u o* ^^s. ^£JIST^* UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY SPECIAL COLLECTION-^ SB 45 M6 1735 v.l w* (d3 2..03 TREASURE ROOM -QlAjixSj ^ 'M^, i^^ K% Ai.dcru 6-cM/jn., Gardeners Didionary : Containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving THE Kitchen, Fruit and Flower Garden, AS ALSO THE ^h'^ck Gar den J Wildernefs^ Conprvatory^ AND VINEYARD. Abridged from the Folio Edition, By the AUTHOR, PHILIP MILLER, Gardener to the Worfhipful Cornpany of Apothecaries^ at their Botanick-Garden, in Chelfea, and F. R. S. In Two Volume s. • Digna manet divini gloria rurh. ViRG. Geo. VOL, I. LONDON: Printed for the Author, and Sold by C. Rivington, at the Bible and Crow-n^ in St, Pau l\ Cbtircb-Tard. M.DCCXXXV, TREASURE ROOK V. 1 To the Right Honourable THE EARL of DERBY, This A B R I D G M E N T of the Gardeners Didionary, Is Moft Hnmhly Infcrihed-, By His Lordship's, Moji Obedient Humble Servant, Philip Miller. , ■ » rty. /*- /■■S "• >w THE PREFACE. HE Folio Edition of this Work halving met with fo Kind a Re^ ception from the Tuhlick, as that two pretty large hnprejfions have been almofi^ fold off-, I need not rrouhle the Reader with an Account of a Book wMj is now lecome fo Tnhlich What Ifloall fay, hy way of "Preface, in this "Place, is to inform the Reader, That m this Abridgment^ I have taken in all the pra£iical vi The PREFACE. praCiicaJ Tart of Gardenings and have like^ wife enumerated all the Species of Plants which were in the Folio Editions 5 hut have omitted the Etymology of the Names^ the Ex^ planation of Words^ and the philofophical "-Tart, as being lefs ufeful to cemmon Gar-' dealers. I have alfo left out the Kalendar, that having been enlarged and puhlifhed fepa^ rately^ fmce the firfi Edition of this Work came out 5 which being printed in a pocket Volume J of the Size of thefe two, may he added as a third y and will make this Edi- tion compleat^ with regard to the pra£iical Tart of Gardening. I have alfo added fome few Jr ticks which were omitted in the Folio Editions 5 which addi" ttonal Articles and Corre£iionSy are intended to be puhlifljed feparately^ for the Turchafers of the two jormer Editions^ agreeable to the Tromife I made in the Preface to thofe Im" preplans. The PREFACE. vii My l^efign In puhlijloing of thh Abridge menty is not to leffen the Value of the Folio Editions^ that being far from my thoughts 5 lut as the ^rice of the Folio was too great for many ^Ferfons 'who are employed in the pra£iical Fart of Gardenings I was deftred hy fome of my Friends to fet about this Work. To which I was the rather indue' dy as it might prevent an Abridgment from injudi^ cious Handsy by which not only my Interefi in the Copy would have fufferd-^ but the Fublick would have been impofed on with an inaccurate Ferformance, publifjod^ according to the Fra£iice now fo commonly^ tho bafely^ purfud^ with Intention of fjoaring the Fro- Jits of an Author s Labour ^ without giving him any Conftderation for it. Jndy indeed, I foon found that this Ap- prehenfton was far from being Groundlefs^ and that it was highly proper to haflen this Work'j for an Advertifement was inferted in the publick Fapers^ of an Abridgment being VIll The PREFACE, leing nearly Jinijh'd hy other Handsy and n^ouldfoon be fent to the ^refs. This determlnd me to prefs the Work for^ ward as fajt as my other Bajinefs would per^ mh '^ and I hmnhly hope^ my good Friends and kind Favourers^ will not he difpleafed either with the Attempt or the Performance, THE THE Gardeners Dictionary- A B BELE Tree. Vhlc Populus. ABIES; The Firr Tree. The characters of this Tree are, It is ever-green j the Leaves Are Jingle, and for the m^Jl pari ^reduced on every Side the Branches ; the Male Flowers ( or Catkins ) are placed at remote Di- Jiances from the Fruit on the fame Tree ; the Seeds are produced in Cones, which are fo^uamoje. The Species of this Tree, which are at prefent to be found in the FngliJJj Gardens, are, 1 . Abies; Taxi folio ; fruHu furfum fpeciante. Tourn, Tiie Silver, or Yew-leaved Firr Tree. 2. Abies; Tenuiori folio ^ fruclu deorfum injlexo. Tourn. The Com- mon Fir or Pitch Tree j fometimes called, The Norway or Spruce Firr. 5. Abies ; Minor; peciinatis fo- liis ; Virginiana ; conis parvis fuh- rotundis. Fluk. Aim, The Virgi- nian Firr Tree, with fmali roundilh Cones. 4. Abies; Taxi folio; fru^u Ion- gijjimoy deorfum injlexo. The Yew- A B leav'd Firr Tree, with lon^ hang- ing Cones, commonly called. The Long-con'd Cornifli Firr. f. Abies; Fice^t. foliis Irevihus ; conis minimis. Rand. The Pitch- leav'd Firr Tree, with fmall Cones. 6. Abies; Fice& foliis brevioribusi conis parvis, biuncialibus Jaxis.Ra?;d. The ihorteft Pitch-leav'd Firr Tree, with loofe Cones. 7. Abies; Taxi foliis ; odora Bal- Jami Gileadenjis. Raii Kijl. App, The Balm of Gilead Firr, Vulgo. 8. Abies; Taxi folio; Jruciu ro- tundiore, obtufo. The Yew- leav'd Firr Tree, with round Cones, by Jome called,Thc Balm of Gilead Firr. The firft and fecond Sorts of Firrs are very common in mofl Gardens, and Plantations of ever- green Trees; and the fecond Sort is very common in the Woods of Nervpay, and is the Tree that affords the white Deals. Thefe Trees were ( not many Years fmce ) much efteeraed for Ornaments in ever-green Gardens ; but the Leaves and lower Branches decaying and foo.n falling off, fb as to render the under Par of the B Tree A B Tree bald and unfightly, together with their deftroying every Thing that grows under them, they are not at prefent in Co much Requeft. The rhird Sort Dr. P/w/rewe? men- tions to have been formerly grow- ing in the Bifhop of London's Gar- den at Fulham, but hath been fince deftroy'd, and hath been retriev'd again from Seeds fent from Nevp- EngUml by Mr. Moore, which were fown by Mr. Tairchild of Hoxton^ •who raifed feveral Plants from them, and found it hardy enough to refift our fevered Cold in the open Ground. The fourth Sort was brought many Years fmce ^rom America., and was planted in Devon/hire, where are now large Trees of this Kind, which annually produce ripe Seeds, from whence the Gardens near Lon- don have been fupplied. This Tree grows to be very large, and makes a beautiful Figure, the under Part of the Leaves being of a whitifh, and the upper Part of a glaucous or Sea-green Colour, and are clofely let upon the Branches. This Tree is alfo very hardy. The fifth and lixth Sorts were alfb brought from America, and planted in Devonfliire and Cormxiall, and are by the Inhabitants of thofe Coun- tries ufed to make Spruce Beer, and are by them called the Spruce Firrji j but fmce any of thefe Sorts may be ufed for the fame Purpofe, this Ap- pellation doth no more belong to thefe than any other of the Kinds. Thefe Trees grow much cloicr and thicker than the common Firr j nor are their Branches and Leaves fo apt to decay and fall off, which ren- ders them more valuable. The feveuth and eighth Sorts are promifcuouQy called The Balm of Cilead Firrs, but they are very di- ftind, according to the Branches, A B which I had fent me from Devon- JJoire and Cornroall, The feventh Sort Mr. Ray mentions in the Sup- plement to his Hijlory of Plants, as growing in the Duke of Beauforfs Gardens at Badmington. It was alfo in the Bifliop o^ London's Garden at Fulham fome Years lincc. This Sort produces long Cones, which are fharp-pointed, and ftand ere6t upon the Branches, emitting a large Quantity of a refmous Matter ; the Branches grow flat, and the Leaves are very (liort. The other Sort produces Cones fomewhat like thofe of the Cedar ot Libanus 5 the Leaves are of a darker Green, and are produced thicker on every Side of their Branches, fo that it is one of the moft beautiful Trees of all the I'irr-kind. The Leaves of thefe two Trees being bruifed between the Fingers, emit a very ftrong Balfamic Smell, which hath given Occaiion to fome to believe, that the Balm of Gilead was an Exudation from one of thefe Trees, from wlience they received their Names ; but this is known to be a Miftake, that curious Balfam being the Produdion of a Tree very different from this Clafs. Before I proceed to lay any thing of the Culture of thefe Trees, I fhall beg Leave to add the Sorts of Pines to the Firrs, which altho' feparated to a great Diflance by the Alphabe- tical Order here followed, yet have a near Alliance both in their claflical Diftribution, and alfo in their Cul- ture i and are by the unskilful in Botany, frequently confounded to- gether. PiNus; The Pine Tree. The CharaBers of this Tree are. The Leaves are ever-green, longer than thofe of the Firr, and are frodu- ced by Fairs out of each Sheath or Covering. The A B The Species of this Tree, to be found in the Engliflj Gardens, are, 1 . Pin us ; fativa, C. B. Vin. 49 1 . The manured Pine. 2 . PiNus i fyl vefiris, C. B. Pin. 49 1 . The Pinaftcr, or Wild Pine. 3. Pin us j AmericarMy (iidnh ex uno folliciilo fetis, longis, tenuibus triqHetris ad unum angidum per to ■ tarn longitudinem minutijjim'u crenis afperatis. Fluk. Amalth. 171. This is comjnonlj called Lord Weymouth's Firr, or Pine. 4. PiNus ; Americana j foliis prA- longis ^ubinde ternis \ conis plurimis confer tim nafcentibus. Cat, Plant. Ang. TheCiufler, or Large- Bunch'd Pine. 5". ViKUs ifylvefris; foliis brevibus glaucis, conis par vis albentibus. Rail Syn. 1. 288. The Scotch Pine, com- monly called Scotch Firr, 6. PiNus i Americana, palujlris. The Swamp Pine. Vulgo. Thenrft, fccond, and fifth Sorts are very common in England j but the third and fourth are in very few Gardens. The third was raifed le- veral Years ago in the Duke of Beaufort's Gardens at Badinington, and is now growing in the Ear] of Pembrook's Gardens, where it thrives very well, and is become a large Tree. In the Year 1724 fome frefh Seeds of this Kind were fent over from Carolina, from which I raiied fomc Plants in the Phy/ic Garden, which, alrho' but fmail, fland in the open Ground, and relill the Winter's Cold very well. The fourth Sort is 'now growing in the Bifhop of London's Garden at Ful- ham, and is a very large Tree, pro- ducing ripe Cones almoft every Year ; from whence feveral young # Trees have been raifed by feverai Nurfery-Men near JLondan. The A B Leaves of this Tree are commonly three, produced trom each Sheath; and the Cones grow in great Cluf^ ters. On a Branch, which was taken from the old Tree, I counted 39 Cones in one Bunch. The fixth Sort is very proper to continue Plantations of thefe ever- green Trees, when it may io happen, that a moid fwampySoil may inter- vene (as it many times doth) be- tween rifing Ground, and in which Parr we could not carry either the Avenue or other Plantation on with Trees of the fame Kind, all the other Sorts being, for the mofl Part, mountainous Plants ; £0 that here is an Advantage, which could not be other ways obtained, rhat fliould encourage Gentlemen to cultivate as many of the foreign Trees, as can be by any means naturalized to our Climate, tho' the Ufes of them are not immediately known i for it is certain that Time will difcover Something, either for Ufe, or Beau- ty, in moft of them. Belide thefe, JVIr. B.ay, in his valu* able Hijlory of Plants, hath menti- oned ieven or eight other Species: But as there are at prefcnt fcarcely any of them in England (and if they were brought hither by curious Per- fons, their Culture would nearly agree with thofe above menti- oned ) ; the only Difference to be obferved is, to flielter fuch as come from warmer Climates for the two or three firft Years, after v/hich Time I am perfuaded moll of the refmous Trees will do well with us abroad ; therefore I fhall forbear mentioning any more Sorts, refer- ring the curious Reader to the valu- able Book before cited. Thefe Trees ^re all raifed from Seeds taken out of their polyfper- mous Cones. The way to get out the Seeds is, either by cxpoling the B i Cones A B Cones to a gentle Fire, orb/focikmg them all Night in Water, which will caufe their fquamofe Cells to open, and readily emit their Seeds; but this ought not to be done, until you are ready to fowthem, which is bed pertorm'd in the Beginning of March. The manner of fowing them (if for large Plantations) is as folio w- ethi After your Ground hath been ploughed to loofen the Earth, and deftroy the Weeds (efpecially if the Ground is fubjeft to Heath or Furze) it muft be ploughed two or three tkiies, and the Roots carefully grubbed up, the more effectually to deftroy thefe fpreading Plants, which would otherwife foon over- run and ipoil your young Plantation. This being done, you may with a Spade level the Earth in imall Spots at about every fix Feet fquare : In which Spots you may fow ten or twelve Seeds, covering them about a Quarter of an Inch thick with fome of the fame Mould broken fine, and the great Stones taken out (but not fifted, for Reafons here- after mentioned) ■■, when this is done, it will be a good v/ay to lay upon each of thefe Spots fome Peas- Haulm, Furz,e, or any other light Covering, to prevent the rapacious Birds from deftroying your young Plants, juft as they peep out of the Ground ( they being very fond of the Husk or Coatof the Seed, which the young Plants bring up on their Heads) j which Covering will alfo prevent the drying Winds and Sun from piercing the Ground, and de- ftroying your Seed. This Covering may remain fome time after the Plants are come up, provided it is not laid over- thick, nor too clofe, which would thereby draw and weaken the Plants by preventing the Ingrefs of the Air. When this A B Haulm or Covering is taken off, it will be nccellary to draw a little loofe Earth round the Stems of your young Plants, to ftrengthen them, as alfo to ftick fome Furze over them, to prevent the Sun from fcorching them, which is very hurtful to thefe Plants while young. In each of thefe Spots (if your Seed was good) you may reafonably ex- pect: 6 or 8 Plants to come up, which may remain together until the third Yearj but in the mean time it will be a very good way to preferve your young Plants, to lay a little Litter, or fome Mulch upon the Surface, and round the Stems of the Plants, to guard againft fe- ver e Froft in Winter, and extreme Drought in Summer. This being carefully performed, would lave the Trouble of watering, and be more ferviceable to your Plants. The third Year after fowing, you may remove fome of thefe Plants into another Plantation ( which Ground ought to be prepared as before directed ). The beft Seafon for this Work is towards the latter End of March, and Beginning of April, the Weather mild, but not when the Eafterly drying Winds blow, which prefently dry the fmali Fibres of thefe Plants when out of the Ground. The Diftance thefe Trees ought to be planted ( if for a dole Plantation) may be about eight Feet fquare, which Diftance will be found fufficient j for if they be planted at too great a Diftance, they are liibjed: to fhoot out many lateral Branches, which will retard their upright Growth. In removing thefe Plants, they ■fhould be taken up with as much Earth as poffible: but Care muft be had not to hurt the Roots of thofe Plants left in thefe fmall Spots, A B Spots, which fhould be two of the befl: Plants in each, and filling up the Holes made in taking out the Plants, with fome of the neighbouring Mould, to prevent the Extremity of their Fibres from drying. When your Plants are let in the new Plantation, a Quantity of fmali Stakes fliould be provided to faften the young Trees that the Wind may not blow them out of the Ground, and befure cover the Roots with fhort Litter, as before directed 5 then give them a gentle Watering to fettle the Earth to the Roots ; and if the Weather fhould prove very dry, you may repeat this gentle Wa- tering two or three times j but be fure not to over water, which;, I may venture to {ay, hath killed more new-fet Trees of a]l Sorts, than the Want of Water, or any other Accident whatever i there- fore once for all, I would advife to have efpecial Regard that all new-fet Trees are well mulch'd with fliort Litter, or Turf, but to have a great care not to water too much nor too often, which rots the young Fibres as fad as they are puHied forth, as I have often ex- perienc'd j and have a great Care not to cut any of the Branches or Heads of thele Trees, which is very hurtful (efpecially to ail thofe of the reiinous kind.) The Soil in which thefe Trees chiefly delight, is chalky Hills: And where there have been not above lix or eight Inches of Mould upon the Surface, I have feen the mofl: vigorous Trees; as at a Seat belonging to the Hon. Sir ^ohn Guife, near Great Marlorp, ■ in Buckinghamflnre, where there ? are vafl: Numbers of thefe Trees which drop their Seeds, and A B fpring up without any Care or Culture. Notwithftanding thefe Trees chiefly delight in the be- forementioned Soil, yet will they thrive tolerably well in a poor Gravel (provided it be not too light and fandy) or in a fbrong Soil (if not too wet) but they love a moderate Elevation j and the Silver and Cotnmon Firr, with the 7nanurecl Tine, require Ibme Shel- ter flom the North and Ealt Winds, but the Scotch Tine and Tinajier, will grow on the North or Eaft Side, or even upon the Summit of high Hills. Thefe Trees do not delight in dunged or rich Soils ■■> but obfcrve it is much the better way to train up any fort of Plant in a Soil nearly akin to that you intend to plant them in, and not (as is too often the Pradice) make a Nur- fery upon a good rich Soil, when the Trees there raifed are deiigncd for a poor barren SoiU and this I believe to be the Reafon why Plantations of Trees procured from rich Nurferies are often feen to make but a poor Progreis, if they live. Thele two Trees left in each Spot, fhould not continue longer than fix or feven Years together, when you fliouid remove the leaft thriving Tree, leaving only one of the flrongcil: in each Place i in the doing of which, great Care fhould be taken not to difturb tb.e Roots of thofe left. The Seafon for this Work i^ before diredled. Thefe Trees which you now re- move, will be of great Service for planting Vifta's, or Ampitheatres of Evcr-greens, or for Clumps in different Parts of Wiiderneficsi in the doing of which, obfcrve to plant the Scotch Vine 3nd Vinajler on the backjvard Pin of thefe B 5 Pl^a^- A B PLintations, thefe being the cuick- efl and Lirgeft growing Trc^ (in our Coanrry) and ai-e the bell able to reli^i frrong Winds. But I ihoul return to give fome Account of the Way pradtis'd in railing thefe Trees in fmaller ^Nur- feries, tor the planting Avenues, or other Lines of Trees, which Method will do very well for the Cedar, Larch, or mofl other Ex- otick Trees of thefe Kinds (pro- vided they come not froni too hot a Country.) You niuft pro- vide yourfeif with fome (hallow Cifes, not above fix or eight Inches deep, and in L^gth and Breadth in Proportion to the Qpntiry of Seeds defigned to be fown therein i but 1 would advife nor to have them too big, which will render thjm immoveable, and it \s upon this Account I chufe to have them fowed in Cafes, liiz.. That they may be moved to any Poiition, and, if need be, car- ried into Shelter, in the Winter. The Bottom of thefe Cafes {hould be bored fall of Holes to let out the faperfluous Moifture. Upon each ot thefe Holes, fhould be bid a Piece of Tile, or an Oyfter Shell, to prevent the Earth from flop- ping the Holes ; and if the Bottom of the Cafes were covered v/ith fmall Stones, or any dry Rubbifh, it would the better drain otf the Moi- Ihire, and keep the So:, loofe about the Roots of the young Plants. The Soil v/hich I chiefly prefer to fill thefe Cifes v/irh, fhouid be taken from Pafture Ground, not too ftiff, nor over light. This fhould have a iMixture of Lime Rubbifh, and, (if inclining to a Clay) fhould alfo have a good Quantity of Sea-Sand mix'd there- ^'/ith, and by no means fift or skreen tlii5_ Mould, as is moll A B commonly practis'd, but only take out the very large Stones, which might obftrud the Growth ot your Plants : for when all the Stones are lifted out of Mould, the fmaller Particles of Earth do fo clofely join together, as in wet Weather to become one folid Mais, and thereby prevent the Moi- flure from draining off, which will rot the Fibres of v/hatcver is planted or fown therein i and when the Heat of Summer comes on the Surfice of this fifted Earth, it v/ill thereby be dried to a hard Crufl, fo as to prevent the Moi- fhire from equally penetrating it. Your Gales being filled as be- fore directed, lay the Surface of the Mould even, ^nd thereon fow your Seeds pretty thick, covering it with fome of the lame Earth broken fine, about a quarter of an Inch thick, laying thereon fome Furze, as before direded. Thefe Cafes fhould be placed to have the Morning San, but mufl be skreen- ed from the Sun in the Heat of the Day, by Trees or Hedges, but by no means p'ace them near a Wall or Pale, which would refledl too great a Heat upon them, and would very much prejudice the Plants while young. Thefe Cafes fhould be gently v/atered when- ever there may be Occalion, but remember not to over-water, as was before ninted. The Seafon for this Sov/ing, is the fame as was directed for larger Plantations. A little after Michnelmai it will be convenient to remove fome of the Earth upon the Surface, which, by this time, will often grov/ moffy; but this mufl be done with abundance of Care, iefl the young Plants fnould thereby be difbarb'd j and then lay thtreon a httle dry frelh " - Earth A B Earth ('well mix'd with Rubbifti, tr Sind, to keep it from retaining the Wer) obierving nor ro let any of it remain upon the Tops of your young Pl.iars : This \vU fbengthen rhem the better to en- dure the Winter's Cold : And at this time it will be convenient ro remove the Ciihs into a wirmer Situation, as under ibme South Hedge, and raiie them from the Ground with Bricks, that they may be kept the drier ; and if iz proves frofly, it unli be neceflary to lay ibme Furze (or luch like hght Covcricg) ro guard them from the Injuries thereof; bur I would not ad vile the Houling, unieis they are of iuch Sorts as are brought from hotter Coun- tries. They may remiin in theie Caies till the lecond Year, at which time it wiJ be convenient to remove them into Nurieries, where they rtiay ilr^nd for tour or five Years. The bell Sealbn for this Work, is towards the latter End of M^rch, or the Beginning of A^ril. The Manner of per- forming it being the lame as was directed tor larger PLmradons, I fhall refer to that j only I mufl beg leave to obierve, that if the Soil you intend to plant them in, • be a ftrong Ciay, ir will be ne- ■ ceilary ro raiie a little Hill of lighter Eirth, whereon to punt each Tree; and if Trees of rh:s kind are removed at a l-irger Growth, it will be abiblutelv ne- ceiliry to raiie a Hill for eich Tree (eipecially if the Soil be a Gravel or Chalk) and not, as is too often the Practice, dig a Hole into the Gravel, Chalk, or^Cliy, and nil it with Mould, and therein plant )the Tree. This is next akm to plant- ing them in Ci. rem?, which will hold the Water, and ro: the Fibres: And A B if it fo hippens that the Trees \Wc four or nv-e Years, yet, alier that. when the Roots are ipread to ths Extremity of tiieie Holes, and caa get no farther, the T:ec5 grow knotty and fhmt, and, perhaps, in a few Years die. Tne not obierrbg this, is the Reaibu we fee lb tew Plantations in ib thriving a State as might be wilh'd for. Tnele Trees are very often ar a Stand, during three or ibur Years aiter planting, but whea once they have eila-lifh'd them- felves in their new Quarters, will fumdently rerompence for th^t, by Ihootmg near a Yard annually j and fome of theie Trees will grow ro a praligious Magni- tude; as ibmetimes to above an hundre^J Feet: and iz hith been a Maner of Concern, to ieveral in- genious Perfons, that theie Trees have not been more propagated, licce they have lb many Excel- lencies ro recommend them, zis., I. The F-cilit}- o: their Propa^^ tion- 2- Their delighting to grow in fuch Piaces wlicre t^' other Trees %vill thrive. 5. Their re- quiring no Culture or Drening, after the hrfr live or lix Yearly 4. Their Unitbrmity and Beaurv. y. Their perpetuii Veriure and Sweeinels : And billy. Their great Uiefuinels in many Parts of Lil^. The whc^e of which mav be leeo at large in that V aluable Hi{ii?ry ef P. jvjf .< wTlt^en byMr.fij;', Voll II, Page ij-oc, e"-f- The Seeds of thefe Trees, if preferv'd in the Cones, will keep good for many Years. I have been inibrm'd of a Gentleman. who fow'd ibn-.e Pine Seeds which were raken cut of a Qmc upwards of twenty Years old, and hid ibme Plants from them i but from my Qwa Knowledge, A B I can aflure that Seeds taken from Cones five Years old, grow very well, which is of lingular Uie to know} for fince their Seeds will grow Co old, we need not defpair of bringing them from the moft diflant Parts of the World, (pro- vided they are brought in the Cones) for otherwife they will keep but a fliort time, which is the Reafon why the Seeds of the Silver Firr are fo rarely good^ for the Cones of this Tree when ripe, fall to Pieces on the firfl: Touch, and fcatter out their Seeds, but the Seeds of all the Kinds of Pines are with fome Difnculry, taken out of the Cones ; therefore it would be a very good Method to preferve the Seeds of Firrs in dry Sand, until the Spring of the Year, which is the proper Seafon for fowing them. ABROTANUM, or Southern- wood j This Plant is better nown by its outward Appearance than by any diflindl Characters which can be given of it, agreeing in moft Parts with the Worm-wood, from which it is not eafy to feparate it. Of this Plant there are fix or feven different Sorts, which are Natives of Europe i but there are not above two of them common with us in the Englijl) Gardens, which are, I. Abrotanum i ma^ angujiifo- lium majus. C. B. Fin. Common Southernwood. 2.. Abrotanum ; mas angufti- folium minus. C. B. Fin. The ieller and Narrrower-leav'd Southern- wood. Thefe two Sorts are eafily in- creas'd, by planting Cuttings, in a Ihady Place, in any of the Spring or Summer Months. The firft of thefe Sorts is fometimes ufed in A B Phyfiek, being accounted good to deftroy Worms in Children. It is ufed in Gardens as an Un- der-fhrub, and may be kept to a handibme round Head j but it is chiefly raifed by the Gardeners near Londo/i to furnirti the Balconies of the Citiieni, in the Spring and Summer Months; it enduring the Smoak of the City better than moft other Shrubs or Plants, and affords (to fome People) a grate- fuil Smell. ABROTANUM FOEMINA. Vi^ die Santolina. ABSINTHIUM} Wormwood. The Characiers of this Plant are. It hath an indetrjninate Stalk, branching out into many fmall Shoots rohich are furni(h\l -with Spikes of naked Flowers hanging downward j the Leaves are hoary, and of a bitter Tafte. There are many Varieties of the Sea Wormwoods in England, which are promifcuoully gather'd by the Herb- Women, and fold in the Lon- don-Markets for the Roman ^rm- v/ood, and are thought by fome preferable to that } but as thefe are for the moft part accidental Va- rieties, fo I ihall only mention tho!e Sorts which are cultivated in the Gardens. I. Absinthium i vulgar e ma jus, J. B. Common Wormwood, 1. Absinthium,- Fonticum tenui- folium incanum, C. B. Fin. True Roman Wormwood. 3. Absinthium; maritimum la- venduU folio, C. B.Fin. Sea Worm- wood, with Leaves like Lavender. 4.. Absinthium ; infipidum, ab- finthio vulgari fimile, C. B. Fin. The infipid Wormwood i it is folikc the Common, as not eafily to be diftinguinVd, but by fmelling and tafting the Herb, unlefs by fuch this A B as are very skilful in Botany \ but this Sort is not very commonly met with in England. y. Adsi>^thiuM5 Arborefcens, Lob. Icon. 75-3. Tree Worm wood. The firft of thefe Sorts is very common in Englaml, in the Roads and upon Dunghills i but it is ailb planted in Gardens, for common Ufe: The fecond, third, and fourth Sorts are only found in curious Gardens of Plants. They are all eafily raifed, by planting of Cut- ting's and Slips in any of the Sum- mer Months. The Roman and Sea Wormwoods are great Creep- ers at the Root, and will foon fpread ov^er a large Piece of Grcur.d. The Tree Wormvvood rifes to be a Shrub five or lix Foot high, and is kept in Gardens as ci Rarity, ani was formerly preierved in Green-houies, but hath been found hardy enough to endure our Winters abroad, if planted in Places ihelter'd from the Northern Winds: This Shrub makes an agreeable Variety, in fmall Quarters of Ever-Grcens or Flowering Shrubsj the hoary L<\aves which continue aU the Year frcih, flrikc the Eye at a great Dillanre, and have a good Effevfl indiverfify- iiig the Profpeft : This Shrub is ealily rais'd from Cuttings, planted in any of the Summer Months, (under ■"a-4-k4ge' or Wall) where they may have only the Morning Sun; and being frequently water 'd, will take Root in a Month or fix Weeks Time, when they may be remov'd to any Places where they are delign'd to- remain ; obferving in this (as* in* many other Shrubs and Plants' v^hich are Natives of a warmer Climate) to place them in a dry Situation: Wet, efpccially in Winter, is the mofc deftruftive to all thefe Sorts of Plants. A C ABUTTLON, [the Name is ^.v?- bick ] Yellow Mallow. The CharacJers of this Plant arc, li hath the whole Appearance of the Mallovo, in both Leaves nnd Fioivers ; The Flower hath a fiigle Cup -J the Seeds, roh'ich are flmp'd like a Khlneyy are each of them lodg\l in a feparate Cell. There are three or four Species of- this Plant known in Europe, as, I. Abutilon, Dod. The com- mon Yellow Mallow. 1. Abutilon Imlicum: J.B. The Indian Yellow Mallow. 3. Agutilon Carolinianufn, rep- tans alce.n foliis gilvo Jlore, Acl. Phil. The Carolina Abutilon, with Leaves like the Vervain Mallow. 4-. ABuriLo>i Awericanum amplif- fmo folio caule 'villcfo. Plum. The large leav'd American Abutilon ^ with woolly Stalks. f . Ab u T I LON Am ricanum, fruciti fubrotundo, pendulo, e capfulis vefca- riis crifpis ccnfato.Rand. The Ame- rican Abutilon, with round ilh pen- dulous Fruit, whofe Secd-Vellel is like a iwell'd Bladder. There are feveral other Varieties menrion'd by Plumier, in his Cata- logue of American Plants ; but as thefe Plants have little Beauty, and are chici4y preferved in the Gardens of thofe only that are curious in Botany, 1 fhall pafs them over with bare naming, and only beg Leave to obferve, That Mr. Bradley late Profejsor, of Botany at Cambridge, was greatly miuakcn, in faying it grows wild in England ^ but it is plain he knew not the Plant, for he rakes it for the A.lthcia, or Mar Hi Mallow. ACACIA, Egyptian Thorn, or Binding Bean Tree. The Characters of this Tree are, It hath ramofe or branching Leaiies\ thp Elopers adhere cbfel\, and form I' A C d kind of Sphere or Globe -y the Siliqua or Tods are h'ard and thick, indojing feveral Seeds, -which are feparated by iranfverfe Diaphragms jrom each ether, and are clofely furrounded with a ftveetijlj palpy Sahfiance. There are a great Variety of thefe Trees cultivated in the Gar- dens of England and Holland, which have been brought from Africa and America \ and are fome of them hardy enough to endure our Winters Abroad ( efpecially fuch as are Natives of North America) ; others are very tender, and are only to be kept in the warm eft Stoves. I fhall firft fet down the Names of fuch as are to be met with in the Znglifly Gardens, and then give fome Ac- count of their Culture. The Species of this Tree are, 1. he xci A Americana abruA fo- liis triacanthos, [roe ad axillas fo- liorum fpina tripUci donata ; Fluk, Mantif. i. The hmtncin Acacia, with triple Thorns j or the large- thorn'd Acacia, commonly caWd, The Locuft Tree in the Wefi- Indies. 2. Acacia Americana^ paluflris abruA foliis fpinis rarioribus . Water Acacia from Carolina, with very few Spines. 5 . Acacia 'vera. J. B. The true Egyptian Acacia. 4-. Acacia Indica, foliis fcorpi- oides leguminofA, filiquis fufcis tere- tibus refmojis. H. L. The Indian Acacia with taper refmous Pods. y. Acacia ; fimilis Mexiocana, fpinis cornu fimilibus. Breyn. The great horn'd Acacia, Vulgo. 6. Acacia, quodammodo acce- dens, five Ceratia Cf* Acacia media 'Jamaiccnfis fpinofa, bigeminatis fo- liis, fiofculis flamineis, atronitente, fruciu filiquis intorfis, Tluk. Thyt. A G Acacia, with branching Leaves, and twifted Pods. J. Acacia; arbor ea, major, fpi" nofa, pinnis quatuor majoribus, fub- rotundis, filiquis "variA intortis. Sloan, Cat. Plant. Jam. large four leav'd Acacia, with twifted Pods. 8. Acacia folio lentifci, fem- pervirens , fpinis vidua. Hort. Amfi. Ever-green Acacia, without Thorns. 9. Acacia, non fpinofa, fiore aU bo, flaminibus longis; foliormn pin- nis latiufculis, glabris, Cr> auritis, Houfl. Acacia without Thorns, and white Flowers, having long Filaments, and broad Imooth Leaves. 10. Acacia ; humilis^ non fpi- nofa, foliis fubtus incanis ; florum flaminibus longis, rubentibus. Houfi. Dwarf Acacia without Thorns, and red Flowers, having long Fi- laments. 11. Acacia, Americana, ?:on fpi- nofa, fiore purpurea, flaminibus lon- gifjimis, fdiquis planis, villofis, pinnis foliorum tenuifjimis. Houft. Ame- rican Acacia without Thorns, and purple Flowers, having very long Filaments, fiat hairy Pods, and very narrow Leaves. 12. Acacia, fpinofa, foliorum pinnis tenuijfimis, glabris, fioribus globofis, luteis \ fpinis longiffmis. Houfl. Prickly Acacia with very narrow fmooth Leaves, round yellow Flowers, and very long Thorns. 13. Acacia, non fpinofa, fiore albo ; foliorum pinnis latiufculis glabris; filiquis longis, planis. Houfl. White flowering Acacia without Thorns, having broad fmooth Leaves, and long flat Pods. 14. Acacia, non fpinofa, tenui- folia, vilfofa ; fioribus globofis albis ,• / filiquis brevibns hirfutis. Houjl. Nar- * IQV/ A C row leav'd hairy Acac'm without Thorns, having round white Flow- ers, and fhort hairy Pods. ly. Acacia, non fpinofa-^ lariore folio, villofo; fioribus globofis albisy Jiliquis hre^vibus hirfutis. Houji. Broad leav'd hairy Acacia, having round white Flowers, and broad hairy Pods. 6. Acacia, non fpinofa j Jloribus ojis albis i folioram pinnis te- nuiJJJmis glabris ; filiquis ad fin- gtila grana tumiclis. Houfl. Acacia without Thorns, having round white Flowers, very narrow fmooth Leaves, and jointed Pods. The firfc of thefe Acacia's Dr. Vluhemt mentions to have been rais'd in the Garden of the Bi- fhop of London at Fulham, about the Year 1698, iince which Time it hath been rais'd in great Plenty in fevcral Gardens near London, where there are fevcral very large Trees. This Sort hath, produced Flowers in the Fhy/ich Garden at Chelfia, which are very jGiiall, and of an herbaceous Colour ; and in the Year 1729, it produced ripe Fruit in the Gardens of the Bilhop of London at Tulham. The Seeds of this Tree are frequently brought over from Virginia and Carolina, by the Name of Locujl, which, I fuppofe, is a general Name for mofl: Trees which produce Pods, in which are contained a fv/eedlh Pulp flirrounding the Seeds. The fecond Sort is nearly allied to the firft, but hath very few Thorns^ the Shoots, are greener and the Tree is of quicker Growth. The Seeds of this Tree were fent from Carolina Anno 1.724, by Mr. Catesby, by the Name of Water Acacia, as being an Inliabi- tant of wet Soils. The Flowers pt this Tree have not yet appeared in England, fo that I can give no i A C Account how this differs in that Particular from the firft. The third Sort is the Tree from whence the true Succus Acaci& is taken ; which although mentioned as a Native of Egypt, yet is alio found in divers Parts of America, from whence the Seeds of this Tree have been fent into England, which have been rais'd in feveral Gardens near London. The fourth Sort is the mofl: common Kind in Jamaica, Bar- badoes, and the other warm Parts of America, and hath, for the Sweetnefs of its Flowers, been dilpers'd thro' mofr Parts of E-u- rope i which although a Native of the warmer Parts of the Indies, yet hath been made familiar to the. Italian Gardens, and is culti- vated in great Plenty in Vortugal and Spain. The fitdi Sort is, at prefent, very rare in England, and only to be found in fomc curious Gardens. This Tree produces its Spines by Pairs, which are extreme large and crook- ed, and of a whitiHi Colour j but I don t remember ever to have feen this Flower. The lixth Sort was brought from the Bahama JJlands by Mr. Catesby, Anno iji6. -The Seeds of this Plant (which are flat, and one half of a beautiful red Colour, the other half a deep Black) grow in long twifted Pods" which, when the Seeds are ripe, open on one Side, aud let the Seeds out,- which hang- ing by a fmall Thread for fome time out of the Pods, make a very agreeable Profpeft : The Leaves of this Tree branch out and divide into many Ramifications i the Lobes are round ilh and placed in a very regular Order: The Flowers have not as yet appcp.r'd in England, but horn a Painting done-i from the Plaiit A C Plant in the Country, tliey feem to be very beautiful. The feventh Sort was brought from Ja^/^ica, and is growing in the Thyfick Garde7i at Chelfea : This hath four large Lobes to each Leaf; the Spines are fhort, fliff, and crooked, and the Seeds grow- in twifted Pods. This Plant is well defcrib'd in Sir Hans Sloan's Natural Hijiory of Jamaica. The eighth Sort was brought firfl into England from Holland, and is probably a Native of Africa. Tjiis Plant is an Ever-green, and without Spines, which is peculiar to this Sort alone. The Flowers of this Tree I have never yet icon. The ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth and fixteenth Sorts, were difcovered by Do6lor William H o u s t o u n, in Jamaica, 2it Veracruz., and Cam- pecly, and fent into England, Anno 1730, where are many of them now growing j but they have not as yet produced their Flowers in Europe, Thefe Trees are all propagated by fowing their Seeds on a hot Bed in the Spring of the Year, which will in a fliort time appear above Ground, when you fliq^ild prepare another frefli Hotbed, which if intended for fuch Sorts as are very tender, fliould be pretty vrarm ; but if for fuch as are brought from the Northern Parts of America, fliould be of a very moderate Heat ; then you fhould be provided with a Quantity of fmall Halt-penny Pots, which fhould be fill'd with frelh light fandy Earth; thefe fliould be piung'd into the Hotbed, and afibon as the Earth in the Pots is v^arm, which will be in about 24 Hours, you Ihould take up the young Plant^ carefully out of the A c hrft Hot-bed, planting a fingle one in the Middle of each of thefe Pots, giving them a gentle Wa- tering to Icttle the Earth to their Roots, and fcreening them with Mats over the Glafles, from the Heat of the Sun until they have taken Root ; after which Time you muft give them Air, by rai- ling the GlaiTcs in Proportion to the Heat of the Weather, or to the Conftitution of the Plants. The firil and fecond Sort being very hardy, may have a greater Pro- portion of Air, and by Midfummer fliould have the GlaiTcs intirely taken off, that they may be hardened to endure the open Air by Degrees : Thefe, the firll and fecond Winter, fhould be fheltercd in a common Hot-bed Frame, until .they are grown woody j after which Time ( in the Spring of the Year ) they may be turn'd out of the Pots into the open Ground, where they arc intended to remain ■■, which ihouki be in Wildernefs Quarters; or Clumps of Trees, where they may be flielter'd from the Fury of violent Winds, otherwife they will be very fubjeCl to fplic thereby. When thefe Trees have arifen to the Height of 8 or 10 Feet, they will then make very ftrong and vigorous Shoots; which fliould be annually fliortned, that the Heads of the Trees may be clofer, and their Branches by this Means, will be much lefs liable to break with Winds, than when they are per- mitted to remain at full Length, and the Trees will be much the handibmer. The fourth, fifth, and eighth Sorts are tenderer, and ihould be kept in the Hot-bed^ till July, when they may be expoled to the Air by Degrees, though the GlalTes A C GlalTes fhould not be quite re- mov'd from them the fivll: Year: Thefe muft be fet in a Stove the firft and fecond Winters, while young, as being then pretty- tender •■) but when they are grown woody, will endure in a good Green-houle very well, and may be expofed in Summer-time, with Oranges, Myrtles, ^-c. Thefe, if kept in a Green-houfc, will re- quire but little Water in Winter, efpecially thofe which Ihed their Leaves, as being at that Sealbn in- capable of difcharging a Redun- dancy of Moiflure j their Leaves, which were the greateft Inftru- ments in throwing off fuperfluous Moillurc by Peripiration, being gone, the whole Tree feems to remain for a certain Time in a State of Reft. The third, fixth, feventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and iixteenth Sorts are very tender, efpecially while young, and therefore lliould have a Hot- bed of Jar.ner's Bark; and as they increafe in Bulk, fhould be fhifted into bigger Potsj The Earth for thefe ihould be a little lighter, and more inclined to a Sand than for the other Sorts, but never give them too big Pots, which is full as bad to theie as to Orange Trees j neither give them too much Water efpecially in Winter : The third, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth and Iix- teenth Sorts, being the hardiell Kinds, will, when grown to be woody, ftand in a common Stove amongft Guazia's, Vi-burnums, 0-'C. which i"hould be kept to the Point of temperate Heat in Win- ter j and in the Summer-time, in warm Weather , may enjoy the free open Air: But the fixth, feventh, tenth, eleventh and four- teenth Sorts muft have a Bark A c Stove in Winter, nor fliould they be expos'd to the open Air in Summer, at leaft for four or five Years, until they are grown very woody, for they are very tender, and with great Difficulty preferv'd in this Climate: The' Stove in which thefe Ihould be placed in Winter, muft be kept up to about twenty Degrees of Heat above the temperate Point, as marked on Mr. Fowler's Botanical Thermome- ters: Thefe fhould have very lit- tle Water in Winter, but in the Summer-time will require fre- quent Refrefliings, though at that Seafon it Ihould not be given them in great Quantities at one time. The fixth Sort is an Ever-green, but the feventh flieds its Leaves juft before the new ones come on^ fb that it is naked of Leaves about a Month or llx Weeks in the Spring of the Year; which hath occalion'd fome People to throw them away as dead, when if they had let them remain, they would have come out frelh again. This I thought proper to men- tion, in order to caution People not to be too hafty in throwing out Trees for dead, but prefer ve them through the fucceeding Summer, to fee if there is any Life left in them/ for I have known feveral Plants which, after having been given over by skil- ful Perfons for dead, have the July following, fhot out vigor- oully again; and others, v/hich have been deftroy'd to the Surface of the Earth, have rifen again from the Pvoot. The iirft and fixth Sorts are figured in Dr. Fluhefiefs Phytogra- ^hia. The third Sort is tigar'd in moft of the old Botanic k Wri- ters, as John Bauhin, DodonAUs, ?;irkinfin, S;c. Ths Pods oi: this JCin»i A C Kind are jointed and comprefTed into a Sort of Ifthmus between every Seed. The fourth Sort is extrcamly well figured, and de- fcrib'd in the Hortus Farnejinnus by AUinus. The fifth Sort is very well figur'd, and defer ib'd in the Hortus Amjielodamenfis . The fe- venth Sort is figur'd in Tifo's Hi- llory of Bra/ilj but the fecond, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and Sixteenth Sorts are new, and nol figur'd in any Botanick Books. Acacia Germanorum ; viJe Prunus Sylveftris. Acacia Virginiana, vide Pleu- doacacia. ACAJOU, or Cajou. The Caftiew Nut. The Characiers are. The Cup of the Flower (vphkh is produced at the Extremity of a, Foot-fliil}{) is oblong y and quinque- fd-y the Flower confifls of one Leaf ■which is divided into five long^ narrow Segments j in the Bottom of the Calyx is the Ovary, which be- comes a foft Pear-fiap'd Fruit, upon the Apex of which grows a Veffeh in which is contained one Kidney- Jjjafd Seed. There is but one Species of this Plant yet known ■■, which is. Acajou i Thev. Franc. AntarB. The Cafliew Nut. This Tree is very common in many Parts of America, particu- larly in Jamaica and Barbadoes, where it grows to be a very large Tree, but with us in Engla?id (notwithftanding all the Care it can polfibly have) will rarely ftand through our Winters} or if it is by Art preferved, in very warm Stoves, yet is fb very llow of Growth, efpcclally after the firft Year, as fcarcely to be diiiern'd in its Progrefs. / A G The Seeds of this Tree, if fown in a good Hot-bed in the Spring of the Year, will in a fhort time appear above Ground, in {"o ftrong a Manner that any one, who hath not been converfant with this Plant, would imagine it to be of very quick Growth} for I have known thefe Plants in two Months from the time of fowing their Seeds above fix Inches in Height, and very ftrong} which in about two Months time more have been at a Stand, from which time they have fcarcely advanced two Inches in a Year, with all the Art and Skill which could be ufed to them j nor have I ever feen a Plant of this Kind above two Feet high, though I have had ibme of them that have been three, or four Years old : They are alio in their own Country of very flow Growth, rarely producing either Flowers or Fruits, until they are 15- or 16 Years old from Seeds, fo that the Inhabitants of the Wefi-Indies plant them from large Branches taken from the old Trees, which with them take Root very well, and in two Years time pro- duce Fruits. The Plants of this Kind which are raifed in England, fhould be planted in fmall Pots fiU'd with frefh, light, rich Earth, and muft be plung'd into a Hot-bed of Tanner's Bark, and often refirefh'd with Water : thefe fhould be kept in Winter, in a Bark Stove , amongft the tendereft Exotick Trees, and fhould not be expofed to the open Air even in the hotted Seafbn. One Plant of this Kind flower- ed in the Garden ot Sir Charles Imager, at Parfon's-Green, near Ful- kam, though not above two Years old. A C old, but it foon after perifli'd without producing any Fruit. The Seeds of this Tree are the AnacAriiium OccUentale, or Wcit- ern Anacardium of the Shops : The outer Covering of this Seed is very full of a fharp, acrid Oil, which v/ill give great Pain to the Mouth, if bitten or chew'd ; if burnt off by a Candle, it will emit 2 Flame of various Colours : The Kernel within is very fwcet, and efreem'd wholfeome. ACANTHUS, Eranca Urfi.a, or Bear's-breech. The Characiers of this Plant are. The Leaves are fomewhat like ihofe tif the Thifile ; the Flowers are laoi- Ated 5 the under Lip of the Flower is divided into three Segments, which in the Beginning is curled up in Form of a fjjort Tube j in the Place of the up- per Lip are produced the Stamina, rvhich fupport the Fointals ; the Cup of the Flower is coinpofed of Leaves, ■which are prickly ; the upper Fart of •which is bent over like an Arch, and fupplies the Defect of the upper L'^p of the Flower ; the Fruit is of an oval Form, which is divided in the ?niddle into two Cells, each containiijg one (ingle fmooth Seed. There are four Species of this Plant to be found in the Gardens of the Curious, viz.. I. AcAJJTMUSj fativus; vet mollis Virgilii. C. B. The fmooth-lcav'd Garden Bear's-breech. 1. Acanthus , aculeatus. C. B. The prickly Bear's Breech. 5. Acanthus; rarioribus ^ bre- vioribus aculeis munitus> Tourn. The middle Bear's-breech, with Ihort Spines. 4. Acanthus j Lufitanicus ; am- plifjlmo folio lucido. The Portugal Bear's-breech, with large ITiinmg Leaves. A c The firft Sort is wliat is ufed in Medicine, and is fuppolcd to be the Mollis Acanthus of Virgil. The Leaves of this Plant are cut upon the Capitals of the Corinthian Pillars, and were formerly in great Eftcem with the Romans. They are all very pretty Varieties, and fit for large Gardens, but Ihould have a warm Situation, and a dry Soil. They are eafily propagated by parting the Roots in February or March, or by Seeds fown at the fame Time. The fecond and third Sorts are apt to creep at the Root, therefore fhould have Room, and muff not be planted amongfl: other Flowers, left they overgrow and deflroy them. ACER ; ^The Maple Tree, The Characters are, It hath jagged; or angular Leaves ^ the Seeds grow two together in hard winged Vejjcls. There are in England 8 or 9 Spe- cies of this Tree, viz.. 1. Acui i majus, -multis falfo pla~ tanus. J. B. The greater Maple, falfeiy called, The S}xamorc Tree. 2 . Acer ; majus, foliis eleganter variegatis. Hort. Edin. The greater Maple, with Uriped Leaves, com- monly called. The ifrip:d Sycamore. 3 . Acer i campeftre cr- rninus. C. B. The common, or lefTef Maple. 4. AcERi Virginianum, folio 7/2 a- jore, fubtus argcnteo, fupra viridi fplendente. Fink. Fhyt. The Virgi- nian flowering Maple. _f. Acer; Americanum, folio ma- jor e, fubtus argent eo, fupra viridi fplendente, floribus multis coccineis. The American flowering Maple, with larger Bunches of fcailet- Flowers. 6. Acer ; maximum, foliis trifir- dis, vel quinquefdis, Virginiamim, Fluk. Fhyt. The Virginian A(h- leav'd Maple. 7, Acer J '.. A C 7. Acer; flatanoides.Munt. The I^lorway Maple, with Plane Tree Leaves. 8. Acer 5 platamules, folm ele- gcinter variegatis. The Itrip'd A^(7r- way Maple. Thefe Trees are eafii)- propagated by lb wing the Seeds, foon after they are ripe, in an open Bed of common Earth, covering them about half an Inch thick with light fandy Earth 3 the Spring following they will appear above the Ground, and if kept clear from Weeds, will grow above a Foot high the fir ft Summer : The Michaelmas following, ( if they are thick in the Seed-bed ) you may rake out a Part of them, and trani- plant into a Nurlcry in Rows at three Feet Diftance, and two Feet afunder in the Rows ; in v»/hich Place they may remain three or four Years, when they would be large enougli to plant out for good. The firft Sort is very proper to make Plantations near the Sea, or to fhelter fuch Plantations of Trees, as are too near fituated thereto : This Tree thrives, and refiils\the Spray, which is ufually blown from the Sea, better than moft other Trees do. The variegated Sort is alio raifed from Seeds of the fame Kind : Moil of the Plants fo raifed will be as finely ftriped as the old Plant, from whence the Seeds were taken, which is not common to many other variegated Plants. The common Maple is too well known to need any particular Ac- count, it being a very common Tree in Hedge- rows in moft Parts of :Englaml ; it is raifed in the fame Manner with the former. The Virginian flowering Maple was raifed from Seeds, which were brought from Virginia many Years fince by Mr. John Tradefcant, in his Garden :ix South Lambeth n^iVaux- A c hall, and fince in the Gardens of the Bilhop of London at Fulham, where it has flowered for feveral Years, and produces ripe Seeds, from whence feveral Trees have been raifed : It may be alfo propagated by laying down the young Branches early in the Spring, giving them a little Slit at a Joint, by which means they will take fufficicnt Root by that time twelve Months, to be tranf^ planted out ; They require a Situ- ation a little defended from the North Eaft Winds, efpecially while young. This Tree commonly flowers in the Beginning of April, and the Seeds are ripe in five or fix Weeks after j at which Time they fliouid be fowed ; for they are very apt to perilh, if kept long out of tlie Ground . The other flov;(ering Maple was fent from America to Sir Charles M'^ager, and flour i flies in his curious Garden at Parfon's-Green near Ful- ha?n : The Flowers of this Kind come out in very large Clufters, and furround the younger Branches, lo as to appear at a fmall Diftance covered therev/ith. This Tree is at prefent very rare in Europe, but as it produces ripe Seeds in England, fo it is to be hoped it will in Tmie be more common in the Gardens of the Curious. The Afli-leav'd Maple is a very ftrong ftiooting Tree, and is in Vir- ginia one of the largeft Trees of this Kind : It muft be planted in Places not too much expofed to violent Winds, it being fubjedl to fplit therewith. This Tree ripens Seeds very well in England, by which Means it is eafily propagated, or by laying down the Branches, as di- redted for the flowering Maple. The Norway Maple grows with us to a very large Size, equalling the greater Maple for Bulk, and I be- lieve A C l.ieve, will anfwer the lame Pur- pofes, for ftieltering Plantations near the Sea, and is by far the handfomer Tree near an Habitation i for the greater Maple is very fubjedl to ex- ude a fweet clammy Juice from the Pores of the Leaves, which lodges upon the Surfaces thereof, and thereby intices vail Quantities of Infefts, which eat the Leaves full of Boles, and render them very unfightly. The Norway Mafle has a milky, Iharp Juice, fo that few Infers tare to prey thereon j by which Means the Leaves are feldom eat or defaced : This Tree is alfo raifed by Seeds, of which it affords great Quantities, which wlil rife and grow equally as well as the common Sort. The variegated Kind is propa- gated by inoculating a Bud of the ftriped KLind into one of the plain Sort, thd' I am not at prefent lure, whether it will take upon any other Sort of Maple, not having made the Experiment j but I believe it can fcarcefail; Mod, ifnot all the other Sorts of Maples, take very v.'-cil upon each other. There is another Sort of Maple, which is very common in Virginiay and is known by the Name of the Sugar Ma fie i from which Tree the Inhabitants of that Country make a very good Sort of Sugar, and in large Quantities : But this Tree is at prefent very rare in Europe ; tho' I am ot Opinion, that the People make Sugar from more than one Sort of Maple j Mr. Bjty and Dr. Lijier prepared a tolerable good Sort of Sugar from our greater Maple, by tapping fome df the Trees in their bleeding Seafon ; and I have obferved, upon cutting off a Branch (cf the Affi- leaved Maple in Fehmry, ft great Qtiantity of a very iweet r A C Juice hath flowed out for feveral Days together. The Timber of the common Maple is for fuperior to the Beech for all Ufes of the Turner, particu- larly, Difhes, Cups, Trenchers, and Bowls ; and when it abounds with Knots, ( as it very often doth ) it is highly efteemed by the Joiners for Inlayings, ©^c. and alio, for the Lightnefs of the Wood, is ofteii employed by thofc that make Mujical Inftruments j and for the Whitenefs of its Wood, is in great Requeft for Tables, ^Cy ACETOSAj Sorrel. The Characters are ; This Plant agrees with the Dock in all its Characters, and only differs in having an acid Tajle. There are leveral V^arieties of this Plant, which are cultivated by the Curious in Botany j but there are not above two or three Sorts, which are worthy propagating for Ufe, which I fhall mention, paffmg over the reft as Varieties fit only for the Curious to amule with. 1. AcETOSA i pratenfs. C. B* The Common or Meadow Sorrel. 2. AcETOSAj Mtifcovitica, Jierilisi M. H. The NorLhern barren Sorrel. 3 . AcEtosA } ntundifolia, hor- t'cnjls. C. B. The PLound-leaved or French Sorrel. The firft of thefe Sorts, tho' but fmall in the Fields, yet when fown in Gardens, will produce large fair Leaves, and is the lame Sort, which is commonly cultivated in Gaidcnr,- It mull be ibwn early in the Spring, in a fhadymoift Border; and if the Plants are afterward planted out in another (hady Border, four or fix Inches fquare, it wil produce larger Leaves, and continue longer. This is the common Sorrel ufed in Medi- cine } but the Northern barren Sor- C sq\ A C rel is preferred to it in the Kitchen- Garden, it rarely running to Seed, but is increafed by parting the Roots cither in Spring or Autumn, and is lit for Ufe all the Year round. The Round-leaved (or French) Sorrel is the moft j;ratefal Acid, and is preferred to the other two Sorts for Kitchen Ufe ; it is alfo a medicinal Plant, and fliould not be wanting in any good Garden : It is a great Runner at the Root, by which Means it is eatily propagated, and muft be planted at a large Di- flance, a Foot Square at lead; it will agree better with an open Situ^ ation than the other two Sorts. ACETOSELLAi i.Ue Oxys. AG4ILL/EA ; is Millefolium. ACINOSi Stone, orWildBafil. The Characicrs arc ; It hath Le^fjes like thofe of the lejfcr Balili the Cup of the Flower is oblong and furrowed •■, the Florfers are pro- duced in Lunches on the Top of little Foctjhlksy which arife from between the Footfialk cf the Leaf and the Sialk of the Plants, in which it differs from Serpylium. The Species are^ 1. Agings i ruuhis. I. B. Wild Bafil. 2. Acini j pulchra fpccies, J. B, Broad-leaved Aufiricn Wild Bafil. The fir 11 of thcfc Plants is very common on dry arable Land in many Parts of England, but efpeci- ally on gravelly or chalky Hills : It is 'an annual Plant, lowing itfclf, and rifing again early in the Spring : This is not cultivated in Gardens, nor doth it care to grow on a good Soil j but it may be propagated in a dry poor Soil by fowing the Sc^ds., lb iboa as they are ripe. This Plant hath been brought to the Markets by the Herb-WoVnen ior the Moun- tain Poley. The iecond Sort is prefcrvcd in A G curious Botanic Gardens, but is ^' Plant of no great Beauty or Ufe. ACONITUMi Wolf's-Bane i The Characters arej It hath circumfcrib'd roundifJj di- vided Leaves ; the Flowers confijl of four Leaves, which are fJjaped- like a Monies Mood : Each of thefe Flowers are fucceeded by thne or more Pods, which contain feveral rough Seeds j the mofl Part of thefe- Species are deadly Poifon. There are feveral Sorts of this- Plant in the Botanick Gardens Abraod; but in England we have not above five Sorts, which are, 1. AcoNiTUMj lycocionum, lute- urn, C. B. The yellow poilbnous Wolf's-Bane. 2. AcoNiTUM ; luteum, majus^ ampliore caulc, amplioribufque foliis. Bod. The largeft yellow Wolf's- Bane. 3. AcoNiTUM ; c&rulcum, five napdlus. II. C. B. The large blue Wolf's-Bane. 4. AcoKiTUMj falutiferum, five Author a. C. IL The wholefomc Wolf's-Bane. 5". AcoNiTUMj pyramidale, mul- tiprum, H. R. Par. The Pyrami- dal many flowering Wolf's-Banc, or Monk's-hood. The fifth Sort of Wolf's-Bane k very common in almoil all old Gardens, and is ufually known by the Name of Monk's-hood, the Flower refembling a Friar's Cowl, from whence it had that Namej the Flowers of this Kind are com- monly brought to Market in May^. to furnifli • Flower Pots for Chim- nies 5 but it being a very poifon- ous Plant, Ihould not be put in the Way of Children, Icll they Ihould prejudice thcm-felves there- wich -. The Roots of this Plant mcrcaie abundantly, foon over-run- ning a large Piece of Ground* there- AG therefore fl^.ould be confin'd in fbrae abjccl: Part of the Garden, or planted under Trees, it being very hardy, and growing in almolt every Soil or Situation. The yellow Sorts are lefs com- mon, and are only preferved in the Gardens of the Curious j they flower in June and July, and are incrcas'd by parting the Roots m AntH'/nn, but muft have a more open Expofure than the Blue. The wholeibme Kind is rarely to be met with in the Znglijh Gardens, although it is equally as hardy as any of the other Sorts : This is increas'd as the other Sorts, but requires a loofer Soil than they do : This is fbmetimes ulcd in Phyfick, and is fuppoied to be an Antidote to the Poilbn of the WolfVBane, ACONITUM HYEMALEi sr Winter Wolfs- Bane. The characters arej The Leaves are like thofe of the IVolf's-Bane i the Flowers (which are proihiced in the Center of the Lcazes) are like thofe of the Ra- ntincuUis', with many Stamina, or Threads in the Center, and in all other Reflects agree with the Helle- bore j to which the learned Br. Bocr- haave hath made it a Congener.. This is one of the earlicft t'lowers in the Spririg, often ap- pearing by the Middle oi January, for which reafon it delerves a Place in every curious Garden 3 it is very apt to incrcafe by the Root, but fl.ould not be too often traniplahted : The beft Time to remove the Roots is in May or June^ juft as the green Leaves are decay 'd, before they are quite gone off, it being very difncult afterwards to find the Roots : This Plant will thrive in ainioH (, I kny Soil or Situation. t A C , ACRIVIOLA3 commonly caird NajlurtiUiV. Indicum, or Indian Crefs The Characters are ; The Leases are round, umbilica^ ted, and placed alternately; the Stalks are trailpig, the Cup of the Flower is qui'nquejid ; the Flowers conflfi of five Leaves, which are in Form of a Violet the Seeds are roundif}, and rough, three of them fucceedhig each Flower. There are five Varieties of this Plant in the Englifi Gardens, viz,. 1. AcuiviOLAi Frid. C&f. T. 935'. The lefier Indian Crefs. 2. AcRivioLA J fore fulphure^. Boerh. The leiler yellov/ Indian Creis. 3. AcRivioLAj maxima, odovata. Boerh, The great Indian Crefs. 4. AcRiviOLA;; maxima odor at a, flore fidphureo. Boerh. The great yellow Indian CreiS. ^. AcRiYiOL A i maxima, odorata^ flore plena. The great double Na- ilurtium, or Indian Crefs. The fbur firfl Sorts are com- monly fow'd in March or April, in a good Soil and v/arm Situa- tion : They are great Climbers, and Hiould have a Hedge or Pali- lado to run upon, to prevent their lying upon the Ground, which is apt to rot them : They begin to . flower in June or July, and con- tinue till the Frofc come?, which foon deftroys the Vv^hole Plant, unlefs fhclter'd therefrom. The Flowers are very good in Sallacls,' and are much in Ule to garnifli Diflies : The unrips Seeds afford a warm agreeable Pickle. The double Sort producing na Seeds, is only increafed by plant- ing Cuttings in any of the Sum- mer Montlis, and muff be care- fully prekrv'd in Winter, it being very fubje6l to rot, if kept too ciole, or if it hath too much C 2 Wjr^^r A D Water in Wirner, but muft be iiirirely kept from Frofts. This Plant, if confined in Pots fili'd with poor Soil, will be lefs iubje£t to ramble, and much more pro'duftive of Flowers i whereas if it is planted in the full Ground, or potted in a rich Mould, it will extend its Branches to a great Diftance, and the Flowers will be very thinly placed upon the Plant, fo that the greateft: Beauty of the Plant, which confiils in the Num- ber of its Flowers, is loft. The Flowers of this Kind are much better to garniih Dilhes than thofe of the finglei but for Ufe, the fmgle is preferable to this in Sal- lads, being of a warmer Tafte j as is obferv'd of all fmgle Flowers, that they arc preferable to the Double of the lime Kinds, for medicinal, or other Ufes, as be- ing much flronger in Smell and Tafte i for the Multiplicity of Petals deprive the Flowers of the Organs, for Generation, in which are contained the ElTence of the Flower. ADH ATODA, The Malabar Nut. The CharaBcrs arcj The Leaves grow oppoJ?te j The Ct!f of the Flower is oblongs and confjls of one Leaf \ the Flower is monopetalous, of an anomaloHs Fi- gure, and conf:(ls of two Lips ^ the uppermojt is crooked, a?2d is rai- fed in Form of an Arch i the under Lip is divided into three Seginents, and hangs downward r, the Ovarium becomes the Fruit which is in Form of a Club, and is divided into two Cells, in vjhich are contained fiat Bart-Jlmp'd Seeds. There arc but two Species of this Plant known at prcfent, which are, I . Adhatoda; Zeylanenfium.H. L. The common Malabar Nut. A D 2. Adhatoda; Indica-j foltv fa^ Itgno, fiore albo. Boerh. The V/il- low leav'd Malabar Nut, commonly caird. The Snap Tree. Thefe Plants are both rais'd by Cuttings, planted in any of the Summer Months, which muft be fhaded, and frequently water'd j about Augufl they will have taken Root, and muft then be tranfplant- ed into Pots, fiird with light fandy Earth, mixed with rotten Dung: They muft have a good Green- hv^uie in Winter, and require often- but gentle Waterings : In the Summer they may be expofed ta tlic open Air, but fhould be fhel- ter'd, by Hedges or Trees, from ftrong Winds. Thefe Trees do- frequently flower in England, but have never, that I have heard of, produced any Fruit with us. ADIANTHUMi i. e. Maiden*, hair. ADONIS, or Flos Adokis, Bird's- Eye, or Pheafant's Eye. The CharaBers are ; The Leaves are like Fennel, or Camomile i the Flowers confifi of many Leaves, which are expanded in Form of a Rofe ; the Seeds are collected into oblong Heads. There are but three Varieties of this Plant to be met with in the Engli/h Gardens, viz. I. Adonis i hortenjis, flore minora atrorube?:te. C. B. The common red Bird's-Eye. a. Adonis; fyivefiris, fiore luteo, foliis longioribus, C. B. The long- leav'd ycilow Bird's-Eye. 3. Adonis, hellebori radice, buph- t halm i fore-. H, L, The Heliebore- rooied Pheafant's Eye, co?nmonl)f call'd, The Fennel-leav'd black Hel- lebore. The firft of thefe Sorts is very common in England, and is Ibwn* in open Borders as an annual flower- A G flowering Plant, to adorn Gardens : The beft Time to fow it is in Augujly foon after the Seeds are ripe, when it rarely failsj to grow, and is very hardy, feldom being hurt by Cold. Thefe Plants will flower mjune and July, and the Seeds will ripen foon after i but thofe which are ibwn in the Spring very often fail to grow, or at leafl: remain till June or July before they appear, ib that they feldom produce good Seeds the fame Year, and rarely live over the Winter after flowering. This Plant grows wild in feme Parts of England, particularly near the River Medrvay about three Miles above Rochefter Bridge. The yellow Sort is uncommon in England, and only to be found in fome curious Gardens : This makes a pretty Diver fity with the former, and muft have the fame Culture. The third Sort is flill more rare than any of them : it is an abiding Root, and is increased by parting the Roots in Auguft, or by fow- ing the Seeds, foon after they are ripe in light fandy Earth : The Seed- lings will be two Years before they blow, but the Off-fets will flower the liicceeding Spring: this pro- duces its Flowers in March, or early in April, and is not a de- fpicable Plant in the moft curious Gardens. This Plant is ufed in Medicine by the Germans, as the true Helle- bore. AGERATUM; Maudlin. The Characiers arej The Flowers are digefled into hoje Umbels 5 but, in other Re- ffecis, it is very like the Coafi- ) tnary. I There are feveral Species of this Plant preferved in the Botanick A G Gardens i but as there are not above three Sorts which (either for Ufe or Beauty) defcrve to be cultivated j I i"hall only mention thofe, and pafs over the reft. 1, Ageratum; foliis ferratis. C.B. The common Maudlin. 2, Ageratum, qu& ptarmica in- cana, pinnulis crijlatis. T. Voy. The hoary Oriental Maudlin. 3, Ageratum i Feruvianum, ar^ bor mm folio lato, ferrate. Boerh. The Peruviari Tree Maudlin, falfly call'd. The Jefuit's Bark Tree. The firft ot thefe Plants is pro- pagated in Gardens, for medicinal Ufe J it is increafed by parting the Pvoots either in Spring or Autumn, and requires a light £oil and open Situation, where it will thrive abundantly. The fecond Sort is fomewhat tender, and muft have a dry Soil, and warm Situation : This is in- crcas'd by planting the Cuttings in any of the Summer Months. This Plant was fuppofed by the Ancients to be what produced the Worm-Seed i but this is con- futed by all the Moderns: How- ever, it deferves a Place in a Gar- den, for its fine hoary Leaves, to- gether with its Umbels of yellow Flowers, which continue moft Part of the Summer. The third Sort grows to a Shrub of eight and ten Feet in Heights it is increafed by planr- ing the Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, or by la)ing down the Branches : It requires frequent Waterings, and muft be houfed in hard Winters, but will endure our common Winters in the open Air, This Tree when it firfl: came into England, was fuppos'd to be the Tree frona which the Terwvi^n Bark was taken ; but this has been con- C z futcd A G futed long fince: There is no great B':auty in it, but it may have A Place in a Collection for its Oddnefs. AGNUS CASTUSi vUe Vitex. AGRIFOLIUM 5 vUe Aquifo- ium. AGRIMONIA ; Agrimony. The Characters are^ The Leaves are rough, hairy, fmnated, and grow alternately on the Branches ; The Calyx ( or Tlorver-cup ) confifts of one Leaf liohich is divided into five Segments ■■, The Tlowers have five or fix Leaves y and are fiorm'd into a long Spike, yphich expayid in Form ofi a Rofe : The Fruit is oblong, dry and prickly, like the Burdock ; in each ofi which are contained two Kernels. There are leveral Varieties of this Plant, but t\Mo of them only deferve our Giro, roiz,. 1 . Agrimonia, Qfficinnrum .Tourn. The common cr Medicinal Agri- mony. 2. AgrixMoni a, odor at a. Ca- mer. The fweet fiiielling Agri- jTiony. The firft of thefe Sorts is common in the Hedges in many Parts of E?igland, and is the Sort commonly ufed in Medicine i but fliould not be wanting in a Gar- den : It will grow in alraofi: any Soil or Situation i and is increasd by parting the Roots- in Autumn or by fowing the Seeds foon after they are ripe. The fweet-rmeljin;^ Aarimony IS by lome preierr'd to the. com- mon Sort for medicinal Uies j but hovv^ever it is certainly the moff grateful to infafe for pc'cloral Decofftions, and makes a pleaiant Sort of Tea : it 13 propagated as the common Sort, bat requires an opener Expofart. . AIR; By Air is meant all that fluid ' expanded Mafs of Matter which liirrounds our Eatth, in v/hich we live and v/alk, and which we are continually re- ceiving and calling out again by Refpiratioh. ylir is a principal Caufe of the Vegetation of Tlants, an Inftance of which we have from Mr. Ray, in the Fhilofiophical Tranfiaciions, of Lettice-Sced, that was fown i^ the Glafs Receiver of the Air Fu?np, which was exhaufted and clear'd from all Air, which grew not at all in eight Days Time ; whereas fome of the fame Seed that was Ibwn at the fame Time in the open Air, was rifen to the Heighth of an Inch ^and an half in ihat Timcj but the Air being let into the empty Receiver, the Seed grew up to the Heighth of two or three Inches in the Space of one Week. Another Inftance of the Ufe- fulnefs of the Air in Vegetation, is the Sedum, which wiM puih out Roots without Earth and Wa«-er, 2ivA live for feveral Months : And fome Sorts of Aloes, if hung up in a PvOom intirely fecur'd from Frofls, will remain freili for fome Years, tho' they will fenlibiy lofe in their Weight, . Air is capable of penetrating the porous and fpongy Parts of Plants, and being there contra6ted, and dilating itfelf again. The Air operates alfo within the Bowels of the Eartli, and by its Subtilty perfpiring through the Pores, affills in the Rarefaclion of the Crudities of the Earth, and in the difpeiling all fuperfiuous Moi^ fhirc, entring into the very Pores and Veins of the Trees, Plants, ^ Herbs, ^c. carrying along v/ith it thofc Salts contum'd either in itfein A I irfelf, or lodg'd in the Earth ; which Salts or Juices are alter'd according to the feveral Figures or Dimenlions of the diflerent Strai- ners or Veflels of thofe feveral Plants which grow upon the fame Spot of Earth, which is fo im- pregnated with thefe Salts: And thence thofe Varieties in Taile and Smell proceed, notwithfiand- ing they all receive their Nourifh- ment from tho fame Stock that is iodg'd in the. Earth. The Air alfo affeds the Branches, Leaves, and Flowers of Trees, Plants and Hf!:rbs, entering 3"d perfpiring thro* them, and even thro' the Bark and Body of the Tree ; and by the fame Kind of Subtilty it does, by its refrtfning Breezes, moderate the Iiiteulcnels of the San-beams, cooling, chcar- ing, blowing, opening and ex- tending all the Off-fpring of Na- ture. The Air fixes and inlLnuates its aerial Subftance into the liquid Sap of Vegetables, and as all the Agi- tations in Nature proceed from the Contrariety of Parts inhabiting together ; fo, in this, aerial and li- quid Subflances being mix'd, cauie this Agitation and Motion in Ve- getables, or, more properly, let it . all into a Ferment (whether it be in the Roots or in the Stem) and rifes by Co-operation of the Sun ( which is the third Agent in Ve- getation) up to the Top of a Tree, (^c. as Liquids rife by Fire to the Top of the containing Veffd. This Air, we find, produces a vibratory Motion in feveral Bodies, and particularly in Plants j the Air Veflels thereof do tlie Office ^ of Lungs: For the Mir contain'd I in them, fomctimes contrajfiing I ^ad fometimes e^-panding, accor- A I ding as the Heat is increas'd or diminifi^.ed , prefies the Veffels, and eafes them again by Turns, and thus piomotes a Circulation of their Juices, which could fcarcc be other wife efeled. Air, fays the learned Mr. H/iles, is a fine elafcick Fluid, with Par- ticles of very different Natures floating in it, whereby it is a1~ mirably fitted by the great Author ,of Nature to be the Breath of Life of Vegetables a:; well as Ani- mals, without which they can no more live nor thrive than Animals can. As a Proof of the great Quan- tities of- Air in Vegetables, he re- fers to the third Chapter of his excellent Treatife of Vegetable Sta- ticks, wheie, he lays, in the Expe- riments on Vines, the greiL Quan- tify of ^/> was viffble, which was continually aicending through the Sap in the Tulcsj which mani- feftly fliews what Plenty of it \$ taken in by Vegetables , and is perfpired off with the Sap thro* the Leaves. He adds feveral Experiments, as to an Apple-Branch, Apricot-Brancht Birch, and other Plants, to piove the fame Thing. And Dr. Grew has obfcrv'd, that the Pores are fo large in the Trunks of fome Plants, as in the better Sort of thick walking Canes, that they are viiible to a good Eye without a Ghfsj but, with a Glafs, the Cane fee ins as if ftuck at top full of Holes with great Pins, fo large as very well to refcmb'e the Pores of the Skin in the Ends of the Fingers, and Ball of the Hand. Whence it may be thought probable, that the Air freely en- ters Plants not only with the principal Fond of Nourifliirsent G4, hf A I by the Roots, but alfo through tne Surface of their Trunks and Leaves^ elpecially at Night, when they are changed from a pcr- fpiring, to a flrongly imbibing State. Mr. Hales likewife tells us, that in all thofe Experiments that he try'd to this Purpofe, he found, that the ^ir entrtd very flowly at the Bark of young Shoots and Branches, but much more freely thro' old Barkj and that, in diffe- rent Kinds of Trees, it had diffe- rent Degees of more or lefs free Entrance. And likewife, that there is fbme Air both in an elaflick and un- elaftick State mix'd with the Earth (which may well enter the Roots with the Nourifhment^ he found by feveral Experiments, which he gives in the before mentioned Treatife. The Air is very inllrumental in the Produdlion and Growth of Vegetables, both by invigorating their feveral Juices, while in an claftick aftive State, and alfo by greatly contributing in a fix'd State, to the Union and firm Connexion of the feveral conftituent Parrs of thofe Bodies, viz.. their W^ter, Fire, Salt, and Earth. To conclude, by reafbn of thofe Properties of the Air before-men- tioned, it is very fervic cable to Vegetables, in that it blows up, and breaks open the Clouds, thofe Treafurcs of Rain, which fertilizes the vegetable Kind. The Air alfo helps to wafte away or difperfe thofe foggy humid Vapours, which arife from the Earth, and would oi her wife Magnate, and poifon the whole Face of the Earth. The Air, by the Afllftancc of the Sjfi^, allumes and fublimates thofe Ah Vapours into the upper Regions ; and thefe foggy humid Vapours are, by this Sublimation, and the co- ercive Power of the Air and Sun, rarefied and made of fecond Ufe in Vegetation. And, on the contrary, to the benign Quality of the Air, which is fo many Ways fublervient to Vegetables i fo it is alfo fometimes, and upon fome Accounts, injurious and pernicious to them j not only to the ligneous, herbaceous, and flowery Parts above, but alfo to the Roots and Fibres below : For in that the uHr penetrates into the Earth, it is eafy to be concluded, that a dry, husky, fcorching Air may be very prejudicial to the tender Fibres of new-planted Trees. it may be likewife fuppos'd, that all Bodies of Earth are more or lefs capable of imbibing the fuid Air, and of attracting fuch Salts, as either the Air can give, or the £arth is capable of receiving. ALATERNOIDES 3 a Sort of Alaternus. The Chara^ers arej This differs from the Alaternus, in having three Seeds joined together in the Manner of the Tithymalus, ( or Spurge ) whereas the Alaternus has three Seeds inclofed -with one common Covering, and appears to be a fingle Berry, 'till it is opened. There are at prefent but three Species of this Plant known in the Englijh Gardens, viz. 1. ALATERNOiDfsj Africana, Lauri ferrat£ folio. Com.prA. The African Alaternoidef, with ferratcd Bay-leaves. 2. Alaterwoides; Africans, Iri' csi foliis, Jlorikus albicantibus ^ mufcofis. H. Amfi. The African Alaternoides, with Leaves like the ( Heath, and white Flowers. J. Ala- J A L 3. Alaternoidesj Africana, Te- lephil, legitimi Imperati folio, Jlore 'vindi. H. Amfl. The Africm Ala- ternoidesi with Leaves like the true Orpine of Jm^eratiis, and green Flowers. The firfl of thefe Sorts has been an old Inhabitant in the Englijlo Gar- dens, and is ftill continued by Per- fons, that are curious in CoUeftions of Plants } but it hath no very great Beauty, being with great Difficulty reducible to any tolerable Shape, and the Flowery ( which but feldoni appear with us ) afford no great P'rofpeft, being very fmall, and of a greenifh yellow Colour. This is eafily increafed by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, in a fhady Border, which do readily take Root, but mull be potted and houfed in Winter with Myrtles, O^- The fecond Sort has been lately introduced amongft us, and is at prefent rare in England j this is a very beautiful Plant, producing large Tufts of fine white Flowers in November, Bece?nber, and January., which is a Seafon that fev/ Plants are in Flower in the Grcen-houfe. This is thought pretty difficult to jncreafe \ but I planted only iix Cuttings of it in a Pot of light frefli Earth, and plunged the Pot into a cool Bed of Tanner's Bark inSeptem- ber ; and five of the fix Cuttings grew, and made fine Plants. And I believe that to be the befl Seafon to plant the Cuttings, it being the Time, whep the Plant begins to (hoot, and prepare for flowering. This mufl be houfed, and kept in the fame Greeji-houfe with Oranges, ©»c. The third Sort is yet more rare > than the fecond, and is in very few H j Gardens at prefent j this is increas'd A L by planting Cuttings in June or Jt*lyy keeping them fliaded and watered, 'till they have taken Root : At Michaelmas they mud be potted, and houfed v/ith the fecond Sort j but this is not near fo fine a Plane as that is. ALATERNUS i or Ever-green Privet. This Tree, Mr. Bradley fays, is diflinguiflied from the Phillyrea only by the Leaves of this being placed alternately upon the Branches i whereas thofe of the Fhiliyrea are produced by Pairs oppofite to each other : But this is not the real DiN ference, as he might have known, had he but cxamin'd the Fruit of the two Trees, or look'd into any of the modern Botanic k Writers who have dil'cinguifh'd theAiaternus from the Fhiliyrea ; becaufe it hath three Seeds inciofed in each Berry, whereas the Fhiliyrea has buc one. We have fix or feven Varieties of this Tree in the Englip) Gardens, viz.. 1. Alaternus -, I. C^ujJ Hifp, This is commonly called, Tiie Broad- leav'd, or Common Phillyrea. 2. Alaternus s 1. CluJJifoliis ex luteo ziariegatis. The blotch'd Fhil- iyrea, I'ulgO. 3. Alaterkus; feuFhylica, foliis angujlioribus, <& profundius ferratis, H. L. The Narrow-leav'd Alater- nns, with faw'd" Edges. 4. Alaternus i Jen Fhylica aurea, firue foliis ex luteo ijariegatis. The D«/f^Go!d-edg'd yllaternus, njulgo. ;f. Alaternus ; feu Fhylica ar- genna, five foliis ex cdbo variegafis. The Silver Phillyrea, 'vulgo. 6. Alaternus ; minori folio. Tonrn. The Small-leav'd Alater^ nus. The two firft Sorts are very com- mon in moll old Gardens, and were formerly A L formerly in much Requeft to make Ever-green Hedges, but are of late almofl wholly difus'd for that Pur- pofe : The Branches are very apt to ihoot ftrong, and require often <:lipping in Summer, to keep them handfome ; and their being fiibjeft to be difplac'd by ftrong Winds, or great Snows, together with their being liable to fuffer in hard Win- ters, have juftly excluded them from fine Gardens. However theie, with the thi?d and fixth Sorts, are very proper for WildernefTes of Ever-greens, or to plant in Clumps, where, by the Diveriity of their Leaves, and dif- ferent Shades of Green, they very much add to the Beauty of fuch Plantations. The three firft Sorts v/ill grow to the Height of fixteen or eighteen Feet, and, if fuflPer'd to grow without clipping, are very hardy, ( efpecially if they grow dole to- gether, or amongft other Trees ) which will prevent the Froft from piercing the Bark of the Seems, which is often the Caufe of their Deftrudion. The fourth and fifth Sorts are tenderer than any of the other, and require fome Shelter in hard Wea- ther, or are planted againfl Vv^arm Walls in Court-yards, &c. to cover them 5 where, if they are well kept, and not fufFer'd to grow from the Walls, they afford an agreeable Profpcct. Thefe Sorts are all increas'd by laying down the young Branches in the Spring ; which in one Year's Time will have taken Root, and may be then tranfplantcd out either into aNurfcry, or into the Places, where they arc to remain. Thefe Trees delight moft in a light, dry, fandy, ftony Soil, in which, tho' they do not fijoot ib flrong as iu a A L moift rich Earth, yet are they le{| fubjed to be hurt in Winter. ALCEAi Vervain Mallow. The Characters arcj It hath the rvhole Habit of the Mallow, or Althzaj but differs from bothy in having i!s Leaves deeply di-* vided. The Species are, 1. Alcea j tenuifolia^ crifpa. J. B. The narrow-leav'd curl'd Ver- vain Mallow. 2. Alcea ; folio rot undo, lacini- ato. C. L\ The round cut-leav'd Vervain Mallow. 3.. Alcea ; Afra, frutefcens, fore parvo furfur eo. Hort. Fifs. Shrubby African Vervain Mallow, with a fmall purple Flower. 4. Alcea ; Afra, frutefcens, folio grojfulari&, fiore parvo rubro. Boerh, Ind. Shrub hy African Vervain Mal- low, with Goos berry Leaves, and a fmall red Flower. 5". Alcea •, Afra^ frutefcens, grof- Jtilaria. folio ampliore, ungi^ibusjiorum atro-rubentibus. P^and Shrubby Afri- can Vervain Mallow, with larger Gooseberry Leaves, and a fielh- colour'd Flower with a dark red Bottom . The firfl Sort is a common Plant in the Fields ; and altho' fbmetimes us'd in Phyfick, yet is feldom culti- vated in Gardens, except in thofe curious for Botanick Collcdions, in which Gardens there are feveral Va- rieties. The fecond Sort is the moft common in Germany, and is what the College has direa:cd to be us'd in Medicine j. but the firil: being the common Sort in England, is ge- nerally fubftituted in itsRoom.Thefe are rarely cultivated but in Phyfick Gardens, and are eafily propagated by any, that are curious, by fbv/ing r their Seeds in the Spring in almoft j any Soil or Situation. A L The third, fourth, ;ind fifth Sorts Were originally brought from the Cape o^ GoPii Hope into the curious Gardens in Holland, from whence they have been difpcrs'd into many other Countries. Thefe Plants are propagated by Seeds ( which they produce annually in great Plenty ) j which fliouid be fown on a Bed of fine Earth in March, covering the Seeds about a Quarter of an Inch thick with the iame light Earth j in April the young Plants will appear, when they mull: be carefully clear 'd from Weeds y and if the Scaibn fhould be dry, they muff be often refrelh'd with Water : V/hcn th.'fe Plants are about fix Inches high, they ihould be carefully taken up, and tranfphnted into Pots, fiU'd with frefn hght Earth, and plac'd in a fhady Situation, until they have taken Root ; after which Time they may be expos'd with other hardy Exoticks 'till Ociober, when they niuft be reraov'd into the Grccn- houfe vnth Myrtles, oleanders, 8cc. where they fhould have as much free Air as poliible in mild Weather, and muil be often water'd. Theie Plants are pretty hardy, and only require to be protedred from hard Froft. They will grow to the Height of ten or twelve Feet, and do liow^r molf Part of the Year, which renders them worthy of a Place in every good Garden. ■ ALCHIMILLAi Ladies- Mantle.] / The Characters are j The Leaves are fer rated y the Cup of the Floyper is divided into eight Segments, which are expanded in Torm of a Star y the Ylowers are col- lected into Bunches upon the Tops of the Stalks ; the Seed-vejfels contain for the Kioji Part t'^o Seeds in each. The Species are, ^ I. Alchimilla ; vulgaris. C» B. Common Ladies Mantle, A L X. Alchimilla , Alpintt, puBe^ fcensy minor, H.R.Far. The lefTcr woolly Ladies- Mantle. 5. Alchimilla j Alpina, quin- .qucfolia, folio fubtus argent eo. Tourn. The Alpine five-Ieav'd Ladies-Mantle, with the under Part of the Leaves white. The firft Sort is a Plant fome- timcs us'd in Phvfick, and is gathered frequently in moilf Meadov/s at fome Diflance from London. This may be kept in a Garden, if planted in a moilf Soil, and is increas'd by parting the Roots. The fecond Sort is a much lefs Plant than the firfr, and is woolly or foft to the Touchy but this Plant, when cultivated in a good Soil, will grow to be almofl ^s big as the tirft. The third Sort is found wild in Wejimorland, and other Northern Parts of England : This with the two former are preferv'd in curious Botanick Gardens 3 but as there is lit- tle Beauty in them, they are fjldora planted in Gardens for Plealure : They are all propagated by parting their Roots, or lowing their Seeds foon after they are ripe. ALDER-TREE i vide k\rmz. ALESANDER, or. ALEXAN- DER ; vide Smyrnium, ALKEKENGIi WinterCherry. The Characters are j It hath a Florcer, which confljls of one Leaf, and is expanded at the Top, but of a pentagonal Figure y the Fruit ( which is about the Bigncfs of a Cherry ) is inclos'd m the Ct^ of the FloTver, which fwells over it in Form of a Bladder. There are feveral Varieties of this Plant cultivated by the curious. Bo- taniils, but there is but one of them, that is either uf^^fal or ornamental, which is the Alkckengi Ofpcinaruiri Tourn, A L Toitrn. or the common medicinal Winter Cherry. This Plant produces round red Fruit about the Size of a large Cher- ry i which is inclos'd in a fmall Bladder, which in Autumn changes to a reddifh Colour, and opens, and Ihews its beautiful red Fruit, which continues 'till November, or fome- times later, before it falls off ^ for which 'tis chiefly kept in Gardens : It is very apt to creep far under- ground, by which it Ibon fpreads over a large Spot of Ground; there- fore Ihould be confined in Pots , which, if fet in the Shade, and fre- quently water'd, will very much add to its Fruitfulnefs i for when the Roots have Liberty, they fpend themfelvcsinfpreading, and become lels fruitful, than when confin'd in Pots. ALLELUJAHi videOxys. ALL I ARIA i Sauce alone, or Jack by the Hedge \ vide Hefperii. ALLIUM ; Garlick. The Characters are ; It hath a bulbous Root confifting of fnuny [nmll Tubercles included in the Coverings ( or Coats ) thereof; the Leaves are pla'm ; the Flowers confift cfJixLeavesy vphich are form' dint o a Corymbus upon the Top of the Stalks j the Fhwers are fucceeded by fubrotund Fruit, which are divided into three Cells, in rohich are contained ronndijlj Seeds. There are feveral Varieties of this Plant, which differ in their Leaves, Manner of flowering. Shape and Size of their Bulbs, c^c- but there are not above two or three Sorts, which are cultivated for Ufc, viz.. 1. Allivm i fativ urn. C.B. The Common or Manured Garlick. 2. Allium ,• fativum, alter urn, five Allioprafum, caulis fummo cir- cumvolutQ^ C.B, The Rocambole V A L 5, Allium 5 fylvefire, lattfollum, C. B. Ramibn'j ; vulgo. The two firft Species are palily propagated by planting the Cloves, or fmall Bulbs, in Auguft ov Septem- ber, in Beds about four or five Inches Diftance from each other, keeping them clean from. Weeds. About the Beginning of June the Leaves fhould be tied in Knots, to prevent their fpindling, or running to Seed, which will greatly enlarge the Bulb : in the Middle of July the Leaves will begin to wither and decay, at which Time they Ihould be taken out of the Ground, and hang'd up in a dry Room, to prevent their rotting i and may be thus prelerv'd for Winter Ufe. The third Sort was formerly in greater Efteem than at 'prefent, it being rarely cultivated in Gardens, but is found wild in moid:, fhady Places in many Parts of England j and may be cultivated by planting the Roots in a moift, fhady Border at almoft any Time of the Year ; but the befl: Seafon is in July, juft as the green Leaves are decaying. ALMOND-TREE j vide Amyg- dalus. ALMOND DWARF ; vide Per-- lica. ALNUSi The Alder-Tree. The CharaHers are ; It hath Leaves refembling thofe of the Hazel j the Male Flowers ( of Katkins } are produced at remote JDiJIances from the Fruit on the fame Tree ; the Fruit is ft^uamofe, and cf a conical Figure, There are three Species of this Tree in England, viz,. I. Alnus ; rot undi folia, glut J no- fa, viridis. C. B. The Common or Round-Icav'd Alder. 1 . Ahyrjs \ folio cblongo, vtridi. ( C.Sr The Long- leav'd Alder. j 2, Alnus i I - i A L 5 . AlNus } 'vulgaris, fuh conh ligul'ts membranaceis rubris donata. Rail Syn. Ed. 3 . The Scarlet Alder. This Sort was found in a Meadow TiGzxLong-leety hyMv. Br ewer, fome Years lince ,- but it is a Matter of Doubt, whether it is a difl:in£l Spe- cies, or fome accidental Variety. Thefe Trees delight in a very moift Soil, where few other Trees will thrive, and are a great Improve- ment to fuch Lands : They are propagated either by Layers, or planting of Truncheons about three Feet in Length, in February, or the Beginning oi March, which fliould be fharpen'd at one End, and the Ground loofen'd with an Inltru- ment, before they arc thruft into it, left by the Hardnefs of the Soil the Bark (hould be torn off, which may occafion their Mifcarriagc. They ihould be thruft into the Earth at leaft two Feet, to prevent their being blown out of the Ground by ftrong Winds. If you raifethem by laying down the Branches, it muft be performed in February or March j and by the February following they will have taken Root fufiicient to be tranf- planted out ; which muft be done by digging a Hole, and loofening the Earth in the Place, where each Plant is to ftand, planting the young Tree at leaft a Foot and a half deep, cutting off the Top to about nine Inches above the Surface, which will occalion them to ftioot oiit many Branches. The Diftance thefe Trees ftiould beplac'd, ( ifdeilgn'd for a Coppice) is iix Feet fquare ; and, if the fmall lateral Shoots are taken off in the Spring, it will very much ftrengthen your upright Poles, provided you leave a few fmail Shoots at Diftances upon the Body thereof, to detain the Sap for the lacrcafe of it&Balk.. A L Thefe Trees may be alio planted on the Sides of Brooks, ( as is ufual tor Willows ) where they will thrive exceedingly, and may be cut for Poles every third or fourth Year, This Wood is in great Requeft with the Turners, and will endure a long Time under-ground, or to be laid in Water. ALNUS, NIGRA BACCIFERA, tide Frangula. ALOE. The Char a Hers are j The Leaves arc thick and fuccfdenf, and for the mojl fart be jet with Spines on the Edges : The Flower conj.jh of one Leaf is tubulous, and cut into fix Segments at the Top, like the Hyacinth : The Fruit if oblong and cylindrical, which is divided i)ito three Cells, in which are contain'' djiAt, and for the moji Fart femicircular Seeds. There is a great Variety of this Plant in the curious Gardens of Bo- tany in England, which are Nrttivcs both of the Eafi and JVefl Indies ; but! moft of the curious Sorts were brought from the C^L^'CO^GoodHope^ I fhall firft enumerate their Kinds, and then proceed to their Culture. 1. Aloe j Americana muricata. y.B. The common larg'jAmericaa Aloe, 2. Aloe i Americana minor, Munt. The lefTcr American Aloe, 3 . Aloe ; Americana ex Ver.% Cruce, foliis anguftioribus, minus glaucis, H. Beanm. The Narrow- leav'd Aloe from Vera Cruce. 4. Aloe i Americana ex Vera Cruce, foliis latioribus cy> glaucis. H. A The Broad-leav'd Alas from Vera Cruce. 5*. Aloe ; Americana, folio vi" ridi rigidijjimo foetido, Piet, diHi* indigenis. H. Beaum. The broad Green-lea v'd Aioe from Cw»ffo^ with black Spmcs. 6. Aloej A L 6. Aloe ; Americana, folio ti- r'uli Jerrato, Silk Gra{s, dicla. The American Aloe, with green ferrated Leaves, cM'd in the M^eji-Imiies, Silk -Grafs. 7. Aloej Afnerica?ja fobolifera. H.L. The American Aloe, which produces young Plants out of the Flower-Stems, 8. Aloej 'vulgaris. C.B. The common Barbados Aloe. 9. Aloe j Africans foliis ghu- cis, margine 0* dor fi parte fupericre fpinojis, fiore rubro. Com. Tr^l. The African flalky Aloe, with gkuccus Icrrated Leaves and red Flowers. 10. Aloej Africana, caulefcens. foliis fpinojis, mactuis ab uirafjue ■parte albicantibus notatis. H. A. The common large fpotted Afri- can Aloe, falfely call\l. The Caro- lina Aloe. 1 1 . Aloe j Africana caulefcens, foliis fpinofs, macuiis ab utraajie parte albicantibus cbfcurioribus , ^^^gis glaucis cjuam pr&cedens. Boerh. The krge fpotted African Aloe, with Leaves more glaucous z. e. bluer or grayer than the former. 1 2 . Aloe j Africana arbor efccns, V2omana non fpinofa, folio longiff- rno, plicatili, jlore, rubro. H. A. The African Aloe Tree, with fiat leng fmooth Leaves without Spines. 13. Aloe ; Africana caulefcens y foliis glaucis, caule7n ampleclcnti- bus dorfo ir:tegro fpinofo. Com. Rar. The African ftalk'd Aloe, with glaucous Leaves fiirroundlng the Stalks, and Spines growing on the Back ot the Leaves. 14. Aloe; Africana caulefcens fo- liis glaucis, brevioribus, caulem am- ^h^entibus foliorwtn parte interna A L C^ externa nonnihil fpinofa,. Ccrn^, Kar. The African Aloe, with fhorter glaucous Leaves, furround- ing the Stalks, and Spines within and outiide of the Leaves. 1 5". Aloe i Africana caulefcens foliis glaucis, brevij/imis, foliorum fummitate interna ^ externa non- 7iihil fpinofa. Com. Bjir. The African Aloe, with the Hiorteit glaucous Leaves, and Spines ori Loth Sides, .of the Leaver at the Extremity. 1 6. Aloe ; Africana, humilis, fpinis imrmil/us ^ 'verrucis objita, Co?n, Rar. The Dwarf African Aloe, with Leaves arm'd with Spmes and Warts, commonly call'd tne Hedge-hog Aloe. 17. Aloe i Africana hu?niUs, fo^ His ex albo Cp viridi variegatis Comi Rar. The Dwarf African Aloe^ with green and white variegated Leaves, commonly called the Par- tridge Breaft Aloe. 18. Aloe; Africana erecla, tri-' angular is ^ triangulari folio lifco- fo. Com.. Rar. The upright tri- angular-lcav'd vi£cou.s Aloe. 19. Aloe ; Africana erecla ro- tunda folio parvo, (^ in acumen rigid[ffimu?n exennte. Con, Rar. The upright African Aloe, with fmall fharp pointed Leaves. 20. Aloe ; Africana flare rubrCf folio triangulari lerrucis O' f^b utraque parte alhicantitus notatd. H. A. The triangular-leav'd Afri- can Aloe, v/ith white Tubercles on every P^it of the Leat^ and red Flowers. 21. Aloe; Africana margariti* fera minor. H. A. The fmall Pearl Aloe. 22. Aloe ; Africana folio in fummitate triangulari margariti' fersi A L fern, flore fubviridi, H. A* The greater Pearl Aloe ; viilgo. 25 Aloej Africaner follis pla- nis conjiig^tis carinatis 'verrucojisy caule cr* fiore corallii colore* Boerh. Jnd. The African Alocy with plain iiefliy Leaves growing oppolite, and are full of Tubercles, with red Flowers. 24. Aloe j Africans mmimciy atrovirid'iSy fp'mis herbaceis nume- rofis ornata, Eoerh. hid. The leafi: African Aloe, with dark green Leaves, which arc fet very thick with greenifh Spines. ly. Aloe J Africana flore rubro, folio 7nacuUs albicantibus ab utra- que parte notatoM. A. The Tongue Aloe i vulgo. 26. Aloe; Africana foliis plants latioribus minime ferratis, carina- tis, caule ^ flore corallii colore. Boerh And. The broad-leav'd Tongue Aloe\ vulgo. 27. Aloe; Africana foliis longis conjugatis, fupra cavis margariti- ferisy fiore rubro elegantifftma. Bocrh. Ind. The Pearl Tongue Aloe i vulgo. ,28. Aloe; Africana caulefcensy folio crajjo obfcure liritli, Spinis ad latera <^ in dorfo armato, Boerh. Ind. The ftalky African Aloe, with thick dark green Leaves arm'd with Spines on the Back- lide of the Leaves. 29. Aloe; Africana caule fcensy foliis glaucis cauletn ampleBemibus, H. A. The ftalky African Aloe, with glaucous Leaves furrounding the Stalks. 30. Aloe ; Africana caulefcensy foliis minus glaucis caulem ample - Bentibus , fioribus rubris. The Sword Aloe i vulgo. 5 1 . Aloe ; Americana foliis ex aUo & viridl eleganter x'ariegatis. Horfr. Beamn, The flrip'd Ameri- can Aloe, A L 5 2 . Aloe ; Africana, breviJJlmOy crafJ^JJImoc^ue folio, fiore fubviridi, H.A, The Cufhion ^/i?^ ; vulgo. 33. Aloe; Africana folio trian- gulo longiffimo (^ anguflifj^mo, fio^ ribus luteit fattidis. H. L. Th2 African Aloe, with long narrow triangular Leaves, and {linking yellow Flowers, commonly caWd, Iris Uvaria. 34. Aloe ; Guineenfz^, r a dice ge- niculata, foliis e viridi ^ atro tmdulatim variegatis. Com. Br&l. The Guiney Aloe, with knotted Roots, and undulated variegated Leaves. 3 f. Aloe ; Zeylanica , pumila , foliis variegatis. Far. Bat. The Dwarf Zeylon Aloe, with varie- gated Leaves. 3^). Aloej Africana caulefcensy foliis minus glaucis caulem am- pltcientibus, dorfi parte fuprema fpi- nofa. Com. Rar. The ftalky Afri- can Aloe, with lefs glaucous Leaves furrounding the Stalks, with Spines on the Backfide of the Leaves ac the Extremity. 37. Aloej IndiA Orientalisy [er- rata, fuccotrina -vera, flore Bhoe- nicio. H. Beaum. The Succotrine Aloe. 38. Aloe; Africana, fefilis, foliis carinatis verrucofls. Hort. Elth, . Dwarf African Aloe, with fleftjy \varted Leaves. 39. Aloej Barbadenfis, mitior, l&te virens & fplsndens, Hort. Elth. Barbados -r4/^y, and continue '"till O or AMARAN- TUS. D I Tkc A M The Characters are ; The Flowers have feemtngly no Tetals-y the Cup of the Flower is dry and multifid ; the Seeds are include d in membranaceous Vejfels ^ which, vphen come to Maturity, burfl open either tranfverjlj or horizontally, after the manner of Purflane and Pimpernel, in each of which is con- tained one or more roundifJj Seeds. There area vaft Variety of thefe Plants, both in the Eaji and Wefi- Indies; many of which are ex- treamly beautiful, and as much de- jTerve our Care as as any of the flowery Tribe. I fliall here take Notice of the feveral Varieties which are cultivated in the Englifi Gardens for their Beauty, omitting the other more common or lels worthy Sorts, as more fit for a Bo- tanical Difquifit-ion. 1. Amaranthus, maximus. C.B. The Tree Amaranthus -, vulgo. 2. Amaranthus, maximus, pa- nicula longa pendulA, femine rubello. Raii Hiji. The long pendulous Amaranthus, with reddifh-coloured Seeds, commonly caWd, Love lies a Bleeding. 3. Amaranthus, fpica albefcente habitiore, Martyn. Kifl. Amaranth, with a thick whitifh Spike. 4. Amaranthus, crijiatus, fiore rubicundijjimo, H. R. Far. CockV comb Amaranth, with red Flowers. f. Amaranthus, crijiatus, colore kermefino. Boerh. Carmine-colour'd Cock's- comb Amaranth. 6. Amaranthus, crijiatus, colore aureo. Boerh. Gold-colour'd Cock's- comb Amaranth. 7. Amaranthus, crijiatus, colore furpureo. Boerh, Purple Cock's- comb Amaranth. 8. Amaranthus, crijiatus, colore luteo. Boerh. Yeliow Cock's-comb Amfytanth, A M 9. Amaranthus, Sinenfis, foliis variis, panicula elegamer plumosa. Martyn. hiJi. Chinefe Amaranth, with variegated Leaves, and a fine feather 'd Fanicle. 10. AwiARAKTHus, tricolor. H.EyJl. The three-coloured Amaranth. 11. Amaranthus 5 bicolor. The two- coloured Amaranth. All thefe Sorts of Amararahs mufl: be lb wn on a good Hot-bed in February, or the Beginning oi March at far theft j and in about a Fort- night's Time (if the Bed is in good Temper) the Plants will rife, when you muft prepare another Hot- bed, covered with good rich light Earth, about four Inches thick; then raife up the young Plants with your Finger, fo as not to break off the tender Roots, and prick them into your new Hot- bed about four Inches Diftance, every way, giving them a gentle Watering to fettle the Earth to their Roots: But in doing this, be very cautious not to bear the young Plants down to the Ground by hafty watering, which rarely rife again, or at leaft fo as to re- cover their former Strength in a long Time, but very often rot in the Stems, and die quite away. In the Heat of the Day keep them fcreen'd with Mats from the great Heat of the Sun, and gvfo. tliem Air by raifing up the Glafles with a fmall Stone j and if the Glafles are wet, it will be proper to turn them every Day (in good Weather) that they may dry ; for the Moillure, which is occafion'd by the Fermentation of the Dung, and Perfpiration of the Plants, is of a noxious Quality, and very unkindly to Plants j fo that if the Weather happens to prove bad, that you can't turn your GlaiTes, it will A M will be of great Service to your Plants, to wipe off all the Moifture two or three tim^s a Day with a Woollen Cloth, to prevent its dropping upon the Plants; When your Plants are firmly rooted, and begin to grow, you muft obferve to give them Air every Day (more or lefs, as the Weather is cold or hot) to prevent their drawing up too fafl, which, greatly weakens their Stems. In about three Weeks or a Month's Time, thefe Plants will have grown lo as to meet, and will ftand in need of another Hot- bed, which (hould be of a mode- rate Temper, and covered with the fame rich Earth about iix Inches thick, in which they fhould be planted (observing to take 'em up with as much Earth about their Roots as pofllble) feven or eight Inches Diftance every Way, giving them fome Water to fettle the Earth about their Roots j but be very careful not to water them hea- vily, fo as to bear down the Plants, (as was before directed ) and J^eep them fliaded in the Heat of the Day, until they have taken frefh Roots, and be fure to refrefh them often (but gently) with Water, and give them Air in Proportion, to the Heat of the Weather, co- vering the Glaifes with Mats every Night, left the Cold chill your Beds, and ftop the Growth of the Plants. In the Beginning of May you muft provide another Hot-bed, which ftiould be covered with a deep Frame, that your Plants may have Room to grow: Upon this Hot- bed you may f^ as many three-penny Pots as can ftand within the Compafs of the Frame j ihefe Pots muft be filled with good rich Earth, and the Cavities A M between each Pot filled up with any common Earth, to prevent the Heat of the Bed from evaporating, and filling the Frame with noxious Streams ; then with a Trowel, or fome fuch Inftrument, take up your Plants ( from the former Hot-bed) with as much Earth as polfible to the Roots, and place each fmgle Plant in the Middle off one of the Pots, filling the Pot up with the Earth before defcrib'd, and iettle it clofe to the Root of the Plant with your Hands j water them gently, as before, and Ihade them in the Heat of the Day from the Violence of the Sun, by co- vering the Glafles with Matsj re- frefli them oft:en with water, and give them a good Quantity of Air in the Day-time. In about three Weeks more, thefe Plants will have grown to a coniiderable Size and Strength, fo that you muft now raife thQ Glaftes very much in the Day- time; and when the Air is fott, and the Sun is clouded, draw off the Glafl^s, and expofe them to the open Air, and repeat this as often as the Weather will permits which will harden them by Degrees to be reraov'd abroad into the Places where they are to remain the whole Seafon. But 'tis not adviie- able to fet thefe Plants out until a Week in fuly, obferving to do it when the Air i§ perfedfly fbft^ and, if poftible, in a gentle Shov/cr of Rain. Let them at fir ft be fet near the Shelter of a Hedge for two or three Days, where they may be fcreen'd from the Violence of the Sun, and ftrong Winds, to which they muft be inurM by Degrees: Thslc- Plants, when grown to a good Stature, perfpire very freely, and muft be every Day refrelh'd wjtiit P 4 Water, A M Water, if the Weather proves hot and dry, otherwife they will ftunt, and never produce their Plumes £o fine as they would do if taken Care of. This is the proper Management, in order to have fine Amaranths y which, if rightly foUow'd, and the Kinds are good, in a tavourable Sealbn, will produce wonderful large fine Flowers, and are the greateft Ornament to a good Gar- den for upwards of two Months : By this Method I have had Plants five or fix Foot high, with Crefts near a Foot in Breadth j and I am perfuaded, if the Kind is good, (and there is no Want of Dung, or Conveniencies) in a kindly Sea- fon, they will grow much larger. In the Beginning of SepterffbeVi the Ammrmths will have perfe(Sted their Seeds, fo that you n?ufl: make Choice of the largeft, ftioft beauti- ful, and beft branching Plants of each Kind for Seedj which you fhould remove under Shelter, (efpe- cially if the Weather proves wet or the Nights frofty) that the Seeds may be maturely ripen'd ; and, in the Choice thereof, be fure never to take any Seeds from Side-Branches, nor from the Neck of the Plume, but fuch only as are produced in the Middle thereof, which in many Plants, perhaps, may be but a fmall Quantity ; but I do afilire you, it is thofe only you can depend upon to to have your Kinds good the fuc- ceeding Year, AMBROSIA. The Cha^raBers are , It h^th male flofculoHs Tloroers-, which are produced on fep urate Tarts, of the fame Plant from the fruit, and have no 'vifiSle Tet'^ls ; The Fruit which fuccceds tm fsmak IlowerSf is fhaped like 0, A M Club, and is prickly, containing one oblong Seed in each. Tiie Species are j 1. Ambrosia i Maritima, C. B. The Maritime or Sea Ambrofia, 2. Ambrosia j Maritima^ Arte- mifiA, foliis inodoris elatior. H. L. Taller unfavoury Se^i Ambrofia. 3. Ambrosia j Canadenfis, altjfjfi- ma, hirfuta, Platani folio, Tourn. The talleft Canada Ambrofia, with rough Plane-tree Leaves. The firft of thefe Sorts may be fown early in the Spring, in a Bor- der under a warm Wall or Pale, where it will come up very well ,• and when the Plants are ftrong enough to remove, they may be planted into the like warm Borders, where they will flower, and perfed: their StQ^s in Autumn j but if they have not a right Pofition, they feldom produce good Seeds in this Country. The fecond and third Sorts are brought from America, where they are very common Weeds, but with us fliould be fown upon a gentle Hot-bed in the Spring of the Year , and when the Plants are come up, fhould be tranfplanted upon another moderate Bed, and expos'd to the open Air by Degrees : And in May they fhould be planted out into a warm Border ; but, if pofiible, in a very poor Soil, which will check their luxuriant Growth, and caufe them to flower and feed much fooner than they would do it planted in a rich Soil. Thefe Plants have no great Beauty to recGm- mend them, but for Variety they may be admitted into large Gar- dens. AMMI, Bifhop's-weed. The Charahers are ; This is an u?nbelliferous Plant, with fmall fir iated Seeds ; The Petals A M &fthe Flower are ttneq^ttal, and Jhafd like an Heart. The Species are j 1. Ammi j majus. C. B. The greater Bifhop's-v/eed. 2. Ammi i majus, foliis plurimum incifis , ^ nonnihiL crijpis. C. B. The greater Bifhop's-weed, with fine cut Leaves. 3. Ammi^ perenne. M.Um. Per- ennial Bifhop's-weed. The Seeds of the firft and fecond Kind fliould be fown in an open Situation early in the Spring j and when the Plants are young, they may be prick'd out into Beds of fandy Soil, at about fix Inches Diftance from each other, obferving to water them, until they have taken frelh Root i after which Time they will require no more Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds •■, and if the Seafon proves good, they will ripen their Seeds in Autumn. The Seeds of the firft Sort are us'd in Medicine : The fecond is a Va- riety of the firft, which is accidental from the fame Seeds : The third is an abiding Plant, which multiplies very faft by its Root, which is very apt to fpread far under-ground j for which Reafon it fhould never be planted in a good Garden. Thefe are all Varieties fitter for a Botanick, or Phyfick Garden, than for Gardens ' of Pleafure. AMOMUM PLINII 5 -vide So- lanum. AMORISPOMUMj videhyco- perficon. AMPHITHEATRES ; or Tem- ples of View eredled on a double Rifing, are great Ornaments to a large and noble Garden. If this Hill or rifing Ground is of a femi- circular Figure, it will ftill be the better, Thefe .dmphithmtres are form'd A M of Ever-greens, as Hollies, Thillyrea*s Laurujiinus's, Bays, Sec. obferving to plant the Ihortefi: growing Trees in the Front, and the talleft Trees behind, as Pines, Firrs, Cedars of Lebanon, 8cc. AMYGDALUSi The Almond- Tree. Tlie Charafiers are ; It hath Leaves a?id Flowers very like thofe 0/ //;e Peach-Tree, but the Fruit is longer, and more comprefs'dy the outer green Coat is thinner and drier -when ripe, and the Shell is not fo rugged. The following Sorts are propa- gated for Sale in the Gardens near London. I. Amygdalus ; fittiva, fruclto majore. C. B. P. The commoa large Almond. 1. Amygdalus; dulcis, putamine molliori. C. B. P. The Sweet Al- mond, with tender Shells. 3. Amygdalus; amara. C. B.P. The Bitter Almond. 4. Amygdalus ; fativa, flore albo. The white flowering Al- mond. Thercisalfo another Tree, which is preferv'd in fome curious Gardens, that bears the Name of glu Almond', but I have been inform'd by Perfons, who have feen the- Flowers and Fruits of this Tree, that 'tis not of this Kind ; yet as it hath not received any other Title, that I know of, and as I never had an Opportunity to examine it myfelf, I fhall mention it by its former Name, viz. f. Amygdalus ; JEthiopica,frucitc holoferico. Breyn. Cent. The Ethi- opian Almond, with Scarlet Fruit. The firft, fecond, and third Sorts are chiefly cultivated in England for the Beauty of their Flowers, which are produced early in the Spring, when fev/ other Things appear 5 whicK A M wfiich renders them worthy of a Place in the beft Gardens, where feeing intermix'd with other flow- ering Trees, either in Wildernefs Quarters, or in Walks, they afford a very agreeable Proipe£t. They are propagated by inocu- lating a Bud of thcie Trees into a Phimb, Almond, or Peach-ftock, m the Month of fuly j ( the Man- ner ©f this Operation fee under the Article of Irwculatwn, ) The next Spring, when the Buds fhoot, you may train them up either for Stand- ards, or fuffer them to grow for half Standards ( according to your own Fancy ) i and the fecond Year, alter fcudding, they may be removed to the Places, w^here they are to remain. The bed: Seafon for tranfplanting thefc Trees ( if for dry Ground ) is m OBobeVy as foon as the Leaves begin to decay ; but for a wet Soil Tebrtmry is much preferable j and obferve always to bud upon Plumb- ftocks for wet Ground ^ and Al- monds or Peaches for dry. The Almond with whJte Flowers is a greater Curiolity than either of the former ; and being intermix'd with the other Sorts, and a few of the Cherry Plumb- Trees, which Eower all together, add very much to the Beauty of thefe Plantations : This Sort, with white Flowers, is more difficult toincreafe than either of the former, and will not take iipon a Plumb-ftock, but mufl: be either budded on a Peach or Almond. The Sort with large Fruit pro- duces aim oft every Year large Quan- tities with us in England, which if eaten before they are too dry, are little inferior to thofe we receive from abroad j but if kept too long, they are very apt to {hrivel up, and \o£e their Piumpnefs ^ but in other reipcdts arc very good. A N The Ethiopian Sort is tender, anJ requires a good Green-houfe to preferve it in Winter : It is increas'd by planting Cuttings ( that are ten- der, with a Joint of the laft Year's. Wood ) in any of the Summer Months, in Pots of good light Earth, plunging them into a moderate Hot- bed, and keeping them fhaded in the Heat of the Day, giving them frequent Refrefhings with Water : After they have taken Root, you muft begin to harden them by De- grees to endure the open Air, a little before they are hous'd, which will render them fitter to endure the Winter -, for if they are too much drawn in Summer, they are very often deftroy'd in Winter. Thefe Trees may be expos'd to the open Air, with Oranges, ^c. ( in a well-fhelter'd Place ) during the Months o^^une, Juljy and Augufi ; but muft be hous'd, before the hoary Frofts fall, which will very much prejudice them, if left abroad : They muft have a very good Green- houfe in Winter, and gentle Water- ings, as you obierve tJie Leaves to curl : But be fure not to over- wet them in Winter -j which if once done, isfeldom to be got dryagaia 'till Spring, and will be very preju- dicial to the neighbouring Plants, by the great Damp it will occaiion- in the Houfe. AN AC AMPS EROS ; Telephium^ or Rhodia Radix j in Englifi, Orpine, Live-ever, or Rofe-root. The characters are ; If hath a. perennial RoBt : The Leavesy Stalks, Flowers, and Fruity are like thofe of the Houfe-leek i buti the Leaves of this Plant do not grow irir a circumfcrib'd Order, as do thofe of /^e Houfe-leek} but the Flant arifes with a Stalky upon which the Leaves Are plac'd. on ever^ Sid£ : The Flowers ^rom A N grtfw In Umbels upon the Top of the Stalks. Thefe Plc.nts are fcldom preferv'd in Gardens of Pleafure j therefore I fhall pafs them over here, with only obferving, that any of theie Species may be cultivated by planting their Cuttings in any Part of the Summer, ( except the Khodin Radix, which is only propagated by parting the Roots, either in Spring, or Au- tumn): Thefe all love a dry Soil, and are very hardy. There is one Sort of this Plant, which grows wild in many Parts of England -y which is the Sort fome- times us'd in Medicine, and which was fome Years fmce in great Efteem to form green Chimney-pieces for the Summer Seafon, which fome People were very dextrous in ma- king, by framing a Parcel of Laths together of the juft Dimenfion of the Place, where it was to iland j and then faftening this Plant to the feveral Parts of it, fo as to cover the whole with Green ; and altho' this was only pertorm'd with Cuttings of, the Plant, yet by giving the Whole a gentle Watering once a Week, the Plant would not only live, but flioot in Length, and con- tinue frefli for two Months, and ap- pear very hand fome. ANANAS; The Pine- Apple. This Fruit ( which is juftly e- fteem'd for the Richnefs of its Fla- vour, as it furpafles all the known Fruits in the World ) is produc'd from an herbaceous Plant, which hath Leaves fbmevvhat refembling thofe of an Aloe, and are for the moft part faw'd on their Edges, but are much thinner, and not fo juicy as the Aloe : The Fruit rcfemblcs the Cones of the Vine-Tree, from whence it is fuppos'd to have its Name. A N Where this Plant is a Native, I be- lieve it is hard to determine ; but it was brought from the Fadlories in the Eajl Indies, and planted in the hotteft Iflands of the Weft Indies, where they are in great Plenty and extraordinary Goodnefs : But it hath been very lately, that it was introduc'd into the European Gar- dens, fb as to produce Fruit : The firfl: Perfon, who fucceeded in this Affair, was Monileur Le Cour of Leyden in Holland, who, after a great many Trials with little or no Succefs, did at length hit upon a proper Degree of Heat and Manage- ment, fb as to produce Fruit equally as good (tho'not fb large) as thole which are produc'd in the Weft In- dies, as hath been often affirm'd by Perfbns, who have liv'd many Years there ; and 'tis to this worthy Cul- tivator of Gardening, who did not fpare any Pain:^ or Expence to ac- compli fli it, that all the Lovers thereof are oblig'd for introducing- this King of Fruits amongft them j and it was from him, that our Gar- dens in England were firfl fupply'd, tho' we have lince had Jar ge Quan- tities brought from America. I can't here avoid taking Notice of a common Error, which prevails a-- mongfl many People, which is, ■ that the Plants brought from A}ne- rica are not fb good as thofe, which came from M. Le-Cour -, but it is a great Miflake j for were the People who fent over thefe Plants from A- merica, careful to fend the befl Kinds, there would be found n» Difference -, for M. Le Cour had his from thence at firff , as his Gardener affur'd me ; and I have feen as good Fruit produc'd from Americart Plants, as any I have yet feen, and fome much larger, than any I faw in M.,LeCour's Garden. There A N Th^reare feveral Varieties of this Plant, but I think the Sort with I could not karn. Tliefe Plants arc propagated by planting the Pleads which grpw upon each Fvuitj or by Suckers produc'd from the old Stems, which muH be planjed ia Pots abov:c five A N I or fix Inches over at top, fill'd witlii good frefh light Earth, mix'd with a little very rotten Dung, which muft be often turn'd to blend them the better together, giving them a little Water to fettle the Earth to their Roots ; then plunge them in- to a well-temper'd Bed of Tanner's Bsrk. For the Manner of making thefe Beds, I Ihall refer you to the Article of Hot-beds. Take care to give them frequent but gentle Refrefhings with Water, and if your Bed fliould decline its Heat, it will be proper to add a lit- tle frefli Bark thereto, which muft be mix'd with the old, and will caufe it to ferment again, and increafe the Heat of your Bed. Obferve alfo as the Nights grow cold in Augufl and September, to increafe your Covering over the Glaffes, that by this means, your young Plants may be furnifli'd with ftrong Roots before Winter : To- ward the latter End of October, you muft remove thefe Plants out ot the Bark-bed into the Stove, (cfpe- cially thofe Plants that are ftrong enough to produce Fruit the next Year, difpoling them regularly on the Stands fo as not to crowd each other, nor their Leaves to interfere, if you have Room enough in your Stove to prevent it. During the Winter-Seafon, you muft obferve to keep the Stove to a good Temper ot Heat, fnever fuftering the Spirit in the Ther- mometer to fall below the Degree of Heat which is alfjgn'd them on Mr. Fowler's Botanical Thermome- ters 5) nor Ihould the Spirit be ever rais'd much above ten Degrees more, t'(xc too great a Heat would forward their Fruitmg too much, and Cold would prevent it for that Seafon, fb that the middle Degree of Heat is beil I Forget not to refrcfh them with A N with Water (which (hould be plac'd in the fame Stove at leail twenty-four Hours before ufed, that the Cold may be taken off) at leaft once a Week or oftener, according to the Temper of your Stove, or as you find the Earth in the Pots to require it. Your Plants thus managed, will, by the Beginning of Feoruary, or foon after, {hew their Bud for Fruit in the Center of the Plant, and mufl: therefore be diligently kept forwarded by gently increafing the Heat of the Stove, and often re- peating your Watering : In the middle of Fe6ruary, you mull pre- pare your Tan for the Hot-bed, which fliould be made at lead a Month before the Plants are fet into it, that the great Heat of the Bed may be over, which would be fiibjeft to burn the extreme Parts of tlie Roots, and thereby give lo great a Check to the Plants, as not to be recovered again in two Months; and this very often fpoils the Fruit, by retarding the Growth of the Plant; fo that whenever they begin to recover their Vigour, that Nouriihment which fhould have been employ'd to increale the Bulk of the Fruit, is all fpent in furnifii- ing a large Top or Crown to a fmall inlignificant Fruit. Toward the middle or latter End of March (according as you find the Bed in Temper, or the Wea- ther favourable) you may remove your Plants into the Bark-bed (plunging the Pots at hrfl but half- way into the Bark) that the fudden Heat to their Roots may not be violent, but obferve to keep your Glafles cover'd in bad Wearhci* and in the Night, that you may pre- ferve a conftant warm Air in the Bed,- and if it fhould happen to prove very hot in the Day, give A N them a little Au-, by raifing tire GlalTcs with a fmall Stone ^ and ii the Sun fliould fhine very hot upoa the GlafTes, it would be advifeaDle to fhade them in the middle of the Day, from the Violence thereof, which ( efpecially at their iirft coming out of the Stove) would alter and change the Colour of the Plants, and be very prejudicial to them. In about three Weeks, or a Month's time after your Plants were fet into the Bark, you may raile them up again, and Air the Surface of the Bark with a fmall Dung- fork, and plunge the Pots down to their Rims therein ; for by this time there will be no Danger of hurting their Roots with Heat ; and obferve to give them frequent Waterings, as they fhall require it y and at this Time you may fliift fuch of your Plants as do not fruit, into larger Pots (if they re- quire it ; ) and if you flir up the Earth on the Surface of the Pots where there is Fruit, and take ic out with your Hands, filling thera up again with good frefji Earth, it will be of great Service to your Fruit j but have a Care in this Operation not to let any Earth in. amongft the Leaves of the Plant, nor to diflurb the Roots too much, both which will be hurtful to them. During the Summer Seafon, give them frequent Waterings, and fliade them from the Violence of the Sun in very hot Days, and give them Air, by railing the GlafTes in Proportion to the Warmth of the Bed and Heat of the Weather ,• and if you find your Bed grow cold, you mufl: flir up the Bark with a Dung-fork almoft: to the Bottom ; loofening and break- ing the Lumps ^ and if you add a little A N little frefh Bark to it, it will increafe the Heat, and then plunge the Pots into it again i this may be repeated two or three times in a Summer, according to the Temper of the Bed j by which means your Plants will be always kept in a growing State. Thefe few Rules, if rightly obferv'd, will, I doubt not, afford the Pradli- tioner Succefs. As for the Contri- vance of ^^oT^e^, I fhall refer the Rea- der to the Article on that Subje6i:, where he will be furnifn'd with their ieveral Defcriptions. The Time of this Fruit's ripening is from the Beginning of July 'till September j after which Time the Fruits that ripen are feldomwell-ta- fted, the Scaibn being \o far fpent, that we have not Heat enough to corred the Crudities, whichareim- bib'd in the long Nights from the Vapours of the Bed, and their own Perlpiration in the Day-time. The Manner of judging when they are mature, is by the ftrong Smell they emit, like that of ripe Fruits, and by gently preiTing the Protuberances of the Fruit with your Thumb and Finger j and if they give Way, it is a certain Sign of Ripenefs : Nor will this Fruit keep above three or four Days at moft, if fufter'd to remain on the Plant, be- fore its high Flavour will be loft ; and if cut, it fhould hot be kept above twenty four Hours at moft, if you would eat it in Perfection j but if you would keep them back a little Time, you fliould do it, before they are quite ripe, or foon after they begin to change the Colour; which may be effected by allowing them a greater Share of Air in the Day-time, and by fcrecning the GlafTes with Mats in the Heat of the Day. This Fruit fhould be lerv'd up to Table intire, without breaking off the Crown, (as is by iome pracSis'd) A N which greatly fpoils the high Flavour of the Fruit by letting out a Part of its Juice, and by opening the Fruit to imbibe the moift Particles floating in the Air of the Place, where it is kept, which greatly flattens that delicate Poignancy, which is always found in a frefh kindly Fruit of this Sort. When the Fruit is to be eat, you may take the Stalk thereof in one Hand, and the Crown ot the Fruit in the other, and by gently twifting it, they will: readily part, and the Crown will come out more intire, and fit for planting, than if cut off, and the Fruit will be lefs injur'd : Then you may cut it into tranlverfe Slices in Proportion to the Company, that is to eat of it, laying them lingly on a Plate ; the outlide Coat muft be par'd off, as in many other Fruits, which would be troublefome in eating 5 the Infide of a good Fruit will cut almoft as firm as a Nedtarine, and is of a moft delicious Flavour, and very full of Juice, and is juftly term'd the King of Fruits. ANAPODOPHYLLONjDuck's- foot, or Tomum MaiaUf u e. May- apple. The Characters are ; The Cup of the Flower conjifls of one Leaf: The Flowers are hexapetalous : The Foot-fialk of the Flower comes out from the Stalk of the Leaf: The Fruit is in Shape of an Urn, in which are contain'd many roundifJj fimbriated Seeds. This Plant was brought from America, and is by fomc of the Inhabitants call'd Black Snake-Root, and by others the May Apple ; I fuppolc, becauie in that Month the Fruit of this Plant is nearly ripe, and is of an oval Shape, in fome meafure refembling a linall Apple. Wc have but one Species of this Plant in Eng- land, that I know of, which is. Ana- A N Anapodophyllon; Canmlenfe MO' rini. Tourn. The Canada Duck's- foot of Mt, againft: both of which you mull: equally de- fend them; for theFrofl is very apt to loofen the Earth, lb that the young Plants are often turn'd out of the Ground, after which a fmall FroU will deflroy them, and too much Wet often rots their tender Roots, lb that all your former Trou- ble may be loft in a fliort Time for Want of Care in this Particular; nor do I know of any Thing more de- fli u6tive to thefe tender Plants, than the co!d black Froils and Wind§ of A N February and March, from which you muft be careful to defend them, by placing a low Reed Fence on the i\or:h and Eajl Sides of the Bed, which may be moveable, and only faltcn'd to a few Stakes to fupport it for the prefent, and may be taken quite away, as the Seafon advances, or remov'd to the South and IVeJi Sides of the Bed, to fcreen it from the Violence of the Sun, which often impairs thefe tender Plants. As the Spring advances, if the Weather fliould prove dry, you mufl: gently refrefl:i them with Water, which will greatly ftrengthcn your Roots ; and when the green Leaves are decay'd, if your Roots are not too tliick to remain in the fame Bed another Year, you mult clear oft all the Weeds and decay'd Leaves from the Bed, and fitt a little more of the fime prcpar'd good Earth, about a Quarter of an Inch thick, over the Surface, and obierve to keep them clear from Weeds during the Sum- mer Seafon, and at Michaelmas re- peat the fame Earthing , and if your Roots fucceed well, many of them will flower the fecond Year, when •you mayfele6l ail fuch as you like, by marking them with a Stick; but I would not have you deltroy any of them until after the third Year, when you have feen them blow ftrong, at which Time you will be capable to judge of their Goodnefs. But if your Roots are too thick in the Seed-bed to remain, you mull, fo Ibon as their green Leaves arc de- cay'd, fift the Earth of your Bed thro' a very fine Sieve, in order to get out the Roots, which can be no orherways found, as being fmall, and io nearly the Colour of the Ground ; but indoingof this, obferve not to difturb the Ground too deep, foas to endanger the burying anyot the Roots ; for notwithftanding all youj: A N your Care, many fmall Roots will be left behind: Therefore, io ioon as you have fifted your whole Qcd, and taken out all the Roots you can find, you muil level the Earth of your Bed again, and let it remain 'till next Year, when you will find a plentiful Crop of Roots come up again: The young Roots,which you take up mufc be dry'd, as was directed" for ilic old ones, but fiiould be planted again three Weeks beforcthcin, that they may in creafe in Strength, fo as to flo ,ver Ifrongly the ilirceeding Ye;ir- ANEMONOIDES ; iVoo^i Ane- tnony : vulgo. The Characiers arc ; TheRoot is pcrenn'mhautlfor the mojl Fartgrujnofe and creeping; the Leaves are finely cut^ three of yohich, for the mojlpart, furround the Stalk j it hath a fiyigle Flower upon each Stall:, which c'O/ijifis of many Leaves, and are ex- panded ir) Form of an Anemone, ha- ving many Stamina or Threads in the Middle ; the Seeds are collected into an oblong Head, and are, in Shape, like thofe of the Ranunculus, having no Down adhering to them. The Species arc ; 1, A: are permitted to remain in a Garden undiilurb'd, they will multiply ex- ceedingly, and produce great Quan- tities of Flowers ; but if they are often remov'd, it will dcifroy 'em y therefore they Ihouid be planted in luch fljady Parts ot Wiiderneiles as are feldom digged, ANEMONOSPERMOS. Tiic Characicrs are ; It hath an hetnifpherlcal fcaly Cup ; Thj Flower is radiated like the Rag- wort ; but the Seeds are copicujly ftir rounded with a pappous Dow i, as are thofe of the Ancmoiie. Tiic Species arci , I. Anemonosi'ermos i Africana. folio Jacob.i c, ftore luteo, extns I'w niceo. Boerh. Ind. The African Aije- ?nonofpermos, with Leaves likel?.^^- wort, and Flowers which are yellovy within, and red on the OutUdc;;. £ "5 a. An£MO- A N 2.. Anemonospermov; Africana fo- lia, Cardui BenedicH, jiorum radiis in- tus AlLicantibus. H. A. The African A'ie-mo)ioffermos,w\x.\\ Leaves like the Blejfed Jhiftle, and the Rays of the flower are white on the Inlide. 3. AnemonosperxMos 5 Africaner, folio facob&A tenuiter laciniato, jiore aurantio pulcherrimo. Boerh. Ind. The African Anemonofl?er?nos, with ilendLT divided RagTvcrt-k2Lvcs and fair Or/i/;^e-colour'd Flowers. 4. Anemonospermos ; Africana, folio ^ facie Taraxaci incanis. Par. Bat. The African A?iemonofpermos with Leaves like Dandelioii^ but are hoiry. Thefe Plants were originally brought from about the Cafe of Good Hope into the curious Gardens in Holland, where they have been propagated, and from whence they hive been dillributed into the fe- veral Parts of Europe, where they are now growing. Th?y are propagated by planting Cuttings of them in a Bed ot light frefh Earth in any of the Sum- mer Months, obfcrving to fnade them from the Heat of the Sun until they have taken Root, as alio to refrcfh them often with Water, and in iix Weeks or two Months afrer planting, they will be rooted ilifficicntiy j at which Time you jTiould tranfplant them nito Pots hil'd with the like frefli Earth, let- ting the Pots in a fliady Place until the Plants are fettled in their n^w Earth: After which Time you fhould expofe them to the open Air until the latter End of October, or later, according as you find the Weather is favourable, v/hen you muft re- move the Pots into the Green- boulc, where they fhould be plac'd as near the Windov/ as polVible, that they may have a good Quantitv of fiec Air at all times, when the Wea- ther is mildj nor fliould they be over- A N hung by other Plants, which would occaiion them to take a Mould inefs, and rot ; you mud alfo frequently re- frefh them with Water, but give them but a little at each Time during the Winter- Seafon^ but in Summer they will require a greater Plenty, as alio to be often repeated. Thefe Plants being pretty hardy, are only hurt by great Froll-s ; they may therefore be kept in the fame Houfe with Myrtles, and alio expos'd in the Summer with them ; they will require to be fliifted our of their Pots twice every Year, i>iz.. in the Beginning of June, and again in Ah- gnft ; at which Times you Ihouid cut clV a good Qiiantity of the Roots iound the Outiide of their Balls ( but be very careful not to fhake the Earth intirely from the Roots ) i and at thefe Times you flioulJprunc off the draggling Branches, the better to, form their Heads into a regular Figure ; but do not fliortcn their Branches, for that would cut off their Flower-Buds. The fourth Sort is annual, and therefore only to be propagated by Seeds (which Way alio the other Sorts may be increas'd, if we have good Seeds, wh'ch are but rarely obtain'd in England) j the Seeds fliould be fown on a moderate Hot- bed in the Spring ; and when the Plants arc come up, they fliould be traniplanted into Pots of frefli Earth,, and piung'd into another very mode- rate Hot-bed to bring them forward, and afterwards expos'd to the open Air by Degrees i but the fourth Sort is verv lubjedfc to be deflroy'd by fmall Inied:s, which prey upon the Plants ; you fhould therefore careful- ly wadi them off", whenever they appear thereon. The three tirll: Sorts fhould be fre- quently renew'd from Cuttings j for when they erow pld, they are very ^ fubjea A N fubjedt to decay in Winter, by which the Species are Ibmetimcs loll, where it hath been neeledled to raile o young Plants. They are all very pretty Ornaments to a Green-houfc ; tor their Flo -.vers are produced in ahnoft every Month ot the Year, which, together v/ith the Diverlityoftheir Leaves, j^reatly adds to the Variety, when intcrmix'd v/ith other Plants. ANETHUMi Dill. The Charachrs are ; It hfithajlenderfihrofe annii?.lRoot ; the Leaves are like thcjc of Fennel ; the Seeds are oval, phiia, ftrciik\l, arid border d. The Species are 5 1. Anethum i hcrte-nfe. C. B, Common their Roots would perifl-i foon after. The Gardeners near London propa- gate great Quantities of this Plant, tor which they have a great Demand from the Confeftianers, who make a Sweetmeat with the tender Stalks of it, cut in May. This Plant is alfo us'd in Medicine, as are alfo the Seeds ; therefore, where it is cultivated for the Seeds, there fnould be new Plantations an- nually made to fupply the Places of thole which die. The fecond Sort grows wild by the Ditches Sides in many Parts cf England, and is rarely propagated in a Garden. The other tv/o Sorts may be pro- pagated by ibwing their Seeds in the Manner, as was directed for the common Sort j but fliouid be planted in a drier Soil. ANIL; Thelndigo Plant. The Characicrs arc j It hath fennated ( or ivingd ) Leai'es, which are terminated by a jingle Lobe at the 'Extremity ; the rlo-.vcrs (which f;re for the mojt part iiijpos\l in a Spike ) confji of ftr^e Leaves, and are o/?/;c Papilionaceous Kind, the uppermojl Fetal ( or Stand- ard ) being larger than the ethers, and is rounder, and lightly furroro'd on the Side; the lov:er Leaves {or Petals ■ are fJjort, and terminate in a Foint : la the Middle of the Flower is fit ua ted the Style, r:hich aftcrrrards becomes a jointed Fod, containing one Cylindrical 'Seed in each Fartiiion. The Species arc 5 1. Anil ; five Indigo Americana, flicMis infalciiU mcdan: ccntortis^ D, A N Merc hand. Mem. Ac. Reg. Scien. Anno 1718. The true Indigo, with Pods fliap'd like a Sickle. 2. Anil ;jive Indigo Americana , fru- ticofa, argent ea,j^oTibus eviridi parpu- reisfiliquis falcatis. Collate a affinisfru- ticofa, argeyitea, fioribus fpicatis e vi- ridi purpureis, filifj^nis falcati:. Sloan, Cat.Ja7n. The wild Indigo; vulgo. 3 . A>;iL ; five Indigo, fliquis I at is aliquantulum incurvis. Emerus, In- dicHs, filiqud aliquaatulufn incurvd ; ex quo Fndigo. Breyn. Indigo with broad Pods a littlc^'crooked. The firil: and third of thefe Species are Annuals with us ; the Seeds of thefe mud be Town on a Hot-bed in the Spring of the Year; and when the Plants are come up two Inches high, they f.^ould be tranfplanted in- to fmall Pots iiU'd with goo3 frefh Earth, and the Pots plung'd into a Hot-bed of Tanners Bark; and when the Plants have obtain'd fome Strength, they mufl: have a great Share of freeAir,by raifing the Glalles in the Day-time ; and in June they may beexpos'd to the open Air, by which time they will produce their Flowers, which will be fucceedcd by Pods in a v^ry fi-'Ort time after, and in Augufl their Seeds will be per fed ed. The fecond Sort grows to the Height of five or fix Keet, and will abide two or three Years (if it is pre- fer v'd in a very warm Stove in Win- ter ) : This produces Spikes of Flowers from the Wings of the Leaves on the Sides of the Stems of the Plant, and doth Ibmetimes per- fcd its Seed s in Eng la nd. This mufl be rais'd in a Hot-bed, as was direc- ted for the two former ; but mufl not be expcs'd to the open A\i even in the hotteil Weather. The fir ft and third Sorts are fup- pos'd to be promifcuoufly us'd to make the Indigo ^ but thefirftisthe commoa A N common Sort, which Is cultivated in the Englijh Plantation', in America: But I have been ali'ur'd by a Perlbn of great Credit, that he has made as good Indigo from the fecond Sort, as any that was produc'd in our Plan- tations ; and this being a much larger- Plant will afford a greater Quantity from the fame Com pais of Ground, than any of the other two Species j and this Sort is alfo much hardier, and may be cultivated in fuch Places, where the firft Sort will not grow ■■, by which means great Improvements may be made wi h this Plant in our American Plantations. ANISUM or ANISE. Vule A- pium. ANONA. The Chara^ers are ; It is a Tree groTving to the Height of fin Apple-tree j the Leaves are for the mojl part /Ingle and oblong j the Flow- ers do for the mojl part conjifl of three thick, narrow Petals, or Floiver-leaves, ft'ular.^ produced jmgle upon their Foot- Jlalks j thefe Flowers are fucceeded by conic aU fc^uamous, or 72ettcd Fruit, which have a pulpy Subjlancefurround- ing the Cells, in which are contain'd oblong hard Seeds, Tiie Species are ; 1. A NONA j maxima, foliis latis fplendentibus, fruciu maximo, viridi, conoide, tuber culis feu fpinulis innocen- tibus afpero. Sloan. Cat. Fl. Jam. The Sour-Sop ; vulgo. 2. Anona; maxima, foliis oblon- gis atiguftis, frutiu maximo luteo, co- noide, cortice glabra, in areolas di- Jiincio. Sloan, Cat. Fl. Jam. The Cuftard- Apple; vulgo. "i,. Anon A 5 foliis odoratis minor i- kus, fruciu conoide, fojuamofo, parvo, dulci. Sloan. Cat. Fl. Jam, The Sweet-Sop 5 vulgo. 4. Anona -y aquatica, foliis lauri- nis, atrovirentibusy fruciu minore^ conoide, luteo, cortice glabra, inareo- A N las diflinSio. Sloan. Cat. Fl. Jam. The Water or Sweet- Apple ; vulgo. 5". Anona; foliis fubtus ferrugineis, fruiiu rot undo majo> e, Uvi, purpureo, fe)7iine nigro, parti?n rugofo, partim glabro. Sloan. Cat. Fl. Jam. The Scar-Applej vulgo. 6. Aiios.\i foliis iaurinis, glabrisy viridi-fufcis, fruciu minor e, rot undo, viriid-jiavo, fcabro, feminibus fufcis, fplende?Jtibus, fijfurd albd notatis, Sloan. Cat. Fl. Jam. The Sappadilla A N early in the Spring ; and the Pots mull be plung'd into a warm Bed of Tanners Bark, obferving frequently to refrefli the Earth in the Pots with Water 5 but give them little each Time, left by too much Moifture the Earth fliould be chill'd, and the Seeds be thereby ftarv'd. If the Seeds vjere frefli, and the Bed in a kindly Temper for Hear, the Plants will come up in about three Weeks or a Month's Time, and will make a con- liderable Progrefs in a fliort Time af- ter ; therefore they fhould be tranf planted, each Plant into a fingle Pot, being careful in doing it not to fliake the Earth clean from the Roots ; then plunge the Pots into the fame Hot-bed ( provided the Bark hath not loft its Heat, which if it has, it ihould be ftirr'd up with a Dung-fork, mixing therewith fome frefh Tan ) ; and give the Plants a little Water to fettle the Earth to their Roots, ob- ferving to fhade them from the Sun during the Heat of the Day, until they Ijave taken frefli Root ; afrer which you muft conftantly refreftj them with Water, as you will fee Occafion, and give them Air, by tilt- ing up the Glaftes in Proportion to the Heat of the Weather, and the Bed, in which they are plung'd. In about two Months atter this, the Plants will have made a confider- able Advance, and the Pots will be flird with their Roots 5 you muft therefore remove them into Pots of a little larger She ; in doing of which you fliould take the Plant out of the imall Pot with all the Earth about its Root ; then with a Knife gently trim offallthe Roots, which are on the Outfide of the Ball of Earthy and after having put ibme frefh Earth into the Bottom of the new Pot, place the Plant exadly in the Middle, .fiiiing the Vacancies round the Root, with the fame freih Earlh j then A N plunge thefc Pots again into the Hot- bed, giving them Water and Air, as you fhall judge neccilary 5 but ob- ierve in Augufi to give them a great deal of frelli Air, whenever the Wea- ther will permit, that they may be harden'd to go thro' the approaching Winter. Tov^ards the latter End of Septem- ber you fiiould be provided with a frefli Bark-bed in a Stove ( ercded on Purpoie for thefe, and other the like tender Plants ), into which you muft remove the Pots, when the Bark lias lain about ten Days to fettle and heatj but if upon opening the Bark, to plunge in the Pots, you find the Heat very great, you fliould fet the Pots but half-way into the Bark at firft, until the Heat is a little more abated, when you may fmk them down to the Rims : During the Winter Seafon, you muft be very moderate in watering them j and alfo oblerve to keep the Stove in a due Temper of Heat; the Warmth, in which they have beft fucceedcd in Winter, is about ten Degrees above the temperate Point, as mark'd on Mr. FoWfr's Thermometers, In the Spring, ^viz.' about the Middle of March, you Ihould be pro- vided with a freih Parcel of Tan, which iliould be laid up in a Heap in fome dry Place, about ten Days be- fore it is us'd ; this Tan fhould be mix'd with the old Tan, already in the Stove, which fhould be ftirr'd up, and well mix'd with the new j this will add a frefh Heat to the Bed, whereby the Plants will be put into Motion, and begin to grow, which muft be (liifted into bigger Pots, as they advance, and in the Summer fhould have a good Quantity cf Air, when the Weather is warm . With this Management I have feveral of thefe Plants in good Health, which are fcvcn or eight Feet high i fome of A N of which have produc'd Flowers witJi me, but I have not had any Fruit form'd as yet. ANONIS i Cammock, Petty Whin, or Reft-Harrow. The Characfers are j If hath a, papilionaceous Flower^ which is fucceeded by a fwellhg Fod, rohich is fometimes long, and at other times JJ)ort, is bivalve, and fM'd with Kidney-fljap'd Seeds. The Sp2cies2LVCi 1 . Anon 13 i fpinofa, fiorepurpureo. C. B. Anonis or prickly Rell-Har- row, with purple Flowers. 2. Anonis i fpinofa, jlore albo. C. B. Prickly Rcft-Harrow, with white Flowers. 3. Anonis y fpinis car ens, purpu- rea. C. B. Purple Rell-Harrow, without Prickles. 4. Anonis 5 fpinis carens, candidis fioribus. C.B. Reft-Harrow, with- out Prickles and white Flowers. f. Anonis j fpicata, five Alopecu- roides, Luftanica. Hofm.Cat. Por- tugal Reft-Harrow, with Spikes of Purple Flowers. 6. Anonis j purpurea, verna, feu pruox, perennis, frutefcens flore ru- troamplo. Mor.Hifl. Early flirubby Purple Reft-Harrow, with ample Red Flowers. 7. Anonis i lutea, anguflifolia, perennis. Boerh. Ind. Yellow Nar- row-leav'd perennial Reft-Harrow. 8. Anonis ^ filiquis ornithopodii. Boerh. Ind. Reft-Harrow, with Pods like the Bird's-Foot. 9. Anonis -, Americana, folio la- tiori, fubrotundo. Tourn. American Anonis, with broad roundifli Leaves. The four firft Sorts grow wild in divers Parts of England, and are fel- dom propagated in Gardens j the firft Sort is us'd in Medicine 5 the Roots of this Plant fpread very far under the Surface of the Ground, and are Co tough, that in ploughing A N the Land it often flops the Oxen ; from whence it had its Name, 'viz. Kefia Bovis ■■, the fecond Sort is but a Variety of the firft, differing only in the Colour of the Flower ; the two others without Spines are often met v/ith near the firft. The fifth, fixth, and feventh Sorts are beautiful Garden Plants i thefe are propagated by fbwing their Seeds in the Spring of the Year in an open fituated Bed of light Earth ; and when the Plants are come up, they fliould betranfplanted carefully either into Pots ( fiU'd with good frefh Earth ) or into warm fituated Bor- ders ; for they are fubjedt to be dc- ftroy'd by hard Frofts : Therefore it is, that I would advife the prefer- ving fome Plants of each Kind in Pots, which may be fliclter'd in the Winter under a common Hot-bed Frame, and the Spring following maybe turn'd out of the Pots ( pre- fcrving all the Earth to their Roots) and planted in a warm Border, where they may remain to flower; and if theSeafon is good, they will perfedt their Seeds in Augtifi, or Iboncr. The eighth and ninth Sorts are Annuals, and muft therefore be ibwn every Spring 5 the eighth will do very well, if fown on a Bed of frefti Earth in the open Air, where it may remain to flower and feed ; but the ninth fhould be fown on a moderate Hot- bed, and manag'd asisdiredled for the Balfamina 5 this will produce its Flowers in 7ufy, and thfi Seeds will ripen in September. ANTIRRHINUMi Snap-dragon or Calves-fnout. The Characters are j It is a Plant with an anomalous Flower, confijling of one Leaf, which is divided, as it were, into two Lips-, the upper of which is cut into two VartSj and thi under into three Tarts : Out of the A N the Tlower-cup arifes the Tointal, fajl- en'd like a Nail in the hinder Fart of the Fiercer, which afterwards turns to a Fruit refembling a Calf's Head, which is divided in the Middle by a Fartition into two Cells, in which are contained many fmall Seeds. There are ieveral Varieties of this Plant, which are worthy of a Place in large Gardens, for the Oddnefs of their Flowers, which continue blowing moft Part of the Summer, and are very ufeful to compofe Flower-pots to adorn Chimnies or Halls. The chief Sorts are, 1. Antirrhinum i latifoUum, fio- re rubro, riciu luteo. Boerh. The Broad-leav'd Snap-dragon, with red Flowers. 2. Antirrhinum; latifoVmm, fla- re albo, riciu luteo. Boerh. The Broad-leav'd Snap-dragon, with white Flowers. 3. Antirrhinum; angujlifolium, majus, peregrinum, flore ruberrimo. Fi. K. Far. The large Narrow-leav'd Snap-dragon, with deep red Flow- ers. 4. Antirrhinum; angtflo folio li- nariAy eleganter variegato, flore ru- bro y ricfu luteo, Boerh. The flrip'd Snap-dragon. All thefe Sorts are rais'd from Seeds, which fliould be fbwn in a dry Soil, and not too rich, in April or May ; and in July may be planted out into large Borders, where they will flower the Spring following ; or they may be fown early in the Spring, for flowering the fame Autumn ; but then they are not To likely to endure the Winter ; and if the Autumn prove bad, they will not perfect their Seeds. Thefe Plants grow extremely well upon old Walls or Buildings, in which Places they will endure for fcveral Years ; whereas thofe planted ia Gardens feldom lall longer than A p two Years, unlefs they are planted in a very poor Soil, and the Flowers often cropp'd, and not fuffer'd to feed : But any of thefe Sorts may be continu'd by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, which wiil eafily take Root. The fourth Sort is tenderer than any of the for- mer, and Ihould therefore be planted in Pots fill'd with rubbifhing dry fandy Soil, and flielter'd in Winter under a common Hot-bed Frame, obferving to give them free open Air, by taking oft" the Glalfes in mild Wea- ther, and only covering them in very wet, or trolly Weather. APARINE ; Goofe-grafs or Cli- vers. This Plaint grows wild almoft eve- ry where, the Seeds flicking to the Cloaths of People, that pafs by where they grow : It is fometi'mes us'd in Medicine ; but is too common a Weed to be admitted into a Garden. APIOS ; The knobbed rooted Vir- ginian Liquorice Vetch. The Characters are ; Jt has a climbing Stall: ; the Leaves grow mlmofl oppofte, andfafleu'd, as it were, to the Mid-rib ^ the Root is tuberous. There is at prefent but one Species ofthis Plant known to US; which is, Apios; Americana Cornuti. The American Apios o^Cornutus. This Plant hath large knobb'd Roots, which part as they grow old ; by which means the Plant is increased ; for it rarely produces ripe Seeds with us: It is hardy, and will endure the Cold in the open Ground, if planted in a dry Soil ; but is fubjcd to rot with too much Wet in Win- ter: It dies to the Root every Au- tumn, and rifes again the fucceeding Spring, and will twifl itfelf round a Pole, and grow to the Height of eight or ten Feet, and produce in July hnc Spikes of Flowers : It hath alio A P alfo been planted near Arbours, where it hath covcr'd them very well toward the latter End ot Sum- mer j but is cut down with the firft Cold of Autumn. APIUM i Parlley. The Characlers are i The Leazies are (injltled into Wings ^ or grow upon a branched Rib, and are for the mojl part cut into fmall Seg- ments: The Petals of thelFlowers are whole, and equal ^ each Flotver being fucceeded by two gibbous channeled Seeds. I. Apium i hortenfe, feu petrofeli- numvulgo. C.B.F. Common Gar- den Pariley. 1. Ai'iuM; njel petrofelinum, crif fum. C. B.P, The Curl'd Parfley. 3. Apium i hortenfe, latifolium, maxima, odoratifjlma, fuavi, 0* edu- li radice. Boerh. The large Garden Parfley, with thick fwect eatable Roots. 4. Apium j Macedonicuw-. C. B. Macedonian Parfley. 5-. Apium i u^nifum diclum, femi- ne [uei'veoleyui, fnajore. Tourn. Par- fley, with large fweet-fcented Seeds, commonly call'd Anife. 6. Apium ; palujire, (^ Apium officinarum. C. B. P. Common Smallage, 7. Apium j dulce, Celeriltalorum. H.R.Far, VideCeleri, The fir ft Sort is an Herb £0 well known, that it is needlels to fay much concerning it. The beft Sea- fbn for fowing of it is the Beginning of February 5 for the Seeds remain a long Time in the Ground. It fhould have a moift light Soil, and fhould not be fown too thick i for when the Plants are very clofe to each 6ther, neither the Leaves or Roots ever grow fo lar^e, as when they are al- low'd a proper Space. I have fre- quently obfcrv'd, where Parfley Seeds have been intermix'4 with A p Onion Seeds, and fown togethcfj and the Plants hough'd out to a reafonable Diftance, that they have grown to a large Size, and one Root has pro- duc'd more Leaves than fifty, when iown in the ordinary Way. This Plant is us'd in Medicine un- der the Name of Petrofelinum. The Curl'd Parfley is fown in fome curious Gardens for garnifhing Dilh- es i the Leaves, being curioufly fur- below'd, anfwer this Purpofe very well, and the Herb is equally as good for Ufe as the Common, it being only a Variety thereof. In order to have this large and fine, it fliould be fown very thinj or when it firfl comes up, tranfplant it out at the Diftance of four Inches fquare ; by which Management your Leaves will be extremely large and fair j and if you do not fuffer it to feed, will endure three Years very well ,• but if it feeds, it will feldom continue good after. The great Garden Parfley is at prc- fent little known to us in England i but in Holland it is very common ia all their Markets i they bring theie Roots in Bunches, as we do young Carrots, to Market in Summer ; and the Roots are much of the fame Sizej it is caWdPetrofelinemrtle by the Dutch, who are very fond ot it. It may be cultivated by fowing the Seeds in good Ground early in the Spring J and in April, when the Plants are up, cut them out with a Hoe (as is praftis'd for young Car- rots ) to about four or five Inches fquare, and keep them conftantly clean from Weeds, and in July the Roots will be fit to draw for Ufe, and maybe boil'd and eaten as young Carrots, and are very palatable and wholfome, efpecially for thofe, who are troubled with the Gravel. The Macedonian Parfley is a. Stran- ger in our Country, and not to be found. A P found, except in curious Botanic k Gardens : This Plant is propagated by fowing the Seed in the Spring of the Year, in an open wcU-expos'd Bed of frcfh Earth j and in the Summer, when the Plants come up, they ihouid be transplanted, fomeof them into Pots fill'd with frcfh light Earth 5 and others into a well-fhelter'd dry Border, where they may remain, until they flower, which is not be- fore the lecond, and fonietimes the third Year; but thofe, that were planted inPors, fliould be fbtlrer'd, during the Winter Seafon, under a Hot-bed Frame, giving them free open Air, whenever the Weather is mild. Thefe Plants in the Spring following may be turn'd oat of the Pots into the full Ground, that their Seeds may be the better maturated. The Ani/e is a STry difficult Plant to make grow with us ; for altho' we have frelh Seeds from abroad, which will otten come up very v/eil, yet if there happens but a little wet or cold Weather in the Summer-time, the Plants will rot off, and die away. The bell Method, I believe, is to raife the Plants upon a moderate Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when they are come up, prick them out again upon another Bed, that hath a little|: Warmth, obferving to expofe them to the open Air by De- grees, by which means they will have more Strength, and conie- quently be in lefs Danger of being hurt by bad Weather : But this Plant is not worth propagating for Ufe in jEnglandy iince wc can have the Seeds much better, and at a cheaper Rate, from Italy, than they can be produc'd here. The fixth Sort is rarely cultivated in Gardens, but is gather 'd by the Herb- Women, who fupply the Mar- kets with it on the Sides ot'Ditches, and in other watery Places, where A p it grows wild in great Plenty. Thi^ is the Apitim ot the Shops, the Seeds of which are rang'd as oneo^ the leiTer warm Seeds, and the Root is one of the opening Roots. APOCYNUM ; Dogs-bane, The Characiers arc ; The Le'Zves are produc'd oppojiie by fairs upon the Branches j tue bloroer tonffls of one Leaf, -which is cut into feveral Segments j from its Flower Cup arifes the Point al, which is fix' d like a Nail in the back Part of the Flower, and is afterwards changed into a Fruit, which is for the nwft part composed of two Capfulesy or Pods, which open from the Bafe to the lop, inclof'ng many Seeds, which have a long pappoHs Down adhering to them : To this -may be added, that the whoh Plant abounds with a milky Juice . There are feveral Sorts of this Plant cultivated in the curious Gar- dens of Plants, fbme of which are very beautiful, and defer ve a Place in every good Garden : I Ihall mention the different Species of this Plant, which are cultivated in the EngliJJ? Gardens, and fh.ill leave the Reader to fele(ft fuch of them, as he ihall fan- cy to cultivate. 1. Apocynum ; erecium, latifoli- um, incanum, Syriacum, fioribus pari,is, obfoletepurpurafcentibus. Par. Bat. The upright broaJ-leav'd hoa- ry Syri.'^n Dogs-banc, with purpiiihl coloured Flowers. 2 . Apocynum ; ereclum,Cana,denfei ayiguftifolium. Par. Bat. The up-» right narrow-leav'd Canada Dogs- bane. 5. Apocynum i erecium, Cana- denfe, latifolium. Par. Bat. The broad-leav'd upright Canada Dogs- bane. 4. Apocynum ; Americanum, fo- liis Androfdmi ?najoris, flore Lilii Con- va Ilium fuave-rubentis. H. R. P. The American Dogs-bane, with Tut- fan A P fan Leaves, and red Flowers, like the Lily of the Valley. f. Apocynum j ereiium, frutico- fumy folio fiibrot undo y viridante. Par. Bat, The Ihrubby upright Dogs- banc, with roundifli green Leaves. 6. Apocynum ; ereiium, Africa- numy folio falicij angujloy glabroy fruciii villofo. Far. Bat, The up- right willow-leav'd African Dogs- banc, with hairy Fruit. 7. Apocynum i Afrum, fcande?Js, folio rotundoy fnbincano, nummularidi, Boerh. The African creeping Dogs- bane, with Leaves like Monyroort, 8. Apocynum i erecium, folio ob- longOy fiore umbellato, petalis coccineis refexis. Sloan. Cat. The upright Dogs-bane, with oblong Leaves, and fcarlet Flowers, call'd by fbme Ba- flard Ipecacaana. 9. Apocynum 5 Canadenfe, an- gHJlijoliiitn, fiore Aurantii. Mor. Prdl. The narrow-leav'd Canada Apocy- nufUy with Orange-colour'd Flow- ers. 10. Apocynum % Marylandicum, eredum, folio fubrot undo, Jioreruber- rimo. The upright Maryland Dogs- banc, with round ifh Leaves, and deep red Flowers. The firfl of thefe Dogs- banes is a prodigious Creeper at the Root, and v/ill in a Ihort Time overi'pread a large Compafs ot Ground i and muft- never be planted too near other Plants or Flowers, which would be over- run by this Plant, and deftroy'd ; but it may have a Place in ibmc obfcure Part of theGarden j for it is extreme- ly hardy, and will thrive in almoft any Soil or Situation: It grows to be fix or feven Feet high, and produces large Umbels of Flowers, which have a ftrong Tweet Smell, but are of a poilbnous Nature, as are all the true Apocynums j and therefore (hould not be planted in the Way of Children, who may receive Damage by break- A P ing any Part of the Plant, and letting the milky Juice, with which they abound, run upon the tender Part of their Flelh, which will be apt to bliffer it j thefc Flowers are Ibme-^ times fuccecded by large oblong Pods, which contain a great Quantity of a foft cottony Subllance, that adheres to the S^QdiSy and are of Service to tranfport them to a Diftance when ripe. This Plant dies to the Root in Winter, and rifes again the fuc- ceeding Spring. The fecond, third, fourth, and tenth Sorts are all of them very hardy, and may be planted in the open Ground, but mufl have a dry Soil ; thefe all of them produce large fine Flowers, and are propagated by- parting their Roots in March, after the cold Weather is pail ,• for they feldom produce ripe Seeds with us. The fifth, lixth, feventh, and eighth Sorts are tender, and muft be preferv'd in Pots, and hous'd in Winter. The fifth and fixth Sorts will grow very fl^rubby, and Ibmetimes to the Heighth of eight or nine Feet, and do produce Bunches of Flowers, which in the lixth Sort are of a whitifh Green, and the fifth of a worn-out purple Colour, but are of no great Beauty or Smell, Thefe are increased by planting Cuttings in mj of the Summer Months in Pots of light fandy Earth, plunging them into a moderate Hot-bed, and fhading them from the great Heat of the Sun, giving them gentle Refrelhings of Water. Thefe mufl have a good Grcen-houfe in Winter, and muft not have too much Water in that Seafon. The feventh Sort is a climbing Plant, and will twifl itfelf round a Stake, and grow to the Heighth ot feven or eight Feet, and in Summer will produce from the Joints fmall Umbels A P Umbels of worn-out purple-colour'd Flowers, which are extremely fweet : This is propagated by laying down the young Shoots, which do ealily take Root, or by parting the Roots oftheoiu Plants. The eighth Sort is the mod tender of them all, and requires a moderate Stove to prefervc it in Winter 5 this produces extreme beautiful fear let Flowers, which often are fucceeded by ripe Seeds: This Plant may be increas'd by planting the Cuttings in Jum in a moderate Hot-bed, but inuft have little Water, and be fe- cur'd from the violent Heat of the Sun, and the Cold of the Nights; but the bcft Way to propagate them, is by lowing the Seeds in a Hot-bed in Mmrch ; and when the Plants arc come up, prick them into fniall Pots, and plunge them into another Hot- bed to bring them forward \ and in June you may begin to expofc them to the open Air 3 at which Time they will begin to flower \ but it will be advifable to preferve one or two of the ftrongeil in the Hot-bed, in order to procure good Seeds. The ninth Sort is tolerably hardy, and only requires to be fcreen'd from the extreme Cold in Winter; and, 1 believe, if it were planted into the full Ground under a warm Wall, it would do very well i but as I have not yet try'd it, fo I cannot afiirm it will do : This Plant produces beau- tiful Umbels Q^i Orange-colour 'd Flowers, which abide moft Part of the Month oxAiigufi, and deierve a Place in the moil curious Garden. This is propagated by parting the Roots in March, or lowing the Sttds^ which in a good Seafon do ripen to- lerably well with us. APPLE Tree. The Charnciers are ; The Fruit of t Lis Tree is for the njofi fart helbw'Jahta the Ffot-Jlalk ; thg A P Cells, in which the Seeds are lodg'tt, are feparated by cartilaginous Parti^ tions i the 'Juice of the Fruit isfoweriJJ} ^ and the Tne is large and [^reading : To this may be added, the Floroers conJJji of Jive Leaves, which expand ir* Form ofaRcfe. There is a great Variety of thefe Fruits propagated in England, either for the Kitchen, the Defert, or to make Cyder. I fliall mention the moff curious Sorts for each Purpofe, omitting the ordinary Kinds, as not worth naming, and fliall then pro- ceed to their Culture and Manage- ment. A Lift of fuch Apples as are proper for a Defert, plac'd according to their Times of Ripening. TVhite ^uniting, Margaret Apple. Suymner Fearmairi, Summer f^)ueening. Fmbroiderd Apple. Golden Reinette. La Calville d'Ejle blanche, or Sum- mer white Calville. La Calville d'Ejie rouge, or Sum^ fner red Calville, Silver Fippin. Aro'matic Fippin. La Reinette grife. La Haute-bontc. Royal RuJJettlng. T4'heeler's Rujfett. Sharp's Ruffett. Le Fonouillct, or Tome d'afiis, or Spice Apple. Golden Fippin. Nonpareil. L'Api, or Fotnme d'Apt. A Lift of fuch Apples as are prefer'd for Kitchen Ule, plac'd nearly ac- cording to their Times of Ripen- ing. Codling. Summer Marygcld. Summer red Fearmain. Holland Fippin. Kmttjh A P Kentijh Pippin, Le Courpendu on Pomwe de Bardin j or. The Hanging Body, Loan's Pear main, French Reinette. Trench Pippin, Royal Rujfett. MonfiroHs Reinette. Winter Pear main. Pomme Violette. Spencer's Pippin, Stone Pippin, Oaken Pin. A Lift of fuch Cyder Fruits as are in moft Efteem for that Purpofe. DevonJJyire Royal Wilding. Red Streak' d Apple. The Whitfour. Hereford/hire Underleaf. yohn Apple, or Deux- Anne's. The feveral Sorts of Apples are planted, either as Standards, in Or- chards or Gardens, or Dwarfs, or in Eipaliers, and fomctimes againft Wails : Thofe that are dcfign'd for Standards, fliould be grafted on Crab- ftocks, which are much hardier, and ot longer Duration than any other Sort of Apple j but thofe that are delign'd for Dwarfs or Efpaliers, may be grafted either on the Paradife- ftock, Codling, or any other Sort of Apple-ftoc k, that doth not (hoot too freely. The Manner of Grafting will be defcrib'd under its proper Ar- ticle j and the Manner ot raifing and managing the Stocks will be ex- plain'd in the Article o^Nurferies, to which I refer the Reader, and pro- ceed to the Manner of planting them out for good. If you intend to make a new Or- chard, the Soil (hould be plough'd ; if a Green-fward, at leaft twice be- fore planting, that the Earth may be mellow'd, and imbibe the nitrous Particles of the Air, and that the Turf may be well rotted, and mix'd with the Earth ;.hux, if it hath been / _^ A P plough'd Ground, one good plough- ing will be fufficient. The beft Seafon for planting thefe Trees, iftheSoilisdry, is'mOcfo6er^ as ibon as the Leaves begin to decay; but in a wet Soil it is beft to defer it 'till Felruary. The Diftance thefe Trees ought to be planted, is at leaft forty Feet fquare, that the Sun and Air may freely pafs to every Part of the Tree, to dillipate all crude and unhealthy Vapours, which are either exhal'd from the Earth, or produc'd from the Perfpiration of the Trees, and are many times the Caufe of Blights, or are at leaft abforb'd again by the Trees, when in a State of Refpira- tion, and muft occalion the Fruit to be crude and ill-tafted, which is too often attributed to the Soil, when the only Caufe of it may be their being too clofcly planted. This Diftance many People will perhaps think too much ; but I dare fay, it would be ftill better, could they be allow'd eighty Feet Diftance Row from Row, and forty Feet in the Rows } nor would I ad vife the Plant- ing of Cherries, or any other Sort of Fruit-trees between them, 'till they arc arriv'd to an Age of Maturity ; but rather, that the Ground between them ftiould be plough'd, and till'd with Corn, or any other Crop, as if it were intirely open } and it hath been experienced by feveral People in Hereford/hire, and other Counties in England, that their Crops have been exceeding good, and their Trees much improv'd by the turning of the Soil J for Want of which Culture, together with their clofe ftanding, we find vaft Numbers of Orchards, that have fcarcely a healthy Tree in them, the greatelt Part of them being either canker'd, or cover'd over with Mofs ; and how can we fuppofe to eat kindly Fruit from F diftemper'd A P d iftemper'd Trees ? We may witk as inuch Juftice affirm, that a diflem- per'd Woman will give healthy Milk, which I believe no one will dare to fay, tho' there is equally the fame Probability in both. And fince I am upon this Article of clofe Planting, fuffer me to make a little DigreiTion, not altogether fo- reign to our prefentPurpoie j which is to take Notice of a prevailing Er- ror, in planting of Fruit- Gardens, like Wildernefs-Trces, or Flowering- Shrubs, clofe together, and mixing the different Sorts of Fruits in each Divifion, in fuch a Manner, that no two Trees of the fame Kind (hail (land near each other, fuppofing each Tree to draw different Particles from the Ground for their Nourifli- ment, and fuffering them to grow, as they are naturally difpos'd, without ever pruning them, hereby hoping to have great Quantities of Fruit with very little Trouble after the firit Planting,. Now granting thislafl Supposition to be true, ( tho' 1 am fully con- vinc'd of the contrary ) yet how ab- furd is it to think, that what little Fruit may be produc'd in this Way, can be equally ib good or wholfbme, as thofe which are the Produ6l of heakhy Trees, and have the Advan- tages of a free Air, and the Benefit of the kindly Sun, to correct and dif- £pate the Crudities of the Earth round the Roots, as alfo thofe moift Vapours, which are almoil continu- ally perfpiring from the Trunks, Branches, and Leaves of thefe Trees, which, for Want of the Air's free Admittance, are conlHmlyh ovcring about the Trees in thefe Plantations ? and in cold Weather, or the Night- time, when the Trees are in a State of Refpirat ion, thefe rancid Vapours ^re imbib'd thro' the Pores of the l^eaves, ^d x»u'd with the Juices, A P and are protruded thro' the Vel!ek^ and enter the Fruits, whereby the/ mud be render'd ili-tafted and un* wholfome. But as this Pradkice v^ras introdac'd by fome Perfons, who were intirely ignorant of what they undertook, and fet out upon wrong Principles of Philofophy, fo, I hope, the Gentle- men, to whom this Method may be propos'd, will be fo kind to them- felves, as to wait a little, and fee the Effedl of thofe Plantations already made, before they fet on Foot fo wild a Projed:. Indeed I am avvare how many Enemies I fhall raife, by retrenching the great Demand for Fruit-trees, which muft of NeceiTity be made in the feveral Nurferies in England, if this Pradlice be continued j but as I ihali thro' the whole Book deliver my Sentiments freely on every Ar- ticle here treated of, aiming at no- thing more than the Information of my Readers, fo I hope there will be found none of my Profeflion of fuck mercenary Tempers, as to condema me for telling Truth, tho* it may not always exadly agree with their prefent Interefts : But enough o-f this at prefent J let us now return to our Planting. W hen the Seafcm for Planting is come, as was before dirc6ted, we mufl: make Choice of good thriving Trees, of about thi-ee Year jgraftingj but by no means chufe old Trees, as is the Pradbice of fome, thinking thereby to fave Time i whereas a young thriving Tree will in three or four Years after Planting overtake one of thefe old ones, and make far better Trees in a few Years, than they ever will do : Nor Ihould you take Trees from a rich Soil, to plant into a poor one, or from a wet Soil, for a dry one i but endeavour, ifpof- fible, to have yoiir^Trees from a Soil A P ias near in Quality to your own as |)o(ribk, or rather from one that is not quite fo good as yours. In preparing thefe Trees for plant- ing, cut off all broken or bruis'd Roots, or fuch as crofs and gall each other, as alio all fmall Fibres, which rarely furvivea Remove, ( unlefs the Trees are planted immediately after taking up> before the Wind has dry'd them) and are very fubjedl to moid and rot, and are often prejudi- cial to the new Roots,by obftru6ting their Progrefs, and many times deftroy them, foon after they are produc'd, by the fpreading ot the Mouldinefs, which they had taken quite round the older Roots : You mud alfo at the fame Time take off Ibme of the mofl: luxuriant Branches, and {horten others, fb as to reduce the Head to a handfome Figure, and moderate Si'ie ; but by no means cut and lop the Head in fuch an unmerci- ful Manner as fomc do ; for a mode- rate Proportion of Head is abfolutely n-celTary to furnilh Nourifhment to the Roots, until new ones are pro- duc'd to lupply the Heads} and the making large Wounds at both Parts of the Tree at the fame Time mufl be very hurtful. Your Trees being thus prepar'd, make a Hole with a Spade, where each Tree is to (land, about two Feet deep, more or lefs, according to the Size of their Roots, and Co likewife in Width, according to the fame Proportion, rnaking it level in the Bottom, and breaking all hard Clods : then place the Tree in the Centre of the Hole, as upright as poffible ; and while one Perfon keeps the Tree in its right Poiition, another (hould with a Spade break the Earth, and lay it in between the Roots, (haking the Tree, the better to let the Earth fall between every Root, that there may be no Cavity kft i then with your Feet gently A P prefs the Earth dov/n to faden and fettle the Tree; and if the Weather proves dry, it will not be amifs to give each Tree a good Watering, which will fix the Earth to them, and greatly forward their Produdion of new Roots : You fhould alfo, if the Heads of the Trees are large, fix a Stake to each Tree, to prevent their being fhaken with the Winds, which would difturb, and greatly injure the new Roots : And if the Seafon after planting fhould prove very dry, you muft repeat your Wa- terings i but do not over-water them, which is a Fault many People are guilty of j for too much Wet rots all the new Roots, which are very tender for the tirfl and feconi Years, and very fubje£t to Damages during that Time ; kit if you can conveniently procure a Quantity of Grcen-fward, par'd from a Com- mon, 0^c. andlayalittleof itrounci the Foot of each Tree, f b as to cover the Surface about three Feet round the Stem,withtheGrafs downwards; this will preferve the Ground fronx drying too faft, and render one Wa- tering of more Service, than three or four would other wife be. The next Winter after planting, this Turf will be rotted ; you fhould therefore, early in Fel/ruary,whzn the great Frofts are over, gently dig upthe Ground about each Tree, burying this rotten Turf in the Bottom, which will keep the Ground loofe, and greatly promote the Growth of the Trees. AnOrch- ard or Garden thus planted, and manag'd, will afford the Owner no fmall Pleafure, by the Advance the Trees will make, and mufl as greatly redound to his Profit. I fliall now proceed to give Direc- tions for planting Dwarfs, either for Standards or Efpaliers ■■, tho' I mufl own, DwarfStandard-trees are what I fhould never advife any Perfon to F i plant > -^7 A P plant i for their Heads do In time grow Co large, that there is no get- ting near their Stems, fb that the Ground between them is wholly ufe- lefs for any Purpofe ; nor can the Sun reach to warm the Ground, and dif- fipate crude Vapours, fo that the Fruit can never be fo well-tafted, as thofe produced from Efpaliers, which enjoy all the Advantages of Sun and free Air j but if you are de- term in'd to have Dv/arf-trees, you mud allow them a large EHftance from each other j twenty-four Feet iquare is the leall: they fhould be planted ; and when the Trees begin to make Shoots, they muft be faften' d down to Stakes, drove into the Ground all round the Tree as hori- 'zontally as poflibki for if you fuffer the Branches at firft to grow upright, you can never after reduce them to a proper Figure, without either quite cutting down the Branches, orpialh- in^ and mangling them fo much, as ohen to canker and decay the Tree. In pruning thefe Trees, great Care fliould be taken to keep their middle Part as free from Wood as poflible, and not fuffer their Branches to crofs each other : The farther Particulars I fliall refer to the pruning of Efpaliers, which will alfo agree for Dwarfs, excepting what I have already men- tioned . Efpaliers are commonly planted to furround the Quarters of a Kitchen- Garden, in which Place they have a very good EfFed, if rightly planted and manag'd, rendring it not in the leaft interior to the fine ft Farterre, or moft fini(h'd Pleafure Garden ; for what can be more agreeable, than to walk between regular Hedges of Fruit-trees, which early in the Spring are cpver'd with beautiful Flowers, and in Summer and Au- tumn are charg'd with noble Fruits of different K.indsi and the Kitchen- A P Stuff in the Quarters is intirely hiil from Sight, and alfb fcreen'd front the Injuries of Weather ? In the Diftribution of the Quarters*" I would advife that they are not too fmall, which renders them unfit for many Sorts of Kitchen-ftuff, and alfo occalions your Efpaliers to be too near each other, which fhould always be avoided : The Extent of thefe Quarters ought to be in Pro- portion to the Bignefs of the Garden ; in a large Ground they may be two hundred and fifty Feet fquarc, or three hundred Feet long, and one hundred Feet broad, according to the Figure of the Garden ; and in fmall Gardens one hundred Feet iquare is as much as can beallow'd j and the Walks between the Efpaliers Ihould alfb be in Breadth according to the fame Proportion. When your Ground is prepar'd for planting, you fhould endeavour to make Choice of Trees, which (hoot nearly alike, to plant in each Efpalier; by which means you may the better proportion their Diftances, in order to have the Efpaliers of an equal Height, and not to intermix weak- lliooting Trees amorgft the moft luxuriant, which would occafion a very unfightly Hedge. The Dfftance thefe Trees ihould b& planted, if on Crab or Free Stocks, (hould be for large fhooting Trees, twenty Feet, and, for the weaker, fixteenj but if they are on Paradife Stocks, ten or twelve Feet will be fufficient -. The Manner of preparing and planting thefe Trees being the iame with thofe before-mention'd> I (liall not repeat it, but refer the Reader thereto ; but only fhail ob- ferve here, that it will be proper ta head thefe Trees to about four Eyes above the Grafr, and never to chufe Trees more than two Years old from the Time of grafti-ng } for older Tree* A P Tree; are not fo fubjefl to break out when headed, their Bark being for the moft part hard, and the Wounds given to old Trees are not fo ibon heal'd as in young ones. The Summer following you mufl: provide a Parcel of fmall Stakes, of about three Feet long, to drive into the Ground on each Side of your Trees ; four to each Tree will be Sufficient j to thefe Stakes you muft faften the new Shoots, as they are tproduc'd, as horizontally as poiTible, and not fuffer them to grow upright, as is the too common Pra<2:ice of many ; for the Branches being thus train'd iia Summer, will want no Force or Violence to be us'd in Win- ter, to bring them to their proper Places, nor will their Shoots be fo •grofs and ftubborn. If the Trees have taken kindly, it is very probable that all the four Eyes have produc'd Shoots j if fo, at Mi- chaelmas ( which I would fix for the Time of pruning) cut the two up- permoft Shoots to four Eyes each, in order to furnilli your Tree with Branches,but the two undermoft may be left fix or eight Joints in Length, in Proportion to their Strength j but let me lay it down for a Rule, never to fhorten any Shoots in Summer, unlefs it be to turnifh Branches to fill .up a Vacancy in the Efpalier ; and ' this fhould never be done after May ; for Shoots which are produc'd after Midfummer, are never duly ripen'd, and prepar'd j fo can never be proper either for the Production of Wood or Fruit. But if your Trees have made but three Shoots the firft Summer, then at Michaelmas fhorten the uppermofl: to three Eyes, leaving it upright in the Middle of the Tree, and fnorten the two Side-Branches to five or fix Eyes, in Proportion to their Strength, training them, s*- horizontally as poi- / A P fible ; and if they fliould have pro- duc'd but two Shoots the firft Year, then it would beadvifabletoihorten both of thefe to four Eyes each, for Realbns before given. The fecond Year you muft obferve to train in all new Shoots horizon- tally, as in the firft, and to difplace all fore-right Shoots, which will not come handfbmely into the Efpa- lier, as faft as they are produc'd, that they may not exhauft the Nou- riftiment of the Tree : At Michael- mas ftiorten the Shoots in the middle Parts of the Tree, or where Branches are wanted to fill up Vacancies j but for ever aftier be cautious of unmerci- fijl lopping or ihortning of Branches ; for the more you cut, the more they fhoot j and there is no Way fo iiire in the Management of Pears and Apples, as to leave their Branches at full Length, where the Tree is fully fupply'd with Wood, training them as horizontally as may be, which will prevent their luxuriant (hooting ; befides, in many Sorts of Fruits, the Bloflbm-buds are firft produc'd at the Extremity of the laft Year's Shoots, {o that, if they are cut off, you de= ftroy the greateft Part of your Crop. Thefe few Rules, with diligent Obfervation, will be fufficient for the well-regulating, and managing your Efpaliers, fo as to reap botb Profit and Pleafure. APPLES OF LOVE.j ijtde Lyco- perficon 6c Solanum. MAD APPLES i V. Melongena. APRICGCK or ABRIGOT. We have ia the En^lifi Gardens about eight Sorts of this Fruit cuki* vatedj which are, I. The Mafoiline Aprkock » 1. The Orange Apricock, 3. The Algier Apficock, 4. The Roman Apricock. 5-. The Turkey Aprieock. 6. TheTranJparmt Aprlmk. F 3 T' Th« A P 7. The Breda Apricock, 8. The Bruxelles Apricock» Thefe Fruits are allpropagated by budding them on Plumb-ftocks, and will readily take upon almofl: any Sort oi Plumb, provided the Stock be free and thriving ( except the Bruxelles Kind, which is ufually budded on a Sort of Stock commonly call'd the St. Julian, which better fuits this Tree, as being generally planted for Standards, than any other Sort of Plumb will do ) : The Man- ner of railing the Stocks, and bud- ding thefe Trees, fhall be treated of under their particular Articles, to which I refer the Reader, and (hall proceed to their Planting and Ma- nagement. Thefe Trees are all ( except the two lall Sorts ) planted againft Walls, and Ihould have an Eaji or Weft Af- pedi i for if they are planted full South, the great Heat caufes them to be mealy, before they are well eat- able. The Borders under thefe Walls Ihould be four Feet wide at leaft, and if it were more, the better j but I would never advife the making of them fo deep, as is the general Cuf- tom J for if the Earth be two Feet thick, it is enough. If your Giound is a wet cold Loam or Clay, you fhould raife your Bor- ders as much above the Level of the Surface, as it will admit, laying fome Sroncs or Rubbifli in the Bot- tom, to prevent the Roots from running downward ; but if you plant upon a Chalk or Gravel, you rouft remove it to a confiderable Width, to make Room for a good Soil to be puc in ; but you need not go above two Feet deep at moft. The Soil I would in general advife to be us'd for thefe, and all other Sorts of Fruit-trees, is frefh untvy'd Earth from a Failure-Ground, taken A p about ten Inches deep, with the Turf, and laid to rot and mellow at leaft twelve Months, before it is us'd j and this muft be kept often turn'd, to fweeten and imbibe the' nitrous Particles of the Air. Your Borders being thus prepar'd, make Choice of fuch Trees as are but of one Year's Growth from bud- ding j and if your Soil is dry, or of a middling Temper, you Ihould prefer OBober as the beft Seafon for plant- ing, efpecially having at that Time a greater Choice of Trees from the Nurferies, before they have been pick'd and drawn over by other Peo- ple. The Manner of preparing thefe Trees for planting being the fame in common wntli other Fruit- trees, I Ihall refer the Reader to the Article o^ Apple Trees, where he will find it largely treated of : But do not cut oil: any Part of the Head af that Time, unlefs there are any ftrong fore- right Shoots, which wilt not come to the Wall, and may be taken quite av/ay. Your Trees being thus prepar'd, you muft mark out the Diftances they are to ftand, which in a good ftrong Soil, or againft a low Wall, fhould be eighteen Feet or more 5 but in a moderate one, fixteen Feet is a good reafonable Diftances then make a Hole where each Tree is to ftand, and place its Stem about four Inches from the Wall, inclining the Head thereto ; and after having fix'd the Tree in the Ground, nail the Branches to the Wall, to prevent their ihaking ; and cover the Sur- face of the Ground round the Root with rotten Dung, to keep out the Froft i in this State let it remain 'till Tebruary, when, if the Weather is good, you muftun-naii the Branches of your Trees, fo as not to difturb their Roots ; and being provided with a fnarp Knif(f,'put your Foot ^' clofe A P cTofe to the Stem of the Tree; and having plac'd your Left-hand to the Bottom of the Tree, to prevent its being difturb'd, with your Right- hand cut off the Head of the Tree to about four or five Eyes above the Bad, fo that the Hoping Side may be toward the Wall. In the Spring, if the Weather proves dry, you muft now and then give your Trees a gentle Refrefhing with Water ; in the doing ot which, if you obferve to water them, with a Rofe to the Watering Pot, all over their Heads, it will greatly help them i and alfo lay fome Turf in the Manner diredlcd for Apples, or fbme other Mul(h, round the Roots, to prevent their Drying during the Summer Seafbn : As new Branches are produc'd, obferve to nail them to the Wall in an horizontal Pofition ; and fuch Shoots as are produc'd fore- right, muft be intirely difplac'd. This muft be repeated as often as is receflary to prevent their hanging from the Wall j but by no means ftop any of the Shoots, which are to remain in Summer. A't Michaelmas^ when the Trees have done growing, you muft un- nail their Branches, and fhorten them in Proportion to their Strength : A vigorous Branch may be left eight or nine Inches long ; but a weak one ■ fliouid not be left above five or fix. I fuppofe many People will wonder at this Direction, elpecially having allowed iuch a Diftance between the Trees, as believing by this Manage- ment the Wall will never be lill'd i but my Reafon for it is, that I would have no Part of the V/all left unfur^ nifij'd with bearing Wood, v/hich muft confequently be the Cafe, if the Branches are lett to a great Length at firft J for it feldom happens, that more Buds than two or three will ihoot fo| Branches, and thefc areior A p the moft part fuch as are at the ex- treme Part of the laft Year's Wood j ib that ail the lower Part of the Shoots become nake limbis argent eis. Sir Thomas Franklin's Holly j vul" go. \ 13. Aqui- AQ 15. Aquifolium; foltis oblongh, fpinis ^ limbis argenteis. Hertford- Ihire White Holly. 14. Aqijifol.ixjmj folusfubrotun- dis, limbts urgent eis 3 fpinulis ^°p mar- ginalibHs purpurafcentibus. Bridg- man's Holly; ziulgo, ij*. Aquifoliumj /o///^ oblongisi fpinis (^ limbis jlavefcentibtis. Long- staff's bell Holly; vulgo. 16. Aquifolium; foliis oblongis lucidis, fpinis ulgo. 19. Aquifolium; foliis oblongis atrovirentibus, fpinis ^ limbis au- reis. Bagshot Holly; vtilgo.- a o. A quifoli um ; foliis latijjimis ; fpinis (^ limbis flavefcentibus. Glory of the Eaft Holly; vulgo. 21. Aquifolium; foliis oblongis, fpinis majoribus, foliis ex aureo z/a- riegatis. Glory ot the Weft Holly ; 'vulgo. zi. Aqvifolw^ j foliis fubrotun- dis; fpinis <& limbis aureis. Aslet's Holly j njulgo. 23. Aquifolium; foliis longiori- bus ; fpinis o* H^bis argenteis. The Union Holly; vulgo. 24. Aquifolium; foliis ^fpinis major ibus j limbis fla-uefcentibus* Fine Phyllis Holly ; vulgo, zf. Aquifolium ; foliis mincri- lus i fpinis (^ limbis argenteis. Painted Lady Holly ; vulgo. 26. Aquifolium; foliis anguftio- ribus ; fpinis 1^ limbis flavefcentib us. Fuller's Cream Holly; vulgo. 27. Aquifolium; foliis oblongis, ex luteo ^ aureo elegantifjime va- riegato. Millc Maid Holly; vulgo. a,S< Aquifolivmj foliis oblo/igis AQ, vtridibus 5 maculis argenteis notatis, Capel's motled Holly; vulgo, 29. Aquifolium ; /(?///V oblongis, fpinis ^ limbis luteis. Partridge's Holly; vulgo, 50. Aquifolium; foliis oblongis^ fpinis /& limbis ocrcluteis. Mason's Copper colour'd Holly j vulgo. 51. Aquifolium; foliis parvis, interdura vix fpinofs. Box-leav'd Holly; vulgo. 32. Aquifolium j foliis parvisy inter dum vix fpinofis , limbis foliorum argentatis. Whitmill's Holly 5 vulgo. 3 3 . Aquifolium ; CaroUnianum ; angujlifolium, fpinis raris breviffimis. Carolina Holly, with fmooth Leaves ; vulgo. This Tree, tho' wild in many Parts of England, deferves a Place in large Gardens, as being very Or- namental to the Wildernefs and Ever-green Garden ; but efpecially when we take in the large Variety of beautiful variegated Sorts, of which we have a much greater Number than is to be found in any Part o': Europe: Thefe are all difliii- guifli'd by the ditferent Names of the Perfons who firil obferv'd them, or from the Places where they grev/. I have feen in one Garden, viz. . MT.ChriJJopher Gray's, near Fulfjam-, above thirty different Varieties, which are either ftrip'd or blotch'd, with White, Yellow, or Copper Colour. Thefe Trees were formerly in much greater Requeft than at pre- fent, and there was fcarce a fmall Garden of any Worth, but was fill'd with thefe Trees, which were clipp'd either into Pyramids, Balls, or fome other Figures; but as this was crowding a Garden too much with one Sort of Plant, and the Faihion cf clipp'd G^ccnj going off, Co A CL {b now they are almofi: wholly nei^leftcd : Such are the Changes in Mens Tempers and Fancies, that what is one Year efteem'd, is the next defpis'd. I would not here be thought to be an Advocate for clipp'd Trees i no, I am infinitely more delighted with a Tree in all its Luxuriancy of Branches, waving about with every Gufl: of Wind 3 but yet I think there h a great Beauty in thefe Trees, if rightly difpos'd in a Garden, but more-efpecially in fuch as are of a large Extent, by being intermix'd with other Sorts of Ever-greens, to form regular Clumps, or plac'd in Quarters of Ever-greens, or to form Columns at the Entrances of Wildcrncfs Quarters, or to plant in Niches of Ever-green Hedges 5 in all which Places they have an agree- able Effed, All the variegated Sorts are propagated by budding or grafting tliem on the Pla'm Holly Stocks j the beft Time for buddmg them, is in Juh, and for grafting them, in March. The Manner of railing the com- mon Hollies, is by fowing the Ber- ries, which, if fovvn as foon as ripe, will lie tv/o Years in the Ground ; you may therefore mix the Berries with dry Sand, and put them in a large Garden Pot, bury- ing it hi the Ground till the next Augiifi or September; and take them out and few them on a Bed of common Earth, covering the Seeds about a quarter of an Inch with light Mould, and the Spring following the Planrs will appear above Ground : But as this is a te- dious Method, and the young Plants making but fmall Progrefs for the two or three flrfi: Years, fo \ would rather advifc the purchaiing of youBg Stocks, pf about three ^| ACL four Years Growth, of fbme Nur^ fery Men who raife them for Sale^^ and thefe will be fit to bud or gratt the fecond Year after they arc planted ; or you may purchafe young Plants, of the feveral Kinds, which have been budded or grafted two Years, and are generally fold very reafonable in the Nurferies, than to hazard the Budding them yourfelf, efpecially if you arc not fure of being provided with Cuttings very- near you. Hollies are alfo planted for Hedges, and have been by fomc very much efteem'd for that Purpofe i but the Leaves being very large, when thefe Hedges are clipp'd, they are gene- rally cut in Pieces, and appear very ragged, otherwife they make a very durable ftrong Hedge, and very proper for an outfldc Fence of a Green Garden. The beft time for tranfplanting this Tree is in the Beginning of April, in moift Weather; and if the Seafon is good, and they are carefully rcmov'd, there will be little Danger of their growing; they may alfo be tranfplanted in Augfijl, if the Seafon proves moift, and they will put out Root= before Winter ; but if you do it at this Seafon, you muft be careful to mulfh the Ground about the Roots, to keep the Froft from reaching them in Winter, which would be apt to deftroy your new-planted Trees. If the Trees are large you intend to remove, and have been growing fome time in the Places where they ftand, you fhould dig about them, and cut their Roots the Year be- fore, that they may produce young Fibres, to keep the Earth from falling away from the Roots ; and if you remove them to any Dif^ tance, it will be advifeable to put them into Baske^s-j and when" yon J)iaat ACL plant them, you may either cut off the Sides of the Basket, or if they are but loofely made, luffer them to remain intire, for they will foon rot in the Ground. You muft alfo be very careful to fupply your new-planted Hollies with Water, for the two firft Years, if the Seafons prove dryj after this time there will be little Danger of their mifcarrying. AQUILEGIA. Columbine. The Chara£krs are ; h hath Leaves like the Meadow 'B.ue ; the Jclovpers are pendulous., and of an anomalous Figure j the T'lfiil of the FJovper becomes a mem- braneous Fruit, confifting of many Husks or Tods j each of which con- fains many finning black Seeds. The Species arej 1. AoyiLEGiAi fylveftris. C. B, The Common wild Columbine. 2. Aquilegiaj flellafa, fore vio- laceo. Hort-Eyjl. The fcarry Co- lumbine, with violet coloured Flowers. 3. Aquilegia^ hortenfis, [implex, C- B. The lingle Garden Colum- bine. 4. Aquilegia ; montana, magna fiore. C. B. Mountain Colum- bine, with large Flowers. 5-. Aquilegiaj Canadenfis, frd- c»x, procerior. H. R. Par. Early flowering Canada Columbine. 6. Aquilesiaj pumila, pr£cox, Canadenjis. Cornut. Dwarf early flowering Canada Columbine. ' 7. Aquilegia 5 hortenjis, multi- ple^y fiore magno c&ruho. C. B. Double Garden Columbine, with large blue Flowers. There are great Varieties of this Plant,- Vv^hich are preferv'd in curi- ous Gardens j the Flowers of which are very double, and beautifully variegated with Blue, Purple, Red and Wkite. Tlieie are very orna- A CL mental Phnts in Borders of large Gardens, producing their beautiful Flowers in May and Jum-y and are very proper to mix with other Flowers, for Pots to adorn Chim- nies or Hails, at that Seafon. They are all rais'd by ibwirg the Seeds, or parting the old Roots, but the former Method is chiefly pradis'd j for the old Roots are very apt to degenerate after they have blown two Years, and become quite plain. The Seeds fliould be Town in a Nurfery Bed in Augufi or Septem- ber i for the Seeds kept till Spring do feldom grow well j in the March following your young Plants will appear above Ground, you muil: therefore clear them from Weeds, and if the Seafon flwuld be dry, refrefli them with Water, that they may gather Strength. In the Beginning of May thefe Plants will be flrong enough to traniplant; you muft therefore pre- pare fome Beds of good frefh un- dung'd Earth, planting them there- in at eight or nine Inches Diftance every way, keeping them clear from Weeds, and retrefliing them with a little Water, as they may require it. At Michaelmas you may remove ■ them into the Bortiers of your Flower Garden, and the May fol- lowing they will produce Flowers; but if you mtend to maintain their Roots, you fliould not fuffcr them to feed, but crop oft all their Flower- Stems ib foon as the Flowers are paft. But in order to be fure of have- ing no iingle or had Flowers in your Borders, you may luffer them to remain in the nurfery Beds un- til they have blown, at which time you may flick a Stake by each Root you fancy to prefervc, and pull out all A R all the fingle or bad colour*d ones, and throw them away, cutting ofF all the Flowers from your befl Roots fo foon as they have (hewn themielves, which will greatly add to the preferving them fair in their Colours j and thefe Roots will be ftrong enough to divide at Michael- 7nasy when you may tranfplant them into your Borders, but do not divide them too fmall, which will weaken their Bloom the fuc- ceeding Year. In order to keep up a SucceiTion of good Flowers, you Should fow frefh Seeds every Year j and if you can meet with a Friend, at fome Diftance, who is furnifh'd with good Flowers of this Kind, it will be very advantageous to both Par- ties, to exchange Seeds once in two Years, by which Means they will not be apt to degenerate into plain Colours. ARALIA, Berry-bearing Ange- lica. The Charaaers are j The Flower conffls of many Leaves^ -pphich expand in Form of a Rofe, sphich are naked, gron-'ing on the Top of the Ovary : Thefe Flowers are fucceeded hj glohtdar Fruit, which sire foft and Jucculenti and are full of oblong Sesils. Tiie Species are, I. A R ALIA 5 Canadenfs. Tourn. Canaila Berry- bearing Angelica. 1. Aralia^ caule aphyllo, radiee repcnte. D. Sarraun. Tourn. Berry- bearing Angelica, with a. naked Stalk and a creeping Root. 7,. Akalia ^ arbor efcens, fpinofa, Vaill. Angelica-Tree, vulgo. The two firfl: Species die to the Surface every Year, and rife again the fuccceding Spring, and \njuly and Augufl proJuce their Flowers; and, if tiic Sealbn is warm, d® pcr- fcd their Fruit in Sct>tember, A R Thefe are propagated either by fbwing their Seeds, or by parting of their Roots; which lafl being the moft expeditious Method, is commonly pradlis'd in England; for the Seeds often abide in the Ground until the fecond Year before they arife, and are two Years more be- fore they flower. They love a good frcfli Soil, not too wet, and fhould be planted early in the Spring, and are very hardy in refpedi to Cold. The third Sort grows with us to the Height of icven or eight Feet : It has produced Flowers in the Fhyfick-Garden at Chelfea two or three times, but has not per- fedied its Seeds in England that I have yet heard. This Shrub requires a dry Soil, and a warm Situation, otherwife it is fubjedt to be injurM by Frofts in the Winter : This is only pro- pagated by Seeds, which are fre- quently brought from America. ARBOR CAMPHORIFERAj 'vide Camphorifera. ARBOR CORAL, vide Corallo- dendron. ARBOR JUDiE, vide SiHqua- flrum. ARBOR VIRGINIANA, Citric vel LimoniA folio, Benzoiniim fun- dens. H. A, The Benjamin-Tree, vulgo. This Tree is found in great Plenty in moft Parts of Virginia 'and Carolina, from whence it is brought to England, and was for fevcral Years preferv'd in Pots, and hous'd in Winter, but hath been iince found to be hardy enough to refifl the feverefl Cold of our Winters in the open Ground. This Plant may be propagated by laying down the young Branches in the Spring of the Year, which, if they are lupply'd^with Water in a dry A R a dry Seafbn, will be rooted enough by the next Spring to tranfplant. Thefe Trees produce fmall yel- lowifli Flowers out of the young Wood, at two Seafons, viz,, in Marc/) and O5iober, but I never faw any Fruit fucceed them. This Tree is kept in curious Gardens of Trees amongft many other of the fame Country, but I don't know any extraordinary Beauty or Ufe that belongs to it : Indeed, when it was firfl introduc'd, it was gene- rally believ'd, that the Benjamin of the Shops was an Exudation from this Tree, but it is now thought to proceed from a very different Tree. An. ARBOR Zeylanica, Cotini foliis, fubtus lanugina 'villoJJs, fiori' bus albis, cuculi modo laciniatis. Tluk. Vhp. The Snow-drop Tree, njulgo. This Tree is very hardy in refpe£t to Cold, ftanding abroad in the open Air, without iiiffering from our fevereft Frofts, but is difficult to increafe, the Layers being com- monly two Years before they ftrike Root, nor will they root at all, unlefs the Branches are very young, and they are flit at a Joint, as is pradtis'd in laying of Carnations. When thefe Layers are rooted, they may be tranfplanted into fmall Quar- ters of flowering Shrubs, where, amongft thofe of a middling ' Growth, this Tree will add to the Variety. ARBOURS. Thefe were for- merly in greater Efteem with us than at picfent j few Gardens were without cover'd Arbours and fhady Seats, but of late they have been much rejefted, and that not with- out good Reafoni for befldes the great Expence in their firft ered:- ing, they were a continual Charge in keeping them repair'd, for the A R Wet foaking thro* the Leave? of the Trees to the Wood-work, was, by the continual Shade, and for Want of free Air, detain'd ib long as to rot the Wood (which if wholly expos'd to the Weather, would have lafted fevcn or eight Years) in two or three i beflde, the Seats are continually damp, and un- healthy i for which Reafon, cover'd Seats or Alcoves are every where at this Time preferr'd to them. Arbours are generally made of Lattice-work, either in Wood or Iron, and cover'd with Elmsy Limes, Horn-bea?n, or with Creepers, Ho- ney-fuchdes, Jafmines, or Fa/jlcn- floyi>ers, cither of which will anfwer the Purpofe very well, if rightly manag'd. ARBUTUS; The Strawberry- Tree. The Cbaraciers are ; It is ever-green y the Leaves are roundijhy and ferrated on the Edges -, the Flowers conjifi of one Leaf and are JJjafd like a Pitcher ^ the Fruit is of a fiefJjy Subjiance, and, in its outward Appearance, very like a Strawberry, but is divided into five- Cells, in -which are contain d many fmall Seeds. The Species are, 1. Arbvtvs ; folio ferrato. C, B^ The common Strawberry-Tree. 2. Arbutus i folio ferr at q ^ flore oblongo, fruciuovato. Michel. Hort. Fif. Strawberry-Tree, with longer Flowers and Egg-fliap'd Fruit. 3. Arbutus j folio ferratoj flora duplici. Strawberry-Tree, with double Flowers. This Tree has its Name from the Refemblance the Fruit bears to that of a Strawberry, but it is of an auftere four Taile; tho' I have been inform'd, that in Ireland, where this Tree abounds, the Fruit is fold, and eaten. In England they ar# A R are chiefly brought to the Markets with imail Branches ot the Tree, having I'mall Bunches of Flowers ^pon them, and made up into Nofegays with other Flowers, and fome Sprigs of the Amomum Flinii, or Wmter Cherry, which at that Sealbn are very acceptable, when there are few Flowers to be had. The Time of this Fruit being ripe, is in November, at which Seaibn the Flowers are blov/n for the next Year's Fruit ; fo that from the Time of flowering to the ripening of the Fruit, is one whole Year. '^ The beft Method of propagating thefe Trees, is by fowing their Seeds, which fnould be preferv'd in dry Sand till M^irch ; at which Time you fhould fow them upon a very moderate Hot-bed, (which greatly promotes its Vegetation) covering it about a quarter of an Inch wuh light Earth, and fcreen- ing it from Frofis or great Rains ; T^v/ard the Middle or latter End of March your young Plants will begin to appear ; you muft there- fore keep them clear from Weeds, and give them frequent Waterings,^ as the Seaibn may require j and if your Plants have done well, they will re, by Autumn, about five or fix Inches high : But as thefe Trees are fubjeff to receive Damage from Frofts, efpccially while they are young, therefore you mufl hoop the Bed over, that when bad Wea- ther comes, you may cover it with Mats and Straw to keep out the Frod. The beginning of April follow- ing, you may tranfplant thefe Trees, each into a fmall Pot j but in do- ing of this, be very careful to take them up with as much Earth to their Roots as poiuble, for they are bad rooting Plants, and very fub- A R je(ft to miicarry on being refnovU* and 'tis for this Reafon that I ad- vife their being put into fmail Potsi for when they have fiU'd the Pot with Roots, they may bt turn'd ©ut into large Pots, or the open Ground, without any Hazard of their dying. When you have put your young Plants into the fmall Pots, you fliould plunge them into another very moderate Hot-bed, to encou- rage their taking new Root, Ihade- ing them from the Sun in the Mid- dle of the Day, and gi^'ing them Water as they may require : In this Bed it will be proper to let the Pots remain moft Part of the Sum- mer; for if the Pots are taken out, and fet upon the Ground, the Smallncfs of their Size will occa- fion the Earth in them to dry {o faft, that Watering will fcarcely preferve your Trees alive ^ but if they are kept growing all the Sum- mer, they will be near a Foot high by the next Autumn i but it will be advifeable to fcreen them from the Froft during their Continuance in Pots, by plunging them into the Ground in a v/arm Place, and co- vering them with Mats in bad Weather. When your Trees are grown to be three or four Foot high, you may fiiake them out of the Pots into the open Ground in the Places where they are to remain; but this fhould be done in April, that they may have taken good Root before the Winter, which would be apt to damage them if newly planted. Thefe Trees are tolerably hardy, and are feldom hurt, except in ex- treme hard Winters, which many times kills the young and tender Branches, but rarely deflroys the whole Trees i thcretbre however dead A R i!eacl your Trees may appear after a hard Winter, yet I would advife you to let them remain till the fucceeding Summer has fufficiently demonftrated v/hat are living, and what are dead 3 for tlie Winter Anno 1718-9. gave »s great Rea- ibn to believe moft of the Trees of this Kind weredeftroy'd. and many People were fo hafty, as to dig up, or cut down many of their Trees j whereas all thofe People who had Patience to let their Trees remain, found, that fcarce one in five hun- dred fail'd to come out again the next Summer, and madehandfome Plants that Scaibn. ARGEMONE, Prickly Poppy. The Chambers are j It hath an annual Root : The Leaves are laciniatedy or jagged ^ which are terminated voith Spikes: The Flower confijls of many Leaves, rehich expaiid in Form of a Kofe: The Point al of the Floveer becomes a large trigonical Veffel, -which is divided into three Ctlls, wherein are containd many globular black Seeds. There is but one Species of this Plant known, which is, Argemoke i Mexicana. Tourn, The Prickly Poppy. This is an annual Plant, which is very common in moft Parts of the Wejl-Indics, and is by the Spani- ards call'd, Fico del Inferno, or the Devil's Fig i there is no great Beauty or Ule in this Plant amongft us, that I know of j but whoever hath a Mind to cultivate it, fhould, at firft, fow it on a Hot-bed, and in June tr an (plant it out into the natural Borders, where, when once it has fhed its Seed, there will not want a Supply of Plants for feveral Years after. I have been inform- ed that Gumbouge is made from the Juice of this Plant, A R ARIA THEOPHRASTI; vi^ Crat.^gus. ARlSARUMj The Herb Friar*s Cowl. ARISTOLOCHIA, Birthwort. The Charaders are j The Stalks arefiexitle -, the Leaves are plac'd alternately on the Branches 5 the Flowers conjifl .of one Leaf and are of an anomalous Figure, hol- lowed like a Fipe, and floafd like ^ Tongue, generally hooked: The Flower- Cup turns to a membraneous, f.iul, for the moft part, oval-fJjap'd Fruit, which is divided into five Cells, and full of flat Seeds, We have three or four Species of this Plant in the curious Gardens o^t Botany J which are, 1. Aristolochia ,• j?(9r^ ex pur- pura nigro. C. B. P. The round- rooted Birthwort, 2. Aristolochia ; clematitis rec- ta, C. B. P. The Climbing Birth- wort. 5. Aristolochia 5 Piftolochia dic- ta, C. B. P. SpaniJJj Birthwort, 4. Aristolochia j Piftolochia dic- ta, Cretica, folio fmilacis fempervi- rens. H. L, The Ever-green Birth- wort from Crete. The firft and fecond of thcle Species are fometimes ufed in Me- dicine 5 the third and fourth Sorts are prefer v'd in Botanic k Gardens as Curiolities j the tourth Sort has been by feveral People thought to be the true Snake-Root : But this is known to be a Miftake. The tv/o firft Sorts are very hardy, and are eafily propagated by parting their Roots; but the third and fourth Sorts are tender, and muft be fhdtcr'd in Winter from the fever e Froft, but are tc- lerably hardy, and have, in mode- rate V/inters, frood abroad in a Border under a warm Wall : The lail Sort I receiv'd ho.-u the Cu- .iious A R Tious Mr. Umry Hopkey, wKo ga- ther'd it upon Gibraltar Hills, Anno 1727. ARiMENIACAj Apricock. ARMERIUSj Swcec Williamj 'uUe Caryophyllus Barbatus. ARTEMISIA i Mugwort. The CharaBers arc ; The Flojvers and Fruit of this Tlant are very like thofe of the Worm-rcood, but grow ereci upon the Branches. The Florets are of a pnr- ■plijfj Colour 'y and the Leaves, for the mofl party terminate in fJjarp Foints, are cut into many Seg7nentSy find are of a dark Green on the up- ■per Side, and hoary on the under Side, The Species are ; I. Artemisia i vulgaris, major, caule i^flore purpurajcentibus. C. B, Common great Mugwort, with pur- plifn Stalks and Flowers. 1. Artemisia 5 vulgaris, major, caule ex viridi albica72te. Tourn. Common great Mugwort, with whitifli green Stalks. 3. Artemisia i foliis ex luteova- riegatis. H. R. P. The yellow ftrip'd Mugwort. 4. Artemisia i foliis ex albo va- riegatis. The white ftrip'd Mug- wort. The fir ft of thefe Species is very common upon dry Banks and Dung-hills in divers Parts of Eng- land, and is rarely admitted into a Garden. The fecond Sort is a Va- riety of the firft, which is rarely found in England : But the third and fourth Sorts are only prelerv'd in Gardens for the Beauty of their variegated Leaves. Thefe Sorts may alfo be propagated by parting of their Roots either in Spring or Autumn, and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation ; but as they are fubjed: to fpread very far, and foon Gver-run a large Spot of A R Ground, fo they fhould be confin'J, by cutting off their lide Shoots to keep them within Compals^ nor fhould they be planted too near to other Plants, left, by their fpread- ing Roots, they fliould over-bear and deftroy them. The firft Species of this Plant is ufed in Medicine : The Plant is commonly gathered by the Herb- women in the Fields, and brought _ to the Markets : It is from one Species of Mugwort, (and not im- probably the firftj that the famous Moxa, which is ufed to burn for curing the Gout, is taken, it being the Lanugo or downy Subftance which adheres to the under Part of the Leaf. ARTICHOKE. The Characters are; It is very like the Thiftle, but hath large fcaly Heads^ which are (Jjap'd fomewhat like the Co72e of the Pine-Tree ; the Bottom of each Scale, as alfo at the Bottom of the Florets^ is ^ thick flefloy eatable Subjlance* The Species are ; 1. Cinara; hortenfls; foliis ACU' leatis e^ non aculeatis. C. B. The Garden Artichoke, with prickly and fmooth Leaves. 2. Cinara; hortenfis'y non acu- leata, capite [ubrubente. H. R. P. Garden Artichoke, without Prickles, and reddifh Heads. 3. Cinara i fylvejlris, Boetica. Cluf. Cur. Foft. The wild Arti- ch oke of B&tia . I thought proper to introduce this Clafs under the Name Ar- tichoke, which being the generally receiv'd Name of the only valu- able Species, it might be better here plac'd than under the Latin Name. ARTICHOKE. There is at prefent but one Sort ot Artichoke cultivated in the Gar- dens A R dens near London, which is that commooly known by the Name of the Ked Artichoke -^ formerly the green Sort was the moft common, but Unce the red Sort hath been introduced, the other has been re- jefted, as being vaftly inferior in Goodnefs thereto. The Manner ot propagating this Plant, is from Slips or Suckers taken from the old Roots, in Fe- bruary ov March , which, if planted in a good Soil, will produce large fair Fruit the Autumn following : But as this is a Plant which tew Gardeners that have not been in- ftrudred in the Kitchen Gardens near London, underftand to manage well, fb I fhall be the more parti- cular in my Dired:ions about it. At the latter End of February, or in March, according to the Good- nefs of the Seafon, or For ward nefs of the old Artichoke Stocks, will be proper time for drefTmg them, which muft be thus perform'd. With your Spade remove all the Earth from about your Stock, down below the Part from whence the young Shoots are produced, clear- ing the Earth from between the Shoots, fo as to be able to judge of the Goodnefs of each, with their proper Poiition upon the Stock} then make Choice of two of the cleareft, ftraiteft, and moft promi- fmg Plants that are produc'd from the under-part of the Stock, which you are to let remain for a Crop ; then with your Thumb, force off all the other Plants and Buds, clofc to the. Head of the Stock from whence they are produc'd, and with your Spade draw the Earth about the two Plants which are left, and with your Hands clofe it faft to each of them, feparating them as far afunder as they can convenient- ly be plac'd without breaking them, A R obferving to crop oflF the Tops of the Leaves which hang down, with your Hands: Your Ground being leveird between the Stocks, you may low thereon a fmall Crop of Spinage, which will be taken off before the Artichokes will cover the Ground ■■, and be liire to keep them clear from Weeds,- and toward the latter End of April, or the Begin- ning of May, when your Plants be- gin to fhew their Fruit you muft carefully look over your Stocks, and draw up ail young Plants from them, which may have been pro- duc'd fince their Dreifrng, and cut off all Suckers which are produc'd from the Stems of the Artichokes^ leaving only the principal Head, by which means your Fruit will be the larger ; when your Artichokes are fit to gather, you muft break, or cut them down clofe to the Surface of the Ground, that your Stocks may make ftrong frefli Shoots before OStober^ which is the Seafon for Earthing, or, as the Gardeners term it. Landing them up : which is thus done j Cut off all the young Shoots quite dole to the Surface of the Ground, then dig between every Stock, railing all the Earth between each Row of Stocks into a Ridge, as is done in the common Method of trenching Ground, fo as that the Row of Artichokes may be exactly in the Middle of each" Ridge j this will be fufficient to guard them againft Froft: And I would here recommend it to the Publick, as infinitely preferable to long Dung, which is by the Unskilhil often ufed, and is the Occafion of their Fiuit being fmall, and almoft with- out any Bottoms to them ,• for there is not any thing ib hurthil ta thefe as new Dung bemg either bu- ried near, or laid about them. Ob- ferve, that altho' I have mention'd G ~ ^ Q^Qli9f A R Ochher as the Seafon for Earthing them, yet if the Weather proves mild, it may be deferr'd till any time in November, When you have thus earthed them up, you have nothing more to do till February or March, by which time they will have grown through the Ridge of the Earthy and when the Weather is proper, muft be drefs'd as was before di- redled. When you have a Mind to make a new Plantation, after having dig- ged and buried fomc very rotten Dung in the Ground you have al- lotted for that Purpofe, make choice of fuch of your Plants as were taken from your old Stocks, which are clear, found, and not woody, ha- ving fome Fibres to their Bottom j then with your Knife cut off that knobbed woody Part, which join'd them to the Stock, and if that cuts crifp and tender, it is a Sign of its Goodnefs, but if tough and ftringy, throw it away as good for nothing, and cut off the large outfide Leaves pretty low, that the Middle, or Heart Leaves, may be above them ;_ your Plants being thus prepar'd (if the Weather is very dry, or the Plants have been any time taken from the Stocks, it will be con- venient to fet them upright into a Tub of Water for three or four Hours before they are planted, which will greatly refrefh them) you muft then proceed to Planting, which muft be done by ranging a Line crofs the Ground, in order to their being plac'd exadly in a Row, and with a Meafure Stick plant them at two Foot Diftance from each other in the Rows; and if acfign'd for a full Crop, five Foot Difhacc Row from Rowj your Plants muft be fet about four Inches dccp> and the Earth clofed very fall A R to their Roots, obferving, if the Seafon proves dry, to keep them water'd two or three times a Week, until they are growing, after which they feldom require any. N. B. You might fow a thin Crop of Spinage upon the Ground before you plant your Plants, ob- ierving to clear it from about them after it is come up. Thefe Plants, in a kindly Seafon, or a moift Soil, will produce the largeft and beft Artichokes, fome time in Auguft and September, after all thofe from the old Stocks are paft ; fo that if you intend to con- tinue your Artichokes thro* the whole Seafon, you muft plant frefh every Year, otherwifc you can't polTibly have Fruit longer than two- Months. If any of the Plants which you planted in the Spring, fhould not Fruit in the Autumn, you may, at the Seafon of Earthing your Roots, tie up the Leaves with a fmall Willow Twig, ^c. and lay the Earth up clofe to it, fo that the Top of the Plant may be above Ground ; and when the Froft comes on, if you will cover the Top with a little Straw, or Peafe Haulm, thefe Plants will pfoduce Fruit in Winter, or early in the Spring, But if you intend to plant other Things between your Artichokesy you mufl: allow nine or ten Foot between the Rows, as is often pradis'd by the Kitchen Gardeners near London, who fow the Ground between with Radilhes or Spinage, and plant two Rows of Cauli- flowers, at four Foot Diftance Row from Row, and two Foot and a half Diftance in the Rows between them J fo that there is always five Foot aliow'd for the Artichokes to grow i and in May, when the Ra- dilhes or Spinage are taken off, they A R they {aw a Row of Cacumbers for Pickling, exadly between the two Rows of Cauliflowers, at three Foot Diftance from each other i and between the Rows of Cauli- flowers and the Artichokes, plant a Row of Cabbages or Savoys for Winter Ujfe, which, when the Cau- liflowers are drawn off, and the Artichokes gather'd, will have full Liberty to grow ; and by this means the Ground is fully employ'd thro* the whole Seafbn. In thofe which are planted at five Foot Diftance Row from Row, you may plant in every other Row, a Line of Cabbages or Savoys, for Winter Ufe, which will be gone by the Time of landing them up ; in the doing of which, you muft lay the whole five Foot of Earth into one Ridge, except the Ground be extreme ftiff, or the Plants young, in both which Cafes you may lay only three Feet and a half^ the fame Com pals of Ground muft alio be allow'tl where they are planted at a wider Diftance, And, if in the Spring, you find your Stocks fhoot very weak, which may havTc been occalion'd ■either by hard Frofts, or too much Wet, you muft then uncover them, and with your Spade looien and break the Earth about them, raifing a fmall Hill about every Stock, level- ling the reft between the Rows, which will greatly help ihem, and in three Weeks time after they are commonly fit to flip. ARTICHOKES of Jerufalem i 'vide Corona Sons. ARUM: Wake Robin, or Cuckow Pint. The Characters are ; The Leaves, which are intire, are long and triangular, and ear'd or darted at the Bafe i the Floxcer con- fijis of one Leaf, ii of an anomalous A R Tigure, or Jhafd like an A[ss 'Ear \ from the Bottom of the Flower rifes the Pointal, accompanied with a> great many Embryo's, each of which becomes a roundiJJj Berrv, containing one or two roundifJ) Seeds. This Plant is'cali'd Wake Robin, from the fliarp acrid Tafte, which, if eaten, will occafion a violent Pain in every Part of the Mouth and Throat, attended commonly with a great Defluxion of Water. There are ieveral Species of this Plant cultivated in the Gardens of the Curious, but there are not above two or three of them which are entertain'd for their Beauty or Scarceneis, which are; 1. Arum; Africanum, flore albo, odorato. Far, Bat. The African Arum, with white fweet-fmelling Flowers. 2. Arum^ efculentum, Sagittaria. foliis, viridi-nigricantibus, Sloan. Cat. Jam. The American eatable Arumy with Leaves like Spear- wort. 3. Arum^ maximum JEgyptia-" cum, quod lulgo Colocafia. C, B, The Egyptian ^rw;;;, vulgarly call'd Colocafia, The fir ft of thefe Aru7ns pro- duce, in the Spring, large white Flowers, upon a Pedicle two or three Foot long, making a hand- fome Shev/ in a CoUedtion of Plants. The Flowers have a feint fweet Scent, but continue a long time blowing. This is propagated by parting the Roots (which are knobb'd) in Augufl, when the green Leaves are decay'd, and muft be planted in Pots fiU'd with good rich Earth, and hous'd in Winter, with Oranges, The {econd and third Sorts are tenderer, and will not Hvc thro* the Winter without a Store j thcfc G s pro- A R produce large fair Leaves, but have not produc'd any Flowers in Eng- land that I know of i the Roots of thefe two Sorts are quite of a dif- ferent Nature from the other A- rtlms, having a foft fweet Tafte, fomewhat refembling that of a HasLel Nuty and are very much eaten in Americd, as is alfo the laft in ^gyp. Thele are propagated in the fame manner as the firft, but muft be ne- ver expos'd to the open Air with us, which will foon derace their Leaves, The common Arum, which is the Sort ufed in Phyfick, grows wild in moft fhady Banks near Lon- don-y the beft Sealbnto gatiier their Roots for Ufe, is in July or Au- gujly when their green Leaves are decaying. ARUNDO. The Reed. The common Reed is fo plenti- fully to be met with in the Marfhes near the River of Thames, that it wiU be needlefs to fay any thing thereof, it being fo well known to every onej but for the Sake of two other Sorts, I have inferted this Article, which are : 1. Arundo; fativa, qua Donax Diofcoridis ^ Theophrafii. C. B, The large manur'd Cane or Reed. 2. Arundo i Saccharifera, C.B* The Sugar Cane. The firft of thefe is what is brought from Fortugal and Spain, and is ufed to make FiHiing Rods, and alio by the Weavers. This Plant, altho* a Native of a warm Country, yet will bear the Cold of our fevereft Winters in the open Ground ; it dies to the Sur- fecc in Autumn, and riles again the fucceeding Spring; and if kept iiipplied with Water in dry Wea- ther, will grow ten or twelve Foot h\%h. the iame Summer, and is ycrj proper to intermix with fmaii A S Trees and Shrubs, or tall Plants and Flowers in Bofquettes, where, by the Oddnefs of its Appearance, it will have a good Effed:, in adding to the Variety : This is propagated by parting the Roots early in the Spring, before they begin to fhooty and will, in a Year or two, if your Ground be good, make very large Stools i fo that from each Clump, you may have twenty or thirty large Canes produced. The Sugar Cane is very tender, and cannot be preferv'd without a Stove ; it is kept as a great Curio- fity in the Gardens of liich as love a Variety of Plants, as being the Plant from whence the Sugar is produc'd. It v/ill grow with us to the Height of eight or nine Foot, if carefully look'd after, and may be propagated by taking off the Side Shoots in the Spring, planting them in Pots of good rich Earth, plung- ing the Pots into a Hot-bed of Tanners-Bark, to promote their taking frefh Roots, and muft be often water 'd : The main Stem is very fub}ect to decay with us in Winter, but the Root commonly pufhes out many new Shoots ; if this happens, you muft mind to clear the young Shoots from the dead Leaves of the old Stem, which will greatly ftrengthen them. ASARUiMj Afarabacca. li\iQCharaBers ^xq; The Calyx (or Florver Cup) is divided into four Tarts ; the Fruit is divided into fix Cells, which are filVd -with oblong Seeds; to which may be added, the Leaves are round- ifij, thick, and almoji of the Colour of thofe of the Ivy Tree. There are two Species of this Plant in the Englifl) Gardens, viz.. ■ I. AsARUM. C. ^, The com- mon Afarabacca. A S ^. AsARUMi Canfidenfe. Cornnt, The Canada Afarabacca. The firft of thefe Sorts is very common, and hath been found wild in fome Parts ot England, tho' but rarely; it delights in a moifli fhadv Place, and is increas'd by parting the Roots in Autumn : This is the Sort which is ufed in Medicine. The Canada Sort is tolerably •hardy, and will endure our com- mon Winters in the open Ground, being rarely hurt but by great "Rains, or planting it in a wet Soil. This is propagated as the other. Both thefe Sorts prelerve their green Leaves in Winter, which de- -cay as their new ones are pro- duc'd: Their Flowers appear in April, which grow ib clofe to the Ground as not to be feen unlefs you put away the Leaves with your Hand; The hrft Sort pro- duces ripe Seeds, but it is not worth the Trouble of fowing, it being two Years before thefe Plants will have any Strength, and they are much ealier rais'd by Slips. The fecond very rarely produces good Seeds in England. ASCLEPIASi Hirundinaria, or Swallow-wort. The Characters are ; It hath a Elovoer conjifting of one Leafy vphich b divided into fivs Tarts, . expanded in Form of a Star : The Ovary becomes a Fruit, which is for the tnojl part composed of two membraneous Husks, which open from ihe Bottom to the Top, inclojing many Seeds, which are covered with a fine Down, and are fix'd to the Mem- brane, like as Scales are difpos'd up- on the Skins of Fi/Ijes : This Flant hath no milky Juice, wherein it dif- fers from the JDogsbane. Tdiere are fix different Varieties of this Plant preferv'd in the Gardens of the Curious, vix,. A s 1. AscLEPi as; albojlore. C. B, The common Swallow- wort, with white Flowers. 2. AscLEriAs; nigrofore. C.B. The common Svyrallow-woit, with black Flowers. 3. AscLEPiAs; angufiifolia, Jhre flavefcente, H. R, Tar. The nar- row-leav'd Swallow- wort, with yellow Flowers. 4.. AscLEPiAs; Africana, aix.o- oides. Tourn. The African Swal- low-wort, commonly calVdy Fritilla- ria CrafTa. f. AscLEPiAs; Africanety aizih- oides, fiore pulchre fimbriato. Com. Rar. The African Swallow-wort, with fair hairy Flowers, commonly calVd, Fritillaria CrafTa major. 6. AscLEPiASi Africana, aizo- oides, folio compreffo digitate ^ crif- tato. Boerh. Ind. The African Swallow-wort, with crefted Leaves, commonly call'd, The Cockfcomb Fritillaria. The three firft Sorts are very hardy, and will endure the Win- ter's Cold in the open Ground 5 the firfl Sort is fbmetimes uled in Medicine, and is for thatPurpofe pre- ferv'd in the Phyiick Gardens i they are all three of them propagated by parting their Roots, cither in Spring or Autumn, and will grow in al- moft any fort of Soili they may be alfo rais'd from Seeds, which muft be Ibwn early in the Spring, in a Bed of common Earth, and the fecond Year the young Plants will produce Flowers, but thefe rarely produce any Seeds in Eng' land. The fourth, fifth and ilxth Sorts, are Natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and were firfl brought from thence into the Dutch Gardens, and were afterwards brought into England^ thefe Plants are propa- gated by plantmg Cuttings in any G 5 Qf A S of the Summer Months, which .Cuttings (hould be taken from the Plants, at leaft a Week be- fore they are planted, and laid in a dry Place, that the Wound may be heaPd, and the Moifture evapo- rafed, otherwife they are very fub- je<3: to rot: thefe Cuttings muft be planted in fmall Pots fili'd with a j(andy Soil; and after having ftood about a Week abroad in a Ibady Place, you may plunge the Pots in- to a very moderate Hot-bed, which will greatly forward their making new Roots j in about a Month's time after planting, you muft be- gin to harden them, by expofing them to the open Air, but do not let them receive much Wet, which is a great Enemy to thefe Plants ; and in the Beginning of September, you muft houfe them with the imaller Sorts of Aloes, giving them very little Water in the Winter Sea- ion. The fifth Sort is very fubje^t to flower every Year, but the fourth and lixth Sorts flower but feldom ■■, but neither of them is fo apt to flower, if expos'd to the open Air in Summer ; therefore it is the bet- ter way to let them remain in the Houfe moft Part of the Year, givc- ing them as much free Air as pof- fible when the Weather Vvrill per- mit, and never letting them have much Water : With this Manage- ment all the Sorts will thrive much better, and oftener produce Flowers. Although there is no great Beau- ty in thefe Flowers when blown, yet for their extreme Oddnefs they well deferve a Place in every curi- ous Collection of Plants. Thefe Flowers fb much refem- tle in Smell ftinking Flefli, that the Flies will cover them with their Eggs, which come ia far as juft A S to have Life; but not finding pro- per Nutriment, they foon perifti. ASCYRUM ; St. Peter's-wort. The Character is i This Flant differs from St. John's- wort, only in having a Vyrarrtidal Seed Veffel, which is divided into Jive Cells. We have only two Sorts of this Plant in England, viz.. 1. AscYRUMj magnofiore. C.B, P. The large flowering St. Peter's- wort. 2. AscYRUM; Balearicumy fru- tefcens, maximo fiors luteo, foliis minoribus, fubtus verrucofis. Sal- vador. Boerh. Ind. Myrto-Cijius Fen- iui. Cluf. H. The large flower- ing St. Peter's- wort from Majorca, with fmall war ted Leaves. The firft of thefe Plants was fent into England by Sir Geor.ge Wheeler ^ to the Phyfick Garden at Oxford, from Conflantlnofle, where he found it wild; this Plant produces very large Flowers, with a great Num- ber of Stamina or Threads in the Middle, and makes a very agreeable Shew in the Wildernefs Quarters, or in fhady Borders, where it chiefly delights to grow : It is very hardy, and increafes greatly by its creeping Roots, which will ibon overfprcad a Border ; it is beft when kept in fmall Tufts, and not fuf- fer'd to run too much, which of- ten prevents its flowering, by Jiave- ing too great a Quant ity of Branches ,• the Flowers are produc'd in June and July, but it feldom perfefts its Seeds with us. This will grow in almoft any Soil. The fecond Sort was firft men- tion'd by Dr. Lobel, who receiv'd a dried Sample of this Plant from Dr. Pennji, who found it in his Travels,- and was by Lotel call'd Myrto-CiJius ; the Flowers, as he thought, refcnibling the Cijlus or Kock A S Rock Kofi, and the Leaves thofe of the Myrtle. But this Plant was not known to any of the modern Botanifts, until one Mr. Salvador e, an Apo- thecary, who liv'd at Barcelona, went into thoie Iflands in fearch of Simples, where he found this Plant, and fending fome Specimens thereof into England and Hollaml, which had fome ripe Seeds in their Veflels, they were Ibwn, and grew, from whence this Plant hath been fpread into many curious Gar- dens. This Plant is propagated, either from Seeds fbwn on a moderate Hot-bed in the Spring, or by plant- ing Cuttings in the Summer Months in Pots of good Earth, which fhould be plung'd into an old Hot- bed, and kept water'd and fliaded in the Heat of the Day, until they have taken Root, when you may by degrees expofe it to the open Air, but it muft be hous'd in Win- ter, with Myrtles, Amomum Flinii's, <^c. being too tender to endure the Cold ot our Winters in the open Ground, but may, with a flight Shelter, be eafiiy preferv'd. It requires frequent, but gentle Waterings, and loves a loofe landy Soil, with a fmall Mixture of very rotten Dung. This is worthy of a Place in every curious Colledlion of Plants, for the Beauty of its red Shoots, fmall crifp'd Leaves, and its con- tinuing to flower moil Part of the Year. ASH-TREE i vide Fraxinus. ASHES are efteem'd by fome a good fuperficial Drefling of Corn and Meadow Land, as they give a new Ferment to fuch Lands as are in any Degree fluggifh and unac- tive, and inrich thofe which are jejune and flow, being endow'd A S with Angular Qualities to make them prolifick. All Sorts of AjJjes do, indeed, contain in them a very rich fertile Salt, and are the beft Manure of any to lay upon cold, wet Land, but then they ought to be kept dry, that the Rain may not wafli away their Salt. Experience has fliewn, that the Afies of any Sort of Vegetable, are very advantageous to Land, by the Improvement that has been made in moft Places in England, by burning Bean Stalks, Fern, Furze, Heath, Sedge, Straw, Stubble, &c. Coal-Aj1)es, or fuch as are made of Newcafile, Scotch, and other Pit- Coal, are much recommended by fome J but the firft are mofl ap- prov'd of, becaufe they contain a greater Quantity of nitrous and uilphureous Matter than the others do, tho' the reft are good. But thefe ought to be apply'd fuperficially, and not lb near the Roots of Plants j and if fb, there are few Plants but will receive Benefit by them, by their nitrous and {ulphureous Qualities being walh'd down by the Rain, which will open by the Strength of Wa- ter, and caufe it to heave in fome Degree, as Lime will do when Wa- ter is thrown upon it. Wood-AjJjes are commended as the Principal of fuperficial Dref^ fings for Land, in that they con- tain a vegetative kind of Salt. Kiln-AJJjes, i. e. fuch as are made of Straw, Furze, ^c. are by Ibmc accounted as good as any of the fpirituous Improvements of Lands that are lightiflii but for fuch as are heavy, they are look\i upon as fcarce folid and ponderous enough. Thefe Afl}ef, the Maltfters in the VVejl'Country fift over their Corn and Grafs, Thele arc fuppos'd, by G 4 thtis A S their Heat, to caafe a Fermenta- tion, a HoUownefs and Loofenefs in the Mould, i y which means the Rains enter it the more eaiily, and difpoie the Earth tor giving up an Alfumption of its vegetative Aug- jnent. But thefe being; light, ought never to be flrew'd nor fifted in windy Weather, becaufe they would be blown away,- and if it can be £o order'd as to be done jufl: be- fore Snow or Rain, it would be the better, Soap-AjJjes, (i. e. after the Soap- Boilers have done with them) are very proper for Lands that are very cold and lour, and to kill Weeds of all Sorts. And Sir Hugh Tlat. mentions one at Warcy who having a Piece of Land over-run with Broom and Furze, manur'd It with Soap'Ajhes, and had an in- credible Crop of Wheat for fix (Years fucceflively. Tot-AjJjesy after the Pot-afh Men liave done with them, are efteem'd good for moft Sorts of Land ; but as they have been wet, and fo moft of the Salt drawn off by the Lee, they ought to be laid on much thicker than other Afhes. Turf-Ajlies are very good for all Sorts of Land, but efpecially for Clay-Lands -, but will be much bet- ter if mix'd with Lime. But all thefe Ajhes ought to be kept dry from the Time they are made till they are ufed, for elle the Rains will both waih away their Goodnefs, and alfo make them clod, efpecially fome of the laft- mention'd, fo that they will not Ipread. And befides, one Load oi Ajhes that have been kept dry, will go as far as two that have been expos'd to the Rain: And Coal-AJhes, if AS moiften'd with Chamber-lye or Soap-Suds, will greatly add to their Strength. All calcin'd Vegetables caufe a fiery Heat and Vegetation, and when Wet comes, fet the Ground to work, by a fubtle Infinuation, unlocking the Clods, and quicken- ing the Sluggiflinefs of the Earth j according to that eftablifli'd Maxim among Naturalifts, That all Fer- mentation is caus'd by the Interpofi- tion or Mixtures of different Quali- ties one from the other. It is after this manner that Coal- Afhes operate fo admirably in loofen- ing and mouldering ftiff, clayey Grounds, and as it is ufually term'd, making it rough, a(hy or fandy- hke: And, after the fame manner. Sand mix'd with Clay does well, efpecially when it rs impregnated with faline Qualities. ASPARAGUS 5 Sparagus or Spc- rage, corruptly call'd Sparrow- grafs. There are feveral Varieties of this Plant which are kept in the Botanick Garden, as Curiolities : but there is but one Sort which is chiefly cultivated in the Kit- chen-Gardens, and is one of the greateft Dainties of the Spring. I Ihall therefore treat of this Kind only, and omit mentioning the other Kinds in this Place. The Garden Afparagus is propa- gated by fowing of the Seeds j in the procuring of which, you fhould be particularly careful, lince the Goodnefs of your future Crop, in a great meafure depends thereon : You fhould therefore get it firom Ibme Perfon of Integrity, or if you have an Opportunity of faving it your felf, or in fo:nc other neighbouring Garden : You muft look over the Afparagus Beds in the AS the Beginning of the Seafon, and mark fome of the largeft and faired Buds with a Piece of Stick •■, which Buds, when they have branched out, may be faften'd to a Stake thruft into the Ground to preferve it from breaking : Thefe Buds will many of them produce great Numbers of red Berries, which fhould be luffer'd to remain upon the Branches until the latter End of September, when the Haulm will begkf to decay; then cut off the Branches, and flrip the Berries in- to a Tub, where they may lie in a Heap to fweat for three Weeks, by which means the outer Husks, will be rotten i then fill the Tub with Water, and with your Hands break all the Husks, by iqueezing them between your Hands : Thele Husks will all fwim upon the Wa- ter, but the Seeds will link to the Bottom, fo that by pouring ©ff the Water gently, the Husks will be carry'd along with it, and by put- ting frefh Water two or three times, and ftirring your Seed about, you will make it intirely clean; then fpread your Seed upon a Mat, and expofe it to the Sun and Air in dry Weather until it is perfe6t:ly dry ; when you may put it into a Rag, and hang it up in a dry Place till the Beginning of Tebruciry:^ at which Time you moft prepare a Bed of good rich Earth, whereon you mull fow your Seeds, (but not too thick, which will caufe your Plants to be fmall) and have- ing trod your Seed into the Grbund, rake it over fmooth. In the following Summer, keep it diligently clear 'd from Weeds, which will greatly add to the Strength of your Plants; and to- ward the latter End of October, when the Haulm is quite wither 'd A s you may fpread a little rotten Dung over the Surface of the Ground, about half an Inch thick, which will prelerve the young Buds from being hurt with the Frofts, ^c. The Spring following, your Plants will be fit to plant out for good, (for I would never chufe Plants of more than one Year's Growth, having very often expe- rienc'd them to take much better than older, and to produce finer Roots); you mufl therefore pre- pare your Ground by trenching it well, burying therein a good Quan- tity of rotten Dung at the Bottom of each Trench, lb that it may lie at leaft lix Inches below the Surface of the Ground ; then level your whole Plot very exaftly, ta- king out all large Stones : but this fhould not be done long before you intend to plant your Afparagusy in which you mull be governed ac- cording to the Nature ot your Soil or the Seafon ; for if your Soil is dry, and the Seafon forward, you may plant e^rly in March -^ but in a wet Soil, it is better to wait till the End of that Month, or the Be- ginning of April, which is about the Seafon that the Plants are be- ginning to flioot. I know many People have advis'd the planting of Afparcigus at Michaehn'as ; but this I have experrenc'd to be very wrong, for in two different Years I was obliged to tranfplant large Quanti- ties at that Sealon, but I had bet- ter thrown away the Plants, for upon Examination, in the Spring, I found moft of the Roots were grown mouldy and decaying, and 1 am iiire not one in five of them fucceedcd, and thofe which did, were fo weak as not to be worth their ftanding. The A S The Seafon being now come, you mull, with a narrow-prong'd Dung-foik, carefully fork up your Roots, fhaking ihem out of the Earth, and feparating them from each other, obferving to lay their Heads even for the more conve- nient planting them, which muft be performed in this manner : Your Plot of Ground being levell'd, you muft begin at one Side thereof, ranging a Line very tight crofs the Piece, by which you muft throw out a Trench exattiy ftrait, and about fix Inches deep, into which you muft by your Roots, fpreading them with your Fingers, and placing them upright againft the Back of your Trench, fo that the Buds may ftand forward, and be about two Inches below the Surface of the Ground, and at twelve Inches Diftance from each other 5 then with a Rake draw the Earth into the Trench again, lay- ing it very level, which will pre- serve the Roots in their right Poli- tion: Then remove your Line a Foot farther back, and make an- other Trench in the like manner, laying therein your Plants, as be- fore directed, and continuing the fame Diftance Row from Row, only obferving between every four Rows to leave a Diftance of two Feet four Inches for an Alley to go between the Beds to cut the ^fparagus, &c. Your Plot of Ground being finilh'd and levelled, you may Tow thereoa a fmail Crop of O- nions, which will not hurt your Affdt^gus, and tread in your Seeds, raking your Ground level. When your Afpantgns is come up, (which will be in three Weeks or a Month after planting) you muft with a fmall Hoe cut up all the Weeds, and thin your Crop of A s Omons where they may have come up in Clufters: But this muft be done carefully, and in dry Wea- ther, that the Weeds may die as faft as they are cut up. This Work muft be repeated about three times i which if well done, and the Seafon not too wet, will keep the Ground clear from Weeds until the Onions are fit to be pull'd up, which is commonly the Be- ginning of AugHJl, and is known when their Greens fall down: When you have drawn off your Onions, you mult clean your Ground well from Weeds, which will keep it clean till you earth the Bedsj which muft be done in October, when the Haulm begins to decay, for if you cut oft the Haulm v/hile green, the Roots will ftioot frefti again, which will greatly weaken them : This young Haulm fiiould be cut off with a Knife, leaving the Stems two or three Inches above Ground, which will be a Guide for you to diftinguifti the Beds from the Allies ,• then with a Hoe clear off all the Weeds into the Allies, and dig up the Allies, bury- ing the Weeds in the Bottom, and throvV the Earth upon the Beds, levelling it even, fo that the Beds may be about four Inches above the Level of the Allies; then you may plant a Row of Colworts m the Middle of the Allies, but do not low or plant any thing upon the Beds, which would greatly weaken your Roots, nor would I ever advife the planting of Beans in the Allies, (as is the Pradlice ot many) for it greatly damages the two out- fide Rows of Afvarspgus. In this manner it muft remain till Spring, when you muft hoe over the Beds to deitroy all young Weeds, and rake them fmooth, and obferve ail the fucceeding Summer to keep them A S them clear from Weeds i and in Otiober dig up the Allies again, as was before diredted, earthing the Beds, c^. In the Spring following you muft gently ilir the Eartii of your Beds with a Dung-fork, to looien it, that the Buds may not be ob- ftruded by the Hardnefs of the Ground; but this mufl: be done with great Care, othervife ;he Buds will be broken, and the Crown of the Roots greatly damaged : Then rake the Earth fmoo:h, juft before the Buds do appear, v/hich will deflroy the young Weeds, and pre- ferve the Beds clean till towards the Beginning of Mny, when the Weeds will begin to flourifh, there- fore the Beds mufc be then weeded, and all the fucceeding Summer this muft be repeated, as often as it is found neceffary. At Michaelmas the Haulm muft be cut down, and the Beds clear'd from Weeds, (as was directed for the firft Year) ob- ferving, in digging of the Allies, to throw a greater Quantity of Earth upon the Beds, fo that the Tops of the Roots may be covered at leaft five Inches, otherwile in cutting of the Afparagus (the following Sum- mer) the Crown of the Roots will be in Danger of fuffering by the Knife. The third Spring after planting, you may begin to cut fome of your uifparagusj therefore now you muft fork up your Beds with a flat prong'd Fork made on purpole, and commonly caird an Afparagus Fork: This muft be done before the Buds fhoot in the Spring, and with Care, not to fork too deep, fo as to bruife the Head of the Root ; then rake the Beds over fmooth, juft be- fore the Buds appear above Ground, which will deftroy all young Weeds, and keep your Ikds clean a great A s v/hile longer than if left unrak'd, or done ib foon as fork'd; and when your Buds appear about four or five Inches above Ground, you may then cut them ; but it fiiould be done fparingly, only taking the large Buds, and iuffering the Imall to run up to ftrengthen the Rootsj for the more you cut, the more the Roots will produce, but they will be the fmaller, and Iboner de- cay. When you cut a Bud, you muft open the Ground with your Knife, (which ftiould be very nar- row and long in the Blade, and filed with Teeth like a Savvj to lee whether there are any more young Buds coming up dole by it, which might be either broken or bruis'd in cutting the other; then with your Knife law it off about two Inches under Ground. This may appear a very troublelbme Affair to People unacijuainted with the prac- tical Part ; but thofe who are im- ploy'd in cutting Afparagus, will perlorm a great deal of this Work in a fliort Time; but the Care in doing it is abfolutely neceflary to be obferv'd by all that cut Afparagus. The manner of drciftng your Afparagus-heds is every Year the fame as dircded for the fecond, 'viz., keeping them clear from Weeds, digging the Allies m Oclo- her, and forking rhc Beds towards the End of March, (^-c. only ob- ferve every orher Year to lay a lit- tle rotten Dung (from a Melon or CucHmber-^c:^) all over your Beds, burying feme m the Allies alio, at the Time for digging them up: This will preierve the Ground in Heart to maintain your" Roots in Vigour ; and by which Manage- ment a Plot of good Afparagm may be continued for ten or twelve Years in Cutting, and will produce good Buds. The A S TKe Quantity of Ground necef- iary to be planted with Afparagus, to llipply a fmall Family, fhould be at leaft fix Rods i lefs than that will not do, for if you cannot cut one hundred at a time, it will fcarcely be worth while, for you mufl: be obliged to keep it after it is cut two or three Days to furnifh enough for one Mefs ; but for a larger Fa- mily, twelve Rods of Ground fhould be planted, which, if a good Crop, will furnifh two or tiiree hundred ea.ch Day in the Height of the Sea- fon. But as there are feveral People who delight in having early uifpa- ragus, which is become a very great Trade in the Kitchen-Gar- dens near LonSn, fo I fhall give proper Diredions for the obtain- ing it any time in Winter. You mufl: firfl be provided with a Quantity of good Roots (either of your own railing, or purchas'd from iiich Gardeners as plant for Sale) that have been two Yeai's planted out from the Seed-bed 5 and having tix'd upon the Time when you would willingly have your Afparagiis Hv to cut, about iix Weeks before, you ihould pre- pare a Quantity ol" new Stable HcM-fe-dung, which fhou'd be thrown in a Heap for a Week or more, to ferment; then dig out a Trench in the Ground Vv'here you intend to make the Bed, the Width of the Frames that are deiign'd to cover it, and the Length in Pro- portion to the Quantity you intend to have, (which if deiign'd only to iupply a fmall Family, three Lights at a time will be lufficicnt ) : Then lay down your Dung into the Trench, working it very regularly, and beat it down very tight with a Fark^ laying it at leafl three Feet in Thickuefsj then put your Earth A s thereon about fix Inches thicfef breaking the Clods, and laying it level, and at one End begin laying your Roots againfl a little Ridge of Earth, rais'd about four Inches high: Your Roots mufl be laid as clofe as polTible one to the other in Rows with their Buds flanding upright : And between every Row lay a fmall Quantity of fine Mould, obferving to keep the Crown of the Roots exadtly level : When you have finifli'd laying your Bed with Roots, you muft lay fbme fti-ff Earth up to the Roots on the Out-lides of the Bed, which are bare, to keep them from drying, and thruft two or three iharp- pointcd Sticks, about two Feet long, down between the Roots in the Middle of the Bed at a Diftance from each other. .The Ufe of theie Stick are to let you know what Temper of Heat your Bed is in, which you may find by draw- ing up the Sticks, and feeling the lower Parti and if after the Bed has been made a Week, you find it doth not heat, you may lay a little Straw or Litter round the Sides, or upon the Top, which will greatly help it; and if you find it very- hot, it Vsrill be advifeable to let it remain wholly uncover'd, and to thrufl a large Stick into the Dung on each Side of the Bed in feveral Piaces, to make Holes for the great Steam of the Bed to pafs off, which in a l"hort tim.e will reduce the Bed to a moderate Heat. After your Bed has been made a Fortnight, you muft cover the Crown of the P^oots with fine Earth about two Inches thick ; and when the Buds appear above Ground through that Earth, you muft a- gain lay on a frcfh Parcel about three Inches thick; fo that in the Whole it may be five Inches abov^ the A S the Crowns of the Roots, which will be fufiicient. Then you muft make a Band of Straw (or long Litter) about four Inches thick, which you muft faften round the Sides of the Bed, {6 that the upper Part may be level with the Surface of the Earth on the Top of the Bed : This muft be faftcn'd with ftraight Sticks about two Feet long, Iharpen'd at the Points to run into the Bed, and up- on this Band you muft fet your Frames, and put your Glaflcs there- on i but if after your Bed hath been made three Weeks, you find the Heat decline, you muft lay a good Lining of hcfh hot Dung round the Sides of the Bed, which will add a frefh Heat thereto j and in bad Weather, as alio every Night, keep the Glaftes covered with Mats and Straw, but in the Day-time let it be all taken off, efpeciaily whenever the Sun appears, which (liining through the Glaftcs will give a good Colour to the Afpa- ragus. A Bed thus made, if it works kindly, will begin to produce Buds for cutting in about five Weeks, and will hold about three Weeks in cutting, which, if rightly plant- ed with good Roots, will produce in that time about three hundred Buds in each Light; £o that if you would continue your Afparagus un- til the Seafon of the Natural being produc'd, you muft make a frelh Bed every three Weeks, until the Beginning of March, from the Sea- fon of your firft Bed being made j for if your laft Bed is made about a Week in March, it wUl laft till the Seafon of natural Afparagus, and the laft Beds will come a Fort- night fooner to cut than thofe made about Chrijlmas, and the Buds will be larger and better colour'd, A S as they enjoy a greater Share of the Sun. If you intend to follow this Method of forcing early Afpara- gus, you muft keep planting every Year a Quantity which you rtiall judge neceflary, (unlefs you intend to buy it from fome other Gar- den); The Quantity of Roots ne- cefTary to plant one Light, is com- monly known by the Meafure of the Ground where they grew, for in a good Crop, where few Roots? are miffing, one Rod of Ground will furnifli enough for a Light; But thofe who propagate Afparagui, with a Defign to take it up ioc Forcing at two Years End, plant lix Rows in each Bed, at ten Inches Diftance only, and lay the Plants in the Rows about eight Inches afunder, v/hich will be a fufiicient Diftance, as they are de- fign'd to remain but two Years. The beft Ground for planting Af^ paragus to have large Roots for Hot-beds, is a low moift rich Soil j but for thofe that are to remain for a natural Produce, a middling Soil, neither too wet nor too dry : But a fi-efti fandy Loam, when well dung'd, is preferable to any- other. ASPEN-Tree; vUe Popuius. ASPERULAi Woodroof. This Plant grows wild in fhady Woods in many Parts of England, and flowers in April and May, and is fometimes ufed in Medicine. ASPHODELUSi Kingfpear. The Charaders are ; The Stalk is round, fmooth, flrong, and branchy, the Leaves are like thofe of a Leek, but flronger and narrower; the Flowers are divided commmly as jar as the Bafis, naked, fiellated, embracing the Ovary like a Calix: the Apex of the Ovary puts forth fix Stamina and a long 'Sube A S Tuht from the Center, -which becomes a rcundipi 'Fruit, carnousy triangu- lar, divided into three Tartitions, in which are inclos'd triangular Seeds. There are three or four Varie- ties of this Plant which are well worth preferving in all curious Flow^r-Gardens, viz. 1. AsPHOoF.LUSj luteus ^ fiore 0> radice. C. B, The yellow Af- phodel or Kingfpcar. 2. A Colour vphen ripe; in which it differs from the Citron and Lemon. There is a very great Variety of thefe Trees preferv'd in the Gar- dens of the Curious i to enumerate them all would be too tedious in this Place, I Ihall therefore only mention the bell known Sorts, and proceed to their Cultufe. 1 . AuRANTiuM -y acri medulla, vulgare, Ferr. Hefp. The com- mon Seville Orange. 2. AuRANTiuM i medullA dulci vulgare. Ferr. Hefp, The fweec Seville Orange. 3. AuRANTiuM ; Sinenfe. Ferf» Hefp. The China Orange. 4. AuKANTiuMj Crifpo folio. Ferft, Hefp. The curl'd-leav'd Orange. 5". AuRANTiuMi Crifpo folio, ele- gantifjhne var legato. Bderh, Ind» The (Irip'd curl'd-leav^d Orange. 6. AuRANTiuM J Comiculatum^ Ferr. Hefp. The horn'd Orange. 7. AuRANTiuMj folio variegatOy vulgar e, AngUcum dictum. Boerh, Ind. The common ftrip'd Orange. 8. AuRANTiUM i Hermaphrodi' turn, partim Aurantium, partim Citriu?n. The Hermaphrodite O- range. 9. AuRANTiuMj angufto Salicis folio diclu7n. Boerh. lijd. The wil- low-leav'd Orange, commonly cdld. The Turkey Orange. 10. AuRANTiuMi anguflo Salicis folio elegantijjime variegato. The ftrip'd Turkey Orange. n 2 ii« Au- It. AuRANTiuM ; fruclu maxhno, Ind'tA Orientalis. Boerh. Jnd. The Pumpelmoesj or Shaddock. 12. AuRANTiuM ; flore Miplici. The double flower'd Orange. 15. A u R A N T I u M ,• fmciu minimo. The Nutmeg; or Dwarf C/range. 14. AuRAKTlv^\^y fruclu mimmo, f&liis ex albo variegatis. The ftrip'd Nutmeg; or Dwarf Orange. There is alio a great Variety of Oranges with ftrip'd Leaves, to be found in the curious CollevStions of thefe Trees, which differ in the Colour or Manner of the Stripes or Blotches ; but thefe I fh.ill pafs over,^ and proceed fir ft to the Manner of railing them from Seed. If you purpofe to raife Stocks for budding of Oranges, you fliould procure fome C/Vro«-Seeds which were duly ripcn'dj for the Stocks of this ICind are preferable to any other, both for Quicknefs of Growth, as alfo that they will take Buds of cither Orange, Lemon, or Citron : The beft Seeds arc ufually to be had from rotten Fruits, which are commonly cafy to be procur'd in the Spring of the Year : Then prepare a good Hot-bed of cither Horfe-dung or Tanners-tark, the laft of which is by much the better, if you can ealily procure it : When this Bed is in a moderate Temper for Heat, you muft fow your Seeds in Pots of good rich Earth, and plunge them into the Hot-bed, obfervmg to gi\"e them Water frequently, and fliade the GlalTes with Mats in the great Heat of the Day; and raifmg the Glaftes to give proper Air, left the Seeds {houli fufter by too great Heat: In three Weeks-time your Seeds will come up; and if the young Plants are not ftunted, either for want of proper Heat or Moi- flure, they will be in a Month's- A u time after their Appearance, fit to tranfpiant into fmgle Pots; you n.uft therefore renew your Hot- bed ; and having prcpar'd a Quan- tity of fm all Half-penny Pors, (which are about five Inches over at the Top) fill this half full of good frelh Earth, mix'd with very rotcen Cow- dung,- and then ftiake out the young Plants from the large Pots, with all the Earth about them, that you may the better feparate the Plants without tearmg their Roots; and having put a fingic Plant into each of the (mall Pots, fill them up with the fame Earth as uetoie direfted, plunging the Pots into the new Hot-bed, giving them a good Wa- tering to fix the Earth to their Roots, and obferve to repeat the fame very often, (for this Plant, when in a Hot-bed, requires much Water) and be fure to fcreen them from the Sun in the Heat of the Day : In this Method, with due Care, your Plants will grow to be two Feet high by y«/y». *^en you muft begin to harden tY by De- grees, in railing your C ''JJes very highj and when the Weather is good, take them quite off, but da not expofe them to the open Sun in the Heat ot the Day, which would be very injurious to them, cfpecially while young : Toward the End of September you muft houie them, obferving to place them near the Windows of the Green-houfe, to prevent the Damps from moulding their tender Shoots: During the Winter- Staibn they may be often refrefli'd with Water, but it muft be done fparingly, giving them buc a little each time ; and in March or April, wafti their Heads and Stems, to clear them from the Filth that may have fet- tled thereon during their being in the Houfe^ and you muft alio give them A U them a gentle Hot- bed in the Spring, which will greatly forward them, but harden thf^m by the Be- ginning of June, that they may be in ri;2;ht Older to bud in Auguft, when you flioald make Choice of Cuttings trom Trees that are heal- thy and fruitful; of whatever Kinds you plcale, obferving that the Shoots are round, the Budsof thefe being much better and eaher to part from the Wood than fuch as are flat : When you have budded the Stocks, you fhould remove them into a Green-houie to defend them from Wet, turning the Buds from the Sun, but let them have as much free Air as poHTille, and refrefli them often with Water : In a Month's time after budding, you will fee which of them has taken J you muft then untie them, that the Binding may not pinch their BuJs, and let them remain in the Green-houfe all the Winter, and in the Spring prepare a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners-bark J and af- ter having cut ofF the Stocks about three Inches above the Buds, plunge their Pots into the Hot-bed, ob- ferving to give them Air and Wa- ter, as the Heat of the Weather fliall require; but be fure to fcreen them from the violent Heat of the Sun during the Heat of the Day: In this ManagcTient, if your Buds Ihoot kindly, they will grow to the Height of three Feet by July j at which time you muft begin to harden them before the cold Wea- ther comes on, that they may the better ftand in the Green-houfe the following Winter: And as this will be a fiiflScient Height for the Stems, you may flop the leading Shoot, in order to force out lateral Branches : In the firft Winter after their fhooting, you muft keep them very warm, for by foicing tkem in the A u Bark-bed, they will be fomewhat tenderer, but it is very necellary to raife them to their Height in one Seafon, that their Stems may be ftrait : for in fuch Trees which are two or more Years growing to their heading Height, the Stems are always crooked: In the fuc- ceeding Years, their Management Will be the fame as in full-grown Trees, which will be hereafter treated of; I fhall therefore now proceed to treat of the Manage- ment of fuch Trees as are brought over every Year in Chefts from Italy; which is, indeed, by much the qu'cker Way of furnifhing a Grccn-houfe with large Trees, for thofe which are rais'd from Seeds in England, will not grow fo large in their Stems under ten or twelve Years as thefe will have when brought over; and although their Heads are fmall when we receive them, yet in three Years, with good Management, they will obtain large Heads, and produce Fruit. In the Choice of thefe Trees, obfervelirft, the Difference of their Shoots and Leaves, (if they have any upon them) to diflinguifh their diiferent Sorts j alfb prefer thofe that have two good Buds in each Stock, (for many of them have but one, which will always produce an irregular Head); the Straitnefs of the Stem, Frefhnefs of the Branches, and Plumpnefs of the Bark, arc necefTary Obfervations. When you have furnifh'd your- felf with a Parcel of Trees, you muft prepare a moderate Hot -bed of Tanners-bark, in Length and Breadth according to the Number of Trees j then put your Trees in- to a Tub of Water upright, about half-way of the Stems, leaving the Head and upper Part of the Stem out of the Water, the bet:ir t* H 3 t:_m A U draw and imbibe the Moifture : In this Situation they may remain two or three Days, (according to their Plumpnefs when you received them) J then take them out, and clean their Roots from all Filth, cutting off all broken or bruis'd Roots, and all the imall Fibres, which are quite dry'd by being lb long out of the Earth, and Icrub the'Srems with an hard Hair-brufn, cleaning them afterwards with a Cloth i then cut off the Branches about iix Inches from the Stem i and having prcpar'd a Quantity of good frefli Earth, mix'd with very rotten Neats-dung, plant your Trees therein, obferving never to put them into large Pots, for if they are but big enough to contain their Roots, it is fufficient at firft Plant- ing, and be fure to put fome Pot- fheards and large Stones in the Bot- tom ot each Pot, to keep the Holes at the Bottom of the Pots from being ftopp'd with Earth, that the V/ater may freely pafs offj then plunge theie Pots nito the Bark- bed, watering them well to fettle the Earth to their Roots, frequent- ly repeating the fame as they may require it; and obferve to fcrcen the Glaffes of your Hot-bed from the Sun in the Heat of the Day. If your Trees take to growing kindly, (as there is little Rcafon to doubt of it, if the Dircflions given be duly obfervM) they will have made ftrong Shoots by the Begin- ning of ytme -y at which Time you fhould ftop their Leaders to obtain lateral Branches, to furniili their Heads: and now you muft give them Air plentifully, and be- gin to harden them, that in tlie Middle of July they may be re- iMov'd into the open Air, in fbme warm S ituation, defended from the grtat |Ieat of the Sun and Winds, A u that they may be hait^en'd before Winter : About the End of Septem-^ ber you fliould houfe theie Plants, letting them at firft in the Front of the Greca-houfe near the Glaffes, keeping the Windows open at all Times when the Weather will per- mit; and about the latter End of OchbeVy when you bring in the Myrtles, and other lefs tender Trees, you muft fet your Oravges in the warmefh and beft Part of the Houfe, placing lower Plants or Trees in the Front to hide their Stems : During the Winter, let your Wa- terings be frequent, but give them but little at a Time, for now their Heads are but fmall, and therefore incapable to difcharge too great a Quantity of Moiflure, and take great Care to guard them from Froft. In the Spring, when you begin to take out fbme of your hardieft Sorts of Plants, to thin your Houfe, walh and cleanfe the Stems and Leaves of your Orange-Trees, take- ing out the upper Part of the Earth in the Pots, filling them up again with good freili, rich Earth, lay- ing thereon a little rotten Ncat's- Dung round the Outer-fide of the Pots, but do not let it lie near the Stem of ilie Trees ; then place them at wider Dilfances in the Houfe, that the Air may circulate round their Heads, giving them Air dif- cretionally as the Weather grows warm, but do not remove them into the open Air until the Middle of May, that the Weather is fet- tled i for many times, when they are removed out too loon, the Mori>ings often proving Cold, gives them at leaft a great Check, and fometimes kills the extreme weak Part of the Shoots : Let the Situa- tion for your Orange-Trees, during th? Summer Seafgnj be as much defended A U defended from the Sun in the Heat of the Day, and ftrong Winds, as pollible, (by tall Trees and Hedges) both of which, if they are expos'd thereto, are very hurtful to them. As thefe Trees advance, it will be neceflary in the Summer, to flop ftrong Shoots when they grow irregular , to force out lateral Branches to fill the Head, but do not pinch off the Tops of all the Shoots, (as is the Pra6lice of fome) which will fill the Tree with fmall Shoots, too weak to fupport Fruit, but endeavour to form a regular Head, and obtain ftrong Shoots, taking away weak trifling Branches where they are too dole. During the Summer Seafbn your Orange-Trees will require frequent and plentiful Waterings in dry Wea- ther, efpecially if they are large; therefore you fliould endeavour to have the Water as near the Trees as pollible, to fave the Trouble of carrying it, whichr, in a large Quan- tity of Trees, takes up much Time : Your Water (hould be foft and ex- pos'd to the Air, but never add Dung of any Sort thereto, which, altho' by many frequently recom- mended, yet has always been found deftructive to thefe and all other Trees, if much ufed ; it being like hot Liquors to human Bodies, which at firft taking feem to add Vigour ; yet certainly leave the Body weaker after fome Time than before. Your Orange-trees will require to be fhifted and new potted every other Year ; therefore you mull prepare a Quantity of good Earth, at leaft a Year before you intend to ufe it, that it may be well mix'd, and perfeftly rotten. The bell Sea- ion for this Work is about the End of April, that they may have taken frelh Root before they are senioy'd out of the Green-houle, A U and when this Work is perform'd, it will be ncceHary to let them re- main in the Houle a Fortnight longer than ufual, to be well-let- tied. In the performing this Work, after you have drawn the Trees out of the Pots, you mull cut off all the Roots round the Outlide of the Bill of Earth, and take away all mouldy Roots (if any fuch be) then wiih a fharp Iron Inllrument, get as much of the old Earth from between the Roots as polTible, be- ing careful not to break or tear the Roots i then let the Root of the Tree into a large Tub of Water, for about a Quarter of an Hour, to foak the under Part of the Bal! of Earth 5 and afterwards fcrub the Stems of the Trees with a hard hair Brufli, cleaning them and the Heads with Water and a foft Wool- len Cloth i your Pots being pre- par'd with fome Potiheards and large Stones in the Bottom, put fome of your fredi Earth into the Pot about tv/o Inches thick, and having plac'd your Tree there- on, in the iVIiddle of the Pot, up- right, fill it up with the fame rich Earth, prelTing it down hard with your Hands; then water the Tree all over the Head, with a water- ing Pot that has a Rofe upon the Spout, to let the Water fall light and thick,- (as in a Shower of Rain) and in watering thefe Trees, do it in the lame Manner, during the Time they abide in the Houfe alter Ihifting ; this will greatly re- frefii their Heads, and promote their taking frefli Roots. When you hrfl: let thele Trees abroad after Ihifting, you iliould place them near the Shelter of Hedges, and fallen their Stems to ftrong Stakes, to prevent their be- ing diflurb'd by Winds, whiclj H 4. foir«« A U Sometimes will blow freCn-planted Trees oql of the Pots, if too much expos'd thereto, and thereby greit- Jy injure rheir new Roots. Thofe Years in which the Trees are not (hifted, you muft in April obferve to taj^e out as much of the old Earth from the Tops of the Pots as pofiVole, without injuring the Roots of the Trees, and put in frefh Mould to hil up the Pots a- gain. You muft alio wafh and clean their Stems, and their Leaves, as was before dhefted i this will greatly llrengthen their Bloom, and caufe them to fhoot vigorouily the fucceeding Summer. If old Orange-trees have been ill manag'd, and their Heads be- come ragged and decay 'd, the bcil Method to reftore them, is, to cut off the greateft Part of their Heads early in March, and draw them out of the Tubs or Pots, and fhake off the Earth from their Roots, cut- ting away all fmall Fibres and mouldy Roots 5 and then foak and clean their Roots, Stems, ^nd Branches, planting them into good Earth, and fetting them into a hot Bed of Tanners- bavk, as was di- re6f ed for fuch Trees as came from abroad, managing them in the lame Manner i by this Means they will produce new Heads, and in two Years time become good Trees a- gain. But if thefe are large Trees, ^nd have grown in Tubs for feve- ral Years, your beft W^y will be, to prepare a Parcel of rough Ba{^ kets (iuch as are us'd tor basket- ing Ever-gveens, when fcnt to a dilbnt Place) j let thefe be fome- what lefs th;ip the Tubs you defign to plant your Trees into, then plant your Trees herein, plunging them iuto the hot Bed : and about the Beginning of July, when your ji-ees liaye good Shoots, yp-^ may A U remove them into the Tubs, with their Baskets about them, filling the empty Space with the fame good Earth 5 this will preferve your Tubs from rotting in the Bark, and the Trees will do equal- ly as well as if planted into the Tubs at fir ft, provided you are careful in letting in the Baskets not to difturb their Roots ; and alfo, let them remain in the Green- houfe a Fortnight or three Weeks aher planting before you fet them abroad. In. the Management of Orange Trees which are in good Health, the chief Care fhould be to fupply 'em with Water duly, and not (as is fometimes pra(£i:ic'd) ftarve them in Winter, whereby their Fibres are dried and do become mouldy, to the great Prejudice of" the Treesj nor to give 'cm Water in too great abundance i but rather let their Waterings be frequent, and given in moderate Quantities. You muft alio oblcrve, that the Water has free PafTage to drain oft j for if- it be detain'd in the Tubs or Pots, it will rot the tender Fibres of the Trees. During the V/inter Seafon, they muft have a large Share of Air when the Weather is favour- able i for nothing is more injurious to thefe , Trees, than ftifling of them ; nor fliould they be placed too near each other, in the Green- houfe, but fet them at fuch Dif- tance, that their Branches may be clear of each other, and that the Air may circulate freely round their Heads. In Summer they fliould be placed where the Winds are not violent, and to have the Morning and Evening Sun; for if they are too much expofed to the Mid-day Sun, they will not thrive. The beft Situation for 'em, is, near igme large Plantation of Trees^ which A U which will break the Force of the Winds, and fcreen 'em irom the violent Heat of the Sun. In fuch a Situation they may remain until the Beginning ot OBober^ or later, according as the Seafon proves fa- vourable i for if they are carried into the Green-houfe early^ and the Autumn fhould prove warm, it will occalion the Trees to make Irefli Shoots, which v/ill be weak and tender, and fo liable to periih in Winter j and fometimes it will occalion the Flowering in Winter, which greatly weakens the Trees. The Shaddock and Citron are much tenderer than either the Orange or Lemon, fo fhould be let into the Green-houfe fooner, and have a warmer Situation in Winter, other- wife their Fruit will all drop off. The bell Compoft for Orange Trees, is, two thirds of frelh Earth from a good Palrure, which fliould not be too light, nor over ftiff, but rather a Hazel Loam j this fhould be taken about ten Inches deep with the Sward, which {hould be mixed with the Earth to rot, and one third Part of Neats- Dungi thefe fhould be mixed to- gether, at leafl twelve Months be- fore it is ufed, obferving to turn it over every Month, to mix it well, and to rot the Sward ; this will alfo break the Clods, and caufe the Mould to be finer. Before you make ufe of this Earth, you fhould pafs it thro' a rough Screen, to feparate the great Stones, and the Roots of the Sward therefrom j but by no means lift the Earth too fine, for this is very prejudicial to moft Plants, but particularly to Orange Trees. AURICULA MURIS or Pilo- sella; Moufe-Ear. This is a Sort of Hawkweed, with fmall hairy Leaves, which are A U white underneath j the Plant trails upon the Ground, taking Root at the Joints, by which means it will foon fpread over a large Compafs of Ground. This is very common in Eng- land j it grows chiefly on dry bar- ren Places, or upon old Walls. AURICULA URSIi BearVEar. or Auricula. "ThQCharacierso.vf, It hath a perewiial Root i the Leaves arefmoother and thicker than thofe of the Vrimroje ; the Cup of the Flovper is Jhorter, fo that the Tube appears naked-, the Flower is fiap'd like a Funnel, the upper Fart is expanded and divided into Jive Segments ; this is fucceeded by a glo- bular Seed-Vejfel, containing many fmall Seeds. To enumerate the Diverfities of this Plant, would be almoft endlefs and impolTible; for every Year pro- duces vaft Quantities of new Flow- ers, differing in Shape, Size, or Colour of the Flowers j and alfo in the Leaves of thefe Plants, there is as great a Variety, fo that the skilful Florift, is oftentimes capa- ble of diflinguifhing the particular Sorts thereby. But as it feldom happens, that fijch of thefe Flowers as are at one Time in great Eifeera, continue to be regarded a few Years after (there being ftill finer or larger Flowers produced from Seeds, which are what the Florifts chiefly feek after) fo it would be needlefs to mention any of them : Wherefore I fhall proceed to give the Charaders of a good Auricula. 1 . The Stem of the Flower fliould be lofty and Jtrong. 2. The Footjialk of the Flower fliould be jJwrt, that the Umbel may be regular and clofe, 3. The A U 5 . The Fipe or Neck of each llorcer fjould be JJjorty and the Flowers large and regularly fpread, being no ways inclinable to cup. 4. That the Colours are "very bright and well mixed. 5". That the Eye of the Fiercer be large J round, and of a good IVhite or Yellovp, and that the Tube or Neck be not too wide. All Flowers of this kind, that Tyrant any of the above- mention'd Properties, are now rejefted by every good Floriftj for as the Va- rieties every Year increafe from Seeds, fo the bad ones are turn'd out to make Room for their Bet- ters; but in fome People the Paf- fion for new Flowers fo much prevails, that fup poling the old Flower greatly preferable to a new one, if it is of their own raifing, the latter muft tal-Le Place of the old one. In order to obtain good Flowers from Seeds, you muft make choice of the beft Flowers you have, \vhich (hould be expos'd to the open Air, that they may have the Benctir of Showers, without which they feidom produce good Seeds j the Time of their Ripening is in June, which you will ealily know, by their Seed-vellel turniui^ to a brov/n Colour and" opening; you jrmft thcretbrc be careful left the Seeds be fcatter'd out of the Vei- iel, for it will not be all tit to ga- ther at the lame Time. The Time for fowing this "Seed, is commonly m Augujts but if it be fown any Time betore Ckriji- mas, it will be Time enough. The beft Soil for this Seed, \% good frei"h, light fandy Mould, mix'd with very rotten Neat's- Dung, with this you fliould fill your Pots, Boxes, or Baskets, in which vou intend to fow your A u Seeds; and having level'd the Sur- face of the Earth very fmooth, fbw your Seeds thereon, covering it very lightly with rotten willow Mould, then cover the Box, ^c, with a Net or Wire, to prevent the Cats, Fowls, c^f. from Icratching out, or burying your Seeds too, deep; let thefe Boxes, ^e. be placed fo as to receive half the Day's Sun, during the Winter Sea- fon ; but in the Beginning oi March y remove them where they may have only the Morning Sun till ten of the Clock, for your young Plants will now foon begin to appear, which if expos'd to one whole Day's Sun only, will be all deftroy'd. During the Summer Seafon, in dry Weather, often refrefh them with Water, but never give them too great Quantities at once: In the July following, your Plants will be large enough to tranfplant, at which Time you muft prepare a Bed, or Boxes, filled with the above- mention'd Soil, in which you may plant them about three Inches fquare, and (if in Beds) you muft ftiade them every Day, till they are thoroughly rooted, as alfb in very hot dry Weather; but if they are in Baskets or Boxes, they may be removed to a fliady Place. When you have taken all your Plants which are now^ come up out of your Boxes or Pots, level the Earth gently again, for it often happens, that fome of the Seeds will lie in the Ground two Years before they appear, efpccially, if they were cover'd too deep when fown. The Spring following, many of thefe Flowers will ftiew, when you may felect fuch of them as have good Properties, which fhould be removed each of them into a Pot of the fame prepared Earth, and A U and preferv'd until the- next Seafon, at which Time you will be capa- ble to form a Judgment of the Goodnefs of the Flower i hut thofe that produce plain-colour'd, or fmall Flowers, Hiould be taken out, and planted in Borders in the out Parts of the Garden, to make a Shew, or gather for Nofcgays, &c, the others which do not produce their Flowers the fame Year, may be taken up, and tranfplanted into a frcili Bed, to remain till you fee hp^v they wmII prove. The Manner of propagating thefe Flowers when obtain'd, is from Otf-fets, or Slips, taken from the old Roots in uiprily when the Flowers are in Bloom i thefe Olf- lets muft be planted into fmall Pots, fill'd with the fame Sort of Earth, as was before diredted for the Seedlings, and during the Sum- mer Sealbn, fliould be fet in a Ihady Place, and muft be often re- frefii'd with Water, but in the Winter fl:iould be fnclter'd from the violent Rains j the Spring follow- ing, thefe young Plants will pro- duce Flowers, tho' but weak,- foon after they are pad flowering, you mull put them into larger Pots, and the fecond Year they will blow in Perteflion. But in Older to obtain a fine Bloom of theie Flowers, you mufl obferve the following Directions: Firft, Preferve yoer Plants from too much Wet in Winter, which often rots and fpoils them, but let them have as much free open Air as polfible; npr iliould they be too much expos'd to the Sun, which is apt to forward their budding for Flower too foon ; and the frofty Mornings which often happen in March, do thereby deftroy their Buds, if they are not proteded therefrpm* A U Secondly, In the Beginning of February, if the Weather is mild, you muft take off the upper Part of the Earth in your Auriculas Pots, as low as you can without difturbing their Roots, and fill up the Pots with frelli rich Earth, v/hich will greatly ftrengthen them for Bloom j as alio prepare your OiT-fets for tranfplanting in Aprily by caufing tiiem to pulh out new Roots. Thirdly, You muft cover your Pots with Mats in frofty Weather, during this Time ot their budding for Flower, left the fharp Morn- ings blight them, and prevent their blowing. Fourthly, When your Flower- Stems begin to advance, and the bloflbm Buds grow turgid ; you muft prote6t them from hafty Rains, which would wafti off their white meally Farina, and greatly deface the Beauty of their Flowers'; but at the fame Time, obferve to keep them as much uncover'd as poifible, otherwifc their Stems will be drawn up too weak to fupport their Flowers, (which is often the Cafe when their Pots are placed under Walls) and give them gentle Waterings to ftrengthen them; bur let none of the Water fall into the Center of the Plant or among their Leaves. Fifthly, When your Flowers be- gin to open, you Ihould remove their Pots upon a Stage (built with Rows of Shelves, one above an- other, and cover'd on the Top, to preferve them from Wet j this fhould be open to the Morning Sun, but flielter'd from the Heat of the Sun in the Middle of the Day) in this Pofition they will ap- pear to much greater Advantage, then when the Pots ftand upon the Ground ; for their Flowers being low. A Z low, their Beauty is hid from iisj whereas when they are advanced upon Shelves, we fee them in a full View; in this Situation they may remain, until the Beauty of their Flowers are paft ; when they mufl be fet abroad to receive the Rains, and have open free Air, in order to obtain Seeds, which will fail if they are kept too long under Shelter. When your Seed is ripe, obferve to gather it when it is per- fectly dry, and expofe it to the Sun in a Window upon Papers, to pre- vent its growing mouldy, and let it remain in the Pods till the Sea- fbn for lowing it. Thofe Perfons who are curious in having their Flowers very ftrong, do never fuffer more than two Heads to remain upon each P^oot i for where there arc more left, the Heads will be weak, and each will produce a fmail Tiufs of Flowers. Therefore where there is but one ftrong Head upon a Root, the Trufs of Flowers will be much the ftronger. In Autumn thefe Plants muft be carefully rlear'd from rorfen or de- cayed Leaves, which, if fuffered to remain upon the Plants, will great- ly weaken, and fometimes wholly dcflroy them. You muft alfo ob- ferve that the Wet be not detain'd in the Pots, for where this happens to be lodged any Time, it rarely fails to kill the Plants. AURICULA URSI iMYCONI ; vide Verbafcum. AZED'\RACHi The Bead-Tree. The Characters are ; Jt hath pennated Leaves fomcvohat like thofe of the Afl} j the TloTners eonfif. of five Leaves, which expand in form of a Role ; in the Center of the Iloroer is a long fimbriated Tube, containing the Styles the Fruit is rQundifl) andfiefJjy, containing a hard A Z furrorp'd Nut, which is divided iniG five Cells, each containing one o&long broadifi) Seed. We have, at prefent, but one Specie of this Tree in England y v/hich is, AzEDARACH. Bod. The Bead- Tree. This Tree is propagated only by Seeds (which may be obtain 'd from Italy or Spain, where they annu- ally produce ripe Fruits in the Gar- dens where they are planted ; for it is not an Inhabitant of either of thofe Countries ; ) The Seeds or Berries fljould be fown in Pots fiU'd with good frei"h light Earth, and plung'd into a Hot-bed of Tanners- bark, where (if the Seeds are frefh) they will come up in about two Months time : When the Plants are come up, you fliould water them frequently, and begin to let them have a large Quantity of free Air, by raifing the GlalTes every Day ; and in July you fnould ex- pofe them to the open Air, in a well flieiter'd Situation, that they may be harden'd before Winter. In Oliober you fliould remove the Pots into the Confervatory, where they fhould be plac'd near the Windows, that they may enjoy free open Air, when the Weather is mild, for they don't care to be over-top'd with other Plants. Du- ring the Winter Seafon you mull refrefh them gently with Water, but by no means repeat this too often, nor give them too much each timei for their Leaves being dropp'd, they will not be in a Con- dition to throw ofF a Superfluity of Moifture. In March following you may fhake out your Plants from the Seed Pots, and divide them, plant- ing each into a feparate fmall Pot, fili'd with light frefli Earth, plung- ing A Z ing them into a moderate Hot -bed, which will greatly promote their Rooting, and increale their Growth; but you fiiould not draw them too much, but give them a large Share of Air when the Weather is good, and in June you fhould remove them out into the open Air as be- fore; and during the three or tour Winters, while the Plants are young, you muft houfe them, to fecure them from tlie Cold ; but when the Plants are grown pretty large and woody, they will endure to be planted in the open Air: The beft Sealbn for this is in Airily at which time you fhould fhakc them out of the Pots, being careful not to break the Eirth trom the Roots, but only pare off with a Knife the Outlidc of the Bail of Earth ; then open your Holes, and put in the Plant, doling the Earth to its Roots, oblerving, if the Weather is dry, to give it fome Water, which fhould be repeated twice a Week until the Plants have taken Root : But you mull: obferve to plant them on a dry Soil, and in a warm Situation, otherwile they will be liable to mifcarry in fevere frofty Weather. 1 have been inform'd, that there w^as formerly a large Tree of this Kind, in the Gardens of the Bifhop of London, at Tulham, which pro- duced Flowers fcveral Years ; but this, with many other valQable Trees, which were grown to a confiderable Height in the fame Gardens, have been long iince de- molilh'd. At prefent I don't know of any of thefe Trees in Etigla-nd, which are arrived to any confiderable Sra- ture; but I have tranfplanted one Tree, which is fevcn Years old, into the open Ground in the Phy- lick-Garden, which I find refills B A the Cold extremely well without any Shelter. In the Year lygi* I had fever al of thole Plants flowered in the Phy lick-Gar den, which were but four Years old from Seed ; but that Plant which grew in the open Ground did not flower altho' it was three times the Size of the others. At Faris there are fome large Plants of this Kind, which do produce Flowers and Fruit al- moil every Year. There is another Kind of this Tree, which is preferved in fome curious Gardens in Holland i which is called j Anedarach fempervirens 0> for ens, i. e. The Bead Tree which is always green and flower- ing. But this I have not feen in England. The outfide Pulp ot this Fruit is in fome Countries eat, but I don't find it is miuch commended ; but the Nut is by the Monks (and other Religious Perfons in Roman Catholic k Countries) bored thro* with an Awl, and ftrung as Beads, with which they fay their Vater- Nojhr, which has occafion'd its h^- mg C2[V d i\\Q Bead-Tree. AZEROLE, or WAZAROLE; ^ide Mefpilus. B A BACCHARIS; Plowman's Spikenard ; njide Conyza. bALAUSTIA; ^zW^ Punica. BALAUSTIUM; The Cup of the Flower of the wild Pomegranate, BALLOTEi Stinking Black Horehound. The CharaBers are; It hath Leaves like the Dead- Nettie j the Flowers are produced in Bunches at the Joints of the Stalks, frcm B A from the Tedicle of the Leaves, ■which have one fingle Footfialk, and Jiand but on one Side of the Stalks ; the Cup of the Flower is tubulous, and hath five Angles, divided into five Segments at the Top j the Galea (or Crefl) of the Flower is hollow, and the Beard is cut into three Farts, the middle Fart being broad, ami JJjap'd like a Heart 5 each I'lower is fucceeded by four naked Seeds. We have two Varieties of this Plant growing wild in England-^ which are, 1. Ballote; Mat(h.2if. Mar- rubrium, nigrum, five Ballote. J. B. The {linking Black Hore- hound. 2. Balloted fore albo. Journ. Stinking Black Horchound, with white Flowers. The firil of thefe Plants is com- mon upon moft dry Banks near Lcmlon, and is feldoin fuffer'd to have a Place in Gardens ; but this being a Plant fometimes uled in Phylick, I thought proper to men- tion it in this Place, it may be ealily propagated by either Seeds or Roots, but is very apt to in- creafe too faft in a Garden. This is the common Black Horehound of the Shops : The fecond Sort is a Variety of the fir ft, which is found fometimes with the other wild. BALM; vide MelifTa. BALSAMINA; The Female Bal- 1am ine, or Balfam Apple. The Characters arc ; It hath an anomalous Flower, tohich conjifls of an unequal Num- Ser of Leaves, having fometimes two, three, four, fix, or more Leaves, Toith a Gal car or Spur to the Flower: Thefe Flowers are fucceeded by turbi- nated Vejfels, refembling Fods, which, vohen ripe, upon the firft Touch burfi, and caft forth feveral roundifii Seeds, B A The Species are j 1. Balsamina lutea ; five, Noli me tangere. C. B. Tlie Yellow Balfaminei or. Touch me not. 2. Balsamina foemina j flore pur- purea. The Female Baljamine, with Purple Flowers. 3. Balsamina foemina ^ fore can- dido. H. L. The white Female Balfa?)mie. 4. Balsamina /ar;?2/»^; fore ru- bro. H. L. The red Female Bal- famine. y. Balsamina foemina-, flore mar- jore candido. Tourn. The large white-flower'd Balfajnine. 6. E\LSAMiKAfcemi?ia; fore ma~ jore fpeciofo. Tourn. The large fpe- cious flower'd Female Balfamine. 7. B ALS AMw A foemina i fore par- tim candido, partim purpureo. The purple and white- ftrip'd Balfamine. 8. ^ALsAhWK A foemina'.^ flore ma^ jore, elegant ifiimo var legato. The large-flower'd ftrip'd Balfamine. 9. Bals AMI'S A foemina; flore ma- jore pleno, elegantiffime variegato* The double large-flower'd ftrip'd Balfamine ; or. Immortal Eagle Flower. The firft of thefe Species is pre- ferv'd in Gardens, for the Diver- fion it affords when the Seed Vef- fels are ripe, by defiring ignorant Perfons to gather them, who are furpriz'd to find, upon the firft: Touch, that the Pods fly to Pieces in their Hands: This Plant is very hardy in refpedt to Cold ; and is Annual, and if fuiftr'd to caft its Seeds, v/ili come up every Spring without any Carej it delights beft: in moift fliady Places, where, if it is not rooted out,- it will multiply faft enough. The other Sorts are commonly rais'd on Hot-beds in the Spring, and afterwards planted into Pots or Borders, to adorn Court- Yards and Par- B A Parterres. The fecond, third, and fourth Sorts will come up in the common Ground, without any ar- tificial Heat, and make ftronger Plants than when rais'd in a Hot- bed, and ftand longer in Flower, but the four lafl mention'd Sorts are much tenderer, and muft be rais'd on a Hot>bed, and afterward planted in Pots, and fet into a frefh Hot-bed to bring them forward (efpecially the laft Sort) which otherwife will not flower foon enough to produce ripe Seeds. There are two different Kinds of this large double-flowcr'd Balfawine, one is brought from the Wefi-Indies^ by the Name of the Cock/pur j this is very apt to produce large ftrong Plants, but rarely begins to flower till the End of the Summer, and then very often hath but fmall Quantities of Flowers, and feldom produces ripe Seeds in England. The other Sort is brought from China,, by the Name of Im?nortal Eagle Flower -y this Plant produces large beautiful double Flowers in great Quantities, and is one of the fineft annual Plants we have, con- tinuing a long time in Flower, (efpecially if flielter'd from the Vio- lence of Wind and Rain, both of which are great Enemies to this Plant) i this Sort alio ripens Seeds very well, but is apt to degenerate in a few Years with us to fmgle Flowers, and plain Colours. TheJe Plants muft be taken great Care of while young, and in the Hot-bed, particularly to give them as much free Air as poflible, to prevent their running up too ilen- der , nor muft they have much V/ater, which often rots tJiem at Bottom near the Surface ot the Ground. When you put thefe Plants into pots, obferve tochufe fuchashave B A clear fpotted Stems, which always produce ftrip'd Flowers, and thole with greenifti Stems white Flow- ers, and the red Stems red Flowers: So that it you have Plants enough, you need only take the ftrip'd ones. And in order to prcferve them from degenerating, you flwuld take off all fmgle or plain-colour'd Flow- ers from your Plants, and not fuf- fer them to ieed, by which means you will preferve this beautiful Plant many Years longer than you otherways could. BALSAMITAi Coftus Horto- rum, or Coft-Mary. The characters are ; The Floivers are naked, and of a yellow Colour, growing in Umbels ort the Top of the Stalks; the Leaves are intire, and are crenated about the Edges. We have at prefent but one Specie of this Plant in the Englifj Gardens, which is, Balsamita; major. Dod. The large Coft-Mary. This Plant was formerly in greater Requeft than it is at pre- lent ; many People were fond of it in Soups with other Herbsj and its Ufe in Medicine is, at prefent, but finall : However as it hath been an old Garden-Herb, I thought proper to mention it in this Place. This Plant increales very faft at the Root, and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation, fb that vvho- ever hath a mind to propagate it, need only plant a few Slips m the Spring or Autumn, in any com- mon Border, and they will foon be furnifh'd with enough of it, BAMIA MOSCHATA j %'ide Ketmia. BANANA; -vide Mufa. BARBA CARPAi 'vide Ulmaria. BARBAJOVISi Jupiter's Beard, or Sliver Bulh, The B A The Characiers are ; It hath pennated or xpin^ed Leaves ; the Flowers are papilionaceous, and are fucceedcd by friort o lal Pods, in which is, for the /nofi pert, contain- ed one rcmiiliJJ} Seed. The Species are j 1. Barb A Jovis\ pulchre lucens. J, B. The Silver Buftii -vulgo. 2. Barb A foviss Hifpanica, in- cana, flare luteo. Tourn. Spanifh Jupiter's Beard. ■> 3. Barb A yovis ; Carolimana, arborefcens, Pfeudoacacid foliis. Bai- tard Indigo IncoUs. Ra.zd.Aci. PhiL N. 407. Baftard Indigo, or Caro- lina Birba Jovis. 4. Barb a fovis-., Africana, foliis liridibus pinnatis, fiore Cdruleo, Boerh. Ind. The African Jupiter's Beard, with deep green Leaves and blue Flowers. The hril of thefe Plants is very common in many Gardens} the fecond is, at prelent, more rare with US} the third Sort was rais'd from Seeds fent from America, by Mr. Catesby, and is by the Inhabi- tants made into a coarfe fort of Indigo : This grows to be a large Shrub, and will reiift the Cold m the open Air very well; it pro- duces beautiful Spikes of Flowers, and for Diverfity merits a Place in Quarters of curious flowering Trees. This Shrub will iometimes produce ripe Seeds, by which means it may be ealily propagated, and will alfo take Root by laying down the Branches in the Spring, which by the next Spring will be fit to tranl- plant out : It delights in a landy dry Soil, and m.uft have Room to fprcad its Branches, which extend a conliderable Dillance from the Stem^: It is alfo fuhje6t to fplit if cxpos'd to ftrons; Winds. The fourth Sort may be pre- ferv'd with the firil and iecond in ' B A a common Green-houfe : They are not very tender, but require much free Air in good Weather and fre- quent Waterings: They are all pro- pagated by Seeds, which fhould be fown on a Hot-bed in the Spring, and tranfpiantcd into Pots of good light Earth (but not over-dung'd) and hous'd in W^inter, with Myr- tles, iQt'C, and have a good Efted in adding to the Diverlity of the Green-houie : Thcfe Plants will fometimes take Root from Cut- tings; but as 'tis difficult to obtain Plants this Way, and the Seeds many times ripen very well with us, Co I would recommend the raifmg them that Way, as the mofl fure and expeditious. BARBAP>.EA, or Winter-Crefs j vide Sifymbrium. BARDANA } Burdock i vide Lappa. BASELLA; f>r Climbing Night- Shade /w;?2 Malabar. The Characters are ; It hath an annual Root : The Stalks are climbing, and of a purple Colour : The Leaves are roundy thick, and fucculent, and of a dark green Colour : From the Foot-Jlalk cf the Leaves are produc'd Spikes of Flowers, which are Male and Female, in diferent Parts of the Spike : The Female Flowers are fuccecded by flat Berries., in each of -which is contained one hard Seed. Thcrje is but one Specie of this Plant, at prefcnr, known in Eng- land, which is, Basella. Hort.Mal. Climbing Nighr-Shade This Plant muO: be fown early in the Spring upon a Hot-btd; and when come up, muft be planted into Pors of good frcfii Earth, and iet into a frefli Hot-bed, in order to bring it forward; and when grown too high to be conrain'd under B A under the GlafTes, may be iet into the Green-houfe, or in fome well- defended Part of the Garden, that it may ripen its Seeds, There is no great Beauty in the Flower, but for the lingular Appearance of the Plant, it may deferve a Place in all curious Collections of Plants. BASILICUM, or Bafil j vide Ocymum. BASONS, or Fountains, &c, which ferve either for the Orna- ment or Ufe of Gardens, are made ijj divers Forms, fomc round, fome oblong or oval, others Iquare, oc- tangular, ^c. but their moft com- mon Form is circular ; and, if the Ground will permit, the larger they are, the better : and when they ex- ceed in Size, they are called Pieces of Water, Canals, Mirrors, Fiih- ponds, Pools, and Refervoirs. In making thefe, Care ought to be taken to avoid both the Ex- tremes, and not to make them either too big or too little} that a Water-work may not take up the beft Part of a Imall Spot of Ground i nor to make too little a Bafon in a large Spot. This muft "depend in- tirely on the Judgment of the De- figner of the Garden. Some would have the Size of a Bafon to be proportion'd to the ye( d' Eau, that the Water thrown up in the Air, may not, by being blown by the Air, be carried be- yond the Edge of the Bafbrii but all fall down without wetting the Walk. As to the Depth of Bafons, it is ufually from two Feet to two Feet and a half at moft: This Depth being fufficient to fecure the Bot- tom of the Bafons from Froft and to dip Watering-pots. But if they are to ferve for Re- fervoirs, or to keep Fifh in, then they may be made four or five B A Feet deep, which will both hold Water enough, and be deep enough for the Fifh to breed in, and alfo to bear a Boat. Deeper than this they need not be; and if thy were deeper, they would be dangerous as to the drowning of Perfbns, who might chance to fall in. In making Bafons, great Care ought to be taken in making them at fir ft ; for the Water always na- turally endeavouring to run away, and by its Weight and PrefTure in a Bafon, making its Way out at the leaft Cranny, it will grow con- ftantly bigger and bigger, fb that if it be not well made at firft, it will be very difficult to repair it. . Bafons are made either with Clay, Cement, or Lead; they are moft: uilially made of Clay: In making fuch, at the marking out the Di- menfions, the Diameter ought to be four Feet bigger on each Side; yet the Bafon will not be the wider, for it will be taken up with the Walls on each Sidej and the Clay Work, which is to fill the Space between tht Bafon, muft alfo be dug two Feet deeper than the Depth of the Water is delign'd to be, becaufe it is to be laid over eighteen Inches thick with Clay, and fix Inches with Gravel and Paving. The Clay ought to be well wrought with the Hands and Wa- ter, and when it is fpread, fhould be trodden in with the naked Feet, that the Water of the Bafon may not dilate through it, or the Roots of any Trees that may grow near, may not penetrate into the outward Wall 5 which may be made of Shards, Rubble, or Pints, with Mortar made of the natural Earth, and is called the Ground-wall, be- caufe 'tis only made to refift the I PrelTure B A PrefTure of the Ground about it. The inward Wall ought to be made with good Rubble-ftones, that will not fcale and come off in Flafhes in the Water i or elfe of Flints and Stones from the Hills, which will make durable Work, but will not look fo neat as the pointed Rubble j and there ought to be laid here and there Stones, the Thicknefs of the Wall, to render it the more fub- ftantial. The Method of making Bufons of Cement is as follows : After you have mark'd out the Dimenfions of the Bdfon as before, if you in- large it one Foot nine Inches, it will be fufficientj and the fame Depth deeper at the Bottom will be enough. This being done, you mufi: be- gin to back up and raife againft the Ground j cut perpendicularly a Wall of Mafonry a Foot thick, which mull goto the Bottom, and fhould be built with Sliards and Rubble-ftones laid in Mortar of Lime and Sand. When the Wall is finilh'd round the Circumference, then the Bot- tom is to be wrought a Foot thick with the fame Materials i and then the folid Work or Lining of Ce- ment is to be back'd up againft the Walls nine Inches thick, include- ing the Plaiftering and inward Sur- face. This Solid ought to be made of fmall Flints, laid in Beds of Mor- tar made ot: Lime and Cement, When this Solid is eight Inches thick, it ought to be plaifter'd over the whole Surface of the Bottom with Cement well fifted before it be temper'd v/ith Lime j and with this it fhould be wrought over fmooth w th the Trowel. The Proportion of this Cement, (hould be two Thirds of Cement, or powder'dTiie, to one Third of Lime. B A The Cement has the Property to harden fo under Water, that it will be as hard as Stone or Marble, and the Body will be fo folid as never to decay. After the finifhing of the Bafon, the Plaiftering ftiould be for four or five Days fucceflively anointed over with Oil or Bullock's Blood, to prevent it from cracking or flaw- ing j this being done, the Water fhould be let into the Bafon as foon as may be. Tho£Q Bafons which are made of Lead, are to be thus wrought : The Out-lines ought to be inlarg'd one Foot of a Side, and digg'd half a Foot deeper than the Bafon is to be. The fide Wall muft be made a Foot thick, that it may be able to bear up againft the E^rth lying a- gainft it j but the Bottom will not require to be more then half a Foot thick. Thefe Walls muft be built with Bjiibble laid in Mortar all of Plaifter, becaufe the Lime will eat the Lead j and then the Lead muft be laid on the Walls and Bottom, and be feam'd with Solder. But Ba,fons of Lead are not much in Ufe, becaufe of their great Charge in making, and the Danger of the Lead being ftolen. Great care ought to be taken to keep the upper Edge and Super- ficies of a Bafon upon a Level, that the Water may cover all the Walls equally. As for the wafte Pipes of Bafons, whether at the Bottom or Super- ficies, they ought not to be made too fmall, left they fliould be choak'd, notwithftanding the Cauls that arc drawn before them. When this wafte Water is only to be loft in Sinks and common Scwer^, it is carry'd away in Drains or B A or Earthen Pipes ; but when it fervcs to play the Bafons that lie below it, it muft pals through Leaden Pipes. Bauhinia j Mountain Ebony, •vulgo. This Plant takes its Name from ^ohn and Cafpar Bauhin, two fa- mous Botaniils, who wrote feveral of the moil celebrated Books in Botany. The Characters are ; It hath a polypetalous anomalous Flower, confijlmg of five or njore LeaveSi which are difpos'don one fide of the Flower ^ from whofe Calyx arifes the incurved Fointal (accom- panied with the Stamina of the fame Form) which afterwarJs becomes a Pod inclofing Kidney fijap'd Seeds . The Species are^ 1. Bauhinia j aculeata folio ro- tundo emarginato. Flum. N. G. The Indian Savin Tree j vulgo. 2. Bauhinia i non aculeata, folio ampliori (y> bicorni. Flum, N. G. Mountain Ebony ; vulgo. The firft of thcfe Trees grows very plentifully in the low Lands of Jamaica, and in feveral other Parts of the Wefi-Indies ; it rifes to the Height ot fifteen or lixteen Feet, and produces fine Spikes of beautiful yellow Flowers at the Ends of the Branches ; and the whole Plant, if bruis'd, doth emit a ilrong Scent, fo me what like Savin, from whence the Inhabitants of the U-^efi- Indies gave it the Name of Indian Savin Free. The fecond Sort grows very plentifully on the Hills in every Part of the IHand of Jamaica. This riies to the Height of fixteen or eighteen Feet, and produces Cluf- ters of party-coloured Flowers at the Extremity of the Branches, which are fucceeded by long flat Pods, In which are contain'd the B E Seeds. The Wood of this Tree being very hard, the Inhabitants of the Wefi-l72dies have given it the Name of Mountain Ebony. Thefe Plants may be rais'd fi-om Seeds, which ;ire eafily obtain'd from the m/l-Indies. The Seeds muft be fown on a Hot-bed early in the Spring, and when the Plants are come up, they muft be tranfplanted each into a feparate Imall Pot; filled with frefli light Earth, and plunged into a Hot-bed of Tanners-uark, obferving to water and fliade 'em until they have taken Root j after v/hich, they muft have Air and Water in Proportion to the Warmth of the Seafoii, and the Heat of the Bed in which they are placed. When the Plants have filled the Pots with the r Roots, they muft be fhified into other Pots of a lar- ger Sizej and if they are grown too hig'i to remain under the Frames of the Hot- bed, they muft be removed into the Bark-ftove, where they muft be preferved in the Winter Seafon, obferving to place thefirft in a warm Situation: but the fecond Sort being hardier, doth not require fo much Heat, Thefe Plants muil have a large Share of free Air in Summer, but in Win- ter they muft be kept" pretty c'ofe; • they muft alfo be frequently refrefh'd with Water, but it muft not be given them in large Quantities, for too much Moifture is apt to rot their Roots. In this Management the Plants will thrive very well, and may in a few Years produce their Flowers. BAY ; vide Laurus. BEANS; vide Faba. Kidney or French BEANS j vi^ Phafeolus. BEAN-TREFOIL j vid^ Cy< tiffus. BEARVEARj W^ Auricula, I » B£AR'i- B E BEAR*;-EAR SANICLE ; -vide Verbafcum. BEAR'^-FOOT j vUe Hellebo- tns. BECABUNGAj rr Brook-lime. This is a Sort of Veronica ot Water- Speed weU of which there are two Sorts ; one with a long Leaf, and the other round : They are both very common in Ditches and watery Places almoft every where in England. BEE or Gnat-Flower 5 vUe Orchis. BEECH TREE , vide Fagus. BELL FLOWER j vide Campa- nula. BELLADONAi Deadly Night- Shade. The Characters are i It hath a Bell-fljafd Flower con- pfting of one Leaf, rohich is divided into five acute Segments at the Top, Each ofthefe Florvers is fucceeded by tt globular, foft Fruit, which is divided into two Cells, in which are lodged the Seeds. We have but one Species of this Plant common in England, which is, Belladoma i majoribus foliis ^ floribus. Tourn The common Deadly Night-Shade. This Plant grows very common in many Parts of England about Farmers Yards, and in fhady Lanes, but is never kept in Gardens, un- lefs in thofe of Botanifts ; nor in- deed (hould it be fuffer'd to grow in any Places where Children refort, for it is a flrong Poifbn, and there have been feveral Inilances within a few Years paft ot its deadly Qua- lity, by feveral Children being kill'd with eating the Berries, which are of a fine black Colour, and about th.t Size of a black Cherry, and not unplcaiant to the Talle. Mr*. Kay gives a good Account of B E the various Symptoms it produce?, by what happen'd to a Mendicant Friar, upon his drinking a Glafs of Mallow- wine, in which was this Plant infus'd. In a fhort Time he be<:ame delirious, foon after was feized with a grinning Laughter, after that, feveral irregular Motions, and at lafl: a real Madnels fucceeded, and fuch a Stupidity as thofe that are fbttifhly drunk havej which, after all, was cured by a Draught of Vinegar. Th-ere is alio an Inftance of the direful Effedts of this Plant recorded in Buchanan's Hiftory of Scotland, wherein he gives an Account of the Deftru6lion of the Army of Sweno, when he invaded Scotland, by mix- ing a Quantity of the Juice of thefe Berries, with the Drink which the Scots by their Truce were to fup- ply them with, which fo intoxica- ted the Banes, that the Scots fell upon them in their Sleep, and kil- led the greateft Part of them, fo that there were fcarcely Men enough left to cyry off their King. This Plant being of fo deadly Quality, fliould be extirpated where^ ever it grows wild, before the Ber- ries are ripe, to prevent the dan- gerous Effe6ts which may happen by their being eat. There are fome Perfons who give a Reward an- nually for deftroying all the Plants which grow in their Pari flies ; and Her Grace the Durchcfs of Marlbo- rough, conftantly orders it to be rooted out from her Park at Wood- flock, where it formerly grew in great Plenty. B ELLIS j the Daizie. The Characters are ; It hath a perennial Root, the Stalks are naked, and never branch out ; the Calyx (^or Cup) of the Flower is fcaly and Jtmple, divided into many SegmmtSi almofi to the lootfialk 5 B E the Flowers are radUteJ, and the Beadsy after the Vetals are fallen off, refemble obtufe Cones, The Species zre i 1. BELLiSi Sylvefiris; minor. C. B. The Common fmall Daizie. 2. Bell IS j Sylvefiris i minor j fiore mifio. C. B, The fmali ftrip'd Daizie. 3. Be^lis; hortenfis i fiore pleno, magno, vel parvo rubro. C. B. The red Garden Daizie, with double Flowers. 4. Bellis; hortenfis ; fiore plena, magno, vel parvo albo. C. B, The white double Garden Daizie, 5". BELLisi hortenfis i fiore pleno, magno, vel parvo, varie ex candido 0» rubro. C. B. The double ftrip'd Garden Daizie. 6. BELLisi hortenfis prolifera. C. B. The Garden childing Daizie, tommonly called. The Hen and Chicken Daizie. 7. Bellis ; hortenfis ; fiore pleno ; albo, informam criftA gallifigurato. The white Cockfcomb Daizie. 8. Bellis; hortenfis \ fiore pleno; rubro, in formam crift* galli figu- rato. Boerh. InJ. The red Cockf^ comb Daizie. The firft and fecond Sorts, are very common in the Meadows, al- moft in every Part of hngland : They are ufed indifferently in Me- dicine, being the fame in all re- fpeds, except the Colour of the Flowers : This is alfo called Confo- Uda mmima, or the leaft Con- fouud. The different Varieties of the Garden Daizies, are propagated by parting their Roots in Autumn, and fhould be plamted in Borders of ftrong Earth, which are expofed to the Eaft} for the great Heats in Summer are very fubjedt to deftrov thefe Plants if they are too much lexpofed thereto. Thefe Plants are B E pretty Ornaments to a Garden in the Spring of the Year ; and may be planted for Edgings in large rural Walks in Wilderneffes, where the Soil is poor, which will pre- vent their fpreading too much, but in Parterre Gardens they fhould on- ly be planted in lingle Roots in ihady Borders, and every Year tranfplanted, which will prefer ve them in their Colours, and keep them within Compafs. BELLIS MAJOR i vide Leucan- themum. BELVEDERE i vide Chenopo- dium. BENZOIN j the Benjamin-Tree. The CharaBers are ; From a Calyx, which confifts of four Leaves, are produced three fmall flowers, which have an oblong Tube j the upper Bart, which is expanded, is divided into eight Segments : Be- tween thefe Segments are feveral fljort Stamina or Threads j and in> the Middle of the Tube is the Ova- rium, which becomes the Fruit. We have but one Spm^s of this Plant in England, which is. Benzoin. Boerh. Ind. Arbor Benaoinifera. Breyn. Prod. The Benjamin-Tree} vulgo. This Tree was brought from Virginia into England fome Years fince, and was by many People kept in Green-houfes as a tender Plant 5 but it hath been fmce planted into the open Ground, Vv^here it hath thriven mighty well, and is found hardy enough to refift the fevereft Cold of Qu'r Winters : It common- ly produces its Flowers early in the Spring laefore the green Leaves ap.- pear, and many tisnes will flower again in the Autumn, if the Seafcis proves mild, but I have not feen any Fruit produced in EngUnd^ This Tree is propagated by lay- ing down th^ tender Branches in I 3 the B E the Spring of the Year ; whicli by the fuccec^ing Spring will have made Roots fufficient to be tranf- planted. The befl; Seafbn for this Work is juft before the green Leaves come out. From this Tree is was formerly luppos'd that the Gum Benjamin was produced ; but 'tis now gene- rally otherwife believed j for that Gum is brought from the E^Ji- Jndies: nor is it certainly known jfrom what Tree or Plant it is pro- duced ; And this Tree being a Na- tive of the Wejl-Indies, if any fuch Gum had been produc'd from the Trees, it would have been more certainly known, and we fhouid have been furnifhed from thence with the Gum long before this Time. BERBERIS ; the Barberry or Pipperidge Bufh. The Characters are 5 It isfet roith (loarp Trickles: The Leaves are oblong, and ferrated on the Edges : The Flowers confift of fix 'Leaves, -which expand in Form of a JLofe, and are of a yellow Colour : The Fruit is long, of an acid Tafle, mid for the mofi fart of a red Co- lour, and grows in Clujiers hayiging down: The Bark of the Tree is whi- tifh. The Species are; 1. Berberisj Dumetorum. C.B. The common Barberry. 2. Berberis ', fine Nucleo. C. B, ISarberry without Stone. 3. Berberis; latijjimo folio -, Ca- nadenfis, H. R. P. The broad- leav'd Canada Barberry. 4. Berberis; fruciu albo. The white Barberry. The firft of thefe Sorts is very common in England, being often plinred for Hedges j but the beft Method to have large good Fruit, h to plant them eight or ten Feet B E aiPjnder, keeping their Middles thin, and free from dead Wood ; but their Fruit being for the moft part produced towards the Extremity of their Branches, you fhouid be Spa- ring in (hortning them ; and when this is done, it fhouid be at Michael- mas, when their Leaves begin to decay. The fecond Sort, I believe to be only an accidental Variety of the firft j for young Plants taken from old Trees, which produce Fruits without Stones, are rarely found to prove right; and it hath been ob- ferv'd, that none but old Trees produce their Fruits fb, nor are all the Fruits upon the fame Tree without Stones. That Sort with white Fruit feems not to differ from the common, except in the Colour of the Fruit. The Canada Barberry hath been of late Years introduced amongfl: us. The Leaves of this Tree are larger than thofe of the common Sort; but how its Fruit differs from the common I can't at prefent fay, having not feen any produc'd in England, although the Tree is equally as hardy as the common Sort. Thefe are all propagated from Suckers taken from Roots of the old Plants, which generally furnilh them in abundance : Or they may be rais'd from Seeds, or by bying down their Branches, which will in one Year take fufficient Root to be tranfplanted : They delight in a ftrong loamy Soil, and may be planted either in October or Fe- bruary. BETA ; the Beet. The Characters are ; It hath a thick fiefl)j Root : The Flowers have no vifible Leaves, but have many Stamina or Threads^ which are colleded into a Globe: The B E The Cup of the Flower is divided in- to five Segments: The Seeds are co- vered with a hard outer Coat, and grow two or three together in a Bunch. The Species ^rc; 1 . Beta j al6a ; vet pallefcens quA Cicla ojficinarum. C. B. The com- mon white Beet. 2. Betaj communis; five viridis. C. B. The common green Beet. 3. Beta} rubra-.^ vulgaris. C.B. The common red Beet. 4. Beta i rubra i radice RapA rotunda. Boerh. Ind. The Turnip- rooted red Beet, f. Beta \ rubra, major. C. B. The great red Beet. 6. Beta ; lutea, major, C. B, P. The yellow Beet. 7. Beta j maxima i Helveticay latijjitno caule. Boerh. Ind, The Swifs or Chard Beet. The two firft mentioned are pre- ferved in Gardens for the Ufe of their Leaves in Pot-herbs, but at prefent they are not lb much e- fteem'd as they have been, and are but in few Gardens : The other Sorts are propagated for their Roots, which, in Winter, are boil'd as • Parfnips, (^c, and ierv'd up to Table, and are by many greatly efteemed : The Red Beet is the moil commonly cultivated, and is often ufed to garnifli Di flies withal: The Srvifs Beet is by fome very much efleemed : The large flat Ribs of . the Leaves are ftew'd, and after- wards fry'd in Butter, v/hich is ac- counted by many a delicate Difli. Thefe Beets are all propagated by lowing their Seeds in February or March, in a (deep loofe Soil (but not over-dung'd) and niufl: be hoed out after they are come up, fo as to leave them ten or twelve Inches afunder, for they fprcad very much, , and if they have not Room, their B E Roots will be very fmall. The Gardeners near London, in order to make the moft of their Ground, fbw thefe Beets with Carrots upon the fame Ground, and draw off their Carrots in the Summer-time for the Market, before the Beets have grown very large j and when the Carrots are gone, there will be Room tor the Beets to grow, fb that they have a double Crop ; and if their Beets fliDuld happen to fail, they plant a Crop of Savoys for the Winter, fo that their Ground &l- dom lies idle. BETONICA; Betony. The Characters arej The Leaves are green, rough and crenated on the Edges : The Flowers are difpofed in a Spike : The upper Crejl of the Flower is advanced and divided into two Segments ; the Beard or lower Fart of the Flower is divided into three ; and the middle Segment is bifid; each Flower is for the moji part fucceeded by four naked Seeds. There are feveral Species of this Plant cultivated in Botanick Gar- dens ,- but as their Ufe and Beauties are not fufficient to recommend them to the Curious, {6 I Ihall pafs them over with only mentioning the common Sort which is ufed in Medicine. Betonica ; purpurea. B. C, The Common or Wood Betony. This Plant is very common in Woods and fhady Places in moft Parts of England : It may be pro- pagated in Ihady Borders in a Gar- den, by either lowing the Seeds in Spring, or by parting the Roots, which may be taken out of the Woods : The Soil Ihould be rather moift than dry, and not over rich. BETONICA AQUATICA i vide Scrophularia. 1 + BE- B E BETONICA PAULIj vide Ve- ronica. BETULA. The Birch-Tree. The Characiers are i The Leaves are like thofe of the Poplar J the Shoots are very /lender and weak ; the Juli or Catkins are produced at remote Biftances from the Fruits on the fame Tree -, the Truit becomes a little fquamofe Cone; the Seeds are roing'd, and the Tree cafis its outer Kind every Year. We have but one Species of this Tree in England, which is, Betula. Dod. The Birch- Tree. This Tree is propagated by Suck- ers taken from the Roots of old Trees, which may be tranfplanted either in OBohr or February: It delights in a poor Soil, and will grow in either moift fpringy Soils, or in ftony or gravelly Marflies, or Bogs : When the young Trees have been planted one Year, you fhould ( if deiignM for Underwood ) cut them down within fix Inches of the Surface, which will caufe them to (hoct out ftrong and vigorous Branches i but if they are delign'd for large Trees, it will be much better to let them ftand two Years before you head them down i and when you do it, cut them within three Inches of the Ground, that their Stems may beftraitand hand- ibme : But you muil obferve, when they begin to put out, whether they produce more than one Shoot ; which if they do, you muft rub off all but the ftrongeft and moft convenient Shoot, which muft be train'd up for a Stem. The Timber of this Tree, tho* accounted the worfi: of all others, yet is not without its various Ufes: The Turners often ufe it to make Chairs, Qr>e. and the Husband-man tor making Ox-yoaks i it is alfo B I planted for Hop-poles, Hoops, (^e. but in Places within twenty Miles of London, it is kept often cut to make Brooms, and turns to great Account. BIDENS J Water-Hemp Agri- mony. We have two or three Varieties of this Plant growing wild in Eng- land, but as they are neither ufeful, nor of any Beauty, fo I fhall pafs them over in this Place. BIFOLIUM} Twyblade. This Plant grows wild in moift Meadows in divers Parts of Eng- land i it rifes in May, and flowers in June, and foon after dies away. This Plant is of no Ufe or Beauty. BIGNONIA ; the Trumpet Flower or Scarlet Jafmine. The C^araBers arej It hath a tubulous Floroer, con- fifiing of oAe Leaf, which opens at the Top like two Lips : Thcfe Flow- ers are fucceeded by Pods, which are divided into two Cells, and contain feveral wing'd Seeds. The Species are i 1. BiGNONiA i Americana ,• Traxi- ni folio ; fiore amplo Vhoenicio. Tourn. The Scarlet Trumpet Flower-, vulgo. 2. BiGNONiA J Americana ; ca- preolis donata ;filiquabreviori. Tourn* The four-leav'd Dwarf Trumpet Flower; vulgo» 3. BiGNONiA •, Americana ; Ar^ bor ; flore luteo ; Fraxini folio. Flum. The large yellow Trum- pet Flower i vulgo. 4. BiGNONiA ; Americana ; Ar- bor ; SyringA Cdrule&foliis, flore pur- purea. Catesb. The blue Trum- pet Flower, or Cattalpa. The Sort firft mentioned is com- mon in feveral curious Gardens near London, and is planted againft Walls expos'd to the South Sun, where B I where it thrives and produces large Quantities of Flowers annually, but it requires a great deal of Room, for it is a large Shooter ; and the Flowers being always produc'd at the extreme Parts of the fame Year's Shoots, if thefe are ftopp'd, the Flowers are taken off; but in the Spring the young Branches may be fhortned to three or four Eyes, as in Vines, and the fmall weak Shoots taken out, leaving the large ones twenty Inches or two Feet afunder : Thefe Branches fir ike Roots into the Walls, by which they are fecur'd, and require very little Afliilance in nailing them up. The third Sort is fcarce in Eng' land at prefent: This is a Tree ot large Growth in the warm Parts of America, but being tenderer than the other Sorts, requires to be kept in a Stove in England. The fourth Sort was brought from the Bahama Iflands by Mr. Catesby a few Years lincc : This did produce Flowers in the Garden oiMx. Bacon 21 Hoxtony Anno 1732. It is very hardy, and grows to be a handfome upright Tree : The Leaves are very like thofe of the Lilac, but fomewhat larger. Thefe Trees are all of them propagated by laying their Branches, or from Suckers, (which in the two firft Sorts are produc'd in great Plenty j ; and fometimes the Cuttings will take Root, tho' not very often. The beft Seafon for tranfplanting thefe Trees, is in the Spring, after the cold V/eather is paft. They delight in a dry fandy Soil. BINDWEED i -vide Convolvu- lus. BIRCH-TREE 5 -vide Bctula. BISLINGUA,- tide Rufcus. BISTORTAj Biftort or Snake- weed. B L There are three or four Varieties of this Plant which are found wild in England, but as they are feldona planted in Gardens, fo I fhall pafs them over with only mentioning the common Sort which is ufcd in Medicine. BiSTORTA j major j radice tninus tntorta. C.B. The common great Bifiort, or Snake-weed. This Plant flowers in May, and if the Seafon proves moifl:, wili continue to produce new Spikes of Flowers till Augufi. It may be propagated by planting the Roots in a moifl fhady Border, either in Spring or Autumn, and will foon furniih the Ground with Plants j for it greatly increafes by its creep- ing Roots. BLADDER-NUT ; vide Staphyl- lodendron. BLATTARIA; Moth-Mullein. The Characiers arej The Leagues are plac'd alternately upon the Branches : The Cup of the Flower confijis of one Leaf, which is divided into five Segments : The Tlo-pper conjifls of one Leaf, which fpreads open, and is divided alfo into five Segments : They are produc'd in long Spikes, and are fucceeded by round Veffels, -which are divided into two Cells, and contain many fmall Seeds in each. The Species are ; 1. Blattaria; lutea. J. B. The yellow Moth-Mullein. 2. Blattarva j alba. C. B. The white Moth-Mullein. 3. Blattaria; flore rofeo. Boerh. Jnd, The Rofe-colour'd Moth- Mullein. 4. Blattaria j purpurea. C. B. The purple Moth-Mullein. y. Blattaria i perennis, felio Verbafci : flore luteo a?nplo. Mor. Hiji. B L Hiji- The perennial Moth- Mullein, with large yellow Flowers. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in the curious Gardens of the Bo- taniftsi but thefe mention'd are fbme of the mofl: beautiful, and are worthy prefcrving in ail curi- ous Gardens, except the firft, which IS a fpontaneous Plant in England -^ for which Reaibn 1 plac'd it here in the Front, to introduce the red. The three firfl mention'd are biennial Plants, never ftanding more than two Years, and fbmetimes but one: They muft be fown in the Spring j and when they are come up, may be tranfplanted where they are to remain for good. If any of thefe Plants Ihoot up to flower the firil Year, the Winter will (ieftroy them, but thole that are backward, will endure our fe- vereft Winters, provided they are planted on a dry rubbifhy Soil, and the next Spring will flower and produce good Seeds. The fourth and fifth Sorts are Perennials, their Roots abiding feveral Years in the Ground : Thefe are alfo rais'd by fowing their Seeds, for their Roots do fcldom part well, and the often removing them prevents their flowering ftrong. All thefe Sorts delight in a dry, poor, ftony, or gravelly Soil, and are often found growing upon old Walls and Buildings. BLIGHTS. There is nothing fo deftrudive to a Fruit-Garden as Blights ; nor is there any thing in the Bufmefs of Gardening which requires more of our ferious Attention than the endeavouring to prevent or guard againfl this great Enemy of Gar- dens. In order therefore to remedy B L this Evil, it will be neceffary firfl to underftand the true Caules of Blights : And altho' many curious Perlbns have attempted to explain the Caufes of them, yet very few of them have yet come near the Truth, except the Reverend and Learned Mr. hales, who hath, in his curious Book, intitlcd, Vegeta- ble Staticks, given us fome accu- rate Experiments upon the Growth and Perfpiration of Plants ; toge- ther with the various Effects the Air hath upon Vegetables, that by carefully attending thereto, toge- ther with diligent Obfervations, we need feldom be at a Lofs how to account for the Caufes of Blights whenever they may happen. But here I can't help taking No- tice of the feveral Caufo of Blights, as they have been laid down by fome of our modern Writers on Gardening i together,' with their various Methods prefcrib'd to pre- vent their Dcftrudion of Fruits, &c. Some have iuppos'd, that Blights are ufually produc'd by an Eaftcrly Wind, which brings vaft Quanti- ties of Infers Eggs along with it from fome diflant Place, which being lodg'd upon the Surfaces of the Leaves and Flowers of Fruit- Trees, caufe them to fhrivel up and perifh. To cure this Diftera- per, they advife the burning of wet Litter on the Windward Side of the Trees, that the Smoak thereof may be carried to them by the Wind, which they fuppofe will ftifle and deflroy thefe Infects^ and thereby cure the Diftemper. Others direft the Ufe of To- bacco-duft j or to waih the Trees with Water v/herein Tobacco- ftalks have been infus'd for twelve Hours ; which they fay will deftroy thefe Infe^tsj and recover the Trees : And B L And Pepper-duft fcatter'd upon the BIofToms of Fruit-Trees, has been recommended as very ufeful in this Cafe : And there are fome that ad- vife the pulling off the Leaves of the Tree, as the beft Remedy, when they are flirivel'd up and wither, and to cut off the fmaller Branches when they produce crook- ed and unnatural Shoots, and to fprinkle the Tree with a Watering- Pot or a Hand-Engine. Thefe Conjeftures concerning BlightSy how fpecious foever they may appear at firft Sight, yet, when duly conlider'd, will be found far {hort of the true Caufe, as will hereafter be fhewn. Some there are who imagine the mod deftrudive Blights which attend Fruit-Trees, are produced .by fmall Showers of Rain, or white Hoar-Frofts falling upon the Bloffoms of Fruit-Trees, which being fucceeded by cold North or Eafterly Winds, or frofty Mornings, are the Occafion of the frequent Blights which happen in the Spring Seafon. To prevent this Mifchiet, it hath been recommended by a late learned Author, to build new Wails i in which, at every third Courfe of Bricks, fhould be laid a Row of plain Tiles, which fhould projedb forward, and hang over the Plain of the Wall above an Inch and an half, to carry off the perpendicular Dews and Rains, leaving Room, at Diflances, be- tween the Tiles, to carry up the Branches of the Tree. This Me- thod is fo politively laid down, as a great Advantage for the more certain obtaining of Fruit, by a Gen- tleman whofe Profeffion fliould in- cline him to Modefly, cfpecially when he was not fure of his Fadis, that I can't pafs it over without fome Animadverfions. B L I. He fays. That thefe horizon- tal Shelters will be of Advantage, even in the mofl difficult Years, to preferve the Fruit, fo that a good Quantity of it may be almofl de- pended on from fuch Branches and Bloffoms as were fhelter'd by the Tiles, as he himfelf hud often ex- perience. As to this firfl Article, I need fay no more than what Mr. Collins hath already written, 'viz.. That this Reverend Gentleman acknow- ledg'd to him, at leafl a Year after his Book was printed, that he ne- ver had any Walls of that kind; but that, a few Days before this Vifit, he had fluck a few Pieces of Tiles and Oyfler-lliells into a Mud- wall, at particular Places, over fome Bunches of Bloffoms, with Mortar, which was not dry at that time; which he declar'd was his firfl Effay: Now how a Gentleman of his Character can aniwer the ad- vifing of Perfons to put themfelves to fuch an extravagant Expence as the building of new Walls for Fruit, with an Alfurance of Succefs, when it was only a firaple Imagination of his own, without fo much as a fingle Experiment to fupport it, I am wholly at a Lois to know. But let us proceed to his fecond Article, in which he fays. That Fruit thus flielter'd, will be larger, better fed, and finer' tafled than thofe on the fame Tree, which are more expos'd. This every one, who hath ever made any Obferva- tions on the different Tafte, Size, Colour, or Goodnefs of Fruits which grew on different Parts of the fame Tree, will, upon the firft reading, condemn as falfe j for let us only obferve fuch Fruits as are fometimes produced between the Wood-branches and the Wall-, and are by them depriv'd of the Ad- vantao;e B L vantage of a free open Air, fb that they cannot imbibe the kindly Dews, or other aerial Particles of Nourifhment, nor can they fo free- ly expire or throw off any ot thofe crude watery Particles which were convey 'd through the Branches oi the Tree to the Fruit, and we fhall find chat it never arrives to half its Bilagnitude, and is always tough, watery and infipid, efpecially in Teaches. This is much the fame with his horizontal Shelters j for the Rows of Tiles being plac'd in every third Courfe of Bricks, will effeflually keep off all Dews and Rains from the Fruit, Leaves, and Branches? both of which are by every one ailow'd to be abfolutely neceffary and ferviceable in the Buii- Befs of Vegetation. As to his third Article (vi^i,) that the Fruit will be much earlier ripe, 1 am very ready to fubfcribe to k i for let us but oblerve fuch Trees or Parts of Trees, as are in a decaying State, and are not capa- ble of affording proper Nourifh- ment to the Fruit, and we fhall always find thefe Fruits will be the firft ripcj but how good they will l»f, cither as to Size or Flavour, I Jliall fubmit to every one's Judg- ment that knows but the leaft of this Mittcr. In his fourth Article he fays, that Walls built with thefe Rows of TiiC5, vvnll effedlually cure that common Miftake of leading Wood- Branches perpendicularly. This I believe to be true, for a Wall built in this Manner, and well planted with Fruit-trees, will, in lefs than feven Years, have no Wood-Branches left alive to train either horizon- tally or perpendicular 5 as I can politively a.^rm w.is the Cafe, with a Wall built after his Directions within my ov/n Obfervation. B L But let us now examine the true Caufes of Blights, Co far as we have been enabled to judge from repeated Obfervations and Experi- ments. I. Blights then are often caus'd by a continu'd dry Eafterly Wind, for feveral Days together, without the Intervention of Showers, or any Morning Dew, by which the {| Perfpiration in the tender Bloffoms * is ftopp'd, fo that in a fhort Time their Colour is changed, and they wither and decay : And if it fo happens that there is a long Con- tinuance of the fame Weather, it equally affe6ts the tender Leaves, for their perfpirmg Matter is here- by thickned, and render 'd gluti- nous, clofely adhering to the Sur- faces of the Leaves, and becomes a proper Nutriment to thofe fmall Infefts which are always found preying upon the Leaves and ten- der Branches of Fruit-trees, when- ever this Blight happens ; but it is not thefe Infefts which are the firft Caufe of Blights, as hath been imagin'd by fbme ; tho' it muft be allowed, that whenever thefe In- fers meet with fuch a proper Food, they multiply exceedingly, and are inftrumental in promoting the Diftemperi fo that many times when the Seafon proves favourable to them, and no proper Care hath been taken to prevent their Mif- chief, it is furprizing to think how whole Walls of Trees have fuffered by this Infedicn. ' The befl Remedy for this Di- ftemper, that I have yet known fucceed, is, gently to waili and Iprinkle over the Trees from time to time with common Water (that is, fuch as hath not had any Thing fteep'd in it) and the iooner this is pertbrm'd (whenever we appre- hend Danger) the better, and if B L the young and tender Shoots feem to be much infeded, wafh them with a woollen Cloth, fo as to clear them, if polViblc, from all this glutinous Matter, that their Refpiration and Perfpiration may not be obftru6ted ; and if we place fome broad flat Pans or Tubs of Water near the Trees, that the Vapours exhaled from it may be received by the Trees, it will keep their tender Parts in a dudtile State, and greatly help them ; but when- ever this Operation of wafhing the Trees is performed, it fhould be early in the Day, that the Moifture may he exhal'd before the Cold of the Night comes on, efpecially if the Nights are frofty; nor fhould it be done when the Sun fhines very hot upon the Wall, which would be fubjed to fcorch up the tender Bloffoms. Another Caufe of Blights in the Spring, is fharp hoary Frolls, which are often fucceeded by hot Sun (hine in the Day Time, which is the moft liidden and certain De- ftroyer of Fruits that is known j for the Cold of the Night ftarves the tender Parts of the Bloflbms, and the Sun riling hot upon the Walls before the Moifture is dry'd from the BlolToms, (which being in fmall Globules, doth colle6t the Rays of the Sun), a fcalding Heat is thereby acquired , which fcorches' the tender Flowers and other Parts of Plants. But that Blights are frequently no more than an inward Weaknels or Diftemper in Trees, will evi- dently appear, if we conlider, how often it happens that Trees againft the fame Wall expos'd to the lame Afpect, and equally enjoying the A -1 vantages of Sun and Air, with every other Circumllance which might render them equally healthy, B L ^et very often are obferv'd to ^if" fer greatly in their Strength an(^ Vigour ; and as often do we obferve the weak Trees to be continually blighted, when the vigorous ones in the fame Situation fhall cfcapc very well; which muft therefore, in a great meaiure, be afcribed to their healthy Conftitution : This Weaknefs therefore in Trees, muft proceed either for want of a fur- ficient Supply of Nourifhment to maintain it in perfedt Vigour, or from fbme ill Qualities in the Soil where it grows, or perhaps from fome bad Quality in the Stock, or inbred Dillemper of the Bud or Cyon, which it had imbibed from its Mother Tree, or from Mifma- nagement in the Pruning, c^r. all which are produ6tive of Diflem- pers in Trees, which are with Difficulty cured. Now if it was occalion'd by a Weaknefs in the Tree, we fhould endeavour to trace out the true Caufe, firft, whether it has been occafion'd by ill Ma- nagement in the Pruning, which ii too often the Cafe, for how com- mon is it to obferve Vmch-trets train'd up to the full Length of their Branches every Vear, fo as to be carried to the Top of the Wall in a few Years after planting, when at the fame Time the Shoots have been fb weak, as fcarcely to have Strength to produce their Flowers; but this being the utmofl of their Vigour, the BlolToms fall off, and many Times the Branches decay, eicher the grcatefl: Part of their Length, or quite down to the Place where they were produced ; and this, whenever it happens to be the Cafe, is afcribed to a Blight, Others there are who iuffer their Trees to grow juft an they are na- turally difpofed during the Sum- mer Seafon, without flopping oi Shoots, B L Shoots, or disburdening their Trees of luxuriant Branches, by which means, two, three, or four Shoots fliall exhauft the greateft Part of the Nourilhment of the Trees all the Summer, which Shoots, at the Winter Pruning, are intirely cut out, fo that the Strength of the Tree was employed only in nou- riihing ufelefs Branches, while the Fruit Branches are thereby ren- der'd fo weak, as not to be able to preferve themfelves ; The Remedies to this Evil ihall be explain'd in the Article ot Fruning Teach Trees, tec. But if the Weaknefs of the Tree proceeds from an inbred Diftem- per, it is the better way to remove the Tree at nrft, and after renew- ing your Earth, plant a new one in its Place. Or if your Soil is a hot burning Giavel or Sand, in which your Peach Trees are planted j you'll generally find this will be their Cafe after their Roots have gotten beyond the Earth of your Borders, for which Rcafbn it is much more advifeable to dig them up, and plant Grapes, Figs, Apricots, or any other Sort of Fruit which may do well in fuch a Soil, than to be annually difappointed of your Hopes : For by a Variety of Experiments, it hath been found, that Apricots do attract and imbibe Moillure with a much greater Force than Teaches and Ne5iarines, and fo con- iequcntly are more capable to affi- milate their nutritive Particles from the Earth, than the other can do, which require to be planted in a generous Soil, which can afford them a Sufficiency of Nouriflimcnt -without much Difficulty : And it is in fuch Places we often fee Peaches do Wonders, efpecially if afllfted by Art j but as for the Vine B L and Fig-tree, they perfpire but very flowly, and are very often in an imbibing State (fo that a great Part of that fine racy Flavour, with which their Fruits abound when planted in a dry Soil, is probably owing to thofe refined aerial Prin- ciples which are colledled when in a State of Reipiration) 5 and there- fore, as thefe Trees do not delight in drawing much watry Nourilh- ment from the Earth, fo they will much better fucceed in fuch a Soil than in one that is more generous ; we {hould therefore always endea- vour to fuit the particular Sorts of Fruits to the Nature of our Soil, and not pretend to have all Sorts of Fruit good in the fame Soil. But there is another Sort of Blight, againfl: which it is very difficult to guard our • Fruit-trees j this is fharp pinching frofty Morn- ings, which often happen at the Time when the Trees are in flower, or while the Fruit is very young, and occafion the Bloflbms or Fruit to drop off, and fometimes the tender Parts of the Shoots and Leaves are greatly injur'd there- by. The only Method yet found out to prevent this Mifchief is, by carefully covering the Walls, either with Mats, Canvas, O'C. which being fattened fo as not to be dif^ turb'd with the Wind, and fuffered to remain on during the Night, by taking them off every Day, if the Weather permits, is the beft and fureft Method that hath yet been ufed in this Cafe \ which altho' it has been flighted and thought of little Service by fome, yet the • Reafon of their being not fo fer- viceable as has been expected, was, becaufe they have not been rightly ufed, by futfering the Trees to re- main too long covered, by which Means B L Means the younger Branches and Leaves have been rendred toe weak to endure the open Air when they are expos'd to it, which has often proved of worfe Confequence to Trees, than if they hadremain'd in- tirely uncovered. Whereas when the Covering be- fore mentioned has been perform- ed as it ought to be, it has proved very ferviceable to Fruits j and many time?, when there has been almofl: a general Deftrudion of Fruits in the neighbouring Gar- dens, there has been a Plenty of them in fuch Places where they have been covered : And tho' the Trouble may feem to ibme to be very great, yet if thefe Coverings are fix'd near the Upper-part of the Wall, and are faftened to Pal- lies, fo as to be drawn up or let down, it will be fbon and eafily done, and the Succefs will fuffici- ently repay the Trouble. But there is another Sort of Blight that fometimcs happens later in the Spring;, i>iz,, in April or May, which is often very deilruclive to Orchards and open Plantations, and againft which we know of no Re- medy. This is what is cali'd a Fire BlaJ}, which in a few Hours hath not only deilroy'd the Fruit and Leaves, but many times Parts of Trees, and fometimes whole ones have been kiil'd by it. This is fuppofed to be efPedfed by Volumes of tranfparent flying Vapours, which among the many Forms they revolve mto, may fometimes approach fo near to a Hemifphere, or Hemicylinder, cither in their upper or lower Surfaces, as thereby to make the Beams of the Sun converge enough to fcorch the Plants or Trees they fall upon, in Proportion to the greater or lefs Convergency of the Sun's Rays, B L The learned Boerhaave, in his Theory of Chymijlry , obferves, " That thofe white Clouds which " appear in Summer-time, arc, as " it were, fo many Mirrors, and " occalion excelUve Heat ; thefe " cloudy Mirrors are fometirnes " Round, fometimes Concave, Po- " lygonous, ^r. When the Face " of the Heavens is covered with " fuch white Clouds, the Sun Ihin- *' ing among them muft of Ne- " celTity produce a vehement Heat, " fince many of his Rays, which " would otherwife, perhaps, never " touch our Earth, are hereby re- " flecied to us ; Thus, if the Sun *' be on one Side, and the Clouds *' on the oppolite one, they will " be perfed: Burning GlafTes : And " hence the Phaenomena of Thun- " der. *' I have fometimes, continues *' he, obferv'd a kind of holiov* " Clouds, full of Hail and Snow, " during the Continuance of which " the Heat was extreme, iincc by *' fuch Condcnfation they were «' enabled to reflect much more " ftrongly : After this came a fharp *' Cold; and then the Clouds dii- " charg'd their Hail in great Quan- " tity, to which fucceeded a mo- " derate Warmth. Frozen Con- *• cave Clouds therefore, by their " great Reflexions, produce a vi- " gorous Heat, and the iame, when " reiolv^d, exceflive Ccld. " Vv^'hcnce (as Mr. Hales obferves) we fee, that Blafts may be occa- fion'd by the Refledfions of the Clouds, as well as by the above- mentioned Refradlion ofdenic tranf- parent Vapours. Againil: this Enemy to Fruits, ^c. as hath been faid, there is no Guard to our Plantations, nor any Remedy to cure it ■■, but as this more frequently happens in clofe Plan- B O Plantations, where the ftagnatiiig Vapours from the Earth, and the plentiful Perfpirations from the Trees, are pent in for want of a free Air to dillipate and difpel them, which are often obferv'd in ftill Weather to afcend in fo plentiful a manner as to be feen by the na- ked Eye, but efpecially with re- fledling Telefcopes, fo as to make a clear and diftindl Objeft become dim and tremulous, than in thofe that are planted at a greater Dif- tance, or are not furroundcd with Hills or Woods. This directs us, in the firft planting of Orchards, C^r. that we fhould allow a greater Diftance between the Trees, and to make choice of clear, healthy Si- tuations, that the Air may freely pafs between the Trees to diflipate thofe Vapours before they arc formed into fuch Volumes, where- by the circumambient Air will be dear and lefs iubjetl to fuch Inju- ries, as alfo the Fruits which are produced in this clearer Air will be much better tafted than tliofe that are furrounded with a thick rancid Air ; for as Fruits are often in a refpiring State, fo they conie- quently, by imbibing a Part of thefe Vapours, are rendred crude and ill-tafted; which is often the Cafe with a great Part of our Fruits in England. BLOODWORT5 i^ule Lapa- thum. BONTIAj Barbados Wild Olive; 'Ulilg 0. The Characters are ; It hath a ferfonated Flower, con- fft'tng of one Leaf, -whofe upper Lip is erect, the under Lip is divided int$ three Parts :, from out of the Cup arifes the Pointal fixed like a Nail in the hinder Fart of the Florper, -which af- terward becomes an oval Fruit, which is foft and full of Juice i in which is B o contained one oblong Shelly inclojing a, Nut of the fame Form. We have but one Species of this Plant in England, which is, BoNTiA} laureoU facie. Hort* Elth. The Barbados Wild Olive. This Plant is preferved in feve- ral curious Gardens in England i it may be rais'd from the Seeds (which are often brought from Barbados to England) which fhould be put into Pots fiU'd with light fandy Earth, and plunged into a Hot-bed of Tanners-bark, obferving to wa- ter the Earth every two or three Days, according as you find it dry; in about a Month after, the Plants will begin to appear, and when they are grown two Inches high, they fhould be tranfplantcd each in- to a feparate fmall Pot filled with the fame light fandy Earth, and plunged into the Hot-bed again, obferving to fhade and water 'em until they have taken root, after which they muft have Air in Pro- portion to the Warmth of the Sea- ion, and fhould be frequently re- frefh'd with Water. In Winter thefe Plants muft be preferved in a warm Stove, giving them Water as often as the Earth in the Pots doth appear dry, and obferve to wafh and clean their Leaves from Iniefts, which are very apt to in- feft them. In Summer they muft have a large Share of free Air, but fhould not be intirely expos'd to the open Air, which is too Cold for 'em in this Climate. They may alfb be propagated by Cut- tingSi which fliould be taken off in Summer, and planted into Pots filled with light frefti Earth, and plunged into a moderate Hot-bed, obferving to water and fhade 'em until they have taken root, after which they muft be treated in the manner dire(fted for the feedling Plants. I B O iFlants. Thefe Plants being ever-^ green, and growing in a pyramidal Form, do make a pretty Variety amongfl: other Exoiick Plants, and will fometimes produce their Flow- ers and Fruit in this Country. BONUS HENRICUS'i i;/Ve Chenopodium. BORDERS: The Ufc of thefe in a Garden is to bound and in- clofe Parterres, to prevent them being injur'd by walking in them : Thele are commonly render'd very ornamental by means of the Flow- ers, Shrubs, ^-c. that are planted in them, Thele ought to be laid with a Riling in the Middle, becaufe it^ they are flat, they are not agree- able to the Eye. As for their Breadth^ five or fix Feet are often allow'd for the largeO:, and four for the lellcr. Borders are of four Sorts i and thofe are the mofl common that arecontinu'd dhoMtParterres without any Interruption, and are wrought with a iliarp Riling in the Middle like an Afs's Back, and planted with low Shrubs and Flowers. The fecond Sort oi Borders are fuchas are cut into Compartimenrs, at convenient Diflance^, by fmall PalTag.es j and being alio raised in the Middle, as before mentioned, are hkewife fet off with Shrubs. . The third Sort are fuch as are iaid even and flat, without Flow- ers, having only a Verge of Grafs HI the Middle, being edg'd with two fmall Paths rak'd fmcoth and' fanded : Thefe are fometimes gar- nifh'd with flov/cring Shrubs and Flowers of large Growth, or with Vafes and Flower-pots plac'd regu- larly along the Middle of the Verge of Grafs. The fourth Sort are quite plain, ^J are only fanded, as in the TAr- B o terres of art Orangery, and are filled with Cafes rang'd in a regular Or- der along thofe Borders which arc edg'd with Box on the Sides next to the Walks, and on the other, with Verges and Grafs-work next the Parterre : Sometimes a Yew is planted between each Cafe, which makes the Border appear richer, and the Parterres handfomer during the Winter Scaion . Borders are made either ft rait, cir- cular, or iti Cants, and arc turn'ci into Knots, Scrolls, Volutes, and other Compartiments. Florifts do alio make Borders either along Walks or detach'd, and in thele they raife their iineft and choiccft Flowers: Thefe are frequently encompafs'd with Bor- der-boards paintad Green, which makes them look exceeding neat. But in large Parterres this, is not to be expected i which if they ha ftock'd with Flowers, fuccceding one another in their fcVcral Scafons, it is fiifficient, fb that nothing ap- pears bare and naked. It is uliial to difcontinue the Borders at the Ends next to the Houfc, that the Embroidery and Rife of the Parterre may not be? hidden by the Shrubs and dowering Plants, and that the Delign may bo- better judged of. And ibmc'timcs there are branch'ci out of it Foliage, Palm-leaves anJ Shells fporting among the Sands. BORAGO'i Borage. TliC Characiers are ; The Leaves are hroad and rough ; the Florvers cop/iji of one Leaf, are of A M%eel'JJjape, and divided ir.td five Segments fAn/of to the Bottof^, which end in fjjarp Points tike n Star; the Apices in *he Middle of the Flower are fljarp-poinied, and a-dhcre tpge- ther i the Seeds are rough, ai:d ap* pear Ulc a riper\- Il?/iiL C The Species are ; i.BoRAGOi fioribus cAYulets. J. B. The common Borage, with blue Flowers. 2. B OR AGO j jff^r^ pallefcente, rofeo nut fuave-rubente. Toum. The common Borage, with a pale Rofe-colour'd Fiowcr. 3. BoRAGOi fioribui albb* f. JB. The common Borage^ with a white Flower. The firfl Sort is very common in mofl Parts of England, being of- ten found upon Dunghils, and in public k Roads, where the Seeds have been fcattered from Gardens, but is hardly a native Plant of our Iflandj however, it is fo far natu- ralized amongft us, that where-ever it is fuffered to ft and till its Seeds are drop'd upon the Ground, there will always be a plentiful Crop. The Seeds of this Plant may be fown in the Spring; it will grow in almoft any Soil, but beft in that which is dry. This Plant is often iifed in the Kitchen, and for cool a'ankards in Summer-time, and the Flowers are ufed in medicinal Cordials. The White and Rofe-coloured Flowers are accidental Varieties of the common Sort; but the Seeds of eirhcr'Sort being Town feparately. Will produce fome Plants of the fame kmd. BOSQUETS; are Groves, fo call'd from Bouquet, in French, i.e. a Noibgay. Theie are fmall Compartments of Gardens, which are form'd of Trees, Shrubs, or tail large grov/ing Plants, pl.mted in Quarters, and are either difpos'd regularly in P.ows, or m a more wild or accidental manner, according to the Fancy of the Owner : Thele Quarters are com- monly furroundcd with ever-green Hedges, and the Entrances form'd BO into regular Portico's with Yev/s, which arc by far the beft, and mo ft tonfile Trees for this Purpofc, In the Infide of thofe Quarters may be made fome Walks, either ftrait or winding i whieh, if the Quarters arc large, fliould be fix or eight Feet broad, and may be laid with Turf, and kept well mow'd and roH'd, which will render the walk- ing much eaiier and pleafanter than if- the Walks are only the common Earth, which in fmaller Quarters can't be otherwife 5 for if the Trees are clofe, and the Walks narrow, fo as to be ihaded and over- hung by the Trees, the Grafs will not grow. Thele Quarters may be alfo fur- rounded with Hedges of Limei Elm, Hornbeam, or Beech; which fliould be kept well fliear'd, and not fuffered to rife too high -, that the Heads of the Trees may be fully feen over them, and the Stems only hid from the Sight, when in the Walks on the Outlide of the Quarters. In the planting of thefe Bofquets, you fhould obferve to mix the Trees, which produce their Leaves of dif- ferent Shapes, and various Shades of Green, and hoary or meally Leaves, fo as to afford an agree- able Profped: j befides, there is 3 great Variety of different Fruits which thefe Trees produce in Au- tumn, which altho' of little or no Ufe, that we know of, yet have a Very good Effect, in affording an agreeable Variety for fome Time after the Leaves are gone; as the Euonymus or Spindle-Tree, the 0/»«- lus or Marjlj-Elder, the Cock-Spur Harothorn, with many other Sorts, too many to mention in this Place : But 1 would adviie never to mix Ever-greens with deciduous Trees; for befides the ill Eifea: it hath to the B R tlie Sight, ( efpecially in "Winter ) they leidom thrive well together; fo that thole Quarters where you intend to have Ever-greens, fhould be wholly planted therewith 5 and in the other Parts, mix as many Varieties of different Trees which caft their Leaves, as you can con- veniently; and alfo plant fome of the largeft growing Flowers, (efpe- cially near theOutfide of the Quar- ters) which will add greatly to the Variety, if they have but Air enough to grow. Thefe Bofqnets are proper only for fpacious Gardens, being expen- live in their firft making, as alfb in keeping. BOTRYS ; -vide Chenopodium. BOX TREE ; vide Buxus. BRANCA URSINA; -vide hcm- thus. BRASICA, The Cabbage. The Characters are; The Leaves are largty fle^jy, and of a glaucous Colour ; the flowers conjifi of four Leavesy which are fuc- teeded by long Taper Pods, containing feveral round acrid Seeds. The Species are, t. Brasica; Capitata-y alda. C. B. The common white Cabbage. 2. Brasica ; Capitata ; rubra. C. B. The red Cabbage. 3. Brasica ; Capitata j alba ; minor j Mufcovitica. H. A. The Ruffian Cabbage, 4. Brasica ; Capitata ; alba ; tomprejfa. Boerh, Ind, The flat- fided Cabbage. j:. Brasica ; Capitata ; alba ; pyramidalis* The Sugar-loaf Cab- bage. 6. Brasica ; Capitata ; alba ; fracox. The early Batter fea Ceib- tage, '■■■ 7. Brasica J Sabauda -, H^berna. tob, Ic. The white Savoy Cab- hage^ B R 8. Brasica; Capitata i viridisi Sabauda. Boerh, Ind. The green Savoy Cabbage. 9. hv.hs,\ch;fimbriata. C.B. The Boor 'Cole. I o. Brasica ; Capitata ; viref- cens ; Italica ; Crifpa. Mum. Hifi. The green Broccoli. 1 1 . Brasica ; Italica ; Broccoli di^a. The Italian Broccoli, . 12. Brasica; r'. Napiformi. Tourn, The Turnip-rooted Cab- bage, i^. Brasica; Caullflora. C.B. The Ccllipwer. There are feveral other Varieties of Cabbages which are preferv'd in curious Botanick Gardens, which differ in their Manner of Growth, Colour, ^c. But thofe I have mention'd being the principal Sorts; which are cultivated for Ufe, I fhall omit mentioning the other lefs valuable Sorts in this Place, and proceed to their Culture. The common white, red, flat,' and long-lided Cabbages are chiefly cultivated for Winter Ufe : The Seeds of thefe Sorts mufl be fown in the middle of March, in Beds of good frefh Earth, and in April, when the young Plants will have about eight Leaves; they fhould be prick'd out into fhady Borders i about three Inches fquare ; that they may acquire Strength, and to' prevent their growing long fhank'd. About the Middle of May, you muft tranfplant them out, where they are to remain for good, (which in the Kitchen-Gardens near London, is commonly between CoUijlowers, Artichokes, &c. at a- bout two Feet Diflance in the Rows); but if they are planted, for a fill! Crop in a clear Spot of Ground, the Diftante from Row- to Row fhould be three Feet, and YL % i» B R ill the Rows two Feet four Inches afunder : If the Scafon fliould prove dry when they are tranlplanted out, you muft water them every other Evening until they have taken freth Root ,• and afterwards, as the Plants advance in Height, you fliould dra^Ar the Earth about their Stems with a Hoc, which will keep the Earth inoifl: about their Re?ots> and great- ly flrengthen the Plants: You muft alfo obierve to keep them clear from Weeds, which are apt to <^raw the Plants up tall (if fulfer'd to grow amongft them) and often ipoil them, Thefe Cabbages will fo4"ne of them- be fit for Ufe foon after Mi- chaelmas, and will continue until Jebmary, I'i they are not deftroyed by bad Weather : To prevent which, the Gardeners near London, pull up their Cabbages in No'vember, and trench their Ground up in Ridges, laying their Cabbages againrt their Ridges as clofe as polTibie on one Side, burying their Stems in tlie Ground : In- this maimer they let them remain till after Chrijimas, ^when they cut them for the Mar- ket; and akho' the outer Part of the Cabbage be decay'd, (as is often the Cafe in very wet or hard Win- ters) yet, if the Cabbages were large and hard when laid, the Inlide will remain found. The Kujfian Cab-bage was for- merly in much greater Efteem than at prcient, it being now only to be found in' p^articular Gentlemens Gardens, who cultivate it for their ©wn Ufe, and is rarely ever brought to the Market. This muft be fown •in the Spring of the Year, and ma- naged as thole before directed, with this Difference only, that thele inuft be fooner planted out for good, and muft have an open clear %^Q\ of Grou-ndj "s\nd require much B R lefs Diftance every W^ay, for ft mT- but a very fmall hard Cabbage,' Thefe will be fit for Ufe in July or Augujly but will not continue long before they will break and run up to Seed. The beft Method to have thefe CaJ?bages good, is to- procure frefli Seeds from abroad every Year ; for 'tis apt to degene- rate in England in a few Years. The early Batterfea and Sugar- loaf Cabbages- are commonly fowa tor Summer Ufe, and are what the Gardeners about London com- monly call Michaelmas Cabbages , The Seaion for fowing. of thefe is about the End of July, in an open Spot ot Ground j and when the Plants have got fix Leaves, you muft prick them out into Beds at about three Inches Diftance every Way, that the Plants may grow ftrong and fhort-fliank'd y and in- the Beginning of Of^^^er you ftiould plant them out for good : The Diftance that thefe require, h three Feet Row from Row, and two Feet afunder in the Rows. The Gardeners near London commonly plant thefe Cabbages upon the fame Spot of Ground where their Win- ter Spinage is fown j fo tliat when the Spinage is clear 'd oft- in the Spring, the Ground will have a Crop of Cabbages upon it; you muft therefore clear oft' the Spinage juft round each Plant early in the Spring, that with a Hoe you may draw the Earth up to the Stem ; and when all your Spinage is clear'd oft^, which is commonly in April, you muft hoe down all the Weeds, and draw up the Earth again about your Cabbage-Fhnts. In May, it your Plants were of the early Kind, they will turn ia- their Leaves for Cabbaging } at which time, the Gardeners near Lovdony in order to obtain them a lUtI& B R little fboner, tie in their Leaves -.clofe with a flender Olier Twig to blanch their Middle •■, by which means they have them, at leaft, a Fortnight fboner than they could have in the common Way. The early Batterjeci-Cabbage be- ing the fir ft, we fhould chufe, (if f©r a Gentleman's Ufe) to plant the fewer of them, and a greater Quantity of the Ssigar-haf Kind, which comes after them ; for the Bdtterfed Kind will not fupply yoa long, they generally cabbaging a- pace when they begin, and as loon grow hard and burft open : But the Sugctr-lofif Kind is longer be- fore it comes, and is as flow in its cabbaging, and, being of a hollow Kind, will continue good for a long time : I have kiio\vn a large ■Quarter of Ground which was planted with this fort of Cabbage for Market Ufe, which hath afford- ed a Supply for near three Months together. This, tho' of lingular Service to a Gentleman's Garden^ is not fo much for the Advantage ■of the Market Gardener, who loves to have kis Ground clear'd fboner, that he may have another Crop upon it, of Celery, E?ulive, ,5cc. which is more to his Pur- pofej for they paying large Rents for their Land, are oblig'd to have as many Crops in a Year from it. as polfible. Altho' I before have advis'd the planting out of your Cabbages for good in October-, yet the Sugar- loaf Kind may be planted out in Tebruary, and will i^icceed as well as if planted earlier, with this Dif- ference only, that they will be later before they cabbage. You fhould alfo referve fome Plants of the Bat- terfea Kind in fome well-flielter'd Spot of Ground, to fupply your ^lantatign, in cafe of a Defeat, B R The Saroy Cabbages are propS' gated for Winrer Ufe, as being ge- nerally efteem'd the better whea pinch'd by the Froftj tliele mult be fbwn about the Beginning of April, and treated after the man- ner as was direftcd for the common white Cabbage, with this Differ- ence, that thefe may be 'planted at a clofer Diftance than thofe-; two Feet fquare will befuSicientj thefe are ahvays much the better when planted in an open Situation, which is clear from Trees und Hedges ; for in cloic Places they are very fiibjedt to be eaten alniofi: up by Caterpillars and other Vermin, efpe- cially if the Autumn prove dry. The Boor-C^le may be alfo treated in the fame manner, but need not be planted above one Foot ftjuare; Thefe are never eaten 'till the Froft hath rcnderd them tender ; for otherv/ifc they are tough and bitter. The Seeds of the Broccoli (of u^hich there are feveral I-Cinds, viz,, the Roman, Neapolitan, and black Broccoli, with fome others, but the Roman is chiefly preferr'd to them all,) Ihould be lown about the Mid^- dle or latter End of May, in a m.oift Soil ; and when the Plants are grown to have eight Leaves, tranlplant them into Beds, (as was directed for the common Cabbage) and toward the Middle or latter End of July they will be fit to plant out for good, v/hich fliould be into fome wcll-ihelter'd Spot of Ground, but not under the Drip of Trees : The Diftance thefe re-- quire is two Foot and a half every way. The Soil in which the/ Ihould be planted ought to be ra- ther light than heavy, fueh as are the Kitchen-Gardens near London ." If your Plants fucceed well (as there will be little Reafon to doubt, unlefs the V/i4>tcr praye extreme K 5 Uci-rd/ P R hard) they will begin to (hew their fmall Heads, which are Ibme- what like a CoUifio-wer, about the Beginning of December^ and will continue eatable 'till the Beginning of March. The Manner of preparing them for the Table, is this i When your Heads are grov/n to their full Big- nefs, (as may be calily known by their dividing, and beginning to run up) then you fliould cut them off, with about four Inches of- the tender Stem to them; then ftrip off the outer Skin of the Stem, and after having wafli'd them, boil them in a clean Linen-cloth, (as is pradtis'd for ColliJIowcrs) and lervc them up with Butter, O*^- ^nd if they are of a right Kind, they will be tenderer than any CoUiflowers, tho' very like unto them in tafte. When your tirft Heads are cut off, in about a Month's time after they will produce a number ot Side- Ihoots, which being cut and ffript of their outer Skin, are very ten- der and as good as the firft Heads, but are much fmaller. The fureft way to have thefe good, is to be flirnifli'd with frefh Seeds from Italy every Year ,• for they are very apt to degenerate in a Year or two, if the Seeds are faved in England. The Roman Broccoli (if well ma- naged) will have alfo large Heads, which will appear like Ciufters of Buds i thefe Heads muft be cut off wit-h the Stems about fix Inches long, which muft be ftript of the outer Skin (as was dire<£led for the former Sort), and then wafh them, and boil them until their Stems are tentier, whicfi will be in about ten Minutes: Then take 'cm up, and cat them with Butter, &c, zs Af- paragus, to which it is little infe- rior in Tafte. After the firft Heads are cut off, the Stems will con- B R tinue to furnifli Side-flioots for ms,T two Months, which are as well- tafted as the Heads, but are fmaller. Thefe Plants do begin to furnifli the Table in February, and will continue till the Middle of April, when natural Afparagus will come; to fucceed them 3 and this being a fcarce Seafqn for Kitchen-Herbs renders 'em more valuable. In order to fave Seeds of this Kind, fonie of the beft Heads fhould be permitted to run up, and con- ftantly keep 'em clear from Side- flioots ; if this be duly obferved, the Seeds may be faved very good in England , tor this is not fo apt to degenerate as the white Sort. The Manner of faving the Seeds of all the Sorts of Cabbages, is, about the Middle of Ociobsr, yoi^ fhould make choice of fome of your beft Cabbages, which you fliould pull up, and carry to fome Shed or other cover'd Place, where: you fhould hang them up for three or four Days by their Stalks, that the Water may drain from between their Leaves i then plant them in fome Border under a Hedge or f ale, quite down to the Middle of the Cabbage, leaving only the up- per-part of the Cabbage above- ground, obfervingto raife the Earth up about it, i^o that it may ftand a little above the Level of the Ground ; efpecially if the Ground is wet, they will require to be rais'd pretty much. If the Winter fhould prove very hard, you muft lay a little Straw orPeafe Haulm lightly upon them; taking it off as often as the Wea- ther proves mild, left by keeping them too clofethey fhould rot. In the Spring of the Year thefe Cab' bages will flioot out ftrongly, and divide into a great Number of fmall Branches i you muft therefore fup- port B R |>ort their Stems, to prevent their being broke off by the Wind ; md if the Weather ftiould be very hot and dry, you fl;ould refrefh them with Water once a Week, which will greatly promote their Seeding, efpecially at the time when they are in Flower. When the Pods begin to change brown, you will do well to cut off the extreme Part of every Shoot 5 which will flrcngthen your Seeds : And it is generally obferv'd, that thofe Seeds which grov/ near the Top of the Shoots, are very fubjedi to run to Seed before they cab- bage j fo that by this there will be no Lofs, but a great Advantage, efpecially if you have more Regard to the Quality than to the Quanti- ty of the Seeds ; which indeed is not always the Cafe, when it is intended for Saiej but thofe who fave it for their own Ufe, fhould be very careful to have it good. When your Seeds begin to ripen, you mult be particularly careful that the Birds do not deftroy it ; for they are very fond of thefe Seeds. In order to prevent their Mifchief, fomeufeold Nets, which they throw over their Seeds, to prevent their getting to it : But this will not always do ; for unlefs the Nets are very ftrong, they will force their way through them, as . I have often leen : but the bell Method I know, is to get a Quan- tity of Birdlime, and dawb over a parcel of {lender Twigs, which fhould be failen'd at each end to flronger Sticks, and placed near the upper Part of the Seed, in dif- ferent Places, fo that the Birds may alight upon them, by which means they will be faftned therero j where you mufl: let them remain for a confiderable Time, if they cannot get off themfelves : And although B R there fliould not above two or three Birds be caul^h^ yet it will fuffi- ciently terrify the reft, that they will not come to that Place again for a confiderable Time, (as I have expericnc'd.) When your Seeds are fully ripe, you muft cut it off j and after dry- ing it, threih it out and preferve it in Bags for Ufe. But in planting of Cabbages for Seed, I would advife never to plant more than one Sort in a Place, or near one another. As for Exam- ple : Never plant red and -white Cabbages near each other, nor Sa- voy with either white or red Cab- bages: For I am very certain they will, by the Commixture of their Effluvia, produce a Mixture of Kinds : And it is wholly owing to this Neglect, that the Gardeners rarely lave any good red Cabbage- feed m England, but are obliged to procure frefli Seeds from abroad, as liippoling the Soil or Climate of England alters them from Red to White, and of a mix'd Kind be- tween both j whereas if they would plant red Cabbages by themfelves for Seed, and not fuflrer any other to be near them, they might con- tinue the Kind as good in Eng- land, as in any other Part of the World. Colliflowers have "of late Years been lo far improv'd in England, as to exceed in Good nefs and Mag- nitude what are produced in moft Parts of Europe, and by the Skill of the Gardener are continued for Se- veral Months together , but the moft common Seafon for them is in May, June, and July, I Ihall therefore begin with Directions for obtaining them in this Seafon. Having procured a Parcel of good Seed, of an early Kind, you mull fow it on the Tenth Qf Augufi^ K 4. ^y$^^. B R Upon an old Cucumber-bed or iMs- ion-bed, in this Manner ^ you mufl: firft clear the Bed from Weeds, tlien you mufl: level the Earth which was remaining upon the Bed, which mull be covered over with frefli light Eirth laid vsry even, upon which you muft low the Seeds as equal as pqlTible, fift- ing a little Earth over the Seed? about a Quarter of an Inch thick i and if the Weather fhculd prove extreme hot and dry, you ftiould fhade the Beds with Mats, to pre- vent the Earth from drying too fait, which "^vould endanger the fpoiling of your Seed 5 and give it gentle Waterings, as you may feeoc- calion j in about a Weejc's time your Plants will appear above-ground, when you mull take off your Co- verings by Degrees. But do not expole your Planes top much to the open Sun at firfl : In about a Month's tin^e after Towing, your Plants will be fit to prick outj you iliould therefore prepare fome pid Cucumber or Melon-beds, in the Manner as was directed for fowing the Seeds, into which you {hould prick your young Plants, at about two Inches fquare, obfer- ving to fhade and water them at firfl; planting •■> but do not water them too much after they are growing, nor fuffer them to re- ceive too much Rain, if the Sea- ion Ih.ould prove wet, which would be apt to make them black-fhank'd (as the Gardeners term it, which js nq lefs than a Rottennefs in their Stems) and is the Deflrudion of the Plants fo affected. In this Place they {hould con- tinue 'till about the fixteenth Day of OciqbeYy when they mufl; be re- moved into the Place where they are to remain during the Winter- ieafon, which, for this f*rfl; foy/- B R ing, is commonly under Bell or Hand-glafTes, to have early Colli-: Jlowers; and thefe fliould be of an early Kind ; But in order to have a Succeffion during the Sealbn, we (hould be proyided with another n^ore late Kind, which fliould be fbwn four or five Days after the other, and manag'd as vyas direded for then). In order to have very early Col- lifoieers, we fhould make choice of a good rich Spot of Ground, that is well defended from the Norths Eaji, and 'vFefi Winds with Hedges, Pales, or Walls : This Ground fliould be v^'^ell trcnch'd, burying therein a good Quantity of rotten Dung ^ then level your Ground : And if it be naturally a wet Soil, you fliould raife it up in Beds about two Feet ^nd a half broad, and four Inches above the Level of the Ground. But if your Ground is moderately dry, you need not raife it at all : Then plant your Plants about two Feet four Inches Difl;ance from each other in the Rows, always putting two good Plants at about four Inches Dillance, both which may be cover'd with one Glafs; and if you defign 'em for a ful} Crop, they may be three Feet Row from Row : But if you intend tQ make Ridges for Cucumbers or Melons between the Rows of Colli-' flovper-Thnts, (as is generally prac- tis'd by tlie Gardeners near London) you mufl; then make your Rows eight Feet afunder. When you have planted your Plants, if the Ground is very dryi you ihould give them a little Wa- ter, and then let your Glaffes over them, which may remain clofe down upon them, until they have taken Root, which will be in a- bout a Week or ten Days time; unlefs there Ihould be a kindly Shower B R SliGwer of Rainj in which cafe 70U may let off the Glafles, that the Plants may receive the Benefit of it; and in about ten Days after planting, you Ihould be provided with a Parcel of forked Sticks, or Bricks, with which you fliould raife your Giafles about three or four Inches to the Southward, that your Plants may have free Air : In this Manner your GlafTes Ihould re- main over the Plants, Night and Day, unlefs in frofty Weather, when you fnould fet them down as clqfe as polllble; or if the Weather fiiould prove very warm, which many times happens in November, and fometimes in December ^ in this Cafe, you fhouid keep your GlaiTes cfif in the Day-time, and put them on only in the Night, left by keep- ing theGlalTes over them too niuch> you Ihould draw them into Flower at that Seafon ; which is many times the Cafe in mild Winters, efpecially if unskilfully manag'd. Towards the latter-end of Fe- brtifiry, if the Weather be mild, you (hould prepare another good Spot of Ground, to remove Ibme of the Plants into, from under the Glafles, which fhouid be well dung'd and trench'd (us before;) then fet off your Glalfes; and after making choice of one of the moft promi- iing Plants under each Glafs which ihould remain for good, take away the other Plant, by raiiirig it up with a Trowel, i&c, fo as to pre- ferve as much Earth to the R-oots as poffible ; but have a great Re- gard to the Plant that is to remain, not to difturb or prejudice its Roots : Then plant out your Plants which you have taken out, at the Dif- tancc before dire£led, nj'tz.. if for a full Crop, three Feet, Row from jR.ow ; but if for Ridges of Cucum- J>cr5 between them, eight Feetj B R and two Feet four Inches Diftance in the Rows. Then with a^ fmali Hoe draw the Earth up to the Stems of the Plaints which were left under the Glafles, taking great Care not to let the Earth fall into their Hearts : Then iec your Glaircs over them again, raihng your Props an Inch or two higher, to give them more Air, obferving to take them off whenever there may be fome gentle Showers, which will greatly refrefli the Plants. And in a little time after, if you find your Plants grovv' fo faft as tq fill the Glafles, you Ihould then flightly dig about the Plants, and raife the Ground about them in a Bed broad enough for the Glafles to ftand, and about four Inches high, which v/ill give your Plants a great deal ot Room, when the Glafles are fet over them; and by this Means they may be kept co- yer 'd until April, which other wile they could not, without Prejudice to the Leaves of the Plants : And this is a great Advantage to themj for many times we have Returns of fevere Frofls at the latter-end of March, which prove very hurtful to thefe Plants, if expos'd thereto^ efpecially after having been nurs'd up under Glafles. After you have finifli'd your Beds, you may fet " your Glafles over your Plants again, obferving to raife your Props pretty high, efpecially if the Weather be mild, that they may have free Air to ftrengthen them ; and in mild fqft Weather fet off your Glafles, as alfo in gentle Showers of Rain : And BOW you muft begin to harden them by Degrees to endure the opein Air ; however, it is advifcable to let your Glalfes repiain over them as long as poflible, if the Nights iliould be frofl:y, which will greatly for- B R forwai:d your PJants; but be fure do not let your GlalTes remain up- on them in very hot Sun-fhine, efpecially if their Leaves prefs a- gainft the Sides of the Glaflcs : For I have often obferv'd, in fuch Cafes, that the Moifture which hath rifen from the Ground, to- gether with the PerJpirarJon of the Plants, whkh, by the GlafTes re- maining over them, hath been de- tain'd upon the Leaves of the Plant, and when the San hath flione hot upon the Sides of the Glalfes hath acquir'd fuch a powerful Heat from the Rays thereof, as to fcald all their larger Leaves, to the no fmall Prejudice of the Plants: Nay, fome- timcs I have fccn large Quantities of Plants fo atfedled herewith, as never to be worth any thing after. If your Plants have fucceeded well, towards the End of April fome of them will begin to fruit j you muft therefore look over them carefully every other Day, and when you fee the Flower plainly appear, you muft break down fome of the inner Leaves over it to guard it from Sun, which would make the Flower yellow and unfightly j and when you find your Flower at its fall Bignefs, (which you may know by its Outfide, parting, as if it would run_) you muft then draw it out of the Ground, and not cut them off, leaving the Stalk in the Ground, as is by fome pradis'd: And if they are delign'd for prefent Ufe, you may cut them out of their Leaves 5 but if deiign'd to keep, you ihould preferve their Leaves about them, and put them into a cool Place. The beft Time for pulling of them, is in a Morning, before the Sun hath exhal'd the Moifturej for Coll'iflovoers puU'd in the Heat of the Day, lofe that Firmnefs which they naturally have, and be- come tough." B R But to return to our Second O*op (the Plants being rais'd and ma- nag'd as was diredred for the Early Crop, until the Middle or Latter- end of OBober) you muft then prepare fome Beds, either to be cover'd with Glafs-Frames, or arch'd over with Hoops, to be cover'd with Mats, ^c.\ thefeBeds fhould have fome Dung laid in the Bot- tom, about lijf Inches or a Foot thick, according to the Size of your Plants j for if they are fmall, the Bed ffiould be thicker of Dung, to bring them forward, and lb vice verfa j this Dung fhould be beat down clofe with a Fork, in order to prevent the Worms from finding their Way through it : Then lay fome good frelh Earth about four or five Inches thick thereon, in which you ,fhould plant your Plants about two Inches and a half fquare, obferving to fhade and water them until they have taken frelh Root:' But be fure do not keep your Coverings clofe i for the Warmth of the Dung will occafion a great Damp in the Bed, which, if pent in, will greatly in^ jure the Plants. When your Plants have taken Root, you muft give them as much free open Air as pofTible, by keeping the GlafTes off in the Day- time as much as the Weather will permit; and in the Night, or at fuch Times as the Glalles require to be kept on, raife them up with Bricks to let in frefh Air, unlefs in frofty Weather j at which time the Glaftes fhould be cover'd with Mats, Straw, or Peafe-haulm, ^c, but this is not to be done but in very hard Frofts : You muft alfo ob- ferve to guard them againft great Rains, which in Winter-time are very hurtful to them ; and if the under Leaves grow yellow and decajs B R ;decay, be fure to pick them off, tor if the Weather fhould prove very bad in Winter, fo that you fhould be oblig'd to keep them .clofe cover 'd for two or three Days "together, as it Ibmetimes happens, theie decayed Leaves will render the inclos'd Air very noxious, and the Plants infpiring pretty much at that time, are often deftroy'd in vaft Quantities. In the Beginning of FebrHciry, if the Weather be mild, you muft begin to harden your Plants by De- grees, that they may be prepar'd for Tranfplantation; and the Ground where you intend to plant your ColUJlowers out for good, (which fhould be quite open from Trees, ^c. and rather moift than dry) Slaving been well dung*d and dug, , fhould be Ibwn with RaJifies a Week or Fortnight before you in- tend to plant out your Collifiowers : The Reafon why I mention the fowing ot RaMjIjes particularly, is this, ('viz..) that if there are not Ibme Ratiifhes amongfl: them, and the Month of May fhould prove hot and dry, as it Ibmetimes h:.ppens, th^ Fly will leize your ColUfowers, and eat them full of Holes, to their Prejudice, and Ibm.etimes their Dellrudion: whereas, if there are RjiM/hes upon the Spot, the Flies will take to them, and never med- dle with the ColliJIoxffers io long as they laft : Indeed the Gardeners near London rnix Spin Age with their KWi/7;-Secd, and io have a double Crop j which is an Advantage where Ground is dear, or that Per- fons are ffreightened for Room, otherwiie it is very well to have only one Crop among ft the Colli- fiowers^ that the Ground m.ay be -cleared in time. Your Ground being ready, and the Seafon good, about the Middle B K of 'February, you may begin tQ plant out your Colliflowers : The Diftance which is generally allow'd by the Gardeners neai London (who plant other Crops between their Collifiovpers to fucceed them, as Cucumbers for pickling, and Win- ter Gabbftges) is every other Row- four Feet and a half apart and the intermediate Rows two Feet and a half, and two Feet two Inches Diftance in the Rows ■-, fo that in the Middle, or towards the latter End of May, (when the Radifljes and Spinage are cleared off ) ihey put in Seeds of Cucumbers for pickling, in the Middle of the wide Rows, at three Feet and a half a- part; and in the narrow Rows, plant Cabbages for Winter Ule, at two Feet two Inches Diftance, fb that thefe ftand each of them ex- actly in the Middle of the Square between four CoUifloroer-Vhnts:, and thefe, after the CoUifiovpers are gone off, will have fall Room to giow, and the Crops be hereby contmu'd in a Succeffion through the whole Seafon. About three Weeks or a Month after your Collifiowcrs are planted out, the Ratifies between theni will be fit to hoe 3 at which time, when you are hoeing out xh.z Ra- dijhes, where they are too thick, you fliould cut off all ftich as grow immediately about the Collijiowers, and would prove hurtful to them, by drav/ing them up tall and weak, and alfo at that time draw the Earth up to the Stems of the Plants, being careful not to let any get into their Hearts, (as was before direded); and when your RadifJjes are fit to pull, be fure to clear round the CollifioTvers firft, and keep draw- ing the Earth up to their Stems as they advance in Height, which will keep their Stems from being har- B R 'tocien'd by the Weather, atid be of fingular Service to your Plants. There are many People, who arc very fond of watering ColU- Jlojx>er-?hnts in Summer, but the Gardeners near London have almofl wholly laid afide this Practice, as Ending a deal of Trouble and Charge to little Purpofe j for if the rGround be fo very dry as not to produce tolerable good Collifiowers v/ithout V/ater, it feldom happens, that watering of them renders them lEuch better ; and when once they have been water'd, it it is not conr .c. to flipport their Branches, which would be otherwife liable to break with the Wind. When your Pods begin firft to be form'd, if the Weather be dry, you fhould give them a little Wa- ter all over, (with a Watering-pot that hath a Rofe to it) which will promote the Progrefs of the Seeds, and preferve 'em from the Mildew, which is often hurtful to thefe Seeds; and when your Seeds are ripe, you mufl: cut it off, and hang it up to dry, and rub it out, as was directed for Cai>l>age-Seed : And although your Flowers do not produce fo much Seed as thofc which were of a fofter or frothy Nature, yet the Goodnefs of fuch Seeds will fufiiciently recompenfe for the Quantity j and any Perfba who was to pur chafe his Seeds, had better give ten Shillings an Ounce for fuch Seeds, than two for the Seeds commonly fav'd for Sale 5 as the Gardeners about London have experienc'd, who will never buy any Seeds of this Kind, that they do not know how they were fav'd. But in order to have a third Crop ot ColliJloTvers, you fhould make a flender Hot-bed in Fei>rnary, in which you fhoyld fbw the Seeds, covering them a quarter ofanlncli thick with light Mould, and co- vering the Bed with Glafs Frames j you fliould now and then gently refrefh the Bed with Water, ob- ferving to raife the GlaiTes with Bricks in the Day-time to let in frefli Air ; and when the Plants are come up, and have gotten four or five Leaves, you fhould prepare B R Sfibtlier Hot-bed to prick them- in- to, which may be about two Inches iquarej and in April harden them hy Degrees, to fit them tor trans- planting, which Ihould' be done a- bout the latter End of that Month at the Diftances diredied for the fecond Crop, and muft be manag'd accordingly : T hefe (if the Soil is liioift where they are planted^ or the Seafon cool and moift) will produce good Collifiovoers about a Montii after the iecond Crop is gone, whereby their Seaibn will be greatly prolong'd. There is alio a fourth Crop of Colliflowers, v/hichis raised by low- ing the Seed about the twelfth of May j and being tranfplanted, as hath been before directed, will produce good Cdlifiowers in a kind- ly Seafon, and good Soil after Mi- chuelmas, and continue thro' Octo- ber and November, and if the Sea- fon permit, often a great Part of December. The Reafbn why I fix particular Days for the fowing of this Seed, IS, becaufe two or three Days often make a great Difference in their Plants 5 and becaufe theie are the Days ufually fix'd by the Gardeners near London, who have found their Crops to fucceed beft when fown at thofe Times, although one Day fooner or later will make no great Odds. BROOM, the Common ^ 'v'ule Cytifo-Genifta Scoparia. BROOM, the Spanifli j vide Spartium, Sc Genifta. BRUNELLAi Self-heaL The CharaHers are > The Tlovpers grow in flwrt compncl Spikes, which conjifl of one Leaf, and are Ubiated (or lip\l) j the Cr eft [or upper Lip) is intire and hollow' d ; ^e Beard (or lower Lip) is divided ht9 three Segments j th? middle Se^- B R menf is broad, and hollow, like ^ Spoon, and is farther produced than the two other Segments which are narrow j the Cup of the Flower hath two Lips j the tipper being erect ami trifid, and the lower is arm'd with two [mall Spines. There are ieveral Species of this- Plant preferv'd in the curious Bo- tanick Gardens : I fliall mention the Varieties to be found in the Englifi Gardens, and then give a fhort Account of their Culture. 1. Brunella; major, folio non Mffe^o. C. B. Common Self-heal, with whole Leaves. 2. Brunella i major, folio non diJfeBoyflore albo. C. B. Common Self-heal, with white Flowers. ^. Brunella ; folio laciniato, C. B. Cut-leav'd Self-heat. 4. Brunella j folio laciniato ; fiore albo. H. R. P. Cut-leav'd Self heal, with white Flowers. f. Brunella ; C&rulea, magnc pre. C. B. Large bluc-flower'i Self-heal. 6. Brunella; H^ffopifolia. C, B. Narrow-leav'd Set f heal. 7. Brunella; Alpina; laciniato ; flore magno. Boerh, Ind. Large- flower 'd cut-leav'd Self-heal froni- the Alps. 8. Brunella ; folio lerbcns. te- ntiifolidi. Boerh. Ind. Self-heal, with Leaves like the narrow cut-leav'd Vervairi. 9. Brunella ; laciniata ; flore elegantijjime fuiphtireo. Boerh. Ind. Cut-leav'd Self-heal, with fine Sul- phur-colour 'd Flowers. ID. Brunella j latifolia j Italic ca-j fore cameo. Barrel. Broad- leav'd Italian Self-heal, with Flelh- colour'd Flowers. 1 1 . Brunella ,- Kova AnglU ; major ; foliis l-ongins 77mcronatis Rand. New-England Self-heal, with long-poimed Leaves. *2. Bru^ B R 12. Brunella j Caroliniana, mag- fjo fiore, dilute cAruleOy internodiis iongijjimh. Rmd. Carolina Self- heal, with large pale blue Flowers, and long Spaces between the Joints of the Stalks. Thefe Plants may be any of them propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring of the Year, on a Bed of common Earth, and v/hen they are come up, may be planted out in Borders in any fhady Part of the Garden, where they will thrive, and many of them flower the fame Year, but all of them the fecond, after which they feldom^ continue, therefore the Seeds of them muft be fown yearly for a frefh Supply. The firft Sort is ufed in Medi- cine, and is very common in di- vers Parts of E«^/^«t/: The fecond, third, and fourth Sorts are Varie- ties of the firfl : The others are of foreign Growth} and altho' there is not a great deal of Beauty in them, yet fome of the Varieties are worth cultivating to add to the Diverfity of the Garden, clpe- cially fmce they require very little Culture. BRUNSFELSIA. This Plant takes its Name from Dr. Brunf- feljius, a famous Phylician. The Characters are i The Flower confifts of one Leaf Jhap'd like n Funnel, which is tubu- lousy and cut into many Tarts at Topi from whofe Calyx arifes the Fointal, which afterward becomes a round, foft, fiefhy Fruit, containing toundiflj Seeds between the Rind and the Flejh. We have but one Species of this Plant, which is, Brunsfelsia} Jlore albo, fruBu croeeoy molli. Tlum.N. G. BrunJ- feljia, with a white Flower, and a foft Saffron-coloured Fruit. B il This Plant is very common m Barbados and Jamaica, but in Eu- | rope it is at prefent very rare: It ' may be propagated from Seeds, which ibould be fown early in the Spring, in Pots filled with light Earth, and plung'd into a Hot-bed of Tanners-bark, obferving to wa- ter the Earth as often as jou find it neceflary : When the Plants are come up, they fhould be tranf- planted each into a feparate fmall Pot, filled with frefh light Earth, and plunged into the Hot-bed a- gain, obferving to water and fhade the Plants until they have taken Root, after which they fhould have Air let into the Hoc-bed, in Pro- portion to the Warmth of the Sea- fon and the Bed into which they are placed j and they muft be fre- quently refrefh'd with Water. When the Plants have advanced fo high as not to be contamed itt the Frames, they fhould be removed into the: Bark Stove y where, during the Summer Months, they fhould have a large Share of free Air, but in Winter they muft be kept very clofe. With this Management the Plants will be very ftrong, and produce their Flowers every Sea- fon. Thefe Plants may alfo be in- creafed by planting their Cutthigs Cin any of the Summer Months) in Pots filled with frefh light Earth, and plunged into a Hot-bed of Tanners-bark, obferving to water and fhade 'em until they have taken Root, after which they muft be martaged as hath been directed for the feedling Plants. BRUSCUSi vide Rufcus. BRYONIA,- Briony. The CharaBers are } It hath a climbing Stalk with Spines ', the Leaves are like thofe of the Vine ; the Flowers confifl of one Leafy which is expanded at the Top, B tJ topy and divided into five Tarts j and in the Female Fl/ints are fuc- ceeded by round Berries groroing on Footjialks j the Flowers of the Male Plants have five Apices in eachy but are barren. There are fcveral Species of this Plant, which are cultivated in the Botanick Gardens ; but fince there is no great Beauty in thein, I fhali pafs them over, and only mention the common Sort which is ufed in Medicine. Bryonia ; afpera j five alba ; baccis rubris. C. B. The common White Briony. This Plant grows upon dry Banks under Hedges in many Parts of England, but may be cultivated in a Garden for Ufe, by fowing the Berries in the Spring of the Year in a dry poor Soil, where they will in two Years time grow to be large Roots, provided they are not too clofe to each other. The Roots of this Plant have been for- merly cut into a human Shape, and carry'd about the Country , and fhewn for Mandrakes by a Parcel of idle People, who very ealily im- pos'd on the Credulity of the com- mon People, and got good Live- ings thereby. The Leaves of this Plant are alfo often impos'd on the People in the Market for Man- ■dr ake-\c2iveSi altho' there is no Re- femblance between them, nor any Agreement in Quality. BRYONIA NIGRA; videTam- nus. BUCKSHORN, er HARTS- HORN 5 w/e Coronopus. BUGLOSSUM; Buglofs. The Characters are; The Flowers are fmall and tiibu- lous, divided at the Top into five ob~ tufe SegmentSy and are expanded in a round Forfn-y the Seeds are like the Head of a Viper, B U The Species are; 1. BuGLOssuM} perenne ; majus ^ fat iv urn. M. H, The Garden £«- glofs. 2. BuGLdssuM j J^/^'p/?re ; minus, C. B, The kiTer wild Buglofs. 3. BuGLOssuM; latifoliu??7 i fern- per-virens. C* B. The broad- lea v'd Ever-green Buglofs. 4. BuGLOiSUM Orientate ; Jlore luteo. T. Cor. The Eallern Buglofs, with yellow Flowers. 5", BuGLOssuM ; Creticum ; ver- rucofum-y perlatum quibufdam. H. R. Par. Warted Buglofs from Crete. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are cultivated in Botanick Gardens ; but thefe mention'd, are the chief Sorts which are to be found in the Fng- liflj Gardens. They may be culti- vated, by fowing their Seeds in the Spring, in Beds of common undung'd Earth, and may be after- wards tranfplanted, wliere they are to remain .- They all delight in a dry poor Soil. The firfl Sort is cuhivated for its Flowers, which are ufed in Me- dicinal Cordials. The fecond Sort grows wild upon dry Banks, in moft Parts of England, and is fbme- times ufed in Medicine. The third Sort is always green, and may have a Place in fhady WildernefTes, but is riot fit for a fine Garden. The fourth Sort is an abiding; Plant, and may deferve a Place in a good Garden, for its long Continuance to flower. The fifth Sort is an An- nual, and if fufFer'd to fow itfelf, will come up and abide the Winter very well, and produce its fmall blue Flowers in the Spring. Thefe two laft, for their Variety, may have a Place in the Flower-Garden. and the firft Sort in the Phylick- Garden^ for its Ufe, BU- B U tVG\Jh^i Bugle. There are feveral Varieties of this Plant, fame of which are cul- tivated in Botanick Gardens : But as they are Plants of no great Beau- ty or Ufe, fo I fliall pais them over here, and only obfervey that two Varieties of this Plant are very common in moifl: Meadows in Eng- land-y thefe two are indifferently ufed in Medicine, and cali'd in the Shops ConfoUda Media, or the Mid- dle Confound. BULBOCASTANUxM i Earth- Kuts. This is an Umbelliferous Plant, which is found wild in many Parts o^EngUnd, and may be propagated by fowing the Seeds, as foon as they are ripe, in a moifl Soil. BULBOCODIUM. Tht Characiers are,- The llcivers confifl of cm Leaf, and are divided into fix Segments, being in Shape like the Crocus llow- er; the Leaves are very long and narrow ; the Tkoot conjifls of folid Btilbs, one over the other, which are dofely join'd. We have but one Species of this J*lant in the Engliflj Gardens, which isj _ . Bulbocodium; Crocifolium ; fiore fnrvo vicldceo. T. Cor. Bulboco- din?n, with Leaves like the Saffron and fmall Violet-colour'd Flowers. This Pbnt is cultivated after the Manner of the Spring Crocus's, viz>, by parting its Bulbs, or fowing the Seeds; It is commonly three or four Years before it comes to flower from Seed ; but as it in- creafes but flowly by the Root, fo we muil: fow the Seeds, if we in- tend to have a Stock of this Plant : It flowers in April, and the Seeds are ripe in June, and fhould be fown foon after in Pots of com- mon Earth, where they fhould re- B u main two Years undifturb'd, aira then may be planted out into z Border at about three Inches fquare, where they may Hand to flov/er : It is alfo very probable that fome other Colours may be obtain'd by lowing the Seeds, as we find is often the Cafe with mo ft other Bulbs when rais'd from Seeds. BUPHTHALMUMi Ox-Eye. The Characters are ; The -whole Face of the Flant is like Tanjy : The Flowers, which are radiated, are for the mofl part pro- duced fimply : The Florets of the Disk are feparated with an imbricated little Leaf. The Species are ; 1. Bui'HTHALMuM; tanacetl 7ni- noris folio. C. B. The common Ox-Eye, with Leaves like Tanfy. 2. BuphtHalmum ,' Orientate : tanaceti minoris folio ; fiore luted amplijfimo, T. Cor, The Eaftera Ox-Eye, with large yellow Flow- ers. 3. Buphthalmum ; Orient ale j tanaceti minoris folio ; flore alba ampUj/imo. T. Cor, The Eaflern Ox-Eye, v/ith large white Flow- ers. The firfi of thefe Plants is men- tion'd by Mr. Ray as a Native of England; but is rarely found wild with us. The other two were found by Monfieur Tournefort, m the Levant. Thefe are propagated by fowing their Seeds in March, in a Bed oi light Earth i arrd when they are come up, may be tranf- plated i-nto Borders of the Fiower- Garden , or in little Wildernefs Knots. Thefe Plants do continue flowering alm.oft all the Summer thro' -, for which they dcfcrve 3 Place in every good Garden. The Flowers are very proper to gather for Flower-pots, to adorn Rooms and Chimnies m theSummer-feafon; They B U "They delight in a dry Soil, and fuch as is not much dung'd ; and may alio be increased by parting their Roots at Michaelmas, or early in the Spring. The firft Sort is fometimes uied in Medicine. BUPLEUROIDES. See Bupleu- rum. The Ghara^ers ^ve j The Leaves grovo together by trvd's and three's in the fame Vlace : The End of the Foot-fialk bears an oblong Ovary y the Apex of which is crown'd with a naked, herbaceous, pentape- taloHs Flower, the Fetals being rolled up, inclofing five Stamina. The Ovary has a Tube cleft in two, the Apices of which are backwards, and rough : When ripe, it pajfes into two longifh Seeds; the Flowers are dif- pos'd in the Form of an Umbel or Umbrella. BuPLEUROiDEsj c^uA fimpU nobU Canarienfium. Fluk. Aim. There is at prefent but this one Species of this Plant known ; it was formerly growing in many Englifi Gardens, but was intirely loft in the Gardens near London; till in 1727 I brought it over from Hol- land again. It is a Plant of no great Beauty ; but as it is an Ever- green, may be kept, to add to the Variety in the Green-houfe. It is pretty hardy, and will endure our Winters with very little Shelter j and is propagated by fowing of the Seeds in March, in a Bed of common Earth, where they will eafily come up, and may be after- wards tranfplanted into Pots, in order to remove them in Win- ter into Shelter. They require to be often water 'd, and love open Air. BUPLEURUMj Hare's-Ear. The CharaSiers are ,• The Leaves grow alternately upon the Branches, md, for the mofi pan, B u furrotind the Stalk, having no loot- fialk : The Seeds are oblong, fmooth, and furrow'd. There are two or three Varie- ties of this Plant, which are An- nuals: But as they have no great Beauty in them, 1 (hall pafs them over, and only mention one Sort, which is commonly preferv'd in Gardens i as, BuPLEURUM i arborefcens ; filio falicis. Tourn. Sefeli JEthiopicumf frutex. Bod. The Shrubby Hart- wort of Mthiopia. This is a flirubby Plant, com- monly growing td the Height of fix or feven Feet, and divides into many Branches ,• the Leaves, which are ever-green, are fomewhat like thofe of the broad-leav'd Willow, but much thicker. This Shrub is hardy, and will endure our feverell Winters in the open Air, provided it is planted in a dry Soil. This may be increas'd by fbvving the Seeds in Autumn, fo foon as they are ripe, in a Pot of common Earth, which Ihould be put under Shelter in very cold Weather, but not kept too dry : In the Spring following the Seeds will con^e, and when the young Plaints have acquired a little Strength, may be planted in a Border a little defended from cold Winds, where they may continue for a Year or two, and then be remov'd wh:^re they are defign'd to remain. The Cuttings of this Tree will alfo take Root ; but this being a leis certain Method than the other, and as the Plant pro- duces large Quantities of Seeds, it is hardly worth the Trial. BURNET i vide Pimpinella. BURSA PASTORIS 5 Shep- herd's-Pouch. This is a comraon Weed in moft Parts of England, and (hould be carefully weeded out of Gardens before the Seeds are U ' ' feat- B U icattered, otherwife it will be- come a very troublefome Weed. BUTOMUSj the Flowering Rufli er Water Gladiole. The Characierj are j The Leaves are triangular and gr»j[y\ The Stalks are naked: The Fhwers are difpos'd in an Umbel up- on the Top of the Stalk, and each eonjtp ef fix Leaves j three of them are large] and three fmall, which ure expanded in Term of a Rofe. The Species arej 1. BvroMvs; fore rofeo. Tourn. The Rofe-colour'd Flowering Rufli. 2. BuTOMUSj flore alho. Tourn. The White Flowering Rufh. 3 . BuTOMUS j flore faturate pur- purea . Boerh. Ind. The deep Pur- ple-colour'd Flowering Rufh. The firft of thefe Varieties is pretty common in (landing Waters in many Parts of Lngland j the other two are Varieties of this, tho' lefs common with us. Thefe Plants may be propagated in boggy Places, or by planting them in Cifterns, which fhould be kept fill'd with Water, that fliould have about a Foot Thicknefs of Earth in the Bottom: Thefe, though common Plants, yet produce very pretty Flowers, and are worth propaga- ting for Variety fake, efpecially it in any Part of the Garden there ihould be Conveniency for an arti- ficial Bog, as is many times the Cafe, and Perfons are at a Lofs what to plant in fuch Places, that may appear beautiful, whereas if thefe and a few more wild Plants, which naturally grow in fuch Places, were taken into the Garden, they would have a very good EfFed in diverfifying the feveral Parts there- of. BUXUSj the Box-Tree.. The Chara^ers arej The Leavei me pennand, md B u ever-gyeeH-y it hath Male llonperst which are produced at remote Dif- tances from the Fruit on the fame Tree : The Fruit is fiafd like a For- ridge-pot inverted, and is divided into three Cells, containing two Seeds in each ; which, when ripe, are caft forth by the Elajlicity of the Veffel. The Species are ; 1. Buxus J arborefcens. C. B, The Box-Tree. 2. Buxus i arborefcens ; angufli' folia. The narrow-leav'd Box- Tree. 3. Buxus; foliis ex luteo varie^ gatis. H. R. Far. Strip'd Box. 4. Buxus ; major i foliis per lijn- hum aureis. H. R. Far. The Gold-edg'd Box-Tree. 5*. Buxus > humilis. Bod. The Dwarf-Box. 6. Buxus; humilis \. foliis varie^ gatis. The Dwarf-flrip'd Box. 7. Buxus ; major i foliis per Urn- burn argenteis. The Silver-edg'd Box. The firft and fecond Sorts grow in great Plenty upon Box-hill near Barking in Surrey, where were formerly large Trees of thefe Kinds, but of late they have been pretty muchdeftroy'd, yet there are great Numbers of the Trees remaining which are of a conliderable Big- nefs. The Wood of this Tree is very ufefiil for Turners, Ingravers, and Mathematical Inflrument-ma- kers; the Wood being fo hard, clofe and ponderous, as to fink in Water, which renders it very va- luable for divers Urenfils. All the Varieties of the Tree or large Box, are proper to intermix in Clumps of Ever-greensi c^f. where they add to the Variety of fuch Plantations. Thefe may be propagated by planting the Cut- tings ia April in a ftiady Border, ob' C A obferving to keep them waterM un- til they have taken Root, and may be afterward tranfplanted into Nur- feries till they are fit for the Pur- pofes intended. The beft Seaibn for removing thefe Trees, is in April or Sepembery though, indeed, if Care be taken to take them up with a good Ball of Earth, they may be tranfplanted almoft at any Time, except in the Middle of Winter. Thefc Trees are a very great Ornament to cold and barren Soils, where few other Things will grow. They may alfo be propa- gated by laying down the Branches, or from Seeds. The Dwarf-kind of Box is ufed for bordering of Flower-beds, or- Borders 3 for which Purpofe it far exceeds any other Plant, it being fubjedl to no Injuries from Cold or Heat, and is of a long Duration, is very ealiiy kept handfome, and by the Firmnefs ot its rooting> keeps the Mould in the Borders from wailiing into the Gravel- walks, more effedually than any Plant whatever. This is increas'd by parting the Roots, or planting the Slips i but as . it makes fb great an Increafe of itfelf, and fo eafily parts, it is hardly Worth while to plant the Slips that have no Roots j but it is now become fb commons that it may be purchas'd from the Nurfe- iies at a cheap Rate. The manner of planting this in Edgings, i^c. is fo well underflood by every working Gardener, that it would be needlefs to mention any thing of that kind here. tember, and do make an c A agreeable Variety amongft other Exotick Plants. The fecond Sort is now very common in England, tho* it has not been near fo long an Inhabitant of our Gardens as the former. This was brought from the Cape of Good Hope into fbme curious Gardens in Holland, where it hath been in- crcafed, and fent into fevei-al Parts of Europe. This Plant may be eafily propagated by planting of Cuttings, in any of the Summ.er Months: Thefe Cuttings muft be taken from the Plants at leaft a Week before they are planted, that their wound- ed Part may be healed, otherwife they are fubjedt to roc. They muft be planted into fmall Pots, filled with light fandy Earth; and if they are plunged into a moderate Hot- bed, it will forward their taking root; but if the Bed is too warm, they will not do fo well as in the open Air, in a well fheltered Situa- tion, with other hardy fucculent Plants; and in Winter they fhould be placed into a dry Green-houfe, where they muft have free Air when the Weather is mild, for they arc pretty hardy, and on- ly require to be prcferved from Froft, but they ihould not have too much Water in the Winter Seafon, which is apt to rot them. Thefe Plants (if well maniged) will grow to the Height of fix or eight Feet, and will produce Flowers al- moft every Year ; but the greateft Beauty is in their thick facculent Leaves, which are covered over with a fine glaucous Flue, fbme- what like that of the Green-gage Plumb. Thefe Leaves, when broken, do emit a ftrong Scent, fbmewhat like Turpentine, which has occa- fioned fbme Perfons to give it the Name of Balm of Gileady tho' very improperly. C#A- C A CALAMINTHAi Calamint. The Char driers are j It hath a long tubulous Flower, nfihich opens at the Top into two Lips; the upper Lip or Creji is roundijhy and divided into two Seg- ments -, the lower Lip or Beard is divided into Three : Thefe Flowers fire produc'd from the Joints of the Stalks at the Footjialks of the Leaves, in Bunches, upon pretty long Fedicles or Footjialks. The Species are ; 1. Calaminthaj vulgaris y vel cfficinarum Germanic. C. B» The common Calamint. 2. Calamintha } pulegi odore ; fdiis latioribus. H. L. Broad-leav'd Calamint, with a Peny royal Smell. 5. Calamintha j magno fiore. C. B, Calamint with large Flow- ers. 4. Calamintha ; incana ; ocymi foliis, C. B, Hoary Calamint, with Leaves like Bafil. The firft of thefe Sorts is found ivild in many Parts of England; but may be propagated in Gardens, by fbwing the Seeds in Spring, or parting the Roots; it will grow in almofl: any Soil or Situation. This is the Sort commonly ufed in Medicine; tho' the fecond Sort hath of late prevail'd in the Mar- kets. The fecond and third Sorts may be propagated in the fame manner as the firft, and are equally as hardy . The fourth Sort is fome- what tenderer, and fhould be kept in Pots, and fhelter'd in Winter : •This is increas'd by planting Cut- tings in any of the Summer Months. CALCEOLUS; Ladies Slipper. The CharaSiers are ; It hath an anomalous Flower con- fining of fix dijfimilar Leaves, four of which are placed in Form of a Crofs, the other two pojfefs the Mid' c A die, one of which is bifid, and refis upon the other, which isfwelling and fljaped like a Shoe : The Empalement becomes a Fruit, open on three Sides, to which adhere the Valves pregnant with very fmall Seeds like Duji. The Species are ; 1. Calceolus; Marianus* Dod» Ladies Slipper. 2. Calceolus ; flore majore. Tourn. Ladies Slipper, with a lar- ger Flower. 3. Calceolus; Marianus Cana^ denfis. Corn, Canady Ladies Slip- per. The firft Sort grows wild in the North of England and in Scotland, from whence it may be procured, but the Plants muft be carefiilly^ taken up with a good Clod of Earth to their Roots, and Ihould be planted into a ftrong loamy Soil, and in a fhady Situation, where, if they are fuftered to remain, they will produce their beautiful Flow- ers annually in May : But if they arc often removed, or planted in a light or rich Soil, they rarely pro- duce Flowers, and feldom continue more than one Scafon. The fecond and third Sorts are not Natives of England; but if the Roots can be procured trom abroad, they may be treated in fhe fame manner as the firft Sort, thefe be- ing full as hardy, and' will produce their Flowers in our Climate. CALF's-SNOUT ; vide Antirrhi- num. CALTHA; Marygold. The Charaders are; It hath a radiated difcous Flower ; the Petals of the Flower are for the mojl part crenated ; the Seeds are crooked and rough ; thofe which are outermofl are long, and thofe within are[hort : The Leaves are lo'^g, in- tire, and (for the moji Fart ) fuccu- lent. L 5 The C A The Species arej 1. Caltha } 'vulgetrh ; fiore £itrmo» C. B, The common Ma- rygold. 2. Caltha 5 vulgaris ; fore Ullido. C. B, The palc-colour'd Marygcld. 3. Caltha; fclyanthos ; major, C. B. The large double Marygold. 4. Caltha ; plyanthos j w/t.ri- mit. C. B. The largeft double Marygold. 5". Caltha ; minimx, J. B- The fmalleft Marygold. 6. Caltha j media \ folio longo ; prolifera. Boerh. Ind. The Child- ing Marygold. 7. Caltha i Africana- Jlore in* tus albo, extHs 'violacco. To urn. The African MarygoU, with Flow- ers that arc white within, and of a Violet Colour on the outlide. 8. Caltha i Africana ; fiore in- fus alboy extus leiiter violaceo , femine piano i cordato. Boerh. Ind. African Marygold, with Flowers white within, and of a fbft Violet Colour without, and flat Heart- fhap'd Seeds, 9. Caltha; Africana, foliis croci, eingufiis, fiorum petalis externe pur- furitfcentibusy interne albis. Boerh. Ind. African Marygold, with nar- row Leases like Saffron, and the Petals of the Flower white v/ithin, and purple without. Tiie lix Sorts firft mention'd are very hardy Plants, and may be fown in Beds or Borders of com- mon Earth in any Part of the Garden. They are all annual ; and if their Seeds are fuffer'd to fall to the Ground, they will fupply you, without the Trouble of ibwing them. But in order to keep the Sorts di!^inrer. The Characters are ; The Flower conffis of one Leaf, is fhat'J like a Bell, a?id is, before c A bloton, of a pentagonal Figures and, -when fully open'd, is cut into five Segment at the Top. The Seed- veffel is, for the mofi part, divided into three Cells, each having a Hole at the Bottom, by -which the Seed is emitted. There is a vaft Number of Species of this Plant, which to enu- merate in this Place would be tedi- ous: I fhall only feled: fomeof the moft beautiful Kinds, which are beft worth propagating in a Flower* garden, and omit the other lels- valuable Sorts. 1. Campanula ; pyramidata y altifflma. Town. The talleft py- ramidal Bell-flower. 2. Campanula; perficAfolia Lo- belli i fiore c&rulco. Mor, Hifi. "the blue Peach-leav'd Bell-flower. 5. CMAVA-KVhk; perficdifolia;fior9 alba. Mor.Hifl. The white Peach- leav'd Bell-flower. 4. Campanula; perficAfolia ; fiore plena. Tourn. The double Peach- leavd Bell-flower. f. Cam? Ai^vh A ; perficAfolia; fiore albo, pleno. Tourn. The double white Peach-leav'd Bell-flower. 6. Campamula j hortenfis, flore ^ folio oblongo. C, B. Garden Bell-flower, with oblong Leaves and Flowers, commonly call'd, Can- terbury Bells. 7. Campanula ,• hortenfis, fiore' ^ folio oblongo ', fiore albo. C. B. White Canterbury Bells. 8. Campanula , hortenfis, fiore ^ folio oblongo j fiore variegato. The ftrip'd Canterbury Bells. 9. Campanula; vulgatior ; foliis urticA ; vel major ^ afperior fiore duplici CAruleo major e. Boerh, Ind. Large Nettle-leav'd Bell-flower, with large double blue Flowers. 1 0. Campanula ; vulgatioryfoliis urticA \ vel major ^ afperior fiore duplici albo^ H. R, lar^ Large - ■ Ncttl(^^ C A Nettle-leav'd Bell-flower, with dou- ble white Flowers. 11. Campanula i Canarienfs ; Atriplicis folio ,• tuberose raJice. Tourn. Canary Bell-flower, with Orach Leaves, and a tuberofe Root. 12. Campanula; minor ; Ame- ricandj foliis rigidis ; fiore c&ruleo fatulo. H. L. Dwarf American Bell-flower, with rigid Leaves and blue Flowers. 1 3 . Campanula ; minor ; Ame- ricana ; foliis rigidis i fiore albo. H. L. Dwarf American Bell-flower, with rigid Leaves, and white Flowers. 14. Campanula; radice efculen- ta ; pre cmhUo. H, L. Blue Bell- flower, with edible Roots, com- monly call'd, Rampions. If. Campanula; arvenfis, pro* cumbens. Inft. R. H. Venus Look- ing-Glafs ; vulgo. 16. Campanula,- arvenfis erecia. H. L. Upright Venus Looking- Glafs. 17. Campanula; arvenfis ere^a, fiore albo. Inji. R. H. Upright Venus Looking-Glafs, with a white Flower. 18. Campanula; arvenfis, pro- cumbens, fiore albo. H. L. Venus Looking - Glafs, with a white Flower. The hrft Sort is commonly cul- ' tivated to adorn Chimnies, Halls,' ^c, in the Summer-feafbn ; for which Purpofe there is no Plant more proper, it producing fometimes eight, ten, or twelve Branches, which will grow four or five Feet high, and produce large Quantities of beautiful Flowers, almoft the whole Length of the Stalks, which, if kept from Rain and Sun, will continue in Beauty for a long time; and if the Branches arc regularly fpread flat to Sticks, makes a very fine Ap|»eara;icet c A This Plant is propagated either by fbwing the Seeds in Marchy in. a Bed of light undung'd Soil, or by parting the Roots; the latter Me- thod being the moft expeditious, is commonly pra£fis'd ; for every Dug taken from the Roots in Sep^ tember or March, will grow, if rightly manag'd : But the Roots which are rais'd from Seeds, will make the flrongeft Bloom ; for which Reafbn, you fliould every Year fow of the Seeds, to have a Succeflion of thefe Roots for Bloom, notwithflanding they are common- ly three or four Years before they flower : We fhould therefore tranl- plant the young Plants into Nur- fery-beds the September after fow- ing, which Beds fhould be made of a light Soil, rather dry than wet : The Diftance they fliould be planted at, is fix Inches fquare : And if in hard frofty Weather you cover the Bed with Mats, it will greatly ftrengthen the young Roots; in thefe Beds they may remain un- til the third Year after lowing; at which time, if you find the Roots are ftrong, and promife well for flowering, in September you fhould take them up, and plant them into Pots of light Soil ; and if you have the Conveniency of a Glafs-Frame to fhelter them in Win- ter from great Rains and levere Frofls, they will be vaflly the ftronger for it : For alt ho' they require frequent Waterings in Sum- mer-time, yet too much Wet in Winter is apt to rot them ; for their Roots arefucculent and milky .- therefore, if you have no flich Conveniency, you mufl lay the Pots on one Side in very wet Wea- ther, and in a great Frofl fet them under a warm Wall, Pale, or Hedge, and cover them with Peafe- haulm, ^c. obferving to lay a Jittle old Dung C A Dung round the Pots, to guard tlieir Roots from the Froft. If this Care be taken, the Flowers will fufficiently rccompcnce for tlie Trouble, in their Numbers and Largenefs. The Peach-leav'd Bell-TlovDers may be rais'd iTom Seeds, in the •fame manner; or be increas'd, by parting their Roots in Autumn, which is the moft cxpciiitious Me- thod : Thele are very hardy, and may be planted in open Beds or Borders, where they will flower very ftrong, efpecially if their Roots are taken up and parted evei-y other Year; for otherwife, the Number of Heads will render their Stems weak, and the Flowers fmall The Canterbury Bells are bien- nial, feldom lafting longer than the {econd Year ; thefe therefore are only rais'd, by fowing their Seeds, rhe beft Seafon for which is in the Beginning of April, and in fmie the Plants will be tit to tranf- plant; at which time you fl-sould prepare a Bed or two in a fliady S'tuation, where you mufl; plant them at about fix Inches Diftance every way : and in September fol- lowing you may plant them out into the Borders of the Flower- Gardcn, where they will flower the May following ; and when they have ripen'd their Seeds, will die ; therefore you muft fow every Year, to have a Supply of treih Roots. The two Dwarf American Kinds are only propagated by Off-fets, their Seeds feldom ripening with us i they are hardy, and will en- dure in the open Air, provided they are planted in a dry Soil, and a warm Situation : The bcft Seafon for parting their Roots, is in April j but they mufl nor have too rich a Soil. C A Thefe Plants v/ill endure our common Winters in the open Air> but in fevere Frofts they are often deftroycd, therefore it will be pro- per to prcfervc Ibme Plants of each Sort in Pots, which may be placed under a common Hot-bed Frame in Winter, obferving to take off the Glafles every Day in mild Wea- ther, that they may enjoy as much free Air as polTible ; and in hard Frofts the Glafles may be covered with Mats, Straw, or Peafe Haulm, to prevent the Earth in the Pots from being frozen, which will preferve the Plants in Vigour. The Canary Campanula, is one of the moft beautiful Plants of the Grccn-Iioufe, it producing its Flowers in the Depth of Winter, and continuing them through the yiontYiSO^ December, J^uary, and Tebruary. This Plant is propaga- ted by parting its Roots, the Sea- fon for which is in June, when the Stems are quite dccay'd ; and in doing of it, great Care fliould be taken, not to break or bruife their Roots, which would endan-r ger their decaying. The Soil in which thefe Roots fhould be plant- ed, muft be one third freih Earth, a third Part Sand, and the reft Lime-Rubbifli ; this fnould be well mix'd and fcreen'd, and, if laid together half a Year before it is ufcd, that it may incorporate, it will be the better. When you plant the Roots, give them a little Water to fettle the Earth about them; but afterwards let your Waterings be very fpa- ringly done, and but feldom repeat- ed until their Stems begin to ad- vance ; after which, they muft have it a little freely : For want of this Caution, many of thefe, and other Flower-roots which are kept in Pots, are deftroy'd j for it is im- pofiiblc i C A poffible to fuppofe that a Root which is intirely at Reft, and de- ftitute of Leaves, Ihould be capable of difcharging any Quantity of Moifture ; therefore let this Caution be conftantlyobferv'd. The Stems of the Flower will begin to appear in Auguft\ and if the Roots are ftrong, will rife to eight or nine Feet in height j and in November , or fboner, will begin to fhew its beautiful Flame-colour'd Flowers. When thefe Stems begin to ad- vance, we {hould remove the Plant into Shelter, to guard it from Morn- ing Frofts, or great Rains j and as the Weather grows colder, it muft be remov'd into a good Green- houfe, where it fhould have as much free Air as poffible, in open mild Weather. This Plant will re- quire the fame Proportion of Heat as is allotted for the Ficoides, and will thrive in the fame Houfe, better than amongft Orange-trees, Sec. The Nettle-leav'd Bell-Florpers fire very hardy, and may be in- creas'd by parting their Roots either in Spring or Autumn, and are pro- per for large open Borders. The Rampion is propagated in the Kitchen-Garden, for its Root, which was formerly in greater E- fteem in England than at prefent, altho' the French are ft ill very fond of it: The Seeds of this Plant Ihould be ibwn in March, in a Bed of light dry Earth, as ihin as pof- fible ; and in May, when the Plants are come up, hoe them out, leavuig them about four Inches fquare ; and during the Summer keep them clear from Weeds, and the Winter following they will be fit for Ufe. The four Sorts of Venus Looking- glafs, are annual Plants j the Seeds pf tliefe fliould be fowa in the c A Borders of the Flower-Garden , where they are to remain, for they do not love tranfplanting. If the Seeds are fown in April, the Plants will Hower in June and July; but if they are fown in May, they will not flower till Auguft, {o that by fowing them at different Times, there may be a Succeifion of them in Flower during all the Summer Months : And if the Seeds are fown toward the End of Augufl, upon a light warm Soil, the Plants will abide the Winter, and flower early the Spring following. The Seeds of thefirft Sort are very common in all the Seed Shops in London : The Second is a Variety of the firft ; but the third and fourth Sorts are lefs common in England . CAMPlJORAj The Camphire- Tree. The Characters are; Jt hath Leases like thofe of the Tear-Tree, but are full of Ribs, which grow alternately upon the Branches: The Flowers coijifi of one Leaf, vphich is divided into five or fix Segments: The Fruit is JJjap'd like a Nut ; the Shell is tender, a?jd the Kernel bifid. Camphora; officinarum. C B. The Camphire-Tree. The Authors that have treated of thisTree, fuppofe there are two Sorts of it, one of which is a Na- tive of the lile of- Borneo, and is the Tree from whence the be ft Camphire is taken, which is fup- pos'd to be a Natural Exudation from the Tree, produced in fach PL-ices where the Bark of the Tree has been wounded or cut The other Sort is a Native of Japan, which Dr. Kempfer dcfcribes to be a Kind of Bay, bearing black or purple Berries, and from v/hence thj Inhabitants of the Province of Satzuma and the Ifland of Goth^ prepare C A |jrq>are their Camphlre, which is procured by making a fimple De- coftion of the Root and Wood of this Tree cut into fmall Pieces : Biiit this Sort of Camphire (he fays) is ejctremely cheap, being in Value eighty or an hundred times Ucfs than the true Bcrnea?i Camphire. This Tree is at prefent very rare in Europe, and is only increased by laying down the Branches, which are commonly two Years before they take Root, £o as to be fit to remove : It requires a light Soil, and frequent Waterings in warm Weather, but in Winter you mull do it sparingly : It muft be kept in a moderate Warmth in Winter, tut in Summer may be expos'd to the open Air in a weii-fhelter'd Place. CAMPION i vUe Lychnis. CANDLE-BERRY-TREE i vUe Gale. CANDY-TUFT j viJe Thlafpi. CANNA INDICAi vUe Canna- corus. CANNABIS; Hemp. The Characters are ; It hath digitated (or Jinger'd) Lf-avesy which grow oppojite to one another i The Jloroers have no vijible Tetals: It is Male and Female, in digirent Tlants. Cannabis; fativa. C. B. The Manured Hemp. This Plant is propagated in the rich Fenny Parts ot Lincolnfiire, in great Quantities, for its Bark, which IS fo ufeful for Cordage, Cloth, O'c. and the Seeds afford an Oil which is uftd in Medicine. The Manner of propagating it is fo well known, that it would be needlefs to infert it in this Place. CANNACORUS: The Indian Reed. The Characters are; // h0th a knohbed tHberofe Koot : c A The Leaves are long and nervous : The Flower confifls of one Leaf is ttibulousy and cut into fix Segments y thefe are fucceeded by roundiJJj mem- branaceous VeJ[elsy which are divided into three Cells, each containing two or three round hard Seeds. The Species are ; 1. Cannacorus; latifolius ', vul' garis, Tourn. The common broad- Teav'd Indian Reed, with pale Flowers. 2. Cannacorus,' latifolius; vuU garis; foliis variegatis. The com- mon Indian Reed, with flrip'd Leaves. 3 . Cannacorus ; Jiore luteopuno tato, Tourn, The yellow-ipotted Indian Reed. 4. Cannacorus ; ftore caccineo j fplendente. Tourn. Tlie fine Scar- let-colour'd Indian Reed., 5'. Cannacorus ; amplijjimo folio ; fiore rutilo. Tourn. The largeil-leav'd Indian Reed, with reddifh-colour'd Flowers. 6. Cannacorus ; angufifolius i ftore fiavefcente. Tourn. Narrow- leav'd Indian Reed, with yellow Flowers. 7. Cannacorus; ampUjJimo folio, flore fiavefcente majore. The largeft- ieav'd Indian Reed with large yel- low Flowers, commonly called. Wild Plantain in America. Thefe Sorts are all propagated by Seeds, which mufl: be fown on a Hot-bed in March, S.nd after- wards fhould be tranfplanted into Pots fiird w^h good rich Earth, and, during the Summer-feafon, muft be plentifully water'd 1 Thefe Plants, thus manag'd, will many times produce Flowers the firft Seaibn ; but 'tis not till the fecond Year that they blow ftrong : In order to which, you fhould houfe them before the Froft pinches their Leaves, obferving to give them but little I G A little Water in the Winter, and keep them intirely from the Froft : In May following, prepare a good rich Bed of Earth, and turn your Plants out of the Pots into this Bed, being carehil not to difturb the Earth about their Roots, give- ing them Water plentifully in dry Weather j and when your Roots have once faften'd themfelves into this Bed, they will grow vigo- roufly, and produce many ftrong Stems, which will flower much ftronger than thofe kept in Pots, and ripen their Seeds very well. The Scarlet Bloflbm, and the large Yellow, are by far the moft beautiful Kinds j but a Mixture of the yellow-fpotted Sort will look very agreeable; but the common pale-colour'd Sort is hardly worth keeping, unlefs in Botanick Col- leftions. Thefe Sorts may be alfb increas'd by parting their Roots in the Spring, but thefe Plants feldom flower fq well as Seedlings: And lince the Seeds are fb eafy to be obtain'd, 'tis hardly worth pra6ti- ling, unlefs for the ftrip'd-leav'd Sort, which can be no other Way increas'd. The Inhabitants of Ame- rka call this Plant Indian-JJjot, and fay, the Indians make Ufe of this Seed inftead of Shot, to fhoot Wild- iov/i, &c. The large yellow Sort is much tenderer than the others, and fhould be conftantly kept in a Bark Stove, where, if the Roots have fufficient room in the Pots, they will pro- duce noble Spikes of Flowers, and perfe£t their Seeds very well. There is alfb another Species of this Plant, the Root of which is the Curcuma of the Shops ; but this I have not as yet feen in the XngliJJj Gardens. CAPERS i -vide Capparis, C A CAPNOIDES5 Podded Fuiai- tory. The Characters arej The Leaves and whole Face {}f this 'Plant is like Fumitory, hta th'eStyh of the Flower becomes a Iv/eg tatter Fod, which contains manj> romd finning Seeils. Capnoides. Tourn. Podded Fts- mitory. This is a pretty annual Pknt, which may be fbwn in an opea Border in the Spring of the Year ^ and when the Plants are come up, they may be remov'd and planted in the Borders of the Flov/er-Gar- den, where they will make a pret- ty Shew for two or three Months together. The Seeds of this PJant, if fuffer'd to Ihed upon the Groundp will furnini you with Plants enough, without giving you the Trouble to fbw it any more. CAPNORCHIS; Indian Bulbous- rooted Fumitory. The Characters are ; This hath the whole Face of Fu- mitory : The Root is fomeiimes tu- ber ofe^ fometimes fcaley, aud at other times bulbous ; the Flower confifis (f two Leaves, is of an anomalous Fi- gure, and hangs downward \ ths Fods are like thofe of Shepherd's- Pouch, Capnorchis; Americana. Boerk, Ind. American Bul|pous-rooted Fu- mitory. This Plant is propagated by part- ing its Roots, or from Seeds : It is not hardy -^aough to endure our Winters in the open Ground, there- fore the Pvoots muft be planted m -fmall Pots, filled with light fandy Earth, and houfcd in Winter: The Flowers are fomewiiar like thoic of Fumitory, and rlio' none of the moft beautiful Plants, yet deiervc a Place in a good Garden. CAP, C A CAPPARIS ; The Caper-BuHi. The CharaBers are 3 Its Flower confifls of four Leaves ; vphich are expanded in Form of a ^oje-f the Fruit is flejloy, and fhafd like a Tear, in vohich are contained many roundijJj Seeds. There is but one Species of this Plant in England at prelent, that I know of, which is, Cap PARIS; fpinofa-^ fruBu minor e folio rot undo. C. J5. The fmall fruited prickly Caper, with round Leaves. This Shrub chiefly delights in Rubbifh, and commonly grows up- on old Walls and Buildings, and is, with Difficulty, kept in Gardens, although hcus'd in Winter: Where- as there is a Bufli of this kind, now growing in a Hole ot a decay'd Wall, in the Gardens of Camden- Houfe at Kcnjington, which hath endured feveral Winters without any Shelter or Covering, and an- nually produces many beautiful Flowers, and fometimes, in good Scafons, will produce Seeds, tho' I don't remember ever to have feen them perfectly ripe. The Seeds of this Plant m.ay be eafily obtain'd from Tholoufe or Leghorn, and may be fown upon old Walls and Buildings, where they will infinuate their Roots between the Bricks, and endure for many Years. The Buds of thefe Flowers, before they open, are pickled for Eating. BEAN-CAPER; -vide Fabago. CAPRIFOLIUM; Honeyfuckk. The Chambers are ; It hath a climbing Stalk, "which ttpifls itfelf about -whatfoever Tree (lands near it : The Flowers are tu- bulous and oblong, confijling of one Leaf which opens toward the Top, and is divided into two Lips-j the upper- moji of Tvhi(h is again divided into C A two, and the lowermcfl intd many Segments ; the Tube of the Flower is bent, fomewhat refembling a Huntf man's Horn: They are produced in Clujiers, and are very fweet. The Species are ■, 1. Caprifolium ; non perfolia- tum, floribus a Ibis. The Wild or Englifh white Honeyfuckle. 2. Caprifolium ; non perfolia* J turn, flore interius albo, rubra ex- ll terne. Boerh. Ind. The Englifh red Honeyfuckle. 3. Caprifolium ; non perfolia- turn, foliis fmuofis, Tourn, Oak- leav'd Wild Honeyfuckle. 4. Caprifolium ; non perfolia^ turn, foliis fmuofis ^ variegatis. The Strip 'd Honeyfuckle, with cuC Leaves. f. Caprifolium ; non perfolia- turn, foliis ex luteo variegatis. The common Honeyfuckle, with yelloW ilrip'd Leaves. 6. Caprifolium; Italicum, per- foliatum precox. Br off. The French or Early white Honeyfuckle. 7. Caprifolium,- Italicum. Dod, The Italian Honeyfuckle. 8. Caprifolium ; Germanicum^ flore rubello, ferotiiium. Brojf, Late red Honeyiuckle. 9. Caprifolium; Germanlcum„ floribus fpcciofius, Dutch Honey* fuckle. 10. Caprifolium ; perfoliatum, fempervirens, floribus fpeciofius. Ever- green Honeyiuckle. The firft, fecond, and third Sorts of Honeyfuckles are found growing in the Hedges, in many Parts of England : Indeed, the third Sort is feldom found, and I believe is no more than an accidental Variety of the two former. I found one Plant of this Kind in the Woods near Bulwich, which I planted in the Phyiick-Garden, where it now grows, and many of the Branches m C A flill continue to produce indented Leaves; but the extreme Parts of the Tree, and all the vigorous Shoots, produce whole Leaves ; fb that the Variation froni the com- mon Sort is but fmall. The tv^o ftrip'd Sorts are alfo Varieties of the common, one having whole, the other indented Leaves. The Early Wiiite, Italian, Late Red, and Dutch Sorts, are Foreigners ^ but have been more cultivated in the Nurieries about London, than thofe which are of our own Growth, and are much commoner m the Gardens than thofe. The Early White is the firfl Sort that flowers, commonly beginning in April i this is fucceedcd by the Ita- lian 5 then the Dutch and Late Red Sorts follow; the latter of which, during the time of flower- ing, is the mod: beautiful of all the Kinds; for its Flowers are produ- ced in very dole Bunches, and every Shoot of the Tree produces many Bunches, which flowering all together, renders it a very fine Shrub : but this feidom lafts more than a Fortnight in Beauty j where- as the Dutch Sort, which pro- duces its Bunches but thinly (its Branches growing more ditfuled) continues flowering until prevented by froily Weather. The Ever- green Honeyfuckle begins to produce its Flowers at the Bei^inniny: of. June, and often continues flower- ing 'rill Michaelmas, which, toge- ther with its Ever-green Leaves, renders it a very valuable Shrub. All thefe Sorts of ^oneyfucldes are propagated by laying' dc vvn their Branches in the Spring ; v- hich by Michaelmas following (if rhey have been fupply'd with Water) will have taken Root, fo as to be 'fit to remove, which fhould be in- to Nurfery-beds, for a Year or tv/Oj C A the better to traiii them up, either for Headed-Plants, or for Creepers to plant againft Trees, Walls, Pales, O'r. which in two Years Time, at mofi:> will be fit for any of thofe Purpoies ; or they may be propa- gated by planting Cuttings of the young Shoots, either at Michael- mas, or early in the Spring of the Year, in a ihady Border, where they may continue 'till the Michael- mas following, vi"hcn they may be tranipbnted into Nurfery-beds, (as was before diredcd : ) But the Ever-green Honeyfuckle is difficult to encreaie this Way, therefore it would be better to propagate it by Layers. Thefe Shrubs arc very great Or- naments to fmall Quarters of Flow- ering Shrubs, when train'd up to regular Heads ; and the different Varieties being intermixed there- v/ith, their long Continuance in Flower, together with the Beauty and Sweetnefs of their Flowers, renders them as valuable Shrubs for fuch Purpofes as any we havcj and they are no Icis valuable for plant- ing againit the Stems of old Trees in Groves or Avenues, where, if they are not too much overihaded by the Trees, they will thrive and flower exceedingly. The beft Seafon for cutting thefe Trees, to keep them in a regular Form, is about Michaelmas, foon after they have done flower- ing, that their Wounds may heai before Winter : And this Work is beft perform'd with a Knife, ob- ferving to cut behind a Leaf-Bud; tor how long foever the Shoot is left beyond, it decays down to the Bud, and thereby becomes un- fightly. They are all extreme hardy, except the E^'er-green, which is fuppos'd to be an American Plant j and is fometlmes, m very fevere Winters, C A "Winters, apt to fuffer by the Froft, if planted in a Situation too much expos'd. CAPSICUM i Guiney Pepper. The CharaBers are j The Flowers confifi of one Leafy and are expanded like thofe of Night" Jljade ,• the Fruit isfoft, fiejhy, and wembraneous, and divided into two or more Cells ^ in which are contained many flat Kidney-fl^afd Seeds. The Species are i 1. CapsicUxM; filiquis longis, fro- pndentihus. Tourn. Ca^ficum, with long hanging Pods. 2. Capsicum 5 filic^uis recur vis. Dod, Cafficumy with long Pods which turn up at the End. 3. Capsicum 5 latifolium, malt JEthiopici fruclu magno^ comprejfo, Jiriato, Americanum. Fluk. Broad- leav'd Cap/icum, with long, com- prefs'd, ftriated Pods, commonly call'd, Bonnet Fepper. 4. Capsicum ; Africanum, fruclu fyramidali, pemlulo, rugofif/imo. Afri- cznCapfcum, with pyramidal,rough, hanging Pods, f. Capsicum; Africanum ; fruffu fyra?nidali, rugofijjimoy plerumque ere^o. African Capficum, with pyramidal rough Pods, for the moft part growing ercd. 6. Capsicum j fruclu non acriy rugofo, longo, pendent e^ rubro. Tefo- chilli. Hern. Capficum^ with long hanging red Pods, which are not hot. 7. Capsicum; fruclu Cordiformi, plerumque nut ant e, rubro. Capficumy with Heart-fliap'd red Pods, for the moft part hanging down- wards. 8. Capsicum ; fruBu TyramidatOy craffo, plerumque erecio, rubro. Cap* ficuWy with pyramidal thick red Pods, for the moft: part growing upright. ^. Capsicum 5 fruclu oblongOi C A nunc ereSioy nunc nutantCy ruhrd. Capficumy with oblong red Pods, growing fbmetimes eredt, and fometimes hanging. 10. Capsicum i fyuBu rotundoy majore, nunc ereBoy nunc nutantey rubro. Capficumy with large round red Pods, growing fbmetimes eredt, and fometimes hanging. 1 1 . Capsicum ; fru£iu flavOy py- ramidatOy oblongo, nunc erecio, nunc nut ante. Capficum, with oblong pyramidal yellow Pods, growing fbmetimes erect, and fometimes hanging. 12. Capsicum; fruclu Cordifor^ mi, nunc erecio, nunc nutante, fiavo. Capficum, with Heart-fhap'd yelloW Fruit, growing fometimes ered:, and fometimes hanging. 15. Capsicum; fruclu Olivarioy ereSio. Upright Olive-lhap'd Cap- ficum. 14. Capsicum -, fruclu parvo, py- ramidali, ereBo, rubro. Sloan. Cap- ficum, with fmall red Pods grow- ing ered:, cali'd by the Inhabitants of the M^eft- Indies, Barbary-Pepper. ij". Capsicum ; frudu parvo, rotunda, acerrimo. Sloan. Capfi- cum, with fmall round Pods which are very hot, call'd by the Inha- bitants of the Wefi-Indiesy Bird- Pepper. 16. Capsicum ; Americanumy fruBu rotundoy Ceraforum forma. Fluk. American Capficum, with round Cherry- fhap'd Fruit. 17. C A p s I c uM i Amcricanum , latifoliumy fruBu oblongOy ereBoy candido, Broad-leav'd American Capficumy with oblong white Pods growing ere£t. 18. CapsicuxM ; fruEiti maximo, oblongo, rugofo, plerumque nutante, rubro. Capficum, with large, ob- long, red, rough Pods, for th^ moft part hanging downwards. Thcfc 1 G A . ^'h^fe Sorts of d'.pficums ard i-bwn in many curious Gardens with other annual Plants, in Hot- beds, and require to be treated after the fame manner as was diredted for the Amarantimsy and do, in the Autumn Seaibn, make a very pretty Diverlity, being intermix'd there- with : They are all tolerably hardy, and may be planted abroad, to- wards the latter End of May, or the Beginning of Juney either in Pots or open Borders, where they v/iil ripen their Fruits very Well, except the 3d, 13th, i^th, lythj 1 6th, and 17th Sorts, which are tenderer, and mufl be brought for- ward under Glaffes, otherwiie their Fruit will not come to good : The J 3 th, 14th, and 15-th Sorts will remain for leveral Years, and form handfome Shrubs, if you take pro- per Care to preferve them in the Stove in the Winter; during which Seafon their Fruits will remain and ripen, and appear very beauti- ful. Indeed^ I believe, all the Sorts may be preferv'd over the Winter, •were v/e to take off a Part of their Fruits before they are grown fb big as to exhauft the Strength of the Plant, and obferve to houfe them in time : But as they pcrfevSt their Fruit lb ealily in one Sum- mer, it is feldom pradis'd but with thofe Sorts that do not fo readily ripen their Seeds. The Fruit of thcle Plants, tho' at prefent of no great Ufe in E:ig- land, yet affords one of the whole- fomeit Pickles in the World, if they are gather'd young beforo their Skins grow tough. The inhabi- tants of the Wejl'Indies eat great Quantities of this Fruit raw, not only v/hile it is green, but alfo when it is fully ripe ; at Xvhich time it is fo very acrid as to caufc an extraordinary great Pain in the C A Mouth and Throat of flich Perfons as are not accuftom'd to eat of it. The inhabitants of the M^ejl- Indies make great Ufe of the Bird- Pepper, which they dry and beat to a Powder, and mix with other Ingredients, which they keep by them at all times for Sauce, and ufe it inftead of Pepper j of which they fend feme of thefe Pepper- pots to England, by the Name ot Cayan Butter or Fepper-Fot, and IS by fome of the Englijh People mightily efteem'd, CARACALLA; -z^/Vg Phafeolus. CARDAiMlNDUM i -vide Acri- viola. CARDAMINEj Ladies Smock. The Characters are; The Flower confifls of four Leaves i vphich are fucceeded by yarrow Fods» ■which, when ripe, roll up, and cajl forth their Seeds , the Leaves are for the ?no(i part wing'd. The Species are j 1. Gardaminej praienfis, magn$ flore purpurafccnte, Tourn, Com- mon Ladies Smock, with purpliilj Flowers. 2. Cardamine; pratenfis, magn& f^re albo. loiirn. Common La- dies Smock, with white Flowers. 3. Cardamine; pratenfis, magnd flore pleno. Tourn, The Doubly Ladies Smock. The two fiifl Sorts are commoit in mofl: of the moift Meadows in England ; they fiower the Begin- ning of May, and altiioigh there is iio great Beauty in thofe Flowers, yet I thought proper to mention them, in order to introduce the third Sort, which is a very beauti- ful Plant, continung a long time in Flower, and is a very proper Plant for cold North Borders, or a wet Soil, where few others will grow; and hereby we may render M ths C A the pooreft and worft Soil produc- tive of Beauties, did we but care- fully attend to the adapting proper Plants for it, and not endeavour to force it to produce Things which require a quite contrary Soil. The firit Sort is fomctimes ufed in Me- dicince CARD TAG A j Mother-wort. This Plant is cultivated in forae Gardens for medicinal Ufe ; but fince it is a Plant of no great Beauty, I fliall not troubk the Reader with any other Account of it, but only that it will grow, if fbwn in the Spring,- in almoft any Soil or Situation i and if once fuf- fer'd to fhed its Seed on the Ground, will become a very troublefome Weed. CARDINALS FLOWER j vkle Rapuntium. CARDOON or Chardon j vids Cinara. CARDUUSi Thiftle. The Characters are ;■ The Leaves grow alternately on the Branchesy and are frickly, and the Heads are for the mqft part fquar?2ofe and prickly. There are leveral Species of this Plant mention'd in Books of Bo- tany i but fince there are few of them that have any Beauty or Ufe (to us at prcfcnt knovvn) To I fhall mention two or three of the moil remarkable Kinds in this Place, and proceed. 1 . Carduus j ffUts 7nacuUs no- tatiis, "unlgaris. C. B. The Milky, cr Holy Thiftle. 2. Carduus > nutans. y. B. The Musk, or Nodding ThiflJe. 5. Carduus J eriocephalos. Dod. The woolly-headed Thiflle. Thefe Sorts of Thirties grow wild in many Parts of Engla?id; the firil commonly upon the Sca- (^oall?. but the fccoud ufually wpoa G A Arable Land in many Places j & laft is lefs common than either of the former, being found but in few Places in England. ThefC;, and all the other Sorts of Thirties, may be cultivated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring in almoft any Soil, and will flower and feed the fecond Year, and fbon atter perirti, moft of them being biennial Plants : The firft Sort is iometimes ufcd in Medicine, jnd is call'd in the Dil^" peniatory, Cardans Mar id. CARDUUS RENEDICTUS j vide Cnicus. CARDUUS FULLONUM 3 vide Dipfacus. CARNATION i i;zVc aryophyl- lus. CARPINUSj the Hornbeam, &r Hardbeam-Trec. The Characters are ; It hath Leaves like 'the Elm or Beech-Tree: Ihg Katkins (or Male- fowers) are placed at remote Dif~ tances from the Fruit on the fame- Tree ; and the outward Shell (f th& Fruit is vpinged. The Species are^ 1. Carpinus. Jyod, The com- mon Hornbeam-tree. 2. Cakyikvs -y folris ex lateo va- riegatls. The ftrip'd Hornbeam. ' 3 » Carpinus 5 /e« Oflrya, Ulma fimilis, fructuracemofoy Lupulo fimi- lis. C. B. The Hop Hornbeam. 4. Carpinus i Virginiana, foref- cens. Tluk. The Virginian flower- ing Hornbeam. The firft of thefe Trees is often cultivated in the Nurfcries to make- Hedges for Wildernefles and Oran- geries i but of late it hath not been ib much ufed for that Purpofe, the decay'd Leaves of the Tree con- tinuing on all the Winter, as do v thofe of the Oak, rendering them j| very unfightlyina Pleafure-Garden, which, together with the perpe- tual C A ^xial Litter their Leaves make> have aimofl brought them into Diluic for this \york, unlei's in large Wii- derneffes, where the Hedges are train'ci up to a great Height j for which Parpofe there is no Tree more ureful, it being a very ton- file Plant, and may be kept thick from the Bottom to the Height of eighteen or twenty Fcet> and will reliil the Violence of ftrong Winds the bell of any of the deciduous Trees, and is of fpsedy Growth. The Timber of this Tree is very tough and flexible, and is of ex- cellent Ufe to the Turners, as alio tor making Mill-cogs, Heads of Beatles, (^c. aud is very good Fire- wood. This Tree may be rais'd from the Seeds, which fliould be fown early in the Autumn in a fhady Situation, where they will remain in the Ground until Spring, and often till the fecond Year before they appear •■, for vv hich Reafon it is generally propagated by Layers, which is the moft expeditious Me- thod : The Layers fl:»ould be laid in Autumn, and will have taken fuf- .ficient Root to be tranfplanfed the Autumn following j at which Time they fhould be tranrplanted into a Nurfery for tv/o or three Years, where, if they are defign'd for Hedges, their under Branches fhould not be taken off, but the Trees train'd flat for that Purpofe. Thefe Trees are very proper to make Hedges round the Quarters of Exo- tick Trees and Shrubs, their Leaves abiding till the Spring before they fall off, will greatly fence off the cold Winds from the Quarters, and what Leaves do fill awAV in Au- tumn fhould be fuffer'd to remain upon the Surface of the Ground until Spring, which v/ill keep the Froff tiom penetrating fp deep into c A the Ground as it would were the Ground intirely bare. This Tree will grow upon cold, barren, expos'd Hills, and in fuch Situations that few other Trees will, fo that it may be cultivated to great Advantage in fuch Places. I'he Hop-Hornbeam flieds its Leaves in Winter, with the Elm, and other deciduous Trees. This Tree, though but lately known in England, yet is very common in Germany, growing promifcuoufly With the common Sort. This is much preferable to the common Sort fur liedges in a Pleafu re- Gar- den, upon the Account of its quit^ ting its Leaves, with other Trees, and thereby doth not make £o much Litter in the Spring as the other, and will cut full as well. The Virginian flowering Horn- bea7n is ilill lefs common than the laft, and only to be {tzx\ in curious Gardens; it is equally as hardy as the otxher, and may be increas'd b/ Layers. CARROTS; vide DaucuS. CARTHAMUS; Baflard Saffi-on. The Characters are ; This Vlant agrees -poith the Thijile^ in tnofv of its Characters : but the Seeds of this are alycays defiitute of DoTvn. CarthaMus ; o^cinarum ; fiore croceo. Tourn. Baltard Saffron, or Saf-flower. This Plant is very much culti- vated in many Parts of Germany for the Dyers Ufe, and is brought into England from thence; it is there fown in the open Fields in the Spring of the Year; and when come up, they hoe it out thin, as we do Turnips, leaving the Plants, about eight or ten Incht-s diftanc every Way: Theie Plants, as they grow, divide into a great many Branches, each producing a Flower M a at G A af the Top of the Shoot, which, when fully blown, they cut or pull off, and dry it, which is the Part the Dyers make ufc of: And this is fometimes mix'd with Saffron ; to which (if it be rightly dry'd, and artfully mix'd) it is ib like, as not to be diftinguiflied but by good Judges. This Plont was formerly- culti- vated m\ England, particularly in GlouceJler-fJ/ire, where, they fay, it did very v/ell: Tho' I. am fatisfy'd it muft be a very good Seafon if it ripens Seeds well in England; for the Flower-Heads are fo clofe and compadt, that if, in the Seafon of the Seeds Formation, there happens to be wet Weather, this enters the Bloflbms of the Florets, and is fel- dom dry'd away before the tender Seeds are delhoy'd , and altho' the Seeds fhall many times appear very lair and good to outward Appear- ance, yet, upon breaking them, they are hollow, and deflitute of Kernels. This Seed is fometimes ufed in- Medicine •■, therefore fuch People as purchafe it for that Pur- pole, fliould be careful that they be found . The Florets of this Plant (which are the Pirts the Dyers ufe) have been fonietimes put into Pud- dings, to colour them j and at the Time wh^n it was cultivated in JEnglandy the poorer Sort of People in the Country us'd to gather it for that Purpcic, until they put iuch Quantities into their Pud- dings, that it purged them, which ©ccalion'd their leaving it oC CARUIj Caraway. The CharacJ:ers- are;- It hath winged Leave's, which are cut into fmall Segments, and are ■placed opfo/ite on the Stalks, having no Fvot-Jlalli The Pefa's (ffl:^ Elorp- ^e2r. The firfl: Sort (which is c A that commonly ufed in Medicine) is Co common in England, that it hardly deferves a Place in a Gar- den; but the fecond, third, fourth, and iixth Sorts are worthy a Place in fome moift fliady Border where few other Things will grow 3 and ferve to add to the Variety, efpe- cially fince they require no Care or Trouble in their Culture, but only every Michaelmas to divide and tranfplant their Roots. CAP.YOPHYLLUS ; Ciove-gil- liflower or Carnation. The Characters are j It hath an intire oblong, cylindri- cal, J moot h Gttp, which is indent et^ at the Top: The Petals of the Flovper are narrow at Bottom, -and broad -at the Top, and are for the moji part, laciniated (or cut) about the Edges : The Seed-vejfel is of a cylindrical Fi- gure, containing many fiat, rvugh Seeds. This Genus may be divided into three Cl^fles, for the better ex- plaining them to Perfons unac- quainted with Botany; which alfo) will be as neceflary for the right Underflanding their Culture. 1. Caryophyllus ; hortenfis. The Clove-gilliflower, .4)Y Carna- tion. 2. Caryophyllus ; tenuifolius, plumarius, or Pink. 5. Caryophyllusj Barbatus, or Sv/eet- William. I Ihall treat of thefe three Clafle? fingly, that I may the better ex- plain their feveral Methods of Cul- ture : And firll, I fliall begin with the Carnation or Clove-gillijlower. Thefe the Florift« diftinguilh again into four Clafles. The nrft they call Flakes j thefe are of two Colours only, and their Stripes arc large, going quite thro" the Leaves. M 3 The C A The fecond are ca'l'd B'lZ.ar/'s ; thefe have Flowers, ftrip'd or va- riegated with three or tour dilfcrent Colours. The third are call'd riqu?ttc's ; thefe Flowers have always -i white Ground, and are fpotted (or poun- ced, as they call it) with icarlet, red, purple, or other Colours. The fourth are call'd Fainted LaMes ; theic have their Petals of a red or purple Colour on the upper- fide, and are white under- neath. Of each of thefe Claffes there are numerous Varieties j but chiefly of the V'wjiette's, which of late Years have been in greater Eilecm than any of the other KiJuds. To enumerate the Varieties of the chiet Flo\vers in any one of thefe ClalTcs, would be ncedicfs, iincc every County produces new Flow- ers almoft every Year; fo that thofe Flowers, which at their firft railing were greatly valu'd, are in two or three Years become fo common, as to be of little Worth, cfpecially if they are de- fefti'/e in any one Property. There- fore f where Flowers are ib iiai:iie to Mutability, citlier from the Fancy of the Owner, or that bec- ter Kinds are yearly produced from Seeds, which, wirh ^ood Fiorifts, always take Place of older or worfe Flowers which are turnVl out of the Garden, to make Room, for them) it woul.l be but faperiiuous in this Place to give a Lift of their Xarncs, which are generally bor- row'd cither fron-j the Names and Titles of Nobicracn, or from the Per ion's Name, cr Place of Abode, who rais'd iti I iliall only her Leave to mention two or three •pid-de fc vibVi Sorts, by way of Introdu(5ti)pi}, and Ibrtl. then pro- C A 1. Caryophy-llusj alt'disj ma- jor. C. B. TheClove-gilliflower. 2. CAKyroHYLL'js J maximusy ruber. C. B. The large Ballard Clove-giiliflower. 3. Caryophyllus ; maximusy nltcry lato porri folio. H. R. Far. The broad-leav'd Carnation or Gil- liflower. The firfl: of thefe Sorts is the true Clove- gillifiovoery which hath been for a long time fo much in Ufe for making a Cordial Syrup, ^c- of which there axe two or three Varieties commonly brought to the Markets, which differ great- ly in their Goodnefs i fomc of them having very little Scent, when compared with the true Sort: The large Kind hath been much plen- tier fome Years fmce than at pre- fcnt : This ufcd to burft the Pods, and their Petals hang loping about in fjch a manner, that the People did not care to buy them in the Market, which was the Reafon it jiath not been cultivated fo much q\ late. The third Sort is only to be found in fuch fmall Gardens as raife great Qviantities of thefe Flow-r ers from Seed to fupply the Mar^ kets in the Spring ot the Year : This being a very hardy Kind, and their Leaves being fo broad, and the Plants ib vigorous, that the People who arc wholly unacquaint^ cA with thefe Flowers, make choice of theie as the mod promi- ling Plants 5 whereas they icldoni have more than four or five Leaves in a Flower, and thofe are very fmall, and ill-colour'd : The firfl of thefe, %;iz.. the Clove- giWnower, is worthy of a Place in every good Garden ; but of late there have been ^Q many new Kinds pror duc'd from Seeds, which are very . fine and lar^e, that moft of the ' v4 C A 'gIS Sorts have been excluded the Cjardens of the Florifts. Thefc Flowers are propagated either from Seeds, (by which new Flowers are obtain'd) or from Layers, for the Increafe of thole Sorts which are worthy maintain- ing : But I fliall firft lay down the Method of propagating them from Seed, which is thus: Having obtain'd fome good Seeds, ^Either of your own faving, or from a Friend that you can confide in j in the Beginning of April, pre- pare fome Pots or Boxes (accord- ing to the Quantity of Seed you 2iaveto fow); thcfe fhould be filled with frcfh light Earth, mix'd with Tcry rotten Neats Dung, which ■fhould-J^e well incorporated toge- ther ; then fow your Seed therc- 'On, (but not too thick) covering it :about a Quarter of an Inch with the fame light Earth, 'placing the I'ots or Cafes Co as to receive the Morning Sun only, till eleven of tthe Clock, obfcrving alfo to refrefli ■the Earth with Water lb often as dt may need it : In about a Month's Time your Plants will come up, ;and, if kept clear from Weeds, and duly watered, will be tit to be tranfplanted in the Beginning of Jnne\ at which Time you fhould prepare fome Beds (of the lame Sort of Earth as was dirc£led to ibw them in) in an open airy Si- tuation, in which you Ihould plant them at about three Inches fquare, •obferving to water and fliadc them , as the Seafon may require, being careful alfo to keep them clear 'from Weeds: In thefe Beds they may remain until the Beginning of Augiifl, by which Time they will 2iave grown fo large as almofl: to ^neet each other j then prepare ; let this be well mix'd together , and it you can gee it" C A it time enough beforehand, let it lie mix'd lix or eight Months before: it is ufed, turning it fe- veral times, the better to incor- porate the Part, Obferve, I'hat although I have mentioned this Mixture as the beft for thefe Flowers, yet you mufl not exped to blow your Flowers every Year equally large, in the fame Compolition : Therefore, ibme People who are extremely fond of having their Flowers fuc- cecd well, alter their Compofitions every Year, in this manner j viz. one Year they mix the freOi Earth with Neats-dung, which is coldj the next Year with rotten Horfe- dung, w^hich is of a warmer Na- ture adding thereto fome white Sea, Sand, to make the Earth lighter. But, for my Part, I fliould ra- ther advife the planting two or three Layers of each ot your bell Kinds in a Bed ot frcfh Earth not over-dung'd ; w^hich Plants fliould only be fuffer'd to fhew their Flow- ers, to prove them right in their Kind i and when you are fatisfied in that Particular, cut off the Flower Stems, and don't iuffer them to fpend the Roots in blowing i by which means you 11 greatly ftrengthen your Layers. And it is from thefe Beds I would make choice of fome ot' the bell Plants for the next Year's blowing, always obferying to have a SuccelTion of them yearly j by which means you may blow every Year fine, fuppoiing the Seafon favourable: For it is not reafonabie to fuppofe that the Layers taken from fuch Roots as have been ex- haufted in producing large Flowers, and have been forc'd by Art beyond their natural Strength, Ibould be able to produce Flowers equally as large as their Mother-Root did the Year before, or as iiich Layers as C A are frefh from a poorer Soil, and in greater Health, can do. But this being premis'd, let us proceed to the potting of thefe Layers, which (as I laid before) fliould be done in Augufl, The common Method ufed by moll Florills, is, to plant their Layers, at this Seafon, two in each Pot, (the S'lZQ of which Pots are about nine Inches over in the Clear at the Top ; ) in thefe Pots they are to remain for Bloom ; and therefore, in the Spring of- the Year, they take ofFas much of the Earth from the Surface of the Pots as they can, without difturbing their Roots, filling the Pots up again with the fame good freO^ Earth as the Pots were before fiU'd with. But there is fome Ditficulty in flieltering a great Quantity ot thefe Flowers in Winter, when they are planted in fuch large Pots, which in moil Winters they will require, more or lefs : My Method therefore is, to put them fingly in- to Halfpenny Pots in Autumn, and in the Middle of OJ?(}i'i?r to fct thefe Pots into a Bed of old Tanners Bark which has loll its Heat, and cover them with a common Frame (liich as is ufed for raifing Cu- cumbers and Melons); and in one of thefe Frames, which contains three Lights, may be fct an hun- dred and fifty of thefe Pots : In thefe Frames you may give them as much free Air as you pleafe, by taking off the Lights every Day when the Weather is mild, and putting them on in bad Weather, and great Rains : And if the Win- ter fiiould prove fevere, it is but only covering the Glafies with Mats., Straw, or Peafe- haulm, which will eftcclually preferve your Plants in the utmoil Vigour. In C A In the Middle of Fehuary, if the Seafon is good, you muft tranf- plant thefe Layers into Pots for their Bloom (which fliould be about ieven Inches over at the Top in the Ckar)5 in the doing of which, ©bferve to put fome Pot-fl-ierds or Oyfter-fliells over the Holes in the Bottoms of the Pots to keep the Earth from flopping them, which xvould detain the Water in the Pots, to the great Prejudice of the Flowers ; then fill theie Pots about half way with the fame good Compoft: as was before diredled, :and fhake the Plants out of the fmall Pots with all the Earth about the Roots ; then, with your Hands, take eff fomc of the Earth round the Outfide of the Ball, and from the Surface, placing one good Plant -exacSly in the Middle of each Pot, lb that it may ftand well as to Height, i.e. not fo low as to bury the Leaves of the PJant with Earth i Bor £o high that the Shank may ?be aljove the Rim of the Potj then .^11 the Pot up with the Earth bc- ^fore-mci,ition'd, doling it gently to the Plant with your Hands, giving it a little Water, if the Weather is •dry, to fettle the Earth about it j then place thefe Pots in a Situa- tion Vviicrc they may be del-ended from the North Wind, obferving to give thrm gentle W^atcrings, as .the Seaibn may require. In this Place they may remain till about the Middle of u4pril, at which time you fliould prepare a Stage of Boards to fet the Pots up- on, which fliould be fo ordered, as to iiave little Cifterns of Water Tound each Pofb, to prevent the 2nfe^3 from getting to your Flow- ers m their Bloom ; which, if they are fuffer'd to do, will mar all your Labour, by deftroying all your flowers in a ihort Time : The c A chief and moft mifchievous Infect in this Cafe, is the Earwig, which will gnaw off all the lower Parts of the Petals of the Flowers (which are very fweet) and thereby caufe the whole Flower to fall to Pieces : But fince the making one of thefe Stages is fomewhat expenfive, and not very eafy to be underflood by fuch as have never feen them, I fhall therefore defcribe a very fim- pie one, which I have ufed for leveral Years, v/hich anfwers the Purpofe full as well as the befl and moil: expenfive one can do: Firfl, prepare fome common flat Pans, about a Foot over, and three Inches deep i place thefe two and two oppolite to each other, at about two Foot Diftance j and at every eight Feet in Length-ways, two of thefe Pans j in each of thefe whelm a Flower-pot, tvhicli fhould be about fix Inches over at the Top, uplide-down, and lay a flat Piece of Timber, about two Feet and a half l6ng, and three Inches thick, crofs from Pot to Pot, till you have finifh'd the whole Length of your Stage j then lay your Planks Length-ways upon thele Timbers, which will hold three Rows of Planks for, the Size-pots which were order'd for the Carnations: And when you have fet your Pots upon the Stage, fill the flat Pans -with \Vater, always obferving as it: decrcalcs in the Pans to replen'fii it, which will effedually guard your Flowers againft Infeth. This Stage fiiould be plac'd in a Situation open to the South-Ead, but defended from the Weft Winds, but fl'iOuld not be too near Trees, Walls, nor Buildings. About this Time, viz. the Middle of ^pril, your Layers will begin to flioot up for Flower i you mufl therefore be proviied with fome fquare Deal Sticks C A Sticks about tour Feet and a half long, which fliould be thicker to- ward the Bottom, and plain'd off taper at the Top : Thefe Sticks fliould be carefully ftuck into the Pots as near as polVible to the Plant without injuring it j then with a flender Piece of Bafs-mat fallen the Spindle to the Svck to prevent its being broke: This you mull: often repeat as the Spindle advances in Height j and alio obierve to pull off all lide Spindles as t licy are pro- duc'd, and never let more than two Spindles remain upon one Root, nor above one, if you intend to blow exceeding large. Toward the Beginning of June your Flow- ers will have attain'd their greateft Height, and their Pods will begin to iwell, and fome of the earlieft begin to open on one Side; you muft therefore obierve to let it open in two other Places at equal Angles : This muff be done fo foon as you perceive the Pod break, other wife your Flower will run out on one Side, and be pafl recovering, (io as to make a complete Flower) in a fliort time; and in a few Days after the Flowers begin to open, you mufl cover tliem with Glaflcs which are made for that Purpofe, in the following manner : Upon the Top of the Glafs, ex- adlly in the Center, is a Tin Col- lar or Socket about three fourths of an Inch iquare, (this is for the Flower-ftick to come through ) ; to this Socket are foldered eight Slips of Lead at equal Di fiances, which are about fix Inches and a hilf long, and fpread open at the Bottom about four Inches afun- der; into thefe Slips of Lead are faften'd Slips of Giafs, cut accord- ing to the Diftances of the Lead, which when they are fix'd in, are border'd round the bottom with c A another Slip of Lead quite roun^, fo that the Glafs hatli eight Angles with the Socket in the Middle, and fpread open at the Bottom about eleven Inches. When your Flowers are open enough to cover with thefe Glalfes, you mufl make a Hole through your I'iowcr-flick exacliy to the Height of the under Part of the Pod, through which you fhould put a Piece of fmall Wire about fix Inches long, making a Ring at one End of the Wire to contain the Pod, into which Ring you fhould fix the Stem of the Flower; then cut off all the Tyings of Bafs, and thrufl the Stem of the Flower Co far from the Stick, as may give- con venient Room for the Flower to expand without prelTnig againfl the Stick; to which Dillancc you may fix it, by turning your Wire fo as not to draw back thro' the Hole ; then make another Hole thro' the Stick, at a convenient Diflance above the Flower, thro' whicii you iliould put a Piece of Wire, an Inch and a half long, which is to fupport the Glalles trom Hiding down upon the Flow- ers, and be fure to obferve thai- the Glaffes are not plac'd fb high as to admit the Sun and Rain un- der them to the Flowers, nor Co low as to fcorch their Leaves with the Heat. At this time alfo, or a few Days after, as you fliail judge nccefTary, you fiiould cut fome fliff Paper, Cards, or fome fuch Thing, into Collars about four Inches over, and exadtly round, cutting a Hole in the Middle of it about Three- Fourths of an Inch Diameter fop the Bottom of the Flower to be^s let through ,• then place thefe Col- lars about them to fupport the Pe^ tals of the Flower from hanging down : This Collar fliould be plac'd with- C A ^ithinfide the Calyx of the Flower, and ftiould be fupported thereby •. Then obferve from Day to Day v/hat Pf ogrefs your Flowers make ; and if one Side comes out fafter than the other, you fhould turn the Pot about, and iTiift the other Side towards the Sun i and alfo if the Weather proves very hot, you Should fhade the Glafles in the Heat of the Day with Cabbage- leaves, o the ^VLQ. of the Flower, fo tiiat it may fapport the Petals to their -fjuii Width, but not to be fccn v/ider than the Flower in any Part : When this is put on, you mufc tkaw out the wideic Lejives to form the Outiide of the Flower, v/hich altho' they i-hould be in the Middle (as it often happens) yet by removing the other Leaves, rhcy may be drawn down, and fo the •iiext longeft Leaves upon them iigain, that the whole Flower may appear equally globuiar without C A of this. Tome Florifts are {b curi" ous as to render an indifferent Flower very handfome ; and on this depends, in a great meafure, the Skill of the Artift to produce large fine Flowers. During the -flowering Seafba, particular Care fhould be taken not to let them fuffer for want of Wa- ter, which fhould by no means be raw Spring-water; nor do I ap- prove of Com,pound-v/aters, fuch ci^ are inrich'd with various Sorts of Dungs i but the beft and moft natural Water is that of a fine foft River,- next to that is Pond- water or Standing- water i but if you have no other but Spring- water, it (hould be expos'd to the Sun or Air two Days before it is ufed, otherwifc it will give the Flowers the Can- ker and fpoil them. Thus having been full in the Culture of this noble Flower, 1 fliall juft mention that of the Pi«/r, which differs not in the leaft from that of the Curnation in its manner of propa- gating, but only requires much lefs Care, and need not be potted, growing full as well in good Bor- ders, where they make as elegant a Shew, during their Seafon of Fbv^ering, as any Plant whatever^ and afford as agreeable a Scent.. The Varieties of thefe are, Tiie Damash Pink, White Shocks Scarlet, Pheafant's-ey\l Fink, of which there are great Varieties, both with fingle and double Flow- ers, OlclMnn's Head, ? minted Lady, with (everal others. Thefe may he propagated by Layers as the Carnations, and many of them by Cuttings planted in jtdy, or from Seeds, by which Method new Va- rieties may beobtain'd. The man- ner of fowing thefe Seeds being the fame with the Carnatio?}s ; I fnall refer back to that, t© avoid .Re- C A Repetition, and lliall proceed to the Chind Fink, which is a Flower of later Date amongfl us than any of the former, which altho' it hath no Scent, yet far the great Diver- lity of beautiful Colours which are in thefe Flowers, with their long Continuance in flower, do merit a Place in every good Garden. I. Caryophyllusj Sinenfiy /«- pinust leu>coiifol'u,fiorevnrio. Tonrn. The variable China or Indian Pink. ^. Caryophyllus J Sinenfis, fu" finus, leucoii folio, J?orepleno. Boerh. Ind. The double China pink. There is a great Variety of diffei-ent Colours in thefe Flowers, which vary annually as they are f;)roduc'd from Seeds, fb that in a arge Bed of thefe Flowers, fear ccly two of them are exactly alike, and their Colours in fome are exceed- ing rich and beautiful ; we (hould therefore be careful to iave the S^tds from fuch Flowers only that are beautiful, tew they are very fubjekriegato. Boerh. ImL The bioad-leav'd Sweets. C A Sweet- William, with variegated !Flowers. 5. CARYornYLLus ; bdrhatus, jlore multiplici. C. B. The doable Sweet-William, with red Flowers, which burft their Pods. 4. Caryopiiyllus ; bsirbatusy jlore multiplici rofeo. C. B. The Rofe-coloured double Sweet-Wil- liam. 5-. Caryophyllus ,' barbatusy hortenfis, angujiifolins. C. B. The narrow-kav'd Garden Sweet- Wil- liam, formerly call' d. Sweet- Johns. 6. Caryophyllus ; barbatus, ijortenjis, angu/lifoliusy flere verfico^ lore in eodem ramulo. C. B. The Sweet- John, v/ith various colour'd Flowers on the fame Branch. 7. Caryophyllus j barbatus- hortenJJs, anguftifoliHiy jlore pleno rcfeo. The double Role-colour'd Sweet-John, or Fairchild's Mule. The fingle Kinds of thefe Flow- ers are generally propagated by Seeds, which muft be fown in March in a Bed of light Earth, and in May they will be fit to tranf- plant out j at which Time you muft prepare fbme Beds ready for them, and fet them at lix Inches Diftance every way : In thefe Beds they may remain 'till Michaelmas, at which Time they may be tranf- planted into the Borders of the Pleafure-Gjrdcn or Wildernefs : Thefe will flower the next Year in May, and will perfcft their Seeds in fuly or Attguft, which you lliould fave from the bcft-colour'd Flowers for a Supply. They may be alio propagated by flipping their Roots at Michael- man But this is fcidom practis'd i fince their Secdl'ng Roots will al- %vays blow the ftrongcil, and new Varieties are obtain'd yearly. The Double Kinds are propaga- ted by Layers, as the CAr^idtions--, c A they love a middling Soil, not to© light, nor too heavy or ftiff j nor too much dung'd, which very of- ten occaiions their rotting : Thefe continue flowering for a long time, and are extremely beautiful, efpe- cially the Mule, which produces two full Blooms of Flowers, one in May, and the other in July : This is very fubjed to canker and rot away, efpecially if planted in a Soil over-wet, or too dry, or if watered with fliarp Spri ng- Water : Thefe Flowers being planted in Pots, are very proper t^ adorn Court- Yards, at the time they are in flower. CASSIA, The Characters are j It hath a cylindrical, long, fa* per, or jlat Pod, vehich is diziided into many Cells by tranfverje Dia- phragms, in each of which is con- tahi'd one hard Seed, which is for' the mojf part lodged in a clam?ny black Siibjlance which is purgative : The Flowers confiji of jive Leaves., which arc dijpos'd in an orbicular Order. The Species 2irc i T. Cassia ; Americana, folils fubrotundis, acuminatis, Tourn. The American CaJJia, with roundiftv pointed Leaves. 2. Cassia ; Americana, foetidaj foliis oblongis, glabris. Tourn. The Stinking American C;^^^/*, with ob- long fmooth Leaves. 3. Cassia ; Sylveflris, foetida, jiliquis alatis. Flum. Nov. Gen* The wild ftinking Cajfia, with wing'd Pods, caWd in the IVeji- Indies French Guava. 4. Cassia , Majylandica, pinnh foUorum obtufis, radice perenne. Caf- jia from Maryland, with blunt Leaves, and a perennial Root. - 5-. Cassia ; Bahamenfis, pinnh foliornm mmronfitis, migupst calyc'e pris C A jiorh non refiexo, Man, Eiji. FL Dec. 1. Narrow-leav'd CaJ^a of the Bahama IJIamls, whofe Flower Cup is not reflex'd. 6. Cassia j Barbadenjii, finnis foliorum mucronatis, calyce florh non refiexo. Ii>id. Barbados C^jf^, whofe Flower Cup is not reflex'd, and has pointed Leaves. 7. Cassia -y Americana, faetiila, foliis obtufs. Tourn. Stinking American CaJJia, with blunt Leaves. 8. Cassia ; Americana, fdiquis ■planis. Tlum, Nov. Ge'n. American CaJJ:a, with fmooth Pods. 9. Cassia ; fijlula Alexandrina. C. B. The Purging Cafia, or Pud- ding-Pipe-Tree. Thefe CaJJia's are all propagated by Seeds, which muft be fown in a Hot-bed in February, and after- wards tran {planted into Pots, which inuft be plung'd into another Hot- bed, and muft be kept forward, by removing them from one Hot- bed to anotlier (as was diredred for the Amaranths.) Nor fhould thefe Plants be ever expos'd to the open Air, if we intend to fee them flower } they muft therefore be kept in a warm Stove in Winter, and be carefully manag'd : Many of thefe Plants will flower the fecond Year, and fome of them produce ripe Seeds with us; nay, fome- times, many of them will flower the firft Year, if they were fown very early, as the fifth, lixth, feventh, and eight Sorts frequently do J but then they are more apt to decay in Winter, than thofe which do not flower : The fourth Sort v/ill endure the fevereft Cold of the Winter in the open Ground, nnd increafes plentifully by the Root : This produces Flowers in the Autumn ; but our Summers arc not v/arm enough to ripen their Speds. The ninth Sort grows to c A be a very large Tree, not only m Alexandria, but alfo in the M^cjl- Indies : This is what produces the purging CaJJia. of the Shops, and may be rais'd by fowing frefti Seeds (taken out of the Pulp) in 3 Hot-bed in the Spring of the Year, and muft be managed as the other Sorts : This will grow with us to be a handfome Shrub, but muft be kept in a warm Stove, otherwife it will not endure through the Winter. All thefe CaJJra's love a light fandy Soil, and in warm Wea- ther mufl be frequently water 'd. The third Sort will grow to a great Height in one Seafon, if it: be forwarded in Hot-beds ; but is with much Difficulty preferv'd the Winter through : This has flowerU in England, but I have not heard of its producing any Seeds, CASSIDA; Skull-cap. The Characters are ,• The Florets are longifjjy one m each Ala of the Leaves : The Upper Leaf is galeated (like an Helmet) yvith two Auricles adjoining : Thi Under Leaf, for the mofi part, is divided into two : The Calyx having a Cover, contains a Fruit refembling the Heel of a Slipper or Shoe ; which Character, Jingly, might be fuffkient to dijiinguip} it. The species are ; I. Cassida,- folio melijf&y flare pur pur eo longiore. Boerh, Ind. Skull- cap, with Leaves like Baum, and long purple Flov/ers. i. Cassida ; Cretica, fruticofa, folio catariA, flore albo. T, Cor. Shrubby Skull-cap from Crete, with Leaves like Cat-mint, and white Flowers. 3. Cassida i Orientalis, altijjlmay urticA folio. T. Cor. The talleft Eaftern Skull-cap, with Leaves like Nettl*, C A 4. Cassida i Orientalisy folio chamAilryos, fiore luteo. T. Cor. Eaftern Skull-cap, with German- der Leaves, and yellow Flowers. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are prcierv'd in curious Gardens ot Plants j but thefe here mention'd are the moft beautiful of them, and beft worth prefer ving in curious Gardens, for their Variety. They may be all propagated by {owing their Seeds m an open Bed of light Earth in Mar/h j and when they come up, may be tranfplanted cither into Pots, for the Conve- niency of flickering them in Win- ter, or into Borders under warm South Walls, where, if the Soil is dry, they will endure our common Winters abroad very well, but in hard Winters they are liable to be deftroy'd. The fourth Sort is the hardiefl: of them all, is alio the moft beau- tiful ; it is very eafy to increafe this Plant from Seeds, or by Cut- tings j or from young Plants, which may be obtain'd from the Branches of the old ones which lie near the Ground, and fbrikeout their Roots from the Joints. The other three Sorts ripen their Seeds tolerably well with us, from which young Plants may be an- nually obtain'd, and alfb by parting tlieir Roots ; thefe generally die down to the Surface after Seeding, and frefli Shoots arife from the Roots at the fame time, fo that the Plants are never deftitute of green Shoots. CASSINE: The Cafioberry-BuP} and South-Sea Thea. 1. Cassine ; "^jera perrjuam JJmi- Ih arbtifcula, Fhyllyre& foiiis anta- goni(list ex provmda CarcUnienJl. Tluk.Mant. TheCaJ/Joderry-Bu/I}. 2. Cassinf.,- rera FlorUa.'iorum, c A arhufcula baccifera alaterni fermt facie ^ foliis alternatim fitis, tetrapy- rene. Fluk. Manf. The South-Sea Thea-Tree ; vulgo. The firft of thefe Trees is har- dy, and will endure our fevereft Winters in the open Ground, after they are become woody 5 therefore it will be proper to flielter the young Plants two or three Win- ters while they are young i after which time they may be tranf- planted abroad in fome well fliel- ter'd Situation, upon a light Soil, where they will thrive exceedingly, and in a tew Years produce Flow- ers. This Tree feldom grows to be very large, and therefore fhould be planted among Trees of a mid- dling Growth. The largeft of thefe Trees which I have as yet feen in England, is now growing in the Gardens of that curious- and learned Botanift Charles Duboife, Eiq; at Mitcham in Surry, which is about ten Feet high, and pretty thick in the Stem ; this Tree Jiath ftood abroad in an open Situation tor feveral Years, relifting the fevereft Winters, and hath flovver'd many Years i but I don't remember ta have heard of its producing any Fruit. The fecond Sort is much ten- derer than the former, and fhould not be planted in the full Ground until the Plants have acquir'd a confiderable Strength ; nor fliould they be planted in a Situation too much cxpos'd to the cold Winds, and muft have a dry fandy Soil : This Sort differs from the former in the Manner of producing its Leaves, which are placed alternate- ly on the Branches, whereas the other produces its Leaves by Pairs oppofite to each othjr. This is an Ever-green, but the CaJpoberry-BuHi flicds its Leaves in Winter* Thefe I C A *f hefe Trees are both of tliem propagated by fovving their Seeds, (which are obtaiird trom Carolina^ where they grow in great Plenty near the Sea-coall ;) they Ihould be ibwn in Pots fill'd with light Tandy Earth, and plung'd upon a gentle Hot-bed, obferving to water it fre- quently, until you iee the Seeds ap- pear, which is fometimes in a Month or five Weeks time, and at other times will remain in the Ground until the fecond Year j therefore if the Seeds fhould not come up in two Months time, you fnould re- move the Pots into a fhidy Situa- tion, where they may remain 'till Oiiober, being careful to keep them clean from Weeds, and now and then in dry Weather giving them a little Water: Then remove thefe Pots into Shelter during the Win- ter- feafon, and in the March fol- lowing put them upon a fiefn Hoc- bed, which will forward the Seeds in their Vegetation. Wiicn the Plants are come up, they Hiould by Degrees be exposed to the open Air, in order to inure them to our Climate j yet don't expofe them to the open Sun at firit, but rather let them have the Morning Sun only, placing them for lome time where they may be fhel'ter'd from cold Winds: They fhould enjoy a Shelter during the • two or three firil Winters j after which, the CaJJiocerry-^\i{h may be planted abroad : But the Soiuh-See\> Thea lliould be kept in Pots a Year or two longer, being ilower of Growth, and will not have Strength enough to relilT: the Cold when young. They may alfo be propagated by laying the younger Branches into the Ground in the Spring, which, if kept v/ater'(i, will tal?e Root by the iuccecding Spring, fit C A for Tranfplantation ; otherwise they'll be two Years before they take Root. The CclJfloberry-V>M<^^ is by much the edieft Plant of the two to fir ike root. CASTANEA j the Chefnut- Tree. The CharaSiers arc ; It hath Male Flowers (or KatUns) r»hich are placed at remote Dijlances from the Fruit o?i the fame Tree : The outer Coat of the Fruit is -very roughs and has two or three Nuts included in each Husk or Covering, The Species arej I. Castanea j fativa, C. Bs The common or manured Che{^ nut. 2.. Castanea j fativa, foUis ele- ganter 'uariegatis. The llrip'd Chefnut. 3. Castanea; pumUis, Virginia- nay racemofo fruciu parvOy in fingU" lis capfulis cchinato unico, Banifi, Fluk. Aim. The Chinquapin or Dwarf Virginian Chefnut. The firll of thefe Trees wa;? formerly in greater Plenty amongft us than at prefcnt, as may be prcv'J by the old Buildings m Lon-^ ddUy which were for the mod part of this Timber i and in a Defcrip- tion of London, written by Fitx.-- Stephens, in nenrj the lid's Time, he fpeaks of a very noble Forefi which grew on the North Part of it: Proxime (fays he) patet_forefia> ingens, faltus nemorofi ferarum, la- tebrA cerxiorum, damarum, aprofum ^ taurorpim fyhejirinm, ^^c. And there are lome Remains :: . ifl:anre for them to remai-n fo? good: This will give Air to the Under-wood, (which by tiiis time would be too much over-hu^g by the Clofenefs cf the large Trees) by which Means that 'will be greatly encou- raged, and the fmall Timber fell'd will pay fulBcient Interefl fcs* the Money at firft laid out in planting, (^c, wnth the Principal alfo ; {o that all the remaining Trees are clear Proiit, for the Under-wood flill continuing, will pay the Rent of the Ground, and all other Expences ; and what a fine E- ftate here will be for a {uccecd- iixT; Generation, in about four- fcon G A Score Years, I leave every one to judge. The ftrip'd-Ieav'd Chefnut is a teautitiil Tree in a Garden, to in- termix with various Sorts ot" Trees, in Clumps, or in Wildernefs Quar- ters i v/bere, by the Variety thele fine llrip'd Trees afford, they great- ly add to the Diverlity and Pleafure of fuch Plantations. This may be obtain'd by being budded upon the common Chefnut. The Chi/2qHapm or Dwarf F/V- glnian Chefnut, is, at prefent, v^y rare in £'nglaml ^ it is very com- mon in the Woods of Americdy where it feldom grows above twelve or fourteen Feet high, and pro- duces great Plenty of NutSy which are for the mod: part lingle in each outer Coat. This Tree is very hardy, and will refift the ievercll of our Winters in tiie open Ground. The Nuts of thele Trees, if brought from America^ Ihould be put .up in Sand {o loon as they are ripe, and lent tG England immediately, other- w^i/e they loie their growing Qua- lity, which is the Reafon this Tree is at prelent lb fcarce with us, for not one Seed in five hundred lent over ever grew, which was owing to the Negledi of not putting them up in this Manner. This Tree will take by inarching upon the com- mon Sort, by which it may not " only be propagated, but, I believe, alfo increas'd in Magnitude. CASTANEA EQUINA ; -vUe Hippocaftanum. CATANANCE; Candy Lion's Foot. The Characters are; Ihz Cup of the Flovoer is fqua- $nofe , the Florets rohich are rou/id the Margin are much longer than thofe m the Middle of the Flowery the Seeds are wrapt up in a. leafy or doTvny Subflance mih'm the Cup or '{tifter Covering, c A The Sp?::ei are ; I. Cat AN AN CE ; quoru'/uI^??J > Ltigd. True Lion's-Foot, with Buclc's-horn Leaves. 2. Catanakce ; jiore luteo, la- tiore folio. Tourn. Broad-leav'd Candy Lion's-Foot, with a yellow Flewer. 5. Catanance j, fiore luteo, an- gufliore folk. Taurn. Navrow- leav'd Candy Lion's-Foot, with a yellow Flower. The firft of thefc Plants is a Perennial, and may be propagated by Heads taken off from the Mo- ther Plant, either in Spring or Au- tumn, which are commonly planted in PdJts .£li'^ with light fandy Soil, in order to flieltcr them in the Winter from lever c Frofts ; but if they are planted in warm Borders, either under Walls, Pales, or Hedges, and in a moderately dry Soil, they will endure aKroad very well. This Piant begins flowering in May, and continues til! Augufl or Septeynbcr^ (efpecially it the Summer is not too dry) and is a pretty Ornament to a Garden, and is ealiiy kept with- in Bounds : It may alio be propa- gated by Seeds, which fliould he Ibwn in a Border of good light Earth in March : And in May^ w^hen the Plants are come up, they may be either tranfplantcd into Pots or Borders, where they are to re- main for flowering i but as thefe Seeds ieldom ripsii well in this Country, io the former Method is what is chiefly ufed m England. The other two Sorts are An- nuals, and therefore only propaga- ted bj Seeds, which ripen very v/ell in this Country : The Time for fowicg them is early in March, in Beds or Borders oV light Earth, which will come up in a Month's Time, and may then be traniplanted into Borders to flower : Thef -N 3 ficw C A flower in Jum, and perfe^l tlieir Seeds in An'^Uji or September. CATAPUTiA Major 5 vUk Ri- cinus, CATAPUTIA Minor 3 vule Ti- thy malus. GAT ARIA i Cat-Minr, or Ne- The ChAraciers are ■■, The Lciives are like thofe of the Nettle, or Bctony, are for the mcfl fart hopivy, and of a jirong Sce?it : The Floivcrs are coLlecfed into a thick Spike: The Crefi of the Flower is broad and bifid: The Lip is divided into three Segments i the middle Seg- ment is broad, and hollow'd like a Spoon, and elegantly crenated on the Tdges i each Flower is fucceeded by four naked Seeds. The Species are,- 1. Cat ARIA ; major, vulgaris. Team, Common large Cat- Mint. 2. Cataria j qudi, nepeta, minor, folio meliJfA Turcica. H. Cath. Lefler C.t-Mint, v/ith Leaves like Turkey-Balm. 3. Cataria; anguflifolia, major. Tourn. Narrow-leav'd large Cat- Mint. 4. Cataria ^ Hifpanica, betonic^ folio anguftiori, fore c^ruleo. Tourn. Narrow-lcav'd Spanifn Cat- Mint, with blue Flowers. 5". Cataria > Hifpanica, betonic^ folio angujiiori, fiore albo. Tourn, 'Narrow- leav'd Spanifli Cat- Mint, with white Flowers. 6. Cataria ; Lufitanica, ere^x, betoniC'Z folio, tuberosd radice. Tourn. Upright Portugal Cat-Mint, with a tuberofe Root. 7. Cataria ; Luftanica, ereBa, [ictonicdi folio, fibrosa radice. Tourn. Upright Portugal Cat -Mint, with fibrofe Roots. 8. C.-^taria ; minor, vulgarts, Tor^rn. Common im all Cat-Mint. Ail thefc Sorts or Cat-Mint are c A propagated by fowing their S^c^^j, in February or March, in Beds or Borders of common Earth, and may be afterward tranfplanted into Beds at about a Foot fquare from each other, leaving a Path between every Bed (which fliould be three Feet broad) to go between to clear them from Weeds, ^c. The firft Sort mention'd is us'd in Medicine ; This may aUb be propagated by parting the Roots, eitlier in Spring or Autumn, and will grow in almofl: any Soil or Situation : It flowers in June, and the Seeds are ripe in Auguji. This Plant grows wild upon dry Banks in many Parts of England. As to what has been related ol: its being deftroy'd by Cats, if planted in a Garden, I could never obferveit to be true: fori have planted it many times in Places much' frequented by thofe Animals, but never faw them meddle with it, nor had I ever one Root either broke, or fcratch'd up by them, altho' ibme Marum, which 1 planted feveral times m the fame Spot, was con- tinually deftroy'd. The other Sorts are al/b ver/ hardy, and may be propagated in the fan'ie mianner, but require a dry Soil in Winter, otherwile they are fubjeft to rot : Thefe all ripen their Seeds in England very well ; and although there h no great Beauty in them, yet, for Variety, the two Portugal Sorts may have a Place amongll: Plants of tiic lower Clafs, where, if they are kept in Compafs, and ty'd up to Sticks, they v.'iil make a tolerable Appear- ance for a lon^- time. ©ATCH-FLY i vide Lychnis. CATERPILLARS. There are feveral Kinds of this Infe<5t which arc very pernicious ro a Garden, but there are two Sorts C A Soits which are the mofl com- mon and deftruclive to young Piants, one of them is that v/hich the white Butterfly breeds : It is of a yellov/ifh Colour, ipotted with Black, and commonly infers the tender Leaves of Ca^b^i-ges, Coili- Jtowen, and the Imlhtu Crefs : This eats off all the tender Parts of the Leaves, leaving only the Fibres in- tirci fo that very often we fee, in the Autumn Seafon, whole Gar- dens of Winter Cabbages and Savop almoft deflroy'd by them, efpe- cially in thofe which are crowded with Trees, or are ne.ir great Build- ings : Nor is there an/ other Me- thod found out to deftroy them, that I know of, but to pick them off the Plants before they are fprcad from their Neils ; by which Means, tho' perhaps many may be over- iook'd, yet their Numbers will be greatly diminifh'd : But this Work niufl: be often repeated during the warm Weather that the Butterfiies are abroad, which are continually depoliting their Eggs, and in a few Days time will he metamorphos'd to ^evfeik Caterpillars : Butasthelc ■ for the mod part feed upon the outer Leaves of Plants, fo they are more ealily taken than the other Sort, which is much larger 5 the Skin is very tough, and of a dark Colour : This is call'd by the Gar- deners a Grub, and is exceeding hurtful : The Eggs of this Sort of Caterpillar are, tor the moft part, depoiited in the very Heart or Cen- ter of the Plant, (efpecially in Cab- iages) where after it hath obtain'd its Form, it eats its Way out thro' all the Leaves thereof j and alfo the Dung being lodg'd between the inclos'd Leaves of the Cabbages^ gives them an ill Scent. This Infedt alfo burrows juft lender the Surface of the Ground, C E and makes fad Havock with young Plants, by eating them througli their tender Shanks, and drawing th<;m into their Holes. This Mil- chief is chiefly done in the Night: Whenever you obferve this, you fhould every Morning look over your Plat of Plants; and where- ever you fee any Plants eat otr, ftir the Ground round about the Place with your Fingers an Inch deep, and you'll certainly find them out. This is the only Method I know of deftroying them. CAUCALIS; Baftard-pardey. This is one of the umbelliferous Plants, with oblong Seeds, which are a little furrow'd and prickly: The Petals of the Flower are un- equal and heart-lhap'd. There are feveral Speiies of this Plant prefer v'd m the Botanic k Gardens ; but as there is no great Beauty or Ufc in any of them, fb I Hiall pafs them ovei^ with only obferving, that if any Perfon hath a Mind to cultivate them, the befl: Seafon to fow their Seeds is in Autuma foon after they are ripe^ for if their Seeds are kept till Spring, they feldom produce ripe Seeds again: They are moft of them An- nuals, and fo require to be fown every Year: We have live or fix Species of them which grow wild in England. CEDAR of BERMUDAS J 'vide luniperus. CEDAR of CAROLINA i vih Juniperus. CEDAR of VIRGINIA ; ^ida Juniperus. CEDRUS LTBANIi the Cedar of Libanus. The Characters are j It is ever-green : The Leaves are much narroroer than thofe of the Pine-tree are manj of them prciac'd out of one Tubercle, fGrne-wkatr-^^' N 4. Ui^ C E bling a, Tahiter's Tend! : It hi^th Male Flowers (or Kutkins) rchich fi,re-^roduc'dat remote T)i (lances from the Fruit on the fame Tree , the Seeds are froduc\l in Cones, which are large, fquamofe and turbinated. Cedrus j magna, five Lihani, Co- nifera. J. B. The Cedar of Li- bcinus bearing Cones. Many, I doubt not, will be fur- pviz'd that 1 fhould retain the Name of Cedar to this Tree, iince Mon- ficur Tcurnefort hath plac'd this v/ith the Larch-trcc, and the N^rne Cedar being now appropriated to a Berry-bearing Trccj but I have obfcrv'd a material Dilierence in the Manner of Flowering and Fruc- tification, between the Larch and this Tree .• And iince this is gene- rally believ'd to be the Cedar men- ticn'd in Scripture, fo confecjuent- ly, if Preference is given to Anti- quity, th^s hath the grcatefl Right to the Name: I fliall therefore beg Leave to diftinguifh the other by the Name of Birrj -bearing Cedar, in the next Article, and for Dif- tinciion-fakc, this may be call'd Cone-bearing Cedar. The Cones of this Tree are brought from the Levant, Which, if preferv'd intire, will continue their Seetis for feveral Years ; The Time of their ripening is ccm- rnoniy in the Spring, and \b con- fequen':]}' arc near 'one Year old be- fore Vv'e receive them, for which they are not the worfe, but rather the belter, the Cones having dif- charg'd a great Parr of their Reiin by lying, and the Seeds are much eafier to get out of them than fuch as are frcfli taken from the Tree. The bcft Way to get the Seeds out is to fpiit the Cones, by dri- ving a fharp Piece of Iron through the Center length- v/ays, and lo G E pull the Seeds out with your Firr^ gers, which you'll find are fallen u to a thin leafy Sublhnce, as are thofe of the Firr-Tree. Thefe Seeds fiiou'd be Town in Boxes or Pots of light frefh Earth, and treated as was dire6ted for the Fhvs (to which I refer the Reader) j but only fliall obferve, that thclc require more Shade in Summer than the Firrs, and the fooner they are planted into the open Ground, the better. When thcfc Plants begin to flioot frrong, you'll always find the lead- ing Shoot incline to one Side ; therefore if you intend to have them ftrait, you mud fupport them with Stakes, obferving to keep the Leader always clofe ty'd up, until you have gotten them to the Height you deiign them, other- wife their Branches will -extend oa every Side, and prevent their grow- ing tall. Thefe Trees are by many People kept in Pyramids, and fliear'd as Yews, (^c. in which Form they lofe their greateft Beauty,- for the Extcnfion of the Branches are very lingular in this Tree, the Ends of their Shoots, for the moft part, declining, and thereby ihewing their upper Surface, which is con- flantly cloath'd with green Leaves in fo regular a manner, as to ap- pear, at fome Diftance, like a green Carpet, and thefe waving about with theWind, make one of the mod: agreeable Proipe<3:s that can be to terminate a Vifia, efpecialiy if plant- ed on a riling Ground. It is Matter of Surprize to me, that this Tree hath not been more cultivated in England, than at pre- lent we find it , nncc it would be a gre-it Ornament to barren bleak Mountains, where few other Tree? wou'd grow j ir being a Native of i C E Che coldefl: Parts of: Mount Li&anus, where the Snow continues mofl: Part of the Year. And trom the Obfervations I have made oFthefe now growing in England, I find they thrive bcft on the poorcft Soil : For fuch of them as have been planted in a ftrong, rich, loamy- Earth, have made but a poor Pro- grefs, in Comparifon to fuch as have grown upon a flony, meagre Soil. And that thefe Trees are of quick Growth, is evident from tour of them now growing in the Thy- fick-Garden at Chelfea, which (as I Jiave been credibly inform 'd) were planted there in the Year 1683, and at that time were not above three Feet high; two of which Trees are at this time (viz. 1729) upwards of nine Feet in Girt at two Feet above Ground j and their Branches do extend more thin twenty Feet on every Side their Trunks; which Branches (though produc'd eight or ten Feet above the Surface) do at their Termina- tion hang very near the Ground, and thereby aflford a goodly Shade in the hotteft Seafon of the Year. The Soil in which thcie Trees are planted, is a lean hungry Sand, mix'd with Gravel, the Surface of which is fcarcely two Feet deep before a hard rocky Gravel appears. Thefe Trees ft and at four Corners of a Pond, which is brick'd up within two Feet of their Trunks, fb that their Roots have no Room to fpread on one Side, and fo confcqucntly are crampt in their Growth: But whether their ftand- ing fo near the Water may not have promoted their Growth, I can't fay ; but fure I am, if their Roots had hud full Scope in the Ground, tJicy would have made a greater Progrefs. I have alfo ob- ikrv'd, that Lopping or Gutting of c E thefe Trees is very injurious to them, (more, perhaps, than to any- other of the Refmous Trees) in retarding their Growth i for two of the four Trees above-mcntion'd, being unadvifedly planted near a Green- houfe, when they began to grow large, had their Branches lopp'd, to let the Rays of the Sun into the Houfe, whereby they have been fo much check'd, as at pre- fcnt they are little more than half the Size of the other two. Thefe Trees have all of th-^m produc'd, for fome Years, large Quantities ot^Katkins (or Male Flow- ers) ,• tho' there is but on.- of them which hath as yet produc'd Cones; nor is it above four or five Years that this hath ripen'd the Cones, fo as to perfecl: the Seed : But Imcc we find that they are fo far natu- ral] z'd to our Country, as to pro- duce ripe Seeds, we need not fear of being foon fupply'd with Seeds enough, without depending on thoie Cones which are brought from the Levant ; fince there are many Trees of this Kind in England, which in a few Years muff certainly bear : But I find they are more fubje(3: to produce and ripen their Cones in hard Winters, than in mild ones; v/hich is a plain Indication that they will fucceed, even in the coldefl Parts of Scotland, where, 'as well as in England, they migh: be propagated to great Advan- tage. What we find mention'd in Scrip- ture of the lofty Cedars, can be no ways applicable to the Stature of this Tree ; lince, from the Expe- rience we have of thofe now grow« ing in England, as alio from the Teftimony of feveral Travellers Vv^ho have vifited tho.!' few re- maining Trees on Mount Lib anus, they are not inclin'd to grow very lofty, C E lofty, but, on the contrary, extend their Branches very far : To which the AUufion made by the Tfalmijl agrees very well, when he is de- fcribing the flourifhing State of a People, and fays, They fiall fpreaJ their Branches like the Cedar Tree. Rauwolfy in his Travels, fays, there was not at that Time (i. e. Anno If 74.) upon Mount Libanus more than 26 Trees remaining, 24, of which flood in a Circle j and the other two, which flood at a fmall Difcance, had their Branches almoft confum'd with Age: Nor could he find any younger Trees coming up tofucceed them, tlio' he look'd about diligently for fome: Thefe Trees (he fays) were growing at the Foot of a fmall Hill, on the Top of the Mountains, and amongfl: the Snow. Thefe having very large Branches, do commonly bend the Tree to one Side, but are ex- tended to a great Length, and in fo delicate and pleafant Order, as if they were trimm'd and made even with great Diligence ; by which they are ealiiy diilinguifli'd at a great Diflancc from Tirr-Trees, The Leaves (confines he) are very like to thofe of the Larch-Tree, growing clofe together in little Bunches, upon fmall brov/n Shoots. MaurJrel, in his Travels, fays. There were but fixtcen large Trees remaining, fome of which were of a prodigious Bulk, but that there were many more young Trees of a fmaller Size^ he mea- iur'd one of the largcfl, and found it to be twelve Yards fix Inches in Girt, and yet found, and thirty- ieven Yards in the Spread of its Boughs. At about five or fix Yards from the Ground it was divided into five Limbs, each of which was equal to a great Tree. What 2daundrel hath relaied, was c E confirmed to me by a wor- thy Gentleman of my Acquaintance, who was there in the Year 1720. with this Difference only, viz.. in the Dimenfions of the Branches of the largefl Tree, which, he affur'd me, he raeafur'd, and tound to be twenty-two Yards diameter. Now, whether Mr. Maundrel meant thirty- ^ feven Yards in Circumference of m the fpreading Branches, or the ^ Diameter of them, cannot be de- termined by his ExprelTion?, yet neither of them well agree with my Friend's Account. Monfieur Le Bruyn reckons about thirty-five or thirty-fix Trees re- maining upon Mount Libanus when he was there, and would perfuade us it was not eafy to reckon their Number, (as is reported of our Stonehenge on Salisbury.-Flain.) He alfo fays, their Cones do fome of them grow dependent. Which is abundantly confuted by the above- mention'd Travellers, as alfo from our own Experience j for ail the Cones grow upon the upper Part of the Branches, and ftand ere6l, having a flrong woody Central Style, by which it is firmly annex'd to the Branch, fo as with Difficulty to be taken ofti which Central Style remains upon the Branches after the Cone is fallen to Pieces ; fo that they never drop off whole, as the Fines do. The Wood of this famous Tree is accounted Proof againfl all Pu- trefa<5lion of Animal Bodies : The Saw dufl of it is thought to be one of the Secrets ufed by thofe Moun- tebanks who pretend to have the embalming My fiery. This Wood is alfo faid to yield an Oyl which is famous for preferving Books and Writings : And the Wood is thought, by my Lord Bacon, to continue above a thoufand Years found. C E ibund. It is alfo recorded, that in the Temple of Apollo, Utica, there was found Timber of near two thoufand Years old. And the Statue of the Goddefs in the famous Ephe- fian Temple, was faid to be of this Material alfb, as was moil of the Timber-work of that glorious Strutlure. This Sort of Timber is very dry, and fubjea to fplit i nor does it well endure to be faften'd with Nails, from which it ufually (brinks, therefore Pins of the fame Wood are much preferable. CEDRUS BACCIFERA 5 Berry- bearing Cedar. The Leaves are fquamofe, fome- rohat like thofe of the Cyprefs : The Xatkins (or Male Tlofvers) are pro- duced at remote Diflances from the Fruit on the fame Tree : The Fruit, is a Berry, inclofmg three hard Seeds in each. The Species arc, 1. Cedrusj folio CypreJJi, major, fruBuflavefcente. C. B. The yel- low Berry-bearing Cedar. 2. Cedrus 5 folio CypreJJt, media, mamibus ba,ccis. C. B. The Phoe- nician Cedar. Thefe Trees are propagated by fowing their Berries (which are brought from the Streights) in Boxes of light fandy Earth, which fhould be expos'd to the Morning Sun only during the Summer Sea- ion, but muft be remov'd into Shelter in Winter. Thefe Seeds feldom appearing till the ferond Year, we fliould be careful not to difturb the Earth in the Boxes j and if in the March tollowing, we put the Boxes upon a gentle Hot- bed, it will greatly forward.their coming up, by which the Plants will be ftrengthen'd before the following Winter, and fo gapre C E likely to ftand, though it will be advifeable to fhelter them at leall: the two firft Winters while they are young: The Spring following, after their coming up, you fhouki remove them into fmgle Pots, for their better tranfplanting hereafter. The bed Seafon for this Work is in April; at which Time, if you make a gentle Hot-bed in fome cloie Place flielter'd from Winds, and fet the Pots v/ith the frefh- planted Trees thereon, covering them with Mats for a Month or fix Weeks until they are fettled and have taken frefli Roots j this will be a certain Method to make them ftrike Root, provided they are care- fully taken up without breaking their Roots : In this Place they may remain (if it is not too much expos'd to the Sun) till Autumn j at which Time the Pots fhould be put under a C!icn?nber-Tra}ne, fb that in good Weather they may be expos'd to the open free Airj but in frofty, or over-v/et Weather, they may be cover'd with the GlaiTes : If thefe Precautions are ufed, in three or four Years Time the Plants v/ill be fit to tranfplant into the full Qround ; you fhould therefore contrive to plant them in a light fandy Soil, and a Situa- tion that is fcreen'd from the North EaU: Winds, obferving to fhake them out of the Pots with all the Earth to their Roots : This ihould be perform'd in April or May, al- v/ays chufmg a moifl: Scafbn ; and when you have planted them, lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground round about their Roots, to prevent the Sun and Wind from entting the Ground ^o as to dry the Fibres of the Roots, giving them fome Water to fettle the Earth to their Roots, and repeat- ing the lame once a Week if the Weather C E Weather fliould be dry ; and k will be proper to add a little frefli Mulch about thefe Trees in October, to iceep the Froft from penetrating to their Roots : This may be repeated the three firft Winters after plant- ing out, after which Time they will have taken fufficient Root in the Grou-nd, fo as to be able to endure our Cold very well ; and it is by the Negledl of this at firft that many young Trees milcarry an Winter at their firft planting Abroad . Thefe Trees are, at prefcnt, very rare, and only to be found in fome curious old Colle which, if poiTible, fnould be put into-a-aioiffc, rich, light Soil, upon which this firfl: planted Celeri will often grow to be twenty Inches long in the clean blanch'd Parts, which upon a poor or dry Soil fcldom riles to be ten Inches. The Manner of traniplanting it is as lollovvsj After having clear 'd the Ground of Weeds, you muil: dig a Trench by a Line about ten Inches wide, and eight or nine Inches deep, loofening the Earth in the Bottom, and laying it level, and the Earth that comes out of the Trench fliould be equally laid on each fide the Trench, to be ready to draw in again to earth the Celeri as it advances in Height : Thefe Trenches Ihould be made at three Feet Diftance from each other; then plant your Plants in the Middle of the Trench, at about fix Inches Diftance, in one ilvait Row, having cut off the Tops of the long Leaves, as alfo trim'd their Roots, obferving to clofe the Earth well to their Roots, and to water them plentifully until they have taken frefn Root j after which tiiiie c E it will be needlefs, except in dry Soils, or very dry Seafons : As thele Plants advance in Height, fo you mull obferve to draw the Earth on each Side clofe to them, being car;!ful not to bury their Hearts, nor ever to do it but in dry- Weather, otheryviie the Plants will rot. When your Plants have advanc'd a confiderable Height above the Trenches, and all the Earth which was laid on the Sides thereof, hath been employ'd in earthing them up j you muft then make ufe of a Spade to dig up the Earth between the Trenches, which mud alfb be made ufe of for the fame Purpofe, con- tinuing from time to time to earth it up, until it is fit for Ufe. The firft of your planting out will, perhaps, be fit for Ufe toward the End of J/dy, and'fo this will be fucceedcd by the after Planta- tions, and, if rightly manag'd, will continue till April following; but you Ihould obferve, after theiccond or third planting out, to plant the After-crop in a drier Soil, to pre- vent its being rotted with too much Wet ni Winter; and alfo if the Weather fliould prove extreme Iharp, you will do well to cover your Ridges of Celeri with ibme Peafe Haulm, or Ibme fuch light Covering, which will admit the Air to the Plants ,• for if they are cover 'd too clofe, they will be very fubjedt to rot; by this Means you may prelerve your Celeri in Seafon a long time ; but you mull: remem- ber to rake off the Covering when- ever the Weather will permit, other Vvnfe it will be apt to caufe the Celeri to pipe and run to Seed : The Celeri, when fully blanch'd, will not continue good about three Weeks or a Month before it will rot or pipe , therefore, in order to 1 C E Continue it good, you Hiould have, ^t leaft; fix or fevea different Sea- fons of planting j fo that if it be only intended to fupply a Family, there need not be much planted at each Time j but this mull be pro- portion'd according to the Quan- tity requir'd. The other Sort of Celeri, which is commonly cali'd Celeriack, is to be manag'd in the lame Manner as is directed for the Italian Celeri^ but fhould not be planted in Drills, but upon the level Ground, at three Feet Diflance Rov/ from Row, and eight Inches afunder in the Rows J for thefe Plants do not grow in Height as the Italian Sort doth, but fpread more j the Excellency of this Sort is in the Bignefs of the Root, which in a good Soil will grow as large as a midling Turnip, and is very tender and fweet. Thefc Plants therefore do not require much earthing up, but the Weeds muft not be fuffered to grow amongft them ^ and if the Seafon is very dry it will be pro- per to water 'em. This Sort will not be fit for Ufe fo ibon as the Italian, but being much hardier, will endure the Winter, and come later in the Spring, by which means you may continue this Plant for Ufe almoft two Months longer than is ordinarily done, and, withfome Care, it may be continued good" through moft Part of the Year. The beft Method to fave this Seed, is to make choice of fome long good Roots of Celeri that have not been too much blanch'd, and plant them out at about a Foot aiiinder in a moift Soil, early in the Springs and when they run up to Seed, keep them fupported with Stakes, to prevent their being broke down with the Wind : And in July, when this Seed begins to be form'd, c E if the Seafon fhould prove very dry,' it will be proper to give it a little Water, which will greatly help its producing good Seeds. In Atigufi. thefe Seeds will be ripe 5 at which Time it fhould be cut up, in a dry Time, and fpread upon Cloths ia the Sun to dry ; then beat out the Seeds, and preferve it dry in Bags for Ufe. CELTIS i the Lote, or Nettle^ tree. The Characiers are j The Leaves are fomewhat like thofe of the Nettle : The Flowers conffi of five Leaves, ivhich are expanded in Torm of a> Rofe, containing many floort Stamina {or Threads) in the. Bofom : The Trait grotvsfmgle in the Bofo?n of its LeaveSi which is A roundifl) Berry. The Species are ; 1 . Celtis i fruciu obfcure fur* purafcente. Tourn, The dark pur- plifh-fruited Lote or Nettle-tree. 2. Celtis ,• fruciu nigricante* Tourn, The Nettle-tree, with black Fruit. 3 . Celtis ; fruciu luteo ampliorL The Nettle-tree, with large yeliov/ Fruit. The firfl of thefe Trees was originally brought from Virgi?iia, but is found to thrive very well in our Climate ; there being leverai large Trees of this' Kind in the Gardens of curious Planters, but particularly one in the Garden which formerly belong 'd to fohn Tradefcant at South-Latnbeth near Vaux-Hall in Surrey, and another in the Vhyfick-Garden at Chelfea, both which are large Trees, and the latter produces ripe Fruit annually, from whence feveral young Trees have been rais'd. The iecond Sort, tho' a Native of Europe, yet is lefs common in England than the for- mer, and only to be fecn in fome curious C E "curious Colleilions of Trees, par- ticu'arly in the Gardens of the late Dr. Uvcdale at Enfiehl, where there is one large Tree remaining. The third Sort is probably a Native of A?mrica alfo j this Tree hath been many Years growing in JDevonOme, where are feveral large ones, which have produced ripe Seeds, from whence the Gardens near London were fupply'd with young Plants. Thefe are all of them very hardy, enduring the fevered of our Win- ters in England very well, and grow to be large Trees ; they may be propagated either from Layers, or by Seeds : The Layers are com- xnonly two Years before they take Root fufficient for tranfplanting ^ and if they are not frequently wa- ter'd, will rarely take Root. The bed Tim.e for tranfplanting thefe Trees is in March, juft before they begin to put out, obferving to /nujch their Roots, and water them well until they have taken Root. This Tree feems to thrive befl: up- on a moid Soil, tho' it VvhII grow- tolerably v/ell upon almod any Soil, when it is well fix'd therein. Tlie Seeds of this Tree fliould be fown in the Spring of the Year, foon after they are ripe, which is commonly in January, and the Ground kept clear from Weeds, but not ftir'dj for the Seed'? iel- dom appear before the fecond Spring : Therefore the befl Method is, to fow them in Boxes, and ma- nage them as was diredled for the Berry-bearing Cedar ; to which I refer the Reader, to avoid Repeti- tion. Thefe Trees are very ufefal in forming Clumps, or for planting of Amphitheatres of various Kinds of deciduous Trees 5 for the Heads of thele naturally grow very thick c s and regular, and ineir Leaf is of a deep pieafant Green Colour, make- ing a very good Diverlity amongft other Kinds: And altho' it is none of the earliefl: Trees in putting out in the Spring of the Year, yet it recompenfeth for this Dcfe6t, by its long Continuance in the Au- tum»n, retaining its Leaves in per- fect Vigour, when few other de- ciduous Trees have any Leaves left upon them. The Fruit of this Tree is not £0 tempting with us, as is ftory'd it was to the Companions of Ulyjfes : But the Wood is reckon 'd to be of a very durable Nature, and is com- monly us'd to make Pipes, and other Wind Inftruments, and its Root is very proper to make Hafts for Knives, and other Tools j and it is reported, that they were held in great Efteem by the Romans, for their incomparable Beauty and Ufe. CENTAURIUM MAJUSi the greater Centaury. The Characiers are? It is one of the Plant:^ Capitatae, (or, of thofe Vlants rphofe Flowers are collefied into a Head, as the Thiftle, <^c.) a7id hath a perennial Root : Their Leaves are Tf^ithout Sfi726s, and are [aro\i on their Edges:; The Cup of the Flower is fc^namofey but hath no Spines : The Florets are large and fpccioM. The Species arcj 1. Centaurium } f72ajus, folio helenii incano, Tourn. Greatef Centaury, with hoary Leaves like thofe of Elecampane. 2. Centaurium ; folio cinara. Cor nut. Greater Centaury, with Artichoke Leaves. 3. Centaurium; ma jus, Alpi- nu7n, luteum. C. JB. Greater yel- low Centaury of the Alps. 4. Cei:- C E 4. C&NTAURiuM j majuT, folio In lacinias plures divifo. C,B. Greater Centaury, with cut Leaves. ^. Centaurium i mstjusi ahe- rum, laciniatum, purpurajcente flore. H. R. Par. Another cut-leav'd Cen- taury, with purplilh Flowers. 6. Centaurium j majus, orien- tate, ere^um, glajli folio, fiore luteo. T. Cor, Greater Eaftern Centc.uryy with Leaves hke Woad, and yellow Flowers. 7. Centaurium ; majus, Afri- canum, acaulon, cinar^ folio. Je[- fieu. Greater African Centaury without Stalks, and Leaves like the Artichoke. There are feveral other Species of this Plant cultivated in fome of the Botanick Gardens Abroad; butthefe here mentioned are what we have at prefent in the Engliflj Gardens. They are all of them propagated either by fowing their Seeds, or parting their Roots : The latter of which is moll commonly pradis'd in England, (their Seeds feldom ripening in our Country.) The bed Seafon for this Work is either in OBober or February, When you have a mind to in- creafe any of thefe Plants, you Ihould open the Ground about their Roots, and clear them of the Earth : Then, where you find any of the.Side Heads, which will part with Roots to them, you ftiould carefully force them off; which when you have done, you mull lay the Earth up again to the old Plant, fettling it clofe with your Hands ; and if the Ground is dry, give it a little Water : And having prepar'd a proper Place for the young Plants, which fhould be in a dry fandy Soil, and a warm Si- tuation, you may either plant them in Beds, at about a Foot fcj^uare, or at Dillances in the Borders of large C E Gardens, hy way of Ornament* which alrho' the Flowers have no very great Beauty, yet the regular Growth of the Plants, together with their long Continuance in Flower, render them worthy of a Place in all large Gardens. The Sealbn for fowing the Seeds of any of theie Species, is in March, in an open Bed of common light Earth ; and in May, when the Plants are come up, they may be tranfplanted into Nurfery-beds un- til Michaelmas ; by which Time they will have gotten Strength enough to tranfplant into any other Parts of the Garden where you de- fign them to remain. The third, lixth, and feventli Sorts are the moll valuable for a Pleafure-Garden, as being lefs illb- je£l to grow rude and ungovern- able ; and their Flowers are of a long Duration. The third Sort is the largell of the three, and fhould be planted in the Middle of large Borders, where they will look very handlbme. The fourth Sort is ufed in Me-' dicine, and therefore deferves to be cultivated in Phylick-Gardens : Nor is it unpleafant in any Gar- den. The firll and fecond Sorts may be admitted for a Variety iii large Gardens, to fill empty Bor- ders, where the Difference of their Leaves and Flowers will appear very well amongll Plants of larger Growth. Thefe Plants begin to produce their Flowers in June^ and continue moll part of July, but very rarely produce ripe Seeds in this Country. CENTAURIUM MINUS: Lef- fer Centaury. The CharaBers are ,• The Leaves grow by Pairs, op- pofite to each other : The Flower (onjifts of one Leaf, is Fmnel-fljap'd, O And C E ^e^ SvUed intit five acute Seg" gsTents 5 fhtfe grow on the Tops of the Stalks in Clivers : The SeeJ-veJfel is efa cylindrical Tor my and is divi- ded into two Cells, in which are coraain'd many fmall Seeds* The Species are •, 1. Centauriumj minus. CIS, Common LelTer Centaury. 2. Centaurium 5 minus, fiore dbo, H. Tyfi. LelTer Centaury with white Flowers. 3^. Centaurium; luteum, perfo- liatum, C B. LelTer yellow Cen- taury, with Leaves iiirrouading the Stalks, Thefe three Plants gro.w wild in England: The firft is commonly found growing upon dry arable Land, chiefly amongft Corn. The lecond is a Variety of the firft, from which it only differs in the Colour of the Flower : This is Ibmetimes found with the fir ft. The third Sort grows commonly upon chalky Hills in divers Parts of Tngland: But neither of thefe Kinds care to grow in a Garden. The only Method that can be taken to cultivate thefe, is to fow the Seeds £o foon as they are ripe, in an open well-expos'd Place, and in a poor dry Soil, in which thefe Plants do beft thrive : Nor fhould the young Plants be remov'd, if they come up, but fuffer'd to remain in the fame Places for good. The firft Sort is us'd in Medicine, and is gather'd in the Fields, and brought to Market for that Purpofe. CENTINODIU.M j is Knot- grafs. CEP A ; the Onion. The Characters are j Jt hath an orbicular, coated^ bul- hofe Root : The Leaves are holloro cr pipy: The Stalk is alfo hollow, find/wells out in the Middle : The ^cwersi which confiji of Jix Leaves, c E are cdlecied into a fpherical Head, or Corymbus : The Style of the Flower becomes a roundijly Fruit, ■which is divided into three Cells, containing roundifh Seeds* The Species are i i. Cev a; oblonga. C. B. The Strashurgh Onion j vulgo. 2. Cepa; vulgaris, fioribus ^ tunicis purpura fcentibus. C. B. The red Spanijlj Onion -, vulgo. 3. Cepa j vulgaris, fioribus ^ tunicis candidis. C. B. The white Spanijlj Onion ; vulgo. ^ 4. Cepa; Afcalonica; Matthhli, Boerh. Ind. The Scallion or Efcal- lion. f. Cepa j feciilis, juncifolia, fe- rennis, M. H. Cives. 6. Cepa ,• feciilis, major, peren- nis. IVelfJj Onion -, vulgo. 7. Cz?a; ffcilis Matthioli. Lugd. Ciboule. There are feveral other Sorts of Onions of lelTer Note, which are preferv'd in the Gardens of curious Botanifts, fome of which grow wild in England: But thele above- mention'd are the Sorts which are chiefly cultivated for the Kitchen Ufe. The three Sorts firft men- tion'd are propagated for Winter Ufe, their Roots being preferv'd dry during that Seafon. Of thele I Ihall firft treat. Thefe three Sorts of Onions are propagated by Seeds, which fhould be fown at the latter End of Fe- bruary, or the Beginning of March, in good, rich, fandy Ground, but not too thick ,• (the common Quan- tity of Seed allow'd to fow an Acre of Ground being eight Pounds) in about a Month or fix Weeks after fbwing, the Onions will be up for- ward enough to hoe ; at which Time (chufing dry Weather) you fliould with a fmall hoe about two Inches and an half broad, cut up lightly C E lightly all the Weeds from amongft the Onions i as alfb cutting out the Onions where they grow too clofe in Bunches, leaving them at this firft hoeing two Inches apart : This, if well perform'd, and in a^ dry Seafon, will preferve the Spot clear ot Weeds, at leaft: a Month, at which Time you mufl: hoe them over a fecond time, cutting up all the Weeds, as before, and alfo cut- ting out the Onions to a larger Dii^ tance, leaving them this time three Inches afunder. This alfo, if well perform'd, will preferve the Ground clean a Month longer, when you muft hoe them over the third and lafl: time. You muft now carefully cut up all Weeds, and lingle out the Onions to near fix Inches fquarej by which means they will grow much lar- ger than if left too clofe. This Time of Hoeing, if the Weather proves dry, and it be well per- form'd, will keep the Ground clean until the Onions are fit to pull up : But if the V/eather fliould prove moift, and any ot the Weeds fliould take Root again, you fliould, about a, Fortnight or three Weeks after, go over the Spot, and draw out all the large Weeds with your Hands} for the Onic7is having now begun to bulb, they fliould not be difturb'd with a Hoe. Toward the Middle or latter End of July, your Onions will have arriv'd to their full Growth, which may be known, by their Blades falling to the Ground and flirink- ingj you fhould therefore, before their Necks or Blades are withered off, draw them out of the Ground, cropping off the extreme Part of the Blade, and lay them abroad up- on a dry Spot of Ground to dry, obferving to turn them over every other Day, at lealf , to prevent their C E ftriking frefh Root into the Ground; which they will fuddenly do, efpc cially in moifl Weather. In about a Fortnight's Time your ' Onions will be dry enough tohoufe, which muft be perform'd in per- fcdl dry Weather : In doing of this, you muft carefully rub off all the Earth, and be fure to mix no faulty- ones amongft them, which will in a fhort time decay, and fpoil all thofe that lie near them 5 nor fhould you lay them too thick in the Houfe, which would occafion their fweating, and thereby rot them : Thefe fhould not be put in a lower Room, or Ground-floor, but in a Loft or Garret ,• and the clofer they are kept from the Air, the better they will keep : You ftiould at leaft once a Month look over them, to fee if any of them are decay'd ; ' which if you find, muft be imme- diately taken away, otkerwife they will infed all that lie near them. The beft Onions for keeping, are the Strasburgh Kind, which \z an oval-fhap'd Bulb i but this feldom grows fo large as the Sfanifh, which is flatter : The white Sort is efteem'd the fweeteft, but thefe Varieties are not lafting, for if you fave Seeds of white Onions only, you will have a Mixture of the red ^ ' ones amongft them i . nor w\\\ the Strasburgh Onion keep long to its Kind, but will by degrees grow flatter, as do the large 'Portugal Onionsy when planted in our Cli- mate, which, in a Year or two, will be {6 far degenerated as not to be known they were from that Race. But, in order to preferve Sctds, you muft in the Spring make Choice of fome of the firmeft, largeft, and oval-fhap'd Onions, (in Quantity proportionable to the Seed ^ you intend to fave) and having prc- O 2 par'4 ^d> C E par'd a Piece of good Ground, (which fhould be well dug, and laid out in Beds about three Feet wide) in the Beginning of March you muft plant your Onionsy in the following manner: Having flrain'd a Line about four Inches within the Side of the Bed, you muft with a Spade, throw out an Opening about fix Inches deep the Length of the Bed, into which you fhould place the Onions^ with their Roots downwards, at about fix Inches Dilfance from each other j then with a Rake draw the Earth into the Opening again to cover the Bulbs J then proceed to remove the Line again about ten Inches or a Foot farther back, where you muft make an Opening as before, and io again, till the Whole is finilh'd, fo that you will have four Rows in each Bed, between which you muft allow a Space of two Feet for an Alley to go amongft them to clear them from Weeds, c^c. In a Month's Time thefe Bulbs will appear above-ground, many of which will produce three or four Stalks each, you muft therefore keep rhem diligently clear'd from Weeds, and about the Beginning of Juney when the Heads of the Seed begin to appear upon the Tops of the Stalks, you muft pro- vide a Parcel of Stakes about four Feet long, which ftiould be driven into the Ground, in the Rows of C)?2hnsy at above iix Feet apart, to which you Ihould fatten fome Pack- thread, or fmallCord, v/hich Ihould be run on each Side the Stems of the 0/?/y>A?, i. e. jhunnmg the Sun. The tenth Sort bears Figs ot a moil delicate Tafte ; it is call'd Cereus, bccaufe it is, as it were, a Kind of T^per or Torch, which the Servants carry on Nights before their Mafters. Not that it is call'd fo from its Refemblance to a Torch, but be- cauie when thefe Plants have been cut down, and dry'd upon the Ground, they dip them into Oil, nnd burn them as Torches, for which Purpofe they ferve very well. The Characters are j It hath no Leazies ^ the Stems are thick and [iicculent j are angu- lar ami furrorv'd, each Angle being artn^d with ftjarp S fines, -which are frodtic'd in Clujiers : The Flowers emfjl of many fiat Leaves, vphich expand themjelves fome-cchat like a Marygold : In the Center of the Tlovper is produced a great Number pf StamJna {or Threads) which ap- pear veryfpecious : The Fruit, which "is fiejhyffoft, and like to that of the Indian Fig, is produced from the Side of the Plant, without any Footfialk, immediately under the Flower. The Species are ; 1. Cereus ; erecius, altijjimus, Syrinamenfis. Far. Bat. The large upright Torch- Thiftie from Suri- nam. 2. Cereus i erecius, qxAdrangn- c E lus, cojlis alarum injlar affurgenti- bus. Boerh. Ind. The four-cor- ner'd upright Torch-Thiftle. 3 . Cereus ; ereBus, fruciu rubro, non fpinofo, lanuginofus, lanugine flavefiente. Far. Bat. The up- right Torch-Thiftle, with yellow Down and red Fruit without Spines. 4. Cereus j erecius, crajjijjimusy maxime angulofus, fpinis albis, plu- rimus, longijjimis, lanugine fla-vA. Boerh. Ind. The largeft upright Torch-Thiftle, with large Angles and white Spines, having a yellow Down on the Top. t 5". Cereus ; erecius, gracilis, fpi' nojijjimus ; fpinis fiavis, polygo7ius^ lanugine . alba pallefcente. Boerh. Ind. The lefter upright Torch- Thiftle, with many Angles and yellow Spines, with a white Down on the Top. 6. Cereus ^ erecius, gracilior, fpinofijji'mus, fpinis albis, polygonus. Boerh. Ind. The lefler upright Torch-Thiftle, with white Spines. 7. Cereus } altijjimus, gracilior, fuciu extus luteo, intus niveo, femi- nibus nigris pleno. Sloan. Cat. Jam.. The lefter upright Torch-Thiftle, commonly called, the lefter Dildo Tree in Jamaica, 8. Cereus j maximus, fruBt* fpinDfo,rubro. Far. Bat. The great- eft Torch-Thiftle, with red prick- ly Fruit. 9. Cereus J frandens, minor, tri- gonus, articulatus, fruciufuavijjimo. Far. Bat. The lefter triangular creeping, jointed Torch-Thiftle, with the fweeteft Fruit, commonly call'd in Barbados, the True prick- ly Pear. 10. Cereus ; crijiatus, ereBus, foliis triangularibus, profunde cana- liculatis. Fink. Fhyt. The crefted triangular Torch-Thiftle, with deep Furrows. II. C£=» C E 1 1 . Cereus ; fcandens, minora fvlygonus, articulatus. Var* Bat, The lelTer creeping, jointed Torch- Thiftle, with many Angles. 12. Cereus 5 Tninimus, articula- ti4Si polygonus, fpinofus. Boerh. Ind. The leafl prickly jointed Torch- Thiftle, with many Angles. The hrft Sort is the hardieft, as alfo the moft common in England of any of thefe Sorts, and may be preferv'd in a good Green-houfe without any artificial Heat, pro- vided the Froft is kept intirely out, and the Plant kept very dry all the Winter, for Wet is the greateft Enemy to thefe Plants. The 2d, 3d, 4th, j-th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Sorts are fomewhat ten- derer, and will require a little ar- tificial Warmth in very bad Wea- ther, therefore thele fhould be plac'd in a Stove, which is kept up to the temperate Heat, mark'd on Mr. Fowler's Thermo7neters : Thefe muft alfo have very little Wa- ter in the Winter- feafon. The 9th Sort is by the Inhabi- tants of Barbados, train'd up againfi: their Houfes, for the Sake of its Fruit, which is about the Bignefs of a Bergamot-Vear and of a moft delicious Flavour. This, with the loth, I ith and 12th Sorts, are very tender, and require a very warm Stove to preferve them : Thefe fhould be plac'd againft the V/alls of the Stove, into which they will infinuate their Roots, and extend themfelves to a great Length, and with a little Help, in faftening them to the Wall here and there, may be led up about the Ceiling of the Houfe, where they will appear very handfome. And the nth Sort, when arriv'd to a fufficient Strength, will pro- duce many exceeding large, beau- tiful, fwcet-fccnted Flowers j but G E they are (like all the Flowers of thefe Kinds) of a very fhort Dura- tion, fcarcely continuing full blown twelve Hours 5 nor do the lame Flowers ever open again, when once clos'd : Thefe Flowers open in the Afternoon, and before the next Morning fliut up again. I don't remember to have heard of any of the other Sorts (except the firft) which have produced Flow- ers in Europe i tho' it is to be hop'd, that when they are arriv'd to a fufficient Strength, they will flower as well as thofe two ; but, at pre- fent, the Plants of the other Sorts are but young, having been in Eng~ land but a few Years. The firft Sort feldoni produces its Flowers until arriv'd to a confidcrable Age, unlefs by fome Accident, which many times occafions their flower- ing fboner than they are common- ly inclin'd to. Of this Kind, there was a very large Plant in the Royal Garden at Faris^ v/hich was up- ward of thirty Feet high, and had produc'd Flowers for feveral Years : but by the Severity of the late Winter {Anno 1728.) wasdeftroy'd. There was alio another in the Fhy- flck Garden at Leyden^ which, in the Year 172.7, when I was there, w^as above twenty Feet high, and had a great Number of Flowers upon it j but I don't know of any in England that are above twelve or fourteen Feet high, tho' there have been many flower'd within a few Years paft. Thefe are all propagated by Cut- tings, fo that if you intend to in- creafe the Number of them, you muft cut off their Stems, at what Length you pleafe : Thefe fhcuid be laid by in a dry Place to heal, at leaft a Week or ten Days before they are planted ; but if they lie a Fortnight or three Weeks it is much C E much the better, and they will be iniels Danger of mifcarrying. Thefe Cuttings fhould be planted in fmall Pots, fili'd with light fandy Earth, with a Mixture of Lime-rubbifh, laying fome Stones in the Bottom of the Pots to drain off the Moiflurej then place the Pots into a gentle Hot-bed of Tan- ners-bark, to facilitate their root- ing, giving them once a Week a gentle Watering. The beft Seafon for this Work is in fune or July^ that they may have time to root before Winter : Tov/ard the Middle of Augufi you muft begin to give them Air by degrees, to harden them againft Winter, but they Ihould not be wholly expos'd to the open Air or Sun : At the End of September they mufl be remov'd into the Stove where they are to abide the Win- ter : during which Seafon, you mull be very careful not to let them have much Water, and al- -ways obfervc to place the young Plants, for the firfl: Winter, in a little v/armer Situation than the older Plants, as being fomewhat tenderer. Thele Plants fliould always have a dry Situation in Winter ; for as they imbibe the greateft Part of their Nourifj-iment from the cir- cumambient Air, ib if this be too replete with moift Particles, it wijl occa/ion their rotting. Thefe Plants fhould none of them be expos'd abroad, not even in the Midfl: of Summer, for great Rains, which often happen at that Seafon, are very injurious to them: The firft eight Sorts ihould be therefore ^rlac'd fo as to enjoy a free Air in the Summtzr, but at the fame time icreen'd from Rains and great Dews i it wiJl therefore be much zhc better M.ei:hod to fet them in G E an open Glafs-ftove, whe^e the Windows may be fet open in good Weather, and fhut in cold or wet. The other four Sorts muft not be expos'd too much to the open Air, even in the hotteft Seafon, efpe- cially if you delign to have them flower 5 and in Winter they fhould be kept very warm, and have no Water given them . When you have once cut off the Tops of any of thefe Plants, in order to increafe them, the old Stems will put forth treih Shoots from their Angles near the Top, which when grown to be eight or nine Inches long, may alfo be taken off to make freih Plants, and by this means the old Plants will continually afford a Supply, fo that you never need cut off above one Plant of a Sort, which you fhould preferve for a Breeder. Thefe Plants being fucculent, they will bear to be a long time out of the Ground, therefore who- ever hath a mind to get any of them from the Weft-Indies^ need give no other Inflrudtions to their Friends, but to cut them off, and let them lie two or three Days to dry; then put them up in a Box with dry Hay or Straw, to keep them from wounding each other v/ith their Spines ^ and if they are two or three Months on their PafTage, they will keep very well, provided no Wet get to them. CERINTHE; Honey- wort. The Characiers are j It hath glaucous deep-green Leaves ^ rohich are for the moft part hefet tpith Trickles : The Tlovjers are cy- lindrical, confifling of one Leaf in shape like thofe of Comfrey, and are pendulous j each Flower is fuc- ceeded by tsvo oblong naked Seeds. Tiis C E The Species are i 1. Cerinthej quorumdam, ma- jor, verfaolore fore. J. B. The larger Honey-wort, with party- colour'd Flowers. 2. C£mi England, &C. From the two lift mentioned Places, feveral Plants • have been lent to England by fbme curious Perfons of thole Coun- tries. This Plant is very hardy, endu- ring our fevereft Cold in the open Ground : It is propagated by part- ing the Roots in the Spring, vvhich increafe very faft under the Surface of the Earth j therefore it fliould not be planted amongft other curious Plants or Flowers, left, by its fpreading Roots, it fhouid overbear and deftroy them. It dies to the Surface every Win- ter, and arifes again the fucceeding Spring, producing its Flowers in Auguji, and ripens its SQe(^s in Ociober ^ which altho' it feems to. be perf?(£fly good aimoft every Year, yet I could never procure one iingie Plant from all the Seeds I have yet fown, either of my own faving, or fuch as have been brought from Abroad. GHENOPODIO MORUS j JVIul- berry Blight. The Characters are; The whole Plant hath the Ap- pearance of a Blight ; but the Fruit is [ucculent, and in ^Shape like a> Mulberry or Strawberry. The Speciis are j c H 1. Chenopodio MORUS J tnajoT. Boerh.Ind. Great Mulberry Blight, commonly call'd. Strawberry Spin- age. 2. Chenopodio morus ; minor, Boer . hid. LefTer Mulberry Blight, commonly call'd, Berry-bearing O- rach. Thefe two Plants are pretty Va- rieties in a Garden, being very proper to plant in Pots, to inter- mix with other Annual Plants to adorn Court-yards, during^ ths Summer and Autumn Seafons ; where (if the Plants are regularly trained up to Sticks while young) their Fruit, v^ith which every Part of the Plant will be fiU'd, doth make a very good Appearance. I'hefe Plants are propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring in a gentle Hot-bed ; and when the Plants are ftrbng enough to be tranfplanted, they may be planted in Pots of rich Earth, and expos'd to the open Air, giving them fre- quent Waterings, as the Seafon may require ,• and as they advance in Height, they ibould be kept ty'd up clofe to Sticks trimming off all the Side-branches i which, if permitted to remain on, would prevent the Plant from advancing in Height. The Fruit of- thefe Plants, if luf- fered to fall to the Ground, will come up again in the Autumn; which Plants, if potted, and Ihel- ter'd from fevere Frofts, in a com- mon Hot-bed Frame, will grow much larger than thofe fbwn in the Spring, and flower and pro- duce their Fruit much earlier in the Seafon : So that, by having Plants of both Seafons, they may be continued in Beauty through the greateft Part of the Summer and Autumn. ^ B ^HE- C H GHENOPODlUMi Goofc^fopt, Cr Wild Orach. The Characiers are j The Seeds are Jingle And globcfe in fome Species, but in others they are ccmprefs'J : The Cup of the Fiercer is quinquificl (or divided into five Parts). The Leaves groTv alter- nately upon the Stalks beivp&en the Seeds, The Species are; 1 . Chenopodium yfoetidunj, Tourn. Stinking Orach. 2. Chenopodium ; Lini folio, 'vlllofo, Tourn. Flax-Ieav'd Orach, eommonly calVd, Summer-Cyprefs, or Belvedere. 3. Chenopobiumj Ambrofioldes, folio finuato. Tourn, Cut-ieav'd Orach, commonly caWd, Oak of Jerufalem. 4. Chenopodium j Ainbrofioides, Mexicanujn. Tourn. Mexican O- rach, commonly call'd. Oak of Cap- padocia. 5-. Chenopodium; Ambrofioides, Mexicanum, fruticofum. Botrh. Ind. Shrubby Mexican Orach. The firft of thefe Sorts is very common upon Dunghils, and in Gardens, in moil Parts of England: it is feldora cultivated except irt fome Phylick Gardens ; for the Markets in London are fupplied with it by the Herb-women, who ga- ther it wild. The fecond Sort is fometimes cultivated in Gardens-, 'tis a beau- tiful Plant, which naturally is dif- pos'd to grow very clofe and thick, and in as regular a Pyramid as it cut by Art. The Leaves are of a pleaiant Green : And were it not for that, it hath fo much of the Appearance ofaCyprefs Tree,'^that at fome Diftance it might be taken for the fame, by good Judges. The Seeds fhould be fown in Au- tumn: And in the Spring, when c H the Plants are come up, they may be planted into Pots of good Earth, and kept fupplied with V/ater, in dry Weather : Thefe Pots may be intermix'd with other Plants, to adorn Court yards, c^c. where they will appear very handfome, until their Seeds begin to fwelland grow heavy, which weigh down and difplace the Branches : At which Time the Pots Ihould be remov'd to fome abjedf Part of the Garden, to maturate their Seeds j which, if permitted to fall upon the Ground, will come up the next Spring : So that you need be at no more Trouble in propagating thefe Plants, but only to tranfplant them where you intend they , fhould grow. The third Sort was formcrlT* ufed in Medicine : But altho' it ftill continues in the Catalogue of Sim- ples annex'd to the London Di/pen- fatory, yet is very feldom us'd at prefent. This Plant may be pro- pagated by fbwing the Seeds in an open Border of good Earth in the Spring, where it will perfecl its Seed in Autumn; which, if per- mitted to Ihed upon the Ground, will arife as the former. The fourth and fifth Sorts were brought fi-om America, where the Seeds are call'd Worm-Seed-., I fup- pofe, from fome Quality contained in it, which deflroys Worms in the Body. The fourth Sort is propagated by lowing the Seeds in the Spring (as the before-mention'd Sorts) i and will perfeft its Seed in Au- tumn ,• after which, the Plant de- cays to the Ground : But if the Root be preferv'd in Shelter under a Hot-bed Frame, it will put forth again in the fucceeding Spring. The fifth Sort grows to be a fmall Shrub, arifmg fometimes to the C H the Height of five or fix Feet, and becomes Woody. This may be propagated by pl.-inting Cuttings in a fliady Border during any of the Summer Months i which fhould be Hiaded until they have taken Root, and that will be in a Month's Time, or leis: Then they fliould be planted into Pots, that they may be fhelter'd in the Winter un- der a Frame, where they will abide the Cold very well, being iome- what hardy, tho' they will not ftand in the open Air. There is no great Beauty in thefe two Plants } but they are preferv'd in Gardens, becaufe of the ftrong Smell of their Leaves. CHERRY-LAURELj viJeLm- ro-Ceraiiis. CHERRY TREE ; vUe Cera- fus. CHERVIL; r/Vo Chcerefolium. CHESNUT ; viJe Caftanea. CHONDRILLA ; Gum-Succory. The Characters are j It hath a cylindrical Cup to the Tlower, which is cut almofi to the Bottomy (in fever at Species:) The Seeds are oblong and narrow ; in ether refpecis it is lik^ the Lettuce. The Species are; 1. Chondrilla; cdruleai r.ltera, clch^rei Jyhejlris folio. C.B, Blue- fjiower'd Gum- Succory. 2. CrtONDRiLLA } cArulea^ lati- niata, latifolia. C. B. Blue-flow- er'd Gum-Succory, with broad cut Leaves. 3. Cho^brill A -J juncea, vifcofay arvenfisy qua prima Diofcoridis. C. B. Clammy Gum-Succory, with Shoots like the RuJJj. 4. Chondrilla j hicracii folio, mmm, Tourn. The Annual Gum- Succory, with Hawkweed Leaves. There are feveral other Varieties ot this Plant, which are preferv'd in curioas Botanick Gardens, for C H the fake of Variety : But as there is very little Beauty in them, £0 they are hardly worth their {land- ing in a Pleafure-Garden. But whoever hath a Mind to propagate their feveral Species, may low their Seeds in an open Bed of common Earth in the Spring, where they will readily come up and thrive exceedingly, and their Seeds being permitted to fcatter upon the Ground, will come up and foon overfpread a Garden. The three firft Sorts are abiding Plants, and increafe very much by chcir fpreading Roots, which, if not confin'd, will in a {hort Time become very troublefome Weeds in a Garden j as alfo if their Seeds are fuffer'd to ripen, they will be blown all over the Garden, and be full as bad as Sow-thiftles. CHRISTMAS - FLOWER j or Black Hellebore i vide Helleborus. CHRISTOPHORIANA j Herb- Chriifopher. The Characters are ; The Florcer confifts of five Leaves, v^hich are placd orbicularlyy and expand in Form of a Role -, in the Center of which arifes the Ovary, •which becomes a foft Fruit or Berry, of an oval Shape, and is fill'd with Seeds in a double Row, which fori h& mofl part adhere together. The Species are ; 1. Chxistophoriana; vulgaris, noftras, racemofa ^ ramofa, Mor. Hifl, Common HcTh-ChrJftopher, or Bane-berries. 2. Christophoriana; Amerlci- na, racemofa, baccis rubris. Mor. H\(l. American HQrh-ChriJIopher, with Red Bsrries. 3. Christophoriana ; America^ na, racemofa, baccis rubris, longo pc~ diculo infulentibus, Sarrac. Ame- rican UGYh-Chrificpher, "with Red Berries m-owing on long Foc^uaiks. P 4. The C H The firft of thefe Sorts is found J.i divers Piaces in Yorkfljire, Cum- herland, Nonhnmberlmd, and other Northern Counties of Enghnd, but h rarely met with in the Southern Parts, unleis where it is preferved in Gardens : This Plant may be propagated by fowing the Seeds, or parting the Roots: It rnuft have a fbady moift Situation, where it will thrive very well. The fecond and third Sorts are only preferved in curious Gardens of Plants, and are rarely met with in the Englijl) Gardens i they are very hardy, and will eridure our Cold very well if planted in the open Ground. Tliefe are propagated in the fame mr.nner as the former. CxHRYSANTHEMOIDES OS- TEOSPERMON ; Hard - feeded Chryianthemum. The Chara^ers arej The Leaves grovp alternately upon the Bra7iches : The Cup of the Flower hy for the mofi party fingle and fcaly : The 'Flowers are radiated like a Jmajl Sun-Flower : The Ovary be- comes a hard Seed. Tiie Species arc j I . Chrysanthemoides ; Ofleofper- mon; Africamtm, odoratum ^ fpino- fum ^ vifcofmn, H. A. African fweet-fcentcd, hard-fcedcd Chry- fanthemttm, with prickly Branches and vifcous Leaves. 2.. CHRYSANTHEMOIDESiOy?eO/^er- 7nony Ajricanum, arboreum-, jcliis populi alb&, Boerh. Ind. African iiard-fecded Tree - Chryfanthem'^iTny with Leaves like the White Pop- lar. ^ 5 . A/i. Chrysanthemoides j quod Chryfanthemum ex in fulls Carib Chrysanthemoides i ({uod Chryfanthemum Americanumy joins virentibufy crajjis ci* ^entatis. A- merican hard-feeded Chryfanthe- mum, with thick deep green Leaves indented on the Edges. Thefe Plants are all of them propagated by planting their Cut- tings in a Bed of rich Earth in any of the Summer Months, ob- ferving to fcreen them from the Heat of the Sun until they have taken Root, which will be in about fix Weeks or two Months after planting ; at which Time they fhould be tranfplanted into Pots fili'd with light izndy j^arth, and fet in a fhady Place until their Roots are fix'd to the new Earth ; then they may be expos'd to the open Air till OEiober, at which Tirne they fliould be hous'd, with Oranges, Myrtles, &c. giving them as much free Air in mild Weather as IS, polfible, by opening the Win- dows of the Green-houle, and ob- ferving to refrefli them pretty of- ten, for they all require in mild Wc^'^her much Water. The three firll mention'd Sorts are very hardy, and will endure x.o (land in a cold Green-houfc, with Myrtle^ and Amomum Tlinii's ; where if they are only protefted from freezing, it will be fufficient: But the two iaft mentioned having very fiicculent Branches, muft have a warmer Polition ; for upon the leaft Froft touching their Branches, they are very apt to rot and de- cay. Thefe Plants continue flowering the moft Part of the Winter Sc^- fpn, which renders them valuable, becaule C H becaufe at that Time we have few other Plants which produce Flow- ers j and although thele Flowers are not very beautiful, yet at that S.ealbn every Thing which appears like a Flower is acceptable, as put- ting us in Hopes of a fucceeding Spring, when almoft every Thing without Doors is depriv'd of its former Verdure and Beauty. CHRYSANTHEMUiM j Corn Marygold. The Characters are ; It hath, for the mojl fart, an annual Root: The Cup of the Tloroer is hem'ifpherical andfcaly ; The 'Flow- ers are radiated i the Rays being for the mojl part of a yellow Colour, and the Seeds are furrowd. The Species are j 1. Chrysanthemum; flore par- tim Candida, partim luteo. C. B. White Corn-Marygold, or Chry- fanthemum. 2. Chrysanthemum j folio ma- tricariA, flore albo, pleno. H. C. The double White Chry fanthemum, or Corn-Marygold. 5. Chrysanthemum ,• Creticum, luteum. H. Eyfi. The Yellow Chryfanthemum, or Corn-Mary- gold. 4. Chrysanthemum ; folio ma- tricaria, flore luteo, pleno. Boerh. Ind. The double Yellow Chryfan- themum, or Corn-Marygold. 5-. Chrysanthemum j Creticum, fetalis florum fiflulofis. Tourn. The Quill -leav'd Chryfanthemum, or Corn-Marygold. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant ; but as they are of lefs Note than thefe mentioned, and only preferv'd in curious Botanick Gardens for their Variety, fo I fhall omit mentioning them in this Place. Thele Plants are all propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring c H upon a gentle Hot-bed, in order t© have them early, otherwife they will come up as well if ibwn in the open Ground : When the Plants are come up, they fhould be trans- planted into Nurfery-beds, at about ten Inches afundcr every way, where they may remain until they fhew their Flowers ; at which Time you may tranfplant all thofc which have double Flowers, either into Pots or Borders, to adorn the Pleafure-Garden or Court - Yard. The fingle ones may be pull'd up firft, and caft away as good for no- thing, which will make Room for the better taking up the double ones, with a large Ball of Earth to their Roots, otherwife they will not bear removing when fb far advanc'd. If thefe Plants are fee in the full Ground, they will grow- very large, therefore they Ihould be planted only in very large Bor- ders, and not too near other Flow- ers, lefl by their over-bearing them they fhould be deftroy'd : But they are much handfomer when con- fin'd in Pots, provided they arc conftantly water'd ; for by thi^ Means their Roots are kept within Compafs, and the Plants feldora grow fo large, but produce a grearer Quantity of Flowers. In faving the Seeds of thefe Plants, you fliould always make choice of the very double Flowers, which will certainly produce a much greater Quantity of double Flowers the next Year, than would the Seeds of fingle or half double Flowers ; tho' if the Seeds are taken from the very bell Flowers, they will degenerate, and bring fome fingle Flowers am ongfi: them : Therefore, to avoid this Diiappoint- ment, the better Method is, when you have gotten fbme fine double Kinds of thefe Plants of both Co- lours, C H lours, to take off fome Cuttings of each Kind towards the latter End of Augujl or the Beginning of Sep- tember, and plant them prerry ciole, in Pots fiil'd with common frefh Earth, fetting theni in a fl^ady Place, and oblerving to water them frequently : Thefe Cuttings will, in a Month's time, ftnke out Roots, and begin to growj you muft therefore remove the Pots into an open Situation, obferving, as before, to refreih them with Water, (which muft" now be done gently, that the young Plants may not grow too vigorous before Win- ter) : In this Place they may re- main until the latter End of Ocio- ber^ when you fliouid place the Pots into a common Hot - bed Frame, that they may be fcrcen'd from {evere Frolls, which would deftroy them j but obferve to take the Glalfes off every Day, when the Weather will permit, otherwife the Plants will draw up and be very tender, lo that upon the leafc ImpreifionofCold they will fuffcr very much j as alfo by being ihut up clofe, they would be fubjedl to rot by the damp x^ir which fur- rounds them. In the Spring thefe Plants may be tranfplanted out cither into fe- parate Pots or Borders, as before diredfed, where they will flower early, and hereby you will be fure to have the Sorts right, according to the Plants which the Cuttings were taken from. CHRYSOSPLENIUMj Golden Saxifrage. The Characiei's are; It hath a- ferennial fibrofe Root : The Calyx or Floyver-cup) is divided into four Tarts : The Florver hath no vifible Petals, hut hath eight Stamina oy Threads, ■'jahich furround the Cvayy : The Tolitd be(omes a c I membravedus Vejjel, which is forked and bivalve, inclofmg many fmall Seeds, The Species arej I. Chrysosplf.nium i foliis am- plioribus, atiriculatis. Tourn. Golden Saxifrage, with large-ear'd Leaves. z. Chrysosplenium; foliis pedi- culis oblongis injidentibus . Rail Syn, Golden Saxifrage, with Leaves {landing on long Footftalks. The^ two Plants are found grov/ing wild in many Parts of England, upon marfny Soils and Bogs, as alfo in moiil fhady Woods, and are feldom propagated in Gar- dens j where, if any Perfon have Curio iity to cultivate them, they muft be planted in very moifl: •fhady Places, otherwife they will not thrive. CTCER; Chichcs, -or Chick- Peafe. The Characiers are ; It hath a Pea-fljap'd (or papilio- naceous) Tloroer, xohich is [ucceeded by f:oyt f-xeUing Fods, fomerohat like the inflated Bladder of a Fifh : The Seeds are fhap'd fomewhat like a Ram's-Head. The Species are ; 1 . CicER •■, fativum, jlore candido. C. B. P. Garden Chiches, with a white Flower. 2. CicER ; fativum, femine rufo. C. B, Manur'd Chichcs, with red- dilh Seeds. 3 . CicER -, fativum, femine nigra. C. B. Manured Chichcs, with black Seeds. 4. Cicer; fativum, fiore ex rti- bro purpurafcente, femine rubra, C. B. Manured Chiches, with pur- plifli-red Flowers and red Seeds. There are fome other Varieties of this Plant prelerv'd in curious Bot.rnick Gardens abroad : But thefe here enumerated are the common Sorts, which are cultivated in the Kitchen- C I Kitchen-Gardens in France, Italy, Spain, 6cc, and, I believe, are all Seminal Varieties, which alter and change the Colour of their Flow- ers and Seeds, as do the common Garden-Beans. This Plant is feldom cultivated in England, except in particular Gardens : Nor do 1 think it worth planting for Ufe, where Peas will do well, which are lb much pre- ferable for Goodnefs, and much greater Bearers, producing abov^e double the Quantity upon the fame Ground : But in warmer Countries, where our delicate Sorts of Peas feldom thrive well, thefe may fup- ply their Place i and, perhaps, in thofe Countries they are much more fruitful than with us. The Seeds of thefe Chhhes Ihould be ibwn in March, in an open Situation, and upon a warm dry Soil, in Rows about two Feet afunder, and as thick as Peas are ufually fown in the Rows. When the Plants are come up, the Ground mufl; be hoe'd, and the Plants carth'd, as is pradis'd for common Peas, to which this Plant agrees very well in its Culture. In June and J-uly it will flower, and irs Seeds will be ripe in Augufi and Settember, The People in Trance and Italy preierve them for boiling in the Winter-feafon, as we do our White and Grey Peas, to which thefe are ibmewhat akin. CICHORIUM ; Succory. The Characiers are 5 It is one of the milky slants rolth a plain radiated FloTi>er : The Floru- ers are produced from the Sides of the Branches, at the fetting Ojf of the Branches upon Jljort Foot-jlalks : The Cup of the Flower is like a con^ iracied Seed-vejjfel : The Seeds are angular, umbilicated, and in -Shape fomewhat like a Wedge. c I The Species are ,• 1. CicHoiauM; latifolium, fkje Fndivia vulgaris. Tourn. Com- mon broad-leav'd Endive. 2. CicHORiuM ; anguftifolium, five Fndivia vulgaris. Tourn. Com- mon narrow-leav'd Endive. 3. CicHORiuMj crifpum. Tourn. Curled Endive. 4. CiCHORiuM ; crifpum, angujli- folium. Boerh.Ind. Narrow-leav'd curl'd Endive. 5-. CicHORiuM ,• fylvefire, five offxinarum. C. B. Wild Succory. The firft and fecond Sorts of Endive are now aim oft wholly dif- ufed in the Kitchen-Gardens, as being vaftly inferior to the curl'd Kinds, which are by much the larger and handfbmer Heads. The Seafons for fowing their Seeds are in May, June, and July, at four or five different times i for that which is firft fown, is very fubjc(ffc to run to Seed, efpecially if the Autumn prove warm and dry: But however, it is nccellary to have a little fown in the Decreafe of the Moon in May, for the firft Crop ; and again in June the mid- dle and latter Endj and for the laft Crop, about the middle of July. Thefe Seeds fhould be fown m an open Situation, and a good rich Soil, but not too. thick. When the Plants are come up, and grown to be about two Inches high, they muft be tranlplanted into another open good Spot of Ground, at about a Foot afunder every way, obferving to trim off" the Tops of the largeft Leaves with your Knife before you plant them \ as alfb to water them conftantly eve- ry other Evening, until they have taken frefh Root : After which Time they will need no other Care, but to keep them clean from Weeds, until they have fo fpread C I fyrOid as aim oft to meet and co- ver the Ground. Then you (hould provide a Par- rel of fmall Olier Twigs for Bafs- Mat) to tie up fome of the largeil to blanch ; which fliould be done in a dry Afternoon, when there is neither Dew nor Rain to moiften the Leaves in the middle of the Plants, which would occafion their rotting foon after their being ty'd op. The Manner of doing it is as follows, f/z,. You muft firft ga- ther up ail the inner Leaves of the Plant, in a rej^ular Order, into one Hand, and then take up thofe on the Outlide that arc found, pulling oft, and throwing awiy all the rot- ten and decay'd Leaves i obferving to place the outfide Leaves ail round the middle ones, as near as poiTible to the natural Order of their Growth, Co as not to crofs each other: Then having got the whale Plant clofe up in your Hand, tie k up with the Twig, &>c. at about tvro Inches below the Top,. very clofe; and about a Week af- ter go over the Plants again, and give them another Tie about the middle of the Plcmt, to prevent the Heart Leaves fi-om burfting out on one Side; which they are fubject to do, as the Plants grow, if not prevented this way. In doing of this you need only tie up the largeft Pjants firft, and ib go over the Piece once a Week, as the Plants increafe their Growth ; by which means you will continue the Crop longer than if they were all ty'd up at one time : For when they are quite blanch'd, which v/ili be in three Weeks or a Month after tying, they will not hold ibund and good above ten Days or a Fortnight, efpecially if the Scafon proves wet i Therefore it is that I would ad/ife to low at four C I different Seafons, that you may have a Supply as long as the Wea- ther will permit. But in order to this, you muft tranfplant all the Plants of the laft Sowing under warm Walls, Pales, or Hedges, to fcrecn the Plants from Froft : And if the Winter fhould prove very fliarp, you Ihould cover them with fome Peas-haulm, or fuch other light Covering, which fhould be conftantly taken off in mild Wea- ther. Thefe Borders fliould alfo be as dry as pofliblej for thefe Plants are very liibjed to rot, if planted in a moift Soil in Winter. Altho' I before dire6ted the ty- ing up of the Plants to blanch them, yet this is only to be un- derftood for the two firft Sow- ings j for after Midhaelmas, when the Nights begin to be frofty, thofc Plants which are lb far above- ground will be liable to be much prejudiced thereby ,- therefore the bcft Method is, to take up your Plants of the latter Sowings in a very dry Day, and with a large flat-pointed Dibble plant them in-' to the Sides of Trenches of Earth, which are laid lloping, fidewife, towards the Sun, with the Tops of the Plants only out of the Ground, fo that the hafty Rains may run off, and the Plants be kept dry, and fecured from Frofts. The Plants thus planted, will be blanched fit for Ufe in about three Weeks Time; after which they will not keep good long: You fhould therefore keep planting fome frefh ones into Trenches every Fort- night at leaft, that you may have a Supply : And thofe which were laft tranfplanted cut of the Seed- beds, .fhould be preferv'd till Te- bninrj or March ^ before they are planted to blanch ; fo that from this you may be fupply 'd until A^riU er C I or later, according to the Seafon: For at this laft planting into the Trenches they will keep longer than in Winter i the Days growing lon- ger, and the Sun advancing with more Strength, dries up the Moi- flure much iooncr than in Winter, which prevents the rotting of theie Plants. When your Endive is blanch'i enough for Ufe, you muft dig it up with a Spade ; and after having clear 'd it from all the outlide green and decay'd Leaves, you fliould w^alh it well in two or three dif- ferent Waters, to clear it the bet- ter from Slugs and other Vermin, which commonly llielter themfelvcs amongll the Leaves thereof j and then you may ferve it up to the Table with other Sallading. But in order to have a Supply of good Seeds for the next Seafon, you mull look over thofe Borders where the laft Crop was tranf*- planted, before you put them into the Trenches to blanch ; and make choice of fome of the largeft, foundeft, and moft curled Plants, in Number accoiding to the Quan- tity of Seeds required : For a Imall Family, a dozen good Plants will produce enough Seeds i and for a large, two Dozen, or thirty Plants. Thefe Ihould be taken up and tranfplanted under a Hedge or Pale at about eighteen Inches diftant, in one Row about lix Inches from the Hedge, O'C. This Work fhould be done in the Beginning of March, if the Sealbn is mild, otherwife it may be deferr'd a Fortnight lon- ger. When the Flower-ftems be- gin to advance, they fhould be fup- ported with a Packthread, which fhould be taften'd to Nails driven into the Pale, or to the Stakes of the Hedge, and run along before the Stems, to draw them upright c I elofe to the Hedge or Pale 5 other- wife they will be liable to break with the ftrong Winds. Obierve aifo to keep them clear from Weeds, and about the Beginning of Julji your Seeds will begin to ripen i Therefore, as foon as you hnd the Seeds are quite ripe, you muft cut ©tl the Stalks, and expofe them to the Sun upon a coarfe ClotJi to dry 5 and then beat out the Seeds» which muft be dried, and put up in Bags or Papers, and preferv'd for Ufe in fome dry Piace. But I would here caution you, not to wait for all the Seeds upon the fame Plant j for if fo, all the firft ripe and beft of the Steeds will Icat- ter and be loft before the other are near ripe i fo great a Difference is there in the Seeds of the lame Plant being ripe. The wild Succory, (of which there are fome Varieties in the Colour of the Flowers) is feldom propaga- ted in Gardens ; it growing wild in unfrequented Lanes and Dung- hills in divers Parts of England^ where the Herb -women gather it, and fupply the Markets for Medi- cinal Ufe. CICUTAi Hemlock. The Characters are; The Leases are cut into many minute Segments: The Petals of the Flower are bifid, Heart-JJyafd, and unequal : The Flower is fucceeded by twojhort channelled Seeds. The Species are ; 1. CicuTA ; major. C, B. Com- mon or Greater Hemlock. 2. CicuTA i minor y petrofelina fimilis. a B. Leffer Hemlock, or Fool's Parfley. There are fome other Varieties of this Plant preferv'd in curious Botanick Gardens ; but the two Sorts here mention'd, are what we §nd wild in England. The C I The firft Sort grows to a conCi- derable Height, and is chiefly found upon the Sides of dry Banks in many Parts of England : The Leaves of this Plant are of a fliine- ing green Colour, and the Stalks are full of purple Spots ; by which it is eafily diftinguifh'd from any Plants that refemble it. This Sort is fbmetimes ufed in Medicine ; tho' by many People it is thought to have a noxious Quality: But the Hemlock of the Antients, which was fuch deadly Poifon, is gene- rally fuppos'd to be very different from this. The fecond Sort is of a fmaller Growth, and fo like Varjley, that fome unskilful Perfons have ga- ther'd it, and us'd it as fuch ; by which feveral Perfons have fuf- fer'd in their Health, and fome have been deftroy'd thereby, Thefe Plants are never propaga- ted in Gardens for Ufe, but are gather'd by the Herb-women in the Fields. CICUTARTA ; Baftard Hem- lock. The Characters arej The Root is large and thick : The Stalks are thick, hollow, and joint- ed: The Leaves are like the greater Hemlock, but are thicker : The Seeds are long, thick, gibbous, and JJjapcd fo7newhat like a Half-moon, dnd very much channelled. The Sfecies 2lxc j 1. CicuTARiA j latifolia, fcctida. C. B. Broad-leav'd ftinking Ballard Hemlock. 2. CicvTARiA ; fxtidijjima, foliis atrtvirentibus. Jejfien. The moft ftinking Baftard Hemlock, with dark green Leaves. Thefe two Plants are feldoni cultivated, unlefs in Botanick Gar- dens : They ,are of a very ftrong rank Smell, and are thought to' CI contain a poifonous Quality. Who- ever hath a mind to cultivate thenl, fliould ibw their Seeds in a moid Soil in the Spring of the Yearj and Vv''hen the Plants are come up, they fliould be planted out at about two Feet Diftance, for they fpread their Roots and Branches very tar on either Side : The fecond Year after fbwing they will produce ripe Seeds, but the Roots will abide many Years after. GINARAi ^'i^e Artichoke. CiNARA ,' fpinofa, cujus pedicuU efitantur. c!l?. P. 383. Chardon or Cardoon ; vulgo. This Plant is propagated by Seeds, which fliould be fown on an open Bed of light, rich Earth, the Beginning of March j and when the Plants appear above ground, they fhould be carefully weeded, and in dry Weather often refiefh'd with Water. By the Heginning of May the Planti will be fit to tranl- plant, when you Ihould prepare fome Beds of light, rich Earth, in- to which they fliould be tranf- planted, placing them in Rows one Foot afunder, and eight Inches diftance Plant from Plant in the Rows ; obferving to water them conftantly until they have taken Root, after which Tirre they will require little more than to be kept clear from Weeds. About the Middle or latter End of June, the Plants will have acquir'd Strength enough to plant out for good ; at which Time you muft carefully dig a Spot of light, rich Ground, into which you fliould tranfplant the Plants, placing theni in Rows at four Feet diftance every way, obferving to water them until they have taken Root, after which you muft keep them very clear from Weeds. . In Augufl thefe . Plants? TJ7iU bs fk t6' tie up; whicii trivA C I be performed in the follcwing manner, -viz,. You fbould firfl pre- pare a Parcel of Kaybands, then in a dry^ay you mud gather up the Leaves regularly as they were pro- duced, and having taken them up as clofe as poffible, without bruife- ing them, you muft faften the Hayband round them near the Top, ib as to keep them up, then with a Spade you muft bank up the Earth round the Plants, leaving about ten Inches or a Foot of their Tops uncovered, being careful that the Earth does not get into the Center of the Plants, which would indanger their rotting. As the Plants advance in Heighr, fo they muft be earth'd up from Time to Time, in the fame manner as is pradtis'd for Celery -J by which means moft of the Earth between the Plants will be rais'd about them ; for if they thrive kindly, they will grow to the Height of three Foot and a half or four Foot j and will, when taken up for Ufj, be near three Foot in Length when trim'd from their outer Leaves. And it is in this their Excellency confids, for it is only the tender blanch'd Part, which is valuable. Thofe Plants which were firfl: tranfplanted out, will be fit for Ufe the Beginning of September j but thofe which were later tranf- planted, will not be fit for Ufe till October, and fome of them will continue until the End of Novem- hr, or the Middle of December, provided the Seafon be favourable i but in very wet Seafons, or in fevcre Froft:s, they often rot and decay. In order to fave Seeds of this Plant, you fliould preferve fome of the ftrongeft and moft vigorous Plants, oblerving in fevere Frofts to cover them lightly with Straw or Peafe-haulm, which fl:iould be G I conftantiy taken ofl' in mild V/ea- ther, otherwife it will endanger the rotting of the Plants. In the Spring the Earth fiiould be taken from the Plants gradually, that the; Stems may advance ; and in June their Heads Vv^ill be form'd much like a fmall Artichoke, but full of (harp ThoVns, in thefe Heads the Seeds are contained, and will be ripe in Augufi. CINERARIA j viJe Jacobsea. CIRCEAi Enchanter's Night- (hade. The CharaBers are ; It hath a perennial creeping Rcotz The Leaves, which are rohole, and flyaped fomewhat like thofe o/Night- Ihade, are placeJ alternately upon the Branches : The Flovcer conjijis of two Leaves, which refi upon a two-leaved Empalement : The Flow- ers are fucceecled by a Tear-flmped Fruit, which is burry on the Out- fide, and divided into two Cells ; m each of which are contained, for the moji part, two oblong Seeds. The Species are; 1. CiRCEA J Lutetiana. Lob^ Icon. Enchanter's Night- Ihade. 2. CiRCEA 5 minima. Col. Thct fmalleft Enchanter's Night-fhade. The firfl of thefe Plants is very ^^ common in moift (hady Places q! and under Hedges, in moft Parf ;s of England; but the fecond hat fct not been found wild with us, th< >* it grows in Plenty in the Wooi Is near the Hague, where I gather 'd- it, and brought it into Engla? id, where it continues to retain its Diiference from the common So/.t, notwithftanding fome People ha ve fuppoied it tfy he the lame. Th cy are both great Runners in a G xr- den, for v/hich Reafon they iho' ild be planted (by thofe who wo aid keep them for Variety) in fo me abjedt lliady Part of che C 5ar- C I dctky where few other Things will grow. CIRSIUM i Soft or Gentle Thillle. The CharaBers arej It hath Leaves and Mowers "verv like thofe of the Thiftle, but the Spines upon the Leaves are fofter^ and the Cup of the Flower is dejiitute cf Spines, The Speries are ; 1. CiRsiuM J Anglicnm. Ger. The Englifi Soft or Gentle Thiftle. 2. CiRsiuMj Britannicum, Clujii, repens. J. B, The great Engli/h Soft Gentle, or Melancholy Thi- ftle. 3. CiRsiuMj maximum, Afpho- Mi radice. C, B. The greateft uifphodeUrooted Gentle Thiftle. 4. CiRsiuM 5 maculis argenteis notatum. Journ. The Whitc*fpot- ted Gentle Thiftle. There are feveral other Species of this Plant, which are preferved in curious Gardens of Plants j but as there is little Ufe or Beauty in them, fb I Ihall pafs them over in this Place. The two firft Species here named, grow^ wild in England j the other two are Strangers, and only pre- served for Variety in fbme few Gardens : They may all be propa- gated by fbwing their Seeds in the .Spring, in almoft any Soil, but they require an open Situation j and ^?/hen the Plants come up, they fibouM be fcparated to about two Feet Diftance, tor they fpread very far, efpecially the two firft, which are terrible Creepers under-ground, a:od therefore ftiould not be placed neat other Plants, left they over- bttar and deftroy them. The three fiirft Sorts are alfo increafed by parting their Root* j but the laft is an A?\nuali and muft either be c I fown every Spring, or the Seeds fulTered to fhed upon the Ground, which will come up without any Trouble. CISTUS; Rock Rofe. The Charadiers are; It hath the Appearance of a Tree : The Leaves are produced by Fairs oppofite upon the Branches : The Cup of the Flower confjls of three or five Leaves : The Flower confifls of many Leaves, -which are expanded ia Form of a Rojfe, having abundance of Sia.^ mina or Threads in the Middle : From the Center of the Cup arifes the Ovary, which is rough and he- mifpherical, and becomes a roundiflj or pointed Veffel, confifling of many Cells, in -which are contained many fmall Seeds. The Species are; 1. CisTus; masy folio oblonge in- cano. C. B, The Male Cijius or Rock Rofe, with oblong hoary Leaves. 2. Cist us ; mas, major, folio ro- tundiori. J. B, The greateft Male Cifius, or Rock Rofe, with roun- difti Leaves- 3. CisTUs 5 mas, folio breviore. C. B, Short-leav'd Male Cifius, or Rock Rofe. 4. CisTus; mas, foliis undulatis, ^ crifpis. Tourn. Male Cifius, or Rock Rofe, with wav'd and curl'd Leaves. f. CisTUSj ma s,Lufit ante us, folio amplijfimo, incano. Tourn. Portugal male Cifius, or Rock Rofe, with large hoary Leaves. 6. CisTUS ; Ladanifera, Monjpe* lienfium. C. B. The Gum-bearing Cifius, or Rock Rofe of Montpelier* 7. CisTUSi Ladanifera, Hifpani' ca, falicis folio, fhre candido. Tourn. Spanilh Gum- bearing Cifius, or Rock Rofe, with Willow Leaves and white Flowers. 8, Cist us. C I 8. CisTUS ; Ladnfiifera, Hifpani- CO,, falicis folio, fiore al6o, macula punicante injlgnito. Tourn. Spanifh Gum-bearing Ciftus, or Rock Role, with Willow Leaves, and white Flowers fpotted with Purple. 9. Cist us j Ledon, latifolium, Creticum. J. B. Sweet broad- leav'd Cijius, or Rock Rofe from Crete. 10. CiSTUs ; Ledon, foliis populi nigr£, major. C. B. Large Iweet Cijius, or Rock Role, with black Poplar Leaves. 11. Cist us J Ledon, foliis populi nigr^n minor. C. B. Small iweet Cijius, or Rock Rofe, with black Poplar Leaves. I i. CiSTUs i Ladanifera, Cretica, fiore, purpur 0. Tour. Cor, Sweet Gum-bearing Ci/?«^, or Rock Role from Crete, with purple Flowers. The various Kinds of thefe Plants are very 2;reat Ornaments to a Garden j th-ir Flowers are pro- duc'd in great Plenty all over the Shrubs, which tho' but of a fliort Duration, yet are fucceeded by frefh ones almoft every Day for above two Months liicceilively. Thefe Flowers are many of them about the Bignefs of a middling Rofe, but lingle, and of different Colours J the Plants continue green throughout the Year. The fix firfl mentioned and the ninth Sort will endure the Cold of our common Winters in the open Ground, provided they are planted in a dry Soil, and in a Situation where they may be fhelter'd from the cold Winds, and will rife to the Height of five or fix Feet, and may be ealily train'd to form handlbme Heads. Thefe being in- termix'd with flowering Shrubs of the fame Growth, in fmall Wildcr- nefs Quarters, ic^c. add greatly to the Variety, and their Flowers qqw c I tinuing to fhew themfelves tliro' the greateft Part of the Summer, renders them worthy of a Place in the beft Gardens. The other Sorts are commonly preftrv'd in Pots, and hous'd in Winter, tho', I be- lieve, mofl of them might be brought to ftand abroad in Places that are well defended from the Cold. Thefe Sorts may all be propa- gated, by fbwing their Seeds upon a gentle Hot-bed, or on a warm Border in the common Ground in March; and wl^n the Plants are come up about three Inches high, they fhould be tranfplanted either into fmall Pots, or a Border of good light Earth, at about ten Inches Diflance every Way : If they are planted into Pots, they fhould be removed under a com- mon Hot- bed Frame in Winter, to defend them from the Frofl, which may be hurtful to them while young, if they are not protedled from itj but they fhould have as much open free Air as pofTible in mild Weather, and will require to be often refrefli'd with Water. In the Spring following, thefe Plants may be turned out of the Pots, with all the Earth preferv'd to their Roots, and planted in the Places where they are to remain^ (for they are bad Plants to remove when grown old) obferving to give them now and then a little Water, until they have taken frefli Roots i after which Time they will require no farther Care than to train them upright in the manner you would have them grow : But thofe Plants which were at firf> planted into a Border in the open Ground, fhould be arched over, and covered with Mats in frofly Weather, during the firfl Wmtcr, but may b" tranipla«t» ed abroad the {ucceeding Spring.' C I Tq removing of thefe Plants, you Ihoaid be careful to preferve as much Earth about their Roots as you can j and if the Seafon fliould prove hot and dry, you mufl wa- ter and (hade them, until they have taken frefhRootj after which they will require no other Culture than was betbre directed. Thefe Plants may alfo be propa- gated, by planting Cuttings of them upon a gentle warm Bed in Mayor June, keeping them fhaded with Mats, and frequently refrefli- ed witii Water until they have taken Root, which will be in about two Months Timcj when you may traniplant them into Pots filled with good frefh light Earth, which ibould be fet in a fhady Place until they have taken Root, and then may be expofed to the open Sun until Ociober^ when you fhocld re- move them into Shelter the firft "Winter i but the fucceeding Spring you may plant them abroad, as was before direfted for the Seed- ling Plants. The eighth Sort is by much the moll beautiful of all thefe Cijius's : The Flowers, which are as big as a handfome Rofe, are of a fine White, with a deep purple Spot on the Bottom of each Leaf. This Plant alio abounds with a fweet glutinous Liquor, which exfudcs thro' the Pores of the Leaves in fo plentiful a manner, in hot Wea- ther, that the Surfaces of the Leaves are covered therewith. From this Plant (C/«///i^; thinks) might be ga- thered great Quantities of the La- danum, which is ufed in Medicine, in the Woods in Spain, where he faw vaft Quantities of this Shrub growing. But it is from the twelfth Sort, which Monfieur Toumefort fays, the Greeks, in the Archipehgo^ ga- c I ther this fweet Gum : In the ^o-> ing of which (Bellon'ms fays) they make ule of an Inflrument like a Rake, without Teeth, which they call Ergajiiri : To this are tied many ThoiTgs of raw and untan- ned Leather, which they rub gent- ly upon the Bufhes, that produce the Luddnum, that fo that liquid Moiflure may flick upon the Thongs After which they fcrape it off with Knives: This is done in the hottefl Time of the Day^ for which Reafon, the Labour of gathering this Ladstnum is excef- five, and almofl intolerable, lince they are obliged to remain on the Mountains for whole Days toge- ther, in the very Heat of Sum- mer, or the Dog-Days : Nor is there any Perfbn almofl that will undertake this Labour, except the Greek Monks. Monfieur Toumefort alfo relates the fame in his Travels^ where he fays. That the Shrubs which pro- duce the Ladanum grow upon dry fa-ndy Hillocks, and that he ob- ferved feveral Country-Fellows in their Shirts and Drawers, that were brufhing the Shrubs with their Whips, the Straps whereof, by being drawn over the Leaves of the Plant, licked up a fort of odo- riferous Balfam {ticking upon the Leaves, which he fuppofes to be Part of the nutritious Juice of the Plant which exfudes thro' the Pores of the Leaves, where it remains like a fattifh Dew, in fl-jining Drops as clear as Turpentine. When the Whips are fufficiently laden with this Grcafe, they take a Knife and fcrape it clean off the Straps, and make it up inio a Mafs of Cakes of different Sizes : This is what comes to us under the Name of Ladanum or Ldbdanurrt, A Man that is diligen| will gather three C I three Pounds two Ounces per Day, or more, which they fell for a Crown on the Spot. This Work is rather unplealant than laborious, becauie it muft be done in the hotrelt Time oi the Day, and in the greatefl: Calm. And yet the pureft Ladanum is not free from Filth j becaufe the Winds of the preceding Days have blown Dufl: upon theie Shrubs, which, by the glewy Subftance upon the Surfaces of the Leaves, is thereby detained an^ mixed therewith. But to add Weight to this Drug, they knead it up with a very fine blackifli Sand, which is found in thofe Parts j as if Nature herfelf was minded to teach them how to adulterate this Commojity» It. it no ealy Thing to difcover this Cheat, when the Sand has been well blended with the Lddanum : In order to which you mull chew it tor ibme Time, to find whether it crackles between the Teeth j and if it doth, you muft fir ft diftblve it, and then ftrain it, in order to purify away what has been added to it. CITREUM; the Citron-Tree. The characters are 5 It hath broad Jiijf Leaves like thofe oj the Laurel, but Tvithout any uippenaix (as hath the Orange) : The Fiovpers conjifl of many Lea^ves^ tohich expand in Form of a Rofe_: The Cup of the Flower is fender and fiefiy, and is di-vided into fue Seg- ments at the Top : The Pi(iil of the Flower becomes an oblong, thick, jie%y Fruit, which is divided into maay Ceils, is very full of Juices and contains fever al hard Seeds. The Species arcj 1. CiTKE'jM i vulgare. Tourn. The Common or Ordinary Ci- tron. 2. CiTREUM ,• dulci medum, Tourn. The Sweet Citron. C I g. CiTREUM J magna fruclu, Tourn. The large Citron. 4. CiTRioiDESi ijulgo Citratura, Florentinum, fruciu magno, plerum- que turbinato, Uvi acfaavi medul- la, cor t ice odor at iff mo, foliis longio* ribus. ^ Citro. Hcrt. Fijf. Floren- tine Citron, with large iweet Fruit, of a fweet-fmelling Rind, and long Leaves. f. CiTRioiDEs j feu Citratum, Florentinum, fruciu. mucronato f^ recurvo, cortice verrucofo, oaoratif- fimo, Hort. Viff. Florentine Ci- tron, with a pointed Fruit, which is recurved, and a warted Iweet- fmelling Rind. 6. CiTRioiDcs ; feu Citratum, Florentinum, fruBu minor i, fere ro' tundo, acriori medulla, cortice odo' ratiffimo. Hort. Pi(f, Florentine Citron, with imall roundifh Fruit, with a fharp Tafte, and fweet- fmelling Rind. 7. CiTRioiDEs i feu Citratum, Florentinum, odoratijjimum, fru^» prolifero. Hort. Fiff Sweet-fmel- ling Florentine Citron, with Fruit coming out of each other. There are feveral other Varieties of this Fruit, with which the Eng- lifli Gardens have been liipply'd from Genoa, where is the great Nuiicry for the feveral Parts of Europe for thele Sorts of Trees: And the Gardeners who cultivate them there, are as fond of intro- ducing a new Variety to tJisir Colie humilior, flore al- bicante* H. R. Par. Low Spani(h Climber, with a whitifh Flower. 4. Clematitis; fylveflris, lati- folia. C. B. Great wild Climber, 9r Travellers Joy, ^. CtE* C L f. Clcmatitis ; fyhejlrisy lati- folia, foliis non incifis. Town, Great wild Climber, or Travellers Joy, with undivided Leaves. 6. Clematitis i peregrina, folios ^ri incifis. C. B. Spanifli Clim- ber, or Travellers Joy, with cut Leaves. 7. Clematitis; Cmadenjis, tri- folia, (lentata,fiore albo. H.R.Par. Three-lcav'd Canada Climber, with a white Flower. 8. Clematitis ; cAruUay vel pirpurea, repens. C. B. Purple creeping Climber, or Single Virgins Bower i vulgo. 9. Clematitis ; CArulea, fiore fleno. C. B, Blue Climber, with a double Flower, or Double Vir- gins Bower •, vulgo. 10. Clematitis J repens^ rubra. Boerh, Ind, Red creeping Clim- ber. n. Clematitis j Orient alis, folio Apli, fiore ex viridi fiavefcente, pof- terius refiexo. T. Cor. Eaflcrn Climber, with a Smallage Leaf, and a re flex 'd Flower of a greenifli Yellow. 12. Clematitis ; purpurea, re- fens, petalis florumCoriaceis. Bayiifl. Cat, Purple creeping Climber, with fliff Petals. The I ft, id, and 3d Sorts die to the Surface of the Ground every Winter ; but their Roots are of long Continuance, ariling again in the Spring. The id and gd ufually grow with us about three or four Feet high, and produce great Quan- tities of Flowers j but the i ft Sort is of humbler Growth, ieldom rifing above eighteen Inches high, but in other refpedls is very like the 5d. Thefe Plants are propagated either by Seeds or parting of their Roots : But the former being a tedious Method, (the Plants feldom c L rifing until the fecond Year after fowing, and are often two Years more before they flower) the lat- ter is generally pradlis'd. Thebeft Seafon for parting theie Roots, is either in Ocloher or Tsbrustry , either juft before their Branches decay, or before they rife again in the Spring. They will grow almoft in any Soil or Situation: But if the Soil is very dry, they ftiould always be new planted in the Autumn, other- wife their Flowers will not be fb ftrong: But if the Soil be wet, it is better to defer it until the Spring. The Roots may be cut through their Crowns with a fharp Knit"e, obferving to pvcferve to every Off- fet fome good Buds or Eyes; and then it matters not how fmall you divide them, for their R.oots in" creafe very faft. But if you part them very fmall, you fliould let them remain two Years before they are again remov'd j that the fecond Year their Flowers may be ftrong, and the Roots multiply'd in Eyes, which in one Year's Time eatinot be obtain'd. Thefe Plants are extreme hard/j enduring the Cold of our fevereft Winters in the open Air ; and are very proper Ornaments for large Gardens, either to be planted m large Borders, or intermixed with other hardy Flower-Roots in Quar» ters of flowering Shrubs \ where, by being placed promi^vaoQilj isi little open Places, they fill up tbols little Vacancies, and are agTecabW enough- They begin to flower about the Beginning of Jayu^ and often continue to produce frefb Flowers until Ocicbev^ which iej> dersthem valuable, cipeciallj l^acc they require very little Cara Im their Culture ; for their Roots may be ful^er'd to remain fevered Yciurs Q.3 ua^ cL undilliurb'd, if we do not want to part them, which will not in the leaft prejudice them. The 4th and j-th Sorts are found wild in molt Parts of England, cfpecially the 4th, which grows upon the Sides of Banks, under Hedges, and extends its trailing Branches over the Trees and Shrubs that are near it ; This Plant in the Autumn is generally cover'd with Seeds, which are colle6ted into little Heads, each of which having, as it were, a rough Plume faften'd to it, hath occalion'd the Country Peo- ple to give it the Name of Old Man's Beard. The j-th Sort being no more than an accidental Variety f of the 4th, is often found inter- mix'd therewith. The 6th Sort is an Ever-green-^ and altho' it be a Native of a warm Country, yet I find is hardy enough to endure the Cold of our Climate in the open Air: This Plant com- monly produces vaft Quantities of large grcenifh yeilow Flowers in the Depth of Winter, (provided it is not retarded by very fevere Wea- ther)i for which Realbn, together with the Beauty of its verdant green Leaves at that Seafon, it de- ierves a Place in every good Gar- den. The 7 th Sort is very like the 4th, which is our common Sort, from which it only differs in have- ing but three Lobes to each Leaf, whereas ours have five or more. The 8th and 1 oth Sorts, which are the mofl common in S^ci'm and Italy^ are at prefent very lare in England, being only to be found in cur'ous Botanick Gardens : But the 9th Sort, which is a Variety of the brh, is propagated in many Nurieries near London, (but parti- • culaijy in that of Mr. Chrifiopher Cray, near Fulhamj where, amongd C L many other curious Exotick Trees and Shrubs, I faw this in very great Plenty) : This Sort produces very double Flowers in great Quantities all over the Plant, which coniinue at leaft two Months, and render it valuable. The nth and 12th Sorts are alio uncommon in England at prefent : The I I th was brought from the Levant by Monf Toumefort, chief Botanift to the late King of France, The 1 2th was brought from AmS' rica, where it is found in divers Parts in great Plenty, but particu- larly in Virginia and North Carolina ; from whence I have receiv'd Seeds of this Plant, which have grown with me in the Phylick Garden. The nine iaft mentioned Sorts are all of them traihng Plants, fome of them growing to a very great Length, particularly the 4th, ^th, and yth Sorts, which fliouid be planted in large Wildernefs Quar- ters, near the Stems of great Trees, to which tlKyfhould be trained up, where, by their wild Appearance, they Will be agreeable enough. The other Sorts are proper enough to intermix with flower- ing Shrubs of a middling Growth, where, being faften'd to llrong Stakes, they will rife about fix or feven Feet high, and produce great Quantities of Flowers. Thefe may alfo be planted to cover Seats in Wilderneis Qrarters, that are de- fign'd for Shade 5 to which pur- pofe thefe Piants are very well adapted, requiring little more Care than to tram their Branches regu- larly at firft afi:er which they will maintain themfelves very well. ■ Thefe Plants are propagated by laying down their tender Branches (as is praftis'd for Vines) in the Spring, which in one Year's Time will take Root, and may then be re- C L Temov'd to the Places where they are deiign'd to remain 5 which fhould be done in the Spring, ob- ferving to lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground round their Roots, and to water them gently in dry Weather : In two Years after planting they will make very ftrong Shoots, which fhould be train'd tip to Stakes, that they may not trail upon the Ground, which would fpoil their flower- ing, and render them very unlight- ly. From this Time they will re- quire no farther Care, than to cut out every other Year the decay'd Branches ; and in the Spring, to fliorten fuch Branches as may have grown too long and rambling for the Places where they are planted. Thefe alfo may be rais'd from Seeds, which fhould be fown either £0 loon as ripe, or very early in the Spring, in a Bed of frelh light Earth, or in Pots or Boxes fiU'd with fbme Earth, becaufe the Seeds of moft of thefe Plants remain in the Ground until the fecond Spring before they appear, efpecially it they were not fbwn in Autumn. When the Plants come up, they muft: be caretully clean'd from Weeds j and in very dry Weather frequently water'd i and in the fuc- ceeding Spring they fhould be tranf- planted out into Nurfery-beds, where they may remain two Years longer ,• by which Time they will have arriv'd at Strength to flower, and may then be remov'd to the feveral Places where they are to remain. CLINOPODIUlM ; Field-Bafil. The Characiers are j It is a Flant with a labmted Tlower, conjifiing of one Leaf, whofe upper Lip is upright^ roundifh, and generally fplit in two, but the Beardy or under Li^t is divided into three C L Segments : Thefe Flowers are Sfpos'J in Whorles round the Stalks, and an fucceeded by oblong Seeds, The Species arej 1. Clinopodiumj origano fimihi elatlus, majore flore, C. B» The Taller Field-Balil, with a large Flower refembling Baftard-Marjo- ram. 2. CuNOPODiuM; origano fimlle, pre aJbo. .C. B. Field-Bafil, with a white Flower, refembling Ba{^ tard- Marjorum . 3. Clinopodium^ arvenfcy ocymi facie. C. B. Wild Field-Bafil, re- fembling Bafil. 4. Clinopodium ; Alpinumy rS" feum, fatureiA foliis. Boc. Muff. Alpine Fiel-d-Bafil, with Leaves like Savory. f, Clinopodium j Virginianum, angufli folium, ftoribus awflis, lateis^ purpurea - maculatis, cuius catilis^ fub quovis verticillo, decern velduo' decim foliolis rubentibus eji circum- cinclus. Banijler. Vluk. Fhyt. Tab^ 24. Narrow-leav'd Virginian Field- Balil, with large yellow Flowers fpotted with Purple. The firft Sort grows wild upou dry chalky Hills in divers Parts of England. The fecond is a Variety of the firft, from which it only differs in the Colour of the Flower. Thefe Sorts do abide many Yearr, and may be propagated in a Gar- den, by either fowing their Seeds or parting of their Roots -, the iat- ter of which is the moft expediti- ous Method, as alfo the fureft Way to. preferve the white- flowering Kind in its Colour, becauie it may return back to the purple Kind from which it at firft degenerated. Thefe Plants fliould have a light Soil, and an open Situation, in which they will thrive exceed- ingly. 0,4. The C L The third Sort is alfo found up- on very ftony or gravelly Hills in feveral Parts of England y but this being an annual Plant is only pro- pagated by Seeds, which fhould be Ibvvn foon after they are ripe, otherv^ife they will hardly grow : This muft have a very poor ftony Soil, in which it chiefly delights. The fourth Sort is alio an annual Plant, which was brought from the Alp : This fliould be fown in the Spring of the Year, in almoft any Soil, it being a very good-na- tur'd Plant, and will thrive in any Part of the Garden. The fifth Sort grows wild in Virginia and Carolina j from whence the Seeds have been fent over, which grow very well with us, and are hardy enough to relift our Cold in the open Air, if planted in a dry Soil. CLYMENUMj Chickling- Vetch. The Characters are ; The Stalksy Tlotoers, and Fruits of this Plant are like thofe of Lathy- rus, 6Ht the Leaves conffi of mam Conjugations plac'd on a Mid-rib, vphich ends in a Tendril. The Species arej 1. Clymenumj Hifpamcum,Jiore vario, filiqua plana. Tourn, Spa- nifh Chickling- Vetch, with a va- riable Flower and a plain Pod. 2. Clymenumj Hiftanicum^fiore 'vario filiqud artieuLata. Tourn. Spanilh Chickling-Vetch, with a variable Flower and a jointed Pod. 5. CLYMENUMi Bithynicurris fdi- qudfingulari, flore minore. feffieu. Bithynian Chickling-Vetch, with a fingle Pod and fmaller Flower. 4. Clymekum i Varijienfe, flore eAruUo. Tourn. Common Chick- ling-Vetch, with a blue Flower. 5". Clymenum } Grdcum, fiore tofiximO} fngulari. T.Cor* Greek C N Chiekling-Vetch, with a large fingle Flower. The firft, fecond, third, and fifth Sorts are Annuals, and muft be fown every Year, (as is praftis'd for the Sweet-Pea) : If they are fown in Augujl, in a warm Border they will ftand through the Winter, and flower early in the lucceeding Spring, by which Method you maybe fure to obtain good Seeds j whereas thofe which are fown in the Spring, are many times de- ftroy'd by the Rains in Autumn before their Seeds are perfected. Theie Plants delight in a dry Soil and an open Situation, for if they are over-hung by Trees, (^-c. they feldom come to any Perfection. Thofe of thefe Plants which were fown in Autumn, will begin to flower in May, and cojitinue to produce new Flowers till July ; about which time the Seeds of their early Flowers will be perfect- ed. Their Flowers are in Shape like thofe of the Pea, but being of variable Colours, do make a pretty Variety in a Garden ; and if the Plants are fupported with Sticks, they may be kept in a fmall Com- pafs. The fourth Sort hath a pe- rennial Root, which multiplies very faft, foon over-running a Spot of Ground, and fhould therefore be kept in a Pot where the Roots will be confin'd, and thereby the Plant caus'd to produce a greater Quan- tity of Flowers than it would na- turally do if its Roots had hill Ia\ berty , CNICUS. The CharaBers arcj It hath fiofculous Flowers ; con- fl fling of many Florets, -which are mtdtifid and Jiand upon the Ew.- 6ryo : Thefe Florets are enclosed in afcaly Cupfurrounded with Leaves. The C N The Species arcj 1. Cnicus } fylveflriSy hirfutiory pve CarduHs Benedicius. C. B, The BlelTed Thiftle j vulgo. 2. Cnicus i atraciylis lutea dlBus. H. L. The yellow Diftaff-Thilllej 'vulgo. 5. Cnicus j ferennisy c^ruleus, Tingkanus. H L. Tangier peren- nial blue Diftaff-Thirtle. 4. Cnicus j Creticus, atraBylidis folio 0> facie t fore leucophAO. T. Cor. Candy Diftaff-ThilUe, with whitifh Flowers. f. Cnicus ; Hifpanicusy arboref eens,foetidiJJimus. Tourn. Stinking Spaniili Tree Diftaff-Thiftle. The Blejfed Thijile is cultivated in Gardens for the Herb, which is dry'd and preferv'd for medicinal Ufes; but of late Years it hath been in lefs Ufe than formerly, for which Reafon there is but little of it now propagated . This being an annual Plant, is only rais'd by Seeds, which fliould be fbwn in Autumn, or very early in the Spring ; When the Plants are come up, they fliould be either tranfplanted, or hoe'd out to about nine or ten Inches Dillance from each other, that the Plants may have room to fprcad, obferving alfo to keep them clear from Weeds j and when the Plants are in full Flower, they fliould be cut. ©ff and laid to dry in a fhady Place i and after they are thoroughly dry, they may be tied up into Bundles, and hung up in a dry Room upon Strings in Rows, fo that the Air may pafs freely between them, which will prevent their growing mouldy or rotting, which they are very fubjed: to, if laid too dole, or kept in a moift: Place. The other Varieties are only pre- ferv'd in curious Boranick Gardens ,- they may be propagated by fowing c o their Seeds in the Spring in a warm dry Soil, and the Plants re- duc'd to about two Feet Diftance: They will flower in Juk ; and if the Autumn is favourable, their Seeds will be pcfedtcd in Septem- ber. The third Sort is a perennial Plant, the Roots of which may be parted in the Spring, by which Method it may be increased. COAST-MARY i t/z/Z^Balfamita, COCCIGRIAi i./Ve Cotinus Co- riaria. COCHLEARIAj Spoon-wort, (7r Scurvy-grafs. The CharaBers arej Thi Flower co?if:fs of four leaves, vohich are difpos'd in Form of a Crofs : From the Flower-Cup arifes the TointaU vphich beco7nes an almcji globular Fruit, divided into two Cells by an intermediate Fartition, to which the Valves adhere on both Sides, and are furnifJjed with many round Seeds. The Species are; 1 . CbcHLEARiA i folio fubrotundo, C.B. Scurvy-grafs, witharound- ifh Leaf, or Common Scurvy- grafs. 2. Cochlear! A ; folio fnuato. C. B. Scurvy-grafs, with a fmua- ted Leaf, or Sea Scurvy-grafs 5 vulgo. 5. CocHLEARiA ;. minima, ex montibus WalliA. Sher. Boerh. hid. The lead: Scurvy-grafs, from the Wellh Mountains. 4. CocHLEARiA ', foUo cubitali, Tourn. Horfe-Radiflii vulgo. The firft of thefe Species is pro- pagated in Gardens for Medicinal Ufes ; This is done by fowing the Seeds in fuly, foon after they are ripe, in a moift fhady Spot of Ground; and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be thin'd fo as to be left at about four Inches Dillance each Way. The Plants that c o that are taken out may be trans- planted mto other fhady Borders, if yoii have Occaiion for them ; otherwife they may be hoe'd out, (as is pra(9:is'd for Onions, Carrots, 2cc.) and at the famx time all the Weeds may be hoe'd down, ib as to clear the Pimts intirely from Weeds, that they may have Room to grow ftrong. In the Spring thefe Plants vM be fit for Uiej and thofe that are fufF.T'd to re- main will run up to Seed ia May, and perfed their Seeds m fuly. If this Plant is fown in the Spring, the Seeds feldom grow well i there- fore the beft Time is foon after they are ripe : The Plants rarely live after producing Seeds i fo that it ihould be fown every Year, to feave it for Ufe. The Sea Scurvy-grafs is alfo us'd m Medicine ; but this grows in the Salt Marfhes in Kent and Ejfexy •where the Salt Water overflows it almoft every Tide ■■, and can rarely be made to grow in a Garden, or at lead to lafl: longer there than oaie Year : But it being fo eafily gather'd in the Places before- men- tion'd, the Markets are fupply'd firom thence by the Herb-women, who make it tKsir Bulinefs to ga- ther this Herb. The little WeW) Scnrvy-grafs is. a biennial Plant, and may be pre- £erv'd in a Garden, if planted in a ■fbrong Soil, and a fhady Situation, v«rhere, if the Seeds are permitted to fl-ied upon the Ground, the Plants Vv-^ill come up without any farrher Care. This is prefer v'd in curious •Gardens ot Plants, but is not of ■any Ufe. The Horji-Radiflj is propagated by Cuttings or Buds from the Sides cf the old Roots. The bcft Seafon {x)r This Work is in Oci'ober or Te- hrmryi tlie foxmer for dry Lands, c o and the latter for moifl:. The Manner of doing it is as follows -, Provide your felf v/ith a good Quantity of 0£f-fets, which fhould have a Bud upon their Crowns } but it matters not how fhort they arej therefore the upper Part of the Roots which are taken up for Ufe, fhould be cut off about two Inches long wirh the Bud to it, which is efteem'd the beft for Planting. Then make a Trench ten Inches deep, in which you fhould place the Off-fets at about four or five Inches Diftance each way with the Bud upwards, cover- ing them up wich the Mould that was taken out of the Trench: Then proceed to a fecond Trench in like manner, and continue the fame until the whole Spot of Ground is planted. After this, level the Sur- face of the Ground even, obferving to keep it clear from Weeds, until the Plants are & far advanced as to be flrong enough to over-bear and keep down the Weeds. With this Management, the Roots of the Horfe-Kadiflj will be long and firait, and free from fmall lateral Roots j and the fecond Year after planting will be fit for Ufe. Tis true, they may be taken up the firft Year; but then the Roots will be but flender ; therefore it is the better way to let them remain until the fecond Year. Tlie Ground in which this is planted ought to be very rich, otherwife the Roots will make but a fmall Progrefs. COCOS i -vide Palr/ia Nucifera. CODLIN-Treci 'vide Malus, or Apple-Tree. COFFEE-Tree; i;z^/e Jafminum. COLCHICUM. The Characters are; It hath a Flower confifiing of one Leaf, which is Jlmfd like a Lily, rijmgfrom the Koot in Form of pf jmall c o fmdl Tube^ and is roidenecl gradual- ly into fix Segments : The Pointal rifes from the Bottom of the Flowery ending in [mall Threads, and turns to an oblong triangular Fruit, divided into three Cells, which are full of roundijh Seeds : It hath alfo a folid bulbous Root, which is cover'd with a membranous Skin, The Species are; 1. CoLCHicuMj commune* C.B. Common Meadow-Saftron. 2. CoLCHicuM ; Anglicum, al- bum. Tark. Engliih white Mea- dow-Saffron. 5. Colchicum; fleno fiore. C. iB. The double-flower 'd Mcadow- Saffron. 4. Colchicum ; fioribus Fritilla- ru in/iar tejfelatis, foliis planis. M. H. Meadow-Saffron with Flowers chequer'd like ihoie of the Fritil- laria, and fmoorh Leaves. 5". Colchicum ; Chionenfe, fiori- bus FritillariA inflar tejfelatis, foliis undulatis. M. H. Meadow-Saffron with chequer'd Flowers and wav'd Leaves, commonly caWd, Colchicum Chio. 6. Colchicum } latifolium; va- riegatum. C. B Broad - leav'd ftrip'd Meadow-Saffron. 7. poLCHicuM i 'vernum, Hifpa- nicum. C. B. Spring-flowering Meadow-Saffron. 8. Colchicum; Candidum mul- tifiorum. C. B. Mioy-flower'd white Meadow-Saflron. The firft oi'theih Species is found in moift Meadows in ieveral Parts of England. The fecond is a Va- riety of the firft, from which it only differs in the Colour of the Flower. The third Sort alfo ori- ginally came from the firft j but is prelerv'd in Gardens, for the Dou- blenefs of its Flowers. The fourth Sort is a Stranger to our Illand, and is fuppos'd to have been c o brought from the Levant, with the fifth Sort, which differs from the fourth in having the green Leaves very much waved on the Edges. The Root of one of thefc two Species is thought to be the Hermoda£iyl of the Shops. The feventh Sort hath fine, broad, va- riegated, green Leaves, for which it is greatly efteein'd. The eighth Sort is valuable for producing its Flowers early in the Spring; as is the ninth, for producing a great Number of Flowers. Thefe are all very pretty Varie- ties for a Flower-Garden, moft of them, producing their Flowers in Autumn, when tew other Plants are in Beauty. The Flowers come up and are blown foine Time be- fore the green Leaves appear, and are therefore by lome call'd. Naked Ladies. The green Leaves come up in Winter, and in Spring arc extended to a great Length : In May the green Leaves begin to de- cay; foon after which Time, is the proper Sealbn to traniplant their Roots ; for if they are fuf- fer'd to remain in the Ground 'till Auguft, they will fend fjrth freih Fibres: Atter which Time it wiU be too late to remove them. The Roots may be kept above-ground until the Middle of Auguji ; at which Time if they are not plant- ed, they will produce their Flow- ers as they lie out of the Ground : But this will greatly weaken their Roots. The Manner of Planting their Roots being the fame as Tu- lips, d\:c. I ftiali forbear mention- ing it here, referring the Reader to that Article : And ailb for Sow- ing the Seeds, by which Means new Varieties may be obt.iin'd, I fhall refer to the Article ofXiphion, where there will be proper Direc- tions for this Work. COLE- c o COLEWORTS ; vide BratTica. GOLOCYNTHIS ; Coloquintida er Bitter Gourd. The Characiers are ■■, It is in all refpecis like the Gourd, excepting the Leaves of this Plant heing deeply jagged, and the Fruit keing excejjively bitter and not eat- able. The Species are -, 1. COLOCYNTHIS} fvuclu VOtUndo, major. C. B. The greater Colo- quintida, \vith a round Fruit. 2. CoLOCYNTHis i fru^iu Aurau- tio fimili. Tourn. Coloquintida, with a Fruit refembling ^nOrange. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are very coni- mon in divers Parts of the Eafi and IVe/l Indies i but as few of them come to any Maturity with us, fb I fhall pafs them over, with only obfcrving, that whoever hath a mind to cultivate any of thcfe Plants, mud low them upon a Hot-bed, and manage them as is directed for raifmg Early Cucu7n- hers i to which I fhall refer the Reader. COLUMBINE ; vide Aquilegia. COLUTEAi Bladder-Sena. The Characiers arej It hath a papilionaceous (or But- terjly) Floiver, j&hich is fncceeJed 6v Tods, fomerthat refembling the in- fjited Bladders of FifJyes, in which Are contain d feveral Kidney -flmp'd Seeds. The Species are » 1. CoLUTEA ; veficaria. C. B. Bladdcr-Scna. 2.. CoLUTEA i vefcaria, reficitlis Tiibentibus. J. B. Bladder-Sena, with redd iflv colour 'd Pods. 5. CoLUTEA j Orieyitalis, fiore fanguinei ccloris, luted macula no- tato. T. Cor. Eaftern Bladdcr- Sena, with Blood- colour 'd Flowers ipatted with Yellow. c o 4. CoLUTEA J JEthhpko;, firfi fhoenicio, folio barb& fovis. Breyn. Cent, Ethiopian Bladder-Sena, with. Scarlet Flowers, and Leaves like the Silver Bufu S' CoLUTEAj Africana, annua -^ foliis parvis, mucronatis, veficttlis cotnprejfs. Hort. Amjl. Atrican annual Bladder-Sena, with fmall pointed Leaves and comprefs'd Pods. The two firft Sorts are promif- cuouQy fold by the Gardeners near London, amongfi: other flowering Shrubs, and are feidoni diftinguifh'd but by Botanifts. Thefe are propagated by fowing their Seeds any Time in the Spring, in a Bed of common Earth ,• and v/hen the Plants are come up, they muft be kept clear from Weedj j and the Michaelmas following, they fhould be tranlplanted either into Nurfery-Rows, or in the Places where they are deiign'd to remain. 5 for if they are let grow in the Seed- bed too long, they are very fub- je6l to have downright Tap-roots, which renders them unfit for Traril- plantation ■. Nor Ihould thefe Trees be fuffer'd to remain too long io the Nurfery before they are trant planted, for the fame Reaibn. Thefe Shrubs grow to the Height of eight or ten Feet, and are very proper to intermix with Trees of a middling Growth in Wildernefs- quarters, or in Clumps of Flower- ing-trees, v/here the Oddnefs of their Flowers and Pods will make a pretty Variety, The third Sort was brought from the Levant by Monf. Tournefort to the King's Garden at Taris \ from wJience feveral curious Gardens have been fuppiy'd with this beau- tiful Plant : This is alfo rais'd by fowing the Seeds in the Spring, cither in a moderate Hot-bed, or ^ io G O m a warm Border 5 and when the Plants are come up about four Inches high, they Ihould be trani- planted into Pots fiU'd with light frelh Earth, and during the firft Winter fliould be llielter'd under a common Hot-bed Frame; and the Spring following they may be taken out of the Pots and planted into a warm Border, where they will thrive and flower the fecond Year from Seed. The fourth Sort is tenderer than any of the former, and iliould be fown on a Hot-bed, and afterwards tranfplanted into Pots, and ma- nag'd as was direded for the third Sort, and in the Spring put into warm Borders under a good Wall, where it will flower and feed the iecond Year, and if the Winters prove mild, will remain for two or three Years, producing great Qaamities of beautiful Scarlet Flow- ers j but if the Winter proves hard, or the Soil is moift wherein it is planted, it feldom (lands through a Winter abroad. This Plant is by moft People prefer v'd in Green- houfes with Oranges, Myrtles, Sec. But in this Management they are fubje^t to grow very weak, for Want of more free open Air than can be given with Safety to the other Trees, therefore the beft Method is, to preferve them, du- ring the Winter, in an open Frame,' where the GlaiTes may be kept off in mild Weather, and put or. in firofty cold Nights, by which har- dy Management the Plants will produce a greater Quantity of Flowers than when they are drawn in a Houfe. The fifth Sort is an annual Plant, feldom rifmg above two Feet high with us, and is but of very little Beauty : This is preferv'd in curi- ous Gardeus of Plants. The Ma- c o nagement of it being much tfie fame as the Balfamina, I fhall re- fer the Reader thereto for Inlhuc- tions. COLUTEA SCORPIOIDES 5 lide Emerus. ^ COLLIFLOWER i I'iJe Braf- lica. COMA AUREA ,• Goldylocks. The Characters are 5 It hath a fibrofe perennial Roct; the Leaves, which are in great Num- bers, are produced alternately on every Side the Bra?2ches : The Cup of the Flower is not fpecious : The Flowers are yellow, and produced either Jingly, or in an Umbel upon the Tops of the Branches 3 to which may be added, it hath the Appear- ance of a Shrub. The Species are i 1 . Coma Aurea ; Germanica, Fark.Theat. German Goldylocks. 2. Coma Aurea,- Africans, fru- ticans, foliis linarid anguflis, major. Hort. Amfi. African Ihrubby Goldy- locks, with narrow Toad-Flax Leaves. 3 . Coma Aurea ; Africana, fru- ticans, foliis Crithmi marini. Hart. Amfi. African flirubby Goldylocks with Samphire Leaves. 4. Coma Aurea; Africana, fru- ticans, foliis glaucis 1^ in extremi- tate trifdis. Hort. Amfi, African fhrubby Goldylocks, with Sea-green Leaves, which are divided into three Parts at their Extremities. 5". Coma Aurea; Africana, fru- ticans, foliis glaucis, longis, tenuibus, multifides, apice pinnulatum trifido. Boerh. Ind. alt. Shrubby African Goldylocks, with long narrow Sea- green Leaves, which are divided into many Parts, each of which are trifid at their Points. The firft of thefe Plants is very hardy, and will endure to be plant*- cd LQ the open Ground : This is pro- c o prop3gated by parting the Roots ia the Spring, or by planting Cut- tings in any ot'the Summer Months, which if water'd and fhaded will take Root in fix Weeks-time, when they may be tranfplanted into the Borders where they are to remain for good : This Plant produces very pretty Umbels of Gold -colour'd Flowers upon the Tops of the Branches, which continue in Beau- ty for a long Time, which renders it "worthy of a Place in every good Garden. The other four Sorts are tenderer, and mud be preferv'd cither in a Green-houfe or under a Hot-bed Frame in Winter. Thefe are propagated by plant- ing their Cuttings in any of the Summer-Monthti in a Bed of light Earth i which if kept fhaded and xvater'd, will take Root in two Months time j when they muft be planted into Pots fiU'd with fre/h light Earth, and may be expos'd to the open Air until OBober \ at which Time they fhould be re- mov'd to Shelter, left the Morning Frofts fhould injure them : But they require to have a great Share of free open Air in mild Weather, for if they are fhut up too clofe they are very fubjed: to Mould i- nefs, and their younger Branches arc very apt to decay : They muft aifo have frequent, but moderate Waterings in Winter ; and in the Spring, iliould be remov'd into the open Air as ibon as pofilble, ob- ferving to do it by degrees, that they may not receive a great Check thereby. With this Management thefe Plants will fome of them grow to be eight or nine Feet high, and become very woody, and will produce great Quantities of Flow- ers through mofl: Part of the Year, ^hich renders them worthy of a Place in a good Green-houfe. c o COMMELINA. The Cha,raclers are ; The Leaves are prodncU alter* nately, and fiivround the Stalks at their Bafe, being in Shape [ome-what like the Ephemeron : The Stalks trail upon the Ground, and grovp very branchy : At fetting on oj the Branches, between the Wing of the Leaf and the Stalk, is produced a, Mower which conjifts of two Leaves^ which are plac'd in the Form of two IVingSy much after the manner of the Butterfly Flowers : Yrom the up- per Fart of the Flower are produc'd three fljort Stamina (or Threads) ; upon which are fajlen'd yellow Apices, •which refemble the Head of a Mulh- room : In the under Fart of the Flower are produc'd three other Male Stamina, which are thicker and longer than the other : The Ovary is produc'd in the Center of the Flower, which is extended into a long intoned Tube, and becomes an ob- long Fruit, divided into two Cells, in each of which is contain'' d one ob- long Seed. The Species are,* I. CoMMELiNA ; grami?7ea, latz- folia, Jlore cAruleo. Plum. Nov. Gen. Broad Grafs-le^v'd Herb Com- meline, with blue Flowers. 1. CoiMMELiNA i erecia, ampliore^ fub c&ruleo Jlore. Hort. Elth. p. 9 1 . Upright broad-leav'd Commeline, with blueifli Flowers. Thefe Plants feldom continue with us longer than one Year j but the Seeds, which are annually ripen'd, falling to the Ground, will grow again, fb that we need be at no farther Trouble than to allot them a Place in a warm Border, and not fuffering them to be de- ftroy'd, where they will maintain themfelvcs without any Culture. The Stalks of the firft -Sort ftrike- ing Roots at the Joints as it lies vipoa c o ^pon the Ground, the Plant may be increas'd faft enough in Sum- mer by cutting theie on, and tranf- planting them out into a frefli Spot of Ground, where they v/ill great- ly increafe. The Seeds of thefe Plants fhould be fown as loon as they are ripe, for if they are kept till Spring, they feldom come up well, nor will the Plants rais'd in the Spring be forward enough to produce ripe Seeds. COMPARTIMENTS, are Beds, Plats, Borders, and Walks, laid out according to the Form of the Ground and Ingenuity of the Artill, and depend more on a good Fancy than any Rules : Or, are Diveriities, or Knots of Flower-Gardens, or Parterres, of which there is great Variety, and may be diveriify'd in- finitely, according to the Fancy of the Deligner. Plain CoMPARTiMENTS, are Pieces of Ground divided into equal Squares and Flower-Beds, mark'd out by the Line, of equal Length and Breadth, Some Perfons allow to thefe Squares Borders of two Feet in Breadth, and not more if the Plat of Ground be f mall i but if they be reafonably large, three Feetj and they edge the Borders with Box, or upright hardy Thyme, or fome other Aromatick Herbs or Flovpers, . for the Sake of the greater Neat- nefs. And in order to prefer ve the Paths and Allies of Compartiments firm, even and durable, rhey lay them with a Coat of Sand or Gra- vel two or three Inches thick, keeping them hoed and weeded as often as there fhall be Deca- gon. - COMPOSTS. Comfojis are various, and ought to be different according to the c o diflTerent Nature or Quality of the Soils which they are dclign'd to meliorate, and according as the Land is either light, Jandy, or Icofe-, or heavy, clayey and cloddy. A light, loofe Land requires a Corrh- foji of a heavy Narure, as the Scouring of deep Ditches, Ponds, So, on the other hand, a Land that is heavy, clayey, or cloddy, re- qunes a Compofi of a more ipright- ly and fiery Nature, that wih in- Imuateiticif into thelumpifh Clods; which, if they were not thus ma- naged, would very much ooilruit the Work of Vegetation. As a good Compojl ror cold clay^ Land, ibme adviie to take one Load Of Sea fand, (if it can be conveniently had), or if not, other Sand, or fandy Ground, or fharp Sand, and two Loads of good lot- ted Dung, and three Loads of na- tural Mould, two Loads of the top Spit Turf from off the Mea- dows, or any other Kind of rich Turf Land, and half a Load of Coal-Aihes, or the Sweepings of Streets, a fmall Sprinkling of Pi- geons, Sheep, or other hot Dungs. Thefe are to be laid down in dif- ferent Heaps in a Circle, having a large Space in the Centre, fo that they may all be thrown up toge- ther in one Heap, which is to be done by as many Perfons at each Heap, as there are different Loads in each, viz,, one to that of one Load, two to that of two Loads, and three to that of three Loads, and fo on ; thefe muff caif and fpread at the fame time every Par- cel with Care, and not aU together in Lumps. The fittefl: Time for the doing of this, is when the Weather is dry, and alfo in the Month of M^j, This Mixture ihouid be turn'd once a Moatk c o a Month till Michaelmas, and then it may be fcreen'd, and feparated into feveral Sorts, to be ready, as occalion fhall require, in the Nur- fery. For the firfl: Sort, it will be befl: to fet the Skreen more Upright j and what comes thro' may be mix'd with one fourth Part of Melon Earth very fine. The fecond Sort may be fcreen'd with the Skreen ftanding more doping 5 by which means, what comes through will be coarfer than the firfl. The Remainder, which will be the rougheft and moft cloddy Earth, is recommended as an extraordinary Manure to be dug in order to im- prove any barren or poor Land ; and if it be kept in a Heap for one Year, and fcreen'd the next Year, 'twill then be as good as ei- ther of the former. The finell of thefe will be befl kept in a Houfe, or under fbme Covering, that it may be dry j tho' it would be bet- ter to be turn'd out fometimes to get Rain. A Compofl for a loofe fandy Ground may be made, by taking two Loads of Dung, three Loads of natural Soil, three Loads of llrong Loamy Earth, three Loads of Pond Earth, or of the Scouring ot Ditches, which are to be or- der'd, mix'd and fcreen'd as before ; and fo to make three different Sorts of Screenings. Others recommend other Com- fofis differing according to the dif- ferent Soils. I. For 2jiijf Soil incVmmg to Clay, to take five Loads of the fame Soil well broken and open'd, and to add to that five Loads more of Heath Turfs burnt j that thefe having been well mix'd and laid together during the Winter in a c o Heap or Ridge, and being well fitted or fcreen'd, are recommended as a good Compofl that will ex- tremely forward Trees. ^. To mix four Loads of fharp Sand, and two Loads of Afhes of burnt Furzes, Gorz,, Fern, Weeds, or Wood, with four Loads of fliff" Soil well broken and open'd : That thefe having been well mix'd to* gether and laid up in a Ridge in September, fliould lie till the Fe- bruary following, and then may be fcreen'd and fifted for Ufe. Sif William Brace is faid to have us'd this Compofi in his Garden with good Succefs. 3 . For ^/iiff Soil, take four Loads of the fliff Soil, two Loads of rot- ten Wood, fuch as may be found under a Wood Pile, or the fame Quantity of rotted Leaves, if the former can't be had, tv^o Loads of burnt Grafs-Turf, and four Loads of Sand : This is recommended to be done in OBoher likewifci be- caufe being then made, and fifted in the following Spring, 'twill be better than if they were made in the Spring ,• for that the Heat of the Summer would exhale the vo- latile Spirits, and if they were not laid in fome fhady- Place under Trees, the Weeds would exhaufl good part of the Nouriiliment that is in them. Thefe being mix'd well, and laid in a Ridge till Fe- bruary, and then fifted, are recom- mended as a good Compoft. 4. Take two Loads ot fliff Soil, two Loads of Rape-feed afcer the Oil has been prcfs'd out, four Loads of Sand, and two Loads of burnt Heath or Grais Turf, and prepare them as the others, and fift them : And this Compofl is re- commended as one that will for- ward any Pknt. c. Take c o y. Take four Loads of ftiff Soil, two Loads of Malt Grains atter Brewing, and four Loads of Sandj theie being prepared as before, are recommended as a Compoji that will haftcn the Growth of Plants. 6. Take of Sheeps-Dung and Wood-A(hes equal Quantities j ot Loam or Mother-Earth double the Quantity : Prepare them as before dire;voLvuLus ; minor ^ arven- fis, pre rofeo. C. B. LelTer field Bindweed, with a Rofe-colour'd Flower, vulgarly call'd. Gravel Bind. 3. Convolvulus j maritimus, iioflras, rotundifolius' Mor. Hifi. Common Sea Bindweed with round Leaves, or Soldaneiia Officin. 4. Convolvulus j marinus Ca- tharticus, folio rotunda, jiore purpw reo. Vlum. American purging Sea Bindweed, with a round Leaf, and a purple Flower. y. Convolvulus , purpureus, fo- lio fubrot undo. C. B. Indian Con- volvulus, with roundifh Leaves, and purple Flowers. 6. Convolvulus,- Indicus, flore albo. H, K. Tar. Indian Bmd- weed, with white Flowers. 7. Convolvulus •■> Indicus, fiora albo-purpurafcente, feminealbo. H, R. Monf. Indian Bindweed, with whitifh-purpie Flowers, and white Seeds. 8. Convolvulus; Indicus, fiore amplo, rofeo. Indian Bindweed, with large Roie-colour'd Flowers. 9. Convolvulus ; • carulcus, hede- raceus, feu trifolius. Fark. Ivy- leav'd Indian Bindweed, with fair blue Flowers, 10. Convolvulus -, Canarienfis, fempervirens, folio molli incano, flore ex albo purpurafcente. H. A. Pe- rennial Canary Birdweed, with fott hoary Leaves, and whitifh-purpie Flowers. 1 1 . Convolvulus ; major, hepta- phyllos, flore fulphureo, ociorato fpe- ciofijfmo. Sloan- Cat. Jam. Great American Bindweed, with fpecious yellow fv/eet-fcented Flowers, co7n- R mcnly CO Spmrfk W-oodbind. lill. CONVOLVTJL'OS 5 ji^*»m£j*»KJ, fiBp -hedsrs, ^ore -cotcmee mkn&rt, ii;mericaa Bindweed, with ivy l.ea.'zes, -snd fmall fcarkt Flowers. *rliis is the ^^xmodk^ Ammamciy Jhtie Sjeier^,, Jiff>'e Cocdfjm, of C^m- mrnline^s Tare Plants . 53. Convolvulus 5 'Lufitamcm^ fiQVi .-cyanca. Br^Jf. Fortugal Bind- Vifccd, with !^i^ne blae Flo'^^'ers, -^fd^ar^' ^ali'd, Convolvulus Mi- ir4, ComoLvuL-us ^ Leifiammst _fisr€ ^- femine i^lbo. JBeerh, Ind. ^^ Portugal Bindweed, with "w1:st€ Flcwers snd Seed, vulgftrly ciUrd, Convolvulus minor lior« if. Cgnvolwluss maj!fr,r€c?u£^ Gccat upright Bindweed from Cretit with Silvcr-cobur'd Leaves. ^4. Convolvulus-; Ima-r'u fblk, ■0ip6rgms. Tmrn. Upright Bind- we^dy with Tosid-flax Leaves. The ^rft ef tkcik Swedes is a «reffy troviblefome Weed in Gardens, e^cialty feiTider Hedges, oi" am ongft tie Roots of Trees, where, by its erje^fng Roots, k encreales very fe^ i and the Plant tv/ifl:ing itfeif s.'boitt ■fcv^iatcve-r Plants, ^c. are isear it, \vili ifpr^ as far above- ground, over -bearing whatever FIa«t it oamec iRcar. The only Reaiedy that I know of to dellroy this Pl'aRt, is by often hoeing of it down j which in oae Year's Time (n car-efully perform'd, and often repeated) will intirely deftroy it: For the -v/hsle Plant abounds with a sniLky Juices and whenever the Top is eut off, it is very fiibjed: toaniit ib grcfit a Quantity of its Juice, as to deflroy the whole &anch to the QiQyind .; which («3 ttoS GtTiisncrs exprcis it)i$ bkedm^ c o Tlie ^ond Sort, of which there are great Varieties ot difFerent-co- loufd Flowers, is ftill a worfe Weed than the former ; for the Roots of this Kind do infmuate thcmfelves into the Gravel many Feet dy Stems, and produce very beautiiixl Scarlet Flowers, but never produce any Seeds in the European Gardens, as I can hear of. They its ay be rais'd by lowing their Seeds, (which are brought from America) in a Hot-bed in the Spring of the Year, which will very eafily come up: The young Plants fnould, whan they are five or fix Inches high, be carefully tranfplanted into Pots of light frefli Earth, and plung'''d into a Hot-bed, obfcrving to Oiade them from the Heat of the Si^n, until they have taken freili Rootj after which they fhould have Air given them, by raifmg up the Glailcs in the Day-time when the V/'eather is warm j and in July and Augajt^ they Ihould have a greater Share of Air, in order to !iarden them be- fore Winter ; and in Sepemkt^ they fhould be removed into the Stove, and during the Winter Sea» fon fliould have but little Water given them, for they commonly call their Leaves in Wii:ter> and pulh them oat trelh the ilicceedii^g Spring- Thefe Plants may alfb be propa- gated by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months^ which fliQuld be- put into Pots ftll a with freih light Earth, and plung'd inro a moderate Hot-bed of Taiincr^s Bark, obferving toibade thcGlafles in the Heat of the Day> aiid to give them gentle Refreshings, with Water, as the Eardi in the Pocs is found to dry. In two Months lime thefe Cuttings will have fu^cieat Roots to tranfplant; at which tuire they mull be put each into -a fiiigk Pot, and plang'd a^ain into ihe Ikn- R 3 bed. c o bed, and manag'd as was direded for the Seedling Plants. In four or five Years time thefe Plants will produce Flowers, if they are prelerv'd in a moderate "Warmth all the Winter ,• for if they are kept too warm, they are fub- jedt to grow all the Winter, and the Shoots will be thereby drawn too weak to produce Flowers j and if they are kept too cold, they are liable to lofe their tender Buds •which fliould produce the Flowers : Therefore if they are kept up to the temperate Point mark'd on Mr. Tcroler's Thermometer during the Winter Seafon, they will fucceed very well. The third Sort was rais'd from Seeds which were fent from Caro- lina by Mr. Catesby, Anno 1714. This Plant feldom rifes above three Feet high with us, and hath large knobbed Roots ^ the Flowers are produced in Spikes upon the Branches, in the Summer Seafon when the Plant is almoft deftitute of Leaves, but never produces ripe Seeds with us. This Plant is fomewhat hardier than the other two Species, and may be kept in a leffer Degree of Heat in Winter, and be expos'd to the open Air during the Months of June, Juljy and Auguft. I have not been able yet to propa- gate this Plant by Cuttings, but there is no Doubt of its lucceed- ing as well as the other two Sorts. The fourth and fifth Sorts muft be treated in the fame manner as the firft and fecond, to which thele have a near Refemblance. The fourth Sort was brought from-r4- tnericA-y but the fifth I rais'd from Seeds which came from St. Ht- lena. COaCHORUSj Jews Mallow. c o The Characters are ; The Leaves are produced alternate- ly at the Joints of the Stalks . The Cup of the Flower confifls of five Leaves : The Flower hath five Leaves, -which expand in Form of ft Rofe : The Fointal of the Flower be- comes a cylindrical Fruit, which is divided into five Cells which are fiWd with angular Seeds. The Species are j 1. CoRCHORus 5 five Melochia, J. B. Common Jews Mailcw. 2. CoRCHORus 5 Americana, Car- pini foliis, fextuplici capfuld, prdlon- ga. Fluk. American Jews Mal- low, with Leaves like the Horn- beam, with long Pods. 3. CoRCHORUSi Americana pr^- longis foliis, capfuld flriatd, fubro- tunda, brevi. Fiuk. American Jews Mallow, with long Le.aves and fhort roundifh furrow'd Pods. 4. CoRCHORUS ; Orientalisy bre- vioribus foliis, jlore fiavo, fruSiti Caryophilloide longiori. Fluk. Eaft- ern Jews Mallow, with fhort Leaves and long .Pods fhap'd like a Clove. The firft Species, Rauwolf fsiys, is fbwn in great Plenty about Alep- po as a Pot-herb ; the Jews boiling the Leaves of this Plant to eat with their Meat : This he fuppofes to be the Olus Judaicum of Avi- eenna, and the Ccrchorum of Fliny. The Varieties of this Plant are prelerv'd in curious Botanick Gar- dens to add to their Number bf Plants, but it being of no great Beauty or Ufe with us, is feldom propagated in other Gardens. They are all of them Annual, and muft be fown on a Hot-bed early in the Spring, and afterward treated as the Female Balfamine i to which I fball refer the Reader for their Culture. They delight in a rich Soil, and muft have fre- quent V/aterings in dry Weather. Their c o Their Flowers are prodocetl la Juns and Jt^ly^ and their Seeds; ripen '"n Stpt ember. CORIANDRUM ; Coiiaoder. The Characters are ^ It hath a fibrofe annual Rcot - The Ismer Leaves are ifr^ad, but th^ upper Leave J are deepfy cut mtofine Segments: The Tetals if tlie FUv^n ure unequal^ and /^jafd like a Heart : The Trmt h composed cf fwo hemi- fpherical (and fometim?s fpheriml) Seeds. ' The Species are > I. CoRiANDRuMi majus^ C, R. Greater Coriander. z. CoRiANDRUM } mmfis, tepctt- latum. C/B. Smaller tefticulated Coriander. 5. CoRiANDRUM J fylvefirty feeti- Mjjimum. C. B. Wild ftinking Coriander. The firft of thefe Species is tho: moft common Kind, which is cul- tivated in the European Gardens and Fields for the Seeds, whicli are us'd in Medicine. The fecond Sort is lefs common than the firft, and is feldom found but in Bota- nick Gardens in thefe Parts of Et^ rupe. The third Sort, as men- tion'd in Cafpar Batihm*j Finax, and cited by the learned Boerhaavet in his Catalogue of the Leyderi Gar« den, is fo like the firft, that I could find no Difference between them when compar'd together, though I receiv'd the Seeds of this Kind from the Leyden Garden. Thefe Plants are propagated by fowing their Seeds early in the Spring, in an open Situation in a Bed ot good frefli Earth j and when the Plants are come up, they (hould be hoed out to about four Inches Diftance every Way clearing them from Weeds i by which Manage- ment thefe Pbnts will grow f^rong* Sad produce a greater Q^f^ntity qf c c?, good S«x.6si the S^is of t^ §sft Sort were foriin^erly iniiscE fbwc^*. a«d the Hesb cut while- you-'^Sar WinJ:er Sallad^. CORIARIAi Myrtk4eav"^ Si> 2Dack> vutgL The Cha^aBers are 5; It hath a M»W€r sffmpo^'d' ^ ten Siar?tinM (av Threads) ea^h hanmtg ^^1} Apkes^ and arifi from the But^ tarn cf the Calyx ■sohich is- divided i:its^fivi FArfs t& the Bafe^ -iohenths Tiower is pafsd the F&inial (whicB is emtmned in another C^p^ Jhjr^d ^Ifo into jive Varti tos the Bafi), he"- cames jointly vkh the Cs*ps^ a, 'Srn^ containing five Kidney-fhap'd S>a&« We have but one Spesies of trhfft Plant, which is, CoRiARJA i vfilgans Mem. j^a^L Scieu. A33». 1711. Myrtic.-lea^''dl Sumach ^ vulgk This, is a lov/ Shrisb* feldoia riling above three or Iolij: Feet high J the Flowers appear ra. April, which are prodjjced fi-orasi the Joists, all the vrhde Lsagtli of the Shoots; theie cosLiiii; ot £e« veral Stamina or Threads^ wHcS* are of a red Colour ^ but th^e is no great Beauty m the Piant. It may be propagated pkotitbllT from the Suckers, which are p5«^ duced from the creepicgRoor* sa great abundaace r Thefe tioujcl Be- taken off ia March^ and piaa^d into a Nurfery, to form g<2i[fd Roots ; v/here they may eo^iaiis^ one or two Years, and then maf^ be removed tD the- Places w^ira they are to remain. This Pbnt delight s. is toamj $A which is not too ftiff> zsd Biomd be placed wheve it may have Shel- ter from the North aj\d Eaft WiodSa where it will endure the Gald of our ordinary Winters \eyy wellj and will flower better than if it is prefervcd io f9th ^ ^idtf^rV* a 4 In c o in the Winter, as is by {bme prac- tis'd. This Plant is ufed by the Tan- ners for dreffmg their Leather, in the South Parts of France, where it grows wild in great Plenty. CORINDUM; Heart-Peafe. The Chara^ers are ; It hath a trailing Stalk, emitting Claffers -whereby it faflens it felf to jvhate'ver Ilant it fiands near : The Calyx (or Flower 'Cup) conjJfls of three Leaves : The Flovpers confijl of eight Leaves, and are of an anomalous Figure : The Ovary becomes a Fruit rohich is like a Bladder, and divided Into three Cells in rehich are ccn- tain'd round Seeds in Form of Feafe, of a black Colour, having the Fi- gure of a Heart of a v^hite Colour upon each. The Species are; 1. CoRiNDUxM ', folio ampliori, fruBu major e. Tourn, Heart-Pea, v/ith large Leaves and Fruit. 2. CoRiNDUM ; folio & fruBu, minore, Tourn. Heart-Pea, with fmall Leaves and Fruit, calVd by by the Inhabitants oftheWeji Indies ^ Wild Parfley. ^. CoRiNDUM j folio amplijjimo, fruEiu minore. Heart-Pea, with very large Leaves, and fmall Fruir. Thefe Plants are very common in Jamaica, Barbados, and moft of the other warm lilands in the JVefc Indies, where their Seeds are fcatter'd and become Weeds all over the Country. They may be cultivated in Eng- land, by fowing their Seeds on a Hot-bed in March; and when the Plants come up, they muft be tranTplantcd into a frefli Hot-bed, where they may remain until the M'ddie of May ; at which Time they may be tranfplant a into Pots or Borders, and ^xpos'd to the open Air. Tiicic Piants will rec^uirc c o Sticks to fupport them ; otherwife their Branches will trail upon the Ground, and be apt to rot, (efpe- cially in a wet Seafon), There is no great Beauty in this Plant 3 it is chiefly preferved as a Rarity in the Gardens of the Curious. It produces its Flowers in June, and the Seeds are perfected in Augufl, CORK-TREE j vide Suber. CORN-FLAG ; vide Gladiolus. CORN - MARYGOLD j vide Chryfanthemum. CORN-SAU^ADj vide Valeria- neila. CORNUS ; The Cornelian Cher- ry. The Characlers are 5 The Calyx (or Flower-Cup) confiflt of four fmall rigid Leaves, which are expanded in Form of a Crofs\ from the Centre of which are pro- duced many fmall yellowiflt Flowers, each confining of four Leaves, which are difpofed almofi in Form of an Umbrella. Thefe Flowers are fuc- ceeded by Fruit, -which is oblong, or of a cylindriacal Form, fomewhat like an Olive, containing a hard Stone, -which is divided into two Cells, each containing afingle Seed, The Species arej 1. CoRNUs ', hortenfis, mas- C. B. The Cornelian-Cherry, or Male Cornel-tree. 2. CoR^u^ yfaemina. C.B, The Dogberry, or Gatten-tree. 3. Corn us 5 foemina, foliis varie- gatis. H. L. The ftrip'd Dog- berry-tree. 4. CoRNus j foemina, LaurifoJia, fru£iu nigro c&rulco, officulo compref- fo, Virginiana. Fluk. Aim. The Virginian Dogberry-tree. 5". CoRNus ; mas, odor at a, folio trifido, mar gine piano, Saffafrasdicia. Tluk. Aim. The Saflatras-tree. The fir ft of thefe Trees is very common in the Englijh Gardens, being c o being propagated for its Fruit j which is by many People prefer v'd, to make Tarts : It. is alfo ufed in Me- dicine as an Aftringent and Cooler. There is alio an Officinal Prepara- tion of this Fruit, call'd Roi> de Ccrnis, The fecond Sort is very common in the Hedges in divers Parts of £ngiandj and is feldom preferv'd in Gardens. The Fruit of this Plant is often brought into the Markets, and fold for Buckthorn - Berries ^ from which it may be ealily diftin- guifhed, if the Berries are opened, to obferve how many Stones there are in each, which in this Fruit is but one, but in the Buckthorn four. The third is alio a Variety of the fecond, and is preferv'd, for its variegated Leaves, in feveral curi- ous Gardens. The fourth Sort is at prefent pretty rare in England : It is brought from Virginia and Carolina^ where it grows in great Plenty, The fifth Sort is alio a Native of Americeiy and is rarely found in the European Gardens. The Root of this Tree is much ufed in England, to make a Tea, which is greatly commended by fome againfl violent Defluxions. The firfl, fecond, and third Species are propagated by laying down their tender Branches, which in one Year's Time will take fufficient Root to be tranfpianted j at which Time they may be either planted in a Nurfery, or in the Places where they are to remain. During the two firll: Years, Care fhould be taken to train their Stems upright j otherwile they are very fubjetl to fhoot crooked, and appear unlight- ly : But when they are grown up to a regular Size, they Ihould not be pruned, efpecially if you would have Plenty of Fruit. c o Thefe Trees commonly rife with us to be eight or ten Feet high, or more, and are proper to inter- mix with Trees of the fame Growth in fmaller Quarters of Trees and Shrubs, where they will add to the Variety 5 and if they are not too much crowded with other Trees, will produce large Quantities of Fruit. The fourth Sort may be alfb propagated by Layers j but mufl have a good Soil, and a Siruation which is well defended from the North and Eaft Wmds, and loves to grow in the Shelter ot other Trees. This may be aifb rais'd from Seeds, which Ibould be fowa fbon afirer ihey are ripe, and flid- ter'd from fevere Fiofts under a Frame: The fecond Spring after fowing, the Plants will come up, which muft alio be fcrecn'd from feve'-e Froils while young, but af- terwards they will endure our hardeit Winters abroad. The beft Seaibn for tranfplanting thefe Trees, is toward the iat':er End of March, or the Beginning of April, juft before they begin to (hoot i obferving to fliade and wa- ter them (if the Weather fbould prove hot and dry) for about a Fortnight after removing j as alfo to cover the Surface of the Ground with a little Mulch, to preferve the Earth from drymg 100 faft: And if the Summer fhould prove very dry, it would be convenient to give them a little Water once a Week i and after they are well rooted in the Ground, they will want little farther Care. The Sajfafras is one of the mod difficult Trees to grow with us, that 1 know; it will rarely live, if kept in Pots and preierv'd in a Green- houfe; nor will it endure our open Air abroad; The beft Culture c o Cultare that I can prefcribe, is to leirtQVe it carefully in April into a good ftrong Soil, and in a Situa- tion that is well defended by other Trees, both from the cold Winds and open Sun; but it muft not Sand under the Dropping of other Trees. In the Winter it will be proper to lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground round its Stem, to prevent the '^roft from penetrating too deep into the Ground : but then its Heads fhould by no means be cover'd j which, tho' practis'd by fome, yet I am £ire doth more harm than good : la the Summer Seafon they muft be kept clear from Weeds, &c. In this Management, I have leen the mod: promifing Trees of this Kind. Thefe Trees are generally brought ever from Virginia or Carolina to curious Perfons} in both which Fiaces they abound very much, and do propagate themfelves by sheir creeping Roots j as alio their Berries, which fall to the Ground, and come up in great Plenty : But with us they are not fo ealily in- crca^ j it being with great Diffi- culty procur'd by Layers, which are commonly two Years before they are furnifli'd with Roots enough to tranfplant and is alfb with as much Difficulty remov'd. And the Berries which are brought ixom America feldom fucceed with Bs: They are always two Years before they come up, and then make but a very fmall Advance for tw^o or three Years after, and it is very rare that many of them are |rrefcrv'd fo as to fucceed. The beft Method of fowing the Seeds» is to put them into a Bed ef freili good Earth foon after the Seeds arc ripe, in a Situation where tkcj may have the Morning Sun c o until Eleven o'Clock ; and in hard frofty Weather cover the Surface of the Ground with Litter: in fiich a Bed you may expecft (if th© Seeds were firefh) the Rants to come up the fecond Spring, which fhould aUb be cover'd with light Litter or Peafe-haulm the firft Win- ter, until they have Strength to relift the fevere Cold of our Cli- mate 5 after which Time, they muft be treated as was before di- reded. CORONA IMPERIALIS; Crown Imperial. The CharaBers are ; The Flowers confift of fix Leaves, are Bell-/Jjap\l, and hang dotcn- ■mards : Thefe are rang' J, as it v^re, into a Crown j above which appears a great Bufh of Leaves : The Foin- tal of the Flower becomes an oblong Fruit, which is wing'd, and divided into three Cells, which are fill'd with fiat Seeds : To which may be added, it hath a coated Root, which isfHrnifij'dwith Fibres at the Bottom, The Species are ; 1. Corona Imperialis. JDod. The coipmon Crown Imperial, 2. Corona Imperialis j major, Tourn. The greater Crown Im- perial. 5. Coroka Imperialis j fiore pleno. Tourn. Crown Imperial, with a double Flower. 4. Corona Imperialis ; duplici corona. Town. Crown Imperial, with a double Crovvn. f. Coroka Imperialis ; triflici coron^. H* i. Crown .Imperial, with a triple Crown. 6. Corona Imperialis"; multi" fidra, h.toque caule. Tourn. Crown Imperial, with many Flowers, and flat Stalks. 7. Corona Imperialis j folia vario. Tourn. Strip'd-leav'd Crown Imperiau c o 8. Corona Imperialis ; folio I'ario ex viridi ^ argent eo. Boerh. InJ. Silver ftrip'd-leav'd Crown Imperial. 9. Corona Imperialism ^or^/'«/- chre luteo. Tourn. Crown Impe- rial, with a beautiful yellow Flower. 10. Corona Imperialis ; fiore luteo, pleno. Boerh. Ind. Crown Imperial, with a double yellow Flower. 1 1 . Corona Imperialis ; fiore luteo, ftrmto. Tourn. Crown Im- perial, with a yellow- ftrip'd Flow- er. 12. Corona Imperialis i ramo- fa. Tourn. Branch'd Crown Im- perial. There are fbme other Varieties of this Flower, which are preferv'd in the Gardens of curious Florifts : but as they are only Variations which are accidental, from Seeds of the fame Plant, fb their Num- bers may be increased, like many other bulbous Plants, by fuch who are curious in faving and fowing Seeds of the different Varieties. The manner of propagating this Plant from Seeds, being the lame with the Tulipy I fhall refer the Reader to that Article for the par- ticular Diredions, and Ihall pro- ceed to the Method of cultivating their Roots already obtain'd, fo as to have fair large Flowers. The beft Seafon for tranfplanting their Roots is in July or Auguft, before they pufh forth frefh Fibres ; after which Time, it is not fb fafe to remove them: or they may be taken up in June, when their green Leaves are quite decay'd j and may be kept out of the Ground until Augufi, at which Time they fhould be planted in Beds or Borders of good frefh Earth, burying a little rotten Dung in the Bottom, fo c o that the Fibres may ftrike into it: but be fure not to let it be near the Bulb, for it is apt to rot when- ever this happens. If they are planted in open Beds or Borders of a Pleafure-Garden, they fhould be plac'd exactly in the Middle, for they will rife to be three Feet high or more in a good Soil, and fb would be improper to fland on the Side of a Border where fhould be planted Flowers of lower Growth. In planting of thefe Roots, after the Border is mark'd out, and the Diftances fix'd between each Root, (which Ihculd be eight or ten Feet or more, according to the Size of the Garden, and the Number of Roots to be planted) you fhould open a Hole with a fmall Spade about fix Inches deep, into which you fhould place your Root, ob- ferving to fet the Crown upper- moft j and then with your Hand fill in the Earth round the Root, breaking the Clods, and removing all large Stones from about it, and afterwards level the Ground with your Spade, and rake the Border over after all the Roots are planted- Your Roots being thus planted will require no farther Care, as being very hai:dy ; the Froft never injures them, but if the Ground is too wet in Winter, they' will be apt to rot; therefore in fuch Cafes, the Borders fhould be rais'd a Foot or more above the Level of the Ground. In February their Buds will appear above-ground, and if the Weather be mild, they will advance in Height very fail, and \ti March they will produce their Flowers j but as their Stems grow tall, and the Spring feafon being commonly windy, it will be very proper to fup- port them with Sticks, to prevent their being broke down: Nor fhould the G O the Flowers of this Plant be ga- ther 'd when blown, for it greatly weakens their Roots i fo that they do not aflFord an Increafe of Bulbs, and many times are two or three Years betbre they flower again. Thefe Roots Ihould be trans- planted every third Year, by which Time they will have furnifh'd fome OfF-fets of conliderable Strength, ■which muft be taken from the ©Id Roots i and fiich of them as are large enough to produce Flow- ers, may be planted in Borders with the old Roots, but the fmall ones fhouid be planted in a Nur- fery-bed, where they may remain tiii they have Strength enough to fiower y but if you remove the blowing Roots oftener, they will not flower fo ftrong, nor will their locreafe be near fo great. This Plant defervet a Place in the moil: curious Fiower-Gardens, jbr the Earlinefs of its Flowering ; it being the firfl Plant of large Growth that we have flov/ers, and fo confequently garnifhes the Ciov/ns of Borders, at a Seafon when there arc no other Flowers ia the fame Line appearing, and fo- begins that Order of Flowering, which fliould be fucceeded by other Fiovv-ers of the like Growth, thro' the greatefl Part of the Seafon. Their Seeds are ripe about the Be- ginning ot fime, and fliould be ibv/n in July, For the Manner of performing it, fee Tuli^ei, CORONA SOUS i the Sun- Flower. The Characters are ,' It hath a fquamous Cup : The Flavtfers are radiated like the great Staiwort : The Erhbryo's of the Seeds are difiinguijl)' d by little imbricated Leaves ra the Disk : The Top of the Ovmy i$ crovpn'd with two fmall Leaves; The Seeds arcr pafJyd out c o from the Bottom of the Flower, lea- ving a Vacuity which appears very like a Honeycomb. The Species a?e j 1. Corona Solis. Tub. The Common great annual Sun-Flower. 2. Corona Solis , maxima, fe- mine^ albo, cinereo O'firiato. Tourn, Great annual Sun- Flower, with Afh-colour'd flrip'd Seeds. 3. Corona Solis; maxima, flore fallide fulphureo, fere albo, femine nigro. Boerh, Ind. Great annual Sun-Flower, with pale Brimfl^ne- cclour'd Flowers, and black Seeds. 4. Corona Solis ; maxima, fore pleno, aureoy femine nigro. Boerh* Ind. Great annual Sun-Flower, with double yellow Flowers, and black Seeds. f. Corona Solis; maxima, flon pleno, aureo, femine albo. Boerh, Ind, Great annual Sun-Flower, with double yellow Flowers, and white Seeds. 6. Corona Solis ; maxlm^a, flore pleno fulphureo, femine nigro. Boerh. Ind. Great annual Sun-Flower, v/ith double Brimftone - colour'd Flowers, ,and black Seeds. 7. Corona Solis; maxima, flore pleno, fulphureo, femine albo. Boerh. Ind. Great annual Sun-Flower, with double Brimflone- colour'd Flov/ers, and white Seeds. 8. Corona Solis ; perennis ^ vulgaris. Vaill. Common Peren- nial or Everlafling Sun-Flower; vulgo. 9. Corona Solis ; foliis amplio- r'd'us, laciniatis. Tourn. Perennial Sun-fliower, with large divided Leaves. 10. Corona Solis; foliis angufti' oribusy laciniatis. Tourn, Peren- nial Sun-flower, with narrow di- vided Leaves. 1 1. Corona Solis ; foliis afperis, tribtis vel ^taternif ad genicnla fitiu Men G O Mor. Hlfl, Rough-leav'd Peren- nial San-Fiower, having three or four Leaves plac'd at each Joint of the Stalk. 12. Corona Solis •■> Trachelit ^lio, radice repente. Tourn. Creep- ing-rooted Perennial San-Flower, with a Throat-wort Leaf. 15. Corona Solis j altijjimix,, Vofacan dicta. Vail I. The tailed Perennial Sun-Flower, cauJ Vola- can. 1 4. Corona Solis ; aktjjima, VirgA aured foliis. Tonrn. Tailed Perennial Sun-Flowei , with Golden- 1 Rod Leaves. ijT. Corona Solis 5 falicis folio, alato caule. Tourn. Willow-leav'd Perennial Sun-Fiowcr, with winged Stalks, 16. Corona Solis ; falicis folio latiore, caule alato, ferotino. Broader Willow-leav'd Perennial lare flow- ering Sun-Flower, with winged Stalks. 17. Corona Solis j arborea, folio latiJJImo jilatani. Boerh. Ind. Tree- like Perennial Sun-Flower, with a broad Piane-Tree Leaf 18. Corona Solis j parvo Jiore, tuberosa radice. Tourn. Tuberofe- rooted Perennial Sun-Flower, with a fmall Flower, commonly call'd, Jerufalem Artichoke. All thefe Species of Sun-Vhwers are Natives of America, from whence we are otten fupply'd with rew Kinds, it being a large Genus of Plants : And it is very remark- able, that there is not a ling'e Spe- cies of this Genus that is European j fo that before America was diico- ver'd, we were wholly unacquainted with thefe Plants. But altho' they are not originally of our own Growth; yet are they become lb familiar with our Climate, as to thrive and increafe full as well as if they were at Home j (fome of the c o very late flowering Kinds excepted, which require a longer Summer than we generally enjoy, to bring them to Perfe6lion) : and many of them are now fo plentiful in Eng- dlan, that Perfons unacquainted with the Ilidory of thefe Plants, would imagine rhetri at lead to have been InhaUtants of this Ifland many hundred Years i particularly the Jerufalem Artichoke, which tho' it doth not produce Seeds In our Climate, yet doth fo m.ultiply by its knobbed Roots, as when once well fix'd in a Garden, is not ealily to be rooted out again. The fird feven Sorts being An- nuals, mud be fown every Spring in a Bed of good light Earth i and when the Plants are come up about three Inches high, mud be tram- planted into Nurlery-beds, at about eight or ten Inches Didance every way, where they may continue until they are a Foot high, when they mud be carefully taicen up with a Ball of Earth, and tranfpianted into the Middi'- of large Borders, or intermix'd in Bofquets of large growing Plants, oblerving to wa- ter them until they are well rooted^ after which Time they will re- quire no farther Care but to clear them from Weeds. In July the Flowers upon the Tops or the Stems' will ap|>ear3; amongd which, the bed and mod double Flowers of each Kind fhould be preferv'd for Seeds ; for thofe which flower later upon the Side- branches ?.re neither fo fair, nor do they pcrfedl their Seeds fo well as thofe which are fird in Flower t When the Flowers are quite faded* and the Seeds are form'd, 7011 fhould carefully guard the Heads from the Sparrows, which wUi otherwife devour mod of the good Seeds i and about the Beginning of c o OMer^ when the Seeds are ripe, you fhould cut off the Heads v/ith a fmall Part of the Stems, and hang them up in a dry airy Place for about a Month j by which Time the Seeds will be perfectly dry and hard, when you may eafily rub them out, and put them up in Bags, or Papers, preferving them from Vermin until the Seafon for fow- ing them. The other perennial Sorts rarely produce Seeds in 'England^ but moft of them do increale very faft at their Roots, efpecially the common and creeping-rooted Kinds. The eighth Sort, which is the moft common in the Englijl) Gardens, is the largeft and moft valuable Flower, and is a very proper Furniture for large Borders in great Gardens, as alfo for Bofquets of large growing Plants, or to intermix in fmali Quarters with Shrubs, or in Walks under Trees where few other Plants will thrive : It is alfb a great Or- nament to Gardens within the City ; where it doth grow in De- fiance of the Smoak better than moft other Plants j and for its long Continuance in Flower, deierves a Place in moft Gardens, for the fake of its Flowers for Bafons, c^r. to adorn Halls and Chimnies in a Seafon when we are at a Lofs for other Flowers. It begins flower- ing in 7«»e, and continues until OBober, The 9th, loth, nth, nth, igth, 14th, ij-th, and 16th Sorts may alfo have a Place in ibme ab- ject Part of the Garden, for the Variety of their Flowers ; which though not io fair as thofe of the common Sort, yet will add to the Diverfity 5 and as many of them are late Flowerers, fb we may con- tinue the SuccefTion of Flowers longer in the Seafon. G o Thefe Sorts are all of them very hardy, and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation ; They are propa- gated by parting their Roots into fmall Heads, which in one Year's Time will fpread and increafe greatly. The beft Seafon for this Work is in the Middle o^ October y ibon after their Flowers are paftj or very early in the Spring, that they may be well rooted before the Droughts come on, otherwile their Flowers will be few in Num- ber, and not near fb fair, and by this means their Roots will be v/eak j but if they are planted in October you will fave the Trouble of watering them ; their Roots be- ing fiirely fix'd before the dry Wea- ther, they will need no other Trouble than to clear them from Weeds. The yerufalem Artichoke is pro- pagated in many Gardens for the Roots, which are by fome People as much efteem*d as 'Potatoes, but they are more watery and flaihy, and are very fubjed: to trouble the Belly by their windy Quality, which hath brought them almoft into Difufe. Thefe are propagated by plant- ing the fmaller Roots, or the larger ones cut into Pieces, (obferving to preferve a Bud to each feparate Piecej either in the Spring or Au- tumn, allowing them a good Dil- tance ; for their Roots will greatly multiply : the Autumn following, when their Stems decay, the Roots may be taken up for Ufe. Thefe fhould be planted in fome remote Corner of the -Garden, for they are very unfightly while growing, and their Roots are apt to over-run whatever grows near them, nor can they be eafily deftroy'd when they are once well fix'd in a. Gar- den. The c o The 1 7 th Sort is fbmewhat ten- derer than any of the former, and therefore requires a better Situation, and a dry Soil. This Sort feldom produces its Flowers fair with us, it being a very late Flowerer, and if the Autumn proves bad, doth not produce any Flowers : This will frow to be lix, ieven, or eight eet high, and very ftrong, but ther^ is no great Beauty in its Flowers, and ib is rarely preferv'd, except in Botanic k Gardens. This Sort is propagated by part- ing the Roots in the Spring, or from Seeds fown on a Hot- bed at that Seafbn, when they can be ob- tained good, whi-ch is but rarely produc'd in 'England: It is com- rnonly preierv'd in Pots, and fhel- ter'd in the Winter, but I find it hardy enough to reiift our ordi- nary Cold, if planted in a light dry Soil, and an open Pofition. CORONILLA i Jointed-podded Colutea. The Cha-raBers are ^ !( hath Leaves like thofe of the Scorpion-Sena : The Flowers are papilionaceous : The Vods are fall of Joints^ having one oblong jwelling Seed in each Divijion, The Species are ; 1. Coronilla; argentea,Cretlca. Tourn. Silver-lea v'd, jointed-pod- ded Colutea of Candia. 2. Coronilla ,• maritima, glau- co folia, Tourn. Maritime jointed- podded Colutea, with a Sea-green Leaf. 5. Coronilla ; herbacta, flore •vario. Tourn. Herbaceous jointed- podded Colutea, with a variable Flower. 4. Coronilla ; Cretica, herba- cea,floreparvo purpi^rafcente. Tourn. Candia herbaceous, jointed-podded Colutea, with a' frngli purplilh Fjower, c o 5*. Coronilla j ZeyUdm, ar- gmtea tota, Bo&rh. hid. Silver jointed-podded Colutea of Cey- lon, 6. Coronilla; minima* Tour», The leaft jointed-podded Colutea. The firft and fecond Species grow with us to be fmall Shrubs about three or four Feet high, and arc fo nearly alike in all reipeer. Thefe Plants lofe their Leaves in Winter, but put out new ones early in the Spring i and in April they produce their Flowers, which are fome- times fucceeded by Seed-Pods j but it is very rare that they per- fea their Seeds with us. CORYLUS : The Hazel or Nut- tree. The CharaBers are ; It hash Male Flowers (^or Katkins) groxping at remote Dijlances from the Trnit on the fame Tree: The Kuts grow (for the mofl part) in Clufiersy and are clofely joined toge- ther at the Bottom, each being co- vered "mith an outward Husk or Cupi which opens at the Top •■, and vd'im the Fruit is ripe, it falls out : X&e Leaves are roundifJj and in- tire. The Species are ,- I. CoEYLUS i fylveflris. C. B. The wild Hazel-Nut s. CoRYLUJj fativai fruBu albo. c o minor e, five vulgaris. C. IS, The fmall manured Hazel-Nut. 3. CoRYLus i fativa, fruciu ro-^ tundo maximo. C. B, The large Cob-Nut. 4. CoRYLus ; fativa, fruciu ob- longo rubente, C. B, The Red Filbert. 5". CoRYLUS ', fativa, fruciu ob- longo rubente, pellicula alba teBoi C, B. The White Filbert. 6. CoRYLUs ; Hifpanica, fruBu majore, angulofo. Pluk Aim. The Spanifh Nut. The firft of theie Trees is com- mon in many Woods in EngUnd, from whence the Fruit is gather'd in Plenty, and brought to the Lon- don Markets by the Country Peo- ple. This Tree is feldom planted in Gardens, (except by Perfons curious in Collections of Trees and Shrubs) : It delights t© grow on a moift flrong Soil, and may be plentifully increased by Suckers from the old Plants, or by laying down their Branches, which in one Year's Time will take fufficient Root for tranfplanting ; and thcfe will be much handlbmer, and better rooted Plants than Suckers, and will great- ly out-grow them, efpecially while young. The fecond and third Sorts are planted in Hedge-rows, in moid (hady Places in Gardens: But the Fruit is much better, and in greater Quantities, when they have an open, free Air, and are not fuffer'd either to grow too thick, or be over -hung or crowded with other Trees. The fourth and fifth Sorts, viz. the Red and. White Filberts, are moftly tfteem'd for their Fruit, being much fweeter, and their Shells much tenderer. The fixth Sort is annually brought from Spain in great Plenty and ibid in c o in London all the Winter-leafbn ; from which Nuts there have been many Trees rais'd in the Englijl} Gardens j but I have not yet fccn whether they prove the fame with the Nuts lown. All thefe Sorts may be propaga- ted by ibwing their Nuts in 'Fe- bruaYy\ which, in order to pre- fer ve them good, fhould be kept in Sand in a moid Cellar, where the Vermin can't come at them to de- ftroy them : Nor fliould the exter- nal Air be excluded from them, which would occafion their grow- ing mouldy. The Manner of fowing the Seeds being well known to every on?, I need not here mention it, efpe- cially fince it is not the fureft Way to obtain the Sorts defired \ for they feldom prove io good as the Nuts which were fown, or at leaft not one in four of them will : And the Method of propagating them by Layers being not only the fureft, but alfo moft expeditious, is what 1 would recommend to every one, who would cultivate thefe Trees for the fake of their Fruits. COTINUS CORIARIA. Venice Sumach. The Chdraciers arcj It hath round Leax'es, with long Toot-fla,lks ; The Flowers are fmally cofifijiing of five Leaves^ which ex- pand in Form of a Rofe; are difpos'd in capillary Branches of very fender and ftijf Filaments or Hairs y which are widely diffused after the manner of Flumes^ and fpring out of the top Branches. There is but one Species of this Plant at prefent known, and that is, Cot IN us ^ Coriaria, Dod. Ve- nice Sumach, commonly calVd, Coc- cygria. This Shrub grows with us about G O feven or eight Feet high: The Branches grow very irregular and diflfus'd 5 but when it flowers, (which it feldom doth until it is pretty ftrong) it maketh a beauti- ful Figure, the Flowers growing, as it were, on large Plumes of Hair, which almoft cover the whole Shrub : It is very proper to plant amongft other Shrubs of the fame Growth, where it will make an agreeable Variety. ' This Plant is propagated by lay- ing down the tender Branches, which fhould have a little Slit made at one of the Joints that are laid in the Earth, (as is pra6lis'd in laying Carnations) which will greatly fa- cilitate their Rooting. When they are fufficiently rooted, (which is commonly in one Year's Time) they may be tranfplanted, where they are to remain i for it feems not to bear removing well, efpe- cially when grown old ; the Roots trailing far under-ground, which, when cut or broken, do not ibon recover itj and it feldom produces many Fibres near the Stem. The Wood of this Shrub h greatly us'd in the fouthern Parts of Frajjce, where it grows in great Plenty, to dye their "Woollen Cloths of a yellow Colour, or Feuille Morte i and the Tanners u/e the Leaves to prepare their Skins. COTONEA MALUSi vide Cy- donia. COTONEASTER j vide Me- fpilus. COTULA FOETIDA ; vide ChamcemeJum Foetidum. COTYLEDON J Nave'- wort. The Characters are j It hath a Leaf, Stalk, and thi whole Appearance ofHoufeleek j from which it dijfers in having an oblong tubuloHs Flower co'nfifting of one Leaf, which is divided at the Top S 2 inta G O mto five Farts : The Tmit is like that of the Houfeleek, The Species arej 1. Cotyledon ; major, C. B. The greater Navel -wort. 2. Cotyledon j Africana, fru- tefcens, fcliis orbicuhtisy limbo pur- pu'eo cinBis. Tcurn, Shrubby A- frican Navel-wort, with round Leaves edg'd with a purple Rim. 5. Cotyledon; Africana, fru- tefcens, folio longo ^ anguflo^ fiore fiavefcente. Com. Rar. Shrubby African Navel-wort, with a long narrow Leaf, and a yellowifti Flower, 4, Cotyledon i Africana, fru- ufcens, fiore umbellate, coccineo. Com. Rar. Shrubby African Na- vel-wort, with fcarlet Flowers growing in an Umbel. j". Cotyledon j Afra ; folio craf- fot lato, laciniato, flofculo aureo. Boerh, Ind. African Nivel-wort, with a broad thick divided Leaf, and fmail yellow Flowers. 6. Cotyledon i Afra -^ arboref- cens, major, foliis glaucis, oblon- gioribiis, fiore luteo. Boerh. Ind^ Greater Tree-like African Navel- wort, with oblong Sea-green Leaves, and a yellow Flov/er. 7. Cotyledon; major, arboref- cens, Afra; foliis nnnoribus, craf- fimisi 'viridioribuf, minutifiime punc- satis* Boerh. Ind. Greater African Tree-like Navel-wort, with fmall thick Leaves. 8- Cotyledon,- major, arboref- cens, Afra ; foliis minoribus, oblongis, atro-'viridibtis. Boerh. Ind. Greater African Tree-like Navel- wort, with fmall oblong dark green Leaves. The firft Sort (which is that us*d in Medicine) grov/s upon old Walls and Buildings in divers Parts of England, but is not readily to be cultivated in a Garden; it re- quires a dry rubbifhy Soil, and to kiire a tludy Poiition. c o The African Kinds are all of them propagated by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, which fhould be laid in a dry PJace for a Week or more after they are taken from the Plant, before they are planted ; for thefe abound with Juice through every Part of the Plant, which will certainly rot the Cuttings, if they are not luffer'd to lie out of the Ground, that the wounded Part may heal over, and the great Redundancy of Sap evaporate. The Soil in which thefe Plants thrive beft , is one third frelh light Earth from a Failure, one third Sand, and the other third Part Lime Rubbifh, and rotten Tan, in equal Quantities: Thefe fhould be well mix'd, and laid in a Heap lix or eight Months before it is us'd, turn- ing it over five or fix times, that the Parts may the better incorpo- rate i and before it is us'd, it will be proper to pafs it through a Screen, to feparate the large Stones and Clods, cf f. therefrom. Having prepar'd the Earth, and your Cuttings being in a fit Order for planting, you muft fill as many half-penny Pots with Earth as you have Cuttings to plant; then put one Cutting in the middle of each Pot about two Inches deep or more, according to their Strength ; then give them a little Water to fettle the Earth dole about them, and fet the Pots in a warm (hady Place for about a Week, to prepare the Cuttings for putting forth Roots ; after which they fiiould be plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, which will greatly facilitate their rooting ; but obferve to giv^e them Air, by railing the Glafles at all times when the Wea- ther will permit, as alio to (hade the GlalTes in the Heat of the Day. Itt c o In about a Month's Time after planting, thefe Cuttings will be rooted, when you muft begin to expofe them to the open Air by degrees, firft drawing the Pors out of the Tan, and fetting them on the Top i then raife the GlafTes very high in the Day-time} and in about a Week atter remove the Pots into a Green-houfe, and there harden them for another Week j after which they may be expos'd to the open Air in a well defended Place, obferving not to i^t them into a Place too much expos 'd to the Sun, until they have been enur'd to the open Air for fome Tune. In this Place the Plants may re- main until the Beginning of Octo- ber 5 at which Time you ihould remove them into the Conferva- tory, placing them as near the' Windows as poflible at firft, letting them have as much free open Air as the Seafon will permit, by keep- ing the Windows open whenever the Weather is good : And now you muft begin to abate your Wa- terings, giving it to them fparing- lyi efpecially the fifth Sort, which is fo very fucculent, that upon its having a little too much Water in Winter, it will certainly rot i but you fhould not fuffer its Leaves to fhrink for want of Moiflure, which is another Extreme fome People run into for want of a little Oblerva- tion ; and when they are fufter'd to flirink for want of Water, they fcldom fail to rot when they have Water given them, for their Parts being conftrided for want of fuf- ficient Moifture to keep their Vef- fels diftended, they are rendered in- capable ofdifchargingthis Moifture whenever they receive it again. Thefe Plants are all of them pretty hardy, except the fifth Sorts c R which muft be prelerv*d in a warm airy Part of a good Stove in the V/inter, The beft Method to treat the other Sorts is, to place them in an open, airy, dry Glafs-Framc among Ficoides's and African Hmtfi" leeksy where they may enjoy as much of the Sun-iliine as poffible, and have a free, dry, open Air ^ for if thefe are plac'd in a common Green-houfe amongft Ihrubby Plants, which peripire freely, it will fiU the Houfe with a damp Air which thefe iucculent Plants are apt to imbibe, and tiiereby becoming too replete with Moifture, do often caft their Leaves, and many times their Branches alfo decay, and the whole Plant perifties. The fifth Sort, as was before- mention'd, muft be preferv'd in a warm Stove, with Aloes, Cereus's, 8cc. which may be kept up to the temperate Heat as mark'd on Mr. Fowler's Thermometers : This muft have very little Water in Winter, and be planted in a very dry, fandy Soil. The fourth Sort produces the moft beautiful Flowers of any of them, and deferves a Place in every good Collection of Plants j as do the fecond, third, fifth and lixth, for the regular Beauty of their Stems, and large, fair, thick fuc- culent Leaves j and the iecond, third, and lixth Sorts produce very fair, handfbme Bunches of Flov/ersj but they feldom produce Seeds in England. COWSLIP; vide Primula Veris, CRAB-TREE j vide Malus, CRAMBEi Sea-Cabbage. The Char^Bers are ^ 7^ huth flefljy Leaves like thofe of. the Cabbage : The Fkveers Are whitey conjifiing of four Leaves : The Vointal afterwards turns io a r&undi/Ij Iruity tehkh terminatis in A Pmt^ S 3 having C R "''.ivifig but one Cell, '» tfihich is eontain'd one oblong Seed* The Species arej 1. Crambe j maritimcty Brc.jftca, folio. Tour, Sea-Cole wort or Cab- bage. 2. Crambe i Orientalisy dsntis leonis folio, er tie aginis facie. T.Cor. Eaftern Sea-Colcwort, with a Dan- delion Leaf, and the Face of Wild Rocket. The firft of thefe Species is found wild upon the Sea Shores in divers Parts of England, but particularly in Sujfex in great Plenty, where the Inhabitants gather it in the Spring ]to eat, preferring it to any of the Cabbage^ Kind : But this muft be gathered young, fcon after the Heads arethruft out of the Ground, otherwife it will be very tough and rank. This Plant may be propagated in a Garden, by Towing the Seeds foon after it is ripe, in a fmdy or gravelly Soil, where it will thrive exceedingly, and increafe greatly by its creeping Roots, which will loon overfpread a large Spot of Ground, if encourag'd : This may te cut for Ufe in April and May, while it is young i but if the Heads are fuffer'd to remain, they will produce fine regular Heads of white Flowers, which appear very hand- fome, and will perl^dl: its Seeds, by which it may be propagated. The fccond Sort is only prefcrv'd in curious Gardens of Plants for Variety, but is not of any Ufe or Bcanty. CRANE'S - BILL i njide Gera- nium. CRASSULA i 'vide Anacamp- feros. CRATiEGUS i the Wild Ser- vice. TheC/?^r^^^nare; The Lefives arejmgk : The F'ower c R confifls of five Leaves, which expand in Form of a Rofe : the Fruit is fmall 5 and fljap'd like a Fear, in ■which arc contained man) hard Seeds. The Species are^ 1. Crat.«,gus ; folio laciniato. Tourn. The Common or Wild Service. 2. Crat.'Egus J folio fubrotundo, ferrato, fubtus incano. Town* The White Beam Tree, or Aria Thco- phrafti. 3 . Cratagus -ffylveflris, Anglica, foliis Viburni. The Red Chefs- Apple, or Englifli Wild Service. 4. Crat^gus j Virginiana, foliis Arbtiti. Tourn. The Virginian Wild Service, with Leaves like the Strawberry Tree. The firft of thefe Trees is very common in divers Parts ot England, growing in Woods, . (^'C. The Leaves of this Tree are very like thofe of the Harethcrn, but are larger, and have fev/er Segments; the Fruit grows in Bunches, and are about the Bignefs of Black Cherries, which are ibmetiraes fold in the Markets in Autumn, and are by Ibme People eaten as Med- lars, 8cc. hut have fomewhat of an auflere Tafre. This Tree, where it grows wild, will arife to a great Height and Magnitude, but is with Difficulty traniplanted into a Garden. The fureft Way to procure kindly Trees, is to low their Fruits foon after they are ripe, which muft be ma- nag'd in the Manner directed for the Hawthorn : The fecond Spring after fowing, the Seeds will come up, when you muft carefully keep them clear from Weeds, and in dry Weather gently water them. In this Place the Plants may re- main until the fecond Autumn after they come up; when you muft prepare a Spot of frefli Ground, and C R and tranfplant them out in Rows, at about two Feet Diftance Row from Row, and fix Inches afunder in the Rows, obferving in tranf- planting them, to cut off the down- right Tap-Root, which thefe Trees are fiihjed to have ; and when you have planted them, cloie the Earth about their Roots, to prevent the Frofl: from turning them out of the Ground. In this iSurfery they may remain three or four Years, obferving to keep them clear from Weeds, as alfo to dig the Ground between the Rows at leaft once a Year, being careful not to cut or difturb their Roots ; this will greatly promote their Growth: then you may tranfplant them where they are delign'd to remain, which may be to form Clumps or Wil- der nefles of Trees where, by their Variety, it will add a Pleafure to the Profpe^t : Thefe will grow to a confiderable Bulk, if they delight in the Soil, as may be feen by feveral very large Trees now grow- ing on HampJleaA Heath, therefore they fhould be intermix'd amongft fuch as are of a large Growth. The fecond Sort is alfo very common in England, and will grow very regular to a confiderable Bulk. This is eafily propagated in a Gar- den, either from Layers, Suckers, or by fowing the Seeds, as diredted for the firft Sort. This Tree de- ferves a Place in large Wildernefs Quarters, or in regular Clumps of Trees, where, by the Diverfity of its white hoary Leaves, it affords an agreeable Variety. This alfo bears its Fruit in Bunches in the Manner of the former, but is not quite fo large, or well-tafted. The third Sort grov>/'s v/ild in fbme of the Northern Counties of ■iEngUnd, but is at prefent very rare near London. This mav be C R propagated in the fame Manner as was dire<&ed for the two former, and may have a Place, for Variety fake, in Plantations of Trees. The Virginian Wild Service is fomewhat tender while young, du- ring which Time it will require a little Shelter, but may afterwards be tranfplanted into the full Ground, where, if it is not too much ex- pos'd, it will thrive very well, am! endure our fevereft Colds. This may be propagated by Seeds as the former, or from Layers and Suck- ers, and may alfo be budded or in- arch'd into any of the former Sorts. CRESSES, GARDEN^ viJs Nafturtium. CRESSES, WATER; videSiCj- brium. CRESSES, INDIAN; wV^Acri- viola. CRITHMUMi Samphire. The Characters are ; The Leaves are thick, fucculentt narrow, branchy and trifid : The Flowers grow in an Umbel, each conjifting of five Leaves, which ex- pand in Form of a Rofe : The Em^ palement of the Flower becomes a Fruit confifling of two plain and gent- ly ftreakd Seeds. We have but one Specie f of this Plant common in England, which is, ' ^ Crithm'jm ; five fxniculum m^- ritimum, minus. Smaller Samphire, or Sea-Fennel. This Plant grows in great Plenty upon the Rocks near the Sea- ihore, where it is walh'd by the Salt Wa- ter, but will not grow to any Strength in a Garden, tho" it may be preferv'd feveral Years, and pro- pagated by parting its creeping Roots in the Spring. This ihouid be planted in Pots fillM with gra- velly coarfe Soil, and in Sumn^er s 4. pita- C R plentifully water'd: In this Ma- nagement it will grow tolerably veil, and produce Flowers, but rarely perfedls its Seeds in a Gar- den, nor is ihe Herb near fo good for Ule as that gathered from the Rocks. This Plant is greatly efteem'd for Pickling, and is fome- times ur,'d in Medicine. CRISTA GALLI i vide Pcdicu- iaris. CRISTA PAVONISi videVom- tiana. CROCUS.; Saffron, The Char Ackers a.r'^ ; It hath a Flower conjifiing of one leaf, which is (loafd likt a Lily, fiftulous underneath, the Tube nnden- ing into fix Segmeoti, andrefangon the Footjialki the FointaJ rifes out of the Bottom of the ¥lo7,'er, and is divided into three headed and crefled Capllamerits j but the Hinpahment afterwards turns to an oblong trian- gular Fruit, divided into three Cellsy and i, full of roundifh Se^ds : To thefe Uiarks mufi bs added, it hath a tuberofe Boot, pmt long narrow graffy Leaves^ with a longitudiiial -white Furrow thro' the Middle of each. In giving a Lift of their f-veral Names, I fliali divide them into two ClalTes} in the firft of v/hich I lliail place all the Spring flower- ing Crocus's nearly in the Order of their flowering i and in the fecond, fliall infert thofe which flovver in Autumn, amongft which will come the true Saffron. 1. Crocus^ vemusyflriatus, vul- garis. Park. Far. The ordin?.ry ilrip'd Crocus, commonly cali'd the Scots Crocus. 2, Crocus, vermis, luteus, ver- ficolor, primus. Park. Par. The beft Cloth of Gold Crocus. ^. Crocus j verrus, latifolius, fiavus. C. 5. The Dutch yellow CrQCiis. c R 4. Crocu: i vernus, 7ninor, albi- cans. C. B. Small whitilh Spring Crocus. f. Crocus j vernus, fiore albo, furpuro-violaceabaju C.B. Spring Crocus, with a white Flower and a purple Violet Bottom. 6. Crocus 5 vernus, latrfolius, fiavo-variofiore, duplici. Cluf. Hifl. The double Cloth of Gold Crocus. 7. Crocus ; vernus, latifoliusj jlavus, ft^re minore, '(^ pallidiore. C. B. Spring Crocus, with fmaller pale yel^jw Flower. 8. Crocus j vernus, latifolius, fiavo-^varius. C B. Spring Crocus^ with yellow variable Flov/ers. 9. Crocus i vernus, anguflifoliusy magno Jiore, candido. C. B. Nar- row-kav'd Spring Crocus, with large v/hlce. Flowers. 10. Crocus i vernus, albus,Jlri- atus. Park. Par. The white ftrip'd Crocus. 11. Crocus i vernus, albus, po- ly ant hos, verficolor, Pa^k. Par. Tlie party-colour'd Crocus, \yith many Flowers. iz. Crocus ; vernus, latifolius, flore penitus albo, ad infitna tubuli par urn c&rulefcented Boerh, Ind. White feather 'd Crocus ; vulgo. 13. Crocus i vernus, latifolius, flore purpufeo, magno. C. B. Broad- icav'd Spring Crocus, with a large purple FiovYer. 14. Crocus j vernus, latifolius, purpureuj,variegatus. C.B. Broad- kav'd Spring Crocus, with a purple ftrip'd Flower. 15-. Crocus ; vermis, latifolius, flore CAruleo, lineis violaceis varie^ gato. C, B Broad-leav'd Spring Crocus, with a b.luc Flower ftrip'd with Violet. 1 6. Crocus ; vernus, latifolius, albus, vel cinericeus. C. B. Broad- leav'd Spring Crocus, with a white or afti-colouiel Flower. 17, Cxo- C R ) 17. Crocus i vernus, latJfoUus, purpuro-violaceus. C. B, The lelTer purple Violet-colour 'd Crocus, with broad Leaves. 18. Crocus i vermiSy latifoliusy parvus, fiore extus paliUo, cum II- turis purpureis, intus cdrulefcente, pdlido. Boerh. Ind. Broad-lcav'd Spring Crocus, with a fmail Flower of a pale Colour on the Outfide, with purple Stripes, and the Infidc of a pale blue Colour. 19. Crocus j "vernus, angujlifo- lius, parvo fiore. C. B. Narrow- leav'd Spring Crocus, with a fmall purple Flower. 20. Crocus j vernus, capillar i folio. Cluf. App. Spring Crocus, with a capillaceous Le^f. There are feveral other Varieties of the Spring Crocus to be found in the curious Gardens of Floriils, which are feminal Produftionsj for there may be as great Variety of thefe Flowers rais'd from Seeds, as there is of Hyacinths, Iris's, Sec. were we curious in faving and fowing the Seeds of all the diffe- rent Kinds. The manner of fow- ing thefe Seeds being exa6tly the fame with the Xyphium, 1 fhail re- fer the Reader to that Article for farther Inflruftions, but ftiall ob- . ferve here, that the Seeds fhould be fown foon after they are ripe. All thefe feveral Varietiesof Cro- cus's are very hardy, and do in- creafe exceedingly by their Roots, efpecially if they are fuffer'd to remain two or three Years unre- mov'd i they v/iil grow in almoft any Soil or Situation, and are very great Ornaments to a Garden early in the Spring of the Year before many other Flowers appear. They are commonly planted near the Edges of Borders on the Sides of Walks : In doing of which you ihould be careful to plant fuch Sarts c R in the fame Line as do flower a^ the fame Time, and are of ari equal Growth, otherwife the Lines will feem imperfed. Thefe Roots lofmg their Fibres with their Leaves, may then be taken up and kept dry until the Beginning of September, oblerving to keep them from Ver- min, for the Mice are very fond of them. When you plant thefe Roots, (after having drawn a Line upon the Border) make Holes with a Dibble about two Inches deep or more, according to the Lightnefs of the Soil, and two Inches Dif- tance from each other, in which you mufl place the Roots with the Bud uppermoil j then with a Rake fill up the Holes in fuch a manner as that the upper Part of the Root may be cover'd an Inch or more, being careful not to leave any of the Holes open, for this will intice the Mice to them, who when once they have found them out, will dcftroy all your Roots, if they are not prevented. In January, if the Weather is mild, the Crocus will appear above Ground j and in February their Flowers will appear before the green Leaves are grown to any Length, lb that the Flower feems at firll to be naked ^ but foon af^ ter the Flowers decay, the green Leaves grow to be fix or eight Inches long, which fhould not be cut off until they decay, not with- Handing they appear a little un~ fighdyj for by cutting off the Leaves, the Roots will be fo weak- en'd as not to arrive at half their ufual Size, nor will their Flowers the fucceeding Year be half £0 large: Their Seeds are commonly ripe about the latter End of April or the Beginn'ng of May, when the green Leaves be^in to decay. T/l€ C R The fecond Ciafs, or autumnal Crocp^s's, I. Crocus; fathus. C. B. The true Saffron. z. Crocus ; Alpinus, c.utumnci- Us. C. B, Autumnal Crocm of the Alps. 5. Crocus; jtmcifolius, autum- nitlis, jlore magnoy purpurajcente. Boerk. hid. The Autumnal Crocus's, are not fb great Increalers as are thofe of the Spring, nor do they produce Seeds in our Climate, lo that they are Icfs common in the Gardens, except the true Saffron, which is propagated for Ufe in great Plenty in many Parts of England. Thele may be taken up every third Year, as was diredled fcr the Spring Crocus's, but flioulj not be kept out of the Ground longer than the Beginning of Augufi, for they commonly produce their Flowers in Se^ temper or the Beginning of OcioSery fo that if they remain too long out of the Ground, they will not produce their Flowers fo Ibong, nor in fuch Plenty as when they are planted early. The Method of cultivating Saf- fron being Ibniewhat curious, I thought it not improper to inlert in this Place an Abfiiraft of it, as it was prefcnted to the Royal So- ciety by Dt. James Douglas. As Saffron grows at prefcnt moft plentifuJly in Carnbr'idgejljire, and has grown formerly in leveral orher Counties of England^ the Method of Culture does not, I believe, vary much in any ot them, and therefore I judge it fufficicnt to fet down here the Obfervations which I employ'd proper Perfons, in dif- ferent Seafons, to make in the Years 17^3, I7i4> 'T^fj ^"^ 1728, up and down all that large Trad ot Ground th.it lies between c R Saffron-Ttoalden and Cambridge, fn a Circle about ten Miles diameter. In that Country Saffron has been cultivated, and therefore it may reafonably be expeded that the Inhabitants thereof are more tho- roughly acquainted with it than they are any where elfe. 1 Ihall begin wich the Choice and Preparation of the Ground 1 The gi-eatefl: Part of the Trad already mentioned, is an open level Coun- try, with few Inclofuresj and the Cuftom there is, as in moft other Places, to crop two Years, and let the Land be tallow the third. Saf' fron is always planted upon fallow oround, and all other Things be- ing alike, they prefer that which has born Barley the Year before. The Saffron Grounds are feldom above three Acres, or lefs than one 5 and in chuling, the principal Thing they have Regard to, is, that they be well expos'd, the Soil not poor, nor a very ftiff Clay, but a temperate dry Mould, iuch as commonly lies upon Chalk, and is of a h^izcl Coiourj tho', if every thing elfe anfwers, the Colour of the Mould is pretty much neg- Icded. The Ground being made Choice of, about Lady-day or the Begin- ning of April, it mud be carefully plough'd, the Furrows being drawn much clofer together, and deeper, if the Soil will allow it, than is done for any kind of Corn, and accordingly the Charge is greater. About five Weeks after, during any time in the Month of May^ they lay between tv/enty and thirty Loads of Dung upon each Acre, and having Spread it with great Care, they plough it in as before: The Ihorteft rotten Dung is the belli and the Farmers, who have the Gonveniency of making ir, ipare C R fpare no Pains to make it good, being fure of a proportionable Price for it. About Midfu?nmer they plougk a third time, and between every lixteen Feet and a half, or Pole in Breadth, they leave a broad Furrow or Trench, which ferves both as a Boundary to the feveral '' Parcels, when there are feveral Pro- prietors to one Enclofure, and to throw the Weeds in at the proper Seaibn. To this Head likewife belongs the Fencing of the Grounds, be- caufe moil commonly, tho' not always, that is done before they plant. The Fences conlift of what they call dead Hedges or Hurdles, to keep out not- only Cattle of all Sorts, but efpecially Hares, which would otherwife feed on the Sdf- jron Leaves during the Winter. About the Weather we need on- ly obfcrve, that the hotteft Sum- mers are certainly the beft, and therewith if there be gentle Show- ers from time to time, they can hardly mifs of a plentiful rich Crop, if the extreme Cold, Snow or Rain of the foregoing Winter have not , prejudic'd the Heads. The next general Part of the Culture of Sajfiro7i is, planting or fetting the Roots : The only In- ftrument us'd for which, is a nar- row Spade, commonly term'd a Spit-fljovel. The Time of planting is com- monly in the Month of July, a httle fooner or later, according as the W^eather anfwers. The Me- thod is this: One Man with his Spit-fhovel raifes between three and four Inches of Earth, and throws it before him about fix or more Inches j two Perlbns, generally Women, following with Heads, place them in the fartheft Edge of the Trench he m.^kes, at thre^ c R Inches Diftance from each other, or thereabouts : As foon as the Digger or Spitter has gone once the Breadth of the Ridge, he be- gins again at the other Side, and digging, as before, covers the Roots laft fet, and makes the fame Room for the Setters to place a new Row at the fame Diftance from the firft that they are from one another : Thus they go on till a whole Ridge, containing com- monly one Rod, is planted j and the only Nicety in digging is, to leave feme Part of the firft Stratum of Earth untouch'd to lie under the Roots ■■) and in fetting, to place the Roots diredly upon their Bot- tom. What fort of Roots is to be preferr'd, fliall be fliewn under the fourth Head ; but it muft be ob- ferv'd in this Place, that formerly, when Roots were very dear, they did not plant them fb thick as they do now J and that they have always fome Regard to the Size of the Roots, placing the largeft at a greater Diftance than the fmall ones. The Quantity of Roots planted in an Acre is generally about lixteen Quarters, or one hundred twenty- eight Bufhels, v/hich, according to the Diftances left between them, as before alfign'd,- and luppofmg all to be an Inch in Diameter one with another, ought to amount to 192,040 in Num':er. From the Time that the Roots are planted till about the Begin- ning of September, or fometimes later, there is no more Labour a- bout them ; but as they then begin to fpire, and arc ready to fnew themfelves above-ground, which is known by digging a few out of thf Earth, he Ground muft- be carefully jard with a ft^arp Hoe, ani C R and the Weeds, e^r. rak*d into the Furrows, other wife they would feinder the Growth of the Plants. In fome time after appear the Sajfron-JIovpers ; and this leads us to the third Branch ot our prefent Method. The Flowers are ga- thered as well before as after they are full blown j and the moft pro- per Time for this is early in the Morning. The Owners of the Saf- frm get together a fufficient Num- ber of Hands, who place therafelves in different Parts of tkf Field, pull off the whole Flowers, and throw them Handful by Handful into a Basket, and lb continue till all vhe Flowers are gathered, , which hap- pens commonly about ten or ele- ven o'clock. Having then carry'd home all they have goc, they immediately ipread them upon 6. large Table, and !^il to picking out the Fila- menta Styli or Chives, and toge- ther with ihem a pretty long Por- tion of the Stylus it felf or String to which they are join'd; the reft of the Flower they throw away as ufelefs: T\\t next Morning they return into Field again, whether it be wet or dry Weather, and fo on daily, even on Sundays, till the whole Crop be gathered. The Chives being all pick'd out of the Flowers, the next Labour about them is to dry them on the Kiln. The Kiln is built upon a thick Piank (that it may be mov'd from Place to Place} fupported by tour (hort Legs: The Outfide con- iifts of eight Pieces of Wood about three Inches thick, in Form of a quadrangular Frame, about twelve Inches fquare at the Bottom on the Infide, and twenty-two Inches at Top J which is likewife egual to the perpendicular Height of it. On the Fore-lide is left a Hole c R about eight inches Square, and four Inches above the Piank, thro' which the Fire is put in. Over all the reft. Laths are laid pretty thick, clofe to one another, and nail'd to the Fram.e already men- -■ tioned, and then are plaifter'd over on both Sides, as are aifo ttie Planks at Bottom very thick, to ferve for' a Hearth. Over the Mouth or wideft Part goes a Hair-cloth, fix'd to the Sides of the Kiln, and like- wife to t'vo Rollers or moveable Pieces of Wood, which are turn'd by Wedges or Screws, in order to ftretch the Cloth, inftead of the Hair-cloth, many People now ufe a Ncr-work, or Iron-wire, with which it is cbferv'd that the Saf- fron dries fooncr. and with a lefs Quantity of Fuel ; But the Diffi- culty in prefcrving the Sajfron from burning, makes the Hair-cloth be preferred by the niceft Judges in Drying. The Kiln is plac'd in a light Part of the Uo-jiic; and they begin by la^ tng five or tix Sheets of white Papei on the Hair-cloth, upon which they fpread the wet Sajfron between two and three Inches thick 5 this they cover with other Sheets of Paper, and over thefe lay a coarfe Blanket five or iix times doubled, or, inftead thereof, a Can- vas-pillow fiird with Straw J and after the Fire has been lighted few fome Time, the Whole is cover'd with a Board, having a large Weight upon it. At firfl; they give it a pretty ftrong Heat, to make the Chives fweat (as their ExprelTion is)j and in this, if they do not ufe a great deal of Care, they are in Danger of fcorching, and fo of fpoiling all that is on the Kiln. When it has been thus d -ied a- bout an Hour, they take off the Boards C R Board, Blanket, and upper Papers, and take the Saffron off from that which lies next it, railing at the iame time the Edges of the Cake, "with a Knife : Then laying on the Paper again, they Aide in another Board between the Haii-cloth and under Papers, and turn both Papers and Saffron up-lide-down ; afccr- v/ards covering them (as above.) This fame Heat is continu'd for an Hour longer i then they look on the Cake again, free it from the Papers, and turn it : then they co- ver it, and lay on the Weight, as before. If nothing happens amifs <3uring theie tirft two Hours, they reckon the Danger to be overj for they have nothing more to do but to keep a gentle Fire, and to turn their Cakes every half Hour, till thoroughly dry: for the doing of which as it ought, there are requir'd full twenty-four Hours. In Drying the larger plump Chives they ufe nothing more, but towards the latter End of the Crop, when thefe come to be fmailer, they fprinkle the Cake with a lit- tle Small-beer, to make it fweat as it ought; and they begin now to think, that ulingtwo Linen-cloths next the Cake, inftead of the two innermoft Papers, may be of forae Advantage in drying : But this Pradiice is follow'd as yet but by few. Their Fire may be made of any Kind of Fuel : but that which fmoaks the leaft is beft, and Char- coal, for that Reafon, is preferr'd to any other. What Quantity of Saffron a firft Crop will produce, is very uncer- tain : fometimes five or fix Pounds of wet Chives are got from one Rood i fometimes not above one or two; and fometimes not enough to make it worth while to gather c R and dry it. But this 15 always to be obferv'd, that about five Pounds of wet saffron go to make oac Pound ot dry, for the firft three W^ceks of the Crop, and fix Pounds during the laft Week : And now the Heads are planted very thick* two Pounds of dried Safron may, at a Medium, be allow'd to aa Acre for a firft Crop, and twenty- four Pounds for the two remain- ing,- the third being confiderably larger than the lecond. In order to obtain thefe, there is only a Repetition to be made every Year of the Labour of Hoe- ing, Gathering, Picking, and Dry- ing, in the fame manner as before fet down, without the Addition of any thing new; except that they let Cattle into the Fields, after the Leaves are decay'd, to feed upon the Weeds ; or perhaps mow them for the fame Ufe. About the Midfummer after the third Crop is gathered, the Roots muft be all taken up and tranf^ planted: The Management requi- lite for which, is the fourth Thing to be treated of To take up the Saffron Heads, or 6reak up the Ground (as their Term is) they fometimes plow it, fometimes ufe a forked kind of Hoe, called a Pat- toek, and then the Ground is har- rowed once or twice over ; during all which Time of Ploughing or Digging, and Harrowing, fifteen or more People will find work enough to follow and gather the Heads as they are turn'd up. They are next to be carried to the Houfe in Sacks, and there to be clcan'd and raifed : This Labour confifts in cleaning the Roots thoroughly from Earth, and from the Remains of old Roots, old In- volucra and Excrefcencies ; and thus they become fit to be planted in C R in new Ground immediately-, or to be kept for fome Time without Danger of fpoiling. The Quantity ot Roots taken up, in Proportion to thofe which were planted, is uncertain ; but at a Medium, it may be laid, that allowing for all the Accidents which happen'd to them in the Ground, and in Breaking-up, from each Acre may be had twenty- four Quarters of clean Roots, all fit to be planted. The Owners are furc to chufe for their own Ufe the largeft, plumpeft, and fatteft Roots : but Rent for three Years ■ Ploughing three times Dunging ■ Hedging c R leafl: of all do they approve the longefl: pointed ones, which they caWspickets, ov Spickardsy for very fmall round or flat Roots are fome- times obferv'd to flower. This is the whole Culture of Sctf- ron in the Country above-mention- ed j and we have only now to con- fider the Charges and Profits which may be fuppos'd, one Year with an- other, to attend that Branch of Agri- culture : And of thefe I have drawn up the following Computation for one Acre of Ground, according to the Price of Labour in this Coun- try. Spitting and letting the Heads Weeding or Paring the Ground Gathering and Picking the Flowers Drying the Flowers Inftruments of Labour for three Years with the Kiln, about Ploughing the Ground once, and Harrowing twice Gathering the Saffron Heads -" __ Raifing the Heads » ■ — — s. oo i8 oo i6 12 04, 10 06 10 12 00 12 CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 This Calculation is made upon Suppofition, that an Acre of Ground yields twenty-lix Pounds of neat Sajfron in three Years, which I ftated only as a mean Quantity be- tween the greateft and the lea ft, and therefore the Price of Sajfron muft be judg'd accordingly i which I think cannot be done better than by fixing it at thirty Shillings per Pound, fince in very plentiful Years it is fold at twenty, and is fome- times worth between three and four Pounds. At this Rate, twenty- fix Pounds of Saffron are worth thirty-nine Pounds; and the neat Profits of an Acre of Ground pro- Total Charge'-— 23 12 00 — ducing Saffron, will in three Years amount to fifteen Pounds thirteen Shillmgs, or to about five Pounds four Shillings yearly. This, I fay, may be reckon'd the neat Profit of an Acre of Saffron, fuppofing that all the Labourers were to be hir'd for ready Money ; but is the Planter and Family do a confi- derable Part of the Work thera- felves, fome of this Expence is lav'd ; that is, by planting Saffron^ he may not only reafonably expedt clear about five Pounds yearly per Acre, but alfo to maintain himfelf and Family for fome Part of each Year : and it is upon this Suppofi- tion C R lion only, that the Refult of other Computations can be faid to have any tolerable Degree of Exadlnefs, but the Calculations themlelves are undoubtedly very unaccurate. I have faid nothing here concern- ing the Charge in Buying, or Pro- fits in Selling the Sajffon-heaJs, be- caufe in many large Trails of Ground thefe mull at length ba- lance one another, while the Quan- tity of Grouad planted yearly conti- nues the fame, which has been pretty much the Cale for ieveral Years paft. CROTOLARIA. The Characters are; U hath fingU Leaves, in vohich it differs from Reft- Harrow, and the Pods are turgid, in which it dif- fers from Spanilh Broom. The Species are j 1. Crotolaria } Afatica, folio fmgulariy verrucofo, fioribus cdruleis, H. L. Afiatick Crotolaria, with a fingle warted Leaf and blue Flow- ers. 2. Crotolaria j Afiatica, folio fngulari, cordifor?m, fioribus luteis. H. L. Afiatick Crotolaria, with a Heart-fliap'd Leaf, and yellow •Flower. 3. Crotolaria; Africana, flrya- cis folio, fiore CAruleo. Tourn. A- frican Crotolaria, with a Leaf of the Storax-Tree and a blue Flower. 4. Crotolaria i fagittalis glabra, longioribus foliis, Americana. Pluk, Thyt. American Crotolaria, with long, fmooth Spear- wort Leaves. The firft, fecond, and fourth Roots are annual: The Seeds of thefe muft be ibwn on a Hot-bed early in the Spring ; and when the Plants are come up, they muft be tranfplanted into a frefti Hot-bed, and treated in the fame manner as is direded for Amaranths ; (to which Article I refer the Reader c R to avoid Repetition : ) If thefe are brought forward early in the Year, they will produce their Flowers in July, and perfed: their Seeds in September ; but if they are late, and the Autumn fhould prove bad, they will not live to ripen Seeds. The third Sort v/ili abide three or four Years, if prefer v'd in a warm Stove, and will produce Flowers and Seeds annually, by which it may be propagated. Ail thefe Varieties are very ornamental to curious Gardens of Plants. CROWN IMPERIAL ; ^ide Corona Imperiaiis. CRUCIATA; Crofs-wort. The Characters are; It hath (oft Leaves like the La- dies Bed-ftraw, from which it dif- fers in the Number of Leaves which is produced at every Joint, which in this is only four, difpos'd in Form of a Crofs. The Species are; 1. Cruciata; hirfuta, C. B, Rough or hairy Crois-wort. 2. Cruciata ; glabra^ C. B. Smooth Crofs-v/ort. 3. Cruciata ; Alpina, latifolia, Uvis. Tourn. Broad fmooth-leav'd Crofs-wort of the Alps. 4. Cruciata ; Orientalis, lati- folia, erecia, glabra. T. Cor. Up- right and Oriental Crofs-wort, with broad fmooth Leaves. The firft of thefe Plants is fbme- times us'd in Medicine : This h found wild in divers Parts oi: England, growing on dry fandy Banks. The other Sorts are preferv'd in Botanick Gardens for the Sake of Variety, but there is no great Beauty in them. They may ail of them be propagated ealily by Per- fbns curioQs that way, for they fpread and increafe by their creep- ing Roots, or their trailing Branches flriking C V fbriking Root as they lie upon the Ground. They love a light fandy Soil. CRUPINABELGARUMj -vide Serratula. CUCU3ALUS i Berry - bearing Chick-weed. The Characters are,- The Flower conjifis of five Le^tves rohich are bifid, and difpos'd in a circular Order : The Point al becomes ft foft oval-JImfd Berry, -which is included in the Flower-Cup, as in a Bladder, and containing many Kid- ney-Jhap'd Seeds. There is but one Species of this Plant, which fs, CucuBALus; Flinii. Lugd. Berry- bearing Chick-weed. This Plant is of no great Ufe or Beauty, and is feldoin preferv'd in Gardens, except for Variety-fake : It grows wild in many Parts of Germany, and hath alfo been found ■ in the North Part of England, It is ealily propagated by fowing the Seeds, or planting the Roots, which will in a (hort Time overfpread a large Spot of Ground, if fuflfer'd to remain i and it delights in a moift fhady Place. -CUCUMIS; the Cucumber. The Characters are ; It hath a Flower confifting of one (ingle Leaf which is Bell-fljMp'd, and expanded towards the Top, and cut into many Segments, of which fome are Male or Barren, having no Embryo, but only a large Style in the Middle, which is charged with the Farina: others are Female or Fruitful, being fa ft en' d to an Embryo, Tvhich is afterwards changed into a flefhy Fruit for the mofi part oblong, arul turbinated, which is divided into three or four Cells in- clojing many oblong Seeds* c u The Species are i I. CucuMis j fativus, vulgaris^ maturo fru6iu, fuhluteo. C. B. The common Cucumber. 2.. CucuMis J fativus, vulgaris, fru^u albo, C. B, The white Cucumber. 5. CucuMis i ohlongus. Dod, The long Turkey Cucumber. The ftrft of thefe Kinds is the moft common in the Englifh Gar- dens, of which there are two or three Varieties, differing in the Length or Roughnels of the outer Skin of the Fruit: but thefe being only accidental Sportings of Na- ture, 1 Ihall pafs 'em over without making any Diftindiion of them. The fecond Sort, which is by far the better Fruit, (as being lefs Watery, and containing fewer Seeds) is the moft common Kind cultivated in Holland \ for I do not remember to have feen one of our green Sort in any of the Markets in that Country. The third Sort is propagated in fbme curious Gardens, for the un- common Length of its Fruit, and alio its having lefs Water, and fewer Seeds : but it is not fo fruit- ful as the common Kind, nor will it come fb early. The common Sort is cultivated in three different Seafons: Thefirfl of which is on Hot-Beds under Gar- den Frames, for early Fruit: The fecond is under Bell or Hand-Glafles, for the Middle Crop : And the third is in the common Ground, for a late Crop, or to pickle. I Ihall begin with giving Di- re£f ions for raifing Cucumbers early, which is what moft Gentlemens Gardeners have an Emulation to ex- ceed each other in ; and fome have been at the Pains and Expence to have ripe Fruit in every Month of the Year: Which is rather a Curio- fity. c u flty, than any real Ad vantage j for Cucumbers that are produced before April cannot be To wholefome as thofe that are later j for before the Sun hath Strength enough to warm the Beds through the GlafTes in the Day-time, all the Force muft pro- ceed from the Fermentation of the Dung, which muft confcquently occaiion a very confiderable Steam, as alfo a great Quantity of Air will be thereby generated, which being pent up in the Hot-bed, foon be- comes rancid, and the Steam of the Bed being by the Gold of the Night condenfed into large Drops of Water, which being ablbrb'd or infpir'd by the Plants, muft cer- tainly make the Fruit crude and unhealthy, efpecially when the Nights are very long. This, to- gether with the great Expence and Trouble of procuring them earlier, having almoft got the better of Peoples Ambition, hath render'd it lefs pradlis'd than it hath been fome Years fince. I fliall begin with giving plain Direftions how to procure Plenty of good hand- fome Fruit in April. . Towards the latter end of Ja- nuary you muft provide a Quan- tity of new Horfe-Dung with the Litter mix'd together, (in propor- tion to the Number of Plants you intend to raife, which, if tor a private Family, two Loads will be full enough) this ftiould be thrown into a Heap, mixing a few Sea- coal Afties therewith j in about four or five Days after, the Dung will begin to heat, at which Time you may draw a little part of the Heap on the Outfide flat, laying thereon a little good Earth about two Inches thick 5 this you fhould cover with a Beil-glafs, laying a little dry Litter thereoni ^nd in a Day ©r two after, v/hen you per- G U ceive the Earth to be warm, jo'i muft put your Seeds therein, co- vering them about a quarter of an Inch with the fame Earth j then put the Glafs on again j and alfo at Night or in bad Weather obferve to cover the Glafs with dry Litter or Mats, ^f. and in three or four Days Time (if the Dung be in a good Temper of Heatj the Plants will appear above Ground; which when you firft obferve you muft immediately, with the adjoining Heap of Dung, make a Bed for one fingle Light, being careful not to take the Dung away too clofe to the Bell -Glafs, but obierving to lay a little Dung round about it, a6 alfo to keep it cover'd, that the young Plants may not receive a Check thereby. This Hot-bed will require to be three Feet thick irt Dung at leaft, which, in the making, fliould be cai-efully mix'd and beat pretty clofe with the Fork, to prevent the Heat from being too fudden and violent : Then lay fome fine frefti Earth upon the Dung about three Inches thick, levelling it very even, and put on the Frame, covering it over in the Night, or in bad Wea- ther with a Mat, (^c. as before, in order to excite a Heat in the Bed; and as foon as you perceive the Bed to be in a good kindly Tem- per of Heat, you fhould prick your young Plants thereon at about two Inches diftance each Way, obfer- ving to put them into the Earth almoft up to their Seed-leaves. If the Bed is of a good Temper for Heat, your Plants will take Pvoot in lefs than twenty-fori^: Hours ; after Which Time you muft be careful to let in a: little Air at fuch Times when the Weather will permit, as alfo to tiyn the Glalles upfide downwards T every c u every Day to dry, for tiie Steam of the Bed condcniing on the Giaffes, will fall down upon the Plants, and be very injurious to them j and therefore whenever the Weather is fo bad as not to permit the GlalTes to lie turn'd long, you fliould at leafl: turn 'em once or twice a Day, and wipe off the Moifture with a woollen Cloth, but you muft alio be very careful how you let in too much cold Air, which is equally deftru6tive to the tender Plants j therefore, to avoid this, it is a very good Method to faften before the upper Side of the Frame, where the Air is fuffered to enter the Bed, a Piece of coarfe Cloth, or a Mat, fo that the Air which enters may pafs through that, which will render it Icfs injurious to your Plants. You muil alfo be very cautious in giving Water to the Plants while young j and whenever this is done, it fhould be fparingly, and the Water fhould be plac'd either into e Heap of Dung, or in fome other Place, for fome time before it is ufed, ib as to be nearly of a Tem- perature for Warmth with the in- clos'd Air ot the Hot-bed j and as the Plants advance in Height, you fl:ould have a little dry lifted Earth always ready, to earth up their Shanks, which will greatly ftreng- then them : You mult alfo be very careful to keep up the Heat of the Bed i which if you (liould find de- cline, yoo muft lay a little frefli Litter round about the Sides of the Bed, and alfo keep the Ghfles well cover'd in the Nights, or in bad Weather; but if, on the other hand, your Bed fliould prove too hot, you fhould thrufl: a large Stake into the Side of the Dung in two or three Places, almoft to the Middle of the Bed, which will c u make large Holes, through whicK the greateft Part of the Steam will pafs off without afcending to the > Top of the Bed j and when you / i find it has anfwered your Purpofe ^ by flacking the Heat of your Bed, you muft flop them up again with Dung. Thefe Dire6tions, if carefully at- tended to, will be fufficient for railing the Plants in the firft Bed: You muft therefore, when you per- ceive the third or rough Leave begin to appear, prepare another Heap of frefli Dung, which ftiould be mix'd with Afhes, as was before direded; This fhould be in Quan- tity according to the Number of Holes you intend to make : The common Allowance for ridging out the earlieft Plants, is one Load to each Light or Hole, fo that the Bed will be near three 'Feet thick in Dung'i but for fuch as are not ridg'd out till March, two Loads of Dung will be fufficient for three Holes j for I could never ob- fervc any Advantage in making thefc Beds fo thick with Dung a& fome People doj their Crops are feldom better, if fo good, as thofe which are of a moderate Subftance, nor are they forwarder, and the Fruit is rarely fo fiir, nor do the Vines continue fo long in Health. In making thefe Beds, you muft carefully mix the Dung, Ihaking it well with the Fork, To as not to- leave any Clods of Dung unfepa- rated, as alfo to beat it down pretty clofe, to prevent the Steam from rifing too haftily ; you muft alfb- be careful to lay it very even, and to beat or prefs down the Dung equally in every Part of the Bed, otherwife 'it will fettle in Holes, which will be very hurtfiil : When you finifli laying the Dung, you muft make a Hole exactly in the G tr ^he Middle of each Light about a Foot deep, and eight or nine Inches over; thefe Holes mufl: be fill'd with hght frcfli Earth, which ihould be fcrcen'd to take out all large Stones, Clods, &c. hying it^ up in a Hill, and in the Middle of each, thrufc in a Stick about eigh- teen Inches long, which fhould ftand as a Mark to find the exact Place where the Hole is i then iearth the Bed all over about three Inches thick, levelling it fmooth, and afterwards fet the Frame upon it, covering it with the Glafics. In two or three Days time your Bed will be in fit Order to receive your Plants J of which you may eafily judge by pulling out one of the Sticks which was put in the Middle of the Holes, and feeling the lower Part of it, which will fatisfy you what Condition your Bed is in: Then you mufl: llir up the Earth in the Middle of the Hole with your Hand, breaking all Clods, and removing all Lrge Stones, making the Earth hollow in Form of a Bafon : Into each of thefe Holes you mufl: plant four Plants; in doing of which, obferve to make the Holes for the Plants a Httle flanting towards the Middle of the Bafon, efpecially if your Plants are long-fiiank'd : This is intended to place the Roots of the Plants as far as poffible from the Dung, to which if they approach too near, their Roots are fubje^t to be burn'd off: Then iettle the Earth gently to each Plant, and if the Earth is dry, it v/ill be proper to give them a little Water (v^'hich fliould be warm'd to the Temper of the Bed, as was before diredfed ;) and it the Sun fliould appear in the Middle of the Day, they fliould be fliadcd therefrom v/ith Mats, until the Plants have taken Root, c u which will be in two or thre^ Days; after which, you mufl: let them enjoy as much of the Sun a^ poffible, obferving to turn theJ Lights in the Day-time to dry, as alfo to give a little Air when- ever the Weather will permit. You mufl: alio obferve to keef> the Glafles cover'd every Night, and in bad Weather ; but be very careful not to keep them cover'd too ciofe, efpecially wh;le the Bed has a great Steam in it, which will caufe a Damp to fjttle upon the Plants, which, for want of Air to keep the Fluid in Motion, v/ili fl:agnate and rot them. When your Plants are grown to be four or five Inches high, you mufl:, with fome flender forked Sticks, incline them toward the Earth, each one a feparate Way; but this mufl: be done gently at firfl:, lefl: by forcing them too much, you fliould Hiain or break the tender Veflcls of the Plants, which would be very hurtful to them : In this Manner you fliould from Time to Time obferve to peg down the Runners as they are pro- duc'd, laying each in exact Order, fo as not to interfere or crols each other, nor fl-jould you ever after remove them from their Places, or handle them too rough' y, whereby the Leaves may be broken or dii- plac'd, which is alfo equally in- jurious to them ; but whenever you have occahon to weed the Bed between the Plants, do it with great Care, holding the Leaves a- lide with one Hand, v/hile with the other you pull oiit the Weeds. In about a Month after they are ridg'd our, you may expe£t to fee the Be,o;innings of Fruit, which very often are preceded by Male Flowers, which many People are fb ignorant as to pull off, calling T ?- then:! c u them falfe BlofTomsj but this I am tuliy convinced, by many Experi- ments, is wrong ; for thefe Flow- ers are of ablblute Service to pro- mote the Welfare of the Fruit ; which when thefe Male Flowers are intirely taken off, does very ohen fall away and come to no- thing: Nor fhould the Vines be prun'd, as is too often the Pradtice cf unskilful People, eipecially when they are too luxuriant, which often happens when the Seeds were frefh, or of the laft Year's faving, and the Plants in good Herat : If this ihould happen to be the Cafe, it would be very proper to pull up one of the Plants, before it hath run fo far as to intangle with tlie others,' for it often happens, that two or three Plants are better than four or five, when they are vigo- rous; for when the Frame is too much crowded with Vine, the Fruit is feldom good, nor in fuch Plenty, as when there is a more moderate Quantity of Shoots, for the Air being hereby excluded from the Fruit, they often fpot and de- cay, or fall off very young. You muft alfb be very careful to cover the GlaiTes every Night, when your Fruit begins to appear, as alfo to lay a little frefh Litter or Mowings of Grafs round the Sides of the Bed, to add a frefh Heat thereto i for if the Heat of the Bed be fpent, and the Nights prove cold, the Fruit will fall away and come to nothing; and when the Sun is extream hot, in the middle of the Day, you mufl cover the Glailes with Mats to fhade the Vines) for altho' they delight in Heat, yet the diredV Rays of the Sun, when it has great Force, are very injurious, by either fcorching tho'ie Leaves which arc near the Ghi^e^s QT by caaling too great a c u Perfpiration, whereby the extren>^" Part of the Shoots, and the large Leaves are left deftitute of Nourifti- ment, and the Fruit will be at a Stand, and often turn yellow before it arrives at half its Growth. At this Time, when your Vines are ipread, fo as to cover the Hot- bed, it will be of great Service, when you water them, tofprinkle them all over gently, fb as not to hurt the Leaves j but obferve to do this not at a Time when the Sua is very hot, for hereby I have known a whole Bed of Cucumbers fpoil'd ; for the Water remaining upon the Surface of the Leaves ia Drops, doth collect the Rays of the Sun as it were to a Focus, and fb fcorches the Leaves, that in one Day's time they have, from a bright Green, become of the Co^ lour of brown Paper. Thefe Diredtions, with diligent Obfervation, will be fufficient for the Management of this Crop of Cucumbers \ and Vines thus treated will continue to fupply you with Fruit till Midfummer, by which Time the fecond Crop will come to bear : The Sowing and Ma- naging of v/hich is what I fliall next proceed to. About the Beginning of March^ or a little later, according to the Earlinefs of the Seafon, you mufl put in your Seeds, either under a Bell-glafs, or in the Upper-fide of your early Hot- bed i and whea the Plants are come up, they fliould be prick'd upon another moderate Hot-bed, which fliould be ' cover 'd with Bell or Hand-glafTes, plac'd as clofe as pofTible to each other ► The Plants fliould alfo be prick'd at about two Inches diftance from each other, obferving to water and fliade them until they have taken Root, which will be in a very fhort Timer c u Tfme : You muft alfo cover the Glafles with Mats every Night, or in very bad Weather j but in the Day-time, when the Weather is hot, you muft raife the Glafles with a Stone on the oppofite Side from the Wind, to give Air to the Plants, which will greatly ftrengthcn them : You muft alfo water them as you (hall find they require iti but this muft be done Sparingly while the Plants are young. The beginning ot Aprily the Plants will be ftrong enough to ridge out, you muft therefore be provided with a Heap of new JDung, in proportion to the Quan- tity of Holes you intend to plant, allowing one Load to iix Holes. When your Dung is fit for Ufe, you muft dig a Trench about two Feet four Inches wide, (and ia Length juft as you pleafe, or the Place will allow) 5 and if the Soil be dry, it fhould be ten Inches deep, but if wet, very little in the Ground, levelling the Earth in the Bottom j then put in your Dung, obferving to ftir and mix every Piirt ot it, as was diredited for the ,firft Hot-beds, laying it cbfe and even. When this is done, you muft jTiake Holes about eight Inches over, and fix Inches deep, juft in the Middle of the Ridge, and three Feet and an half Diftance from eachj and if there be m.ore than one Ridge, the Diftance of thofe ought to be eight Feet and an halt from each other j then fill the Holes with good light Earth, put- ting a Stick into the Middle of •each tor a Mark, and afterwards cover the Ridge over with Earth about four Inches thick, laying the Earth the fame Thicknefs round the Sides : When the Earth is levell'd imooth, you muft fet the GlalTes c u on upon the Holes, leaving them clofe down about twenty -four Hours, in which Time the Earth in the Holes will be warm'd fuffi- ciently to receive the Plants} then with your Hand ftir up the Earth in the Holes, making it hollo\v in Form of a Bafon j into each of which you fhould plant four Plants, obferving to water and (hade them until they have taken Roof. After which Time you muft be careful to give them a little Air, by raifing the GlalTes on the oppofite Side to the Wind, in Proportion to the Heat of the Weather, as alfo to water them as you ftiall fee they require it ; but you muft only raife the GlalTes in the middle of the Day, until the Plants do fill the GlalTes J at which Time youlhould raife the GlalTes with a forked Stick, on the South-fide, in Height proportionable to the Growth of the Plants, that they may not be fcorch'd by the Sun: This alfo will harden and prepare the Plants to endure the open Air, but you (hould not expofe them too Toon thereto, for it often happens that there are Morning Frofts in Mayy which are many tinges deftrudfive to thefe Plants, when expos'd thereto ; it is therefore the fureft Method to pre- Terve them under the GlalTes as long as they can be kept in with- out Prejudice to the Plants : And if the GlalTes are rais'd with two Bricks on the Backfide, and the forked Stick on the other Side, they may be kept in a great wfeile without Danger. Towards the latter end of Moj,, when the Weather appears fettled and v/arm, you Ihould turn your Plants down gefktly out of the Glais, but do not perform this in a very dry hot funny Day, but ra- ther when there is a cloudy Sky T5 Vdvi c u ^nd an appearance of Rain : You rnuft, in doing or this, raife the GhlTes either upon Bricks or forked Sticks, v/hereby they may Ibnd ftxure, at about two or tl-.ree Inches high From the Ground, that the Plants m;iy he under them without bruin ng, nor fhould you take the GhlTes quite aw.y until the latter end of June, or the be- ginning of Jiily, tor .thefe will pre- ferve the Moifture much longer to their Roots than if they were quite exposed to the open Air: A^out three Weeks after you have turn'd the Plants out of the GlaiTes, ihey v/ill have made a confiderable Pro- grefs, efpeciar.y if the Weather has been favourable j at which Time you {houid dig up the Spaces of Ground between the Ridges, hying it very evenj then hy out the Run- iiers of the Vines in exa6t Order, and be careful in this Work not to difturb the Vines too much, nor tQ bruife or break the Leaves : This digging qf the Ground will looien it, and thereby render it eafy for the Roots of the Plants to ftrike into it? as alfo render the Surface of the Earth more agreeable to the Vines that run upon it : After this there will be no faviher Care need- ful, but only to keep them clear from A'crds, and to water them as often as they fliall require, which thi y will foon (hew, by the hang- ing ol- their greater Leaves. The Ridges thus m.::nag'd will cont'nue to produce large Quantities of Fruit ffom June until the latter end of Augiiji, after which Time, the Coidneisot the Seafon renders them uawholeiqme, elpccially if the Au- tumn proves wet. From thefe Ridges People com- monly preferve their CHcnmbers for Seed, by making Choice of two or three of the faireil Fruit upon each c u Hole, never leaving above oneupmi a Plant, and that lituated near the Root ot it 5 for if you leave more, they will weaken the Plants fo much, that your other Fruit will be fmall and fewer in Number* Thefe fhould remain upon the Vines until the end of Augu(i, that the Seeds may be perfectly ripe> and when you gather them from the Vines, it will be proper to fet the Fruit in a Row, upright againft an Hedge or Wall, where they may remain until the outer Cover begins to decay j at which Time you fhould cut them open and fcrape out the Seeds, together with the Pulp, into a Tub, which Ihould be aftervv^ards cover'd with a Board, to prevent Filth from getting a- mongft the Pulp. In this Tub it fhould be fuffer'd to remain eight or ten Days, obferving to ftir it v/ell with a long Stick to the Bot- tom every Day, in order to rot the Pulp, that it may be ealily fepa- rated from the Seeds; then pour Ibme V/ater into the Tub, ftirring it well about, which will raife the Scum to the Top, but the Seeds will fettle to the Bottom, fo that by two or three Times pouring in Water, and afterwards llraining it off from the Seeds, they will be perfcdly clear'd from the Pulp; then you fliould fpread the Seeds upon a Mat, which fhould be ex- pos'd to the open Air three or four Days, until they are perfe6lly dry, when they may be put up in Bigs, and hung up in a dry Place, where Vermin cannot come to them, where they will keep good for fe- veral Years, but are generally pre- fcrr'd when three or four Years old, as being apt to produce lefs vigorous, but more fruitful Plants. I fhall, in the next Place, proceed 10 give D..e.tioas for managing c u whereby your Frames may be em- p'.oy'd in otheri.Ufes ; And fecondly, a lefs Quantity of Dung is requir'd in this way : Thirdly, when the Plants are in Baskets, if you find your Bed too hot, it is but raifing up the Baskets, and they are fecure from any Danger i and when the violent Heat is over, they may be. fettled down again : And laftly, by having your Plants fo. forward for Fruit when they are put into the Ridges, the Heat of the Bed con- tinues to fet and bring off the firft Crop of Fruit ; for want of which kindly Heat, the firft Setting or Crop of Fruit which appears upor\ tjlG C \3 the Vines, either drops off, or is a Jong Time growing to Maturity ; therefore from thefe and many other Advantages attending this Method, I may with Safety pro- nounce it, the beft yet known to procure Cucumbers in any of the Winter or Spring Months. CUCUMIS AGRESTIS j i//V# Eiaterium. CUCURBITAi The Gourd. The Characters are ; It hath a Flower, conjifling of one J.eafy which is of the expanded Bell- fmpe j for the tnoji part (p deeply cut, that it feems to coriftfl of five difiinci ]Leaves : This, like the Cucumber, has Male and Female Flowers on the fame Plant: Jhe Fruit of fome Species is long, of others, round or Bottle-flmp'd, and is to?njnonly di- "vided into fix Cells, in which are contain'd many fiat oblong Seeds, which have fometimes a Border round them. The Species are j 1. CucuRBiTAj longa, folio mollt, flore albo. J, B. The long Gourd, with a loft Leaf, and a white Flower, 2. CucuRBiTA ; falcata figura, folio molli, flore albo. C. B. The Sickle-ibap'd Gourd, with a foft Leaf, and a white Flower. 3. Cucurbit a; latior^ folio molli, flore albo. J. B, Flat Gourd, with a foft LeaF^ and a white Flower, commonly calVd Squafhes. 4. Cucurbit A i lagenaria, flore albo, folio molli. C. B. Bottle- {hap'd Gourd, with a foft Leaf, and a white Flower. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are annually brought from America, where are numberlefs Varieties ot thefe, apd of Vumkins and Calabafijes. They may be all propagated by fowin^ their Seed? in March, on a c u Hot-bed ; and when the Plants come up, they fhould be trans- planted on another moderate Bed, where they fhould have a great deal of Air to ftrengthen them 5 and when they have got four or five Leaves, they fliould be tranf^ planted into Holes made upon an old Dunghill, or fome fuch Place, allowing them a great deal of room to runi for fome of the Sorts will fpread to a great Diftance: I have jneafur'd a fmgle Plant, which had run upwards of forty Feet from the Hole, and had produc'd a great Number of Side- Branches; fo that if the Plant had been encourag'd, and all the Side- Branches permitted to remain, I dare fay it would have fairly overfpread ten Rods of Ground J which, to fome People, may feem like a Romance ; yet I can affirm it to be Fad, But what is this to the Account print- ed in the Tranfa^ions of the Royal Society, which was communicated to them by Faul Dudley, Efq; from New-England, wherein mention is made of a fmgle Plant of this Kind, which, without any Culture, fpread over almofl: two Paftures,'and from which Plant were gathered Two Hundred and Sixty Fruits, each, one with another, as big as an Half-Peck! Theie I'ruits are by fome People gathered while young, and boil'd i afterwards dripping off the outer Cover and buttering them, they eat them with Meat, and are, bv fome People, mightily cfreeni'd, efpecially the firft Sort, which is counted by far the fweeteft: Of this Kind I have feen a lingle Fruit upwards of f x Feet long, which- has ripen'd perfectly well But this is not common with us ; tho/ 1 have heard of their being longer in other Countries ; This Sort re* ouircs c u ^ €|^ires to be fown early in the Spring, and brought forward un- 4eF Bell or Hand-GlalTes, otherwife .they feldom arrive to halt their Maturity. Thefe Plants requiring fb much room to fpread, and their Fruit bein'T very little valu'd in Ji.ngUndy fiath occalion'd their not being £:ultivated amongfl: us j we having fo many Plants, Roots, or Fruits, which are greatly preferable to thofe for Kitchen Uies: but in fbme Parts of A',77erica, where Proviiions are not in fo great Plenty, or ib great Variety, thefe Fruits may be -ery acceptable. CUCURBITIFERA ARBOR j the Calabafh-Tree. The ChfirnBers are j Jt hath an anomalous FloTDer, emjifilng of one Leaf^ which is (])afd lihz a BottUy and cut into feveral Segments : Tro/n the Cup of the Tloicer arifes the Piftillura, Tvhich becomes a large flefiy Fruit, with a hard Shell, in which are contained piany Heart-f.7ap\l Seeds. There is bnt one Species of this Tree at prefent in England, which is, CucuRBiTiFERA Arborj Atneri- cana. H. L. The Calabaih-Tree. This Tree grows to a conlider- able Height in the warmer Parts of Anjerica, where it produces a very large Fruit i the outer Coat of which becomes very hard, and, as it were, of a woody Subfbance, and is of great Ufe to the Tnhabi- tanrs for "bowls, Cups, and many other Parpofo in Lite : but whe- ther the lalide or Pulp of the Fruit is of any Uie to them, I can't fay. This Tree being a Native of the warmer Countries, muft, with us, be kept in a Stove, with Cuava's, See. which Srove fliould be kept c u to the temperate Heat, as mark'd on Mr. Fowler's Thermometers, with which Heat I find they fucceed better tha'n in a greater. This Tree requires frequent Waterings, and a light fandy Soil, and in Sum- mer muft have a great Quantity of fi-ce Air; for if it be kept too clofe in that Seafon, the Leaves are apt to be infefted by a great Number ot Infed:s ; which greatly deface the Tree, and retard its Growth. To remedy this, whenever you fee them firft begin to attack the Leaves, you muft carefully wa(h them off with a Woollen Rag; and then expofe the Plant (if in Summer-time) to the open Air, or fet it in fbme cooler Place in Winter. This Plant may be pro- pagated by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, v/hich fliould be put into Pots fill'd with good frefh Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Bed of Tanners Bark, obferving to water and fhadfe theih in the Heat of the Day until they have taken Root. The Seeds of this Tree, if brought over frefh in the Fruit, will grov/, if fown on a Hot bed, and manag'd as was directed for the Anana'sj to which I fliall refer the Reader, to avoid Repetition. CUMINOIDES,- wild Cummin. The Characiers are j It hath Leaves conflfting of many Lobes like thofe of Burnet : The fmall Flowers, which confiji of many Petals, are collected into a round Head: The Petals (or Flower-Le'aves) are fringed ; each of thefe Flowers are jucceeded by a f ingle Seed. There is but one Species of this Plant, which is, CuMiNOiDEs ; vulgar e. Tourn. Common wild Cummin. This Plant is preferved in curi- ous Botanick Gardens, for the fake of c u of Variety : But it being of no great Beauty or Ufe, is very feldom cul- tivated in other Gardens. The Seeds of this Plant fliould be fown foon after ripej for if kept until Spring, they feldom fucceed fb well. It loves a light dry Soil: and if the Seeds are permitted to fcatter upon the Ground, they will come up again, and require no far- ther Culture. CUMINUMi Cummin. The Characiers arej The Root is Annual: The Leaves are like thofe of Fennel : The Seeds are/mail, long, narrow, and crook- ed j trvo of which fucceed each Flowery as in the other umbelliferous FlatJts. There is but one Species of this Plant at prefent known in England, which is. Cumin UM. Mor, Umb. Cum- min. This Plant is propagated for Sale in the Ifland o^ Malta, where it is call'd Cumino aigro, i. e. hot Cummin. But Anife, which they alfo propagate in no lefs Quantity, they call Cumino dolce, i. e. fweet Cummin. So that many of the old Botaniftsweremiftaken, when they made two Species of C/^»2wi??, viz. acre, and dulce. The Seeds of this Plant are us'd in Medicine, which are brought from the above-mention 'd Place j for the Plant is too tender to be cultivated to any Advantage in Eng- land : I have fown the Seeds feveral times in the Fhyfch-Garden, which have come up very well and grown to be four or five Inches high; but have conftantly decay'd, with- out producing any good Seeds. If any Perfon is inclin'd to cultivate a little of this Plant for Curiofity, ,t.fee befl Method is^ to ibw the c Y Seeds early upon a very moderate Hot-bed i and when the Plants aro come up pretty ftrong, they may be tranfplanted into a light Soil, at about four or five Inches Diflance, where they may probably produce good Seeds. CURRANT-TREE; vfdeKihcs. CYANUS; Bottle-Flower. The Characters are ; It hath a foiuamofe hairy Calixt The Disk of the Flower is almoji plain; but the Outer Florets round the Borders are large, tubulous, and deeply cut-in: Thefe Outer Florets are always barren ; but the Inner Florets have a Jingle naked Seed fucceeding each. The Species are ; 1. Cyan us; m&ntanus, latifolius, vel verbafculu?n cyanoides, C. B, The greater broad-leav'd Blue- bottle, commonly call'd, Globe= Fiower. 2. Cyanus; angufiiore folio ^ longiore, Belgicus. H. R. Far. The greater narrow-leav'd Blue- bottle, or Globe-Flower. 3. Cyanus ; floridus, odoratus, Turcicus, five Orient alis, major ^ pre purpurea. Fark. The purple fweet Sultan ; vulgo. 4. Cyanus ,• fioridus, odoratus, Turcicus, five Orientalis, major, flore albo. H. R. Far.' The white fweet Sultan ; vulgo. 5". Cyanus ; fioridus, odoratus^ Turcicus, five Orientalis, major, flore incarnato. H. L. Sweet Sul- tan, with a pale Flower. 6. Cyanus ; floridus, odoratus, Turcicus, five Orientalis, major, flore luteo. if. L. The yellow fweet Sultan. 7. Cyanus; peregrinuf. Amber- boi, five Ember boi diBus, Ambrof Foreign fweet Sultan, called Am- berboi 6r Enc^berboi. C Y B. CvANUSi Orientalh, alter feu CmftantinopolitanHs, Jlore fiftulofo, candkmte. H. R. Par. White qaili'd-leav'd fvveet Sultan. 9. Cyanusj Orientalisyfioreluteo fjbdofo. A.R.Far. Yellow quill'd- kav'd fweet Sultan. 10. Cyanusj [egetum, jlore ca- vsleo. C. B. Corn Blue-bottle. 1 1. Cyanus -jfegetum, flore albv. C B. Corn-bottle, with a white Fiov/er. 12. Cyanusj fegetMm, Jiore vu- rkgatQ. Corn-bottie, with a va- sbble Flower. The firft and fecond Species are abiding Plants, which increafe greatly by their creeping Roots. The hrll is very common in moft tof the old Country Gardens, but is iexiom. pjcferved in curious Flower- Gardess, becaufe it is fo apt to overlpread whatever Plants grow sear it: however, it may have a Place in large Borders under Trees, €>r in Wildernefles, where it will thrive very well : And altho' it is a Flower of little Beauty ; yet, for its Variety and long Continuance to £ower, it dcferves to be propa- gated^ in very large Gatrdens. The iecond is at preient lefs common in Englar.d, being rarely to be found bat in Botanick Gardens : The'e are multiply'd by taking Oit-letsf'romthe old Roots (which they furnilh in great Plenty) either in Spring or Autumn, and will grov/ i^ii any Soil or Situation. The third, fourth, fifth, lixth, ieventh, eighth, and ninth Sorts are commonly fov/n on a Hot-bed, and neated as the Balfamine, or Mawel of Peru : but thefe will ilower full as v/eil if they are Town on a Border of- good light Earth, in a warm Poiition, (except the fixth and ninth Sorts., v/hich fliould iir,'c it Ho.-bed); and wiu'n the c y Plants come up, they may be prick'd out upon another Bed of good Earth fix Inches apart each Way, where they may remain un- til they are ftrong enough to be tranfplanted where they are to fiovv^er ; which may be either in Pots or in Borders amongft other Annuals : in doing of which, you muft be careful not to ihake the Earth from their Roots i and when they are planted, they ihould be water'd and fhaded until they have taken new Root. In July thefe Plants will begin to flower, and continue until the Froft prevents them. But you fhould obferve to let the carlieft Flowers remain for Seeds j for if the Autumn ftiould prove cold and wet, the late i^low- ers will not produce good Seeds, efpecially the yellow Sort, which fel4om perfects Seeds 'unlefs they are brought to flower very early. Thcle Plants are annual, and rarely continue after perfefting their Seeds ^ yet in order to have them flower early in the Seafon, you may low their Seeds the lat- ter End oi July or the Beginning of Auguft, that the Plants may have Strength before the cold Wea- ther comes on, which being planted into warm Borders will endure the Cold very well, (provided they are not fb forward as to run up to flovv'-er) and will flower early the next Summer ^ by which Method you may always be fure to obtain good Seeds. The Corn-bottles are alio An- nuals, which for the Diverlity of their Flowers were propagated in Gardens, but of late Years they are almoft excluded j however, the va- riable Flowers are worthy of a Place in every good Garden. Thefe fhould be fown in Autumn, and m?y be tia^fplantcd ijito large Bor? dcrs. C Y ^ers, where they will endure the Cold, and flower early the fucceed- ing Summer, and v^ill grow in almoft any Soil or Situation. CYCLAMEN i Sowbread. The Chara&ers are j It hath a thick, round, flcfhy Root : The Flowers arife Jingly ufon Fedicles fro7n the Root, which conjijl of one Leaf, divided into five or fix Segments, which are refiex'd al??3ofi to the Bottom, where they are di- "vided: The Point al of the Floiver becomes a round tnembrmaceous Fruit, which contains many roundifh Seeds, which being committed to the JEarth, becomes a Root. The Species are ; 1. Cyclamen i HederA folio. C, B. fiore purpurea. Common au- tumnal Sowbread, with purple Flowers. 2. Cyclamen; Heders, folio, fiore eilbo. Autumnal Sowbread, with a white Flower. 3. Cyclamen ; orbiculato folio, infernepurpurafcente. C.B. Round- leav'd Sowbread, with Leaves ot a purplifh Colour underneath. 4,. Cyclamen ; vernum, minus, orbiculato folio, infernl rubente,fiore minore, ruberrimo. Mor. Hifi. LqC- fer Spring Sowbread, with round- ifh Leaves of a reddiih Colour un- derneath, with fmall deep red Flowers. 5-. Cyclamen ,• hyeme ^ vere fiorens, folio angulofo, amplo fiore albo, bafi purpurea Perficum diclum. B. R. Par. The Perlian, Winter, and Spring flowering Sowbread, \vith large whice Flowers, and a purple Bottom. 6. Cyclamen; hycme ^ vere fiorenst folio angulofo, amplo flcre cameo, bafi purpurea. H. R. Par. The Pcrlian, Winter, and Spring flowering Sov/brcad, with a large c Y Flefli'Colour*d Flower, and a purple Bottom. 7, Cyclamen; vernum alburn^ C. B. White Spring flowering Sowbread. There are feverai other Varie- ties in the curious Gardens abroad, but theie here mentioned are what we have at prefent in England. The firfl and fecond Roots are very common in the Englifij Gar- dens, and are very hardy. Theie are propagated by fowing their Seeds loon after they are ripe, in Tubs of frefh fandy Earth, in the manner directed for Xiphium, to which, I fhall refer, to avoid Repe- tition. In four or five Years time they will begin to flower, but their Roots being then fmall, will pro- duce very few Flowers ; and as their Roots yearly increafe in Bulk, £0 will the Number of Flowers in- creafe in proportion. I have feen a lingle Root of this Plant above fourteen Inches Diameter, which- hath produc'd upwards of an hun- dred Flowers in one Seafon. The beft Seafon for tranfplant- ing thefe Roots is in Ju?ie or July, foon after the Seeds are per- fedted; but they Ihould not be kept long out of the Ground, for the Roots are difpos'd to fhootout fre(h Fibres with the firfl: moill Weather after the Seeds are fall'n, and in about fix Weeks to produce their Flowers, which appear upon Angle Footftalks before the Leaves are produc'd: after the Flowers are blown, the green Leaves appear, which continue ail the Winter i and being of a ftrong Green ; va- ried with White, it makes an handfbme Appearance during thac Seafon : The Pedicle of the Flower afterwards tVvifls like a Screw, in- clofing the Embryo of the Fruit, by which means it is cover'd by th2 C Y the green Leaves, whereby it is protefted from the Froft, c^c. and about the Beginning of June the Seeds will be perfe£ted. The third Sort was formerly more common in England than at prefent. This muil be treated in the fame manner with- the two former, and flowers in the fame Seafbn. The fourth and feventh Sorts are tenderer than the former, and muft either be planted in Pots, and fheker'd under a Frame in "Winter, or be plac'd in a warm dry Border. Thefe produce their Flowers very early in the Spring, if the Froft doth not prevent them. The Seeds of thele are ripe about the fame time with the former, and rriuft be fown and manag'd in the fame manner j but the Boxes of Seeds or young Plants of thefe Kinds Ihould be fheker'd in Win- ter. The fifth and fixth Sorts are ftill more impatient of Cold and Wet than any of the former, Thefe tnuft conftantly be preferv'd in t*ots fiU'd with fandy light Earth, and hous'd in Winter, but fhould be plac'd near the GlalTes, where they may enjoy as much free open Air as poffible, when the Weather will permits for if they are crowd- ed under other Plants, and are kept too clofe, they are very fubject to mould and rot ,• nor fhould they have much Water in Winter, which is alfo very injurious to them : But whenever they want Water, it ihould be given them fparingly. In Summer thefe Plants may be ex- pos'd to the open Air, when their green Leaves will decay 5 at which time you fhould remove them to a Place where they may have the Morning Sun until eleven o'Clock ; but during the Time that the c Y Roots are deflitute of Leaves, thef fhould have very little Water giverf them, becaufe at that Seafbn they are not capable of difcharging the Moiflure. This is alfo the proper Seafon to tranfplant the Roots, or to frefh earth them •■, and as the AutAmn comes on, that the Heat decreafes, they may be remov'd into Places more expos'd to the Sun, where they may remain un- til Ociober before they need be hous'd. Toward ChriJImasy if the Roots are in good Health, they will be- gin to flower, and continue pro- ducing frefn Flowers until April j from which, if you intend to have any Seeds, you raufl let the Pots be plac'd fo as to receive a great Share of frefli Air, for if their Flov/ers are drawn up in the Houfe, they feldom produce ' any Seeds. Thefe Seeds are ripe about July, when they fhould be immediately fown in Pots or Cafes of good light undung'd Earth, which fliould be fhelter'd in Winter under a Frame, and expos'd in Summer in the fame manner as is diredled for the older Roots, obferving to remove them into Pots at a wider Diftancewhen they are two Years old : and fb from time to time, as their Roots increafe in Bulk, you muft giva them more Room; and in about four or five Years time they will begin to flower, when you fhould let each Root have a feparate Pot^ which at firil may be fmall, but when the Roots are grown larger they mufl be put into bigger Pots. CYDONIA;. the Quince-Tree. The Characters are j The Tree is of low Stature; thi Branches are dijfns'd and crooked:. The Flower ar.d Fruit is like that of th$ Pear- tree i but however cidti- vatedf C Y %ated, the Truit is four and fiftrln- gent, und is covered with a, kind of Dosen, The Swedes are ,• I. Cydonia j fru^ti oblongo U- 'viori. Totirn, The Pear Quince j 'VttlgO. a, Cydon{a; fruBu breviore ^ TOtundiore. Toiirn. The Apple Quince ^ vulgo. 3. Cydonia ; latifolia, Lufitani- ea. Tourn. The broad-leav'd Por- tugal Qiiince. Thefe three Sorts are cultivated in moll: Nurferics near London, bu t the Portugal kind is moft valu'd for the Goodnefs of its Fru't. They are all ealily propagated, either by Layers, Suckers, or Cut- tings, which muft be planted in a moifl: Soil. Thofe rais'd from Suckers are feldom fo well rooted as thofe which are obtained from Cuttings or Layers, and are fub- je6l to produce Suckers again in greater Plenty, which is not fo proper for Fruit-bearing Trees. The Cuttings fhould be planted early in the Spring, and in dry Weather muft be often water'd to encourage their Rooting: The fe- ccnd Year after they fhould be remov'd into a Nurlery at three Feet Diftince Row from Row, and one Foot afunder in the Rows, where they muft be manag'd as was direfted for Apples : In two ' or three Years time thefe Trees will be fit to tranfplant, where they are to remain for good ; which Should be either by the Side of a Ditch, River, or in fome other Hioift Place, where they will pro- duce a greater Plenty and much larger Fruit than in a dry Soil; tho' thofe in the dry Soil will be better tafted, and earlier ripe. Thefe Trees require very little pruning 5 the chief Thing to be obferv'd, 'is. C Y to keep their Stems clear from Suckers, and cut off fuch Branches as crofseach other; fo likcvvife dl upright luxuriant Shoots from the Middle of the Tree fhould betaken intirely out, that the Head may not be too much crowded witit V/ood, which is of ill Confequencc to all Sorts of Fruit Trees. Thefe arc alfb in great Efteeia- for Stocks to graft and bud Fears on, which for Summer and Au- tumn Fruits are a great Improve- ment to them, efpecially ihofe de- lign'd for Walls and Efpaliers : Fo? the Trees upon thefe Stocks do not flioot fo vigoroufly as thofe upoa free Stocks, and fo may be kept in lefs Compafs, and are fboner difpofed to bear Fruits^ But Win- ter Fruits do not fucceed Co weS upon thefe Stocks, their Fruit be- ing very fubjed to crack, and are commonly ftony. The bcft Stocks are thofe which are raifed front. Cuttings. CYNOGLOSSUM5 Hounds- Tongue. The Characiers are j The Cup of the Flower confifls ^ one Leaf which is deeply cm into jive Farts : The Flower conjijis of one Leaf is Funnel-Jljap'd, and cut into five Segments : The Fointal, which- arifesfrom the Bottom of the Flower^ changes into a Fruit compos' d of four rough, and for ths mofi part hurry Cellsy each containing a fiat Seed affix'd to a pyramidal and c^uadrilor- teral Placenta. The Species arc j 1. Cynoglossum-; majtts, vuU gare. C.B. Common great Hounds- Tongue. 2. Cynoglossum^ majus, vid- gare, fiore ulbo. C.B. Commoa Hounds-Tongue, with a white Flower. ^. Cr- C Y 5. Cynoglossum i montanum, tnaximtlm. Tourn. The largeft Mountain Hounds-Tongue. 4. Cynoglossum ; femfervirens, C. B. Ever-green Hounds-Tongue. 5'. Cynoglossum j Cretkumy ar- genteo dngnflo folio, C. B. Can- dia Hounds-Tongue, with narrow filver-colour'd Leaves. 6. Cynoglossum; folio moUi in- cano, fore cdruleo, firiis rubris va~ ricgnto. Mor. Hifi. Sott-leav'd hoary Hounds-Tongue, with fmall blue Flowers ftrip'd with Red. 7. Cynoglossum j hirfutHrriy vi- neale, minus, jlofculis minimis cs,- tuleis. Mor. Hiji. The lefler hairy Hounds-Tongue, with fmall blue Flowers. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant which are cultivated in Botanick Gardens ; but as they are Plants of little Beauty, and the firft Sort only is that which is com- monly us'd in Medicine, and this growing in great Plenty wild upon Dunghils, and in Ibady Lanes in divers Parts of England, they are therefore feldom preferved in Gar- dens. They may be eafily culti- vated by any Perfon that is curious that way, by fowing the Seeds early in the Spring, or in Autumn fbon after they are ripe, in almoft any Soil or Situation, (except the Can- ilia Sort, which muft have a warm Polition and a dry Soil) where they will flower and leed in plenty ; and if the Seeds are permitted to fcatter, will abundantly fupply the Place with young Plants. As the Roots are often ufed, fb the pro- per Seafon to take them up is foon after the Leaves decay, before they flioot again i which is what (hould be obferv'd of all Roots either for Meat or Medicine, for then it is that they have the mofl. Vir- tue. C Y CYPRESSUS? the Cyprefs-tree; The Characters are,- The Leaves are fquamofe and fiat : The Male Flowers, which are /qua- mofe, grow at remote Di/lancesfrom the Fruit on the fame Tree : Ths Fruit is of a fpherical Form, and is composed of many woody Tubercles, in which are ccntain'd hard angular Seeds. The Species are ; I. Cypressus } meta in fafligi^ um convolutd, qu& Foemina Flinii. Tourn. The Common Cyprefs-tree. 1. Cypressus j ramos extra fe fpargens, qu& Mas, Flinii. Tourn. The Male Spreading Cyprefs ; itilgo. 5. Cypressus; Virginiana, foliis Acacis, deciduis. H. L. The Vir- ginian Cyprefs-Tree, with Leaves like the Acacia, which fall oiF in Winter. The firft of thefe Trees is very common in mofl of the old Gar- dens in England, but at prefent is not fo much in Requeft as for- merly} tho' it is not without its Advantages : nor fhould it be in- tirely rejedted, as many Perfbns are of Opinion ; ' for it greatly adds to the Beauty of Wildernefles or Clumps of Ever-greens, it be- ing one of the moft pifturefque Trees in Nature. It was for- merly planted in Borders of Plea- fure-Gardens, and kept Ihorn in- to a pyramidal or conick Formj and fome People believing them fubjeft to be kill'd if they cut them, ty'd them up with Cords into a pyramidal Figure ; which Form they arc naturally difpos'd to grow in : But this winding them about, prevented the Air from en- tring the inward Parts of the Branches; fo that the Leaves de- cay'd and became unlightly, and greatly retarded their Growih. And G Y the Iflands of the Archipelago, which I fee no Reafon to doubt of: for we find it was ib gainful a Commodity to the liland of Cii^ii- diiHy that the Plantations were called Dos VilU i the Felling of one of them; being reckon'd a Daughter's Portion. The Timber of this Tree is faid to refift the Worm, Moth, and all Putrefaction, and is faid to lafi: many hundred Years. The Doors of St. Peter's Church at Ro?r/e were framed of this Material, which lafted from the Great Conflantine to Pope Eugenius IVth's Time, Vv'hich was eleven hundred Years, and were then found and intire, when the Pope would needs change them for Gates of Brafs. The Cof- fins were m.ade of this Material, in which Thucidydes tells us the Athe- nians us'd to bury their Heroes; and the Mummy-Chefts brought with thofe condited Bodies out of Egyfty are many of them of this Material. This Tree is by many learned Authors recommended for the Im- provement of the Air, and a Spe- handfome. Befides, the Wood of cifick for the Lungs, as fending this Tree is very valuable, when forth great Quantities of Aroma- grown to a Size fit for Planks j tick and Bailamick EniilTions ; which I am convinced it will do, wherefore many of the ancient in as fhort a Space as Oaks j there- Phylkians of the Eaftern Countries ■lore, why fhould not this be cul- us'd to fend their Patients, v,'ho were troubled with weak Lungs, to the lihnd of Candia, which at that Time abounded with thefe Trees, where, from the Eifedls of the Air alone, very few faii'd of a perfect Cure. The third Sort is a Native of A.mmcXy v/here it grov/s in watry Places, and arifes to a prodigious Height, and is ^of a wonderful Bulk: I have been inform'd, that there are Trees of this Kind in America- which are upwards at U Seventy c Y '^o tTiofe which are fiieer'd, if the Operation is not perform'd in the -Spring, or early in the Summer, are very fubjed: to be injured by fharp Winds and cutting Froils in Winter. Wherefore, upon the Whole, I think it much better to fufiFer them to grow wild as they are naturally difpos'd, planting them only amongfl other Ever-green Trees, where, by the Darkncfs of their Green Leaves, cogeiher with their waving Heads, they will greatly add to the Variety. The fecond Sort is by far the largefl: growing Tree, and is the moft common Timber in the Le- 'vant j this, if planted upon a warm fandy or gravelly Soil, will profper wonderfully : and tho' it is not quite fo tonlile a Plant as the firft Sort, yet greatly recompences for that Defeft , by its vigorous Growth, and Strength in relifling all Wea- thers. This Tree is very proper to intermix with Ever-greens of a iecond Siz-e next to Pines and Firs, to form Clumps, in which Clafs it will keep pace with the Trees of the fame Line, and be very tivated for that Pur pofe, fmce there" are many Places in England where the Soil is of a fandy or gravelly Nature, and feldom produces any thing worth cultivating ? Now, in fuch Places thefe Trees would thrive wonderfully, and greatly add to the Pleafure of the Owner, while growing, and afterwards render as much Profit to his Suc- ceiTors, as perhaps the beft Planta- tion of Oaks ', efpecially fnould the Timber prove as good here, as in C Y Seventy Feet high, and feveral Fa- thoms in Circumference i which Trees grow conftantly in the Wa- ter : therefore they may probably be of lingular Advantage to plant in fuch fwampy or wet Soils, where few other Trees will grow, efpccially of this Kind. That they are very hardy, in refpe£l to Cold, is evident, from fome few Trees of this Kind which were formerly planted in Englmd, particularly one in the Gardens of John Trade/cane at Sciith-Lfimbeth near Vaux-hall, which is upwards of thirty Feet high, and of a confiderable Bulkj which, tho' in a common Yard at pre lent, where no Care is taken of it, but, on the contrary, many Hooks are driven into the Trunk, ro fallen Cords thereto for Drying of Cloaths, yet the Tree is in great Health and Vigour, but hath not produced any Fruit as yeti which may be occahon'd by the want of Moifture: for we often fee many Aquatick Plants will grow upon a drier Soil ; but yet are feldom fo productive of either Flowers or Fruits, as thofe which remain growing in i:hc Water. Thele Trees are all propagated from Seeds, which fhould be Ibwn early in the Spring on a Bed of ■warm, dry, iaady Earth, which n-wH: be leveli'dvery fmooth} then fow the Seeds thereon pretty thick, filting the fame light Earth over them^half an Inch thick. If the Weather Ihould prove very v/arm and dry, it will be proper to water the Bed, which muH be done very carefully, oblerving not to wafn the Seeds out of the Ground. In a'X)Ut a Month's Time (if your Seeds are good) the young Plants will appear above-ground, which mull be conftantly kept clean from Weeds, and m very dry Weather C Y Ihould be often refrelh'd with Wa- ter : but this Ihould be done with great Caution, left you beat thefe tender-rooted Plants out of the Ground. In this Bed the young Plants may remain two Years, by which Time they will have Strength e- nough to be tranfplanted into a Nurfery : The beft Scafon for re- moving them is in the Beginning of April, when the drying Eafterly Winds of March are over ; and, if poOible, chufe a cloudy Day, wheix it is inclinable to Rain: And in taking them out of the Seed-bed, prcferve the Roots as intire as pof- lible, and, if you can, a Ball of Earth to each Plant. The Soil in which thefe Trees Ihould be plant- ed, (as I before faid) fhould be, for the two fir ft Sorts, a warm Sand or Gravel j which whep you have prepar'd, by careful digging and cleanfing from all noxious Weeds, you muft lay it level : Then draw the Lines where the Trees are to be planted at three Feet afunder, and plant the Trees at eighteen Inches Diftance in the Rows, ob- ferving to dole the Earth well to their Roots, as alio to lay a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground about their Stems j and water them well, to fettle the Earth to their Roots j which Ihould be repeated twice a Week, until the Plants have taken frelh Root. Thefe Plants may remain in the Nurfery three or four Years, ac- cording to the Progrels they make, or your Ground is ready where they are to be planted : But if you intend to let them remain longer, you fhould take up every other £ Tree in the Rows, and tranfplant 1 out,- for otherwife their Roots will be matted together, fb that it will render it difticuk to tranfplant then^^ C Y them, as alfo endanger the future Growth of the Trees. When they are planted out for good, (if they are defign'd for Timber) they fliould be planted about eighteen or tweety Feet Diftance every way, and be very careful in removing them, not to fhake the Earth from their Roots ; to prevent which, you fhould open the Ground about each Tree, cutting off all long Roots : then working under the Ball of Earth, cut the downright Roots off i and after having pared off all the Earth from the upper Part of the Ball, as alfo reduc'd the Bulk of it, fo that its Weight may not be too great for the Fibres to fupport, they may be carried upon a Hand-Barrow by two Perfons to the Place where they are to be planted ; but if they are to be car- ry'd to a very diftant Place, they fhould either be put into Baskets, or their Roots, clofely matted up. When they are planted, you muft fettle the Earth clofe to their Roots, (as before) laying a little Mulch upon the Surface of the Ground about their Stems, to prevent the Sun and Wind from entring the Earth to dry their Fibres j and water them well, to fettle the Ground to their Roots j which muft alfo be repeated (if the Wea- ther be dry) until they have taken Root : after which Time, they will require little more Care than to keep them clear from Weeds. The firft, which is the moft common Sort in England, feldom produces good Seeds in this Coun- try } it is therefore the belt way to have the Cones broug;ht over intire from the South Parts of France or Italy, where they ripen perfectly well, and take the Seed^ out juft before you fow them i for they will keep much better in the c Y Cones, than if they are taken out ' The Method to get the Seeds out, is to expofe the Cones to a gentle Heat, which will caufe them to open, and haftily emit their Seeds. The fecond Sort produces very- good Seeds in England ^ fo that we may hope to be fupply'd with Seeds in Plenty, in a few Years, from Trees of our own Growth: And as this is the more valuable Tree, ib it will be no fmall Ad- vantage to our Plantations of Tim- ber to introduce it amongft them, efpecially thofc of Ever -green Trees. The Virginian Kind may alfo be propagated in as great Plenty j for the Cones of this may be eafily procur'd from Carolina or Virginia, in both which Places they grow in great abundance j and the Seeds will rife as eafily as any of the other Sorts, and are equally as har- dy : Thefe have been formerly kept in Pots, and hous'd in Winter j with which Management they have not fucceeded fo well, as they have done in England, fmce People have planted them into the full Ground ,* and where they have had a moift Soil, I have obferv'd them to thrive beft: which is fince confirm'd by Mr. Catesby, in his Natural Hifiory of Carolina, where he fays, that this Tree grows iti Places where the Water commonly covers the Surface of the Ground three or four Feet J fo tliat it may be a very great Improvement to our boggy Soils. This Tree cafling its Leaves in Winter, does not fo well iiiit with Plantations of Ever-greens at that Seafon i tho' in Summer, when there is the greateft Pleafure in walking among Plantations of Trees, it hath (o much the Appearance of an Ever-green, as to pafs for fuch, and therefore may be of Ser- U 1 vice C Y Tice to com pleat Plantations, or Vifra's of Cyprefs-Trees, where it may fo happen, that a low marfhy Spot of Ground may intervene. CYSTICAPNOSi African Blad- der Fumitory. The Characiers are ,• It hath an annual fibrofe Root j the Leaves, Branches and Flowers, have the Appearance of Climbing Itimitory j the Truh is an oval "Bladdery pierc'd through by an Axis, to which are fafien'd round Seeds on every Side, inclos'd again with one common Veficle, which is expanded about the Axis. There is but one Species ©f this Plant at prefent known, which is, Cysticapnos ; Africana, [can- dens. Boerh- Ind. African Climb- ing Bladder Fumitory. This Plant is annual ; the Seeds of which may be fown on a warm Border, where it is to remain, for it doth not care to be remov'd : It flowers in July, and the Seeds are perfected in Augujl or September. It is a Plant of no great Beauty^ but is preferv'd in curious Bota- nick Gardens for the Sake of Va- riety. CYTISO-GENISTA5 Common for Green; Broom. The Chara^ers are 5 It hath Papilionaceous {or But- terfly) Flowers ; which are fucceeded by comprefs'd Pods, in which are contain'd many Kidney-fljap'd Seeds : The Branches of the Tree are flexi- ble, and have fometimes fingle, and other times three Leaves join'd to- gether. There is but one Species of this Plant, which is, Cytiso-Genista,- fcoparia, vul- garis, fiore lute»» Tffura. Com- mon Broom. c Y This Shrub is rarely preferv'd in Gardens, but grows wild upon barren dry Heaths in divers Pairs ot England, though, for Variety fake, it may have a Place amongft flowering Shrubs of a middle Growth in fmaller Wildernefs Quar- ters, where it will appear very well. This may be propagated by fowingthe Seeds in the Spring, or in Autumn fbon after ripe 5 and when the Plants are one Year old, they fliould be tranfplanted into a Nurfery, in order to prevent their making downright Roots, which this Plant is very fubjedl to ; and when they have remain'd two Years in the Nurfery, they will be fit to tranfplant into the Places where they are delign'd to fland for good. The beft Seafbn for tranfplanting thefe Shrubs is in the Beginning of April, when the drying Winds are over, and, if poffible, chufe a moift cloudy Day for this Work : After they are planted, the Earth fhould be clos'd to their Roots, and a little Mulch laid thereon; then give them a good Watering, to fettle the Earth to their Roots, and if the Seafbn fhould prove dry, it fhould be re- peated twice a Week until they have taken frefh Roots, after which they will require very little Care. This Plant is fometimes us'd in Medicine. CYTISUS ; Bafe Tree-Trefoil. The Characters are ; It hath Papilionaceous (or Tea- bloom) Flowers, which are fucceeded by comprefs'd Tods, in which are contain'd fever al Kidney. flyap'd Seeds j to which may be added, the Leaves are for the moji part roundifh, and fomewhat like thofe of the Nettle- Tree. The C Y The Spmes are ; 1. Cytisusj Alpinus, latifollus, jlore racemefo, pendulo. Tourn. The broad-leav'd Laburnum or Bean- Trefoil. 2.. Cytisus ; Alpinusy anguftlfo- lius, flore racemofo, pendulo, longior'u Tourn. The narrow-leav'd Labur- num or Bean-Trefoil, with long pendulous Flowers. 3. Cytisus; Alpinus, flore race- mofo, pendulo, br evict i. Tourn, Broad-leav'd Laburnum or Bean- Trefoil, with very ihort pendulous Flowers. 4. Cytisus ; glibber, nigricans. C. B. The Black Bafe Tree-Tre- foil. f. Cytisus; gUbris foliis, fubro- tundis ; pediculis breviljimis. C. B. P. Round fmooth-leav'd Bafe Tree- Trefoil, with fhort Pedicles, com- monly called, Cytifus fecundus Clulii. 6. Cytisus ; hirfutus. J. B. Hairy Bafe-Tree-Trefoil, 7. Cytisus; Canarien/is, femper- •virens (& incanus. Hort. Amji. Hoary Ever-green Canary Tree- Trefoil. The firft, fecond, and third Sorts grow to be large Trees, and are therefore proper for large Quarters of Flowering Trees, efpeciaily the firft, which will grow to be eighteen or twenty Feet high.: Their Seafon of Flowering is in May, at which time they afford a very agreeable Profpedf, efpeciaily that Sort with long pendulous Flowers, which is by far the moft beautiful Kind. Thefe are all propagated by {ow- ing their Seeds (which they afford in Plenty) in March on a Bed of good frefh light Earth, fifting a little Mould over them about half an Inch thick, and in about a Month's time the Plants will come c Y up J you mufl: therefore keep them clear from Weeds, and if the Sea- fon fhould prove dry, you mull: often refrefh them with Water, which Will greatly promote their Growth : In this Bed they may remain until March following, when you may tranfplant them into a Nurfery, in Rows three Feet Dif- tance, and one Foot afunder in the Rows, being careful not to break the Roots, which are very tender, as alio to water and mulch their Roots, to prevent the Sun and Wind from drying their Fibres: This Nurfery muft alfo be kept very clear from Weeds, and every Spring the Ground between the Rows fhould be dug, to loofen the Ejrth and deftroy the Weeds. In this Nurfery they may remain two or three Years, according to the Progrefs they make, or the Ground where they are to be planted is ready ; but, however, if they fland longer than three Years, every other Tree fliould be remov'd, or elfe they fnould at firft be planted at a much greater DiA tance, for otherwife their Roots will intermix, and render it diffi- cult to remove them fafely. The Seafon for tranfplant ing thefe Trees, is either in October or 'February^ obferving to mulch and water them as before. The fourth Sort is at prefent very rare in 'England, being only to be feen in fome curious Bota- nick Gardens. This makes a Shrub of three or four Feet high, and may be propagated as the former. The fifth feidom rifes with us to be above five or fix Feet high, and may be kept to a regular Head : This fhould therefore be planted in fmaller Quarters, with Shrubs of the fame Growth. It fiowers in JuMj at which time it U 3 make* D A makes an agreeable Figure, for the Flowers are produc'd in large Clus- ters very clofe together, fo that the whole Shrub is cover'd with them. This may be propagated in the fame manner as the former j as may alfo the fixth Sort. The fifth Sort is tender, and re- quires a Green-houfe in Winter, where it (hould be plac'd to have as much open free Air as pofiible when the Weather is good, but inufl be fcreen'd trom Frofts and cold nipping Winds : In the Sum- mer it may be expos'd abroad, with Oranges, Myrtles, &c. It Ihould have a frefh light Soil, and frequent Waterings in that Seaibn. This Plant may be either propa- gated by Seeds, (which fhould be fown on a Hot-bed in the Spring j and when the Plants come up they may be planted into fmall Pots, and manag'd as diredled for the African Tree-Milkwort) or by Layers, which fliould be laid down in the Spring ; and if kept duly water'd, will take Root againft the fucceed- ing Spring, when they may be taken off and tranfplanted into Pots, which fhould be fill'd with the iame light Soil as was before di- rected, fetting the Pots into a fhady Place, until the Plants have taken frefh Root j after which Time they may be expos'd with the old Plants, and manag'd as di- rected tor them. * 'i-' •i' 'i' 4> •I? * ii' * * * 'Jp •I' «!» <*• i* •i' i" «> 4" * * D A DAFFODIL; vhle NarcifTus. DAISIES; -videEeWis. DANDELION \ vide Dens Le- cais. T> A DATE-TREE ; -vide Palma. DAUCUS ; The Carrot. The Characters are ; It hath for the moft part a flejliy Root : The Leaves are divided into narrow Segments : The Fetals of the Flower are unequal, and fljap'd like a Heart : The Umbel, when ripe, is hollo ^'d and contracted, appearing fomewhat like a Bird's Nefi : The Seeds are hairy, and in Shape of Lice. The Species are; i.Daucus; vulgaris. Cluf. Com- mon wild Carrot. 2. Daucus ; fylveflris, humilior, latiore folic. Dwarf wild Carrot, with broader Leaves. 3. Daucus; fativus, radice afro- rubente, Tourn. Dark Red-rooted Garden- Carrot. 4. Daucus i fativus, rad'ice au- rantii coloris, Tourn, The Orange- colour'd Carrot. f, Daucus p fativus, radice alba, Tourn. The White Carrot. The firft of thefe Species grows wild upon arable Land in moft Parts of England, and is feldom cultivated except in Botanick Gar- dens. This is the particular Sort which fliould be us'd in Medicine, and for which the Druggifts com- monly fell the Seeds of the Garden Carrot. The iecond Sort was ifound by Mr. Rand, near Dover, and is fpe- cifically different from the com- mon Sort, as hath been prov'd by lowing them together in a Garden for feveral Years. The third and fourth Sorts are commonly cultivated in Gardens for the Kitchen ; as is the fifth Sort, tho' not fo common in Eng- land as the two former : Nor would they be worth the Gar- deners while to propagate themj for their pale Colour would render them D A them lefs acceptable in the Mar- kets, where the deepcft-colour'd Carrots are always mofl efteem'd, though for the Table, the White is generally preferred as the fweeteft. They are propagated at two or three different Seafons, or fome- times oftener, where People are fond of young Carrots through all the Summer Months. The firil Seafon for fowing the Seeds, is foon afcer Chriftmasy if the Wea- ther is open, which fliould be in warm Borders, under Walls, Pales, or Hedges, but they (hould not be fown immediately dole thereto j but a Border of Lettuce, or other young Sallad-herbs, of about fix or eight Inches wide, fhould be next the Wall, iQt'C. for the Carrots would run up to Seed without making any tolerable Roots. Thefe delight in a warm Tandy Soil which is light, and fliould be dug pretty deep, that the Roots may the better run down, for if they meet with any Obftrudlion, they are very apt to grow forked, and flioot out lateral Roots, efpe- cially where the Ground is too much dung'd the lame Year that the Seeds are fown, which will alfo occalion their being Worm- eaten j it is therefore the better Method to dung the Ground in- tended for Carrots the Year before they are fown, that it may be con- fum'd and mix'd with the Earth. Thefe Seeds have a great Quan- tity of fmall forked Hairs upon their Borders, by which they clole- ly adhere, fo that they are difficult to lew even, fo as not to come up in Patches ; you fhould therefore rub it well through both Hands, whereby the Seed will be fepara- ted before it is fown : then you fliould chufe a calm Day to fow it, for if the Wind blows, it will be D A impoffible to fow it equal j for the Seeds being very light, will be blown into Heaps : When the Seed is fown, you fhould tread the Ground pretty clofe with your Feet that it may be buried, and then rake the Ground level. When the Plants are come up, you (hould hoe the Ground with a fmall Hoe about three Inches wide, cutting down all young Weeds, and feparating the Plants to four Inches Diftance each Way, that they may get Strength ; and in about three Weeks after, when vhe Weeds begin to grow again, you fliould hoe the Ground over a fecond Time, in which you Ibould be careful not to leave two Carrots dole to each other, as alfo to fe- parate them to a greater Diftance, cutting down all Weeds, and (light- ly fl:irring the Surface of the Ground in every Place, the better to prevent young Weeds from fpringing, as alfo to facilitate the Growth of the young Carrots. In about three Weeks or a Month after, you mud hos them a third Time, when you muft clear the Weeds as before j and now you fhould cut out the Car' rets to the Diftance they are to remain, which muft be propor- tion'd to the Size you intend to have them grow : • It they are to be drawn while young, five or fix Inches afunder will be fufficientj but if they are to grow large be- fore they are puU'd up, they fV.ould be left eight or ten Inches diftant every Way : You muft aUb keep them clear from Weeds, which, if fuffer'd to grow amongft the Car- rots, will greatly prejudice them. The fecond Seafon for fowing thefe Seeds is in February, on warm Banks, fituatednear the Shelter of a Wall, Pale or Hedge i but thofe U 4 which D A which are intended for the open large Quarters, fhiould not be fown before the Beginning of March^ nor friOuld you fovv any later than the End of the fame Month, for thofe which are fown in April or May, will run up to Seed before their Roots have any Bulk, efpe- cially if the Weather fliould prove hot and dry. In July you may fow again, to fland the Winter, by which Method you will have early Car- rots in March, before the Spring- few ing will be fit to draw ; but thefe are feldom ib well tailed, and are often very tough and fticky. Many People mix leveral other Sorts of Seeds, as Leek, Onion, Tarjhip, Radijlj, &C. amongft their Carrotss and others plant Beans, &c. but, in my Opinion, neither of thefe Methods is good, for if there is a full Crop of any one of thefe Plants, there can be no Room for any thing elfe amongfl: them, fo that what is got by the one is loft by another ; and belides, it is not only more fightly, but better for the Plants of each Kind to be fown feparate, and alfo by this Means your Ground will be clear when the Crop is gone, to fow or plant any Thing eifej but when three or four Kinjs are mix'd to- gether, the Ground is feidom at Li- berty bet-ore the fucceeding Spring: Befides, where Beans, or any other tail growing Plants are mix'd or planted amongft the Carrots, it is apt to make them grow more in Top than Root, fo that they will not be half fo large as if fown lingly, without any other Plants amcngft them. But in order to preferve your Carrots for Ufe all the Winter and Spring, you Ihould, about the Beginning of i^Gvemkr, vvhea the D E green Leaves aredecay'd, dig thenf; up, and lay them in Sand in a dry Place, where the Froft can't come to them, taking them out from Time to Time as you have occa- fion for them, referving fome of the longeft and ftraighteft Roots for Seed, if you intend to fave any i which Roots ftiould be planted in the middle of February, in a light Soil, about a Foot amnder each Way, obferving to keep the Ground clear from Weeds j and about the middle of Auguji, when you find the Seeds are ripe, you muft cut it off, and carry it to a dry Place, where it fliould be expos'd to the Sun and Air for feveral Days to dry i then you may beat out the Seeds, and put it up in Bags, keep- ing it in a dry Place until you ufe it. This Seed is feldom eftcem'd' very good after the firft 'or lecond Year at moft, but new Seed is al- ways preferr'd, nor will it grow when it is more than two Years old. DAUCUS CRETICUS i -vidt Myrrhis. DAY-LILY J vide Liliaflrum. DELPHINIUM^ Larkfpur. The Characters arc; It hath an anomalous Flower, conjijiing of many dijpmilar Petals (or Flower-LeavTs) the uppermoji of which is co?2tracfed, and ends in fi Tail or Spur, and receives another bifd Fetal, which, in like ?nanner, ends in a Tail : In the Middle arifes the Pointal, which becomes a Fruit, confijling of many Fods or Sheaths collected into a Head^ which open likewife, and are flt'd with Seeds, which are for the moji part angular. The Species are ; I. Delphinium; pere7ine, monta- num, villofum, Aconiti folio. Tourn. Perennial Mountain, hairy Lark- fpur, witli a Monk's-hood Leaf. 2, Del- D E i. Delphinium j UtifoUum^ parvo pore. Tourn. Broad-leav'd Larkfpur, with a fmall Flower. 3. Delphinium j Flatani folio, Staphifagria diclnm. Tourn. Lark- ipur with a Plane-Tree Leaf, com- monly cfilUil Stavefacre, or Loufe- wort. 4. Delphinium ; fegetum, fiore ccerrdeo. Tourn. Corn Larkipur with a blue Flower. 5-. Delphinium ; 'vulgar e, fiore multiplici. Tourn. Common Lark- ipur with a double Flov/er. 6. Delphinium 5 hortenfe, fiore majore, ^ multiplici, CAruleo. Tourn, Garden Larkfpur with a large double blue Flower. 7. Delphinium \ hortenfe, fiore Tnajore, & multiplici, incarnato. Tourn. Garden Larkfpur with a large double Flefli- colour 'd Flower. 8. Delphinium i hortenfe, fiore ?najore, <& multiplici, 'violaceo. Tourn. Garden Larkipur with a large double Violet-colourd Flower. 9. Delphinium ; hortenfe, fiore majore, <& multiplici, rubro, Tourn. Garden Larkfpur with a large double red Flower. 10. Delphinium 5 hortenfe, fiore majore, O* multiplici, purpureo, ex alho variegMo. Tourn. Garden Lark- ipur with a large double Flower of a purple Colour, variegated with White. 1 1 . Delphinium ; hortenfe, fiore rofeo, punctata , Tourn, Garden Lark- fpur with a fpotted Roie-colour'd Flower. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which differ either in the Colour or Size of their Flowers: But as moft ot them are accidental, and arife from Seeds ot the fame Plant, fo I fhall pafs over them, without enumerating all their minute Differences. The %ft Species here mention'd, D E is a Native of the Alps, and is rey markably different from the othes Kinds of Larkfpur, in being ara abiding Plant: This is propagated by fowing the Seeds in an opeo light Soil in March i and when the Plants are come up, they may be tranfplanted into Ihady Borders, at a Foot diilance from each other, where they may ftand until the fecond Yearj by which Time they will have Strength to produce Flowers, and may then be trans- planted into Borders in the Pleafure- Garden, amongft other Flowering Plants, where they will make a handlbme Appearance when irx Flower. The iecond Sort is not near {x> beautiful as the firft, but is pre- ferv'd in curious Gardens of Plants, for its Variety. The Flowers of this Kind are very imallj and it is commonly fo late in the Seafon before they are produc'd^ that they feldom perfect their Seeds with us, unlefs the Plants come up in Au- tumn, and abide the Wi?iter. The Seeds of this Plant I receiv'd from my Honour'd Friend Mr. Henr^ Hophey, v/ho gathered it on Gibraltar Hills, where it grows wild. The third Sort is the Stavefacre, the Seeds of which are ufed in Medicine: This is a large handlbme Plant, and produces fair large Flowers : The Seeds of this fhouid be fown in a light fandy Soil, und a warm Situation, foon after it is ripe; for if it be kept until Spring, it very often mifcarries. The Ie- cond Year after fowing, it flowers, and foon after perfects its Seed, and dies. This Plant is at prefent very uncommon in England, and only to be tound in fome curious Gar- dens of Plants. The other Sorts are commonly cultivated io Gardens, Ibr the Beauty D E Beauty of their Flowers j where when the feveral Varieties are inter- mix'd in a Bed, they make a goodly Shew : The Seeds of thefe fhould be fown in Autumn^ foon after they are ripe j for thofe fown in the Spring do not grow near lb large, nor will their Flowers be fo double. When the Plants come up, they fhould be either trans- planted out, or fbme of them puU'd upi fo that the remaining Plants may be left eight or ten Inches Diftance each Wayj where- by they will have room to grow, and fpread their Branches, which they generally produce in great Plenty, and their Flowers will be produc'd in larger Bunches. They will require no farther Care, but to keep them clear from Weeds. In June thcfe Plants will flower, and their Seeds will ripen about the Beginning of Attgufi. But in order to have your Flov/ers more beautiful, you Ihould mark fuch only for Seeds as produc'd very double and finely-variegated Flow- ers, pulling up or cutting off all fingle or plain-colour'd Flowers. DENS CANISi Dog's Tooth. Hh^Chnraciers are^ It hath a, fiefljy Root fJjap'd like a Dog's Jooth : The Leaves are broad, ami fpread upon the Ground, and, in Appearance, like thofe of the Round- leav'd Sowbread : The Flower is naked, and produc'd fingle upon each Stalk, each conffling ef fix Leaves, and fjjap'd like a Lily, and hang doTvnroard : The Petals of this Flower are refiex'd : The Tointal of the Flower becomes a roundiflj Fruit, in which are contained many oblong Seeds. The Species are ; 1. Dens Can is ; latiore rotundi:*- oreque folio, Jlore cajulido. C.B. The broad round- leavd Dog's-Tooth, with a white Flower. D E 1. Dens Canisj latiore rotundi- oreque folio, flore ex purpurd rubente, majore. C. B. Broad round-leav'd Dog's-Tooth, with a large Purplilh red Flower. 5. Dens Can is j angufiiore longi- oreque folio. C, B, fiore albo. Long narrow-leav'd Dog's-Tooth, with a white Flower. 4. Dens Canisj angufiiore longi" oreque folio, flore fuave rubente. H. R. Far. Long narrow- Leav'd Dog's- Tooth, with a fine red Flower. There are fome other Varieties of this Plant in the curious Gardens abroad, but thefe here mention'd, are all that I have yet feen in Eng- land: The two firft mention'd are the moil: common with us; the other two being very rare at pre- fent, and only to be found in a few curious Gardens. Thefe Plants are propagated by fowing their Seeds, ^s alfo by Oft- fets from the old Roots: The Sea- ion for fowing thefe Seeds, and the Method of raifing and ma- naging the young Plants, being the fame as direded for the Narcijfus, 1 (hall refer the Reader thereto to avoid Repetition. The Oft-fets, which thefe Roots produce but fparingly, fhould be taken off at the Time when the old Roots are tranfplanted, which Ihould be when the green Leaves decay, which is commonly to- wards the latter end of May, but the Roots fliould not be kept long above Ground, for then they are apt to flirivcl and dry up, which if this happens they fcldom recover again. Thefe Plants delight in a good frefli Soil, neither too light nor too heavy, but fuch as is of a middling Nature, and not over- dung'dj and they fhould have an Eaft or a Weil Afped, for if they are planted in a hot Situation they I D E they feldom thrive well. They produce their Flowers early in March, for which they are valu'd, as alfo for the Beauty of their green Leaves. If Seeds of the different Sorts are fbwn, there may be fome new Varieties obtain'd, which is well worth the Trial, where we have fo few Species of an early beautiful Flower as of this. DENS LEONISj Dandelion. The Characiers are 5 It agrees in all reflects with the Hawk-weed, but only in its having a Jingle naked Stalk with one Flower upon the Top, whereas the Hawk- weeds have branching Stalks: To which may be added, the Flowers are for the mojl part fijiulous or pip'd. There are feveral Species of this Plant, which are preferv'd in cu- rious Botanick Gardens J but as they are Plants of no great Ufe, and withal are very troubiefome in a good Garden, if fuffer'd to feed, £0 they are never propagated. We have three or four Varieties which grow wild in England, but the moft common broad-leav'd Kind is what is ufed in Medicine. There are alfb ibme People very fond of it blanch'd in the Spring like En- Mve J but who ever has a Mind to have it for either Ufe, may be a- bundantly iupply'd in the Fields. DENTARIA; Tooth- wort. The Chara^ers are ; It hath a fieJJjy Root, which is fcaly, and cut in as it were with Teeth: The Flower confijls of four Leaves, which are plcicd in Form €f a Crofs : This is fucceeded bj a long Tod, which is divided into two Cells by an intermediate Fartition, and when ripe, is twijied up like a Skrew, and difcharges the Seeds with Violence. There are feveral Species of this Plant in the Gardens abroad, but I D I have not feen above one Sort in England, which is, Dentariaj hcptaphyllos, C. B. Seven-Ieav'd Tooth-wort. This Plant may be propagated in the fame manner as the Hefperis, or Dames July Flower ; to which I refer the Reader for Direftions. DIAPENSIA5 vide Sanicula. DICTAMNUS ALBUSi vid: Fraxinella. DICTA MNUSi Dittany, The Chara^ers arc ; The Flower -cup confijis of two Leaves; after that, another athwart the former j and again, a third in like manner, until a fcaly Head be thence form' d: Out of the Center of all thefe Scales grows a Flower, whofe Crejl is ereci, roundifh and bifid : The Beard is divided into three Farts : Thefe little Flowers come forth from leafy Scales, after the manner of the Verticlate Plants, in a long loofe Spike. The Species are ; t. DiCTAMNus i Creticus. C. B. Dittany of Crete. 2. DiCTAMNus; mentis SipyH, ori- ganifoliis. Flor. Bat. Dittany from Mount Sipylus, with wild Marjo- ram Leaves. The firft of thefe Plants hatli been renouTi'd for many Ages, upon the Account of its fovereign Qualities in Medicine. This is generally brought over dry from the Levant, and is flill us'd in fome of the grand Preparations. This Plant, although a Native of a warmer Country than ours, ycc is tolerably hardy, and will endure the Cold of our common Winters, if planted in the open Air, provi- ded it is planted in a dry fandy Soil: It may be propagated by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months ; which muft be ihaded and v/ater'd until they have taken Root J D I Root i after wards they may be ei- ther planted m Pots, or in a warm Border under a South Wall, where it will remain for fevcral Years, unlefs dedroy'd by violent haid Frofts i for which Reaibn 'tis ad- vifeable always to keep a Pot or two of this Plant under a Frame, ss a Refcrve, in cafe thofe abroad fliould be dcftroy'd. This Plant produces its Flowers in June and "julj^ but the Seeds are feldom per- fected in this Climate : And aitho' there is no great Beauty in the Flowers of this Plant, yet for the Variety of its round hoary iweet- fmcUing Leaves, it deferves a Place in very good Gardens. The fecond Sort was found upon Mount Sipylus, by Sir George IVhee- ler in his Travels, and by him fent to Oxford. This is a very neat Plant, affording long Spikes of Flowers, which continue a long Time in Beauty, and deferves a Place with the former in every good Garden. This is propagated and manag'd as the other in every refpei^T:. DIGITALIS i Fox Glove. The Characzers are; The Leaves are produced alter- riMely on the Branches : The Cup of the Flower confifls of one Leaf iffhich is divided into fix ample long Seg- ments ; the Flower conjifls of one Leaf is tubulofe and comprefs'd, and a little reflex' d at the Brim: Thefe Flowers are difpos'd in a long Spike, and always grow upon one Side of the Stalk: The Ovary of the Flower be- comes a roundifl) Fruit, which ends in a Foint, and opens in the Middle^ has two Cells, in which are contained many fn all Seeds. The Species are^ 1, Digitalis ; purpurea. J, B, The purple Fox-Glove. 2. Digitalis} vulgaris, flore cur- D I neo. Hort. Ed. Common Flelh co- lour'd Fox-Glove. 5. Digitalis j flore magno, can- dido. J, B. Fox-Glove, with a large white Flower. 4. Digitalis; latifolia, flore fer^ rugineo. Mor. Rift. Broad-leav'd Fox-Glove, with an Iron-colour'd Flower. y. Digitalis ; anguflifolia, flore ferruginco. C. B. Narrow-leav'd Fox-Glove, with an Iron-colour'd Flower. 6. Digitalis ; lutea, magno flore, C. B. Fox-Glove, with a large yellow Flower. 7. Digitalis ; major y lutea, vel pallida, parvo flore. C. B. Greater Fox-Glove, with a fmail pale-yeliow Flower. 8. Digitalis ; Orientalis, folio Tragopcgi, flore albido. T. Cor. Ea- fiern Fox-Glove, with a Goat's- Beard Leaf and a whitifh Flower. 9. Digitalis; Canarienfis^ acan- thoides, frutefcens, flore aureo. Hort, Amfl. "Shiubby Canary Fox-Glove, with a Gold-colour Flower. The firll of thefe Plants is very common in fhady "Woods, and up- on uncultivated Heaths in divers Parts of England: The two next are alio Varieties of the firft, from which they only differ in the Co- lour of the Flowers. The fourth, fifth and fixth Sorts are prelerv'd in Gardens, for the Beauty of their Flowers ; but the fevcnth and eighth Sorts are only cultivated in Boranick Gardens for the Sake of Variety, as being Plants of no great Beautyt Thcle Plants may all be propa- gated by fowing their Seeds in March, in a frelh Soil that is not too ftiflf; and when the Plants come up, they fhould be tranf^ planted into Beds fix Inches afunder, where they may remain until the Michael* D I Michfielmcts following, obferving to keep them clear from Weeds ; then you may tranfplant them into the middle of large Borders, intermix- ing the Variety of Colours, at re- gular Diftances, amongft Flow- ers of the fame Growth. In May following thefe will produce their Flowers, which will continue near a Month in Beauty, if the Seafon is not too hot and dry, and in Augufi the Seeds will ripen 5 which if permitted to fall to the Ground, will come up in great Plenty, and abundantly Itock the Garden with Plants. Some of thefe Sorts feldom re- main above two Years, when after having perfedled their Seeds, they die, unlefs Care be taken to cut off the Flowers when they are in Beauty, before they begin to "decay, which often caules the Roots to break out again, whereby they may be kept tor feveral Years (e- fpecially the Iron-colour'd Sorts) and may be increas'd by parting their Roots. Thefe Plants thrive beft in a poor undung'd frefh Soil, nor can they be maintained many Years in a rich Soil, and their Flowers will be, when planted therein, much fmaller, and of fliorter Duration j and altho' they are fome of them common in -E«^/^«^, yet they make a very good Appearance in large Gardens. The ninth Sort is of a nicer Na- ture, and requires to be ilielter'd in a Greenhoule in Winter ; which indeed it is worthy of, tor it is one of the handfomeft Flov/crs, when in Beauty, of moft of the Green- houfe Plants : This is multiply'd by fowing the Stz^s in the Spring upon a moderate Hot-bed ^ and when the Plants are ftrong enough IQ be remov'd, they fliould be D I planted in Pots fiU'd with frefh light fandy Earth, and the Pots plung'd into a very moderate Hot- bed, in order to facilitate the Root- ing of the Plants, obierving to water and fhade them until they have taken f rcfli Root ■■> after which they muft be cnur'd to the open Air by degrees, and in Summer may be cxpos'd in a fhelter'd Place, amongd other Exotick Plants: In Winter the Pots fhouid be plac'd in a Green-houfe, fo that the Plants may enjoy as much free Air as polfible, but mufl be prefer v'd from Froft, and do require frequent Re- frefnings with Water. This Plant produces its Flowers in ftinei and the Seeds ripen in Augujl. DILL ; "c^zV? Anethum. DIPSACUSi TheTeafel. The Characlers arcj The whole Flower hath no proper Calix, hit Leaves reprejenting the Feria?Jthium, encompajjfing the Bot- tom of the Head: The little Flowers, which are prodiicd jingly from be- tween the Scales, are collected into a Head, fomewhat like a Bet- hive; thefe are fncceeded by longiflj four- ccrnefd Seeds. The Species are ; 1. Dip s Acv s i JylveJIr is, aut Virgo- Fafioris, major. C. B. The greater Wild Teafel. 2. DiPSAcus ; fylv'eflris, capitulo minorey i/el Virgo, Fafioris, minor. a B, Small Wild Teafel, or Shep- herd's Rod. 3. DiPSACus ; folio laciniato. C. B. Cut-leav'd Tcaici. 4. DipsAcusj fativus. C. B, Ma- nured Teafel. The firfl: of thefe Plants is very common upon dry Banks, in moft Parts of England, and is feldom cultivated in Gardens, unlefs for the fake of Variety. The D I The fecond is alfb found wild in many Parts of Englmd, though lefs common than the firft. The third is a Variety, which differs from the firft, in having the Leaves deeply cut or jagged. But it is the fourth Sort only which is cultivated for Ufe, which is call'd Carduus Fullorum, or Fullo- num, being of fmgular Ufe in raifing the Nap upon Woollen Gothi for which Purpofe there are great Quantities of this Plant cultivated in the Weft Country. This Plant is propagated by fbw- ing the Seed in March, upon a Soil that has been well digg'd : About one Peck cf this Seed will fow an AcrCi for the Plants fhould have room to grow, otherwife the Heads will not be fo large, nor in fo great Quantity. When the Plants are come up, you muft hoe them in the fame Manner as is pradris'd for Turnip, cutting down all the Weeds, and fingling out the Plants to about lix or eight Inches Di- ftancej and as the Plants advance, and the Weeds begin to grow again, you muft hoe them a fecond Time, cutting out the Plants to a wider Diftancci for they Ihould be at laft left at leaft a Foot afunder : And you fliould be particularly careful to clear them from Weeds, efpe- cially the firft Summer i for when the Plants have fprcad fo as to co- ver the Surface cf the Ground, the Weeds will not fb readily grow between them. The fecond Year arter Sowing, the Plants will ftioot up to Heads, which will be fit to cut about the Beginning of Augufi, at which Time they fhould be cut, and ty'd up in Bunches, fetting them in the Sun, if the Weather be fairj but if not, they muft be fet in Rooms to dry them. The com- mon Produce is about an hundred D O and fixty Bundles or Staves upon an Acre, which they fell for about one Shilling a Stave. Some People fow Caraway and other Seeds a- mongft their Teafels : But this is not a good Method, for the one fpoils the other j nor can you fo eafily clear them from Weeds, as when alone. DITTANY i vtJe Diaamnus. DOCK j lide Lapathum. DOG'S TOOTH j vide Dens Canis. DOG-WOOD; -uide Cornus. DORIA. The Characters are ,• It hath a perennial fibrofe Root ♦ The Leaves are almojl whole, and oblong : The Cup of the Flower is cylindrical, and in Form of a Tube : The Flowers grow upon the Summits of the Branches, and^ are difpos'd either in Form of an Umbel, or in a loofe Panicle, which are radiated like the Ragwort. The Species are; 1. DoRiAj Narbonnenfum* Hort, Fyji, The Narbonc Doria. 2. Doria j c^ua Jacob Aa, foliis integris ^ mucronatis. Mor. Hiji. Doria with whole Iharp-pointed Leaves. 5. Doria ; qu fucculentis foliis, atriplicem referetjtibus. Boerh. Ind. African Tree Doria, with thick fucculenc Leaves, fomewhat like thofe of Airiplex. 6. Doria j qu& Jacob^a, Africana, hederA terrejiris folio, repens. Hort. Amjl. African . Creeping Doria, with % Ground-Ivy Leaf. 7. Do- D O 7. DoRlA 5 qua JacoifAa, Afri- eana, frutefcens, coronopi folio. Hort. Amfl. African Shrubby Dorw, with a Hart's-horn Leah 8. DoRiA j ([UA yacob&d^ Afrkana, frutefcens cmjjis S* fncculentis foliis. Hort. Amfl. African Shrubby Doria, with thick fucculent Leaves. The four firft Sorts are very hardy, and will endure in the open Airi thefe may be propagated by parting of their Roots either in Spring or AMtumriy and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation, but are too large and rambling for a fmall Flower-Garden, and are feldom preferved except in Bota- nic k Gardens for Variety. The other four Sorts are beau- tiful Flowering Plants, and well worth propagating in every good Garden ; Thefe are increas'd by planting Cuttings of any of the Kinds during the Summer Months, in a Bed of light, rich Earth, ob- ferving to water and fhade them until they have taken Root : Then you muft carefully tranfplant them into Pots fill'd with the like rich light Earth, fetting them in the Shade until they have taken Root ; after which, they may be cxpos'd with Geranium' Si 8cc. until O^ober, when they muft be remov'd into the Green- houfe, where they fhould be plac'd as near the Glaffes as poi- fible, that they may have free Air whenever the Weather will permit,' and muft have frequent Refrefliings with Water. Thefe Plants produce their Flowers towards the latter end of Summer, and continue moft part of the Autumn in Beauty, but ieldom produce good Seeds with us. DORONICUMi Leopard's-Bane. The Charaffers are ; If hath an intricate knotted Root : The Lenvji are produc'd alternately m the branches : The Stalks are a, D O little branched : The blowers (which groiv on the Tops of the Stalks) are radiated like the greater Starwort : The Half-Florets in the Disk of the Flower are trifid : The Cup of the Flower is expanded, and cut into ma- ny Farts almojl to the Bottom, and is not fcaly, but each fmgle Segment is in the Form of a DiJJj. The Species arc } 1. DoRONicuM ; radice, Scorpii. C. B, Scorpion-Rooted Leopard's- Bane. 2. DoRONicuM i plant aginis folio. C. B. Plantain-leav'd Leopard's- Bane. 5. DoRONicuMj plant agini s folio, alterum. C. B. Another Plantain- leav'd Leopard's-Bane. 4. DoRONicuMj plantaginis folio, hlrfutum, Vaill. Rough Plantain- leav'd Leopard's-Bane. The hrft of thefe Plants is fome- times us'd in Medicine with us, as is the third Sort in Germany : Thefe are all Plants of no great Beauty ; but as they will thrive in almoll any Soil or Situation, fo they may be allow'd a Place in a (hady Border, tor Variety-fake. They all increafe abundantly by their fpreading Roots, which may be parted cither in Spring or Au- tumn J as alfo by Seeds, which fliould be fown foon after they are ripe. They produce their Flowers for fever al Months in the Summer , as in May, June, July and Augufi^ and their Seeds ripen loon after. DORYCNIUM; Shrub Trefoil. The Characisrs are i It hath papilionaceous Flowers^ which are fucceeded by fjjort Pods, in each of which is contained one ftngle Seed : To which may be added, the Leaves are fmgle, and divided to the Bottom into five Segments. We have but one Species of this Plant in England, which is, DORYC- D R DoRYCNiuMj MonfiefuUnum, fru- ^ticofum. J. B. Shrub Trefoil of Montpelier. This Shrub rifes with us to the Height of five or lix Feet, and produces Ckifters of finall Flowers ^t the Extremity of the {lender Branches, which are Succeeded by Ihort Pods of Seeds. There is very little Beauty in this Plant, but it is prefer v'd in Botanic k Gardens for Variety. It may be propagated by fowing the Seeds in the Sj>ring, cither on a moderate Hot-bed, or on a warm Border under a Wall, where they will rife very well, and may be afterwards tranfplanted into Pots, to be {\^e\teY'd m Winter i or if planted in a warm Border and a dry Soil, will endure our common Winters very well in the open Air. DRACO HEPvBA j Tarragon,; 'vulgo. The Charnrters are; The Leaves, which are like thofe ^f Hyffop, are p-odtud alternately 4)n the Branches ; the Lower being di- njidedy and the Upper ones are whole: The Flowers are fmall, Jifcous and J'lfpos'd into a Icng Spike. There is but one Species of this Plant, which is, Draco-Herba. T)o:L Herb-Dra- gon, or Tarragon. This Plant was formerly in great cflecm for Sallads and Soops, but at prefent it is not fo much us'd : Jft propagates itfelf fail enough by its creeping Roots, which in a ihort Time will fpread very far; or it may be increas'd by planting Cuttings or Slips in the Spring of •the Year; which, if kept iupply'd -with Water, will take root m a ■ihort Time. . This Plant will grow jn almoft any Soil or Situation, but ijcft in that which is light and moill. D R DRACO ARBOR; 'vide Palma. DRACUNCULOIDES; 'uide Hx- manthus. DRACUNCULUSi Dragon. The Characters are ; The" Leaves are like thofe of Arum, but are divided into many Tarts : The Stalk is fpotted, but in other refpecis it agrees with the Arum. The Species are ; 1. Dracunculu5 ; pollyphyllus* C. B. Many-leav'd Dragon. 2. Dracunculus ; polyphyllus ; foliis ex luteo variegatis. E. R. Tar, The yellow ftrip'd-ieav'd Dragon. 3. Dracunculus ; polyphyllus ; foliis ex albo variegatis. The white ftrip'd-ieav'd Dragon. The firft of thefe Sorts is culti- vated in Gardens for medicin^ Ufes; the other two are Varieties of the firft, which are preferv'd in curious Gardens of Plaxits. Thefe, tho' they are Plants of no great Beauty, yet for the furprifmg Odd- nefs of their Flowers, together with their fpotted Stalks, do defer ve a Place in fomc remote Corner of the Garden. They are propagated by their knobby Roots, which, if fuffer'd to remain two or three Years un- difturb'd, will aftbrd many O-ff-fets. The beft Scafon for tranfplanting thefe Roots is in Autumn^ foon after the green Leaves decay ; for if they are remov'd atter they have taken frefli Root, and began to ilioot, they fcldom produce Flowers the fucceeding Summer; or if they do, they are very Weak : Thefe will thrive almoft in any Soil and Situation, but beft in an open Ex- pofure and a light Soil. DRACUNCULUS PRATEN* SIS ; vide Ptarrnica. DRAGON ; vide Dracunculus. DROSION; vide Ros Solis. DULCOMARA ; vide Solanum. DUNGS D U DUNGS are defign'd to repair the Decays of exhaufted or worn- out Lands, and to cure the De- feds of Land, which are as various in their Qualities as the Dungs are that are us'd to meliorate and re- Hore them : Some Lands abound too much in Coldnefs, Moifture and Heavinefs j others again are too light and dry : And fo to anfwer this, fome Dungs are hot and light, as that of Sheep, Horfcs, Pigeons, C^r. Others again are fat and cool- ing, as that of Oxen, Cows, Hogs, And as the Remedies that are to be us'd muft be contrary to the Diftempcrs they are to cure, fo the Dung of Oxen, Cows and Hogs, muft be given to clean dry, light Earths, to make them fatter and clofcrj and hot and dry Duyigs to meliorate cold, moift and heavy Lands. There are two peculiar Proper- ties in Dungs, the one is to pro- duce a certain fenfible Heat, capa- ble of" producing fome conlider- able EfiFed: j which Properties are feldom found but in the Dungs of Horfes and Mules, while it is njwiy made and a little moift : The other Property o^ Dung is, to fatten the Earth, and render it more fruit- ful. The Dung of Horfes and Mules is of admirable Ufe in Gardens m the Winter-time, becaufe it then animates and enlivens all Things, and fupplies the Office which is performed by the Heat of the Sun in the Summer-time, affording us all the Novelties of the Spring j as Afparagus, Cucumbers, Kadifljes, Melons, SdUds, Sec. Horfe-Dung is the beft Improvement for cold, jejune Lands that we can procure in any Quantity, but yet, Horfe- Dung being us'd alone, or when D u 'tis too nevv, is frequently prejudi- cial to fome Lands j and if it be fpread thin over Lands in the Summer-time, it is of very little Service, becaufe the Sun drawing out all the Virtue and GoodneS of it, renders it little better than Thatch or dry Straw: and tho' too much of it can fcarcely be us'd in a Kitchen-Garden for Cabbages^ Collifiorpers, and all other Plants that grow there, and require abun- dance of Nourilhment, yet it may be a Fault to lay too much of it on Corn- Lands, becaufe it produces abundance of Weeds. Horfe-Du7ig being of a very hot Nature, is beft tor cold Lands and Cow-Dung for hot Lands: and be- ing mix'd together, may make a very good Manure for moft Sorts of Soils, and for fome they may be mix'd with Mud. Sheep's-Dung and Deer's-Dung differ not much in their Quality, and are efteem'd by ibme the beft of Dungs for cold Clays : Some recommend them to be beat into Powder, and fpread very thin over Autumn or Spring Crops, about four or five Loads to an Acre, af- ter the fame Manner as Afhes, Malt- duft, ^c. are ftrew'd. In Flanders, and other Places, they houfe their Sheep at Night in Places fpread with clean Sand, laid about five or fix Inches thick ; which being laid on frefh every Night, is clear'd out once a Week, and the Dung and Urine of the Sheep is a very rich Manure, and bears a confiderable Price, and is an excellent Manure for fhibborn Lands 5 and Mr. ^uinteney is of Opinion, that 'tis the greateft Pro- moter of Fruitfulnefs in all Sorts of Ground. Others recommend Hog's-Dung as the fatteft and moft beneficial of X aU D U all Sorts of Dnngs, and fay, that one Load of it will go as far as two Loads of other Dung, and that it is the bcfl: of all Dungs for Fruit-trees, efpecially for Pear and Apple-Trees in a light Soil, and a very rich Dung for Grafs. The Dung of Pigeons, Hens and Geeih are great Improvers of Mea- dov/ or Corn- Land i the fir ft of thefe being the beft fupcrficial Im- provement that can be laid on Mea- dow or Corn- Land : But before it is us'd, it ought to have lain abroad out of the Dove-houfe fome time, that the Air may have a little fweeten'd it, and mollify 'd the fiery Heat that is in thofe Dungs, Efpecially it is good for cold, wet, clayey Lands i but it ought to be dry'd before it be ftrew'd, becaufe 'tis naturally apt to clod in Wet, and it fhould be mix'd with Earth to keep it from clinging to- gether, that it may be ftrew'd thin, being naturally very hot and ftrong. Some recommend the Dung of Pigeons, and alfo of other Fowls, as the beft Manure for Afparagus, Strawberries, or any Sorts of Flowers. The Dung of Poultry being hot and full of Salts, tends much to f icilitate Vegetation, and are abun- dantly quicker in their Operation than the Dung of Animals which feed on Herbs. Sir Hugh Plat fays, One Load of Grain will inrich Ground more than ten Loads of common Dung, which, if it be true, it is rational to fuppofe, that if llmplc Grain by only Infulion in the Mixture of Comports, has a very good Effed:, it will be more powerful when it has pafs'd thro' the Bodies of Ani- mals* unrnm Dung is a great Impro- D w ver of all cold four Lands, an<} efpecially if it be mix'd with other Earths or Dungs to give it a Fer- mentation. But there is not any Sort of Manure equal to the Cleanfing of London Streets for all ftubborn clayey Soils, the Parts of which will be better feparated, and in a much lefs Time with this Manure than any other Compoft whatever, and where it can be obtain'd, is ex- trcamly well worth procuring ei- ther for Corn, Grafs, or Garden- Land. DWARF-TREES. Thefe were formerly in much greater Requefl than they are at prefent, for tho' they may have many Advantages to recommend them, yet the Dif- advantages attending them do great- ly overbalance i and fince the in- troducing of Efpaliers • into the Engli/J} Gardens, Dwarf-Trees have been deftroy'd in mofl good Gar- dens, for the following Reafons. I ft, The Figure of a Dwarf-Tree is very often fo much ftudied, that in order to render the Shape beau- tiful, little Care is taken to pro- cure Fruit, which is the principal Delign in planting thele Trees. idly, The Branches being fpread horizontally near the Surface of the Ground, renders it very diffi- cult to dig, or clean the Ground between them. jdly, Their taking up too mucK Room in a Garden, (efpecially whea they are grown to a confiderable Size) for nothing can be fbwn or planted between them. 4thly, Thefe Trees fpreading their Branches near the Ground, do continually fhadc the Surface ot the Earth, fo that neither the Sun nor Air can pafs freely round their Roots and Stems, to diffipate noxi- ous Vapours, whereby the circum- Jibient D W aitibient Air will be continually re- plete with crude rancid Vapours, which being drawn in by the Fruit and Leaves, will render its Juices crude and unwholfome as well as ill-tafted. Thcfc Evils being inrirely reme- died by training the Trees to an Efpalier, hath juftly gain'd them the Preference} however, if any one has a Mind to have Dwarf- Trees, notwithftanding what has been faid, I Ihall lay down a few Rules for their Management. If you deiign to have Dwarf Pear-Trees, you fhould bud or graft them on Quince-Stocks i for free Stocks are apt to make them fhoot {o vigoroufly, as not to be kept within Bounds : Thefe Grafts or Buds fhould be put in about four or fix Inches above the Surface of the Ground, that the Heads of the Trees may not be advanced too high i and when the Bud or Graft has (hot oat four Eyes, you ftiould ftop the Shoot, to force out lateral Branches. Two Years after Budding, thefe Trees will be fit to tranfpiant where they are to remain j tor tho' many People chufe to plant Trees ot a greater Age, yet they feldom fuc- ceed fo well as young ones. The Diflance thefe Trees fhould be planted is twenty Foot in the . Rows, and thirty Foot Row from Row, tor lefs will not do, if the Trees thrive well : The Ground between them may be cultivated for Kitchen-Garden Herbs, while the Trees are young, but you fhould not fow or plant too near their Roots. In order to train your Trees re- gularly, you Ihould drive Stakes into the Ground round the Tree, to which the Branches fhould be nail'd down with Lift in an hori- D W zontAl Pofition j for if they arc fufPerM to take a perpendicular Fi- gure while young, they can't be afterwards j-educ'd, without great Violence, to any tolerable Shape. The necefTary Dire6tions to be af- terwards folio w'd are, not to fuffer any Branches to crofs each other : and always in fhortning any, be fure to leave the uppermofl: Eye outwards, whereby the Hollo wnefs in the Middle of the Tree will be better prcferv'd, and be careful to rub off all perpendicular Shoots in the Middle of the Trees, fb fbon as they are produc'd. The other neccflary Rules you'll find under the Article of Pruning, The Sorts of Pears which do befl in Dwarfs, are all Summer and Autumn Fruits ; for Winter Pears are not worth planting in Dwarfs, for they feldom bear well, nor are ever well-tafted, and commonly^ are very flony. Apples are alfo planted in Dwarfs, moft of which are now budded or grafted on Paradife Stocks j but as thefe are for the mofl part of a fhort Duration, fb they are not profitable, and are fit only for fmall Gardens, as a Matter of Curiolity, producing Fruit fooner and in greater Plenty, than when they arc upon Crab or Apple Srocks. The Diftance thefe" Trees fhould be planted, if on Paradife Stocks, fhould be fix Feet afunder in the Rows, and twelve Feet Row from Rowj but if on Crab Stocks, fix- teen Feet afunder in the Rows, and twenty-tour Feet Row from Row. The Management of this being the fame with Pears, I need not repeat it. Some Perfbns alfo plant Apri- cocks and Plumbs for Dwarfs, but thcib feldom fucceed well, as be- ing of a tender Conftitutionj and X a thofe E A tliofe which will produce Fruit on Dwarfs, are much more likely to do fo when train'd on an Efpalier, where they can be much better manag'd, and therefore I judge it much the better Method, as being more certain, and the Trees will make a better Figure. ^©®g5©0--g?®^^^^ E A EARTH is the principal Mat- ter whereof our Globe con- lifts,- the Chara6ler of which, ac- cording to Dr. BoerhanTje, is, That it is a FoJJil Body, neither dijfoluble hy lircy Water, nor Air j that it is injipidy and tranfpare?^t j wore fufi- ble than Stone ; fiill friable, and containing ufually a Share of Fatnefs. There is no fuch thing as a ftridly fmiple Earth ; Mr. Boyle fays. That it does not appear, that Nature any more than Art affords an elementary Earth 5 at lea ft, lb me which appear of the fimpleft Sorts arc found, upon Examination, to have Qualities not afcrib'd to pure Earth. Of fuch Earths, fome are ftmple, and immutable, as Chalk, Pumice, aid rotten Stone j others compound and fatty j of which kind are all Boles, red, white and brown ; Ful- lers Earth ; and divers Kinds of Medicinal Earths, as the Cretica, Hungarica, L^mnian Earth, and others. Which Earths are all refolvable into Oil, a little acid Salt, c^c. and a Calx, which is the Bans, or the Earth properly fo call'd. Sand is by Natural! fts generally rank'd as a Species of Earth, tho' not very properly. In that Saads, E A ftri£tly fpeaking, are a Sort oi Cryftals, or little tranfparent Peb- bles, and are calcinable, and by the Addition of a fix'd Alcaline Salt, fufible and convertible into Glafs. The fat Earth is render 'd fertile by the Means of Sand, and be- conies fit to feed and nourifli Ve- getables, ^c. for pure Eatth is liable to coalefce into a hard cohe- rent Mafs, as in Clay ; and Eartf^ thus imbodied, and as it were glu'd together, w^ould be very unfit for the Nouriftimcnt of Plants. But if hard Sand, i. e. Cryftals, which are indiiroluble in Water, and ftill retain the fame Figure, be intermixed with fuch Earth, they will keep the Pores of the Earth open, and the Earth it felf loofe and incompa6t, and by that means give Room for the Juices to move, afcend, &c. and for Plants to be nourilh'd thereby. Thus a Vegetable being planted either in the Sand alone, or in the fat Glebe and Earth alone, receives no Growth or Increment, but is either ftarv'd or fuffocated ; but mix the two, and the Mafs becomes fertile. In effeft, by means of Sand the Earth is render'd, in fome meafure, Organical, Pores and Interftices be- ing hereby maintain'd or preferv'd, fomething analagous to Veflels is effeded ; by which the Juices of the Earth may be convey'd, pre- par'd, digefted, circulated, and at' length cxcern'd and thrown off iiv the Roots ot Plants. The Earth is made up of two Parts : The firft the containing Part, i.e. the Body, Bed or Couch j the fecond Part contained, and thofe are the nitrous or fulphureous Par- ticles or prolifick Sahs. The firft is a lifelels inanimate Mafs, and is only the Receptacle of the other : Fw E A For the Earth confider'd iimply, and abftrafted from the before mention'd nitrous and prolifick Salts, is a lifelefs, dead and inani- mate Mafs j but by the Co-opera- tion of Water, Sun and Air, is put into Motion, and promotes the Work of Vegetation : But if it were ftrip'd of thofe prolifick Salts and fpirituous Particles, would pro- duce no manner of Plant, Herb, <&c, that Ihould be planted or ibwn in it. All thefe Sorts of Earths have a little Tendency to Vegetation, and have their Salts proper for it, but in a different Proportion j as a Peck of Clay may probably have double the Quantity of Salts in it that a Peck of Loam hasj and a Peck of Loam may have twice the Quantity of Saks that a Peck of Sand has. Lonm. Some call the luperficial ILftyth that we meet with in Enghnd by this Name, without having Re- gard to what Proportions of Sand and Clay it contains : Others again call that Enrth Loam that inclines more to Clay than Sand : Some by Loam mean that Sort of Earth that equally partakes of Sand and Clay, being a Medium between Sand and Clay, which they call Mother-Earth . This Mother-Earth, they fay,, may be in Colour either black or yellow, and of which of thefe Colours foever it be, Plants of all Sorts will grow in it. Sand and Clay likewife produce certain Plants which are natural to each of them, and confequently will thrive better in them than in any other Soil. But Sand is apt to precipitate thofe Plants that are fet in it, earlier than Clay, and will cauie them to germinate near a Month E A fboner than thofe that grow m Clay, and that for this Reafon, that the Salts which are in the Sand are liable to be put in Motion by the lead Approach of the Warmth of the Sunj but as Sand is quick in the Operation, fo the Salts are fbon exhal'd and fpent. Clay, The Parts of Clay are more clofely compared together, and do not lb ealily give out thole Salts that are contained in it ; nor can the Fibres of every tender Plant make their Way through it in quefl of their proper Nutri- ment. But if the Parts of the Clay be open'd, by digging and breaking it into fmali Particles, and thofe Parts be kept open by a Mixture of fome fliarp Sand, or Ibme other Body of the like Quality, the Effeds of its Vigour will plainly appear. A light, fandy, o^r looQz Earth requires a proper Ligature, and fliould have a Compolf of a hea- vier Nature j and thofe that are heavy, clayey, and cloddy, fliould have a Compoit of a more iiery, fprightly Nature, that will inli- nuate itfelf into the heavy, lumpy, ingefted Clods, which would other^ wife very much obflrud the Buli- nefs of Vegetation. EARWIGS. Thefe are very troublelbme Ver- min in a Garden, efpecially where Carnations are preferved j for tliev are fo fond of thefe Flowers^ that if care is not taken to prevent them, they will intirely deflrroy them, by eating off the fweet Part at the Boctom of the Leaves. To prevent which, mofl People have Stands credfed, which have a Ba- fon of Earth or Lead round each Supporter, which is conftantly kept fiird with Water. See the Article Carnation. X I Others E C Others hang the hollow Claws of Crabs and Lobfters upon Sticks in divers Parts of the Garden into which thefe Vermin get j and by often fearching them, you will de- ftroy them without much Trou- ble ; which will be of great Ser- vice to your Wall Fruit, for thefe are great Deftroyers thereof. EBULUS i five Sambucus Hu- milis. ECHYNOMELOCACTUS i vi- de Meloca6tus. ECHINOPHORAi Prickly- headed Parfnip. The Characters are 5 The Cup of the Floiver confifis of one Leaf -which is divided into five FartSy and expands in Form of a Star, in which is included the Foot- fialk of the Umbel : The Fruit con- fifis of one prickly VeffeU in vehich is contained one long Seed. We have but one Species of this Plant, which is, EcHiNOPHORAj pafiinacAfoUo. C. B. Echinophora, with a Parfnip- Leaf. There is no great Ule or Beauty in this Plant j but it is preferv'd in curious Botanick Gardens, for Va- riety-iaker It may be propagated by lowing the Seeds foon after they are ripe, or very early in the Spring j and when the Plants are come up, they fhould be fmgled out, ib as to rem.ain about eight or ten Inches afunder. The fecond Year after fbwing they will produce ripe Seeds. ECHINOPyS J Globe-Thiftle 5 vulgo. The CharaBers are ; It hath the -whole Appearance of A Thiftle: The Leaves are produced alternately: The Florets confifi of one Leaf, which is divided into five Segments, and is hollow ; and each fmgle Floret has a fcaly Cup: The E G Flowers are collected into a> fpherk^l Head, which has one common Cup or Covering. The Species are j I. EcHiNOPus i major. J. B, Greater Globe-Thiftle. z. EcHiNOPUs ; major, humilior, floribus albidis. Flor. Bat. Greater Dwarf Globe-Thiftle, with whitifh Flowers. 3. EcHiNOPus ; minor, annuus^ capite magno. Tourn. Leller an- nual Globe-Thiftle, with a large Head. The firft of thefe Plants hath been an old Inhabitant of the Fng- lifij Gardens, where it hath had a Place more for Variety, than any particular Beauty. The fecond Sort is a Variety which hath been obtain'd from Seeds of the former. Thefe Plants may be propagated ' by fowing their Seeds in the Spring of the Year in a light Soil : and when the Plants are ftrong enough to remove, they may be tranfplanted into the Middle of large Borders, or in any abjedt Part of the Gar- den i for they are too large to ftand amongft nicer Plants, which would be greatly injured by their large Leaves. The fecond Year after fowing, they will produce Flowers ; and if the Autumn is not too cold or wet, will perfc6l Seeds : but the Roots of thefe will abide three or four Years, and produce Flow- ers and Seeds annually. The third Sort is an annual Plant, and requires to be Ibwn early, as alfp to have an open warm Situa- tion ,• otherwife it will not pro- duce good Seeds in this Country. This Plant is of fmall Growth, and fo may the better be preferv'd in a warm Border amongft other curi- ous Plants. ECHIUMj E C ECHTUM; Vipers Buglofs. The Characiers arej The Cup of the Flower is large, find divided into five long Jlender Segments : The Flower conjifis of one Ledf, is fhafd like a Funnel, and fomewhat infiecied, having its upper Part Jiretch'd out to a greater Length than the lower : The upper Fart or Galea of the Flower is divided into two, and the lower Fart or Beard into three Farts : In the Middle of the Flower are produc'djive Stamina (or Threads^ which are reflex' d: Fach Flower is fucceeded by four Seedsy which are in Form of a Viper's Bead. The Species are j 1. EcHiuM. C. B. Common Vifers Buglofs.* 2. EcHiuMj majus, ^ afperius, flore albo. C. B. Great rough Vipers Buglofs, with a white Flower. 3. EcHiuM j majus, &> afperius, ^ore dilute purpurea. Bot. Monfp. Great rough Vipers Buglofs, with a Flower of a pale purple Colour. 4. EcHiuMj amplijfimo folio, Lu- ftanicum. To urn. Portugal Vipers Buglofs, with a large Leaf. 5". EcHiuM ; Creticum, latifo- lium, rubrum. C. B. Broad-leav'd Candia Vipers Buglofs, with a red Flower. 6. EcHiuM i Creticum, angufti- fvlium, rubrum, C. B. Narrow- kav'd Candia Vipers Buglofs, with a. red Flower. 7. EcHiuM ,• foil is anguflis ^ villofis. Journ. Vipers Buglofs, with narrow hairy Leaves. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are prelerv'd m curious Botanick , Gardens ^ but thefe here mention'd are the chief Sorts which I have obferv'd in JLngland. The firft Sort is found y/iid upon dry chalky Hills and E c gravelly Soils in divers Parts of England, and is fometimes ufed in Medicine : But there are none of the Varieties which are cultivated for their Beauty ; tho' I think the firft, fifth, and lixth Sorts do de- ferve a Place in fbme dry abjedt Part of the Garden, where little elfe will grow, for the fake of Va- riety, and the long Continuance of their Flowers. They are mofl of them biennial Plants, the Seeds be- ing fown in the Spring, will the fecond Summer after produce Flow- ers and Seeds, after which they feldom continue : They all delight in a rubbifhy gravelly Soil, and will grow upon the Tops of old Walls or Buildings, where, wljen once they have eiliabliili'd them- felves, they will drop their Seeds, and thereby maintain a Succel- fion of Plants without any Care; and on thefe Places they appear very beautiful. EDER A QUINQUEFOLL^ i vi- de Vitis. EDGINGS. The beft and mofl durable Plant for Edgings in a Gar- den is Box, which, if well planted, and rightly manag'd, will continue in Beauty for feveral Years: The beft Sea f on for planting this, is either in the Autumn, or very early in the Spring ; for if you plant it late, and the Sealbn fhould prove hot and dry, it will be very fub- je6t to mifcarry, unlefs great Care is, taken to fupply it with Water. The beft Sort for this Purpofc is the Dwarf Dutch-Box. Thefe Edgings are only planted upon the Sides of Borders next Walks, and not (as the Faihion fome Years ago) to plant the Fdg- ings of Flower-beds, or the Edges of Fruit-borders in the Middle of Gardens, unlefs they have a Gravel Walk between them, which ren- X 4. der5 E L £ers it proper to preferve the Walks clean, by keeping the Earth of the Borders from wafhing down in hard Rains. It was alfo the Pradice former- ly, to plant 'Edgings of divers Sorts of Aromatick Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Uyflbp, Lavender, c^c. But thefe being fubjea to grow woody, lb that they can't be kept in due Compafs, and in hard Win- ters being often kill'd in Patches, whereby the Edgings are rendered incomplete, they are now feldom us'd for this Purpofe. Some People alfo make Edgings of Daifies, Thrift, Catch-fly, and other flowering Plants,- but thefe alfo will require to be tranfplanted every Year, in order to have them handfome, for they foon grow out ©f Form, and are fubjecl: alfo to decay in Patches, fo that there is not any Plant which lo compleat- ly anfwers the Defign as Dwarf- Box, which mufl: therefore be pre- ferr'd to all others. ELATERIUM^ the Wild Cu- cumber. The CharaElers are , The Branches are fomewhat like thofi of the Cucumber, 6ut have 'no Tendrils : The Fruit is prickly, and when ripe, burfts roith great Elafti- citVf and abounds voith foetid juice. We have but one Species of this Plant, which is, Elaterium ; officinarum. Boerh. JnJ. This is the Cucumis f/lveftris, Ajininus dicius, of Cafpar Bauhin. This Plant is cultivated in fome Gardens for Medicinal Ufe, but is chiefly pref.Tv'd in curious Gar- dens for its Variety, as alio for Diverfioni for when the Fruit is ripe, if you offer to gather it, it burfts and calls its J nice and Seeds v/ith great Elafticity, for which it is- call'd by fome, Noli me Tangere, E L or. Touch me not : Which Appella- tion may be given to many other Plants on this Account. It may be propagated by (ow- ing the Seeds in the Spring of the Year in an open warm Border j and when the Plants are come up, they may be tranfplanted into open Beds or Borders, about lix or eight Feet Diftance from each other, for the Vines will fpread very far, efpecially if the Ground is good in which they are planted: Thefe produce their Fruit in Autumn, which if you fuffer to fall off, and emit their Seeds, will afford a plentiful Supply of Plants without any farther Care. ELATINE ; vide Linaria. ELICHRYSUM, or HEUO- CHRYSON i Eternal Flower. The Chara^ers are-. The Disk of the Flower contains many hermaphrodite Florets ; in the Center of each of thefe arifes the Ovary, -which is crorvn'd with Hairs, and is fupported by a naked Placen- ta : Thefe are all contained in afcaly Cup, which confifis of dry Mem- branes, and is, for the mofl part, of a fplendid Colour. The Species are ,• 1. Elichrysum ; feu fioechas ci" trina, a?2guJlifolia. C. B. Goldy- locks, or Caflidony. 2. Elichrysum j montanum,flore rotundiori, candido. Tourn, Cats- foot, or Mountain Caflidony, with a white round Flower. ]5. Elichrysum j montanum.fiore rotundiori, variegato. Tourn, Cats- foot, or Mountain Caflidony, with a round variegated Flower. 4. Elichrysum -, Americanum, latifolium, Tourn. Broad leav'd American Eternal-Flower. 5-. Elichrysum i fylvefire, lati- folium, fiore parva, fingulari. Tourn , Broad- E L Broad-leav'd wild Eternal-Flower, with a fmall fingle Flower. 6. Elichrysum ; fylvejire, lati- folium, fiore magno,Jingulari. Tourn . Broad-leav'd wild Eternal-Flower, with a lingle large Flower. 7. Elichrysum ; fylvejlrey lati- folium^ capifulis conglobatis. C. B, Broad-leav'd wild Eternal-Flower, with many Heads clofely united. 8. Elichrysum J flore fHave-rH- hente, Hort.Cath. Eternal-Flow- er, with a ib ft red colour 'd Flower. 9. Elichrysum; Africanumt foe- tidijjimum, (tmplijjimo folio., calice argenteo, Tourn. Stinking Afri- can Eternal-Flower, with a broad Leaf and a lilver colour'd Cup. 10. Elichrysum ; Africanumy fatidijjimum, ampli/Jimo folio, calice aureo, Tourn, Stinking African Eternal Flower, with a broad Leaf and a gold colour'd Cup. 11. Elichrysum; Orientate. C, B. Eaftern Eternal-Flower. 12. Elichrysum; arhoreum, A- fricanum^falxiiA folio, odorato. Boerh. Ind. African-tree Eternal-Flower, with a fweet fmelling Sage Leaf. 13. Elichrysum; Africanum^ folio oblongo, fubtus incano, fupra njiridi, fiore luteo. Boerh. Ind. A- frican Eternal-Flower, with a long- ifh Leaf, hoary underneath, but green on the upper Part, and a yellow Flower. 14. Elichrysum ; Africamim, ■ frutefcens, foliis Crithmi Marini. Hort. Amfi. Shrubby African E- ternal-Flower, with Leaves like the Samphire. 1 5*. Elichrysum ; Africanum, frutefcens, foliis fiaechados citrina^ fiore aureo* Boerh. Ind. Shrubby African Eternal-Flower, with Leaves like the golden Caffidony. ,1 6. Elichrysum ; Africanum, la- nuginofum, latifolium, calice fioris urgent eo, (^ amplij/imo. OUen. E L Woolly African broad-leav'd Eternal- Flower, with an ample filver co- lour'd Cup. 17. Elichrysum ; Africanum^ tomentofum, frutefcens, calice argen- teo. Com. Fl. Rar. African flirub- by Eternal-Flower, with woolly Leaves and a lilver colour'd Flower Cup. 18. Elichrysum ; Africanum, frutefcens, angufiis (^ longioribus foliis, incanis. Hort. Amfi. Shrub- by African Eternal- Flower, with long narrow hoary Leaves. The firft of thefe Sorts hath no great Beauty, but it being a medi- cinal Plant, is preferv'd in Phylick Gardens. This feldom produces good Seeds in England, but is very ealily propagated by planting Slips or Cuttings in a fhady Border, any time from April to Auguft; which, if carefully fupply'd with Water, will pufh out Roots in a Month's time, and may then be remov'd to the Place where it is to remain for good. This delights in a dry warm Soil, that is not too rich ; for if the Soil be wet, or over-dung'd, it will caufe this Plant to make ftronger Shoots in Summer, but then it will be liable to be deftroy'd with a little cold Weather in Wm- ter. This Plant may be train'd up to a regular Head, if proper Care be taken of it while young, and will grow to the Height of three or four Feet. The fecond and third Sorts are Inhabitants of the Northern Moun- tains in Torkflnre, Cumberland, &c. Thef» Plants grow very clofe to the Ground, and increafe very faft from the OfF-fets which are pro- duc'd in great Plenty on every Side the Plants, which emit Roots from their Joints as they trail upon the Ground, fo that in a fliort time they E L t'ney will overfpread the Ground where they are planted. Thefe Plants produce fmall Banches ot ibft dry Flowers, which if gather 'd when they are in Beau- ty, and preferv'd in a dry Place, will continue trefh and fair for fome Years, for which Reafon they deferve a Place in every good Gar- den, to increafe the Varieties of thefe Flowers, which will afford Pleafure at a Seafon when the Ground is fo lock'd up, that none of the flowery Tribe abroad ap- pears above Ground. Thefe Plants will grow in a fhady dry place in any remote Part ot a Garden, and sre by fome planted for Edgings to North Borders. , The fourth Sort is a great Ram- bler in a Garden, and fhould there- fore be either confin'd to Pots, or planted in fon^e abjeft Part of the Garden, in a Place by it felf, for i? it ftand near any other Plants or Flowers, it will be apt to over-run and dcftroy them ; for the Roots creep far under Ground, and will arife at a great Diflancc from the old Plant : But however as the Flowers as very beautiful amongft others of the perpetual Kind, they fhould not be wanting in a good Garden. This though ftil'd an A- merican Plant, yet is thought to be a Native of fome of the warm European Countries. It delights in a dry warm Soil, and increafes plentifully by the Off-fets, The fifth and fixrh Sorts are Plants of no great Beauty: They are preferv'd in Botanic k Gardens for Variety fake, but are feldom cultivated in Gardens for Pieafure. They may be propagated either by fowing their Seeds in the Spring on a moderate Hot-bed, or by planting Cuttings or Slips in any -of the Summer Months : But theie 3 E L Plants producing Seeds in plenty, it is the common Method to in- creafe or maintain them by Seeds. Thefe mufl: be planted in Pots fill'd with light fandy Earth, and muft be fhelter'd in Winter, giving them as much free open Air as poflible in mild Weather, and often refrefh- ing them with Water: With this Management they may be train'd up to the Height of three or four Feet, and will grow fhrubby i but if fuffer'd to remain abroad, they will not furvive the Winter. The feventh Sort is an Annual, and is a Plant of very little Beauty, and is only preferv'd for Variety, and will require no farther Care than to fuffer the Seeds to fall up- on the Ground, which will arile, and afford an abundant Supply of Plants. The eighth Sort is* an abiding Plant, which deferves a Place in the moil curious Gardens for the Beauty of its Flowers. This is propagated by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, which fliould be put into Pots fill'd with a light fandy Soil, and plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed, to facilitate their Rooting; after which they may be expos'd to the open Air, and fome of them may be planted into a warm dry Border, where they will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters without any Shel- ter ^ but 'tis advifeable always to preferve fome in Pots under Co- ver in Winter, left thofe abroad Hiould be deftroy'd, as it fome- times happens in very fevere Frofts. This Plant producing Flowers which are of a fine foft red Co- lour, are a very great Ornament in Winter, v/hen intermix'd with the feveral Varieties of Eternal Flowers, in Glalfcs or Bafons fill'd with dry S;ind, I E L Sand, which being preferv'd from Wet, will afford a great deal of Pleafure, when other Flowers are not to be procur'd. The ninth and tenth Sorts are Biennial Plants. Thefe feldom con- tinue after they have flower'd and produced Seeds. They may be Ibwn in the Spring upon a warm and dry Border j and when the Plants are come up pretty ftrong, they may be transplanted out ei- ther into Pots or in warm Bor- ders, allowing them at leaft eight or ten Inches Room ; for when they grow ftrong, they Ihoot out many Branches from their Sides, and produce Bunches of dry Flow- ers like the other Plants of this kind, which being preferv'd, do add to the Variety. But thefe Plants while frefh, do emit a violent ftrong Smell upon the leaft Touch, for which they have been by many People reject- ed. They will endure our ordi- nary Winters in the open Air, if planted in a dry Soil 5 but in fe- vere Cold, are apt to be demolifh'd. The eleventh Sort is one of the moft beautiful of all this Tribe, producing large Bunches of bright Yellow coloured Flowers. This is preferv'd in Tortugal and Spain for adorning their Places of Worfhip in the Winter-feafon, as alfo for the Ladies to adorn their Heads j for which Purpofes it is preferable to any of the flowery Tribe. This Plant feldom produces Seeds in England, but is propagated by planting Cuttings in the Summer- leafon, which muft be fet in Pots of light Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed, to facilitate their ftriking Root ■■, then you muft put each Plant into a feparate Pot fiU'd with the like frefti Earth, and du- ring the Summer-Ieafon you may E L expoie them with Oranges, Myr- tles, &c. but in Winter they muft be put either under a Hot-bed Frame, or into an airy Green- houfe, placing them near the Win- dows, that they may enjoy the free Air, whenever the Weather will permit the Glaftes to be opcn'd ; for if they are crowded amongft other Plants, they are apt to draw, and their under Branches and Leaves, will rot and decay : It muft alfo have frequent, but gentle Waterings. This produces its Flow- ers in May, which when fully grown, ftiould be cut, and preferv'd in clean white Papers, and kept from the Air, which greatly dimi- niflies their Beauty: And this cut- ting off the Flowers will caulc them to pufh out many Side- ftioots, whereby the Plant may be increas'd. The twelfth Sort g-rows to be a very large Tree, where it hath the Advantage of 1 warm Cli- mate, that it may be planted in the full Ground: And here in Eng- land there are feveral Trees of pretty large Growth : We have Ibme in the Phyfick Garden, which are upward of twelve Feet high, and have confiderable Stems, and fine regular Heads, to which they may be eaiily train'd, provided Care be taken in their Diredion while young. This is propagated by planting Cuttings, as was direded for the former Sort, and requires to have a frefti light Soil, and frequent Waterings : In Winter it muft be hous'd with Bays and other hardy Kinds of Ever-greens, where it may have free open Air in mild Weather. I have fbmetimes known Plants of this kind endure abroad in moderate Winters, but in ievere Cold they never efcape. The E M The 14th, ij-th, i6tk, 17th, and 1 8th Sorts are all propagated by Cut- tings, as was before directed. Thefe may be train'd up to Shrubs with regular Stems, and will grow to the Height of fix or feven Feet : They are pretty hardy, and require only to be fecur'd from our fevere Frofts, and muft have free open Air and frequent Waterings in mild Weather. Thefe are ail pretty Varie- ties in Coilett'ons of Exotick Plants, and altho' fome of the Flowers have no great Beauty in them, yet they are worth preferving, for the lake of Variety. ELM ; -vUe Ulmus. EMERUSi Scorpion Sena i 'vulgo. The Characters are^ It hath Leaves like thofe of the Colutea : The Florpers are papilio- naceous : The Fads are jlender, and contain two or three Cylindrical- JJmp'd Seeds in each. The Species are ; 1. Emerus i C£falp. Scorpion Sena j 'vulgo. 2. Emeu us j minor. Toitrn. Tlie lelTer Scorpion Sena. The firft of thefe Shrubs is very common in all the Nurferies near Loyidon, but the fecond is at prefent in very few Gardens ; thefe are both o'i them extreme fine flower- ing Shrubs, and arc great Orna- mcnts to fmaller Wildernefs Quar- ters of Shrubs, when mtermix'd with Plants of equal Growth. The firfl: will rife to the Height of feven or eight Feet, and may be reduced to a regular Figure, if proper Care be taken while they are young. The fecond feldom rifes above two or three Feet high, but may be train'd into a handfome Figure. Thefe Shrubs continue Flowering through the greateil Part of the Summer 5 therefore the bell Seaibn to prune them, in order to reduce E M them into Shape, is about the Mid- dle of September, foon after they have done Bowering ; for if you cut them in Summer, it will pre- J vent their flowering in Antumny "^ unlefs it be done in May, which will deflroy the firft Crop of Flowers, and prevent their pro- ducing Seeds. Thefe Shrubs are eafily propagated by lowing their Seeds (which they commonly produce in great Plenty) in March, upon a Bed of light fandy Earth, obferving to keep the Bed clear from Weeds; and in very dry Weather you mufl: often reh-efh the Bed with Water, which fliould be given carefully, left the Seeds fhould be wafh'd out of the Ground by hafty watering. When the Plants are come up, you muft continue the fame Care ; and the Michaelmas following (i'fyour Plants have thriven well) you may draw out the largeft, which may be tranfplanted mto a Nurfery, at three Feet diftance Row from Row, and one Foot afunder in the Rows; this will give room to thofe Plants which are left to grow in the Seed-bed, in which Place they may remain another Year, when they will alfb be fie to tranfplant into a Nurfery, where they fhould- be train'd up in the manner you defign them to grow, either in round Heads, or in rude Plants : In two or three Years more they will be fit to plant out, where they are to remain for good ; in doing of which, you fhould be careful in raking them up, not to break or wound the Roots : Nor fhould they remain too long in the Nurfery before they are tranfplanted j for they are fub- jedt to fr.oot dov/n-right Roots, which, when cut off, ofr-times proves the Death of the Tree. In uii other rcfpctts it muft be treated hke E P like other Flowering Shrubs, a- mongft which, this is commonly fold at the Nurferies. It delights in a dry Soil, and may alio be pro- pagated by laying down the tender Branches, which will take Root in about a Year's time, and may then be tranfplanted into a Nuriery, and managed in the fame manner as the Seedlings. EMPETRUM i Black-berry'd Heath. The CharciBers arej IP hftth Leaves like thofe of the Heath : The Flowers are Male and Female, which grow in dijferent Tarts of the fame Plant: The Male Flowers have no Petals : The Female Flowers arefucceedcd by Black-berries, in each of which are contained three or four hard Seeds. We have but one Species of this Plant in England, which is, Empetrum i montanum, fruclH nigra. Tourn, Black-berry'd Heath;, Crow-berries, or Crake-berries. This little Shrub grows wild upon the Mountains of StajfordfJjire, X>erbyfjire and TorkjJiire, and is fel- dom propagated in Gardens, unlefs for Variety-fake : but it may be cultivated in Ihady Places where the Soil is fiiff in Gardens, and will thrive very well; and may be pro- pagated by fowing the Seeds, foon after they are ripe, in a moift fhady Place, which Ihould be kept clear from Weeds, and fuffer'd to remain undifturb'd until the fecond Year, at which Time the Plants will come up, and the Year foliov/ing may be tranfplanted where they are to remain, and will require no far- ther Care than to clear them from Weeds. ENULA CAMP ANA } vt^e Ut- lenium. EPHEMERON j Virginian Spi> der-wortj vnlgo. E p The Characters are ,• The Cup of the Flower conffls of three Leaves : The Flower alfo hath three Petals, which expand in Form of a Rofe, and have three StaminA (or Threads) which ^ar round thi Ovary : The Fruit is oblong, and di- vided into three Cells, which are fll'd with Seeds like a Grain of Wheat. The Species are ; 1 . Ephemerum i Virginianum,fIore c&ruleo majori, Tottrn. Virginian Spider-wort, with a large blue Flower. 2. ^vmiA^v^xiiA.jVirginianum.jlore purpurea majori. Tourn. Virginian Spider-wort, with a large purple Flower. 3. Ephemerum j Virginianum, flore az.ureo majori. Tourn. Virginian Spider-wort, with a large azure Flower, commonly call'd the Savoy Spider-wort. 4. EpHEMr.RUMi Virginiamrm, flora cAruleo minore. Tourn. Virginian Spider-wort, with a fmall blue Flower, commonly called John Tra- defcantV Spider-wort. 5". Ephemerum; VirgitiianH7n, flore albo. Tourn. Virginian Spider-wort, with a white Flower. 6. Ephemerum; Virginianum, flore purpureo minore. Tourn. Virginian Spider-wort, with a fmall purple Flower. The fevcral Varieties -of this Plant are ealily propagated, by parting their Roots either in Spring or Autumn ; and fhould be planted in a moift Soil, where they will thrive and increafe exceedingly, and are extreme hardy, endurmg our icvc^ reft Cold in the open Air. Theie are very proper for large Borders, where they may have room to grow : But if they arc planted in fmall Borders, they (bould be parced into imall Heads every E P every Year, otherwife they will grow too large for fuch Places. They may be planted in Hiady Bor- ders, where their Flowers will continue longer than if expos'd too much to the great Heat of the Sun. This Flower feldom furvives the Day, but is fucceeded by new ones daily, for feveral Months } fo that it may deferve a Place for the long Continuance of its Flowering. EPIMEDIUM i Barren-wort. The Chambers are; The Stalks are diijided into three Branches, each fingle Branch fujiain- ing three Leaves, which are Jljap'd fomewhat like Ivy : The Calix con- Jifis of four Leaves : The Flower conjifis of four Vetals, which are hollow, and expand in Form of a Crofs : The Pointal of the Flower becomes a Pod with one Cell, having two Valves, in which are contained round fiat Seeds. We have but one Species of this Plant at prefent in England, which is, Eplmedium. C. B. Barren-wort. This is a Plant of no great Beauty, yet, for Diverlity, may have a Place in a Garden : It is ealily propagated, by parting the Roots (which increafe very fall under Ground) either in the Spring or Autumn, and fhould be planted in a moift Soil, and a fliady Situa- tion. This Plant produces its Flowers in May^ but feldom ripens Seeds with us : this may be owing to its ipreading Roots, which ex- hauil the Nourifhment from the Flowers and Fruit and might, perhaps, be procured, by confining the Roots to a Pot. The P..oots thereof, if planted in a good Bor- der, fhould be every Year reduc'd, fo as to keep it within Bounds ,• otherwife it will overfpread the E R v/hole Spot, and deftroy whatever Plants grow near it. EQUISETUMi Horfe-Tail. There are feveral Species of this Plant, which are found in England, on the Sides of Ditches, or in l"hady Woods : But as they are Plants which are never cultivated in Gar- dens, fo I fliall pafs them over in this Place. ERANTHEMUM; vide Adonis. ERICA i Heath. The Characters are; It is a Shrub of low Stature : The Leaves are fmall, and abide green all the Tear : The Flower confifis of one Leaf, is naked, and for the moji part fiafd like a Pitcher : The Ovary (which is produced in the Bottom of the Flower) beco7nes a roundifli Fruity which is divided into four Cells, in which are contained many [mall Seeds, The Species are; 1. Erica ; vulgaris, glabra, C. B. Common fmooth Heath. 2. Ericas vulgaris, hirfuta. C. B, Common rough-leav'd Heath. 3. Erica; tenuifolia. Ger. Fine narrow-leav'd Heath. 4. Erica j vulgaris, flore albo, C. B. Common Heath with a white Flower. y. Erica ; Brabantica, folio Co- ridis, hirfuto, quaterno. J. B, Low- Dutch Heath. 6. Erica ; foliisCorios, 7nultiflora, J, B. Fir-leav'd Heath with many Flowers. 7. Erica; Cant abric a, flore maxi- mo, foliis Myrti, fubtus incanis, Tourn. Hoary Myrtle-leav'd Heath, with a large Flower. Thefe Plants grow wild upon barren uncultivated Places, in divers Parts ot England : But notwith- ftanding their Commonnefs, yet they deferve a Place in fmall Quar- ters of humble Flowering Shrubs, where. E R where, by the Beauty and long Continuance of their Flowers, to- gether with the Diverfity of their Leaves, they afford a very agree- able Profpea. Thefe are feldom propagated in Gardens, and fo not to be had from the Nurferies i but may be taken up, with a Ball of Earth to their Roots, from the natural Places ot their Growth, either in Spring or Autumn, and may be trani- planted into the Garden. The Soil where they are planted fhould not be dung'd ; nor iliould you beflow any other Culture on them, than clearing them from Weeds j for the lefs the Ground is dug, the better thefe will thrive j and they com- monly fhoot their Roots near the Surface, which, in digging, are ilibjedt to be hurt, whereby the Plant is often defhroy'd: Thefe may alfo be propagated by Seeds; but this being a tedious Method, the other is much preferable to it. ERICA BACCIFERA; vide Em- petrum. ERlGERONj vUe Senico. ERUCA i Rocket. The Characters are ; The Flower confifls of four Leaves , which expand hi Form of a Crofs : The Point a I becomes a Pod, tphich is divided into two Cells^ by an inter- mediate Partition, to which the Valves adhere on both Sides : thefe Cells are full of roundiJJj Seeds : To ■which may be added. The whole Plant hath a peculiar foetid Smell, The Species are ; 1 . Eruca; fylvejiris, major, lutea, caule afpero. C. B. Greater wild Rocket, with a rough Stalk, and yellow Flower. 2. Eruca i tenuifolia, perennis, flore luteo. J, B, Narrow-leav'd perennial Rocket, with a yellow Fiov/er. E R 3. Eruca i Bellidis folio, M&r» Hifi. Daizy-leav'd Rocket. 4.. Eruca ; tanacetifolia. H. R, Par. Tanfy-leav'd Rocket. 5*. Eruca; major, fativa, annua, flore albo, ftriato. C. B. Great Gar- den Rocket, with a white ftrip'd Flower. 6. Eruca ; fativa, foliis magis dijfedis. Hort, Edin. Garden Rocker, with deeply-cut Leaves. The four firft Sorts are Varieties which are preferv'd in curious Bo- tanick Gardens, but arc Plants of no great Beauty or Ufe : The firfl is very common upon dry Banks and old Walls in divers Parts of England. The fifth Sort was formerly very much cultivated in Gardens as a Sallad-Herb, but at prefent is very Uttle us'd. The fixth is a Variety of the fifth, from which it differs in ha- ving the Leaves deeply cut or jagged. Thefe may be all propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring, on a Bed of light Earth, where they will foon come up ; and being Plants of quick Growth, will be large enough for Ufe in a fliorc Time; for if they are fuffer'd to grow large, they become too ftrong to be eaten in Sallads. Some of the Plants may be left for Seeds, .which they will produce in great Plenty the fame Summer. ERUCAGO; Corn-Rocket. The Characters are ; The Flower confifls of four Leaves-, which expand in Form of a Crofs : The Pointal becomes a four -corner' J, Fruit, refembliag a crejled Club, which is for the moji part divided into four Cells, in which are contained roundiflj Seeds which have a Beak. We have but one Species of this Plaiitj which is, Erucag9 E R Erucago i fegetum. Tourn. Corn- Rocket. This Plant grows wild in the warm Parts of 'France and S^min, and is prefer v*d, for the fake of Variety, in curious Botanick Gar- dens. It may be propagated in like manner as the Rocket ,• but being a Plant of no Beauty or Ufe, is hardly worth cultivating. ERVUM 5 Jomted-podded bitter Vetch. The Characters are j Jt hath a papilionaceous Flower, out of whofe Empalement arifes the Tointal, which becomts a jointed Vod, undulated on both Sides, and in a. manner knotted, which is full of roundiJJj Seeds : To which may be added, The Leaves grow by Fairs on a Mid-rib. The Species are j 1. Ervumj verum. Camer. The true Ervum of Camerarim. This is alfb caird Orobus, filiquis articu- latis. And the Seeds of this are fometimes ufed in Medicine. 2. ErvUxVI j femine minore. Tourn. Small-feeded Frvum. 3. Ervum 5 femine ohtufo trian- gulo. Tourn. Ervum with an ob- tuie triangular Seed. 4. Ervum ; Orientale, Alopecuri- odes, perenne, fru^u longiffimo. T. Cor. Oriental perennial Ervum, with a very long Fruit. Thefe Plants are very common in the Fields in warmer Countries, but are preferv'd in curious Bo- tanick Gardens, for Variety. They may be propagated in the fame manner as Peafe, but require a warm Soil, and an open Situation, other- wife they will not ripen their Seeds with us. In the hotter Countries they ufe them for Food, but whh us they are of little Ufe. ERYNGIUM i Sca-Hally. or Eryngo. E R The Characters are ; The Leaves are produced alter-' nately on the Branches : The Flowers confift of five Leaves, which are plac'd orbicularly, and are reflex d back to the Centre of the Flower : The Em- palement afterwards becomes a Fruity composed of two Seeds, which are fometimes foliated, and fometimes plain: To which may be added. The Flowers are collected into a fquamofe Head, which is prickly. The Species are ; 1. Eryngiumj maritimum, C.B. Sea-Holly, or Eryngo. 2. Eryngiujvi i vulgar e. C. B, Common Eryngo. 3. Eryngium 5 latifolium, pla- num. C. B. Broad-lea v'd plain Eryngo. 4. Eryngium j latifolium, pla- num, caule ex viridi pallafcente, fore albo, C. B. Broad-leav'd plain Eryngo, with a greenifh- white Stalk, and a white Flower. j*. Eryngium ; montanum, Ame- thyjiinum, C B, Purple Violet co- lour'd Mountain Eryngo. 6. Eryngium j Alpinum, Ame- thyfiinum, capitulo majore, pallef- cente. Tourn, Alpine Eryngo, with a large pale-colour'd Head. 7. Eryngium ; Orientale, foliis trifidis. T. Cor. Oriental Eryngo, with trifid Leaves. The fir ft of thefe Species grows in great Plenty on the Sandy and Gravelly Shores in divers Parts of England, the Roots of which are Candy'd ; and fent to London for Medicinal Ufe, and is the true Eryngo. The fifth and fixth Sorts are beautiful Plants in Gardens j tho' at prefent they are very uncommon in England, but do delerve a Place in moft curious, Flower-Gardens. The other Species are prelerved in very fine Gardens of Plants, for the E R tlie fake of Variety, but have no great Beauty in them. Thefe Plants may all be propa- gated by parting of their Roots, or lowing their Seeds : The firft being the mofl: expeditious Method, is chiefly us'di this muft be done in Tebruary, of the Beginning of March, before the Roots have (hot out their Leaves. The Soil in which thefe delight moft, is Gravel or Sand i but if it be very dry, they will require to be often wa- ter 'd in Summer, efpecially the firfl Sort. The fecond Year after Planting they will produce Flowers, but it is very rare that they do it the iirfi j therefore it is the beft Way to let the Roots remain un- -remov'd for three or four Years, by which Method your Flowers will be ftronger, and in greater Plenty. Thefe Plants . commonly produce good Seeds, if the Scafon is not over-wet, which is fome- times apt to rot their Heads before the Seeds are ripe. If you would propagate thefe Plants by Seed, it fnould be fown foon after it is ripe j for if it be kept until Spring before it is fbwn, the Plants feldom arife until the fucceeding Year. When they are come up, they fhould be carefully weeded 5 and in very dry Weather they fhould be refreAi'd with Water two or three times a Week, which will greatly promote their Growth: In this Place they (hould continue until the fucceeding Spring, at which Time they fliould be tranf- planted out to the Places where they are to remain j for they do not care to be often remov'd : The third Year after fowingthey com- monly produce their Flowers, and continue for many Years fo to do, provided they are not difturb'd. The firfl and fecond Sorts creep E R very far under-ground, by which they greatly increafe : but their Roots are of little Ufe, for they feldom grow to any conliderable Size in a Garden. ERYSIMUM; Hedge-Muftard, The Characiers are; The Ilor&er conjijls of four Leaves^ which expand in For?n of a Crofs: The Poi'/Jtal becomes a long fender bivalve Tod, which is divided into troo Cells, by an intermediate Tarti- i?on, in which are contained many round Seeds. The Species are ; 1. Erysimum j vulgare. C, B. Common Hedge-Muftard. 2. Erysimum; latifolium, majus, glabrum. C. B. Great broad-leav'd fmooth Hedge-Muftard. 5. Erysimum; polyceratium, vel corniculatim. C. B. Hedge-Muftard, with many crooked Pods. 4. Erysimum ; angujiifolium, ma- jus, C. B. Great narrow-leav'd Hedge-Muftard. 5". Erysimum j Sophia, diSfum, Rail Syn. Ed. 5. Flix-weed. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in Botanick Gardens ; but as they are Plants of little Ufe or Beauty, fo they are feldom propagated in any other Garden. The firft, fecond, and fifth Sorts are very common upon dry Banks, in divers Parts of England; but the third and fourth Sorts are Natives of a warmer Country. Thefe may all be propagated by fowing their Seeds foon after they are ripe, which will come up in a ftiort Time, and will ftand Abroad and endure the Winter's Cold very well ; and early in the Spring they will fhoot up to Flower, and pro- duce ripe Seeds in ^une or ^uly, but if they are fown in the Spring, the Seeds feldom come up fo well; y " nor E S nor do the Plants arrive at halt the Strength of thofe fown in Autumn j for when the Heat comes on, they foon run up to Flower, and there- by produce not half the Quantity of Seeds. The firft and fifth Sorts are us'd in Medicine ; but particularly the fifth, the Seed of which is by many People faid to be an extraordinary Medicine for the Stone and Gravel. ESPALIERS, Are either Rows of Trees planted about a whole Garden or Planta- tion, or in Hedges, fo as to inclofe Quarters or feparate Parts of a Gar- den, which are train'd up flat in a clofe Hedge, for the Defence of ten- der PlantSv againft the Violence and Injury of Wind and Weather. See Hedges* The moft-commonly receiv'd No- tion of Efpaliers, are Hedges of Fruit-Trees, which are train'd up regularly to a Lattice of Wood- work, form'd either of ^JIj Poles, or iquare long Timbers cut out of Fir, Sec. and it is of this Sort of Hfpalier that 1 (ball treat in this Place. £fpalhrs of Fruit Trees are com- monly planted to furround the Quarters of a Kitchen-Garden, for which Purpofe they are of admi- rable Ufe and Beauty i for by laying out the Walks of this Garden re- gularly, which are bounded on each Side by thefe Hedges, when they are handfomcly manag'd, they have a wonderful Etfeft in Ibeltering the Kitchen-Plants in the Quarters, and alfo fcreening them from the Sight of Perfons in the Walks : £o that a Kitchen-Garden well laid out in this manner, and regularly manag'd, will be equal to the fineft: Parterre for Beauty- The Trees chiefly planted for EfpalierSi are Apples, Pears, and E s fome Tlumbs ; but the two former are moftly ufed : Some plant Efpa- Hers ot Apples grafted upon ?arei- dife-Stocks , but thefe being of a fhort Duration, are not fo proper for this Purpofe ; therefore 1 fhould rather advife the having them upon Cr/?^-Stocks, or (if in fmaller Gar- dens, where the Trees cannot be allow'd to grow fo high) upon Codlin Stocks, which will caufe them to bear fooner, and prevent their growing too luxurious. In chufmg the Trees for an £/• palier, endeavour, as near as pofllble, to plant the feveral Sorts which are nearly ot the fame Growth in one Line, that the Efpalier may be the more regular, and of an equal Height, which greatly adds to their Beauty ; for if you plant Trees which flioot very unequally in the fame Line, it will be jmpofnble to make the hfpalier regular : Befides, the Diftance theTrees which are to te planted, muft be directed hereby; for fome Trees, viz.. thofe of a large Growth, fliould be planted eighteen or twenty Feet afunder, whereas thofe of fmaller Growth need not be above fourteen or lix- teen Feet Diftance from each other. The Width of the Walks between thefe Efpaliers fhould (in a large Garden) be fourteen or fixteen Feet atleaft^ and if they are delign'd to be carry'd up pretty high, the Di- ftance fhould be greater, that each Side may receive the Advantage of the Sun and Air j which is abfb- lutely necelfary, if you would have the Fruit well-tafted. And if your Ground is ib fituated, that you are at full liberty which way to make the Efpaliersy I fliould advife the placing the Lines from the Eafiy a little inclining to the South, and toward the Wefi, a little inclining to the Northy that the Sun may ftiine between E S t>€tvveen the Rows in tke Morning and Evening when it is low 5 for in the Middle of the Day, when the Sun is advanced far above the Horizon, it will fhine over the Tops of the Efpaliers, and reach the Sur- face of the Earth about their Roots j which is a Matter of more Confe- quence than many People are a- ware of. The Sorts of Apples proper for EfpalierSi are the Golden Fippen, Non- pareil, Rennette Crife, Aromatick nppen, Holland Fippen, Trench Pippen, Wheeler's Rujfet, File's Ruffet, with feveral others. The Seafon for Planting, and the Method of Pru- ning and Training thefe Trees, you'll fee under the Articles of Apples, and Pruning. The Sorts of Pears proper for an Efpalier, are Summer and Autumn Fruits i for Winter Pears feldom fucceed well in an Efpalier. Thefe Trees, if defign'd for a ftrong moifl Soil, fhould be upon Quince Srocks ; but if for a dry Soil, upon Free Stocks. Their Diftance of Planting muft alfo be regulated by the Growth of the Trees, which are more unequal in Pears than Apples, and fhould therefore be more care- fully examin'd before they are planted. As for thofe Pears upon Free-Stocks, the Diflance fhould never be lefs than eighteen or twenty Feet, for moderate growing Trees i but for vigorous Shooters, twenty-five Feet is little enough, efpecially if the Soil be flrong, in which Cafe they (hould be planted thirty Feet afunder. The particu- lar Sorts of Pears I would recom- mend for an Efpalier, are the Jar- gonelle, Blanquette, Voir fans Peau, Summer Boncretien, Hamden's Ber- gamot, Pcir du Prince, Pair fans Pep- fin, Beurre du Roy, St. Michael, Le Mart^uifs, Monfieur John, Crejfane, E s with many others of lefs NotCe As to the Method of Planting, fee the Article Pear; and for Pruning and Managing, fee Pruning. I fhall now give Diredtions for Making the Efpalier, to which the Trees are to be trained : But this I would not have done until the third Year after the Trees are planted ; for while they are young, it will be fufficient to drive a few fhort Stakes into the Ground on each Side ot the Trees, to which the Branches fhould be faflen'd in an horizontal Poiition, as they are produc'd j which Stakes may be phc'd nearer, or at a farther Diftance, according as the Shoots produc'd may require, and v/ill be fufficient tor the three firll Years ; tor fhould you frame the Efpalier the firfl Year the Trees are planted, the Poles would rot before the Efpalier is cover 'd. The cheapeft Mc^thod to make thele Efpaliers is with Aflj Poles, of which you fhould have two Sorts -, one of the largeft Size, which con- tains thirteen Poles in a Bundle, and the other Size thofe of half a hundred : The firft or largefl Size Poles fhould be cut about feven Feet and a half long i thefe are in- tended for Upright Stakes, and mull be fharpen'd at the largefl End, that they may with more Eafe be driven into the Ground, and if thefe Ends are burnt in the Fire a little, it will preferve 'em from rotting 5 thefe fhould be plac'd at 2 Foot. Diflance from each other in a dire£t Line, and of an equal Height, about fix Feet above Ground 5 then you fhould nail a Row of flrait ilender Poles along upon the Tops ot the upright Stakes, which will keep them cxadly even, and con- tinue to crofs the Stakes with the fmaller Poles, and the Tops whicfi were cut off from the larger ones, Y X *^ E S at al)OUt nine Inches Diftance, Row from Row, from the Top to the Bottom of the Stakes. Thefe Rows ot Poles {hould be faften'd with Wire, and the largeft End of the Poles fhould be nail'd to the up- right Stakes, which will fecure the Efpdier almoft as long as the Poles will endure; whereas if your Faften- ing is not llrong, the Poles will be continually difplac'd with every iirong Wind. When your Efpalier is thus fram'd,^ you muft faften the Branches of the Trees thereto, either with fmall Olier Twigs, or fome fuch Binding, obferving to train them in an ho- rizontal Pofition, and at equal Di- ftances j being careful not to crofs any of the Branches, nor to lay them in too thick : The Diflancc I would allow for the Branches of Pears and Apples, fliould be propor- tion'd accordmgto the Size of their Fruit j llich of them whofe Fruit is large, as the Summer Boncretien, Monjieur John, and Buerre chi Roy Tears, and the Rennette Grife, Holland Tippen, French Tippcn, and other large Apples, fliould have their Branches fix or eight Inches Di- ftance at leaft j and to thofe of leffer Growth, four or five Inches will be fufficient: But for farther Di- reaions, I fliall refer to the Arti- cles of the feveral Fruits, as alfo that of Frunmg, where the Parti- culars will be fufliciently ex- piain'd. But befides this Sort of Efpalier made with AJJj Poles, there is ano- ther Sort that is by many People preferr'd, which is fram'd with fquare Timbers cut to any Size, according to the Strength thereof, or the Expence the Owner is will- ing to go to i thefe, tho' they ap- pear more Tightly, when well fix'd aad painted, yet are not of longer E U Duration than one of the formefJ provided it is well made, and the Poles are ftrong which are fet up- right, and thefe are eafily repair'd by the Gardener : Nor do they anfwer the Purpofe better, tho" they are vaftly more expenfive; for the greateft Beauty confifts in the difpofmg the Branches of the Tree, which, efpecially in Summer, when the Leaves are on, will intirely hide from the Sight the Frame of the Efpalier : Therefore all Expence in ereding thefe is needlefs, farther than making Provifion to fecure the Branches of the Trees in a regular Order. Fruit-Trees thus planted, and well manag'd, are much preferable to thofe train'd up in any other Fi- gure, upon leveral Accounts ; as ijl, Thefe take up very little room in a Garden, fo as to* be hurtful to the Plants which grow in the Quarters 9 and zdly, the Fruit upon thefe are better tafted than thofe which grow upon Dwarfs, the Sun and Air having freer accefs to every Part of the Tree, whereby the Dampnefs arifmg from the Ground is fooner dilTipated j which is of lingular Advantage to Fruit-Trees, (as hath already been fhewn). E V ERGREEN - THORN 5 -vUe Pyracantha, or Mefpilus. EVERLASTING PEA; vUeU- thyrus. EUONYiMUS; The Spindle-Tree, or Prickwood. The Characters arcj If has four reddiflj Lines running Along the Branches, which make them appear in fome mcafure quadrangu- lar : The Flowers, for the mcft part, confifl of four Leaves, which are fuc- ceeded by quadrangular Fruit, con- taining four red Seeds in each. The E U The Species are ; 1. EuoNYMus 5 -vulgaris, grmis rubentibus. C, B. The Common Spindle-Tree. 2. EuoNYMus y latifoUus. C. B. Broad-leav'd Spindle-Tree. 3 . EuoNYMUs ; Africanus, Lycii crajjicribus foliis, fempervirens, cap- fuld triloculari, afperata, rubente. Boerh. hid. Ever -green African Spindle-Tree, commonly caWd Afri- can Barberry. 4. EuoNYMo; adfinis-t JJLthiopJca, femper'virens, fruciu globofo, fcabro, foliis falicis, rigidis, ferratis. H. L. Ever-green Ethiopian Spindle-Tree, with a globular Fruit, and fliff fer- rated Willow-Leaves, The firft of thefe Species h very common in Hedges in divers Pans of EngLrnd, where it feldom rifcs to any conliderable Stature : But if planted amongft other Trees in Wildernefs Quarters, may be train'd up fo as to become a large hand- fome Tree; and in Autumn -feaibn when the Fruit is ripe, doth make a very handfome Shew. The Wood of this Tree is us'd by the Inftru- ment-makers, for Toothing of Or- gans and Virginal-Keys, Tooth- pickers, Spindles, and to make Scures, <^c. The broad-lcav'd Sort, tho' very common in moft Parts of Europe J yet is rarely to be found in England, except in curious Col- Icdions of Trees and Shrubs : Thefe two Plants are very hardy, in refpeft to Cold, and may be propagated either by fowing the Seeds, or laying down the Branches : But the firft being a tedious Me- thod, is feldom pradlis'd j for the Seeds remain in the Ground until the fecond Year before the Plants come up, and afterwards make but kittle Progrefs during the three or iDur firft Years, whereas thofe rais'd by Layers will make handfome E U Trees in three or four Years Time. The other two Sorts being Na- tives of a warm Country, will not endure the Cold ot our CUmate in the open Air, and muft therefore be preferv'd in a good Green-houie in Winter. Theie may be propa- gated by planting Cuttings any Time in May, which fl-iould be fet into Pots fiird with frefli light Earth, and plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed, and carefully water'd and ftiaded until they have taken Rootj after which, they may be tranf- planted each into a leparate Pot, and expos'd to the open Air till September, when they fhould be re- mov'd into the Green-houie, where during the Winter-feafon, they muft have as much free open Air as the Weather will admit of, as alfo frequent, but gentle Waterings : In other refpecls they may be ma- nag'd as Orange Trees, obferving to Ihift the Plants into frefh Earth every Year. The third Sort grows to be a Shrub of five or fix Feet in Height, and will produce great Quantities of Fruit, which ripen in V/inter, and make a very sood Appearance in the Green-houfc at that Seaibn. This is the tendereft Plant of them all. The fourth Sort arifes with us to the Height of ten or twelve Feet, and may be train'd up to a regular Head ; and when grown to be large, will annually produce Flowers and Fruit ; which altho' th'-7 have no great Beauty, yet the Tree, for Variety, defervcs a Place in every good Colledtion of Plants. This is pretty hardy, and only re- quires to be flieker'd from extreani Frofts in Winter, and therefore fhould be early expos'd to the open Air in Spring, and fuffer'd to re- main abr-oad late in Autumn. Y 3 EUPA- E U EUPATORIUM y Hemp-Agri- mony. The CharaBers are j It hnth a perennial fibrofe Root : The Lea-ves are phc'd oppofite upon the Stalks : The Ctip of the Fiercer is long, taper and [caly. The Flowers are collected into an Un^hl upon the Tops of the Stalks, which conpfi of many long bifid Threads. The Species are i I. EuPATORiuM i Cannabinum, C. B. Common Hemp-Agrimony. 2,, EuPATORioMi urtic£ Joliis, Ca- nadeffe, fore albo. H. L. Canada Hemp - Agrimony, v/ith Nettle- Leaves, and a white Flower. 5. EUPATORIUM y N0Z!£. ^ngVuy urticA folils, floribus purpurafcenti- bus, maculaio caule. H. L. New England Hemp- Agrimony, whh Nettle - Leaves, purplifli Flowers, and fpotted Stalks. 4. EuPATORiuM ; folio oblongo, Ytigofo, caule purpurafcente. Tourn. Canada Hemp-Agrimony, with a long rough Leaf, and purplifh Stalk. 5-. EUPATORIUM \ KOVA AngllA, BetonicA joliis 'villofs, fiore alko. Tar. Bat. New-England Hemp- Agrim.ony, with Betcny Leaves, and a white Flower. 6. EUPATORIUM ; Americanu7n, fcandens, hajlato jnagis acuTninato folio. VailL Climbing American Hcmp-Agiim-ony, witha Spcar-like lliarp-pointed Leaf. 7. EuPATORiuM y Amcricanum, foliis rotundicribus abfque pediculis. Vaill. American Hemp-Agrimony, with round Leaves without Foot- Stalks. The rirft of thefe Plant'> is found wild by Ditches and River Sides, in moft Parts of England, and ts the only Species of this Genu; which is a Native in Europe; bu; Jjnmca abouuds with a vaft Num- E u ber of Species, many of which are annually brought over, and preferv'd in curious Botanic k Gardens, tho* the fir ft Sort is only at prefent ufed in Medicme. Thefe Plants are all hardy enough' to endure the Cold of our Winters in the open Air, provided they arc planted in a dry Soil, and may be propagated by parting their Roots m March, or October i but if you do this in the Spring, you muft obferve to water and lliade the Plants until they have taken Root, if the Weather Ihould prove dry, and thofe that are tranfplantcd in Autumn fhould be protedled from fevere Frofts in Winter, which would be apt to deftroy them be- fore they have got fait Rooting in the Ground. Thefe Plants may alfo be propa- gated by fowing their Seeds, which fhould be done early in the Spring, upon a Bed of light Earth, obler- ving to water them in dry Wea- ther : But they feldom come up until the fecond Year ,• and it is not till the third Year that they produce Flowers j therefore, if the Plants are not too thick in the Seed-bed, they may be permitted to remain there till atter their Flowers are pafc ; and in October remove them to the Places where they are deiign'd to grow. Thcie Plants have little Beauty in them, and therefore are feldom preferv'd, unlefs in Botanick Gardens for Va- rietv. EUPHORBIUM. The Characters are ; If hath Flowers and Fruit like the Spurge, and is alfo full of a hot, floarp, milky Juice : The Plants are angular, and fJjap'd fomerohat like the Ccreus or Torch-Thiftle j it is commonly bcfet with Spines, and, for the wofl part, hath no Leaves, The E U The Species ave j 1. EuPHORBiuM j verum, anti- quorum. Rail Hiji. The true Eu- phorbium of the Antients. 2. EuPHORBiuMj tetragonum, & pent agon umy fpinofum, Cmarinum. Boerh, Ind. Canary Euphorhium, with four or five Angles, and befet with Spines. 3. EuPHORBiuM; trigonum, <^ te- tragonum, fpinofum, ramis comprejjis, D'lfnanl, Prickly Euphorbium, with three or four angles and flat branches. 4. EuPHORBiUM ; Cerei effigicy caulibus crajjioribus, fpinis validiori- bus armaium. Breyn. Vrod. Thick- ftalk'd Cereus-likcy Euphorbiuin, arm'd with ftrong Spines. 5*. EuPHROBiuM i Cerei effigie, caulibus gracilioribus, Boerh. Ind, Slender-ftalk'd Ormj-fhap'd, Eu- phorbium. 6. EuPHORBiuM J Afrum, caule fquamofo,tumerofo. Boerh. Ind. Afri- can Euphorbium, wr.h fcaly Stalks and a tuberofe Root. 7. EuPHORBiuM ,• Afru?n, caule fquamofoy tuberofoy minus. Boerh. Ind. LelTer African Euphorbium, with fcaly Stalks, and a tuberofe Root. 8. EuPHORBiuM i Afrnrriy caule crajfo, fquamofoy ramis in capitis Medufa fpecietn cincio, Boerh. Ind. African EuphorbiuWy with thick fcr.ly Stalks, and branching at the Top like Medufa's Head, commonly calVd the Snake Euphorbiiim. 9. EuPHORBiuM ; Afrum, facie fruclus pint. Boerh. Ind, African Euphorbiumy with the Face of the Pine Fruit, commonly call'd Little Medufa's Head. 10. EuPH-ORBiuM i angulofum, fo- uls nerii latioribus. Boerh, Ind. An- gular Euphorbium, with broad Ole- ander Leaves. 1 1 . Euphorbium •, heptagonwm, fpinis longijfmisy in apice frugiferis. 'Boerh. Lid. Euphorbium with lev en E U Angles, and long Spines bearing Fruit upon the Tops. 12. Euphorbium 5 quod Ante- Euphorbimn . Dod, The Anti-Euphor- bium-y viilgo. All thefe Plants being Natives of warm Countries, muil with great Care be prefer ved in Stoves, du- ring the "Winter j and being replete with a milky Juice, they require very little Moifture : Nor Ihould they be planted in a rich Soil, which is very hurtful to them. They are all (lb far as we are ac- quainted with their Places of Growth) Inhabitants of Rocky hard barren Soils ,• therefore the moft proper Earth for them, is one half Sea-land, one quarter light frefli Earth, and a quarter-part Lime- Rubbifh : This fliould be mix'd up well together two or three Months before it is ufed, obferving to turn it over three or four times, that tlie feveral Parts may be the better united i and afterwards, it will be proper to skreen it, in order to take out the large Stones. Thefe Plants are propagated by planting Cuttings : The bell Seafon for this is in 'June or July : The Cuttings fhould be taken off from the old Plants a Week or a Fort- night before they are planted ; du- ring which Time, they fliould lie in a dry fliady Place, that the Part which adher'd to the old Plant may be dry'd and harden'd, other- wile the Cuttings will rot : Then plant them into fmall Half-penny Pots fili'd With the abovemention'd Earth, giving them a little Water to fettle the Earth to them, and let the Pots be fet for a Day or two in a Place where they may have only the Morning Sun j after this, plunge them into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark,obferving, in the great Heat of the Day, to Y 4. lliade E U i^ade the GlaiTes with Mats, a,^ alio, Once a Week, to give 'cm a gentle Refrefliing with Water : but you niuft be very careful, not to give them too much, which will imme- diately rot them, cfpecially before they have taken Root. In about five or fix Weeks Time, the Cuttings will have fhot out fome Roots, which you may eafily perceive, by carefully obferving the Tops of the Cuttings, which v/ill then begin to advance in Height, and appear of a lighter green Co- lour than at the Bottoms of 'em; at which Time you mufl begin to give them Air by degrees, raifing the GlafTcs with Bricks in the mid- dle of the Day, and {o increaling the Quantity of Air daily, until at lad you remove them quite out of th^ Bark-bed, which fhould be done towards the latter end of Auguft. when you fhould place them into the Stove, obferving not to expofe 'em too much to the Airj alfo being very careful not to let 'em have too muchMoillure, which is very deflrudive to thefe Plants. During the Winter- feaibn they niuft be plac'd in a warm Part of the Stove, which fliould always be kept to the Temperate Heat, as marked on Mr. lorolef^ Botanical Thermometers, which I hnd does better agree with all the Sorts of this Plant, than a greater Degree of Heat. The fir ft, third, and eleventh Sorts are the tendereft, jnd fl:iould therefore be plac'd nearer to the Fire-place in the Stove than the other Sorts, efpecially the ele- venth, which fhould be plac'd to receive as much Light as poflfible, md muft not have one Drop of Water from October to March \ for it is very fubjeft to ror, upon re- ceiving the leaft Moiilure at that feaibn i but the other ijorts will E U require a little Water once in a Fortnight or three Weeks Time, efpecially if they fland in a Stove where the Heat is regularly kept up i this will preferve the Plants from fhrinking, which they are fometimes Hibjedt to, when kept too dry. Thcie Plants fliould not be ex- pos'd to the open Air in Summer, but always allowed to continue in the Stove, obferving to place them as near the Windows as conve- niently you can, that they may enjoy as much free Air as poflible : When the Weather will permit, the Glafles fhould be open'd , but they fhould never be expos'd in the Night, or to hard Rains. July is the bed Seafon for fhift- ing thefe Plants, v/hen you fliould be provided with a Quantity of tlie before-mention'd Earth \ and after having (haken them out of the Pots they before grew in, you fhould with your Hands take off as much of the Earth round the Roots of the Plants as pofffble, without breaking them j then ha- ving put a few Stones in the Bot- tom of the Pots to drain off the Moiflurc, you fliould fill the Pots about half full of the new Earth, and let the Plants in the Middle of the Pots, filling up the Vacancies with the Earth, and preffmg it down gently with your Hands, tja fettle the Earth clofe to the Roots of the Plants ; afterwards give them a little Water, and then remove them into the Stove again ^ obfer- ving, if the Weather fl:iould be very hot and dry, to fcreen the Glafles of the Stove in the Middle of the Day, until the Plants are well rooted again. N. B. You mufl never put thofe Plants into large Pots , for as they are moft of them Inhabitants of Rocky ^ E U Rocky Places, fo they fhould be pretty much confin'd in their Roots ; for if the Pots are too big, the Plants, if they don't rot, will make but fmall Progrefs therein. The fir ft of theie Sorts is by many learned Authors fuppos'd to be the true Eiiphorbium of the Ancients j though 1 believe, what we now ufe, is taken from more Species ot Plants than one. And I am credi- bly inform'd by a very curious Gen- tleman who liv'd many Years in the Canaries, 1 hat the greateit Part of the Euphorb'mm us'd in Englandy came from thence, and is produced from the fecond Sort. And by carefully Jooking over ibme of this Drug in a Shop, I found feveral Spines amongft it, which exadtly agreed with thofe of that Plant. 1 he twelfth Sort is by fome fup- pos'd to be an Antidote to the Euphorbium-, but with how much J u (lice I can't fay : However, as it has been by mofl Authors ranged amongft thofe Plants, I thought proper to continue it there j tho* indeed it has little Affinity with them in its outward Appearance, nor is its Juice milky or hot : But as it hath not as yet produc'd any Flowers in Europe, £o we can't tell how to difpofe it under a particular Genus, which may be more fit for it than this to which it is at pre- fent fix'd. This Plant requires a lefs Degree of Heat i^ Winter, and to be bftener water'd ^han any of the other Kinds, and is niuch ealierincreas'd, where- by it is more common than the others, and is lefs elfeem'd, as being very difficult to reduce to any regular Figure. ihe eleventh Sort is one of the moll beautiful, and by far the mcfl rare of any of the Species, and is only to be found at prefent in two F A or three very curious Gardens in England, T his is very difficult to preferve, as alfo to increafe ; for the Cuttings, if they are not well dry'd before they are planted, will certainly rot. The firfl is alfo a very beautiful Plant, and is pretty rare : But as it is eafiiy propagated, fo it will foon become more common in England^ as will alfo the third Sort, which is at prefent lefs common thaa many of the others. But the fecond is a Plant of a wonderful Stru6lure; the Branches coming out from every Side ot the main Stem, and turning upwards, do very much refemble the Branch'd Candieflicks in Churches •. This is pretty common in England, and has been an old Inhabitant of the EnglijJj Gardens. 0^-3^@5^^*ai^#a F A FAB A; The Bean. The Ch.rraciers are; It hath a, papilionaceous Flower, ■which is fiicceeded by a long Tod, vohich is fdl'd roith large fiat Kid- ney-Jhap'd Seeds: The Stalks are firm, and hollow j the Leaves grow by 'Pairs, and are fafien'd to a Mid" Rib. The Species arej 1. Faba i major, rece?2tiorum. Lob. Icon. The common Garden- Bean. 2. Faba ; minor, fen Equina. C. B. The Horfe-Bean. There are feveral Varieties of thefe two Sorts of Beans, v/hich differ either in Colour or Sizej but as thefe are only feminal Variations, fo I think it needlefs to mention them F A them here, fince every one wfio lias cultivated tkem, knows that they every Year vary in their Co- lour and Si2.e. The particular Di- TC(£lion for their Culture, you'll fee under the Article of Bean. FABA iEGYPTIA j 'vule Arum JEgyptiacum. FABA CRASSA ; Tide Anacamp- ieros. FABAGO, Bcan-CapiT. The characters are; The Leaves are prodtud by Fairs Vipon the fame Foot-Jlalk, which Foot- Halks groT9 oppojite at the Joints of the. Stalks : The Cup of the Flower eonfifis of five Leaves : The Flowers alfo conjifi of five Leaves, -which ex- fand in Form of a Rofe, and have mAoy Stamina or Threads that fur- round the Style hi the Centre of the €Uip i which Style becomes a cylindri- eal Fruit, and is^ for the moft part, five-corner'd, divided into five Cells by intermediate Partitions, each of ■which contains many jUt Seeds, The Species are j 1. Fab AGO; Belgarum; five Te- flus Farifienfium. Lugd. Bean- Caper; vulgo. 2. Fab AGO ; Africana, arbor ef- cms, fiore fulphureo, fruau ret undo. Com. Rar. African Tree Bean- Caper, with a Sulphur-colour'd Flower, and a round Fruit. ^. Fab ago; Africana, frutefcem, folio latiori, fruciu tetragono. A- frican ilirubby Bean-Caper, with broader Leaves, and a four-corner'd Fruit. The firft of thefe Plants is pretty hardy, and will endure the Cold of our V,^intcrs in the open Air, pro- vided it be planted in a dry Soil and a warm Situation : This is pro- pagated by ibwing the Seeds in the Spring, either on a warm Bor- der or a moderate Hot-bed ; and when the Plants are come up, F A tliey may be planted into Pots fill'J with light fandy Earth, or in warni Borders under Walls or Hedges of the like Soil, for they do not care for a rich dung'd Soil, nor a ftrong or inoitl Earth. The Diftance theie Plants ihould be planted at, mud not be lefs than two Feet each Way, for they grow to be very large, and form a ftrong Head : The Branches die away every Win- ter to the Head, and fhoot again the fucceeding Spring, and will produce great Plenty of Flowers and Fruits annually, and their Roots will abide many Years, but are very apt to die if removed after they are grown large. This Plant is of no ufe at pre- fent in England, but for the Variety of its Flowers deferves a Place in good Gardens. The other two Sorts, being Na- tives of a warm Country, will not endure the Cold of our Climate abroad, but muft be preferved in a Green-houfc : They may be pro- pagated by Towing their Seeds up- on a Hot-bed in the Spring : and when the Plants come up, they fliould be planted into Pots fiU'd with frefli fandy Earth, and may be exposed during the Summer with other Green-houfe Plants ; but in Winter fliould be plac'd in an airy Part of the Houfe, and muft not be crowded with other Plants, v/hich will caufe them to mould and filed their Leaves, and many times deftroy the whole Plant : They fliouid alfo have frequent Refrefli- ings with Water, but fliould not have too much at a time, for that very oiren deflroys thefe Plants. They may alio be increased by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer Months into Pots of light Earth, which Ihould be plung'd in- to a moderate Hot-bed, to facili- tate 1 F A tate their Rooting, obferving to {hade them from the Violence of the Sun, as alfo to give them Wa- ter frequently : When they are rooted, which will be in about two Months after planting, they may be tranfplanted into leparate Pots fill'd with the fame light Earth, and ihould be expofed to the open Air by degrees, and afterwards may be treated as was before direded for thofe rais'd from Seeds. Thefe Plants are generally pre- ferv'd in all curious CollecStions of Plants for Variety, but are of no Ufe with us at prefent. FAGOPYRUMi Buck- Wheat. The Characters are j The FloTvers are fpecious, grooving in a Spike, or branch'd from the Wings of the heaves : The Cup of the Flower is divided into five Farts, and refemble the Fetals of a Flower: The Seeds are Mack, and three-corner'd. The Species are j 1. Fagopyrum j vidgare, erec- turn. Tourn. Common upright Buck-Wheat. 2. Fagopyrum '■, vulgar e^ fcan- dens. Tourn. Common creeping Buck-Wheat. The ftrll of thefe Plants is cul- tivated in many Parts of England, and is a great Improvement to dry barren Lands. The bell Seafon for fowing the Seed is in May: One Bufhei will fow an Acre. The Ground fhould be plough'd and drefs'd in the fime manner as for Barley j and if the Soil is not very kan, it will yield a very great In- creafe, as fifty or lixty Bufnels up- on an Acre, and is excellent Food for Hogs, Poultry, 0^r, The Flour of it is very white, and makes a very good Sort of Pancake, if mix'd with a little Wheat-flour. The Straw is good Fodder for Cat- tle ; and the Grain given to Horfes F A amongft their Oats, will make them thrive j but it muft be broken in a Mill, otherwife it is apt to pals through the Cattle wl\ole. It is commonly late in the Sea- fon before it is ripe, but it is ia no great Danger of the Seeds tai- ling, nor of fuffering by Wet afta: it IS mown : It muft lie l^veral Days to dry, that the Stalks (which are hard) may wither before it is hous'd. Buck-Wheat is (bmetimes fbwa very thick, and fuffer'd to grow until it is near flowering, and is then plough'd in, which makes a very good Lay for Wheat or Ryes But fome People efteem it the bet- ter Way to feed it with Cattle, cfpecially Milch-Cows, which they iay, will caufe them to give a great deal of Milk, and make both the Butter and Cheefe very good. This will alfo afford Food for Cat- tle in the drieft time, when all other Grafs is burnt up. The fecond Sort is found wild in divers Parts of England, but is feldom cultivated for Ufe. FAGUSi the Beech-tree. The Characters arej It hath Leaves fomewhat refem- bling thofe of the Horn-beam : The Mate Flowers grow together in n round 'Bunchy and are produced at remote Bifiances from the Fruit on the fame Tree. The Fruit confifis of two triangular Nuts, which are in- closed in a rough hairy Rind, divided into four Farts. The Species are; 1. Fagus, Dod. The Beaci- tree. 2. F.AGus ; foliis ex lutc§ varie- gatis. The Yellow-ftrip'd Beech- tree. 3. Fagus J foliis ex aUo varie- gatis. The Whitc-ltrip'd Beech- tree. There F A There is but one Species of this Tree at prefent known, (except the tv/o Varieties with ftrip'd Leaves, v/hich are accidentalj tho' the Planters would diftinguifh two or three Sorts j one of which they call the Mountmi-Beech, and, as they fay, affords a much whiter Timber than the other which they call the Wild Beech : But as tlicie have never been diftinguiib'd by the Botanifts, nor can I perceive any real Difference amongft all the Trees of this Kind 1 have yet feen, fo I rather think the Difference in the Colour of the Wood is occa- fion'd by the Places of their Growth i which is otten obferv'd to be the Cafe with moff other Sorts of Timber. This Tree is propagated by fov/- ing the Mad ■■, the Seafon for which is any time from Ociober to Te- .hruary, or by obferving to fjcure the Seeds from Vermin when early fow'd 5 which, if carefully done, the fooner they are fown the bet- ter, after they are fully ripe : A fmall Spot of Ground will be fuffi- cient for raifmg a great Number of thefe Trees from Seed, but you muff be very careful to keep them clear from Weeds ■■, and if the Plants come up very thick, you Ihould not fail to draw out the ftrongeil of them the Autumn following, that thofe left may have Room to grow; So that if you husband a Seed-bed carefully, it will afford a three Years Draught of young Plants ; which fliould be planted in a Nurfery, and, if deiign'd for Timber-trees, at three Feet Diftance Row from Row, and eighteen Jnches afunder in the Rows. But if they are deiign'd for Hedges, (to which the Tree is very well adapted) the Diftance need not be fo great, two Feet Row from F A Row, and one Foot in the Rows will be fufficient. In this Nurfery they may remain two or three Years, obferving to clear them from Weeds, as alfo to dig up the Ground between the Roots, at leaft once a Year, that their tender Roots may the better extend them- felvcs each Way ; but be careful not to cut or bruife their Roots, which is injurious to all young Trees, and never dig the Ground in Summer, when the Earth is hot and dry, which, by letting in the Rays of the Sun to the Roots, is often the Deftruft ion of young Trees. This Tree will grow to a con- fiderable Stature, though the Soil be ffony and barren, as alfo upon the Declivities of Hills, and chalky Mountains, v/here is will refift the Winds better than moft other Trees •■, but then the Niirferies for the young Plants ought to be upon the fame Soil j for if they are rais'd in a good Soil and a, warm Expo- fure, and afterwards tranfplanted into a bleak, barren Situation, they feldom thrive, which holds true in moft other Trees, therefore I would advife the Nurfery to be made up- on the fame Soil where the Planta- tion is intended *. But of this I fhall fay more under the Article of Nurfery. The Tree is very proper to form large Hedges to ilirround Planta- tions or large Wildernefs Quarters, and may be kept in a regular Fi- gure, if fiicar'd twice a Year, efpe- cially if they fl^ioot ftrong ; in which Cale, if they are neglcfted but a Seafon or two, it will be difficult to reduce them again. The Shade of this Tree is very injuri- ous to moft Sorts of Plants which grow near it, but is generally be- lieved to be very falubrious to human Bodies. Tlie F E The Timber is of great Ufe to Turners for making Trenchers, Difhes, Trays, Buckets; and like- wife to the Joyner for Stools, Bedfteads, Coffers, ^c. The Maft is very good to fat Swine and Deer \ it alfo affords a fweet Oil, and hath in fome Families fupported Men with Bread. The two Sorts with variegated Leaves, may be propagated by budding or grafting them upon the common Buch, obferving not to plant them in a good Earth, which will caufe the Buds or Cyons to fhoot vigoroufly, whereby the Leaves will become plain, which often happens to mod variegated Plants. FEATHERFEW oy FEAVER- FEW5 'uide Matricaria. FENCES. In hotter Climates than EngUndy where they have not Occafion for Walls to ripen their Fruit, their Gardens lie open, where they can have Water Fences and Profpeds; or elfe they bound their Gardens with Groves, in which are Fountains, Walks, &>c. which are much more pleafmg to the Sight than a dead Wall : but in colder Countries and in England we are oblig'd to have Walls to {belter and ripen our Fruit, altho' they take away much from the pleafant Profpedt of the Garden. Since therefore we are under a Neceffity to have Walls to fecure our Gardens from the Injury of Winds, as well as for the Conve- niency of Partitions or Incloiures, and alio to ripen our Fruit, Brick- Walls are accounted the warmefl: and beft tor Fruit : And thefe Walls being built Pannel-wife, with Pil- lars at equal Diftances, will fave a great deal of Charge ; in that the Walls may be built thinner, than if they were built plain without F E thefe Pannels ; for then it would be neceffary to build them thicker cvcry-where : and befides, thefe Pannels make the Walls look the handfomer. Stone-Walls are to be preferr'd to thofe of Brick, efpecially thofe of Iquare-hewn Stones. Thole that are made of rough Stones, though they are very dry and warm, yet, by reafon oF their Unevennefs, are inconvenient to nail up Trees to, except Pieces of Timber be laid in them, here and there, for that Purpofc , But in large Gardens it is better to have the Profpedt open to the Pleafure-Garden, which fhould be either furrounded with Water, or a Fofle, fo that from the Garden the adjacent Country may be view'd. A Kitchen -Garden, if rightly contrived, will contain Walling c- nough to afford a Supply of fuch Fruits as require the Alfiftance of Walls for any Family ; and this Garden being lituated on one Side of the Houfe, may be furrounded with Walls, which will skreen the Kitchen-herbs from the Sight of Perfons in the Pleafure-Garden; and being lock'd up intire, the Fruit will be much better prelerv'd than it can be in the publick Gar- den : And the having too great a Quantity of Walling, is often the Occaiion that fo many fcandalous Trees arc frequently to be feen in large Gardens, where there is not due Care obferv'd in their Manage- ment. And befides, the Borders of Piea- fure- Gardens are generally too nar- row for the Roots of Fruit-Trees, as will be fhewn in its proper Place. The Height of Garden -Walls fliould be twelve Feet, which is a mo- F E moderate Proportion j and if the Soil be good, it may in time be well furnifh'd with bearing Wood in every Part, efpecially that Part planted with Pears, notwithftand- ing the Branches being train'd ho- rizontally from the Bottom of the "Walls. I would recommend the White Thorn, the Holly, the Black Thorn and Crab, for outward Fences to a good Ground i but 1 do not ap- prove of the intermixing them. The White Thorn is the beft Quick to plant j becaufe it is the moft common, and is efteem'd the handfomefl. The Black Thorn and Crab make very good Fences, and are to be rais'd as the White Thorn. But if the Kernels of Apples or Crabs be Sown, it is befl to fow the Pom- mace with them, and they will come up the iboner, i. e. the firft Year. If Crab Stocks be planted toge- ther like Quick, they make ex- cellent Hedges, and fo will fome Sorts of Plumbs. The Black Thorn is not account- ed fo good for Fences as the White Thorn, becaufe it is apt to run more into the Ground, and is not certain as to the growing: But then, on the other hand, the Buflies are by much the better, and are alio more lafting than the White Thorn, or any other, for dead Hedges, or to mend Gaps : nor are they fubje£t to be cropt by Cattle, as the others are. The richer the Mould is, the better they will profper ; but yet they will grow on the fame Sort of Soil that the White Thorn does. The Holly will make an excel- lent Fence, and is preferable to all the reft : but it is diflScult to be made to grow at the firft, and is F E a dow Grower ,• but when once it does grow, it makes Amends by its Height, Strength, and Thick- nefs. It is raifed either of Sets or Berries, as the White Thorn is, and will lie as long in the Ground before it comes up. It delights moft in ftrong Grounds, but will grow upon the drieft Gravel, a- mongft Rocks or Stones. The Berries lie till the fecond Spring before they come up, there- fore they fnould be prepar'd before they are fown. (For this, fee the Article Holly.) It will be beft to fow 'em in the Place where you defign they fhonld grow i and they Ihould be well weeded both before they come up, and afterwards. French Furs will alfo do well upon dry fandy Banks, where few other Plants will growj- but they muft be kept very clean at the Bottom, and cut thin, and never fuffer'd to grow too high : nor ihould they be cut in dry Weather, nor late in Autumn, nor early in the Spring; the doing either of which, is fubjed to make it die in Patches, which is irrecoverable : nor will it ever break out again from old Wood, if cut clofe in, after it has been fuffer'd long to grow out. Fences may likewife be made of Elder : If the Soil be any thing^ good, you may ftick Sticks of Elder, or Truncheons ten or twelve Feet long, flopewife in your Bank, £o as to make Chequer-work, and they will make a Fence for a Gar- den the quickeft of any thing, and be a good Shelter. Elder planted on a Bank, the Side of which is wafh'd with a River or Stream, will moke an ex- traordinary Fence, and will preferve the Baak from being undermin'd by F E hy the Water; becaufe it is conti- nually lending Suckers from the lower Roots, which is of great Advantage where the Stream wailies away the Bank. For Middle Fences in a Garden, the Yew is the more tonlile, go- vernable, and durable Plant. For furrounding Wildernefs Quar- ters, Elm, Lime> Hornbeam, and Beech are very proper. FENNEL; vUe Fceniculum. FENNEL-FLOWER j -viae Ni- gella. FERRUM EQUINUM; Horfe- fhoe Vetch. The Chamciers arc; It hath d papilionaceous Fiercer, Tphich is fucceeded by a> fiat Fed, Ji/iingm/Jj'd into joints refembling a, Half-Moon, or an Horfe-JJjoe, con- taining Seeds of the fame Form, The Species are; 1. Ferrum Equinum ; filiqud fngulari. C.B. Horfe-fhoe Vetch, with a lingle Pods. 2. Ferrum Equinum j filiqua multiplici, C. £. Horfe-fhoe Vetch, with many Pods. 3. Ferrum Equinum ; Germani- cum, fdiquis in fummitate. C. B, Common Horre-ihoe Vetch. There axe fbme other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in curious Botanick Gardens j but it is rare that any of them are propagated, except for Variety-lake, they having no great Beauty. The two firft Species are brought from Abroad i but the third Sort grows wild upon Chalky Hills in divers Parts of England. They may be propagated by fowing their Seeds in March upon a dry Soil* in the Places where they are to remain ; for they do not well bear tranfplanting. The Diftance they Ihould be allow'd, ought to be at leaH; a Foot from F E each other ; for they fpread upsti the Ground, and will cover that Space: Thefc produce their Flowers in June, and perfect their Seeds ia AiigUjl and September. FERULA; Fennel-Giant, The Chara^ers are; It hath a large fuccnlent Milh Roof : The Stalks are fpungy mi filled reith Fith : The Flowers confijl of many Leaves, which expand in Form cf a Rofe, and groro in an Umbd : Each Flower is fucceeded by trs>9 large Oval-fJjap'd flat Seeds, which are -very thin, and, for the mofl part, turn black when they are ripe : To which may be added, The Leaves are like thofe 0/ Fennel. The Species are; 1. Ferula; major, fen foemlna. Flinii M. Umb. Pliu/'s Female Fen- nel-Giant. 2. Ferula 5 galbanifera. Lob. Obf. Broad-leav'd Fennel-Giant. 3. Ferula ; Tingitana, folio la- tiffimo, lucido. H. Edin. Broad- leav'd fliining Fennel-Giant from Tangier. +. Ferula ; Tingitana, folio an- gujio, lucido. H. L. Narrow- leav'd Fennel-Giant from Tangier. f. Ferula; tenuiore folio. Nar- leav'd Fennel-Giant. 6, Ferula ; Africana, ^albam- fera, folio ^ facie ligufiici. Far^ Bat. African Fennel-Giant, with the Face and Leaf of-Lovage. 7. Ferula; Africana, galbani- fera, folio Myrrhidfs. H. Amfl. African Fennel-Giant, with a St£di Leaf. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are prefcrv'd in curious Botanick Gardens; but as they are of no great Ufe or Beauty, I ihall pafs them over ia this Place. The firft of thefe Plants is prettf common in the Englifh Gardens: This, F E This, if planted in a good Soil, will grow to the Height of ten or twelve Feet and more, and divides into many Branches, fo that it {hould have a great deal o f Room : for if it be planted too near to other Planrs, it will over-bear and deftroy them. It dies to the Sur- face every Autumn, and rifes again the fucceeding Spring. The Flow- ers are produc'd in the Month of June, and the Seeds are ripe in Sep- tember. Mr. RAy fays. That the People of Sicil'j ufe the Pith of this Plant for Tinder to light their Fires. And if this was pra6tis'd by the Antients, we may eafily guefs why the Poets feign'd, that Vrometheus Hole Fire from Heaven, and carry'd it to the Earth in an hollow Fe- rula. The fecond, fixth, and feventh Sorts are fuppos'd by (bme Authors to afford Galbariumy which, tliey fay, is an Exudation from fome of their Plants : but this at prefent is not determin'd ; for, if any of the three, the ieventh is thought to be the Sort. Thefe Plants are all very hardy ; except the fixth and feventh Sorts, v/hich being Natives of a warm Country, do require to be hous'd in Winter. They are all propaga- ted by fowing their Seeds, which {hould be done foon after they are ripe : but if they are kept until Spring, they mud be fown very early, and in a fliady Situation ; othcrwife the Seeds are lubjed: to mifcarry. They delight in a light, moift Soil, and muft be planted at leaft two Feet and an half afunder ; for they fpread very far. The Roots will abide many Years, if fuffer'd to remain undifturb'd : but if they are tranfplanted when old, they ieldom thrive well afterwards. F I Thefe being Plants only for Curio- lity, one of each Sort is fufRcient for a Garden j fince tliey are of no great Beauty, and require much Room. The fixth and feventh Sorts fhould be fown foon after the Seeds are ripe, in a Pot of good Earth, which fhould be plac'd under a Hot -bed Frame during the Winter - feafon, to preferve it from the Frofts: And when the Plants are come up in the Spring, they fhould be trans- planted each into a feparate Pot, and may be expos'd in Summer, but in Winter fliould be defended from Frofts. They muft be ftiitt- ed into larger Pots, as they in- creafe in Bulk, The beft Seafon for removing them is in Septem- ber, before they are hous'd. They require frequenr Waterings, and to have as much Air as poiTible in mild Weather. FICOIDESi Fig-Marygold. The Characiers are ; The vphole Fla?it is fucculent, and has the Appearance of Houfeleek : The Leaves grow oppofite by Fairs: The Cup of the Flower is flejhy, and divided into five Farts almoji to the Bottom : The Flower conftfls of inany Lekves, which are divided into fmall Fart St and do expand inform of n Marygold : The Flower is fucceeded by a fucculent Fruit , rphich is divi- ded into five or more Cells, which are full of fmall Seeds. The Species are; 1. FicoiDEs; feu ficus aizoidef, Africana, major, procumbens, trian- gulari folio, enfiformi. H.L. Boerh, Jnd. Great, trailing African Ficoides,' with a triangular Sword - fhap'd Leaf: 2. FicoiDESj feu ficus aizoides^ Africana, major, procumbens, tri- angulari folio, fruclu maxima, eduli, Ficus UfiitCfitottorumj vulgo, H* Z. Great F I Great trailing African FicoUes, with a triangular Sword-fliap'd Leaf", and a large eatable Fruit, commonly call'd, the Hottentot Fig. 3. FicoiDEs J Afra ; cattle lig- nofo, erecia, folio triangularly enji- formiy fcabro, fiore luteo, mugno, Boerh. Ind^ Upright African Fi- coides, wiih a woody Stalk, and a triangular, rough, Sword -fhap'd Leaf, and a large yellow Flower. 4. FicoiDEs i Afra, arborefcens^ ereka, folio triafiguUri, longiffimo, confertim nato, purpurafcente, fiore luteo magno. Boerh. hid. Upright Tree-like African Ficoides, with a long triangular Leaf, and a large yellow Flower, canmonly call'd, Pink-lcav'd Ficoides. 5". Ficoides i Afra j folio triangu- laris enfiformi, glauco, craffo, ad margines, laterales paucis inermibus fpinis aculeate, fiore in longo pedmt- chIo aureo. Boerh. Ind. African Ficoides, with a thick triangular Sword-fliap'd Leaf, arm'd with Spines on the Edges, and a yellow Flower, growing upon a long Foot-ftalk, commonly caU'd, the Dog's-Chap Ficoides. 6. Ficoides J Afra; folio trian- gular i, enfiformi, craffo, brevi, ad margines laterales multis majori- bufque fpinis aculeato, fiore aureo, ex calice lo7igij}imo. Boerh. Ind. African Ficoides, with a triangular Sword-fliap'd Leaf, having many large Spines upon their Edges, and a yellow Flower with a long Ca- lyx, co'mmonly called, the prickly Dog's-Chap Ficoides. 7. Ficoides,- Afra; folio trian- gulari, fecuris forma, fiore aureo, fiellato. Boerh. Ind. African Fi- coides, with a triangular Hatchet- fhap'd Leaf, and a yellow ftarry Flower, commonly call' d, the Stag's- Horn Ficoides. This Sort expands its Flowers only in the Evening; F I 8. Ficoides; Afra; folio trt art" gulari, longo, marginis inferior is fupreyno aculeato, fiore 'uiolacco. Boerh. bid. African Ficoides, with a long triangular Leaf, having Spines at the Extremity on the under Part of the Leaves, and a Violet-colour'd Flower, commonly call'd, the Daiz.y-flov/er'd Ficoides, 9. Ficoides ; Africana, frutef- cens, perfoliata, folio triangularly glauco, puntiatd, cortice Ugnofo, candido, tenui. T. Ac. Reg. Shrub- by African Ficoides, with perfoli- ated, triangular, glaucous Leaves, and a flender, white, lignous Bark, commonly call'd, the lefler Horn'd Ficoides. 10. Ficoides i Afra ; folio tri- angulari, glauco, perfoliato, brevif- fimo, apicefpinofo. Boerh. Ind. fiore purpureo. African Ficoides, with a triangular, fhort, pre foliate, glau- cous Leaf, having Spines upon the Top, and a Purple Flower^ com- monly call'd, the large Horn'd Fi- coides. 11. Ficoides; Africana, aculeis longiffmis O^ foliatis nafcentibus ex alls foliorum. Tourn. Ac. Reg. African Ficoides, with long Spines growing from the Wings of the Leaves. II. Ficoides ; Afra ; folio tri- angulari, enfiformi, breviffi7no,fiore di- lutepurpurafce/.te.filamentofo. Boerh. Ind. African Hcoides, with a fhort triangular Sword-ihapM Leaf, and a purplifh-colour'd Flower. 13. Ficoides; feu ficus aizoides, Africana, folio triangular i, craffo, glruco,' brevi, ad tres margines aculeato. Boerh. Ind. fiore purpu- rafcente. African Ficoides, with a ftiort, thick, glaucous, triangular Leat, v/ith three Spines on the Edges, and a purplifli Flower. 14. Ficoides ; Afra ; folio tri' angulari, glauco, bre'viffmo, cral- Z , fiffmU, F I ftjjtmOi marg'me nonf^inofo. Boerh. Ind. fiore pHrpurp.fcente. African Fkoides, v/ith a very fhort, thick, triangular, glaucous Leaf, v/ithout Spines on the Edge, and a purplifh- colour'd Flower. If. FicoiDEsj Afrct-^ folio trian- gularis glauco, brevijfi'ino, crajjijji- mo, margine fpinofo, caule ^ fiore purpureo. African Ticoides, with a very fj-iort, thick, glaucous Leaf, with Spines upon the Edge, and purple Stalks and Flowers. 1 6. FicoiDEs j Afra ; fruticans, folio triangulari, fca6ro, tenui, fiore 'violaceo. Boerh. huL African fhrubby Ticoidesy with a triangular rough, narrow Leaf, and a Vioiet- colour'd Flower. 17. FicoiDES j Afra i folio trian- gularly viridiy longo, afpero, fiore liolaceo. Boerh. Ind. African F/- coidesy with a long, grecii, rough, triangular Leaf, and a violet-colour'd Flower. 18. FicoiDESi Afra-y folio trian- gular i, crajfo, fucculentiJJImo. Boerh. Ind. fiore aureo. African Ficoidesy with a thick, lucculent, triangular Leaf, and a yellow Flower. 19. FicoiDES j Afra i folio tri- (i7igulariy longo, fucculento, caulibus rubris. Boerh. Ind. fiore luteo. A- ixiczn Ficoidesy with a long, fuc- culent, triangular Leaf, red Stalks, and a yellow Flower. 10. YicoiDis y feu ficus aizoides, Africanay erecia, arborefcensy lig- twfa, fuve raai^ito, primo purpureoy dem argenteoy interdiu claufo, nocfu apeno. Boerh. Ind. African up- right Tree-like Ficoidesy with a radiated Flower, firfl: of a Purple, and afterwards a Silver Colour, opening in the Night, but clos'd in the Day. zi. FicoiDES ; Afray arborefcens, folio teretiy fiore candido, no^u a- fertOj interdiii cUufo. Boerh. Ind. F I African Tree-like FicoideSy with a taper Leaf and white Flower, open- ing in the Night, but fhut in the Day. 22. FicoiDES ; Afra arborefcenSy folio teretiy glauco, apice purpureOt craffo. Boerh. Ind. fiore 'violaceo. African Tree-like Ficoidesy with a thick, taper, glaucous Leaf, tipt with Purple, and a Violet-colour'd Flower. 25. FicoiDES J Afra j folio teretiy procnmbens, fiore coccineo. H. £, African trailing Ficeides, with a taper Leaf, and a Scarlet Flower. 24,. FicoiDES y feu ficus aiaoides, Africana, folio longo, tenui, fiore auramio. Boerh. Ind. African Fi- coidesy with a long, narrow Leaf, and an Orange-colour'd Flower. 25*. FicoiDES ; Afra 5 fruticofa, caule lanuginofoy folio tereti, parvoy breviy guttatOy fiore 'violaceo. Boerh. Ind. African (hrubby Ficoides, with a woolljr Stalk, a fmall taper fpot- ted Leaf, and Violet-colour'd Flow- er. 16. FicoiDES i Afra -, fruticofa, caule lanugine argentea ornato, folio teretiy parvo, longo, guttulis argen- teis quafl fcabro, fiore "violaceo. Boerh. Ind. African fhrubby Fi- coides, with a white woolly Stalk, a long taper Silrer-fpotted rough Leaf, and a Violet-colour'd Flower. 27. FicoiDES i feu ficus aiaoidesy Africana, folio variegato, afpero, ad apicem fella fpinofa ornato, fiore violaceo. Boerh. Ind. African Fi- coides, with a rough party-colour'd Leaf, tipt with a Star of Spines, and a Violet-colour'd Flower. 28. FicoiDES ; Afra -y lignofo folio, tereti, afpero ad apice jn, fella fpinofa, fiore violaceo. African woody Ficoides, with a taper rough Leaf, tipt with a Star of Spines, and a Violet-colour'd Flower. 25>. Fr I F I 29. FicoiDESi feu ficHs aizoUeSy Ajricand, erects., term folio, flori- bus albii, umbdlMh. Par. Bat. Upright African Ticoides, with a taper Leaf and white Flowers, growing in an Umbel. 50. FicoiDEs ; folio tereti, canle ■viridiy ramofiffimo, ftore parvo, can- dido. An, Ficoides, Neapolitana, fore Candida. H. L. African ¥i- coidesy with ataper Leaf, a green branching Stalk, and a fmall white Flower. 31. Ficoides 5 Africana, folio teretiy longo tentti, guttulis argen- teis, fiore parzio purpurafcentey ra- dice crajjijjima. African Ficoides y with a long, taper Leaf fpotted with v/hite, a fmall purplilli Flow- er, and a thick knobbed Root. 32. Ficoides i Africana, humi- lisy folio teretiy crajfo, fucculentOy flore fulphureOy pedunculo brevi. Dwarf African Ficoidesy with a thick, taper, fucculent Lcaf^ and a Sulphur-colour'd Flower, with a fliort Foot-ihlk, co7nmonly call'd, the Quilled-leav'd Ficoides. 33. Ficoides; Africana, pro- ciimbensy folio tereti, longOy flore 'violaceo, African trailing Ficoides, with a long taper Leaf, and Violet- colour'd Flower. 34. Ficoides ; Afra j acaulosy folds latifjimisy craJJ:Sy lucidis, con- jugatisy flore aureOy amplijjimo. Tourn. Ac. Reg. African Ficoides,- without Stalks, and with broad thick (hining Leaves growing by Pairs, and a large yellow Flower. 3^. Ficoides ; Afra j acaulos, foliis latijfmisy crajjijjtmis, lucidis y conjugatis, flore anreo, amplo, fine pedunculo. Boerh. Ind. African Fi- coides, without Stalks, and broad thick fhining Leaves growing by Pairs, and a large yellow Flower v/ithout Foot-ftalks. 3^. Ficoides j Afra 5 /c/ir^ la- F I tifjimisy craffisy lucidis, cructathn pofltis. Boerh. Ind, Afric2i.n Ficoides, with broad thick Leaves, gro wing crofs-wife. 37. Ficoides i Africana, procum- bensy foliis latis, crajjis, cruciatim pofitis, flore albo, medio, purpuraf cente. African trailing Ficoides, with broad thick Leaves growing crofs-wile, and a white Flower, with a purplifli M'ddle. 38. Ficoides 5 Africana, pro^ cumbe7is, foliis latis, conjugatis, flore candido. African trailing Ficoides , with broad Leaves growing by Pairs, and a white Flower. 39. Ficoides ; Africana, folio pla7itaginis, undulato, micis argen- teis afperfo. Tourn. Ac. Reg. A- frican Ficoides, with a wav'd Plan- tain Leaf ccver'd with Silver Drops, commonly call'd, the Diamond Fi- coides. There are fbme other Sorts of this Plant in the Botanick Gardens Abroad, but thcfj here mention'd are what we have at prcfjnt in the EngliJJj Gardens. Tiiefe are all abiding Plants, ^except the lafl: mention'd) and may be propagated by planting Cuttings of any of the Kinds, either in June or July ; obferving to let them lie two or three Days, or more, in a dry Place after they are cur off from the Plants, before they are planted, according as they are more or lefs iucculen':: Tie Sorts that are woody, need only to be planted upon an old Hot-bed, rtiading and watering them according to the Heat and Drought of the Seafon ; but the fucculent Kinds fhould be planted in Pots fiU'd with light fandy frefh Earth, and fliould be plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed, to facilitate their taking Root •, and thefe fhould have but little Moiflure, efpec ally Z i before F I before they are rooted, for much Wet will certainly deftroy them. When the Plants have taken Root, -which will be in about a Month's Time, you fhoald expofe them, to the open Air gradually : Thofe which were planted in Pots, may be drawn out of the Hot-bed at fir ft, and remov'd into a Glals Stove, where they may be inur'd by degrees to bear the Weather: But thofe planted upon the old Hot-bed may remain unremov'd unt'l Augufty when they Ihould be carefully taken up, and planted in- to Pots fill'd with hght frelh fandy Earth, and fet in a Situation where they may enjoy the Morning Sun only, until they have taken frefii Root, when they may be expos'd to the open Air until the latter End of September, or the Beginning of October \ at which time they muft be' remov'd into the Conier- vatory, which fliould be a light airy Glafs-cafe, fo built and con- triv'd as to admit of a large Por- tion of free Air whenever the Wea- ther is mild ,• but in hard frofty Weather, the Cold may be exclud- ed. The Struion Fig, but fliould be planted F I planted in Pots of frefh Earth, and prderv'd in Stoves : In the Summer they may be expos'd during the Months of July and Auguft, but mull be remov d into Shelter early in Sepember, During the Winter- feafon they will require frequent Waterings j provided the Stove is kept to a good Degree of Heat, otherwife they muft be water'd very fparingly. The Temper of Heat which thefe Plants do bed agree with in the Winter, is about the Temperate Point, as mark'd on Mr. Fowler's Botanical Thermometers y for in a much greater Degree of Heat they will grow too freely in Winter 5 and in a lefs, they will be apt to drop their Leaves, and lofe their leading Bud, whereby the Beauty of the Tree will be greatly impair'd. But if you are delirous to have thefe Trees grow to a large Size, and in a fhort Time, you fliould plunge their Pots into Tanner's Bark, which will caufe them to make a conliderable Pro- grefs. I have had Plants of the leventeenth Sort, which, by this Management, have been eight Feet high in two Years from the Time ot fowing the Seeds, and the Leaves have been prodigiouily large and fair. FICUS INDICA; viJe Opuntii. FILAGO; 'vjje Gnaphalium. FILBERT; viJe Covylns. FILIPENDULA; Dropwort. The Characters arej It hath a fibrofe Root, roith oblong Bulbs or Tubers faften'd to the Bot- tom of the Fibres : The Leaves are finely cut into narrow Segments : The Flowers,, which co'nfijl ofJ?x or feven Tetals, are Jifpofed into a loofe Pa- nicle : The Frmt is almofl round, containing many Seeds, r^hich are gather'd into a Heap refsmbling a -Xiib. F I The Species are ,• 1. F1LIPENDULA5 "vulgaris. An, Molon Blinii. C. B, Common Drop- wort. 2. FiLiPENDULAj vulgaris* AUy Molon Flinii, folio variegato. H. R. Far, Common Dropwort, with a variegated Leaf. 3.- FiLiPENDULA ; omni parte 772a- jor, folio angujliori. Boerh. h2d. Larger Dropwort, with a narrower Leaf. The firft of thefe Species is ufed in Medicine, but is feldom culti- vated in Gardens : It grows wild in moft Parts of England upon open Heaths and Commons, as alio upon Chalky Hills. The fecond Sort is a Variety of the firfl:, with ftrip'd Leaves, and is preferv'd in fbme curious Gar- dens by fuch as delight in varie- gated Plants. The third Sort I brought from Holland, Anno I'j'i.'j' This diifcrs from the common Sort, in being larger in every Part; but the Leaves are narrower, and finer cut. Thefe Plants may be ealily pro- pagated by taking up their Roots in Autumn, when the Leaves be- gin to decay, and parting them into fmall Heads; which, if planted in an open Situation, will thrive and increafe exceedingly. They may . alfo be propagated by "fowing their Seeds in Autumn, which will come up the Succeeding Spring, and the fecond Seafon v/iil flower : But this is not the furcft Way to pre- ferve the Kinds ; for they may be apt to vary trom the Sorts fown. FILIX; Fern. There are great Varieties of this Plant in the different Parts of the World, but particularly in America^ as may be feen in the Natural Hi- (lory of Jainaica, publifli'd by the Worthy Sir Hans Sloane, Bart, and F L m Tlumier'5 Hiftory of Ainerlc^in iFerns. But as they are Plants which are feWom propagated in Gardens, 1 fhall pafs them over in this Place. FIR-TREE i I'h'e Abies. FLAMMULA JOVIS5 sy/^/e Cle- matitis. FLOS AFRICANUS j -vide Ta- getcs. FLOS PASSIONIS j tide Gra- nadilla. FLOS SOLIS i f Expredion. But, in my Opinion, Mr. John Martyn has b^^cn happier in his Dcr- F o finition of a Flower, than thole above mention'd : He defines a Flower to be the Organs of Genera- tion of both Sexes adhering to a com- mon Placenta, together with their common Coverings j or ot either Sex feparateiy, with its proper Co- verings, if it have any. The Parts of a Flower are, i. Th-e Ova^ry^ which is the Ru- diment of the Fruit, and fo is properly the Female Organ of Ge- neration. 2. The Stile, which is a Body accompanying the Ovary, either arifing from the Top of it, or ftanding as an Axis in the Middle, with the Embryons of the Seeds round it. 3. Tht Summits or Apices iVjhAch. are thofe Bodies that contain the prolifick Powder, analogous to the Male Sperm in Animals ; and ge^ nerally hang upon flender Threads, which are call'd the Chives. 4. The Fetals are thofe tender, fine-colour'd Leaves which are ge- nerally the moil confpicuous Parts of a Flower. y. The Empalement or Calix is thofe tender Leaves which cover the other Parts of a Flower. FOENICULUM5 Fennel. The Characters arej It is an Umbelliferous Vlant, whofe Leaves are divided iato Capillaceous y^gs : The Fetals of the Flower ar^ intire, and plac'd orbicularly, expand- ing in Form of a Rofe : Farh Flower is fucceeded by two oblong, thick, gibbofe Seeds, which are channel' d on one Side, and plain on the other. The Species are ,• 1. FoENicuLUM i vulgare, Ger- manicum. C. B. Common Fennel. 2. FoENicuLUM i / Springs , Vapours, Water, &:c. FRAGARIAj Strawberry. ThQCharalicrs aiCj Jt hath a perennial fibrofe Root : The Leaves are vein'd, growing upon each Foot-Stalk : The Stalks trait upon the Ground : The Cup of the F R Flciver confjls of one Leaf, which b divided into ten equal Parts, and expands in Form of a Star : The Flower confifis for the mofl part of Jive Leaves, which expand in Form of a Rofe, and have many Stamina in the Middle, round the Bafe of the Ovary : The Fruit is glob of e or oval, and confifis of aflefl}y, eatable Fulp^ full of Protuberances, The Species arej 1. Fragaria j vulgaris. C. B, Common or Wood-Strawberry. 2. Fragaria ; frudu albo, C. B, Common Strawberry, with white Fruit. 5. Fragaria; fruBu parvi prunt magnitudine. C. B. The Haut-boy Strawberry; vulgo. 4. Fragaria; Virginiana, fruciti coccineo. M. H. Virginian Straw-* berry, with Scarlet Fruit. 5-. Fragaria ; Chilienfs, frucits. maximo, foliis carnofts, hirfutis ; vulgo frutilla. Frez. Voy. Large Chili Strawberry. The firfl: and fecond Sorts of Strawberry are found wild in the Woods, in divers Parts of England, from v/hence the Plants are taken and tranfplanted into Gardens, by which the Fruit is improv'd. The bed Seafon for this Work is in September, that the Plants may be rooted in their new Quarters before the Froft begins, which is very apt to looien the Earth £0 much about their Roots, that when the Froft goes off, the Plants are apt to be turn'd out of the Ground. They may alio be tranfplanted in Ftbn> ary ; but then if the Spring fhould prove dry, they will require a great Expence of Water to pre- ferve them alive. The Soil which is moft proper for thefe Plants, is a frefh hazly Loam, not over rich, which would caufe the Plants to ipread and flou- riiTn, F R rifb, but they would not be Co fruitful as upon a moderate Soil. The Ground fliould be well dug, and clear'd from the Roots of all noxious Weeds ; and after it is le- vell'd even, you muft mark it out into Beds about three Feet and a half wide, leaving a Path between each Bed two Feet broad, for the Conveniency of walking between them to water and clean them, as alfo to gather the Fruit. In thefe Beds may be planted four Rows of Plants, whereby they will be about a Foot afunder. Row from Row ; and in the Rows they fliould be planted at leaft eight Inches di- flant Plant from Plant j for if they are planted nearer, they will, in one Year's Time be Co thick, that they will not have room to thrive. Note, The Diftancc here alTign'd, being for the Wood - Strawberry which is of the leaft Growth, the other large growing Kinds muft have a greater Share of Room, ac- cording to their different Degrees of Growth i as for Example, the Scfirlet' Strawberry fliould be planted a Foot iquare Plant from Plant, and the Hautboy fix teen or eighteen Inches Diftance each Way, and the Chili Strawberry twenty Inches or two Feet. In the Spring of the Year, when the Strawberries begin to flower, if the Seafon be dry, you muftob- ferve to water them plentifully, otherwife the Flowers will fall away without producing any Fruit. Y'ou muft alfo carefully clean your Beds of Strawberries from Weeds, from Time to Time, as they fhall require ^ for if they arc once fut- fer'd to over-bear the Plants, they will decay in large Patches, and alfo greatly weaken all thofc that may continue alive. About M/- chaehnas you fliould clear off all F R the Weeds from the Beds, as alfo cut off all the Strings or Runners from the Roots, pulling out all weak Plants where they are too clofe,- then dig up the Walks be- tween the Beds, burying the Weeds that came off in the Bottom, and throw a little fine Earth over the Beds between the Plants, being very careful not to lay it fo thick as to bury the Plants: This will greatly ftrengthen them, and caufe their Fruit to be larger and in greater Quantities then they would be it left undrefs'd. _ Thefe few Rules will be fuffi- cient, if duly obferv'd, for culti- vating thefe Plants. I would only farther obferve, that thefe Beds will not continue bearing well more than three Years, therefore in order to have a conftant Supply, you fliouid plant a frefh Plat of Ground a Year before you deftroy the old Beds, otherwife ('your young Plantation producing little or no Fruit the firft Year) you will be deftitute a whole Seafon, The IVood Strarvberry is by many People preferr'd for the Firmnefs of its Fruit and Delicacy of Fla- vour : Others greatly admire the Scarlet Sort for its Goodnefs, and the Hautboy is efteem'd for the Largenefs of its Fruit. The Chili Strawberry was brought firft into Europe by Monfieur Frezier, Engi- neer to the late French King, and given to Monfieur de Jejfieu, Pro- feffor of Botany to the Royal Gar- den at Varis, who hath fprcad it into divers Parts o^' Europe. This Plant, Mov)iieuv Frezier fays, is cul- tivated in the Fields near Chili in great Plenty, and that it differs from the European Kinds, in having larger, thicker, and more hairy Leaves : The Fruit is generally as lar^e as a Walnuti and fometimes F R as big as an Hen-Egg, of a whirifh red Colour, and ibmewhat lefs delicious in Tafte than our Wood Strawberries, This has produced Fruit feveral Years in the Royal Garden at Paris, where Monfieur J-ejpeu alTur d mc, it was commonly as large as a Imall A^^le. I brought fome of the Plants from Holland, Anno 1727, which thrive and in- creafe exceedingly, but they have produc'd little Fruit. I oblerve they thrive beft where they have only the Morning Sun, and do re- quire frequent Waterings in dry Weather. FRANGULA ; Berry - bearing Alder. The Characiers are j Jt hath Youndifh Leaves for)ietchat like thofe of the Alder-Tree, but /mailer : The Flower conjifls of five Leaves, which expafid in Form of a Rofe: The Flowers are fucceeded by fmall round Berries, in each of which are contain'd two f nail flat Seeds. We have but one Species of this Plant, which is, Frangula i fve Alnus, nigra, baccijera. Park. Theat. Black Berry- bearing Alder. This Tree is ve.y common in moirt Woods in divers Parts of England, and is rarely cultivated in Gardens, except for Variety : It feldom grows above fourteen or iixteen Feet in Height, and is not very regular in its Growth, fo that as it is a Plant of no great Beauty, it lefs deferves a Place in curious Gardens. It may be propagated by Layers, or from Suckers, which arife from the Foot ot old Plants, and muft be planted in a moid Soil and a fhady Situation, where it will thrive exceedingly. The Frtiit of this Tree is often brought into the Markets of Lo»- Jorij and fold for Buckthorn-Berries i F R of which Cheat, all fuch as make Syrup of Buckthorn (bould be ptt- ticularly careful ; They may be eafily diftinguifh'd by breaking tKe Berries, and obferving how many Seeds are contain'd in each, tie B-rries of this Tree having but two, and thofe of Buckthorn, gene- rally four Seeds in each Berry. FRAXINELLA i Baftard, ot White Dittany. The CharaBers are j It hath a perennial Root : The Leaves are pennated like thofe of the Afh : The Flower confifis of many Leaves, arid are of an anomalous Figtire, four of thefe Petals growing on the Upperfide, and one or mors, on the Underfide of the Flower; in the Center of which are produc'd nine or ten crooked ^xoimim ot Threads-^ each Flower is fucCeeded by many Pods, -which are turn'd back like a. Ram's-horn, and open in two Parts, emitting feveral large, hardy black, fhming Seeds, The Species arej 1. Fraxinella i Cluf White Badard Dittany ; or Fraxinella » with white Flowers. 2. Fraxinella i purpurea, major, multiflora. H, R. Par, Great Pur- pie Fraxinella, with many Flowers. There are ibme other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in fome curious Gardens Abroad ; •but thefe two are the only Sortf I have ever yet obferv'd in England. They are propagated either hj fowing their Seeds, or parting the Roots : The latter Method being the moft expeditious, is generally us'dj though if we would fuppljr our felves with a Quantity ot theft Plants, we muft procure them from Seeds, for the Roots do not mul- tiply very faft, nor fhould th:y be difturb'd by parting them oftener than every third Year i for if you A a pare p3LTt thtTii frequently, or into fmall Head-s, the Flowers will be few in Number, and very weak. The beft Seafon to tranfplant thefe Roots, is toward the latter End of Septemkr^ or Beginning of OBobery that they may be rooted before the haixi Frofts begin, by which means they will be enabled to reiifl the Cold, and produce much fairer Flowers than thofe which are tranfphnted in the Spring, The Soil in which thefe Plants thrive beft, is a frefli, rich, gentle Loam, not too ftiff, or wet, in both of which they are apt to rot in Winter, If you would propagate them by Seedi, you muft fow them on a Bed of good frefh Earth in an open Expolure, foon after the Seeds are ripe 5 for if they are kept till Spring before they are fown, they either milcarry, or lie in the Ground till the next Spring before they come up; but you muft carefully obferve to weed the Bed, for if you iliffer the Weeds to root deep in the Ground, they will endanger the drawing of the Seeds out of the Earth when the former are pull'd up : If the Spring Oiould prove dry when your Plants firft appear, you {hould gently water the Bed, and lhad€ it^with Mats in the Heat of the Day, until the Plants have got Strength, obl'erving, as before, to keep them clear from Weeds; In this Bed they may remain until MicJyael^j^s following i at which Time you ftiould prepare one or more Beds (according to the Num- ber of your Plants) of the like frefti Earth, into which you muft: plant your Plants at about five or iix Inches Diftance each Way, being careful in taking them out of the Seed-bed, not to break or wound their Roots, as alfo to cjpie the F R Earth faft to their Roots when planted with your Hands, to pre- vent their being turn'd out of the Ground by Froft. In thefe Beds they may remain one Year, by which Time (if they have thriven well) they will be ftrong enough to produce Flowers the fucceeding Yearj fothat now it will be Time to tranfplant them into the Borders of the Flower-Garden where they are defign'd to remain. Thefe Plants continuing a long Time in Beauty, are very great Ornaments to a Garden i and their being very hardy, requiring but a little Culture, renders them worthy of a Place in every good Garden. FRAXINUSj TheAfti-Tree. The CharaSiers arej It hath pennp.ted Leaves, rphich mo(lly end in an odd Lobe : The Male Flowers (-which grow ' at a remote Dijiance from the Fruit) have no Petals, but conjift of manj Stamina: The Ovary becomes a Seed-Vefjel, containing one Seed at the Bottom, Tvhich is fljap'd like a Bird's Tongue. The Species 2iVCy 1. Fraxinus i vulgaris. Fark, Theat. The Common Afh-Trec. 2. pRAxiNusi vulgaris^ folio ex luteo variegatis. The Strip'd Afti. 3. Fraxinu.s i folio rotundiore. C. B, The Manna A Hi. 4. Fraxinus; forifera, botryoides* M, H. K, BUf The Flowering f. F RAX IN us 5 ex Nov^ Anglia, pinnis foliorum in mucromm pro- duHioribus.^ Rand. New-England Afh, with iharp pointed Leaves. 6. Fraxinus ; Caroliniana, lati- ori fruclu. Rand. Carolina Afh, with bread Keys. The firft Sort is a common Tim- ber Tree in every Part of E?jgland. The iecond is a Variety of the firft, from which it only differs, in having F R having its Leaves beautifully ftrip'd with yellow. The third Sort is fuppos'd to be the Tree from whence the true Calabr'mn Manna is taken. The fourth Sort was rais'd from Seeds by Dr. Uvedde at Enfield, which were brought from Italy by the late curious Botanift Dr. William Sherrard, who fuppos'd this was different from Dr. Morifon's Tree. But by the Specimens now in Pof- feffion of that worthy Encourager of Botanical Studies, Sir HamSloane, Bart, it appears to be the very iamej notwithilanding Mr. Ray fuppofes Dr. Morifon's Tree to be ot American Growth. The fifth and fixth Sorts were both rais'd from Seeds which came from America, but are both of 'em very hardy. All thefe Kinds may be propagated by Budding them into the common.^?, upon which they will all take very well, and become hardier than upon their own Stock. The common Ajh is prop:5gated by fowing the Keys in oaober or Novetnber on a Bed of frelh Earth, which (hould be well dug, and cleans'd from Roots and noxious Weeds : A fmall Bed will be fuffi- cienc to raife a great Quantity of thefe Trees. The Seeds fliould be fown pretty thick, and cover'd about half an Inch thick with Earth. Thele Seeds many Times conti- nue until the fecond Spring before they come upj you Ihould there- fore let the Bed remain undifturb'd and keep it clean from Weeds. When your Plants come up, you muft alfo keep them very clear from Weeds ; and if the Seafon Ihould prove very dry, if you give them now-and-then a little Water, it will greatly promote their F R Growth; in this Bed they fhould remain no longer than the Autumn following,provided they have grown well} at which Time you Ihould prepare a Nurfery, which fliould be well dug and clear'd, as before j then with your Spade loolen the Roots of the Plants before you draw them up, otherwife you will endanger the breaking of them. When you have drawn them out of the Ground, Ihorten the down- right Tap-Root j but do not cut off any of the lateral Fibres: Then having prepared your Ground, plant them m Rows, three Feet Diftance Row from Row, and a Foot a- funder in the Rows, clofing the Earth to their Roots with your Feet. In this Nurfery they may remain three or four Years, obfer- ving to keep them clear from Weeds, as alfo to trim up the Side* Branches every Winter, and dig the Ground between the Rows, after which Time you may re- move them where they are to re- main for good. This Tree will grow upon al- mofl: any Soil ^ but the better the Soil is, the more the Tree will increafe in Bulk. Notwithilanding which, it (hould not by any means be planted too near to other Trees or Plants j for it will' exhauft all the Goodnefs of the Soil from them 5 and the Shade of this Tree is malignant to moft other Plants. The Diftance they Hiould be planted IS eight Feet iquare^ and after they have been planted one Year, you may cut down every other Tree, chuiing fuch of 'em as are crooked, within fix or eight Inches of the Ground j this will caufe *em to make many ftrong, vigorous Shoots, which in four or five Years Time will be fit for Arbor Poles, or to make Hoops ; And the other r^^ A a i mainmg FR mainlng ftrait Trees maybe fufFer'd to grow for other Timber, the Number of which Trees may bs lefTen'd as they increafe in Bulk, leaving ftill the moft promifmg ones to grow for larger Timber. ^ If a Wood of thefe Trees is rightly manag'd, it will turn greatly to the Advantage of its Owner, for by the Under-wood, which will be fit to cut every five or iix Years for the Ufes above mention 'd, there v^ill be a continual Income more than fufficient to pay the Rent of the Ground, and all other Charges, and ftill there will be a Stock pre- ferv'd for Timber which, inafev/ Years, will be worth forty or fifty Shillings per Tree. This Timber is of excellent Ufe to the Wheelwright and Cartwright for Ploughs, Axle-Trees, Wheel- Rings, HaiTows, Bulls, Oars, Blocks for Pullics, and many other Pur- pofes. Tlie beft Seafon for Felling of thefe Trees, is from November to Jebruary j for if it be done either too early in Autumn, or too late in the Spring, the Timber will be fubjed to be infefied with Worms and other Infedts; but for Lopping of Pollards, the Spring is preferable for all ibft Woods. FRITILLARIA ; Fritillary, or Chec<]uer'd Tulip. The Characiers are ; The Flower conjljls of fix Leaves, mid is of the Beli-Jlmfd Lily Ylow- ersy pendulous, 'aahed, and for the tnofl part chequered : The Style of the Flower becomes an oblong Fruit, which is divided into three Cells, and filVd with fiat Seeds, lying in a double Row : The Root confjis of two fiefjy Knobs, which are for the moft part fe?ni -globular, betwixt which arifes the Flower-ft/^lk. F R The Species are ; 1 . Fritillaria 5 ferotina, floribUs ex flavo njirentibus. C. B, The late flowering Fritillary, with greenifli- yellow Flowers, commonly call'd, the Leather Coat, or Common Fritillary. 2. Fritillaria; alba; precox. C. B. The early White Fritillary. 3. Fritillaria i alba, variegata. C. B. The white chequer'd Fritillary, 4. Fritillaria ; ferotina, fioribus ex flavo virentibus, major. Boerh, Ind. The great late flowering Fri- tillary, with a greenifh yellov/ Flower i or the Common Fritillary, by fbme call'd Snakes-head Iris. 5", Fritillaria ; flavo fiore. Cluf The Yellow Fritillary. 6. Fritillaria j prAcox, purpu- rea variegata. C. B, Early Purple variegated Fritillary, 7. Fritillaria ; /o/w fplendente, flore major e, ex viridi, ^ purpura, variegato fplendente. Boerh. Ind. Shining -leav'd Fritillary, with a large Green and Purple-fhining va- riegated Flower, commonly caWd the Monfter. 8. Fritillaria; umbellifera.C.B. Many flower 'd Fritillary. 9. Fritillaria; lutea, maxima, Italica. Parh. Far. Greateft Yellow Italian Fritillary. 10. ¥ RiTiLL ARi A i ferotina, fiori- bus ex fiavo virentibus, fiore pleno. H. R. Far, Late Fritillary, with double greenifh yellow Flowers. 1 1 . Fritillaria; nigra, LoLAdv, Black Fritillary. 12. Fritilla.^ia j fiore ex rubro purpurea, ^ viridi variegato. Boerh. Ind. Fritillary with a reddifti Pur- ple Flower ftrip'd with Green. 1 3 . Fritillaria ; fiore ex pallide viridi ^n viete, purpurea vmiegato. Boerh. Ind. Fritillary with a Pale Green Flower, variegated with a deep Purple. 14.. Fri- F R 14. Fritillaria; Ifabella dtBa, fioribus ex -pallide rubicundo viren- tibus. if. L. Ifabella Frit'illary, with a pale red grecnifii Flower. ij*. Fritillaria ,• maxima, jlore obfoletA pur pur A. Tourn, The greateft Frhillary, of a worn out Purple Colour, commonly call'd the Perlian Lily. i6. Fritillaria i minima. Swert. Tlor. The lead Frinlldry, or fmall Perhan Lilly. I 7. Fritillaria i lufea, fol'it) Vv- lygonatiy fruciu bre^viore. Boerh. Ind. Yellow Fritillary, with a Leaf like Solomon's Seal, and a fhort Fruit. There are feveral other Varieties of this Flower which are propa- gated in curious Fiower-Gardens Abroad, fefpecially in Holland) which differ in the Colour or Size of their Flowers, but as thefe are only Varieties which were obtain'd from Seeds, fo it would be need- leis to mention them in this Place, lince there will be new Varieties obtain'd every Year where People are curious in lowing their Seeds. Thefe Plants are propagated ei- ther by Seeds, or Off-fets from the old Roots : By the firfl of which Methods new Flowers will be obtain'd, as alfo a larger Stock of Roots in three Years than can be obtain'd in twenty or thirty Years in the latter Method : I fliall therefore firft treat of their Propa- gation by Seeds. Having provided your felf with feme good Seeds, fav'd from the hired Flowers, you muft procure fome ihallow Pans or Boxes, which muft have fome Holes in their Bottoms to let out the Moiftare : Thefe you fhould fill with light frefh Earth, laying a few Pot (heard s over the Holes to prevent the Earth from flopping them j then h^vmg laid the Earth very level in F R the Boxes, (^c. you muft fow the Seeds thereon pretty thick, cover- ing it with fine fifted Earth a quar- ter of an Inch thick. The Time for fowing the Seed is about the Beginning of AuguJ}, for if it be kept much longer out of the Ground it will not grow,- then place the Boxes or Pans where they may have the Morning Sun until II o'clock, obferving, if the Seafon proves dry, to water them gently, as alfo to pull up all Weeds lo foon as they appearj for if they are fuifer'd to remain until they have taken deep Root into the Earth, they would draw the Seeds out of the Ground whenever they are pull'd up. Toward the latter End of September you fhould re- move the Boxes, ^c. into a warmer Situation, placing them under a Hedge or Wall expos'd to the South,- in which Place they may remain until the Middle of March, by which Time the Plants will be come up an Inch high : You muft therefore remove the Boxes as the Weather increafes hot, into a more fliady Situation j for while the Plants are young, they are liable to fuflfer by being too much ex^ pos'd to the Sun : And in this fhady Situation they may remain during the Heat of the Summer, obferving to keep them clear from Weeds, and to refrefh them now and "then with a little Moifture, but be care- ful not to give them much Water after their Leaves are decay 'd, which would rot the Roots. About the Beginning of ^uguji, if the Roots are very thick in the Boxes, you fhould prepare a Bed of good light frelh Earth, which muil be levell'd very even, upon which you Ihould fpread the Earth in the Boxes in which the fmall Roots are contained, equally covering it A a 3 about F R about one Fourth of an Inch thick with the fame frefh Earth : This Bed ihould be fituated in a warm Pofition, bat not too clofe to Hedges, Walls, or Pales, which would caufe their Leaves to be long and {lender, and make the Roots weaker than if plac'd in a more open Expofure. In this Bed they may remain until they flower, which is gene- rally the third Year from fowingj at which Time you fhould put down a Mark to the Roots of all fuch as produce fair Flowers; and at the Time of taking them out of the Ground (which ought to be foon after their green Leaves are decay'd) maybe felefted into a Bed amongft your old Roots of this Flower, which for their Beauty are preferv'd in the beft Gardens ; but the other lefs valuable Flowers, may be planted in the Borders of the Parterre Garden for their Variety, where, being intermix'd with other Flowers of different Seafons, they will make a good Appearance. The fine Sorts of this Flower fhould remam undiflurb'd three Years, by which Time they will have produc'd many Off-fets, and (hould be therefore taken up when their Leaves are decay'd, and plant- ed into a frefh Bed, taking fuch of their Off-fets as are large enough to produce Flowers to plant in the jf'lower - Garden, but the fmaller Roots may be planted into a Nur- fery-bed until they have obtain'd Strength enough to flower ; but you muft never fuffer thefe Roots to lie out of the Ground when you remove them, but plant them again immediately, for otherwife they will perifii. During thefe three Years which I have advis'd the Roots to remain in the Bed?, the Surface of the Earth ihould be ftirr'd every Au- F R tumn with a Trowel, obferving not to go fo deep as to bruife the Root, and at the fame Time lay a thin Cover of very rotten Dung or Tanner's Bark upon the Surface of the Beds ; which being wafli'd into the Ground, will caufe the Flowers to be larger, as alfo the Roots to make a greater Increafe : You muft alfo obferve to keep them conftantly clear from Weeds, and thofe Roots which you would preferve with Care, fhould not be fufPer'd to feed, FRTTILLARIA CRASSA i -vide Afclepias. FRUCTUS; ':;i^g Fruit. FRUIT is the Produdion of a Tree or Plant, for the Propagation or Multiphcation of its Kind : In which SenfeFmzV includes all Kinds of Seeds, with their Furniture, (^c. Botanifis ufe it to fignify, properly, that Part ot a Plant wherein the Seed is contain'd, which the Latins call Frucfus, and the Greeks Kctf<7roj. FRUMENTUM INDICUM j vide Mays. FRUTEX i Africmus. Ambram Spirans. Volk, The Amber-Tree j vulgo. This Shrub has by no Botanick Writers been reduc'd to any pro- per Clafs; fo I have taken the Li- berty of continuing it under its former loofe Name, having never yet feen the Fruit : 1 ho', by the Flower, 1 imagine it will be a Congener to the Gallium or Ladies Bedftrawj but 1 il-:all not, at pre- fent, fay any Thing of its Cha- rafters. This is preferv'd in mod cu- rious Gardens which have Col- ledions of tender Plants. It is ealily propagated by planting Cut- tings, during any of the Summer Months, in a Border of light Earth, which will take Root in fix Weeks Tune, F' R Time, provided they are watered and fhaded as the Sealbn may re- quire i then they fliould be taken up, with a Ball of Earth to their Roots, and planted into Pots fill'd with light, Tandy Earth, and may be exposed to the open Air until OBober, at which Time they fhould be remov'd into the Confervatory, where they ihould be plac'd as free as poflible from being over-hung with other Plants : And during the Winter-feafon they muft be re- freOi'd with Water, but fhould not have too much given 'em each Time : You may let 'em have as much Air as the Weather will per- mit 5 for if they are kept too clofe, they will be fubje6f to grow mouldy, and generally decay foon after. Thefe Shrubs may be trained up either to form round Heads, or into Pyramids, it being a very ma- nageable Plant j but fhould not be often cut ; for, by fo doing, 'twill occaiion the Branches to grow very clofe, whereby the Air will be ex- cluded from the Middle-part of the Plant, which will caufc the Leaves to decay, and the Branches to appear very un lightly j but if you iliffer it to grow as it is aatu- rally difpos'd, (only obferving to tie up the Stem, to make it ftrait) the Plant will thrive much better. The Beauty of this Shrub, is in its fmall Evergreen Leaves, which grow as clofe as Heath j and being bruis'd between the Fingers, do emit a very fragrant Odour. Frutex ; Virginianus, trifoliusy Ulmi Samarris. Baiiijl. Fluk. Aim. American Shrub Trefoil, v/ith Fruit like the Elm. The Seeds of this Shrub were fent from Carolina, by Mr. Catesby, Anno 1714, from which leveral Plants have been rais'd in the Gar- F R dens near London ; but /ince it hzth not as yet been reduced to any Cla.^th, and the Beauty and uncommon Shape of the Leaves, render it worthy of a Place in every good Collection of Trees and Shrubs. Frutex i [camlens, ptrc^Jelini fo- His, VirginianHs, clavictdis donatus* Fluk. M^»i^. The Pepper -tree i vtdg9. This Plant was brought from Virginia, where it is found in i^veat A 'a 4 Pi'-n^y F U Plenty, and was rais'd from Seeds in the Gardens of Samuel Reynard- fon, at Billindon near Ux bridge many "Years fmce, trom whence it hath been diftributed into many Gardens near London, There is no great Beauty in it, but for its Oddnels it may have a Place in a Colle6lion ot Shrubs. It is extreme hardy, en- during our fevereil Cold in the open Air, but fliould be planted on a d'y Soil, and will require a Stake to lupport it i for its Branches are very flexible, and will trail upon the Ground, if they are not fup- ported. The Flowers it produces are very fmall, and of a green iili- yellow Colour, growing in Ciu- fters fomewhat like thofe of the Creeper, and the Branches do emit Clafpers as that doth, to winch it appears to me to be nearly related. This Plant may be propagated by laying down the tender Branches, which in one Year will be rooted enough to tranfplant , or by Suck- ers trom the Roots, which when the Plants are ari-iv'd to a conve- nient Age, they will fend forth in great Plenty. FRUTEX PAVQNINUS} vide Foinciana. FUMARIA5 Fumatory. The Chara^ers are j Jt hath divided Leaves refembling thofe of the Umbellifercus Plants : The Flowers, which are colleFced into n Spike, are of an anomalous Figure, fomewhat refembling a papilionaceous Flower, confining of two Petals or i^eaves, which open like two Lips, the tipper Lip ending in a 'Spur : The Joot-Jlalk is join'd to the Middle $art of the Flower : The Fruit is either of a long or a round Figure, which is like a Tod, in which are Contained many roundifh Seeds. The Species arc ; I. FuMARiAi Officiniarnm ^ pi- F U ofcoridis, flore pur pur eo. C. B. The Common Fumatory, with a Purple Flower. 2. FuMARiA ; minor, tenuifolia. C. B. Lefier narrow-leav'd Fuma- tory. 3. Fumaria; femperzirens ^ fio- rens, jlore albo. Flor. Bat. Ever- green Fumatory, with a white Flower. 4. Fumaria; lutea. C B. Yel- low Fumatoiy. f, Fumaria; buUofa, radice ca- va, major, C. B. Great bulbous- rooted Fumatory, or hollov/ Root. 6. Fumaria ; bulbofa, radice cava, major, fore alto. C. B. Great bulbous-rooted Fumatory, with a white Flower. 7. Fumaria ; bulbofa, viridi flore. Tourn. Bulbous-rooted Fu- matory, with a green Flower. 8. Fumaria j bulbofa,' radice non cava, major. C. B, Great bulbous- rooted Fumatory, with a Root not hollow. The firfl: of thefe Plants is fome- times us'd in Medicine, but is fel- dom cultivated in Gardens, it bein^ very comm.on in arable Land in moll Parts oi England. 1 he fecond Sort is not a Native of England, but is preferv'd in fome curious Botanick Gardens for the Sake of Variety. Thefe are both annual Plants. The third Sort is a Perennial Plant, which if planted in a dry Soil and a warm Situation, will continue flowering almoll the whole Year round, which renders it worthy of a Place in every good Garden. The fourth Sort is alfo an abide- ing Plant, which requires the fame Situation and Culture as the for- mer. Thele two Plants will grow in Joints, or hollow Places in old Walls, which will render them le^ 'fubjea: G A fubjed to decay than if they were planted in a rich Soil. They may be propagated by lowing their Seeds foon after they are ripcj for if the Seeds are kept till the Spring, they very often mifcarry. The fifth, fixth, feventh, and eighth Sorts are propagated by Off- sets, as other bulbous-rooted Flow- ers : Thefe produce their Flowers in the Beginning of April, and are very pretty Ornaments to Borders in a fmall Flower-Gardea. They are extreme hardy, but do not in- creafe very faft, feldom producing Seeds with us, and their Bulbs do not multiply very much, efpecially if they are often tranfplanted. Th^^y love a light fandy Soil, and Ihould be fuffer'd to remain three Years undiHurb'd, in which Time they will produce many Off-fets. The beft Seafon for tranfplanting them is in Mayy when the green Leaves begin to die offi for if they are taken up when their Leaves are frefli, it will greatly weaken their Roots. FURZ i vide Genifta. 5§;5sfJ2J®^^S--§f®^SJ0 G A GALE i The Sweet Willow, or Dutch Myrtle. Tlie CharaBers arej The Leaves are placed alternately on the Branches : It hath Male Flowers, which are prodac'd at the Wings of the Leaves; are naked, and grow in a longi/J} Spike : The Fruit, ■which is produc'd in feparate Tarts of the fame Tree, is of a conical Figure, and fquamofe, containing one Seed in tach Scale. a A The species arej I. Galej frutex odoratus, fep- tentrionalium, Eleagnus, Cordo,Cha' mdeagnus, Bodon&i. J, B. Sweet Gale, Sweet Willow, or Dutch Myrtle. z. Gale; qu£ Myrto BrabanticA fimilis, Carolinienfis, baccata, fruHn racemofo, feffeli monopyreno. Fluk^ Fhyt. Candle- Berry Tree} vulgo. 3 . Gale j c^ua Myrto Brabantict, fmilis, Carolinienfis, humilior, foliis latioribus, ^ magis ferratis. Catesb. Hift. Nat. Carol. The Dwarf broad- leav'd Candle -Berry Tree, with. deeply ferrated Leaves. The fir ft of thefe Plants is very common in feveral Parts of Eng- land, growing upon Bogs which have an open Situation: This is with Difficulty prefer v'd in Gar- dens : It muft have a very moiil Soil, and fhould have an open Si- tuation. The beft Seafon for trans- planting thefe Shrubs, is in the Be- ginning ot March, juft before their green Leaves appear : In removing them, you ftiould be careful to pre- ferve as much Earth about their Roots as polTible ; as alfo to water them plentifully, if the Seafon fnould prove dry. They are pro- pagated by Suckers, which are pro- duc'd in great Plenty from their Roots, when they are planted on a proper Soil, but feldom do make any confiderable Increafe in Gar- dens; however, any one that has a mind to plant thefe Shrubs in a Garden, or other Plantation, ma/ be fufficiently lupply'd from the Bogs, where they grow iponta* neoufly. The 2d and 3d Sorts are both Natives of America, and have been rais'd from Seeds, which came from thence, but are both hardy- enough to refift the Cold of our Climate in the open Air. Thefe are G A are alfo propagated by Suckers as the former, which, if they are planted in a moift Soil, and fuffer'd to remain undifturb'd, they will produce in great Plenty : They may alfo be increas'd by laying down their tender Branches, which fhould be flit, as is pradlis'd in lay- ing of Carnations, and will take Root in one Year, and then may be tranfplanted where they are to remain. The Seeds ofthele Plants, when brought trom Abroad, fhould be fown in Pots fili'd with frefh loamy Earth, and then plung'd in- to a moderate Hot-bed, which will greatly forward their coming up: And as the Seafon advances, the Pots fhould by Degrees be remo- ved out of the Hot-bed into the open Air, that they may be harden'd before Winter j and in October you {hould place the Pots into a com- mon Hot-bed Frame, that may be cover'd in hard frofty Weather, which ofcen injures them while they are young, but afterwards they are not liable to any Misfortune from the Seafons : The beft time to remove thefe is in the Spring, juft before they begin to fhoot, but you ihould cover the Surface of the Ground round their Roots af- ter they are planted, to prevent the Sun and Wind from entering the Ground to dry their Fibres. Thefe Shrubs are all of a low Stature with us, feldom riling above five Feet high, and fhould there- iore be planted amongft Shrubs of the fame Growth, for they will by no means grow under the Shade of other Trees. They are very proper Plants for fni;ill Wilderneis Quarters in a fwampy Piece of Ground, where few other Plants, will thrive well. The fird: Sort cads its Leaves in Winter, but the two other Sorts G A are ever-green : The Leaves of all thefe Plants, when bruis'd, do emit a very pleafant Odour, not much unlike that of the Myrtle, from whence the People have been in- duc'd to give them that Epithet. The Inhabitants of Amevica, do prepare a Wax from the Fruit of thofe two Plants, with which they make very good Candles, which burn very well, and have a very agreeable Scent. The two laft mention'd Sorts do produce Flowers in feveral Gardens near London s and the firfl of them did produce Fruit Anno 1729. in the curious Garden of Mr. Vetef Coll'mfon at Veckham j but the laft . ■ Sort hath not as yet produc'd Fruit in England, that I have heard. GALEGA, Goat's-Rue. The characters are j It hath a Perennial Root : The Leaves grow by Pairs, fajlen'd to ct Mid-rib, terminating in an odd Lobe : The Flower is of the papilionaceous Kind, conjijling of a Standard, the Wings, and the Keel : The Point al beco7nes a long taper Pod, -which is fili'd with oblong Kidney-jliap'd Seeds. The Species are ■■, 1. Galega ; vulgaris, jtoribHs^ c£ruleis. C. B. Common Goat's- Rue, with blue Flowers. 2. Galega ; vulgaris, fioribns penitus candicantibus. C. B. Com- mon Goat's-Rue, with white Flow- ers. 5. Galega ; vulgaris fioribns ex Ctzruleo purpureis. C. B. Com- mon Goat's-Rue, with blueifh pur- ple Flowers. 4. Galega j Africnna, fioribm majorihus, ^ ./tliquis cra£:oribus. Tourn. African Goat's-Rue, Vv^ith large Flowers and thick Pods. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant which are preferv'd in curioui Botanic k Gardens Abroad* but G A bat thefe here mention'd are the chief Sorts we have at prefent in England. Thefirft of thefe Plants is propa- gated in Gardens for medicinal Ufe ; and the fecond and third Sorts are only Varieties of the firft, from which they only differ in the Colour of their Flowers, and are for Variety prelerv'd in fome curi- ous Gardens ; but the fourth Sort is a diftin6t Species, having much larger Leaves, Flowers, and Pods. Thefe Plants may be propagated either from Seeds, or by parting of their Roots. The beft Seafon for fowing the Seeds is in the Be- ginning of March, in a light Soil, and an open Situation 5 and when the Plants are come up, you fliould either hoe between them to de- flroy the Weeds, (as is pradis'd tor Onions, Carrots, 0>c.) or elfe pull out the Weeds with your Hands, cutting down, or pulling up the Plants where they are too clofe to each other, that thofe left may have loom to get Strength ; and fo from time to time, as the Weeds come up, you muft be very careful to deftroy them, as alfo to cut up or draw out the Plants where they are too thick, for they fhould not be left clofer than eight or nine Inches Diftance from each other. The fecond Year thefe Plants will flower, and produce ripe Seeds i' but if you intend to continue your Plants for Ufe, you fhould cut off the Herb when it is in flower, and not permit it to ftand until it feeds, which very often caufes thePIants to decay. Thefe Roots may alfo be parted into fraall Heads in Au- tumn for Increafe j but the feed- ling Plants arc much preferable to thefe OfF-fets, fo that the bell Way is to propagate this Plant by Seeds. G A GALEOPSIS ; Stinking Dead- Nettle. The characters are ; It hath a labiated Flower of one Jingle Leaf, whofe upper Lip is hol- low like a Spoon, but the under one is divided into three Segments, the middle Part being large : The Cup of the Flower is Funnel-JJjap'd, and divided into five Farts, and each Flower is fucceeded by four naked Seeds. There are feveral Species of this Plant which are preferv'd in curi- ous Botanick Gardens, fome of which are Natives oi England., but as they are Plants of no great Beauty or Ule, £0 I fhail only mention fome few Sorts which deferve a Place in curious Gardens, and pals over the other lefs valuable Sorts without naming them. 1. GALEOPSisi Hifpanica, frute- fcens, teticrii folio. Tourn. Spaniih, flirubby, flinkingdead Nettle, with a Tree Germander-leaf. 2. G ALEov s\s i quod lamium,frU" ticans, teucrii folio lucido, calice Cf* fiore magno, Candida, tantilld pur- pura varie notato. H. C. Shrub- by, ftinking dead Nettle, with a fhining Tree Germander-leaf, and a large white Flower variegated with fmall purple Spots. Thefe tv/o Plants arife to the Height of three Feet- or more, do grow flirubby, and may be train'd to regular Heads, whereby they will appear very agreeable, being always green, and continue flower- ing moil Part of the Summer, and altho* the Flowers are not very beautiful, yet for their long Con- tinuance in Flower, together with the Variety of their Leaves, they deferve a Place in every good Garden. Thefe Plants may be propagated by Seeds or Cuttings, as alfo from Suckers, G A Suckers, which arife about their Stems : If you would propagate them by Seeds, you muft prepare a Spot of good frefli light Earth, which fhould be well digg'd and loofen^d, and made very fine and level i into which in March you ihould fow the Seeds, covering them with the fame light Earth about half an Inch thick : When the Plants are come up, which will be towards the Middle or latter End of April, you (hould carefully weed them, and in very dry Wea- ther you {hould give them a little Water : In Augt^ you (hould take up fome of the Plants carefully, and plant them into Pots fiU'd with frefh light Earth, that they may be Ihelter'd during the Wm- ter Seafon under a common Hot- bed Frame, for thefe Plants are fomewhat tender while young, but when they are grown woody, will refift the fevered Cold in the open Air, provided they are plant- ed in a dry Soil : In the Spring after the cold Weather is paft, you may fliake the Plants out of the Pots, preferving the Earth to their Roots, and plant them iii the Places where they are to remain, and in the fucceeding Summer they will produce Flowers and Seeds. If you would propagate them by Cuttings, you fhould cut off fuch only as are young and thrive- ing in May, and plant them in a Ihady Border, watering them as the Seafon requires j and in Augujl you fhould take up fuch of them as have taken Root, planting them into Pots, and managing them as was direded tor the Seedling Plants. GALLIUM 'y Ladies Bed- ftraw, or Cheefe-Runnet. Th* Charachn are; // is a Fkht oj tha jhllate Kind -, G A the Leates which are neither rough nor knappy, are produced at the Joints of the Stalks, five or J/x in Number in a radiant Form : The Flower conjifts of one Leaf, which is expanded toward the upward Tart, and divided into feveral Segments ; each of thefe Flowers are fucceeded by two dry Seeds. The Species are ; 1. Gallium j luteum. C. B, Yellow Ladies Bed-ilraw. 2. Gallium ; rubrum. C. B. Red Ladies Bed-ftraw. ^. Gallium ; nigro-purpureum, tenuifolium. Col. Narrow-leav'd Mountain Ladies Bed-ftraw, with dark purple Flowers. 4. Gallium » faxatile, glauco folio. Bocc.Rar. Ladies Bed-ftraw of the Rocks, with a glaucous Leaf. 5-. Gallium -, faxatile, glabra folio. Bocc. Rar. Ladies Bed-ftraw of the Rocks, with a fmooth Leaf. The firft of thefe Plants (which is the Sort commonly us'd in Medicine) is very common in moift Msadows, and in Pafture-grounds in moft Parts of England ; The other Varieties are prefer v'd in cu- rious Botanick Gardens, but as they are Plants of very little Beauty, and are fubjedt to fpread very far, and over-run whatever Plants grow near them, fo they are feldom cul- tivated in other Gardens. Thefe Sorts may, any of them, be propagated by parting their Roots, which fpread and increafe very faft, either in the Spring, or Autumn, and will grow in almoft any Soil or Situation, efpecially the firft Sort : The other Sorts do re- quire a drier Soil, but will all grow in any Situation. GARDENS are diftinguifh'd intq Flower-Gardens, Fruit-Gardens, and iatchen G A Kitchen-Gardens : The firft for Plea- iiire and Ornament, and therefore to be plac'd in the moft confpicu- ous Parts, i. e. next to, or juft againft the Back-front of the Houfe : The two latter for Service, and therefore made in bye Places. In the Choice of a Place to plant a Garden in, the Situation and Ex- pofure of the Ground are the moft efTential Points to be regarded j be- caule the Succefs of all depends upon a good Choice : for if a Failure be made in that Point, all the Care and Expence will in a manner be loft ; but if a good Choice be made, the Trees, ^-c. that (hall be planted on it will in a (hort Time thrive, and become both tall and beauti- ful. In a Garden, the principal Things to be condder'd, are the Situation^ Torm, Soil, and Afpeci or Expo- fure. If the Ground be irregular, it may be made uniform fo as to af- ford a Profpedl no ways inferior to the moft regular. The moft irre- gular Figure may be reduc'd into Order by ftrait Lines. There is Beauty in a Triangle, as well as a ■ Square i and the moft irregular Spots of Ground may be brought to thofe two Figures by Borders and Walks. An Irregularity is ealily hid in a large Garden, by long Walks and tall Hedges interrupting a diftant View; And the little Corners and triangular Spaces may be agreeably fiU'd up with Borders of Flowers, Dwarf-Trees, Flowering Shrubs, or Ever-greens. Nor (hould we be ibllicitous to throw the whole Gar- Jen into one fingie View j lince Irregularities and Unevennefles of- tentimes afford many uncommon pretty Devices, ^c, I. Sit nation : This ought to be G A fuch a one as is wholfbme, m a Place that is neither too high, nor too low j for if a Garden be too high, it will be expos'd to the Winds, which are very prejudicial to Trees: if it be too low, the Dampnefs of low and marftiy Places will be very injurious to Health: beiides, the Vermm and venomous Creatures, that breed in Ponds and marfhy Places, add much to the Infalubrity of them : Therefore, Situations in mountainous Places, or in the Bottoms of Vallies, Ihould not be chofeni but thofe which are on the Side of an Hill arc the more happy. A Situation on a rifing Ground is moft efteem'd ; and indeed, if ft be not too fteep, has the moft Ad- vantages, if the Slope be eafy and imperceptible, and a good deal of Level may be had. If the Declivity be eafy and in- fenlible, and abounds in Springs of Water, the Situation is very happy, and the moft agreeable that can be; for being fhelter'd from the Fury of the Winds, and the violent Heat of the Sun, there a temperate Air will be enjoy'd; and the Water that defcends from the Top of the Hills, either from Springs or Rain, will fupply Fountains, Canals, and Cafcades, for Ornaments of Gar- dens i and beiides this, when it has perform'd its OfKce, will water the adjacent Vallies, and render them fertile and wholfbme, if it be not fuffer'd to ftagnate there. Indeed, if the Declivity of the Hill be too fteep, and the Water in too great a Quantity, then a Garden on the Side of it may often fuffer, by having the Trees torn up by the Torrents and Floods, and the Earth above tumbled down on that below, the Walls thrown down, and the Walks fpoil'd. If G A If the Situation be on a Plain or Flat, it has feveral Advantages i Floods and Rains make no Spoil : The Air is even more pure than upon the Side of an Hill : There is a continu'd Profpedl of Champains, interfered by Rivers, Ponds, and Brooks, fine Meadows, and Hills cover'd with Buildings or Woods. The level Surface is lefs tirefome to walk on, and lefs chargeable than that on the Side of an Hill, Terrafs-Walks and Steps not being neceffary. 2dly, The fecond thing to be conlider'd is chufing a Plat for a Garden, in a good Earth or Soil. It is fcarce polTible to make a fine Garden in a bad Soil : And tho' there are Ways to meliorate Ground, they are very expeniive : And fbmetimes, when the Expence has been beftow'd, of laying good Earth three Feet deep over the •whole Surface, when the Roots of the Tree have reach'd the Natural Bottom, a whole Garden has been ruin'd. A good Soil is that which of its own Nature is rich and fruitful: And if the Expofure be foutherly, and healthful, and pollefs'd of all the Advantages before mentioned y yet ftill, if it has not a good Body of Earth, and that which is fertile in it felf, it is to be fear'd, that whatever is planted in it, will, in .a while, droop and die away. To judge of the Quality of the Soil, obferve whether there be any Heath, Thiftles, or other Weeds growing fpontaneoufly therein, which are certain Signs that the Ground is poor. Likewife, if there be large Trees growing there- abouts, obferve whether they grow crooked, ill-fhap'd and grubby, of a faded Green, and full of Mofs, or infefted with Vermin i if lb, the G A Place IS to be rejeded : but, on the contrary, if it be cover'd with good Grafs fit for Pafture, then you may be encourag'd to try the Depth of the Soil. To know this, dig Holes in fe- veral Places fix Feet wide, and four Feet deep : if you find three Feet of good Earth, it will do well, but lefs than two will not be fuf- ficient. The Quality of good Ground, h neither to be ftooy, nor too hard to work j neither too dry nor too moiftj nor too fandy and light j nor too ftrong, as rank and clayey, which is the worfi: of all for Gardens. ^dly. The third Requifite is Wa- ter. If this be wanting to a Gar- den, it is one of the greateft Incon- veniencies that can attend it, and will bring a certain Mortality upon whatever is planted. By watering, the great Droughts in Summer are allay'd, which would othcrwife burn up all the Plants ; befides the Ufefulnefs of it in fine Gardens, for making Jets d'Eau, Canals, Caf- cades, Sec. which are the greateft Ornaments of a Garden. 4thly, The fourth thing required in a good Situation, is the View and Profped of a fine Country j and tho' this is not fo ablblutely neceflary as the preceding, yet it is one of the moft agreeable. If a Garden was planted in a low Place that was bury 'd, and that had no kind of ProfpecSt, it would be both difagreeable and unwholfome ; the Trees them {elves being too much fhaded and obfcur'd, would not look near fb beautiful: Where- as a fine View, and the Profpedl ofv a nohle Country, are as agreeable En- tertainments as a Garden can afford.- In fhort, a Garden neceffarily re- quires the Sun, a good Soil, the Care G A Care of the Gardener, and Water ; and the laft, above all, is indifpen- fably neceflary : Without any of theie, there's no good to be expe- othcrwife many of the Plants will mifcarry. In this Nurfery they may remain another Year, (obferving conftant- ly to keep 'cm clean from Weeds) by which Time they will be fit to tranfplant to the Places where they are to remain, which muft aifo be done in the Spring of the Year, being careful to take the Plants up with as much Earth as polfiblc to their Roots, nor fhould they be kept long out of the Ground, for if the Fibres of their Roots are dried, the Plants are very fubjcdt to mifcarry. Thefe Plants, tho' little regarded, may be rendred very ufeful in Gar- dens, particularly in planting Clumps of Flowering Trees i for example. If a Pcrfbn was delirous to have a Clump of Spanilh Broom, thefe two Sorts of Plants might be m planted round the Outfide : The ^ Aujlrian Sort, which makes the largeft Shrub, fhould be planted next the Spanifli Broom, and the common Sort on the Outfide, where- by G E hy the Clump will be continued from the Surface to the Height of twelve or fourteen Feet, and thefe Shrubs producing yellow Flowers, very like thofe of the Broom, and in as great plenty, and alfo flower- ing at the fame Time, it will make a moft beautiful Appearance at a Imall Diftance. Thefc Plants produce plenty of Seeds annually, which are ripe in Auguji, when they may be ga- thered and fpread upon a Cloth in the Sun, which will caufe their Pods to open and emit the Seeds. GENTIANA i Gentian, or Fell- wort. The CharaSers are; The Leaves grow by Fairs oppojite to each other : The Cup of the Flower confifis of one meinbranous Leaf : The Flower conjifts of one Leafy and is flmp'J like a Cup, being cut into four, jive or more Segments ^ it is fucceedecl by a membranous Oval-fliap'd Fruit, ending in a fliarp Voint, opening lengthwife into two Farts, and containing many flat, roundiflj Seeds, which are bordered •with a leafy Rim. The Species are ; 1. Gentiana j major, lutea. C. B» P. The Great Gentian, with yellow Flowers. 2. Gentiana ; afclepadis, folio. C. B. F. Gentian with a Swallowr wort Leaf. 3. Gentiana; Alpina,fIore mag- no, J. B. Large flower'd Gentian of the Alps, commonly caiVd Gen» tianella. 4. Gentiana; cruciata. C. B. P. Crofs-wort Gentian. j-. Gentiana j anguflifolia, au-^ tumnalis, major. C. B. P. Great Autumnal Gentian, or Calathian Violet, There are feveral other Sorts of Centiany fomc of which are Na° G E tives of England, and others are Inhabitants of the Alps and other cold mountainous Parts o'c Europe: But as they are Plants which are rarely tam'd, fo as to thrive well in Gardens, efpecially near London, I Ihall pais them over in this Place, and proceed to the Culture of thofe here inferted, all of which are worthy of a Place in every good Garden. The firll Sort, which \s the true Gentim, whofe Root is us'd in Medicine, is an Inhabitant of the xMountains near Geneva, and the Paftures of the Alps and Pyrenees^; This Plant is propagated by Seeds, which fliould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if it be kept long out ot the Ground, it rarely grows. The beft Method is, to low the Seeds in a large Pot fill'd with light undung'd Earth, cover- ing them about a quarter of an Inch thick with the fame light Earth ; then place the Pots in the Shade, where they ™ay remain until November, at which Time you may remove them into a Place where they may have the Morning Sun; in this Situation they may remain till March following, by v/hich Time the young Plants will appear above-ground : You muft then remove the Pots again into a lliady Place, where they Ihould remain all the Suramer-feafon, ob- fcrvjng to clear them from Weeds, as alfo to water them in dry Wea- ther, which will greatly promote their Growth. The Spring follow- ing they will be fit to tranfplant; at which Time you ihould prepare a ihady moift Border, that iliould be well dug and loofen'd i then ihake the Earth out of the Pots, by which means you will the more readily take them out without in- juring their Roots, The DiCmtCK-, ^ ^^ ?> thcv G t tkey fhould be allow'd, if defign'd to remain for good, muft be four- teen Inches fquare j but if they are intended to be remov'd again, four or fix Incites will be fufficient. In planting them, you muft ob- ferve to make deep Holes, fo that the Roots, which generally grow long, may be plac'd full as deep as they are in length, that no Part may appear above-ground j nor Tnould they be bent at the Bottom, which would check their down- right Growth, and greatly injure them. The beft Seafbn to tranf- plart them is in the Beginning of March, juft as they begin to fhoot. In about five or fix Years Time, if the Plants thrive well, and are not difturb'd, they will begin to flower, and will produce good Seeds, fo that it will not be difficult to have them in great Plenty. But as it is hardly worth cultivating for Me- dicinal Ufe, it being generally im- ported hither at a very moderate Price i fo the Beauty thereof is not fuch as would recommend the having it in great Quantities ^ tho' a few of 'em will do very well to make a Variety. The fecond and fourth Sorts are at prefent very uncommon in Eng- land, and only to be found in fomc curious Gardens > thefe are both of them very pretty Ornaments to a Garden . They are propagated by p_rcJng their Roots either in Spring or Autumn, and require a pretty ftrong Soil, and a fhady Situation. The third Sort was formerly more common in the Gardens near LonJoH than it is at prefent, but in fome old Country Gardens it is ftili frequently to be met with.: This IS a very beautiful Plant and well worth propagating J it is increas'd by parting the Roots early in the Spring 5 for if it be left undone G E 'till March, the Flower-buds will begin to appear j after which Time, if you remove them, it will greatly weaken their flowering. This Plant requires a ftrong, moift, cool Soil, and ftiould be planted where they may have only the Morning Sun i for if they are too much expos'd to Heat, they are fubje^t to decay : Nor do they care to be often tranf- planted, which will alfo make them poor and weak: And I am apt to believe that this has occa- fion'd their prefent Scarcity near London, whpre People are too apt to part and divide Plants often, in order to increafe 'em and thereby frequently deftroy their whole Stock. The fihh Sort grows wild in divers Parts of the North, as in Torkjhire, Cumberland, and Nor-. thumberland, and is equal to any of the above-mention'd Kinds for Beauty, but is rarely to be found near London, The Roots of this Plant may be brought from the Places of its natural Growth, and planted in .a cool, moift, undung'd Soil, where it will grow, provided it be not under the Drip of Trees, which this Plant by no means cares for } nor fliould it be often re- moved, but fuffer'd tp remain (as was faid above) by which means it will thrive and produce beautiful Flowers. GENTIANELLA j vide Gen- tiana. GERANIUM V Crane's-bill. The Characters are ; The Leaves are for the moji fart conjugate : The Cup of the Flower conjifls of one Leaf, -which is divided into five Tarts, and expanded in Form of a Star: The Flowers of the Euro- pean Kinds confifl of five Leaves^ and thofe of the African Sorts (for the mofi part) of four, fomewhat refcm^llng G E refemhUn^ a. crejled or lifp'd Flower, with ten Stamina furrounding the Ovary : The Fruit is of a pentago- nal Figure, with a Beak, containing at the Bafe Jive Seed-vejfels, in each ^fisphicb is contained one taiVd Seed, which, when ripe, is ca(l fm-th By the tmfiing of the Beak. The Species arej 1. Geranium; batrachioldes. Gra- tia Dei Germanorum. C. B, F. Crane's-biil, with a Crow-toot Leaf, and large blue FJowers. 2. Geranium; batrachioides,Gra' tia Dei Germanorum, flore albo. Bocrh.Ind. Crow- foot- leav'd Crane's- bill, with a white Flower. 3. Geranium; batrachioides, Gra- tia Dei Germanornm, flore variegato. C. B, P. Crow-foot-leav'd Crane's- bill, with a ilrip'd Flower. 4. Geranium; batrachioides, lon- gius radicatum, odoratum. J-. B. Long- rooted fwcet-fmellingCrane's- bill, with a Crow-foot Leaf. f. Geranium ; fanguinem, maxi- ma flore. H. Ox, Bloody Crane's- bill, with a large Flower. 6. Geranium; fanguinem, cauli- £ulis ereciis, folio obfcure virenti, flo- ribus minor i bus. H. L. Bloody Crane's-bill, with upright Stalks, dark-green Leaves, and fmall Flow- ers. 7. Geranium; hamatodes, foliis snajoribus, pallidioribus, altius incifu. Rail. Syn. Bloody Crane's-bill, with larger, paler, and more deeply di- vided Leaves. 8. Geranium; h&matodes, Lan- eaflrenfe, flore eleganter ftriato. Kail mjl. Bloody Crane's-bill, with a variegated Flower. 9. Geranium ; 5-. nodofum Fla- teau. Cluf Hift. Knotty Crane's- bill. ic. GERi4NiuM; phmm five fnf- cum, petalis reflexis, folio non macu- kfo, if, L. Brown Crane's-bill? G E with reflex'd Petals, and Leaves not fpotted. 2 1 . Geranium ; ph£u?n five fuf- cum, petalis reciis feu planis, folio maculato. H. L. Brown Crane's- bill, with plain Petals, and fpotted Leaves. 12. Geranium; Romanum, verfi- iolor five firiatum. Fark. Far. Ro- man Crane's-bill, with ftrip'd Flow- ers. 1 3 . Geranium ,• Alpinum, Cori-» andri folio, longirms radicatum, fior$ purpurea, majore. Michel. Long- rooted Crane's-bill of the Alps, with a Coriander Leaf, and a large pur- ple Flower. 14. Geranium ; hatrachioides, montanum, ?ioJlras. Ger. Mountain Crane's bill, with a Crow-foot Leaf. ij. GeraniUxM; Orientale, colmn- binum, flore maxima, Afphodeli ra- dice. T. Cor. Oriental Dove's- foot Crane's-bill, v/ith an Afphodel Root> and a large Flower. 16. Geranium ; cicutx, folio, Mof- chatum. C. B. F. Musked Crane's- bill or Mufcovy. 17. Geranium 5 latifolium, an- 7iuu?n, caruleo flore, acu longiffima. H. Ox. Broad-leav'd annual Crane's- bill, with a blue Flower, and a very long Beak. 18. Geranium; myrrhinum, te^ nuifoliuin, flore amplo, pitrpureo. Barr. Obf, Fine cut-leav'd Crane's- bill, with an ample purple Flower. 19. Geranium,- Africanum, ar- bor efc ens, ibifci folio rotunda, carlin^ odore. H. L. African Tree Crane's- bill, with a round Marfh-mallow Leaf, and a Smell of the Carlim Thijlle. 20. Geranium; Africmtim, ar&o^ refcens, ibifci folio anguUfo, f.oribta amplis, purpureis. Fhil iUnf 588. African Tree Crane's-bill, with an angular Mar fii- mallow Lsaf and large purple Flowers. B b 4 ii,GtRA*^ G E IT. Geranium i Africmtim, ar- borefcens, alchimilU hirfuto folio, Jtoribus rubicundis. Com. Trd. Afri- can Tree Crane's-bill, with a hairy Ladies- Mantle Leaf and red Flow- ers. 22. Geranium 5 Africanum, ar- borefcensy malvs, folio, piano, lucido, fore elegantijjime kermejino. Di van Leur. Boerh. hid. African Tree Crane's-bill, with a plain, fhining, mallow Leaf, and an elegant fcarlet Flower. 25. Geranium; Africanum, frti- tefcensj mal-vA folio, odorato, laciniato. H. L. African {hrubby Crane's-bill, with a jagged, fwcet fmelling Mallow Leaf. 24,, Geranium; Africanum, fru- iefcens, mahs, folio, laciniato, Odo- rato ifjflar meliJfA, fiore pur pur af- cente^ Boerh. Ind. African flirubby Crane's-bill, with a jagged Mallow Leaf Imelling like Balm, and a pur- plifh colour'd Flower. 2f. Geranium; Africanum, ar- bor efcem, mialvA folio, mucronato, pe- talis florum inferioribus vix confpi- cuis. Phil. Jranf. African Tree Crane's-bill, with a pointed Mallow Leaf, and the under Petals of the Flower fcarce difcernable. 2(5. Geranium; Africanum, fru- tefcens, folio crajfo ^ glanco, Ace- tof& fapore. Com. Fral. African ihrubby CraneVbill, with a thick flaucous Leaf, and an acid Tafte ke Sorrel. 27. Geranium; Afrlcmium, fru- tefcens, chclidonil folio, petalis flo- rum angitfiis, albidJs, carnofo caudice. ThiL Tyanf. Geranium. Africanum, folio alee &, fiore albo. Boerh. lad, alt. "African fhrubby Crane's-bill, with a Celandine Leati the Petals of the Flower white and narrow, and a Helliy Stalk. 28. Geranium; Africanum, nociu nlmh ttiberofurn ^ nodofumj aqui- G E legidfoliis. H. L. African Crane's- biil, Imelling fweet in the Night, with knotty tuberofe Stalks and Leaves like Columbine. 29. Geranium; Africanum, folio alce<&, flore coccineo, fulgid^JJimo . Boerh. Ind. alt. Geranium, Suria- nenfe, chelidonii folio, flore coccineo, petalis in&qualibus. Hort. Tiff. Afri-. can Crane's-bill, with a vervain Mallow Leaf, and a deep Scai-lct Flower. 30. Geranium; Africanum, ar- borefcms, alchimilU folio hirfuto, ele- gantiffime varicgato, floribus rubi- cundis. Boerh. Ind. alt^ African Tree Crane's-bill, with a hairy Ladies-mantle Leaf elegantly ftrip'd, and red Flowers, commonly call'd the Strip'd Geranium. 3 I . Geranium ; Africanum, foliis inferioribus afari, fuperio.ribus fiaphi- difigrid, maculatis, fpjendentibus, ^ acetofA fapore. Com* Frd, African Crane's-bill, with the under Leaves like Afarabacca, and the upper Leaves like Stavefacre, fhining, fpotted, and tafting like Sorrel. 3 2. Geranium ; Africanum, al- chimilU hirfuto folio, floribus albidis, H. L. African Crane's-bill, with a hairy Ladies-mantle Leaf and whi- ti{h Flowers. 53. Geranium; Africanum, folio malvA, craffo, molli, odoratiffimo, flofculo pe/itapetalo, albo. Boerh. Ind. alt. African Crane's-bill, with a thick, foft, fweet-fmelling Mallow Leaf, and a Imali white Flower coniifling of five Leaves. 34,. Geranium ; Americanum^ noEiu olens, radice tuberofa, trifle. Corn. H Ox. American tuberofe- rooted Crane's-bill, fmelling fweet in the Night. 3)-. Geranium ; Africanum, tu- berofum, anemones folio, incarnatJ flore. Far. Bat. Tuberofe-rooted African Crane's-bill, with an Ane- mony 1 G E mony Leaf, and a pale flefii-colour'd Flower. 3 6. Geranium ; Mthiop'icum, noBtt clensy radice tuberofa^ foliis mjrr- hiilis, anguflioribus. Breyn. Cent. Night fweet - fmelling Ethiopian Crane's-bill, with a tuberofe Root and narrow Cicely Leaves. 37. GeraniuxMj Africdnum, no- 6iii olens, folio vitis hirJutOy tube- rofum. H. A. Night Iweet-fmeil- ing African Crane's-bill, with a hairy Vine Leaf, and a tuberofe Root. 38. Geranium j Africanum, folio coriamlri, fioribus incarnatis, minus. H. L. African Crane's-bill, with a Coriander Leaf, and a lefTer flcfh- colour'd Flower. 39. Geranium; Africanum, wva crlffA folio, fioribus exiguis, rubellis. H. L. African Crane's-bill, with a Goofeberry Leaf, and fmall reddifh Flowers. 4®. Geranium ; Africanum, be- tonicA folioy frocumbens, fioribus par- 'vis, eleganter variegatis. Fluk. Aim. African trailing Crane's-bill, with a Betony Leaf, and fmall, beautiful ftrip'd Flowers. The fifteen firft-mentioned Sorts are abiding Plants ; the Leaves of fome of them do decay in Winter, but their Roots remaining, fiioot again early in the Spring: Some of thefe Sorts are common in fe-. veral Parts of England, yet they deferve a Place in every good Gar- den j where, if they are rightly dif- ^os'd, they will have a good Effe6t, by adding to the Variety; and as they are very hardy Plants, and re- quire but little Care in the Culture, growing in almoft any Soil or Si- tuation, fo they are very proper for large Gardens to be planted inv/ide Borders, or by the Sides of Wilder- neifes and other fhady Walks, where few other Plants will thrive, &nd G E thefe continuing in Flower moll part of the Summer, do greatly add to the Beauty of fuch Places. Thefe are all increafed by part- ing their Roots, the bell Seafon for which is in OHober, that they may take Root before the hard Frofls begin; or elfe in F^^r«/?;j, that they may get Strength before the great Heat and Drought comes on, which would occafion their Flowers to be fmall, and but few in Number. Thefe Roots may remain two or three Years unremoved, according as you find them increaie and fpreadj for fome Sorts will not fpread fb far in three Years, as others will do in one; fb that if the fpread ing Kinds are fufFer'd to grow undi- fturb'd for two or three Years, they will fpread the v/hole Width of the Border where they are planted, io that if they are not tranfplanted often, their Roots fhould be cut round every Year to keep them within Compafs. Thefe Sorts may alfo be propa- gated by Seeds, which they afford every Year in great Plenty; but as they are increalcd very fad in the former V/ay, fo it is hardly worth while to fow their Seeds. The I (5th, 17th and 18th Sorts are annual Plants, and fhould either be fown every Year, or their Seeds permitted to fcatter themfelves, the latter of which is the fureft Method, for the Plants will come up in Autumn foon after the Seeds fall, and will abide the Winter, and flower early the fucceeding Spring, whereby you will be always fure to have their Seeds per fefted, which does not conflantly happen to thofe fown in the Spring. The 1 6th Sort is prefcrved in many Gardens, for the fweet Scent its Leaves afford when rubb'd between the Fingers, which occafion'd its bcinsT G E feeing called Musk, or Mufcovy. There is but little Beauty in the Flowers of this Plant 5 however it may be admitted to have a Phce in fome odd Corner, or fhady Border in a Garden tor Variety, it being very hardy, and will thrive in al- mofl any Soil or Situation. The 17th and i8th Sorts do pro- duce very handfome Flowers, and «s they are Plants which take up but little Room, and require very little Trouble to cultivate them, fo it is worth while to allow them a Place tor Variety, in fbme Corner of the Garden, thefe being both as hardy as the former Sort. The 19th, 20th, lift, lid, 23d, »4.th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 50th and 31ft Sorts, are Natives of a vrarmer Climate than ours, and re- quire to be fhelter'd in Winter: Thefe being all ihrubby Plants, may be propagated by planting their Cuttings, any Time in Summer, in a Bed of light, frefh Earth, observ- ing to water and lliade them until they have taken Root, which will be in about a Months Time after planting, being careful to take off The Mats or other Covering every Night, that the Cuttings may have the Benefit of the Dewsj as alfb whenever there may happen to be any Showers in the Day-time, never to cover them but when the Sun fhines very hot upon the Bed. In this Place they may remain two Months from their firfl plant- ing, by which Time they will be rooted fuflicient for planting; you mull therefore prepare ibme Pots, which fliould be leven Inches over the Top, thefe fhould be filled with frefh, light Earth, and having taken the Plants up, with as much Earth as pofl'ible to their Roots, you (hould plant them into thefe Pots, each Plant into a fcparate one, re- G E moving them into a fhady Situation until they have taken frefh Root, obferving to water them frequently as they may have occafion ; and when they arc rooted, you fhould remove them to a more expos'd Situation to harden them, in which Place they fhould remain until the Middle of Ociober, v/hen the Morn- ings begin to be frofty, at which Time they ought to be removed into the Green-houfe, where they fhould be placed as near the Win- dows as poifible, obferving to let the Windows be open, that they may have as much fi-ee Air as poifible, until the Weather begins to be very cold. Thefe Plants, during the Winter Sealbn, will require to be often refrefli'd with Water j but they fhould never have too jnuch given them at once ; they fhould alio be frequently pick'd to take off all dead or decay 'd Leaves, which if fuffer'd to remain upon them, will not only render the Plants unfightly, butalfo infedt the Air of the Green- houfe, eipecially when the Win- dows are kept flmt clofe, and there- by become injurious to all thp Plants placed therein. You muft alfo obferve to fet thefe wJiere they may be clear from the Heads of other Plants, for they will by no means bear to be flifled, which would caufe them to cafl their Leaves; nor do they require to be kept very warm in Winter, for if they are but fcreen'd from the Frofl, it will be fiifficient, and all artificial Warmths are prejudi- cial to thefe Plants. Ihe 29th Sort is very fubjedi-to caft its Leaves in Autumn, and thereby appears to unskilful Per- fons as dead; but if it be fuffered to remain in the Pot undiflurbed, and very little Water given to it during G E daring this Seafon, it will come out again in Winter as frefli and lively as before i but much Moifture during this State of Ina6livity, very often deftroys this Plant. This for the Richneis of the Colour of its Flowers, vaftly exceeds all the other Sorts, tho* the 2 id Sort is a very beautiful Flower, and continu- ing moft Part of the Summer and Autumn in flower, renders it very valuable ,• as is the 30th Sart, for the Beauty of its variegated Leaves. The 3 2d and 3 jd Sorts are of humbler Growth than the former, tho' they are Natives of the fame Country, and do theretore require the lame Defence in Winter : Thefe may be alfo propagated by Head^i cut off from the old Plants, and treated as was directed for the Cuttings of the fhrubby Kinds. The 3 id Sort is very fubje£t to ramble, and affords fupply enough ,of Cuttings i but the 33d Sort in- creafes much flower : This Plant is of an uncommon ftrong fweet Scent ; the Leaves, when touch'd, fmelling fbmewhat like Anis-feed: but the Flowers of neither of thefe two Sorts are very beautiful ; hov/ever, they Ihould have a Place in all Col- lc6tions of Plants f(^ Variety Saice. Thefe Plants may alfo be propa- gated by fowing ot their Seeds in the Spring of the Year upon a mo- derate Hot-bed, and when they are come up two Inches high, they ihould be planted into another Bed. with a little warm Dung under it to promote their Rooting: In this Bed they may be planted about iix Inches fquarej and when they are rooted, you fliould harden them by Degrees, fo that as the Weather be- comes warmer they may the better endure the open Air: In yi^ly you ihould tranfplant them into Pots, as was directed before for the Cut- G E tings, and^manage them in the fame manner. During the Summer- feafon, thefe Plants fhould be fee abroad with Myrtles, Oleanders, and other Green-houfe Plants, where, being arthilly intermix'd therewith, they greatly add to the Variety, and continue flowering moft Part of the Year. The 34th, jyth, 36th and 37 th Sorts have all knobby Roots, and increafe but flowly thereby : There- fore in order to have a Stock of thefe Plants, you fhould carefully gather their SccdiSy (which they ieldom fail to produce every Year) and fow them, as was diredted tor the other African Sorts, upon a moderate Hot-bed, managing them alfo accordingly, with this Diffe- rence only, viz.. that they fhould have lefs Water; and the Pots in which they are planted fhould be fmaller, efpecially at firft, for as they are Plants which make but fmall Roots, fo the putting them into large Pots is veryprejudical to them. Thefe are all efteem'd for the Beauty of their Flowers, and their agreeable Sweetncfs in the Evening after the Sun has left them j for before that you cannot perceive any Scent in them, tho' afterwards it becomes fo flrong as to perfume the Air to fome Dillance from the Place where they Hand. This, I fuppofe, may be accounted for from the Warmth of the Sun rare- fying thofe Effluvia, fo as to be too minute to ftrika our Organs of Smelling with any Force while the Heat is continu'd, but when the Cool of the Evening approaches, thefe Effluvia are of larger Bulk, and become preceptible to us in Proportion thereto. During the Summer-feafbn, thefe Plants may be expos'd, amongil Other Exoticks, in the open Air, being:: G E being very careful not to give them too much Water, efpecially towards Autumn, when their green Leaves begin to decay, at which Time they ihonld have it very iparingly ; and if the Seaibn fliould prove very wet, you ihouid move the Pots on one Side, or remove them under Shelter to proted them from it: And about the Beginning of October you fhould remove them into the Green-Houfe, placing them as near as polTible to the Windows, that they may have a good Quantity of free Air, when the Windows are open'd ,• for if they are defended from the Froll and much Wet, it will be fufficient, they not being extream tender, nor will they ever require any artificial Warmths in Winter, but, on the contrary, as much Air as poiTible in mild Wea- ther. Thefe Plants require a very light, fandy Soil ■■, but fliould not have too much Dung. The Mixture of Earth in which I find them grow beft, is as follows : ift, Take a Quantity of frelli Earth from a Pa- fture-Ground that is inclining to a Sand, (and if you have Time for the Turf to rot before you have Occ^- lion for it, add that to the Earth) i then mix about a third or fourth Part as much Sea-Sand, in Propor- tion to the Liglitnefs of your Soil i add to this about a fourth Part as much rotten Tanners Bark ; mix all wdl together, and let it lie in a Heap two or three Months before you have occafion for it, oblerving to turn it over tv/o or three times, that the Mixtures may be the better united ; and if before it be us'd, you pafs it through a rough Screen to take out all large Stones,Roots,r9--c. it will be the better i but by no means fift the Earth fine, as is the Practice of mar y People., for I am G E fure it is doing a great deal of Da- mage, (as was Ihewn under the Ar- ticle Abies) : When thefe Plants are potted, you fhould carefully lay ibme Stones or Shreds in the Bot- tom of the Pots, that the Water may the better pa{s off i nor fhould you plant them in Pots too large j which is equally injurious to them, as was before-mentioned. The 58th and 39th Sorts are Plants of fhorter Duration than thofs above-mentioned, rarely con- tinuing above two Years 5 fo that in order to preferve thefe, you fhould fave the Seeds every Year, which fl^iould be fown upon a mo- derate Hoc-bed in the Spring, and managed as v/as directed for the laft mention'd Sorts. Thefe do often produce Flowers and Seeds the fame Summer j but the fecond Year, pro- vided they are defended from the Frofl in Winter, they will flower early, and perfed: their Seeds before Autumn. The 40th Sort is annual : This mud be fown on a moderate Hot- bed, and the Plants brought for- ward in the Spring i but when they begin to flov/er, muft be fet in the open Air, other wife the Flowers will fall away without producmg any Seeds. This, tho' a Plant of no great Beauty, yet is wor- thy of a Place in every Collection of curious Plants. There are a great Number of Gerafiiums which I have not here mention'd, many of which are Na- tives of England, and others were brought from divers other Parts of Europe i but as thefe for the mofl pan are annual Plants of no Beauty or Ufc, {0 I thought it needlefs to trouble myfelf or the Reader there- wirh. GERMANDER } z-Ue Chamae- drys. GEUMj ( G E GETJM i Hairy Kidney- wort or Sanicle. The Characiers are; The Cup of the 'Flower is quinqui- Jid : The Flower conjifis offi've Leaves^ which expand in Form of a Roic, having eight or ten Stamina or Threads furrounding the Ovary : The Fruit is roundifh, andis fpUt into two Horns at the lop ; this becomes a bicapfular Seed-VeJJely containing many fmall Seeds. The Species are; 1. Geum ; paluflre, minus foliis oblongis crenatis. Tourn, Hairy Kid- ney-Wort, or Water-Sanicie. 2. Geumj anguflifolimny autum- nale, flore luteo guttata. Tourn, Narrow -leav'd autumnal Sanicle, with a yellow fpocted Flower. 3. Geumj rotundifoliumy majus. Tourn. Great round-leav'd fpotted Sanicle. 4. Geom j folio fubrot undo majori, pijiillo fioris rubro. Tourn. London Pride, or None fo Pretty. The firft of thefe Plants is found wild upon the Mountains of Wales and IVeJimorland, but will grow, if traniplanted into a cool moift Place in a Garden. The fecond is found in fome Parts of ChefJnre: This alfo de- lights in a flrong, moift Soil, and a fliady Situation j nor fhould thefe Plants be often tranfplanted, for they delight beft in a poor Soil, ind want very little Culture, there- fore the beft iVlethod is to farnifli yourfelf with Roots from their na- tural Places of Growth, for their Seeds feldom fucceed if {own : Thefe ihould be taken up with as much Earth about their Roots aspoffiblej then plant them in fome cold, Ihady Part of the Garden, (but not under the Drip of Trees) where, when they are once well fix'd, they will continue without G I any farther Care for feveral Years, and will annually produce large Quantities of beautiful Flowers : And with thefe Plants may fuch Parts of a Garden, where few other things will thrive, be fup- ply'd to great Advantage i fo that did we but confider well what Plants delight in moift and ftrong Soils, and a fliady Situation; and what require a dry light Soil, and a Sunny Expofure, we need never be at a Lofs for Plants to embellifli a Garden, be the Soil or Situation what it will; and 'tis for want oi: rightly confidering how to adapt the proper Plants to each Soil and Si- tuation, that we often fee Natives of a low Valley planted upon a dry barren Soil, and thofe of dry fandy Hills upon a ftrong rich Soilj in both which Cafes, they ftarve and come to nothing. The third Sort is feldom planted in Gardens, except where the Owners are curious in Colle6lions of Plants, but yet deferves a Place among ft the former in a cool fliady Border, where it will thrive very well. The fourth Sort is the moft com- mon in the Gardens, and was for- merly in greater Requeft than at preicnt, it having been in great Uic for bordering of Flower-beds; but as it increafes very faft, fb it is apt to fprcad too far, and fometimes decays in Patches, which renders it very unlightly : Belides, it mufl be tranfplanted at leaft once a Year, otherwife it cannot be kept in any tolerable Order ; however, a few Plants of this kind may be prelerv'd as proper Furniture for fliady Bor- ders ; but it will grow upon a drier Soil than any of the former Sorts. GILLIFLOWER, or JULY« FLOWER i vide Caryophyllus. GILLI- G L GILLIFLOWER, er STOCK- GILLIFLOWER j -vide Leucoium. GILLIFLOWER, the Queen's or Dame's- Violet j vUe Hefperis. GINGER j x-zVe Zinziber. GLADIOLUS} Corn-Flag. The Chara^ers are ; It hath a fiejljy, double, tuberofe "Rootj the Leaves are like thofe of *^eFlower-de-Luce; the Flower con- ftps of one Leaf and is fhap'd like a Lily, fireading open at the Top into tT»o Lips, the upper one being imbri- cated, and the under one divided into five Segments j the Ovary becomes an cblong Fruit, divided into three Cells, rohich are filVd mth roundifh Seeds wapt up in a Cover. The Species are ^ 1. Gladiolus; utrinque floribus. C. B. P. Corn-flag, with Flowers on both Sides the Stalks. a. Gladiolus ; carnei coloris. Swert. Flor. Frefn-colour'd Corn- flag. 3. Gladiolus} fioribus una verfu difpofitis, major, fioris colore purpurea- rubente. C. B. P. Great Corn-flag, with rcddifh Purple Flowers ranged on one Side the Stalk. 4. Gladiolus } major, Byzanti- nus. C. B. P, Great Corn-flag of Conftantinople. f. Gladiolus } utrinque fioribus, fioribus albis. H. R, Monfp. Corn- flag, with white Flowers rang'd on each Side the Stalk. 6. Gladiolus } maximus, Indi- €us. C. B. P. The largell Indian Corn-flag. There are fbme other Varieties of this Plant which are prelerv'd in fbme curious Botanick Gardens, tut thefe here mention'd are what I have obferv'd in the EngliJJj Gar- dens. Thefe are all propagated by their tuberofe Roots, which the firfl, iecond and fifth Sorts produce in G L great Plenty, £0 that in a few Years, if they are fuffer'd to remain un- remov'd, they will fpread very far, and are hardly to be intirely rooted out when they have once gotten PofTeflion of the Ground. Thefe Roots are in Shape very like thofe of the large yellow Spring Crocus, but are fbmewhat bigger, yellower within, and have a rougher outer Coat or Covering. The fmall Off- fets of thefe Roots will produce Flowers the fecond Year, therefore when the old Roots are tranfplanted, the Off-lets fliould be taken off from them, and planted into a Nur- M fery-bed for one Year, by which " Time they will be fit to tranfplant into the Borders of the Pieafure- Garden. Thefe Roots may be taken up in July, when their Leaves de- cay, and may be kept out of the Ground until OHober } . at which Time they fhould be planted into the Borders of the Pleafure-Garden, intermixing them amongfl: other bulbous-rooted Plants : But if you plant them in large Borders in Wil- dernefs - work, (where they will thrive and flov/er very well) they need not be tranfplanted oftener than every other, or once in three Years ; whereas in Borders of a Pleafure-Garden, if they were fuf- fer'd to remain fb long, they would over-run the Ground, and be very troublefbme. The third and fourth Sorts arc the mod valuable, producing taller Stalks and fairer Flowers , nor are thefe fb apt to increaie, which ren- ders them fitter for the Borders of a Flower-Garden j fo that fmcc thefe have been introduced and be- come common, the other Sorts have been rejected, unlefs in fomc old gardens, or for large Wilder- ' ncfs-Quarters, where they will grow better than the two laft mention'd. Thefe G L Thefe Plants may alfo be propa- gated by Seeds, which fhould be £own in Pots or Tubs of light frefh Earth, ibon after they are ripe: Thefe Tubs fhould be plac'd where they may enjoy the Morning-Sun until eleven o' Clock, in which Po- rtion they fhould remain until Ociober\ at which Time they muft be remov'd, where they may have the full Sun during the Winter- Seafon, and the Mcirch following the young Plants will begin to ap- pear } when the Boxes or Pots fhould have a little fine Earth fifted over the Surface of the Ground, and be removed again, where they may have only the Morning-Sun, ob- ferving, during the Time of their Growth, to refrefh them with Water in dry Weather, as alfo to keep them clear from Weeds. The Michaelmas following, if the Plants are very thick in the Pots or Boxes, you fhould prepare a Bed or two of light frefh Earth, in Pro- portion to the Quantity of your young Plants, and after levelling the Surf-ace very even, you fhould fpread the Earth of the Pots in which the Roots are contain'd as equal as poffible upon the Beds, (for the Roots at this Time will be too fmall to be eafily taken up) covering the Bed about half an Inch thick with light fifted Earth j and the Spring following, when the Plants begin to come up, you muft flir the Ground upon the Surface to loofen it, and carefully clear the Beds from Weeds : In thefe Beds they may remain (obferving in the Autumn to lift fome frefh Earth over the Surface) until the fourth Year, by which Time they will begin to Ihew their Flowers; therefore you may now oblerve to mark out a!l the befl Kinds as they blow, which may the fuccceding Year be tranf- G L planted into the Pleafure-Garden^ but the poorer Kinds fhould b« thrown out as not worth preferve^ ing, for the good Sorts will fbo» multiply and furnifh you with a fufficient Stock from Off-fets. The Indian Corn-flag is tender, and muft be preferv'd in a warm Green-houfe, or a moderate Stove during the Wintcr-feafbn. Thefe Roots fhould be planted in Pots fill'd with a light fandy Soil. The beft Time to tranfplant them is any Time from May ,• at which Time their green Leaves decay till Septem- ber ^ that they begin to fhoot again; and in O^iober the Pots fliould b« removed into the Green-houfe j and during their Seafbn of Growth, which is chiefly in Winter, they muft be frequently water'd, but you muft not give it them in large Quantities, but during the Summer- feafbn, if they are fuffer'd to re- main in the Pots, they ihould hava little Moifture, but only be removed to a fhady Place ; for much We» at the Time their Roots areinaftivff is apt to rot them. This Plant but rarely flowers with us, but when it doth, it; makes a beautiful Appearance in the Green-houfe, efpecially coming; in January, when few other Flow- ers appear, which renders it wor- thy of a Place in every curious Garden. GLASTENBURY-THORNi •vide Mefpilus, GLAUCIUM; The Hom'd Poppy. The CharaBers arej The Cu^ of the Flowers conjtfis of tvoo Leaves ; the Tlomer hath five Leaves, which are plac'd orbicularly, and expand in form of a Rofe or d Poppy, but foon fall away , the Ovary arifes from the Bottom of the Htth Vlacsnta, and is divided into :w0 G L ta>o Tarts at the Extremityi this becomes a long taper Tod, which is Siva he, having an intermediate Far- titicn, to which are fajien'd many roundiJJj Seeds, The Species are ; X. GLAUciuMj/or^ luteo. Tourn. Yellow Horn'd Poppy. ^.GLh\3Ci\3^'-,fioreviolaceo.Tourn. Blue-flower'd horned Poppy. 3. Glaucium ; hirfutum, fiore Thoenicio. Tourn. Hairy horned Poppy, with a deep Scarlet Flower. 4.. Glaucium i globrum, fiore Thoenicio. Tourn. Smooth horned Poppy, with a deep Scarlet Flower. There are fome other Varieties of this Plant which occur in Bota- nick Authors ; but thefe here men- tioned, are all the Sorts I have yet feen in the Englifi Gardens. The firft Sort is found upon the Sea Coafts in fome Parts of England; but if fown in a Garden, will grow very well; this is a perennial Plant, the Roots abiding, if in a poor, dry Soil, two or three Years j but when planted in a moift, or very rich Soil, it feldom continues longer than one Year, efpeciaily if it flow- ers the firft Summer. The fecond Sort Mr. Ray found growing amongft Corn, betwixt Swafham and Burwell in Ca^nbridge- flnre. The third and fourth Sorts were brought from Abroad ; thefe Three are annual Plants, and either fliould be fown every Spring, or their Seeds fuffered to fcatter therafelves, for the Plants will arife in Autumn firom the Seeds which fall, and if the Winter does not prove too fharp, they will abide without any Care, and flower earlier the fucceeding Spring: Thefe Plants, tho' there is not much Beauty in them, yet may be permitted to have a Place in large Gardens for Variety, efpeciaily as G L they require very little Culture, They delight moft in a warm, light Soil, but will grow in almoft any Soil, if it be not over -dunged. GLYCYRRHIZA; Liquorice. The Chara^ers arej It hath a papilionaceous Flower; the Tointal which arifes from the Empalement becomes a> fljort Tod, containing [ever al Kidney-fljafd Seeds ; the Leaves are placed by Fairs join'd to the Mid-rib, and are terminated by an odd Lobe, The Species arej 1. Glycyrrhiza i filiquofa, vel Germanica. C. B. P. Common |j Liquorice. * 2. Glycyrrhiza; capite echinato. C. B. F. Rough-podded Liquo- rice. The firft of thefe Plants is what the People cultivate for Ufe; the other being only prefdrved in Bo- tanick Gardens, amongft Ibme other Varieties, which Plant I ft»all pafs over with only naming, and pro- ceed to give an Account of the Cul- ture of the firft Sort, which is the only one ufed. This Plant delights in a rich, light, fandy Soil, which fhould be three Foot deep at leaft ; for the greateft Advantage confifts in the Length of the Roots: The greateft Quantity of Liquorice which is propagated in England, is about Fontefraci in Torkfljire, and Godliman in Surrey ; though of late Years there hath been a great deal culti- vated in the Gardens near London: The Ground in which you intend to plant Liquorice, fhould be well dug and dunged the Year before you plant it, that the Dung may be perfe6fiy rotted and mix'd with the Earth, otherwife it will be apt to ftop the Roots from running down ; and before you plant it, the Ground fliould be dug three Spades deep. G L r^ ^ i:5ecp, and laid very light: When your Ground is thus well prepared, you fliould furnifli yourlclr with frefh Plants taken from the Sides or Heads of the old Roots, obferving that they have a good Bud or Eye, otherwife they are lubjcft to mii- carry. Thefe Plants lliould be about ID Inches long, and per- fedlly found. TJhe beft Seafon for planting them, is toward the End ot Fe- brtmryy or the Beginning of March^ which mull: be done in the foHow- ing Manner, njtz,, Firft flrain a Line crols the Ground in which you .fhould plant them, with a long Dibble made on purpofe, ib that the whole Plant may be fet (Irait into the Ground, with the Head jrbout an Inch under the Surface in a flrait Line, about a Foot afunder, or more, in Rows, and two Feet diftance Row from Row ; and after having finillied the whole Spot of Ground, you may low a thin Crop of Onions, which being Plants that don't root deep into the Ground, nor Ipread much above Ground, will do the Liquorice no Damage the firft Yeari for the L"c]uorice will not flioot very high the fir ft Seafon, and the Hoeing of the Onions will alfo keep the Ground clear trom Weeds j but in doing of this, you muft be careful not to cut off the Top-flioots of the Li- quorice Plants, as they appear above Ground, which Would greatly in- jure them } and alio obfcrve to cut up all the Onions which grow near the Heads of the Liquorice j aiid after your Onions are pulled up, you fhould carefully hoe and clean the Ground from Weeds 5 and in O80- her, when the Shoots of the Liquo- rice are decay'd, you fliould fpread a little very rotten Dung uppn the Surface of the Ground, vxiiich wiU prevent the Weeds from growing during the Winter, and the Rain Will waih the Virtae of the Dung into the Ground, whith will greatly improve the Plants. La the Beginning of March fol- lowing, you il.ould nightly dig the Ground between the Rows of Lqjorice, burying the remain- ing Part of the Dung 5 but irt doing of this, you Ihould be very careful not to cut the Roots ■■, this ft irring of the Ground will not only preferve i: c ean from Weeds a long Time, but alio greatly ftrengthen the Plants. The pulance which I have al- low'd for planting theie Plants, will, I doubt notj by Ibme, be thought too great,- but in anfwer to that, I would only obferve, that as the Largcnels of the Roots are the chief Advantage to the Planter, ^o the only Method to obtain this, is by giving them Room; and be- fides, this will give a greater Li- berty to ftir and drefs the Ground, which is of great Service to Liquo- rice; and ;f the Plantation delign'd, were to be of an extraordinary Big- ncis, I would advife the Rows to be made at leaft three Fcer diftant, whereby it will be eafy to ftir the Ground with a Breaft - plough, which will greatly leflen the Ex- pence of Labour. Thefe Piants ftiould remain three Years from the Time of planting, when rhcy will be fit to take up for Ule, which fliould not be done until the Stems are per fe6lly decay'd ; for when it is taken up too fbon, it is fubjedi: to fhrink greatly, and lofe of its Weight. The C}round near Loiiiion being rich, increaics the Bulk of the Root very faft, but when it is taken up, it appears of a very dark Colour, and not near fo lightly as that which C c grows G N (trows upon a Tandy Soil in an open Country. GNAPHALlUMi Cud-wccd. The Characters arej It hath do-eony heaves ■■, the Cup of the Ylovpcr is Jcaly, neither JJnning nor fpecioHs ; the Flowers are divided or cut in form of a Star. ^ The Species are i I. GN'ArHALiuMi Anglicttm.GcY. J^ong-leav'd, upright Cud-vvced. %. Gnaphalium; minHSyfetiherba ivjpia.Fark. Common Cud-weed. 3. Gnaphalium j maritimum.C, B. P. Sea Cud-weed, or Cotton Weed. The two frrfl: Sorts are found wild in diverfe Parts of England, upon moid, ftony Heaths, efpecially in flich Places where the Water ftood during the Winter. The fe- cond Sort is placed in the Catalogue of Simples annex'd to the College Difpenlatory, but is not often uied in Medicine: Thefe Plants are fcl- dom propagated in Gardens, except for the Sake of Variety} for they have no great Beauty, nor are of much Ufe : There are aifo many more of this Kind, fome of which grow wild in England y but as they are never cultivated, I fliall pals them over without naming, and proceed to the third Sort, which is often preferved in curious Gar- dens, for the Variety of its fine Siiver-colour'd Leaves. This Plant is found upon the Sea Coafbs of Cormvall, and fome other Parts of England i but yet will rarely abide the Cold of our Winters near Lo?i- don, if planted in the open Air j but it it be preferved in a com- mon Frame from the Severity of Froft, it will thrive very well: This is propagated by planting its Cuttings in any of the Summer Months, obfcrving to water and Jhade them from the Violence of G R the Sun in the Middle of the Day, and in about two Months they will be rooted enough to tranfplant, at which Time you ihould provide a Parcel of fmall Pots, which fhould be filled with light, fandy Earth, planting your young Plants therein, Ihading them again until they have taken new Roots, after which they may be expos'd until the End of Oaobery when you fnould remove the Pots into Shelter for the Winter- Scafon. But altho' I have advifed the planting thefe Plants into Pots, yet if you have a Stock of them, you may plant fome of them Abroad under a warm Wall, where they will ftand very well in mild Winters; but in very fharp Frofts they are generally deftroy'd. GOOSEBERRY i vide GrolTu^ laria. GORZ; r/V^ Genifta Spinola. GOSSYPIUMi ^7./^XyIon. GRAFTING : In order to Craft- ing, you fliould be provided with thefe Tools following. 1. A neat, fmall Hand-faw, to cut off the Heads of large Stocks. 2. A good ftrong Knife with a thick Back, to mike Clefts in the Stocks. 3. A fharp Penknife to cut the Grafti. 4. A Grafting ChifTcl and a fmall Mallet. j-. Bafs Strings, or woollen Yarn to tie the Grafts with, and liich oiher Inftruments and Materials as you fliali find necelTary, according to the Manner of Grafting you are to perform. 6. A Quantity of Clay which fhould be prepared a Month before it '\^ ufed, and kept turn'd and mix'd like Mortar every other Day, which is to be made after the fol- lowing Manner j Get G Pv Get d Quantity of flrorg, fat Loam, (in proportion to the (^^an- tiry of Trees intended to be grafted) then take foms new Stonc-horie Dung and brealc it in amongd: the Loam, and if you cut a little Straw or Hay very fmall, and mix amongll it, the Loam will hold together the better 5 thele muft be well ilirred together, putting V/ater to them after the Manner of making Mor- tar : It fliould be hollow'd like a Difli, and fiU'd with Water, and kept every other Day ftirr'd i but it ought to be remember 'd, that it fliould not be expos'd to the Froll or drying Winds, atid that the oftner it is ftirred and wi ought, the better. There are fevcra] Ways of Gn^^ft- ing, the principal of which are Five. 1. Grafting in the FJml, called alfo Shotdder Grafting, which is only proper for large Trees j this is cali'd Crown Grafting, becauie the Grafts are fct in form of a Circle or Crown, arid is generally perform'd about the latter End of March, or the Be- ginning of April. 2. Cleft G raj ting, which is alfo cali'd Stoch or blit-grafting : This is proper for Trees or S.o:ks of a lelTer Size, from an Inch to two Inches or more Diameter ; this Grafting is to be perform d in the Months of February and March, and fupplies the Failuire of the Efcut- cheon-way, which is pradifed in June, July and Angufi. 5. Whip Gra>fting, which is alfo cali'd Tongu: Grafting : This i*^- pro- per for Imall Stocks of Hn Inch, half an Inch, or leis-, Diameter j this is the mod effedual Way of any, and that which is moll in Ule. 4. Grafting by Approach, or AkL%cimm , this is to lie performed G R v.'hen the Stock you w^oi>ld gvpi^ Q\\, and the Tree from which you. take your Graft, (land fo near to-. gether, that they may be join'd i This is to be perform'd in the Month of April, and is alio called Inarch^ ing, and is chiefly uled 'ioi Jafmine^, Oranges, and other tende? Exotick Trees. ' The Manner of performing thefe leveral Sorts ol: Grafting being fo generally known, and they having been fo often dclcrib'd in the various Books of Husbandry and Gardening, it will be iieedlefs to repeat any Thing more on that Head in this Place : I fhall only take Notice in general of the feveral Sorts of Trees which Will grow when grafted upon each other. All fuch Trees as are of the fame Tribe, i. e. which agree in their Flower and Fruit, will Take upon each other -. For Inftance, ail the Nut-bearing Trees may be fafely grafted on each other, as may all the Flu?/} - bearing Trees, under which Head I reckon not only the leveral Sorts of Flums, but alio the Almond, Peach, Nectarine, Apri- coch, ccc. which agree exactly iit their genera:! Charaf^ers, by which they aredillinguifh'd from all other Trees : But as thele are very fubje6t to emit large Quantities c>f Gumt from fuch Farts of the Trees as are d-ceply cut or wounded, v/hich in the tender Trees of this Kind, is more common and hurtful, fo it i? found ro be the furefc Method to. lad or inoculate thefe Sorts of Fruits. Vide 'Inoculation. Then all fuch Trees as bear Cone? will do well upon each other, tho' tircy may diiTer in one being ever-" green, and the other Hredding its Leaves in Winter, as is obfcrveable in the Cedar of Libanus, and the Larch-Tree, which are found to' C c 2. fuccecd G R Succeed upon each other very well : But theie muft be grafted by Ap- proach, for they abound with a great Quantity of Reiin, which is apt to evaporate from the Graft, if Icparated from the Tree before it be join'd with the Stock, whereby they are often deftroy'd. All the Mait-bearing Trees will alfo Take upon each other j and thofe which liavc a tender foft Wood will do well if grafted in the common Way^ lut thoie that are of a more firm Contexture, and are flow Growers, fhould be grafted by Approach. By ftricfly obferving this Rule, we fhall fcldom mifcarry, provided the Operation be rightly perform'd, and at a proper Seafon, unlefs the Weather fliould prove very bad, as it fometimes happens, whereby whole Quarters of Fruit-Trees mil- carry i and it It by this Method that many Kinds of Exotick Trees are not only propagated, but alfo ren- der'd hardy enough to endure the Cold of our Climate in the open Air ; for being grafted upon Stocks of the iame Sort which are hardy, the Grafts are render'd more capa- ble to endure the Cold ; as hath been expericnc'd in mod of our valuable Fruits now in EngUfid, which were formerly tranfplanted hither from more Southerly Climates, and were at ftrft too impatient oi: our Cold to fucceed well Abroad, but have been, by budding or grafting upon more hardy Trees, render'd capable of refilling our icverefl Cold. And thefe different Graftings feem to have been greatly in Ufe among the Antientsj tho' they were cer- tainly miftaken in the feveral Sorts of Fruits which they mention to have fucceeded upon each other, as the Fig upon the Mulberry, the flum upon the Chefnut, with many •xhers of the like Kind i fome of G R which I have already try'd, and find them all Miftakes, or at Icaft they did not mean the fame Plants which at prefcnt are call'd by thofe Names : The' I can't help thinking we are apt to pay too much Defe- rence to the Writings of the An- tients, in fuppoling them feldom to be miftaken, or to affert a Falfhood : Whereas, if their Works are care- fully examin'd, it will be found that they often copy'd from each others Writing*, without making Experiments to prove the Truth of their Affertions : And it is well known, that the Ranging of Plants before Cafalpinus's Time (which is but about 1 5-0 Years iince) was, by their outward Appearance, or from the fuppofed Virtues of them ; Which Method is now juftly ex- ploded j and it hath been obierv'd, from many repeated Trials, that however Plants may refemble each other in the Shape and Make of their Leaves, Manner of Shooting, Cr>c. that unlefs they agree in their Manner of Fruiting, and their other diftinctive Charatlers, they will not grow upon each other, tho' grafted with ever fo much Art. GRANADILLAi Pamon- Flower. The Ckira^ers are j It hath a double Calix, the firfi confifting of three Leaves^ the other of five Leavesy which expand in For?n of a Star : The Flowers confifl office Leaves each, and are of a rofaceous Form : In the Centre of the Flower arifes the Pointal, with a Crown fringed at the Bottotn, bjit furniflj'd with a tender Embryo at the Top, on which [land three Clubs, under which are the Stamina with rough, obtuft Apices, which always incline down- wards : The Embryo turns to an oval or globular Fruit, flefloy, and confin- ing of om C$11, which is full of Seeds adhering- G R adhering to the Sules, ami covered tpitha Jort of Hood or Veil. The Species are ; 1. GRANADiLLAi fentdphyllos, la- tioribus foliis, fiore CAruleo magno. Boerh. Ind. Common or broad- leav'd PafTion-Flower. 2. Granadillaj pentaphyllos, an- gHJlioribus foliis, flore c&ruUo magno. Warrow-leav'd Pailion- Flower. 5. Granadillaj pentaphyllos^m- guftioribus foliis, Jlore minor e pallida c&ruleoferotino. Late narrow-leav'd Pairion-Flower, with a lefTer and paler Flower. 4. Granadilla ; Hifpanis, Flos TaJJioni sit alls. Col.inKecch. Three- leav'd Paflion-Flower. 5". Granadilla; folio tricufpide, fore parvo finvefcente. Tourn. Pa A lion- Flower, with a three pointed Leaf, and a fmall yellowiih Flower. 6. Granadilla ; flore albo, frnciu reticulato. Boerh. Ind. White Paf- fion-Flower, with a netted Fruit. 7. Granadilla ; fxtida, folio tricufpide villofo, Jlore purpurea va- riegato. Tourn* Stinking Paflion- Flower, with a three-pointed hairy Leaf, and a purple variegated Flow- er, caWd by the Inhabitants of Bar- badoes Love in a Mift. 8. Granadilla i fruBu Citrifor- mi, foliis oblongis. Tourn. Pafl^ion- Flower, with a Fruit (hap'd like a Citron, and an oblong Leaf, call'd by the Inhabitants of Barbddoes Wa- ter-Lemon. 9. Granadilla; latifolia, fruBu malformi. Broad - leav'd Paflion- Flower, with an Apple-fliap'd Fruit. 10. Granadilla ; fiore fuave^ rubente, folio bicorni. Tourn. Paf- lion-Flower, with a Leaf divided into two Horns, and a foft red Flower. 1 1 . Granadilla ; folio amplo tricufpidi, fruBu Olivt forma. Tourn, PalTion-F lower, with a three-pointed l^caf, and an Olive-fliap'd Fruit, G R II. Granadilla j folio anguflo tricufpidi, fru5iu OlivAJorma. Tourn. Paflion - Flower, with a narrow three-pointed Leaf, and an Olive- ftiap'd Fruit. 13. Granadilla i Androfami fo- lio, fruciu Jujubino. Tourn, Paf- fion-Flower, with a Tutfan Leaf, and a Fruit like the Jujube. The firfl: Sort here mention'd is the moft common in all the Engliflj Gardens, and Cnotwithftanding what Mr. Bradley has aflirm'd) is very different from the fecond and third Sorts. Nor did I ever fee any Fruit upon this Kind, tho* planted in many different Soils and Situations ; whereas the fecond Sort rarely fails to produce Fruit every Year; and in order to obferve the Truth of this, I planted one of each Kind in the fame Soil and Situation, where the fecond Sort has produc'd Fruit every Year fince, but the firfl: has not as yet fliewn any Appearance thereof. The fecond Sort does alfb differ in the Colour of the Flower, which is fomewhat paler than the firft, and the Petals are not quite fo blunt at their Extremities. The third Sort hath very narrow Leaves, and the young Branches are of a purplifli Colour ; it is a very great Shooter, but does not flower until the Latter-ertd of Sum- mer : The Flowers of this Kind arc fmaller, and of a paler Colour than either of the former. There is alfo a Variety in this Plant with yellow blotch'd Leaves, which fome People preferve as a great Curiolity ; but as this Variegation is but fmall, and hardly to be feen in vigorous Shoots, fo it is fcarce worth men^ tioning. Thefe three Sorts are extreme hardy, and will endure our feverefl: Cold in the open Air; tho' in very hard Winters their Shoots arefubje6t CC 5 tQ G R to be kill'd, and fometimes tKeir vvhoic Stems quite to the Surface : .Yet it rarely happens that itdeflroys the whole Piuicj for if the Roots are permitted to ccntinue undi- fturb'd, theyieldom fail to flioot up again in the fucceeding Summer. Thele are propagated by laying (down thdr Branches, which in one Year's time will take good Roots, and may then be remov'd to the Places where they are dciign'd to remain : The beft Seafon for trani- planting thefe Plants, is towards the latter End of March, or the Bsgin- niPig oi April, juft before they begin to flioot i for if they are remov'd earher, and it fliouid prove dry frofty Weather, with cold North- Eaft Winds, (as it often happens in March) thefe Plants will fcarcely endure it, which is the Occafion ot the Death of lb many of them, as is often obferv'd upon Tranfplan- tation. The Plants fliould be planted againH: a Wall or other Building, which fnould face the South-Eail or South- Weft j or ellc intermix'd amongft flowering Shrubs in Quar- ters 3 where, if they are regularly train'd up to Poles, they will flower ex'.reni^ly well, and have a very good Elfedl in diverfifying fuch PLnrations. The beft Seafon for pruning of thefe Plants is in the Spring, atier the cold Weather is paft j for if they are pruned very early, and it fliould happen to be JFrofty Weather afterwards, it would endanger moft of the young Branch- es j therefore it is much the better Way to let the whole Plant remain untouch'd (fuffering all the rude Pare to hang down before the Stem and Branches) during the Winter- fealbn, which will be pf Service in protediing them from the Severity of the Cold i and if at Michaelmas G R you lay a little Dung or other Mulch about a Foot thick upon the Surface of the Ground near the Stems, it will efferui^.ry with Amifranthus's, 8cc. And when the Plants are come up, they fliould be tranfplanted fmgly into fniill Pots fill'd with light Earth, and plung'd into a frefh Hot-bed, to bring them forward j and, in a Month's time after (when the Bed will begin to lofe its Heat) you fliould prepare a frefh Hot-bed j then fnake the Plants out of the fmall Pots, and put them into larger, obferving to take off the Roots of the Plant which arj matted round the Outfidc of the Ball of Earth, being careful not to break too much of the Earth from the Roots: And, after having plac'd the Plant exadly in the Middle ot the larger Pot, you mull fill the Pot with the like fiefh light Earth, plunging the Pots into the new P>ed 5 m which Place they may remain a Month longer, obfeiving to water them as they fhall require, as alfo to give them Air in Proportion to the Heat of the Weather : And when their Roots have fill'd thefe Pots, they fhould be fhaken out, and tranf- planted into larger, giving them a little Warmth to caufe them to take frelh Root the fooner j and after they are well rooted, you may remove them into the Stove, where they may be protected from the Cold of the Nights and great Rains 5 in which Situation they will pro- duce great Numbers of Flowers, and ripen their Seed perfe6lly well. In Autumn they commonly decay ; tho* I doubt not but they would continue longer, if they were plac'd in a good Stove, and preferv'd with Care. G R The fcventh Sort is fomewhat like the fixth, but differs therefrom in the Shape of its Leaves, which, in the fixth Sort, are long and narr row, but, in the feventh, broad and angular, approaching to the Shape of the white Briony, and are rougher and of a ftronger Scent : The Flowers alfb of this are ftrip'd in the Middle with purple, whereas the others are all white i nor doth this Piant often produce its Flowers the firft Year with us, but muft be preferv'd in a warm Stove through the Winter, and the following Sum- mer it will produce Flowers, and pcrfedl its Seeds. This Plant muft be fown on a Hot-bed in the Spring, and manag'd as was directed for the lafr, with this Difference only, viz. Thar, as this feldom flowers the firif Sum- mer, fo thofe Plants wh'ch you in- tend to prcfcrve through the Win- ter, fhould be train'd up to endure the open Air in the Summer, where- by they will be better able to live in Winter. This is found in great Plenty in many Places in the Wefi-Inclies,vj\\cxQ the Inhabitants call it Love in a, Miji. The Seeds are frequently brought into England by that Name. ^ere Plumier fays. That he found it in great Plenty in the Hedges, in the Ifland of Martinico, where he obierv'd the Flowers conftantly open'd before the Rifmg of the Sun, after which it feldom continued an Hour. He alfo fays, that it con- tinues flowering almofl throughout the whole Year ; but that the Birds, Lizards and Ants are fo fond of this Fruit, that it is very difficult to find them entire when ripe. The eighth Sort is a durable Plant, growing woody, and is more ar- borefcent than any other Species of this Plant which I Jiave yet /een. The G R Tte Seeds of this are often brought over from Barbados, where it is cultivated in the Gardens for the Goodnefs of its Fruit, although the Flowers (which arc finer than thole of the common Sort) renders it worthy of a Place in a good Gar- den, had the Plant no other good Qualities to recommend it. This Plant may be rais'd by fow- iug the Seeds upon a Hot-bed, as was directed for the two other Sorts, and muft be afterwards tranf- planted into Pots, and manag'd in the fame manner^ but this never produces its Flowers until thelecond or third Year after fowing, fo it muft be carefully preferv'd in Win- ter in a warm Stove with other tender Plants which come from the fame Country \ but, in the Summer, it fliould have a good Share of free Air,efpecia]]y in warm Weather, tho* it will not bear to be wholly expos'd to the open Air. It may alfo be propagated by laying down fome of its Branches in the Spring, which, in two Months time, will ftrike Root, and may then be tranlplantcd into Pots, and manag'd as the old Plants: During the Summer-feafon thele Plants will require to be plentifully watcr'd, (eipecially if they are kept warm) but, in Winter, they fhould not have too much Wet, therefore you fhould often refrefh them, but do not give them much at each Time. The Heat, in which they thrive beft in Winter, is that mark'd Vie- 7nento, upon Mr. Fowler's Botanical Thermometers jhut, in Summer, rhey will require a much greater Share of Warmth. I don't find any Authors who have written upon this Plant, men- tion its growing wild in any Parts of the Wefi- Indies, Fere Flumier fays, it is cultivated in Gardens to G R cover Arbors and Seats, for t}\c Goodnefs of its Fruit, which ripens in April and May, and is of a won- derful refrcthing Nature, and is commonly us'd in Fevers ns a Cor- dial Syrup, in the Stead of Rob of Gooiebcrries. The French call ths Fruit ot this Plant Pommes de Liane, and the Engiiflj IKiter Lemon, as chiefly delighting to grow in a moid; So:l. The Flowers of this Pjanthave a very agreeable Scent, and are ex- tremely beautiful. The ninth Sort alfo is an abiding Plant, but never becomes fo woody as the former : The Stalks are com- monly of a green hcrbaccoar. Colour : The Leaves are broader and fliorter, but not fo thick as thofe of the former, and ot a livelier green Go- lour : The Flowers of this Kind are very large, and of a fine red Colour, inclining to purple, and very fweet : The Fruit is about the Size of a middling Apple, and ot an agreeable Flavour. This may alfo be propagated bv Seeds or Layers, as the former Sort, and muft be manag'd exactly in the fame Manner j fo that I ihaii not repeat it here, but only obferve, that this will alfo grow from Cut- tings, if planted in a Hot-bed during any of the Summer Months. Fere Flumier oblerv'd this Plant in the lile of St. Domingo, It flowers there in AfriL The tenth Sort is very common in moft Parts of theC^n^^elllands. I have alfo receiv'd Seeds of it from the Bahama Iflands, from which I have rais'd Plants of this Kind that have produc'd -Flowers and Fruits in the Fhyjick Garden at Chslfea. It requires much the fame Manage- ment as the two fonner Sorts, tho' 1 could never prop^igate this either by Cuttings or Layers, It requires a great Share oi Water, cfpeci.illy la G R m the Summer -feafbn, without which it will rarely flower i but in Winter it muO; have it more fparingly, tho' it will of. en require to be refreflfd. This delights in the iarne Degree of Heat with the former. The Flowers of this Plant are very fmall, and of fhort Duration j nor is there any great Beauty in the Plant, or any Thing valuable in its Fruit to recommend it j however, it may have a Place in great CoUe- *5ticns of Plants, to add to the Variety. Tke eleventh and twelfth Sorts 1 have had come up in the Earth, which came from the Weft-Indies j but I have not as yet feen their Flowers : Thefe may be prefer v'd in the fame Manner as the former ; but delight to grow in a moid Soil, therefore muft be often re- freftVd with Water. Neither of thefe do promife to be of long Continuance, tho' I am apt to be- lieve they may be propagated by Layers. The thirteenth Sort is alfo a pe- rennial Plant, which is very com- mon in divers Parts of the M'^eji- Indies: The Flowers of this Kind are very fmall, and of a grecuifl^ Colour, without Smell, and the Fruit is of a fine purple Colour when ripe. It requires the fame Ma- nagement as the former, and may be propagated by laying down the Branches early in the Spring. Thefe are all the Sorts of the FafJ-on- Flower which I have, as yet, oblerv'd in the Engliftj Gardens, tho* there are fome other Kinds defcrib'd in the Books of curious Botanifts who have travelled in the Weft-Indies j but I have not heard of their being brought into Europe. As to what Mr. Bradley relates of his having feen above thirty, different i^inds G R ot this Flint in the Vhyfick-Garder^ at AmfttrJam, I cannot entirely rely upon It i for when I was there at Midiummer 17x7, I did not fee a fourth-part of that Number, when, if they had been there, they would, at that Seafon, have appear'dj noi* did 1 find their Stoves fo contriv'd, as to be capable of maintaining fome of the very tender Kinds, fo that I am apt to think that Gentle- man was miftaken in his Account. GRAPES 5 vide Vitis. GRASS. The EngUft? Grafs is of fo good a Quality for Walks or Grafs-Flots, that if they be kept in good Order, they have that exqui- lite Beauty that .they cannot come up to in France, and feveral oth::r Countries. But Green Walks and Green Plots are, for the moft part^ not made by fowing the Grafs Seed, but by laying Turfs i and indeed, the Turfs from a fine Common are much pre- ferable to fown Grafs, In fowing a fine Green-plot, there is a Difficulty in getting good Seed : It ought not to be fuch as is taken out of a Hay-loft without Diftin- d:ion ; for that Seed (hooting too high, and making large Stalks, the lower Part will be naked and bare, and although it be mow'd ever fo often, it will never make handfome Grafs, but on the contrary, will come to nothing but Tufts of Weeds and ^^ick-Grafs, very little better than that of the common Fields. If Walks or Plots be made by Sowing, the befl; way is to procure the Seed from thofe Paftures where the Grafs is naturally fine and clear, or elfe the Trouble of keeping of it from fpiry and benty Grafs will be very great, and it will fcarce ever look handfome. In G R In order to low Grafs- Seed, the Ground muft be firft dug or broken up with a Spade j and when it has been drefs'd and laid even, it muil: be finely rak'd over, and all the Clods and Stones taken off, and covered over an Inch thick with good Mould to facilitate the Growth ot the Seed: This being done, the Seed is to be fown pretty thick, that it may come up clofe and fhort, and it muft be rak'd over again to bury and cover the Seed, that if the Weather fliould happen to be windy, it may not be blown away. As to the Seafon of fowing Grafs, the latter End ot Augufi is a good Time, becaufe the Seed naturally requires nothing but Moifture to make it grow : If it be nor fown till the latter End of February, or the Beginning of March, if the Weather proves dry, it will not fo foon make the Walks or Quarters green. It is alfo bed to fow it in a mild Day, and inclining to Rain, for that, by finking down the Seed in the Earth, will caufe it to fhoot the fooner. After the Seed is well come up, and the Grafs is very thick, and of a beautiful Green, it will require a conftant Care to keep it in Order : This confifts in mowing the Grafs often J for the oftener it is mow'd, the thicker and handfomer it grows : It muft alfo be roU'd with a Cy- linder, or Roller of Wood, Stone, or Iron, to level it as much as polTible. If Grafs be negleded, it will run into Quick-Grafs and Weeds j and if it does fo, there is no way to recover it, but either by fowing it, or laying it over again, and that once in every two Years j but if the Ground be well clear'd from the Roots of ftrong Weeds, and the ^urf be taken from a fine level G R Common, it will continue hand- feme for feveral Years, provided it be well kept. In order to keep Grafs Plots or Walkf; handfcMTie and in good Order, in Autumn you may fowfome frcfli Seed over any Places that arc not well fiU'd, or where the Grafs is dead, to renev/ and furnilh them again. GRAVEL and Grals are natural Ornaments to a Country-Seat, and are the Glory ot the Englifl) Gardens, and Things by which wc excel all other Nations, as France, Holland, Flanders, 8cc. There are different Sorts of Gra- vel j but for thofe who can con- veniently have it, I approve of that Gravel on Black-Heath, as preferable to mofl: that we have in England, it conlifting of fmooth, even Peb- bles, v/hich, when mix'd with a due Quantity of Loam, will bind exceeding ciofc, and look very bcau- tif-Qi, and continue handfornc longer than any other Sort of Gravel which I have yet ieen. Some recommend a Sort of Iron- mould Gravel, or Gravel with a little binding Lime amongft it^ than which nothing, they fay, binds better v/hen it is dry 5 but in wet Weather it is apt to flick to the Heel's of one's Shooes, and will never appear handfome. Sometimes Loam is mix'd with Gravel that is ovcr-fandy or fliarp, which muft be very well blended together, and let lie in Heaps,- after which it will bind like a Rock. There are many Kinds of Gravel which do not bind, and thereby caufe a continual Trouble of roll- ing, to little or no Purpofe : As for fuch. If the Gravel be loofe or fandy, you Ihould take one Load of ftrong Loam, and two of Gravel, and io caft them well together. li G R If it be an old Walk, that only w.nrs coitirg over, it will be fuf- ticicnt to lay it two or three Inches thick: But where there is Plenty of this ilrong reddifli Loam, then you may lay it the full Depth. Some skreen the Gravel too fine, tut this is an Error ; if it be caft into a round Heap, and the great Stones only rak'd off, it will be the better. Some are apt to lay Gravel Walks too round j but this is likewife an Error, becaufe they are not Co good to walk upon, and befides, it makes them look narrow ,• an Inch is enough in a Crown of five Foot, and It will be lufficient, if a Walk be ten Foot wide, that it lies two Inches higher in '.he Middle than it does on each Side j if fifteen Feet, three Inches; if twenty Feet, four; and fo in Proportion. For the Depth of Gravel Walks, lix or eight Inches may do well enough j but a Foot thicknefs will be fufiicient for any. The Month of March is the pro- pereft Time for laying Gravel; it 13 not prudent to do it fooner, or to lay Walks in any of the Winter Months lefore that Time. Some, indeed, turn up Gravel Walks in Ridges in December^ in order to kill the Weeds, but this is very wrong ; for beiidcs that it deprives them of the Benefit of them all the Winter, it does not aniwer the End for which it is done, but rather the contrary; for tho' it does kill the Weeds for the prefent, yet it adds a Fertility to them as to the great future Increafe of both them and Grafs. If conftant rolling them after Rains and Froft will not effectually kill the Weeds and Mofs, you fhould turn the Walks in Afr'il, and lay them down at the fame Time, G R In order to dcftroy Worms that f o i the Beauty of Gi avel or Grally Walks, fome recommend the water- ing them well with Water in v/hich Walnut -Tree Leaves have been fteep'd and made very bitter, efpe- cially thofe Places moft annoy'd with them ; and this, they fay, as foon as it reaches them, will make them come out haftily, fothat they may be gather'd ; but if in the firft laying ot the Walks there is a good Bed of Lime-rubbifh laid in the Bottom, it is the moft effectual Method to keep out the Worms i for they don't care to harbour near Lime. Grounds that are gravelly and fandy, ealily admit both Heat and Moifture ; but they are not much the better for it ; becaufe they let it pafs too fbon, and fb co'ntrad: no Ligature ; or elfe, if they have a clayey Bottom, they retain it too long, and by that Means either parch or chill too much, and produce nothing but Mofs or cancerous In- firmities ; but if the Bottom be a Gravel, and there are two Feet of good Earth upon the Surface, it is preferable to moft other Soils for almoft any Sort of Fruit ; for tho' this Soil will not produce the Fruits planted thereon, fo large as a loamy Soil, yet they will be much better tafted, and earlier ripe. GREEN-HOUSE or Conferva- tor y. \ As of late Years there have been great Quantities of curious Exotic k Plants introduced into the Englijh Gardens, fo the Number of Green- Houfcs or Conlervatories has in- creafcd, and pot only a greater Skill in the Management and Ordering of thefe Pla^its, has increafed there- with ; but alfo a greater Know- ledge of the Structure and Contrir vance of thefe Places, fo ^s to ren- der G R ^er them both Ufeful and Ornamcn- -tal, hath been acquired : And fmce there are many Particulars to be obferv'd in the Conflrufiion of thefe Houfes, whereby they will be greatly improved, lo I thought it neceflary, not only to give the beft Inftrudlions for this I was ca- pable of i but alfo to give a Deiign of one in the Manner I would chufe to ercd: it, upon the anncx'd Copper-PJate. As to the Length of thefe Houfes, that muft be proportion^! to the Number of Plants they are to con- tain, or the Fancy ot the Owner; but their Depth fhould never be greater than eighteen or twcnry Feet in the Clear, and the Length ot the Windows fnould be at ieafl equal to the Depth of the Houfe, and if they are fomewhat longer, it will be ftill the better: Thefe Windows fliould be carried up quite to the Ceiling, that there may be no Room for dead Air in the upper Part of the Houfe; and they fhould come down within about ten Inches or a Foot of the Floor ; their Breadth iliould be proportioned to the Length ot the Houfe ; which in a fmall Green- Houle, may be four Feet broad ; but in a large one, they fl^ould be fix Feet : The Piers be- tween thefe Windows fhould be as narrow as polTiblc to fupport the Building ; for which Reafon, I ihouki chufe to have them either of Stone, or of folid hard Bricks j for if they are built with fine rubb'd Bricks, thole are generally fb fbtt, that the Piers will require to be made thicker, otherwife the Build- ing will be in Danger of falling in a Ihort Time, efpecially if you have any Rooms over the Green- houfe : which is what I would always ad- vife, as being of great Ufe, to keep this Froft out in very hard Winters. G R If thefe Piers are made v/irh Stone, I would have them about two Feet broad m Front, and llop'd ott back- wards to about eighteen Inches broad, whereby the Rays of the Sun will not be taken off or ob- Ibudted by the Corners of the Piers; which it v/ould be, if they were fquarc. And if they were made ot Iblid Bricks, two Feet fqu;ire wouid be ftrong enough to fup-- port the Building. At the Back of the Grcen-houf* there may be erect-jd a Houk for Tools, and many other Purpofes, which will be extreme ufeful, and alfo prevent the Froft from enrring the Houie that Way ; fo that the Wall bctv/cen thefe need not be more than two Bricks and a half in Thickncfs; whereas if it were quite expos'd behind, it iliould be three Bricks, or three Bricks and a half in Thicknefs ; and by this Contri- vance, it you are wiiling to make a handfome Building, and to have a noble Room over the Grecn-houfe, you may make the Room to come over the Tool-houfe, and carry up the Stair-cafe in the Back, fo as not to be lecn in the Green- houfe ; and hereby you may liave a Room twenty-five or thirty Feet in Width, and of a proportionable Length : and under this Srair-cafe there flioald be a private Door into the Grecn- houfe, at which the Gardener may enter in hard frofty Weather, when it will not be fate to open any of the Glalfes in the Front. The Floor of the Green-houfe, which ihould be laid either with Marble, Stone, or Broad Tiles, according to the Fancy of the Owner, muft be rais'd two Feet above the Level of the Ground whereon the Houfe is plac'd, which, if in dry Ground, will be fufficient i but if the Situation be moiH and fpringy, and thereby iubjedt G R flibjcct to Damps, it \hou\d be raisd at leall three Feet above the Surflice : And under the Floor, about two Feet trom the Front, I would ad- vile a Fine of about ten Inches in width, and two Feet deep, to be carry 'd the whole Length of the Houle, which may be return'd along the Back- part, and becarry'd up in proper Funnels adjoining to the Tooi-houfe, by which the Smoak may pais off. The Fire- place may be contriv'd at one End of the Houfc i and the Door at which the Fuel is put in, as aUb the Adi-grate, may be contriv'd to open into the Tool- houle, fo that it may be quite hid from the Sight, and be in the Dry ; and the Fu^l tnay be laid in the fame Place, whereby it will be always ready for Ufe. I fuppofe many People will be furpriz'd to fee me direft the making of Flues under a Green- houfe, which have been difus'd i'o long, and by moll People thought of ill Confequence j as indeed they have often prov'd, when under the Direftion of unskilful Manager?, who have thought it necellary, whenever the Weather v/as cold, to make Fires therein. But how- ever injurious Fiues have been under iuch Mifmanagement, yet when skilfully manag'd, they are of very great Service: for tho' perhaps it may happen that there will be no NccelTity to make any Fires in 'em for two or three Years together, as when the Winters prove mild there will not, yet in very hard Winters they will be extremely ufeful to keep out the Froft i which cannot be effcded any other way, but with great Trouble and Difficulty. Wirhin-fide of the Windows, in Front of the Green- houfc, you iliculd have good ftrong Shutters, G k which ihould be made with Hinges^ to fold back, fo that they may tall back quite clofe to the Piers, that the Rays of the Sun may not be obftruded thereby : Thefe Shut- ters need not to be above an Inch and a Half thick, or little more, which, if made to join clofe, will be ItifHcient to keep out our com- mon Froft: J and when the Weather is ib cold as to endanger the Freez- ing in the Houle, it is but making a Fire in your Flue, which will effedtually prevent it: And without this Conveniency it will be very troublefome, as I have often {ccn, where Perfons have been oblig'd to nail Mats before their Windows, or to ft:ufF the hollow Space between the Shutters and the Glafs with Straw; which when done, is coin- moniy fuffer'd to remain till the Froft goes away ; v/hich, if it fliould continue very long, the keep- ing the Green-houfe fo clofely ihut up, will prove very injurious to the Plants : And as it frequently happens that we have an Hour or two of the Sun-fliine in the Middle of the Day, in continued Frofl:s, which arc of great Service to Plants, when they can enjoy the Rays thereof through the G.alTes, fo when there is nothing more to do than to operi the Shutters, which may be per- form'd in a very fhort Time, and as fbon fhut again when the Sun is clouded, the Plants may have the Benefit thereof whenever it appears j v/hereas where there is fo much Trouble to uncover, and as much to cover again, it would take up the whole Time in uncovering and thutting them up, and thereby the Advantage of the Sun's Influence would be loft. Belides, where there is fo much Trouble requir'd to keep out the Froft, it will be a great Chance if it be not negled^d by th« G R the Gardener j for if he be not as tond of preferving his Plants, and as much in love with em as his Mafter, this Labour will be thought too great by him ■■, and if he does take rhe Pains to cover the GlaiTes up with Mats, (yc, he will not care to take them away again until the Weather alters, fo that the Plants will be fhut up cloie during the whole Continuance of the Frofl:. There are fome People who com- monly make ule of Pots fiU'd with Charcoal to fet in their Green-houle in very fevere Frofts ; but this is very dangerous to the Perlbns who attend thcfe Fires, and 1 have often known llich as have been almoft futfocated therewith, and at the lame Time they are very injurious to the Plants i nor is the Trouble of tending upon thefc, fmall, and the many Hazards to which the Ufe of thefe Fires are liable, have juftly brought them into Difufe with all skilful Perlbns : And as the Con- trivance of Flues, and the Charge of the Fires are but fmall, fo they arc much to be preferred to any other Method for warming the Air of- the Houfe : But where there is no Flues contrived in theGreen-houfe, the beft way to keep out the Froll:, is, to burn four or fix Candles every Night in the Green-houfe, which, if rightly placed near the Front, v/ill effedtually anfwer the Purpofe, pro^ vided the Houfe be clofe. The Back-part of the Houfe fhould beplaifter'd with Mortar, and white- wa{h'd ; or if lined with Wainfcot, fiiould be painted white, as fhould the Ceiling, and every Part within- lide of the Houfe, for this reflecfs the Rays of Light in a much greater Quantity than any other Colour, and is of fignal Service to Plants, elpecially in the Winter, when the Houfe is pretty much clos'd, fo that G R but a linall Share of Light is admlrtcJ through the Windows ; and at fuch Time I have obferv'd that in fome Green- houles which have been painted Black, or of a dark Colour, the Plants have call moil: of their Leaves, In this Green-houfe you fliould have Trullcls, which may be mov'd out and in to the Houfe, upoit^ which you fhould place Rows' of Planks, fo as to fix the Pots or Tubs of Plants in regular Rov/s one above another, whereby the Heads of the Plants may be fo lituated as not to interfere with each other . The loweft Row of Plants, which fliould be the forwarded towards the Wnidows, fhould bepUc'd about four Feet therefrom, {o that there may be a convenient Breadth leir next the Glaffes to walk in Front:; and the Rows of Plants fiiould rifs gradually from the firll, in iiich a manner, that the Heads of the fe- cond Row fliould be intirely advanc'd above the firfr, the Stems only being, hid thereby: And at the Back-fids of the Houie there Ihould alfo be allow'd a Space of at leaft five Feet, for the Conveniency ot waterin''' the Plants, as alfo to admit of a Current of Air round them, thjc the Damps occafion'd by the Per- ipiration of the Plants, may be the better diffipated, which by being pent in too clofely, often occafions a Mouldinefs upon the tender Shoots and Leaves 5 and when the Houfe is clofe Ihut up, this ftagnating, rancid Vapour is often very'deftru- dlive to the Plants : For v/hich Reaibn alfo you fhould never croud them too clofe to each other j nor Ihould you ever place Sedums, Eu- fhorbiumy Torch-Thijiles, and other tender fucculent Plants, amongfl: Orangesy Myrtles, and other Ever- green Trees j- for, by an Experiment which G R tvhich I made Anno 1719^ I found ■ihu^iSidum plac'd in a Green-houfe among fucli Trees, aim oft: daily in- creas'd its Weight, although there was no Water given to it the whole Tim^ : Which increafe of Weight was owing to the Moifturc imbib'd from the Air, which being replete with the rancii Vapours perfpir'd from the other Plants, occaliond the Leaves to grow pile, and in a Hiort Time they decay'd and dropp'd off j which I have often obferv'd has been the Cale Vv^th many other ilicculcnt Piants, when plac'd in thoie Houfes which were filld with many Sorts of Ever-green Trees, that required to be trer^uently water 'd. Therefore to avoid the Inconve- nience which attends the placing oi- Plants oi very different Natures in the fame Houfe, it will be very proper to have two Wings added to the main Green-houfe i which if plac'd in the iManncr exprefs'd in the annex'd Plan, will greatly add to the Beauty of the Building, and aifo coiled a greater Share of Heat. In this Plan the Green-houfe is plac'd exa£lly fronting the South, and one of the Wings hcQs, the South-Eafl, and the other the South- AVefl; fo that from the Time of the Sun's firft: Appearance upon any Part of the Buiidmg, until it goes off at Night, it is conftantly re- ceded from one Part to the other, and the cola Winds are alfo kept off from the Front of the main Green- houfe hereby i and in the Area of this Place, you may contrive to place many of the moll tender Exotic k Plants, which will bear to be ex- posed in the Summer-feafon ^ and in the Spring, before the Weather will permit you to fet out the Piiints, the Beds and Borders of this Aiea may be full of Anemonies, Bjt- G R nunculns's, early Tulips, Sec. which W.11 be paft flowering, and the Roots fit to take out of the Ground by the Time you carry out the Plants, which will render this Place very agreeable during the Spring-feaibn that the Flowers are blown i and here you may walk and divert yourfelf in a fine Day, when, perhaps, the Air in moft other Parts of the Garden will be too cold for Perfons, not much us'd thereto, to take P;eafure in being out of the Houfe. In the Center of this Area, may be contriv'd a fmall Bafon for Wa- ter, which will be very convenient for watering Plants, and very much aJd to the Beauty of the Place; belides, the Water being thus fitu- ated, will be foftcn'd by the Heat, which Vvill be refleacd from the Glaffes upon it, whereby it will be rendered much better than raw cold Water for thefe tender Plants. The two Wings of the Building ihould be contriv'd fo as to maintain Plants of different Degrees of Hardi- nefs, which mull be cffeded by the Situation and Extent of the Fire-place, and the Manner of con- duding the Flues j a particular Account of which will be exhi- bited under the Article of Stove : But I would here obferve, that the Wing facing the South- Eaff, Ihould always be preferred for the warmed Stove, its Situation being fuch, as that the Sun, upon its firlt Appearance in the Morning, fhines dnedly upon the Glaffes, v/hich is of great Service in warming the Air of the Houfe, and adding Life to the Piants, after having been (l^.ut up din-lng the long Nights in the Winter- feafon. Thefe Wings being, in the Draught annex'd, allow'd lixty Feet in Length, may b-: divfided in the M.-ddie by Parti- tion? G R tions of Glafs, with Glafs-doors to pafs from one to the other, and the Fire-place may be order 'd fo as to warm both Divifions, by placing a Regulator of Iron in the Flue, fo that the Smoke may pafs thro' the FJues of which Part foever you pleafe j and by this Conti ivance you may keepfuch Plants as require the fame Degree of Heat in one Part of the Houfe, and thofe which will thrive in a much lefs Warmth in the other Parti but this will be more fully explained under the Ar- ticle of Stoves. The other Wing cf the Houfc, facing the South- Weft, may alio be divided in the fame Manner, and Flues carry'd through both Parts, which may be us'd according to the Seafbns, or the particular Sorts of Plants which are plac'd therein j fo that here will be four Divifions in the Wings, each of which may be kept up to a different Degree of Warmth, which, together with the Green-houfe, will be fufficient to maintain Plants from all the ieveral Countries of the World : And with- out having thefe feveral Degrees of Warmth, it will be irapoifible to preferve the various Kinds of Plants from the feveral Parts of Africa and America, which are annually introduc'd into the E»^/i/7; Gardens j for when Piants from very different Countries are plac'd in the fame Houfe, fome are dcftroy'd for want of Heat, while others are forc'dand fpoii'd by too much of it; and this is often the Cafe in many P;aces, where there are large Coiledions of Plants. But befides the Confervatories here mention'd, it will be proper to have a deep Hot-bed Frame, (fuch as is commo-oly us'd to raife 1 arge Annuals in the Spring ;) into v/hich may be fet Pots of fuch G R Plants as come from Carolim, Vir- ginia, ^c. while the Piants are too ^ fmall to plant in the open Air, as al lb m any other Sorts from S-^am, &c. which require only to be skreen'd from the Violence of Froffs, and fhould have as much free Air as poflible in mild Weather, which can be no better effe61:ed than in one of thele Frames, where tha Glafles may be taken off every Day when the Weather will permit, and put on every Night ; and in hard Frofts, the GlafTes may be covered with Mats, Straw, Peafe- haulm, or the like, fo as to prevent the Froft from entring the Pots to fvQcz'Q the Roots of the Plants, which is what will many times utterly dc- ftroy them, tho' a flight Froft pinching the Leaves or Slioor? very feldom does them much Harm, As to the Structure of thefe Frames, it will be fully explain'd under the Article of Hot-beds. GROSSULARIA^ The Goofc- berry-Tree. The CharaBers are ; The Leahies are UciniatcJy or jagged i the -pphole Plant is Jet with Frichles ; ihe Fruit grows /p.-irfe^ily upon the Tree, having, for the mofi fart, but one Fruit upon a Footf^alk^ vohich is of an Oval or Ghbidar Fl^ gure, containing many fmall SeeJs, [urrounded by a pulpy Subflance, The Species arej 1. Gross uL ARIA 3 fimplici adno, velfpinofa, fylvefiris. C. B. P. The common Gocie-berry. 2. Grossularia; fpinofa^ fati'va. C. B. F, The large manured Gooie- berry, 3. Grossularta 5' fruBii obfcure purpurafcente, Ciuf The red hairy GoofeSerry. 4. GRossuLARiA;/^'eUv^Cn,5>'*> alba, maxima, rotunda, Rfrt. Ed, The large v^hite Dutch Goofeberiy, G R f. Grossulariaj maximdy fab- ^ava, oUonga, Hort. Ed. The large Amber Goofeberry. 6. Grossularia } fru^u rotHndo, sndximoy virefcente. The large green Goofeberry. 7. Grossularia j ftuBti rubrcy tnajore. Boerh* Ind. The large red Goofeberry. 8. Grossularia ; fpinofay fatha, foliis fiavefcentibus. The yellow- leav'd Goofeberry. 9. Grossularia ; fpinofay faiiva, foliis ex luteovariegatis. The ftrip'd- leav'd Goofeberry. There are feveral other Varieties of this Fruit which have been ob- tain'd from Seeds in different Parts of England, which differ either in the Shape or Colour of the Berries i but as thefe are only feminal Varia- tions, fo it is needlefs in this Place to enumerate them, eipecially fince the Number of thefe will be en- creas'd continually from Seeds, Thefe are propagated either by Suckers taken from the old Plants, or by Cuttings i the latter of which I prefer to the former, becaufe thofe Plants which are produc'd from Suckers, are always more difpos'd to fhoot out a greater Number of Suckers from their Roots than fuch as are raifed from Cuttings, which do generally form much better Roots. The befl Seafon for planting thefe Cuttings is in February, juft before their Buds begin to open; obferv- ing always to take the handiomefl Shoots, and from fuch Branches as generally produce the greatefl Quantity of Fruity for if you take thofe which are produc'd from the Stem of the old Plants, (which are conirrionly very luxuriant) they will not be near fo fruitful as thofe taken from bearing Branches . Thefe Cuttings ihould be about fix or eight G R Inches long, and mufl be planted in a Border of light Earth, expos 'd to the iMorning Sun, about three Inches deep, obferving to water them gently, when the Weather proves dry, to facilitate their Root; and in the Summer, when they have put out, you fhould rub off all the under Shoots, leaving only the up- per mofl or flrongefl, which fhould be train'd upright to form a regular Stem. In O^ober following, thefe Plants will be fit to remove 5 at which Time you fhould prepare an open Spot of frefh Earth, which fhould be well dug and cleans'd from all noxious Weeds, Roots, o>c. and being levell'd, you fhould proceed to take up your Plants, trimming their Roots, and cutting off all la'- teral Side -branches i then plant them at three Feet Diffancp Row from Row, and one- Foot afundcr in the Rows, obferving to place fome fhort Sticks to the Plants, in order to train their Stems upright and regular. In this Place they may remain two Years, being careful to keep them clear from Weeds, as alfo to dig up the Ground between the Rows once a Year, which fhould be in the Spring ; as alfo to trim off all lateral Shoots which are produc'd below the Head of the Plant, fo that the Stem may be clear about a Foot in Height above the Surface of the Earth, which will be full enough j and as the Branches are produc'd commonly very irregular in the Head, fo you mull: cut out liich of them as crofs each other, or thin them where they are too dole, whereby the Head of the Plant will be open, and capable of admitting the Air freely into the Middle, which is of great Ufe to all kinds of Fruits. After thefe Plants have rcmain'd in this Nurfery two Years, they will G R will be fit to tranfplant to the Places where they are defign'd to remain^, for it h not fo well to let them grow in the Nurferies too large, which will occafion their Roots to be woody, whereby the removing of them will not only hazard the Growth of the Plants, but fuch of them as may take very well, will remain ftunted for two or three Years before they will be able to recover their Check. The foil in which thefe Plants thrive to the greateft Advantage, is a rich, light, landy Loam, though they will do very well upon mofl Soils and Si- tuations: But where this Fruit is cultivated, in order to procure it in the greateil Perfedion, they Ihould never be planted in the Shade of other Trees, but muft have a free open Expofure: The Diftance they ought to be planted, is eight Feet Row from Row, and fix Feet afunder in the Rows : The beft Scafon for tranfplanting them, is in Ociober, when their Leaves begin to decay, obferving, as was before dire'> the Branches, which fall off in Winter-, the Cuf of the Monger is divided into three Farts } tht Flower conftfts of one Leaf of a, Bell^ fljape, the under Fart being tuMofe^ and the upper Fart is cut into, five or more Segments, mid is expanded j sn the Center of the Gup arifss the QvAr^^ which becomes A [oft, r^undifh Trui^^ having many deprefs'd CeUst m wi^^^ D d i m9 G U Mye emtained many hard Seeds d'lf- ^os*d in a circular Order. The Species are j 1. GuAjACANAj J-. B» The In- dian Date Plurnb-tree. 2. GuAjACANA j angufliore folio. Tourn. Narrow-leav'd Indian Date Plumb-tree. 3. GuAjACANA j Vijhamin Virgi- nianum. Park. Theat. Boerh. hid. Virgin an Date-Plumb, or Pifliamin. The firft and fecond Sorts are at prcient very rare in England, and only to be found in fome curious Gardens i but the third Sort is more common j they are all fuppofed to be Natives oF the Weft-Indies : The lafl Sort hath been rais'd in great Plenty, of late Years, in the Gar- dens near London, from Seeds which have been brought from Virginia and Carolina, in both which Coun- tries this Tree greatly abounds. Thefe Plants may be propagated "by fowing the Seeds (which arc often brought into England) upon a moderate Hot-bed, in the Spring of the Year, and when the Plants come up, they fliould be trani- planted each into a fepirate Half- penny Pot, which fiiould be"^ filled with freih, light, faady Earth, and plunged into another moderate Hot- bed, to facilitate their taking Root ,• and as the Summer advances, lb you fhould inure them to the open Air by degrees, and in fune they may be removed into fbme Place that is pretty well (helter'd from Winds, where they may remain until October, at which Time they fhould be removed under the Shelter of a Hot-bed Frame, or into the Green-houfj, during the firil Win- ter j but in Apil following, they may be fnaken out of the Pots and tranfplantcd into the open Air, where they will ihrive very fail, acd refill the Cold of our Winters G u very well, provided they are planted in a moderate dry Soil, and not too much expos'd to fevere Winds. They may alfo be propagated by laying down the young Shoots in the Spring, which if kept fupplied with Water in very dry Weather, will take Root by the fuccecding Spring, when they may be trans- planted where they are to remain : The beft Seafon for tranfplanting theie Trees, is at the latter End of March, juft before they begin to flioot, at which Time, if Care be taken not to hurt their Roots, there will be little Danger of their not iuccecding, if the Plants are young; but they are very difficult to re- move when they are grown large j therefore if your Ground be not ready to tranfplant thefe Trees into, while young, you fliould keep them in Pots or Tubs, until it be ib, that they may be turned out with a Ball of Earth to their Roots, which will be much the fureft Method. The ViJImmin is very fubjedl to fend forth great Numbers of Suckers from the Root, fo that there will never want a Supply of Shoots for Laying ; which is by far the beft Method of managing them j tho' fometimes they may be taken from the old Plants with Roots to them ; yet thefe Roots are feldom very good, and will always be fubjed to pu(h out a greater Quantity of Suck- ers, than luch as are produc'd by Layers j which is what no one would covet in any Sort of Trees, unlefs for the Sake of iacreafingthe Number j for they feldom make fuch fair Trees as the other. This makes a very large beautiful Tree . in Virginia, and Icenis difpos'd to grow to the fame Sniture with us. There was formerly a large Tree of this Kind in the Gardens of the Bilhop of London at lid ham, which flower 'd i G U Sower*d i but this hath been cut down feveral Years, to make room for Kitchen Scuff: fo that at prefent I don't know of any that are very- large i tho' there are fome of thole that have been rais'd from Seeds which have flower'd and produced Fruit : There are fome Trees in the Fhyfck-GarJen, that I rais'd fiom Seeds in the Year 1724, which are at this Time, Anno 1733, upwards of nine Feet high, and do make vigorous Shoots every Year. GUAIACUM j Lignum Vitae. The Chara^ers are ; It hath pinnatecl Leaz'es : The Tlotcer confifts of fe-jeral Petals, Tohich are placed orbicuhirlyy and expand in Form of a Rofe : The Pointal of the Flov:>er, which arifes from the Centre of the Calyx, be- comes a flifljy, roundijh, fony Fruit, or the jiony Seeds are furrounded TDpith a thiu Fulp. The Species are ; 1 . GuAi AcuM 5 flore c£riileo, fruc- tft fubrotundo. Flmn. Lignum Vi- tse, or Wood of Life, with a blue Flower, and roundilh Fruit. 2. GuAJACUMjJIore CAruleo, fim- hriato,fruciii tetragono. Flum. Lig- num VitSE, with a blue tringed Flower, and a four-corner'd Fruit. Thefe two Plants are Natives of the hottefl: Parts of the We/I Indies, and are with great Difficulty tranf- planted into England ; for their Seeds fcldom riie with us, unlefs they are brought very frefli, and are fown foon atrer they arrive : I have fome young Piants in the Thyfck-Carden., that were nis'd from Seeds Anno 1716, which have come on very well, tho' they are niiturally Plants of a very flow Growth. Thefe Plants may be brought over from America in any of the Summer Months, which is the G U fureft Method to obtain them, theri? Seeds being very difficult to growj but great Care fhould be taken to tranfplant them into a Tub or Box of Earth at leafl: a Month before they are put on Board the Ship, that they may be fettled in the Earth, and Charge ^ven to the Sailors not to over- water them in their Paffage; which is what hath dellroy'd more Piants fent from Abroad, than ei- ther the Cold, or any other Acci- dent or Management whatever. When the Plants arrive, they fhould be immediately takt-n out of the Tubs, prelerving fome Earrh about their Roots, and planted into Pots fiii'd with good frelh rich Earth, and plung'd into a Hot-bed of Tanners-Bark, to facilitate their making frefh Roots, that they may- be enabled to \[vq through the Winter j for if they are not well rooted m the Earth before the cold Weather comes on, it will be diffi-«^ cult to preferve them. In Odober they fliould be remov'd into a warm Stove, where the Thermometer Ihould be kept up to twenty Degrees above Tempe- rate, (as mark'd on Mr. Fowler' z 1 hermometers) i and during the Winter-feafon they fliould be often refrefli'd with Water : But it fhould begiv'en them very cautiouflyi for too much Moillure is very hurtful to thefe PUnts. You fl^.ould alio carefully wafh their Leaves, from Time to Time, to cleanfe them from Filth, which is very fubje£t to lodge upon the Surfaces thereof: And in Summer they fliould have a good Share of frefh Air, by opening the GJaifes of the Stove i but they fhould never be wholly expos'd to the open Air, even in the hotteilb Scafon, unlefs for a fliort Time, in a gentle warm Shower of Rain, i^ d I whKjh G U which will wafli the Leaves, and greatly refrefh them. The Wood of thefe Trees is Co liardas to break the Tools in felling tfeemi fo that it is feldom cut down for Fire-wood, being very difficult to burn. GUAJAVA 5 The Gudva. The CharABers arej The Flowers, for the mofl fi^rt, confiji of five Leaves, which are pro- ceed in a circtdar Order, and ex- pand in Form of a Role, having many Stamina or Threads furrounding the Ovary : The Ov^^ry is of a long tululoHs Figure, which becomes a fiejhy Fruit, crown'd on the Top, and containing many fmall hard Seeds, The Species are j 1. GuAjAVA} alba, dulcis. H. L. The white Guava> 2. GvAjAVAi rubra, acida,fruBu ntundiori. H, L. The red Guava. Thefe Trees grow to the Height cf twenty Feet, or more-, in the Weft-Indies, and have Trunks as thick as a Man's Thigh : But with us in England they are preferv'd in warm Stoves, and are rarely feen above fix or feven Feet high, tho' there are feveral Trees which have prodiic'd Fruit in England, Thefe Plants are propagated by fowing their Seeds in a Hot-bed in the Spring i and when they are come up, they (hould each of them be tranfplanted into a fingle Half- penny Pot, fiU'd with light rich Earth, and plung'd into a freih Hot- bed, in order to bring 'em forward,- obferving to give 'em Air, in Pro- portion to the Warmth of the Wea- ther, hy railing the GlalTes with Stones, e^^. and in the great Heat of the Day you (hould fliade the GJafies with Mats, to prevent their being fcorch'dj and in the Summer- time they will rec^uire to be fre- G U quently water'd. As they increafe in Bulk, fo you muft fliift them into larger Pots : But you muft be careful not to put them into Pots that are too large 5 for that will very much retard their Growth, as indeed it doth moft other Plants; and towards the Beginning of ^uly you muft let them have a plentiful Share of Air, in order to harden *em before Winter i for if you con- tinue forcing *em quite thro' the Summer, you will get 'em to be very large in one Sealbn ; but then they'll be fo tender, that 'twill be difficult to preferve 'em in Winter. At the Latter-end of Auguft or Beginning of September, you fhould remove the Pots into the Stove, where they fliould be plac'd in a moderate Situation, i. e. not too near the Fire, nor at too great a Diftance therefrom j the Temperate Heat, as mark'd upon Mr. Fowler's Thermometers, agreeing better with them than a great Degree. During the Winter - feafon they muft be often refrefli'd with Water, efpecially it they are plac'd upon Shelves in the Stove ; but if they are plung'd into Tanners Bark, they will not require it fo often j nor muft they have too much given at a Time ; and the Water wherewith they are water'd, (hould be plac'd in the Stove at leaft twenty-four Hours before it be us'd, that it may be nearly of an equal Propor- tion of Warmth with the Air of the Houfe. You fhould alfo fre- quently wafli their Leaves with a Cloth in Winter, in order to cleanfe them from Duft and other Filth, which may have been colledted upon the Surfaces of the Leaves during their being in the Houfe j as alfb from Vermin, which are very fub- je6t to infeft thefe Plants, In the Sum.mer G U Slimmer you may expofe therri to the Air, by removing or opening the GlalTes in the Front of the Stove i but they fhould never be fuffer'd to (land Abroad, unlefs it be for a few Hours in a warm Rain to wafh them i for when they are treated too hardily, they will never produce either Fruit or Flow- ers i whereas, when they are rightly manag'd, they will flower the third Sealbn after their being ibwn. Thefe Trees are planted every- where in the Charibbe Iflands for their Ufefulnefs j tho' the ufual Manner of their Cultivation is by being eaten : The Seeds paffing in- tire through the Body, arc voided in the Excrements j ib that where- ever the Negroes dung, there will never want a Supply of thefe Trees, which is often ib great, as to be- come troublefbme m their Planta- tions and Savanna's. The Fruit (fays Sir Hms Sloane) is accounted extremely pleafant, deUcious and wholefome, and may very defervedly take the firft Place among the IVefi-Imiian Fruits, if eaten when thoroughly ripe. They have (continues he) only this In- convenience, that being very aftrin- gent, they ftop up the Belly, if eaten in great Quantities i and the Seeds fometimes flicking to the hard Excrement, in coming through the Inteftines, efpecially the Re^ium, by their irregular Iharp Angles, will occalion very great Pain there, and very often bring a Flux of Blood. GUIDONIA. The CharaBers are; The Cup of the Flower confifis of five Leaves, -which are fiijf, and of a thick fucculent Make, expanding in Form of a Star\ thefe are of an Afl)- notour on thz OHtfide, and of a fine G U Vurple on the Infide: In the Centre of the Cup arifes the Flower, which confifis of fever at Leaves, -which ex- pand iM Form of a Star : From the Bottom of the Flower arifes the Fointal, which beco7nes a rotmdifJf Fruit, divided into three cr four Cells, in which are contained manf oblong Seeds. We have hut one Species o? this Plant in the Englijh Gardens i which is, GuiDONiA ; Ulmi foliis, Jlore rofed, Vlum. Guidonia with Elm Leaves, and a Rofe-colour'd Flower. The Charadters of this Plant do not very well agree with thoic which Fere Flumier hath given td this Genus of Plants. However^ as the modern Botanifts have agreed that this Plant here named is the fame which is figured by Commelin in the Hortus Amflelodamenfis, with the Title of Arbufcula Ulmi facie ^thiopica, ramulis alatis, fioribus purpurafcentibus ; fb I have con- tinu'd P^mier's Name to it : Tho' I am in doubt whether our Plant is really the fame with Vlumier'si but it is undoubtedly that which Commelin has figured and deJP- cribed. This Plant may be propagated by laying down the Branches in the Spring, which by the fucceeding Spring will be rooted fufficiently to transplant ; and they fhould be taken up at the Latter-end of March, before the Plant fhoots, and put into Pots fiU'd with good rich Earth; and if you fet the Pots upon a moderate Hot- bed to for- ward their Rooting, it will be a fure Method ; Tho' they fhould not be too much forced ; nor fliould they continue longer than to the End of April under Shelters wheri they may be let abroad in fome D d 4- Place G U Place which is pretty well defended from ftrong Winds, where they m2f remaia until Ociober, at which Time they Oiould be remov'd into the Green -houfe, with Oranges, Myrtks,OleAndefs, Sec. placing them in the cooleft Part of the Houfe y for they are pretty hardy, requiring nothiog more than to be proteded from fevere Froft : and during the Winter- ieafon they (hould have but little Water ; for they caft their Leaves in Autumn ; and fo being deftitute of them until Afril, they are incapable of difcharging much Moillure: But in Summer they will require frequently to be water'd, without which, they fcldom pro- duce Flowers. Theie may, with Care, be train'd up to the Height of eight or ten Feet, with regular Stems, and their Heads may alio be reduc'd into a hand fo me Shape 5 but they fl:iould cot be clipp'd with Shears, for that will caufe 'em to appear un- fightly, as alfo prevent their flower- ing j but rather {horten all ftrong irregular Shoots with your Knife, obferving to cut behind a Leaf-bud, otherwifi the Stump left beyond the Eye will appear to Sight. The beft Seafon for this Operation is at the Latter-end ol March, at which Time you ihould cut out all decay'd Branches, and (liift the Plants into fre{h Earth. They may alfo be propagated by •planting fome ftrong Cuttings into Pots of frefh Earth in March, and plunge them into a moderate Hot- bed, obferving to water them, and fhade the Glalles in the Heat of the Day, as alio to give them a good Quantity of Air when the Weather is warm, and in about a Month or Hz Weeks Time they will have taken Root, when you mufl harden H M them by Degrees to the open Air, to which thty mull be txpos'd in Summer and manag'd aswasdirecSt- ed for the Layers. H iE HiEMANTHUS ; Blood-flower. The Characters arej It has two Leaves /fringing from the Bulb on each Side, and bowing backwards : The Stem is fmgle, fun- gous, thick and fpechled, bearing a fingle Flower on the Top, as it is thought: The Flower appears naked, hexapetaloHs (\. e. co-nJifting of fix. Petals), or heptapetalcus (i. e. con^ fifting of f even Fetals) i but upon a. clofe Examination, the Flower ap- pears to be Jlofculous, havhig a Calyx confijling of fix Leaves, after th$ manner of a Tulip, of a red Colour ^ among (or within) which are mono- petalous Flowers, that are hexapeta- loide, confifiing of fix long, fine, deeply-cut Segments, tubulous at the Bottom, having fix Stamina, pro- ceeding from a triangular Ovary, and tricapfular ; i. e. confifiing of three CapfuU or Partitions, in which are contained oblong Seeds to the Number of thirty in one Calyx : The Bulb is fquaf?Jofe, and often, as it were, bifoliatsd. The Species are j 1. H^MANTHusj Africanus.H.L. Blood-Flower, or African Tulip. 2. HiEMAKTHus } Colchici foliisy perianthio herbaceo. Hort. Zlth. HAmanthus with Leaves like Col- chicum, and an herbaceous Erapale- ment, commonly called Dracuncu- loides, Thefc H M *rhefe Plants were originally brought from xh^ Cape of good Hop^ and have been many Years preferv'd in the curious Gardens in Holland, where they now have more Sorts than are here enumerated j but in England they are ftill very rare, and in but few Gardens. The Seafon for tranfplanting the Bulbs of the firfl; Sore is in May or June, when the Leaves arc decayed, at which Time they may be kept out of the Earth two or three iSlonths with- out Damage j tho' the fooner they are tranfpianted, the flronger the Roots will be, and more likely to flower. The Soil in which they mufl be planted fhould be one halt frefh Earth from a Pafture, and a fourth-part rotten Dung, and the other part Sea-Sand ; thefe fliould be well mix'd, two or three Months before us'd, that their Parts may be better incorporated. Then you ihould put a few Stones in the Bot- tom of each Pot, that the Water may be the eafier drained off i and afterwards put the Earth into the Pots, planting the Bulbs therein, only fo deep as that their upper Parts may be jufl cover'd : Then place the Pors in a (hady Situation, giving them now and then a little Water in very dry V/eather : But you mufl: obferve, never to let them have too much Moifture, eipecially at the Time v/hcn they are dellitute of Leaves. In this Situation they may continue until the Beginning of Augujiy when they mull be rc- mov'd to a warmer Place i for about that Seafon they will begin to pufh out new Roots ; but they may remain abroad until the Middle or Litter-end of September, at which Time they fliouid be remov'd into a moderate Stove, where they muft I>e csrcfijlly preferv'd, obferving fre? ^uently to refrefli theni with Water j H M for now their Leaves will appear, and in a fhort Time will grow to a large Size, if the Roots are ftrong : But you muft not give them too much Water at once, which v/iU endang;er their rotting. The Stove in which thefe Plants are plac'd, fliould be kept to near the tempe- rate Heat as is mark'd on Mr. Fow- ler's Thermometers, in which they will thrive very well, and, if the Bulbs are ilrong, will produce their beautiful Flowers in Winter, which renders them very valuable, it being a Time when few other Flowers appear. Thele Roots fhould not be tranfpianted oftener than every other Year j but the Earth in the Upper- part of the Pots fliould be taken out twice a Year, and fome ireih Earth put in, which will greatly ftrengthen the Roots. This firft Sort very rarely pro- duces its Flowers with us, which from the fmall Number of Bulbs now in England may be accounted for, by fuppohng it to agree with the Lilionarcifus and fome other Bulbous rooted Flowers, which fel- dom flower ofccner than every fourth Year. The fecond Sort generally flow- ers every other Year, fo that froin a few Roots there will be annually ■ foms Flowers ■■, thefe appear in July, and continue Part of Attguft, and are of a beautiful Orange-colour. This Sort may be propagated by Seeds, which do ripen very well in England: Thefe Seeds fhould be fown m a Pot of light, fandy Earth, foon after they are ripe, and the Pots placed in a fliady Pofition till the Middle o'l September, when they fliould be removed more in Viev\> of the Sun, obferving to refrefli the Earth with Water, now and thea when the Seafon is dry, as alfb keep it clear from Weeds. Toward the H E diflScult to get them to grow : As for the Size, the Sets ought to be about the Bign-iis of one's Thumb, and cut within about four or Sve Inches of the Ground i they ought to be frelh gathered, llrait, fmooth, and well rooted. idly, If the Hedge has a Ditch, it (hould be made three Feet wide at Top, and one at Bottom, and two Feet deep, that each may have a Slope i but if the Ditch be four Feet wide, it ouglit to be two Feet and an half deep ,• and if it be five Feet wide, it fhould be three Feet, and fo in Proportion. ^dly, If the Bank be without a Ditch, the Sets fliould be fet in two Rows, almoft perpendicular, at the Diftance of a Foot from each other. 4thly, The Tuif is to be laid with the Grafs Side downwards, on that Side of the Ditch the Bank is deiigned to be made, and fome of the beft Mould fliould be laid upon it to bed the Quick j then the Quick is to be laid upon it, a Foot afunder, Co that the End of it may be inclining upvv^ards j and at equal Diftances of thirty Feet, plant a young Oak, AJJj, Cr;ib, or Elm^ to grow with the ^uch. 5-thly, When the firll Row of Quick is laid, it mufl be covered with Mould, and the Turf laid up- on it as before, and fome Mould upon that j ib that when the Bank is a Foot high, you may lay ano- ther Row of Sets againd the Spa- ces of the lower Quick, and cover them as the former was done, and the Bank is to be topp'd with the Bottom of the Ditch, and a dry or dead Hedge laid to fhade and defend the under Plantation. 6thly, Then there i"hould be Stakes driven into the loofe Earth, at about two Feet and a half Diftance, fo low as to reach the firm Ground. H E Oak Stakes are accounted the bell, and Blackthorn and Sallow the next : Let the fmall Bufhes be laid below, but not too rhick, only a little to cover the Quick from be- ing bit by the Cattle, when it fprings ; and alfo to lay long Buflies at the Top, to bind the Stakes ill with, by interweaving them. And in order to render the Hedg« yet flronger, you may e^Uer it (as it is cali'd) i, e. bind the Top of the Stakes in v/irh fome fmali long Poles or Sticks on each Side, and when the Eddering is finifli'd, drive the Stakes a new, becaule the Wa- ving of the Hedge and Eddering are apt to loofen the Stakes. The Quick mufl: be kept con- ftanrly weeded, and fecur'd from being cropp'd by Cattlcr, and in Fe- 6ruary it will be proper to cut its v/ithin an Inch of the Ground, which will caufe it to ftrike Root afrefli, and help it much in the Growth. When a Hedge is of about eight or nine Years Growth, it will b« proper to plafii it : The befi: Tmie for this Work is either in February or Ociooer. When a Hedge is grown old, i. e. of about twenty or thirty Years Growth, and there are in it old Stubs as well as new Shoots, the old Stubs Ihould be cut floping off within two or three Inches of the Ground, and the beft and longeft of the middle Size fhould be left to lay down, and iome of the ftrongefl, at thj Height of five or fix Feet, according as you defign the Height of the Hedge to be, may- be left to fevve inftead of Shakes ; and frcfli Sjakes Ihould be put in thole P'aces where they are wanting j the Hedge fhould be thir.n'di {o as to leave on the Stubs only fuch Shoots as are deiign'd to _ I/* H E be of Ufe, that there may be Room lefc to put 3 Sp^de in between them ; the Ditch alfo fhould be cleans'd, and each Side of the Slope kept as in a new Ditch j and where the Earth is wafh'd from the Roots ot the Quick, or is hollow, face it anew, with lb much of the firit Spit of Earth that is dug out of the Ditch, as there is Occalion for, and lay what is dug out at the fe- cond Spic on the Top of the Bsnk j for if it be laid on the Side or Face of the Bank, it will flip into the Ditch igain when Wet comes, and alfo take a great deal of the Bank along with it. In planting (Quicks there are two Extreams to be avoided ; the firfl is laying it too low and too thick, bccaufe it makes the Sap run all into the Shoots, and leaves the Plafhes without Nourifliment ; which, with the Thicknefs of the Hedge, kills them. Secondly, It muft not be laid too high, becaufethis draws all the Sap into the Plafj-ies, and fo caufes but fmall Shoots at the Bottom, and makes the Hedge fothin, that it will neither hinder the Cattle from going through, nor from cropping of it. V/hen the Shoot that is deiign'd to be plaflied is bent, give it a fmall Cut with a Bill, half through, floping a little downwards, and- then weave it about the Stakes, and trim, off the fmall fuperfluous Branches, that draggle too far out on both Sides of the Hedges. If the Stubs are very old, cut them quite down, and kcure them with good dead Hedges on both Sides, 'till the young Shoots are got up tall enough to plaih, and plant new Sets in the void Spaces. In making a Hedge, if it be fet with Cra6 or u^pple Stocks, it will be proper to leave one Handing un- H E cut up at every ten, twelve, or twenty Feet, on both Sides the Hedge, if the Ground be your own, which being done, they may be fo ordered by pruning or ftake- ing, that one may lean into one Ground, and the other into ano- ther, ^c. Thefe Stocks fhould be prun'd up eve.-y Year, 'till they are brought out of the Reach of the Cattle, and then they may be grafted with the Redflrtak, Geyinet-moyl, or what other Fruit you pleafe. If the Stocks be of Apple Ker- nels, they may fland ungrafted, and they will yield very good Cyder Fruit ,• but then fuch Stocks as arc not grafted will be longer before they bear; and alfo when you do graft, you may be certain of your K'nd ; but if you find a very natural Stock, which by Leaf, Shoot, and Bud appears likely, you may try it, and {o you may have a new fine Fruit, and if you do not like it, you may graft it when you pleaie. As for the reft ox the Hedge, when it has fhot three or four Years, you may lay it to make a Fence with, for the doing of which take the following Divesftions j I ft. At every Laying to lay down fome old PlaPaes, or if the Hedge be thin, young ones ; but they muft be fo laid, as to point with their Ends to the Ditch Side of the Bank, the Ends being kept low on the Bank, by being fo ordered they will the better thicken the Bottom of the Hedge, and keep up the Earth of the Bank. idly, To heighten the Bank every Time you lay Earth on it, fo as to cover the Layers all but the Ends i this Earth will very much help the Quick, and by heightning the Banks and deepning the Ditch, you will render the Fence the better. 3dly, Not H E ^dly. Not to cut the Plafhes too mnch J but juft fo as they may bend down well, not to lay them too upright, as fome do j bat to lay them near to a Level, and by ^ doing, the Sap will the better break out at feveral Places, and sot run fo much to the Ends, as it will when they lie much upon the Slope. If you have much Wood to fpare, you may cut up great Part of thofe that grow near the Ditch j but th^en you ought to hang the Bank with Bufhes, to prevent Cattle from cropping them the firft Year ; thefe will (hoot flrong, and fecure the Hedge, keep up the Bank, and thicken the Bottom of the Hedge. 4thly, Take Care to lay the Hedge pretty thick, and turn the Beard on the Ditch Side 5 but you muft not let the Beard hang uncut (tho' it makes a good Shew at the fird making) but you muft cut off all the ftraggling Boughs within half a Foot of the Hedge on both Sides, and this will caufe it to (Voot ftrong at thefe Places, and make the Hedge much the thicker. fthly, If the Bank be high, make the Hedge fo low, that it may but juft ierve for a Fence the firft Year, for it will foon grow higher i and the lower the Hedge is made, the better the Quick will grow, and alfo the thicker at the Bottom ; but Care muft be taken to preferve it from Cattle on the Field Side, tor the firft Year that it is made. 6thly, If you would have a good Hedge'or Fence, you ihould fell it often, and at every Felling root out £Uer, Trai'ellers-joy ( which fome C^W Bull- bme) Bnony, <^c. znd do act leave too many high Standards or Pollards in it, though the Blm is one of the beft ; alfo too much dead Wood is no: to be left in the H E Bottom of the Hedges, for that will choak the Quick ; but if there be a Gap, the dead Hedge fliould be made at a Diftance. HEDYPNOIS } Trailing crooked- feeded Hawk- weed. The Chara^ers are ; The Cup of the Ilovoer is like a, firiated Column, or a Melon ; tht little Leaves of the Flower -Cupt when the Flojver is fallen off, em- brace each of them one fingle umbi- Heated Seed; but in the Middle of the little Head are other naked Seeds, which form an Head. The Species are ; 1. Hedypnois j armua» Tourn. Trailing crooked - feeded Hawk- weed, or common Hedypnois, 2. Hedypnois 5 minor, Cretica, annua. Tourn. Cor. Annual Hedyp- nois from Crete. 3. Hedypnois ; annua, capite max- imo. Boerh. Ind. Annual Hedypnois^ with a large Head. Thefe Plants are feldom propa- gated, except in Botanick Gardens, for the Sake of Variety, as being Plants of no great Beauty or Ufe. The iirft and third Species are found wild in the Southern Parts of France^ in Spain and Italy j but the fecond Sort was brought from Crete by Monfieur Tournefort, Thefe may all be propagated by fowing their Seeds towards the latter End of March, or the Beginning of April, in an open Situation and a dry Soil, where they may remain io flower and feed, for they don't care to be tranlplanted : The Diftance which thefe Plants fhould be allov/ed, muft not be lefs than a Foot ; and if the Soil be good, er, for the mofi fartf conJI/is of five Leaves, which are plac'd orbkuUrly, and expand in Jorm of a Rofe-, the Fointal of the Flower becomes a globular Fruit, which divides into three Farts, having three Cells, which are filfd with roundijlj Seeds fixd to fmall Capillamerus. The Species are; I. Y{EL\htii'ai.h\\jM\ vulgar e.fiore luteo. J. B. Common Dwarf Ciftus, with a yellow Flower. 2.HELIANTHEMUM ; vulgare.fiore dilutiore* Toum. Common Dwarf Ciftus, with a fainter Flower. 3. Hf^lianthemum ; u^lpinum, folio pilofelU minoris Vuchfii. f. B. Koary Dwarf Mountain Ciftus, with Cat's-foot Leaves. H E 4. Helianthemum i Montanum^ polii folio. FluL\ Mountain Dwarf Ciftus,with Poley-mountain Leaves. 5". Helianthemum j foliis majo- ribus, fiore albo, J. B. Great-leav'd Dwarf Ciftus, with a white Flower. 6. Helianthemum; album, Ger- manicum. Tab. Icon. White Ger- man Dwarf Ciftus. 7. Helianthemum ; fiore alboy folio angufo, hirfuto. J, B. White- flowered Dwarf Ciftus, with nar- row hairy Leaves. 8. Helianthemum ; y^AT/?///^, fo- liis (^ caulitus incanis, cblongis, fioribus albis, Appennini montis. Mentni. Rock Dwarf Ciftus of the Appennines, with hoary oblong Leaves and Stalks, and white Flowers. 9. Helianthemum ; five Ciflus humilis, folio Sampfttchi, capitulis valde hirfutis. J. B. Dwarf Ciftus, with a Marjorum Leaf, and very hiiry Heads. 10. Helianthemum ; folio Thjmi, fioribus umbellatis. Tourn. Dwarf C:ftus, with a Thyme Leaf, with Flowers growing in an Umbel. 1 1 . Helianthemum ; polii folio ampliore, Lujltanicum. Tourn. jpor- tugal Dwarf Ciftus, with large Poiey-mountain Leaves. 12. Helianthemum ; Germani- cum, luteum, Cifii folio. Boerh, German Dwarf Ciftus, with a yellow Flower and Ciftus Leaf. 13. Helianthemum; falicis, folio. Tour?}. Dwarf Ciftus, with a Wiir low Leaf. 14. Helianthemum; Ledi, folio. Tourn. Dwarf Ciftus, with a Le- dum Leaf. 1 5-. Helianthemum ; fiore macH- lofo. Col. Dwarf Ciftus, withfpot- ed FlDwers. There are many other Species of this Plant, which are found in the warm Parts of Europe, as Fortugal, Spain^ H E Spairiy Italy y and the South Parts of France, bur thefe here mention'd are all the Varieties which I have obferv'd in the EnglifJj Gardens. The four firfb Sorts are found wild in feveral Parts of Great-Bri- tain-^ but the firft is the mod com- mon of them all, and is found upon the Sides of dry Banks and chalky Hills in divers Places in England. The twelve firft Species are perennial Plants, which grow v/oody, but ot low Stature, feldom riling above a Foot high, the Branches, for the mofl: part, trailing upon the Ground. Thefe Plants are very ornamental to a Garden, efpecially if planted in a warm Polition and a dry Soil, where they will thrive and flower exceedingly, and are very proper to plant in Hoping Borders or little Declivities, where few other Plants will thrive to Advantage ; and akho* the Flowers ot thele Plants are of no great Beauty, yet the vaft Quanti- ties which are produc'd all over the Plants, for two Months toge- ther, render them worthy of a Place in every good Garden. Thefe are all propagated by Seeds, (which the Plants annually furniih in great Plenty) and fl^.ould be fown in a warm Border of light frcfli Earth in March or the Beginning of April i and when the Plants are come up, they may be tranfplanted into Beds of the like Earth about four Inches afunder, or fomewhat more : In which Place they may remain until September, when they fliould be remov'd to the Places where they are to continue for good, obferving to take them up with a good Ball of Earth to their Roots, otherwife they are fubjedt to mifcarry. They may alfo be propagated by planting Cuttings of any of the Sorts in May, m a Bed of light H E frefh Earth, obferving to -^itti and fhade them until they have taken Root: Thefe alfb may re- main in the Beds until SeptembeVi when they fliould be planted out, as was direded for the Seedling Plants ; but as they generally pro- duce great Quantities of Seeds every Year, fo there will feldom be Oc- calion for propagating them any- other way, becaufe the Seedling Plants are generally better thaa thofe obtain'd from Cuttings, and it being more Trouble to propa- gate them by Cuttings, few People pradife that Method. The 13th, 14th, and i^-th Sorts are annual Plants, and muft be fown every Year, or the Seeds fuf- fer'd to fall 5 which, if the Ground be clear from Weeds, will come up, and abide the Winter, and flower early in the fucceeuing Sum- mer , which is the fureft Method to obtain large Plants, efpecially of the 15-th Sort, of which, if the Seeds are fown in the Spring, the Plants are apt to be very fmail, and produce but few Flowers, and many times the Seeds will not come up at all, fo that if you fow them, it fliould be done ibon after they arc ripe : The Flowers of this laft Sort are very beautiful, each Petal or •Leaf having a deep Purple Spot at the Bottom ; and lince it is a Plant which requires but very little Care, it is well worth keeping in a Garden. HELIOTROPIUMi Turnfole, The Charatiers are; The Flower confifls of me Leaf, and is fJjap'd like a Funnel, having its Center wrinkled and folded, and its Brim cm into ten Segments, alternately unequal .^ Thefe Flowers are collecied into a long reflex'd Spike, refemblinga Scorpion's Tail -^ each Flower is fucceed- ed by four naked gibbofc Seals, E e The H E The species arej I, Heliotropium y majm, Viof- eeridis. C. B, The great Turnfole ©f Diofcorides. z. Heliotropiumj Americanum, csruleum^ foliis Hormini. Acad. Keg. Sc. Blue American Turnfole, with Clary Leaves. 3. Heliotropium; Americanumy edruleum, foliis Hormini angufiiori- Bus. H, L. Blue American Turn- fole, with narrower Clary Leaves. 4. Heliotropium i arborefcensy folio tencriij fiore albo in capitftia denfn congefla. Boerh. Ind. Tree- like Turnlble, with a Germander Leaf and white Flowers growing in thick, fhort Heads. 5". Heliotropium ; Canarien/cy arborefcens, folio fcorodoniA. Hort, Amfi. Canary Tree-like Turn-tre- fole, with a Wood-lage Leaf. The firfl, fecond, and third Kinds are annual Plants : The firll is very hardy, and is better preferv'd in a Garden, by fuffering the Seeds to fall when ripe, which will come up in the fucceeding Spring much better than when preicrv'd and Ibwn with Care, for it rarely hap- pens that thofe which are fown in the Spring do grow ; -fo that if it be intended to be had in aditferent Place from where the Plants grew the preceding Year, the Seeds ought to be fown foon after they are ripe j which fliould be in the Place where they are to remain, for thefe Plants feldom thrive well when tranfplantcd, efpecially if it be not perform'd while the Plants are young. This Plant produces its Flowers in JunBy and the Seeds ripen in Augufi* The fecond and third Sorts muft be fown upon a Hot-bed in the Spring, and manag'd as was di- letted for the Cymus jHrcicus (to H E which the Reader is defir'd to turn, to fave Repetition); for if they are not brought forward in the Spring, they feldom perfeft their Seeds : There is no great Beauty in thefe two Plants, nor are they oFcen cul- tivated but in Botcinick Gardens for Variety fake. The fourth and fifth Sorts grow to be large fhrubby Plants : Thefe are propagated by planting Cuttings of them in any of the Summer Months, in a Bed of light Earth, obferving to fhade and water them until they have taken Root ; and in Auguft they fhould be tranfplanted into Pots fiU'd with light frefh Earth, which fliould be plac'd in a {hady Situation until the Plants are rooted in the Pots; when they may be remov'd into the open. Air amongft Myrtles, Jafmines, 8cc. where they may remain until October ; at which Time they (hould be remov'd into the Green-houfe, where they fhould be plac'd fo as to have as much free Air as poffible, and will require fre- quent Waterings. The fifth Sort produces Flowers every Summer ; but I have never yet feen any on the fourth Sort, although it is by much the larger Plant. HELLEBORE; vide Helleborus. HELLEBORINEi Baftard Helle- bore. The Characters are ; It huth a fibrofe Root ; the Leaves are broad and mrvofe, fomewhat like thofe of the White Hellebore ; the Flors>ers, which grow upon a fhort Foot-Jlalk, are collected into a Spikey each confifling of fix diljimilar Leaves ; the Ovary becomes a Fruit very like that of the Orchis. The Species are ; I. Helleborine; latifolia, mon- tana, C. B, P. Common Baftard Hellebore * 2. Hel^e- H E a. Helleborine j altera, afro- rnhente pre. C. B. P. Baftard Hel- lebore, with a blackiiTi Flower. 5. Helleborine i j?br^ ^/^o. Ger, White- 80 werM Baaard Hellebore. 4. Helleborine 5 ^(?r^ rotunda, fve Calceolus. C. B, P. Ladies Slipper. 5'. Helleborine; V'lrginiana., flore rotunclo, Ititeo. BaniJIerNwgmhw La- dies Slipper, with a yellow Flower. 6. Helleborine j Canadenjis, five Calceoltts MarU. Icon. Roberta ' Ca- nada Ladies Slipper. There are feveral other Species of this Plinr, fome of which are of EngliJJ} Growth, but as they arc Planrs of no great Beauty, and are with great Difficulty cultivated in a Garden, fo I fliall pafs them over without naming, thcfe here meia- tion'd being the mod valuable Kinds which we are at prefent acquainted with. Theie are all Natives of Woods and fliady Places : The four firft mention'd are found in the Woods of Xcrk(l)ire, Lanca/Jjire, and other Northern Counties in England j but the two laft mention'd are Natives of America, from whence feme of the Plants have been fent into England, which thrive and produce Flowers very well every Year. There is no other" Method to obtain theie Plants but by fearching them out in their na- tural Places of Growth, and taking up their Roots, with a large Bail of the natural Soil to 'em, and then to tranfplant 'em into a fnady Place in the Garden, and in a ilrong un- dung'd Soil: Theie are very pretty Ornaments to rmall Wilderneiles, where, it the Ground between the Trees be planted with thefe, and other common Flowers which grow naturally in Woods, it will render fijch Places very agreeable j and as H E theie require little other Culture than to preferve them from being over-run with Weeds, fo the only Expence is in the firft procuring them, which is ealily cfFedfed in many Parts of England. The beft Seafbn for tranfplanting them is in Alay^ foon after they appear above- groimd. HELLEBOROIDES HYEiVlA- LIS i vide Aconitum Hyemale. HELLEBORO-RANUNCULUSj Globe-Ranunculus, vulgo. The Char ciders are ; It hath fingle round circum- fcribed Leaves like the Ranunculus : The Cup of the Flower conjifis of five fmall Leaves of the fame Colour with the Elower. The Flower confifis of many Leaves growing in Form of a Rammculus, having many Stamina, in the Centre: The Fruit confifis of many fmall Cells, which are collected into a Head, each containing many Seeds. We have but one Species of this Plant i which is, Helleboro-Ranunculus ; flore luteo globcfo. Boerh. Jnd. TheGlobe- Flower, or Lockergowlons. This Plant is found wild in the North Parts of England and Mamies in great Plenty. It is propagated by parting the Roots in Autumn, which fhould be planted in a moifl: fhady Situation, where they will thrive and flower exceedingly, and require very little Care, except to keep them clear from Weeds, and parting the Roots every other Year; tor if they are permitted to con-r- tinue too long unremov'd, the Flowers will not be fo large, nor in lb great Quantity, HELLEBORUS i Black Helle- bore, or Ghrillmas Flower. The Chara5lsrs zxc; It hath a digitated Leaf : The Flower confifis of feveral Leaves, E e ^ Tfihich H E which are placed orhicuUrly, and expand in Term of a- Rofe : In the Centre', of the Ilower rifes the Fointal, which is incomfO'fs'd about the Bafe with feveral little Horns lying be- tween the. Chives And F eta Is, which afterwards turn to a Fruit, in tvhkh the metnbranaceous Husks are ga- thered, as it were, into a little H' ad, ending for the mofi part in a Horn, opening le-ngthrcife, and for the mofi fart full ofroundiflj or oval Seeds, The Species are ; 1. HELLEBORUSi niger, foetidus. C. B, P. Stinlcing Black Hellebore, Bear's-foot, or Setterwort. 2. Helleborus i niger, hortenfis, fiore viridi. C. B. P. Green-flower 'd Black Hellebore, or Bear's-foot. 5, HELLEBORUSi nigcr,flore albo, etiam interdum valde rtibente. J. B. True Black Hellebore, or Chrittmas Rofe. 4. Helleborus j niger, trifoUatus. Hort, Farn. Trifoliatcd Black Hel- lebore. f. Helleborus 5 77iger, fiore ro- feo, minor, Belgicus. H. R, Bl&f, Small Belgick Black Hellebore. The two firft Species are found wild in the Woods in divers Parts of England ; but the ^d, 4th, and ^th Sorts are brought from other Countries, which do thrive as well with us in the open Air, as thole that are Natives. The two hrft Sorts being Wood Plants, do thrive much better, when planted' in ihady moift Places, than when they are planted in a warmer Situation, and too much cxpos'd to the Sun. And as they produce their Flowers in the Middle of Winter, when few other Plants appear ; i^o they defcrve a Place in fmall Wildcrneis Quar- ters, Avenues, and fliady Borders, where they will flouvifli exceedingly, and, if furfer'd to flied their Seeds, will foon furnilh a Garden with H E Plants enough -,. and this is the ealieft and beft Method to propa- gate them. The other Sorts are propagated either from Seeds, or by planting of their Roots : The beft Seafon for this Work is in February, when you may divide the Roots into fmall Heads, and plant them in a Situation where they may have the Morning Sun only till ro o'Clock ^ for if they are too much cxpos'd to the great Heats of the Sun, they will not thrive. Theie ihould alio have a moift light Soil ; but the Ground fliould not have Dung in it, which is very fubjedl to rot the Roots of thefe Plants. If you propagate them by Seeds, they fliould be Town foon after they are ripe, which is commonly in May, in a Border expbs'd to the Morning Sun, where the Plants will come up the Spring following, and Ihould be kept clear from Weeds, which, if fuffer'd to grow, would foon deftroy the young Plants : In this Border they Ihould remain until the February following, at which Time they Ihould be tranfplanted into another Border to the DilLnce of fix Inches fquare, obferving to keep them conllantly clear from Weeds ; and in one Year after plant- ing out, they will flower, and may then be remov'd to the Places v/hcre they are to remain tor good. There are great Doubts whether any of thcfe Species be the true Hellebore of the Antients j tho' Monf Tournefort and fome other Travellers affirm, that the third Species is it ; but yet the Germans ufe the Adonis, Hellebori radice, huphthalmi fiore for the Hellebore ;. and many other People believe it to be a Plant different from both thefe : but it is hop'd that we iliil] H E fhall fliortly know who are in the right. HELLEBORUS ALBUS ; vUe Veratrum. HELMET -FLOWER, or MO N K 's - H O O D i vide Aco- nitum. HEMEROCALLISi viJe Lilium. HEMIONl'TISi Moon-Fern. This is a Plant which is feldom propagated in Gardens y therefore I (hall not trouble the Reader with any Account of it more than this, that whoever hath a mind to culti- vate it, may fee full Directions for that Purpofe under the Article LingHH Cervwa, to which this Plant h nearly ally'd, and delights in the fame Situation and Culture. HEPATlCAi Noble Liver- wort. The Characiers are j The Root is Hbrofe and perennial : The Leaf confifts of three Lobes grow- ing on A Vedide yah'ich arifes fro7Ji the Root: The Fedide of the Flower is naked and fmgle, arifihg from the Root : The Cup of the FloTver ij, for the mofl part, compos'd of one Leaf, which is fo7?jeti>iies cut into three or four deep Divifions : The FloTper conffis of many Leaves, rohich expand in Form of a Rofe : The Fruit is globular, conjijling of one fmgle Cell, which is curvatsd, as in the lejfer Celandine. The Spedes arej 1. Hepatica i trifoUa, aruleo fore. Cltif The fingle blue Hepa- tica, or Noble Liver-wort. 2. Hepatica j trifolia, fiore c Aru- leo, plena. Cluf The double blue Hepatica, or Noble Liver-wort. 3. Hepatica ; trifolia, fiore albo, fimplici. Boerh. Ind. The lingle white Hepatica, or Noble Liver-wort. 4. Hepatica; trifolia, rubro fiore. Cluf. Single red Hepatica j or Noble Liver-y/oru H E 5". Hepatica,- trifolia, fiore rubro, pie no. Baerh. Ind. Double red, or Peacn-colour'd Hepatica, Thefe Plants -are fome of the greateft Beauties of the Spring j their Flowers are produc'd in Fe- bruary and March in great Plenty, before the green Leaves appear, and make a very beautiful Figure in the Borders of the Pieafurc-Garden, efpecially the Double Sorts, which do commonly continue a Fortnight longer in Flower than the Single Kin.is; and the Flowers are much fairer. I have icen the Double White Kind often mentioned in Books, but could never fee it grow- ing ; tho' I don't know but fiich a Flower might be obtain'd from Seeds of the Single White, or Blue Kinds. I have ibmetimes known the Double Blue Sort produce ibme Flowers in Autumn which were inclining to White j and thereby fome People have been deceived, who have procur'd the Roots at that Seafon, and planted them in their Gardens, bur the Spring fol- lowing their Flowers were Blue as before : And this is a common Thing when the Autumn is £0 mild as to caufe them to flower. But whether the Double White Sort mention'd in the Books, was only this accidental Alteration in the Colour of the Flower, I can't fayi tho' it feems very probable it was, iince I never could hear ot any Perfon v/ho ever faw the Double White Sort flower in the Spring. The Single Sorts produce Seeds every Year, whereby they are ealily propagated, and alfo new Flowers may be that way obtain'd. The beft Seafon for fowing of the Seeds is in the Beginning of Augitft, cither in Pots or Boxes of light Eavih, which fhould be plac'd io as t-o!iP/e only the Morning Sun until E c 3 QHobeVi H E OBober, when they fhould be re- mov'tl into the fail Sun, to remain during the Winter-fcafon : but in March, when the young Plants will begin to appear, they muft be re- mov'd again to a fhady Situation, and in dry Weather Hiould be fre- quently water'd i and about the Beginning of Augujl they will be fit to be tranfplanteJ, at which Time you fhould prepare a Border, facing the Eaft, of good frefh Loamy Earth, into which you fnould re- move the Plants, placing them at about fix Inches Dill:v^nce each way, clofmg the Earth pretty fail to their Roots, to prevent the Worms from drawing them out of the Ground, which they are very apt to do at that Seafon, and in the Spring fol- lowing they will begin to fhew their Flov/ers j but it will be three Years before they flower ftrong,^ and till then you cannot judge of their Goodnefsi when, if you find any double Flowers, or any of a different Colour from the common Sort, they (hould be taken up and transplanted into the Borders of the Flower-Garden, where they fliould centinue at leafl: two Years before they are taken up, or parted i tor it is remarkable m this Plant, that where they are ofren remov'd and parted, they are very fubjedf to die; whereas, when they are permitted to remain undifturb'd for many Years, they will thrive cvctedingly, and become very large Roots. The Dou I Ic F.owers, which never produce Seeds, are propagated by parting their Roots, which fliould be done in March, at the Tmie -syhen they are in Flower : bur you Ihould be careful not to feparare them into very imall Heads j nor ihould they be parted ofren.^r than every third or foarth Year, if you intend tQ have them thrive, for tl;e H E Reafon before given. They deliglit in a ftrong Loamy Soil, and in an Eaftern Poiition, where they may have only the rvlornmg Sun; tho' they will grow in almoft any Af- ped, and are never injur 'd by Cold. HEPATORIUM j vide Eupa- torium. HEPTAPHYLLUMi -vide Pen- taphylium. HERBA PARIS. Herb - Paris, True-love, or One-berry. The Characlers are j The Cup of the Flower conffls of four Leaves, which expand i?i Form of a Crofs : Ths Flower alfo hath four Leaves, which expand in the jame Manner, and is generally fur- nijVd with four Stainina : The Fohital of the Flower becomes a [oft globular Fruit, which is divided into jour Cells, and are filid with oblong Seeds. We have but one Species of this Plant in England, which is, Herba Paris, j. B. Solanum, qitadrijolium, bacciferum, C. B. Herb True- ove, or One-berry. This Plant is found wild in fliady Vv^oods in divers Parts of England, and is rarely cultivated in Gardens: Thofe who have a mind to propa- gate it, fliould fearch it out in the natural Places of its Growth in April, when it firft appears above- grounJ, and take up the Roots with a Clod of the natural Earth to them, and tranfplant them into a ihady Part of the Garden, where, if they are not diflurb'd, they will live and flower, but they are not very apt to increafe when culti- vated. There is no great Beauty in this Plant, but thofe who delight in Variety, may give it Place in a Wildernefs, where few other Things will thrive. H E HERMANNIA. The ChuraBers arej The Cup of the Flower confifls of one Leaf which refembles a Bladder, find is cut into five Segments •■, the Flower confifs of five Leaves, the lowermojl of tchich are narrow, but the upper ones are broad and twijied, having a pentangular Ovary in the Center, which is Jurrounded by five Stamina, and is afterwards turn'd to (t five-corner' d long Tube. The Species are i 1. Hermaknia i frutefcens, folio oblongo, ferrato, latiori, Boerh. Ind. Shrubby Hermannia, with a broader oblong ierrated Leaf. 2. Hermann I A ; frutefcens, folio groJfulariA, parvo, hirfuto. Boerh. Lid. Shrubby Hermannia, with a fmall hairy, Goofeberry Leaf. 3. Hermannia ; frutefcens, fojio Ibifci, hirfuto, molU, caule pilofo, Boerh. Ind. Shrubby Hermannia, with a fofr, hairy Marfhmallow Leaf, and a woolly Stalk. 4. Hermannia j frutefcens, folio oblongo, ferrato. Tourn. Shrubby Hermannia, with an oblong, fer- rated Leaf There are fome other Species of this Plant in the Botanick Gar- dens in Holland, but thefe here mention'd are all the Sorts which I have yet feen in the Fnglifh Gar-. dens. Thefe Plants are all propagated by planting Cuttings of them, during any of the Summer Months, in a Bed of light frelh Earth, obferving to water and fhade them until they are well rooted, which will be in about fix Weeks after planting ; H E which they may be expos'd to the open Air, with Myrtles, Gera- niums, 8cc. until the Middle or latter End of OBober, when they muft be remov'd into the Green- houfe, obferving to place them in the cooleft Part of the Houfc, and where they may have as much free Air as pofiTible, for if they arc too much drawn in the Houfe, they will appear very faint and iickly, and feldom produce many Flow- ers j whereas, when the are only preferv'd from the Froft and have a great Share of free Air, they will appear flrong and healthy, and pro- duce large Quantities of Flowers in April and May, during which Sea- ion they make a very handfomc Shew in the Green-houfe: They muft alio be frequently watered, and will require to be new potted at leaft twice every Year, i. e, in May and September, otherwife their Roots will be fo matted as to pre- vent their Growth. Thefe Plants rarely produce good Seeds with us j but when they are obtain'd from Abroad, they mufl be fbwn upon a moderate Hot-bed, and when the Plants come up, they muft be traniplanted into fmall Pots, and plung'd into another very mo- derate Hot-bed, in order to pro- mote their Rooting j after which they muft be harden'd by degrees, to endure the open Air in Summer, and may then be treated as the old Plants. HERNANDIA; Jack in a Box, vulgo. The Chara^ers are ; It hath a fhort, multifid Bell- then you fhould take them u^, pre- fhap'd Flower, or a Rofaceous Flower, ferving a Ball of Earth to their Roots, and plant them into Pots fill'd with light freflj Earth, placing them in a fhady Situation until they have taken frelh Root j after confifiing of fever al Fetals, which are placed in a circular Order, thefe are fometimes Barren, and at other times are Fertile : The Cup of the Flower afterwards becomes an ahnofl Sphe-^ £ e 4 mal H E rual Fruit, tvhich is fppelled eind ferforatecL containing d jiria ted round '^ut. We have but one Species of this Plant, viz, Hernandia j ^mplo HederA folio, ^mklicato Flum. N. Gen. 6. Her- fjandia with a large umbilicated Ivy Leaf, commonly called, in the Wejt- Indies, Jack in a Box. This Plant may be propagated by Seeds, (which are eafiiy obtain'd from Jamaica or Barbados, where the Trees are in great Plenty) thefe muft be fbwn on a Hot-bed early in the Spring, and when the Plants are come up, they muft be each planted into a feparate Pot, filled with frefh light Earth, and plunged into a moderate Hot-bed of Tan, pbferving to water and fhade 'em until they have taken Root, after which they fhould have a large Share of free Air, in Proportion to the Warmth of the Seafon, and the Heat of the Bed i when the Plants have filled the Pots with their Roots, they niuft be removed into other Pots of a larger Size, plunging them again into the Hot-bed, ob- fcrying to water them plentifully, for this Plant grows naturally in mold Places, ib requires to be often water'd, and in Winter mu{> be placed in the Birk-Stove with the Coffee-Trees, ^r, where, when they have obtain'd Strength, they make a beautiful Appearance, their Leaves being 16 or 18 Inches long, and .f o or i x Indies broad, having a large red Spot at the Place where the Koot-ftalk joins it. 1 have not as yet feenthe Flowers of this Tree, ib can fay nothing concerning their Beauty.' ' HERNIAPJA; Rupture- wort. The characters are : The Calix is quadrijid, cr, for the mft party c^ziuquiJiJ, md expanded H E in Form of a Star, having five Sta* mina in the Center : The Fruit (which groyps in the Bottom of the Flower) becomes a membranaceouu furrow d, round Capfule, which is divided into eight Ceils, each of which contains one fmall pointed Seed. The Species are ; 1. Hermaria i glabra. J. B. Smooth Rupture-wort. 2. Herniaria 5 hirfuta. J. B, Rough or hairy Rupture-v/ort. 5. Herniaria ; Alfnes folio. Tourn. Rupture - wort, with a Chick-weed Leaf. 4. Herniaria; fruticofa, viticulis lignofis. C. B. Shrubby Rupture- wort, with woody Branches. Thefe Plants are feldom cultjr vated but in Botanick Gardens, for the Sake ot Variety : The three firil are, for the moft* part, annual Plants, feldom continuing longer than one Year, and muft: be per- mitted to Ihed their Seeds, where- by they are better preferv'd than if fown with Art. The fourth Sort is an abiding Plant, which may be propagated by Cuttings ; but as they are Plants of no Beauty, fo they are not worth cultivating. The firft Sort is what fliouid be . ur.'d in the Shops, but is rarely feen in Lo'ndon ; the Herb-women com^ monly bringing the Parfley Break- flone to the Markets, which is fold indcad of this Plant. HESPERIS ; Dame's Violet, or Queen's Gilli flower. The characters are; The Flower confifls, for the mofi part, of four Leaves, which expand in Form of a Grofs 3 out of the 'tlow^ er-cup arifes the Pointal, which be- comes a long, taper, cylindrical Fod, which is divided into two Cells by an intermediate Fartition, to which the imbricated Valves do adhere on both Sidcsj and a^ furnifJ/d H E with oblong cylindrical or globular Seeds* The Sftcies are ; j[, Hesperis; hortejifis, fiore fur- pureo. C. B. P. Garden Dame's Violet, with a purple Flower. z. Resperisj hortcnjis, fiore can- dido. C. B. P. Garden Dame's Vio- let, with a white Flower. 3. Hesperis ; fylveflris, ifjodora. C. B. P. Unfavoury wild Dame's Violet. 4. Hesperis ; horten/is, fiore va- riegato. JejfiCH. Garden Dame's Violet, with a variegated Flower. 5-. Hesperis J hortenJiSi fiore fur- pureoy pleno. H. R. Par. Garden Dame's Violet, with a double pur- ple Flower, commonly call'd Double Purple Rocket. 6. Hesperis i hortcnfis, fiore alboy pleno. H. R. P. Garden Dame's Violet, with a double white Flower, or double white Rocket. 7. Hesperis i hortenfis, fiore varioy pleno, H. R. Par. Garden Dame's Violet, with a variable Flower. 8. Hesperis; maritimay angnfii- folia, incana, Tourn. Low iVlari- time Dame's Violet, or Dwart an- nual Stock I vulgo. 9. Hesperis i Montana, pallida^ Qdoratijpma. C. B. P. Pale Moun- tain Dame's Violet, with a very fv/eet Sniell. There are many other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in Botanick Gardens, to add to their Variety, but thefe here mentioned i^re the mofl beautiful Kinds, and beft worth propagating in the flower-Garden. The feven firfl mention'd Sorts are abiding Plants, and may be pro- pagated by parting ot their Roots in Auguji, efpecially thofe with double Flowers, which never pro- duce Seeds ; but the lingle Kinds j^e better |)ropagated by fowing H E their Seeds in March, which will produce ftronger Plants than thofe obtain'd from OfF-fets : The Heads, which are divided, fhould be well furnifli'd with Roots, otherwifc they are very fubjed to mifcarry j nor fliould the old Roots be fepa- rared into very fmall Heads, which would occaiion their flowering weak the fucceeding Seafbn : The Soil in which thefe Plants fliould be plant- ed, ought to be frefh and incline- ing to a fandy Loam, but fhould not be mix'd with Dung, which often caufes the Roots to rot 5 but if you bury fome rotten Wood- pile Earth, or very rotten Tanners- bark, juft deep enough for their Fibres to reach it, the Plants will thrive exceedingly, and produce great Quantities of very large fair Flowers, as I have feveral times experienc'd ; but if this fhould be fo fhallow as to touch the main Roots, 'tis ten to one if they don't rot away, which is very often the Cafe with thefe Flowers when they are planted in a rich dung'd Soil. The double white Rocket is by far the moft beautiful Plant of all the Kinds, the Flowers of which arc as large and double as the faireft double Stcch-Gillifiower : It was for- merly planted m great Plenty in the Gardens near London, to fupply the Markets with Flowers for Ba- fonsj for which Purpofe there is not any Plant better adapted, and will continue in Beauty for a long Time: Butoflate Years thefe Plants have not fucceeded fo well as for- merly, which may be owin-^ to the dunging of the Soil; for°it is obfervable, that in frefh Ground, which has not been till'd, thefe Plants do fucceed beft. The fmglc Kinds have very little Beauty in them, when com par 'd with the Double, and are therefore feldom cultivated H I cultivated in Gardens, but as they are much hardier than the Double, and will thrive in a fhady Border, ib they may be admitted for Va- riety. Thefe all produce their Flowers in Maj, and the fingle Kinds do perftd: their Seeds in Augufty which if iufFer'd to fhed upon the Ground, will come up very well, and fave the Trouble of" fowing them. The eighth Sort is often Ibwn for Edgings to large Borders in the Pleafure-Garden, and is commonly known by the Name of Dwarf- Annual Stock-Gillijiower. The Seeds of this Kind are commonly fown in March, which will come up in a Ihort Time, and produce Flowers in Juney and the Seeds will ripen in Aiigufi: But the Method to have this Plant in the greateft Per- fedtion, is to low the Seeds in fmall Patches in the Borders under warm Walls in Auguft, which will come up foon after, and the Plants will get Strength enough to endure the Cold, and in the Spring following thefe will produce much larger Flowers, than thofe Plants which come up in the Spring. The ninth Sort is a biennial Plant, feldom continuing longer than two Years J this mufi: be propagated by fowing the Seeds in the Manner dirc6ted for the firft Sorts, and the iecond Year the Plants will flower, which if you intend to preferve, you muib cut off mofc of the Flowcr-ileras, before the Flowers decay, which will occafion the Roots to put out new Heads, if they are found, whereby they may be often continued three or four Years. HIERACIUMi Hawk-weed. The Characicrs are ; The Stalks are branched, and fe7z- der j the Leaves are froduc'd alter- H I nately j the Cup of the Flower h flwrt, firm and expanded i the Flower confijls of many Leaves, which are placed in an orbicular Order, and open in Form of a Marygold ; the Seeds are fender and angular, or furrowed i to which may be added, the whole Plant hath a milky Juice, The Species are ; 1. HiERACiuM 5 murorum, folio pilojiffimo. C. B. P. Golden Hawk- weed, with hairy Leaves. 2. HiERACiuM; Fyreniacum, folio cerinthes, latifolium. Schol. Bot. Py- renian Hawk- weed, with a broad Honey-wort l.eat. 3. H1ERACIUM5 folio dentis leonisy fiore fuave rubente. C. B. P. Red flower'd Hawk-weed, with Dande- iyon Leaves. 4. HiERACiuM i lanatum, fonchi vel erigerontis facie, H. L. Downy Hawk- weed, with the Face of Sow- thiftle or Ground fei. f. HiERACiuM 5 medio nigrumy BAticum, majus. Par. Bat, Greater Spanifh Hawk-weed, with yellow Flowers, having blarck Bottoms. 6. HiERACiuM ; ' medio-nigrum, BAticum, majus, fiore fulphureo. Greater Spanilh Hawk-weed, with Brimftone colour'd Flowers, having biack Bottoms. 7. HiERACiuMj barbatum, medio- nigrum, minus. H. L. Lefl'er Hawk- weed, with yellow Flowers, having biack Bottoms. 8. HiERACiuM ; latifolium, pilo- fum, coccineum, umbellatum, Indicum, H. L. Broad-leav'd Indian Hawk- weed, with Scarlet Flowers grow- ing in an Umbel. There are a great Variety of thefe Plants, which grow wild in the different Parts of Europe, many of which are preferv'd in the cu- rious Botanick Gardens, to add to their Variety of Plants j but thefe here H I here mention'd, are the moft beau- tiful Kinds, and bell worth culti- vating for the Beauty of their Flowers. The fir ft, fecond and eighth Sort are abiding Plants, and may be propagated by parting their Roots either in Spring or Autun^n, and fliould be planted in a frefh, light Soil, and an open Situation, where they will greatly increafe, efpecially the eighth Sort, which is very fubjed to creep under Ground, and fend forth abundance of Heads, whereby the Scafon of flowering is continued thro' mod Part of the Summer 5 for the new Off-fets commonly produce Flow- ers foon after they come up. Thele are alfo propagated by Seeds, which {hould be fown either in the Au- tumn, foon after they are ripe, or very early in the Spring; for if they are fown very late, the Plants fel- dom come up until the Autumn following, whereby a whole Seafon is loft; but as they increafe Co faft by Otf-fets, it is hardly worth while to low their Seeds. The other Sorts here mentioned are annual Plants, which, for the Variety of their Flowers, deferve a Place in a Garden ; thefe Plants are much ftronger, and produce a greater Quantity of Flowers, when they are rais'd in the Autumn, than thofe which are fown in the Spring, and they are fo hardy as to endure the fevereft Cold of our Climate in the open Air, provided they are planted or fown upon a dry Soil, for too much Wet is apt to rot them : The beft Seafon for fow- ing the Seeds is in Auguji, and to- wards the latter End of September the Plants will be (Irong enough to tranfplant, which ihould be into the Borders where they are to re- main for Flowering i thefe will H I produce their Flowers in May, and their Seeds will be ripe in July, which if fuffer'd to (hed upon the Ground, will grow and fave the Trouble of fowing them. HIPPOCASTANUM ; Horfe- Chefnut. The Charaders arcj It hath digitated or finger' d Leaves; the Flowers, which conjifi of five Leaves, are of an anomalous Figure, opening as it were with two Lips ; there are Male and Female upon the fame Spike, which, when fully blown, make a fpecious Shew, being always produced at the Extremity of the Branches i the Female Flowers are fucceed^d by Nuts, which grow in green prickly Husks, The Species are ; 1. HippocASTANUM ; vulgars, Tourn. Comi5ion Horfe Chefnur. 2. HippocASTANUM j vtilgare, fi" His ex luteo variegatis. The yellow blotch'd Horfe Chefnut. 3. HippocASTANUM j vulgarc, fo- His ex albo variegatis. The white blotch'd Horfe Chefnut. The firft of thefe Trees (of which there feem to be two or three Va- rieties differing in the Breadth of their Leaves, and the Colour ot their Flowers, one of which hath its Flo\ters remarkably fpotted with Red and Yellow, £0 as to be feen at a great Diflance, and is fome- what later in flowering) is very- common in England, having been greatly cultivated for planting Ave- nues and ihady Walks near Habita- tions, where, in the Spring of the Year, (v^-hich is their Seafon of flowering) they make a mofl beau- tiful Shew, and their Leaves being very large, afford an agreeable Shade in the Heat of Summer , but if the Number of thefe Trees be too great, or too near the Habitation, they caufe the circumambient Air to H I to be moid and unhealthy, by the large Quantities of Moiliure vs'-hich they pcripire throiigh their Leaves, fo that they {hould always be placed at £Lich a Diftance, as to admit of 8 free Current of Air to pals be- tween them and the Building, that the rancid Air may be carried off thereby. This Tree is propagated by plant- ing the Nr.ts early in the Spring, after the Manner as w.^s diredled for the common Chefnut, (to which I refer the Reader, to avoid Repetition) the Spring following the Plants may be traniplanted into a Narfery, in Rov%s at three Feet diftance, and eighteen Inches afun- der in the Rows, where they may continue three Years ; after v/hich Time, they may be tianfplantcd for Avenues, &c. where they are to remain : The befl Seafoa for tranfplaming thefe Trees is at the kttcr End of Febrnnry, or the Be- ginning of March i (though indeed they may be traniplanted in Autumn, or duringany of the Winter Months, when other deciduous Trees are removed) but the other is the fiireft Seafbn, efpecially for moifl Soils. In tranfplan^ing of thefe Trees, we l"hould never fl^.orten any of their Branches ; but only cut off intirciy all iuch as arc ill placed, or grov/ irregular, for rhcfe Trees have always & large turgid Bud p'aced at the Extremity cf their Branches, in Vv-hich 3s incloled the Shoot for the fucceeding Spring, which Bud is of great Service m vitrracting the Nounihment, and promoting chc fururc Growth of the Tree, and it is ofren obfcrvablc, ivhere their Branches arc fr.ortned, that there is produced a glutinous Subilance, a!n)oft of the Conii- ilence of Turpcjitinc, which often H I occafions the Decay of thofe parti- cular Branches, and ibmetimes of the whole Tree. Thefe Trees have fomething very fmgular in their Growth, i. e. that their whole Year's Shoot is com- monly performed m three Weeks Tinie, after which it does no more than increafe in Bulk, and become more firm and fubftantial i and all the latter Part of the Summer is occupied in formicg and ifi-engthen- ing the Buds for the next Year's Shoots. There is a great Regula- rity in the natural Growth of thefe Trees, their Under-branches being always greatly extended, and the fucceeding ones decreaiing gradually to the Top, do form a natural ob- tufe Pyramid, v/hich Regularity is by many People greatly difliked, as appearing too much like thofe arti- ficial Pyramids, which were for- merly lb much eftecm'd a^nd culti- vated on evcr-grctn Trees s but are now very juifiy defpifed by all curious Pcrfons : Though it mufi: be allowed, where thefe Trees are rightly difpofed in forming of Clumps, ^c. their conical Figure has a very good Etfe£t, by rendering fuch Plantations very agreeable to the Eye at Ibme Diftance, efpe- cially when the under Parts of the Trees are hid from Sight, by other Trees which fur round them. Thefe Trees were originally brought from Coyjjlammople into Europ-e ; but although they are Na- tives of ib warm a Country, yet they are now fo enur'd to the Cold, as lo defy the fevereft of our Win- ters, and do grow to be very large T rees, and produce great Quanti- ties of Nuts annually, from v/hich they may be multiplied at Pleafure. The Fruit of this Tree is very bit- ter, and of no Ufe amongft us at prefent ; but in Turkey they give thccr* H O them to Korfes, in their Provender, that are troubled with Coughs, or are Short winded, in both which Diftempers they are fuppofcd to be very good. HIPPOLAPATHUM i 'vUe La- pathum. HIPPOSEUNUM i vide Smyr- neuni. HIRUNDARI A ; I'ule Afclcpias. HOLLOW ROOT j v'ule Fu- maria. HOLLY HOCKS i vide Malva rofea. HOLLY 5 vide Aquifolium. HONEY-SUCKLE j vide Capri- folium. HOPS i vide Lupulus. HORDEUM. Barley. The Characters are; It hath n thick Spike; the Calixy Husk, Awn and Flower^ are like thofe of Wheat or Rye, but the Avpns are rough j the Seed is fuelling in the Middle^ and for the mojl part ends in a fljarp Foint, to which the HMsks are clofely united. The Species are ; I . HoRDEUM ; dlfilchum. Ger. Common long-car'd Barley. ^. HoRDEUM ; polyflichum, vel hybernujn. Tark. Winter or Square Barley, or Bear Barley ,• by ibme call'd Big. 5. HoRDEUM ; difiichum, fpica hre-viore ^ latiori, granis confertis. R-iii. Sprat Barley, or Battle-door Barley. There arc fome other Varieties of Barley of lefs Note; but thefe here mention'd are preferred for Ufe, as being the moft profttable Sorts : Tlie firfl: and third Sorts are commonly cultivated in England i but the fecond is rarely to be feen near London, though I think it much preferable to the other two, as producing a larger Seed aad very full thick Spike.. H O The Manner of propagating thefe being fo well known to every Far- mer, it would be needlefs to men* tion any thing of that Kind in this Place, HORIZONTAL SHELTERS, have by fome Perfons been greatly- recommended to prefer vc Fruit- Trees from Blights 5 but with hov/ little Reaion, or upon what flight Experiments, every one v/ho has ever made ufe oi them, will ealily judge j efpecially thofe which arc contrived by placing Tiles in the Wall at certain Diftances, nothing being more obvious than that Ve- getables, when prevented from re- ceiving the Benefit of Dews, Rains, Or. thofe kindly Benefits of Heaven, do grow weak, languid, and at iafi: entirely decay : And iince from vaft Numbers of Experiments which have been lately made, we find that Trees imbibe great Quantities of Nourifhment through the Pores of their Leaves and Branches, where- by they are rendred vigorous and healthy, even in iuch Seafons, and upon iiich Soils, where one would think it impoffible they fliould re- ceive much Nouiifliment from the Earth ; fo to deprive them of this Advantage, is no lefs than deflroy- ing them ; though perhaps if the Trees are vigorous, it may not be effeded fuddenly, but there will be very vifible Signs of Decay on them daily, and a few Years will put a Period to their Lives, as I have more than once oblerved^ where fuch Walls were built. The only Sort of theie Shelters which I have ever obferved ufeful for Fruit-Trees, was made with two Leaves of Slit Deal, joia'd over each other and painted, this being fixed upon the Top of the Wall with PuUies,, to draw up and down, at Pleafurc,. formed a. fort ot Penthoufe, H O Penthoufe, which being let down in the great Rains, or Cold Nights, during the Time that the Trees were in flower, or the Fruit was fetting, proved ferviceable ; but then thefe Shelters were renioved away foon after the Fruit was fet, fo that the Trees might enjoy all the Advantages of Rain, Dew, c>f. in the Summer j which is abfolutely neceflary, if we would have healthy Trees, or good Fruit. HORMINUMi Clary. The Characiers are } It hath a labiated lloroer, conjijl- ing of one Leaf, vhofe upper Lip is (kort and crefied, but the under one is divided into three Farts, the middle Divijion is holloveed like a Spoon j out of the Flower-cup arifes the Pointal, fixed like a Nail to the hinder Fart of the Flower, and attended with four Embryo's which afterwards turn to fo many roundifh Seeds, inch fed in the Cup of the Flower. The Species are ; I. HoRMiNUM j fylvejlre, laven- duUflore. C.B.P. Common Englifli wild Clary, or Oculus ChHfd. z. HoRMiNUM ; com a purpura violaced. I. B. Clary, with a Pur- ple-violet Top. 3. HoRMiNUM ; Jylveflre, latifo- lium, njerticillatum. C. B. P. Broad- leav'd wild Clary, with whorled Spikes. The firft of thefe Plants is found wild upon dry Banks, in divers Parts of England, and is feldom cultivated in Gardens 5 the Seeds of this Kind are by fome People greatly cfteem'd for clearing the Eyes, of any thing that may have gotten into them, which is efFe6ted by the glutinous Quality of the Seed, which, when put into the Eye, and moved about, will faften any thing thereto which it meets with, and thereby it is taken out. H o I'he fecond Sort is a beautiful an- nual Plant, and deferves to have a Place in a good Garden, for the Oddnefs of its Spikes, which have fine Purple-violet coloured Tops ; But the third Sort is not very beau- tiful, and is chiefly cultivated in Botanick Gardens, with many other Varieties of icfs Note. Thefe may all be propagated by fowing their Seeds in the Spring in an open Situation, and when the Plants are come up, they fliould be either tranlplanted out to the Di- ftance of a Foot fquare, or hoe'd out to the fame Diltance, obferve- ing to keep 'em clear from Weeds, which is all that is needful to be regarded in their Culture. The firfl and third Sorts are abiding Plants, their. Roots conti- nuing feveral Years j but the Iccond Sort will decay foon after the Seeds are perfeded. If the Seeds of this Kind are permitted to (bed upon the Ground when they are ripe, the Plants will come up in Autumn, abide the Winter, and flower early in the fucceeding Summer, and their Flowers will be much larger than thofe which are fown in the Spring. For Garden Clary, fee Sclarea. HORNBEAM j vide Carpinus. HORSE-CHESNUT} vide Hip- pocaftanum, HORSE-DUNG is of great Ufe to make Hot-beds for the raifmg all Sorts of Early Garden Crops, as Cucumbers, Melons, Afiaragus, Sal- let ing, 8cc. for v/hich Purpofe no other Sort of Dung will do fo well, this fermenting the ftrongeft, and, if mix'd with long Litter and Sea- coal Afhes in a due Proportion, will continue its Heat much longer than any other Sort ot Dung whatfoeverj and afterwards, v/hen rotted, be- conies an excellent Manure for moft H O moft Sorts of Land, more-efpecially for fuch as are of a cold Nature j and for ftifF, clayey Lands, when mix'd with Sea-coal Allies, and the Cleanfings of London Streets, it will caufe the Parts to feparate much fooner than any other Compoft will do j fb that where it can be obtain'd in Plenty, I would always recom- mend the Ufe of it for fuch Lands. HOT-BEDS are of general Ufe in thefe Northern Parts of Europe, without which, we could not en- joy fo many of the Products of warmer Climates as we do nowi nor could we have the TabJes fur- nifh'd with the feveral Produds of the Garden, during the Winter and Spring Months, as they are at pre- fent in moil Parts of England. The Ordinary Hot-beds which are commonly us'd in the Kitchen- Gardens, are made with new Horle- dung, in the following manner. ifl. Provide a Quantity of new Dung from the Stable (in which there fhould be Part of the Litter or Straw which is commonly us'd in the Stable) in Proportion to the Length of the Bed intended j which, if early in the Year, fhould not be lefs than one good Load tor each Light 5 this Dang fliould be throv/n up in an Heap, mixing therewith a few Sea-coal Afhes, which will be of Service to continue the Heat of the Dung j it Ihould remain iix or feven Days in this Heap, by which Time it will have acquir'd a due Heat : Then in fbme well- fhelter'd Part of the Garden you muft dig out a Trench in Length and Width proportionably to the Frames you intend it for, and, if the Ground be dry, about a Foot deep; but if wet, not above fix Inches : then wheel the Dung into the Opening, obferving to ftir every Part of it with a Fork,, and lay it H O exadly even and fmooth thro* every Part of the Bed ; as alfb to lay the Bottom-part of the Heap (which is commonly free from Litterj upon the Surface of the Bed ; this will prevent the Steam from rifing fo plentifully as it would otherwife do: And if it be defign'd for a Bed to Plant out Cucumbers or Melons to remain for good, you muft make a Hole in the middle of each Light about ten Inches over, and fix deep, which fhould be fiU'd with good frefh Earth, thrufting a Stick into the Middle, to (hew the Place where the Hole is ; then cover the Bed all over with the Earth which was taken out of the Trench about four Inches thick, and cover it with the Frame, letting it remain until the Earth be warm, which commonly happens in two Days after the Bed is made; then you may place the Plants therein, as is direded for each Kind under their proper Heads. But if your Hot-bed be defign'd for other Plants, there need be no other Holes made in the Dung, but after having fmoothed the Surface with a Spade, you fhould cover the Dung about three or four Inches thick with good Earth, putting on the Frames and Glaffes as before. In the making of thefe Hot-beds, . it mufl be carefully obferv'd to fet- tle the Dung clofe with a Fork; and a it be pretty full of long Litter, it fhould be equally tro J down clofe in every Part, otherwife it will be fubjed to heat too violently,- and confequently the Heat will be much fooner fpent, which is one of the greateft Dangers this Bed may be liable to. During the firft Week or ten Days after the Bed is made, you fhould cover the Glafles but llightly in the Night, and in the Day-time carefully raife them to let out the Steam, which is fubjedt to H O to rife very copioufly while the Dung is frefh j but as the Heat abates, fo the Covering fhould be cncreas'd, vitherwife the Plants in the Beds will be fiunted in their Growth, if not intirely deftroy'd. In order to remedy this Evil, if the Bed be very Cold, you muft put a pretty good Quantity of new hot Dung round the Sides of it, which will add a frefli Heat thereto, and caufe it to continue a coniiderable Time after ; and as the Spring ad- vances, Co the Sun will lupply the Lofs of the Dung's Heat : but then It will be advileable to lay fome Mowings of Grafs round the Sides of the Bed, eipccially if the Nights fhould prove cold, as it often hap- pens in May, which is many times, even at that Seafon, very hurtful to tender Plants on Hot-beds. But although the Hot- bed I have deicribed is what the Kitchen Gar- deners commonly ufe, yet thofe made with Tanner's Bark are much more preferable, efpecially for all tender Exotick Plants or Fruits, which require an even Degree of Warmth to be continu'd for leveral Months i which is what cannot be effeded by Horfe-dung. The Man- ner of making theie Beds is as follows : You muH: dig a Trench in the Earth about three Feet deep, if the Ground be dry; but if. wet, it mufl: not be above a Foot deep at moll, and mud be rais'd two Feet above- ground. The length muft be pro- portion'd to the Frames intended to cover it ; but that fliould never be lefs than eleven or twelve Feet, and the Width not lefs than fix, which is but a fufficient Body to continue the Heat. This Trench fliould be brick'd up round the Sides to the above-mentioned Size ci three Feet, and fhould be fiH'd in H O the Spring with frefti Tanners Bark^ (i. e. inch as the Tanners have lately drawn out of their Vats, after they have us'd it for tanning Leather) which fliould be laid m a round Heap for three or four Days before it is put into the Trench, that the Moifturc may the better drain out of it, which, if detain'd in too great a Quantity, will prevent its Fermentation; then put it into the Trench, and gently beat it down equally with a Dung-fork : But it muit not be trodden, which would alfo prevent its heating, by fettling too clofe : Then you muft put on the Frame over the Bed, covering it with the Glafies, and in about ten Days or a Fortnight it will begin to heat, at which Time you may plunge your Pots of Plants or Seeds into it, obferving not to tread down the Bark in doing of it. A Bed thus prepar'd (if the Bark be new, and not ground too fmail) will continue in a good Temper of Warmth for fix Months , and when you find the Heat decline, if you Ifir up the Bark again pretty deep, and mix a Load or two of frcfli Bark amongft the old, it will caufc it to heat again, and preferve its V/armth two or three Months longer : There are many People who lay fome hot Horfc-Dung in the Bottom of the Trench under the Bark, to caufe it to heat, but this is what I would never pradife, unlefs I wanted the Bed fooner than the Bark wou:d heat of itfelf, and then I would put but a fmall Quan- tity of Dung at Bottom, for that is fubjecl to make it heat too violent- ly, and will ocrai'ion its loiing the Heat fooner than ordinary, and there will never be any Danger of the Bark's heating, if it be new VAid not put into the Trench too wet, though it may fomcrimes be a Fort- night H O Fiight, or more, before it acquires a fufficient Warmth i but then the Heat will be more equal and lad- ing. The Frames which cover thefe BeJs, fhould be proportion'd to the feveral Plants they are defign'd to contain ; for Example, if they are to cover the Anana or Vine-Apple, the back Part of the Frame fhould be three Feet high, and lower Part fifteen Inches, which will be a fuf- ficient Declivity to carry off the Wet, and the Backfide will be high enough to contain the Plants that are in Fruit, and the lower Side will be fufficient for the fhorteft Plants 5 fo that by placing them re- gularly, according to their Height, they will not only have an equal Diftance from the Glaffes, but alfo appear much handfomer to the Sight : And although many People make their Frames deeper than what I have allotted, yet I am ful- ly perfuaded, that where there is but Height enough to contain the Plants, without bruifing their Leaves, it is much better than to allow a larger Space ; for the dee- per the Frame is made, the lefs will be the Heat of the Air inclos'd therein, there being no artificial Warmth but what the Bark affords, which will not heat a large Space of Air 5 and as the Pine-Apple re- quires to be conftantly kept very warm, in order to ripen the Fruit well, fo it will be found, upon Trial, that the Depth I have al- low'd, will anfwer that Purpofe, better than a greater. But if the Bed be intended for taller Plants, then the Frame muft be made in Depth proportionable thereto 5 but if it be for fbwing of Seeds, the Frame need not be a- bove fourteen Inches high at the Back, and ieven Inches deep in the H o Front, by which Means the lleat will be much greater : And this is commonly the Proportion allow'd to the Frames ufually made ufe of in the ICitchen-Gardens. As to their Length, that is generally ac- cording to the Fancy of the Owner, but they commonly con- tain three Lights each, which is in the V. hole, about eleven Feet in Length, though fometimes they are made to contain four Lights, but this is too great a Length ; the Frames thus made, are not fo han- dy to remove, as when they are (l-.orter, and are more fubjed to decay at tlieir Corners. Some, in- deed, have them to contain but two Lights, which is very handy tor railing Cucumber and Melon Plants while young j but this is too fhort for a Bark-bed, as not allow- ing Room for a proper Quantity of Bark, to continue a Warmth for any confiderable Time, as was before mention'd; but for the o- ther Purpofes, one or two fuch Frames are v^ery convenient. As to thofe Frames which are made very deep, it is much the better Way to have them made to take afunder at the four Corners, fo that they may be remov'd with Eafe, otherwife it will be very dif- ficult to take the Frame off, when there is Occafion to put in new Bark, or take out the old. The Manner of making thefe Frames is generally known, or may be much better conceiv'd, by feeing them, than can be exprefs'd in Writing; therefore I fhall forbear faying any thing more on this Head. HOUGHING or HOEING, is necefTary, and beneficial to Plants, for two Things, Tirjl, For deftroy- ing of Weeds. Secondly, Becaufe it difpofes the Ground the better to imbibe the Night Dews, and keep F f it H Y it in a conftant Frefhnefs, and ad- deth a Vigour to the Trees, whole Fruit, by that Means, becomes bet- ter condition'd, than otherwife it would be. HYACINTHUSj Hyacinth or Jacinth. The ChctraBers are ; Jt hath a btdbous Root ; the Leaves Mre long and narrow , the Stalk is upright and naked, the Flovers grow^ ing on the upper Part in a Spike j the Floroers cenjijl each of one Leafy are naked, tubulofe, and cut into jix Divifions at the Brim, -which are re- flex d^ the Ovary becomes a roundijh Fruit with three Angles, ix>hich is divided into three Cells that are fiird with roundijh Seeds. The Species are ; 1. Hyacinthus, Anglicus, flore CAruleo, Ger. Blue Englifh Hair- bells. 2. Hyacinthus, Anglicus, fore ttlbo. Ger, White Englifli Hair- bells. 3. Hyacinthus, Anglicus, fore incarnate, Fkfli-colour'd Englifli Hair-Btlls. 4. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, bru- walis, prAcociJJimus, flore albo. Boerh* Jnd. The earlieft White Oriental Hyacinth f commonly call'd, Janua- rius. f. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, bru- malis, flore pallide cAruleo. Boerh. Jnd. Oriental Jacinth, with a pale blue Flower, commonly call'dt The Imperial. 6. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, al- bus primus. C. B, Common Orien- tal Jacinth, with a White Flower. 7. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, ma- jor, precox, dicitts Zimbul Indi. Tark» Tar, The Great Oriental Jacinth, commonly call'd, Zimbul. Indi. 8. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, ma- ^imus, flore amoene Cdruleo, polyan- thus. H. B.. P. The greateft Eaft- H Y cm Jacinth, with many Flowers of a fine blue Colour. 9. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, flore pleno, cAruleo, vel purpureo-violaceo. Park. Par. The double blue Ori- ental Jacinth. 10. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, can- didijjimus, flore pleno. Park. Par, The whitilh double Oriental Ja- cinth. 1 1 . Hyacinthus, Orientalis, mul- tiplici flore pallide incarnatus. H. L. Double Oriental Jacinth, with a pale Flefli-colour'd Flower, common- ly call'd. The Pulchra. 12. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, flo- re pleno, CAruleo-purpureo, clavo Ion- go, petalis modice reflexis. Boerh. Ind. Double blue Oriental Jacinth, with a long Style, and the Plants moderately reflex'd, commonly call'd. The Double Cardinal. • 15. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, flo- re plenijjimo, albo, intus eleganter ro- feoj clavo conico, obtufo, petalis val- de reflexis. Boerh. Ind. The molt double Oriental Jacinth, with a white Flower of an elegant Rofe- colour in the Middle, and the Pe- tals greatly reflex'd, commonly call'd. The King of Great-Britain. 14. Hyacinthus Orientalis, flore plenijfmo, candidijjimo toto ^ intus, clavo conico, obtufo, petalis valde re- flexis. Boerh. Ind. The moft dou- ble Oriental Jacinth, with a pure white Flower, and the Petals great- ly reflex'd, commonly call'd, The Queen of Great-Britain. 15'. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, flore pleno, laiieo, lituris carneis, clavis longis. Boerh. Ind. Double Oriental Jacinth, with a milk-colour'd Flow- er flreak'd wkh a pale Red, com* monly call'd, Claudius Albinus. 16. Hyacinthus, Orientalis, flore plenijjmo, carneo, lituris rofeis, clav9 conico, longijjimo, intus rofeo, petalis valde reflexis, Boerh, Ind, The moil doubl* H Y doub'e oriental Jacinth^ with a Flefh-cblour'd Flov/er (Ireak'd with a Rofc-co'our, and the Petals great- ly reflex'd, commonly calVd^ Apollo. 17. Hyacinthus, oritntalisy fiore flcno, fquallUe candido, clavo ad ba- (in utriculato, longo, fetalis lalde refiexis. Boerh, I?jd. Double orien- tal Jacinth, with a dirty white Flower and reflex'd Petals, common- ly caWdy Agiath Mignon. iS. Hyacinthus, orientuUs, fiore flenijjimoy albo, pauxillo carnei admi- fio, clavo longo, angulofo^ piano ore amplijjimo. Boerh. Ind. Double ori- ental Jacinth, with a Flower in- termix'd wich very little Flefli-co- lour'd Spots, commonly called, Clau- dius Civilis. 19. Hyacinthus, orientalis, fiore flenijjimo, cameo ^ coralUno rtibro, clavo crajfo, brevi, petalis maxime refiexis. Boerh. Ind. Oriental Ja- cinth, with a very double red Co- ral-co!our'd Flower, and the Petals greatly reflex'd, commonly caWdy Co- ralline. 20. Hyacinthus, orient alis, fiore plenijjimo, cdndidijjlmo, in fundo oris rpfeo. Boerh. Ind. Oriental Jacinth, with a very double pure white Flower, and the Bottom of the Rim of a Rofe-colour, commonly call'd. The Queen o\ Flowers. 21. Hyacinthus, or imt alis, fiore plenijfimo, candidijfimo, petalis angu- ' fiis ^ magis acutis. Oriental Ja- cinth, with a very double pure white Flower, with narrow fharp- pointed Petals, commonly call'd, The King of Flov/ers. 22. Hyacinthus, orient alis, fiore flenijjimo, candidij/tmo, toto clavo co- nico, petalis maxime refiexis, caule ^ fiore maximis. Boerh. Ind. Ori- ental Jacinth, with a very double white Flower, and the Petals very much reflex'd, and large Stalks arid H Y Flowers, commonly crAVd, Kaiiar'^ white Jewel. 23. Hyacinthus, orient alis, fiore plenijfimo, candido, cameo, lituris ru~ bellis, clavo brevijjimo crajjijjimo* Boerh. Ind. Oriental Jacinth, with double white Flowers ftreak'd with Red, commonly call'd. The Prin- cck Royal. Bciides thefe here mention*^, there are a great Variety of fine double Hyacinths, with beautiful variegated Flowers, mofl: of which have Names impbs'd on them ac- cording to the Fancy of their Own- ers, and fonie of thefe are highly efteem'd by the Florifts in Holland, where, according to their printed Catalogues, they have many Flow- ers wliich are valu'd at five, iix, fevcn, eight or ten Pounds per Root: But as thefe are Varieties which have been obtain'd froni Seeds, fo the Number of them are continually increas'd, where Peo- ple do conftantly fow of theiV Seeds j and thole new Flowers which are rais'd, if they are large, beautiful, and very double, will always be much valud at firfl, un- til there has been a good Number of Roots obtain'd from them; af- ter v/hich they conftantly dccreafa in their Value according to their Plenty: But to enumerate all the Sorts that are now printed in the Butch Catalogues, would be to no Purpofe in this Place, therefore I fliall only mention fome of the Harry Hyacinths, and afterwards proceed to their Culture. 1. Hyacinthus, /^//^nV, bifolius^ Ger7nanict{s. C. Bi P. fiore c^ruleo. Early blue (Isrry Hyacinth -, vulgo, 2, Hyacinthus, Jiellaris, bifoli- us, GermanicHs, f^ore exalbido. Bo- erh, Ind. Early white flarry Hya^ cinth i vulgo. Ff» 3.HYA- H Y 5. Hyacinthus, flelUris, Byx,an- titiHs. Cltif Great flarry HyAcinth 5 vulgo. 4. Hyacinth us, fiellaris, c^rule- usi amoenuso C. B. P. Fine blue ftarry Hyacinth. f. Hy ACWTHVS, Jiellatus, Ferua- nus. H. Eyji. Blue ftarry Hyacinth of Peru. 6. Hyacinthus, Jlellatus, Veru- anus, flore albo. White ftarry Hy- acinth of ?eru. The firft of thcfe Species is a Na- tive of England, growing in Woods, and under Hedges, in divers Parts, but efpecially near London. The two next mention'd are Varieties which have been accidentally ob- tain'd from the firft, from which they differ only in the Colour of their Flowers. The twenty next mention'd, are all of them Varie- ties of the oriental Hyacinths, which were originally brought from AJia ; but by the Induftry of the Florifts in Holland and Flanders, they have been fo much improv'd, as to be- come one of the moft ornamental Flowers of the Spring: And as they continue fbwing Seeds annu- ally of thefe Flowers, fo they not only increafe the Numbers of their Flowers, but have yearly fome ex- traordinary Beauties appear, which are, according to their Stature, Beau- ty and other Properties, highly e- ilecm'd, and are iomctimes bought at a very great Expencc, by the curious Delighters in thefe' Beau- ties. The firft and fecond Sorts of the ftarry Hyaci?ithsy are found in fome Parts of Germany : The firft is nlfb a Native of England; the fecond being only a Variety of the firft, which probably was obtain'd from Seeds : The third and fourth Sorts were brought fi-om Conjlantinople \ and the fifth and lixth Sorts, tho' H Y by their Names fuppos'd to be brought from Veru, yet are they found in many Places in the Le- vant, and Monfieur Tournefort men- tions them as Natives of Portu- gal y but my ingenious Friend Mr. Henry Hopkey, fent me fome Seeds of them, which he gather'd upon Gibraltar Hills, where he found them growing in great Plen- ty. The two firft mention'd do flower in February, which caufes them to be greatly eftcem'd. The third and fourth Sorts produce their Flowers in April -y but the fifth and iixth do not flower until the Middle of May, fo that they keep a regular SuccelTion from the Middle of February until the End of May, and if their Roots are permitted to remain three Years undifturb'd, they will pro^ duce many Stems of Flowers from each Tuft, whereby they will make a very beautiful Appearance, and continue the Succefllon much bet- ter than when they are tranfplant- ed every Year, and their Flowers will be much Wronger. All the different Sorts of Hya- cinths, are propagated by Seeds or Ofi-'-fets from the old Bulbs i the former Method has been but little pradlis'd in England, till very late- ly, but in Holland and Flanders, it hath been continually follow'd for many Years, whereby they have obtain'd a very great Variety of the moft beautiful Flowers of this kindi and it is owing to the In- duftry of the Florifts in thofe Coun- tries, that the Lovers and Deligh- ters in Gardening are fo agreeably entertain'd, not only with the cu- rious Variety of this, but of moft other bulbous- rooted Flowers, few other Florifts thinking it worth their Trouble to wait four or five Years for the Flowers of a Plant which H Y which when produc'd, perhaps, there might not be one in forty that may deferve to be preferv'd ; but they did not conlidcr that it was only the Lofs of the three or four firft Years after fowing, for if they continu'd lowing every Year after they began, there would be a SucceflTion of Flowers annual- ly, which would conftanrly pro- duce fome Sorts that might be dif- ferent from what they had before fcenj and new Flowers being al- ways the moft valued by skilful Florifts, (provided they have good Properties to recommend themj it would always be a fufficient Re- cbmpence for their Trouble and Lofs of Time. The Method of raifing thefe Flowers from Seed, is as follows : Having provided yourlclf with fome good Seed, (which fliould be fav'd from either femi-doublc, or fuch fingle Flowers as are large, and have good Properties) you muft have a Parcel of fquare fhal- low Boxes or Pots, which muft be fill'd with frefli, light, landy Soil, laying the Surface very level j then fbw your Seeds thereon as equally as poiTible, covering it about half an Inch thick with the fame Hght Earth: The Time for this Work is about the Beginning of Auguft : Thefe Boxes or Pots fhould be plac'd where they may enjoy the Morning- Sun only until the Middle cr latter End of September y at which Time they fhould be re- mov'd into a warmer Situation; and towards the End of October, they fliould be plac'd under a com- mon Hot-bed Frame, where they may remain during the Winter and Spring Months, that they may be protected from hard Frofts, tho' they fhould be expos'd to the open Air at all Times when the Wea- H Y ther is mild. In February the young Plants will begin to appear above-s^round j at which Time they muft be carefully skrcen'd from Frofts, otherwife it will prove ve- ry injurious to them ; but you muft never cover 'em at that Sea- fbn, but in the Night, or in very bad Weather ; for when the Plants are come up, if they are clofe ccv ver'd, they will draw up very tall and ricnder, and thereby prevent the Growth of their Roots. In the Middle of March, if the Wea- ther proves good, you may re- move the Boxes out of the Frame, placing them in a warm Situation, obferving if the Seafon be dry, to refrefli them now and then with a little Water, as alfo to keep them very clear from Weeds, which would foon over-fpread the tender Plants, and deftroy them, if per- mitted to remain. Towards the latter End of -^- fril, or the Beginning of May, thefe Boxes ihould be remov'd into a cooler Situation, for the Heat of the Sun at that Seafon, would be too great for thefe tender Plants, caufing their Blades to decay much fboncr than they would, if they were skrecn'd from its Violence: In this fliady Situation, they fhould remain, during the Heat of Sum- mer, obferving to keep them con- ftantly clear from Weeds ; but you muft not place them under the Dripping of Trees, ^c, nor fhould you give them any Water, after their Blades are decay'd, for that would infallibly rot the Roots. About the Middle, or latter End of Augujl, you fhould fift a little light rich Earth, over the Surface of the Boxes, and then remove them a- gain into a warmer Situation, and treat them, during the Winter, Spring and Summer Months, as F f 3 was H Y Was before direded ; and about the Middle of Aiiguji, you fhould pre- pare a Bed of light, rich, fandy Soil, in Proportion to the Quanti- ty of your feedling Plants, and ha- ving levcird the Surface very even, you fiiould take out the Eai-rh from the Boxes, in which your Plants were rais'd, into a Sieve, in order to get out all the Roots, which, by^this Time (if they have grown well) will be about the Thicknefs of a Imall Quill i thefe Roots il.ould be plac'd upon the Bed at about two or three Inches afunder, obferving to let the Bot- tom Part of their Roots down- wards ; then cover them over two Inches thick, with the fame light Earth : but as it will be impofiible to get all the fmall Roots out of the Earth in the Boxes, fo you fliould fprcad the Earth upon ano- ther Bed equally, and cover it over with light Earth i by which Me- thod you will not lofe any of the Roots, be they never fo fmall. Thcfe Beds muft be arched over with Hoops, and in very hard fro- fty Weather, they muft be cover'd with Mat?, 6''<^- to protedl 'em from Froftj and in the Spring, when the green Leaves are above- ground, if'the Weather fhould be very dry, you muft refrefl: 'em with Water : but do thisfparing- ly; for nothing is more injurious to thefe Bulbs, than too great Quantities of Moifture. During the Summer feafon, you muft con- ftantly keep the Beds clear from Weeds; but after the Blades arc decay'd, you muft never give them any Watery and in Autumn, you fliould ftir the Surface of the Bed with a very fhort Hand-fork, being exceeding careful not to thruft it fb deep, as to touch the Roots, which, if hurt, are very fubjed H Y to perifh foon after: Then fift a little trcfli, light, rich Earth over the Bed, about an Inch thick, or fomewhat more, and in Winter cover 'em again (as was before di- rected :j In this Bed, the Roots may continue until they flower, which is commonly five Years af- ter fowing, obferving to treat 'em, both in Summer and Winter, as before. When their Flowers begin to fnew themfjlves, you fhould mark all fuch as appear to have good Properties, by thrufting a liTjall Stick down by each Root, which Roots, at the Time for taking tliem up, fhiould be feledlcd from the reft, and planted by themfelves : Tho' I would by no means advife the rejeHtch Florifts, in the Num- ber and Strength of his Flowers j and he has rais'd great Quantities of Flowers from Sired of his own faving, from amongft which he has obtain'd fome mofl: extraordi- nary fine ones, which he has given Names to. The Soil in which thefe Flowers do fucceed befl, is a light, fandy, frefli rich Earth, which may be compos'd after the following man- ner : Take half freih Earth from a Common, or Pafture Land, which is of a fandy Loam \ this fhould not be taken above eight or nine Inches deep at mofli and if you take the Turf or Grecn-fward with it, it will flill be better, provided you have Time to let it rotj to this you fhould add a fourth-part of Sea-Sand, and the other fourth- part of rotten Tanners Bark, or Cow Dung, either of which will do, provided they are well rotted : Mix thefe well together, and cafl it into an Heap, where it may re- main until you ufc it, obferving to turn it over once in three Weeks or a Month. If this Compoft be made two or three Years before it be us'd, it will be much the bet- F f 4 t^r; H Y ter: but if you are oblig'd to ufe it fooner, then it fhould be oftener turn'd, that the Parts may the better unite. This Soil fliould be laid ten In- ches dec^p on the Beds which are defign'd for your Hyacinths -y and you may lay a littk rotten Cow- Dung or Tanners Bark at the Bot- tom, which may be within reach of the Fibres : but it Ihould by no means touch the Bulb. If the Soil be very wet, where thefe Beds are made, you fhould raife them ieven or eight Inches above the Surface^ but if it be dry, they need not be rais'd above three Inches. The manner of preparing the Beds, is as follows: Firft, t^ke all the former old Earth out of the Bed, to the Depth you intend, then fpread a little rotten Dung or Tan in the Bottom, laying it very level ; upon this you fhould lay the a- bove-mention'd Earth five Inches thick, levelling it very even j then fcore out the Diflances for the Roots, which fhould be eight In- ches fquare, in flrait Rows, each Way 5 after which, place your Roots cxa(itly in the Squares, obferving to fet the Bottom-part downward i then cover the Roots five Inches deep with the fame prepar'd Earth i being very careful, in doing of this, not to diiplace any of them : And a the Tops of theie Beds are made a little rounding, to flicot off the Wet, it will be of Service, provi- ded they are not made too high, which is a Fault the other way. The bell; Seafbn for planting tht^Q Roots, is towards the middle or latter End of September, accor- (ding to the Earlinefs or Latenefs of the Seafon, or the Weather which then happens : But I would adviie you never to plant *em when the (JrouncJ is extreme 4ry, Holefs tk^xq H Y be a Profpeft of fome Rain fban after i for if the Weather fhould continue dry for a confiderable Time after, the Roots would re- ceive a Mouldinefs, which will cer- tainly deilroy them. Thele Beds will require no far- ther Care, until the Frofl comes on fever e, at which Time they fhould have fome Peas-haulm, or fuch-like Covering, laid over them, which will keep out the Froft bet- ter than Matsi and lying hollow, will admit the Air to the Surface of the Ground, and alio permit the Exhalations to pafs off, wherjby the Earth will remain dry, and prevent the Roots from rotting, which has often happen'd when the Beds have been too clofe co- ver'd. But you muft obferve to take ofl this Covering whenever the Weather is mild, and only let it continue on in very hard Frof^s j for a fmall Frofl cannot injure the Roots before the green Leaves ap- pear above-ground, which is fei- dom before the Beginning of Fe- Srnary; at which Time the Beds mufl be arched over with Hoops, that they may be cover'd either with Mats, Canvas, or fome other light Covering, to prevent the Frofl from hindring the Buds as they arife above-ground : but theie Coverings mufl be conftantly ta-- ken off every Day, when the Wea- ther is mild, other wife the Flow- er-flems will be drawn up to a great Height, and become very weak, and the Pedicles of the Flowers vviil be long and {lender, and fb rendered incapable of flip- porting the Bells : which is a great Difadvantage to the Flowers; for one of their greatefl Beauties con- iifls in the regular Difpolition of the Beils» Whea H Y When the Stems of the Flowers are advanced to their Height, before the Flowers are expanded, you fhould place a (liort Stick down by each Root, to which, with a Wire form'd into a Hoop, the Stem of the Flowers (hould be hften'd, to fupport them from falling, other- wile when the Bells are fully ex- panded, their Weight will incline them to the Ground, efpecially if they are permitted to receive a Shower of Rain. During their Seafon of flowering, they Ihould be cover'd in the Heat of the Day from the Sun, as alfo from all heavy Rains ; but they Ihould be permitted to receive all gentle Showers, as alfb the Morn- ing and Evening Sun i but if the Nights are frofty, they muft be conftantly defended therefrom : With this Management you may continue your Hyacinths in Beauty, at ieall one whole Month, and fometimes more, according to their Strength, or the Favourablenefs of the Sealbn. When their Flowers are quite decay'd, and the Tops of their Leaves begin to change their Co- lour, you muft carefully raife the Roots out of the Ground with a narrow Spade, or fome other handy Inflrument, and then raife the Earth of your Beds into a high, (harp Ridge, laying the Roots into it in an horizontal Pofition, with their Leaves hanging out, by which means a great Part of the Moifture contain'd in thick fucculent Stalks and Leaves will evaporate, which if it were permitted to return back to the Roots, would caufe them to rot and decay after they are taken up, which has been the general Defeat of moft of the Hyacinths in H Y In this Pofition the Roots fhould remam until the green Leaves arc intirely dried up, which, perhaps, may be in three Weeks time, then you muft take them out of the Ground, and wipe them clean with a foh woollen Cloth, taking off all the decay'd Parts of the Leaves and Fibres, putting them into open Boxes where they may lie iingly, and be expos'd to the Air ; but they muft be prefer v'd carefully from Moifture, nor fhould they be fuf- fer'd to remain where the Sun may fhineiipon them : In this manner they may be preferv'd out of the Ground until September, which is the Seafon for replanting them again, at which Time you muft feparate all the ftrong flowering Roots, planting them in Beds by themielves, that they may make an equal Appearance in their Flow- ers i but the Off-fcts and fmaller Roots Ihould be planted in another feparate Bed for one Year, in which Time they will acquire Strength, and by the fucceeding Year will be as ftrong as the older Roots. The imglc and femi-double Flow- ers, fhould be planted alio in a Bed by themfelves, where they fliould be carefully fheltered, as was di- ledled before, from the Froft, until the Flowers are blown, at which time their Covering ftiould be in- tirely removed, and they fuffered to receive the open Air, which though it may loon deface the Beauty of the Flowers, yet is abfb- lutely neceftary to promote their Seeding i and when the Seeds are quite ripe, you muft cut off the VelTels and preferve them with the Seeds therein until the Seafon for fowing it. But you muft ob- ferve, that after thcfe Flowers have produc'd Seeds, they feldom flower fo H Y fo well again, at leaft not in two Years after, fo that the bed Me- thod to obtain good Seed, is to plant new Roots every Year for that Purpofc. The common 'EngUjJ} and Starry Hyacinths are very hardy Plants, as are fome of the fingle blue and white Oriental Sorts, and do increafevery faft by Off-fets from the old Roots, fo that it is hardly worth while to propagate them by Seeds j efpecially lince it can fcarcely be expected to receive any great Varieties from them : Thefe Flowers, though common, are very pretty Orna- ments in the Borders of the Flower- Garden, where being intermix'd with other bulbous-rooted Flowers, they add to the Variety, and con- tinue the SuccefTion of Flowers a long Time in the Spring ; and as they are very hardy, and only re- ouirc to be tranfplanted every other Year, fb they are worthy ot a Place in every good Garden. The Hyacinth of Fern is one of the hteft Flowers of all this Tribe, feldom appearing before the Mid- dle, and fometimes not until the latter End of May : This, as I be- fore obferv'd, f.iould have a Situa- tion expofi^d to the Morning Sun, and a light, rich Soil i but as this feldom. lofes its Leaves or Fibres intirely, fo it cannot be kept long out of the Ground 5 the beft Seafbn for tranfplanting their Roots, is in Aumfl or Septzmber, at which Tnne the Oft-lers fhonld be taken from them, and the ftrong Roots planted again for flowering j but the fmall Roots fhould be plac'd in a Nu. fcry-bed, until they have acqiiir'd Strength to flower. The Dillance and Depth of planting thefe, being much the fame with what I have already raentiou'd fbr H Y the other Hyacinths, I iliall forbear repeating it. I fliall add in this Place, another Hyacinth, which is now prefervcd in curious Colledlions of Exotick Plants } it was originally brought from the Cape of Good Hope, and being a Native ot a v/arm Climate, will not endure the Cold of our Winters in the open Air ; but for the Beauty of its Flowers, well defervcs a Place in a Green- houfe. It is called, Hyacinthus,- Africanusy tubero- [us, fiore C£.rule0y umbellato. Breyn. prod. The African Hyacinth, with a tuberole Root and blue Flowers, growing in Umbels. The Roots of this Plant fliould be put in Pots, filled with the fame Earth as was direded, for the other Hyacinths; thefe Pots, during the Summer-fcafon, may be expoled to the open Air with other Green- . houfe Plants, and in V/inter mud be houfed with them ; the Time tor tranfplanting the Roots, is to- ward the Ena of March, before the green Leaves are produc'd too far, alter which it is not fo fafe to remove them : During the Time that their green Leaves are in Vi- gour, they muft be frequently wa- tered, but when their Leaves begin to decay, it muft be given them very fpariiigly ; for much Wet at that time will rot their Roots: They fnould alfb have as much free open Air, when the Weather is mild, as they can pofllbly receive j for which Purpofe they fliould be plac'd near the Windows of the Green-houfe, tor they require only to be Ihclter'd from Froll and ex- treme cold Air, being in other re{peds very hardy.. This Plant is propagated byOfif- fcts taken trom the old Roots, at the H Y the Time of tranfplanting them, which muft be managed as hath been directed for the old Roots. The Flowers ot this Plant are pro- duc'd in Augtift and September j but it fcldom perfe<£ts Seeds in England. HYACYNTHUS; Tuberofus. The Chardciers are i It hath a tuberofe Rooty the Stalk h ereciy and furrounded rvith a leafy Covering, by Intervals ; the Flowers are large, and of a Lily-Jljape, being pjuch longer and larger than thofc of the Bulbous Hyacinths. The Species are 5 I. HiTACiNTHUS ; Indicus, tube- rofus, Jlore Hyacinth! Orientalis. C. B. P. The Indian Tuberofe-rooted Hyacinthy commonly called the Tuberofe. 1. Hyacinthus ; Indicus, tube- rojus, jlore ^leno, Boerh. Ind. alt. The Indian Tuberofe-rooted Hya- cinth, with a double Flower, com- monly call'd the Double Tuberofe. The firft of thefe Plants is very (Common in moft Parts of Europe i the Roots of this Sort are generally brought from Genoa in great Plenty every Spring, by the Peribns that bring over Orange-Trees for Sale. But the fecond Sort is very rare, and till of late only in the Gardens of Monf. de la Court near Ley den in HolUad,vjho obtafn'd it from Seeds of the Single Kind feme Years fince; this Plant he kept as a great Curio- flty in his Garden, till he had ob- tai'n'd vafl: Quantities of them, and deftroy'd many of them rather than difpofc of them to other Perfons; but lately he hath altered his Mind, and diftributed them to feveral cu- rious Gentlemen in England. Thefe Plants are propagated by Otf-fcts taken from the old Roots, which fend them forth in great Plenty j but as they require to be H y fhclter'd from the Cold of oiip Winters, fo this Method is feldom praftis'd in England, becaufe we can be furnifh'd with frefli ftrong Roots annually from Abroad, at a very cheap Rate : I fiiall therefore proceed to the Culture of thoic Roots which are brought over. The Roots of this Plant gene- rally arrive here in February, which is full early enough to plant them for the firft Seafon : but in order to continue a SuccelTion of their Flow- ers, they fliould be planted at three different Times. The firft, at the Latter-end of February, or the Be- ginning oi March ; thefe will flower at the Latter-end of May, or Be- ginning oijune. The fecond ftiould be planted the Beginning of April -^ thefe will flower in July. The third fliould be planted in the Be- ginning of May, which will flower in Augufi or September, and fbme of them will continue till October. By which Method we may con- tinue this fragrant Flower for four or five Months in Beauty. When you are provided with the Roots, you muft prepare a moderate Hot-bed, upon which fliould be plac'd a Parcel of fmall Flower- Pots, fill'd with frefh, light, rich Earth; then having taken off the Filth and decay 'd Leaves and Fibres of the Roots, as alfo the OfF-fets, (which, if permitted to remain upon the flowering Roots, will cxhauft much of their Nourifli- menr, and caufe 'em to blow very weak) you muft plant the Roots one into each feparate Pot, obferving that the Bud or Upper-part of the Root is but juft cover'd with the Earth : for if they are bury'd too deep, they will fbmetimes mif- carry. Thefe fliould have but little Wa- ter until they appear above-ground, but H Y but afterwards they require fre- quently to be refrefh'd therewith ; and as the green Leaves advance, fo you muft be careful to give them Air, in Proportion to the Heat of the Weather, and the Bed in which they are planted ; for if they are forc'd too faft, it will caufe their Flower-ftems to run up very weak and tall } but the Flowers will be fewer in Number, and much fmaller than when they are brought up hardier. As the Stems advance, fo you muft raife your Coverings, and increafe the Proportion ot free Air j and in the Middle of May a flight Covering with Mats will be fuffi- cientj for then you muft harden them by Degrees to bear the open Air. When the Flowers begin to open, the Pots (hould be remov'd into Shelter j for if they are per- mitted to continue abroad, the Wet will foon deface the Flowers : but if they are skreen'd from Wet, and the violent Heat of the Sun, they will continue in Beauty a long Time. Thofe Roots which are planted ]ater in the Seafon, will require a Icfs Degree of Heatj fo that if the Hot-bed does but bring them well up above-ground, the Heat of the Sun will be fufficicnt for them af- terwards, provided the Seafon be not very cold and wet j for if it (hould happen to prove fo, you muft add frefh Warmth to the old Bed, or remove the Pots to a new one to bring them foiward, other- wife they will not flower tkat Seafon. Tho Double-flower 'd Sort bein;^ propagated by Oft-lets, I iVisli fet down the Method us'd by Monf. de la Court, as I obferv'd when 1 was ztLeydcn, In the Aurun^.n he takes up the old Roots foon afrer their Leaves decay, and preferves them in a warm Room until the Spring, H Y at which times he takes off all the 0£F-fets from the old Roots j then he plants the ftrong Roots in the manner above directed for the fingle Sort: but the Ofi-fets he plants about four Inches afunder, upon a frefli Hot-bed cover'd over with very rich Earth j this Bed is arched over with Hoops, and clofely co- vered With Canvas and Mats, which are continu'd on during the Spring Months while the Weather is cold 5 but as the Summer advances, fo the Coverings are remov'd, and the Plants fuffer'd to enjoy the free open Air until the Autumn follow- ing, that the Nights begin to be cold, when he covers them as be- fore, until the Leaves are quite wi- Aer'd off, at which Time he takes fhem up and preferves their Roots in dry Sand in the Green-houfe, un- til the flicceeding Spring. By this Management, I obferv'd fome Hundreds of Roots of this Plant, in the Gentleman's Garden above- mention'd, which were in Flower, and a large Quantity of younger Roots, which were for the Succeeding Year i (for thefe Roots do never flower two Years fuc- cefllvely) : But were it not for the Rarity, more than the Beauty of the Flower, few People would covet to have it i for the lingle Sort is by far the fairer Flower, and opens much better, as do rhofe of the White Lily, and Ibme others of that Kind, the Single Flowers of which are much preferable to the Double j but the Double being more rare, are often coveted. HYDROCOTYLEi Water Na- vel-wort. This Plant grows in great Plenty in moift Places in moft Parts of England, and is never cultivated for Ufe, fo I fliall pafs it over with only naming it. HYDRO.^ H Y HYDRQLAPATHUMi vidcU- pathum. HYDROPIPER, the common biting Arfefmart, which grows in great Plenty in moift Places near Ditches Sides almofl: every where. HYOSCYAMUSi Henbane. The Characiers arej The Leaves are foft and hahy, growing alternately upon the Bran- ches i the Cup of the Flower is fljort^ and Bell-Jlmfd, and divided into jive Segments ; the Flower confijls of one Leaf, the bottom Part of which is tubulofe, but is expanded at the Top, and divided into five Segments^ having five obtufe Stamina j the Fruitf which is enclosed within the Calix, refembjes a Fot with a Co- ver to it, and is divided by an in- termediate Partition into two Cells, which contain many [mall Seeds. The Species arc; 1. Hyoscyamus, vulgaris, vel niger. C. B, P. Common black Hen-bane. 2. HYOSCYAMUSi albtis, major^ vel tertius Diofcoridis, &* quartus Plinii. C. B. P. Greater white Hen- bane. 5. Hyoscyamus; major, albo p- milis, umbilico floris airo-purpureo, T. Cor. Great Henbane like the white, but with a dark purple Bottom to the Flov/er. 4. Hyoscyamus ; minor, albo p- milis, umbilico floris virenti. 'Jeffieti-. LefTer Henbane like the white, with a green Bottom to the Flower. 5". Hyoscyamus ; rubello flore. C. B. P. Henbane, with a reddifh- colour'd Flower. 6. Hyoscyamus; Creticus, lute-, us, major. C. B» P. Great yellow Henbane of Candia. There are feveral other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in Botanick Gardens, to add to their H Y Numbers of Plants,- but lin<* they are rarely cultivated for Ufe, fo I Ihall forbear to fay any thiqg of them in this Place. The firft of thefe Sorts is very common in England, growing up- on the Sides of Banks and old Dung-hills almofl: every where. This is a very poifbnous Plant, and (liould be rooted out in all Places where Children are fuffer'd to come; for in the Year 1729, there were three Children poifbn'd with eating the Seeds of this Plant, near Tottenham-Court i two of which flept two Days and two Nights before they could be a- waken'd, and were, with Difficul- ty, recover'd; but the third, by being older and ftronger, efcaped better. The fecond Sort is by moft Au- thors fuppos'd to be the true white Henbane of the Shops j the Seeds of which fliould be us'd in Medi- cine, tho' there is very little Diffe- rence in the Seeds of that and the third and fourth Sorts, either of which may probably do. The o- ther Sorts are of no Ufe or Beau- ty; but whoever hath a mind to cultivate any of thefe Plants, may fow their Seeds in the Spring up- on a light, dry, undung'd Soil: And when the Plants arc come up, they fliould be tranfplanted out, allowing them two Feet Diflance each Way : The fecond Summer they will produce Flowers and Seeds, and foon after the Roots perifh. HYPERICUM; St. JohnVwort. The Characters are,- It hath a fibrofe Root ; the Leaves grow ofpofite by Pairr at the joints of the Stalks ; the Flower-cup confifts of one Leaf, -which is divided into five Parts, and expanded; the Flow- er, which confifls of five Leaves, ex- pands in Form cf a Rofe, having many H Y meiny Stamina in the Center fur- rounding (t conical Ovary, -which be- comes a three-corner\l pointed Fruity and is divided into three Cells, con- taining many [mall Seeds. The Species are 5 1. Hypericum j vulgare. C. B. P. Common St. John's- wort. 2. Hypericum ; Afcyron diSium^ caule quadrangulo. J. B. St. John's- wort, with a fqaare Stalk, common- ly caWd, St. Peter's-wort. 3. Hypericum; faetidum, frutef- cens. Tourn, Stinking, Ihrubby St. JohnVwort. 4. Hypericum ; frutefcens, Cana- rienfe, multifiorum. Hert. Amji. Shrubby St. John's-wort from the Ca-aariesy with many Flowers. f. Hypericum j orient ale, fiore magno. T. Cor. Eaftern St. John's- wort, with a large Flower. The firft and fecond Sorts are both very common Plants, grow- ing in the Fields in moft Parts of England j the 6rft is us'd in Medi- cine, but the fecond is ot no Ufe : Thefe are rarely propagated in Gar- dens, but I chufe to mention them in order to introduce the other Sorts, which deferve a Place in e- very good Garden. The third and fourth Sorts are {lirubby Plants, which aje very proper to intermix with other flowering Shrubs of the fame Growths, where, by their long Continuance in Flower, they will make a very handfome Appearance. The third Sort is of an humble Stature, feldom rifing above four Feet in Height ^ but the fourth will grow to the Height of feven or eight Feet. Thefe two Sorts are propagated by Suckers, which are plentifully fent forth from the old Plants. The beft Seafon for taking off thefe Suckers is in March, juft be- H Y fore they Begin to (hoot: They fhould be planted in a light dry Soil, in which they will endure the fevercft Cold of our Climate very well. They may alfo be pro- pagated by Cuttings, which fliould be pi rented at the fame Seafon i or by Se.'ds, "vhich muft be lown in AugKj}. or Sett ember, which is as foon as they're ripej for if they are kept till Spring, few of them v/ill grow: But as they multiply fo fa (I by Suckers, the other Me- thods of propagating them are fel- dom praclis'd in England. The only Care thefe Shrubs re- quire, is, to clear them from Suc- kers every Spring, and to cut out all decay'd and luxuriant Branches, in order to reduce them to a regu- lar Figure: They produce their Flowers in J-uly, and continue flowering until the End of Septem^ ber, which renders them very a- greeable, but their Leaves, when bruis'd, do emit a very rank O- dour. The Eaftern Sort is alfo an abi* ding Plant, but it feldom rifes a- bove eighteen Inches or two Feet high : This is propagated by part- ing the Roots, and planting Cut- tings in the Spring,- it is fbme- what tenderer than the laft, but will endure the Cold of our ordi- nary Winters in the open Air, pro- vided it be not too much expos'd to the cold. Winds : It may alfa be propagated by fowing the Seeds in March upon a Bed of light Earth, in an open Situation i and when the Plants are large enough to be tranfplanted, they may be plac'd in the warm Borders of the Pleafure-Gardcn, and the Summer following they vjm produce their flowers in large Quantities upon the Tops of the Branches, which be- ing of a large Size, and a bright yellow H Y yellow Colour, do make a very handfome Shew. HYPERICUM FRUTEXj vUe Spirea. HYSSOP US; HyfTop. The CharAciers are i IP is a verticillate Plant, with long., narrou> Leaves y the Galea (or Creji) of the Flower is roundiflj, e- reci, and divided into two Parts j the Barba (or Beard) is divided in- to three Parts \ the middle Part is hollo-w'd like a Spoon, having a dou- ble Point, andisfomewhatwing'di the H4jorlcs of the Flowers are floor t, and at the lower Part of the Stalk are flac'd at a great Biflance, but to- wards ths Top are clofcr join'd, fo as to form a regular Spike. The Species are ; I. Hyssopusj officinarum, cer-<:Mps, 'a>hich hecomes Ota ^bUng, ji'^je-r^rner'd, ambilicated Trmt^ cmjifthig of ji mealy Kut. The Species arc ; ?. JALAPA •, flore favo. Tourn, J-jdAp^ or Marvd oi Peru, with a yellew Fiovver, 1, Jalava ; fiore pur pur eo. Tourn, y^liip, or Marvel of Peru, v/ith a purple Flower. •?. Jalapaj J?(?re txalbido. Teurn, J-^'lApt or Marvel of Peru.^ with a whitiih Flower, 4. }A.-LAVk^ fiere ex rubro, luteo ^ albo mixte. Tourn. jaiap, or Maryei of Veru^ with red, yellow, and white Fioweis mix'd upon the iame l*lant. j-. Jalapa 5 pre ex nlho & pur- purea elegmitiji/ne ziariegato. Jalap, or Marvel of Peru, with white and purple Flowers finely variegated. 6. Jalapa i parva fore. Tourn. JaUp, With a fmali Flower, 7. Ialapa ; fru^u rugofo. Tourn. Marvel of Peru, with rough Seeds. Thefe Plants are all propagated by Seeds, which fliould be ibwn upon a moderate Hot-bed in March ; and when they come up, they fliould be tranfplan- ted into another Hot-bed, at lix Inches Difiance from each other j and when they have taken Root, the GiaiTcs mufl be rais'd every J A Day, that the Plants may have a great deal of Air, otherwife they are very fubjccfl to be drawn up tall and weak ; nor can they be re- covered to a fu flicient Strength a- gain in a Month's Time, if once they arc thus drawn. When the Plants are grown to be a Foot high, they ihould be put into Pots ftll'd with rich light Earth, v/hich fhould be plung'd into a very mo- derate Hot-bed, to facilitate their taking Root: And in removing them, you muft be very careful to preferve as much Earth to their Roots as you can ; for their Roots have but few Fibres to retain it in a Ball, as many other Plants wili fio: And it ibmetimes happens, when the Root is lett bare, it fel- dom takes frc(h Hold of the Ground, at leaft not in a confiderable Time, • Ilq that the Plants will make but a poor Figure that Seafon. When ihey are tranfplanted into the Pots, and have taken Root again, they fliould be harden'd to endure the open Air \ for they are not very tender i but on the contrary, they will not thrive well, if too much drawn or forc'd in the Hot-bed. In the middle of May, the Pots may be remov'd into the Places where they are defign'd to be con- tinued for that Scaibnj oblcrving to fupport the Branches with a flrong Stake, and to water them as often as they require it. You j may alfo in May plant fon?c of : them into the middle of the large Borders of the Pieafure-Garden, do- ing it carefully, and obferving to fliadc and water them until they have taken Root; after which, they will require no farther Care, but to fupport them from being broke down by the Winds, which they are very lubjedl to be, eipe- ciolly when their Heads are large. The 1 The Plants thus raised, will grow to the Height of three or tour Feet, and fpread their Branches ve- ry wide (cfpecially if the Roots have Room in the Pots) and their Flowers will begin to appear in J-une, and they will continue con- llantly flowering until the Froft prevents them j which, together with the great Diverlity of Colours in the Flowers upon the fame Plant, renders them valuable to e- very curious Pcrfon. The Flow- ers of theie Plants never expand in the Day-time, while the Sun is hot, but in the Evening, when the Sun declines, they begin to o- pen, and do continue expanded un- til the Sun fliincs warm upon them the next Day, fo that when it happens to be cloudy Weather, as alfo late in the Autumn, when the Weather is cool, the Flowers will remain open moft Part of the Day. As the Flowers are produc'd fuc- celliveiy almoft every Day, fo the Seeds are in a Ihort Time after ripe, and do foon fail to the Ground j fo that when your Seeds begin to ripen, you muft carefully look for them upon the Ground twice a Week, otherwifc, if they lie too long upon the Ground, and there fnould fail fome Rain, they will Iprout, and be good for nothing : In fowing thcfc Seeds, you fhouid be careful to take them from fuch Plants as produc'd the greatcft Va- riety of Flowers i for if you favc them from fuch as produce only plain-coiour'd Flowers, the Seeds v/ill always produce the fame Sort, and thofe with yellow and red va- riegated Flowers will conlhintly produce the fame, thele never va- rying from the Red and Yellow to the Purple and Wnire, though they will fomedmes degenerate in- to plam yellow or red Flowers, as will the other into plain Purple or White, but they will conllantly retain one or both of their origi- nal Colours. Altho' in the above-written Cul- ture of thefe Plants, I have diredl- ed their Seods to be fown on a Hot-bed, yet they may be propa- gated by fowing them in a warm Border of light Earth toward the latter End of March ^ and when the Plants come up, they fhould be tranfplantcd as before directed : In which Method they will fuc- ceed very well, but will not flow- er fo ibon by a Month or fix Weeks as thofe rais'd on the Hot- bed, nor will the Plants grow £o large. When the Frofl has pinch'd the Leaves and Stems of thcfe Plants, you fiiould take up their Roots, which fliould be laid to dry, and then may be preferv'd in dry Sand all the Winter, if fecur'd from the FroH: ; and in the following Spring thefe Roots fliould be planted into large Pots, and plung'd into a mo- derate Hot-bed, to promo'cc their taking Root ; and when the Shoots appear above ground, they fhould be treated 2s was diredfed for the fcedling Planrs, hardening them by Degrees to endure the open Air. The Plants fo rais'd, Will be much larger than the Seedlings and will flower earlier in the Year. Thefe Plants are all afHrm'd by Tere Fhi.mier to be different Sorts of Jalap , but the feventh Sort, he fayi, is the particular Plant, whofe Root is commonly us'd in Medi- cine. But I have been lince infor- med by my worthy Friend Dodror Wiiiiam Houfioun, that the Jalap is the Root of a Convolvulus, and is not akm to either of thefe Planrs. Ggx JAS- J A JASMINUM. The Jafmine, or JefTamine-Tree. The Chara^ers are; The Leaves are in many Species pinmtedi the Cup of the Flower con- 0s of one Leaf but is divided at the Top into five Segments; the Flower conf^s of one Leaf is Fmnel-fljap*d, and divided into Jive Segments : The Tlorvers are fucceeded by Berries, which fplh in the Middle, each Side, for the mofi fart^ containing a fepa- rate Seed. The Species are j 1. JasMinum i vulgatius, flore edbo. C. B, P. The common white yafmine. 2. )asminum i vfdgatius, flore albo, foliis ex luteo elegantifpme va- riegatis. The common white Jaf- mine, with yellow ftrip'd Leaves. 5. Jasminum j vulgatius, flore albo, foliis ex alba elegantiffme vn- riegatis. The common white Jaf- mine, with white-ftrip'd Leaves. 4. JASMIN UM ; humile, lutenm. C. B. P. Dwarf yellow Jafmine, commonly call'd, The Italian yellow Jafmine. f , Jasminum ', liiteum, vtdgo dicium bacciferum. C. B. P. The common yellow Jafmine. 6. Jasminum i humilius, magno fiore. C. B. P. The Spanifli white, 0r Catalonian Jafmine. 7. Jasminum i humilius, magno flore, pleno. The double Spaniih Jajmine. 8. Jasminum; Jndicum, flavum, cdoratiJJimum.Ter.Tlor. The yellow Indian Jafmine. 9. Jasminum ; Aicoricum, trifo- liatum, flore albo odoratijfimam. H. A. The Three-leav'd Azorian Jafmine, with very fwcet white Flowers, commonly caWd, the Ivy- leav'd Jajmine. 10. Jasminum; Africcmum, folio lUcis, flore folitario, ex alis follomm JA proveniente, albo. Com. Rar. African I lex-lea v'd Jafmine, with a fingle white Flower produc'd from the Wings of the Leaves. 11. Jasminum; flve Sambach Arabum, Alpini. J. B. The fingle Arabian Jafmine, 12. Jasminum; Arabictan, foliis Limonii conjugates, flore albo, pleno, odoratijjirm. Boerh. Ind. The double Arabian Jafmine. 13. Jasminum; Arabicum, Ca- flaneA folio, flore albo, odoratifjimoy cujus frucius Cojfy in offic'mis dicuntttr nobis. Com. Fl.Uf. The Coftee Tree. The firll Sort is very common in mod Englijh Gardens, being much cultivated for the SweetneS of its Flowers. The fecond and third Sorts are accidental Varieties from the firft, and may be obtained by inoculating the Buds of thefc into the common Jafmine; which, although the Buds fhould pcriih, (as it often happens) yet it feldom fails to ftain both the Leaves and Branches of the old Plant into which the Buds were put : So that by inoculating fome of thefe Buds into fome young Branches in divers Parts ot an old Tree, they will not fail to tinge the whole Tree in a fhort Time. The common white Jafmine is eafily propagated by laying down the tender Branches in the Spring, which, by the fucceed ing Spring, will be rooted ftrong enough to be tranfplanted. They may alfo be propagated by Cuttings, which fhould be planted in March, in a moift Border, where they may have the Morning Sun ; But they mufl be skreen'd from the Violence of the Sun in the Heat of the Day, and frequently water'd in dry Wea- ther. The Cuttings thus managed, will many ot them live, and have Roots fit to be remov'd in the fol- igwing I lowing Spring : But this Method is ieldom pradtis'd, the Layers always making the befl Plants. When thefe Plants are rcraov'd, tliey Ihould be planted where they are defign'd to be continued, which fhould be either againft fome Wall, Pale, or other Fence where the flexible Branches may be fupportcd : For altho' it is fometimes planted as a Standard, and form'd into a Head, yet it will be very difficult to keep it in any handfome Order ; or if you do, you muii cut off all the flowering Branches : For the Flowers are always produc'd at the Extremity of the fame Year's Shoots, which, if fhortned before the Flow- ers are blown, will intirely deprive the Trees of Flowers. Thefe Plants fhould be permitted to grow rude in the Summer, for the Reafon before given : Nor fhould you prune and nail them until the Mid- dle or Latter-end of March, when the frofty Weather is paft; for if it (hould prove Hiarp frofty Weather .after their rude Branches are prun'd off, and the ftrong ones are expos'd thereto, they are v-ery often de- liroy'd ; and this Plant being very backward in Shooting, there will be no Danger of hurting them by late Pruning. The two Strip'd Sorts fhould be planted in a warm Situation, espe- cially the White Strip'd, for they are much more tender than the Plain, and very fubjea to be de- ilroy'd by great Frofts, if they are expos'd thereto j therefore it will be proper to preferve a Plant of each Kind in Pots, which may be remov'd into the Green-houfe in Winter, left by expofing 'em to the Cold, they fhould all be deftroy'd, and fb you lofe the Sorts. The common Yellow jA[mine was formerly in greater Plenty in 'England than at prefent, and was planted againft Arbours, ^c. to co- ver them, tho' it is not near {o proper for that Purpofe as the White Sort, it being of much flower Growth, nor v/ill it ever extend its Branches To far as that j but how- ever, it may have a Place among the Flowering Shrubs of low Growth, where it may be with more Eafe reduced to a Standard than the other. This Plant flowers in May and Jtme j but they have very little Scent, which has occa- lion'd its being Icfs regarded. It may be propagated by Suckers, which it generally produces in great Numbers i or by Layers, as was directed for the common Sort, and are full as hardy. The Dwarf Yellow Jafmine is fomewhat tenderer than the for- mer ; yet it will endure the Cold of our ordinary Winters, if it be planted in a warm Situation. The Flowers of this Kind are generally larger than thofe of the common Sort, and better fcented, but are feldom produc'd fb early in the Seafbn. It may be propagated by laying down the tender Branches, as was directed for the common White Sort ; or by Budding or Inarching it upon the common Yellow Jafm'me ; the latter of which is preferable, as making the Plants hardier than thofe which are obtain'd from Layers: They ftioald be planted againft a warm Wall; and in very fevcre Winters wiU re- quire to be fhelterM with Mats, or Ibrae other Covering, otherwife they are fubjed to be deftroy'd. The manner of- Dreffing and Pruning being the fame as was direded for the White Jafmine:, I iliall not repeat it. The Spanipj Wh te, or Catalo- nian Jafminei is one of the moft G g 3 beautiful beautiful of all the Sorts, as alio extremely fweet-fcented : The Flow- ers of this Kind are much larger than any of the others, and are commonly of a Red Colour on the Out-fide. This Plant is propagated by Budding or Inarching it upon the common White fafmhe, on which it takes very vvellj and is render'd hardier than thofe which are upon their own Stocks. But thofe of this Kind being brought over from Itafy every Spring in fo great Plenty, they are feldom rais'd here : I fliall therefore proceed to the Management of fuch Plants as are ufually brought into England from the Place above mentioned, which feneraly are ty'd up in fmall unches containing three or four Plants, and wrap'd about their Roots with Mofs, to prcferve them from drying i which, if it happen that the Ship has a. long Pallage, will often occafion them to pui"h out fcrong Shoots from their Roots, which muft always be taken off before planting, otherwife they will exhaull the whole Nou- rifhment of the Plant, and deftroy the Graft. When you receive thefe Plants, you m'dCi clear the Roots of the Moxs, and all decay'd Branches iT>ou;d be taken off j then place their Roots into a Pot or Tub ot Water, which fhould be fet in the Green- houfe, or fome other Room, where it may be skreen'd from the Cold : In this Situat'Oii they may continue two Days,- after which you mull prune off all the dry Roots, and plant them into Pots fili'd with trefh light Earth,- then plunge the Pots into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanners Bark, obierving to water and fliade them, as the Heat of the Seafon may require. In about three Weeks or a Month's Time they J A will bcgm to Ihoot, when you muft carefully rub off all fuch as are pro- duced from the Stock below the Grah ; and you muft now let them have a great Share of Air, by raifing the GlalTes in the Heat of the Day j and as the Shoots extend, they fhiouM be topp'd, to ftrengthen them, and, by Degrees, fliould be harden'd to endure the open Air, into which they fliould be remov'd in June : but muft have a warm Situation the firft Summery for if they are too much expos'd to the Winds, they will make but indif- ferent Progrefs, being render'd fome- what tender by the Hot-bed. If the Sumnicr be warni, and the Trees have fuccceded weD, they will produce fome Flowers in the Autumn following, tho' they will be few in Number, and' not near fb ftrong as they will be the fucceed- ing Years, when the Trees are ftronger, and have better Roots. Thele Plants are commonly pre- ferv'd in Grecn-houfes, withOranges, Myrtles, &c. and during the Winter- fedlbn will require to be frequently watered, which fhould be given thera fparingly each time, efpecially in cold Weather i for too much V/ct at that Scafbn v/ill be apt to rot the Fibres of their Roots: They fhould alfo have a great Share of tree Air when the \A/eather v/ill permit i for which Purpofc they fiiould be plac'd in the cooleft Part of the Grecn-houfe, aniong Plants that are hardy, where the Wmdov/s may be open'd every Day, except in trofty W^eather j nor fljould they be croudcd too clofe among o iacr Plants, which often occafions their growing mouldy, and decays :he younger Branches. In April the Shoots of thefe Plants fliould be fiiorten'd down to four Eyes, and all the weak Bi-anches fhouid be cut offi ofF; and if you have the Conve- niency of a Glafs-Srove, or a c^iecp Frame, to place the Pots into at that Seafbn, to draw them out again, it will be of great Service in forwarding their Flowering : yet ftill you fhould be careful not to force them too much -, and as loon as they have made Shoots three or four Inches long, the Glaffes ihould be opened in the Day-time, that the Plants may by degrees be inured to the open Air, into which they fhould be removed by thelarter End of May, or the Beginning oi June, otherwife their Flowers will not be {6 fair, nor continue fo long. If the Autumn proves favourable, theie Plants win continue to produce frefh Flowers until Michaehnns i and ibmetimes, when they are ftrong, they will continue Flowering till Chrijimas, or after j but then they muit ha\^e a great Share of Air when the Weather is mild and will admit of it, otherwife the Flower- Buds will grow mouldy, and decay. But notwithftanding moft People preierve thefe Plants in Green- houfes, yet they will endure the ■Cold of our ordinary Winters in the open Air, if planted again ft a warm Wall, and cover'd with Mats in frofty Weather y they'll alfo pro- duce ten times as many Flowers in one Seafon as thofe kept in Pots, and the Flowers will likewife be much larger : but they ihould not be planted abror^d till they have fome Strength j lb that it will be neceflary to keep 'em in Pots two or three Years, whereby they may be fheltei'd from the Froft in Win- ter : And when they are planted againft the Wall, which fliould be in May, that they may take good Root m the Ground before the fuc- ceeding Winter, you muft turn them out of the Pots, preierving J A tht Earth to their Roots; and having made Holes in the Border where they are to be planted^ you :^ould place them therein, with their Steins clofe to the Wall ; then fill up the Holes round their Roots with good frefh rich Earth, and give thena fome Water, to fettle the Ground about them, and nail up their Shoots to the Wall, Shortening fiich of them as are very long, that they may puih out new Shoots below, to furnilh the Wall, continuing ro nail up ail the Shoots as they arc produced. In the middle, or to- ward the latter end of Jaly, thej will begin to fiowerj, and continue- to produce new Flowers untiJ the Froft prevents them j which ^whea you obferve, you fhould carefullf cut off all the Tops of fuch Shoots as have Buds formed upon them, as alfo thofe which have the P^cmains of faded Flowers left, for if theie are fuffer'd to remain on, they will fbon grow mouldy, efpecial]y when the Trees are covered, and thereby infeft many of the teiider BrancheSj which will gi-eatly injure the Treej. Towards the middle of N&uernSer (if the Weather be cold anxi tl^ Nights froily) you muff begin to cover your Trees with Mats, whi^h fhould be nail'd over them pretty Ciofe i but this ihould be done when the Trees are perfedllj dry» otherwife the Wet being lodg'd upon the Branches, will foon C2u(e a Mouldinefs upon them, at>4 thQ Air being excluaed theretrosm, -v^ili rot them in a thort Timc^ it wti] alfo be very neceffary to take off thefe Mats as often as the Weather will permit, to prevent this Mod- dinels, and only keep them ciofa cover 'd in frolfy Weather^ at which time you ihould alfo lay fome Mulch upon rhe Surface of the Groiind about their RootSj and faften lQmt3 G g 4 Bands JA Bands of Hay about their Stems, to guard them from the Froft, and in very fevere Weather, you fliould add a double or treble Covering of Mats over the Trees, by which Me- thod, if duly executed, you may preferve them through the hardcfr Winters. In the Spring, as the Weather is warmer, fo you fnould by degrees take off the Covering } but you {hould be careful not to expofe them too foon to the open Air, as alfo to guard them againft the Morning Frofts, and dry Eafterly Winds, which often reign in March, to the no fmall Deftrudion of tender Plants, if they are expos'd thereto J nor fhould you quite re- move your Covering until the mid- dle of A^ril, when the Seafon is fettled, at which time you fhould prune the Trees, cutting out all decay 'd and weak Branches, fhorten- ing the ftrong ones to about two Feet long, which will caufe them to flioot ftrong, and produce many Flowers. The Double of this Kind is at prefent very rare in Englmd, and only to be found in iome very cu- rious Gardens j though in Italy it is pretty common, from whence it is fometimes brought over amongft the Single : The Flov/ers of this Kind have only two Rows of Leaves, fo that it is regarded ra- ther for its Curiofity, tlian for any extraordinary Beauty in the Flowers : This may be propagated by bud- ding it upon the common White Jafmlne, as hath been directed for the Single, and muft be treated in the fame Manner. The Yellow Indian Jaf?n'me is propagated either by Seeds or laying down the tender Branches : If you would propagate th.:m by Seeds, (which they often produce in I.ng~ Imd in great Plenty) you fliould make a moderate Hot-bed in the Spring, into which you fliould plunge fome fmall Pots, fiU'd with frefli light Earth, and in a Day or two after, when you find the Earth in the Pots warm, you muft put your Seeds therein, about four in each Pot will be iufficient, cover- ing them about half an Inch thick with the fame light Earth, and ob- ferve to refrcfh the Pots with Wa- ter as often as you fhould perceive the Earth dry 5 but do not give them too much at each Time, which would be apt to rot the Seeds. In cold Weather, and in the Night, thefe Beds muft be cover 'd with Mats over the GlalTes j but in warm Weather, the GlalTes fhould be rais'd with Stones, to admit frefh Air, as alfo to let out the Steim ot- the Bed. In about five or fix Weeks after fowing, the Plants will appear above Ground, at which Time it will be neceffary to remove the Pots into another frefh Hot-bed, of a moderate Tem- perature, in order to bring the Plants forward j you muft alfo be careful to water them as often as neceflary, and in the great Heat ot the Day the Glaffes ftiould be tilted pretty high, and ihaded with Mats, to prevent the Plants from being fcorch'd with Heat j about the middle of May you fliould begin to harden them to the open Air, by taking off the GlalTes when the Weather is warm; but this muft be done cautioufly, for you fliould not expofe them to the open Sun in a very hot Day at firft, which would greatly injure them ; but rather take off the Gkffes in warm, cloudy Weather at firft, or in gentle Show- ers of Rain, and fo by degrees inure them to bear the Sun, and in June you fliiould take the Pots out of JA of the Hot-bed, and carry them to fome wcll-lhelter'd Situation, where they may remain until the Begin- ning of October \ at which Time they mufl: be carry'd into the Green- houfe, obferving to place them where they may enjoy as much free Air as pollible when the Win- dows are open'd, as aifo to be clear from the Branches of other Plants. During the Winter- feafon they will require to be often water 'd, but you muft be careful not to give them too much at each Time i and in March you muft remove thefe Plants each into a feparate Pot, being careful not to take the Earth from their Roots, and if at this time you plunge them into a j-refh moderate Hot-bed, it will greatly facilitate their rooting again, and be of great Service to the Plants j but when you perceive they are rooted, you muft give them a great deal of Airj for if you draw them too much, they will become weak in their Stems, and incapable to fupport their Heads, which is a great Defeat in thefe Trees. You muft alfo harden them to the open Air, into which they ihould be remov'd about the Middle of Mayy obferving, as was before directed, to place them in a Si- tuation that is defended from ftrong Winds, which are injurious totheie Plants, efpecialiy while they are young. In Winter houfe them, as before, and continue the lame Care, with which they will thrive very faft, and produce annually great Quantities of Flowers. Thefe Plants are pretty hardy, and will require no other Care in Winter than only to defend them from hard Froft«i nor do I know whether they would not live in the open Air, if planted againft a warm Wall, which is what I am now J A trying, for 1 have planted fbme againft a Wall tor that Purpofe, and I think wc have Uttle Reafbn to doubt of the Succefs, Unce they are much hardier than the Spanijhi but there is this Difference between them, liz. thefe Plants have large, thick, ever-green Leaves, {q that if they were cover'd with Mats, ai was diredled for the Spanifi Jaf- miney the Leaves would rot and decay the Shoots j but as thefe will only require to be cover'd in ex- treme Froft, fo, if their Roots arc well mulch'd, and a Mat or two lofely hung over them in ordinary Frofts, it will be fufficient, and thefe Mats being either roU'd up, or taken quite off in the Day, there will be no great Danger of their being hurt, which only can pro- ceed from being too long ciofe cover'd. In the Spring thefe ihould be prun'd, when you ftiould cut off all decay'd Branches j but you muft not fhorten any of the other Branches, as was dire£led for the SpaniJJj Sort, for the Flowers of this Kind arc produc'd only at the Extremity of the Branches, which, if (horten'd, they would be cut off, and this growing of a more ligneous Sub- ftance in the Branches than the other, will not produce Shoots ftrong enough to flower the fame Year. If you would propagate this Plant trom Layers, the Shoots ftiould be laid down in March ; and if you give them a little Cut at the Joint (as is pradlis'd in lay- ing of Carnations) it will promote their Rooting : You Ihould alfo obferve to refrefh them often with Water when the Weather is dry; which, if carefully attended to, the Plants will be rooted by the fuc-- ceeding Spring fit to be tranfplanted, when they muft be planted in Pots J A fill'd with light Earth, and managed as was before direfted tor the Seed- ling Plants. The Azorian Jafm'me is alfo pretty hardy, and requires no more Shelter than only from hard Frolhj and I am apt to think, if this Soit was planted againft a warm Wall, and managed as hath been diredled for the Yellow Indfan Jafmine, it would facceed very welU for 1 remember to have feen lome PLmts of this Kind growing againft a Wall in the Gardens at Hampton-Court, where they had endur'd the Winter, and were in a more flourifhing State than ever I faw any of the kind in Pots, and produc'd a greater Quan- tity of Flowers. Tbefe Plants are propagated in the fame Manner as the Ycilov/ Indian, and require the fame Management. The Flowers of this Kind are fmall, but being produc'd in large Bunches, do make a handibme Figure, and are of a f ery agreeable Scenr, and the Leaves being large and of a fhm'ng green Colour, add to the Beauty of the Plant very much. The lleX'leav'cl Jafmine r fiords the Icaft Plealiire of any of the Kinds ot Jafmines, the Flowers being only producM Imgly from the Wings of the Leaves, and are very fmall ; the Leave^alio are of a pale Green, and the Plant naturally growing very ragged, has occalion'd its bcmg but' little v.lu'dj however, itlhoud not he wanting in good CoUedf ions of Plants, tor though the Flowers are Imali and produc'd iingly, yet it cont'nues flowering moft part of the Year. This Plant is propagated by planting Cuttings in any of the Summer- months, which fliould be put into Pots hll'd with light landy Earth, tmd plung'd into a Hot-bed, obferving to water ?.nd fhade them as the Scafon may require. When J A thele arc rooted, fwhich will be in about five or lix Weeks time) they may be removed into feparate Potsj and when they have taken frefh Root, they may be remov'd into a Situation where they may be defended from ftrong Winds, in which Place they may remain un- til the Middle oi October \ at which time they muft be hous'd with Ge- raniums, &c. obferving to ^A^ater them frequently, and give them as much free Air as polTible, when the Weather is mild and will permit i for if tliey are too much drav/nin Winter, their tender Shoots will be fubje(ft to grov/ mouldy and rot. Thele Piants ihould be often renew'd by planting Cuttings, for the old ones are very fubjedt to decay. The Arabian Jafmines of both Sorts arc commonly brought into England from Genoa every Spring, amongft the Spanijh yafmhasf- Thefe are all grafted upon the com- mon Jafmine Stock, as are thcSpa- nifl'}-^ but being much tenderer than thole, arc very otten greatly injur'd in their PdlTi-.ge, (which is alv/ays in the Winter-leaibn) fo that you fhould care^UJly examine them (when you purrhale them of the Italians, who bring them over) to fee if their Grafts are frefh and found i if lb, there is little Danger of fuc- ceeding. Thefe muft be put into Water and waflVd, pruning their Roots and Tranches, and planting tliem, as was dire6ted for the Spa- nijl} Jafmines, to which I fhall rekr the Reader to avoid Repetition. Thefe Plants are more tender than any of the Sorts before- men- tion'd, and muft be preferv'd in a warm Srove in Winter, nor fhould they be expos'd to the open Air in Summer, if you would have them flower well, (though indeed the Plants will live and thrive in the open Open Air in June, July and Augufl) but then they will rarely produce any Flowers j and thofe which may appear, are foon deftroy'd by ei- ther Winds or Rain, both which will foon fcatter them, being but flenderly faften'd upon the Plants. The only Method in which I have found thefe Plants to thrive and flower well, is this, 'viz. After having preferred the Plants in a moderate Stove ail the Winter, I clean'd their Leaves and Stems from Duftj then I took out the Earth from the upper Part of the Pot5, and refill'd them with frefli Earth j then I plunged the Pots into a mo- derate Bed of Tanners Bark, which had loll moft of its Heat: This occafion'd the Plants to fhoot very ftrong, and in Jtme and July I had great Quantities of Flowers, which were exceeding fwcet, but of a fhort Duration, feldom conti- nuing longer than two Days : how- ever, thele were fucceeded by frefli Flov/crs through the greateft Part of Ju>ie and July, during v/hich Time my Plants were never en- tirdy delf itute of Flowers. Thefe jnfmines may alfo be pro- pagated by laying down their ten- der Branches in the Spring, in the fame manner as was dircdled for the yellow Indian Jxfrnincs, which will take Root in lefs than three " Months, provided the Pots are plu-ng'd into a Hot-bed, otherwiie they will not be rooted until the fucceeding Spring. Thefe mull be planted into a light fandy Earth, and frequently watered in hot Weather i but during the Wintcr- leaion, it muil be given them but fparingly, tor too much Moillure at that Time will deilroy them. The Sort with double Flowers, which we have now in England, lus rarely more than two Rows of J A Leaves, (as I obferved in the Sfn- niflj) fo that it is but little better than the finale: But there is ano- ther Sort of this J-afmine, which was formerly in Eftgland, and is now in the Duke ot Tufcanfs Gar- dens at Tifa, which produces Flow- ers almoft as large as a Cinnamon Rofe, and as double, as alfo of a mod inoffenfive fweet Scent ,• but this is not in England at prefent, nor is it likely to ^be obtain'd here, fmce it is not known to be grow- ing in any other Part of Europe but the Garden at Pi/a, where it is kept under a Guard to prevent its being ftolen away : Such is the narrow Temper of the prefent PolTeffor, that he will not iuffer it to be diftvibuted in!^o any other Gardens ; though the Profellbr of Botany to that Garden fays, it en- creafes greatly by Layers, by which means all Europe might be foon fupply'd with this valuable Plant, were it but once in the PoiTcllion of any communicative Perfon. The Coffee-Tree is propagated by Seeds, which fliould be fown foon after they are garher'd from the Treej for if they are kept but a Hiort Time out of the Ground, they will not grow, which is the chief Reafon that this Tree has not been fpread into more diffe- rent Countries : for the Seeds will not keep good long enough to be fcnt to any diflmt Place ,• fo that in order to cultivate this Plant in any Part of the World, it is abfo- lurcly neceffary to have it carry'd thither growing : But as this Dif- ficulty is now overcome, by the Quantity of thefe Trees there are now growing both in Europe and Aiiterica, fo we may expe<5t to be furnilh'd with them from many different Parts, but cfpecially from the Ca,ribbee Jflandsy where the Trees J A Trees are found to fuccccd as well as in their native Place of Growth j but whether the Cojfee produc'd in the Weji-Jndres, will prove as good as that brought from Mocha y Time will difcover : But if it fhould, it may be of great Advantage, not only to the Inhabitants there, but alfo may turn to great Account in the Wefi-India Trade. The man- ner how this Tree was firft brought into Europe, and the feveral Parts of the World to which it is now fpread, may be fully feen in Do- ctor Douglafs's curious Account of the Coffee, publifhed at London An- no 1727. The Berries of this Plant are commonly ripe with us in April ; at which Time they fhould be fown in Pots ot frefh liglit Earth, covering them about half an Inch thick with the fame light Earth ; then plunge the Pots into a mode- rate Hot-bed of Tanner's Bark, ob- serving to refrefli them often with Water} as alfo to raife the GlafTes in the Heat of the Day, to admit frefh Air; and in very hot Wea- ther it will be proper to fhade the GlalTes with Mats, for othervvile the Earth in the Pots will dry too fad, and prevent the Vegetation ot the Seeds. I muft here obferve, that the taking off the Pulp of the Berries, which has been by ibme People directed as ablblutely ncceOary before they are planted, is a great Miftake j tor I have ex- perienced that thofe Berries which xwcre planted whole as they came from the Tree, produc'd ftronger Plants, and came up fooner than thofe which were clear 'd from the Puipi and although they are com- monly two Seeds in each Berry (both which feldom fail to grow) yet when the Plants are young, they are eafiiy parted and planted J A into feparate Pots ; which is abfb»- lutely necefiary to be done, when they are about an Inch and an half high. When thefe Plants are removed, great Care fhould be ta- ken not to break or injure their Roots, as alfo to preferve the Earth to their Roots ; nor fhould they be kept any Time out of the Ground ; for if their Fibres are fufiter'd to Ji dry, they are very fubjecft to mould, J and perifli foon after. The Soil in which 1 have found thefe Plants to thrive beft, was compos'd in the following Manner; viz.. one Load of frefh light Earth, one Load of rotten Cow-Dung, with half a Load of Sea-Sand : Thefe were well mix'd together, and laid in a Heap fix Months be- fore it was ufed j in yvhich Space it was turned feveral Times, the better to incorporate the feveral Parts. It mufl alfo be obferv'd, that in tranfplanting thefe Plants, they fhould never be put into Pots too large, in which they feldom thrive : The young Plants, when taken out of the Pots in which they were fown, fliould be planted each into a fmall half- penny Pot fill'd with the above-mention'd Earth, and then plung'd into a moderate Hot-bed of Tanner's Bark, obfer- ving to water them frequently, though they fhould not have too much given them at one Time: The GlaUcs fhould alfo be raifed to admit frefli Air every Day, and in the Heat of the Day, fliould be fhadcd with Matsj for if they are too much expos'd to the Sun, they will perfpire fo freely, as to have little Moifture remaining in their Leaves, whereby they will hang and appear very fickiy, as will alfo the tender Shoots, by which their Growth will be greit- ly retarded. As thefe Plants ad- vance in Height, fo (hould they have a greater Proportion of freih Air, at all Times, when the Wea- ther is warm, and their Waterings Ihould be frequently repeated } tho' it muft be perform 'd with great Moderation, for too much Moi- fture is very fubjed: to rot the Roots i and when once the Roots are decay'd, it feldom happens that thofe Plants are ever recovered, tho' managed with all polliblc Skill and Care. During the Winter-feafon, thefe Plants fhould be plac'd in a Bark- ftove, that the Fibres of the Roots may not be too much dry'd (which often happens when the Pots are plac'd upon Shelves in a dry Stove) whereby the Top-fhoots of the Plants are often decay'd, and the Leaves are apt to turn brown and fall off, which is of very ill Confe- quence to themj for if once the Leaves fall intirely off, the Plants are feldom recovered again Co as to be beautiful. This Stove fhould be kept up to the temperate Heat (mark'd on Mr. Fowler's Thermometers) with which they thrive better than in a great Warmth; for if they are kept over hot, they perfpire too freely, fo that their Leaves will droop and change their Colour, In this Seafon they fhould be wa- ter'd frequently, but it muft be gi- ven them fparingly, and the Water fhould always be plac'd in the Stove twenty-four Hours before it be u- fed, that it may acquire a Warmth nearly equal to the Temperature of the Air in the Stove. You muft alfo clean their Leaves frequently from Filth, which they are fubjedt to contraft when fhut up dole, as alfo many fmall In- fers are harbour 'd upon the Sur- faces of the Leaves, which, if not carefully clean'd off, will greatly injure the Plants. The beft Me- thod to clean off thefe is, with a foft woollen Cloth dipt in Water, with which you may eafily wafh them off; but you fhould be care- ful not to bruife their Leaves, nor to wet them too much, cfpecially in the Depth of Winter. You fhould alfo be careful in placing them in the Stove, not to fet them under the Branches of o- ther Plants, nor too cloie to them, whereby their Branches may in- tangle therewith, which will caufc them to fhed their Leaves, or ac leaft occafion their difcolouring ; and in the Spring, when their Bloffoms begin to appear, they muft be more frequently water'd, as alfo their Leaves and Branches often clean'd, which will caufc their Leaves to look of a beautiful Green, and their Flowers to be ftrong, and their Fruit will fet the better. In the Summer they muft be continu'd in the Stove, with their Pots plung'd in Bark (which fhould not be too hot) but they muft have a great Share of frefh Air in warm Weather, and the GlalTes fhould be fhaded in the Heat of the Day, for they do not care to be too much expos'd to the direct Rays of the Sun, which occafions their tender Shoots and Leaves to flag and hang down, and thereby retards the Growth of the Plants : You muft alfo obferve to fhift them into frefh Earth, whenever you find their Roots to fhoot through the Holes at the Bottom of the Pots; but this will fcarce happen oftener than twice a Year, fo that I would advife the fhifting them in May, and the Beginning of Au- gtifli which are the propereft Sea- fons fbns for this Work; but in the doing of it, you (hould be careful to preferve the Earth to their Roots, and only to pare off the Outlide of the Ball, cutting away ail mouldy or decay'd Fibres j then put them into Pots, one Size big- ger than thole which they came out of, filling up the Pots with the before- mention'd Earth, obfer- ving to water and fliade them, as the Heat of the Weather lliall re- quire: And if at thcfe Times you mix a little new Bark in the Bed, to add a trelh Heat thereto, before the Pots are plung'd therein, it will greatly facilitate their rooting again, but you muft be careful not to make the Bed too hot : You iliould alfo, in Summer-time, re- frelh all the Branches and Leaves of the Trees, by watering them gently with a fine headed Water- ing-pot all over their Heads j and if in a very warm, gentle Shower of Rain, you draw oit the Top- -GlalTes of the Stove, and let them receive the Benefit thereof, it will be of great Service to them : but you muft be careful not to expole them to hard Rains, or ftrong Winds, which v/ould prove very hurtful to them. Thefe Dircd: ions, if carefully at- tended to, will be found fufficicnt to inftiuft any Pcrfon in the Cul- ture of this beautiful Plant j and although there may, perhaps, fome- thing occur to them which is not here related, yet I believe it will rarely happen, but that the Appea- rances, be they from what Caufe ibevcr, may be found owing to fome Ncgled: or contrary Pradice to this here mentioned: But be- fore I leave this Head, I cannot help mentioning another Method in which I have propagated this Plant i which is, by hying down I B fbme of their tender Shoots into Pots of Earth in the Spring of the Year, flitting them at a Joint (as is praftifed in laying Carnations) obferving to rcfrelh them frequent- ly with Water, and in about three Months Time they will be rooted enough to tranfplant, when they Ihould be gently cut from the old Plant, and planted into feparate Pots, managing them as was dire- died for the feedling Plants. There are Ibme who have aC- ferted, that this Plant will grow from Cuttings j but of all the dif- ferent Trials which 1. have m.ide, I could never obtain one Plant that way, tho' many Times the Cuttings have remained frefh for fever al Montlis, and fometimes have made Imail Shoots, yet upon taking them up, they have not had the lealt Appearance of any Roots. IBERIS, ^r SCIATICA-CRESS i vUe Lepidium. IBISCUS, or MARSH-MAL- LOW i vide Althxa. JET DEAU, is a French Word, v/hich fignifies a Fountain that cafis up Water to any ccnfiderable Height in the Air. Mr. Mariotte, in his Treatlfe of Hydrojlaticks, fays, That a Jet than will never rife lb high as its Re- fervatory j but always falls fhort of it by a Space which is in a iubdu- plicate Ratio of that Height, and this he proves by feveral Experi- ments. That tho' fets ought to rile to the Height of the Referva- tories, yet the Friction of the Sides of the Adjutages, and the Rc- fiftance of the Air, are the Caufcs that in Jets that have very high Refer vatories, the Height of the Jets does not come up to that of the Refervatory by a great deal. He I L He adds, that if a greater bran- ches out into many Ihialler ones, or is diftributed through feveral Jets^ the fquare of the Diameter of the main Pipe mud be propor- tion'd to the Sum of all the Ex- pences of its Branches: That if the Refer vatory be fi Feet high, and the Adjutage half an Inch in Diameter, the Pipe ought to be three Inches in Diameter. He %s. That the Beauty of Jets of Water confifts in their Uniformity and Tranfparency at the going out of the Adjutage, and fpreading but very little, and that to the highell Part of the J^t. That the worllSortof Adjutages arc thofe that arc Cylincirical •, tor they retard very much the Height of the Jeti\ tne Conick retard it iefs : But the beft way is to bore the Horizontal Plane, which fliuts the Extremity of the Pipe or Con- duit, v\;'ith a fmooth and polifli'd Hole J taking Care that the Plate be pcrfcdlly piam, polilh'd and uni- form. ILEKi The ever-green Oak. The Charachrs are ; Ihe Leaves are for the mofl. part iiiJented or fnuated (and ia Jotne the Edges of the Leaves are prickly) And are ever-green^ it hath amen- taceous FloTvers^ which are produced £it reiiwte Dijiances from the Fruity on the fame Tree j the Fruit is an Acorn like the common Oak. The Species are ; 1 . Ilex j folio angujloy non ferrato. C. B, P. The Ohve-leav'd ever- green Oak. 2. Ilex j folio ohlongo, ferrato, C. B. P. Narrow-leav'd ever-green Oak, with.fcrrated Leaves. 3. Ilex; folio Agrifolii. Bot, Monfp. Holly-leav'd ever-green Oak. 4. Ilex ; folio rotundiorey molli, f?}odicecj^He fmuatQ-j five fmilax TheO' I L phrap, C. B. P. The ever-green Oak, with round, fmooth, linua- ted Leaves. 5-. Ilex ; aculeata, cocciglandift- ra. C. B. P. The Holm Oak oa which the Kermes are produced. There are feveral other Varieties of thefe Trees, which differ in the Shape of their Leaves, fbme being long and fmooth, others are roun- der, and have many Prickles upon their Edges, and fome have their Leaves linuated and waved like thoie of the Holly i but as thele are only feminal Variations, and will ariie fiom Seeds taken from the fame Tree, lb it is not Vv^ortii troubling my feif or the Reader, to enumerate their feveral Dillin- diioas in this Place, fmce thofe a- bove-mentioned are the moft com- mon Varieties, and all the other Differences will be nearly allied to one or other of the four flrfc Sorts. Thefe Trees are propagated by fowing their Seeds; the bed Sea- fon for this Work is in the Begin- ning of March y but then, as the Acorns are ripe in Autumn^ they fliould be preierv'd cither in Sand or dry Earth until the Spring, o- therwife they will lofe their grow- ing Faculty, which is commonly the Cafe with thofe brought annu- ally from Genoa, icarce one Seed in titty of them ever riling ,• how- ever, lince we have many large Trees now in England which pro- duce good Scedi, we need not fend to Italy for them ; but were I to advife, I fhould much' rather have them from Portugal thin Z- talyi for the Voyage bcmg much Ihorcer, they are generally brought from thence in very good Con- dition. The Manner in which I would advife their being ibwn, is, if for large Quantities, in Drills at about two I L two Feet Diftance i but for a fmall Parcel, they muft be fbwn in Rows on a Bed much nearer. The Ground on which thefc Seeds are fown, Ihould be well dug and cleanfed trom the Roots of all noxious Weeds, ^c. and le- vell'd even, and the great Clods broken, then draw the Rills with a Hoe in a ftrait Line (as is pra- £lis'd in the fowing of Kulney- beans) about two Inches deep, lay- ing the Acorns therein two or three Inches afunder, then draw the Earth over them with the Head of a Rake, obferving that none of them are left uncovered, which would intice the Vermin to attack your Acorns, efpecially the Mice, whereby your Seminary will be greatly injured, if not whol- ly deftroy'd. In the middle of A^ril the young Plants will appear above Ground, you muft then ckar the Ground from Weeds, which would foon overfpread and deftroy the Plants, which muft conftantiy be obferv'd, efpecially while they are young. The firft Year from Seed they will make but fmall Pro- grefs, but afterwards they will make amends by their quick Growth (efpecially if they agree with the Soil) in Mfirch following you muft gently dig up the Ground between the Rows of Plants, in order to de- ftroy the Weeds, and to render it light for the Roots to ftrike out on each Side, which will greatly promote the Growth of the Plants j but in doing of this you fhould be very careful not to dilturb the Roots of the Plants, which would greatly injure them : In this Place they may remain until the fecond Spring after fowmg, when, in the Beginning of Airily you fhould take up the Plants where they are I L too clofc, and tranfplant them where they are defign'd to re- main ; But as thefe Trees are fub- je ., ^r- u- IRlSPERSICAiS^'^^'^^P^^^"^- ISATIS ; Woad. The Characiers are ,• The slower confifts of four Leaves, which are difpos'd in Form of a Crofs ; out of rohofe Flower-cup rifes the Fointal, which afterwards turns to a Fruit in the Shape of a Tongue, flat at the Edge, gaping two Ways, ha- ,'ving but one Cell, in which is con- tain'd, for the mofl part, one oblong Seed. The Species are ■■, 1. IsATis j fativa, five latifolia. C. B. Broad-leav'd manured PCoad. 2. IsATisj fylvejiris, vel angujli- folia. C. B, Narrow-leav'd vvrild M^oad. 3. IsATis ; Balmatica, major. Bobart. Greater Dalmatian M'oad, There are fome other Varieties of this Plant, which are preferv'd in fome curious Botanick Gardens; but as they are Plants of little Ufe or Beauty, fo I fiiall omit mention- ing them here. The firil Sort is that which is cultivated in England, for the Uie I s of Dyers, who uie it for laying the Foundation of many Colours, efpc- cially all Sad-colours. It is a very rich Commodity, and well worth the propagating, which is done by Seed. The Soil that it requires, is one that is dry and warm : it will not be amifs if it be a little gravelly or iandy ; and it fhould have refted long, to be in good Heart ; and the richeft Garden Ground near great Towns is the beft, tho' it will do well in many other Places. Woad is commouly fown upon a Lay, which they plough into high Ridges, except the Land be very dry; and they harrow the Turf till they break it to Pieces, and pick out all the Grafs, Weeds and Lumps of Earth, and fling them into the Furrows to rot. The Land for this Seed ought to be finely plough'd and harrow'd, and all the Clods and Turfs broke, and the Stones pick'd up and carry 'd off. The befl: Time for fowing it, is the Latter-end of Julyy foon after the Seed is ripe, which will come up in Augufi, and mull be lioe'd out as is pradtis'd to Turnips, leaving the Plants ten or twelve Inches afunder ; by which means they will grow ftrong, and . produce much larger Leaves :. And belides, that fown at this Seafon doth feldom mifcarry ; whereas that which is fown in the Spring will be very liable thereto; and if it doth not, the Plant will not have half the Strength the fir ft Summer. It ought to be kept conftantly weeded; but if it come up good, it will need the lefs weeding: The ordinary Price of weeding is Eight Shillings per Acre. H h 4. S0|9 faft with us as they do, nor do I believe the.y will make fuch large Timber, tho' this is much prefera- ble to the Timber of the other Sorts. The Timber of this Tree is of a redifli Colour, and very fweet, and is commonly known in Eng- land by the Name of Cedar Wcod^ though there are divers Sorts of Wood called by that Name, which come from very different Trees* efpeciaUy ju clpecially in the Weji-InMest where there are feveral Trees of vaftly different Appearances which have that Appellation ,• it is this Sort of Wood which is ufed for Peniils, as alfb to wainfcot Rooms, and make Stair-Cafes, it enduring lon- ger found than moft other Sorts of Timber i which, perhaps, may be owing to fome extreme bitter Tafte in the Reiin, with which the Tree abounds j for it is very remarkable, that the Worms do not eat the Bottoms of the VelTels JU built with this Wood, as they do thofe built with Oakj fo that the Veflels built with Cedar are much preferable to thofe built with any other Sort of Timber, for the Ufe of the IVeJi-India Seas; but they are not fit for Ships of War, the Wood being fo brittle as to fplit vo Pieces with a Cannon Ball 5 but when well polifh'd and neatly fit- ted up in Wainfcot, it appears ve- ry handfome, and will be found a valuable Timber in England. The END of the First Volume, Juft Publifhed, Printed for C. RIVINGTON, at the Bible and Crown, in St. PauPi Church- Yard, lately removed from the Corner of Cannon- Alley, two Doors nearer Cheapfide, I, T;^HE gardeners KALENDAR : Direding what Works are J^ neceffary to be done every Month, in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleafure-Gardens, and in the Conservatory; with an Account ot the particular Seafons for the Propagation and Ufe of all Sorts of Efculent Plants and Fruits proper for the Table, and of all Sorts of Flowers, Plants, and Trees, that flower in every Month. The Third Edition ; with a large Index, and an Addition of the Work neceflary to be done in the Nurfery in each Month. By Philip Miller, Gardener to the Wor- fliipful Company of Apothecaries, at their Botanick Garden in Chelfea, and F. R. S. 2. TOURNEFORT's History of Plants growing about P/rw, with their Ufes in Phyfick, and a Mechanical Account of the Opera- tion of Medicines: Tranflated into Englijh, with many Additions, and accommodated to the Plants growing in Great-Britain i by John Mar- ty n, F. R. S. In two Volumes Odlavo. 5. Dr. STROTHER's Leftures on the Rationale of Medicines, read to Pupils, and now publillied tor the Ufe of young Prad:itioners j in two Volumes. Price los. ^. his ElTay on Sicknefs and Health. Price f s. ^. " his Critical EiTay on Fevers. Price 3 s, 6d. 6, .. his Euodia, or a Difcourfe on Caufes and Cures, Price 3 s. 6 d. y. his Experienced Meafures how to manage the Small- pox. Price 2 s. 8. PI. his rharmacoposia Traciica. Price 4 s. 9, . his Obiervations on the late Epidemical Fever. Price IS. 6d. I o. his Materia Medica ; done from the Latin of Dr. Her- man Boer haave. in two Volumes Oftavo. Price 10 s. II. Dr. RADCLIFFE's Pradical Difpenfatory, publifhed hyDv.Stro- ther. Price ^ s. 6 d. i:*