chimneys". Or again, "scientific works of Gal-i-lil-i-o and Ar-chi-dem-i-des procured on short notice". The following cata- logue is at least suggestive: "gold pens, ammunition and stationery, broken lamps, toothpicks and textbooks, old furniture and second- hand uniforms". It is easy to see that the Hague and Brooks College Store filled a need. We must remember that the Founders were after all little more than boys in 1873. If Clay rang the chapel bell, and Brooks had charge of the college coal supply, and Campbell presided over its charcoal during the day, all were ready for a romp and a frolic when their work was done. Let it not be for a moment thought that they did not hail a holiday with boyhood's inextinguishable delight. The following rather cryptic passage from an old Index has all of the rare and unforgettable savor of a youthful lark: "This expedition was organized for the sole purpose of making observations on the lobster beds at the mouth of dry brook. Among other discoveries may be mentioned the following: Hague, by his keenness of sight and smell, keeps the party supplied with chickens and cord wood ; Brooks sees the spirits of departed friends hovering around the molasses jug, which upon closer examination prove to be horse flies. After a loss of several costly garments the party returned to headquarters and the ex- plorations are declared a success". Imagine, if you please. Brooks and Barrett, clad only in their birthday suits, cavorting about North College with brandished tomahawks, playing Indian. Or imagine Clay, Brooks, Hague and Southwick driving an old horse from Amherst to Shelburne to 22 Phi Sigma Kappa FREDERICK G. CAMPBELL visit John Anderson's Short- horn herd, and hilariously de- manding directions or flirting with country school-marms all the way. Or imagine Barrett leading forth a party of stu- dents to steal a cider mill for the purpose of "making beverage for the ring". Apparently out- side the rooms our Founders did not scruple at a drink of apple juice; it is of interest to note, however, that at one of the lit- erary meetings in the spring of IST-i there was a lengthy and academic discussion, led by Clay, Barrett and Hague, upon the subject of "cider as a beverage." Imagine further our whole crowd at the neighboring swim- ming hole engaged so riotously in a mud-throwing melee that Brooks' sap-running note-book dis- appeared forever, presumably in the depths of the stream. Imagine Brooks, Barrett, Campbell and Clark engaged in that fine and universal undergraduate art of stealing each others' mattresses, dousing each other with pails of water, and locking the too un- wary inside a bedroom. Or imagine Clay and Clark in the Chem- ical Laboratory (this in the words of Campbell) having "lots of spare time in which to think up amusements of their own, it being great fun for them to mix up some of the other fellows' chemicals and then listen to what they told Professor Goessmann they found as the result of the experiment they were trying". And so let us imagine just once more, this time all six of the little clique in the northeastern corner of the old Chemical Labor- atory, presumably while the erudite Goessmann was busy across the room with some recalcitrant mentality; imagine these boys fooling and gossiping over dirt}^ test-tubes, and scheming an elaborate mock initiation into a purely hypothetical fraternity, for an unsophisticated lad whose powers of credulity were no doubt a source of constant wonder and joy to his associates. It would be interesting to know how many other Phi Sigma Kappa lads have Beginnings 23 at some time shared in the perpetration of this very iden- tical fraud. But let us have Barrett's account of the "in- iquitous conception". "If in 1873 there was a strong and original mind among the students of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, it was domiciled in the tall and angular form of Clay. Beneath a some- what austere exterior, there existed strength of charac- ter, abundant good fellow- ship, and a humor that oc- casionally developed devil- try. From him came the first thought that later re- sulted in our Fraternity, and it was an afterthought BARRETT IN 1875 that saved certain guileless ones from initiation into a secret society where the sole ambition was to conduct the attendant ceremonies with the most telling effect. Cer- tain pranks of the chemical laboratory suggested great possibilities in this direction, and Clay sought reliable assistance, thus enlisting Barrett, Brooks, Campbell, Clark and Hague, all of his own class. (Heaven preserve the writer from the wrath of the sedate survivors, whose present living almost discredits the above revelation.) "We wish that we might credit Hague with intro- ducing the leaven of better things, but our memory does not so testify; indeed it is a blank as to the deserving one. However, it is certain that discussion made evident the opportunity then and there existing for a real local, secret society, based on the usual fraternal principles, and whose aim should be to encourage scholarship and proper undergraduate deportment. Thus was evil exorcised from the minds of the Founders, and we believe that the conversion was genuine, regardless of some subsequent sins of omission and commission. 24 Phi Sigma Kappa "Hague and Brooks were merchant partners of no mean ability and in the college book store, after hours, were held the preliminary meetings; and in the same room, amid the paraphernalia of college life, on March 15, 1873, a solemn obligation was administered by one to another and we were declared to be 'a band of brothers'. The scope and intent, almost the exact words, of that obligation, is known by all brothers. All had a share in the production of constitution, by-laws, ritual and 'work', but the ideas and inventions of Clay were perhaps the most important and are fixed in our fraternal fabric." It is customary to accredit Clay with the leadership in the discussions which led up to March 15, 1873. Without a doubt tradition speaks truly. However this statement by Hague should be put upon record and incidentally raises a legitimate query: "The society met in the spring of '73 and much work was done, the master spirit being Brother X. Y. Clark". After the death of both Clark and Clay, Barrett wrote again : "And the leader, who w^as he? Seventy-five had but one leader in all matters requiring originality, foresight, energy, and perseverance. None of his class will demur to the statement that Clay was the leader of us all. It is the fibre of his mind, woven into this fraternal fabric, that largely contributes to its strength, durability and beauty". Brooks, thirty years later still, said the same. Under date of March 10, 1903 Campbell contributed the .following statement, which perhaps reconciles or explains the somewhat conflicting opinion of Barrett and Hague. He said, "I think it is conceded by all the original number that Jabez W. Clay was the first man to suggest the formation of the Order, and I dare say that Xenos Y. Clark may have been the first person he broached the subject to". As a matter of fact there is glory enough to go around. Hague, the only one versed in the mysteries of free masonry, contributed much in the matters of ritual. Brooks was a Good Templar, but seems always to have been the aulhoritN' upon constitution. Of course the early organization was very simjole. The genius of the hour lay in the vision and personality of this little group of men. After their esoteric plans had finally been laid and an oath of Beginnings 25 fealty evolved, it was Hague who administered it to the others and afterward took it himself. This chapter cannot close more fittingly than with the words of Hague written in 1885 regarding the origin of the Order: "After more or less talk, the suggestions, most of them very good, took shape, and Phi Sigma Kappa was the result. Only as yet, however, in embryo, the seed grew, and little by little the goodly child of to-day is the fruit. Let us trust to keep on growing till it shall become a fullgrown man, having the strength to help and protect its members, wisdom to guide them to helpful and good things as to college life, and love so warm that all its members shall feel its kindly glow, that brotherly love may indeed be a reality and not an idea". CHAPTER TWO T^ J. (1873-1878) The symbolism underlying Phi Sigma Kappa came with the foundation. It was largely the work of Clay and Clark. Looked at from the perspective of fifty years it may be seen to have been highly remarkable. How did it happen that those six college lads ever evolved a symbolic expression of their allegiance so dignified, so appropriate in every detail, so adaptable to all of the subsequent stages of our development? The whole idea was complete for the first formal meeting of the Order. It has never been revised. It never will be. Surely the hand of genius was at work in the evo- lution and adoption of the symbols of this Fraternity. Most of the esoteric also came very early. This, however, can hardly be said to bear the hallmarks of genius; it is very under- graduate in all of its manifestations. The fascination which comes with the mysterious, and particularly with the mystic, is something to which youth is forever susceptible and from which grey-bearded age can never get wholly away. In his heart the boy realizes per- fectly well that his esoteric work is all a game, that, unlike his symbolism, it is largely meaningless; but his instinct tells him that it is good, and he gives himself over to it with all the zest of his being. To those who are in and to those who are out, the secrecy of an order adds much to its piquancy and hence to its strength, a fact which the materialistic enemies of the college fraternit^^ might profitably be made to realize. The secret alphabet dates from the foundation. It represents this universal love of the esoteric, and has exactly the same sig- nificance as the bolt which the Founders immediately put upon their precinct door, for which service, by the way, Hague is accorded the most extravagant acknowledgments in the early minutes. The secret code of communication was largely a gesture, but it was nevertheless inevitable. Its characters, except as they were a part of the initial symbolism of the Order, were wholly artificial, but in no sense elaborate or fantastic. And they were more or less in common use in the official documents of the first two or three 26 T^± 27 years. In fact throughout this period the secretary and treasurer always indicated the date in terms of the new establishment. Gradually, however, the secret characters fell into disuse, and it is now only the exceptional brother who can give correctly the esoteric alphabet of his Order. Nevertheless about this alphabet centers some of the most interesting history of this period. The name of the Fraternity, as every properly initiated brother knows it, came with the foun- dation. It is part of the symbolism which from the very beginning was good for all time. The Founders wrote this name, of course, in terms of their secret alphabet. This was all very well until such time as they were prepared to make public the fact of their newly established brotherhood. At that point they ran into difficulties, which, apparently, they had in no way anticipated. It came to pass, naturally enough, that their cryptic characters could not be explained. That was as it should be. But it came to pass also that they could not even be pronounced. And thus it happened that for nearly five years, as far as the outside world was concerned, our Fraternity was an order without a name. The first president of the society was Clay; the second was Brooks. Clark was never president. Possibly the chronic illness which later resulted in his leaving college caused Clark to decline some burdens of fraternal leadership. Southwick's tribute to Clay, thirty-five years after his death, indicates the impression which the pioneer executive made upon his classmate: "No one could find a better man in every respect than Clay was. He was a wonderful man in every way. Everybody followed his lead". The new fraternity took up headquarters in North College, in a suite of rooms directly opposite the college store. The study was devoted to the social life of the Order, and the bedrooms were used for initiations and other esoteric practices. During the spring about fifty dollars were spent for furnishings for these rooms. There were also other current expenditures, including items of lemon and sugar, suggestive of temperate indulgence. This raises the interest- ing question of finance. Personal dues were one dollar a quarter; initiation fees seem to have been two dollars and a half. Obviously other funds must have been forthcoming. At the first meeting of the Order it was voted to borrow fifty dollars, and at the third, the sum was amended 28 Phi Sigma Kappa to read seventy-five. Thus it was that early in April Clay, Barrett and Brooks went to call upon Professor Levi Stockbridge in his office above the woodshed of the old Stockbridge house. They told him, doubtless with considerable hesitation, that they wished to borrow some money in the name of their nameless fraternity. His answer is a striking testimony both to himself and to our Founders. It was to this effect: "Gentlemen if you want over two thousand dollars, I shall need a day or so to arrange it, but any smaller sum you may have to-night". When the pageant of our history shall be presented, that scene must not be overlooked. The young men came back to North College with seventy-five dollars, protected by note, and within six years the debt had been paid in full. At the end of the first fraternal year, at an anniversary^ gathering which lasted until three o'clock in the morning, Clay gave an address. It began as follows: "A little more than one year since half a dozen mem- bers of the class of '75, believing in the advantages of college secret societies and not wishing to join any then in existence, resolved to start a new one. After much thought and many deliberations, on the loth of March 1873, they bound themselves together by solemn oaths under the name of T^ X. "To-night we are gathered here to celebrate the anniversary of that event and to commemorate the progress made during the first four quarters. During this time our numbers have doubled; our prosperity has been unexampled; our society has continually gained respect and advanced in position; our members have en- gaged, often as leaders, in whatever maintains the repu- tation of the college or advances the interests of her students. By these means they have shown themselves worthy of a brother's position in this the strongest (bond) and of societies the most secret". The speaker then went on to enumerate the more important events of the period, which were almost without exception, the initiation of new members. The first man to be initiated into the society was George A. Parker, president of the sophomore class. T^X 29 DR. JOSEPH E. ROOT 30 Phi Sigma Kappa and the second was Andre A. Southwick, president of the junior class. The writer is tempted to imitate the brevity of Caesar in this pregnant bit of history. In 1898 Parker wrote: "I have a distinct remembrance of that evening, how I was buried, resurrected into the hght, or rather darkness, of the Order, branded, instructed, emptied of my old self and filled anew with their purpose. It was the Founders' first attempt to make out of an ordinary man one like unto themselves." And Campbell, referring in 1903 to the initiation of vSouth- wick, said, "I nearly split with laughter to see the antics that Clay would put the candidate through". And further, " I think it was Clay's idea of putting the candidates into the box and lowering them into the coal cellar where he, as Firebrand, would conduct them on a long journey." Early in the fall two other men had been initiated. They were not so prominent as undergraduates as were Parker and Southwick, but because so many Phi Sigma Kappa men of later years have come to know and love them, it is fitting that some personal comment be made at this time. Joseph Edward Root, '76, and Peter Mirick Harwood, '75, both came from Barre; also, the reader recalls, the home of Barrett. All three men were hewed out with a broad axe as the New England saying goes. In later years, when time had had its way with them, there came to be a perennial joke between Barrett and Root, richly leguminous as you will observe, to the effect that Root had stretched up after the fashion of the Barre string bean, whereas Barrett had run mostly to pod. It is a pleasure to record that all four of these initiates were members of the College Christian Union, Root in fact to become its president during his senior year. One is moved to speculate on the hand of Hague in all these matters. Both Harwood and Root held class offices, both belonged to the Washington Irving Society and to the Gymnasium Association. Harwood won the Farns- worth Declamation Prize, and Root was lieutenant in the Battalion. Root was something of a singer, but in this not to be compared with Southwick, who was leader of the college glee club. Let us now return to Clay's anniversary address. Its tinal paragraph is of great interest: "When reviewing the past I should not fail to notice the introduction of literary entertainments, which supph- T^± 31 a long felt want, and will, it Is to be hoped, add much to our future usefulness. In this as in all other duties it should be the aim of each to do the part assigned to him in a manner creditable to himself and honorable to the Society, remembering that he who works the hardest will be the most benefited and have the greatest reward". The introduction of these literary programs took place in January 1874 upon Clay's own recommendation; they were to include essays, readings, addresses and a critic's report, the subject matter of the contributions to be agricultural, historical and humorous. How few undergraduates of the twentieth century can possibly appreciate the "long felt want" to which Clay refers! And it was not as though there were no other intellectual organi- zations on the campus, for both of the literary societies were flourishing at the time. Of course colleges are peculiarly subject to fads, but the fact remains that these young men felt poignantly the essential importance of mental training, and this fact in large measure explains the stir they have made in the world. In 1876 the Society adopted a variegated poster scheme for the announcement of meetings. Something of the same sort seems to have been in vogue with the other two fraternities. The Phi Sigma Kappa poster was a diamond perhaps ten inches by six containing the three mystic characters in a circle. It was made in five colors, and to the initiated the color indicated the kind of meeting to be held the current week. A red poster meant an ordinary meeting; a black one, initiation; a brown one, business; a white one, literary; and a blue one, supper. Incidentally after a new man had been initiated into the Order, he decorated his room with one, or all, of these posters to declare the important fact to the world. In Dr. David Erastus Baker's fluent and readable review of the season of 1877 there appears the following description: "The literary meetings were resumed with much en- thusiasm. The impromptu odes of Hall and Howe of '78 would have dazzled Odoacer. The delight of McQueen's impersonations who can forget? The wordy debates on agriculture and kindred topics embracing the major part of the world's knowledge, who does not remember? Even the vagrant nondescript who, listening in the lower hall (D. G. K. headquarters), caught occasional bursts of 32 Phi Sigma Kappa eloquence to be by him repeated with glee at next day's dinner table. Wisdom was justified of her children, science of her votaries. "It was customary early in the term to vote 'to have a supper near the end of the term with the usual literary exercises'. The appetites, physical and intellectual, were thus whetted to a keen edge by weeks of anticipation. The jocund evening arrived, various dainties were smuggled into the hall by cautious deputations, and the festivities proceeded at quick step. The cordial welcome of long absent brethren including founder members, the uproar of hilarity, the eager gathering about the table, the intent watching of the carver, the keen jests, the peals of laughter, ranging the gamut of excessively human joy from shrill falsetto to profoundest bass, the ecstacy - that beamed in every eye and swelled up in chorus of song, the loud applause that swelled out for orator or poet, the cheers that hailed a favorite toast, the groans and jeers when college antipathies were touched, the intelligence of missing brethren, the quiet decorum of business, all made up the motley procession that led us in turn 'from grave to gay, from lively to severe', until the rosy east warned us that slumber could claim of us hours but few ere the chapel bell should again summon us to the path of duty and the way to glory". The '76 delegation consisted of three men: Parker, Porter and Root. All excellent men — Root records that the first won the agricultural prize and that the other two were commencement speakers — they do not on the face of it seem to have carried on the affairs of the Fraternity very successfully, for during this year only one freshman was initiated, and he died within a month of his initiation. The explanation, however, lies not with the seniors, but with the freshmen; the class of '79 was, with a single exception, the smallest ever matriculated at M. A. C. and was eventually to graduate only seven men. Thus the Society met in the fall of 1876 with nine men, two of whom — -Brooks, graduate student, and Southwick, manager of the college farm- — were fratres in iirbe. It seems to have been a quiet, pleasant year, and at its close the chapter elected Charles Sumner Howe its next president and dispersed for the summer. T^± 33 CHARLES SUMNER HOWE 34 Phi Sigma Kappa Something should be said about Charles Sumner Howe. He was born in Nashua, New Hampshire, September 29, ISoS. Thus it may be observed that he was elected president of the Fraternity at the age of eighteen and was graduated from college under twenty. It is apparent that at Aggie he displayed (or acquired) the ad- ministrative ability which was later to make him, as a college head, a national figure in the educational world. At one time or another he was president and vice-president of his class, director of the Social Union, president of the Washington Irving Literary Society, secretary and director of the Rifle Association, director of the Fencing Association, and treasurer of the Reading Room. More- over he was the editor of the Index and class prophet. Incidentally he was something of an athlete, placing second in the mile walk and taking two prizes in military. It is easy to see why he was elected president of the Society. The delegation of '78 contained, in fact, six good men, — a strong group. The winter and spring of their senior year were epochal in the history of Phi Sigma Kappa. There was general dissatisfaction with the quarters of the Fraternity. They were inadequate in themselves ; they were badly located; they were hardly decently private. It w^as agreed by every one that- something must be done, and what was done is delightfully narrated by Dr. Baker, from whose memoirs we have quoted before. "Brothers Howe and Hall of '7S and Fowler were the committee elected to arrange for a new room, select the site and interview the faculty'. At the next meeting the report of these accomplishments was accepted ; the Societ>' at the same time pledging itself to raise one hundred and twenty-five dollars. To Brother Howe, '7S, was delegated the mission of securing aid from the alumni. Number 1() North College was obtained by petition of the faculty. The spirit of the hour is indicated in the only thing recorded of the following anniversary- (March 15): the conspicuous toast 'our palace which is to lie'. The occasion is memorable as happy in a literary and happier in a social way, for the new-born project was on everv tongue and the air trembled, vibrant to the movement. "With the spring vacation the work began in good earnest. What a hammering was there then nu" brethren! T^ ± 35 I well remember it. The first day was one of demolition. Brigham, C. S. Howe and myself conducted the work. Valiantly the former swung his axe against the partition walling off a bedroom, and with combined wrenching, tearing and pounding, the litter accumulated rapidly. At length the rampart fell and two rooms were wedded into one apartment, sacred in future to Phi Sigma Kappa. Then followed the boarding off of the loft above the room that no curious inquisitor might probe our secrecy from above. The writer remembers sitting on the inquisitive edge of the thin board partition as it climbed up into the roof; also with what exultation the door was fastened into place that was to render our assurance doubly sure. It was before the days of manual training schools since so popular, yet we learned to lathe, plaster and paper while assisting the mechanics, saving outlay for labor that the funds might be more satisfactorily expended on new furniture and the carpets. The laying of the latter was a long task. The red hangings before the windows screened with firm shutters, provided for the exclusion of an excess of cold, light and outside investigation, albeit one horny- handed, obstreperous professor, who with all his knowl- edge should have known better, forced entrance at an unguarded moment one subsequent vacation (it was while painters were at work). "The hour of dedication was at hand. Yesterday — to-day — to-morrow! What depths of meaning in those words at such a time! All were saddened at leaving the chapter's birthplace. Solemnly, tenderly, almost rever- ently we took leave of the cradle of her we loved. Brother Howe, '78, apostrophized the old room in a touch- ing farewell, that made the lips tremble and found an echo in every heart. Hesitatingly we bade good-bye and marched in column of twos to the 'better home above', quickening the steps as the golden stairs approached the summit. Entering, we shook hands all around in con- gratulation. "An original song by Hall, '78, to the tune of Oh Landlord Fill the Flowing Bowl followed. Brother Brigham then gave a stirring dedicatory address, emphasizing the 36 Phi Sigma Kappa higher obHgation that came with larger privilege. After another song, a poem by the writer concluded the formal exercises". Dr. Baker goes on to speak of maple sugar contributed by Campbell, who was married and farming in his Vermont home; of a small debt incurred to finance the change of residence; and of a new society knock which was forthwith adopted. Strictly speaking, however, it was not a new knock, but simply a new adaptation of what is referred to familiarly in the records as "the T^ J. knock". Dr. Baker then continues: "The change of scene had compelled a change in the initiation ceremonies. The rival of Calcutta's Black Hole could no longer be conveniently reached, so the torture of precarious descent to unknown leagues of subterranean travel was regretfully abandoned." The first two stanzas of Hall's song were as follows: "Come brethren, join in this our Room, While hearts o'erfiow with pleasure; We've left the old and take the new With joy beyond all measure; Chorus For to-night we'll merrily sing; For to-night we'll merrily sing; For to-night we'll merrily sing A song of joyful welcome. "To our old room we've said farewell, Though with a tinge of sadness; But now all that has passed away, And left us mirth and gladness." It is perhaps worthy of record that the Fraternity at this time was on all but intimate terms with the Q. T. V. Society. Indeed it is with love in his tones that Baker speaks of "friendly Q. T. V." The two groups were apparently exchanging freely the little amenities of college life and cooperating to promote the wel- fare of their Alma Mater. Not yet, however, do we find our men referring graciously to the chapter D. G. K. T^J. 37 Commencement again! Of the five ranking men of the grad- uating class, four, including Brigham who was valedictorian, were of our Order. And with commencement and alumni reunions came the formal organization of the Grand Chapter. This was in 1878; there were, therefore, thirteen alumni members of the Order. The idea of the Grand Chapter was not a new one. The degree was provided for in the original constitution, and is referred to by its esoteric name in the early records of the undergraduate organization. It seems even to have had a president and a secretary, the former, naturally enough, being Clay. But apparently it considered itself a nominal rather than a functioning body at that time, and it seems both fitting and historical to say that its life as an independent body began with its records in the spring of 1878. At a meeting of the alumni on June 19, presided over by Clay, those parts of the Fraternity constitution which related to them were read. Hague then moved that a committee be appointed to draw up a constitution for the Grand Chapter and to report to an adjournment meeting that same evening. The committee appointed was: Clay, Barrett, Harwood, Howe and Baker. At the evening meeting, held in the local hotel in connection with an elaborate banquet given by the undergraduates, this committee presented a simple constitution which was accepted by the Grand Chapter as its law. The Grand Chapter then elected as its first constitutional officers Charles Sumner Howe, president, and Alvan L. Fowler, secretary. The question then arose regarding an outside name for the Fraternity. In writing of the year 1876 Root, who had been president for two quarters, said : "The question of an outside name for the Society was now, as it had been for the last two years, a most fertile one for debate. The fact of it was that we were being called all sorts of names by the outside world be- cause no one could interpret the T^ X. Many thought the characters were three t's and called it 'tea-trade and traffic'. But for some unexplainable reason our place of abode, which was then the inside rooms at the foot of the stairs in the west entry of North College, was called Hell's-Huddle; or to put it more mildly, we were called Huddlers." 38 Phi Sigma Kappa It might be added that Professor Stockbridge's way of referring to the Fraternity in which he had taken so generous an interest was "t, double t, upside-down t". To say that the subject was "a most fertile one for debate" was certainly no exaggeration. For four years the matter was constantly on and oft the table, and no less than seven committees struggled with this Gorgian knot during the period. The first com- mittee, composed of Barrett, Brooks and Harwood, reported back in January 1875, with the result that the Society voted "not to have an outside name". A second committee, composed of Barrett, Harwood and Howe, suggested that the Order should adopt a motto, and that this motto should be incorporated into an out- side name. But no acceptable motto seemed forthcoming, and this committee was in turn dismissed. A third committee reported during this same spring. Brooks was chairman of this, and accord- ing to the minutes of the meeting to which he reported, he was tendered an expression of sympathy by Barrett and Harwood, presumably the two previous chairmen. Brooks' committee may have been continued. Anyway during the winter of 1875 the matter was taken up again. Brooks, an alumnus in residence now, suggested the name Ban San Kar, and after some discussion it was voted to recommend this name to the Grand Chapter. There is nothing to indicate that the alumni ever gave to this recommendation any formal consideration. Dur- ing the winter of 1876 a fourth committee, this time composed of Brooks, Southmayd and Howe, made another futile effort to soh'e the difficulty. Another year rolled by. Early in the winter a fifth committee, Howe, Baker and Brigham, was appointed to consider "outside words and signs", and its report is declared accepted. Baker in his review of this period attributes to this committee the selection of our outside name, and it seems fairly certain that its general character, if not its final form, was here determined. The I \ JL were translated into Greek, and the initial letters of the Greek words became the exoteric name. Howe was studying Greek privately at the time, and without question it was he who evolved Phi Sigma Kappa. However that this committee did not bring the matter to a final conclusion is indicated by the appoint- ment of a sixth, the following spring: Baker, Gladwin and E. D. Howe. This committee made no report, and E. D. Howe, searching" his memory after forty years, thought that its function may lune been the publicit}^ of the name (possibK- among the alumni) rather than its selection. T^ ± 39 Anyway the matter was brought up before the first meethig of the Grand Chapter in June. There is nothing to indicate that the name Phi Sigma Kappa was actually considered at that meet- ing; it certainly was not accepted. The action which the alumni took was this: "that the officers of the Grand Chapter, with two undergraduates of the T \ X, form a committee to select a name, and they to send their report for concurrence to four graduate members; also if all concur upon the matter, that the action of this committee be final". Two members of this, the seventh, committee were Howe and Fowler, The other two and the four concurring graduate members are un- known. The committee, however, acted promptly, for before October Howe had reported to the active chapter that "by vote of the Grand Chapter the outside name shall be Phi Sigma Kappa". Practically all of the secret signals and the like date from this period. The password, as Brooks attests, came with the foun- dation, but apparently was not in common use until later. The grip and some other signs emanated from a committee composed of Brooks, Root and Hague, whose report was accepted in the spring of 1875. Some additions were made to the repertory by the Baker-Brigham-Howe committee mentioned above, to which Baker clearly refers in the following passage: "Equally acceptable were the signals for the identi- fication of brethren returning to the fold. Thereafter no stray member seeking our beacon light need sigh for recognition. His most natural inquiries concerning our Alma Mater at once raised him in the estimation of the proper informer, while the solicitude of the stranger as to the personal identity of his new-found friend at once elicited a clasp of the hand that had far more than civility in it". It should be called to the reader's attention that during these first five years the insignia of the Fraternity were simply the three esoteric characters, the three t's, in a circle, — the pledge pin with which every one is familiar, with this difference that the back- ground in the circle was black instead of magenta. And the jewelry of the Fraternity was simply a little onyx ring, adopted in the winter of 1874, containing the insignia. They have come to be rather precious — those rings. 40 Phi Sigma Kappa Thus at the first turn in the course we find the young society running strongly. Ensconced in quarters which at that time seemed palatial, conspicuous in affairs of classroom and campus, reorganized to provide permanently for the alumni group, delivered from the opprobrium of obnoxious nick-names, conscious of inherent worth and preeminent destiny, the Phi Sigma Kappa were, to keep the figure, nobly off. At the half century mark we are devoutly grate- ful for that splendid start. CHAPTER THREE Pi Chapter (1878-1887) With the adoption of an outside name and the formal organi- zation of the Grand Chapter, came also the nomination of the undergraduate group as the Pi Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa. Pi was selected as the initial letter of the Greek word for "first". This designation prevailed a little longer than the period covered in chapter three, but may be used, loosely, to indicate the stretch from the fall of 1878 until the end of 1887. The graduation of the strong delegation of '78 left the Society with no seniors. There were five juniors and five sophomores. Fowler was president. However the incoming class was a large one, the chapter applied itself to the task in hand, and in the course of the term a brace of nine novitiates was secured from the class of '82, and eventually three other names were to be added to this list, making a round dozen of Phi Sigma Kappa, a record not to be even approximated by any other delegation during this period. One of the dozen, albeit a graduate member, was Daniel Willard, for years a national figure as president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Another was John Ashburton Cutter. As an undergraduate Cutter was not so prominent, either in the chapter or about the campus, as some of his classmates, particu- larly, perhaps. Burton A. Kinney and Frederick G. May. But in the national Order he was to be for a long and critical period the central figure, and his initiation is therefore an historical event of outstanding importance. Like Clark he was blessed with a peculiar- ly gifted father. Dr. Ephraim Cutter of Boston and later. New York. This man had enjoyed the rare distinction of working under Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. During his long life he made more than eight hundred contributions to medical literature, and he was, moreover, "an ingenious discoverer and inventor of instruments and procedures" in both medicine and surgery. As for the freshman son, he seems to have settled quietly into his corner at M. A. C, preparing for the time when he should assert himself in walks of leadership for the welfare of our Fraternity. 41 42 Phi Sigma Kappa In June 1879 the Grand Chapter added to its estabhshed offices (president and secretary) a third, that of historian. Parker was the first to hold it. He was followed by Harwood. But it was not until 1885, when Cutter was elected to this office, that it assumed its full intended significance in the life of the Fraternity. Cutter planned to have each fraternal year reviewed in considerable detail by some brother in a position to offer first-hand information, with the thought that eventually these records should be suitably bound and preserved as the complete history of the Fraternity. To this plan he devoted himself with all of his fine enthusiasm, and he succeeded in making the record very nearly complete up through the period under present consideration. Much of the material used in this and the previous chapter had its source in these annual reports. Two or three of them Cutter wrote himself, and in one he went into some detail in describing his own initiation. To the fifteen year old boy it must all have been very exciting: "The unexpected awakening at 2 a. m. to find the light of a bull's-eye staring one in the face, the solemn command to get up and dress, the stealthy progress through entries as dark as Egypt with the admonitory grunts of the conductor to unseen allies at doors or in corners, the blindfolding in front of North College with its accompaniment of remarks as to the moon's being in the right place, the mysterious whistle with its still more mysterious answer "Walking the plank over a stream a thousand feet below (the ravine) was one of the great acts. Poor Bishop, alas, tumbled 'the thousand feet' into the brook "The journey from the earth to the room was not an easy one. When the third floor was reached, one had to crawl up and through a window and down on his belly on the patent swing ladder into Fowler's bedroom. By more climbing the fourth floor was attained, and then the candidate was put into the luxurious coffin. The writer well remembers how his nose was bumped when Perry and his minions gently carried hint into the secret chamber." This was still before the davs of the histrionic ritual with Pi Chapter 43 which most readers are famiHar. There was merely a bit of formal dialogue and then the oath-taking. Of the latter Cutter wrote in 1921: "That simple oath of the old days, so well written by the Founders, covered everything, and I can repeat it practically word for word today. The candidate knelt before a shrine, whose principal element was a death's head sufficiently illuminated, the president solemnly seated above, the neophyte was unblindfolded and took in the details It was all well done." It is worthy of record that the writer, in the early history first quoted, proceeded to deprecate the dependence upon horse- play, much of which is primitive and part of which is actually dangerous. "What is needed is an initiation which is a ceremonial without any bear's play or monkeying. Our principles can yield us a something which will impress the mind of the candidate that he is going into an order worth belong- ing to, and without the least danger of hurting his self- respect". And Cutter later had something to do with supplying a dignified and impressive dramaturgy. And yet from the "iniquitous con- ception" in Goessmann's laboratory in the winter of 1873 even to the passing of our fiftieth milestone the whole question of rough- house initiation has challenged the ingenuity and the idealism of our men. Innocent and natural as it has usually been, it is still one of the sensitive spots of our first half-century. Historically the outstanding event of the winter of 1879 is the origin of The Signet. Although the usual literary committee had been appointed, interest had been lagging for some time, and there was discussion as to the abandonment of the white poster altogether. Howe was still on the campus, doing graduate work; and acting in part at least upon his suggestion, the chapter voted in November 1878, "that we have a paper, that it be edited by Brother C. S. Howe, that he shall have power to appoint two assistant editors, that these three constitute a committee on literary exercises". The following April the minutes of the secretary contain this state- ment: "Brother Johnson then read a selection, which was followed by the reading of The Phi Sigma Kappa Signet by Brother Gladwin, 44 Phi Sigma Kappa president." The Signet was simply a semi-occasional, manuscript organ, and it failed to effect any marked renaissance in letters. It was, however, the product of the early literary activity of the Fraternity and is therefore one of our oldest and most dignified traditions. The year ending in June 1881 was a critical one for Pi Chapter. Elmer Dwight Howe, later trustee of the college, was the only senior to return, and he became president. The '82 delegation had dwindled down to four, and one of them was away from the campus, because of illness, most of the fall term. There were two sophomores. The class of '82 had entered about eighty men; the incoming freshman class numbered exactly fifteen, only four of whom were to complete their course. Indeed the sophomore class was not much larger. Obviously it was a serious state of affairs. The D. G. K.'s had just moved into a house across the ravine, and from this vantage point rather exultantly predicted that Phi Sigma Kappa would not last throughout the winter. They could not, however, have felt particularly secure themselves. Pi Chapter, it seems, had been allowed the use of their North College rooms free from rent, a striking instance of indulgence on the part of college authorities. Now, however, President Stock- bridge informed the boys that they would have to lease the rooms and pay for them at the customary rates. The announcement seems to have been a staggering surprise, and it is indicative of prevailing bad blood that Phi Sigma Kappa men have charged certain of their fraternity rivals with having put the president up to this step with the expectation that it w^ould prove indeed a knock-out blow. The allegation was, however, wholly fantastic and unfair to the generous and friendly executive, as a single glance at the general situation at M. A. C. will show. The college herself was going through the greatest crisis of her history. Charles L. Flint had served as presideni throughout the previous year without pay. The Governor of the Common- wealth had proposed through special committees that the M. A. C. plant be given over to Amherst College and that the state assume no further responsibility for it. On April 2-t the legislature, after having appropriated funds to meet the current debts of the in- stitution, voted that the trustees should be thereafter held person- ally responsible for any deficit which might be incurred. Accord- ingly the trustees proceeded to cut all expenditures, to sell at auction most of the blooded stock in the barns, to abolish one professorship Pi Chapter 45 entirely and to reduce the salaries of every one else on the faculty. Surely it is blindness and prejudice to look for sinister motives behind President Stockbridge's request that these rooms return a nominal income of twenty dollars a term. Still it was a hard blow for the already impoverished Society. E. D. Howe, in his record of that year, laconically remarks, "There was no other way; so we buckled down to it and raised the dues. This heavy tax came near busting the shebang, but those who held on and are now out in the world are not sorry for the sacrifices made". While the chapter was worrying over the question of how to pay the landlord and how to make neophytes without freshmen, word came through that on October 1, 1880, Jabez W. Clay, Founder, had died of pneumonia in his place of residence, New York City. It was a striking example of the failure of the fittest to survive. The brilliancy of his college record had continued un- diminished. With Barrett he had gone into the fertilizer company of the famous William H. Bowker, M. A. C, '71, and at the time of his death he was manager of the New York Office. Mr. Bowker told Brooks that Clay, "by sheer force of character, had attained greater responsibility and emolument at the time of his death, than had any of his classmates". An added element of pathos lay in the fact that the young man was about to be married, was finally married, in fact, from his death bed. Clay's interest in the society had continued active. Only the year before, the chapter minutes record gifts of money from him and from Barrett. The news of his death, therefore, came as a personal shock to the younger as well as the older men. A memorial meeting was held in the chapter rooms, and X. Y. Clark gave the obituary address. Resolutions, adequate and appropriate but highly formal according to the conventions of the time, were drawn up by E. D. Howe, May and Cutter, and given the usual publicity. Hardly of historical import but symptomatic of the prevailing state of mind was a quarrel which developed over the unauthorized purchase of a Yale lock for the door of the rooms. E. D. Howe records that the bill was in the nature of the last proverbial straw, and Cutter confesses to have been the "chief sinner". However the whole matter blew over naturally enough, a market being found for the old lock; and the chapter buried the hatchet by chipping in for a sleighride to Greenfield and supper at the Mansion House. It is not surprising that the men should have been "touchy" during that gloomy winter of 1880-1881. 46 Phi Sigma Kappa KINNEY S COAT OF ARMS (1S82) Pi Chapter 47 -'J (Q) (1 iO )^ ITS EVOLUTION (1890) 48 Phi Sigma Kappa Spring brought at least one ray of light, — the initiation of. Elisha A. Jones of the notoriously inadequate freshman class. The story of this coup d'etat is pleasantly told by E. D. Howe. "In the spring vacation we caught a fish that all the societies were trying for, namely E. A. Jones of '84, thought to be the only smart man in the whole class. May and Cutter spent about four hours talking to the obstinate cuss, till at about 11:30 p. m. he consented to join if he could be initiated before midnight and have a supper. These conditions he made thinking to get rid of his persecutors, but they told him to be ready in fifteen minutes, and they would call for him. So May and Cutter routed up the other Society men who were staying at the college, Howe, '81, and Kinney, '82, and by sponging on Howe, who boarded himself, for a supper, were enabled to hold Jones to his agreement. Great was the surprise of the other society men on returning to find over Jones' door the T^ X signs". It is certainly worthy of note that although Phi Sigma Kappa was graduating only one senior in the spring of 1881, she neverthe- less added another valedictorian to her list. E. D. Howe was also class orator, editor of the Index and captain in the Battalion. He was a man of much ability and sound judgment, with a saving sense of humor. In latter years he said that he held all of the offices in the chapter with the exception of the treasurership, "not being able to secure bondsmen", and it seems certain that he was largely responsible for carrying the Society through a very tr3-ing period. With the adoption of an outside name came also the question of a new coat of arms. The old insignia was simply the three t's in a circle, and in the '79 Index we find that still in use, but with the new caption "Pi Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa". There is some confusion as to the history of the new cut which made its appearance in 188.2. Apparently three committees worked on it: one made up of Kinney and Alfred A. Hevia; another of Bishop and Cutter; a third of Kinney, Hevia and E. A. Jones. May. in many respects the backbone of the '82 delegation, was opposed to tampering with things of tradition. Out of the turmoil, however, appeared a new cut, together with a bill for fifteen dollars. Kinney Pi Chapter 49" should receive credit for the design. It contained the original three t's on a black background, inscribed in a pearl-studded circle, as a center-piece. This was placed upon an irregularly shaped shield, which contained below the center-piece the words "Founded in 1873" and two small circles containing block crosses; and which was breasted above by a scroll containing the name Phi Sigma Kappa. Above the shield was a representation of the ring with an owl sitting within it. English ivy leaves aspirant furnished a final touch. When the cut was presented to the chapter, a storm broke. The three t's were not correctly proportioned, the cross bars being in every instance too short. The chapter's funds were low, however, and as a result the characters remain more or less out of proportion even to this day. The present coat of arms grew directly out of Kinney's a few years later. The Cornell chapter substituted the pin, as designed by Duncan, for the ring, and professional designers, under Cutter's direction, did the rest. It may also be recorded here that the little design which was used for years to head the quarterly reports, — the name Phi Sigma Kappa written across an ornate diamond, the Sigma embracing the esoteric symbols of the Grand Chapter, — • was also Kinney's work. KINNEY S DIAMOND DESIGN The literary meetings were dying out. Even The Signet could not save them. The historian of the year 1882 reports "a few" literary meetings, one of which was a genuine success. We turn with interest to the program of this exceptional meeting, and find that it consisted of four big acts: 1. a boxing match 2. reading. Max Malone on the Chinese question 3. dancing 4. refreshments. This program impels a slight digression. The Max Malone reading was rendered in a dress borrowed for the occasion from 50 Phi Sigma Kappa Mrs. William Kellogg. For years the majority of Phi Sigma Kappa had been boarding with this good woman, and so great had grown their affection for her, that upon the occasion of the opening of the new rooms, recorded in chapter two, as a very high and special honor, she was escorted to North College for a memorable inspection. It would seem that the debates and extempore speeches, the papers and the poems, of earlier days were gone forever. Hevia, reporting for the year 1883, stated: "We had two literary meetings that year, and they were not of much importance as the fellows did not take enough trouble to prepare for them". Sidney C. Bagley, reporting for 1884, records a revival: "Early in the winter it was thought that entertainments ought to be given oftener; and it was voted that each member should take his turn in alphabetical order in furnishing amusement for the Society". So we find that it was "amusement" that this generation required, and we are prepared for a dearth of valedictorians in the future. Bagley narrates how Jones, when his turn came, called upon two underclassmen for assistance, set fire to some little inflamm.able material which they had accumulated on the side of Mount Pleasant, rang in the various fire alarms nearby, and then settled back to watch the community turn out to be made sport of. This, then, was literary activity in 1884. Nothing is on record for the next two or three years, but in 1888 Wilfred A. Parsons and Robert P. Sellew had something to report : "Except for getting out one or two Signets, there was little work done during the year. We occasionally managed to have a pleasant social meeting; and feeds, sometimes accompanied by literary attempts, were provided by some of the members on se\'eral occasions". There was some debating however. It had to do for the most part with the material welfare of the chapter: whether the Order should purchase new furniture, whether the room in the loft should be further finished off, et cetera. Bagley refers to this intellectual exercise in a mildly satirical way: "The subject of finishing the room oxerhead was brought before the Society at an appropriate time; not that the brothers had any idea of taking any acti\-e step Pi Chapter 51 in that direction, but it had become an estabHshed custom to bring up the matter a certain number of times each year. A committee was appointed to investigate and report, which, being done, the report heard, accepted and entered upon the records, the matter was dropped as usual". There had been, however, a radical cutting of doors, without permission, looking toward a greater securit}^ of entrance to the rooms; and Howell states that seventy-six dollars were expended for furniture during his senior year. On the occasion of the fifteenth anniversary of the founding, Parsons and Sellew presented to the Grand Chapter, in lieu of a report, a highly analytic and informative document. It contained a characterization of the other fraternities, so impartial and judicial as to be actually impersonal. In this respect it was a very remark- able piece of exposition. Immediately following a discussion of another group which is found to be made up of "solid men" making a big point of character and low expenses, we find the following delineation of our own chapter. Fragmentary excerpts will suffice. "Scholarship — fully as good as the average, but have not got the most brilliant ones in college "Sports — we have not been especially active "Military — same position as sports "Internally — Everything is very harmonious. ... In working men we show a decided lack of courage Attendance at meetings is small on stormy evenings (many members live at a distance) Literary meet- ings are few and far between Many of our members who leave do not pay up their bills "This Society has undeniably dropped from its former standard. Probably a lack of work or a proper application of it may be a part of the blame, but a considerable part of its ill luck is directly traceable to so many men's leaving college The Phi vSigs have lost twelve men not in- cluding graduates. On averaging it, this makes each of the other societies lose two men per year while we lose six. What is worse still, with the exception of two juniors, all of the men in the other societies left at the end of their freshman year, while only two of our men left then, and 52 Phi Sigma Kappa ten during the junior year, when they are of most im- portance. Again, quite a number of these were expelled or left under forced circumstances in such a way that it reflected little credit upon the Society". It is not the intention of the historian to disparage the life of our Fraternity during these years. Most of our elumni of this period would be indeed a living refutation of anything of that sort. But the records which have been preserved for us speak for themselves, and they indicate in no uncertain terms that the leaders in Pi Chapter, more credit to them, realized the weakening of morale and the failure of progressive brotherhood. It was a time when too few were the hands to pass along the torch, but the flame of faith was not allowed to fall, and did not fail. The Grand Chapter seems to have functioned normally through out the period, although it is true that there were no meetings in 1880, 1882, and 1884. In 1882 May, Cutter and Howell ran off a dinner that may have actually frightened alumni away. Engraved invitations were sent out for this banquet, the price for which was to be $2.50 a plate. This was 1882 and in the country. But the menu! What a menu at any price! It contained sixty-three dishes, and although the diner was apparently expected to make some selections, still what a golden opportunity! In the post- prandials the Grand Chapter was represented by Barrett and Parker; they were the only alumni to appear. Throughout this period, however, the leaven of nationalization was constantly at work in the minds of the undergraduates and of the alumni alike. But that, as Kipling would say, is another story. CHAPTER FOUR Alden March (1888) "At the beginning only a local society was in mind". This testimony was given by Barrett in a formal address in Amherst in 1914 and may be accepted as reliable. There is nothing to in- dicate that the Founders in 1873 gave to nationalization so much as a thought. The other two societies in M. A. C. were both at that time local, and it is unlikely that our boys were greatly in- fluenced by what went on in Amherst College at the other end of town. Expansion was a bridge not yet in sight. Very soon, however, the question did present itself. On April 28, 1875 Brooks, as president of the society, "stated that he had received communications from gentlemen in the Maine Agricultural College (later the University of Maine) with reference to the formation of a chapter of this brotherhood in that college". A committee of three. Brooks chairman, was appointed with "full power" to consult with the Maine men, and no further mention of the matter appears in the minutes. Baker, who was secretary at the time, stated years later that "in conference it was deemed best to delimit the Order for a time to the institution where it originated". Very early a tradition established itself to the effect that the Maine organization, having failed to effect an affiliation with our fraternity, approached the Q. T. V's and eventually became the second chapter of that society. Plausible as this would seem, the fact is, however, if we may trust Baud's Manual and the testimony of Q. T. V. men who were in college at the time, that their coloni- zation in Maine took place in 1874, at least four months prior to the consideration referred to above. The Maine group who pe- titioned Phi Sigma Kappa, then, were following the lead of their college mates who had affiliated with Q. T. V. Incidentally a few years later the D. G. K. society made a rather unsuccessful attempt to place a chapter in Boston University. Thus it is obvious that the germ of nationalization was in the air, and that Phi Sigma Kappa was subject to exposure almost at birth. 53 54 Phi Sigma Kappa It is futile to attempt to localize the first symptoms in our body corporate. In 1912 Howe sent to John Adams Lowe a state- ment which, slightly corrected by its author in 1920, reads as follows : "In the winter of 1878 it occurred to some of us that our organization ought to be more than a local society, and that in order to extend itself to other colleges, it would be necessary to have a Grand Chapter with power to grant charters. Fowler, others and I talked the matter over for many months before broaching it to the alumni members. The idea was received with great favor by such men as Barrett, Hague and other charter members, and the Grand Chapter was organized in the spring of '78". That the impetus for nationalization should have had its begin- ning with the undergraduates was, of course, wholly to be expected. The younger men — Howe, Fowler, Baker, Hall, Brigham and the others — were restless for bigger things and took up the matter with the alumni. The procedure was identical with that which was taking place in the project of an outside name. But if the Fraternity was to become national and confer charters in other institutions, its older men must be more formally and more efficiently organized. Hence the Grand Chapter as established in June 1878! Howe and Baker were on the committee which drew up its constitution, in which the objects of the Grand Chapter were declared to be "to watch over the interests of the Phi Sigma Kappa, grant new charters and amend the society constitution when necessary". It thus be- comes apparent that the organization of the second degree was, to a considerable extent at least, a development from the desire to colonize. Two winters more and the matter was up again. The prime advocate of expansion at this time was a man by the name of Nathaniel Nelson Jones, '82. Howe had gone to Albuquerque, New Mexico to take charge of the preparatory department of the recently established state university, and it was Jones' idea that we might profitably get in on the ground floor at the University of New Mexico. Perhaps it was the hand of a kind proN'idence that led Jones to transfer to Boston University law school and the chapter to abandon this chimerical project. Jones' ambition was excellent, but New Mexico was altogether too far awav. Alden March 55 At the meeting of the Grand Chapter in 1881, the meeting at which Howe was succeeded in the presidency by Barrett, who, by the way, was to hold that office throughout this nationahzation period, another step was taken. The constitution was amended to read: "the executive committee shall have power to establish, or to appoint a deputy to establish, chapters of the Phi Sigma Kappa". The machinery for extension was now complete. It re- mained only to find a desirable recipient for our invitation. In the fall of 1883 Cutter matriculated at the Albany Medical College for a three year course in medicine. Now the Albany Medical College had been founded back in the '30's by Dr. Alden March, so early a pioneer in surgery that, according to tradition, upon one occasion, interrupted in the midst of an operation by a band of interfering objectors, he was provoked to the point of attacking them with his knife in order that he might be allowed to continue his work of mercy unmolested. The college was now thoroughly established, and indeed stood well among the medical schools of the country. Moreover in 1873 it had become a part of Union University, located at Schenectady, a very old and dignified institution of learning. Cutter has told how he spent the summers of '83, '84, and '85 working on the farm of Williams, of shaving soap fame, near Hartford. "And curiously enough", he writes, "while driving a horserake in the beautiful meadows of the Connecticut valley, I began to dream dreams of the growth and the power and the glory of Phi Sigma Kappa." Cutter made up his mind that the Albany Medical College ofi^ered the desired opportunity for nationalization. Thereupon he took up the matter with Root. Root did not warm to it very heartily; he felt that the time was not yet auspicious for the move. Indeed in view of the critical situation at M. A. C. and the precarious existence of Pi Chapter, it is easy to under- stand Root's hesitency. So the proposition was set aside for the time being. In the '86 delegation of Pi Chapter there was a young man by the name of Richard F. Duncan. Duncan came from Williams- town, and from a Congregational missionary family. He had held most of the offices in the chapter at one time or another. He was interested in athletics and had quite a local reputation as a boxer. It was largely due to him that the chapter secured and equipped a gymnasium, along modest lines of course, in the armory. The minutes tell, too, how he was authorized to negotiate the purchase 56 Phi Sigma Kappa DR. RICHARD F. DUNCAN Alden March 57 of a second-hand shell, with the plan, presumably, for a Phi Sigma Kappa crew. As an undergraduate, too, Duncan designed and had made a fraternity key. It was similar in shape and size to the key of Phi Beta Kappa. On one side it contained, within a diamond, the Greek characters Phi Sigma Kappa, and on the other, in a scalloped field, the two t's of the Grand Chapter. The thought was that this should be the emblem of the alumni, but there is no record that it ever received official recognition. DUNCAN S GRAND CHAPTER KEY The autumn follow^ing his graduation from M. A. C. Duncan, under the influence of Cutter, went up to Albany to study medicine. There were no fraternities in the medical school. A professional college, it offered little enough in the way of social life; and a city institution, it lacked that sense of family unity to be found in the small college in the country. Still Duncan discovered half-defined fraternal yearnings among the medics, and reported as much to the brothers in Pi upon his return to Amherst for commencement the following June. The Grand Chapter held a meeting at this time, presided over by Barrett, and the idea of going into Albany was discussed, with a generally favorable sentiment, by the alumni present. So much for formal consideration. Informally, however, Duncan and Cutter put in many good commencement hours thresh- ing the whole thing over between themselves. Indeed while the graduation exercises were actually in progress, these two might have been found down at the swimming hole in back of the home of Mrs. Kellogg, dipping alternatingly into the water and into the fascinating speculation of Phi Sigma Kappa National. More than 58 Phi Sigma Kappa this, they Hngered on in Amherst for two or three days after the commencement crowd had departed, still held by the alluring con- sideration of a chapter in Albany. To this prolonged conference the subsequent history of our Fraternity is certainly due. As the scene changes from Amherst to Albany, let us con- tinue the story in the words of one of the founders of the new chapter, Dr. Charles Edward Davis, of the class of '90: "During the winter term of 1887-88 it had become the custom of a certain number of students of the various classes to assemble at each other's rooms for the purpose of holding quiz classes and engaging in discussions relating to their college life. These meetings were found to be so beneficial that it occurred to several of the students that a closer organization for mutual good would result from establishing a central meeting point where regular lectures, quizzes and talks on medical subjects could be held; and at the same time continue and foster the friendly relations which then existed. Some of the students had had the advantage of a college training and had there learned the benefits derived from fraternity life. A few of the students were especially interested in establishing a chapter of some fraternity at the college, and considerable correspon- dence was had with various fraternities throughout the country for the purpose of organizing a chapter at Albany. Among the students most active in this movement were: Richard F. Duncan, A '86, Robert Furman, Jr., Frederick W. Loughran, Andrew H. Bayard, John W. Kniskern, and Charles E. Davis". Meetings for informal discussion of the matter were held at the home of Bayard on Grand Street and in Duncan's room on Hamilton Street. Various different fraternities had their advocates. Duncan, of course, was arguing for Phi Sigma Kappa. Loughran held a brief for Alpha Delta Phi. As a matter of fact the strongest argument for Phi Sigma Kappa was the utter unlikelihood of a charter's being granted by Alpha Delta Phi. This group of men at Albany were not even an established local. Duncan's task was therefore twofold: first to effect an organization, and second, though not necessarily in point of time, to persuade them to pe- tition Phi Sigma Kappa. It was not merely a problem of aftiliation; it was a problem of foundation as well. Alden March 59 It is of interest to note that not one of the men mentioned above was a senior. A httle later, however, a more formal meeting was held in Duncan's room, to which were also invited: Charles G. Briggs, Alfred F. Hodgman, Charles H. Callendar, Frank M. Clement, Walter G. Murphy, John Archibald, Arthur G. Root, and Charles D. Rogers. Briggs was Duncan's roommate. It was, in Duncan's words, "a pretty lively meeting". Let it be clearly understood that the petitioners in this instance were the Phi Sigma Kappa. Cutter in absentia and Duncan on the ground, believing potently that their Order should become a national and that these unorganized and disagreeing medical students offered a real oppor- tunity, were missionaries and worked for their end with something not unlike the fanatical determination of religious zeal. The meeting was productive of a decision in favor of Phi Sigma Kappa. It was not, however, an enthusiastic decision. Nobody felt that affiliation with a fraternity of only one chapter and that located at an agricultural college was any great achieve- ment. This fraternity did not even boast a pin, and Duncan's . key was not considered an equivalent. Still if Phi Sigma Kappa had little standing in the Greek letter world, neither did Albany Medical, and there was not the remotest chance of Loughran's being able to get a charter from Alpha Delta Phi. Duncan was able to assure the men, too, that their chapter might bear the name of the sturdy old founder of the college. Dr. Alden March. And so after what seemed to Duncan interminable debate, it was voted to petition the Grand Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa for a charter. Thus it came to pass that on January 26, 1888, in New York City, the Executive Committee, empowered seven years before to act upon such matters, met to consider the petition of the young men from the Albany Medical College. The meeting was largely nominal. Barrett and Cutter were the only two members actually present, Brigham and Parker voting by proxy. It is inconceivable that Cutter failed to act with dispatch, but it is a matter of record that to Duncan, sitting on the lid in Albany, the suspense seemed endless. It was no small job to keep those petitioners to their word. Finally, however, the answer came. The charter was granted, the chapter should be nominated Alden March, and Cutter was appointed deputy for the induction. On the second of February Cutter appeared in Albany, loaded with what there was in the way of mystery, and ready to initiate the group. Already, however, defection had begun. At the hour 60 Phi Sigma Kappa DR. WALTER H. CONLEY Alden March 61 set for the ceremony at Bayard's house, only about half of the candidates for fraternal honors were present. Loughran was ill and unable to come. Others, rounded up to receive the oath, began to marshal up again all of the ancient objections to the petition. Cutter recalls that Arthur Root "was the man fullest of objections". The old ground had to be all gone over again. It began to look as though the whole thing would fall through after all. It became, too, more or less of a personal matter. MacDonald would join if Hoadley would; Hoadley would join if MacDonald would; neither, approached separately, had any very definite idea of the intentions of the other. There was no spirit of team-play anywhere. ^ However, again as so often, they who knew what they wanted had their way. All of the men listed above became charter mem- bers. Then there was Everett E'i Potter, a substantial senior, who became the first president of the new chapter. There were also: Samuel E. Armstrong, Adam J. Blessing, Willis G. Mac- Donald, Dayton L. Kathan, Alfred L. Browne, Alfred H. Hoadley, James E. Sadlier, James H. Hutchens and James Carr, all alumni. Not all of the charter members, however, took the oath on February 2. Cutter records that Browne was initiated by Bayard later, and that he himself initiated Armstrong in New York and Hutchens in Passaic. Armstrong has told of his own experience something like this: "John said to me 'Hold up your hand and repeat after me'. I repeated something, I have no idea what. 'There', said John, 'now you're a member of Phi Sigma Kappa' ". Very naive it seems to us now, but without question that was about what happened at Albany. Notwithstanding the fact that ten of the twenty-four charter members were alumni, the chapter quickly consolidated into a strong active unit. Meetings were held at the home of Clement and in Alumni Hall. Within a year the chapter had rented rooms in Beaver Block and had furnished them by means of contributions of furniture by the membrs. By the end of 1888 seven other names had been added to the roll, one being that of Walter H. Conley, '91, later to be very prominent in the national Order. We have noted that one of the outstanding objections to Phi Sigma Kappa was the fact that it possessed no pin. After the 62 Phi Sigma Kappa induction this criticism became still stronger, and Duncan set for himself the task of supplying the desired badge. Bayard had an uncle in town who was a jeweler, and after Duncan had completed his design, this man made up the first pin of our Fraternity. It was a little larger and a little slighter than the standard pin to- day, but the arrangement of characters was identical with what we know, a jeweled Phi superimposed upon a Sigma and Kappa of chased gold. The jewels were a combination of pearls, turquoises and emeralds, and the pin, which is still in existence, is most attractive. The men were delighted with it, a pen sketch was straightway drawn, and others had badges made from Duncan's design. As the man who manipulated the nationalization of the Order and who gave to it its permanent pin, Duncan is therefore a figure of outstanding significance in the history of Phi Sigma Kappa. Dr. Davis' account of the origin of a group interest in Albany should be followed by a further excerpt from the same paper. This relates to the period following the induction. "Topics for discussion were named at each meeting, and members of the chapter read papers of interest. From time to time the professors in the college were requested to give lectures, which were always well attended". Thus we see that the second chapter was at the beginning con- cerned with the intellectual as well as the social possibilities of the Fraternity. This, then, is the story of the establishment of Alden March. And thus the dream of Cutter and Jones was realized. Phi Sigma Kappa had become a national. CHAPTER FIVE Laws and Rituals (1888-1894) The period of 1888-1894 in Phi Sigma Kappa is reminiscent of a similar period in the history of the United States just about a century before, the period during which the old Articles of Con- federation were gradually and painfully supplanted by the Con- stitution. The significance is the same in both instances. More- over, although constitution drafts are pretty much alike the world over and make very dull reading, in neither instance was there anything dull in the processes of adoption. The times were fraught with intense excitement, and their influence upon subsequent events incalculable. In both cases, it was largely and fundament- ally a question whether or not the body politic was to be a loose confederation of small but sovereign units or a compact union with a strong centra! authority responsible to the individual members direct. It will be recalled that the Grand Chapter was established in 1878 largely to provide an agency for nationalization. Notwith- standing its very simple organization it was wholly adequate for that function, and now, a decade later, the Fraternity had become a national society. No longer was the organic law acceptable as such. In fact already the two offices provided for by the original instrument had been increased to four, these to constitute an ex- ecutive committee which was the germinal beginning of our modern Council. After all, the Clay constitution, simple as it was, called for amendment rather than rewriting. It pointed out the way. And so we come to Amherst on June 18, 1888 to attend the first general convention of Phi Sigma Kappa. The meeting was called to order by its president, Barrett. Parker, '80, secretary- treasurer, was absent, and Root was appointed secretary pro tem. Brigham, vice-president, was in Japan, and Cutter, historian, in Kentucky. The delegates from Alden March were Bayard and Duncan. The convention acted upon two petitions from the newly established chapter in Albany. The first was to the effect that the 63 64 Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity adopt a pin, the one designed by Duncan, as the emblem of the Order. Cutter had sent up some recommendations from Louisville, and the one in relation to this petition is oddly indicative of the general inchoate conception of a nationalized fraternity. He wrote: "I am in favor of each chapter's being allowed to choose its own emblem, which must have at least the T \ -L engraved upon it; I believe that there can be no harm in the multiplicity of emblems, — 'many men of many minds' ". The convention accepted the Duncan des'gn as an official but not necessarily the exclusive emblem of the Fraternity. The other Alden March petition was for the privilege of initiating into that chapter "alumni who are not members of any fraternity which may have chapters in any college in which our Fraternity may have a chapter located". This petition was also granted. The Albany men were not satisfied with the ritual as then existing, and indeed, as we have noted, it was very brief, being little more than an oath. They were authorized to prepare a ritual for submission to the next convention. But the principal feature of this Amherst conclave was the presentation, by the Executive Committee, of a new draft of the constitution. It was largely Cutter's work, but followed closely the old constitution as far as that document went. The more im- portant innovations provided for were these : a permanent historian- ship, alumni clubs with the privilege of representation at convention, alumni chapter organizations with the right of incorporation, election of graduate members to the Fraternity by the unanimous vote of the active chapter and its alumni, election of honorary members by the Alden March chapter, annual conventions with provision for four votes for clubs, two for chapters, and one for chapter presidents, and lastly, the assessment of a voluntary tax. This draft was read, discussed, and laid upon the table. It was the sentiment of the delegates that no hasty amendment of the con- stitution should be made. Duncan was elected secretary of the Grand Chapter, and the convention adjourned. During the Christmas recess in the winter of 188S. while Robert C. Fletcher and Charles J. Arnold, Cornell underclassmen, were at their homes in Albany, they came under the influence ot Sherwood Le Fevre, Alden March '91, who talked Phi Sigma Kappa so eloquently and persistently to them that they returned to Ithaca Laws and Rituals 65 determined to bring to pass a chapter in their own institution with- out delay. So enthusiastically did they go about the matter, and so alluringly did they in turn present the project to Peter A. Delaney, Charles M. Becker, George J. Vogel, and James S. Ford, that by the 6th of February a petition for a charter, signed by these six men, had been granted by the Executive Committee of this Fraternity, Cutter and Barrett sitting in on the proposition and Duncan voting by proxy. The following statement is from the pen of George Vogel: "At the old Ithaca Hotel on February 26th, 1889, they were formally initiated and the Gamma chapter was inducted by Arthur Guernsey Root, B '90, and Charles Edward Davis, B '90. As ever, it was an impressive occasion and the fraternity ideals were well taught to this small and congenial body of brothers". In later years Cutter said that when this petition came through, he "leaped in the air and cried out for joy, in the privacy of his office". It meant, of course, that the Fraternity as a national organization was almost certain to endure. This assurance was particularly welcome just then in view of the all but desperate condition of the chapter at Amherst. The reader will recall the gloomy report of Parsons and Sellew in 1887. The following year brought no improvement. The report of the Executive Committee to the convention that year said of Pi chapter, "It is somewhat lethargic, somewhat timid, but most of all it is in a state where if something is not done soon, it will cease to exist". It is obvious that if one of the two chapters of the Fraternity should actually cease to exist — and Pi had only five members at the time — Phi Sigma Kappa national would also cease to. exist that very moment. Thus the petition from Cornell was a blessed surprise. And in the fall of that same year, upon the authorization of a special convention called in October largely for this very purpose, William C. Parker went back to Amherst, "re-initiated", as he said, one or two of the men there, and in some miraculous way or another succeeded in so resurrecting the dying chapter that the following autumn it took in a delegation of ten men. The Cornell petitioners had specifically requested that their chapter be designated Gamma, the third letter of the Greek alphabet. This, of course, was readily granted, but it led to a strong opinion by virtue of which the other two chapters at last 66 Phi Sigma Kappa agreed, Pi on March 21, 1891 and Alden March on February 27, to abandon their old names in favor of Alpha and Beta respectively. In view of the sentiment adhering to the Albany name, this con- cession by the Beta men was both gracious and generous. There was, indeed, some disposition to call their chapter Beta — Alden March, but this suggested flourish failed to root. There were two conventions in 1889. The first was held March 22 in the Old Grand Union Hotel, New York. The dele- gates were J. T. Hutchings for Pi; F. M. Clement for Alden March ; and C. M. Becker for Gamma. Among the others present was Conley of Alden March. There was some miscellaneous business, chief of which was the authorization of the Executive Committee "to adopt designs for certificates of membership, certificates for charters, and for the grand seal of the Fraternity". Officers were elected as follows: president, Barrett; vice-president, Hutchens, Alden March '86; secretary. Cutter; marshal, Delaney, Gamma '89. The main business of the convention, however, had to do with the constitution. Barrett and Cutter submitted a new draft, which finally was adopted, tentatively, until another convention. Still keeping closely to the basic articles of the old Clay con- stitution, this new draft was still considerably different from the one submitted in 1888. The office of historian was now combined with that of secretary-treasurer, and its place was taken by a new one whose prerogative seems to have been largely to examine credentials at conventions. There was nothing in the new draft about alumni clubs, graduate and honorary members, or voluntary assessments. The provisions for conventions were considerably modified. It added, however, articles providing for emblems (pin or ring), certificates of membership to be issued to initiates upon the receipt of a grand chapter tax of two dollars. Phi Sigma Kappa colors (magenta and silver, selected by Cutter and suggested by the maroon and white of his alma mater), and a Grand Chapter seal. It also provided for a charter fee ($10.00) and certificate. The third general convention was pretentiously announced by means of printed folders, to take place October 25 of the same year and at the same place. Again the principal business was the con- stitution. The Executive Committee submitted still another draft, and this was finally accepted by the convention and officially transcribed into the constitution book. This draft, too, calls for some examination. It provided for a fifth officer in the Grand Chapter, an auditor, and thus relie\ed Laws and Rituals 67 the vice-president of a duty which had previously devolved upon him. A proposal for a sixth officer to be known as Grand Musician and to have charge of the ritualistic music, was voted down. An amendment to provide for "extraordinary membership" of an honorary type was laid upon the table. Conventions were to be called at the will of the Executive Committee or upon the request of one-half the chapters and clubs. Chapters and clubs were each to be allowed one vote at convention, and the organization of the clubs was officially provided for. Every imprint of the seal was to be numbered, and it is a curious bit of history that Cutter actually numbered every imprint up to 598 and kept a record of the occasion for using the seal in every instance. This constitution provided for a Grand Chapter tax of two dollars and for certificates of mem- bership, which were to be signed by the Grand Chapter president and secretary and the chapter president and marshal. It also provided for an annual assessment of one dollar in the Grand Chapter, and for the publication "as often as the funds of the Fraternity will allow, of a journal called The Phi Sigma Kappa Signet'". There was also the old chapter constitution, much as it is to-day, and authorization of the incorporation of the Grand Chapter. The matter of ritual also came up at this convention. Le Fevre had introduced a clause into the constitution to the effect that grips and recognition signs should never be committed to writing, but there were no changes in these. There was in the hands of the delegates a very rough draft of the first act of our initiation ritual. This was prepared and brought down from Albany by Le Fevre. There was also before this convention a ritual for opening and closing the chapter, which, with a single exception, contained all of the business to which we are accustomed and exactly as we know it. It contained, however, a good deal more. This also was- the work of Le Fevre. The convention voted thanks "especially to Brother C. S. Howe, past grand president and author of the form now used in opening and closing the meetings", and that the new^ ritual should be tried out until the next convention. It is of interest to note that the convention refused to accept the resignation of two Pi men from the Fraternity, thus anticipating a policy which later found expression in our organic law. In the election of officers Fowler took Barrett's place as president, Parker, Pi '80, was elected to fill the new position of auditor, and the other incumbents of the Executive Committee remained as before. 68 Phi Sigma Kappa A personal note essential for record is the death of X. Y. Clark, Founder, on June 4, 1889 in Amherst. A man of much personal charm and unusual ability, he had yet failed to establish himself in any permanent way. There was an element of pathos in his career. He had fallen in love with a cousin of his classmate Brooks, but their marriage was so violently opposed by her guardian, upon possibly justifiable grounds, that she took her own life, and he became more than ever a restless wanderer going to and fro up and down the earth. He was a draughtsman for a time, assistant in natural history in the University of California, teacher in the public schools, lecturer on microscopic zoology in San Francisco, and research worker in Germany and the East. He contributed many articles, on subjects ranging from theology to pure science, to the current magazines, and finally came back to Amherst to die. He was lamented in the third convention as "poet, scientist, author and inventor, succumber to death with a smile, one who might well be called an immortal; his body was not strong enough to carry his wonderful mind". A special convention in Amherst in 1890 went over the con- stitution again, making a few minor revisions, and providing for graduate members upon the unanimous vote of the active chapter and the Executive Committee. This convention was attended only by Pi representatives, and was perhaps both a cause and a symptom of the trouble brewing between the New York City men and the chapters up state. Apparently the two New York conventions were not wholly harmonious. It is on record that Barrett admin- istered his famous soothing syrups and knock-out drops in allo- pathic doses. Looked at from this distance the irritation seems to have been two-fold: first, the feeling in Albany that two or three men were running things; and second, a thorough impatience with what was being accomplished in regard to the ritual. It was probably unfortunate that Cutter's constitution should have made his own office — a secretary-treasurer-historian combination at that — theoretically a permanent one. There were surely voices in the air that Cutter wanted to be king. Then the Albany men were beginning to get something in the way of ritualism, and it did not seem to them that the Executive Committee was inclined to cooperate. But if the disaffection seems to have materialized out of thin air, it nevertheless rapidly assumed storm proportions. At this point it was not that anything in particular was wrong; it was Laws and Rituals 69 rather that nothing was agreeably right. Perhaps it was largely a case of growing pains, as Cutter later described it. Certainly there was in it an element of resentment against something not unlike parental authority, and the diagnosis would seem reasonably accurate. Certainly the up-state men were restive and unhappy. A letter from Delaney, marshal, in 1889 is indicative of prevailing winds: "There is quite a sentiment in Albany against chang- ing the pin on account of the number of men who have already purchased pins here The certificate of mem- bership scheme, by which we hoped to extract two dollars out of each member, seems to meet with very great opposition, and perhaps will have to be dropped". We have seen how Kinney's coat of arms was revised by Gamma, and later radically changed, under Cutter's direction, into, our present insignia. The latter was wholly unacceptable to the Cornell men; "a damned abortion" they called it. Of such things were the complaints. Not long after the special convention in Amherst, which pre- sumably infuriated the young malcontents of Alden March, the Executive Committee received a communication from Conley, secretary of that chapter, requesting "that a general convention be held in Albany, New York, the first week in February for the purpose of revising the Grand Chapter constitution, the consti- tution of Alden March chapter, also to adopt rituals, signs and other secret work, and any other business that may come before said convention". This meant, primarily, that the new ritual was ready for demonstration. However Cutter may have felt about the ritual, he did not want a convention, particularly one with so comprehensive a program as this, held in Albany. He replied at length. He called attention to the expense involved in such a conclave, and to other urgent demands upon the Fraternity's exchequer. He then took up the reasons advanced for holding this convention, reviewed the work that had been done on the constitution, and then wrote as follows: "But the object of our Order is not the making and the continual revising of a code of ethics; broadly stated, the object of all college fraternities is the association of 70 ■ Phi Sigma Kappa kindred minds for the purposes of mutual improvement; and the great benefit of the convention Hes in bringing the brethren together." Further, as to revising the constitution of Alden March, it had become evident that the chapter constitutions should be uniform and they had been made practically so; nevertheless Alden March's desires as a chapter had almost without exception been respected in this process. The revision of the ritual had been definitely delegated to the Executive Committee, which had ordered the use of a tentative one for trial. "But Alden March has no right to initiate a man and give him a different oath than the one now prescribed by the constitution; such a man will not be accepted by the Grand Chapter, and his name will be kept from the archives". Moreover Alden March was known to be ignoring an article in the constitution introduced by one of her own men, namely that pass- word and signs should not be put into writing. Cutter may have been right in seeking to avoid a convention in Albany for a reconsideration de ncvo of everything that pertained to the Order, but his letter was hardly likely to appease the ex- asperated undergraduates. Conley replied that no one had been irregularly initiated since the executive order had been "opened", whatever that meant, and enclosed a joint request from Alden March and Gamma for the proposed convention. This consti- tutionally made the call obligatory upon the Executive Committee; nevertheless Fowler, Hutchens and Cutter, sitting in on the matter January 14, sent back a ruling to the effect that no convention would be called so long as the two chapters concerned remained in financial arrears to the Grand Chapter for their charters. Two days later an answer was in the mails. It began: "It is an unheard of condition of affairs in any secret organization that all of the conventions should be held in one or two places", and ended, "if the executive committee continues in its obstinate course and does not obey the commands of Gamma and Alden March, as it must under the law, said chapters will take the law into their own hands with the same right that a people does against misgovernment. In one week we shall act. This is final". Cutter seems to ha\'e replied that the convention would be called upon receipt of the charter fees. Under date of January 23 Le Fevre wrote to Vogel adjuring Gamma not "to send the boodle", and referring to negotiations already under wa\- with Chi Phi Laws and Rituals 71 looking toward the union of Gamma and the Cornell chapter of that fraternity and the affiliation of Alden March as a new chapter of Chi Phi in Union. The convention was held. Cutter paid the Alden March in- debtedness out of his own pocket; the Gamma fee was never paid. Fowler and Hutchens were unable to be present; Cutter therefore was the ranking officer and took the chair. Barrett and Parker were with him, and there was present also a Pi delegate by the name of Willard. Gamma sent a delegation of three. But the majority of those present were men from Alden March. The morning session was given over to the usual routine. Cutter read a report for the Executive Committee, covering six- teen typewritten pages; perhaps he intended to score at least once in the ensuing engagement. Of course he and Barrett were beaten before they left New York, and knew it perfectly well. The first skirmish came directly after lunch. Conley apprehended that Cutter was about to call the meeting to order before the Alden March men had arrived in numbers, and protested against such action vigorously. Nothing, however, came of this. Then Loughran moved that no proxy votes be honored. Barrett had ten Pi proxies in his pocket. The battle was on. The constitution was referred to. Cutter reluctantly admitted that there was no legal authorization for proxies. Barrett moved to amend the constitution. The motion was buried under. Then they came to a general reconsideration of the consti- tution. When the first article had been read by the secretary, Bayard moved that it be adopted. Cutter declared the motion out of order and said that he would entertain only motions to amend. Le Fevre presented an amendment to provide for an office of inductor, and it was carried; as was also an innocuous amendment relative to chapter visitation. A provision for ex- pulsion, vigorously combated by Barrett, who declared that as long as he should be in the Order, he would fight any motion to expel, was moderated into a provision for discipline and carried. The right to resign was again denied. There were two or three other minor revisions, but the constitutional changes were none of them drastic, and after the objectionable article calling for a two dollar Grand Chapter tax had been amended to the saving of one dollar, the business of reform was virtually over. It was in the evening, however, that the Albany men really scored. The two factions had threshed over the constitution with- 72 Phi Sigma Kappa out coming to blows, and were becoming rather more cool and conciliatory as the work progressed. Now the Alden March dele- gation brought forth its new ritual, much the same one we have to-day, and every one saw at once that it was an excellent piece of work. It was accepted by the convention. This ritual was the creation of three men: William H. Happel, George A. Williams, Sherwood Le Fevre. For the most part they divided the labor and worked independently. Williams' con- tribution was the installation ritual. Happel's was all of act two of the initiation and the first part of act three. He said that he got the idea for them from the feudal courts of ancient Germany. Le Fevre's share was the opening and closing ceremony for meetings, act one of the initiation, and the final obligation. Happel and Le Fevre were Masons and Williams an Odd Fellow. There was also some overhauling of secret signs and the like. In Le Fevre's words, "All three collaborated in the esoteric work, using the original alphabet, cipher calendar, grip, pass-word, secret names of the Fraternity and officers, the symbolic form of the chapter, the ring and scarf pin, and formulating the remainder for the new^ ritual". In this connection it should be said that Le Fevre used most of what there had been to the old ritual as a basis for his elaboration. Thus the Phi Sigma Kappa ritualism, much as we know it, came into being. Of course the up-state men did as they pleased in the elections. The previous convention had authorized the Executive Committee to incorporate the Grand Chapter. Prior to this Albany meeting the necessary papers were complete save for the signature of Delaney of Cornell, and Cutter had sent them to Delaney with directions to sign and hurry them through. A legal technicality demanded that the incorporating officers must serve at least one full year. Were Delaney to sign, the present board must perforce have been re-elected. Cutter knew that. Delaney also knew it. And Delaney did not sign. The convention therefore proceeded to election. The new board of officers were as follows: president, Happel, Alden March; vice-president, Delaney, Gamma; secretary-treasurer-historian. Cutter; marshal. Bayard, Alden March; auditor, Parker. Pi; inductor, Le Fevre, Alden March. Then the convention adjourned to what Cutter called "one gorgeous banquet with a pippin of a punch and Loughran a splendid toastmaster". Laws and Rituals 73 DR. WILLIAM H. HAPPEL 74 Phi Sigxma Kappa After it was all over Barrett, Parker and Cutter took account of stock, and decided that they had gotten out of the troublesome thing pretty well. They were particularly pleased about the seal, which Cutter had negotiated a year or so before and to which the Albany fellows had taken exception. The phrase "Founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College" was particularly objectionable. Bayard had arisen in convention to make a motion looking toward revision when Barrett had drawled across the room in his inimitable way, "We've got along all right so far with this seal; don't you think we can live with it for a while longer"? And the seal still stands. It had actually never occurred to the Albany men at all, but Cutter had been fearfully expecting the revision of the alphabet and the symbolic work of the Founders, which to every Pi man was not only secret but sacred. Apparently nothing was said or done about the "abortive" coat of arms. As a matter of fact, with the power once in their hands, the up-state men were neither unreasonable nor destructive, and the Fraternity gained infinitely more than it lost, if indeed it lost anything, at the Albany con- vention. It is fitting that the account of this occasion be concluded with the report, so characteristic pf the man, which Barrett turned in for the New York Club: "To the Grand Chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa the New York Club sends fraternal greeting. We beg to report that the club has at present eighteen members in good standing. We owe no man anything, and are at peace with the world. Regular meetings are held every two months, and matters of great pith and moment are there discussed in the masterful way to be expected from, members of our great Fraternity. These matters have so far included a bountiful supply of baked beans, and the kindred spirit that makes us wondrous kind has been much enhanced by meeting on a common le\'el in the presence of this succulent and democratic dish. For place of meeting, many original ideas, and much work the Club is indebted to Dr. J. A. Cutter, who, in season and out of season, with no sign of fatigue, labors for the advancement of our Club and Fraternity". The year 1891 was further eventful in the induction of Delta Laws and Rituals 75 THE WEST VIRGINIA HOUSE (Purchased 1919) chapter at the University of West Virginia. James H. Riddle, A '11, has written: "Delta chapter owes its founding to friction which existed between two factions in the Columbian Literary Society. The leaders of one party withdrew from the society and applied for a charter in Phi Kappa Psi. The leaders of the other faction remained in the literary society but formed the nucleus of Delta Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa". The connecting link in this instance was Wilbur Shirley Mayers, r '92, who was then located in Morgantown. The West Virginia men boarded at the home of a Mrs. Hitchens, and one of the group being Clarence Edwin Mayers, Wilbur's brother, it was quite natural that the leaven should have its chance. The new Executive Committee of our Fraternity granted the charter one week after its election, and eleven days later Wilbur Mayers inducted ten men into Delta Chapter and our Order. Clarence Mayers has told the story of their first banquet: "We put up twenty-five dollars apiece for that first banquet. It was at a crucial time. The only existing 76 Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity since the founding of the West Virginia Uni- versity was the Phi Kappa Psi; so our banquet was the first rival fraternity banquet. It had to be a good one. So we went down the river to Pittsburgh and chartered a boat. It was the Delta. It brought up to Morgantown the best caterer in Pittsburgh with ten assistants and enough food and Hquid refreshments to heap high the festal board. When the Delta whistled as she rounded the bend in the Monongahela River the Phi Kaps were making fun of us. But we showed them a thing or two in that spread. That first banquet established the Fraternity". This banquet, in fact, was so great a financial drain on the new chapter that it was unable to send a delegate to the fifth general convention held in the Gamma chapter house in Ithaca, December 1, 1892. Happel had been a good president. What- ever he may have thought about the desirability of a strong national control at the time of his elevation to ofiice, he seems to have been converted to the idea by this time. The report of his Executive Committee at this convention contains the following: "Possibly the greatest defect in the workings of the Phi Sigma Kappa is the lack of centralization. Orders sent out from headquarters are not obeyed at all or only sluggishly so. There is a feeling among chapter members that the Grand Chapter is nothing more than a loosely jointed structure whose supervision is only ex-officio and nominal". The constitution was introduced for further amendment. Of course! The marshal was made treasurer, and his duties as marshal transferred to the auditor. An annual convention was pro\-ided for, place and date to be determined by the Fraternity either through convention or through clubs and chapters. Barrett being absent, provision was made for expulsion. In a fine spirit of nationalism Happel voluntarily withdrew from the presidency' in favor of Barrett, who was accordingly elected. Other officers were: vice-president, Armstrong, B '85; secretary, Cutter; treasurer, Greenawalt, F '87; auditor, Camden, A '92; inductor, Le Fevre, B '91. Le Fevre, however, having for the past term taken his office with commendable seriousness, making a genuine effort to Laws and Rituals 77 interest alumni in the establishment of new chapters, felt the burden too great, and Huse, A '89, was elected to take his place. It was this conclave that originated the snake dance which was to be a feature of so many later banquets. Wilson Lee Camden, auditor, was attending the Law School at Yale, and in the spring of 1893, he initiated a movement looking towards the introduction of Phi Sigma Kappa there. On May 18 a petition was signed by Camden and five other Law School men. It was granted with usual promptness, and on June 3 Huse, in- ductor, together with Cutter and Barrett, went to New Haven and inducted the chapter. This was to be Epsilon. The action was unquestionably hasty on the part of every one concerned, and the chapter all but died at birth. In fact of the five men who signed the petition with Camden, all but one have since, in one way or another, been dropped from the chapter roll. The story of Epsilon's struggle to eminence is told later in this history. In June of this year a convention was held at Amherst in observance of the twentieth anniversary of the foundation. There were public exercises, and a banquet at Northampton with a special train to take the sixty odd guests over from Amherst and back. Barrett was chairman of the committee and master of ceremonies. As a convention, however, it was not important. Le Fevre was the only delegate from another chapter. The officers were re- elected as a slate in order to validate the process of incorporation of the Grand Chapter. The one legislation of historic significance was the appointment of Brooks as a commission of one to confer with the Executive Committee and submit another draft of the constitution to the next convention, which was voted to be held in New Haven. On June 22, 189-1 the New Haven convention convened. Brooks had prepared his report upon the constitution, and it was unani- mously accepted. It contained for the first time the preamble, which had been written by Cutter and with w^hich every one is now familiar. It also contained the statement of incorporation just completed, the specification of the Grand Chapter officers as "the Council", and the provision that their headquarters should be in New York, these changes also being largely at Cutter's suggestion. The acceptance of Brooks' report practically settled the matter of constitution until the question of a court arose several years later, and it marked the close of this period of parliamentary bickering and constitutional revision. The New 78 Phi Sigma Kappa WILLIAM PENN BROOKS Laws and Rituals 79 Haven convention thus becomes one of the milestones in our history. In a sense, too, this convention marked the complete crystal- ization of the ritual. The ritual for opening and closing meetings had been tried out in the chapters and was presented to the con- vention with some emendation. It was now so generally satis- factory that it was referred to the new Council to edit and intro- duce. The order of business, originally evolved by Cutter, Howe and Barrett in 1887, was likewise so referred. The Beta initiation ritual, according to Le Fevre "somewhat emasculated as being too blood-thirsty", was re-submitted by Hartley of Gamma, and declared official. The convention further delegated the Council to draw up and make effective an installation ritual. Williams' draft, submitted with a few changes by Le Fevre, was accepted by the Council and put into operation prior to the eighth con- vention. Thus another chapter on superstructure was brought to a close at New Haven. Altogether it was a highly harmonious and optimistic gather- ing. After some of the stormy sessions which had preceded it, it must have seemed like a return to port. The news from Alpha, too, was gratifying. The chapter reported a membership of thirty- two, eight from each of the four classes, and the purchase of a piece of land, without mortgage, for a building site. All of the other chapters, with the exception of Epsilon, also reported prosperity, and the Yale chapter seemed to be getting onto its feet after a fashion. The attendance was particularly representative, all of the chapters being present in delegate. It was a very pleasant occasion. The convention desired to make Cutter president of the Grand Chapter, but he declined the office for the sake of continuing the work of a more arduous if less distinguished place on the Council. Armstrong, B '85, a graduate member whom Cutter had interested in Phi Sigma Kappa and who for a number of years was to be one of its dependable leaders, was therefore elected to that office, the other members of his Council being, Barrett, Cutter, Greenawalt, Camden and Huse. Thereupon this memorable convention adjourned, and the period of constitutional superstruction may be said to be over. As in the instance of the United States in 1788, it was evident that the Fraternity was emerging from trying times a union and not merely a confederation. CHAPTER SIX Expansion (1894-1904) These annals now enter upon a very critical period in the history of our national organization. It was the period which should either make or break the Fraternity. The harmony of the New Haven convention was after all, to a considerable degree, the harmony of compromise and exhaustion; it was not the harmony of strength. The up-state chapters had indeed postponed their contemplated secession, but that it was anything more than post- ponement no one could safely prophesy. Away off in the mountains of West Virginia was a chapter which had never been visited by a national officer, and from which no undergraduate delegate had ever attended a convention. Epsilon at Yale was little more than nominal. Constitutional union had been effected, but spiritual union was still to be realized. If wrangling over by-laws and creeds had ceased, it was partly because of the more pressing and alarming problems which were presenting themselves. The essential Unity of the national order having been agreed to in theory, it now remained for the executive forces to put it into effect. It was much the same knotty and vexatious problem which haunted the White House during the troublous years which culminated in the Civil War. The Council of the Grand Chapter must either establish itself, on the constitution, as the respresentative and recognized government of the Fraternity, or behold the gradual disintegration of the brotherhood and a more or less general reversion to local- ism. The situation called for leadership of the most courageous and constructive kind. The story of this period is largely the story of John Ashburlon Cutter. His was the dominating personality about which every- thing centered. To him, largely, the credit of successful national- ization is due. Of course with him in authorit\' were other sub- stantial men — Greenawalt, Loughran, Barrett, A'ogel and others — and it is of interest to note that Cutter was himself president of the Fraternity but once, from 1900 to 1902, the other executives of this period being Armstrong, Vogel, Loughran and Worm. But SO Expansion 81 DR. JOHN ASHBURTON CUTTER 82 Pill Sigma Kappa Cutter, twice as secretary, once as president, once as inductor, and once as recorder of the Supreme Court, was always in an official capacity to legislate, and as the recital of the events of this period will indicate, he did most of the work, determined most of the policies, and suffered most of the opprobrium of energetic leader- ship. That the man was finally overthrown by the antagonisms which he had created, probably inevitably, during this trying time must not be allowed to detract from our appreciation of his work. Cutter was not idealistic in the sense that the Founders had been. He does not seem to have thought of the establishment of the Order anywhere as a protest against a crass fraternalism there in vogue. He felt himself to be a man with a practical problem, and he was still enough of a dreamer to desire greatly, and to be willing to serve greatly, that it might be solved. In that sense, indeed, he was the greatest idealist in the Fraternity at that time; the so- called man of affairs would hardly have cared to be apparently consecrated to so academic and undergraduate a thing as a college fraternity. But Cutter's contribution was not idealistic; it was administrative throughout. His great service lay in his indefati- gable application as an executive, not in any gift of inspiration. It may be folly to say that the Fraternity would have crumbled during this crisis if it had not been for Cutter. Some other leader would, quite probably, have been raised up for us. However it is a simple matter of history that Cutter was actually the man to carry the burden and do the job. And if any reader in these more soft and sophisticated days is tempted to pick flaws, let him pause and try to think of a man of his own generation who would have given himself over to this work and could have done it better. Now let us turn to his work. It was really two-fold. In order truly to nationalize the Fraternity, the leaders must foster the respect which comes with numbers, and they must assert an authoritative government within the organization. Thus the task was both expansion and consolidation. The Council was realh" striving for the prestige which was essential not only for its own existence but for the welfare of the whole Order, and it did so. first, by reaching out into a larger field, and second, In" tightening its hold on the reins within. The account of the struggle in respect to the second of these policies must be reserved for a separate chapter. The slogan then was expansion. From the more conser\"ati\"e Expansion - 83 standpoint of later years, it may seem that chapters were granted in a highly promiscuous and precipitate way. It must be remembered that this was before the idea of college fraternalism had become generally accepted even upon the campus and before the day of interfraternity cooperation. Rapid growth is much simpler for a young fraternity now. Moreover the Council had no money. Six reputable men in a reputable institution could apparently get a charter for the asking. The inductor was the official foreign missionary whose duty was conceived to be the discovery or the creation of a demand for Phi Sigma Kappa charters. Happel, as president, had suggested to Cutter that the chapters might be authorized to initiate men from other colleges, which men should be in turn authorized to establish chapters in their respective institutions. It was generally understood that any one with a prospect in sight might be delegated a deputy inductor with power to act. Obviously these were primitive practices. The missionary spirit was, however, very much alive. It is of curious and speculative interest to us to-day to note some of the colleges toward which our fathers looked with colonization in their eyes. At the request of Inductor Huse in 1894 Alpha sent two delegations to Wesleyan University "to try to establish a chapter in that place provided no new fraternity has gained a strong foot- hold there". Price, when inductor, received specific sanction to an ambitious and fortunately abortive attempt to place a chapter . in the University of Iowa. Jackson Arnold went out from Delta to a neighboring institution fully empowered to establish a chapter there. He found ten men waiting, but five of them did not measure up to his idea of Phi Sigma Kappa calibre, and to his eternal credit he declined to proceed with the induction. He subsequently re- ceived the thanks of the Council for his forbearance. Robert C. Fletcher of Gamma was counted on for chapters in Chicago and Northwestern, but neither materialized. Other Gamma men were at work in Johns Hopkins and, as naively reported in an early Signet, had "secured one member". Le Fevre was supposed to be campaigning at Leland Stanford. And so on! Other institutions where the Council more or less definitely laid lines were: Western Reserve, Harvard, Minnesota, North Carolina, Washington and Lee, Tulane, Colorado, Delaware, Denver, Nebraska and Kentucky. At least the aspirations of these men were Elizabethan. These are all colleges which we did not then enter. Now let us turn to those which we did. 84 Phi Sigma Kappa Sometime during 1893 Cutter wrote a letter to William Taylor Elgas of New York, son of Matthew J. Elgas, associate superin- tendent of the metropolitan public schools, relative to establishing a chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa in the College of the City of New York, where the boy was to matriculate in the fall. Elgas replied to the effect that he would consider the matter when he should have become an upperclassman in the institution. True to his word, on November 26, 1896, he wrote to Cutter again, saying that his brother was president of the sophomore class, that he knew "two or three fine fellows who do not admire the sporting qualities ex- hibited by many of the fraternity men of C. C. N. Y.", and that he was now ready to undertake the project. A petition was signed December 10, Cutter and Loughran, secretary and inductor respectively, interviewing the petitioners in the Elgas home. On December 12 a notification of acceptance was mailed by the secretary, and the induction took place on the 19th. Cutter would tell in later years how he and Loughran kept the petitioners in suspense, but it being only twenty-three days from the date of Elgas' letter to the date of the induction, the suspense, in modern terms, could not have been very great. The induction took place in the Grand Union Hotel. There were nine neophytes including three graduate members, the Elgas brothers, Albert Glover Rich and Phanor James Eder, both of the latter appearing later in these annals. The induction team consisted of Vogel, Loughran, Cutter and Greenawalt of the Council assisted by John W. Kniskern of Beta, and Barrett. Cutter records that there ■was a good deal of rather rough horse play, but that when Vogel subjected the candidates to some pedagogical inspection, the in- ductors were amazed at the intellectual capacity of the young men. Two years later Matthew Elgas reported as follows in regard to the College of the City of New York: "We entered an institution that has at the A-ery most but 150 men from whom fraternities can draw. I do not mean that the roll of students at our college is never more than 150 — far from it". We have in the college proper between 600 and 700, and in addition to this, the-e is the introductory class, which numbers generally between 500 and 600. Of course no one is initiated from the sub- freshman class, and out of those in the college proper about 85% are undesirable either through religion, refine- Expansion 85 ment or finances. There were five other fraternities re- presented at the college at that time." And then further, in regard to Zeta: "Rent being so high. in New York the nine charter members found it next to impossible to secure fit quarters, and through the kindness of one of the brothers, or rather the folks of that brother, our early meetings, including two initiations, were held in the large front basement room of his house. In April 1897 we rented a small fur- nished front room at 57 West 24th Street in the heart of the juicy tenderloin. There we stayed over the summer. In the fall we moved to a somewhat larger room at 1145 Broadway. About this time Brother William Taylor Elgas conceived the idea of starting a chapter at Columbia University. For three months the members of Zeta, ably assisted by the Council, worked hard to accomplish this end, with the result that on December 16, 1897, almost the anniversary date of Zeta's induction, a rousing chapter was placed in that institution. Three weeks later Zeta and Theta entered into partnership and rented an apart- ment at 498 Manhattan Avenue. There we stayed for the rest of the year, putting in some fine work for the Fraternity". Historical accuracy demands some little modification of this account. It seems that the Zeta brothers had proved zealous to the point of discord, and the Council put up the Columbia project to Elgas with the idea of directing this surplus energy into some profitable channel. That the extension into Columbia was not quite so idyllic as the Elgas account might suggest is further in- dicated by a letter written by Loughran, December 6, in which he said that the Columbia men were "a fine lot of fellows," but "do not want to go in with the C. C. N. Y." Loughran went on to say "They are altogether a different lot of boys than the C. C. N. Y. and I know they would not get on well in the same rooms". The induction took place December 16. There were thirteen initiates, seven of whom, however, were afifiliate Phi Sigma Kappa from other chapters. Among these latter were Root of Alpha, and Stephen Pierce Duggan, later to become one of New York's most distinguished educators. Among the other six was John William Goff, Jr., who was later to be secretary of the Grand Chapter 86 Phi Sigma Kappa SAMUEL C. THOMPSON and for three terms a member of the Supreme Court. The induction took place in a restaurant in Harlem, and was conducted by Vogel, Loughran, Cutter and Greenawalt assisted by a team largely from Zeta. It is only fair to Loughran and history to remark that the joint chapters did not make a very good get-away as a team. Cutter's report to the 1902 convention tells the story: "Zeta and Theta were in bad shape when the con- vention adjourned in 1900. Brother Thompson (A '72; a graduate member, then treasurer of the Grand Chapter and destined for long and honorable service on the Court) was appointed special supervisor for the two chapters. With him he associated the president of the Grand Chapter (Cutter). A lawyer was employed to collect dues; some men were expelled. To-day the two chapters occupy a house whose rental is $1700 a year. With them is associated the New York Club, and for all the time, thought and care bestowed we feel amply repaid by the result. Two fine chapters have been built up which are a credit to the Fraternity". Expansion 87 Meanwhile Eta had also been inducted into the Fraternity. Tom Swann Tompkins, erstwhile of Delta, was the proselyting agent. We have seen how Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Zeta, each in turn, had added a chapter to the list. Eta was really Epsilon's contribution. But Epsilon was in no condition for missionary work, and so, let us say, Delta in the spirit of the Brotherhood stepped forward to bear her burden for her. Tompkins was the only affiliate charter member of Eta. Ten other men con- stituted the pioneer roll, most significant of whom, as far as our history is concerned, was James Spicer Murray. Cutter went to Baltimore and on January 8, 1897 inducted the candidates, one by one, in the Eutaw House, after which there was the usual banquet. On his way back to New York he stopped at Morgantown, thus affording Delta her first visitation from the Council. Murray later gave this report of the Eta induction: "We were inducted at the Eutaw House by Brother John A. Cutter, whose secret movements, mysterious gestures, and important consultation with Affiliate- Brother Tompkins created the most intense anxiety and wonderment. It was noticed that, like the fable of the wolf and the fox, the initiated candidates never came back to tell us what the tests were and how they fared, and really we grew solicitous about their being alive at all. The last man began to think that Dr. Cutter was holding a vivisection clinic, judging from the strange noises and muffled sourds that came from Room 108 C." At the 1898 convention Cutter resigned from the office of secretary-historian, a position which he had filled continuously for thirteen years, in order to become inductor in name as well as in fact. Loughran became president and Vogel secretary. The following year marked the induction of three more chapters. The first was Iota at Stevens. William R. Haughey, Z '00, was instrumental in bringing this group into the fold. The in- duction took place upon Founders' Day, 1899, in the presence of all six members of the Council and men of the New York City chapters. Following the induction there was an informal supper with covers for sixty. There were nine initiates, one of them being Charles Lucas Wachter, who later served two terms as auditor of the Grand Chapter, and another Carl F. Dietz, who shared with Wachter the early leadership of the chapter. 88 Phi Sigma Kappa The second was Kappa at Penn State. The outstanding sig- nificance of this induction lay in the fact that for the first time Phi Sigma Kappa was petitioned by an organization already well established as a local fraternity. In the year 1893-94 there was at Penn State a group of students rather loosely organized under the name Bon Ami. This group was not wholly congenial and there- fore disbanded, whereupon Clinton B. Alexander, got together nine of the more intimate men, and the result of this conclave was the establishment of a local fraternity. Phi Delta Epsilon. The following brief description by Alexander is of interest ; "We soon found that the personnel of our organ- ization, though a local, would draw well in competition with the older established general fraternities. We were thus able to select a high class of men from the beginning. We aimed to hold a high place in scholarship, and a lagging member was both flayed and helped until his lagging foot- steps crossed the safety line. In fact we were rather Puri- tanical, permitting only certain games at cards, fastidious as to a man's smoking and other habits, and the brother reported to the Deportment Committee was in for a bad half-hour." Phi Delta Epsilon had rented a house soon after organization, and was a happy and prosperous local in 1899, when its petition was granted for a charter in Phi Sigma Kappa. Haughey again seems to have helped to lay the lines. Cutter records much corre- spondence on the matter, but the charter was voted prior to any visitation by the Council. Loughran, president, had demurred at this action, and it was left with Cutter whether or not to induct after he should have looked the crowd over. Therefore on June 7 Cutter appeared at State College and single-handed initiated fifteen men as charter members of Kappa chapter. The third new chapter for the year was Lambda at Columbian University, later George Washington. This affiliation was largely due to the missionary work of three Gamma men whose homes were in the capital city: Horace M. Bell, Max C. Maxwell, and J. Strother Miller. A petition was drawn up September 1, and on October 7 Cutter, assisted by an initiation team from Eta, officiated at the induction. "We initiated these men in a hall, and I let the Eta men have a good time. The habit was, when we had a team, to put one man through the whole thing and then swear Expansion 89 in the crowd". Seven men were initiated. In 1902, three years later, Lambda reported to the convention an active enrollment of twenty-three, and a house, at 1825 Q Street, which had formerly been the home of the Swiss Legation. Cutter added one more star to his chapter crown during his term as inductor, that of Mu at the University of Pennsylvania. It seems that during the autumn of 1899 Vogel went back to Ithaca to help cheer at a Cornell-Princeton football game. While in town he attended a meeting of Gamma, and in the course of his remarks emphasized the desirability of placing chapters in some of the larger universities. At the close of the meeting he was accosted by a young man by the name of Ralph D. Van Valken- burgh, who said that he had a brother in the University of Penn- sylvania who might organize a chapter there. This was the begin- ning. The brother, Raymond H., took up the idea with alacrity, so much so in fact that when Miller and Ackerman went down from Gamma to attend the Philadelphia Thanksgiving game, he was ready to introduce to them a group of possible petitioners, who apparently made a very good impression. Cutter had some cor- respondence with the scribe of this group, Frederick G. Farquhar, later to see service on both Council and Court, and suggested that they send delegates to New York to meet the Council personally. Accordingly Harry C. Clifton and William S. Collier came to New York, where they were entertained at the Lawyers' Club by the Grand Officers and then taken over to the Stevens chapter house by delegates from the metropolitan chapters. The petition was sent February 13 and on the 10th of March Cutter, assisted by Vogel and Duggan of the Council and repre- sentatives from several of the chapters, conducted the induction ceremony at the Bourse Hotel. There were seven initiates besides Van Valkenburgh, Farquhar, Clifton and Collier. There had been some talk of initiating Barrett's brother as a graduate member, but the plan fell through. In his report to the convention of 1900 Cutter concluded with the following paragraph : "We have now twelve chapters with a few of them in weakened condition. These weakened chapters will need considerable management by the Grand Chapter in the next year or two to make them thoroughly strong. It will 90 Phi Sigma Kappa not be advisable, therefore, for the Council to put out too much strength on extension. Again, the time has come when we can rest on our present strength and wait for new chapters to come to us. We shall not go anywhere un- less the Fraternity is to be strengthened by the new chapter. In the East it will pay us to put out some energy as to the Lehigh University, and further South as to the University of Virginia, and perhaps in Ohio as to Western Reserve University. Under our present condition it is doubtful whether it is wise to extend far West or South unless the conditions are preeminently fitted for our ex- tension". This is a new note in the story of expansion. Cutter was elected president of the Grand Chapter, the other men on the Council being Murray, Vogel, Thompson, Arnold and Barrett. There was to be, however, no immediate retrenchment in the matter of new chapters. Cutter had reported the desirability of locating in Lehigh. This probably refers to some negotiations which never fruited, for Cutter later wrote, "we had correspondence with one bunch that faded away". However Carl F. Dietz and William L. Daw of Iota eventually received a letter from Lehigh, which they re- ferred to Cutter. Dietz once wrote that he disclaimed "any re- sponsibility for this chapter", and that the credit belonged to Cutter and Barrett. Daw, however, was sent over to see the crowd, and Rich had already undertaken a similar errand. On March 9, 1901 seven petitioners journeyed over to New York, there to be inducted, by Cutter, Barrett, Vogel and Thompson of the Council and any number of metropolitan brothers, as Nu chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa. The induction of Nu was probably a bit premature, and the Fraternity paid the piper b}^ losing two of the charter members through expulsion, but the new chapter soon pulled itself together and the test of years has abundantly justified the grant. During the winter of 1901-02 William Raymond Baird, editor of Baird' s Manual and for years dean of American college frater- nities, wrote to Cutter, saying, "There is another fraternity needed at St. Lawrence University. It is a small college but has tine fraternity material. I think you could secure an excellent chapter there"; and enclosing a letter from the president of the institution Expansion 91 to the same effect. Cutter referred the matter to Barrett, who was inductor at the time, Barrett got into touch with J. Frank Morgan, an undergraduate at St. Lawrence, and on March 20 received 'a communication from him, saying: "Your letter of the 17th inst. received yesterday. At a meeting of the society held in the after- noon, it was decided to accept the invitation to become one of the chapters of your Fraternity". Again Cutter inducted the chapter single-handed. He had a beautiful time in Canton, however, and would dwell upon it tenderly in later years. The induction took place April 12, at The New Hodskin Hotel. There were nine neophytes, and by the time he had arrived at the ninth, the inductor had developed a very elab- orate exemplification of the ritual. There was a banquet as usual, Charles Sheard acting as toastmaster, and during the evening the new chapter was serenaded by all of the other St. Lawrence fra- ternities in turn. There was a sorority, too, and Cutter made the girls an impromptu speech, which they apparently could not under- stand and which he never could recall. The next day he and the boys repaid their social obligations about the campus, and Cutter went back to New York in high good humor. Xi was a very active young chapter from the day of its induc- tion. In fact even before that eventful day it had somewhat em- barrassed Barrett by writing to ask for copies of the Fraternity songs and yells, which, somehow, during the twenty-nine years of our history had plainly been overlooked. Xi had also taken up at that early date the fight against Theta Nu Epsilon, and its delegation appeared at the Washington convention of that same year, bringing a Phi Sigma Kappa call, four songs by Charles Sheard, and a protest against November as a convention date. It had long been felt that we should have a chapter in Boston, and for several years scouts had been desultorily at work. In fact in 1897 Loughran went to Boston to meet with the alumni there with the idea of bringing to pass a chapter in Harvard and a Boston Club. The latter materialized promptly, and was formally in- ducted by Cutter, September 25, 1897, in Young's Hotel. But the Harvard chapter did not materialize. It was left, therefore, for Phanor J. Eder and Frank L. Packard, both of Zeta, in the spring of 1902, to bring to pass a petition from a group of young men in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Meetings were held at the home of Homer O. Page. Eder suggested a personal meet- ing between delegates of this group and of the Council, either in 92 Phi Sigma Kappa Boston or New York, but no such meeting occurred. It is of interest to note that Eder urged that the induction be held in Boston and la'rgely for the purpose of rallying "that dormant organization — the Boston Club". In Boston, therefore, the induction was held, May 24, 1902. at the Hotel Brunswick, Cutter, as always, presiding. There were thirteen charter members of Omicron, but three were affiliates. At the induction were Eder and Packard, Oscar Worm, to be the next Grand President, Brooks, Founder, and a team from Alpha. There was the customary banquet, and much enthusiasm. Barrett reported the induction to the next convention, in part, as follows: "My information is that the affair was a great success, but Presi- dent Cutter missed the delicate attention conferred upon him at St. Lawrence". In that same report Barrett went on to say that in some instances the Council had discouraged petitions; he mentioned as an example one from the University of Tennessee; he declared that the Council members were not agreed in regard to expansion policies; and concluded with this paragraph: "It is the opinion of the Inductor that we seek to multiply within our present confines or at least very ■ close to its borders. It is expensive to travel. It is child murder to leave a new chapter hundreds of miles from any of its kind. We shall need years of seasoning before we shall be prepared to enter upon world conquest. To possess the land is an alluring dream, but it has been the ruin of all who have attempted to make it a reality". A committee composed of Frederick, F '03, Reger, A '0-i, and Rich, Z '97, was then appointed to confer upon this matter, and later in the convention it reported these recommendations: "1st. Go slow in the matter of establishing new chapters within our present geographical confmes. "2nd. Establish chapters only within our present geographical confines." This report was accepted and adopted by the convention. The Council elected by this convention was an entirely green one. Not one of the six members had ever ser\'ed on a Council before. Worm was president, and Rich inductor. However Cutter, Vogel and Barrett were all members of the newly es- Expansion 93 THE FRANKLIN & MARSHALL HOUSE (Purchased 1910) tablished Court, without whose ratification no petition might hereafter be granted. There is httle to indicate that either Council or Court was governed to any great degree by the resolutions passed by the Eleventh Convention in regard to expansion. •' As a matter of historic fact they inducted three new chapters within six months after the convention had adjourned, two of them in institutions very antagonistic to the whole fraternity idea, and one of these not even in the United States. The petition from Franklin and Marshall was in many ways the most irresistible of all which the Councils had ever received. In the fall of 1897 there had been organized a club called The Nevonia, and among its members was Oliver S. Schaeffer, now of Mu. The society had become very strong during these six years as a local, and Schaeffer invited Farquhar, treasurer of the Council and a Pennyslvania man, to visit it with view to affili- ation. Farquhar was delighted with what he found and wrote most enthusiastically to Worm to that effect. It was clearly an exceptional opening, and after considerable correspondence be- tween Worm and William M. Diefenderfer of Nevonia, both Council and Court approved. 94 Phi Sigma Kappa The induction was held April IS, 1903 at the Nevonia Club house. Worm and Farquhar represented the Council, and they had the support of a team from Mu. It was the first induction in twenty years over which Cutter did not preside. He was present, however, and spoke at the banquet in the Hamilton Club. William A. Mclntyre was also present, making his first unobtrusive bow to the national Order. There were sixteen Nevonia men who became charter members of Pi, among them being Edward M. Hartman, who made a memorable address at the banquet, and James A. Boehm, who was to be the first editor of our quarterly magazine. History does not record which of the young orators let fall this, under the circumstances, rather in- vidious comparison: "Benjamin Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania in his youth, but when he had reached the maturity of his powers, he founded Franklin College, the forerunner of Franklin & Marshall." The father of Rho was Horace D. McMullen of Gamma, who had transferred to Queens for some; special work in engineering. There had never been any fraternities at Queen's, but President Grant, who had led in the opposition, now died, and McMullen wrote to Worm saying that he had taken up the matter with George Y. Chown, the registrar, and that they wanted to introduce Phi Sigma Kappa into Canada. As evidence of his ambition he enclosed a petition signed by eleven men, including Chown him- self. Opposition to fraternities did not disappear with the un- sympathetic executive, however, as McMullen freely admitted in his correspondence. Public sentiment was generally against them. That the college authorities initiated no change in policy- is in- dicated by the fact that McMullen had to drop one potential pledge, a Captain Bogart, presumably of the faculty, because "the dean of the faculty very strongly disapproves, and it would lose him his place if he went in". The Grand Officers must surely have been aware of the difficulties swarming about the extension project at Queen's; in fact Cutter wrote to McMullen saying that he favored the petition, but that "chapters that start fraternity life in an institution are especially picked out for trouble". The charter, however, was granted. There were seventeen men to be initiated, and Worm and Rich went to Kingston, where, on April 25, 1903, in the Frontinac Hotel, with the assistance of Sheard and Morgan of Xi, they inducted the new chapter. All was as merr\- as a marriage bell. Expansion 95 At the 1904 convention, however, the Council reported upon Rho as follows: "The members should be accorded great credit for the progress made in the face of many obstacles. The anti- fraternity feeling in college is intense, and the men have been forced to exercise great tact in their intercourse with the opposition so as not to estrange them utterly. That the chapter has succeeded in making headway, and at the same time has maintained itself in a house, shows the calibre of the men". E. Neilson Sappington, president of Eta, introduced the St. John's group to the Council. In collaboration was Murray, then a member of the Court. Sappington had some personal friends among the undergraduates at St. John's, and these were the nucleus. Fraternities had previously been strictly forbidden by trustee ruling, but that restriction had recently been lifted. The Council and Court voted to grant the charter in case three more underclass names should be added to the list of petitioners, and the names were forthcoming. The induction took place May 16, 1903, at Carver Hall, under the auspices of Worm and Sullivan of the Council assisted by a team from Eta. Rich, inductor, had protested that the whole thing was irregular, at least to the extent that he had never been consulted or even allowed a vote on the petition, and refused to have anything to do with the induction. Fifteen men became charter members of Sigma. Concerning Sigma the Council reported as follows to the 1904 convention: "Sigma at St. John's suffers, but not to so great a degree (as. Rho), from this same anti-fraternity feeling. We are the only fraternity as yet represented at St. John's, and consequently must stand the brunt of all attacks". Not for thirteen years was another fraternity to be introduced. This, then, is the history of expansion during this very active period. The 1904 convention took no definite stand on the sub- ject. Cutter introduced a resolution, as the result of some political compromise, to the effect "that every legitimate effort be made to extend said chapter roll", but no action was taken. However this convention, the story of which appears in the following chapter, introduced a new leadership into the arena, and thus, intentionally 96 Phi Sigma Kappa or not as the case may be, initiated a new and more conservative policy in the matter of expansion. As a matter of fact almost all of the older heads now felt that it was time to put on the brakes. OSCAR R. W. WORM CHAPTER SEVEN Established Sovereignty (1894-1904) Along with the extension of the chapter roll came the con- solidation of national government. The constitution adopted in 1894 might be assumed to have settled this problem. As a matter of fact constitutions can never settle it. When they adequately express the will of the potential public, they may indeed seem to do so; when they fail to express adequately that will, they are more or less quietly scrapped. The fate of the Phi Sigma Kappa con- stitution lay in this pregnant period. The constitution was on trial; which is simply another way of saying that the whole con- ception of the national order was on trial. It was still the old issue of union as against confederation. Three chapters had fought it out in 1891, and the forces for union, as we have seen, prevailed. It now remained to be seen whether the constantly increasing number of chapters, considerably distant from each other, largely independent of and rather patronizing toward the national order, dreaming extravagant dreams in their strength or inclined to let everything slide in their weakness, could actually be welded to- gether into a compact and harnomious union. This was the question which Cutter and Barrett and the others had to answer. And they had this decade in which to do so. The aggressive expansion policy was, as we have seen, a part of their answer. A fraternity of eighteen chapters would command more respect, both within and without its own ranks, than one of seven or eight. Paradoxically the very fact of numbers made not only for strength, but for union. Incidentally, however, it also complicated the task of leadership. Throughout this period the Councils undertook to promote the organization of the alumni. The New York City Club cannot be said to have fulfilled the purpose of its founders, namely to be an alumni chapter with regular and frequent literary-social meet- ings. It had, however, in its supervision of the Zeta-Theta com- bination, done much to keep the fraternity idea alive in New York, and hence everywhere. At one time its dues got as high as $10 for resident members. The following from Barrett's report to the 1900 convention is of interest: 97 Phi Sigma Kappa -^"V^dRS^^^Sr. 0ss0ml^ "Lately the New ^'(jrk Club has taken on a new form of life which may prove its death. In November the members of the Columbia chapter were espec- ially desirous of having the local chapters go into a house on 113th Street, having before existed in rooms or apartments. The house was accordingly rented about the first of December, the terms being $75 a month, seven of the alumni going on the lease, all this being done on the distinct pledge of undergraduates of Columbia that a sufihcient number of roomers be obtained in the house to make the rent payments practically easy. None of these pledges were kept, and the makers of the lease have left upon their hands a house which they must rent out to whomsoever they can or other- wise pay the monthl}^ rent until the 1st of October It is believed by those who were in a position to be well informed that some punitive measures should be taken against the men who made these pledges and then backed awa\" from them". THE COLUMBI.4. HOUSE (Purchased 1908) While the New York Club was thus mothering her two restive metropolitan step-children, other clubs were being organized and chartered elsewhere: in 1897 the Boston Club; in 1900 the Albany Club; in 1902 the Connecticut, Southern and Morgantown Clubs, the first two with headquarters at New Haven and Washington respecti\"ely ; and in 1904 the Philadelphia Club. Thus at the close of this peritxl there were seven duly chartered alumni clubs, and it should be ob\'ious that however active and permanent they might pro\e to be, their \-ery establishment helped to nationalize the Fraternit\-. Established Sovereignty 99 Then the Councils took a wise and constructive pohcy in the matter of pubHcations. For the labor involved and for the initia- tive of editorship credit goes again to Cutter, who devoted much time and energy to the project. Already in 1891 he had published a forty page catalogue of the Fraternity. Now in September, 1894, following the convention at New Haven which settled so many questions of constitution, he published the first number of The Signet, continuing the name of the literary manuscripts which Howe had fathered back in the days of Pi Chapter. It was a four- teen page organ and contained, besides the biographical sketches of the members of the Third Degree and the Council, the non- secret parts of the new constitution. It may be said in passing that the making non-secret of much of the constitution was a highly progressive step in fraternity history and was opposed, prior to the 1894 convention, by Le Fevre and others. The Signet was to be sent to all brothers, and supported by the Grand Chapter tax, which was then $'S. Another Signet, eight pages this time, appeared in December. The third issue, however, did not come out until June 1896, and was a bare folder announcing the 1896 convention and begging for funds. Apparently some money was contributed, for four more numbers of the series appeared within a year and a half, all very slight affairs, one containing Benjamin Cutter's Phi Sigma Kappa two-step. In 1902 Barrett wrote to Frank Morgan at St. Lawrence, "I regret to say that the Fraternity does not possess its own peculiar songs and music; we await the coming of a musical Moses". It should be noted, however, that the Council had printed words to be sung at the twenty-fifth reunion in 1898, including two verses written by Charles B. Jameson, Z '96, and not long after Barrett's letter to Morgan there appeared another booklet, containing, besides the two by Jameson, one by Harry H. Drysen, 9 '03, one by George W. Kyle, Z '02, and six by Oscar Worm, all to familiar tunes and including the well-known ones written to Tramp, Tramp, Tramp and Die Wacht am Rhein. A considerable report of the 1898 convention was published,, and after the Supreme Court had been established, a revised edition of the constitution appeared. Then there was the Year Book of 1902, an ambitious and im- portant publication, edited by Cutter and Ira J. Ackerman of Gamma. It was a cloth bound book of two hundred and twentv 100 Phi Sigma Kappa pages, containing the constitution, pictures of the Founders, the induction and enrollment of the chapters, the enrollment of clubs, registration at conventions, the personnel of the Third Degree, songs, necrology, and a geographic directory. Of course it was a tremendous task. Ackerman reported to the 1902 convention: "I estimate that I have written every man's name at least ten times, and some, of course, a great many more. I have addressed, folded and sent out no less than 6000 pieces of mail matter, some of which contained three or four enclosures." Two things were requisite: information and subscriptions; and appeals for both were unpardonably ignored. The undergraduates were particularly delinquent. The book was at one time held up in the press because of a lack of funds. The price was one dollar. It was the plan to keep the material in type so that it might be revised and re-issued annually, but Cutter went off the Council at this time, and Ackerman, who was elected to the secretaryship in recognition of his service, for personal reasons felt constrained to resign during his term of ofifice. And the Year Book made but a single appearance. Without question the publication activity of the Councils had much to do with the consolidation of the Fraternity, and it is in this connection that it is stressed in these annals. The Councils found their executive problem a two-fold one as relating, first, to individuals, and second, to chapters. It had become early evident that the Brotherhood was not to be able to dispense wholly with the Big Stick as representative of law and order. The final obligation was accepted and carried lightly. Typical of a rather widespread feeling was the letter of a young man in Queen's, to the effect that his failure to pay his dues ought to be considered sufficient notification of his withdrawal from the Order. As late as 1901 resignations from at least two of the chapters were honored by the Council. It was to combat this feeling that the convention of 1902 amended the constitution to pro\-ide that a brother might sever his connection with this Fraternil\- only through expulsion or death. And that brings us up to the question of expulsion. It will be remembered that at the 1891 convention Barrett declared that as long as he should remain in the Brotherhood, he would oppose every attempt to expel, but his judgment was o\"erruled, and the Established Sovereignty 101 constitution as adopted at New Haven permitted a chapter to expel upon the concurrence of the Council. This privilege was exercised by Beta the following year. It seems that one of the active men had quarreled with others in the chapter, had been in- discreet in his reference to the chapter outside, and had failed to keep up his dues. The chapter voted to expel and referred the matter to the Council. Armstrong, Cutter and Greenawalt sat in on the hearing, at which the defendant was present, and finally voted to suspend him until a certain date. Then, if he had not paid his indebtedness, he was to be automatically expelled. He failed to make payment and was dropped. Under the same provision, Richard F. Price, E '93, whose name because of his public and official capacity cannot well be suppressed, having served for part of one term on the Council as inductor ad interim and afterward having been duly elected to that office, was convicted in the New York courts of fraudulent appropriation of funds, and was subsequently expelled from the Fraternity. Nor were the other chapters to be spared. In 1898 Gamma initiated proceedings against one of her members, — ^the charges being incompatibility and neglect of obligations, — conducted a hearing, referred an excellent resume of this to the Council, and had its action of expulsion unanimously sustained by that body. In 1902 two men were expelled from Nu. Indebtedness and failure to cooperate were the charges. Vogel, secretary of the Grand Chapter, conducted a hearing, and the Council concurred with the ruling of the chapter. Two men were likewise dropped from Zeta, for failure to meet their bills. An interesting case occurred at Lambda in 1901. The recital reminds one almost of a mock trial. The charge was debt. One defendant owed the chapter $5.28, and the other $13.66. Both pleaded not guilty, an error in bookkeeping. The chapter con- ducted the hearing and sent in to the Council a legal report of the same covering fifty-one typewritten pages. It also notified the defendants that they were expelled, without waiting for the action of the Council. The Council reaffirmed the sentence, however, although from the distance of twenty years it looks as though there must have been hidden motives or misjudgment somewhere. Barrett was wont to say that if Phi Sigma Kappa had been a religious order, the harmony to be found therein would have been attributed to Divine Providence. At this time, however, the un- 102 Phi Sigma Kappa pleasant evil of chapter litigation was clearly spreading alarmingly. The expulsion whip was hardly a proper instrument to put into the hands of undergraduates. And the animosities provoked within the chapter during investigation, hearing and con\'iction, practi- cally precluded any reversal of judgment by the Council. Clearly some change was essential in our judicial processes. Therefore the Council was already discussing the desirability of creating a ju- dicial body, the Supreme Court. With Cutter at least there was another consideration. He felt that the younger men w'ere "strain- ing at the leash" to get into national office, and thought to provide an opportunity for them. He wrote to Walter H. South, "By organization of this court we will have a much greater opportunity to get the younger men". Apparently he lived to repent him of that particular policy as is evidenced by his open letter to the chapters in 1912 and again in 1920 to the effect that no one under forty should be elected to either Court or Council. His deter- mination on the matter, however, was greatly strengthened by developments in West Virginia. The spring of 1902 was a bad one for Delta. As Cutter fre- quently described it, the chapter "factioned". A minority of four men, apparently inclined to sportiness, set themsehes against a not much larger majority, blocking bidding and precipitating hard feelings. Moreover the treasurer misappropriated about $150 and thus incurred the landlord's wrath. In May 1901 Cutter had \-isited the chapter, and during the following year it had recei\'ed three other visitations from the Council, two by Arnold and one by Thompson. Thus the national officers were aware of the strained situation, and in the fall of 1902 Cutter wrote to the chapter, urging comity. In reply he received a letter from South. Lang and Garrison, local alumni, saying that conditions demanded com- plete reorganization of the chapter, by Council and alumni if Delta were to survive. Constitutionally the Council could not itself expel ; the New York members, however, did what seemed the next best thing; they suspended the whole chapter and appointed South receiver. Meanwhile the undergraduates had settled their differ- ences sufficiently to agree upon hve possible pledges, and a petition, signed by seven men including the four recalcitrani members, was sent to the Council asking that they might be let alone. On September 20 fifteen alumni met with the active chapter, and thereafter recommended to the Council that the suspension be lifted in respect to all but four of the tnuiergradtiates. Their Established Sovereignty 103 proposition was that the local alumni could handle the situation if they might be empowered to expel and reorganize, but Cutter called attention to constitutional obstacles, and had now antag- onized the Morgan town men to the point of carping and futile disputation. Meanwhile one of the troublesome boys took up his abode in the house of another fraternity. There is no historical advantage in going into details. South, it seems, brought the matter to the attention of Murray, vice- president of the Grand Chapter, complaining that Cutter was "too bloody dictatorial". Murray had heard nothing of the affair be- fore, and from the start urged more intervention by the Council. It was finally his suggestion that carried, and he was appointed a deputy judge to investigate and recommend. On November 8 he held a hearing in Morgantown. With him he associated Terrence D. Stewart, Edward B. Carskadon, Mansfield M. Neely, Walter H. South, Robley T. Smith and Dennis Willis, all of Delta, as associate judges, judge advocate, assistant judge advocate, counsel for chapter, and reporter, respectively. Five alumni and nine active members were examined under oath. It was agreed that the three judges should later confer and render a report. Murray came away from the hearing with the conviction that it was largely a case of unnecessary meddling by the alumni, and that the worst feature of all was the suspension of the chapter by the Council. Murray purposely delayed calling the judges together. The Morgantown alumni were no longer agreed among themselves. Clement R. Jones, to be for years dean of the Engineering College, although one of the fifteen to ask that the alumni be given plenary powers to expel and reorganize, was now in sympathy with the defendant faction, and Murray was bent upon trying out the heal- ing properties of time. Meanwhile the 1902 convention had taken place, the Supreme Court had been created, and the Worm Council elected. The convention had not, however, taken up the Delta trouble at all. In January, under pressure, Murray called Stewart and Carskadon together to give judgment. He found them much more drastic in recommendation than he, and eventually two reports were submitted to the Council while the Board of Inquiry stood almost as bitterly divided as the suspended chapter itself. Whatever the actual merits of the case, which presumably can never be positively ascertained, the tangle was now complete. Worm seems to have handled the difficult situation firmly and 104 Phi Sigma Kappa adroitly, but his green council was not in a position to legislate effectively, and the matter was finally and fittingly referred to the newly constituted Supreme Court. The result was that on January 31 that body handed down a decision to the effect that the sus- pension of the chapter be lifted save in the instance of three men, and that the suspension of any of these be subsequently lifted upon unanimous vote of the chapter and the Board of Inquiry. All three, however, joined other fraternities. Now to go back a little! If Cutter had still entertained any doubts as to the desirability of a judicial body, his experience with Delta rapidly removed them. The Council was not, however, unanimous regarding it. Neither Barrett nor Vogel shared Cutter's certainty, and the former indeed, saying that he had not enough money to take the Washington trip comfortably and that under such circumstances a man scrimps, spends more than he had planned and has a generally miserable time of it, did not attend the conven- tion at all. Off the Council the same was true. South, for example, declared himself as sceptical as to the efficacy of such a tribunal. Cutter in reporting for the Council to the convention, therefore, went into the matter in some detail : "There never yet was a case of expulsion in the Fraternity but that trouble and distress ensued in the chapter; but with this Supreme Court organized, an im- partial body of brothers, with the maximum of experience in the traditions of the Fraternity, every man charged will have the fairest trial possible. This tribunal v/ould cer- tainly be the best body to protect us from unwise discipline. "Again we believe that many of the troubles we have experienced with recalcitrant members would have been obviated had there been such a tribunal as this proposed court. Bumptious members who were never disciplined at home, megalocephalics who know it all, the members who get into personal quarrels with one another and drag the chapter into it, to name no more; if they knew there was a tribunal with power to calmly lift them out of their environments and permanently set them apart, to travel outside Phi Sigma Kappa, would be wary of such discipline". A committee was appointed, the chairman of which was Briscoe B. Ranson, H '02, to draw up the necessar>' amendments. Established Sovereignty 105 but the draft which Cutter had brought to Washington with him, seems to have constituted the body of this committee's report. The amendments, after some discussion and revision, were one by one adopted by the convention. The nominating committee offered two names for the presidency, those of Murray and Worm. Murray withdrew in favor of Ranson, who was defeated by Worm in a very close vote. The retiring Council went, to a man, upon the newly established Court. Thus culminated a development which was immediately to strengthen the national organization and to be of lasting benefit to the Fraternity. It now remains to consider the leadership of the Council in its relationship to the chapters as such. A notable instance may be found at Cornell. In the winter of 1891, not two years after the induction of the chapter, Gamma initiated a house project. The chapter had fifteen members and rented four rooms on the third floor of a busi- ness block owned by Mr. C. M. Titus, a real estate dealer. Of the twenty-two men's fraternities at Cornell, nineteen either owned or rented their own houses, and Gamma felt keenly the disadvantage of her position. Mr. Titus, it seems, proposed to purchase a lot for about $2200 and build for them thereon an $8000 house, capable of accommodating about fifteen men. Charles A. Stiles was the chapter president, and he took up the plan with enthusiasm. It was intended to handle the project by a first and a second issue of bonds, and Stiles wrote to Cutter to find out what money, either in the form of bond purchase or loan, might be expected from the Grand Chapter. Much correspondence followed, but the money, naturally enough, did not materialize. Meanwhile Gamma initiated Mr. Titus into the Fraternity as an honorary member, and he went down to New York to present the plans to the Council. Barrett personally put $400 into the thing, and the chapter raised a little money among themselves, but they seem to have been counting upon about $700 more from the Grand Chapter, and when they realized that it was not forthcoming, the deal fell through. On January 8, 1893, Stiles, bitterly disappointed, wrote to Cutter: "The land scheme is over as Mr. Cornell has disposed of the lot to other purchasers, and we have returned as far as possible the money invested with us. Kindly commun- icate with Brother Barrett. When sometime in eht future we undertake a similar scheme, I hope it will not be killed by the indifference of the general society". 106 Phi Sigma Kappa In the spring of the following year Gamma tried it again. She had meanwhile rented the old Delta Kappa Epsilon proj^erty, and it had been put up to her by Mr. Murray, the owner, that she must either buy or vacate at. once. The chapter thereupon signed a contract to purchase on September 1, 1895 with a cash payment of $2000 and subsequent installments of $500, up to $8000. The active chapter pledged $635, and then wrote to Cutter to secure the backing of the Council. The Council, however, after careful examination of the contract, refused to permit the canvas for funds on the ground that failure to make the initial payment might legally be followed by damage suits, and failure to meet the later obligations might result in the forfeiture of everything invested. This project, therefore, also had to be abandoned. Early in 1899 the pot was boiling again. The chapter was in debt, but it launched a subscription campaign and by May of the following year it had paid up all its bills and accumulated nearly $900 toward a home. At this time it had the opportunity of pur- chasing its present site for $2500, $1000 down and the rest to be covered by mortgage, and on the seventh of May the deal was closed. Two years were required to clear the mortgage. There- upon a building association was incorporated under the laws of New York, and consisted of three honorary and two graduate members, one of the former being Brother Titus. It w^as decided to build at once, financing the project by bond issue. These bonds w^ere assumed by the contractor, a sub-contractor and an Ithaca merchant. The house was erected at a cost of about $26,000 and furnished by subscription. This was in 1903. Soon after, three adjoining lots were purchased to insure adequate grounds. Of the undergraduates of Gamma the leader and moving spirit during this epochal period was Frank G. Curtis, and during the summer of 1903, wholly on his own initiative, he published "a souvenir of Gamma Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa", a cloth-bound book of ninety pages, containing many illustrations, some histori- cal material, and an article contributed by Cutter. 900 copies were printed, and then in the assumed name of his business man- ager, John M. Poe, (really his fiancee), he distributed them broad- cast with the request to return or remit. Some complaints followed, and the Council finally felt constrained to deprecate his business methods. Be that as it ma>\ the project indicates the exuberance of spirit to be found in (lamma Chapter as the palatial home went up. Established Sovereignty 107 108 Phi Sigma Kappa Gamma's experience in home-building has been given in more detail than that of some of the other chapters will be. She was the pioneer, and she did the thing in a big way. The house is, indeed, an appropriate and impressive memorial to the courage and faith of her leaders at that time. Many of the other chapters were to follow her example and build or buy in due season. In fact so early as 1903 Kappa, through an alumni association, had purchased the property which the chapter was renting, but the project proved to be premature and later had to be abandoned. The story of Cornell's house is significant because it shows the gradual accep- tance of the part which might be expected from the national body in such enterprises. It became clear that the administration must be assumed by a responsible alumni association, properly incor- porated and empowered to act. The Grand Chapter reserved the right to pass upon the general plan of procedure, to the extent that its sanction to the solicitation of funds from alumni was explicitly required. Not yet, however, has it been in a position to furnish financial aid to chapters seeking to own their homes. Another striking phase of the Council-chapter relationship was to be found at Yale. Epsilon chapter was inducted in the Law School in 1893. There were five charter members, besides Camden of Delta, who organized the group. The establishment was every- where hailed with delight. Alpha minutes record that Cutter's telegram announcing the grant was received with cheers. Gamma men said that the existence of a chapter at Yale was the best rushing argument they had. But Epsilon was to have some rough sailing before she was to become a satisfaction to herself and the Fraternity at large. When Epsilon acted as host for the New Haven convention the following June there were five local brothers to do the honors. Camden and Buttle were charter members; Hackett, Lynch and Wright had been initiated during the year. Of the other four charter members, one, as we saw earlier in this chapter, was soon to be expelled from the Order, one wrote to Cutter that he had never attended more than three or four meetings and desired to resign, the third acquired some rather unpleasant notoriety and was quietly allowed to drop from the fraternal roll, and of the fourth, who signed the petition, we have no documentary evidence of his even having been initiated. When Yale opened in the fall of 1894 the active chapter consisted of two men, Wright and Lynch. There was nothing to do but to start all over again. Cutter Established Sovereignty 109 wrote to Wright, recommending that he branch out from the Law School idea: "Am glad to see that you are doing such good work; your plan is right; get into every department and get first-class men, and you will soon make the chapter so strong that it will be one of the best. Don't run to sports; you have had enough experience in that line". During the school year, however, only three converts were made, and the following November Cutter was again writing to the little group, dwelling on Phi Sigma Kappa's record of no dead chapters and urging greater efforts. This time something happened. On February 21 the chapter initiated a delegation of eight men, including him to whom Epsilon men affectionately refer as "Billie" Barnes. Cutter and Greenawalt came up for the cele- bration. Five other men were initiated during that year. Epsilon was revived, this time as a University chapter. The boys rented rooms in a business block, and Cutter, in view of the defection of so many of the original charter members, took up the matter of providing a new charter with a more satis- fying list of names. Trouble was not completely routed, however. Within two months after the notable February initiation, expulsion proceedings were under way in respect to one of these newly elected brothers, and although the matter was patched up, it was a warning of rocks ahead. Cutter was back and forth from New York frequently during this period. Then the boys became fast. In the summer of 1897, Edwin W. Higgins, later United States Congressman, wrote to Cutter about his chapter and said that it "ought to be more than a drinking club or a place where once a week the fellows congregate and bicker over the policy and management of the chapter". The following November when Barnes was back in New Haven, he looked up the chapter and found it in "a very bad condition". He wrote further as follows: "A special meeting was called at the chapter rooms last Thursday by the light of a candle owing to an unpaid gas bill. At this meeting I had greatdifficulty in compelling the chapter to bring charges against a brother who last June pawned the pool balls in order to leave town This chapter has done no work at all. I think that the meeting of which I have spoken above was the only meeting held during the college year." Let us now leave New Haven long enough to journey down to 110 • Phi Sigma Kappa New York and attend the conclave that celebrated the twenty- fifth anniversary of the foundation of the Order. It was a two day affair at the St. Denis Hotel, and attended by about fifty of the Brotherhood, including two of the surviving Founders and other distinguished Phi Sigma Kappa. The convention is significant because it raised, apparently for the first time, the question of undergraduate conduct. Upon request, the delegates reported variously as to whether their chapters permitted drinking and gambling in the rooms, the metropolitan chapters being the only ones admitting to both. Gamma reported that she had suffered a bitter experience and had learned her lesson. There followed a considerable discussion, Loughran and Happel insisting that there is no such thing as a two-cent limit, and Brooks recalling to mind the spirit of protest against such things which had inspired the founding of the Fraternity. The result of the discussion was a resolution: "that it is the sense of this convention that playing of games for stakes and the drinking of intoxicating liquors be not allowed in chapter rooms or houses". And it might be added that at the 1900 convention Barrett introduced another resolution re- afifirming this position, which after some discussion was unani- mously carried. This New York convention raised the Grand Chapter tax from three to five dollars, and elected Loughran president. Loughran. it will be recalled, was one of the most active of the charter mem- bers of Beta. Since his graduation he had become a prominent physician in New York, and had indeed been offered a consul- generalship by Cleveland. He had a liking for politics, and at the 1896 convention had successfully run George \'ogel against the Cutter candidate, for president. At this same time he had been elected auditor, and soon, upon Price's defection, was appointed inductor instead. He was a man of marked ability, and, in Cutter's words, "when the most serious troubles came up, he was a rock for steadiness". It was during his administration as president that conditions at New Haven came to a head. Epsilon was bankrupt both in means and morale. Barnes used to say, and truly no doubt, that it was due to enlistments from our group for the Spanish-American War. At any rate Loughran went to New Haven in the fall of 1899 and suspended the chapter, so that Hackett and Barnes, writing to Cutter under date of June S, 1900, said, "No meetings have been held for several weeks, dues ha^'e not been paid, no chapter rooms Established Sovereignty 111 are in possession of the chapter". On June 26 Cutter went to New- Haven and conferred with Hackett, Barnes and Lynch looking toward a reorganization in the Sheffield Scientific School. "Prac- tically, after the meeting of yesterday," he then wrote, "Epsilon as a University chapter is dead". In 1902 the Council reported to the convention that Epsilon was "de facto dead", and advised "that its charter be annulled, with the hope that it may later be revived in the Sheffield Scientific School only". Credit for bringing this hope to realization belongs, in part at least, to Worm, president of the Grand Chapter. It seems that Nelson K. Benton of Theta the following year got him into touch with Elliott H. Wendell, an underclassman at Yale, and the three of them were dined by Cutter at the Lawyers' Club. The proposi- tion was put up to Wendell as a splendid but difficult opportunity. In Cutter's words: "Silence — deep thought by Shorty, his head bowed — then he looked up and said that he would act, and we shook him by the hand and relaxed". Wendell was sworn in as an Epsilon man, went back to New Haven, and met Barnes. It was agreed that he should secure ten men in Shef and then report. Worm also visited him at least once. The result of his work was that Epsilon was launched for a third time, now as a Sheffield society, and a new charter was prepared and presented to the chapter. Those who have known Epsilon only in her prosperity may indeed marvel at the story of her early fight for life. It is of peculiar interest that of the two men who have been most in- strumental during these later years in placing her upon the proud eminence of Sachem Hall, one, Hackett, dates from her first un- happy experience, and the other, Barnes, dates from the second. Epsilon may after all be grateful for those painful and disruptive years. There is much historic significance in the persistency with which the national officers kept after the chapter at New Haven. They may not have been unerring in their judgment, but they were determined to save the chapter at Yale, and Epsilon really owes her existence to the Councils of this period. As with the account of Gamma's building project, this record of Epsilon's struggles is representative and not inclusive history. Similar work, if indeed not so dramatic, was being done in other institutions, a notable example being Stevens. On April 24, 1902 Cutter directed Iota "to deliver to Brother Charles Lucas Wachter the charter and all record books and the constitution of Iota, to remain in his cus- 112 Phi Sigma Kappa todianship until such time as the chapter is in a safe condition to receive them". And Howard B. Clark, I '03, wrote later to Vogel, "We hold meetings as often as possible at Kegabehn's Cafe; but we have the good grace at such events not to talk over chapter matters". In 1904 Wachter went onto the Council and soon after, with the help of Charles M. Kaltwasser of Stevens and the Columbia chapter, he initiated eight men into Iota and revivified the chapter. If such emergency supervision as has been described above was the salvation of the chapters concerned, it was also, to a con- siderable degree, the salvation of the Council too, for it demon- strated beyond question the essential need and the practical efficacy of a centrally constituted authority. And therein lies its greatest significance. There remains to be considered one other phase of the Council- chapter relationship. The scene of this episode was Washington, D. C. Lambda was about to initiate as a graduate member the Honorable George Briice Cortelyou, Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor. Cutter had been largely instrumental in bringing this to pass, and the invitation was extended to Mr. Cortelyou by Fowler, A '80. Cutter, however, was not popular in Lambda. George H. Davis, chapter president, apparently dis- liked him to the point of discourtesy. He may or may not have had legitimate reasons for his antipathy. As a matter of fact Cutter lacked the urbanity of a man like Barrett, and became exceedingly exasperating to some people who still respected his abilities and his loyalty to the Order. Davis probably resented Cutter's suggestions regarding the details of the Cortelyou initi- ation as unwarranted intrusion. In course of events he invited the Council and Court to be present at the banquet, and expressed the desire that either the president, Worm, or the chancellor, Barrett, should speak. As neither of these men could be present, they delegated Cutter as their representative. Davis thereupon wrote to both Cutter and Worm that such an arrangement "would be unsatisfactory to him, and in his opinion, to the majorit>' tif the chapter". Cutter nevertheless attended the banquet. There Da\is sub- jected him to every evidence of studied slight, assigning him a place below the salt, and after more friendh- brothers had re- seated him at the head table, refusing to recognize him on the speaking program. The Council was represented, however, b>- Goff, secretary, who spoke upon the subject "Our Fraternity Established Sovereignty 113 Idea". Other speakers were Mr. Cortelyou, Brother C. W. Needham, president of the University, the well-known diplomat, William M. Collier, and Brother Hugh Caldwell, later to be mayor of Seattle. Fowler was present, but was pretty generally ignored. At the close of the banquet there were some calls for Cutter, and he responded briefly. Three days later the Council issued a pronouncement, signed by Goff, to the effect that "for contumacious treatment of a repre- sentative of the Supreme Court and the Council" Davis was declared suspended from clTfi.ce, his duties to be assumed by a pre- vious president, Harry S. Reger. The only one of the Lambda officers to honor this decree was Donald McLean. Davis and his supporters destroyed the proclamation, secreted the official literature of the chapter, "suspended" the brothers who remained loyal, and prepared for rebellion. On April 30, seven days after the banquet, there appeared over the signature of twenty-one of Davis' friends, undergraduate and alumni, six resolutions, the final three reading as follows: "Resolved that we hereby express our entire con- fidence in, and allegiance to. Brother Davis, and that we now consider him the executive head of Lambda chapter. "Resolved that we hereby express our decided dis- approval of the arbitrary manner in which this suspension has been made, and the discourteous manner in which the duly elected officers of this chapter have been treated. "Resolved that a copy of these resolutions be trans- mitted to the Council and to the other chapters of this Fraternity, and that the sentiments therein expressed be spread upon the permanent records of this chapter." The Council had directed Davis to appear before it on May 1st to show why his suspension should not be made permanent, and upon his ignoring the direction altogether, the suspension was so made. It should be said that both Worm and Reger handled the delicate situation extremely well. Reger conducted himself with such considerate assurance as to avoid personal antagonisms in the Davis faction. And Worm's decisiveness was only exceeded by his unfailing tact. Upon receipt of the above resolutions he communicated with Woodward, the secession secretary, with such a display of courtesy and reasonableness that Woodward replied 114 Phi Sigma Kappa in a similar vein, but when, later, Woodward wrote to ask for certain official documents. Worm quietly referred him to Reger, to whom he said they had been sent. Thus it came about that on June 12, Davis having- left Washington at the close of the term., a regular election of ofihcers was held in the chapter house, the recalcitrant brothers taking part therein. Reger wrote to W'orm, "A feeling of harmony and good will was everywhere apparent". And upon the 20th Worm replied, "You are hereby formally re- lieved from the duties of acting president of Lambda chapter, and are requested to install as soon as possible the officers elected at the last meeting of the chapter". What had been going on in the F"raternity is nowhere better exemplified than in this episode. There could be no question now as to where the government lay. In a situation of extraordinarv difficulty and delicacy the Council had functioned in a way greatly to its credit. Quietly it had been building up, in terms of service, its right to deference and authority. Now in a crucial test it had been tried and found effective. The FVaternity at large was ready at last -to acknowledge its established sovereignty. The Philadelphia convention in October must be mentioned by way of personal postscript. In spite of the outcome of the Washington trouble, Cutter was now politically dead. The feeling in the South ran strongly against him. There were other critics too. He had been in the saddle too long not to have accumulated animosities in mam- places. Prior to the convention Packard and Rich, honorary and charter members respectively of Zeta, sent out a circular letter attacking Cutter most violently in the name of the "Southern brethren" and urging the delegates to support for the presidency of the Grand Chapter, Phanor J. Eder, also of Zeta. To this letter Cutter replied, in an attractively printed sixteen page pamphlet, with a dignified and for the most part convincing answer to the charges and a complete statement as to the Cortelyou banquet prepared by his friend Loughran and C. Reseau Rose and Frank A. Lorenzo of Theta. The atmosphere was electric, and in the South the slogan came to be, "Neither Cutter nor anyone running on a Cutter ticket shall be elected". There were over a hundred Phi Sigma Kappa men at Phil- adelphia for the convention. And there was just one issue in which any one took the least interest, the election of ofticers. Cutter and Davis were both present. Eder wrote thus of the business session, while his blood was still warm: Established Sovereignty 115 "Charges having been brought and substantiated against Dr. Cutter on the floor of the convention, and no refutation of them having been made, and the contin- uation of detailed proof to support them having been barred by the unusual conduct of Dr. Cutter and his ad- vocates, and the motion having been made that 'the matter be closed forever and anon'; thereupon, those bringing the charges, having established the general out- line of their case and having no desire to go into the black details any further than was required by the good of the Fraternity, acceded to the motion, and the meet- ing adjourned with the spirit of harmony reigning supreme". Worm appointed a nominating committee of seven, both Cutter and Davis being members. Eder was the anti-Cutter candidate for president, and Vogel had been put forward by Cutter's friends to oppose him. It seems that in the lobby there had been some talk of a compromise candidate, and Cutter and Barrett said that as far as they were concerned Ranson would be accep- table. Thereupon Eder withdrew his name. Loughran and the Philadelphia crowd, however, would not hear of Vogel's with- drawal, and the results of the nominating committee were a majority report, presented by Cutter, with Vogel's name at the head of the ticket, and a minority report, presented by Davis, with Ranson the nominee. Below the vice-presidency the tickets were identi- cal. Discussion became violent again. When the votes were counted, however, Vogel was found elected by a two-to-one major- ity, and Ranson went into oflice also, — as vice-president. Hackett and Fowler replaced Cutter and Vogel on the Court. Davis as- sured the convention of his loyalty to the new officers, and the assembly adjourned to banquet. At the banquet Loughran on behalf of the brothers, presented Barrett with a beautiful Phi Sigma Kappa badge. It was his fiftieth anniversary. Barrett was deeply touched, and the crowd whooped their delight at seeing him overwhelmed. "You are a lot of wild Indians," he said chokingly. Whereupon Joe Sullivan of Lambda was up on his feet like a flash, shouting, "Come on boys, three cheers for THE BIG CHIEF". And Barrett bore that loving appellation until his death. CHAPTER EIGHT Quiet Times (1904-1908) The new leadership of the Order lay for the most part with V^ogel and Mclntyre, president and treasurer elect of the Grand Chapter. Whatever may have been his spirit in 1889, when with five companions he brought into being a new chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa at Cornell, George Vogel, nicknamed "The Czar", will go down in history as an exponent of the conservative forces in the Fraternity. Since his graduation from college he had been de- voting himself to the interests of public school education. At this time he was a member of the State Department of Public Instruction in New Jersey, but in 1905 he became principal of the Hackensack High School in that same state. His time was some- what at his own disposal and he was not yet married. His train- ing for leadership in the Fraternity had been excellent. He was present at the Albany convention in 1891, which gave itself over so strenuously to the matters of constitution and ritual, and by 1904 was already becoming an accepted authority along these lines. In 1896 he had been elected president of the Grand Chapter, and thus presided over the twenty-fifth anniversary conclave two years later. At this time he had succeeded Cutter as secretary, a position which he held until 1902, when he was elected to the newly created Supreme Court. Thus for eight consecutive years he had held office in the Grand Chapter. It is easy to understand why he was not allowed to retire, at Philadelphia, in favor of a man who had never held any office at all. Mclntyre, "Billy Mac" as he has come to be universally known, was new timber. Not long after his initiation into the Order he had witnessed a disgusting "party" in his own chapter. His first impulse had been to clear out of the chapter; his second was to clean it up. Two years later, upon hearing the report of the Mu delegates to the Washington convention, he went through almost the same identical experience in respect to the national order. On that occasion, he confessed in later years, he made up his own mind that he was sometime going onto the Council. It 116 Quiet Times 117 GEORGE J. VOGEL 118 Phi Sigma Kappa is a real tribute to his leadership that the very year of his graduation from Pennsylvania, the men of his own chapter saw to it that he was elected treasurer of the Grand Chapter. That was the beginning. And ten years later, reviewing his decade of inestima- ble service on the Council, John Adams Lowe accurately charac- terized the man as follows: "Brother Mclntyre is essentially a man of action. With few flourishes, with seldom a false move, with in- finite care for the all-important detail, he brings things to pass. The man who already is doing much is the man who will do still more. . . . And somehow — there- in lies the mystery — somehow the task is done, and done with consummate care. This is the secret of our retiring leader's service to Phi Sigma Kappa. With unostentatious faithfulness, unerring judgment, and contagious enthusi- asm, he has been the real guide to a Council of notable activity through an administration of progressive accom- plishment". This then was the team: a president of conservative tenden- cies who knew the history of Phi Sigma Kappa like a map, and a treasurer of most scrupulous loyalty with an unusual regard for detail. The time was in need of such men. The retiring Council had passed on a deficit of over $350, which at that point in our progress was an actual burden. The Fraternity was still on a precarious footing in a number of spots, but the real and under- lying danger lay in a superficiality of growth. Vogel saw clearly that what was now essential was a safe and sane business adminis- tration, looking toward the strengthening of the organic structure of the Order. To this task, then, he set himself. The most obvious problem was the financial one. The only resources of the Council were the Grand Chapter tax of $5 and the charter tax of $25, totaling possibly a thousand dollars a \-ear. The slogan, then, must be the strictest economy in funds: meticu- lous collection of dues and careful oversight of expenditures. This was the policy of the period. In 1904 Mclntyre started with the deficit mentioned above; in 190S he reported a balance of nearly $1500. It was the largest reserve the P'raternity had ever known. This does not mean, however, that the work of the Council suffered a consequent paralysis. There was some curtailment of chapter visitation : still Mclntyre himself went to all of the chapters Quiet Times 119 WILLIAM A. McINT . RT 120 Phi Sigma Kappa but two during the period, and Vogel covered these, and others. Three Signets, (a couple of indexes and a chapter news magazine), ranging from fifty to a hundred pages apiece, appeared during 1906 and 1907; but it should be added that a more or less futile attempt to collect a twenty-five cent subscription for these was made. The Year Book, however, was not re-issued, and the time had not yet come for a regular publication. For the most part it was a quiet time. The kind of work the Council was attempting does not lend itself to history. The 1906 convention at Ithaca, however, of which very scant record seems to be extani:, was apparently a rather spirited affair. Fifteen years later Mclntyre recalled it as follows: "At Ithaca there was quite a fight for the presidency: Vogel versus Hackett. Theta alligned with Epsilon, endeavoring to recall the Zeta charter, and they were defeated by one vote. A very hard fight for the next convention: Lancaster or New York. Lancaster won by two votes. Caucuses in convention first appeared. Look- ing back at it, this convention reminds me of the last dying gasp of the old regime, and shows the firm grasp of the new." The Council was greatly changed in its minor personnel: Ranson, Goff, Wachter and Curtis giving way to Hartman, Dyrsen, Barnes and Arthur S. Lewis of Gamma. On the Court Arnold, Murray and Loughran were replaced by Goff, Ranson and Worm. An outstanding feature of the convention was Barrett's speech at the banquet. The Courts were called upon to act on two cases of expulsion. One was at Kappa and involved some interesting detective work on the part of the chapter. The culprit, it seems, to avoid exposure in a fraudulent appropriation of money, created a wholly fictitious character who moved in mystery and nevertheless contributed verbal evidence in the case. The guilty brother, after partial confession, was expelled. Lambda presented another case of non- payment of dues which, in spite of voluminous hearing literature, seems to have had basis upon unmentioned causes, possibly ani- mosities dating back to the Davis trouble. The Court in this instance laid down certain conditionsof acquittal, and the defendant, failing to avail himself of these, excommunicated himself. The question of extension was still, of course, a living one. Quiet Times 121 122 Phi Sigma Kappa The 1904 convention had not committed itself upon his issue Vogel and his associates were not opposed to further afifiHation, but it was understood from the start that they would consider only very promising openings. These Councils moved rather more slowly and deliberately in the granting of charters than any previous ones had done. There were, however, five new chapters added to the roll during this period of four years. The man who corralled the chapter to be Tau was Charles Arthur Rice, who had transferred to Dartmouth from Massachu- setts Aggie. He did it much along old lines. Dartmouth was a rapidly growing institution with a large group of non-fraternity men. It was comparatively simple for Rice to enlist his own intimates, and through them, a group sufficiently large to petition Phi Sigma Kappa. There was considerable correspondence be- tween Rice and Curtis. The latter urged the inclusion of faculty members among the petitioners, and Rice was able to arrange that. There were eventually fourteen men besides Rice to be inducted on March 25, 1905. Curtis and Vogel conducted the ceremonies, and were assisted by a team of seven men from Alpha. Rice himself had been going through a severe series of attacks of appendicitis, but pluckily insisted upon postponing the operation until after the induction. Tau established herself in rooms in a business block, a common fraternity practice in Hanover at that time, and within a few months the building was burned, and most of the chapter belongings were lost. It is of interest to note that the Council sent to Hanover a substantial donation, and that several of the chapters followed suit. On December 5, 1905 the Council entertained a petition trom fifteen students at Brown. A careful investigation was made. All of the New England chapters were asked to send delegates to Providence, and the services of neighboring alumni were solicited. Eugene F. Banfield, O '07, was the man behind the movement, and he with two Brown petitioners visited the Yale chapter in the interests of the project. The Epsilon men seem to have liked their guests, but felt very positively that there was not room for any more national fraternities at Brown. Two representatives of Alpha, however, went to Providence and submitted a very urgent recommendation to grant. Davis visited the group and referred to their petition as "this great chance". Frederick H. Read, A '96, and Rich were others who turned in favorable reports. Thereupon Quiet Times 123 the Council voted to grant the charter, and eventually the Court confirmed the action. Mclntyre and Curtis conducted the in- duction on February 10, 1906. In 1902 there was organized at Swarthmore College a local fraternity, which went under the name of Omega Alpha. It seems never to have acquired great strength as a local, but entertained hopes of a charter in Phi Gamma Delta. In 1906 another local was established, strictly siih rosa, its guiding spirits being John H. Crow and George S. Nobles. So successful were these men in campus politics that when the society came out into the open under the name Algonquin Club, every one of its members held "at least one, and in many cases two or three, college offices". The Algonquin Club also, as it happened, desired a charter in Phi Gamma Delta, and Nobles attended a Phi Gamma Delta convention to push the petition in person. The matter was there put into the hands of the Pennsylvania chapter of that Fraternity. Soon afterward, returning from the South on a musical club trip. Nobles got into conversation with Walter E. Roberts of Omega Alpha, and the two became confidential to the extent that their common goal became known, and the fact that one local possessed a very desirable club room whereas the other had the campus honors was also mutually recognized. It was therefore suggested that the two organizations amalgamate, and this was promptly done. Repre- sentatives were then sent to visit the Pennsylvania chapter of Phi Gamma Delta, and returned so dissatisfied with what they found, that Roberts, who had been a pupil of George Vogel at one time, suggested Phi Sigma Kappa. Mclntyre took a great interest in this petition, and visited Swarthmore several times incident thereto. Delegates from Mu and Pi also sent in favorable recommendations. The induction was held on March 24 and was quite an occasion. Vogel, Mclntyre, Wachter, Cutter, T. V. Sullivan, Barrett and a great many other Phi Sigma Kappa were present. Mclntyre is still referred to as the "father" of Phi chapter. There was about this time a local society in Williams College, called Phi Society. Its leader was John Adams Lowe, later to be Editor of The Signet, secretary of the Grand Chapter, and member of the Court, and its personnel was a fair sized group of clean-cut, idealistic fellows of moderate means. Phi Society had petitioned Phi Kappa Psi, but not yet successfully, and was on the lookout for another approach into Greekdom. It so happened that one 124 Phi Sigma Kappa > j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ■ ^^^^^^M^^C^^^^^ 1 B ^B^T} H H '\u^HIP 'i^^^^^l ^H 1 i^^^^i^^^^^ n^^^i 1- ■>^^j^M ^H iy^u^'^ -/^^^^^"^i^^ ""''^'^--^■1 ^^^^MBBSBHMhH^^^^B ^^PH ^H Kv^ ^ K F '^Q-t""'/ "'m^'^^- hHHH* L 1 **©4v '^J^'^ iBBsi LLBsaaB ^TtT jJ^mJL^^}- ':i iMI HBlkBHl ^ ^^yKr^|fe^ r^;^^ k' "^-E_^^^^^^^^K J Quiet Times 125 of the members fell sick and was attended by Dr. John B. Hull, B '92. Dr. Hull was of the type that invites confidence, and the boy seems to have told him the whole situation. Thereupon the doctor got into touch with his nephew. Dr. Thurman A. Hull of Troy, also a Beta man. It seems that Thurman Hull had been approached before on the subject of a chapter in Williams, and had taken some steps in that direction. In 1906 he wrote that both Vogel and Worm had been after him for three or four years to secure a petition there. Now he had something definite to offer. Mclntyre went up to Troy, and from there, with Hull, Winfield S. Kilts and Adelbert S. Dederick of Beta, over to Williamstown. They liked the prospect, and instructed the Phi Society men to put in a petition. This was promptly done, and as promptly granted, with the result that on June 16, 1906 Mclntyre, assisted by a team from Beta and Upsilon, inducted twenty-five Williams men as Chi Chapter. Among the number was R. Rossman Lawrence, within a few years to take his place on the Council as treasurer of the Grand Chapter. In January, 1906, Brock McGeorge Dear, a student at the University of Virginia, wrote to the Council concerning a newly organized local by the name of Delta Omega. There was a little correspondence back and forth, but nothing developed that spring. On September 22, however, W. Jefferson Davis took up the matter again. The society was renting a house, and had a membership of ten active men and a few pledges. Mclntyre records that the petitioners were visited, and that one of them, Alvan H. Foreman, attended a meeting of the Council. Lewis and Dyrsen conducted the induction on January 19, 1907. Psi Chapter thus completes the roll of expansion for this period. Mention may properly be made of the building of the chapter house at Yale. The third organization of the chapter was proving weather-proof. Cutter gives a picturesque if not wholly printable account of a banquet which he attended in New Haven at this time. It is apparent that the boys were feeling their oats a little. But the essential stamina was in them, and they carried things along with spirit and confidence. Barnes narrates how early in 1905 the chapter decided to own its own house. "Hackett at that time was in possession of $125 of chapter funds. It was voted that he proceed with this amount and build a house." 126 Phi Sigma Kappa Quiet Times 127 An undergraduate committee, conspicuous on which was Hiram M. Walker, discovered a piece of property for sale at 124 Prospect Street. There was a frame house capable of accommodating fifteen men, conveniently located near the University, and occupying a sightly lot about an acre in size. They found that this property could be purchased for $27,000, the owner taking a first mortgage of $15,000. This seemed a reasonable proposition, and so, in the words of Barnes, "all that remained to be done was to deposit $100 as an option and obtain the balance of the money". A building committee, Hackett, chairman, and Barnes, treasurer, was selected, which on May 11, 1905 expanded and incorporated as The Epsilon Association. It was voted to issue second mortgage bonds, to be guaranteed as to interest by a local trust company, and by October the necessary $12,000 had been raised, and the deeds were signed. The active chapter were put into the house, and things proceeded to move at double quick. "Within a few weeks Mr. Phillip Corbin was taken into the chapter. He became very much interested in the idea of building a new home for the chapter. He obtained the consent of his grandfather, Mr. Phillip Corbin of New Britain, to advance the Association money for a new build- ing. Mr. Corbin, senior, took over the original first mortgage and enlarged it to $60,000 in order to cover the cost of the new building." Meanwhile enthusiasm was running high in the chapter and among the local alumni. Initiation fees jumped from $15 to $250. Hackett and Barnes gave themselves over to the task with magnificent spirit. The frame dwelling was moved over to one side, the chapter going with it, and the present beautiful house was built. In 1907 the chapter moved into the new home, and gave to it, following a custom at Yale, the name of Sachem Hall. Within two months after the completion of the building and during the summer recess, a fire of undetermined origin started in one of the closets on the second floor one night, and before ex- tinguished, had destroyed the roof and greatly damaged the interior contents. Fortunately the loss was fully covered by insurance, and "barring a few weeks delay the building was placed back in its original condition and no great amount of harm was done". We have not to date more palatial and luxurious chapter 128 Phi Sigma Kappa houses than the ones at Yale and Cornell, undertaken as it were in the very infancy of the chapters and of our landed-estateship as a national order. No alumni clubs were inducted during this period; the fe\er for alumni colonization seems for the while to have passed. Barrett reported to the 1908 convention as follows: "It is probably well known to you all that the prin- cipal excuse for the existence of the New York Club is the production of an annual dinner on or about the date of the founding of the Fraternity, the same being held in New York City, with a hearty welcome extended to all brothers, regardless of age or previous condition of servitude, who can be induced to attend. Such a dinner was held at the Hotel Astor on the fourteenth day of last March, with President Barrett presiding and eighty-four brothers occupying more or less conspicuous positions before him." At the same convention the Boston Club reported annual banquets and occasional smokers. The Southern Club reported one smoker. The other four clubs made no report at all. Thus we may see that the alumni locality clubs had entered upon a rather desultory and nominal existence, which, in spite of subsequent additions to their number, was to continue throughout the rest of the half-century. During this period there began to grow a discernible feeling, particularly among some of the leaders, that the New York City national headquarters idea was not wholly salutary. Council meetings were held in the Theta chapter house, and were more or less public to the various alumni who were accustomed to drop in, presumably as members of the New York Club. Incidentally Theta chapter, even to this day, has never, because of its location. been able to enjoy the normal, uninterrupted life of a college fraternity. Alumni and guests are excellent as a relish, but not wholesome as regular fare. Mclntyre even dared to desire to get the records of the Fraternity out of the hands of the New York crowd, and with this and other definite innovations in mind, be- came a candidate for the secretaryship. Neither \'ogel nor Mclnt>re was satisfied with the work of this period, and they were la>-ing their plans for the future. This, then, is the history of this period of transition. It was to a very marked degree a period of inventory and adjustment, Quiet Times 129 and the spirit that dominated the policy of the leaders was a con- servative one. As compared with the period which it followed, it might be said to have been an era of good feeling. The fact that its annals are few must not be taken to detract from its significance; therein, indeed, lay its significance. And the leadership which had been developed in Vogel and Mclntyre was to carry over into the next period, a period of assertive and constructive growth. CHAPTER NINE Into the West (1908-1916) We have seen how in the early days of the expansion mo\'emen1 distance was nothing. In fact the first colonization project looked to the University of New Mexico as its goal, and for some time sporadic, and fortunately fruitless, schemes were on foot for the placing of chapters throughout the West. But during the last fifteen years the West had been, more and more, debatable ground, a land of hazard and promise, and during this period the con- servative elements in the FVaternity had been constantly gaining in prestige. New chapters were to be established as occasion offered, but proximity was to be respected and geographical unity to be preserved. The Vogel administration was apparently mo\"ing smoothly and safely along conservative lines. And then, all of a sudden, something happened. The Council was in receipt of an informal petition from a social club. The Ridge Road Club, of the University of California. Behind it were two Omicron men, Merton Belcher and William G. Rhoades. The Council gave it an honest consideration and was impressed by the attractiveness of the opportunity per se, but it bore in mind what Barrett had said about child-murder, and quietly turned it down, "without prejudice to future consideration". How soon that future consideration was to come, it did not dream. As a matter of fact no sooner had the California men recei\'ed this word from the Council than they initiated a drive against the Fraternity with such dash and bravado as to be fairly irresistible. They directed their attention no longer to the deliberate, senatorial officers of the Grand Chapter, but rather to the impulsi\e and venturesome youth in the colleges. Indeed they put approximately $1,000 into their petition and induction. And they carried the chapters by storm. Their most persuasive instrumentalit\' was an elaborate and expensive book containing alluring and convincing data. Our boys had never seen anything like it before. It was like the first nugget of gold from the Klondike. And almost with- out exception they sent their delegates to Lancaster, for the 1908 130 Into the West 131 33 o < S 132 Phi Sigma Kappa convention, instructed to work for the Ridge Road Club, and in many cases bearing formal recommendations to that effect. Vogel, who as president was in the chair, appointed a com- mittee of twelve to report back to the convention on this project. The committee reported: "It is the unanimous vote that the Ridge Road Club of the University of California be granted a charter in Phi Sigma Kappa, and we hope the Council will support us in this matter". The committee also made some suggestions, to the effect that the Council should send a delegate to investigate each petition and report to both Council and chapters; and these as recommendations were carried. Election of officers resulted in five changes on the Council. Vogel was re-elected president; Mclntyre became secretary, and the following new men were added: James A. Boehm, IT '04, Donald H. McLean, A '06, James E. McDonald, 6 '03, and Elbert A. Munsell, E '01. It was to prove a good Council. On the 18th of December, five weeks after the Lancaster con- vention, the Ridge Road Club sent in a formal petition, hand- inscribed on sheepskin parchment and signed by forty-one members of the petitioning club. The granting of the charter by Council and Court was prompt and perfunctory. The legislators had heard from the people. The induction took place on February 12, 1909. Mclntyre and Boehm going to California for the occasion. There were six Phi Sigma Kappa on hand to help with the degrees: Faust- man, A '05, Wilson, A '01, Yeaw, A '05, Smith, A '94, Read, N '06, and Belcher, O 'OS. All forty-one petitioners were initiated, among them being Earle Snell and Lester O. Wolcott, both of whom were to be well known nationally in the Order. The induction took place at the club house, 2534 Bancroft Way, and the banquet at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco. Mclntyre was toastmaster, and responses were made by Belcher, Snell, Boehm and others. Thus at a single bound we spanned the hemisphere and com- mitted ourselves irrevocably to extension in the West. It seemed fitting, too, that we should complete the Greek alphabet on the Pacific Coast. Omega was a strong chapter from the start. There was no danger of child murder with so lusty a youngster as she. Her roll has been consistently large, and in 1920 she purchased a capacious home of her own. Still Barrett was not wholly wrong- after all. If there was no danger of the child's dying, still there was danger of its drifting astray. It was inevitable that Omega should fail to acquire, during the first years of her affiliation, any Into the West 133 real sense of our national unity. She received no official visitation from the Council, and Wilson, A '01, who was appointed deputy supervisor, doubtless felt as far removed from the life of the national Order as did the chapter itself. Omega was simply too far distant from her sister chapters, and quite naturally she developed largely along independent lines. The situation was brought home to all of us in 1915. The Pacific Coast men had very much wished to entertain a national convention in conjunction with the great fair at San Francisco. Snell presented the matter to the 1912 convention: "If all the other fraternities should have a conven- tion (at San Francisco) in 1915, the question would be raised, what is the matter (with us). That really is the situation. The suggestion has been made earlier in this meeting that we have a get-together meeting. That is not what we want. I suggest that the convention be made special, and that special legislation be enacted." It was therefore voted "that a special convention be held in San Francisco in 1915" and that "this convention be limited to such special legislation as may be designated at the 1914 convention". The 1914 convention, however, side-stepped. A committee, on which were Barrett and McLean, was appointed "to consider suggestions for discussion at the special convention in San Fran- cisco, and such other matters as may be of interest at that con- vention"; and this committee reported back "... that Omega chapter be requested to arrange a program, literary and social in character, to follow the transaction of such official business as shall be referred to the convocation by the 17th general conven- tion". The sum total of that official business was the final adoption of a flag actually selected at Albany. The fullest publicity was given to the Western conclave. Eight pages of future material appeared in the Signets of that year. Opportunities for a special car, or cars, from the East were widely advertised. But the mileage was too great. Not a single Eastern chapter sent a delegate. Conley and Lowe were there to represent the Council, but with the exception of the local alumni, almost no one else appeared. The Omega men, under the leader- ship of Rolla Watt, had made elaborate preparations to entertain their guests, and were bitterly disappointed and no little resentful over the issue. Of course, whereas the final fiasco could and should 134 Phi Sigma Kappa have been avoided, the failure itself was inevitable, and simply emphasized what some of the wiser ones already knew, that we could not hope to inhabit the land at a single bound. The frontier had gotten too far ahead of the rest of the settlements. In the fall of 1910 the newly organized Seattle Club was instrumental in having presented, to the Council a formal and attractive petition from a society called Phi Kappa at the Uni- versity of Washington, but three months later, apparently because the Council indicated so little interest, it was withdrawn, the society ultimately joining another prominent national. There had been already some disaffection in Omega, and the Westerners still feel that the Council was all too conservative in handling this petition from Washington. Within six months of the induction of Omega chapter, the Council had received informal petitions from four more societies, three in the Middle West. Two of these, one from the Argus Club of the University of Illinois and the other from the F. X. L. Club of the University of Minnesota, were sufficiently attractive to be laid upon the table pending further investigation. Both were young organizations, the former having been founded in January and the second in September, 1908. The investigation was left with Vogel and Mclntyre, and early in 1910 Vogel was able to ^■isit the petitioning organizations. As it happened, not long before he started, the Council received a petition from Zeta Sigma Zeta of the Iowa State College, and it directed him to investigate that also. Vogel returned to New York with a highly favorable opinion of all three of these Western clubs, and on February 26 the Council sent all the petitions up to the Court, recommending approval. The first two passed the Court without serious difficulty; the third was held up. In this connection there arose an interesting question of prerogative. The Council ventured to inquire of the Court upon what grounds it had disapproved the Zeta Sigma Zeta petition. To this the Court replied, in part, in a pronouncement signed b>- Goff, recorder, but smacking throughout of the droll wisdom and im- peccable English of Barrett: "Assuming the animus of the above comminiication is a sincere desire for the information requested, we can- not but consider the communication as unfortunate, be- cause it seeks to commit the Court to rigid specifications Into the West 135 as to the circumstances and conditions under which a charter should be granted. Up to the present time it has been deemed wise to permit the granting of charters to rest upon the decisions of the Council and the Court after separate consideration of each application, thus confirm- ing both to the spirit and the letter of the organic law. Under this law the Court as fully enjoys the privilege of veto as does the Council that of initiative." The Council, therefore, proceeded to induct the chapters at Illinois and Minnesota. Munsell and Boehm made the trip in May. At Champaign upon the 8th, with the assistance of Smyth, M '02, Sandy, T '07, Brooks, A '01, Barrett. A '05, and Hall, O '08, they inducted Alpha Deuteron in the club house. A banquet was held in Beardsley Hotel. The dinner lasted until after mid- night, and the speech-making until nearly daybreak. Thereupon the party sallied forth to serenade the other societies, and were graciously, if sleepily, received. The current Daily lUini devoted a front-page double column to the induction, and printed an editorial beginning: "Welcome, Phi .Sigma Kappa. The University of Illinois is glad and proud to greet you." There were thirty-two charter members of Alpha Deuteron, among them being David C. Patton, later to father the Chicago Club, and Harold W. Stewart, destined as a guardian angel of the yet-unborn chapter at Wisconsin. From Champaign the inductors went on to Minneapolis. This was on the 12th. Halley's comet was due the 18th, and one of the local humorists remarked, "Well, if it strikes us, we shall have been inducted anyway". Philbrick, A '07, assisted the Council men in the initiation of the twenty-three Minnesota men into the Brotherhood. In the group were Edgar B. Rehnke, who had conducted the petition correspondence, and three faculty members: Edward Van Dyke Robinson, Carlyle M. Scott, and Albert E. Jenks. Gamma introduced the question of Zeta Sigma Zeta at the 1910 convention, and the whole situation was thoroughly canvassed from the floor. Incidentally the question of procedure in charter- grants was also raised. The sense of the convention was to make no change in the method then in use, but to grant, nevertheless, a 136 Phi Sigma Kappa charter to Zeta Sigma Zeta. At the next meeting of the Council, therefore, a recommendation to the latter efifect was sent up to the Court. Again the legislators had heard from the people, and the desired ratification was readily obtained. It is a matter of interest to -note in passing that whereas the 1910 convention made a slight change in the Court, Hackett and Root replacing Worm and Barnes, the Council was re-elected to a man. Arthur Roy Simpson has written entertainingly of the charter- ing of Gamma Deuteron: "The idea had been an accepted one with us from the beginning that our club was never to be chartered by any national fraternity except our chosen Phi Sigma Kappa. The fraternity was an Eastern one, firmly en- trenched there in a wealth of tradition, and to many of the members it must have appeared undignified to rush off into the supposedly raw and bucolic ranges for the establishement of new chapters. At any rate our first petition for a chapter was refused, and . . . the old fellows who guided the destinies of Zeta Sigma Zeta in those early days . . . recognized at once the serious- ness of the crisis: the threatened demoralization, the breaking down of house discipline and morale which comes so quickly to a family when the heart is gone . . . If our organization were to remain alive and a second petition were risked, we knew it must not fail . . . Much midnight discussion evolved the determination to petition again, this time with a book, attractive enough so that any one receiving it could hardly help reading it with interest from cover to cover . . . When figures became tangible on the undertaking, they demonstrated one thing, at least, conclusively — this would be our last petition. Every man concerned mortgaged his eternal soul, figuratively speaking, to raise the money for the books. For better or for worse . . . this was our final shot . . "It was Thursday morning, I remember, breakfast over, and all of us hanging around the living room more or less aimlessly. Pete was fingering over the old worn-out music on the piano, and remarking that we'd have to get some new stuff when the rest of the gang got back . . . It was all mighty lonesome and exceedingly dull, and we were feeling as though it would be a relief to ha\"e school Into the West 137 commence again. Suddenly the telephone rang, and Pete answered it. We heard him say 'Great God A'mighty' under his breath, and then, 'Where are you now?' He came in white-lipped and teeth fairly chattering. 'Woodie', he said, 'You know Jack Davies, don't you? Phi Gam? Well he just told me there is a registered letter over there for us. You go get it, boy; I don't dare'. "The post office was only a ten minute walk through the campus, but we have never ceased to believe that Woodie walked all the way to town to get that letter. Certainly it seemed a lifetime till at last some one said, 'Here he comes'. And the suspense was broken. I say the suspense was broken, although Woodie was still a block down the street, just passing the Phi Gam house, and nothing in the world could have induced him to raise hand or voice, even in such an emergency. But being Woodie, he didn't need to do either. There he came, straight down the middle of the walk, shoulders back and head way up, eyes straight ahead, with a dignity that would become a grand duke; but O Boy! the light in his eyes, the swing of his shoulders, the spring of his step! For a moment we stood there speechless, watching Victory come marching down the street, and then pandemonium broke loose." Munsell and McLean went out to induct the new chapter at Towa, and picked up over a dozen enthusiastic assistants en route. The induction took place April 13, 1911, at the society house, and was followed by a banquet at Hotel Holtz in Boone. The hall was lavishly decorated and bowered, and an invisible orchestra played while the twelve courses were being served. Afterwards there was the customary speaking. Paul E. Miller, who had handled the correspondence of the petition, responded to the toast "To-day", and it is recorded that Munsell's words made a particularly deep impression upon his hearers. Let it be here attested that the inductions which Bert Munsell had in charge were most meticulously and impressively done. The Baltimore convention in 1912 marked a radical de- parture in the method of charter-grants. Again the subject was introduced by Gamma, who presented a recommendation that the constitution be so amended that the grants be dependent upon the favorable vote of not only the Council and the Court but of 138 Phi Sigma Kappa two-thirds of the chapters as well. This recommendation was promptly amended, changing the "two-thirds" to "three-fourths", and the question was thrown open to discussion. The effect of this amendment would be to retard charter grants. Four years before the active chapters were chafing under a policy which they termed reactionary; now they were fearful that their leaders might prove too rash. It was simply an echo from 1910 and the dis- agreement as to Gamma Deuteron. The retiring Council had surely been deliberate enough; it had granted the one charter recommended by the previous convention and had to all intents and purposes denied petitions to well-established clubs in the universities of Washington, Michigan, Syracuse and Tulane. It is perhaps not surprising that Mclntyre, the first speaker, just elected to the presidency by a practically unanimous vote and thus representing the retiring Council and the Council elect, should have heartily favored the change. Barrett opposed it, however, largely on the ground that chapters having voted in an ineffectual minority on charter grants would experience and cause unfortunate embarrassment in their subsequent relations with the new chapter. Alvin T. Burrows, later to be the West's first member of the Council, also opposed it, believing that the chapters could not be adequately informed to vote intelligently. At this point Vogel resigned the chair and took the floor. He recognized the objections raised by Barrett and Burrows and moved to amend, to the effect that the grant must be ratified not by the chapters, but by the general convention. Provision was later made by which the chapters in this instance might be reason- ably well informed. Among those to favor this amendment was Root of the Court, and among those to oppose was Boehm, who presented the classic objection that a live group of petitioners might be unwilling to wait two years for a decision. The con- vention, however, adopted the proposition and voted to refer it to the chapters and clubs. In this connection Mclntyre and Vogel raised a question as to the prerogative of the clubs in constitutional amendment. Mclntyre said: "I have several clubs on my list w^hich are prac- tically dead, and I should like to know whether this convention desires to have these clubs vote upon amendments". Thereupon Barrett moved "that any club who for a term of two years has failed to file with the secretary of the Fraternity a report as directed in the constitution, be considered as non-existing so far as the Into the West 139 privileges granted said club under the constitution be concerned". And the motion, after going through a special committee, was finally adopted practically in Barrett's words. It is interesting to note that at Chicago, eight years later, the New England chapters raised the whole question of charter grants again, in a recommendation almost identical with the one submitted by Gamma in 1912. The cause of disaffection was now, however, diametrically the opposite of that in 1912; the Council was felt again, as indeed in 1908, to be too deliberate and too slow. Boehm's 1912 argument was everywhere upon the lips of the younger men, and Burrows, who had opposed the amendment in 1912, was now in favor of it too, as being a more flexible pro- cedure than the one in use. Mclntyre, however, called attention to the fact that the proposed change would deprive the members of the Grand Chapter of their vote on charter grants, and there were enough of them present to defeat the amendment. At this time, moreover, the alumni clubs were constitutionally denied the right to vote, thus consummating the movement initiated by Barrett's suggestion in 1912. At the convention of 1914 the Council recommended, in accordance with the amended constitution, the granting of a charter to the Pylon Club of the University of Michigan. McLean, secretary of the Grand Chapter, laid the matter before the assembly. The Pylon Club dated back six years, having started as an organi- zation in the Baptist Guild but broadening its scope to that of a general fraternity as it had developed. W. George Kerr, whose home was in Cleveland, had taken up the question of a petition with Charles Sumner Howe, president of the Case School of Applied Science, and received from him encouragement to approach Phi Sigma Kappa. McLean emphasized the fact that the Council had moved with the utmost deliberation in regard to this petition, and read correspondence covering several months prior to the formal petition. Among the many letters of recommendation was one from Karl Stellwagen, O '10, who had made a personal investigation for the Council. Without discussion the convention voted that the charter should be granted and directed the Council to proceed with the induction. The ceremony took place in Ann Arbor, February 27 and 28, 1915. Boehm was in charge; Mclntyre was also present, and there was an induction team of nearly a dozen men, one of whom was Arnold C. Otto, later to be inductor on the Council. With 140 Phi Sigma Kappa THE WISCONSIN HOUSE (Purchnsed 1911) Into the West 141 the active Pylon chapter thirteen alumni were also made Phi Sigma Kappa. Mclntyre presided at a banquet given at Mack's Tea Rooms, and Boehm and Kerr made the principal responses. Thus Pylon became Delta Deuteron, our fifth chapter in the West. In 1916, at the Worcester convention, the Council and Court recommended two charters: one to Sigma Alpha at the University of Nevada, and the other to Kappa Phi Gamma at the University of Wisconsin. Lowe, secretary of the Grand Chapter, told the convention that he held in his hand petitions from Washington, Dennison, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Bowdoin, Cincinnati, Northwestern, and Armour, and that the Council had considered all of these petitions sanely and carefully. President Conley had himself visited Wisconsin, Northwestern, Pittsburgh and Armour in the interests of expansion. There was a strong demand for more chapters in the West. Omega in particular must be rescued from her isolation on the Coast. The recommendations of the Council and Court represented what seemed to be the best oppor- tunities for immediate extension of territory. We have seen how Omega and Gamma Deuteron had success- fully appealed from the adverse decision of Council and Court to the chapters themselves by means of elaborate formal petitions. Now that the chapters had acquired so important a part in the ratification, some such publicity was obviously essential to the success of every petition. The Nevada and Wisconsin clubs had therefore presented themselves in this same way to the chapters, and the delegates came to the convention prepared to vote on the charters. Both petitions were, in both fact and form, attractive. Kappa Phi Gamma had been running as a local for ten years, owned its home, and had a strong group of alumni. It offered the most cordial testimonials from the president of the University and the dean of men. Its active roll included a varsity football man, a varsity track man, and two varsity baseball players. Professor Stewart, a charter member of Alpha Deuteron, was very much interested in the petition. Sigma Alpha had a local history of over twenty years and a total of one hundred fifty-seven members, one of whom was the present governor of the state. Its petition was endorsed by the president of the University, both United States senators from Nevada, the chief justice of the state, an ex- governor, and others. One of its active members was an Omega pledge and had a brother in that chapter. Hugh F. Dormody and 142 Phi Sigma Kappa Lewis R. Byington had paid it a visit from Berkeley, and some of its athletes had been entertained by Omega. One is tempted to ponder upon the effect such a petition as either of these would have had upon the stormy, little Albany convention of 1891. There was no substantial vote against either of these charter grants. The induction of Zeta Deuteron at Wisconsin took place January 12 and 13, 1917. Burrows was in charge. The induction team was composed of nineteen Phi Sigma Kappa, representing six chapters, among them being Otto again, and Charles H. Ruedi, a senior at Illinois upon whom the national officers were already coming more and more to rely. Thirty-two active members and alumni were initiated, and a banquet was held at the Madison Club, with Gustaf H. Lindberg at the head of the table. i^^ WARSHIPS RUSH TO TRAP U-57 E WORKER cm OFFICF.RS AND DELEGATES OF THE PHI SIGMA KAPPA AT WORCESTER I I. S. SHIPS Ui-l. ■: -V'Pi" . M' "js:!! i^'iiiS THE NEWS OF THE DAY The induction at Reno occurred March 4 and 5, Conley going out from New York to preside. An induction team including Byington, Snell and seven others went over from Berkeley to give the degrees. Thirty-nine men took the final obligation, and Eta Deuteron entertained with an all-University dance one evening, and a banquet at the Golden Grill the other. Other fraternities on the campus presented substantial gifts expressive of their regard and good will. In mentioning these inductions we have slipped over into 1917 and beyond the limits set in designating this period. Let us return for another peep at the Worcester convention. Into the West 143 ROOT, BARRETT AND THOMPSON AT WORCESTER At Worcester, for the first time, Western interests were asserted and recognized. There were present a dozen or so members of Western chapters, representing more than a dozen votes, enough to make a considerable bloc in the assembly and certainly one not to be lightly ignored. These Western delegates had come East with two definite objectives: first, to elect a Westerner to the Council, and second, to bring the next convention to Chicago. They succeeded in gaining both. The man whom they had picked for the Council was "Chappie" Burrows, a Lambda man who was making a real success of a newspaper. The Daily Courier of Urbana, and acting as big brother to the Illinois chapter as a hobby. He was known nationally, and was present at the Worcester convention. He was aggressive and genial and likable, — Western in every good sense of the word. The Western delegates talked up Burrows in the lobby, and the brothers left at home boosted him by telegram. The nominating committee placed him on their ticket as vice-president, and there was no opposition from the floor. The vote was unanimous. Not so regarding the next convention! Besides the Chicago invitation there was one from Pittsburgh and another from New York. Between the one from Chicago and that from New York there developed a spirited contest. Daniel F. McMahon, auditor of the Grand Chapter, was a born lobbyist, had personally advanced a considerable sum of money to Theta, his own chapter, to enable 144 Phi Sigma Kappa it to meet its Grand Chapter obligations and thus regain its right of suffrage ; and he had promised the New York men that he would bring the convention, after a lapse of twenty years, back once more to the great metropolis. Thus it was something of a personal matter with him, and he made a strong fight for New York. But the spirit of things Western was in the' air, and when the votes were counted, Chicago was found to have won by a safe ratio of three to two. Dr. Root voiced the feelings of almost everybody as he spoke with florid enthusiasm of "the broad prairies and the broad ideas", and pledged the convention that, health permitting, he himself would be present at Chicago. The Worcester convention, then, marks the consummated and accepted establishment of Phi Sigma Kappa in the West. New chapters might be added there indefinitely, would probably be added from the West rather than from the East, but the move- ment of occupation was now efifected. The eight years from 1908 to 1916 are primarily significant because of the systematic coloni- zation in the Western states, and the essential education and readjustment which accompanied it. At the Worcester convention the Fraternity looked upon what had been accomplished, and saw that it was good. CHAPTER TEN The Administration Within (1908-1916) If the outstanding feature of the period from 1908 to 1916 is probably the extension into the West as described in chapter nine, there was nevertheless a very important constructive develop- ment within the Order. It may roughly be summarized as a further application of business methods to fraternity administration. It does not, perhaps, lend itself to picturesque embellishment in historical narrative, but its importance must not be underestimated on that account. Some mention may well be made of the leadership to be found in the councils during this period. It has already been said that the Council of 1908-1910 was a conspicuously good one and was re-elected to a man for a second term. This council held thirteen meetings during its first term, and eleven during its second. Vogel seems not to have desired re-election to the presidency in 1908. He felt that he had already contributed about all he had to offer in the way of constructive policy, and his tenure in ofifice had not been wholly pleasant. As an executive he was not gener- ally popular. The undergraduates felt that he was too dictatorial in his methods, and many of the chapters came to feel that he was reactionary in the matter of expansion. Twice, in 1906 and 1910, they ran Hackett against him for president, the New Haven man apparently allowing his name to be used largely as a protest against "schoolmaster tactics". But Vogel was not allowed to withdraw. The undergraduates, naturally enough, did not appreciate his business adminstration, but the leaders did. Vogel as president, was faithful, calm and just; he was wise and urbane; and he was never an opportunist. For twenty-seven consecutive years he has held ofifice in this Fraternity, and his service must not be discounted because it has never been sensational. His right-hand man was Mclntyre. For two terms during this period he was secretary, then the unanimous choice for president and then at his own wish he was retired to the Court, from which 145 146 Phi Sigma Kappa elevation he has ever since continued to exert a powerful steadying influence upon the government of the Order. To Mclntyre more than to any other one man the development of this period is due. The Big Four in our growth as a national order have been Barrett, Cutter, Vogel and Mclntyre. The vice-president in 1908 was Boehm, who had been chair- man of the convention committee and was Lancaster's fa\'orite son. He was a man of great personal charm and a most felicitous after-dinner speaker. Being at this time a minister by profession, his time was somewhat at his own disposal, and he did much road work for the Fraternity. His editorship of The Signet will be touched upon in this chapter. He was a member of the Council throughout this period. Then there was McLean, treasurer for four years and secretary for two. His work in these offices was not progressive but seems to have been consistently efificient ; certainly he became much liked and widely respected in the Order. In 1912 Mclntyre de- clared that under no circumstances would he be a candidate for re-election to the presidency. He thought of the office largely as a recognition of good work done in posts of lesser honor and as an opportunity to impress, for a little while, one's ideas and ideals to best advantage. And so he believed that it should be passed about as much as possible among the brothers qualified to hold it. He desired to set a precedent in favor of short terms. It was gener- ally assumed that McLean should be his successor. However the unexpected happened. The convention was at Albany, and Beta, with over forty votes on the floor, initiated a drive for a fa\'orite son, and the Beta dark horse won the election. McLean took his beating handsomely enough, but it marked the end of his active participation in the management of the Fraternity for at least a decade. The dark horse, by the way, was Dr. Walter H. Conley, superintendent of the Metropolitan Hospital of New York City. The reader will remember having met him at the x\lban\' con- vention of 1891. His next significant appearance was in 1912 when he attended the Baltimore con\'ention representing the New York Club, which seems never to have been wholly pleased with the Vogel regime. Although a comparative stranger, he was an excellent mixer and made friends quickly, so that when the nom- inating committee were unable to agree upon a candidate for auditor, someone suggested, "What's the matter with Walter?" The Administration Within 147 It was thus that from the auditorship he was elected to the presi- dency, a position which he was to hold for the rest of the half- century. It might be said at this point that he became much interested in the Fraternity, devoted a great deal of time to it, and has made a very good executive. Returning to the 1908 Council, mention must be made of Munsell. Inductor for four years and then twice elected to the Court, taking up every duty with a rare spirit of service, working and dreaming for the Fraternity, and fighting, much of the time, a mortal disease which brought to a sad end his life in the Order, he was honored and loved by all who knew him. Exactly as he had straightened out the financial affairs of the Fraternity, so now Mclntyre undertook to systematize the secretarial records. He devoted to the task a vast amount of time during the summer and fall of 1909. Everything was gone over very carefully. Many letters of no historical value were destroyed; the others were arranged in chapter files. An en- velope index of all the members of the Order was installed up-to- date, the envelopes containing the official initiation report and such other personal data as might have accumulated. Quarterly and installation reports were filed in grip binders according to chapter and date. Circular letters were similarly filed. All Council correspondence and "what few minutes of the Council could be found", all constitutional revisions and rulings, all petitions, all Court correspondence and judicial evidence was arranged and filed for reference. Minutes of the fifteen conventions were bound in their order. A triple card index of the Brotherhood, alphabetical, geographical and chronologically in chapters, was introduced and brought up-to-date. Our total enrollment was, in 1910, 2829 names, and one can readily see that, although the third of the card indexes supplemented rather than duplicated the envelope index mentioned above, the task of installation was still very great. How much drudgery was involved in all this reorganization only those who have experienced something similar can know. All of it, however, was of inestimable value, and most of it was permanent. As the Fraternity has grown, the envelope file has been discontinued, and The Signet mailing list has superseded the geographical index. Everything else has been preserved and continued as Mclntyre provided. At the 1908 convention the question of a publication was raised and carefully considered. A committee of five recommended 148 Phi Sigma Kappa JAMES A. BOEHM The Administration Within 149 a quarterly magazine, to be edited by a board of three men and supported by subscription which for the active men should be obligatory. William W. Heidelbaugh, however, submitted a minority recommendation to the effect that the magazine should be edited by a single salaried officer, distributed among all Phi Sigma Kappa, and supported by a tax on the undergraduates. "After lengthy discussion" the session adjourned without action. The subsequent session debated the question still further and also left it on the table. A later motion to reopen the subject was lost. The desire of the convention was, however, in a general way at least, obvious. The new Council decided to give The Signet a trial, and ap- pointed Boehm editor. For the present the magazine was to be self-supporting on a subscription basis of one dollar a year. Boehm undertook the project with intelligence and interest and was able to report to the next convention that he had issued seven numbers of The Signet, one of them a directory, and that his books showed a balance of four dollars in the treasury. It should be said that these early numbers were substantial magazines, ranging from thirty-two to fifty-two pages and containing sometimes as many as a dozen illustrations. Articles were contributed by Barrett, Cutter, John Adams Lowe, and others. Boehm planned to feature each of the chapters in turn, and three such issues actually appeared. Apparently he had some help on these, for the Alpha number is recorded as having been delegated to McLean. The directory was in the nature of a pocket handbook, a style which prevailed through 1912. Boehm and the Council had a right to be pleased with and proud of The Signet's record during these first two years. They had demonstrated that they could publish a high-class magazine and that there was sufficient demand for it to meet the bills. But the task of raising the funds by subscription was both laborious and distasteful, and they sought about for other means. It was Mclntyre's suggestion that the grand chapter tax be increased five dollars, the added sum to be used in editing The Signet. The Council therefore submitted this in the form of recommendation to the 1910 convention, and after some discussion it was carried, apparently without opposition, to go into effect, the chapters and clubs having concurred, August 1, 1911. Well might Boehm ex- claim editorially, "There is joy in the office of The Signet. The era of coin-cards is drawing to a close". 150 Phi Sk;ma Kappa The following June Boehm published for the first time the verbatim correspondence from the chapters which is commonly known in the Greek press as the chapter letter. This feature absorbed thirty pages in itself, and the whole magazine ran up to seventy. Mclntyre for one was opposed to this development. His idea of The Signet was a thirty-two page booklet every page of which should be of interest to every alumnus. Thus it would be unique and a universal bond in the Grand Chapter. Moreover the June number depleted the treasury, with the result :hat the Council had to limit the September one to .1i;200. This issue, when it came out, had been edited by Munsell with the assistance of Lowe. Things were beginning to drag a little, and on October 14, 1911 the Council created a board of editors as follows: Boehm, editor-in-chief, McLean, college news editor, Munsell, alumni editor, Mclntyre, statistical editor. This arrangement worked fairly well for the next two issues, and the third was another directory published by Mclntyre as secretary. But again the funds had been over-appropriated, and the next number was simply a folder announcing the Baltimore convention. Boehm had done an important piece of work. He had gotten out fifteen editions of the magazine, some of them remarkably good ones, and for part of the time had been his own business manager and collected subscriptions. He had determined in a general way what The Signet should be like for the rest of the half-century. He had converted it from a luxury into a necessity. But it had been wholly a labor of love, and now he was ready to pass the reins over to someone else. As it would happen, a successor was ready at hand. The Williams men had picked him from among their founders, and R. Rossman Lawrence attended the Baltimore convention tor the sole purpose of securing his appointment. Without question, in view of material already contributed by him to The Signet, the leaders had also had him in mind. Therefore at the first meeting of the new Council the editor of our quarterly was designated as John Adams Lowe of Chi. He was pre-eminently fitted for the position. As librarian of Williams he had continued in intimate touch with the chapter there. Both his talent and his sympathies were great. And he brought with his rare experience a genuine The Administration Within 151 JOHN ADAMS LOWE 152 Phi Sigma Kappa and idealistic enthusiasm for Phi Sigma Kappa. Although Boehm and Conley were for a little designated associate editors, it was from the first a one-man board. McLean, however, as secretary, was business manager and as such had charge of the mailing list and published one directory. Lowe edited six numbers of The Signet, not including the directory, which, by the way, was now made uniform with the magazine numbers. He gave to these six issues a concern for mechanical detail which made them more nearly perfect in this respect than any others of the half-century. He gave to them, further, an interfraternity cast, introducing an exchange depart- ment and giving in all nearly forty pages to a consideration of the Greek world in general. He introduced a department entitled Prominent Phi Sigma Kappa and presented therein fifteen eminent men of the Order. He coined that rarely felicitous phrase The Chapter Invisible. He developed the editorial page, and his con- tributions thereto were marked by a dignity of restraint, an accur- acy of judgment, a certitude of conviction, and a beauty of literary style which attracted the attention of other Greek editors, who began to quote The Signet generously in their own magazines. If it was Boehm who gave to The Signet being, it was Lowe who gave to it character. Lowe's resignation in the spring of 191-1: was accepted by the Council only with the greatest reluctance. Mclntyre declared that it meant the loss of "the greatest asset of the Fraternity". The retiring editor was prepared, however, to provide a successor, Frank Prentice Rand, and upon him the editorial mantle was duly cast. Lowe, elected secretary of the Grand Chapter the following winter, remained for two years a nominal associate editor, and also performed the laborious and thankless task of publishing another directory. At the Founders' Day banquet in New York, 1913, Lowe had summarized his editorial policy and ideal. He said that Tlie Signet "would prove itself a factor in the betterment of the life of the Fraternity; it would strive to set forth principles helpful for the chapters; it would serve as one of the forces in keeping the alumnus in touch with his Fraternity and its ideals". It was not to be a newspaper; it was to be a magazine. Lowe, however, followed the prevailing practice, and, with the exception of a single issue, printed the chapter letters. These were stereotyped and bombastic, and in some issues took up three-fourths of the whole magazine. The Administration Within 153 In his maiden number the new editor raised the issue squarely. Three weeks before he had attended a banquet of Greek editors in New York and had heard them, almost without exception, deplore the existence of the chapter letter but confess that they did not dare to tak& the radical step of its abolition. That decided him. The Signet was dependent upon no subscription list. Moreover there had already appeared The Watchivord of Alpha Denteron, Chi News, The Tau Tattler, Alpha Bits, and Phi Loso Phi. He believed that such chapter publications, properly encouraged, would soon come to take care of the more trivial chapter and alumni news for the circle of readers really interested, thus allow- ing The Signet to devote itself to matter of broader appeal and to be in large measure an organ of opinion. It might also be kept sufficiently small so that it could be supported indefinitely from the general funds and still be sent to every member of the Frater- nity. With this in mind he began to feature undergraduate news in the form of all-Phi Sigma Kappa athletic teams and outstanding personal stories; and in his third issue he eliminated the chapter letter for once and all. Otherwise his policy was conservative and followed, for the most part, the lines laid down by his predecessor. The magazine did, however, become much less interfraternity in character, the exchange department being rather soon condensed into a single page entitled Press Proverbs. Considerable was made, too, of brief introductions called forewords, and among the distinguished men to speak to the Fraternity through this agency were two presidents of the United States: Mr. Taft and Mr. Harding. The result of the policy thus outlined was that The Signet, while remaining the smallest of Greek magazines, still had a very large circulation with- in the Brotherhood, and came to be much respected and quoted without. In January 1909 the Council, at the suggestion of Vogel, voted that the secretary should receive an annual honorarium of S250, and the 1910 convention took occasion to express appro\'al of this action, instructing the Council to increase that amount as it might see fit. At the 1916 convention, following the recom- mendation of Alpha Chapter but particularly that of Lawrence, treasurer, it was voted to recommend to the Council the provision of an honorarium for the editor of The Signet as well. The amount suggested in floor discussion was $150, and this sum was sub- 154 Phi Sigma Kappa sequently so appropriated. Both of these provisions were in line of progress and meant that the Fraternity administration was gradually being put upon a business basis. Nothing at the 1916 convention received more favorable comment than the report which Lawrence made for the treasury. To appreciate this, however, it is necessary to go back again to the beginning of the period. At the 1908 convention the matter of badge was taken up, and a committee, Harry A. Eaton, A '97, chairman, reported two recommendations which were eventually adopted: first, "that the undergraduate be required to wear the pin about him at all times"; and second, "that the official pin of the Fraternity shall be a jeweled Phi of crown set pearls superimposed upon a chased gold Sigma Kappa". In 1910 it was further voted that "members of the Council may wear a ruby instead of a pearl as the middle jewel of the Phi". Without question this was intended to include former as well as active Council members and hence all members of the Court. In 1914 Luke Doyle, E '09, who had served on the 1908 committee, called attention to the fact that our badge was closely duplicated by that of Sigma Phi Sigma, and a committee, Charles B. Des Jardins, A '13, chairman, was appointed to look into the question of copyright. This committee later reported as its final conclusion, "that there is no way, at law or in equity, by which we can put a stop to the use of a confusing pin by another frater- nity". It is of interest to note that in 1921, that fraternity was made to see the mutual disadvantage, to acknowledge Phi Sigma Kappa's priority to the design, and to agree to remodel its own badge. Doyle, however, made another and more important recom- mendation which was passed by the 1914 convention: namely, "that hereafter the Council shall purchase all pins, the same to be sold to the chapters upon their requisition, and that they shall charge the chapters the price which the brothers are now paying for pins, putting the difference either into the fund for the salary of a permanent secretary or other funds that the Council may select". It was R. Rossman Lawrence, treasurer-elect, who was to put this into effect. Lawrence had come into prominence at Albany as secretary- of a committee on the desirability of a uniform chapter accounting system. This committee had investigated several systems then in operation, evolved something which seemed practicable for Phi The Administration Within 155 E. ROSSMAN LAWRENCE 156 Phi Sigma Kappa Sigma Kappa, and Lawrence had actually introduced it into his own chapter at Williams, where indeed an adaptation of it is still in use. The committee, however, could not agree to recommend its mandatory adoption. In Lawrence's words; "the Council did not have funds to prepare the forms, had no person to install it in the chapters and get it started there, and had no one to give it supervision even if properly installed". Therefore, although the committee was continued and the Council authorized to inaugurate the system when it should deem it wise, nothing has ever come of it. Lawrence, however, who presented the report, made a highly favorable impression upon the convention and was elected trea- surer. He proceeded at once to devise and put into effect a system of pin ordering, and of Grand Chapter tax remittance which was both simple to follow and accurate in cross-checking. The intro- duction of this system marked an important step in the develop- ment of administrative efficiency. It meant money. Lawrence's report to the 1916 convention caused great satisfaction. In the fall of 1909 President Faunce of Brown took upon him- self to call together in New York City representatives of the various general men's fraternities for the purpose of effecting a pan-Hellenic union which should meet at regular intervals for a frank discussion of those problems which fraternities have in common and for the promotion of such informal cooperation as might prove possible. This was the beginning of the so-called Interfraternity Conference, which has met annually in November ever since its foundation and which has become an incalculable force in bringing to pass a genuine interfraternity comity and an organized assertion of the fraternity ideal. Vogel and Mclntyre attended the initial meeting of this highly important institution, and Phi Sigma Kappa has been a member from its inception. By 1922 it has a membership of forty-eight fraternities, its treasurer reports debit funds to the amount of $7500, and its conferences are attended by college presidents and deans in large numbers. Phi Sigma Kappa men have had an active share in its work, Rand serving on two banquet committees, Howe being chairman of an important investigatory committee on fraternity scholarship, and Conley serving twice on a committee on health and hygiene and rendering important service in 1922, as a member of the Executive Committee of the Conference. Of course the Councils were not free from chapter difficulties during this period from 1908 to 1916, and in dealing with such it The Administration Within 157 saw fit to do violence to the unbroken chapter roll. For example, both Beta and Zeta were in bad shape early in the period. At Albany the men were not attending chapter meetings nor paying their dues. There being so little fraternity life at the Medical College and the men being so largely professional in their interests, the Council seriously debated transferring the chapter over to Schenectady where the academic department of Union was located. Zeta had reported to the 1908 convention only thir- teen members and seems later to have gotten down to seven. She had no permanent headquarters and seemed to be hopelessly anaemic. On June 5, 1909 the Council served notice on both chapters that unless there should be a decided improvement, they would be suspended. The Theta men were particularly sensitive on the subject of Zeta. The Columbia chapter had become very strong of late. In fact the previous fall the alumni and active men had combined to incorporate a house association and had purchased for $35,000 the residence at 550 West 114 Street. The other New York chapter was a fly in their ointment, and at three successive conventions they sought to have the Zeta charter withdrawn. In 1906, as we saw in chapter eight, they came within one vote of succeeding. In 1908 the attempt was resumed but with less vigor. And in 1910 they simply introduced a recommendation, which, after some little discussion, they withdrew. Since then there has been peace. Then there was trouble at St. John's. The story may well be left to Amos W. Woodcock, 2 '03. "Up to 1903 the faculty at St. John's had never tolerated fraternities. The club spirit that invariably exists in all student bodies had manifested itself mainly in the two rival literary societies. But one of the societies had gained an almost complete ascendency over the other, and it may have been this condition which induced the faculty to approve the fraternity proposal. Sigma was inducted about this time — a new institution in an old college, a brand new chapter with no rivals. Some good St. John's men of that day held aloof and believed that the fraternity was not a good thing for the cherished traditions of the college. "It must be remembered that St. John's is a college with a strict military department superimposed . . . The 158 Phi Sigma Kappa student body is not larger than one hundred fifty. Thus it is not remarkable that the chapter just about exhausted the supply of fraternity material . . . The dark period in Sigma's history began in 1909, with the fire which destroyed its rooms in McDowell Hall. The fire was not so serious a blow, but one of those curiously factional fights began in the student body, principally among non- fraternity men. There was considerable bitter feeling and a climax was reached with the application of one of the smaller groups to be recognized by the faculty as a fraternity. This request the faculty denied. Then the Board of Visitors noticed the unrest in the student body, and seeing that the surface cause was a fraternity, determined to abolish all fraternities or anything which resembled one. And thus Sigma was banished for causes for which it was not to blame." On January 8, 1913 the Board of Visitors granted a hearing to Phi Sigma Kappa. McLean and Morgan attended as repre- sentatives of the Council, and John T. and Evelyn A. Harrison as delegates of the chapter. The Council men were entertained at the home of President Fell, who was himself a graduate member of Sigma. At the hearing McLean carried the burden of protest and so convincingly did he set forth the merits of the college frater- nity that the Board reversed its interdiction to the extent of allow- ing Sigma to continue as an upper-class society. Meanwhile conditions at Queen's were proving more dis- astrous. Rho chapter was inducted, it will be recalled, in 1903 with seventeen initiates. For a little all went as well as might have been hoped for in view of the general antagonism toward fraternities on the part not only of the faculty but also of the student body. The winter of 1903-190-1 found ten of the brothers living together in a furnished house. The following year, howe\'er, they had to content themselves with special privileges in a public boarding place. The next year membership had fallen off, and all attempt at headquarters was abandoned. In the fall of 1900 the chapter was reduced to three men, but these three, b\' her- culean effort it would seem, succeeded in renting a house and in initiating nine men. But during 1907-1908 onh' fi\'e meetings were held. The following year no meeting was held until January S, but there were three others in the spring, at one of which McDonald of the Council was present and some plans were laid for a fresh start. The Administration Within 159 The chapter failed to send a delegate to either the 1908 or the 1910 convention, and quarterly reports came now very rarely. So early in 1911 Mclntyre visited Kingston again, and found the chapter existing practically sub rosa and conditions generally un- promising. Two months later the secretarial minutes cease and correspondence seems also to have come to an end. Accordingly in March 1912 the Council sent Boehm to Queen's with power to act. He interviewed the six undergraduate and three faculty members and reported back to the Council : "Conditions peculiar, but believes that if the chapter can secure a house, great improvement will be shown. Graduates are trying to work out this proposition. Without a house it would be wise for the charter to be surrendered." On September 14, 1912 the Council notified Rho that "unless an effort is made to get an organization effected at once, the Council will recommend to the 16th General Convention that the charter be taken from Queen's University". Boehm again visited Kingston November 9. There were still five undergraduate and three faculty members at the University. Boehm held a meeting, which all but one attended, and all agreed that under prevailing conditions Rho could not live at Queen's. Each of the five undergraduates prepared a written statement to this effect. At the convention a few days later the Council recommended the revocation of the charter, and in spite of Barrett's plea for two years further trial, the recom- mended action was taken. Thus came to an end our altogether fatuous attempt to colonize in Canada. Barrett remarked that apparently it was all right "to be national, but not to be inter- national". Following the withdrawal from Queen's came the dissolution of Psi at Virginia. At the beginning of 1912 the chapter gave every indication of robustness and health. It had a membership of twenty, which seems to have been its record enrollment. It was comfortably located in rented apartments and taking its share of college honors. It was, however, carrying a debt of about $450, largely due the University for rent, and that may have been symp- tomatic. At any rate by the end of the year the membership had dropped to eleven, and the chapter had begun to crumble. During 1913 Morgan visited the chapter twice and did what he could to strengthen the morale. The undergraduates felt that their salvation lay in a house of their own, and there was much agitation of the 160 Phi Sigma Kappa subject during the winter of 1913-1914, but with their outstanding debts the project seemed more than they could swing. In the minutes under date of May 6, 1914 may be found this note: "There then followed a discussion concerning the advisability of turning in the charter. It was moved and seconded that the charter be returned, but the motion was lost." With the report of a meeting the following week, however, all records cease. The whole fraternity situation at Virginia was at this time bad. The usual abuses had crept in to a menacing degree. So serious was the situation, indeed, that on January 13, 1915, at the request of the president of the University, a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Interfraternity Conference was held to consider with his appointed representative what ought to be done. Not long after this Boehm was sent to Charlottesville to study conditions, and on May 7, 1915 the following entry was made in the Council minutes: "As he found that the men of Psi chapter are very indififerent to the Fraternity and have a careless dis- regard of the ritual and other secret work of the Frater- nity, a recommendation was offered that the Supreme Court be requested to investigate conditions at the Uni- versity of Virginia in general and Psi chapter in particular with a view to withdrawing the charter of the chapter if necessary." Little, however, was done, and it was not until the summer of 191(5 that Morgan again visited Charlottesville, took over the chapter books and documents, and recommended the withdrawal of the charter. What the Council actually did, however, was to recom- mend to the 1916 convention th^t "the charter and record books be kept in the custody of the Council", and the convention apparent- ly took no action at all. The Grand Chapter displayed no great energy in dealing with the situation at Virginia. In general, however, the chapters were steadily becoming more and more securely entrenched in their several colleges. Five besides Theta became owners of their homes during this period. On September 30, 1910 Pi purchased the residence of Dr. John S. Stahr, ex-president of Franklin and Marshall, for $9,000. It was The Administration Within 161 located two squares from the campus and had a good bit of land. The chapter had been incorporated, and Boehm elected first president of the association. Funds were raised by subscription and by mortgage. This same year Tau purchased a home. It had been more or less customary at Dartmouth, to rent, but in 1909 four societies suddenly bought, and the race was on. Therefore when "the Campbell place" was rumored for sale, the chapter investigated, found a suitable house and barn located on a two and one-half acre lot which included "a depression which can be dammed, filled with water and made into a trout-pond", and on March 25, 1910 voted to buy, raising $100 to clinch the deal. The chapter was incorporated on May 11, the necessary funds, apparently about $12,000, were raised, and there was an issue of four per cent bonds. Professor William Patten, an honorary member of Tau, gave to the project the most scrupulous supervision and became the first president of the Tau Association. The men were delighted with their new home; it is, nevertheless, a characteristic footnote in fraternity history, that as this book goes to press, a drive is already under way looking toward the erection of a new building upon the present site. In the spring of 1911, after two seasons of growing pains, the active chapter at Williams persuaded the alumni that they must immediately own their home, and moreover that they had dis- covered a piece of property upon which they could be permanently happy. It is true that almost all the other societies at Williams had palatial residences with which Chi could not even pretend to compete. The result was the necessary incorporation of alumni and the purchase, for $16,000, of a pleasant, wooden house, adapted for club use, and delightfully, if somewhat distantly, located in the best residential part of town. The property was secured by means of a first and second mortgage, the chapter being indebted for the latter to Dr. Walter W. Schofield, father of one of the charter members, and later made a graduate Phi Sigma Kappa himself. According to the common practice the alumni rented the house to the chapter, and Lawrence has carried to date most of the burden of administration. As at Dartmouth the house was soon considered by the undergraduates inadequate, and in 1919 the alumni enlarged and remodeled the building to an amount in excess of the original purchase price of the property. 162 Phi Sigma Kappa k §. -i'i- >•. J ^-■ilSl*- The Administration Within 103 On June 15, 1914 the corner stone was laid for Alpha's new home, the first fraternity house to be built at M. A. C. An im- pressive ceremony took place, among the speakers being Boehm and McLean of the Council, Barrett of the Court, and Dr, Butterfield, president of the college. The chapter had owned for approximately twenty years a very desirable site just at the entrance to the campus, but it had postponed building until its resourses were such that it could do so with the help of only a moderate single mortgage. The plans were made with an eye for use rather than for display, and there were no frills in con- struction, but the house was in every respect a dignified and comfortable dwelling place for the parent chapter. At the dedi- cation banquet the following spring four members of the Court were among the guests, and Root presided with his inimitable zest. To Ralph J. Watts credit chiefly belongs for the erection of this home and for its maintenance to date. Meanwhile in Champaign, Illinois, Alpha Deuteron was also building a home. The lot had been purchased in 1911, and was paid for about the time the house itself was begun. The cost of construction was a little over $15,000, and this was handled by mortgage and alumni bonds. The house, a structure of old Dutch style done in stucco with trimmings of green and red, was designed by one of the active chapter, Herbert L. Morehead. And the man who stood back of the project financially and saw it through, was Burrows. There was one charter grant during this period not mentioned in chapter nine, namely that to Kappa Xi Alpha of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. And thereby hangs a tale. About 1913, while Lowe was still librarian at Williams College, he brought to the attention of the officers of Beta Theta Pi a local society in that institution. The Betas became so much interested in this local that eventually, although their constitution called for convention vote on charters, they took a letter vote of the chapters and rushed through an induction. In the spring of 1915 Clarence L. Newton, president of Beta Theta Pi, wrote to Lowe concerning this local in Worcester whose petition they were most reluctantly denying because they felt that they should put no more chapters into New England. Lowe was now secretary of the Grand Chapter, having been elected at Albany a few months before. Newton's letter appealed to him, and when he presently received another, from Harris E. Whiting, president of Kappa Xi 164 Phi Sigma Kappa The Administration Within 165 Alpha, he started an investigation. The more he saw of this local the more delighted he became. It was a well established organi- zation with over a hundred and thirty members and dated back to 1902. For two years it had owned its own home. It issued an attractive quarterly publication for the benefit of its alumni. And it held any number of college honors. Moreover and above all it was a clean, serious, substantial crowd of men. Conley also became very much interested in this petition, and, partly perhaps in view of the fact that the future Mrs. Conley was playing the lead in a Worcester stock company at the time, he too investigated Kappa Xi Alpha thoroughly, and he too was delighted. Delegates of other New England chapters were also entertained at the house, and, with a single exception, they also were equally pleased. But there was a hitch, oddly enough the very identical hitch the Betas had experienced in connection with their going into Williams. We had in 1912 amended the constitution to require a convention vote on charter grants, and in June 1915, a year and a half prior to our next convention, Worcester was to celebrate her semi-centennial anniversary with President Wilson as guest of honor and hundreds of alumni back for the occasion. Kappa Xi Alpha had set its mind upon going national at that time. Conley and Lowe were prepared to scrap the constitution, but there was the Court, the citadel of tradition, to be reckoned with. Mclntyre declared that no exception could be made, but gradually he too began to weaken until at last he was searching the constitution for loopholes and telling Lowe that if he could swing the chapters, he himself would undertake Vogel, Barrett and the other bulwarks of the law. Both were successful. The Court agreed to authorize induction upon a favorable mail vote of the chapters with the understanding that the action must be ratified at the next con- vention; and all the chapters but three voted to go ahead. The induction took place on June 8, 1915 under the direction of Lowe, Boehm and Conley with an induction team from Alpha. The first business of the 1916 convention was to railroad through a ratification of this illegal induction of Epsilon Deuteron, and later in the assembly, when carping critics had found their voices and were moved to protest, Barrett urbanely declared that they too had now sanctioned the unholy process and had no longer any right to criticize. Let it be here attested, however, that this arbitrary violation of the constitution was an unfortunate and dangerous precedent. Seven years have passed, but still it is not 166 Phi Sigma Kappa The Administration Within 167 forgotten; and whenever the present Council denies some urgent petition on constitutional grounds, it is still more likely than not to hear, "You could grant this if you wanted to; remember what you did at Worcester". But whatever is to be said about the irregularity of this piece of legislation, the fact remains that to date the illegitimate chapter has proved a lusty, honorable and worthy son. There was during this period something of a renaissance in respect to the alumni clubs. The New York Club was re-organized under the leadership of William M. Van Cise. There was a drive for membership with the result that the enrollment leaped to 156. And in 1911 the Club was so prosperous and so pleased with life in general that it published a booklet about itself. Charters were granted to seven newly organized clubs during the period, as follows: to Seattle in 1910, to Pittsburgh in 1911, to Chicago, Baltimore and San Francisco in 1912, to Springfield in 1915, and to Detroit in 1916. On April 25, 1914 the Reverent Henry Hague, Founder, died in Worcester. For thirty-two years he had been rector of St. Matthews in that city, and at the time of his death he was also dean of the Worcester convocation. For years he had been familiarly known as "Father Hague". At his funeral scores of people were turned away because there was no longer any room in the church. Although Brother Hague had not been active in the administration of the Fraternity, his love for it never fagged; indeed he journeyed to Amherst to attend the initiation banquet the winter before his death. Both Fraternity and Founder lived to be proud of each other. There were of course during this period, with the rapidly growing enrollment of both chapters and men, any number of sub- currents and cross-currents in the life of the Order. For the abortive movements in legislation, politics and fraternal reform we have not room in these annals. It has been necessary to select those things which have seemed most essential. An attempt has been made, however, to indicate wherein lay the development of these eight years. Certainly the Worcester convention, attended by 171 members of the Order and entertaining the president of the local college as its guest, was, in spite of some fatuous political machinations, a more virile, dignified, clean and positive assembly than many which had preceded it. The chapters were everywhere demanding more of the national body, and that in turn was demand- 168 Phi Sigma Kappa ing more of them. Conley had said at Albany that the keynote of his administration should be Better Scholarship, and K. William Corby of Mu had offered a scholarship cup, which, unfortunately, the Council could devise no practicable means to award. College deans and fraternity secretaries were beginning to work hand in glove. The anti-fraternity agitation, in many instances well founded, was being successfully combated by both propaganda and reform, and Phi Sigma Kappa was helping in and profiting by all of these things. The delegates who followed the Big Chief around the tables at the close of the Worcester banquet represented a very different Order than did those who christened him in the turbulent assembly at Philadelphia in 1904. CHAPTER ELEVEN During the War (1917-1918) On April 6, 1917 the United States entered the great World War. Over two years before, however, Robert Henri Chapon, A '14, had given his life at Verdun under the Tri-color of France. The men of Rho Chapter, too, had long been under arms. But it was not until the spring of 1917 that the Fraternity in large numbers dedicated itself to the great task which lay before. There is something of historic interest in the following para- graph, written for the June Signet by William H. Taft, former president of the United States: 'Tt has been gratifying to me to note the real patriotic spirit shown by the young men of the univer- sities and colleges of this country. There is among them no jingo spirit, no rejoicing that we have war, only a determination to do their duty and to vindicate the environment of academic education as a stimulant of patriotic ideals. Young college men of this country are going to fill the most important part of the younger officers in the Army of the Republic, and we can count on their making a great record as representatives of the educated men of the country. Every college man worth his salt is looking about to find a place in which he can be most useful. If he is deprived of the opportunity of going to the front, there are other places in which he can serve. 'They also serve who only stand and wait', — that is, those who are so young as not to be eligible for commissions may well keep themselves in preparation for graduation when they will be eligible. Those who are engaged in technical professions indispensable to our proper military preparations, like the medical profession and the profession of engineering, should continue that preparation at all hazards". It is not the function of this history to rehearse the experiences of individuals at the front. Our military roll is, however, contained 169 170 Phi Sigma Kappa Robert Henri Cliapon;M Died for France, after three weeks in trenches, December 30'-^ 1914, in his twentieth3^ear Presented to Alpha of * IK byA.T3eals,Q.TV,'82 snjtm fi g^^^l^. Let America awake to protect its y oath. During the War 171 in this volume. There is no other chapter in our annals of which we are so proud. Inaccurate and incomplete as it unfortunately is, it is nevertheless a record of imperishable glory. These names, marshalled thus on Honor's dress parade, are eloquent evidence of the patriotism of our Fraternity. And the names of the men who gave up their lives are now our saddest and most sacred memory. It is fitting to present in this place a brief summary of our military service. Credit for the military roll belongs largely to the various chapters of the Fraternity. In compiling their lists they had, of course, to contend with unfortunate reticence on the part of many service men, with unreliable mail-lists, and with their own rather sophomoric impatience with so prosaic a matter as historic compilations. To youth belongs the making of history, not the writing of it. The annalist, therefore, felt constrained to supplement their work to the extent of several hundred personal inquiries, to many of which he too received no answer. The whole undertaking, however, was given the utmost publicity, and the chapter lists, with only three exceptions, were published for correction in The Signet. The responsibility for errors and omissions thus finally reverts back to the brothers themselves. As stressed in the foreword to this book, these annals are yours; and the military roll is largely as you willed it. It has seemed fitting, although perhaps not wholly fair, to differentiate between those men who were in active military service and those men who were held in reserve, usually for training upon their own college campuses: members of the Enlisted Medical Reserve Force and of the Student Army and Naval Training Corps. To the extent that the personal data permitted, therefore, this differentiation has been made, and only the names of those of the former group appear in The Chapter in Arms. The liberty has been taken of including the names of some social welfare workers who saw service overseas; otherwise the personnel is military in the strictest sense of the word. The summary may be found upon the following page. 172 Phi Sigma Kappa THE MILITARY SUMMARY Living In In Total Com- Desig- Chapter Membership Active Campus in missions nated for Deaths Nov. 11, 1918 Service Service Service Bravery A 357 88 12 100 45 1 2 B 279 89 37 126 63 10 4 r 276 70 5 75 40 2 5 A 241 65 35 100 37 2 E 283 164 37 201 102 9 1 Z 121 42 5 47 14 1 4 H 226 59 17 76 42 8 1 e 221 88 5 93 56 4 2 I 142 48 19 67 26 2 K 200 57 21 78 24 1 A 229 127 19 146 66 6 2 M 242 113 1 114 61 3 3 N 107 37 15 52 14 1 31 137 53 17 70 15 1 1 130 50 25 75 38 2 n 143 56 16 72 20 3 2 p 51 20 20 13 4 5 s 142 67 21 88 52 3 5 T 204 92 18 110 41 5 3 T 89 39 8 47 17 1 * 134 43 29 72 24 1 1 X 119 64 8 72 39 3 2 ^ 69 24 24 14 1 fi 163 94 12 106 58 3 AA 139 70 20 90 33 BA 105 99 16 115 41 3 PA 86 52 10 62 17 1 AA 99 68 14 82 32 4 EA 130 70 15 85 30 ZA 60 53 7 60 23 4 1 HA 46 50 5 55 14 eA 14 6 20 3 Totals 4970 2125 475 2600 1114 73 60 NOTES Summaries are in some instances incomplete, as noted in text. Service summaries include men initiated after the armistice. Affiliates are listed only under their initial chapter. During the War 173 With our declaration of war in the spring of 1917 came the mobiHzation of the first Officers' Training School, and, to the utmost limits of acceptance, the rush of undergraduates and younger alumni to the colors. Many, failing appointment to Plattsburg, enlisted in the regular army, choosing those divisions which were booked for early sailing. Hundreds left school to go onto farms or into shipyards, and some of the colleges practically ceased to function from early May until late in the fall. Mean- while a second Officers' Training School had mobilized, and the colleges opened in the fall with approximately a fifty per cent senior registration and with very great gaps in the other classes. In November a special committee reported back to the Interfrater- nity Conference: "It has been estimated that more than one-fourth of the student body of American universities and colleges have enlisted in the country's fighting forces, and that another twenty-five per cent are in process of enlistment". Like the other features of campus life, therefore, the fraternity activities were largely subordinated to graver issues. With the closing of the spring term 1918, fraternity life in most institutions had practically ceased to exist. There were no longer upperclassmen out of uniform, and when a few of the younger men dribbled back to the campuses in the autumn, they found the Students' Army Training Corps established and almost auto- matically became a part of the great military machine. Many chapter houses became barracks or were rented for the period of the war. Esoteric records were turned in to the Council or intrusted to dependable local alumni. Meetings became casual and social. Rushing became sporadic. It was a new experience for the American college. Typical of what was going on everywhere is the following report from Champaign. "At the time the armistice was signed, November 11, 1918, there was a little life left within the body of Alpha Deuteron, for it was within the scope of possible things. In order better to understand the condition of the chapter at that date, something should be said of the period be- tween September 20 and November 11. "When the University opened its doors, most of the men students registered as members of the Students' 174 Phi Sigma Kappa Army Training Corps or the Students' Naval Training Corps, which necessitated an existence partially re- sembling that of a soldier in training and partially that of a student of the University. The University and Military Department were not ready on registration day to care for the thousands of men who sought that sort of training; so Alpha Deuteron, along with many of the other fraternities, was asked to bunk and to feed all that our house would accommodate. Our allotment was forty men. As compensation we were paid so much a week for each man. The chapter house was rented by the University on a monthly basis. That condition lasted about a month. There were no formal meetings, but there was a strenuous effort made to get a number of pledges. By the end of the first month we had made and saved about fifty dollars. "After four weeks of such we were told to move. That order meant that all our belongings were to be moved to other quarters and our house left to the dis- posal of the Military Department. Some of our house- hold goods went into storage; some to 211 East Healy Street, to rooms we had rented as club rooms. They were comfortable and modern and did much towards holding the scattered brothers and pledges together . . . After the first of January the chapter returned to their home and resumed a natural existence". How the other chapters fared may be deduced from the follow- ing fragmentary notes. Alpha rented her house to the College for a girls' dormitory, went into barracks, and became wholly disorganized. The Beta men went into hospital quarters so precipitately as to lose, along with their civilian clothing, all their fraternity books and records and the chapter's medical library. On January 1st Gamma reported an enrollment of se\-en men and a house badly damaged from its war service as an in- fantry barracks. The Delta house was turned into barracks and "the military ofificers treated it as though it were enem>- property," although, as everywhere, some compensation was ultimately made. The Epsilon house was taken over by the eidmiral in charge of the Yale Naval Unit and his staff. Zeta and Kta were completely disbanded and put their goods into storage. Theta sub-leased During the War 175 her house for a period of years. Iota turned her house over to her caretaker who boarded officers of the Naval Steam School and such Iota men as were enrolled in the Stevens S. N. T. C. The Mu house was taken over by the government for naval barracks, but two Phi Sigma Kappa men were given police authority over the place. Nu reported: "The Sigma Nu boys have offered our boys the opportunity of living with them for the period of the war", and this invitation was gratefully accepted. Omicron vacated her house and stored her furniture. Pi leased her house, the chapter becoming "completely disorganized". Xi reported one senior, one sophomore and fourteen freshmen. Upsilon "ceased to function formally". Dartmouth "closed the dormitory part of every fraternity house and will pay the taxes and interest charges for one year". The house at Williams had to be closed and was a financial liability throughout the period. Omega rented three rooms "for the use of the brothers when on leave". At Minnesota the chapter was disorganized and the house given up. At Ames the chapter was reduced to six men. The Michigan house was used as a barracks, the chapter storing most of its furniture in a barn. The Worcester house became a barracks. Zeta Deuteron rented her house to the University for the women students. Eta Deuteron at one time got down to a single active member. The only chapter to thrive during the war was the one at Washington, and that functioned in large measure as an alumni club and clearing house. There were a great many Phi Sigma Kappa men stationed at the capital for longer or shorter shifts, and to them Lambda extended a gracious hospitality. Moreover her active organization was maintained throughout the war, and no less than forty-four men were initiated during actual hostilities. Meetings were held summer and winter alike, and representatives from every other chapter in America were among her guests. Sigma and Kappa are the only other chapters which seem to have functioned fairly normally during this period. The fraternities, however, won a moral victory of some value in their relations with the War Department. On September 25, 1918 that department, over the signature of Colonel Rees, soon to be brigadier-general, issued a memorandum relative to the status of fraternities in colleges where the S. A. T. C. had been intro- duced. It was to the effect that fraternity activities are incom- patible with military discipline and should be wholly suspended. The Executive Committee of the Interfraternitv Conference 176 Phi Sigma Kappa objected to this ruling, feeling that the men when off duty should be permitted to associate fraternally and to keep their organization as intact as the chaotic conditions might allow. Thereupon it entered upon negotiations with Colonel Rees, and getting no satisfaction, with Mr. Baker, Secretary of War. Fi\'e days after the interview with Mr. Baker, the War Department issued the following memorandum : "Administrative Memo No. 49 1. Fraternities. 1. Administration Memo No. 30 on the subject of 'Fraternities' is rescinded, and the following substituted therefor : It is desired that no restrictions shall be placed on elections to fraternities; also that no restrictions shall be placed upon fraternity activites, including initiations and meetings, except such as are clearly necessary to preserve proper military training and discipline. In deter- mining what, if any, restrictions are essential, commanding officers will exercise tact and good judgment. By direction of the Committee, Chesleigh H. Briscoe Major Inf., U. S. A. Administrati\'e Otificer." This recognition of the fraternities as agencies for good in the college world, from an organization which combines two ideals against both of which fraternities are generalK' supposetl to be antagonistic — namely, strict military discipline and the great democratic army — is highly significant of the progress wliich the fraternities have made. In forwarding this meuKn-andum Brig- adier-General Rees wrote as follows: "It is thought that these latest regulations should satisfactorily clear the whole situation. Their latitude is made possible by the splendid type of men who have answered the call of the Students' Arm\- Training Corps, and by the splendid cooperation of the fraternities them- selves, the thanks of the War Department for which I desire to extend to the fraternities throuuh \-ou". During the War 177 Armistice Day followed too closely upon this ruling to allow any extended experience of its possibilities. As a matter of fact, as we have seen, in large measure the chapters had actually suspended themselves, and the shortness of training period to be allowed the men would probably have tended to make the suspension per- manent. The expression of confidence, however, deserves to be spread upon our records. In the Lambda chapter house there hangs a certificate which reads as follows: "1918 1919 TOURS CLUB OF PHI SIGMA KAPPA TOURS, INDRE-ET-LOIRE, FRANCE This is to certify that we, the undersigned members of Phi Sigma Kappa and of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, having been privileged to associate as brothers in time of war in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France, for the purpose of promoting a closer fellowship, do hereby create the Tours Club of Phi Sigma Kappa — an informal organization filled with the spirit of the Fraternity". The members of this unique and interesting body were: Tonkin, A 'IS, Stoddard, A '15, Haines, A '17, Hoer, A '16, Unkles, I '12, Sheppard, A '09, Underwood, E 'IS, Sturtevant, T '17, and Bowen, HA '21. They met rather regularly, used the ritual upon occasion, devoted themselves largely to dough-boy intercourse, and kept their organization intact until the troops were withdrawn. There was another group, of six, who were together constantly, first at Eastleigh, England, and later at Paulliac, France, and who pre- served a somewhat similar organization. The biennial convention scheduled to take place at Chicago in 191S was indefinitely postponed by the Council. The Signet, however, in spite of the fact that its editor was for over ten months in the army, appeared regularly throughout the period. Two numbers were considerably reduced in size. From the June number (1917) The Rainbow of Delta Tau Delta reprinted the foreword, a four page editorial entitled Under Arms and some verses called Pro Patria, and its editor commented upon the second in an appreciative editorial of some length. In the June (1918) Signet there appeared an editorial. The Unstained Scutcheon, dealing idealistically rather than medically with the problem of impurity, 178 Phi Sigma Kappa THE PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE (Built 1917) and this was reprinted by the War Department and distributed in such posts as the aviation ones, where the soldiers were largeh' college men. Thus after a fashion The Signet did its bit throughout the period of the war. Strange as it may seem, it was during this troublous time that Mu completed her beautiful new home in Philadelphia, its corner stone having been laid March 17, 1917, prior to our entering the conflict. It was designed by Donald B. Folsom, M. '07, and built by Eber E. Ludwick, K '11. On the main floor is a large reception room and a dining room fed from a basement kitchen, on the second floor what is virtually a vast living room with luusic alcoves, billiard hall and the like, on the third floor se\'en double bedrooms, and on the fourth three bedrooms and the chapter hall. Among the guests at the house warming were the governor of Pennsylvania and the go\'ernor of New Jersey. During the War 179 It was also in 1917 that Iota purchased her home at 810 Hud- son Street, Hoboken. The prop- erty was bought from Brother John J. Fagan for $14,500, of which S4500 was raised by bond and subscription. The men who conducted the campaign and the deal were Willian A. Shoudy, Thomas C. Stephens and Earl F. English. Probably the event of this period which most deeply touched Phi Sigma Kappa men as such was the death of Joseph Franklin Barrett, "The Big Chief", on January 23, 1918. His record in the history of the Fraternity was no less than ex- traordinary. He was one of the six founders; he was nine times elected president of the Grand Chapter; he was once vice- president, once auditor, and once inductor; he was for three terms chancellor of the Supreme Court, and a member of that body from the date of its inception until his death. He was thus an officer of the Grand Chapter for thirty-one out of a possible forty years, a remarkable testimony to the loyalty and genius of the man. Of the eighteen general conventions he attended all but three. He was a man of native wisdom, perfect urbanity, and great heart. His drolleries of humor and mastery of the King's English were also among the assets of this Fraternity. In place of the customary F'ounders' Day banquet the following March a memorial service to Brother Barrett was held in New York, at which the principal speakers were his friends,, Root, Harwood and Cutter, and Horace Bowker of the well known fertilizer company with which Barrett had been associated for so long. THE bTKVENS HUUSE (Purchased 1917) 180 Phi Sigma Kappa TO THE BIG CHIEF And now, farewell! For many moons your strong And stalwart form has led our fearless band By pleasant trails about this mighty land, Your voice lent power to our tribal song. Around the council fire, when some few Spake whirling words, you smoked and held your peace; But when our tongues would in confusion cease, In quiet tones you told us what to do. And now fare safely to that hunting-ground Where bold and faithful spirits draw the bow. And weary not, nor suffer winter's chill ; And we will chant in triumph by your mound, And make a grateful vow, and proudly go To valiant deeds — your braves. Great Chieftain, still. CHAPTER TWELVE Renewal (1919-1922) Although the chapter Hfe was so completely disorganized by the war, the interruption was still of short duration and recovery was rapid. With the demobilization of the S. A. T. C. early in 1919, the colleges resumed under civilian administration, and the fraternity houses which had been impressed for barracks were again available for the chapters. In some cases extensive repairs had to be made, but the expense for this was, in considerable measure at least, borne by the Government. By this time under- graduate service men were drifting back to the campuses, and they, with the S. A. T. C. and local alumni, undertook the re- habilitation of their chapters with much success. The fact that they represented at least three delegations meant in many instances an overloading of the senior group and a top-heavy enrollment. As a class they were a matured and earnest crowd of men, but in some cases they brought back with them the bad habits to be found everywhere in army life. Prohibition also seems to have acted as a challenge to sophomoric ingenuity and independence. The result was a great deal of drinking of hard liquor and the consequent disorderliness in some of the chapters. It is worthy of note that in certain colleges the students themselves aired the whole situation and adopted measures of reform. In two of our chapters men were suspended, by the Council and local alumni, for drunkenness. The three chapters hardest hit by the war were Beta, Theta and Eta. We have noted how the Beta men, in spite of the fact that many of them remained in Albany as members of the Medical Reserve, abandoned their chapter quarters and lost their bcoks and records. After the armistice, however, they reorganized, rented a convenient and commodious house, were supplied with a new set of books by the Council, and by 1920 had met their financial indebtedness to the national Order. At Columbia Theta chapter found itself much embarrassed by the fact that it had rented its house for a period of five years, and it was not until the autumn of 181 182 Phi Sigma Kappa 1920 that it succeeded in getting back into it. At Maryland, Eta was completely disorganized, and in getting it back upon its feet Morgan had to all but establish a new chapter. Xo suitable house was available, and for months all meetings were held in his office. The other local alumni also lent a hand, and by 1920 the boys were housed at 1017 Cathedral Street and functioning to some purpose. In the fall of 1919 Lowe felt constrained, for professional reasons, to resign as secretary of the Grand Chapter, and the Council appointed Rand to complete the term. Before going into the army Warner B. Sturtevant, A & T '17, had placed in Rand's possession a few pieces of correspondence looking toward a history of the Fraternity. The accumulation of all of the Grand Chapter records in a single office and in Amherst, together with Rand's literary experience, made this seem the psychological period for the publication of such a book. Moreover the Council wished to provide some lasting memorial of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Order, which would come In 1923. It therefore authorized the preparation of a manuscript, and at Chicago, Rand allowed himself to be continued in office in order to see the project through. It might be said at this time that the plan to make The Signet a compact, national organ and to leave to the various chapters the dissemination of their more local and personal news, was proving wholly successful. All but seven of the chapters — those at Union, C. C. N. Y., Maryland, St. John's, Virginia, Williams and Nevada — were now issuing more or less periodic publications to the alumni and the other chapters. And Rand, in 1922, took the final, logical step of eliminating from his alumni department all items except those of general interest, thus making the magazine almost entirely national in its appeal. The Signet was thus unique among Greek letter publications and subject to comment. In 1920, Mr. Wayne M. Musgrave, grand offi(^er and editor of Alpha Sigma Phi, treasurer of the Interfraternity Conference, and author of The Interfraternity White Book, wrote inThe Tomahawk as follows: "The Signet of Phi Sigma Kappa is the best and finest specimen of a fraternity magazine that comes to our desk. Brief, juicy, sparkling, and yet satisfying, it is the epitome of what reaches its editors, and great care and judgment are exercised in its production. Not a Renewal 183 chapter letter, and yet we believe it furnishes its mem- bers with all that they want to know. We believe it represents the highest form of fraternity spirit that issues from the printing press to-day. The rest of us fear we cannot spend enough money and make sufficient showing to justify our existence, and so we hold on to basic forms to such an extent that the covers of many of our frater- nity magazines might be exchanged without even our own fraternit\^ being the wiser. The Signet has solved the problem of furnishing its readers something to read that is worth their while. The rest of us furnish plenty of printer's ink, but the dross outweighs the gold." Mention should be made of the death of Samuel C. Thompson, February 29, 1920. In a quiet way Brother Thompson had been a benign and helpful influence in the Fraternity for a long time. Although a graduate member (of Alpha), he was elected vice- president of the Grand Chapter in 1898, treasurer in 1900, and in 1902 went onto the Supreme Court, where he remained, part of the time as chancellor and as recorder, for eighteen years. His death, therefore, brought to a close a career of twenty-two con- secutive years of service to Phi Sigma Kappa. The deferred convention was to be held in Chicago in 1920. With an eye for legislative reforms at this convention the New England chapters organized an association, which should insure a definite program for Chicago and thereafter meet semiannually for discussion. The president of this association was George M. Campbell, A '20. Most of its suggestions were in line of progress and carried weight upon the convention floor. Its choice for presi- dent was Charles Sumner Howe, president of Case School of Applied Science, but there were other candidates, Burrows and Conley, and when Burrows withdrew his name after the first ballot, Conley was readily re-elected. The Association of New England Chapters, however, had demonstrated a growing section consciousness and the force of a recommendation of the Council that the Fraternity should now be divided into five districts, each to be under the direct surveillance of one of the national officers. The Convention passed such a recommendation, and the new Council proceeded promptly to put it into effect. Record should also be made of the fact that this convention increased the Grand Chapter tax from $10 to $15, the charter fee 184 Phi Sigma Kappa 2; o o a o o 3 Renewal 185 from $25 to $100, the secretary's honorarium from $250 to $500, and the editor's from $150 to $300, the first two being by con- stitutional amendment and the others by recommendation to the Council. Only one new charter was granted. The Council had recom- mended the placing of a chapter in Gettysburg from which a very strong local had petitioned, but the institution was not popular among the delegates. The Council also presented, but without recommendation, an eleventh-hour but attractive petition from Purdue, but Vogel urbanely called attention to constitutional processes, and no action was taken. This petition was later with- drawn, but not because of impatience with our rather deliberate method of grant. The successful petition was from Zeta Epsilon society of the Oregon State Agricultural College. This organization had been founded as The Umpqua Club in 1915, but in 1918 was recognized as a local and changed its name to Zeta Epsilon. It included among its members Governor Ben Olcott of Oregon, and had already purchased a home. When the Zeta Epsilon men began to think about nationalization, they listed on their bulletin board all the possibilities in Greekdom, and gradually, almost entirely on the basis of Baird's Manual, eliminated down to Phi Sigma Kappa. Thereupon they passed a resolution to the effect that they would petition Phi Sigma Kappa, perpetually if necessary. The new inductor was Arnold C. Otto, A '11, a Wisconsin lawyer and legis- lator. With Lawrence he went to Corvallis, and on February 19, 1921, with the assistance of a team from California and Nevada, inducted the new chapter. A banquet was held at Hotel Albany. The Chicago convention instructed the Council to proceed at once with the publication of a songbook, and designated a com- mittee of editors. As the project got under way, however, four names stand out as deserving special mention: Armand Kreeger, O '20, who as chairman of the committee kept the ball rolling; Charles H. Ruedi, AA '17, who was active in rounding up material; Norman G. Shidle, '17, who did much in the matter of selection and revision of songs; and Leonard W. Joy, T '16, who saw the manuscript through the press. The book was ready by the end of 1921, and contained seventeen Phi Sigma Kappa songs, ten being to original tunes. Copies were sent to the chapters to the number of approximately one half the active enrollment of each, and within a few months the book had paid for its publication. 186 Phi Sigma Kappa The Chicago convention left the matter of Psi's suspension in the hands of the CounciL Not long after this Dr. E. H. Kloman, H '10, told Morgan in Baltimore that he had a nephew at the University of Virginia who was a member of a little group of men who might justify the revival of Psi chapter. Morgan immediately got into touch with the new auditor, Walter C. Brandes, A '19, whose headquarters were at Washington. Brandes had brought to the Council a real enthusiasm and a great ambition for Phi Sigma Kappa. Among other things he was in favor of a very rapid ex- pansion, especially in the South. It was therefore natural that he should take up Morgan's suggestion with alacrity. On February 25 he went to Charlottesville, interviewed the Dean of the University and received full permission to proceed. Prof. H. E. Jordan, an honorary member of Psi, became enthusiastic when the subject was broached to him, and lent every possible assistance. Brandes put in much time at Charlottesville and took every precaution to avoid miscarriage. The initiation took place in the ballroom of the Lambda house on May 6 and 7, 1921, Kloman and Morgan coming over from Baltimore to be present. The following September the chapter went into a rented house and took its place among the other fraternities on the campus. The revival of Psi gave to Phi Sigma Kappa the distinction of having no dead chapters "in the United States". Of course this was good rushing material, but the leaders were not certain that it should be really a matter for pride. It raised the whole question of policy as to chapters which are incurably anaemic. For example, what about the chapter at Albany? Beta w^as still the only general men's fraternity in the medical and law departments of Union and suffered all of the consequences of such isolation. Further the University had come to demand two years collegiate training for entrance to the medical course, and was on the point of extending the requisite into the law school. As a result practically all of the desirable fraternity men were already members of other general fraternities upon matriculation and hence ineligible to Beta. The situation threatened to grow constantly more difficult. When Lawrence visited Albany late in 1921, the chapter leaders, Jere J. McEvilly and Harold W. Dargeon, put the whole thing up to him. As it happened, there were in Beta at this time four men who belonged to a local at Union called The Terrace Club. Lawrence had, too, personal friends who were members. Renewal 187 W IM Q % < S u 'd w 188 Phi Sigma Kappa This organization dated back to 1917, and in 1922 had an active membership of twenty-four men and was making advance payments upon a piece of property. It occurred to Lawrence that The Terrace Club offered a way out of the dif^culty. He therefore interviewed the Albany deans, Doctors Lipes, Root and Lyons of the local alumni, and the dean of Union. He then visited his friends at The Terrace Club. It was surely an opportunity to insure Beta against the future. Union offered an attractive fraternity field, being the birthplace of Kappa Alpha in 1825, of Psi Upsilon in 1833, of Chi Psi in 1841, and of other well-known national fraternities, and yet not being crowded with chapters. Beta could constitutionally initiate The Terrace Club men as individuals, and then the two groups could function indefinitely as a joint chapter. Lawrence had the proposition put up to The Terrace Club through its members in Beta, and presented it in person to Lipes, Lyons and Root. At the thirty-fifth anniversary banquet of Beta chapter, at which were also present Conley, Duncan and Rand, the matter was taken up with the other alumni, and a few days later Lawrence was directed by Council and Court, with the approbation of Beta, to go ahead. On the 13th of May Conle}' and Lawrence went to Albany and, with the assistance of a team from Alpha, presided over the initiation into Beta chapter of the twenty- four Terrace Club men. Thus Beta adapted herself to new con- ditions and renewed her youth in Phi Sigma Kappa. Indeed, the most significant feature of the period under con- sideration was Lawrence's personal work. Late in the year 1920, being in poor health, he resigned the business position in New \ ork which he had held for several years, and offered his services gra- tuitously to the Fraternity. The offer was gratefully accepted, and thus it was that Lawrence was available to go to the Coast with Otto to induct the chapter at Oregon. In conjunction with the induction, Otto and Lawrence held at Corvallis a district conference of the Pacific chapters, the first conference to be held in accordance with the recent di\'ision of the fraternity field. The paramount subject of this meeting was further extension in the West, and after the conference Otto and Lawrence visited the far Western clubs and chapters and several colleges where Phi Sigma Kappa was not represented, to study the opportunities first hand. In fact Lawrence remained on the Coast for several months, regaining his health, interesting alumni in the national Fraternity, and making a surve>' of the field. On his way home he visited chapters in the middle West. Renewal 189 It was becoming increasingly plain to Lawrence that the finan- cial resources of the Fraternity were ever less and less adequate for its needs. Already he had made with the L. G. Balfour Company an exclusive contract for the Phi Sigma Kappa badges, all orders to be authorized by the secretary of the Grand Chapter, thus insuring a standard uniformity of badge and providing a small and legitimate royalty to the National Order on each sale. Now he extended the contract to include all fraternity jewelry and novelties. The chapter secretaries were provided with triplicate order blanks, and the possibilities of the system, under proper cooperation, were indeed great. In the fall of 1921 Lawrence returned to the middle West, visited each of the chapters for several days, and, with the assistance of Burrows, Otto and the Chicago Club, held in Chicago a district conference of the middle Western chapters. At this meeting he presented a theory of expansion which he called Triangulation. Briefly stated, it was this: that a prime consideration in the es- tablishing of a new chapter is its association with neighboring chapters of Phi Sigma Kappa, that in determining association, athletic and social relations are a more important element than mileage, and that there can be no adequate association unless there are at least three reciprocating chapters. The delegates liked the principle, and Lawrence proceeded to popularize it in the East. As he visited the various chapters, Lawrence transcribed into his own records the complete list of signatures to the constitution, and against each its number. Then he and Rand checked this record against the secretary's membership index, bringing the latter into agreement with the former. Then Rand checked this index against his alphabetical index, and thus brought the personal records accurately up-to-date, at least to January 1, 1922. Lawrence's own roll included also a record of individual pin pur- chases through the Council. His plan for the year provided further for a general statistical report of membership, a detailed cost accounting analysis of receipts and expenditures covering the period of his treasurership, a voucher file with index together with a general filing system for his office, and extensive reports of his chapter visitation. Prominent among the interfraternity societies and generally considered a pernicious influence upon campus politics and social life was an organization called Theta Nu Epsilon. Indeed in many institutions it had been forced by an unfriendly public opinion 190 Phi Sigma Kappa into sub rosa activity. At our Albany convention in 1912 and later at Chicago resolutions were passed strongly deprecating any participation in Theta Nu Epsilon by Phi Sigma Kappa men. In three of the middle Western chapters, however, Lawrence found T N E members, and a consequent lack of harmony among the brothers. He investigated thoroughly and reported back to the Council. That body took action in every instance, and at Min- nesota, where the offense seemed most flagrant, demanded a public renunciation of Theta Nu Epsilon. One of the men concerned was inclined to argue the matter, and his case was submitted to the Court, which ruled that such divided loyalty could not be tolerated and appointed Otto to hold a hearing in Minneapolis. At this point, however, the recalcitrant brother backed down and took his oath to have nothing more to do with Theta Nu Epsilon. In spite of the growing personnel of the Fraternity, cases for discipline were for the most part growing less in number. From 1916, when took place an expulsion for persistent criminal conduct along petty lines, until 1922 there was none reported at all. In 1922 a Dartmouth man automatically forfeited his membership by joining another general fraternity, and three other cases of criminal proclivity were submitted to the Court with the likelihood of eventual expulsion. But the days of prosecution for trivial debts seem happily over. Lawrence visited all of the chapters during the year and held district conferences at New York and Washington. Both confer- ences were marked by a deep seriousness and a genuine enthusiasm. and were largely attended, not only by the active men but by graduates and alumni advisers. At Washington there were present one hundred and twenty-five men. The New England district conference was held in Amherst, under the auspices of Rand, in December 1921. The whole idea of district conferences had im- mediately justified itself in the eyes of the participants, not onl\" for the values accruing from debate, but also for those incident to a closer association and cooperation among the various chapters, and between them and the national body. The office of alumni adviser was provided for in 1912 and some incumbents were appointed, but it was not until after the war that the plan was really followed up. The idea was that there should be for each chapter a local alumnus, appointed by the Council to act as its deputy and keep as close an eye upon the actix'ities of the chapter as he should deem advisable. He was also to turn Renewal 191 ^M TRtf 'V. -ass,-- k.-.' -""'■' •:?: ■'" : <' MW^m^ 1'^;'' wm ''■■-^^mMi. - Xfm ^^pif ■ (- 1 ft. 0M .*::::,:.. 1 -'^ ^^^ "3 «K -^ . ...,.■•■•>'.' ''-;.:•' . Af 1 .w^ ■';, • ■ 4 l^^^l ■ , .'-,': V 4 ■ W ''•" ft^ 'K:r i-4 HHCsi^^P'^.^ fii^ ii»3 ;:>; 1 ivi ' mm . ''1* ^& b \; ■■ , -t- ' t ^',%4 iMwili ■M^iJSMrftm f" wv^M^^^ W:^-' ■■'.,.' ■' 192 Phi Sigma Kappa in to the Council a written report at the end of each year, and by 1920 these reports were forthcoming from most of the advisers. Moreover the advisers were pretty generally gotten out for the district conferences, and went back to their respective campuses with a freshened zeal for both the local chapter and the Fraternity at large. Five of the chapters purchased homes during this period. Delta had owned for several years a valuable building lot in Morgan- town, but in 1919 it was deemed best to postpone indefinitely building upon this or disposing of it, and meanwhile to purchase the residence in which the chapter was then living. This was done, the property costing $10,000, most of which was raised by a mortgage and a short term loan. The following year Omega bought. The chapter had its eye upon a beautiful home which its owner, a mining man, being temporarily hard pressed for cash,, was willing to sell at a real sacrifice. In the words of Don E. Mohn : "He offered to sell for $27,500, but wanted cash for it. We were discouraged of course, for it was impossible for us to raise the amount. About this time, however, an angel in the form of Brother Donogh's mother came to us and offered her assistance. Mrs. Donogh made the business transaction for us and furnished the neces- sary capital. She bargained with the owner and finally purchased the place for $22,250. The bank offered to carry a mortgage for $15,000, which left us only $7,250 to raise." This amount was secured within a few months, by assessment and loans without interest among the active members, and by subscriptions and loans by alumni. In January 1922 this house suffered a serious loss from fire, but the chapter was fully protected by insurance. In 1921 Nu joined the ranks of property owners. She pur- chased a commodious residence (thirty rooms and four baths) located on a two-acre lot in what is known as "Millionaires' Row". There is also a two story garage with accommodations for eight automobiles. The proposition was handled in much the usual way, by a mortgage and \% bonds among the alumni. The deal was largely carried through by Henry R. Walters, alumni ad\iser of the chapter. Renewal 193 THE MINNESOTA HOUSE (Purchased 1922) 194 Phi Sigma Iv-\ppa In the spring of 1922 Xi and Beta Deuteron effected purchases. At Canton th§ situation was in the hands of Ralph Hastings, Floyd G. Hitchcock and Blaine Gilday. A piece of property was secured for S45U0 with the understanding that extensive renovations should be made and that the L ni\"ersity should take a mortgage of not o\'er S7250 on property' and improvements in order that the project might be successfully carried out. The Minnesota chapter had been contemplating bu>'ing its rented home for several >'ears, but the war interrupted all such plans. It was not until November 1919, therefore, that a contract was signed under which the chapter was to pay $1000 cash and the next $2500 in regular installments, when the deed should be turned over and the remaining $6000 be carried on as a mortgage. In April 1922 the property thus became legally the fraternity's, in the name of The Phi Sigma Kappa Club of Minneapolis. So by the end of the half-century nineteen of the thirty-one chapters are owners of their homes; three — Ames, Michigan and Nevada — own desirable lots and plan to build in the near future; and two or three of the others have definite projects in view. Herein one may find a symbol of the permanence of the Order. Some mention may properly be made of a situation which came to a head at Franklin & Marshall during the winter of 1919-1920. It seems that in 1916 a chapter of Delta Sigma Phi made an un- expected and unwelcome appearance upon the campus, and the established fraternities declined to recognize it, even after it had been officially recognized by the faculty. Dissension simmered for three years, until, in the fall of 1919, a brutal hazing of a Delta Sigma Phi man brought the trouble before the public and resulted in reference to the Interfraternity Conference. Conley appointed Mclntyre to represent Phi Sigma Kappa. Mclntyre visited Franklin & Marshall twice during the winter, and upon his second visit persuaded the Pi men to present to the local interfraternity conference a resolution to the effect that they, at least, were pre- pared to let bygones be bygones and admit the Delta Sigma Phi chapter to the conference. The other fraternities agreed, and thus Phi Sigma Kappa took the lead in settling an unpleasant quarrel which had bafifled the college faculty for nearh- four years. Mention should also be made of a \ery serious situation which developed at Yale as a result of the reorganization of the Sheffield School into a department of the l'ni\ersity. Among other things the course was changed from three to four years, but Renewal 195 THE ST. LAWRENCE HOUSE (Purchased 1922) freshmen were declared ineligible for fraternities. Thus there was no rushing at all during 1920-1921. Furthermore the reorgan- ization resulted in a smaller Sheffield enrollment from which the fraternities might draw so that when rushing was resumed, the newer, smaller chapters, Epsilon being one, found themselves hard pressed for men. Prof. Carl F. Schreiber, however, induced the New York alumni to subsidize the chapter for two years, during which time it is hoped that conditions may improve. A number of petitions for charter came before the Council of 1920-1922. The officers had made a rather careful survey of the fraternity field, and many of the petitions, or inquiries looking toward petition, had to be discouraged at the start as obviously not fitting into any scheme of expansion save that of indiscriminate growth. One petition was passed upon favorably by both Council and Court in the spring of 1922. This was from a society, called Apres la Guerre, in the University of Washington. It was a youth- ful organization, originally made up wholly of service men, but was most ardently backed by the Seattle Club and had sufficient prestige to secure the honorary membership of Marshal Focli 196 Phi Sigma Kappa when the illustrious Frenchman was touring this country. This petition, at least, will come up before the 1922 convention. While -at Chicago attending the 1920 convention the Council received a telegraphic petition from The Embacadero Club of Stanford University. Otto and Lawrence investigated this first hand when in the West, found a condition very unfavorable to locals, but felt that The Embacadero Club had the makings of a strong chapter in a desirable university. It is of interest to note that President Wilbur of Stanford, if not actually antagonistic to fraternities, was at least uncooperative until 1920, when a so-called Stanford Com- mittee of the Interfraternity Conference took up the matter with him and so thoroughly converted him to the Greek letter idea that when the Embacadero Club presented another petition in 1922, he personally wrote to the Council in recommendation. Other petitions to reach formal proportions during the summer of 1922 were one from Phi Delta Tau of the Kansas State College, a sturdy group of men organized in 1918 and strongly backed by Professor Harry B. Winchester, FA '16, and one from Phi Alpha Chi of the Ohio State University. Some record should be made of the death of two former presidents of the Grand Chapter: Happel, who died December 10, 1920, and Loughran, who died August 5, 1922. It should also be noted that alumni clubs, chartered and un- chartered, were increasingly active during this period, largely through periodic informal luncheons, and that a charter was granted to the alumni of Milwaukee. Thus without flourish or climax this history draws up to the autumn of 1922. A desire to have it ready for distribution at the semi-centennial convention in Washington has necessitated a gap of five months in the last year of the half-century. That Phi Sigma Kappa has become a permanent establishment should be ob^•ious to all. That its progress has been made along no primrose path should be likewise clear. There are no short cuts to eminence in fraternal evolution. By both our successes and our failures we must learn. And so these annals close, as all such annals should close, with mingled pride and humility in our past, but with a great and growing faith in our future. Renewal 197 FRANK PRENTICE RAND APPENDIX THE EXOTERIC CONSTITUTION The Preamble Since the beginning of humanity men have associated them- selves together in societies, sodahties, or fraternities because of their inherent needs. In college and university life, the student fresh from home circles and influences is lost in a new world ; he is without a home, though abiding in a room and with perhaps a mate. In the early part of this century, as a protest against the lack of literary culture and to cater to the social needs of the students, there was inaugurated a system of secret societies which has become a series of fraternities whose true beneficence is that they are homes. They promote the student's welfare; keep him up to the work laid out in the curriculum, and save him in many instances from doing- rash acts which might jeopardize his college career; the culture which naturally comes from associating with those older and of greater experience he receives; intellectual training is not neglected; in sickness he is tenderly cared for; but the greatest good of all is that given by the fraternal spirit which exists in all true homes and all true religions, and without which a fraternity is not what its name indicates. "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." The benefits and responsibilities extend into after-college life; the brothers of the college home, scattered the world over, are constantly meeting brethren; visiting other institutions of learning, they find branches of the same home; returning to their Alma Mater, the dear old fraternity is ready with a warm welcome tendered by its active members. The government is vested in the graduates, and a close watch of conditions and affairs is kept. Available funds are devoted to the promotion of the comfort and welfare of those in college. The secrecy that is maintained is not wrongful, but of benefit, it is the secrecy that covers the true home, whose objects all know, but whose methods are private and sacred rights. We, the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ X, founded March 15, 1873, in convention regularly assembled and represented, do solemnly, mutually, and fraternally constitute ourselves into three degrees: 201 202 Phi Sigma Kappa THE FIRST to consist of Chapters in Institutions of Learning ; the SECOND to be known as The Grand Chapter, in which shall be vested the legislative and executive powers; and the third to be known as The Degree of Honor, from which shall be organized the Supreme Court, with powers herein specified. The functions, powers, and privileges of these three degrees WE do hereby ordain to be as stated in the following parts: I. The First Degree: Chapters in Institutions of learning. II. The Second Degree: The Grand Chapter. III. The Third Degree: The Degree of Honor. IV. Grand Seal, Emblems, Colors, Taxes, Solicitation of Funds, Secret Portions, Amendments, Headquarters. PART THE FIRST The First Degree Chapters in Institutions of Learning On petition of six or more male students of any college, uni- versity, or technical institution of learning, any general convention, on the basis of recommendation of the Council and Supreme Court, and the payment of a charter fee of one hundred dollars, may grant to said petitioners a charter, printed from the Fraternity's plate, engrossed with the nam^ of the charter members, and signed by the Recorder of the Supreme Court and the Secretary of the Council. Provided, however, that notice of any said petition shall have been sent to each chapter prior to the convention at which said petition is considered. PART THE SECOND The Second Degree The Grand Chapter In the matter of the Incorporation of the Grand Chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa. We, the subscribers, all of whom are pf full age and citizens of the United States, and the majority of whom are also citizens of the State of New York, do hereby associate ourselves together in pursuance of Chapter 267 of the Laws of 1875 of the State of New York, entitled: "An act for the incorporation of societies or The Exoteric Constitution 20o clubs for certain lawful purposes," and the several acts amendatory thereof and supplementary thereto, and do hereby certify as follows : I. This society shall be known as "The Grand Chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa." II. The principal business of such society shall be to promote morality, learning, and social culture among the members of said society, and to take charge of its property and business interests. III. The principal office of such society shall be located in the City of New York. IV. The number of trustees to manage the affairs of such society shall be six, and the names of the trustees of such society for the first year of its existence shall be Joseph F. Barrett, Samuel E. Armstrong, John A. Cutter, William E. Greenawalt, W. L. Camden, and Frederick R. Huse. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this day of ,1893.* Joseph F. Barrett, Samuel E. Armstrong, John A. Cutter, William E. Greenawalt, Alvan L. Fowler, Charles S. Howe, Wilson L. Camden, Joseph E. Root, William P. Brooks, Henry Hague, Edwin F. Hartley, W. H. Happel, Charles E. Davis, Peter A. Delaney, Fred R. Huse, Harry K. Chase, James H. Hutchens. Endorsement: I hereby approve of the within certificate as to form and sufficiency. George L. Ingraham. Filed and recorded in office of Secretary of State of State of New York, June 12, 1894, in Book 27, at Page 411. Article i. Members and Their Organization Into Clubs Section 1. The Grand Chapter shall consist of members of the first degree whose class has been graduated, or who hold or have held the office of president in their Chapter, providing, however, that the dues of such members to their local Chapter have been fully paid. Sec. 2. On petition of six or more members of the Grand Chapter for a charter as a club, and the payment of a fee of ten *Signed at various dates. 204 Phi Sigma Kappa dollars, the Supreme Court, upon a majority recommendation from the Council, may grant to said petitioners a charter, printed from the Fraternity's plate, engrossed with the names of the charter members, and signed by the Recorder of the Supreme Court and the Secretary of the Council; and such clubs may be incor- porated and hold property. The Constitution of said Clubs shall be as follows: Preamble We, the undersigned, members of the Grand Chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ X, feeling the need of an organization to bring us closer together in our after-college life, to promote the interests of the Fraternity, and to protect our rights as to amending the Constitution of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ X, do consent to be governed by the following Constitution and By-Laws, and agree to abide by the * of the * as established by the Grand Chapter. A Hide A . — Name The name of this society shall be the Phi Sigma Kappa Club of. A rticle B. — Member ship Any member of the Grand Chapter in good standing may join this Club by paying the annual dues. Article C. — Officers The officers of this Club shall be the President, \'ice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor and Marshal, who individually shall perform the duties ordinarily devolving upon such officers and collectively shall act as a Board of Governors; the Club may add such members to this Board of Governors as its affairs may justify. All such Officers and Governors shall be elected by ballot for such term as is provided by the By-Laws of this Club at the annual meeting to be held on or about the loth day of March. Article D. — .4 mcudmeiits Section 1. This Constitution ma>' be amended according to Part IV., Article VIL of the Constitution of the Phi Sigma Kappa, Sec. 2. The Club may enact by-laws not conflicting with this Constitution. The Exoteric Constitution 205 A rticle E. — Reports This Club shall file with the Secretary of the Council annually on the first day of June, a report of the work done and the condition of the Club. Article ii. The Legislative Power Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the General Convention, composed of members of the Grand Chapter and delegates of Chapters; and said Convention shall meet bi- ennially in a place to be chosen by previous General Convention, between the first day of June and the first day of December on a certain date to be determined by the Council; notice thereof shall be given to the Chapters and to members of the Grand Chapter not later than two (2) weeks before the holding of said Convention. Such place may be changed by the Council with the concurrence of a majority of the Chapters. Sec. 2. The delegates of Chapters shall be in the proportion of one to ten members, and an additional delegate for an excess over the nearest even multiple of ten of more than five members; provided that in case a Chapter should have more than five but less than ten members a delegate shall be granted such Chapter. Sec. 3. No proxies shall be allowed except to Chapters that are more than one hundred miles from the place of convention, in which case one delegate present may vote the representation to which this Chapter is entitled. Sec. 4. No member of the Grand Chapter or delegate may vote if he or his constituency is in arrears to the Grand Chapter or under suspension by the Supreme Court. Sec. 5. Six members shall constitute a quorum. Sec. 6. The order of exercises in General Convention shall be as follows: Call to order. Examination of certificates of delegates and members. Historian's report. Treasurer's report. Auditor's report. Inductor's report. Council's report. Supreme Court's report. Reports of delegates of Chapters. 206 Phi Sigma Kappa Reports of representatives of Clubs. Miscellaneous business. Election of Council. Election of Supreme Court. Choice of place of next convention. Reading of the records of convention, for correction. Any other business. Adjournment. Sec. 7. All reports shall be in writing. Sec. 8. The officers of the General Convention shall be those of the Council whom the General Convention shall elect, as herein provided. Sec. 9. The General Convention shall have power to make laws for the promotion of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ X, and the government of the same, in so far as they do not conflict with the spirit and letter of this Constitution, and to annul the charter of a Chapter or of a Club. Sec. 10. Special conventions may be called by the Council, and shall be called on petition of a majority of the Chapters, to enact such laws and to transact such special business as shall not conflict with this Constitution. Such special conventions shall organize and represent the Fraternity, as provided herein for General Conventions. Article hi. The Executive Power Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Council of six members of the Grand Chapter, elected by ballot at the General Convention, to serve till the adjournment of the next General Convention, or until their successors qualify. The Council shall maintain the Constitution, execute the laws of the Con\-entions, issue such publications as may be needed, keep a constant ad\'isory supervision of the condition of the Chapters and Clubs, and hll any vacancies which may occur in Itself. Sec. 2. The names and special duties of the members of the Council shall be as follows: (a) The President shall preside over the Council and Con- vention and shall be a member of all Committees. {h) The Vice-President shall preside o\er the Council and Conventions In the absence of the President, and shall vise the credentials of delegates and members at Conventions. The Exoteric Constitution 207 (c) The Secretary-Historian shall act as the Correspondent of the Council, Recorder at Conventions, and Historian of the Phi Sigma Kappa. {d) The Treasurer shall handle the funds of the Grand Chapter, subject to the order of the Council. (e) The Auditor shall pass on the Treasurer's accounts. (/) The Inductor shall supervise the institution of new Chapters and Clubs. PART THE THIRD The Third Degree The Degree of Honor and the Supreme Court Article i. Members The Founders of the T \ X and past elective officers of the Grand Chapter shall constitute the Third Degree, the Fraternity's Roll of Honor, from which body shall be organized the Supreme Court. Article ii. Organization Section 1. The Supreme Court shall consist of six members, four of whom shall be residents of the city of New York or its convenient vicinity, to be elected at a General Convention and to serve until the adjournment of the next General Convention or until their successors qualify. Sec. 2. From and of itself it shall elect a Chancellor and a Recorder. Sec. 3. In case of vacancy or vacancies, the remaining mem- bers of the Supreme Court shall fill same; if the Supreme Court shall be without members, two members of the Third Degree shall issue in writing a five days' notice of a meeting of the members of said degree to be held in the City of New York, and at such meeting the members present shall by ballot elect the six members of the Court. Sec. 4. The vote of four members shall be necessary to decide all matters before the Court. Sec. 5. No member shall hold position on the Council and on the Supreme Court at the same time. 208 Phi Sigma Kappa * Article hi. Poivers of the Supreme Court Section 1. The Supreme Court shall recommend to the General Convention for charters to chapters upon a majority recommendation from the Council. Sec. 2a. The Supreme Court shall have power to recommend to convention for election to honorary membership those names submitted to it with recommendation by the Council. Sec. 2b. The Supreme Court shall have power to confirm elections to graduate, and former student membership upon a majority recommendation from the Council. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have power to appoint in writing a commissioner or commissioners to act in its place and stead whenever it shall be deemed necessary or expedient; said commissioner or commissioners shall with all convenient speed report the testimony, with his or their opinion thereon, to the Court for final action. Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have power to issue siib- pcenas for the attendance of witnesses, and subpoenas duces tecum for the production of records and other papers, before itself or its commissioner or commissioners. Sec. 5. The Supreme Court shall have power to draw upon the Treasurer of the Grand Chapter for any expenses incurred by itself or its commissioner or commissioners in the discharge of the functions of the Court. Sec. 6. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction on all matters of discipline and expulsion of members after formal accusa- tion and indictment by a majority of the Council. Sec. 7. The Supreme Court shall be the tribunal of highest appeal and final resort on any matter referred to it by a majority of the Council, provided that upon any issue to be presented to said Court the minority of the Council may present their report for adjudication and determination by said tribunal. Article iv. Expulsion, Procedure in Two members of any Chapter ma\- prefer charges against a member of said Chapter to the Council upon matters of discipline and expulsion. The Council may prefer charges against any member of the Fraternity upon matters of discipline and expulsion. The Exoteric Constitution 209 A copy of charges, with notice of time set for investigation of same, shall be served on the accused not less than thirty days before time of trial, provided that in case personal service cannot after due diligence be made, notice may be served by mailing a copy there- of to his last known place of abode and by such other means as the Supreme Court may direct. Such service shall be deemed equivalent for jurisdictional purposes to personal service. Accused shall have right of defence by counsel chosen from members of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T \ X. PART THE FOURTH Grand Seal, Emblems, Colors, Taxes, Solicitation of Funds, Secret Portions, Amendments, Headquarters Article i. — Grand Seal The Grand Seal shall be as follows,* * * and no other seal shall be allowed; it shall be used on all official papers of the Council. Article ii. — Emblems. The Emblems of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ -L, shall be an onyx ring with oval-shaped stone in which are cut T^ X; and a pin of the Greek $SK, the S to the left, the K to the right, the $ superimposing the two. (Authorized by 1908 Convention — The official pin shall consist of a crown set of fifteen (15) whole pearls on a rose engraved and rose finished chased gold S and K. In dimensions, the total length to be seventeen (17) millimeters and the total height ten and one half (10^) millimeters.) Article hi. — Colors The Colors of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ X, shall be silver and magenta. Article iv. — Taxes. Section 1. Each member of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ X, shall pay into the treasury of the Grand Chapter fifteen dollars, which from members hereafter joining (January 1, 1921) shall be collected at the time of initiation, of which not to exceed ten dollars is to be used in publishing The Signet. No other tax on the members for the benefit of the Grand Chapter shall be assessed. 210 Phi Sigma Kappa Sec. 2. Money due from active members of the Chapters to the Grand chapter shall be collected by the Treasurers of the respective Chapters, and shall be by them turned over to the Treasurer of the Grand Chapter at the close of each * * * * Article v. — Solicitation of Fimds No chapter or member shall solicit funds outside of the active membership in Chapters, except by and with the advice and consent of the Council. Article vi. — Secret Portio?2s The secret portions of this Constitution shall be the Con- stitution of the Chapters; and any laws the Conventions may make as secret shall be so regarded and treated. Article vii. — Amendments This Constitution of the Phi Sigma Kappa, T^ -L, may be amended by two-thirds vote of a General Convention and the concurrence of three quarters of the Chapters. Article viii. — Headqtcarters The headquarters of the Fraternity shall be in the City of New York. THE GRAND CHAPTER Conventions and Officers First meeting, June 19, 1878, Amherst Presiding officer — Clay, Founder President — Charles Sumner Howe Secretary-treasurer — Alvan L. Fowler Second meeting, June 24, 1879, Amherst President — Charles Sumner Howe Secretary-treasurer — Alvan L. Fowler Historian — William C. Parker Third Meeting, June 22, 1881, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Secretary-treasurer — Burton A. Kinney Historian — Peter M. Harwood Fourth meeting, June 19, 1883, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Secretary-treasurer — Elisha A. Jones Historian — Peter M. Harwood Fifth meeting, June 22, 1885, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Secretary-treasurer — John Ashburton Cutter Historian — John Ashburton Cutter Sixth meeting, June 21, 1886, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Vice-president — ^Alvan L. Fowler Secretary-treasurer— William C. Parker Historian — John Ashburton Cutter 211 212 Phi Sigma Kappa Seventh meeting, June 20, 1887, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Vice-president — Arthur A. Brigham Secretary-treasurer — WilHam C. Parker Historian — John Ashburton Cutter First convention, June 18, 1888, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Vice-president — Brigham, Pi *'78 Secretary-treasurer — Duncan, Pi '86 Historian — Cutter, Pi '82 Second convention, March 22, 1889, New York President — Barrett, Founder Vice-president — Hutchens, Alden March t'86 Secretary-treasurer-historian — Cutter, Pi '82 Marshal — Delaney, Gamma '89 Third convention, October 25, 1889, New York President — Fowler, Pi '80 Vice-president — Hutchens, Alden March '86 Secretary-treasurer-historian — Cutter, Pi '82 Marshal — Delaney, Gamma '89 Auditor — Parker, Pi '80 Special convention, June 16 — 17, 1890, Amherst Fourth convention, February 20, 1891, Albany President — Happel, Alden March '90 Vice-president — ^Delaney, Gamma '89 Secretary-treasurer-historian — Cutter, Pi '82 Marshal — Bayard, Alden March '89 Auditor — Parker, Pi '80 Inductor — Le Fevre, Alden March '91 Fifth convention, December 1, 1892, Ithaca President — Barrett, Founder Vice-president — Armstrong, B '85 *0r Alpha tOr Beta The Grand Chapter 213 Secretary-historian — Cutter, A '82 Treasurer — Greenawalt, F '87 Auditor — Camden, A '92 Inductor — Huse, A '89 Sixth convention, June 19, 1893, Amherst President — Barrett, Founder Vice-president — Armstrong, B '85 Secretary-historian — Cutter, A '82 Treasurer — Greenawalt, F '87 Auditor — Camden, A '92 Inductor — Huse, A '89 Seventh convention, June 22, 1894, New Haven President — Armstrong, B '85 Vice-president — Barrett, Founder, Root, A '76 Secretary-historian — Cutter, A '82 Treasurer — Greenawalt, F '87 Auditor — Camden, A '92 Inductor— Huse, A '89, Price, E '93 Eighth convention, June 30, 1896, New York President— Vogel, F '91 Vice-president — Jones, A '94 Secretary-historian — Cutter, A '82 Treasurer — Greenawalt, F '87 Auditor— Loughran, B '90, Hackett, E '93 Inductor — Price, E '93, Loughran, B '90 Ninth convention, November 11 — ^12, 1898, New York President — Loughran, B '90 Vice-president — Thompson, A '72 Secretary — Vogel, F '91 Treasurer — Duggan, Z '90 Auditor — Barrett, Founder Inductor — Cutter, A '82 Tenth convention, May 18 — 19, 1900, Morgantown President — Cutter, A '82 Vice-president — ^Murray, H '94 214 Phi Sigma Kappa Secretary — Vogel, r '91 Treasurer — -Thompson, A '72 Auditor — Arnold, A '96 Inductor — Barrett, Founder Eleventh convention, November 14 — 15, 1902, Washington Council President — Worm, Z '98 Vice-president — Sullivan, A '00 Secretary — Ackerman, F '01 Goff, e '01 Treasurer — Farquhar, M '02 Auditor — Wachter, I '99 Inductor — ^Rich, Z '97 Court Barrett, Founder, Chancellor Cutter, A '82, Recorder Thompson, A '72 Vogel, r '91 Arnold, A '96 Murray, H '94 Twelfth convention, October 21 — 22, 1904, Philadelphia Council Court President — Vogel, F '91 Vice-president — Ranson, H '02 Secretary — Goff, '01 Treasurer — Mclntyre, M '04 Auditor— Wachter, I '99 Inductor — Curtis. F '03 Barrett, Founder, Chancellor Fowler, A '80, Recorder Thompson, A '72, Recorder Arnold, A '96, Loughran, B '90 Hackett, E '93 Murray, H '94 Thirteenth convention, November 9 — 10. 1906, Ithaca Council Court President — Vogel, F '01 Vice-president — Hartman, 11 '95 Secretary — Dyrsen, 9 '03 Treasurer — Mclntyre, M '04 Auditor — Barnes, E '95 Inductor — Lewis, I '01 Barrett, Founder, Chancellor Thompson, A '72, Recorder Hackett, E '93 Goff, e '01 Ranson, H '02 Worm, Z '98 Fourteenth convention, November (>- Council ■7. 1908, Lancaster Court President — Vogel, F '91 Vice-president — Boehm, IT '04 Secretary — Mclntyre, M '04 Thompson. A '(2. Chancellor Goff, B '01. Recorder Barrett, Founder The Grand Chapter 215 Treasurer — McLean, A '06 Auditor— McDonald, 9 '03 Inductor — Munsell, E '01 i\rmstrong, B '85 Worm, Z '98 Barnes, E '95 Fifteenth convention, November 11 — 12, 1910, Boston Council Court President — Vogel, T '91 Vice-president — Boehm, IT '04 Secretary — Mclntyre, M '04 Treasurer — McLean, A '06 Auditor— McDonald, '03 Inductor— Munsell, E '01 Armstrong, B '85; Chancellor Goff, e '01, Recorder Thompson, A '72 Barrett, Founder Root, A '76 Hackett, E '93 Sixteenth convention, November 15 — 16, 1912, Baltimore Council Court President— Mclntyre, M '04 Vice-president — McDonald, 9 '03 Secretary — McLean, A '06 Treasurer — Morgan, H '07 Auditor— Conley, B '91 Inductor — Boehm, 11 '04 Root, A '76, Chancellor Munsell, E '01, Recorder Barrett, Founder Thompson, A '72 Vogel, r '91 Farquhar, M '00 Seventeenth convention, October 15 — 17, 1914, Albany Council Court President — Conley, B '91 Vice-president — Farquhar, M '00 Secretary — Lowe, X '06 Treasurer — ^Lawrence, X '07 Auditor — McMahon, 9 '12 Inductor — Boehm, n '04 Root, A '76, Chancellor Mclntyre, M '04, Recorder Munsell, E '01, Morgan, H '07 Barrett, Founder Thompson, A '72 Vogel, r '91 Western Conclave, September 6 — 8, 1915, San Francisco Eighteenth convention, November 2 — -4, 1916, Worcester Council Court President — Conley, B '91 Vogel, T '91, Chancellor Vice-president — Burrows, A '03 Mclntyre, M '04, Recorder Secretary — Lowe,X'06,Rand,X'12 Root, A '76 Treasurer — Lawrence, X '07 Barrett, Founder 216 Phi Sigma Kappa Auditor— McMahon, 9 '12 Inductor— Banfield, O '07 Thompson, A '72, Lowe, X '06 Morgan, H '07 Nineteenth convention, November 11 — 13, 1920, Chicago Council President — Conley, B '91 Vice-president — Burrows, A '03 Secretary — ^Rand, X '12 Treasurer — Lawrence, X '07 Auditor — Brandes, A '19 Inductor — Otto, A '11 Court Mclntyre, M '04, Chancellor Morgan, H '07, Recorder Vogel, r '91 Lowe, X '06 Root, A '76 Farquhar, M '00 Twentieth convention, December 27 — -30, 1922, Washington. PHI SIGMA KAPPA IN WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA 1920 Emmet D. Boyle, HA '99, governor Charles Blaney Breed, O '97, engineer Arthur Amber Brigham, A '78, agriculturalist William Penn Brooks, Founder, agriculturalist William G. Brown, A '77, congressman Albert Franklin Burgess, A '95, entomologist Henry Seidel Canby, E '99, editor Frederick T. Clark, B '96, surgeon George Bruce Cortelyou, A '96, ex-Secretary of the Treasury Henry Andrews Cotton, H '99, medical director John Ashburton Cutter, A '82, physician Arthur Lyman Dean, E Gd., college president Alexander W. Duff, EA Hon., educator Stephen Pierce Duggan, Z '90, college professor Phanor James Eder, Z '99, lawyer Thomas Fell, S '87, college president Justus Watson Folsom, AA Hon., entomologist Hubert Bruce Fuller, A '03, lawyer Hermon C. Gordinier, B Hon., physician William J. Hamilton, BA '10, librarian Edwin M. Hartman, 11 '95, educator Edwin Werter Higgins, E '97, congressman Douglas R. Hobart, 6 '05, mechanical engineer Charles Sumner Howe, A '78, college president Albert Ernest Jenks, BA '97, anthropologist Clement Ross Jones, A '94, engineer Harvey Ernest Jordan, ^ Hon., embryologist Albert F. A. King, A '61, physician William Kirk, Y Hon., economist Archie Howard Kirkland, A '94, entomologist 217 218 Phi Sigma Kappa Howard Alexander La Moure, B '00, alienist Harold Strong Latham, 9 '09, author John Adams Lowe, X '06, librarian John Smith Lowe, H '05, clergyman Thomas Staples Martin, ^ Hon., senator Herbert Ashton McGraw, T '98, metallurgical engineer Earl Cory Michener, A '03, congressman Edward Furber Miller, O '98, engineer Veranus Alva Moore, F Hon., physician Austin Winfield Morrill, A '00, entomologist Charles W. Needham, A Hon., lawyer, college president Matthew Mansfield Neely, A '01, congressman Frank Lucius Packard, Z Hon., author George Amos Parker, A '76, park superintendent George Freeman Parmenter, A '00, chemist William Patten, T. Hon., zoologist Melville Davisson Post, A '91, author Benjamin F. Rice, A '95, lawyer Bernard Herman Ridder, 6 '03, publisher Edward Van Dyke Robinson, BA '90, economist Thomas William Salmon, B '99, physician Robert James Shores, F '03, editor Daniel Kerfoot Shute, A '84, physician Ralph Eliot Smith, A '94, plant pathologist George Edward Stone, A '86, botanist Edward Kellogg Strong, Jr., Q, '06, psychologist Henry Alvin Vieth, A '01, lawyer Herbert Judson White, A '87, clergyman Israel C. White, A '72, geologist Daniel Willard, A'82, railroad president THE CHAPTER IN ARMS This is the military record of the Phi Sigma Kappa as compiled and submitted by the various chapters. Since its appearance in The Signet it has been corrected by many of the men concerned. It has been edited somewhat in the interest of uniformity; the names of affiliates, for example, appearing only under their original chapter. It has been abridged to the extent of some campus enlistments as indicated on page 171 and of names unaccompanied by any detail of service in case the owners did not respond to the editor's personal request for information. And it is supplemented with data obtained largely direct from service men, but somewhat from the Signet chapter letters during the war. There follows a key to abbreviations: adj. -gen. adjutant general A. E. F American Expeditionary Forces Amb. Corps Ambulance Corps C. A Coast Artillery capt. captain C. E. F Canadian Expeditionary Forces C. I. P Corps Intelligence Police col colonel comdr commander C. W. S Chemical Warfare Service Den. Corps Dental Corps D. S. C Distinguished Service Certificate Engrs Engineers ens ensign F. A Field Artillery G. H. Q General Headquarters H. A Heavy Artillery Inf Infantry F. A. G Judge Advocate General It lieutenant 1. o. d in line of duty Med. Corps Medical Corps 219 220 Phi Sigma Kappa M. G. Bn .Machine Gun Battalion M. P Military Police M. T. C Motor Transport Corps Ord. Dept Ordnance Department O. T. S Officers' Training School Q. M. C Quartermaster Corps R. F. C Royal Flying Corps San. Corps Sanitary Corps S. D Sea Duty Sig. Corps Signal Corps U. S. N United States Navy (apparently loosely used for the following term) U. S. N. R. F United States Naval Reserve_Forces Vet. Corps Veterinary Corps Y. M. C. A Young Men's Christian Association ALPHA Josiah N. Hall, 78, major, Med. Dept. William F. Knowles, '82, major, Med. Dept. Daniel Willard, '82, col., Engrs., Trans. Dept. Harold L. Frost, '95, Red Cross, A. E. F. John R. Eddy, '97, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Allen N. Swain, '05, Red Cross, A. E. F. Frederick C. Peters, '07, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Roland H. Verbeck, '08, 1st It., Inf. Aero Squad., A. E. F. Horace N. Tucker, '09, O. T. S. Horace W. French, '10, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Chellis W. Stockwell, '10, Aviation, A. E. F. George P. Nickerson, '11, F. A., A. E. F. Phileas A. Racicot, '11, 1st It., C. W. S. John T. Finnegan, '12, Inf. David B. Heatley, 12, Inf., A. E. F. Edward J. Norris, '12, Inf. Charles C. Pearson, '12, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. William E. Philbrick, '12, 2d It., F. A. Harold F. Jones, '13, F. A. Roy K. Patch, '13, Med. Dept., A. E. F. Robert H. Chapon, '14, French Army, killed in action December 30, 1914. Robert N. Demond, '14, Inf., A. E. F. Almon M. Edgerton, '14, 2d It., F. A. Edward C. Edwards, '14, capt., Q. M. C. John G. Hutchinfeon, '14, Naval Aviation. Donald M. Munroe, '14, 2d It., Inf. John P. Palmer, '14, capt., Ord. Dept., F. A. Gardner M. Brooks, '15, 2d It., Inf. John C. Callard, '15, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Richard Fuller, '15, 2d It., instructor O. T. S. Raymond B. Griggs, '15, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Edwin K. Parker, '15, Engrs., A. E. F. Merrill C. Patten, '15, Aviation. Albert J. Tonry, '15, 2d It., Q. M. C, Med. Corps. The Chapter in Arms 221 Frank A. Anderson, '16, Naval Aviation. Walter E. Dodge, '16, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. John W. Murphy, '16, Engrs., A. E. F. Philip A. Plaisted, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Tyler S. Rogers, '16, 1st It., Q. M. C. Frank J. Scheufele, '16, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Howard G. Verbeck, '16, 1st It., Aviation. David H. Buttrick, '17, 2d It., Q. M. C. Francis G. Edwards, '17, capt.. Inf. Paul J. Haaren, '17, 1st It., Naval Aviation. Frank W. Mayo, '17, Inf. O. T. S. Louis W. Ross, '17, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Arthur D. Ruppel, '17, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Warner B. Sturtevant, '18, 2d It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. William H. Boaz, '18, capt., Inf. John A. Chapman, '18, 2d It., F. A. Ralph W. Harwood, '18, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Robert D. Hawley, '18, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Paul F. Hunnewell, '18, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Douglas H. Huntoon, '18, 2d It., Tank Corps. Philip L. Kirkham, '18, 2d It., San. Corps. Edward N. Mitchell, '18, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Addison C. Stowers, '18, F. A. Richard W. Thorpe, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Arthur D. Tilton, '18, 2d It., Inf. Wesley R. Warren, '18, U. S. N. George W. Anderson, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Kells S. Roland, '19, Engrs., A. E. F. Donald L. Campbell, '19, Italian Amb. Service. Italian War Cross. Robert D. Chisholm, '19, O. T. S. James P. Davies, '19, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Paul Faxon, '19, 2d It., Inf. Howard M. Goff, '19, instructor Harvard Radio School. William L. Kimball, '19, It., U. S. N. R. F. Elton J. Mansell, '19, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Donald Ross, '19, Aviation. Clifford A. Rowe, '19, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Clarence P. Whittle, '19, Aviation, A. E. F. Philip B. Armstrong, '20, 2d It., Inf. Donald C. Douglas, '20, Aviation. Charles H. Mallon, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Philip S. Newell, '20, C. A. George H. Richards, '20, Aviation. Ivan A. Roberts, '20, 2d It., Aviation, died from wounds October 1, 1918. John D. Snow, '20, 2d It.,* Aviation. Ralph S. Stedman, '20, O. T. S. Julius Kroeck, '21, Inf., A. E. F. Charles G. Mackintosh, '21, M. G. O. T. S. Paul M. Reed, '21, O. T. S. George J. Thyberg, '21, 2d It., F. A. Wallace L. Whittle, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Leverett S. Woodworth, '23, It., U. S. N. R. F. Gilbert E. Case, '25, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Veasey Peirce, '25, U. S. N. BETA Charles G. Briggs, '89, Red Cross, A.E.F., Croix de Guerre, died March 2, 1919, of disease contracted overseas. Charles E. Davis, '90, It. -col., Med. Corps. Frederick W. Loughran, '90, major, Med. Corps. 222 Phi Sigma Kappa Walter G. Murphy, '90, Red Cross, A. E. F. Frederick T. Clark, '96, major, Med. Corps. Waldo Sanford, '96, lt.-col.,_Med. Corps. Edward W. Becker, '97, major, Med. Corps. Robert L. Ellithrope, '97, capt., Med. Corps. John J. Beard, '97, capt., Med. Corps. H. Judson Lipes, '97, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F., three citations. James P. O'Brien, '98, major, Med. Corps. James F. Rooney, '98, major, Med. Corps. Joseph A. Lanahan, '99, capt., Med. Corps. Thomas W. Salmon, '99, col., Med. Corps, A. E. F., D. S. C. Joseph W. Moore, '01, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Francis Noonan, '05, major, Med. Corps. Floyd J. Atwell, '07, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. L. Herbert Gaus, '07, It. -col., Med. Corps, A. E. F., divisional citation. Eugene F. McGillian, '09, It.-comdr., U. S. N., A. E. F. James G. McGillicuddy, '09, 1st It., Med. Corps. Eugene F. Connally, '10, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Arthur C. Cooke, '10, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F., distinguished service cross. Ray M. Eaton, '11, capt., Med. Corps, B. E. F., A. E. F., British Mons Medal. Clayton L. Gifford, '11, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Charles E. Maxwell, '11, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. William Trotter, '12, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Rufus B. Grain, '12, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F., British Military Cross. William Seward, '12, 1st It., Med. Corps. Alson J. Hull, '13, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F., British Military Cross, D. S. C. N. Y. Conspicuous Service Cross, two divisional citations. Eugene F. Hull, '13, 1st It., Med. Corps, died of disease October 18, 1918. E. Harrison Ormsby, '13, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Robert E. Plunkett, '13, major, Med. Corps. Guy B. Van Alstyne, '13, 1st It., Med. Corps. Frank J. Williams, '13, 1st It., Med. Corps. John K. Crandall, '14, capt., Med. Corps. Parker A. Groff, '14, 1st It., Med. Corps. Robert W. Helm, '14, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F, Harry V. Judge, '14, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Robert Reid, '14, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. James I. Schoonmaker, '14, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Stephen H. Curtis, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Loyal L. Dunlop, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps. Lawrence J. Earley, '15, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. John E. Heslin, '15, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F., one citation. Stanley M. King, '15, capt., Med. Corps, B. E. F., A. E. F. William A. Nealon, '15, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F., two divisional citations. Hom.er Rexford, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps. William P. Sweenev, '15, capt., Med. Corps, B. E. F., A. E. F. Harold A. Bancroft, '16, 1st It., Med. Corps. Fletcher A. Blanchard, '16, F. A., O. T. S. John M. Hemstead, '16, 1st It., Med. Corps. Ambrose J. Kelly, '16, A. E. F. Charles A. Krauss, '16, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Donald McKenna, '16, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Timothy O'Connor, '16, 2d It., A. E. F., killed in action October 1918. Harold A. Peck, '16, capt., Med. Corps, B. E. F. Howard B. Swan, '16, 1st It., Med. Corps. Harold G. Wentworth, '16, Inf. Theodore S. West, '16, capt., Med. Corps. Stanley E. Alderson, '17, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. James M. Bernhard, '17, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Earle G. Clarke, '17, U. S. N. Norman S. Cooper, '17, U. S. N. The Chapter in Arms 223 Howard W. Davis, '17, 1st It., Med. Corps. James M. Noonan, '17, 2d It., Inf. George T. Polk, '17, It. s.g., U. S. N., A. E. F. William F. Pritchard, '17, U. S. N. John H. Robertson, '17, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Norman L. Sheehe, '17, 1st It., Med. Corps. Ralph W. Turner, '17, 1st It., Med. Corps, died of disease October, 1918. Charles Higley, '18, It., U. S. N. Joseph Besch, '20, Med. Corps, A. E. F. John Mattice, '19, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Charles McGovern, '19, Q. M. C. Frank M. Noonan, '19, 1st It., Tank Corps. John J. Dignan, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Harold E. Marden, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Thomas Morris, '20, Inf. J. Gorton Seabury, '20, F. A. Edward R. Waite, '20, Inf., C. E. F. Ernest Bell, '21, Aviation. James C. D'Aprile, '21, F. A., A. E. F. George W. Harder, '22, Inf., A. E. F. Daniel Murphy, '22, Q. M. C. Edward G. Dillon, '23, U. S. N. R. F. John Q. Donahue, '23, O. T. S. Julian Erway, '24, Marines, A. E. F. - Gilbert W. Welsh, '2-4, Inf., A. E. F. Edwin P. Neilson, '25, M. T. C, A. E. F. GAMMA Ralph F. Nourse, '95, It., Naval Aviation, A. E. F. John T. Graff, '97, major, Sig. Corps. Harry C. Hazlett, '02, Naval Aviation. John G. Utz, '02, M. T. C, A. E. F. Clarence F. Hirshfeld, '05, It. -col., Ord. Dept. Allen L. Malone, '05, ens., U. S. N. L. G. Van Nostrand, '05, capt., Engrs., Tank Corps, A. E. F. Stephen J. Tydeman, '06, ens., U. S. N. Charles W. Linsley, '07, It., U. S. N. R. F. Oliver S. Bruce, '08, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Arthur H. Leavitt, '08, major, M. T. C. Loring R. Hoover, '09, capt., Inf. Edwin S. Crosby, '10, capt., Ord. Dept. Paul L. Reinhardt, '10, U. S. N. R. F. De Lancey Bentley, '11, 1st It., Cav. Samuel J. Chesebro, '11, O. T. S. Clarence H. Cull, '11, It. j. g., U. S. N. Edmund S. Higgins, '11, 1st It., Inf. Clarence A. Hoornbeck, '12, 1st It., Inf. Albert F. Meehan, '12, 2d It., Inf. Williard W. Teasdale, '12, F. A. O. T. S. Robert D. Clapp, '13, Aviation. Frank C. Cornet, '13, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Robert L. Schultz, '13, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Edward R. Thompson, '13, 2d It., M. G. Bn. Robert A. Doyle, '14, major, F. A. Harold B. Merz, '14, 1st It., Aviation, killed in airplane accident January 2, 1919. David C. Proctor, '14, capt., U. S. A. Arthur W. Doyle, '15, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Louis A. Love, '15, 2d It., San. Corps. Charles M. Phinney, '15, It., H. A., A. E. F. Albert E. Purchas, Jr., '15, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F., killed in action July 18, 1918. 224 Phi Sigma Kappa Roland E. Waller, '15, ens., Naval Aviation. Harold P. Wilson, '15, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., died from exposure March 1918. Edmund Burke, '16, Sig. Corps. Joseph K. Inness, '16, Naval Aviation. John A. Moffit, '16, Naval Aviation. Harold R. Pouch, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. P., died from wounds November 21, 1918. Eugene B. Reed, '16, 2d It., C. A. Byder W. Wilde, '16, U. S. N. R. F. George H. Bockius, '17, It. j. g., Naval Aviation. J. Van B. Cropsey, '17, Amb. Corps Russell F. Dixon, '17, Aviation, A. E. F. Robert E. Mackenzie, '17, 2d It., Tank Corps. Robert H. Noah, '17, 1st It., M. T. C. Robert L. Strebel, '17, 1st It., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. John W. Upp, '17, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. George M. Dickson, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Robert R. Jones, '18, 2d It., Cav. John S. Knight, '18, M. T. C, A. E. F. Robert C. Moffit, '18, 1st It., M. T. C. Manning S. Taite, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Harold J. Bradley, '19, 2d It., Ord. Dept. P. Schuyler Briggs, '19, U. S. N. R. F., A. E. F., Croix d'Hins. M. Lawrence Chenoweth, '19, 1st It., Inf. Louis W. Dawson, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Robert H. Everhard, '19, 2d It., Aviation. Henry A. M. Faber, '19, Marines. Edgar W. Neu, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., Croce de Guerra (Italian). Willard C. Peare, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Fayette E. Brown, '20, U. S. N. Edward L. Bullard, '20, It., Aviation, died from injuries in accident April 8, 1919. Paul E. Fitzpatrick, '20, Naval Aviation. Albert R. Gaus, '20, Q. M. C, Naval Aviation. James A. Hutchinson, '20, M. T. C. Geoffrey Knight, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Thomas E. Moffit, '20, Naval Aviation. Charles A. Norris, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Richard E. Mack, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Edward C. Blackman, '23, U. S. N. R. F. DELTA George M. Alexander, '92, capt., Ord. Dept. William Wickline, '93, Med. Corps. Macker Babb, '94, It. -col., Med. Corps. Jackson Arnold, '96, col.. Inf., A. E. F. Henry M. Leps, '96, It., F. N. C. Harry A. Eaton, '97, col.. Inf. George S. Wallace, '97, It.-coL, J. A. G., A. E. F. Edward B. Carskadon, '99, major, F. A. Harry A. Garrison, '01, comdr., U. S. N., .\. E. F. Joseph W. Lyons, '05, 1st It., Inf. W. Byrd Hunter, '08, capt., Med. Corps. Creed C. Sheppard, '09, col., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Willie G. Harper, '10, 1st It., Med. Corps. John T. Morgan, '10, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Waitman F. Zinn, '11, capt. Jackson V. B. Blair, '12, Aviation. WilHiam J. Brennan, '13, 1st It., F. A. Harold B. Marr, '13, 1st It., A. E. F. Clyde L. Walker, '14, It., Aviation. The Chapter in Arms 225 Joseph Wilkinson, '14, major, F. A. Ernest F. Gott, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps. Fred M. Jamison, '15, F. A., A. E. F. Charles E. Mahan, '15, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Joseph S. Miller, '15, C. W. S. H. Pearson Mullennex, '15, F. A. O. T. S. Guy Peoples, '15, It., Inf., died at Camp Sherman. Grover C. Trail, '15, 2d It., Inf. George R. Ayers, '16, It., Aviation, A. E. F. Dale H. Hamilton, '16, Aviation. Harold W. Merritt, '16, It., Sig. Corps. Ernest Morton, '16, It. Joseph A. Ayers, '17, It., Inf., A. E. F. Jan.es C. Cox, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Charles B. Deveny, '17, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Ulysses A. Knapp, '17, m.ajor. Inf., A. E. F. J. Guy Leidig, '17, U. S. N., S. D. F. Lionel Thomas, '17, 2d It., F. A. E. Gray Huffman, '18, Inf., A. E. F. Forrest D. Knapp, '18 capt.. Inf. Warren V. Lamb, '18, Aviation. Arthur G. Stone, '18, 2d It., F. A. Edward D. W^oodyard, '18, Ord. Dept. Russell B. Bailey, '19, H. A. O. T. S. Benjam.in O. Johns, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Harold H. Kane, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Claude A. Latham, '19, Med. Corps. James A. Vassar, '19, Med. Corps, A. E. F. William J. Garden, '20, Q. M. C. Jam.es L. Cowl, '20, U. S. N., S. D. Preston G. Gandy, '20, It., Aviation. Earl T. Halloran, '20, It., Aviation, A. E. F. Hubert H. Kidd, '20, 2d It. Anderson D. Meadows, '20, O. T. S. Andrew J. Sheppard, '20, 2d It., F. A., died of disease October 11, 1918. John O. Theiss, '20, F. A. O. T. S. William M. Thom.asson, '20, Engrs., A. E. F. Ernest W. Graham, '21, C. A. O. T. S. Dewey D. Hamilton, '21, 1st It., InL Roy A. Bell, '22, A. E. F. Louis A. McKee, '22, Aviation. William B. Gaston, '22, Engrs., A. E. F. Leslie Lyall, '23, Med. Corps. Ola Robins, '23, Med. Corps, A. E. F. R. Stuart Van Metre, '23, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Dana M. Hicks, '24, U. S. N., Med. Corps. EPSILON Albert J. Kenyon, '91, It., s. g., U. S. N. William S. Barnes, '95, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Laurent Lowenberg, '97, capt., Engrs. Richard M. English, '98, major, C. A., A. E. F. Samuel N. Spring, '98, Y. M. C. A., A. E. F. Henry S. Canby, '99, Y. M. C. A., A. E. F. Frank M. Adams, '02, capt., Med. Corps. Arthur C. Jones, '05, U. S. N. R. F. Harold M. Roberts, '05, 2d It., Inf. Elliott H. Wendell, '05, Red Cross, A. E. F. George W. Hotchkiss, '06, 1st It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. 226 Phi Sigma Kappa Rufus F. Maddux, '06, It.-col., C. W. S., A. E. F., 4 Bronze Stars Victory Medal, Olaf Medal, Norway. Arthur C. Wells, '06, capt., C. W. S. Richard T. Baum, '07, Amb. Corps with Italian Army, two Italian war crosses. Augustus C. Downing, '07, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Edward G. B. Fox, '07, capt., Sig. Corps, A. E. F. James McH. Rauers, '07, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Douglas C. Arnold, '08, capt., Engrs. R. Graham Biglow, '08, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Walston C. Brown, '08, ens., U. S. N. George H. Bunker, '08, capt., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Luke C. Doyle, '09, major, San. Corps, A. E. F., Croix de Guerre, D. S. AI. Philip H. Hedges, '09, F. A. Rudolph Stanley-Brown, '09, capt., F. A., A. E. F. John N. Toucey, '09, 1st It., Ord. Dept. Laurence Watts, '09, major, C. A. Reed M. Brown, '10, O. T. S. Arthur D. Elliot, '10, capt., Ord. Dept. Richard N. Hall, '10, 1st It., F. A. John P. Henderson, '10, O. T. S. Oswald Jim.enis, '10, ens., U. S. N. R. F., A. E. F. Hugh M. Matheson, '09, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Fletcher H. Wood, '10, O. T. S. Robert P. Bonnie, '11, capt., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Howard S. Brainerd, '11, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F. Walter Geer, '11, Inf. Stanhope S. Goddard, '11, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Charles B. Lansing, '11, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Roy A. Mackinnon, '11, 1st It., O. T. S. Charles G. Mills, '11, Aviation. Charles K. Moore, '11, 2d It., Inf. Howard F. Murchie, '11, 2d It., Aviation. Guier S. Wright, '12, Inf., A. E. F. Ashley D. Adams, '12, It., j. g., U. S. N., A. E. F., commended by Admiral Sims. H. Boardman Conover, '12, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Charles E. Conway, '12, F. A., cited by Generals Edwards and Pershing. Byron H. Coolidge, '12, Engrs., A. E. F. Edward E. Dickinson, '12, It., j. g., U. S. N. Alexander A. Gay, '12, F. A., A. E. F. Woodling M. Hauser, '12, O. T. S. C. Palmer Jaffrey, '12, O. T. S. G. Elkins Knable, '12, major, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. John S. Loomis, '12, capt., Engrs. Frederick C. Lyman, '12, major, F. A., A. E. F. Lucian Piatt, '12, 2d It., Engrs., died in camp October 9, 1918. Josiah D. Thompson, '12, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Herbert H. Vreeland, '12, major, F. A., A. E. F. William T. Bahlman, '13, Engrs. Louis D. Bailly-Blanchard, '13, Inf., A. E. F. Wallace Bigelow, '13, 2d It., M. T. C. Frederick H. Glover, '13, C. W. S. George A. Gore, '13, capt., F. A., A. E. F., Croix de GueiTe, two citations. Franklin H. Loomis, '13, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Herndon J. Norris, '13, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Howard Pyle, '13, Inf., A. E. F. Austin Bryant Reeve, '13, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. William Seymour, '13, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Edgar B. Tolman, '13, capt., Engrs., A. E. F". Harold L. Williamson, '13, 1st It., C. A. Peyton R. Anness, '14, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 227 Kenneth A. Christian, '14, 1st It., Ord. Dept. P. Moody Clarkson, '14, 1st It., C. A., A. E. F. Milton L. Dodge, '14, 1st It., C. A., A. E. F. Ralph G. Farrell, '14, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Howard W. Haggard, '14, capt., C. W. S. F. Gregory Hartswick, '14, Q. M. C., A. E. F. Robert D. Hunter, '14, ens.. Naval Aviation. George C. Seeley, '14, 1st It., C. A., A. E. F., French citation. Brooks Shepard, '14, capt., C. I. P. George W. Titzell, '14, 2d It., Aviation. Norman Wallace, '14, O. T. S. Frederick S. Bailey, '15, ens., U. S. N. Malcolm G. Brooks, '15, Aviation, A. E. F. John R. Bryden, '15, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. F. Dayton Canfield, '15, ens., Naval Aviation. Donald Cooksey, '15, 2d It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Gerald I. Cutler, '15, Y. M. C. A., French Army. Caldwell H. Fisk, '15, 1st It., Sig._ Corps, A. E. F. William L. Kenly, '15, 1st It., Aviation. George R. Metclaf, '15, capt., Ord. Dept. George H. Nettleton, '15, Naval Aviation, A. E. F. William J. Norris, '15, Med. Corps. Robert C. Pauly, '15, 2d It., Gas Defense Service, A. E. F. Elliot S. Phillips, '15, ens.. Naval Aviation. Cerighton W. Ryerson, '15, ens.. Naval Aviation. Frederick P. Wheeler, '1*5, Morgan Harjes Amb. Corps, A. E. F. William P. Anderson, '16, 2d It., Engrs., A. E. F. George H. Chamberlain, '16, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Earle M. Craig, '16, O. T. S. John Garey, '16, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Freeborn G. Jewett, '16, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Charles E. Lyman, '16, 2d It., Inf. Frederick D. Seymour, '16, Naval Aviation. James P. Walden, '16, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Wheelock Whitney, '16, capt., F. A., A. E. F. John Bister, '17, Q. M. C. Edward C. Bullard, '17, Ord. Dept. Stuart H. Caldwell, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. William R. Chappell, '17, 2d It., C. W. S. William C. Foy, '17, O. T. S. Charles G. Greenhalgh, '17, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F., Croix de Guerre and citation. Charles L. Hunter, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Howard A. Miller, '17, ens., U. S. N. Harold C. Parks, '17, 2d It., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Rollin G. Plumb, '17, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Edwin F. Thrall, '17, It., j. g., U. S. N. George K. Viall, '17, 2d It., F. A. Hobart W. R. Wheeler, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Andrew H. Blackmore, '18, 2d It., F. A. Donald R. Brown, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. David H. Buffum, '18, F. A., A. E. F. Lucius H. Collins, '18, sous It., French Artillery, Croix de Guerre. Russell P. Crothers, '18, ens., U. S. N. Thomas H. Hascall, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Artemas J. Haynes, '18, U. S. N. R. F. William J. Hearn, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Llewellyn W. Jones, '18, F. A., A. E. F. Henry C. Kenly, '18, 1st It., Inf., F. A., Aviation. Franklin C. Leonard, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Hubbard Lynch, '18, U. S. N. R. F. 228 Phi Sigma Kappa James E. Malloy, '18, O. T. S. Kenneth B. Ris, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Carl Sholtz, '18, U. S. N. R. F. William Skinner, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Herbert R. Soderston, '18, It., French Escadrille. Wharton C. F. Smith, '18. ens., U. S. N. R. F. LeRoy H. Sm.ith, '18, 2d It., F. A. William, B. Stevens, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Arthur J. Underwood, '18, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Charles B. Weed, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Ernest V. Becker, '19, 2d It., A. E. F. Franklin E. Coe, '19, U. S. N. R. F. George H. Ennis, '19, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Georee B. Greer, '19, 2d It., C. A. Roger S. Lynch, '19, 2d It., F. A. Warner K. Morgans, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Walter R. C. Russert, '19, Engrs. Wallace E. Sarran, '19, 2d It., F. A. Frank S. Sherwood, '19, ens., Naval Aviation. John M. Wadhmas, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Dexter D. Coffin, '20, U. S. N. R. F. John R. Freeman. '20, U. S. N. R. F. Edgar P. Hetzler, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Philip B. Jameson, '20, U. S. N. R.F. Henry M. Simmons, '20, O. T. S. Robert B. Strahan, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Lloyd V. Young, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Theodore M. Bray, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Edward J. Farrington, '21, 2d It., Inf. Graham T. Mehaffey, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Malcolm J. Boyle, '22, 2d It., F. A. Alexander S. Chamberlain, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Walter T. Collins. '23, A. E. F. Harold B. Whipp, '23, Amb. Corps, French Army. ZETA Kinzie B. Edmunds, '00, col., Cav. Mortimer Boyle, '01, It. -col.. Inf., A. E. F., regimental and divisional citations. Tames F. Grattan, '09, major, Med. Corps. • Maurice J. Duffy, '10, 1st It., Inf. Girard J. Gaynor, '11, Inf., A. E. F. Austin J. McDonald, '12, Inf., A. E. F., killed in action. Walter Sears, '12, Inf., A. E. F. Herman A. Harris, '13, Inf. Frederick M. Schwerd, '13, 1st It., Cav. George K. Shields, '13, Inf., A. E. F. Murray C. Wheat, '13, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F., killed In action. James Donoghue, '14, 1st It., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Wlllard E. Roth, '14, U. S. N. Henry A. Manz, '15, ens., U. S. N. Harold M. Cahill, '16, Marines. Hugh J. Ennis, '16, capt.. Inf. Edward Frey, '16, Engrs., A. E. F. William J. Gavin, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Gordon G. Agnew, '17, Med. Corps. William H. Jones, '17, O. T. S., died of disease August 3, 1917. Francis V. Kear, '17, Inf., A. E. F. Anthony Bonano, '18, Inf., A. E. F., killed In action. David Hervey, '18, U. S. N. Jesse F. Kaufman, '18, Inf., A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 229 Harold M. Kennedy, '18, It., s. g., U. S. N. Alfred N. Appleby, '19, U. S. N. Winchester DeVoe, '19, Naval Radio. John Finnell, '19, Inf., A. E. F. Alexander J. Hogg, '19, 1st It., Q. M. C. Daniel McMonagle, '19, Med. Corps. George A. Sheehan, '19, U. S. N. William C. Youmans, '19, Inf., A. E. F. Carl A. Blom, '20, Med. Corps. Frederick C. Carruth, '20, Inf. J. Lestlie Melden, '20, ens., U. S. N. Dominick E. Rowan, '20, 2d It., Inf. _ Francis J. Sweeney, '20, Naval Aviation. Frederick Griswold, '21, capt., Cav. Walter H. Resler, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Robert L. Craig, '23, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Joseph A. Modr, '24, Cav. Robert E. Evans, '25, Cav. ETA William N. Bispham, '97, It. -col., Med. Corps, three citations. Henry A. Cotton, '99, major, Med. Corps. Nathan Winslow, '01, major, Med. Corps. Stephen R. Donohoe. '02, capt., Med. Corps., A. E. F. Arthur M. Shipley, '02, It.-col., Med. Corps, A. E. F., citation. Phillip Lee Travers, '02, capt., Med. Corps. Hugh W. Brent, '03, capt. German H. H. Emory, '03, major. Inf., A. E. F., D. S. C, killed in action November 1, 1918. William D. Scott, '04, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Jam.es G. Matthews, '05, m.ajor, Med. Corps. Edgar A. Vey, '06, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Frank S. Lynn, '07, It., Med. Corps. William Culbert Lyon, '07, It., Med. Corps. Harry B. Gantt, '08, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Eugene Bascom Wright, '09, capt., Med. Corps. Erasmus H. Kloman, '10, major, Med. Corps. George Lewis Stickney, '10, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F., G. O. No. 201 G. H. Q., G. O. No. 1, 1st Div. Ralph C. Truitt, '10, capt., Med. Corps. Charles B. Bosley, '11, It., j. g., U. S. N. Raym.ond G. Hussey, '11, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. George Y. Massenburg, '11, 1st It., Med. Corps, Cross of Regina Maria (Rumania) Arthur Clay Foard, '12, capt.. Den. Corps. J. Edward Hubbard, '12, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. John F. M. Keighley, '12, capt.. Den. Corps, A. E. F. W. Howard Yeager, '12, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Francis Fowler Callahan, '13, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F., British Military Cross. William Houston Toulson, '13, capt., Med. Corps, B. E. F., A. E. F. William E. BockmiUer, '14, C. A., A. E. F. Clark S. Bogart, '14, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Frank R. Bristol, '14, Med. Corps, A. E. F. John H. Frederick, '14, capt., Den. Corps. Frank M. Wilson, '14, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Charles Augustus Young, '14, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Franklin B. Anderson, '15, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Hickman Ray, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Bruce Campbell Lightner, '15, Med. Corps, A. E. F. 230 Phi Sigma Kappa John J. Purcell, '15, 1st It., Den. Corps. Charles Hammon Burton, '16, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Allen D. Lazenby, '16, capt., Med. Corps. Everett L. Smith, '16, capt.. Den. Corps. Charles H. Claiborne, '17, 1st It., Den. Corps, A. E. F. Burton H. R. Randall, '17, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Warder A. Hall, '18, 1st It., Med. Corps. Howard L. Hurst, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Richard C. Parks, '18, Naval Aviation. Arthur W. Phinney, '18, 1st It., Den. Corps. Ralph George Beachley, '19, Med. Corps. Everett H. Garey, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Norris C. King, '21, Inf., A. E. F. Francis Edward Wheeler, '21, C. A., A. E. F. William H. Bovey, '22, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., American Field Service Medal, French "Volunteer" Medal, Section Citation, Croix de Guerre. William C. Terhune, '22, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. William R. Callaway, '23, C. A. W. G. Read MuUan, '23, A. E. F. Alfred H. Sheppe, '23, Inf., A. E. F., one citation. Allen H. Thorn, '23, M. T. C. James W. Nelson, '24, It., Inf., A. E. F. Edwin S. Woodyard, '24, A. E. F. Ross D. Van Auken, '25, U. S. N., S. D. THETA Edward DanfoAh, '02, 1st It., Med. Corps. Samuel R. Fowler, '02, capt., Med. Corps. George F. Miles, '04, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Clarence R. O'Crbwley, '04, capt., Med. Corps. Augustus Rogers, '04, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Guy Bates, '05, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Thomas J. Brady, '05, 1st It., Marines. Ronald F. Riblet, '05, F. A. Nelson K. Benton, '06, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Walter J. Brennan, '06, Ord. Dept. Paul A. Buttrick, '06, Y. M. C. A., A. E. F. Frank W. Chambers, '06, Q. M. C, O. T. S. Theodore Kilian, '06, 2d It., F. A. Frederick N. Bolles, '07, It.-comdr., U. S. N. Fred W. Hausmann, '07, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Charles E. Miller, '07, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Joseph E. Ridder, '07, Q. M. C, O. T. S. Ralph Dudley, '08, capt., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Adolph G. E. Hanke, '08, U. S. N. Harold C. E. Foeller, '09, C. W. S. Thomas C. Morgan, '09, Inf., A. E. F. Arthur B. Moss, '09, chaplain, B. E. F. Edward B. Riblet, '09, capt.. Den. Corps. Fidencio Smithers, '09, Inf., A. E. F. Curtis F. Columbia, '10, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Arthur N. Giegerich, '10, 1st It., Ord. Dept. Elmer C. Goodwin, '10, It., U. S. N. R. F. Herman L. Heide, '10, 1st It., C. W. S. John H. Marchmont, '10, 2d It., Q. M. C. James H. Minor, '10, F. A., A. E. F. A. V. Feireira, '11, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Joseph B. Reillv, '11, 2d It., Aviation. Ridgley Hunt, '12, 2d It., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Daniel F. McMahon, '12, 2d It., F. A. The Chapter in Arms 231 Egbert B. Griffin, '13, Inf., A. E. F. Charles Richter, '13, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Ernest A. Barth, '14, U. S. N. R. F. Jay Botsford, '14, 1st It., Ord. Dept. Cyril J. Brown, '14, ens. U. S. N. Norman Cleary, '14, 2d It., Tank Corps. Frederick R. Demarest, '14, 2d It., Inf. Walter C. Goodwin, '14, ens., U. S. N. Kenneth M. Kearney, '14, 2d It., Royal Flying Corps, killed in airplane accident February, 1918. Ralph Kiely, '14, It., U. S. N., Chevalier Legion of Honor. Adelbert F. Smithers, '14, 1st It., C. VV. S., A. E. F. v Ralph L. Dublin, '15, Ord. Dept. Clifford F. Barton, '16, 1st It., M. T. C, A. E. F. Carleton P. Flickinger, '16, ens., Naval Aviation. Albert M. Johanson, '16, Med. Corps. Roland W. Richards, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Norton Thayer, '16, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. John K. Allen, '17, 2d It., Inf. August S. Barth, '17, ens., U. S. N. Victor N. Barton, '17, It., U. S. N. H. Morton Cronk, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Ray Freeman Jenney, '17, chaplain. Inf., A. E. F., D. S. C. Theophilus Johnson, '17, U. S. N. R. F. Arthur J. Kirwan, '17, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Porter C. Murphy, '17, Med. Corps. Thomas A. Robinson, '17, 2d It., Aviation, Anib. Service, A. E. F. Joseph M. Shimmon, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Frank Springmever, '17, 1st It., F. A. Roland E. Bell, '18, F. A., A. E. F. John H. Halpin, '18, 1st It., Aviation. Louis R. Mann, '18, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. John G. McNaught, '18, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Arthur S. Nelson, '18, InL, A. E. F. T. Arnold Robinson, '18, 2d It., Amb. Service, A. E. F. Francis L. Sullivan, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Jack D. Valentine, '18, ens., U. S. N. Rutherford M. Baker, '19, 1st It., Tank Corps, A. E. F. Eugene A. Giard, '19, ens., U. S. N. Henry G. Hoberg, '19, 2d It., F. A. Ralph Graham Kretschmar, '19, Inf., A. E. F. Paul H. Baer, '20, Inf., died in service. Raymond J. Daly, '21, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. George F. Frey, '21, Inf., A. E. F. Gordon W. McCathie, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Carl H. Scholermann, '21, U. S. N. Harry G. Flory, '22, 2d It., Inf. Ben Franklin, '22, Inf., A. E. F., divisonal citation. H. Vincent Wilks, '22, 2d It., F. A. W. McKinley Bullivant, '23, Amb. Service, A. E. F., Italian War Cross. Arthur Farrell, '23, Med. Corps, A. E. F. James Gordon Gibbs, '24, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. William H. Gibbs, '24, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Carl Carneval, '25, U. S. N. R. F. Jack Farrell, '25, Inf. IOTA Henry A. Horwood, '03, capt. Wallace M. Kendrick, '09, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Bernard V. Pfeiffer, '10, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. 232 Phi Sigma Kappa William F. Scully, '10, Inf. Carl H. Lambelet, '11, capt., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Harry Unkles, '12, 1st It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Thomas R. Fagan, '13, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Waldemar G. Nichols, '13, Engrs., A. E. F. Harold B. Rundle, '13, Inf., A. E. F. Frank W. Smith, '13, ens., U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Fred J. Southard, '13, F. A., A. E. F. Eugene B. McLaughlin, '14, 1st It., M. P., A. E. F. Frank E. Hutcheon, '15, ens.. Naval Aviation, A. E. F. Hans R. Jaeggli, '15, Engrs., A. E. F. Em.ile P. Landru, '15, C. I. P., A. E. F. Kenneth Lawrence, '15, C. A., A. E. F. George S. Maynard, '15, It., U. S. N. Herbert M. Appleton, '16, 2d It., Sig. Corps,_ A. E. F. Stephen R. Warner, '16, It., Aviation, killed in aeroplane accident Aoril 24, 1918. Jam.es M. Wilcox, '16, ens., U. S. N. Ronald B. Brown, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Walter J. Igoe, '17, C. A., A. E. F. Charles J. McElroy, '17, Ord. Dept. Edward F. Miller, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Hugh S. Tavlor, '17, 2d It., Tank Corps, A. E. F. Harry J. Bauer, '18, ens., U. S. N. John H. Bruning, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Roland I. Dunn, '18, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Thomas L. Gorman, '18, M. T. C, A. E. F. Herbert L. Peter, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Leslie F. Kroeger, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Thomas N. O'Connell, '19, C. I. P., A. E. F. H. G. Schutzendorf, '19, U. S. N. - . Charles W. Struppman, '19, U. S. N. Herbert Vermilya, '19, C. A. Martin T. Williams, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Cornelius B. Contant, '20, Naval Aviation. John P. Cosgrove, '20, Ord. Dept. Fred H. De Voe, '20, U. S. N. R. F., A. E. F., died February 20, 1919 of disease contracted in France. George P. Morse, '20, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F. Bryan W. Prall, '20, 2d It., Aviation. Wendell W. Clinedinst, '21, 2d It., M. T. C. Robert K. Davis, '21, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Albert W. Ferre, '21, 1st It., Inf. Howeth T. Ford, '21, U. S. N. Davis Edward Bantz, '22, U. S. N. R. F. John R. Hemion, '22, Tank Corps, A. E. F. Frederick Norton, '22, ens., Merchant Auxiliary Service. KAPPA Charles H. Bassler, '01, capt.. Telephone Bn., A. E. F. Ralph C. Davison, '02, Q. M. C, A. E. F. Herman H. Hanson, '02, San. Corps. Robert L. Streeter, '02, col., Ord. Dept. Miles I. Killmer, '06, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. James A. Howland, '09, capt., Q. M. C. Herman E. Long, '11, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. James MilhoUand, '11, F. A., A. E. F. Richard C. Harlow, '12, 2d It., Inf. Edward F. Guilford, '13, capt.. Inf. Harold S. Rogers, '13, 2d It., Engrs., A. E. F. John N. Devoe, '14, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 233 Harry H. Wetzel, '14, Sig. Corps. Gustav H. Grabe, '15, 2d It., M. T. C. Merrill C. Lee, '15, capt., C. A. Lloyd H. Schultz, '15, Aviation. Donald E. Shock, '15, C. W. S. John M. Bowman, '16, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Benjamin H. Engle, '16, capt., Inf. George Hesselbacher, '16, 1st It., Q. M. C. Ralph N. Lincoln, '16, 1st It., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Ray N. McNulty, '16, 1st It., Den. Corps, A. E. F. Arnold J. Stevens, '16, 2d It., Ord. Dept. Blake E. Williams, '16, Engrs., A. E. F. Guy S. Hoffman, '17, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. William O. Reitz, '17, Ord. Dept., O. T. S. Joseph S. Robinson, '17, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Walter Schumacker, '17, It., F. A. John F. Trainer, '17, 1st It. Walter S. Gross, '18, Ord. Dept. Samuel M. Linn, '18, Vet. Corps, A. E. F. Parker H. Lutz, '18, 2d It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. John C. McAllister, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Samuel W. Neff, '18, Naval Aviation. Sterling M. Palm, '18, 1st It.. A. E. F. Leon F. Babcock, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Thomas C. Kern, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., Croce de Guerra. J. Penrose Laws, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Lewis R. McDowell, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Russel S. Norris, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Arthur Stoeltzing, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Warren S. Ward, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. John C. Barcklow, '20, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. George O. Julin, '20, C. W. S. Arthur G. McKelvey, '20, Ord. Dept. Richard D. Osborne, '20, U. S. N. Frans N. Wolf, '20, Inf. Harry W. Crum, '21, C. W. S. Ralph E. Irving, '21, Cav. Ralph McClintic, '21, U. S. N. Carl A. Rishell, '21, U. S. N. Adolph Snyder, '21, Inf. Harold Tietrick, '22, Inf. Allen Zook, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Marshall Gatchell, '23, U. S. N. R. F. George D. Hynes, '23, U. S. N. R. F. Jacob H. Linn, '23, Inf., A. E. F. LAMBDA A. Coulter Wells, '98, capt., C. I. P. Glenn E. Husted, '99, 2d It., Inf. Charles A. Ragan, '00, It. -col., Med. Corps. William T. Davis, '01, major, Med. Corps. Henry W. Tobias, '01, major, Med. Corps. Charles L. Foster, '02, col., Med. Corps, A. E. F., D. S. M., Legion of Honor. Charles E. Parsons, '02, comdr., U. S. N., citation. John Lewis Smith, '02, capt., Q. M. C. Hugh A. Thrift, '03, It.-comdr., U. S. N. R. F. Montgomery E. Higgins, '04, It.-comdr., U. S. N., A. E. F. Robert C. Ransdell, '04, It.-comdr., Med. Corps, U. S. N. Roy E. Seitz, '04, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. 234 Phi Sigma Kappa Jesse W. Barrett, '05, F. A. O. T. S. Ernest W. Brown, '05, It.-comdr., Med. Corps, U. S. N. Hugh M. Caldwell, '05, major, J. A. G. Harry E. Collins, '05, comdr., U. S. N. Adam Kemble, '05, major, Med. Corps. A. Camp Stanley, '05, It.-comdr., Med. Corps, U. S. N. Clarence M. Booth, '06, major, Inf. Ernest F. Wenderoth, '08, 1st It., Ord. Dept. Walter W. Burns, '11, capt., C. A., A. E. F. George C. Collins, '11, It., Supply Corps, U. S. N. R. F. J. Ralph Fehr, '11, capt., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Thomas J. Garner, '11, 1st It., Q. M. C. Albert H. Ebeling, '12, 1st It., San. Corps. Frank W. Hoover, '12, capt., Engrs. Fred E. Kunkel, '12, 2d It., Aviation. Elmer Stewart, '12, capt., C. A.,_A._E. F. _ ' _ Luther Welsh, '12, It., Naval Aviation, killed in airplane accident. Theodore S. Wilkinson, '12, It.-comdr., U. S. N., Congressional medal of Honor, citation. Clarence B. Desjardins, '13, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Fitzhugh Green, '13, It.-comxdr., U. S. N., citation. Stanley H. Udy, '13, 1st It., Inf. Russell E. Hicks, '14, Ord. Dept.. Julius A. Hobson, '14, ens., U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Ira N. Kelberg, '14, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. E. Flavelle Koss, '14, San. Corps. Charles S. Stevenson, '14, Adi. -Gen's. Dept., A. E. F. Albert W. Kenner, '15, m.ajor'; Med. Corps, A. E. F., D. S. C. Hiram. E. Spear, '15, 1st It., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Alfred L. Stoddard, '15, 1st It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Joseph H. Batt, '16, capt., Ord. Dept. Philip L. Collins, '15, It., Supply Corps, U. S. N. R. F. James A. Fink, '16, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Elvans D. Haines, '16, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Perrj' M. Johnson, '16, capt.. Inf. George V. Minick, '16, Med. Corps, died of disease October 1918. John J. Reinhardt, Aviation. Alfred G. Schmidt, '16, 1st It., Inf. John F. Carmody, '17, C. A., A. E. F. George L. Haines, '17, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Raymond A. Heindl, '17, Inf. Norman S. Meese, '17, 1st It., C. A. James W. Miller, Sp.., Adj. -Gen's. Dept., A. E. F. Louis D. Neumann, '17, Inf. Herbert H. Chaddick, '18, 2d It., F. A. Ralph R. DePrez, '18, Naval Aviation, A. E. F. Charles S. Forbes, '18, Adj. -Gen's. Dept., A. E. F. Clarence S. Shields, '18, 1st It., Q. M. C. Charles H. Stewart, '18, capt., C. A., A. E. F. William C. Bastian, '19, 2d It., Engrs. Brice John Caldwell, '19, It., U. S. N. R. F. Ernst M. Elkin, '19, Inf., O. T. S. William J. Flood, '19, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Walter C. Hoer, '19, Adj. -Gen's. Dept., A. E. F. Howard M. Brock, '20, 2d It., Aviation. Clark W. Coleman, '20, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Charles F. Curry, '20, capt.. Aviation, A. E. F., citation. Carl J. Faist, '20, 2d It., Aviation. Paul J. Guinther, '20, capt., Ord. Dept. Samuel T. Holmgren, '20, 1st It., Sig. Corps. James H. Hornaday, '20, C. A. O. f . S. The Chapter in Arms 235 Charles R. Huff, '20, Aviation. Edward A. Jacobson, '20, 2d It., F. A. John L. Marks, '20, Med. Corps. Earl A. Ruth, '20, U. S. N. R. F. George D. Thompson, '20, Sig. Corps. Russell I. Whyte, '20, Naval Aviation. Malcolm Wiseheart, '20, Sig. Corps. Fred E. Bergstrom, '21, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Wylie Borum, '21, Inf., O. T. S. Ernest C. Clifford, '21, C. A., O. T. S. S. Stanton Fitzgerrell, '21, capt., Cav. G. Albert Hinsch, '21, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Leland W. Mays, '21, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Henry Robey, '21, 2d It., M. T. C. Ralph S. Scott, '21, U. S. N. R. F. E. Ashby Warfield, '21, Med. Corps. Frank T. Watkins, '21, U. S. N. John E. Wright, '21, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Ashby E. Bladen, '22, San. Corps, A. E. F. W. Irving Cleveland, '22, 2d It., Inf. Marcell Conway, '22, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Emerson C. Cook, '22, 2d It., Aviation. Neil D. Franklin, '22, 1st It., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. John C. Frey, '22, Aviation. John D. Glass, '22, F. A. O. T. S. D. Malcolm Hodge, '22, F. A. O. T. S. George E. Hughes, '22, capt., Inf., A. E. F. Fitzhugh L. Hurley, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Robert W. Marvin, '22, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Hudson McKee, '22, Adj. -Gen's. Dept. Henry J. Plagens, '22, 1st It., O. M. C, A. E. F. John F. Reinboth, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Randall N. Saunders, '22, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Harvey W. Schmidt, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Charles E. Spencer, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Earl W. Wallick, '22, Adj. -Gen's. Dept. John R. Ward, '22, Aviation. Harry N. Weigandt, '22, Adj. -Gen's. Dept., A. E. F. Charles F. Curry, '23, capt.. Aviation, A. E. F. Alvis T. Ellis, '23, Marines, A. E. F. Jonathan C. Gibson, '23, capt.. Inf., A. E. F. Ulysses S. Gray, '23, Aviation. Joseph A. Jordan, '23, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Henry E. Ketner, '23, F. A., A. E. F. Charles R. Rowe, '23, Naval Radio William E. Vaughan, '23, Q. M. C, A. E. F. Henry S. Wheeler, '23, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F. William E. Zimmerman, '23, 2d It., San. Corps, A. E. F George S. Coyle, '24, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Clark Russell Long, '24, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. George Mallett-Prevost, '24, C. W. S. Herbert O. Rogers, '24, Cav. Howard J. Smith, '24, Engrs. G. M. Sonfield, '24, 2d It., Cav. John S. Zimmerman, '24, U. S. N. MU Charles G. Davis, '01, 1st It., Den. Corps. Arthur H. Flickwir, '01, Med. Corps, S. D., citation from Secretarv of Navy. Ralph E. Gill, '02, capt., Den. Corps, A. E. F. 236 Phi Sigma Kappa Theodore P. Snook, '02, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. William M. Stockwell, '04, major, Med. Corps. Thomas Duncan, '05, It. -col., Aviation, A. E. F. William H. Allen, '06, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Walter L. Cariss, '06, capt., Med. Corps. John C. Dallenbach, '06, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Lauren S. Eckels, '06, major, Med. Corps, died of disease March 27, 1918. - Carl P. Holcomb, '06, capt., Med. Corps. Jesse L. Wagner, '06, capt.. Aviation. Charles B. Maits, '07, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Norman Stadiger, '07, It. A. Hansen Old, '08, Engrs., C. E. F. Harry D. Williams, '08, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. John P. Ehrhart, '09, 1st It., C. W. S. Walter A. Halkett, '09, Aviation. Theodore F. Myler, '09, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Bayard L. Buckley, '10, 1st It., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Walter S. Farquhar, '10, Engrs. Frank G. Schoble, '10, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Wallace D. Walker, '10, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Rexford M. Glaspey, '11, major, Sig. Corps, A. E. F., died of disease. Harold O. Berlin, '12, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. John R. Dershuck, '12, U. S. N. R. F. Donald M. Dougall, '12, 1st It., Den. Corps. Leroy Leighton, '12, C. W. S. Conrad J. Sauter, '12, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Albert V. Smith, '12, 1st It., Ord. Dept. G. Thomas Cartier, '13, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Carl P. Clark, '13, 2d It., Inf. Meredith R. Gardiner, '13, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Ivan S. Hocker, '13, 2d It., San. Corps. Edmund Hoffman, '13, 2d It., Ord. Dept. Albert R. Krantz, '13, Engrs., A. E. F. Norman L. Barr, '14, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Seneca P. Farr, '14, It., Den. Corps. Kenneth D, MacDonald, '14, 1st It., Den. Corps. Thomas J. Myers, '14, Ord. Dept. Leo L. Sowers, '14, 2d It., Aviation. Walter A. Craig, '15, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Ernest T. Fish, '15, 1st It., F. A. Elwood B. Heindel, '15, 1st It., Den. Corps. Robert J. King, '15, capt.. Inf., A. E. F. Gray H. Lefold, '15, 1st It., C. A., A. E. F. Samuel W. Marshall, '15, capt.. Inf., A. E. F., Croix do Guerre, four divisional citations. Stanley H. Ross, '15, 2d It., Inf. Carl J. Zellner, '15, capt., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Fred P. Auten, '16, 1st It., Den. Corps. Joseph F. M. Baldi, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Jay Manning Cooper, '16, ens., U. S. N. George G. Lundberg, '16, 2d It., Aviation. Arthur F. Seaver, '16, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F., D. S. C. Clarence A. Faller, '17, Q. M. C, A. E. F. Henry A. Lincoln, '17, ens., U. S. N., S. D. Karl L. Lubrecht, '17, F. A., A. E. F. Paul M. Robinson, '17, 1st It., M. T. C Aviation, A. E. F. Bryant B. Schoonover, '17, U. S. N. R. F. J. Ralph Scovil, '17, Aviation. Donald L. Suhr, '17, Aviation. Robert H. Wessmann, '17, 2d It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. William L. Butler, '17, 2d It., Engrs. The Chapter in Arms 237 Leonard K. Church, '18, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Everett C. Covert, '18, 1st It., Den. Corps. Herbert J. Davis, '18, Ord. Dept. Clinton L. Keister, '18, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Harry M. Sassaman, '18, Den. Corps. Harry Schluederberg, '18, U. S. N., S. D. R. Lowell Watkins, '18, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F. Llewellyn H. Wray, '18, Med. Corps. James M. Young, '18, 2d It., Aviation. Claire A. Brady, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., died of disease Richard N. Chubb, '19, 1st It,. Cav. E. Lewis Gibbs, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Donald Gocher, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Valentine Hattemer, '19, ens., Naval Aviation. Raymond G. Lafeau, '19, C. W. S. Edward W. Mears, '19, Marines. Ralph Meckley, '19, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Emmett J. Peterson, '19, Aviation. Charles L. Pierce, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Lewis S. Somers, '19, Naval Radio, A. E. F. C. Arthur Bullock, '20, Naval Aviation. Winsor H. Gushing, '20, Naval Aviation. Marion F. Dick, '20, Naval Aviation. J. Lanier Jordan, '20, ens., U. S. N. Edgar S. Kerfoot, '20, 2d It., Inf. Douglas C. Miner, '20, 2d It., Inf. John W. Strait, '20, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Clarkson C. Taylor, '20, C. A., A. E. F. Edgar H. Ertel, '21, F. A. Leo F. Hunderup, '21, Med. Corps. William H. Marshall, '21, 2d It., Sig. Corps. Eugene P. Reese, '21, Aviation. Stanley M. Speaker, '21, Med. Corps. Robert K. Ward, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Herman C. Wehman, '21, F. A. Haldeman B. Wentz, '21, Aviation. A. E. F. Russel J. Wilford, '21, Inf. \Vinfield H. Sage, '22, 2d It., C. A. George Wallhauser, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Howard E. Anderson, '23, Provisional Regiment. Theodore H. Fairchild, '2-3, F. A. John F. Humes, '23, F. A. Charles F. Keller, '23, Naval Aviation. Wallace Kimball, '23, Marines, Foresty Division. William A. Llewellyn, '23, Inf., O. T. S. Orlando B. Rumbold, '23, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Franklin E. Shelly, '23, Marines, A. E. F. Reginald A. Smith, '23, Inf., A. E. F. Floyd C. Stout, '23, F. A., A. E. F. Thomas W. Sweeney, '23, Q. M. C, U. S. N. NU Robert M. Eckert, '08, F. A., A. E. F. Solomon A. Reis, '08, Aviation. Percival C. Berkley, '10, ens., U. S. N. Carl A. Woerwag, '10, 1st It., Ord. Dept. Harry S. Demaree, '11, Naval Aviation, A. E. F. Clifford R. V/hvte, '12, Engrs. Robert B. Collier, '15, F. A., A. E. F. Wharton G. Ingram, '15, capt., Cav., F. A., A. E. F. 238 Phi Sigma Kappa Jay C. Miller, '15, It. Edward J. Clement, '16, ens., Naval Aviation. Paul A. Warren, '16, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Leonard J. Breen, '17, ens., Naval Aviation. Elwood T. Carmichael, '17, 2d It., Ord. Dept. James S. Munger, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Frank G. Osgood, '17, It., j. g., Naval Aviation. William P. Thomas, '17, capt.. Aviation. Robert L. Creer, '18, O. T. S. Allen J. Ely, '18, ens., U. S. N., S. D. Joseph L. Lawton, '18, O. T. S. John P. Tachovsky, '18, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Paul R. Wilford, '18, Engrs., O. T. S. William B. McKinley, '19, Amb. Corps, Ambulance Medal. Charles Monie, '19, M. G. Bn., killed in action November 3, 1918. William J. Brisbin, '20, Ord. Dept. Richard Henry Morris, '20, ens., Naval Aviation. Royal C. Rowland, '20, U. S. N., S. D. William N. Ryerson. '20, 2d It., C. A., A. E. F. Harold Q. Stemler, '20, F. A. Harold C. Rockett, '21, U. S. N. Clyde M. Stout, '21, Naval Radio. Stanley B. Walker, '21, U. S. A. Marvin T. Fagan, '22, F. A., A. E. F. Albert Svihra, '22, cadet, West Point. Paul S. Burt, '24, Inf., A. E. F. George W. Bunn, '25, Inf., A. E. F. Solomon G. Erickson, '25, F. A., A. E. F. Edward T. Patton, '25, F. A., A. E. F. XI J. Franklin Morgan, '03, 1st It., San. Corps., A. E. F. Blaine Gilday, '05, O. T. S. Loomis O. Black, '06, capt.. Inf., A. E. F. Roy G. Baker, '07, capt.. Inf. Raymond O. Litchfield, 'OS, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Harry Pierce, '09, It., Inf. Clifford L. Miller, '10, chaplain. Inf. Thomas H. Saunders, '10, chaplain, F. A., A. E. F. Eugene I. Oppel, '11, U. S. N. R. F. Van Vechten Munger, '12, It., Inf. Richard H. Paynter, '12, Med. Corps. Henry E. Papenburg, '12, 27th Division, A. E. F. John Shea, '12, Inf. John L. Stone, '12, capt.. Inf. Arthur W. Head, '13, C. W. S. Carl G. Lohr, '14, Inf., A. E. F. Charles Maloney, '14, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Henry L. Phelps, '14, It., U. S. N. Howard E. Foote, '15, Inf. J. Proctor Gilson, '15, capt., Inf., killed in action JuK IS, 191S. Floyd E. Woods, '15, U. S. N. John W. Johnson, '16, Inf. Kenneth S. Kirkland, '16, San. Corps, A. E. F. Gerald M. Morgan, '16, capt.. Inf., A. E. F. Leslie W. Ferguson, '17, U. S. N. Harold P. Havden, '17, Inf., A. E. F. Earl B. McMonagle, '17, F. A., A. E. F. Leslie R. Murtaugh, '17, C. W. S. Herbert G. Wilson, '17, Aviation. The Chapter in Arims 239 Charles E. Bowers, '18, Naval Aviation. Ralph W. Crayton, '18. U. S. N. Earl J. Harris, '18, Aviation. Lawrence Iverson, '18, capt., C. A. Andres M. Jones, '18, 2d It., Inf. Harold A. Main, '18, U. S. N. Vernon F. Morrison, '18, Med. Corps. Leo S. Murtaugh, '18, Naval Aviation. Lawrence F. Powell, '18, F. A. C. Clyde Abernethy, '19, Inf. George F. Gaffney, '19, Marines, A. E. F. Ernest C. Hunkins, '19, C. W. S. LeRoy E. Taft, '19, Inf. Clinton G. Yarter, '19, U. S. N. Ear! C. Hull, '20, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. William J. Corcoran. '20, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Paschal D. Jones, '20, Inf., A. E. F. Stephen L. Joels, '20, Med. Corps, A. E. F., citation. Charles F. Keegan, '20, 2d It., Inf. Norman C. Cortwright, '21, Marines, A. E. F. Leonard J. Farley, '21, 1st It., Aviation, C. E. F. Burton R. McMonagle, '21, Engrs. Lowell C. Fisher, '22, Marines, A. E. F. Claude V. Sullivan, '24, Inf., A. E. F. OMICRON Edward F. Miller, '86, col., Ord. Dept. Eugene L. Brown, '08, 1st It., Engrs. Rudolph W. Riefkohl, '08, major. General Pershing's staff, A. E. F. William C. Arkell, '10, capt., Ord. Dept. Guy N. Harcourt, '10, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Harry L. Manley, '11, 1st It., Ord. Dept. William G. Rhoades, '11, 2d It., Inf. Manuel Font, '12, major. Inf. Everett B. Wettengel, '12, capt., F. A. Richard B. Cross, '13, capt., C. A. Eugene L. McDonald, '13, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Alfred S. Milliken, '13, It., Engrs., killed in action March 30, 1918. Robert B. Nichols, '13, San. Corps, U. S. N. Thomas J. Dufifield, '14, 1st It., San. Corps. C. Loring Hall, '15, 2d It., C. A. Lewis W. Prescott, '15, It., Royal Flying Corps, killed in action April 20, 1917. Morgan P. Curtis, '16, Med. Corps. James M. Evans, '16, It., j. g., U. S. N. Harold C. Fuller, '16, 2d It., Aviation. James M. Ralston, '16, 1st It., C. A. Roswell M. Rennie, '16, ens., Naval Aviation. Louis W. Stevens, '16, It., Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Gilbert H. Gaus, '17, 1st It., C. A. Kingsley A. Gillespie, '17, 2d It., C. W. S. George M. Lovejoy, '17, 1st It., C. A. Elmer C. Matthews, '17, It., F. A., A. E. F. Walter L. Medding, '17, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Charles D. Proctor, '17, 2d It., C. A. Walter B. Strong, '17, 1st It., C. A. William K. Bruchhauser, '18, ens.. Naval Aviation. George B. Hutchins, '18, It., j. g.. Naval Aviation. Wendell H. Kayser, '18, Ord. Dept. Francis L. Warner, '18, capt., Engrs. Frederic A. Washburn, '18, ens.. Naval A\iation. 240 Phi Sigma Kappa Arthur E. Windle, '18, 2d It., Aviation, A .E. F. Ralph H. Pease, '19, Inf. Phillip M. Shaw, '21, 2d It., Aviation. Wilford P. Hooper, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Frank P. Hudnut, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Frank S. Owen, '20, 2d It., Inf. John R. Perkins, '20, It., F. A. Arthur Roberts, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Harold D. Griswold, '21, 2d It., Inf. Harry L. Halterman, '21, It., Inf. Henry D. Tucker, '21, Marines. Eliot Underhill, '21, major, Med. Corps. Julian Lovejoy, '22, Naval Radio. Howard B. Keppel, '23, Naval Academy. Gordon S. Blair, '24, Naval Academy. Harry G. Brockington, '24, Naval Radio. PI Charles P. Stahr, '97, capt., Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Edwin A. Ziegler, '02, major, C. A., A. E. F. Levi V. Hetrick, '03, chaplain, U. S. N. Robert M. Zacharias, '07, capt., C. A., A. E. F. John B. Lentz, '08, major. Vet. Corps, A. E. F. Lauriston B. Herr, '11, 1st It., C. W. S. B. Willis Moyer, '12, Inf. Paul J. Sykes, '13, capt.. Inf., citation, killed in action September 26, 1918. William E. Griffith, '14, 1st It., C. A., A. E. F. Howard L. Sassaman, '14, 2d It., C. A., A. E. F. Herbert Schaffner, '14, capt., Aviation, A. E. F. John W. Wimer, '14, Inf. Amandus G. Gearhart, '15, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. John F. Pyfer, '15, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Victor G. Slifer, '15, Inf. Mark Thatcher, '15, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. George H. Zellers, '15, 2d It., R. F. A., killed in action June 30, 1918. Harold A. Barr, '16, C. W. S. Stanley N. Mumma, '16, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Meade D. Schaffner, '16, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Harold F. Shartle, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Paul C. Ward, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F., Croix de Guerre. Simon P. Whitehead, '16, Inf. Francis M. Erdman, '17, O. T. S. Reah Hollinger, '17, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Cyrus H. Meminger, '17, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. F. Clever Bald, '18, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Reagan I. Hoch, '18, 2d It., Engrs., A. E. F. Edward S. Kessler, '18, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Walter J. Mountz, '18, C. W. S. Herman H. Neis, '18, San. Corps, A. E. F. H. Stanley Rickert, '18, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Rathfon Urban, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Paul S. Christman, '19, C. W. S. George W. Grieve, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. J. Fred Mearig, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Guy G. Shambaugh, '19, Inf. John B. Shambaugh, '19, 2d It., Inf. Joseph C. Wentz, '19, U. S. N. Grover S. Yeager, '19, Med. Corps. Clarence H. Brubaker, '20, 2d It., Inf. J. Alfred Eckman, '20, Aviation. The Chapter in Arms 241 George H. Irvin, '20, Amb. Corps, decorated by Italy. Howard A. Kosman, '20, 2d It., Inf. Alvin G. Quinn, '20, Marines. Mercer G. Rhodes, '20, Marines. Glenn O. Smith, '20, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. John A. Stoll, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Weidler Burkholder, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Paul C. DeHaven, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Augustus Rohrer, '21, U. S. N. R. F. J. Shober Barr, '23, U. S. N. R. F. Park Berkheimer, '23, 2d It., Inf. Henry Mitchell, '23, Inf. David Berkheimer, '24, Inf., A. E. F. Alvin N. Rutt, '24, U. S. N. R. F. RHO Percy G. C. Campbell, Hon, It. -col., Inf., C. E. F. Stanley L. Cunningham, '84, C. E. F., killed in action 1918. Benjamin Tett, '01, died 1. o. d. Edmund H. Pense, '03, It. -col. William P. Wilgar, '03, It. -col., Engrs., C. E. F., Distinguished Service Order, one citation. James F. Prinble, '04, Engrs. William A. Claxton, '06, Med. Corps. Peter M. Forin, '06, died 1. o. d. Archibald C. McGlennon, '06, Med. Corps. Charles P. Templeton, '06, It. -col., C. E. F., Distinguished Service Order. Walter C. Gillis, '07, major, C. E. F., General Service and Victory Medals. Arthur V. Wood, '08, major, C. E. F., British Military Cross, killed in action September 1, 1918. George G. Greer, '09, major. Parcell E. Doncaster, '10, It., Inf., C. E. F. Angus U. Meikle, '10, capt. George M. Thomson, '11, major. Inf., C. E. F. T. D'Arcy Sneath, '11, major. Edward H. Wood, '11, Med. Corps, C. E. F. Carl C. Fitzgerald, '12, It., Engrs., C. E. F. J. Ross Riddell, '13, It., Inf., C. E. F., killed in action October 30, 1917. SIGMA Enoch B. Garey, '03, major. Inf., A. E. F., D. S. C, Croix de Guerre, citations. Amos W. Woodcock, '03, It. -col.. Inf., A. E. F. Harry R. Daugherty, '04, 1st It., Inf. Edward O. Halbert, '04, capt. Edward R. Padgett, '04, capt.. Gen. Staff. Arthur B. Cecil, '05, Med. Corps. John M. Green, '05, 2d It. Samuel R. Hopkins, '05, It. -col., F. A. Evelyn A. Harrison, '06, major. Andrew P. Kelley, '06, 1st It., C. A. John B. Wells, '06, 2d It. John T. Harrison, '07, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Irving P. Kane, '07, capt. William N. Briscoe, '08, It. Philip H. Harrison, '08, capt. William Neill, '08, Med. Corps. Medorem Crawford, '09, major. Inf. Harry C. Ruhl, '09, capt.. Inf. 242 Phi Sigma Kappa Charles H. Stanley, '10, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. George H. Davis, '12, died in France October Ki, l')17. Samuel R. Deets, '12, It., U. S. N. Jack M. Hundley, '12, Med. Corps. Frederick N. Insinger, '12, capt.. Inf., A. E. ¥., Croix de Guerre with Palm. William N. Paine, '12, capt.. Inf. George L. Winslow, '12, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Harold Andrew, '13, It., Ord. Dept. Robert B. Brattan, '13, A. E. F., killed in action April liil8. Edgar T. Fell, '13, capt., A. E. F. Herman A. Gailey, '13, Med. Corps. Frederick H. Henninghausen, '13, 1st It., C. A. Augustus B. McElderry, '13, It., A. E. F., died 1. o. d. September 7, 1918. Ira E. Ryder, '13, 1st It. Charles F. Wedderburn, '13, It., U. S. S., drowned in war zone with the destroyer Chauncey. Glenn F. Williams, '13, capt., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Francis W. Hill, '14, 2d It., C. A. William D. Noble, '14, Med. Corps. John T. Tucker, '14, 1st It., Inf. Francis A. Hause, '15, capt., C. A. Oliver P. Winslow, '15, 2d It. Joseph C. Young, '15, It., U. S. N. Galloway G. Cheston, '16, A. E. F. Leo A. Darley, '16, 1st It., Inf. George Davidson, '16, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F., one citation. J. Irvin Heise, '16, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Thomas W. Ligon, '16, capt., Cav. Jacob M. Pearce, '16, major. Marines. Philip P. Welch, '16, It., j. g., U. S. N., S. D. J. H. B. Brashears, '17, 1st It., Marines, died of disease January 10, 1919. John C. Fell, '17, Radio Section, A. E. F. Thomas R. Holmes, '17, 1st It., Inf. Cecil C. Jarman, '17, major. Inf., A. E. F. Robert H. Maddox, '17, It., Inf., A. E. F. John W. Noble, '17, capt., A. E. F. Guy D. Thompson, '17, capt., Cav., M. G. Bn. William B. Tucker, '17, It., F. A. Edward O. Gardner, '18, 2d It., Worden E. Mack, '18, 2d It., F. A. William J. Maddox, '18, 2d It., Inf. H. LeRoy Mencke, '18, 2d It., Inf. Thomas A. Northan, '18, 1st It. James M. Walbeck, '18, 2d It. George K. Metzger, '19, Inf. Morris C. Turner, '19, F. A. O. T. S. William O. Eareckson, '20, Inf. John D. Christian, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Stanley B. Walker, '21, Inf. Herman W. Johnson, '23, Inf. TAU Theodore I. Dunn, '08, 1st It., C. W. S. Charles H. Walker, '08, U. S. A. Frank T. Olmstead, '09, U. S. N. R. F. Harold J. March, '10, It., Q. M. C, A. E. F. Lester S. Wass, '10, capt., A. E. F., killed in action August 1918. John C. Warnock, '10, 1st It., Inf. Robbins W. Barstow, '11, chaplain, F. A. Laurence Coy, '11, Med. Corps. The Chapter in Arms 243 Seth A. Emerson, '11, ens., U. S. N. George M. French, '11, Inf., Reg't. Croix de Guerre. Raymond A. Taylor, '11, F. A. O. T. S. W. Lawrence Garrison, '12, 1st It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. George W. Hoban, '12, capt., Inf. William T. Middlebrook, '12, 1st it., Q. M. C. Charles W. Morrill, '12, capt., Q. M. C, M. T. C, A. E. F. Dudley W. Redfield, '12, It., Cav., A. E. F. Clifton Albert Clarke, '13, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Grenville W. Kimball, '13, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Francis D. Hall, '14, Inf., A. E. F. Ralph H. Kelsey, '14, A. E. F., killed in action October 16, 1918. Richard V. McAlIaster, '14, 2d It., Inf., M. G. Bn. Henry W. Webber, '14, C. W. S. John Bache-Wiig, '15, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Hartwell W. Flood, '15, French Amb. Corps, Croix de Guerre. Chandler H. Foster, '15, 2d It., Q. M. C. Irving R. Gale, '15, It., U. S. N., S. D. Woodbury Hough, '15, 1st It., Ord. Dept., A. E. F. William C. Huntress, '15, 2d It., M. T. C. Elmer F. Thyng, '15, A. E. F. Austin L. Baker, '16, U. S. N. H. Clifford Bean, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Edward T. Doyle, '16, capt.. Aviation. William A. Hale, '16, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Leonard W. Joy, '16, 2d It., Aviation. Lawrence C. Mitchell, '16, capt., C. A., A. E. F. William F. Mott, '16, It., j. g., U. S. N., S. D. Lawrence L. Doty, '17, U. S. N. R. F. Clarence K. Hawley, '17, Naval Aviation, A. E. F. Richard L. Holbrook, '17, capt.. Inf., A. E. F. Frank C. Huntress, '17, 1st It., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Mosher S. Hutchins, '17, 2d It., F. A. Charles B. Janes, '17, Ord. Dept. Samuel R. MacKillop, '17, Ord. Dept. Christian M. Salmonsen, '17, U. S. N. R. F. Chauncey A. Steiger, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Percival Streeter, '17, ens., U. S. N., S. D. John C. Fleming, '18, Engrs. David L. Garfatt, '18, Amb. Corps. Sidney W. Holbrook, '18, Ord. Dept. John B. Hurlbut, '18, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., four citations, French Diploma of Felicitations, American Field Service Medal, Croix de Guerre. Charles W. Isbell, '18, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F., Croix de Guerre. Clarence H. Lewis, '18, U. S. N., S. D. Frank A. Lewis, '18, Amb. Corps. Thomas R. Montgomery, '18, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Emerson G. Morse, '18, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Frank H. Reuling, '18, Med. Corps. Robert E. Ritter, '18, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Herman L. Smith, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Thomas R. Tarrant, '18, 2d It., Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Adolf F. Youngstrom, '18, U. S. N. R. F. Charles A. Bacon, '19, M. G. Bn., A. E. F., killed in accident October 1918. J. Bernard Bradley, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Roy E. Beaman, '19, Inf., A. E. F. Francis C. Gillespie, '19, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Harold Cobb Harris, '19, It., j. g.. Naval Aviation, A. E. F. Edmund P. Howe, '19, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. John E. Kunkle, '19, ens., U. S. N. Philip W. Ransom, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. 244 Phi Sigma Kappa Paul D. Schriber, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Robert H. Smith, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Salvador A. Andretta, '20, Naval Aviation William A. Carter, '20, 2d It., Inf. John E. Hill, '20, 2d It., Aviation. Caryl F. Holbrook, '20, Q. M. C. Francis I. Hutchins, '20, Inf., O. T. S. Paul D. Kay, '20, 2d It., F. A. Lester A. Patterson, '20, 2d It., Marines. Benjamin Pearson, '20, U. S. N. R. F. John W. Prentiss, '20, 2d It., F. A. Stephen P. Ryder, '20, It., R. F. C, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., section citation. Richard E. Welch, '20, Naval Aviation. Robert C. Winters, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Carl Bache-Wiig, '21, U. S. N. David Cummings Bowen, '21, U. S. N. Joseph B. Folger, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Harry B. Garland, '21, 2d It., F. A. William F. Kearns, '23, U. S. N. R. F. Nelson S. McCraw, '21, Naval Aviation, A. E. F. Lincoln H. Weld, '21, M. T. C. James N. Brown, '23, Inf., A. E. F. Donald G. Gallagher, '23, Inf., A. E. F. James E. Hurley, '23, Marines. UPSILON George G. Shor, '06, major, A. E. F. Henry E. Hallborg, '07, Radio Service. Elmer J. Bunting, '08, capt.. Inf. Frederick G. Keyes, '09, major, C. W. S., A. E. F. Alberti Roberts, '09, A. E. F. Henry H. Hibbs, '10, Med. Corps. Isaac S. Rowe, '10, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F. Jam.es L. Crawshaw, '11, capt., Q. M. C, A. E. F. George R. Hill, '11, major. Aviation, A. E. F. Thomas H. Roalf, '11, 2d It., Engrs., A. E. F. Max O. Pinkham, '12, capt., Q. M. C. Walter C. Robertson, '12, It., Den. Corps. Daniel L. Mahoney, '13, F. A., O. T. S. Ernest R. Cleaveland, '14, F. A. ,A. E. F. Paul P. Henson, '14, U. S. N. R. F. Woodbury F. Pride, '14, capt., Cav. Harold H. Sprague, '14, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. Russell L. Bateman, '15, Inf., died en route to France. Monroe E. Fagan, '15, U. S. N. R. F. Herman N. Harcourt, '15, 1st It., Inf. George E. Richardson, '15, 2d It., Sig. Corps. Amos B. Root, '15, It., U. S. N. Richard B. Stanley, '15, It., s. g.. Naval Aviation. Harold M. Taylor, '15, U. S. N. Clayton R. Phillips, '16, Ord. Dept. John M. Dowe, '18, F. A., A. E. F. Alfred R. Holden, '18, 2d It., Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Harry W. Kallstrom, '18, Ord. Dept. Lawrence W. Jordan, '19, Inf., O. T. S. Wallace A. Moyle, '19, A. E. F. Herbert H. Pepler, '19. Q. M. C. Everett A. Wight, '19, F. A. Merrill K. Bennett, '20, A. E. F. Edward R. Kent, '20, Engrs., A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 245 Charles R. Phillips, '20, Ord. Dept. Raymond S. Stiles, '20, 2d It., M. G. Bn. Robert K. Bard, '21, C. A., A. E. F. Frederick R. Paty, '21, F. A., A. E. F. Robert B. Cruise, '23, O. T. S. PHI Maurice E. Griest, '04, 1st It., Engrs. Robert H. Farley, '09, It., Med. Corps. Russell A. Henry, '11, It., Den. Corps. James A. Watson, '11, 2d It., Sig. Corps. Warren W. Weaver, '12, U. S. N. R. F. Edward H. Williamson, '13, It., j. g., U. S. N. R. F. Earle Gatchell, '14, capt., Ord. Dept. Max R. Stockton, '14, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. William M. Beury, '15, 1st It., Sig. Corps. Norman Sherrerd, '15, 1st It., Ord. Dept., F. A., A. E. F. Harry J. Stites, '15, 2d It., Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Joseph D. Stites, '15, Sig. Corps. A Raymond Albertson, '16, Inf. Herbert L. Brown, '16, U. S. N. R. F. J. Dwight Murch, '16, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Samuel S. Shoemaker, '16, Ord. Dept. Lewis L. Tanguy, '16, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Cyril Ainsworth, '17, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Harold Ainsworth, '17, killed in airplane accident December 19, 1917. J. Wilson Ames, '17, 2d It., Inf. Richard D. Brooke, '17, Amb. Corps, A. E. F., Croix de Guerre. Dudley A. Jenkins, '17, Med. Corps. Walter B. Lang, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Conrad C. Lesley, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Clarence E. McNeill, '17, Inf., A. E. F. Norman G. Shidle, '17, U. S. N. R. F. Ralph H. Heacock, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Henry Strong, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Marcus Ainsworth, '19, Aviation, A. E. F. John P. Ferris, '19, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Stanley Hibberd, '19, Med. Corps. Allister R. Jones, '19, 1st It. J. Holland Heck, '20, 2d It., Inf. T- Minshell Holden, '20, 2d It., Inf. Chester W. Vanderbilt, '20, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Harry C. Wigmore, '19, M. T. O. T. S. Eric Ainsworth, '21, Naval Aviation. James W. Lukens, '21, ens.. Naval Aviation. John C. Longstreth, '22, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Edwin S. Baker, '23, ens.. Naval Aviation. Elwood S. Deakyne, '23, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Harold S. McConnell, '23, Q. M. C. David Rose, '23, Med. Corps. CHI David L. Belding, '05, capt., Med. Corps. Homer P. Little, '06, S. A. T. C. Harry C. Blagbrough, '07, capt., Const. Div. KarlS. Wells, '07, 2d It., C. A. Carl W. Rand, '08. 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. Noble W. Sheldon, '08, F. A., A. E. F. Robert E. Brady, '09, 1st It., Aviation. 246 Phi Sigma Kappa Mahlon E. Hopkins, '09, capt., Ca\ . Stanley P. Benton, '10, 2d It., Ord. Corps. Daniel' L. Bridgman, '10, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. George D. Carrington, '10, 1st It., Aviation. Joseph A. Ehart, '10, capt.. Inf. Leon S. Pratt, '10, chaplain. Francis L. Andrews, '11, 1st It., Ord. Dept. George A. Davis, Jr., '12, capt., Inf. Edwin O. Perrin, '12, 1st It., F. A. Frank Prentice Rand, '12, Med. Corps. William Boynton. '13, capt., M. G. Bn., A. E. F., citation, G. H. O., May 26, 1919. Howard E. Duryea, '13, 2d It., F. A. Frederick C. Hewlett, '13, 1st It., F. A. Winthrop L. Sheedy, '13, F. A. G. Terry Curtis, '14, 2d It., Inf. Henry M. Lester, '14, U. S. N. R. F., S. D. Harvey E. Wellman, '14, U. S. N. R. F. Eugene M. Cole, '15, capt., Inf. Howard C. Cole, '15, 1st It., Inf. Harold F. Cowperthwaite, '15, Inf., A. E. F., killed in action October 25, iei8. Conrad F. Cutler, '15, Engrs., O. T. S. Herbert N. French, '15, It., j. g., U. S. N. J. Fay Newton, '15, 2d It., F. A. ,A. E. F. A. Perry Waterman, '15, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Samuel Newton Bacon, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Kurt Battenhaussen, '16, Inf. Gordon W. Cameron, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Albert L. Grindy, '16, Inf. Walter E. Seibert, '16, capt., Inf., A. E. F. John Stebbins, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F., Citation Orders No. 4, by General Pershing. Ernest C. F. Greeff, '17, U. S. N. R. F. Donald N. Swain, '17, 1st It., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Coleman Allen, '18, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Edwin K. Bertine, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Richard W. Chapman, '18, 2d It., F. A. C. H. Stuart Eaton, '18, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Bradley B. Hammond, '18, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F., Croix de Guerre de I'Arniee, Croix de Guerre de I'Escadrille. Francis W. Swian, '18, 1st It., C. A., A. E. F. Henry Burr Anthony, Jr., '19, 2d it., Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Paul M. Beach, '19, Amb. Corps. Harvey Spencer, '19, 2d It., C. W. S. Albert C. Wunderlich, '19, It., A. E. F., killed in action September 28, 1018. K. H. Behre, '20, 2d It., Inf. John A. Coe, Jr., '20, 2d It., F. A. Joseph W. Lester, '20, Aviation. Ralph S. Munger, '20, F. A. O. T. S. Bradford C. Seaman, '20, C. A. Richard C. Whitin, '20, Aviation. Stewart Winslow, '20, U. S. N. R. F. John C. Baker, '21, 2d It., F. A. George Bergen Carman, '21, F. A. O. T. S. Richard deR. S. Combes, '21, F. A. John W. Crofts, '21, F. A. O. T. S. Louis Sherwood Irwin, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Albert W. Bianchi, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Sherwood T. Peckham, '22, Inf. Roger Wood Wentworth, '22, U. S. X. R. F. The Chapter in Arms 247 PS I W. Jefferson Davis, '07, major, Aviation. Leon L. Rice, '07, Y. M. C. A., A. E. F. Royal K. Joslin, '08, Med. Corps. Emmet Y. Burton, '10, col., O. T. S. Sam.uel R. Miller, '10, capt., Inf. Jesse B. Adams, '11, 1st It., Inf. George W. Christian, '11, F. A., A. E. F. Edwin W. Holladay, '11, capt., Med. Corps. John S. Elliott, '12, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Charles T. Porter, '12, major, Med. Corps. William M. Strawn, '12, Aviation, A. E. F. Grariot Washburne, '12, It., F. A., A. _E. F. Morris Fontaine Briggs, '13, died of disease, January, 191S. Sidney P. Driscoll, '14, U. S. N. Charles C. Julian, '14, It., Inf. Holston J. Cherry, '15, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Lucius G. Gage, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps, A. E. F. George M. Wright, '15, It., Inf. Edward S. Hemphill, '16, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. John Letcher Harrison, '16, Amb. Corps, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Allen Whitney Wright, '16, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. William Cecil Baker, '22, U. S. N. R. F. William R. Quvnn, '22, U. S. N., S. D. Paul L. Weir, '23, Engrs., A. E. F. OMEGA Ralph Benton, '06, 2d It., Inf. Edward K. Strong, '06, It. -col.. Inf. Charles B. Douglas, '09, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Warren K. Hillyard, '09, 1st It., Engrs. Samuel P. Colt, '10, capt., Aviation, A. E. F. Nathan H. Jones, '10, It.-col., Engrs., A. E. F. Oswald H. Robertson, '10, major, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Francis R. Steel, '10, 2d It., Inf. George G. Steel, '10, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Addison G. Strong, '10, Engrs. Stephen C. Whipple, '10, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Lester O. Wolcott, '10, 1st It., Engrs. Herbert C. Kelly, '11, ens.. Naval Aviation. Earl V. Wilmar, '11, Sig. Corps. Claude C. Brown, '12, 2d It., Inf. Beverley S. Clendinin, '12, major. Inf. Elton R. Charvoz, '12, Med. Corps. William R. Cobb, '12, It.-comdr., Naval Aviation. Kenneth W. Robarts, '12, Engrs., A. E. F. Edward I. Beeson, '13, 1st It., Den. Corps. Roscoe L. Berglund, '13, 2d It., Aviation. Harold J. Bruhns, '13, 1st It., Den. Corps. Floyd B. Rice, '13, 1st It., Den. Corps. Hiram L. Ricks, '13, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Iral J. Roller, '13, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Rolla B. Watt, '13, Ord. Dept. Howard Becker, '14, Med. Corps. Forrest A. Cobb, '14, capt., A. E. F._ James M. Douglas, '14, 2d It., Aviation. Springer F. Evans, '14, It., Naval Aviation. James A. Giacomini, '14, 1st It., Inf. Mansel P. Griffiths, '14, 2d It., Q. M. C, A. E. F. 248 Phi Sigma Kappa A. Howard Hanky, '14, 1st It., Aviation, died 1. o. d. Ralph E. Beckett, '15, 2d It., Aviation. Homer H. Coolidge, '15, 1st It., Aviation. Wilfrid H. Geis, '15, 2d It., Aviation. Horace N. Heisen, '15, major. Aviation, A. E. F. Lewis H. Moore, '15, 1st It., Inf. Robert H. Peddycord, '15, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Laclair D. Schulze, '15, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Frederick P. Taggart, '15, Marines, A. E. F., killed in action. Desmond M. Teeter, '15, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Rufus F. Young, '15, 2d It., Aviation. Frederick W. Brown, '16j Med. Corps. Robert E. Graf, '16, A. E. F. Clinton G. Munson, '16, 2d It., Aviation. Clarence R. Murphy, '16, Naval Aviation, died of disease, October 9, 1918 Robert L. Smith, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Lewis R. Byington, '17, capt.. Inf. Harold S. McCaughey, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Charles F. Roeth, '17, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. R. Raymond Rohlfing, '17, 2d It., F. A. Harry K. White, '17, capt., Inf., A. E. F. Ralph C. White, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Charles J. Fern, '18, 2d It., Aviation. Charles L. Frost, '18, 1st It., Inf. L. Ludwell Harlan, '18, ens.. Naval Aviation. Arthur J. McHenry, '18, 2d It., Aviation. John R. McKee, '18, 2d It., Aviation. Frank McNeill, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Stanley J. Moisant, '18, 1st It., Aviation. Arthur M. Steintorf, '18, Inf., A. E. F. Edward B. von Adelung, '18, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Stephen N. Wilson, '18, Engrs., A. E. F. Alexander H. Cummings, '19, 2d It., Q. M. C. Clifford T. Dodds, '19, Engrs., A. E. F. Lewis J. Fredley, '19, Engrs., A. E. F. Andrew T. Hass, 91, C. A. Miller R. Huston, '19, Engrs., A. E. F. Richard J. Russell, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Carlton W. Schlingheyde, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Edward V. Tenny, '19, 2d It., F. A. Fred Turner, '19, Aviation. Edwin H. Uhl, '19, 2d It., Inf., A. E. F. James A. Wasson, '19, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Carleton C. Chesley, '20, 2d It., Aviation. Donald B. Crystal, '20, H. A. Ernest M. Frellson, '20, C. A. Frank B. McGurrin, '20, ens., U. S. N. R. F. William N. McLain, '20, Med. Corps. Victor W. Nielson, '20, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Harold A. Roberts, '20, A. E. F. Arthur J. Skaale, '20, Naval Radio. Louis C. Barrette, '21, F. A., A. E. F. Frank B. Champion, '21, C. A. Russell M. Leadingham, '21, Engrs., A. E. F. William M. Hendricks, '22, F. A. David E. Andrew, '23, Naval Aviation. Paul R. Avis, '23, Inf., A. E. F. Albert H. Henson, '23, C. A. Cecil C. Mathews, '23, C. E. F. Floyd P. Rupe, '23, Marines. Roscoe K. Andrews, '24, A. E. F. Douglas D. Crystal, '24, It., Tank Corps. The Chapter in Arms 249 ALPHA DEUTERON Royal R. Moss, '10, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Clay E. Crapnell, '11, Aviation. Walter Roman, '12, capt., Bal. Corps, A. E. F. Charles H. Warnock, '12, F. A. Charles M. Crain, '13, ens., U. S. N. Ralph W. Hardinger, '13, capt., Med. Corps, A. E. F. John D. Jacobson, '13, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. George D. Morrow, '13, 2d It., Aviation. Ravmond A. Nelson, '13. 1st It., Tank Corps. Charles A. O'Connor, '13, capt.. O. M. C. Mancel Talcott, '13, U. S. N. Harold K. Baltzer, '14, 2d It., Inf. Richard L. Byrd, '14, capt.. Marines. Frederick R. Fleig, '14, Aviation, A. E. F. Henry M. Hewitt, '15, It., Q. M. C. Frank H. Newcomb, '14, 1st It., Inf. Charles M. Roefer, '14, ens., U. S. N. Oscar Roman, '14, capt., Bal. Corps, A. E. F. H. Pierce Vandercook, '14, Inf., A. E. F. Norman K. Wilson, '14, 2d It., Sig. Corps, A. E. F. David T. Larsen, '15, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Arthur M. Metzler, '15, ens., U. S. N. William F. Thorpe, '15, O. T. S. Arthur L. Wanner, '15, 2d It., F. A. Dwight I. Johnson, '16, C. A. Irwin D. Rich, '16, U. S. N. A. J. W. Armstrong, '17, A. E. F. Kenneth Buchanan, '17, 1st It., H. A., A. E. F. William R. Branch, '17, F. A., A. E. F. Franc J. Gardner, '17, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F. Cleo J. Lingenfelter, '17, Engrs., A. E. F. Frank A. Logan, '17, 1st It., Q. M. C. Lawrence J. Roedel, '17, F. A., A. E. F. Charles H. Ruedi, '17, 1st It., Inf. John W. Teasdale, '17, 1st It., InL, A. E. F. John W. Dietz, '18, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Charles D. Martin, '18, U. S. N. Ernest McEvers. '18, 2d It., Aviation. Louis J. Selzer, '18, O. T. S. Donald N. Gellert, '19, Aviation. Harry D. Gotti, '19, Inf., A. E. F. Walter E. L. Kraeckmann, '19, 2d It., Aviation. Charles M. Leggett, '19, F. A. Jesse R. Long, '19, F. A. Ralph O. Metzler, '19, O. T. S. Paul S. Nelson. '19, Aviation. Henry G. Schenck, '19, F. A. Vernon G. Schenck, '19, U. S. N. Frank H. Stoll, '19, 2d It., Aviation. Charles L. Wilder, '19, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Delmar I. Allman, '20, U. S. N. Rolfe M. Hays, '20, ens.. Naval Aviation. John D. Kingery, '20, U. S. N. Thomas S. McDowell, '20, 1st It., A. E. F. Hermon G. McMillan, '20, ens.. Naval Aviation. Dayton O. Schrader, '20, Tank Corps. Lawson S. Talbert, '20, 2d It., Q. M. C. George H. Baum, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Donald M. Bvers, '21, F. A., A. E. F. 250 Phi Sigma Kappa Charles M. Carman, '21, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Ralph G. Crammond, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Lorn M. Gossett, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Hugo P. Gotti, '21, 2d It., Inf. Gordon A. Holderman, '21, Tank Corps. Othmar L. Moore, '21, 2d It., F. A. Verl F. Van Meter, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Owen J. Main, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Leonard J. Reis, '22, O. T. S. Carlos D. Wilson, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Pharis W. Blew, '28, 2d It., Inf. BETA DEUTERON Edgar B. Rehnke, '09, 1st It., F. A. Glenn GuUickson, '10, 1st It., Inf. George W. Jevne, '10, 2d It., F. A. Benedict S. Ash, '11, Aviation, O. T. S. Frank M. Totten, '11, 1st It., Inf. Llewllyn H. Francis, '12, Inf., A. E. F. Francis L. GuUickson, '12, capt., Med. Corps. Charles H. Jones, '12. capt.. Inf. Addison Lewis, '12, O. T. S. Leonard C. Brusletten, '13, capt., Med. Corps. Harold S. Chapin, '13, 2d It., Ord. Dept. Norman Conn, '13, Inf. Warren W. Getchell, '13, Q. M. C, Naval i\viation, A. E. F. Robert B. Haworth, '13, 1st It., Engrs. Dennis E. Hogan, '13, 1st It., Med. Corps, Inf. George O. Huev, '13, major, F. A. Cecil M. Jones; '13, Med. Corps. Ferdinand B. Peik, '13, 1st It., F. A. Clinton A. Rehnke, '13, capt., Inf. Carroll W. Armstrong, '14, Aviation. Loren R. Brooks, '14, major, F. A., A. E. F. Thomas H. Granfield, '14, 2d It., Aviation. Maurice W. Hewett, '14, 1st It., Engrs. Charles S. Hixon, '14, Engrs. Donald K. Hudson, '14, capt., F. A., A. E. F. Harry D. Levering, '14, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Rufus H. Milne, '14, 1st It., Inf. Stanley L. Ringold, '14, Engrs., A. E. F. Weston S. Schouler, '14, F. A., A. E. F. Victor S. Armstrong, '15, It., s. g., U. S. N. Reginald D. Chisholm, '15, 1st It., Med. Corps. James W. Collar, '15, Aviation. James W. Collar, '15, Aviation. Thorwald S. Hansen, '15, 2d It., Engrs. Leo A. Temmey, '15, Inf., A. E. F. Roswell S. Wilkes, '15, Inf. George D. Armstrong, '16, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. C. Rudolph Dahl, '16, Marines. Charles H. Davis. '16, F. A., A. E. F. Samuel C. Gale, '16, 1st It.. F. A., A. E. F. George R. Glotfelter, '16, 2d It., F. A., died of wounds October 5, 1918. Ernest S. Golden, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Charles G. Woehler, '16, U. S. N., S. D. Donald A. Young. '16, 1st It., Aviation. George B. Allen, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Albert P. Baston, '17, capt., Marines, A. E. F. Ingram Brusletten, '17, Amb. Service, Italian Army. The Chapter in Arms 251 Herbert W. Gillard, '17, Engrs. Reuben W. Lovering, '17, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Thomas S. Lovering, '17, Q. M. C, U. S. N. Paul G. Peik, '17, 2d It., Aviation. Harold O. Shackell, '17, 1st It.. Med. Corps. Ray D. Curry, '18, 1st It., Med. Corps. Leon F. Gates, '18, Aviation. Newton E. Holland, '18. C. A. Garrett T. Mandeville, '18, Naval Aviation, killed in accident August 1-3, 1918. Frank G. Moore, '18, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Earl W. Plonty, '18, Med. Corps. Milo C. Flaten, '19, C. A. Earl C. Fuller, '19, Aviation. Floyd H. Fuller, '19, 2d It., Inf. Henry L Fossen, '19, Aviation. Ralph Gracie, '19, 1st It., Aviation, A. E. F., killed in action. George P. Hough, '19, 2d It., M. G. Bn. Lorenz S. Kisor, '19, 2d It., C. A., Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Walter R. Mauseau, '19, F. A. Harold J. Pond, '19, Med. Corps. Arthur A. Rowland, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Frederic C. Wagenhals, '19, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Hans E. Bernt, '20, Engrs. Roy W. Brand, '20, U. S. N. Melvin C. Dahl, '20, 1st It., F. A. Edward K. Endress, '20, U. S. N. Russell Gates, '20, C. A. Harry L. Greenlief, '20, U. S. N., S. D. Wallace W. Hankins, '20, Aviation. Sidney W. Jensen, '20, F. A. Frank A. Kent, '20, Engrs. Clifford R. Raiter, '20, Naval Aviation. Roswell B. Rehnke, '21, 2d It., Inf. Peter T. Renter, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Roswell Baker, '22, Aviation. George L. Lindsay, '22, U. S. N. Graham D. Mandeville, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Lester M. Bergford, '23, Aviation, A. E. F. Vere H. Broderick, '23, Marines. Brvan K. Currv, '23, U. S. N. R. F. Merle G. DeForrest, '23, F. A., A. E. F. Douglas G. Lytle, '23, Inf., A. E. F. Nathaniel R. Hankins, '23, 2d It., Aviation. Harlan J. Nygaard, '23, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Frederick K. Spaulding, '23, Marines. Guv Taylor, '24, Med. Corps. William A. Turner, '2-4, 2d It., Aviation. Thomas W. Walsh, '24, ens., U. S. N. Robert P. Bayard, Engrs. Lloyd S. Mitchell, Engrs., A. E. F. Donald Sinclair, U. S. N., S. D. Arthur M. McCoy, U. S. N. GAMMA DEUTERON Arthur Woodman, '11, It., F. A., A. E. F. Philip V. Alexander, '12, Aviation. Ralph L. Helm, '12, O. T. S. Earl W. Mayne, '12, It., Vet. Corps. George H. Montillon, '12, Ord. Dept. Joe F. Wall, '12, It., Vet. Corps. 252 Phi Sigma Kappa Gates Harpel, '13, It., Aviation, A. E. F. Arthur R. Simpson, '13, capt., Inf., A. E. F. Owen A. Garretson, '14, It., Inf., A. E. F. Albert J. Diserens, '15, F. A. John R. Miller, '15, It., Med. Corps. Charles E. Wiley, '15, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Robert M. Woodworth, '15, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. J. T. R. Cessna, '16, F. A. James J. Wallace, '16, Ord. Dept., M. P., A. E. F. Edward B. Allison, '17, O. T. S. Nathan F. Andrews, '17, F. A. Charles M. Bilderback, '17, U. S. N. R. F., died of disease October 15, 1918. Daniel R. CoUins, '17, Q. M. C, A. E. F. George F. Fisher, '17, It., F. A., A. E. F. Frederick A. Lauer, '17, U. S. N. Howard E. Taake, '17, Q. M. C. Gordon E. Anderson, '18, M. T. C. Wayne C. Blair, '18, Sig. Corps. Paul C. Boylan, '18, It., F. A., A. E. F. Arthur E. Berg, '18, It., F. A. Donald C. Bryant, '18, A. E. F. Ralph H. Campbell, '18, It., F. A. Charles E. Fish, '18, Marines. Lyle F. LeProvost, '18, Inf., A. E. F. Edward J. Maynard, '18, capt., Cav. Raymond S. Wetzel, '18, C. A. George B. Wiley, '18, It., M. T. C. George K. Engelhart, '19, It., Inf. George A. Evans, '19, Med. Corps. Roland D. Hall, '19, It., F. A. Louis C. Hruska, '19, Aviation, A. E. F. Carroll B. Mershon, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Donald R. Merchant, '19, U. S. N. Lloyd M. Stover, '19, It., A. E. F. Roger H. Williams, '19, O. T. S. Harold E. Woodward, '19, M. P. Chester S. Adams, '20, ens., U. S. N. John H. Bell, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Harmon A. Sly, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Harold E. Thompson, '20, Marines. Vivian B. Vanderloo, '20, Med. Corps. Ira K. Ewalt, '21, Tank Corps. Earle S. Marsh, '21, U. S. N. Merritt L. Sutton, '21, Tank Corps. Clarence W. Sunday, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Lester V. Swearingen, '22, C. A. DELTA DEUTERON Warren J. Vinton, '11, Red Cross, A. E. F., Croix Rouge de Serbie, Order of St. Sava. John E. Roth, '12, Engrs., A. E. F. Ralph M. Snyder, '12, 1st It., Aviation. Ward F. Davidson, '13, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. Arthur F. Basset, '14, It., j. g., U. S. N. Albert D. Chipman, '14, major, Cav., A. E. F. Robert K. Vinton, '14, capt., Q. M. C. William H. White, '14, 1st It., Inf. Claude S. Buchanan, '15, It., Aviation. Donald M. Cook, '15, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Oliver B. Enselman, '15, Inf., A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 253 Louis W. Rabe, '15, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Roice A. Traphagan, '15, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Lee E. Banghart, '16, Inf. Eber M. Carroll, '16, It.. Inf., A. E. F. John B. F. Champlin, '16, O. T. S. Norman H. Davidson, '16, 2d It., Engrs. William B. Jensen, '16, U. S. N. R. F. Roy A. Nord, '16, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F. Donald W. Ogilbee, '16, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Walter E. Rankin, '16, 2d It., F. A. Dean W. Taj'lor, '16, ens., U. S. N. R, F. Benjamin H. Schaphorst, '16, C. A. Maxwell B. Cutting, '17, 2d It., Sig. Corps. George S. Fontanna, '17, 1st It., Inf. Carleton W. Reade, '17, Ord. Dept. Fred R. Walter, '17, 2d It., C. A., A. E. F. George O. White, '17, 2d It., Inf., Aviation, A. E. F. Medard W. Welch, '17, Lab. Corps, A. E. F., Croix de Guerre. Charles E. Briggs, '18, 1st It., Aviation. Arthur W. Ehrlicher, '18, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Gordon B. Hooton, '18, 2d It., Aviation. Lee D. Handy, '18, ens., U. S. N. Hermann Henze, '18, F. A. Howard W. Jones, '20, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Russell J. Knapp, '18, Aviation. Harold D. Koonsman, '18, It., Engrs., A. E. F. Roscoe R. Rau, '18, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Francis D. Reider, '18, Naval Aviation. Norm.an C. Bender, '19, Med. Corps. William A. Carl, '19, Amb. Corps, Inf., A. E. F., Croix de Guerre. Robert K. Hart, '19, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Frank S. Rowley, '19, U. S. N. William P. Sanford, '19, 2d It., Ord. Dept., Certificate of Merit from Chief of Ordnance. Henry B. Vinkemulder, '19, U. S. N. R. F. John H. Belknap, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Haynes E. Edison, '20, M. G. O. T. S. Charles W. Stoll, '20, 2d It., Aviation. James A. Barger, '21, Naval Aviation. David A. Forbes, '21, U. S. N. R. F. William H. Gridley, '21, ens., U. S. N., S. D. Edward S. Kingsford, '21, 2d It., C. A. Laurens A. Packard, '21, Naval Aviation, O. T. S. Joseph W. Planck, '21, O. T. S. Hubert H. Raisky, '21, 2d It., Aviation. Peter J. Van Rossum, '21, U. .S. N. R. F. Bernard D. Wicks, '21, U. S. N. R. F. David Gray, '22, U. S. N. R. F. James N. Savage, '22, U. S. N. R. F. Paul O. Strawhecker, '22, 2d It., F. A., A. E. F. Robert W. Taylor, '22, U. S. N. - Thorne J. Brown, '23, U. S. N. Earl W. Dunn, '23, 2d It., C. A. Paul G. Goebel, '23, U. S. N. Volnev C. Harmon, '23, O. T. S. Paul H. Garvey, '23, O. T. S. George E. Planck, '23, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Cecil O. Creal, '24. U. S. N. R. F. 254 Phi Sigma Kappa EPSILON DEUTERON Alexander W. Duff, Hon., Ord. Dept. John A. Spaulding, Hon., Inf. Charles B. Wagner, '08, capt., Engrs., A. E. F. John M. Bond, '15, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Joseph E. Roy, '15, It., j. g., Const. Corps, U. S. N. Frederick P. Church, '16, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Elmer H. Gardner, '16, C. W. S., A. E. F. Arthur H. Gerald, '16, F. A. William H. Knowles, '16, 2d It., Aviation. Valentine H. Libbey, '16, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Joel L. Manson, '16, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Ellery E. Royal, '16, 2d It., F. A. Harris E. Whiting, '16, 1st It., Inf. Richard W. Young, '16, 2d It., Engrs., A. E. F. Edward M. Bates, '17, capt.. Inf. Maxton H. Flint, '17, capt.. Inf., A. E. F. Leland A. Gardner, '17, U. S. N. R. F. Everett B. Janvrin, '17, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Lester W. Kimball, '17, Med. Corps. Roger C. Lawrence, '17, Sig. Corps. Haines S. Quinby, '17, capt., F. A., A. E. F. F. Gordon Barber, '18, 2d It., F. A. Gordon K. Berry, '18, 1st It., R. F. C. Sylvester B. Bubier, '18, 1st It., Inf. Harold S. Davis, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Charles S. Howard, ']8, Inf. Raymond H. Shaw, '18, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Harrison I. Turner, '18, ens., U. S. N. R. F. James E. Arnold, '19, It., j. g., U. S. N. Donald N. Bronson, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Edgar R. Jones, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Samuel P. Jones, '19, ens., Naval Aviation. Richard D. Lambert, '19, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Eldridge H. Lloyd, '19, Engrs., A. E. F. Austin H. Welch, '19, U. S. N. R. F. Frederick W. Bauder, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Carl H. Berg, '20, 2d It., Inf. Harold D. Jacques, '20, Aviation. Fred H. Mills, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Charles W. Parsons, '20, C. A. Gilbert F. Perry, '20, C. A. Robert A. Peterson, '20, 2d It., F. A. Clayton T. Pierce, '20, Aviation, A. E. F. Kenneth C. Russell, '20, ens., U. S. N. R. F. Rudolph C. Stange, '20, 2d It., Inf. Ernest Thompson, '20, 2d It., C. A. Roger S. Warren, '20, C. A., A. E. F. George L. White, '20, U. S. N. R. F. George A. Winckler, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Frank K. Brown, '21, 2d It., Aviation. Edward I. Burleieh, '21, Sig. Corps, A. E. F Wendell W. Campbell, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Myron D. Chase, '21, Naval Radio. George P. Condit, '21, U. S. N. R. F. William N. Dudley, '21, Inf. Walter G. Fielder, '21, 2d It., Inf. Harland G. Foster, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Carroll A. Huntington, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Lyle J. Morse, '21, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 255 Russell D. Noyes, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Kenneth R. Perry, '21, Inf. Richard M. Seagrave, '21, U. S. N. R. F. Harold B. Whitmore, '21, H. A. Donald F. Farnsworth, '22, U. S. N. Lawrence S. Potter, '22, 2d It., Inf. Carroll Stoughton, '22, Ord. Corps. Ira S. Bushnell, '23, U. S. N. Winthrop T. Morgan, '23, U. S. N., S. D. Raymond D. Morrison, '23, Naval Radio. Axel F. Nilson, '24, C. A. ZETA DEUTERON Alfred Buser, '12, capt.. Inf. Robert N. McKirnan, '13, capt., Marines, A. E. F. Joseph Bur, '14, ens., U. S. N. Charles O. Jandl, '14, Q. M. C. George Moore, '14, 1st It., Med. Corps. Charles S. Perry, '14, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Leland A. Wells, '14, capt., F. A. Harry J. Herzog, '15, 1st It., F. A., A. E. F. Eugene D. Holden, '15, Naval Aviation. James A. Laud, '15, M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Ernest A. Isenberg, '16, capt., M. G. Bn., A. E. F. Edward L. Burwell, '17, capt.. Marines, A. E. F. Wilbert C. Hendricks, '17, O. T. S. Gustaf H. Lindberg, '17, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F., Belgian War Cross. Erwin O. Luebchow, '17, 2d It., C. A. Henry M. Powell, '17, F. A., A. E. F. Arthur H. Robinson, '17, 1st It., Inf., A. E. F., D. S. C. Karl A. Schmidt, '17, 1st It., Inf. Howard A. Sukeforth, '17, 1st It., F. A. William Wallrich, '17, 1st It., A. E. F., killed in action July 23, 1918. William Cody, '18, 2d It., H. A. Earle F. Drow, '18, Ord. Dept., A. E. F. Arthur E. Espeland, '18, Engrs. Edward C. Gratiot, '18, C. A., A. E. F. James A. Peachey, '18, 2d It., Ord. Dept. George J. Silbernagel, '18, 2d It., F. A. George H. Stueber, '18, 2d It., F. A. Herbert W. Weber, '18, 2d It., Sig. Corps. William W. Earle, '19, Amb. Corps, A. E. F. Harold J. Kelley, '19, O. T. S. William A. Nuzum, '19, Ord. Dept. Charles A. Pfahl, '19, C. A., A. E. F. Donald Dohr, '20, Ord. Dept. Charles L. Kimball, '20, U. S. N. R. F. Burton W. Melcher, '20, ens.. Naval Aviation. George D. Theisen, '20. C. A., A. E. F. Harry L. Westphal, '20, O. T. S. Howard H. Beck, '21, U. S. A. Newman L. Dunne, '21, H. A., A. E. F., regimental citation. Robert E. Hardell, '21, Inf., A. E. F. James A. Lounsbury, '21, 2d It., Aviation, A. E. F. Lewis W. Morrisev. '21, Inf. Edward G. Silbernagel, '21, C. A., A. E. F. Don W. Smith, '21, Inf. Casey V. Loomis, '22, Marines, A. E. F., D. S. C, U. S. N. Cross, Croix de Guerre with gold star, two citations. Ansley B. McConnell, '22, A. E. F. 256 Phi Sigma Kappa Sylvester G. Kalley, '23, U. S. N. Deane A. Millman, '23, F. A., A. E. F. Donald Milman, '23, U. S. N., S. D. Jerome M. Pickford, '23, U. S. N., S. D. George P. Ruediger. '23, M. T. C, A. E. F. John D. Swift, '23, U. S. N. Wesley A. Voss, '23, It., j. g., Naval Aviation, A. E. F. ETA DEUTERON Ward W. Lusk, '13, It., U. S. N. William H. Settelmeyer, '14, 2d It., Engrs. John I. Cazier, '15, U. S. A. Chester A. Patterson, '15, U. S. A. Theodore L. Withers, '15, It., H. A. George C. Henningsen, '16, U. S. N. Oliver W. Layman, '16, Engrs., A. E. F. Gardner L. Chism, '17, 2d ft., Inf., A. E. F. John W. Heard, '17, 1st It., Engrs., A. E. F. Carl D. Kemper, '17, It., Tank Corps, A. E. F. William E. Melarkey, '17, 1st It., M. G. Bn. Vernon C. Organ, '17, 1st It., Aviation. WiUiam A. Pennell, '17, Engrs., A. E. F. Charles S. Short, '17, Aviation, A. E. F. John W. Smith, '17, Sig. Corps, A. E. F. Bordner F. Ascher, '18, cadet, West Point. Edward C. Cazier, '18, U. S. A. C. Howard Candland, '18, It., F. A. Robert E. Donovan, '18, It., Inf. Albert M. Henry, '18, A. E. F. Clinton V. Melarkey, '18. It., H. A. Donald B. Stewart, '18, Med. Corps. Robert H. Graham, '19, Engrs., 1st It., M. T. C, A. E. F Francis M. Young, '19, M. T. C. Leo I. Bartlett, '20, Inf. Harry E. Benson, '20, Aviation. Stanley E. Davis, '20, It., Inf., A. E. F. John A. Frost, '20, It., Aviation. John E. Gooding, '20, Aviation. Pail J. Sirkegian, '20, It., Aviation. Ernest A. Tam, '20, U. S. N. Charles C. Bowen, '21, Inf., A. E. F. Mahlon A. Fairchild, '21, Aviation. Melvin D. Saunders, '21, U. S. N. Albert L. Cerveney, '23, Sig. Corps. Willis H. Church, '23, F. A. William T. Cuddy, Jr., '23, Marines, A. E. F. Theodore H. Fairchild, '23, F. A. Marshall R. Gregory, '23, F. A. John H. Harrison, '23, Aviation. Paul A. Harwood, '23, F. A., A. E. F. Vivian A. Ninnis, '23, F. A. Jack Pike, '23, cadet. Naval Academv. Forest H. Young, '23, A. E. F. Gus Paul Falbaum, '24, U. S. N. Earl M. Hearne, '24, U. S. N. Daniel L. McNamara, '24, Engrs., A. E. F. Sigurd B. Nylander, '24, A. E. F. James E. Scott, '24, Med. Corps, A. E. F. Victor V. Vandiveer, '24, A. E. F. The Chapter in Arms 257 THETA DEUTERON Joseph E. Simmons, gd., 1st It., San. Corps, A. E. F. Cecil A. DuRette, '22, 1st It., Inf. Arthur L. Albert, '23, C. A., A. E. F. Grant O. Hylander, '23, C. A. J. Kenneth McCune, '23, C. A., A. E. F. Herman N. Miller, '23, Engrs., A. E. F. Horace N. Miller, '23, U. S. N., S. D. Harold R. Olson, '23, O. T. S. Robert L. Parkinson, '23, A. E. F. Lee T. Sims, '23, Inf., A. E. F. Fred D. Coffeen, '24, Inf., A. E. F. Calvin C. Delphy, '24, O. T. S. Estel H. Rorick, '25, 2d It., Aviation. Lilburn J. Tomlinson, '25, Inf., A. E. F 258 Phi Sigma Kappa O < r^'lO ■-< Ol" 01 Ol •^ 01 cV -— ■^1 I- .1.' — N f-'l ^ /! " 'A i ■> !ji ^^ ^ - I'l ^ f-l -t T^" ' CD 1— 1 Oof -^'-7 ^' 01 T T --■ • - WR Se a s -- E- •! "^^ p <>l"lO r^i'Ol" ^- ^ 0) Ol CA) 5 < 2 m z f^z -W -<:- HH rH . . . ^ . ^ . ^ . ^ . - . .- ■ ' r— * . _ . , ^ .. .- ..CO r-H o{ -^ ^ ^ (M 0-1 <:w^ -i < S p5<;<<]h:.c<^^wk( < en 1 0) . i=l O, a.v (M (M i-H -f 00 Ol CO CO CO — ' 01 '-0 ' — CO ^^ '"' — — u d (M CO C^ t^ C 01 CO lO CO -+ ^^ 00 — -- (M — 1 Ol oi C"^ c o oj 00 c: o CO T-( (M 00 1^ LO C^l —1 (M -r I- cr CO CO (M Ol ^ ^ V- OJ CO -* '-^ Ol LO -t t^ — [* -+ Ol — ' to XXI- oj a.'o CO 05 -t oq -^ CO 1^ lO l-.n^ ^^ -t I- CC ^^(2 -+I CO CO CO' CO -H Ol Ol •^ Ol CO CO ^ ^ — U "O -c OJ (U i.l^l CC CO -* CO c^ CO 1-^ (M t-H CO ^ 01 — ^ S ^ X 1^ w tn _ M "o ^ ^ u IE :c; ^ _aj .^ .£ ^ '£ j: .c U < — 2 lo ■^ ^c5 S§1 ^ S O 5 "o U x' o u a < P5 Ph •^ K s: s -^ " w <; <-; ^l-I c JZ U » Membership Tabulation 259 ^ ^ (N tIh" CD uo T-i i_0 LO CO C w ^ '> ^ '^ ^-i ^ '"' •6< "^ ® Si "^ •-^ w w >< (-< tH <] 66^ l—H ....~..~ ^^ ...i-H .. :0CCO00 lO T-i 00 Oi o Oi t- 1 — 1 ^^C^ ._, ^(^^^^ J^5^ T-1 ,— 1 r-H .-H T-M CO CD u TD TD QJ OJ cfi c — 1 — ' T-l T— 1 ^ J'S ^ X -t^ Di W Cfi Total No. nitiate (M > t-' • C ^ >. , • -• CJ . !— U 5— S-H Lj LJ _Q !;j f— r-< _Q ^ < < ^ ^ tL, ^ ►— ,1— vfc ^ J3a-g CO 1 Cfl 1 3 .r! rt^ CJ o u -^ "rH ^ P "^ ^ • :: oBS QJ .In 4-> (« o3 h Franki: Queen' St. Joh Dartmi Brown Swarth WiUiar Virgini Califor Illinois Minnes Iowa S Michig C etTwHHexi^ c^^ <<< m Ph >,J2 ^ Si .ti o T! ■s (/J OJ u, (fl a T3 y O J= c uu INDEX Accounting systems, 154, 155 Ackerman, I. J., 89, 99, 100, 214 Agassiz, L., 14, 18 Albany Club, 98 Albany Medical College, 55, 57, 58, 59, 186, 188 Alden March, 59-62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70, 71 Alden March, Dr., 55, 59 Alexander, C. B., 88 Alpha (see Pi Chapter), 66, 79, 83, 87, 92, 108, 122, 149, 153, 162, 163, 165, 167, 172, 174, 188, 220, 258 Alphabet, 26, 27, 72, 74 Alpha Delta Phi, 58, 59 Alpha Deuteron, 134, 135, 143, 163, 164, 172, 173, 174, 249, 258 Alpha Sigma Phi, 182 Alumni advisers, 190, 192 Alumni Clubs, 64, 66, 67, 98, 100, 128, 138, 139, 167, 196, 203-205 Amherst College, 14, 44, 53 Archibald, J., 59 Arm^our, 141 Armstrong, S. E., 61, 76, 79, 80, 101, 203, 212, 213, 215 Arnold, C. J., 64, 65 Arnold, J., 83, 90, 102, 120, 214 Bagley, S. B., 50 Baird, W. R., 90 Baird's Manual, 53, 90, 185 Baker, D. E., 31, 32, 34-36, 37, 38, 39, 53, 54 Balfour, L. G. Co., 189 Baltimore Club, 167 Banfield, E. P., 122, 216 Ban San Kar, 38 Barnes, W. S., 109, 110, 111, 120, 125, 127, 136, 214, 215 Barrett, J. F., frontispiece, 11, 16-24, 28, 30, 37, 38, 45, 52, 53 54 55 57 59, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 110, 112, 115, 120, 123, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 143, 146, 149, 159, 163, 165, 168, 179, 180, 203, 211-215 Barrett, J. W., 135 Bayard, A. H., 58, 61, 62, 63, 71, 72, 74, 212 Becker, C. M., 65, 66 Belcher, M., 130, 132 Bell, H. M., 88 87, 181, 190, 139, 161, Benton, N. K., Ill Beta (see Alden March), 60, 66 101, 125, 146, 157, 172, 174, 182, 186-188, 221, 258 Beta Deuteron, 134, 135, 172, 175, 193, 194, 250, 258 Beta Theta Pi, 163, 165 Big Chief, 115, 168, 179, 180 Billy Mac, 116 Bishop, W. H., 42 Blessing, A. J., 61 Boehm, J. A., 94, 132, 135, 138, 141, 146, 148-150, 152, 159, 160, 163, 165, 214, 215 Bogart, Capt., 94 Boston Club, 91, 92, 98, 128 Boston Univ., 53, 54 Bowdoin, 141 Bowen, C. C, 177 Bowker, H., 179 Bowker, W. H., 45 Boyle, E. D., 217 Brandes, W. C, 186, 216 Breed, C. B., 217 Briggs, C. G., 59 Brigham, A. A., 35, 37, 38, 39, 54 63, 212, 217 Brooks, S. C, 135 Brooks, W. P., 15, 16, 18-24, 27, 28 38, 39, 45, 53, 68, 77, 78, 92, 110, 217 Brown, 14, 122 Browne, A. L., 61 Burgess, A. P., 217 Burrows, A. T., 138, 139, 142, 143. 183, 189, 215, 216 Butterfield, K. L., 163 Buttle, W. W., 108 Byington, L. R., 142 Caldwell, H. M., 113 California, 68, 130-134 Callender, C. H., 59 Camden, W. L., 76, 77, 79, 108, 203, 213 Campbell, F. G., 18-24, 30, 36 Campbell, G. M., 183 Canbv, H. S., 217 Carr, J., 61 Carskadon, E. B., 103 Certificates, 66, 67, 69, 109, 111 Chapon, R. H., 169, 170 Chapter magazines, 153, 182 Charter fee, 66, 118, 183, 185, 202 t, 59, 32, 203, 163, 260 Chase, H. K., 203 Chi, 123-125, 156, 161, 172, 175, 182, 246, 258 Chicago, 83 Chicago Chib, 135, 167, 189 Chi Phi, 70, 71 Chi Psi, 188 Chown, G. Y., 94 Cincinnati, 141 Clark, F. T., 217 Clark, H. B., 112 Clark, H. J., 18 Clark, W. S., 13, 14, 18 Clark, X. Y., 18-20, 22-24, 26, 27, 41, 45, 68 Clay, J. W., 16, 18-24, 26, 27, 28, 30. 31, 37, 45, 63, 66, 211 Clement, F. M., 59, 61, 66 Clifton, H. W., 89 Coat of Arms, 46-49, 69, 74 Col, of City of New York, 84, 85 Collier, W. M., 113 Collier, W. S., 89 Colorado, 83 Colors. 66, 209 Columbia, 85 Columbian Univ., 88 Conley, W. H., 60, 61, 66, 69, 70, 71, 133, 141, 142, 146, 147, 152, 156, 165, 168, 183, 188, 194, 215, 216 Connecticut Club, 98 Constitution, 37, 54, 55, 63. 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 76, 77, 99, 100, 101, 137. 138, 139, 165, 166, 185, 201-210 Convention of 1888. 63, 64, 212 Convention of March 1889, 66, 68, 212 Convention of October 1889, 66, 67, 68. 212 Convention of 1890, 68. 212 Convention of 1891. 69-74, 97, 116, 142, 146, 212 Convention of 1892, 76, 77, 212 Convention of 1893, 77, 213 Convention of 1894, 77, 79. 80, 99, 108, 213 Convention of 1896, 99, 110, 213 Convention of 1898. 87, 99, 110, 116, 213 Convention of 1900, 89, 97, 110, 213 Convention of 1902, 86, 91, 92, 100, 103, 104, 105, 116, 214 Convention of 1904, 95, 114, 115, 122, 168, 214 Convention of 1906, 120, 145, 157, 214 Convention of 1908, 120, 128, 132, 139, 146, 147, 149, 154, 157, 159, 214 Convention of 1910, 135, 136, 145, 149, 153, 154, 157, 159, 215 Convention of 1912, 133, 137, 138. 139, 146, 150, 159, 165, 190, 215 Convention of 1914, 133, 139, 146, 154, 156, 163, 215 Convention of 1916, 141-144, 153, 154, 156, 160, 165, 167, 168, 215 Convention of 1920, 139, 143, 144, 182, 183, 185, 186, 190, 216 Convention of 1922, 196, 215 Corbin, P., 127 Corbv, K. W., 168 Cornell, 105, 116 Cortelyou, G. B., 112, 113, 217 Cotton, H. A., 217 Crow, J. H., 123 Curtis, F. G.. 108, 120, 122, 123, 214 Cutter, B., 99 Cutter, E., 41 Cutter, J. A., 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. 72, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, HI, 112, 113, 114, 115, 123, 125, 146, 149, 179, 203, 211-214, 217 Czar, 116 Dargeon, H. W., 186 Dartmouth, 122, 161, 175 Davis, C. E., 58, 62, 65, 203 Davis, G. H., 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 122 Davis, W. J., 125 Daw, W. L., 90 Dean, A. L., 217 Dear, B. M., 125 Dederick, A. S., 125 Delaney, P. A., 65, 66, 69, 72, 203, 212 Delaware, 83 Delta, 74-76, 80, 87, 102-104, 172, 174, 192, 224, 258 Delta Deuteron, 139, 140, 172, 175, 194, 253. 258 Delta Kappa Epsilon, 106 Delta Sigma Phi, 194 Dennison, 141 Denver, 83 Des Jardins, C. B., 154 Detroit Club, 167 D. G. K. Society, 15, 31. 36, 44, 53 Diefenderfer, W. M., 93 Dietz, C. F., 87, 90 Districts, 183, 188, 189, 190 Donogh, Mrs., 192 Dormody, H. F., 141, 142 Doyle L., 154 Duff, A. W., 217 Duggan, S. P., 85, 89, 213, 217 Duncan, R. F., 49, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 188, 212 Dyrsen, H. H., 99, 120, 125, 214 Eaton, H. E., 154 Eder, P. J., 84, 91, 92, 114, 115, 217 Editor's honorarium, 153, 154, 185 Elgas, M. J., 84 Elgas, M. J., Jr., 84, 85 261 Elgas. W. T., 84, 85 English, E. P., 179 Epsilon, 77, 79, 80, 87, 1U8-111, 120, 122, 125-128, 172, 174, 195, 225, 258 Epsilon Deuteron, 163, 165, 166, 167, 172, 175, 154, 158 Eta, 87, 88, 95, 172, 174, 181, 182, 229, 258 Eta Deuteron, 141, 142, 172, 175, 182, 185, 194, 256, 258 Expansion, 53-62, 82-96, 97, 120, 122, 123, 125, 130-144, 145, 188. 189 Expulsions, 71, 76, 86, 90, 100, 101, 102, 104, 109, 120, 190, 208, 209 Fagan, J. J., 179 Farquhar, F. G., 89, 93, 94, 214-216 Faunce, W. H. P., 156 Faustman, W. P., 132 Fell, T., 158, 217 Fletcher, R. C, 64, 65, 83 Flint, C. L., 44 Poch, Marshal, 195 Folsom, D. B., 178 Folsom, J. W., 217 Ford, J. S., 65 Foreman, A. H., 125 Founders, 15-25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 53, 74, 82, 100, 110 Fowler, A. L., 34, 37, 39, 41, 42, 54, 67, 70, 71, 112, 113, 115, 203, 211, 212 Franklin & Marshall, 93, 94, 160, 194 Frederick, W. A., 92 Puller, H. B., 217 Furman, R., 58 Gamma, 49, 65, 69, 70, 71, 76, 83, 87, 89, 101, 105-108, 110, 128, 139, 172 174, 223, 258 Gamma Deuteron, 136, 137, 138, 141, 172, 175, 194, 252, 258 Garrison, H. A., 102 George Washington Univ., 88 Gettysburg, 185 Gilday, B., 194 Gladwin, P. E., 38, 43 Goessmann, C. A., 13, 22, 43 Goff,J.W.,85, 112, 113,120,134,214,215 Goodell, H. H., 13 Gordinier, H. C., 217 Graduate Members, 64, 66 Grand Chapter organized, 37, 54, 63 Greenawalt, W. E., 76, 79, 80, 84, 86, 101, 109, 203, 213 Hackett, W. H., 108, 110, 111, 115, 120, 125, 127, 136, 145, 213-215 Hague, H., 15, 17, 19-25, 26, 30, 39, 54, 167, 203 Haines, G. L., 177 Hall, J. N., 31, 34, 35, 36, 54 Hall, M. B., 135 Hamilton, W. J., 217 Happel, W. H., 72, 73, 76, 83, 110, 196, 203, 212 Harding, VV. G., 153 Harrison, E. A., 158 Harrison, J. T., 158 Hartley, C, 79 Hartley, E. P., 203 Hartman, E. M., 94, 120, 214, 217 Harvard, 14, 18, 83, 91 Harwood, P. M., 20, 30, 37, 38, 42, 179 Hastings, R., 194 Haughey, W. R., 87, 88 Heidelbaugh, W. H., 149 Higgins, E. W., 109, 217 History, 42, 64, 66, 182 Hitchcock, P. G., 194 Hitchens, Mrs., 75 Hoadley, A. H., 61 Hobart, E. W., 217 Hodgman, A. F., 59 Hoer, W. C, 177 Holmes, O. W., 41 Honorary Members, 64, 66, 67, 105 Howe, C. S., 31-35, 37-39, 43, 54, 55, 67, 79, 99, 139, 156, 183, 203, 211, 217 Howe, E.D., 38, 44,45,48 Howell, H., 51, 52 Huddlers, 37 Hull, J. B., 125 Hull, T. A., 125 Huse, F. R., 77, 79, 83, 203, 213 Hutchens, J. H., 61, 66, 70, 71, 203, 212 Hutchings, J. T., 66 Illinois, 13, 134, 135, 174 Incorporation, 72, 77, 202, 203 Insignia, 39, 46-49, 209 Interfraternity Conference, 156, 160, 175. 176, 182, 194, 196 Iota, 87, 89, 111, 112, 172, 175, 179, 232, 258 Iowa State, 83, 134, 175 Jameson, C. B., 99 Jenks, A. E., 135, 217 Johns Hopkins, 83 Johnson, P. P., 43 lones, C. R., 103, 213, 217 Jones, E. A., 48, 50 [ones, N. N., 54, 62 Jordan, H. E., 186, 217 Joy, L. W., 185 Kaltwasser, C. M., 112 Kansas, 141 Kansas State, 196 Kappa, 88, 108, 121), 172, 175. 232, 258 Kappa Alpha, 188 Kappa Sigma, 15 Kathan, D. L., 61 Kellogg, Mrs. \V.. 50, 57 Kentuck\-. 83 Kerr, W. G., 139, 141 Key, 57, 59 Kilts, W. S., 125 King, A. P. A., 217 262 Kinney, B. A., 41, 48, 49, G9 Kirk, W., 217 Kirkland, A. H., 217 Kloman, E. H., 186 Kniskern, J. W., 58, 84 Kreeger, A., 185 Kyle, G. W., 99 Lambda, 88, 89, 101, 112-114, 120, 172, 175, 177, 186, 233, 258 La Moure, H. A., 217 Lang, T. S., 102 Latham, H. S., 218 Lawrence, R. R., 125, 150, 153-156, 161, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 196, 215, 216, 258, 259 Le Fevre, S., 64, 67, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79, 83, 99, 212 Lehigh, 90 Lewis, A. S., 120, 125, 214 Lindberg, G. H., 142 Lipes, H. J., 188 Literary programs, 30, 31, 32, 43, 49, 50, 51, 62, 97 Lorenzo, F. A., 114 Loughran, F. W., 58, 59, 61, 71, 72, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87. 88, 91, 110, 114, 115, 120, 196, 213, 214 Lowe, J. A., 54, 118, 123, 133, 141, 149, 150, 151, 153, 163, 165, 182, 215, 216, 218 Lowe, J. S., 218 Ludwick, E. E., 178 Lynch, B. E., 108, 111 Lyons, J. B., 188 MacDonald, W. G., 61 Maine, 53 Martin, T. S., 218 Mass. Agri. College, 11-15, 32, 44, 45, 55, 66, 74, 122, 163 Mass. Inst, of Tech., 91 Maxwell, M. C., 88 May, F. G., 41, 45, 48, 52 Mayers, C. E., 75, 76 Mayers, W. S., 75 McDonald, J. E., 132, 158, 215 McEvilly, J. J., 186 McGraw, H. A., 218 Mclntyre, W. A., 94, 116, 118, 119, 120, 123, 125, 128, 129, 132, 134, 138, 139, 141, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 156, 159, 165, 194, 214-216 McLean, D. H., 113, 132, 1.33, 137, 139, 146, 149, 150, 152, 158, 163, 215 ^s^ McMahon, D. F., 143, 144, 215, 216 McMullen. H. D., 94 McQueen, C. M., 31 Michener, E. C., 218 Michigan, 138, 139 Miller, E. F., 218 Miller, J. S., 88, 89 Miller, P. E., 137 Milwaukee Club, 196 Minnesota, 83, 134, 135, 175 Missouri, 141 Mohn, D. E., 192 Moore, V. A., 218 Morehead, H. L., 163 Morgan, G. J., 158, 159, 160, 182, 186, 215, 216 Morgan, J. F., 91, 94, 99 Morgantown Club, 98 Morrill, A. W., 218 Mu, 89, 94, 116, 123, 172, 175, 178, Munself, E. A., 132, 135, 137, 147, 150, 215 Murphy, W.G., 59 Murray, J. S., 87, 90, 95, 103, 105, 120, 213, 214 Musgrave, W. M., 182, 183 Name, 27, 28, 37-39, 41, 54 Nebraska, 83, 141 Needham, C. W., 113, 218 Neelv, M. M., 103, 218 Nevada, 141, 142 Newton, C. L., 163 New England Association, 139, 183 New Mexico, 54, 130 New York Club, 74, 86, 97. 98, 128, 146, 167 Nobles, G. S., 123 North Carolina, 83 Northwestern, 83, 141 Nu, 90, 101, 172, 175, 191, 192, 238, ^58 Oa'th, 24, 25, 61, 70 Ohio State, 196 Olcott, B., 185 Omega, 130-134, 141, 142, 172, '175, 185, 192, 247, 258 Omicron, 91, 172, 175, 239, 258 Oregon, 184, 185, 188 Otto, A. C, 139, 142, 185, 188, 189, 190, 196, 216 Packard, F. L., 91, 92, 114, 218 Page, H. O., 91 Parker, G. A., 28, 30, 32, 218 Parker, W. C, 42, 52, .59, 63, 65, 71, 72, 74, 211, 212 Parmerter, G. F., 218 Parsons, W. A., 50, 51, 65, "67 Patten, W., 161, 218 Patton, D. C, 135 Peabody, S. H., 13 Penn State, 88 Pennsylvania, 89, 94, 118 Perry, A. D., 42 Phi, 123, 172, 245, 258 Phi Beta Kappa, 57 Phi Gamma Delta, 123 Phi Kappa Psi, 75, 76, 123 Philadelpha Club, 98 Philbrick, E. D., 135 263 Pi, 93, 94, 123, 160, 161, 172, 175, 194, 240, 258 Pi Chapter, 41-52, 55, 57, 65, 66, 99 Pin, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 69, 154, 156, 189 Pittsburgh, 141, 143 Pittsburgh Club, 167 Poe, J. M.. 106 Porter, W. H., 32 Post, M. D., 218 Posters, 31 Potter, E. E., 61 Price, R. F., 83, 101, 110, 213 Psi, 125, 159, 160, 172, 182, 186 Psi Upsilon, 188 Purdue, 185 Q. T. V. Society, 15, 31, 36, 53 Queen's, 94, 100, 158, 159 Rand, F. P., 152, 153, 156, 177, 182, 188, 189, 190, 197, 215, 216 Ranson, B. B., 104, 105, 115, 120, 214 Read, B., 132 Read, F. H., 122 Reger, H. S., 92, 113, 114 Rehnke, E. B., 135 Resignations, 67, 71, 100 Rho, 94, 95, 158, 159, 169, 172, 241, 258 Rhoades, W. G., 130 Rice, B.F., 218 Rice, C. A., 122 Rich, A. G., 84, 90, 92, 94, 95, 114, 122, 214 Ridder, B. H., 218 Riddle, J. H., 75 Ring, 39, 66, 72 Ritual, 30, 36, 42, 43, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 79 Roberts, W. E., 123 Robinson, E. V. D., 135, 218 Rogers, C. D., 59 Root, A. G., 59, 61, 65, 188 Root, J. E., 17, 29, 30, 32, 37, 39, 55, 63, 85, 136, 138, 143, 144, 163, 179, 203, 213, 215, 216 Rose, C. R., 114 Ruedi, C. H., 142, 185 Sachem Hall, 111, 127 Sadlier, J. E., 61 Salmon, T. W., 218 Sandy, C. J., 135 San Francisco Club, 167 Sappington, E. N., 95 Schaeffer, O. S., 93 Schofield, W. W., 161 Schreiber, C. F., 195 Scott, C. M., 135 Seal, 66, 67, 74, 209 Seattle Club, 134, 167, 195 Secretary's honorarium, 153, 185 Sellew, R. P., 50, 51, 65 Sheard, C, 91, 94 Shidle, N. G., 185 Shores, R. J., 218 Shoudy, W. A., 179 Shute, D. K., 218 Sigma, 95, 157, 158, 172, 175, 182, 242 258 Sigma Nu, 175 Sigma Phi Sigma, 154 Signet, 43, 44, 49, 50, 67, 83, 99, 120, 123, 133, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 169, 171, 177, 178, 182, 183 Signs, 36, 38, 39, 67, 70, 72 Simpson, A. R., 136, 137 Smith, R. E., 132, 218 Smith, R. T., 103 Smyth, F., 135 Snake Dance, 77, 168 Snell, E., 132, 133, 142 Songs, 91, 99, 100, 185 South, W. H., 102, 103, 104 Southern Club, 98, 128 Southmayd, J. E., 38 Southwick, A. A., 15, 16, 21, 27, 30 32 Springfield Club, 167 Stahr, J. S., 160 Stanford, 83, 196 Stellwagen, K., 139 Stephens, T. C, 179 Stevens, 87, 175 Stewart, H. W., 135, 141 Stewart, T. D., 103 Stiles, C. A., 105 St. John's, 95, 157, 158 St. Lawrence, 90, 91, 194 Stockbridge, L., 13, 28, 38, 44, 45 Stoddard, A. L., 177 Stone, G. E., 218 Strong, E. K., 218 Sturtevant, W. B., 177, 182 Sullivan, J. D., 115 Sullivan, T. V., 95, 123, 214 Supreme Court, 77, 102, 104, 105, 116, 120, 123, 134, 135, 136, 137, 141, 145, 147, 154, 160, 163, 165, 190, 207-209 Swarthmore, 123 Symbolism, 26, 72, 74 Syracuse, 138 Taft, W. H., 153, 169 Tau, 121, 122, 161, 172, 175, 243, 258 Tax, 64, 66, 67, 69, 99, 110, 118, 149, 156, 183, 209 Tennessee, 92 Theta, 85, 86, 97, 98, 112, 120, 128, 143, 157, 160, 172, 174, 175, 181, 182, 230, 258 Theta Deuteron, 172, 184, 185, 188, 257, 258 Theta Nu Epsilon, 91, 189, 190 Thompson, S. C, 86, 90, 102. 143, 183, 213-216 Titus, C. M., 105, lOli 264 Tompkins, T. S., 87 Tonkin, W. H., 177 Tours Club, 177 Triangulation, 189 Tulane, 83, 138 Underwood, A. J., 177 Union, 55, 157, 186, 188 Unkles, E. H., 177 Upsilon, 122, 123, 125, 172, '175, 244, 258 Van Cise, W. M., 167 Van Valkenburgh, R. D., 89 Van Valkenburgh, R. H., 89 Vieth, H. A., 218 Virginia, 90, 125, 159, 160, 186 Vogel, G. J., 65, 70, 80, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 101, 104, 110, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 138, 145, 146, 153, 156, 165, 185, 213-216 Wachter, C. L., 87, 111, 112,120, 123, 214 Walker, H. M., 127 Walters, H. R., 192 i War, 169-178, 219-258 War Department, 175-177, 178 Washington, 134, 141, 195, 196 Washington & Lee, 83 Watt, R., 133 Watts, R. J., 163 Wendell, E. H., Ill Wesleyan, 83 West Virginia, 75, 76 Western Conclave, 133, 134, 215 Western Reserve, 83, 90 White, H. J., 218 White, I. C, 218 Whiting, H. E., 163 Willard, D., 41, 218 Willard, G. B., 71 Williams, 14, 123-125, 150, 161, 163, 165, 175 Williams, G. A., 72, 79 Willis, D., 103 Wilson, A. C, 132, 133 Wilson, W., 165 Winchester, H. B., 196 Wisconsin, 135, 141 Wolcott, L. O., 132 Woodcock, A. W., 157, 158 Woodward, M. R., 113, 114 Worcester, 163, 165 Worm, O. R. W., 80, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 103, 105, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 125, 136, 214, 215 Wright,F. C.,108, 109 Xi, 91, 172, 175, 194, 195, 238, 258 Yale, 77, 174, 194 Year Book, 99, 100, 120 Yeaw, F. L., 132 Zeta, 84, 85, 86, 87, 97, 101, 120, 157, 172, 174, 182, 228, 258 Zeta Deuteron, 140, 141, 142, 172, 175, 255, 258 265 ^^r^ wAi*^*"*^ ■;:;:!-:::?s:«lil!ip!'. ...I||iii|ii|i*:i iiN'ii i' Pi f 'ill li lli 'ikm mam m V ;il;iit i i '^ iNIi ill iilil,. iliiiK Mid' ;if :;>i!'|t!;;ii!ii'i -W mil j|!i;-ii|j:ii!' jt'i'lii 1 I it' m t li ) .1 I i!l ilil' fill ' i I 1 1 I 1 ' %% Sid