UMASS/AMHERST iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiify -# 0\ 7 iyfgst.>» DATE DUE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY F 74 W9 W82 P^^v Ik <^ < w Q Pi O 3 I— ( Pi o I l« 1684. 1884. CELEBRATION / OF THE TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE NAMING OF WORCESTER, OCTOBER 14 AND 15, 1884. WORCESTER, MASS.: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE CITY COUNCIL. MDCCCLXXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS. • Pages. I. The Preparations 11-23 II. Responses to Invitations, . 24-33 III. The Evening Celebration, 34-36 IV. Address of the Mayor, 37-42 V. Oration of Senator Hoar, 43-83 VI. Address of Gov. Robinson, 85-88 VII. Address of Gen. Devens, 89-92 VIII. The Street Parade and other Observances of the Day, . 93-111 IX. Historical Notes, 113-137 X. Worcester of To-Day, 139-144 XI. Industrial Notes, and Worcester Industries in 1836, . 144-149 XII. Worcester Industries in 1884, 149-165 XIII. Bibliography and Chronology, 167-176 nr^HE "Committee on Historical Facts" for the celebration -^ by the City of Worcester of the Two Hundredth Anni- versary of the naming of the town, present in this volume the result of their labors. After the action of the City Council authorizing the print- ing of an account of the celebration with historical and statistical notes, a sub-committee was appointed by the Mayor to take charge of the publication. This committee, consisting of Nathaniel Paine, Henry M. Smith and Ellery B. Crane, have had the immediate charge of the preparation and printing of the matter contained in these pages. The account of the procession, the decorations and the various exercises of the occasion, has been compiled from the daily papers of the city, and the historical, statistical and biblio- graphical notes have been prepared by members of the sub-committee. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. HENRY A. MARSH. HENRY M. SMITH. EDWARD W. LINCOLN. ELLERY B. CRANE. HENRY L. SHUMWAY. NATHANIEL PAINE. RICHARD O'FLYNN. SAMUEL S. GREEN. Worcester, Mass., May, 1885. BI-OENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. PREPARATIONS THE PETITION. To the Honorable the Mayor and City Council of Worcester : — The undersigned citizens of Worcester would respectfully represent, that, inasmuch as within the autumn of the year current takes place the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of the Settlement of Worcester, by order of the General Court, in their view the occasion presented is one that our citizens and all sons of Worcester, at home and abroad, must welcome as opportune for the suitable commem- oration of the facts of the growth of our community through two hundred years, and some adequate illustration and show- ing of the Worcester of to-day. We respectfully ask your honorable body to so recognize the forthcoming event as to appoint committees to co-operate with our citizens at large, and organized bodies in our midst. 12 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. for the adoption of such measures as may seem best and fitting. Worcester, May 24, 1884. E. B. CRANE, P. C. BACON, S. E. HILDRETH, STEPHEN SALISBURY, NATH'L PAINE, H. B. STAPLES, CHARLES A. CHASE, WM. T. HARLOW, E. M. BARTON, EDWARD L. DAVIS, SAMUEL R. HEYWOOD, C. M. MILES, B. W. POTTER, EMORY BANISTER, W. W. RICE, W. A. DENHOLM, F. H. KINNICUTT. T. W. HAMMOND, C. S. TURNER, W. T. MERRIFIELD, DANIEL SEAGRAVE, STEPHEN SALISBURY, Jr., P. EMORY ALDRICH, GEORGE CHANDLER, F. H. DEWEY, E. B. STODDARD, WM. S. LINCOLN, SAMUEL H. PUTNAM, FRANKLIN P. RICE, CHARLES B. PRATT, J. HENRY HILL, EDWARD W. LINCOLN, CHARLES E. SANFORD, ALBERT TOLMAN, CLARK JILLSON, HENRY M. SMITH, ADIN THAYER, H. A. MARSH, GEO. CROMPTON, HENRY W. MILLER, G. HENRY WHITCOMB, JAMES H. MELLEN, SAMUEL WOODWARD, G. J. RUGG, CHARLES F. WASHBURN, M. J. WHITTALL, DAVID WHITCOMB, S. M. RICHARDSON, PHILIP L. MOEN, W. E. RICE, D. H. FANNING, E. W. VAILL, JOHN S. BALDWIN, JONAS G. CLARK, GEORGE SUMNER, M. J. McCAFFERTY, CALEB A. WALL, JEROME MARBLE, BENJ. J. DODGE, GEO. S. BARTON, J. PICKETT, E. P. CURTIS, E. A. GOODNOW, CHARLES B. WHITING. CITY OF WORCESTER. The foregoing petition was presented to the Board of Alder- men at their meeting of May 26, and by them referred to a Joint Special Committee and the Common Council concurring, the Committee was constituted as follows : — Joint Special Committee. The Mayor, and Aldermen Thayer, Porter and Clark. The President of the Common Council, and Councilmen Estey, Early, Crawford and Ratigan. The Committee reported June 23rd, but their report was recommitted and no definite action was reached until the close of the summer vacation. In the meantime consultation and inquiry were left to quietly shape the forthcoming event, and prepare for active operations, brought forward on x\ugust 11th, in the Common Council by the following order which was also passed and concurred in by the Board of Aldermen, granting the prayer of the petition and providing for such response as follows : Ordered, That a sum not exceeding Five Thousand Dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated to defray the expense which may be incurred by his Honor the Mayor, Aldermen Thayer, Porter and Brady, the President of the Council, and Councilmen Estey, Early, Crawford and Eatigan, acting as a Joint Special Committee in Celebrating the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Naming of the Settlement of Worcester. And that the Mayor be, and is hereby authorized to draw his drafts on the City Treasurer for the payment of all such bills of expenditure as shall be 14: BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. authorized and approved by said Committee for said purpose, to the amount of said sum. The same to be charged to the account for Incidental Expenses. Approved August lath, 1884. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. A supplementary order in the same connection is given place here, as follows : — December 8th, 1884. Ordered, That One Thousand Dollars be and the same is hereby appropri- ated for expenses of the the Bi-Centennial Celebration, said sum to be expended under the dii-ection of the Committee having said matter in charge, this amount being additional to five thousand dollars appropriated by an order of the City Council, adopted August 11, 1884, the same to be charged to the account of Incidental Expenses. Approved December 10, 1884. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. BICENTENNIAL COMMITTEES. At a meeting of the Joint Special Committee of the City Council held August 15th, to carry forward arrangements for the Celebration, the Bi-Centennial Committee was formally constituted as follows : — Eoaecutive Committee. CITY GOVERNMENT. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. Aldermen THAYER, PORTER, BRADY; COUNCILMEN E. 0. PARKER (President), ESTEY, EARLY, CRAWFORD. citizens at large. HENRY A. MARSH and WALDO LINCOLN. Committee on Beeeption. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. PETER C. BACON, WILLIAM W. RICE, P. EMORY ALDRICH, PHINEHAS BALL, CLARK JILLSON, EDWARD L. DAVIS, CHARLES B. PRATT, FRANK H. KELLEY, E. B. STODDARD, SAMUEL E. HILDRETH, WALDO LINCOLN, J. H. WALKER, P. L. MOEN, A. G. WALKER, WILLIAM E. RICE, GEORGE S. BARTON, HAMILTON B. STAPLES, GEORGE CROMPTON, HENRY A. MARSH, J. HENRY HILL, T. L. NELSON. JOHN R. THAYER, President of Board of Aldermen; E. 0. PARKER, President of the Council; F. P. GOULDING, City Solicitor. 16 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Committee on Invitations. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. Alderman THAYER, President of Council PARKER, Councilman EARLY. J. EVARTS GREENE, CHARLES H. DOE, M. J. McCAFFERTY, T. S. JOHNSON. Committee on Oration and Literary Exercises. CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. Alderman THAYER, President of Council PARKER. FRANK A. GASKILLL, HENRY A. MARSH, JOHN J. CASEY, NATHANIEL PAINE. Committee on Historical Facts. - CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. HENRY A. MARSH, HENRY M. SMITH, EDWARD W. LINCOLN, E. B. CRANE, HENRY L. SHUMWAY, NATHANIEL PAINE, RICHARD O'FLYNN, SAMUEL S. GREEN. Committee on Trades Procession.^ Alderman BRADY, Councilmen CRAWFORD and RATIGAN. HENRY M. SMITH, WALDO LINCOLN, HENRY A. MARSH, E. B. CRANE, DANIEL DOWNEY, OSCAR F. RAWSON, W. H. RAYMENTON, ANDREW ATHY, IVER JOHNSON, M. J. WHITTALL, FERD. GAGNON. Committee on Procession. E. O. PARKER, President City Council, Councilman EARLY. CHARLES B. WHITING, R. JAMES TATMAN, ANDREW ATHY, M. J. WHITTALL, JOHN F. H. MOONEY, J. C. MacINNES, AMOS WEBBER, BENJ. ZAEDER, GEORGE B. WITTER, A. P. MARBLE, SIMON E. COMBS, GEORGE McALEER. Committee on niuminations. Salute and Tableaux. Councilman EARLY. H. R. CUMMINGS, J. STEWART BROWN, C. H. CARPENTER, STEPHEN SALISBURY, Jr., CHARLES HART WELL, J. C. MacINNES, GEORGE B. WITTER. 1 The arrangements for a Trades Procession were not carried out, for reasons stated on page 17. BI-CENTENNIAL COMMITTEES. 17 Committee on Decorations and Emblems. CouNCiLMEN ESTEY AND RATIGAN. HENRY L. SHUMWAY, JOHN J. CASEY, R. JAMES TATMAN, CHAS. B. WHITING, BENJ. ZAEDER, IVER JOHNSON, AMOS WEBBER, C. H. CARPENTER, J. STEWART BROWN, DANIEL DOWNEY, WILLIAM J. HOGG, FERD. GAGNON, W. H. RAYMENTON, OSCAR F. RAWSON. Committee on Fireioorks. COUNCILMEN CRAWFORD AND RATIGAN. J. STEWART BROWN, JOHN F. H. MOONEY, W. H. RAYMENTON, CHARLES HARTWELL, MOSES A. LOWE, H. R. CUMMINGS. Committee on Printing. ¥ Alderman BRADY. RICHARD OTLYNN, O. F. HADWEN, H. M. SMITH, F. A. GASKILL, E. B. CRANE. Committee on Entertainment. E. O. PARKER, R. J. TATMAN, C. B. WHITING. Committee on Bailroacls. OSCAR F. RAWSON, H. Y. SIMPSON, E. D. STODDARD. Committee on Balloon Ascension. W. H. RAYMENTON, WALDO LINCOLN, HENRY A. MARSH. An active canvass of the various possible and feasible features of the Celebration was made, especially with reference to the co-operation of the business and manufacturing indus- tries of the city in a Trades Procession. But the limited time in which to render the last named feature worthy of the city, as well as fittingly the successor of the great Trades Proces- sion of 1876, induced the abandonment of this part of the desired programme. 18 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Invitations were issued to all the various organizations of the city to participate in a Military and Civic Procession on the morning of Wednesday, October 15th, and the nature of their responses will be shown in the pages recording this feature of the celebration. The following invitation was extended to the Governor of Massachusetts and to the Governors of other New England States, to Mayors of New England cities, to Ex-Mayors and former members of the City Government of Worcester, and to many of the representative sons of Worcester resident abroad. The City of Worcester 1684. \mC%W\ 1884. cordially invites to be present as the City's guest, at the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of Worcester, October fourteenth and fifteenth. Charles G. Reed, Mayor. In accordance with the unanimous action of the General Committee an invitation was extended to Hon. George F. Hoar to deliver an address to the City Government and people of Worcester and their guests, at Mechanics Hall on the evening of Tuesday, October 14th, and Mr. Hoar's acceptance of the invitation was received by the Committee on August 28th. BI-CENTENNIAL COMMITTEES. - 19 Gen. Josiah Pickett was appointed Chief Marshal, to have in charge the Mihtary and Civic Procession of Wednesday, 15th. The preHminary labors of the Bi-Centennial Committee resulted in the announcement of the following general pro- gramme : — The City of Worcester Will celebrate, on October 14th and 15th, 1884^ the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the action of the General Court giving to the infant settlement the name of Worcester. PROGRAMME. Tuesday Evening, October 14th. General Illumination. Literary Exercises in Mechanics Hall, With Oration by The Hon. Gkorge Frisbie Hoar, U. S. Senator. Wednesday, October 15th, A. M. Military and Civic Procession. p. M. Balloon Ascension, Promenade Concerts, and Grand Exhibition of Fireworks On Newton Hill. 20 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. A more complete announcement of the General Programme was made by the Committee by advertisements in the daily newspapers, English, Swedish and French, as follows : — THE CITY OF WORCESTER Will Celebrate October 14 and 15, 1884, THE TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY Of the action of the General Court, giving to the Infant Settle- ment the name of Worcester. PROGRAMME. Tuesday Evening, October 14, From 6 to 7 o'clock. Plymouth Chimes will be rung by Prof. Walter V. V. Marsh, of Albany. General Illumination of the City. Literary Exercises in Mechanics Hall, At 7 : 30 o'clock. Oration by the Hon George F. Hoar, U. S. Senator. Wednesday, October 15, Sunrise Salute, 100 guns, by Battery B, from the Agricultural Grounds. From 9 to 10 A. M. Plymouth Chimes, by Prof. Marsh. At 10 A. M. Military and Civic Procession. From 1 to 2 P. M. Plymouth Chimes, by Prof. Marsh. At 3 P. M. Balloon Ascension. Mammoth Balloon, "■ City of Boston," in charge of the experienced aeronaut, James K. Allen, of Providence, carrying four persons, from Quinsigamond Avenue, near City Gas Works. From 3 to 4:30 P. M. Open Air Band Concerts. At points as follows: — 1. Quinsigamond Avenue. 2. Court House Hill. 3. The Old Common. 4. Elm Park^ 5. Webster Square. 6. New School-house on Gage Street. CHIEF MARSHAL AND STAFF. 21 At 4 : 30 P. M. Military Dress Parade on the Old Common. Sunset Salute by Battery B, from Agricultural Grounds. From 6 to 7 P. M. Plymouth Chimes, by Prof. Marsh. At 7 P. M. A Grand Exhibition of Fireworks on Newton Hill, opposite Elm Park. The Boulevard in front reserved exclusively for spectators. Liberal arrangements have been made by all the Railroads entering the city for Excursion Tickets and Special Trains, for panticulars of which see special railway time cards. By Order of The Committee. Worcester, October 10, 1884. In the same manner Chief Marshal Pickett issued the fol- lowing order for the Bi-Centennial Procession. HEADQUARTERS OF THE CHIEF MARSHAL. Room 14, 492 Main Street. Worcester, Mass., October 13, 1884. Gen. Order No. 3. The following is the order of formation of the Bi-Ceutennial Procession on the fifteenth day of October, 1884 :— CHIEF marshal's ESCORT. The Worcester Continentals, Col. W. S. B. Hopkins, Commanding. CHIEF MARSHAL AND STAFF. First Division. — Marshal, Gen. R. H. Chamberlain; Assistant Marshals, Major E. R. Shuraway, Lieut. P. L. Rider, and J. F. Adams ; Worcester Light Infantry; Worcester City Guards; Gardner Light Infantry; Post 10, G. A. R. ; Sons of Veterans; Emmet Guards; St. John's Cadets; Sacred Heart Cadets ; St. Anne's Cadets ; St. Annes Guards ; Worcester Light Battery ; Guests in Carriages. Second Division. — Marshal, Major Nathan Taylor; Assistant Marshals, Capt. C. N. Hair, Dr. W. H. Sears, Horace W. Willson; Worcester Uniformed Degree Camp, No. 3, I. O. 0. F. ; Wachusett Encampment, No. 10, I. O. 0. F. ; Mt. Vernon Encampment, No. 53, I. O. 0. F. ; Quinsigamond Lodge, No. 43, I. 0. O. F. ; Central Lodge, No. 168, I. O. O. F. ; Ridgely Lodge, No. 22 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. 112, I. 0. O. F. ; Blake Lodge, No. 49, Knights of Pythias; Damascus Lodge, No. 50, Knights of Pythias; Integrity Lodge, No. 1768, G. U. O. F. ; Prince Consort Lodge, No. 29, Sons of St. George; St. Andrew's Society; High School Battalion ; Iroquois Tribe Improved Order of Red Men. Third Division. — Marshal, Andrew Athy; Assistant Marshals, William Hickey, B. H. McMahon, P. J. Quinn; Knights of Father Matthew; Father Matthew Total Abstinence Society ; Irish Catholic Benevolent Union ; Ancient Order Hibernians, Division 4, with visiting order from Milford; Ancient Order Hibernians; Sacred Heart Mutual Benefit Society; St. John's Temper- ance Guild ; Volunteers of '82. Fourth Division.— Marshal, Capt. George L. Allen; Assistant Marshals, Capt. Levi Lincoln, Lieut. Henry S. Knight, Charles H. Bowker; Garde Lafayette ; St. Jean Baptiste Society ; Reform Club ; Stationary Engineers ; "Viking Council Order of Mystic Brothers ; German Societies ; Mechanics Association; Worcester County Agricultural Society; Society of Antiquity ; Washington Social Club ; Grangers. Fifth Division. —Marshal, Chief Engineer Simon E. Combs; Ex-Firemen; Worcester Fire Department. The Worcester Continentals will form on Main Street, left resting on Park Street. The First Division Infantry will form on Park Street, right resting on Main Street. Light Battery B, M. V. M., will form on Salem Square, right resting on Park Street. Carriages with invited guests will form on Main Street in double lines, head resting on Park Street. Second Division will form on Pleasant Street, right resting on Main Street. Third Division will form on Front Street, right resting on Main Street. Fourth Division will form on Elm Street, right resting on Main Street. Fifth Division will form on Foster Street, right resting on Main Street. All organizations must report to the Marshal of the Division to which they have been assigned, promptly at 9 o'clock A. M. The Division Marshals with their Assistants are directed to be present at the head of the streets on which their respective divisions are to form, punc- tually at 9 o'clock A. M., and proceed at once to organize their divisions. At 10 o'clock a signal will be given of two (2) strokes on the Fire Alarm bell. Marshals of Divisions at this signal will immediately wheel their commands into column and be ready to move. The Procession will move at 10.15, and march over the following route: Main, Highland, Harvard, Bow- doin. Chestnut, Cedar, Oak, Elm, Ashland, Pleasant, Irving, Chatham, Main, May, Silver, Claremont, Main, Front, Bridge and Foster. The carriages containing the guests of the city will leave the line on Foster Street. The Procession will then continue the march, and when the head of each organiza- tion or society reaches Waldo Street it will be dismissed under command of its own officers. The streets through which the Procession is to pass must be kept clear of vehicles of all descriptions while the Procession is passing. It is expected PROCLAMATION. 23 that the public will see the importance of a strict compliance with this request. The Staff of the Chief Marshal will report for duty at 8.30, and the Honorary Staff at 9 o'clock on the morning of the 15th of October, at Headquarters, 492 Main Street, room 14. The Honorary Staff will be under the direction of Gen. S. H. Leonard, assisted by Col. John M. Studley. By command of Gen. JOSIAH PICKETT, Chief Marshal. E. T. RAYMOND, Chief of Staff. Worcester, Mass., October 14, 1884. Having been ordered by the Mayor and Board of Aldermen to keep the streets and squares, during the formation of the Procession, and the streets, during the march, clear of vehicles of all descriptions, the Public are hereby ,notifled that a strict compliance with the order will be enforced. AMOS ATKINSON, City Marshal and Chief of Police. The following was issued by the Mayor on the date it bears : — A PROCLAMATION. Mayor's Office, October 9, 1884. The Citizens of Worcester are respectfully requested to co-operate with the Citv Council in the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary. It is the desire of the Executive Committee that every stoi'e, factory and dwell- ing on Main Street from Lincoln Square to Franklin Square, Front Street to Union Depot, Park Street and Salem Square around the Common, be illumi- nated on the evening of the 14th instant, by their owners or occupants, and such other portions of the City as individual citizens may desire, and that all buildings on the route of the Procession be decorated on the morning of the 15th, and that locations of historical interest, not only on the route of Procession, but all points of the City associated with the early days of Worcester, shall receive appropriate inscriptions by their occupants or owners, in addition to the general decoration, in which the citizens are invited to co-operate. The Public Schools and the Offices at the City Hall will be closed on the 15th, and it is desired that there be a general suspension of business on that day, that employer and employed may actively participate in this, our Bi- Centennial, the general features of which, with route of Procession, will be found in the announcement of the General Committee. .CHARLES G. REED, Mayor. RESPONSES TO INYITATIONS. Among the City's guests, on the occasion of the celebration,, participating in the exercises at Mechanics Hall and the Procession, were Governor George D. Robinson and Staff; Hon. Charles Devens ; Hon. E. R. Hoar; State Senator E. I. Thomas ; Adjutant General Dalton ; Prof. Francis Andrew March and Major Ben : Perley Poore, both in early life among our residents ; and the following Mayors of New England cities : — Hon. Thomas A. Doyle, Mayor of Providence, R. I. Hon. Henry G. Lewis, Mayor of New Haven, Ct. Hon. Daniel A. Morgan, Mayor of Bridgeport, Ct. Hon. J. C. Lathrop, Mayor of Dover, N. H. Hon. Calvin Page, Mayor of Portsmouth, N. H. Hon. John Breen, Mayor of Lawrence. Hon. James E. Delaney, Mayor of Holyoke. Hon. John J. Donavon, Mayor of Lowell. Hon. J. Wesley Kimball, Mayor of Newton. Hon. Augustus P. Martin, Mayor of Boston. Hon. Thomas Strahan, Mayor of Chelsea. Hon. Alonzo Davis, Mayor of Fitchburg. Hon. Lewis I. Fuller. Mayor of Maiden. The only survivors of the first City Government of Worces- ter in 1848, were Alderman James S. Woodworth, and Councilmen Daniel Goddard, William T. Merrifield, Calvin Foster and Albert Curtis, and the first Clerk of the Council, William A. Smith. These were among the invited guests of the occasion. Letters acknowledging receipt of invitation and regretting inability to be present were received from the Mayors of Worcester, England ; Fall River, Haverhill, Lynn, Newbury- port, Northampton, Salem, Somerville, Mass. ; Augusta, Bangor, Biddeford, Gardiner, Lewiston, Portland, Saco, Me. ; Hartford, Meriden, Middletown, Ct. ; Concord, Keene, Nashua, N. H. ; Newport, R. L CORRESPONDENCE. 25 Correspondence between Mayor Reed and the Mayor of Worcester, England. MAYOR REED'S LETTER TO THE MAYOR OE WORCESTER, ENG. Worcester, September 17th, 1884. Your Worship: A little more than two hundred years ago, a few settlers built their cabins in the primeval forests- where our city now stands. Their title to the lands was obtained by purchase from the Indians and by grant from the General Court of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. On the 15th day of October, 1684, the General Court, at the request of the proprietors, gave to the settlement, previously known as Quinsigamond, the name of Worcester. The two hundredth anniversary of that event it is our purpose to celebrate on the loth of next month, with appropriate ceremonies, and an address by our citizen, the Honorable George Frisbie Hoar, a Senator of the United States. Remembering that from your ancient city cnr Worcester derived its name, and that a friendship, which we trust ma\ always continue, quickened by interchange of visits and kindly messages, has subsisted between our city and yours for more than two score years, it is our earnest desire that your city may join with ours in commemorating our acceptance of the name which the men of Worcester, in either hemisphere, will always cherish with pride and affection. We beg, therefore, Your Worship, that you or some other official representa- tive of the older Worcester, will visit us at that time as the guest of our city. Your visit would give us great pleasure, and, we trust, would not be without interest and satisfaction to yourself. With sentiments of great respect, I am Your Worship's Obedient Servant, CHARLES G. REED, Mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts. MAYOR WILLIAMSON'S REPLY. Guildhall, Worcester, Old England, 1st October, 1884. To Charles G. Reed, Esq., Mayor of the City of Worcester, Massachusetts, U. S. A. My Dear Mr. Mayor : I am in receipt of yours of the 17th ultimo, for which I am obliged. I feel very greatly honoured by your kind invitation to visit your city, either in person or by deputy, on the 15th instant ; but as I have many 3 26 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. engagements during this month, and right up to the 9th of November, when my term of office expires, I cannot see how it is possible for me to leave England. If it had not been for those circumstances, nothing would have given me greater pleasure, than to have taken the next steamer for New York, and from thence to have gone to Worcester, to be with you, and join in your festivities on the 15th instant. It is pleasing and gratifying to my fellow-citizens and myself to know that there exists between the Citizens of Worcester in the New Country and those of Worcester in the Old Country, such cordial feelings of respect and goodwill. Indeed, I may say on behalf of my fellow-citizens, that they esteem, with feelings of affectionate regard, the people over whom you have the honour to preside as Chief Magistrate. It must be gratifying to you to be Mayor of Worcester, in a year when so interesting an event is to take place, as that of celebrating the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of so important a city as yours. I heartily reciprocate the good feeling and kindness which have prompted you to offer to me, or a representative of Worcester, hospitality on that occasion. Several of my fellow-citizens who have visited you during the past few years have reported your generosity and kindness to them whilst sojourning with you. Could I or a representative avail ourselves of your kind invitation, I feel sure that you would greet us with a most hearty welcome. With you, Mr. Mayor, I sincerely hope that those kind relationships, which have subsisted between the two cities for so many years, may continue to increase and be strengthened by the manly ties of true friendship. Wishing you and your City every success and prosperity in the future, with feelings of great respect, I am Your Worship's obedient Servant, W. B. WILLIAMSON, J. P., Mayor of Worcester, Old England. Guildhall, Worcester, 10 October, 1884. The Worshipful The Mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts. Dear Mr. Mayor: I have the pleasure to inform you that the recent correspond- ence between us, with reference to the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of your City, was laid before the Council of this City, at their meeting on the 7th instant, and that the following Resolution was unani- mously passed thereon : — "That this Council tender to the Mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts, their thanks for the very cordial invitation given to the Mayor of this City to be LETTERS. 27 present at the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the City of Worcester, Massachusetts. "This Council also desire to convey to the Mayor of Worcester, Massachu- setts, their congratulations upon so interesting an occasion and an assurance of their great interest in the progress and prosperity of the important City over which he presides, a City which so worthily represents in another hemisphere the name borne by this city for more than 1200 years." With feelings of great respect, I am. Your Worship's obedient Servant, W. B. WILLIAMSON, Mayor of Worcester, England. The following were among the letters received by the Mayor as Chairman of the Committee on Invitations : — FROM GEORGE BANCROFT. October II, 1884. To the Mayor of the City of Worcester : I am most sensible of the honor done me by your invitation to be your guest at the great Bi-Centennial Celebration of my native place. Nothing but a complication of engagements which are absolutely beyond my control could keep me away from you on the occasion. I remain, dear Mr. Mayor, Most sincerely and respectfully yours, GEO. BANCROFT. FROM GOV. BOURN OF RHODE ISLAND. Bristol, October 13, 1884. My Dear Sir : I regret exceedingly that I shall be unable to be present at the two hundredth anniversary of the naming of the City of Worcester. Permit me to congratulate the City of Worcester upon the completion of its two hundredth year, and to express the hope that its future may be no less prosperous than the past. Very Respectfully, Yours, AUGUSTUS O. BOURN. Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor, Worcester, Mass. 28 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. FROM GOV. WALLER OF CONNECTICUT. State of Connecticut. Executive Department. Hartford, October 4, 1884. His Honor Chari.es G. Reed, Mayor of Worcester. Sir : I regret that other engagements will prevent my acceptance of your invitation to be present at the T-wo Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of your beautiful and prosperous city. Hoping that the occasion will be enjoyed in a way to be remembered by all the participants, I am truly yours, THOMAS M. WALLER. FROM GOV. HALE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. The State of New Hampshire. Executive Department. Concord, October 13, 1884. To Hon. Charles G. Reed, Worcester^ Mass. Dear Sir : — Your favor inviting me to be present at the Two Hundredth Anni- versary of the naming of Worcester came duly to hand ; and I have delayed answering the same until the last moment, hoping that I should be able to be present on the interesting occasion, but circumstances beyond my control will prevent my attendance, which I very much regret. Yours respectfully, S. W. HALE. FROM GOV. ROBIE OF MAINE. State ok Maine. Executive Department. Augusta, October 7th, 1884. Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor of the City of Worcester. Dear Sir : — Please accept my thanks for j^our kind invitation to be present as the guest of your city on so memorable occasion as the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of Worcester. I regret exceedingly that official engagements at home will prevent my accepting the same. Yours very respectfully, FREDERICK ROBIE. LETTERS. 29 FROM SENATOR DAWES. PiTTSFiELD, Mass., October 14, 1884. Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor. A loug absence from home prevented your kind invitation reaching me till last night. I regret exceedingly that pressing engagements, long delayed, will enforce ray absence from your distinguished city's most notable anniversary. H. L. DAWES. FROM ANDREW H. GREEN. New York, October 9th, 1884. Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor. Dear Sir : — I was mucla gratified at the remembrance which has brought to me the hospitable invitation of the City of Worcester, to be present at the Two Hundredth Anniversary of its naming. It is with no light regret that I find that my occupations and engagements are such as to deprive me of the pleasure of its acceptance. I cannot readily reconcile myself to the exigencies that compel me to forego participation in a festival, that promises to be so replete with the revival and recital of reminiscences of exceeding interest, and so fruitful in hopeful anticipations for your city of a continued career of undisturbed prosperity. The associations of the occasion will naturally suggest fresh incentives, and inspire new resolves, to maintain those high standards of action in public affairs and in private life, which are the only guarantees for the perpetuation of free institutions, the safest guides in all beneficent enterprises and efforts for the elevation and advancement of all conditions of men. Accept, Mr. Mayor, for yourself and for the gentlemen associated with you in the administration of the concerns of your beautiful city, the assurances of the cordial interest iu the objects of the appointed celebration and the regards and congratulations of Yours, very respectfully and truly, ANDREW H. GREEN. FROM J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS. Glenclyffe, Garrison's P. O., Putnam County, N. Y. 4 October, 1884. To his Honor The Mayor of the City of Worcester. Dear Sir : — If it were possible for me to accept the kind invitation to be present at the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of Worcester I should certainly do so. Unfortunately the days named for the celebration are fii'st 30 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. days of the next term of the Supreme Court, where my duties require me to be present. I thank you sincerely for the invitation and am very sorry that I am obliged to deny myself the pleasure of accepting it. With the best v?ishes for the success of the celebration, I am, Mr. Mayor, Very faithfully yours, J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS. FROM A. McFARLAND DAVIS. San Francisco, October 6, 1884. Hon. Chas. G. Reed, Mayor, <&c., &c. Dear Sir : — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your kind invitation to be present as the City's guest at the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of Worcester. It is with regret that I say in reply that I am compelled to decline the invitation. Although for many years I have only been able to pay an occasional visit to the place of my birth, I have watched with interest its steady growth and constant prosperity. It has been to me a source of pride and pleasure to find that the judgment of my mature years fully endorsed the boyish enthusiasm with which I was accustomed in ray youth to assert my claims to Worcester as the place of my nativity. That there may be as many causes for congrat- ulation in the past of the citizens of Worcester two hundred years hence as exist on the occasion of this anniversary is the best wish that a son of Worcester can express in her behalf. I remain, Very respectfully yours, A. McF. DAVIS. FROM GENERAL SHERIDAN. Headquarters Army of the United States. Washington, D. C, October 14, 1884. Dear Sir : — In reply to your kind invitation to attend the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of Worcester, October 14th and 15th, as the City's guest, I am sorry to have to say that it will be impossible for me to be present on the occasion named, on account of previous engagements. Thanking you for your kind consideration, believe me, Very truly yours, P. H. SHERIDAN, Lieut. Gen. Hon. Chas. G. Reed, Mayor, Worcester, Mass. LETTERS. 31 FROM REV. DR. HUNTINGTON. New York, October 13, 1884. My Dear Mr. Mayor :— As one of the foster-children of Worcester, who has never had reason to think of her save as a most kind mother, I beg to express the sincere regret I feel at not being able to attend the Commemoration on Tuesday and Wednesday of this week. The growth of your (I had almost written "our") municipality, unexampled, I suppose in the Eastern States, is a signal illustration of what ingenuity and perseverance, not unmixed with sturdy honesty, can do in the face of many natural disadvantages and under the pressure of formidable rivalry. May those civic virtues which make the safety of States keep the foot-hold they have already gained in Worcester for twice two hundred years to come. With great respect, I remain Most truly yours, W. R. HUNTINGTON. To his Honor Charles G. Reed, Mayor of Worcester. FROM BISHOP O'REILLY. Springfield, October 11th, 1884. Hon. Chares G. Reed. Dear Sir : — I thank you very much for your courtesy in inviting me to be a guest of the City on the second centenary of its baptism. On the 14th inst. I am engaged for Contirmation at St. John's (my old home), and, if possible, I shall spend some time in afternoon or evening to repay the hospitality of the Honored Mayor of a City I love so much. With much esteem, Yours respectfully, P. T. O'REILLY, Bp. of Springfield. FROM PROF. CHARLES O. THOMPSON. President's Room, Terre Haute, Indiana, October 11, 1884. My Dear Sir :— Pray accept my thanks for the invitation to be present at the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of Worcester. The name starts none but happy thoughts and memories, and I would gladly join my old 32 BI-CENTENNIAL CEt-EBRATION. neighbors in this celebration were not the distance that separates us insuperable. It will not be easy to find a town that has more to show for the labor, the fidelity, and the hope of two centuries. Yours very truly, CHARLES 0. THOMPSON. Hon. Chas. G. Reed. FROM EX-GOVERNOR CHAMBERLAIN. 346 Broadway, New York, October 11, 1884, Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor of the City of Worcester, Mass. Dear Sir : — I am greatly honored by your invitation to be present as the guest of the City of Worcester on the 14th and 15th insts. — the 200th anniversary of the naming of the City of Worcester. It is the celebration of a most interesting event, in which all who are connected with the City or County of Worcester will be glad to join. My business will not, however, permit me to be present, and I must therefore send my thanks and regrets, with the expression of most ardent hopes for the continued growth, prosperity and good fame of the City of Worcester. I am. Sir, Gratefully and truly, D. H. CHAMBERLAIN. FROM REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE. 39 Highland St., Roxbury, Mass., October 9, 1884. My Dear Sir : — Much to my regret I find I shall not be able to be at Worcester on either of the days of the Anniversary, some previous engagements having lapped over into those days. With every wish for the prosperity of the city for the next hundred years, Believe me, yours truly, E. E. HALE. LETTERS. 33 FROM GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. AsHFiELD, Mass., October 14th, 1884. Dear Sir : — I am very ranch honored by the invitation of the City of "Worcester to be its guest upon the occasion of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the naming of the city, and I sincerely regret that I am unable to accept it. I cherish a most filial feeling towards the city upon whose site my ancestor, Ephraim Curtis, was the first, or, if Mr. Blake in his late interesting paper has rightfully shorn away some of his laurels, certainly the second, settler, I am very proud to be descended fi-om one of the founders of a city which has been always conspicuous for its devotion to liberty. Its most familiar title is its proudest, the Heart of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Very respectfully yours, • • GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. The Honorable Charles G. Reed, Mayor, &c., &c. FROM EDWARD S. HOAR. Concord, October 8th, 1884. Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor. Dear Sir : — Since receiving your polite invitation, I find that other engage- ments render my attendance on your Celebration uncertain and that my family and myself were to be the guests of Senator Hoar. You will please, therefore, consider me as provided for by my brother's hospitality. Very respectfully, EDWARD S. HOAR. FROM REV. T. W. HIGGINSON. Cambridge, Mass., October 10, 1884. Hon. Charles G. Reed, Mayor of Worcester. Dear Sir : — I feel much honored by the invitation to be the guest of the City of Worcester at the 200th anniversary. Another engagement will prevent me from being present on the evening of the 14th, but I hope to present on the 15th October, although I may be unable to do so. Very respectfully yours, THOS. WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. THE EVENING CELEBRATION. Soon after night-fall of Wednesday the general observance of the order for illuminating the central portion of the city gave a brilliant effect to the principal streets. The meeting at Mechanics Hall was preceded by the ringing of Plymouth Chimes for an hour, beginning at 6 o'clock, and a Concert by the Worcester Brass Band, in front of the hall, beginning at 7 o'clock. The Bi-Centennial Committee assembled at the Bay State House and at the hour appointed escorted the City's guests to Mechanics Hall, where the exercises were carried out in accordance with the following programme : — THE PROGRAMME. I. Organ Prelude. B. D. Allen. II. Loyal Hymn Kucken. Double Male Quartette. III. Prayer by Rev. C. M. Lamson. IV. Address by the Mayor, Hon. Charles G. Reed. V. Anniversary Ode John Pierpont. Double Male Quartette. VI. Oration. Hon. George F. Hoar. VII. Anniversary Hvran Isaac Watts. Double Male Quartette and Audience. VIII. Brief Addresses, By distinguished guests. IX. Music—" St!ir Spangled Banner," by Worcester Brass Band. EVENING CELEBRATION. 35 Mechanics Hall was handsomely decorated. On the front of the gallery opposite the platform were in bold letters the names : DANIEL GOOKIN. THOMAS PRENTICE. DANIEL HENCHMAN. The three settlers named in the original act, 1684, giving the name of Worcester to the settlement. The Committee in charge of the hall had secured from the High School the following pupils who served as ushers : — Charles M. Thayer, Merril D. Brigham, Edward Campbell, Paul A. Davis, Harri^ion P. Eddy, James H. Garvey, William A. Hickey, Albert H. Inman, Sumner A. Kinsley, Walter Plunkett, Arthur D. Putnam, Stanley A. Rood, James L. Timon, Prank Underwood, George P. Zaeder. His Honor Mayor Reed presided, and there were with him upon the platform, Hon. George F. Hoar, the orator of the evening ; His Excellency Gov. George D. Robinson ; Hon. Charles Devens ; Hon. E. R. Hoar; State Senator E. I. Thomas: Rev. C. M. Lamson, chaplain; the members of the City Council ; and the following distinguished guests and representative citizens : — Ex-Mayors Hon. William W. Rice, Hon. Clark Jillson, Hon. Edward L. Davis, Hon. Charles B. Pratt. Hon. Frank H. Kelley, Hon. Elijah B. Stoddard, Hon. Samuel E. Hildreth; Messrs. Calvin Foster, J. S. Woodworth, Albert Curtis and William T. Merrifield, members of the first City Council ; Sergeant Thomas Plunkett, Hon. George S. Barton, George Crompton, Judge Thomas L. Nelson, Stephen Salisbury, William E. Rice, Col. E. J. Russell, Samuel S. Green, P. L. Moen, Nathaniel Paine, George B. Witter, F. A. Gaskill, J. Henry Hill, Ferd. Gagnon, F. P. Goukling, Joseph H. Walker. C. H. Carpenter, Dr. W. H. Raymenton, Henry A. Marsh, R. James Tatman, and many others. Among the notable people upon the floor were Col. Ivers Phillips, of Boulder, Col., and Bonum Nye, of North Brookfield. The organ prelude by Mr. B. D. Allen was followed by the singing by a Double Male Quartette of Kucken's " Loyal Hymn." 36 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Rev. C. M. Lamson read a selection from Scripture as follows : — Matthew, V. 14-16. Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set upon an hill canuot be hid. Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick ; and it giveth light to all that are in the house. Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. PRAYER. Rev. Charles M. Lamson. Eternal Father: In these days of grateful and happy memory, may we confess Thee, thy boundless wisdom, thine infinite might, thy protecting care. Trusting in Thee our Fathers did their work, suffering patiently, warring valiantly, that they might leave to us a heritage of truth and life. May we remember and imitate their loyalty to God, that our liberty may be pure, our prosperity just, and our work worthy to become a gift to our children. Bless thou the city in which we dwell, and it shall be blessed. May it remain a city of homes ; may all in the spirit of charity labor for its honor and through this for its good fortune, that it may become a city with founda- tions, whose God is the Lord, to the glory of the great name, Jesus Christ. Amen. The Mayor as presiding officer delivered the following address, after which he read selections from letters received by the Committee of Invitation, which are given in full in preceding pages. MAYOR REED'S ADDRESS. Fellow-citizens: — As long ago as 1668, the Com- mittee appointed by the Court to view a new plantation near Quinsigamond ponds, reported that it contained " a tract of very good chestnut tree land, and that there may be enough meadow land for a small town of about 30 familys, and if certain grants of farms were annexed it may supply 60 familys/' This plantation is now called Worcester. It was first settled in 1674, abandoned during King Philip's war in 1675, and re-settled in 1684. Previous to October 15th of that year the settlement was called Quinsigamon. We date the foundation of our city, as a settlement, from the day of its naming by the Court of Assistants under petition October 15th, 1684. Abandoned again in 1702, during Queen Anne's war, it was permanently re-settled in 1713, and was incor- porated a Town in 1722, with about 300 inhabitants. At the organization of Worcester County in 1731, it was made a shire town, and was chartered as a City in 1848, having 17,000 inhabitants, with a valuation of eleven millions. It contains within its limits about 36 square miles, and at this time it has a valuation of nearly fifty-one millions, with about 70,000 inhabitants. It is not wealth or numbers alone that constitute the 38 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. glory of our beloved city. She has taken an active part in the great political events of the past, and by her public representative men, both native and adopted, has done her part in shaping the policy of the State. Her citizens have ever been found in the front rank in defence of Free Speech, freedom of thought, and liberty for the oppressed wherever found; always exerting an influence far beyond that indicated by numbers. In the stirring events that preceded the Revolution, upon the great questions of those early days, Worcester took no mean part. In 1774 her representatives at the General Court were instructed " to exert themselves to see that all officers should depend upon the suffi-ages of the people for their existence as officers." At a conven- tion held here in June, 1775, this resolution was passed ; " That we abhor the enslaving of any of the human race, and particularly of the negroes in this country, and that whenever there shall be a door opened, or opportunity present for anything to be done towards the emancipation of the negroes, we will use our influ- ence and endeavor that such a thing may be brought about." The sentiments expressed in this resolution, more than one hundred years ago, have ever been those of Worcester, and when, in 1854, the slave-hunter visited Worcester, his reception was such that no second attempt to return the poor fugitive into slavery was ever made. In the late great war for the defence of the princi- ples of free government and that the whole people might be free, our native-born and adopted citizens MAYOR'S ADDRESS. 39 stood shoulder to shoulder, with one mind, one purpose, laying down their lives for the equality of all and the preservation of the Union. Our fathers having made provision for the church and ministry, next set apart land for the maintenance of the schools, and the temples of religion and learning have taken the place of the wigwam of the Indian. As a town, the system of free schools was established and encouraged ; here, in the days of his youth, John Adams, the second President of the United States, taught the grammar school. The system of graded schools had its origin in Worcester, At the inauguration of the first Mayor of this City, the Hon. Levi Lincoln, he said: "Let there be no neglect, no indifference, no remissness in attention to the first of all public objects, the education of the youth of this city." The school census shows that at May 1st, 1884, the whole number of children of the city, five to 15 years of age, was 12,881. The number of pupils in the public schools was 10,000 ; number of schools, 233, with 250 teachers. The City has ever maintained a liberal policy in her school system ; we point with pride to the educational advantages of Worcester as being unsurpassed by those of any city in the Union. One of the features of our City is our Free Public Library of over 60,000 volumes, selected with regard to the wants of this community, and with no dead wood upon its shelves ; so admirably conducted that its methods have attracted attentijon not only in this country, but abroad. Under these methods has grown 40 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. the great use of the library for school purposes. Gen- eral Eaton, the United States Commissioner of Educa- tion, says of the Worcester Free Public Library, that in our city greater aid is rendered the schools by the library than in any other city in the country. The growth of Worcester has been sound and healthy. Its business enterprises are under the manage- ment of resident owners, intensely loyal to the city. The variety of employments are so great that there has never been, nor can there be, an entire overthrow of business in years of depression. We have a large number of adopted citizens, and both native and adopted are industrious and frugal, laying aside their earnings, until of the entire deposits held in the savings banks of the State more than one-fourteenth is held in Worcester. Worcester has always been rich in cultivated brains, rare mechanical skill and business energy. A city of manufactures of great variety ; our leading industries are the manufacture of wire, employing 4,000 workmen, with an annual product of $8,000,000 ; boots and shoes, with 1,500 workmen and an annual product of nearly $6,000,000 ; woolen interests, with 800 hands, annual product over $3,000,000 ; three loom estabUshments, with 800 men, annual product .^^2,000,000 ; machinery and tools, with 1,500 men, annual product $3,250,000 ; musical wares, with 1,000 operatives, annual product $1,500,000 ; envelopes, of which 3,000,000 are manu- factured daily, at a valuation of $1,000,000 per annum; while firearms, corsets, belting, and roller and ice MAYOR'S ADDRESS. 41 skates, together, employ 1,500 operatives, with an annual product of over |2,000,000. We have prospered because we have made the most of our opportunities. Our citizens, both native and adopted, have a firm belief in Worcester and its future growth and development. We are now the second city in the Commonwealth ; what the limit of our population is to be no one can foretell. Surrounded by beautiful hills and pleasant valleys, with a water supply by gravitation from sources that are comparatively inexhaustible and of undoubted purity, by their location absolutely free from any possi- ble present or future defilement by drainage or sewage, with a pressure so great that all parts of the city are fully protected against the ravages of fire ; with an extensive system of sewers now nearly completed ; located as we are in the centre of the State, a railroad centre with ready communication with all parts of the country, with but little more than one hour's ride by either of two separate lines to the seaboard, no inland city can ofter greater inducements to mechanics or manufacturers as a location for their business than Worcester. With less poverty and misery than any city of our size ; with State institutions of great extent and importance ; hospitals for the care of the sick and injured ; College, Free Institute, Military School, Antiquarian, charitable, literary, and scientific institu- tions, and societies ; churches of all sects and denomi- nations ; this spacious Mechanics Hall, with its national reputation as a favorite hall for conventions ; good 4 42 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. streets and roads abounding in beautiful drives ; free from malaria, a clean, wholesome city ; the result of location, frugality and intelligence combined with the moral and religious principles planted here by the early settlers — we may anticipate a continual increase in numbers and prosperity, and in the enjoyment of the blessings which good government and free institutions alone can give. The address of the Mayor was followed by the singing by the Double Male Quartette of John Pierpont's "Anniversary Ode." Hon. George F. Hoar was then introduced as Orator of the Evening, and spoke as follows : — MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. I am, this evening, but a voice. As we strive to clasp the two hands which seem to stretch out to us, on either side, through the mist, — the hand of our ancestry, and the hand of our posterity, — I can only imperfectly utter what is in the bosoms of all of you. The hour is consecrated to simple and common emotions ; and yet to the emotions which most dignify and ennoble human life. The imperfect instinct of affection for parent and offspring, which nature has given to the brute, is confined to the period of infancy. In man, it becomes parental love and filial reverence. It is the tie that binds us together in the household. It extends beyond the grave, and reaches back to remote ancestors. It goes out with unspeakable yearn- ing even to the soil where the ashes of those we have loved repose. It impels us to seek, with those who are our kindred, a companionship, even in death. " Where the heart has laid down what it loved most," says the greatest of 'New England orators, "there it is desirous of laying itself down. No sculptured marble, no enduring monument, no honorable inscription, no ever- burning taper that would drive away the darkness of the tomb, can soften our sense of the reality of death, and hallow to our feelings the ground which is to cover 44 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. US, like the consciousness that we shall sleep, dust to dust, with the objects of our affections." But human love rises to its highest dignity, and reaches its pro- foundest depth of tenderness, when its object is that political being to which we give the endearing name of country, or the town which is our birthplace, or the city which we fondly call our home. There are men in this audience whose blood would fly to their cheeks at the charge that some little town, where they were born, had committed an act of dishonor two hundred years ago, as if the imputation were upon one of their own kindred to-day. What tones of triumph and joy stir the heart like those which celebrate our country's glory? What note of sorrow comes down through the ages like theirs who wept when they remembered Zion? I cannot, with the limits of this address, give in detail the history of Worcester for two hundred years. That has been done, in part, by an eminent scholar, whose family name has been honorably identified with this community for more than a century. Our learned and famous society, whose early labors attracted the attention and interest of Humboldt, which has thrown so much light upon the antiquities of the continent, has not altogether neglected those specially belonging to the locality of its habitation. A younger association of investigators, the Society of Antiquity, will leave no field of local interest unexplored. I content myself with an estimate of some of the moral forces which have determined the history of this community, and with considering, briefly, what ground we can find of MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 45 rational cheerfulness and hope, in contemplating the future. After the settlement of a few towns on the coast, in the first half of the 17th century, the rich interval of the Connecticut attracted the eyes of the planters of 'New England. Midway between the sea and the river, the margin of our beautiful lake afforded a convenient stopping-place. This lake was well known to the Indians by the name Quansigemog — "fishing place for pickerel," — Quonosuog was the Indian name for "long- nose," or pickerel; and amaug denoted a fishing-place.^ In 1667, the General Court appointed a committee to " take an exact view," and report " whether the place be capable to make a village, and what number of families they conceive may be there accommodated." The next year the committee return that they have viewed the place, that it contains a tract of very good chestnut land, and that there may be enough meadow for a small plantation, or town of about thirty families; II am permitted to annex the following letter from the eminent antiquary and scholar, J. Hammond Trumbull, Esq., of Hartford, Conn. His authority is the highest in the country on all matters i-elating to the language of the North American Indians, and is decisive of this question :— Hartford, September 2, 1884. My Dear Mr. Hoar: '• Quims\gamang Pond" is so named in Mass. Records, iv. (2), p. Ill; and as " Quansicawi^," same vol., p. 293; " Quansicfflmo?i^." p. 307: and " Quansica97ion," p. 341,— whence by easy transition came the modern form, Quinsig- amond. President Stiles, who had "a good ear for Indian names, wrote this, in his Itinerary, " Quonsigeniog." Qunnosu or Qunnnns>^ (plural Qunnosuog) was the Indian name for pickerel — literally "long nose:" and -amaug final, denotes a 'fishing place.' Qunnosuog- amavg is " pickerel fishing-place," or " where they fish for pickerel." I have indicated the composition of this name, in my paper on Algonkin place names in Coll. Conn. Hist. Society, ii., 18,— though without mention of these early forms of the name. Very truly yours, J. H. TRUMBULL. 46 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. that, if certain grants which the Court has made to the church of Maiden and others be recalled, and annexed to it, it may supply about sixty families. They there- fore conceive it expedient that it be reserved for a town, and land about eight miles square be laid out in the best form the place will bear. The General Court adopted these recommendations. The committee were authorized to order and manage the new plantation. The Indian title was extinguished, and honorably paid for. A fort was erected. As early as 1673, the work of settlement began with some vigor. But Philip's war broke out in 1675. Brookfield, Men- don, Lancaster, and Westborough, were our nearest neighbors, the three former being our sole barrier against the Indian wilderness. Lancaster and Brook- field were utterly destroyed, and Mendon abandoned. The planters here deserted their possessions and dis- persed among the larger towns. On the 2d of Decem- ber, 1675, the Indians destroyed the little village of six or seven houses, all that then existed of Quinsigamond. The war ended with the death of Philip, August 12th, 1676. The broken remnant of the Indians submitted to the power of the colony. The proprietors and the committee soon renewed their scheme for settlement. A meeting of proprietors was had in Cambridge, in 1678, a survey made in 1683, and an agreement entered into April 24, 1684, to regulate the settlement, then fairly in progress. The General Court, at a session begun October 15th, 1684, granted the request of the committee, Daniel MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 47 Gookin, Daniel Henchman, and Thomas Prentice, that their plantation at Quinsigamond be called Worcester.^ This has been commonly supposed to have been in. honor of the city of Worcester in England. We might well account it an honor to be the namesake of that beautiful town upon the Severn, the " civitas in hello et in pace fidelis.''^ Mr. Whitmore, in his essay on the names of towns, in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, for February 11th, 1873, says there is a tradition that the name was given by the committee to commemorate the battle of Worces- ter, the " crowning mercy " where Cromwell shattered the forces of Charles 2d, and as a defiance to the Stuarts. I do not know the source or the antiquity of this tradition. But it is not without probability. There is no reason to think that either of the staunch old Puritans who composed the committee, had the slightest connection with the city or shire of Worcester. Prentice is believed by his descendants to have learned the art of war under Cromwell. Gookin was its most important member. He may be called the founder of 1 The limited time allowed, for the preparation of this address made it necessarily extremely imperfect. One defect, of which the author is especially sensible, is the omission of any mention of Ephraim Curtis. He is entitled to be honored as the first settler of Worcester, notwithstanding the late discovery that a rude house had been built here prior to his settlement. It is clear that the owner of the house did not occupy it. What sort of a house it was, whether it was built for the surveyors, or for the committee who inspected the place to determine its fitness for habita- tion, or as a shelter for travellers on their way to the Connecticut, does not appear. But it is unlikely that any permanent settler would have dwelt there with- out leaving some trace of himself in the cotemporary record. Curtis represented an element which has not received full justice from New England history,— the brave and adventurous frontiersman. His exploit in saving the besieged garrison of Brookfield equals anything Cooper has imagined of the Leatherstocking. His descendants, a highly respected family, bearing his name, still dwell on the spot where he settled. He was the ancestor, also, of the famous and eloquent orator, George William Curtis. 48 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Worcester. He was the major-general of the colony. He is, to me, with the possible exception of John "Winthrop, the most attractive character in our colonial history. His great qualities have never yet received their due from historians. He was the companion and protector of the regicides Goffe and Whalley, on the one hand, and an earnest advocate for justice to the Indians on the other. Goife and Whalley came over in the same ship with him in 1G60. While the found- ing of Worcester was in progress, they were dwelling at Hadley, in a hiding place of which he knew the secret. Whalley was own cousin of both Cromwell and Hampden. He had beaten Prince Rupert at IvTaseby, and led the horse in the army which compelled him to the surrender of Bristol. The loyalists of the English Worcester surrendered that city to him in 1643. Gookin did not live long enough to take up his abode here. But his footsteps have been upon our fields. He watched over Worcester in its cradle, until his death. I hope his statue may some day grace our city. He was an old Kentish soldier, and had been the personal and highly trusted friend of the great Protec- tor, who, •' Guided by faith and matchless fortitude, To peace and truth his glorious way had ploughed, And on the neck of crowned fortune proud Had reared God's trophies, and his work pursued, While Darweu stream, with blood of Scots imbrued. And Dunbar field, resound his praises loud. And Worcester's laureate ui7-eath." The year of which we are speaking was the year of the most serious attempt ever made upon the liberties MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 49 of Massachusetts. The mtelligence of the fraudulent judgment in the English chancery, vacating her char- ter, reached Boston on the 10th September. This was the darkest day in the annals of the Commonwealth. This decree placed under the feet of the Stuarts again the liberties which our Fathers had dwelt sixty years in the wilderness to maintain. For a good while, in expec- tation of this judgment, the hearts of the people had been deeply stirred. In January before. Increase Mather, President of the College, had made a speech in Boston town-meeting, against a proposition not to con- tend with his Majesty in a course of law, for the defence of the charter. " What the Lord our God hath given us," said he, " shall we not possess it ? God forbid, that we should give away the inheritance of our Fathers. The loyal citizens of London would not surrender their charter, lest their posterity should curse them for it. Shall we do such a thing ? I hope there is not one freeman in Boston that can be guilty of it." The people fell into tears, and cried " It is better if we must die, to die by the hands of others, than by our own." I think we are well justified in believing that it was the memory of the great victory for civil and religious liberty which God had vouchsafed to the Puritan over Charles Stuart, and not of the loyalty to the throne which was the great distinction of the English city, that the three stout soldiers of the committee desired to perpetuate. The settlement was destined to be broken up again. In 1696, a band of hostile Albany or Western Indians 50 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. penetrated as far as Worcester. When Queen Anne's war broke out in 1702, the inhabitants again fled. Digory Sargent, who refused to abandon his dwelling, was slain with his wife, and his five children carried captive to Canada. The town was re-occupied in 1713, which is the date of its permanent settlement. It was incorporated as a town, June 14th, 1722. The first town meeting was held, September 28th, 1722. It held its place among the towns of the Commonwealth, until the incorporation of the city, February 29th, 1848. Such, fellow-citizens, the birth, and such the baptism, of the heroic child. Let us see of what lineage he came, what blood was in his veins, who stood about his cradle, in what gymnasium he was trained, what great beliefs he inherited, what creed he was taught, what alliances, what friendships he has made ; — that he has been able to take his place among giants ; to be a leader, and a companion of leadei's, in great victories in war, and greater victories in peace ; that his fields and gardens, to-day, are teeming with fruit, and corn, and flowers ; that the labor of the whole world, two hundred years ago, could not create, its fancy could scarce con- ceive, this single day's product of his factories and workshops. "The Lord found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness ; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye ; he made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields." The first settlers were of pure English blood. They had inherited the Norseman's hunger for adventure, MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 51 which found satisfaction in forest and in sea, and the Saxon love of local self-government, which resulted in the institution of the town. Excej^t Holland, and Switzerland, which together contained, at that time, I suppose, a population scarcely greater than that of Massachusetts to-day, there was no spot on earth, except England, whose government was free, or recognized any popular rights. In England, the long battle seemed going against liberty. The great company that had surrounded Crom- well were dead, or in hiding, or in exile. Puritanism seemed to have spent itself as a force in England, and had crossed the sea. But the love of liberty, not a mere freedom from restraint, but a liberty secured and guarded by permanent institutions, was the master passion of the English race. The first half of the seventeenth century, which was the period of New England colonization, was the time when the thoughts of the whole English people had been turned to a discussion of the principles of government. The intel- lectual activity, which in the time of Elizabeth, which preceded, and that of Anne which followed, produced a literature never equalled but in Athens, found occupa- tion in dealing with the great questions which lie at the foundation of states. The men who came here, there- fore, were ready for the framing of constitutions and statutes. The simple and perfect mechanism of town and parish was as natural to them as the building it's nest to a bird. But the liberty which our Fathers brought with them 52 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. from England differed in one essential particular from that which they left behind. In England, that love had been, in the main, a purely selfish passion. The Eng- lishman had demanded freedom as a privilege for himself, or his class. The contest for political or civil rights had been always a strife of classes. At one time, it was the crown against the nobles. At another, it was the nobles against the crown. At another, it was Becket, the churchman of humble origin and popular sympathies, against king and noble. It is, I believe, true that no class in England ever got its right from the sense of justice of any other. Her freedom, as it broadened slowly down, has ever been wrung by violence or threats from the fears of her rulers. With all her great qualities, she has had a limited and insular moral law. She has ever been a tyrant and a ruflian in her dealings with weaker nations. This trait has not wholly failed to manifest itself in her descendants here. We have not seemed to be quite able to get the Eng- lishman out of our blood. Our moral sense sometimes fails when we come to deal with other races or humbler classes than our own. But the religion of the Puritan was one which he believed was a I'ule for his conduct m the things which pertained to this life, as well as that beyond. He brought to the government of the state the austere sense of religious and moral obliga- tion. However he may have sometimes failed in the application of the principle, justice was to him not only a right of his own, but a duty to others. The condi- tions of his existence, the necessity of the constant MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 53 labor of every man in clearing the wilderness, made class distinctions impossible. The contest between these two spirits, which we are wont to term the Cavalier and the Puritan, has played a great part in our national and local history. It is by no means yet over. But the Puritan spirit and faith, which founded Worcester, two hundred years ago, have, in the main controlled the currents of her history. But let us, in all this, be just to England. We have this treasure in earthen vessels. Whatever cause of complaint we have of her, let us not forget, that the only plant of liberty, that, in modern times, has lived, and grown, and taken root, has come from her. Cruel nurse though she was, our Fathers drew from her bosom the courage with which they resisted her. strong mother of a Lion-liue, Be pi'oud of those strong sons of thine. Who wrenched then- rights from thee. What wonder, if. in noble heat. Those men thine arms withstood, Retaught the lesson thou hadst taught, And in thy spirit with thee fought, Who sprang from English blood. Whatever harmonies of law The growing world assume, Thy work is thine — The single note. From that deep chord which Hampden smote, Will vibrate to the doom. As I just said, the condition of existence in the wilderness and the need of constant and strenuous personal exertion made class distinctions impossible. The Puritan's faith, which was based on reverence for the individual soul, taught a doctrine of equality, which his situation rendered it easy to accept in prac- 54 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. tice. This condition also begat another sentiment, or rather, another principle, which has been preserved in undiminished vigor to our own day, and which has done much to give direction to our history. That is the principle which honors labor. This community has never respected an idler, whether he were rich or poor. The capacity to labor was the chief and most valued possession of our ancestors : and the disposition to labor took a high rank among the virtues. From the reverence for the individual soul, and the doctrine of equality which was its offspring, came, naturally, the institutions of education, and the laws regulating the descent and disposition of property. The doctrine was early announced that the whole prop- erty of the state is bound to educate all the children of the state ; and it is as firmly settled as any constitu- tional principle whatever. Human nature has its course here as elsewhere. With the increase of wealth and the holding of neces- sary public office there grew up, before the Revolution, a sort of gentry, for whom the manners and opinions of their class in England had some attraction. Copley's pictures and family tradition shew some tendency to luxury in dress and manners. But the plain fashions and simple manners of a frontier agricultural people prevailed in Worcester as elsewhere. The upper class was easily entered and easily left. Next in importance to the provision for universal education was the policy of the law which constantly favored the division and subdivision of estates. The MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 55 slight preference given to tlie eldest son, the only remnant of that doctrine of primogeniture which lies at the foundation of the institutions of England, was soon abolished. Estates were divided equally among sons and daughters. All property was made liable for debt. A simple form of conveyance was devised. Long trusts and entails were almost unknown ; and as soon as they began to be known legal methods were devised to avoid them. It was also the good fortune of this community that it belonged to a commonwealth composed of a people like itself. It was not, as Ireland to England, tied to an alien government and an alien race ; so that its own great qualities had full opportunity for free and fair growth. Such were the birth and origin of our city. Such were the influences that surrounded its cradle. Such was the faith instilled into its childhood. We find Worcester purchased of the Indians, permanently settled, its name a monument to a great victory for civil and religious freedom, peopled by men who feared God, who loved liberty, who honored labor, who inherited a passion for adventure, on the one hand, and the sober, restrained habit of self-government, on the other, to whom education and justice were the prime necessities of life, and in whose eyes every human soul was the equal of every other, before God and man. Let us next see its growth ; — in what school, in what gymnasium, it was trained and exer- cised, till it reached the full measure of a robust and vigorous manhood. 56 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBKATION. Of course, the religious and moral influences of which I have spoken, which surrounded Worcester, at its foundation, continued in operation. I find, in addition, four principal influences which determined the character of this people for the next one hundred and fifty years. These were: — Its occupation; The education and discipline of political duties ; — The century-long struggle with England ; — Its military history. For more than a century, the occupation of thi& community was chiefly clearing and tilling the soil. I could state nothing not familiar to my audience, if I should attempt to describe the farming of the first century after the settlement, with its rude and clumsy implements, or contrast it with the cultivation of our fields to-day with the aid of modern science, machinery, and docile and improved breeds of cattle and horses ; or with those wonderful western farms, which have made of the American farmer a merchant, whose competitor is on the Ganges and the Bosphorus. But no human occupation more tends to bring out the sterling mental and moral qualities than that of the farmer in a new country. There were but 734 persons, of our population of 58,291, engaged in agriculture in Worcester in 1880. I shall not, therefore, be suspected of a desire to flatter, when I affirm, as the result of a large experience, the superiority of the agricultural class over any other, taken as a whole, in capacity for the duties of citizen- ship, whether as voters, jurors, or legislators. In our climate, the life of the early farmer required the constant exercise of patience, observation of natural laws, endur- ME. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 57 ance, industry. Ownership of the soil brings with it the habit of command, and of self-respect. The N^ew England farmer has ever combined a character cautious, slow, conservative in the ordinary concerns of life, with an unmatched rapidity of decision and promptness of action in great emergencies. The res]3onsibilities of citizenship also, elevated and ennobled the men on whose shoulders they rested. The townsmen had to deal with, understand, debate, and decide the highest questions of State. At least four times since the first settlement — in the Pequot War, King Charles' attempt on the charter, the Revolution, the Rebellion — has the very life of the State been depending. The Constitution of the United States was to be adopted or rejected. Four times within a single century, the whole principle and framework of the State Constitution were under discussion. When the Government got under way, our relations with England, with France, and later with Mexico, the annexation of Louisiana and Texas, the wars of 1812 and 1845, the extension of our dominion over California, the abolition of slaver}^, reconstruction, the establishment and pro- tection of American manufacture, the subtleties of finance and currency, — upon all these, beside the man- agement of the affairs of the Commonwealth and the town, the individual freeman must record his vote. To understand and help settle these questions was itself a liberal education. But to contend with forest, with sterile soil, and inhospitable climate was not enough. A race of boors 5 58 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. might have done that, and remained a race of boors still. In common with the people of the rest of the little Commonwealth the century-long struggle with England had its great influence on the character of the dwellers in Worcester. Many of them must have well known in youth the first settlers of Plymouth and Massachusetts who came over between 1620 and 1640. As we are reminded by a great IN^ew England scholar, there were not ten year^ together, from the landing at Plymouth to the surrender at Yorktown, "when some great and sacred right of our Fathers was not assailed or menaced by the government of England, in one form or another." The danger from that mighty power, to the liberty he or his fathers had come into the wilderness to secure, was scarcely ever out of the mind of the ^N^ew England freeman, as he sat in his dwelling, or ploughed his field, or took council with his fellows. He was perpetually meditating on the means of securing it, ready to defend it in argument, or, if need be, to die for it. Constant meditation of such a theme gave him dignity and loftiness of character and bearing, and brought him to see with absolute clearness the true boundary which separates liberty and authority in a State. Hence came to our ancestors that most valuable of great qualities which make the temper of a great race — constancy. It is a quality worth to a people more than literature, or art, or wealth, or peace. They learned to keep before them a great and noble public object through years, through generations, through centuries. They never were turned aside from it by what was personal, or MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 59 petty, or temporary. May God grant that no effemi- nacy of riches, that no sickly or selfish culture may destroy it in the hearts of their descendants. This sketch would be incomplete, without speaking of one other educating force. The civic achievements of this people have been such that we have not been accustomed to speak of them as a warlike people. Yet the history of Massachusetts has been, in large degree, a military history. In every generation, but one, she has gone through a war which has tried to the utmost her courage, endurance, and resources. Yet the passion for military glory has never been characteristic of our people. American history has ever most delighted to dwell on the civic virtues of our military heroes. There can be no greater test, or greater educator, of heroic quality in a people than the burden of a righteous war, appeal- ing to moral and patriotic sentiments, carried through with unflinching constancy to final triumph. Lord Chatham told the House of Lords in 1777, — " America has carried you through four wars, and will now carry you to your death. I venture to tell your Lordships that the American gentry will make officers fit to command the troops of all the European powers." " It is not in Indian wars," said Fisher Ames, " that heroes are celebrated ; but it is there they are formed." There were scarcely ten years together, from the first settlement, till the conquest of Canada in the war which ended in 1763, when a Worcester farmer was safe in his dwelling, by reason of the danger from French 60 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBEATION. or Indian. His life was spent under arms. Wor- cester had her full quota in the four New England regiments which captured Louisburgh from the vet- erans of France. From a population of 1400, she sent more than five hundred men into the campaigns of the ten years which ended in 1756. She had her full share of danger and glory in the desperate strife of eighty years, until, at Quebec, the lilies went down before the lion, never again, but for a brief period in Louisi- ana, to float as an emblem of dominion, over any part of the continent of North America. Whatever share others may have taken, the glory of that contest is the glory of Massachusetts ; that victory is a Massachu- setts victory. The strife with France over, the struggle for con- stitutional liberty with England blazed up with in- creased heat. The peace of 1763 was succeeded by twelve years of hollow and treacherous truce. The people of Worcester knew well on what ground they stood. The great debate was conducted at every fire- side. Says an illustrious American historian, native of Worcester, .to whom she sends salutation on her birthday, "one spirit moved through them all. They debated the great question of resistance, as though God were hearkening: and they took counsel reverently with their ministers, and the aged, and the pious, and the brave, in their villages. The shire of Worcester in August ( 1774) set the example of a county congress, which disclaimed the jurisdiction of the British house of commons, asserted the exclusive right of the col- ME. HOAR'S ADDEESS. 61 onies to originate laws respecting themselves, rested their duty of allegiance on the charter of the province, and declared the violation of that charter a dissolntion of their union with Britain." Gage sent his spies here. It was rumored in August, 1774, that he meditated sending part of his army to execute the regulating act, which forbid town meetings except by the written leave of the governor. The people of Worcester purchased and manufactured arms, cast musket-balls, provided powder, and threatened openly to fall upon any body of soldiers who should attack them. When the war of the Revolution came it found Worcester ready. Timothy Bigelow, whom our late eloquent and beloved fellow-citizen. Judge Thomas — would he were living, and in this place to-night — de- scribes as "the village blacksmith, sagacious states- man, prudent and gallant commander, devoted patriot, chevalier of nature, whose chivalry was illustrated in breaking and not in forging the chains of human bondage" led the best disciplined regiment in the revolutionary army, a regiment of Worcester men, bearing a name covered with glory in two wars — the loth Massachusetts. The war of 1812 unfortunately divided the opinion of the people of Massachusetts as they were inclined to sym- pathize with England or France in the great struggle which rent Europe in sunder. The Federalist looked upon England as the sole defense of mankind against the ambition of ISTapoleon. He regarded the power of France with a dread, which we cannot realize, even 62 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. when we read the wonderful eloquence of Fisher Ames. But the final judgment of history must be, that the war of 1812 was a righteous and a glorious war. We were compelled to it by the impudent British preten- sion to search American vessels on the high seas, and take from them every man whom a midshipman should suspect, or pretend to suspect, of being a British subject. We began the war after England had crushed the navy of every other power that had contended with her by sea — Holland, Spain, Denmark, France. " We encountered England ship to ship, with a chiv- alry, with a perfection of discipline, with a constant superiority in gunnery, and with a success utterly with- out example by any other nation in the world." This is fully admitted by Maj. Gen. Sir Howard Douglass, in his " Treatise on ISTaval Gunnery," a book of high authority, published with the approbation of the Lords Commissioners of the admiralty in England. It is true, we made peace without a formal relinquishment by Great Britain of the obnoxious pretension. But it is also true that it never was heard of again. " The nation issued from the war " said John Quincy Adams, " with all its rights and liberties unimpaired, preserved as well from the artifices of diplomacy, as from the force of preponderating power upon their element, the seas." The Duke of Wellington, when urged by the cabinet, after the downfall of Napoleon, to take command in America, replies in a letter to Lord Liverpool of 'Nov. 9, 1814, which I have not seen cited by American his- torians, in which he substantially admits the same thing. MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 63 He says "I do not promise to myself much success there. If we cannot obtain a naval superioi-ity on the lakes, I shall go only to sign a peace which might as well be signed now. You have no right, from the state of the war, to demand any concession of territory from America." In her contributions, sacrifices, and achieve- ments, in this war, Massachusetts may well challenge comparison with any other American state. One of her towns, when the war ended, had five hundred, men in Dartmoor prison. An accomplished investigator, Col. Higginson, has well remarked "As a matter of fact, the Pederalists did their duty in action; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts furnished during those three years more soldiers than any other; and the 'New England states, which opposed the war, sent more men into the field than the Southern states, which brought on the contest. Unfortunately the world remembers words better than actions — litera scrij^ta manet, — and the few questionable phrases of the Hartford Convention are now better remembered than the 14,000 men which Massachusetts raised in 1814, or the two millions of dollars she paid for bounties." But in speaking of the forces which have educated this people, what shall we say of them, but for whom this day would have been a day of sorrow and humil- iation? The population of Worcester in 1860 was a little less than 25,000. She gave to the war for the Union the service of more than 3000 men, one in every eight of her population. "They shared," says the brilliant orator whose voice you miss this evening, 64 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. "in the shifting lot of the army of the Potomac, from its clouded morning to its brilliant close ; in the march- ings and fightings of the Shenandoah, till every open field and copse became familiar ground : in the early welcome victories of Carolina : in patient trials along the gulf; in the hours of turning fortune at l^ew Orleans, Port Hudson, and Yicksburg ; in the tangled marches and counter-marches of Tennessee ; in every part of the country, in every great campaign, not excepting the Napoleonic excursion of Sherman to the sea." There is not a record of dishonor in their story. For courage, for endurance, for discipline, for intelli- gence, the soldiers of Worcester, by the ofiicial testi- mony of their great commanders, and concurrent witness of all authorities, were unsurpassed. We would arro- gate to our soldiers no superiority over those of other American communities. Other states, other cities, have their heroes ; but these are ours. If I give but this brief allusion to those, whose deeds constitute the proudest chapter in our history, it is because I know that the theme has been so fully treated elsewhere, and because I fondly hope that in coming ages, it will be the topic of many a centennial. For the great battle-fields, where Union and Liberty were secured by the courage of her sons, the whole two hundred years of Worcester had been but one long drill. Plato declared that the soldiers of Marathon, and the sailors of Salamis became the school-masters of Hellas. Citizen soldiers ! Of the whole culture of the past, consummate flower and crown ! You shall also be our MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 65 chiefest educators and example for the future. You have not only saved your country, but you have determined the character, for ages, of the country you have saved. To be an American, henceforth, is to be such as you have been. Sixty years ago, Worcester, was still an agricultural town. As the county seat, she had become a centre of trade. Yet in 1820, of a population of 2,900, there were but 126 persons returned as employed in manufac- ture. Lincoln, in his history of the town down to 1836, devotes more space to the matter of mines and mineral resources, than to manufacture. To-day, upon the spot which, its planters thought, might supply thirty, or peradventure, sixty families, seventy thousand people dwell in freedom and in honor. The sun, as it rises on their second centennial, sees them owners of a wealth of more than fifty millions ; (a hundred years ago, the entire valuation of Massachusetts, including Maine, was eleven millions), paying at least eight millions each year in wages ; converting a material of twenty millions into a product of thirty-five millions, thus creating yearly, a value of fifteen millions ; their workmen very largely owning their homes ; their city the centre of a populous county, the spot on the earth's surface where labor receives the largest share of its product ; a city without palaces, and without hovels; without an aristocracy, and without a serf ; adorned by famous schools, the creation of private enterprise or munificence ; providing ample means of education at the public charge for all its children ; its fifty churches 66 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. dwelling side by side in charity ; its name known and honored, and its influence felt to the farthest borders of the continent ; its simple self-government a model of honest, frugal, humane, efiicient administration. It remains for me briefly to allude to the influences which have transformed the pleasant rural town of fifty years ago into the great and wealthy city. There are two which in our history have had a close connection with each other ; — the development of our manufacture by the great inventive genius and manufacturing skill of our people ; and the accession to our population of our Irish brethren. Worcester was the county seat. That fact made her a centre of trade, and caused professional men and county ofiicers to make their residence here. A popu- lation full of energy, public spirit and wealth gathered here. The excellence of the land, equalled by few towns in the county, contributed to the same result. These beautiful rolling hills, green and fertile to the top, were especially attractive for habitation. Our noble forests abounded in oak, chestnut and pine. The maple gave to the landscape its autumn splendors. The elm which, in England, they call "the weed of Worcester," lends us, also, its stately ornament. Worcester was on a principal high road from Boston to the West. It was natural, therefore, that when the capitalists of Providence carried out their scheme of inland navigation in 1828, Worcester should be the terminus of the Blackstone Canal ; and when Boston, inspired by the wisdom and energy of I>rathan Hale, — a MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 67 name Worcester has double reason to honor, — begun in 1835, the great raih'oad system which connects her with the West, Worcester should have been the first point at which she aimed. The town, though scantily supplied with water power, got a fair start of its competitors. Its manufacturing industries were planted, and ready to grow, under the fostering care of the tariff of 1842. Other railroads, leading north, south and west, were soon added and preserved her advantage. How often, in l^ew England history, is the lesson repeated, that, from seeming disadvantages, an ener- getic people reap their greatest benefit. It was our great good fortune that we had no considerable water power. If we had had it, there would inevitably have grown up here great manufactures of textile fabrics, carried on in great establishments by giant corpora- tions. Worcester would have been owned largely by absentees. Instead of a community of skilled and intelligent mechanics, managing and directing their own concerns, rendered by the variety of their occupa- tion, to a great degree, independent of the changes of business, we should have had a population working for lower and fluctuating wages, its prosperity rising and falling with the chances of the times. The mechanic arts, as Blackstone says of the sciences, are of a sociable disposition, and flourish best in the neighborhood of each other. Every new workshop was an attraction to others. The momentum given to our industries in the beginning by our railroad advan- tages has never ceased its operation. 68 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBEATION. This neighborhood is the native region of inventive genius. A delightful story is told by Whitney of a Worcester County captive in Queen Anne's war, in 1705, who was taken by the Indians to Montreal, and who saved himself and two companions from torture and death, and earned their deliverance from captivity, by building a sawmill on the River Chamblee, there being no sawmill in all Canada, and no artisan able to build one ; — a story which finds its only parallel in that of the Athenian captives in the expedition to Syracuse, who earned their deliverance by reciting the verses of Euripides. Within the towns whose ancient borders touched our own were born the inventors of the cotton gin, of the carpet loom, of the machine for turning irregular forms, and of the sewing machine. The first of these doubled the value of every acre of cotton-producing land in America. The last has been, doubtless, an equal benefit to mankind. Within our own borders were invented or perfected the wonderful mechanism for the making of wire, the wrench, the loom, the envelope machine, many imple- ments of agriculture, including the modern plough, and many other useful machines of the highest value to mankind. The detail of these wonderful achievements will be given to the public by your historical committee. It would be easy to show that many great states, many populous nations, have, in centuries of life, produced far less for the welfare and happiness of mankind than MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 69 this people in one half-century. What cycle of Cathay is equal to the fifty years of Worcester ? Our Fathers thought it not unfitting to insert in the Constitution itself, the injunction upon their descend- ants, "especially to cherish the University at Cam- bridge." It is not unbecoming this occasion, to urge upon the people of this city, now and in all coming time, to foster their Technical School, devoted to that modern education, which makes science the handmaid of mechanic art. By this supremacy Worcester must henceforth live, or bear no life. T must not pass by another important factor in our history, whose influence has been already very great, and must be largely taken into account, in our anticipa- tion of the future. I mean the immigration, within the last half-century, of our brethren of foreign birth, especially of the Irish race. Mr. Webster, at Plymouth, in 1820, said, with a just pride, that in the villages and farmhouses of ^ew England, there was still undisturbed sleep, within unbarred doors. ]S'ew England, and America, so far as it has obeyed her teaching, has ever kept her doors unbarred. The great immigration, which began about 1830, has enriched Worcester with its abundant tide. Of our whole population in 1880, of 58,291 there were of foreign birth 15,624. Of this number the principal ingredients were contributed as follows : Ireland, 9,329 Sweden, 848 British America, 3,220 German Empire, 370 England, 1,207 70 Bl-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION- The number of persons having one parent or both of foreign birth was 82,894. Allowing for the very large number of the grand- children of emigrants, it seems reasonably certain, that, of our present population of 70,000, quite thirty thou- sand are of Irish descent. To many good men this has been a source of alarm. But to me, much meditating on this theme, considering it in those large and permanent relations which belong to an occasion like this, it seems cause for unmixed gratitude to God, both for what it has done for us in the past, and for what we may hope from it in the future. Say nothing now of the benefit we have been able to confer on them. Leave out of view the blessing of Justice, Freedom, Employ- ment, Self-government, Education, to those who have withdrawn their necks from under the heel of Eng- land, a boon which a humane and generous people would strain and peril their own institutions to the utmost to confer. Think of what this race has done for us. Without the foreign immigration to this country the building of our railroads would have been impracticable, or must have been delayed for a generation. That, in its turn, would have postponed the settlement of the West, would have made the suppression of the rebellion impossible, and would have prevented the creation of that western market, and access to that western agriculture, which, in their turn, have created, supported and fed the manufacturing communities of the East. Worcester owes its growth, its wealth, its manufac- MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 71 turing supremacy, to that railroad system, which these men crossed the Atlantic to build for us. The English and the Irish race meet in America as mutual benefactors. They meet, also, as equals. The problem of their perfect union is to be wrought out here, on a new field, where equal justice prevails, where there is no lord, and no serf. We dwell, with an honest pride, on the great qualities of our own ancestors. We hope to transmit them to our children. In that mighty national life, drawn from so many sources ; of many, one ; of many states, one nation ; of many races, one people ; of many creeds, one faith ; the elements the Puritan has contributed, — his courage ; his constancy ; his belief in God ; his reverence for law; his love of liberty; his serene and lofty hope — will be elements of perpetual power. But see what the Irishman brings, also, as a dowry to this marriage which the centuries are to weld. The Irish race is conspicuous among great races for great traits. No people that possessed them ever failed to achieve a high rank among nations, on a fair field. These are : — the capacity to produce great men under the most adverse conditions ; the capacity for rapid elevation, when conditions are favorable ; courage ; soldierly qualities ; the gift of eloquence ; the power of severe and patient labor ; the passion for owning land ; strong domestic affection ; chastity ; deep religious feeling. The most English of English historians has drawn a picture of England's rule over Ireland, whose dark and 72 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. terrible shadows no other hand can deepen. — Six hundred and fifty years of the most terrible form of tyranny, that of a race by a race ; government by bayonet, artillery and intrenched camp ; the greatest English champions of civil and spiritual liberty denying even toleration to Ireland ; whatever is associated with deliverance and dignity to the Englishman associated with bondage and ruin to the Irishman ; of the two greatest English sovereigns, — Cromwell and William, — the Irish policy of one, extirpation, of the other, degradation ; the most odious laws aggravated by more odious administration ; priests, revered by millions as the only authorized expositors of Christian truth, and the only authorized dispensers of the Christian sacra- ments, treated as no decent man would treat the vilest beggar ; — These are Lord Macaulay's touches. His authority needs no confirmation.^ If it did, it would be easy to multiply English witnesses, and to show that this state of things continued, without substantial improvement, down to the time when the great emigra- iThat there may be no suspicion of exaggeration, the following extract is annexed from Lord Macaulay's speech on the state of Ireland, delivered in the House of Commons, February 19th, 1844. See also the treatise on Land Tenure in Ireland, in Systems of Land Tenure in various countries, published by the Cobden Club, and reprinted at the request of Mr. Gladstone. "Misgovernment," says Lord Macaulay, "lasting from the reign of Henry the 2d to the reign of William the 4th" (that is for six hundred and fifty years), "has left an immense mass of discontent. You govern that island, not by means of the respect which the people feel for the laws, but by means of bayonets, artillery, and intrenched corps. The primary cause is, no doubt, the manner in which Ireland became subject to the English crown. The annexation was eftected by conquest, and by conquest of a peculiar kind. It was a conquest of a race by a race. Of all forms "of tyranny, I believe tliat the worst is that of a nation over a nation. No enmity that ever existed between populations separated by seas and mountain ridges approaches in bitterness the mutual enmity felt by populations locally intermingled, but never morally and politically amalgamated; and such were the Englishry and the Irishry. The "spirit of liberty in England was closely allied with the spirit of Puritanism, and was mortally "hostile to the Papacy. Such men as Hampden, Vane, Milton. Locke, though zealousgenerally for civil and spiritual freedom, yet held that the Roman Catholic worship had no claim to toleration. The watchwords, the badges, the names, the places, the days, which in the mind of an Englishman were associated with deliverance, MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 73 tion from Ireland was at its height. Yet what eight millions of men on earth produced more great men than Ireland during the last half of the last century ? Swift, and Goldsmith, and Burke, and Sheridan, each the foremost name in a great department in English litera- ture ; Wellington, the first soldier of his time, were Irishmen. It may be said, that they belonged to the dominant race. But take the men whom Ireland claims as her own, all on the stage within a period of fifty years, — Emmet, The noblest star of Fame, That e'er iu life's young glory sat! Grattan, whose genius gave Ireland her brief taste of national life. — That one lucid interval, snatched from the gloom, And the madness of ages, vvheu, filled with his soul, A nation o'ei'leaped the dark bounds of her doom, And for one sacred instaut, touched Liberty's goal ; prosperity, national dignity, were, in the mind of an Irishman, associated with bond- age, ruin, and degradation. Twice, during the seventeenth cenlury, the Irish rose up against the Euglish colony. Twice they were compliti'l> put down. The first rebellion was crushed by Oliver Cromwell; the second by VVilliam the Third. The policy of Cromwell was wise, and strong, and straightforward, and cruel. It was comprised in one word. That word was extirpation. The policy of William was less able, less energetic, and, though more humane in seeming, perhaps not more humane iu reality. Extirpation was not attempted. The Irish Roman Catholics were permitted to live, to be fruitful, to replenish the earth; but they were doomed to be what the Helots were in Sparta, what the Greeks were under the Ottoman, Every man of the subject caste was strictly excluded from public trust. Take what path he might in life, he was crossed at every step by some vexatious restriction. It was only by being obscure and inactive, that he could, on his native soil, be safe. If he aspired to be powerful and honored, he must begin by being an exile. At home he was a mere Gibeonite, a hewer of wood and drawer of water. The statute book of Ireland was filled with enactments which furnish to the Roman Catholics but too good a ground for recriminating on us, when we talk of the barbarities of Bonner and Gardner; and the harshness of those odious laws was aggravated by a more odious administration. For, bad as the legislators were, the magistrates were worse still. Courts of law and juries existed only for the benefit of the dominant sect. Those priests who were revered by millions as their natural advisers and guardians, as the only authorized expositors of Christian truth, as the only authorized dispensers of the Christian sacraments, were treated by the squires and squireens of the ruling faction as no good-natured man would treat the vilest beggar, In this manner a century passed away." 6 74 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Plunkett, greatest of the great orators of the House of Commons at its greatest period, To whom with one consent, All yield the crown in the high argument; Father Mathew, whose inspired word exorcised the demon of intemperance from the bosoms of hundreds of thousands of his countrymen ; O'Connell, before whom England trembled ; Curran, Sheil, Flood, are but a few of the great names which have adorned the annals of this down-trodden people. It is true, they brought with them faults, the result of their long bondage, and some very grave faults, peculiar to their race. But is it not also true, that our experience of thirty years has shown their capacity for rapid advancement ? Self government and freedom are great educators ; as the history of our western communities, as well as our own, abundantly proves. We need not go outside of our own local history for proof of the courage and soldierly quality of the Irish race. We need not recount the history of a hundred foreign battle-fields, where their valor has given victory to a flag, which to them, was only the smblem of oppression. We need not revert to our Revolutionary annals to remember Montgomery ; or trace the lineage of Andrew Jackson ; or name the name of Sheridan, — the illustrious soldier at the head of our army to-day. When the news came of the dishonor to our flag at Sumter, the prompt enlistment of the Emmet Guards, the first organization of foreign blood, one of the very first of any blood, that marched to the war, has been MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 75 well said to be " a representative fact of the very highest importance to the permanent character of our Government." Who can read, without tears of joy, and pride, and thanksgiving to Almighty God, that he has given such men to be his countrymen, the story of the death of O'N^eil, — that natural gentleman, who said when he was dying, " Write to my dear mother, and tell her I die for my country. I wish I had two lives to give. Let the Union flag be wrapped about me, and a fold of it laid under my head," — of the devoted and tender McConville, who died at Cold Harbor, with the name of his mother on his lips, — of him who gave both arms to save the flag of the country he loved, and whose stout and constant heart has never yet regretted the sacrifice.^ I will not dwell upon the strength of the domestic affection of that people whose generosity to the kindred they left behind them is without parallel, — or upon the much needed lesson they give to us of reverence for the sacredness of the marriage tie. I have said enough, already, of the fruits of their severe and patient industry. The French, our brethren and allies, who lend so much of grace and romance to our early history, and who contributed so much to our independence ; the 1 Sergeant Thomas Plunkett was present at the delivery of this address. He was born In Ireland in 1840, and came to this country in 1845. He was Corporal Co. A, 21st Massachusetts Volunteers. At the battle of Fredericksburg the regiment was ordered to charge and passed under a terrific fire from the rebel batteries. The Color- Sergeant was shot. Sergeant Plunkett raised the colors, bore them to the front, raised the staif in the air, when both his arms were struck and torn away by a shell. He bore his calamity for more than twenty years with invincible patience and cheer- fulness, and died March 10, 1885. 76 BT-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Germans, an element more numerous and not less valuable than any other, taking the country through ; the Scandinavian, the Spanish, are to contribute their elements to the mass, which the centuries are to knead. Certain types will be, for a time, locally predominant. But it is well said by a thoughtful writer who has carefully examined the disclosures of the census, that " Ethnologically, the change will be slight. Supposing the entire mass to be fused, the Celtic and Teutonic blood, the Latin and the Norman, would be mingled in much the same proportions as they were in the veins of the original English settlers. The American of the future, supposing present foi'ces to continue, and all white elements to fuse equally, would be almost as much an Anglo-Saxon as the American of 1820." I have spoken, imperfectly, of our military history. I have not dwelt at length on the familiar and tempting topic of the relation between the mechanic arts and the love of liberty. But I should fail in my duty, if I did not speak of the chief civic glory of Worcester, her leadership in the great political movement which resulted in the freedom of the slave. Worcester had very early indicated her opinion in this matter. Her brave soldier of the Revolution, Timothy Bigelow, said, " while fighting for liberty, he never would be guilty of selling slaves." Levi Lincoln, the trusted friend of Jefferson, the great leader and organiser in New England in the overthrow of the Federal party, and the establishment of its successor in power, argued, in 1781, in the Worcestei- Court House, the great case in MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 77 which it was held that slavery could not exist under the Constitution of Massachusetts. The case was first tried in the Inferior Court, whose Judges were three Worcester County farmers. The Court and Jury, fully representing the sentiment of the people, sustained the argument of Lincoln that " the black child is born as much a free child as if it were white ;" that "it is a law of nature that all men are equal and free ; " that " the law of nature is the law of God, whose gospel is the perfect law of liberty." The Superior Court sus- tained the decision, on appeal. This decision, in the higher court, was based on a clause in the Bill of Rights of Massachusetts, in all probability inserted foi* that very purpose. Worcester shared the intense indignation of all Massachusetts at the passage of the Missouri compromise in 1820. When after the close of the Mexican war in 1847, the great struggle between Freedom and Slavery for the possession of the territory west of the Mississippi began, it found the workshops of Worcester filled with skilful, intelligent, thoughtful, liberty-loving mechanics. They were very largely the sons of the farmers of the county, who had adopted the occupation demanded by the new wants of the time. They had drunk in, with their native air, a love of constitutional liberty. They held themselves disgraced, they deemed labor, their own crown and pride, dis- honored, by the existence of slavery anywhere on American soil. 'No orator visited Worcester to plead that cause, who did not find his audience in advance of his teaching. 78 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. I claim for the people of Worcester city and county a service and leadership in the political revolution which achieved the freedom of the slave, to which the contribution of no individual is to be compared. Charles Allen did a heroic act, when, at Philadelphia, he predicted the dissolution of his party, then in the very delirium of anticipated triumph, and came home to summon the people of his young city to his side. He was one of the very greatest of men. But he could scarcely have looked his neighbors in the face, had he done otherwise. Elsewhere, it was, at best, a party, that was on the side of freedom. Here, it was a people. I see that othei* localities are now making claim to be the birthplace of the Anti-slavery cause, which would hardly have acknowledged the paternity at the time. So, " Seven mighty cities claimed great Homer dead, Through which the living Homer begged his bread." We will not discuss their title. But as surety as Faneuil Hall was the cradle of American Independence, so surely was Worcester the cradle of the later revolu- tion. Honor to whom honor is due. Writers of history have been too apt to ascribe the great results which have been accomplished in this country, to the influence of prominent persons, and to overlook the strength, wisdom and power of a popular sense which those prominent persons have but obeyed. The orators have been faithful to their own guild. Eulogists have given the credit of leading the people to eloquent men who MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 79 have merely uttered their voice ; sometimes, to eloquent men whom the people have never recognized either as safe, or as sane, counsellors. Why should we build our monument to men who have been always in the wrong, whose counsej, if taken, would have brought ruin and disaster, and forget the reverence due to a people always in the right. Eloquence is a sorry leader if it do not utter the voice of sobriety and wisdom. The love of Freedom is but a rank and poisonous weed in that soil where the love of Truth does not grow. The teachers of our people have ever been grave and serious men, little removed, either in thought or purpose, from the people themselves. The American Revolution was not the result of a passionate outcry of Patrick Henry, or James Otis. Constitu- tional liberty is no mushroom, springing up in a night. It is an oaken growth, slowly adding ring to ring, through many a summer's heat and winter's cold. If Worcester has had few great leaders, it is because her people have been leaders. In looking back upon the relation of Worcester to constitutional liberty, from the time of her planting in the forest, down to the close of the rebellion, and the great consummation in the adoption of the three amendments to the constitution, you can find no time from the beginning, when, in the light of experience, you could wish her people had acted otherwise. In tracing the great forces which have given charac- ter to our history, I have omitted the most interesting and important of all, the place occupied by woman in 80 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. our social life. This noble theme does not peculiarly belong to a historic sketch of Worcester. She, who " stays all the fair young planet in her hands," has here contributed her full share to whatever of glory or honor can be found in our story. The moral temperament, which determines permanently the history of any community, is given to it by its women. Whether it be true, as physiologists tell us, that, as a rule, the mental and moral qualities of children come from the mother, and the physical only from the father, it is at least true that children learn to follow what is excellent in the examples of their fathers, from the teachings of their mothers. If our children, in future generations, are to imitate whatever there has been of heroism in their ancestors, if they are to love their country, if they are to be brave, free, generous, gentle, they must learn the lesson, as their fathers learnt it, at their mother's knees. No nation, no city, no house- hold, ever took a lofty place, where the influence of woman did not inspire it with the heroic temper. DeTocqueville says : " I do not hesitate to say, that they give to every nation a moral temperament, which shows itself in its politics. A hundred times I have seen weak men show real public virtue, because they had by their sides women who supported them, not by advice as to particulars, but by fortifying their feelings of duty, and directing their ambition. More frequently, I must confess, I have observed the domestic influence gradually transforming a man, naturally generous, noble, and unselfish, into a cowardly, common-place. MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 81 place-hunting self-seeker, thinking of public business only as the means of making himself comfortable ; — and this simply by daily contact with a well-conducted woman, a faithful wife, an excellent mother, but from whose mind the grand notion of public duty was entirely absent." This is the Frenchman's experience. But the great philosopher of ISTew England said better. "What is civilization ? " says Emerson, " I answer, the power of good women." The legislation of the last half-century has placed woman very nearly in a condition of legal equality with man, with one large exception. It has not yet seemed wise to the majority of either sex to clothe her with the ballot. But in every other way, from the planting in the forest until this hour, her influence in our public life has been on the heroic side. She sent out, comforted, sustained, welcomed home, inspired, rewarded, the soldiers in the Revolution, and in the later and greater war. She enlisted earliest, and was most constant, in the great civic contest with slavery. On every great occasion, her uncounted vote has been counted. And now, as the solemn shadow marks upon the dial the passage of two hundred years, may we not hope that the Power that has been with our Fathers will be with our children ? Will he vouchsafe to them that the virtues, born of adversity, shall survive the prosperity they have created ? The old rural life has gone. Massachusetts is to be, henceforth, in large degree, but 82 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. a cluster of cities. The contest with wild beast, and savage, and winter, and forest, and rocky soil, is over. He, who encountered and overcame these rude but giant forces, with no servant but his good right arm, is now an emperor, on whose bidding countless wondrous mechanisms, and steam and electricity, and the force, which winter snows, and spring and autumn rain, gather up and store, in lake and river, wait as humble and obsequious vassals. The race, trained for ages in the venerable maxims of English law and English freedom, is to share its self-government with races to whom law has for ages appeared only as tyranny, and liberty been known only in its excesses. To the healthful inspira- tion of poverty have succeeded the temptations of wealth. But there is no old age in our blood. We are still a people in early youth. We must expect, for many generations, a continuance of that wonderful growth, which, for the last half-century, has outrun the wildest prediction. As Burke said of the colonial populations : "State the numbers as high as we will, while the dis- pute continues, the exaggeration ends." We have our stimulant climate, in which work and not rest is the luxury both for muscle and brain. The Worcester mechanic, in the strife for supremacy, testing every intellectual power to the utmost, is to be spurred to exertion in a race in which modern improvement in transportation makes all mankind his competitors. God has given here, as nowhere else, inventive skill to the brain of man. In our children great races are to be blended, who will contribute the qualities of which great MR. HOAR'S ADDRESS. 83 states are builded. They will have learned to deem Education, Freedom, and Justice, the prime necessities of life. They will be part of the foremost state of a great and free nation. They will inherit institutions of self-government, built by great architects on sure founda- tions. The American spirit, product of German brain, and Celtic heart, and Norseman's restlessness, and English constancy, which brought across the sea the love of liberty and reverence for law, will be theirs, enlarged, strengthened, invigorated, purified by centu- ries of life and growth in congenial air. If God give to them, as to their Fathers, faith in a personal immor- tality, and in that word which when Heaven and Earth pass away, shall endure, the foundation of their city shall stand secure. His Excellency the Governor was next introduced, and spoke as follows : GOYERNOR ROBINSON'S ADDRESS. Mr. Mayor, and Ladies and Gentlemen : This anniversary of to-day is so peculiarly the occa- sion for the sons and citizens of old Worcester, that more than a brief word from one who can claim no preeminence by reason of birth or residence here, must seem to be an invasion and interruption of cherished memories and associations. And especially after you have so fully enjoyed the able and scholarly address which your cultui'ed fellow-citizen and our distin- guished Senator has given, it would be fruitless, indeed, for me to attempt to add words of instruction or inspiration in harmony with the sentiment of the hour. But I cannot be unmindful of the fact, that Massa- chusetts holds an unquestionable right to stand as an interested spectator of your celebration, and to express her recognition of the marvellous triumphs in domestic, social, religious, intellectual and miiterial development accomplished here — the abundant harvest of the planta- tion established two centuries ago. More than a hundred years before John Hancock was inaugurated as the first governor of the Common- wealth of Massachusetts under our existing constitu- tion, the slopes of Pakachoag and the borders of the beautiful Quinsigamond — midway between Boston and 86 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Springfield and a day's journey from either — had been selected and occupied for settlement. By so long a period does Worcester antedate the foundation of our ancient Commonwealth under its present organization. The men who first placed their dwellings here came not as adventurers, but to found homes, to perform labor, to encounter hardship, to subdue the wilder- ness, to overcome the savagery of man and nature. Supported and solaced by religion, devoted to home, church and liberty, united in bonds of brotherhood, they set themselves heroically to the Lord's work and considered no sacrifice in its behalf too great for them to endure. As is true in all times, the history of this people illustrates most clearly the characteristics of the first founders. Though generations, one after another, have come and gone, the early impressions are still visible in the character of the inhabitants of to-day and will mould and shape the institutions of the future. As hand in hand with the orator we have wandered up and down the familiar hills, along the beautiful valleys, by river and lake, over paths first trod by the foot of the savage, we have lingered at the old home- steads, recalled the scenes of the past, witnessed the struggles of the earlier days and the greater achieve- ments in later time, until we stand in mute wonder at the transformation of the lonely hamlet into the thriving city, beautified and illustrated with homes, churches, schools, colleges, libraries, factories, asylums, — a city unsurpassed in our State in the general thrift and contentment of the people. GOVERNOR ROBINSON'S ADDRESS. 87 The sentiment of this community has ever been largely influential in determining the policy of the State. The record of official service has been singularly adorned, in all departments, by the ability and integrity of the men upon whom public trusts have been placed. Notwithstanding the many honored incumbents Wor- cester has furnished for the highest executive chair of the Commonwealth, there has always been an abiding conviction that she had never exhausted the number of her citizens who were equal to the responsibiHty, and if, perchance, the people of the State evinced a purpose to invite a citizen of some other municipality to the gubernatorial office, the voice of Worcester could not be safely disregarded in making the selection. It is out of such towns and cities — by so high order of citizenship ■ — by the general intelligence, enterprise, industry, sobriety and uprightness of the people — that Massachusetts has attained her high rank as an honored and prosperous free Commonwealth — expressive of the highest genius and inspiration of the republic. •'The riches of the Commonwealth Are free, strong minds and hearts of health. And more to her than gold or grain, , The cunning hand and cultured brain." While we express pride at the past, we must remem- ber that the burden of the present rests upon us. The future will write its judgment of the present. To-day the searcher of history is not sure of the origin of the name of this city of Worcester, but in the coming time, if the promise of the present is wrought out, the 88 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. numerous communities scattered over the land, name- sakes of yours, will point to this city, and not across the Atlantic to heighten the dignity of their names. I thank you, Mr. Mayor, for your invitation to join in this celebration, and I bi'ing to Worcester the congratula- tions of Massachusetts and abundant greeting. Hon. Charles Devens was the next speaker, and made the closing address of the evening, as follows : HON. CHARLES DEYENS'S ADDRESS. Mr. Mayor and Fellow-citizens : I DO not know exactly why I am called upon as a guest, for I consider myself a citizen of Worcester, and can produce that best of all evidence, a receipted tax bill. Whether I had been invited or not, I should have come, and one does not like to be treated as a guest when he thinks he is in his own house. The highest place of honor is given by Lord Bacon to those who have been the founders of States and those older nations whose origin is lost in the mists of antiquity have invested those from whom they claimed their descent with the drapery of fiction and romance. The Romans held that Romulus descended from the immor- tal gods themselves. But we know the founders of New England as they were — no mists obscure, no romance throws around them its glittering halo — with many imperfections, doubtless (imperfections that have been sometimes too much insisted on), they were ever far in advance of the age in which they lived. If we do not think on all 90 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. points as they did, if we deem that our liberality is larger and wider, we shall still do well to imitate their firm faith, their devotion to duty, their readiness to sacrifice all material prosperity to what they held to be just and right. Grave and stern they were : they came to make homes for themselves and their faith in the wilderness, to meet the murderous savage, to encounter the rude climate, to subdue the stubborn soil, and to brave the wrath, if need be, of a powerful king. Earnestly and thoughtfully they counted all the cost and their glance was never turned back. It is interesting to know that the three names before us, as the founders of our city, are those of three soldiers of the great army of the Pai-liament of England ; and not less interesting to learn that our corporate name is derived, not from that of the ancient city of Worcester, but from the battle fought there, of which Oliver Crom- well always spoke as "the crowning mercy of the Lord." As we summon these men by the power of the imagination before us we may see them as they stood together on that day, forever memorable in the history of English liberty. " Such faces glared from Ire ton's grim platoons, Such figures rode with Slvippon's stout dragoons." The colonies of England in this country were very various in their origin and views, and it is a matter of some surprise that at the period of our revolution it was possible so well to unite them. To some even a monarchical government was not distaseful, if its exac- tions were not unreasonable. But the people of New HON. CHARLES DEVENS'S ADDRESS. 91 England knew always why their fathers had left the pleasant fields of old England and made their home here. Others might have come tempted by enterprise or the advantages that a new world might offer. They came for neither wealth nor gain, but in the assertion of their liberty to think and act as conscience bade them. It is their spirit that has pervaded New England always with high resolve and determined purpose when hours of trial have come. It was that when the time of separation from England came that filled our councils with men like John Adams and gave strength and fire to our armies. It was the same spirit which, when the war of the rebellion burst upon us, nerved the arms and gave courage to the hearts of the young and brave whom we sent forth to die upon a hundred battle-fields. What were "the boys," as you loved to call them twenty-three years ago, but "the bronze recast of the old heroic ages." And as I speak of them and recall the remarks of the orator of the evening, let me remember among those very dear to me, the Emmet Guards, which were ' included in my first command. Wlien the war broke out they preserved only a social organization and were not in the militia of the State. They had been disbanded in a storm, such as sometimes sweeps over communities, and which forbade any companies except those composed of men of native birth. When the word for marching came they said to me, while in charge of getting together the battalion, the command of which I had accepted, " We are not of the militia of 92 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Massachusetts, but we are ready to go with you if our officers can be regularly commissioned and recognized as a part of the militia of the State." Certainly no request was ever more reasonable nor any offer more gallant. It cost a telegram of five lines to send it to Governor Andrew and you all know how he answered it. But, my friends, let me not by words of mine inter- rupt the current of thought inspired by the lips of our orator. Looking back foi* two hundred years we stand on the verge of a new century. We have a right to a just pride in the city which is ours, with its temples of worship, its marts of business, its workshops and forges which send out the streaming blazonry of their fires through the silent night, but we are prouder still of its thousand happy homes. The future has no doubt its trials and its struggles for us and for those who are to come after us, yet let us hope they are to be those of peace. May we rear here great captains, but may they be captains in the armies of industry, whose pathway shall be marked, not by devastated fields or the smoke that goes up from the conquered town, but by the smil- ing village and the cheerful light from the contented fireside of those whose labor has received its just reward. May they be captains whose victories are won for the common comfort and happiness of all men. Large as our product now may be, whether computed in tons or counted in dollars, still may the largest and the best product of Worcester always be noble, high- souled men and women. From Mechanics Hall, at the close of the exercises, the Committee escorted the guests of the city to the Bay State House, where a collation was provided, thus closing the features of the evening. THE STREET PARADE. Wednesday, the loth of October, was celebrated with an enthusiasm inspiring to see. It is safe to say that never before during the two centuries of the existence of Worcester as town and city had so many people been brought within corporate limits as in the throngs that filled the streets on the da}'^ of the great procession. The citizens entered fully into the meaning of the occasion. Decorations were abundant and displayed with great skill and taste, showing on either side of the principal thoroughfares continuous lines of bunting, mottoes, portraits of Washington and revolutionary heroes, and goddesses of liberty. The shop windows abounded in displayed relics of the ancient times, old maps, and pictures of Worcester and curiosities and antiques in endless variety. Says the S^y of October 16th : " It was a gala day for Worcester. In the celebration old and young joined, and from the neighboring towns came thousands to witness the festivities. The various railroads brought in more than 15,000 people, which, added to the arrivals of the day previous and those who came by private con- veyance, made the number of strangers fully 25,000. It is not an extrava- gant estimate to place the number iu the streets when the procession was moving at upwards of 80,000. Good order prevailed all day. Worcester people were satisfied with what had been provided for them, and visitors were fully convinced that the progressive spirit which has put Worcester where it is to-day still exists, and will carry the city forward in its third century." Says the Worcester Evening Gazette of the same date : " The decorations were the most general and elaborate ever seen in Wor- cester, and speak the interest and co-operation with which the event is 94 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. welcomed by all classes of citizens. We have made some mention of localities decorated, but no description can give an idea of their extent and variety. The crowds, which were thronging everywhere, found ample occu- pation in gazing and admiring." The city decorations included the arch over Main Street in front of the entrance to the City Hall, the City Hall building, the Old South Church, the Soldiers' and the Bigelow monu- ments, Mechanics Hall, and around the north, east and south sides of the Common. The arch which spanned Main Street was of white and bore upon its south side the Latin motto " Civitas in bello et inpacejidelis,'" ^ a free translation of which is "A city faithful in war and in peace." Below the motto on either side were shields with the dates — 1684, 1884 — and near the base, figures of the Revolutionary soldier. On the north side were the words : ' ' The Heart of the Common- wealth welcomes home her Sons and Daughters." Below, the shields and dates were repeated, and the figures upon the base were, on one side, a portrait of Washington, upon the other, the Goddess of Liberty. Pendant from the arch hung festoons of laurel leaves ; over the keystone was the figure of an eagle with a cluster of flags upon either side. Flags were also supported on short stafis at each side of the arch ; other flags hung at the sides. On the front of the City Hall the central figure represented Washington mounted. The background was a large flag caught at the top in the talons of a gilt eagle. The remain- ing decorations of the front were festoons of bunting with small flags at the corners and upon the lamp posts. On the north side the central figure was the Goddess of Liberty, surrounded by streamers of bunting looped from corner to corner of the building ; at the upper corners were large flags. The east entrance to the hall was draped with flags and bunting. On the west side of the Old South Church the centre was an allegorical picture surrounded by flags and bunting, the iThis motto was received by the City of Worcester, England, from Charles II. at the Restoration. THE STREET PARADE. 95 latter caught up to the top of the second window from each end of the building. Flags were also suspended from the tops of the windows. On the north front hung festoons of bunting, flags and shields, and on the south end bunting and flags and a full-length portrait of Washington. There was also a band of bunting around the lower part of the belfry. A white banner hung on the east side, and upon it were inscribed the names of twenty-live of the early settlers in the town : — Daniel Henchman, Nathl. Henchman, John Wing, Ephraim Curtis, Thomas Brown, William Weeks, Thomas x\therton, " Isaac Bull, George Pyke, Caleb Sawyer, John Turner, William Paine, Daniel Turell, Digory Serjent, James Holmes, Isaac Tomlin, Mathew Tomlin, George Rosbury, Thomas Hall, Peter Goulding, Samuel Daniel, George Ripley, Charles Williams, Alex. Bogell, Isaac George. The Soldiers' Monument and the Col. Timothy Bigelow Monument were each decorated with streamers and garlands of bunting interwoven. Lines of small banners were hung at intervals across Front Street, Salem Square and Park Street. On Salem Square the lines of small banners were continued, and at the east end of the Common was designated the place of the old burial-ground, the second place used for that purpose in the town. Arches of red, white and blue bunting were erected over Front Street, Salem Square and Park Street, making a very fine effect as the procession passed under them. Beginning at the foot of Chatham Street and passing down Main Street towards the North, the business blocks were very 96 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. handsomely decorated, in many instances, and in nearly all places some recognition of the day was made. On the front of Mechanics Hall, the centre-piece was formed by a large flag gathered in the centre, over which in large gilt letters on a dark ground were the words " Worcester Bi-Centennial." Long streamers of bunting crossed from above and below surrounded the centre-piece, a broad band of bunting extended across above the second story windows, and streamers were hung from the apex of the front to the corners. Lines of small banners were hung from the corners of the building to the end of the flag staff'. It was a happy thought, giving up Court House Hill to the school children, from which point of secure advantage several thousands of them watched the parade with unceasing interest. The best of order was maintained, and the bright, cheerful faces of the young people was strong evidence that they thoroughly enjoyed the pageant and appreciated the efforts of those who had provided for their comfort. About 400 pupils of the High and Grammar Schools, under the direction of Principal A. S. Roe of the High School, also took part in the procession. That all the arrangements were most carefully perfected was shown by the promptness and precision of every move- ment made in connection with the celebration. Not only was the procession well handled, but the minor details, which had so much to do with the grand success, were most fully perfected. Promptly at ten o'clock the strokes on the fire alarm bells gave the signal, and 15 minutes later, at the exact time appointed, the procession was in motion, the several divisions falling in promptly. There were twelve brass bands in the line, and between 4,000 and 5,000 men. For the promptness with which the procession was started and the admirable manner in which all the details were carried out, especial credit is due to Chief Marshal Pickett and his very efficient corps of aides and assistants. The City Marshal had been instructed by the Mayor to THE PROCESSION. 97 keep the following streets clear of carriages during the forma- tion and passage of the procession ; and so well was this duty attended to, as were also other services of the police, that Chief Marshal Pickett sent a special letter of acknowledgment to City Marshal Atkinson thanking him for the efficient work of his department. Main Street from Claremont Street to Lincoln Square. Highland Street from Lincoln Square lo Harvard Street. Harvard Street from Highland Street to Bowdoin Street. Bowdoin Street from Harvard Street to Chestnut Street. Chestnut Street from Bowdoin Street to Cedar Street. Cedar Street from Chestnut Street to Oak Street. Oak Street from Cedar Street to Elm Street. Elm Street from Main Street to Oak Street. Ashland Street from Elm Street to Pleasant Street. Pleasant Street from Main Street to West Street. Irving Street from Pleasant Street to Chatham Street. Chatham Street from Irving Street to Main Street. May Street from Main Street to Silver Street. Silver Street from May Street to Claremont Street. Claremont Street from Silver Street to Main Street. Park Street from Main Street to Salem Square. Salem Square from Park Street to Front Street. Front Street from Main Street to Bridge Street. Bridge Street from Front Street to Foster Street. Foster Street from Main Street to Bridge Street. THE PROCESSION. [Note.— The dagger (t) indicates that the person against whose name it is placed served in the Union army or navy in the war of the rebellion.] The make-up of the procession, which was an hour in passing a given point, was as follows : Mounted Police, City Marshal Amos Atkinson commanding. Escort of the Chief Marshal. American Brass Band of Providence, 24 pieces, D. C. Reeves, leader. Worcester Continentals, 70. men, Lieut. -Col. W. S. B. Hopkins,! commanding. Staff. Chief of Stafl", Capt. Nathaniel Paine; 1st Lieut, and Adjutant, E. A. "Wood;t 1st Lieut, and Quartermaster, W. D. Holbrook; Capt. and Judge Advocate, John R. Thayer; 2d Lieut. and Commissary, N. S. Liscomb.f 98 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Non-commissioned Staff. Sergeant Major, William McCreacly;t Sergeant, EUery B. Crane; Sergeant and Clerk, Geo. H. Harlow ; Sergeant and Treasurer, Chas. A. Waite. Honorary Staff. Capt. Augustus Whittemore, Capt. W, H. Cundy, Maj. Charles W. Stevens, Lieut. George H. Gibson, Lieut. G. H. Allen, all of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Boston; Col. C. M. Van Slyck, Lieut.-Col. L L. Goff, Capt. J. F. Dufi'y, Capt. E. M. Clark, Quartermaster E. Brown, Assistant Quartermaster McStirn, Paymaster E. C. Danforth and Assistant Surgeon Keene, all of the United Train of Artillery of Providence; Col. E. J. Trull, Gen. D. W. Wardrop, Capt. J. Bensemoil, Lieut. W. G. Shillaber, Lieut. F. H. Little, of the Boston Light Infantry Veterans ; Lieut. Samuel Hobbs and Lieut. Howard Wade, of the Boston Light Infantry ; Lieut.-Col. A. C. Eddy and Lieut. J. H. Welch, of the Providence Light Infantry Veteran Association. Line: — Co. C, Capt. W. S. Jourdan; Co. D (colors), 1st Lieut. John N. Morse, Jr., commanding; Co. A, 1st Lieut. H. J. Jennings, f commanding; Co. B, Capt. Chas. B. Whiting. Colt's Band of Hartford, 25 pieces, W. C. Sparry, leader. Governor's Foot Guards of Hartford, 120 men, Major J. C. Kinney commanding. Staff: — Adjutant, J. Robert Dwyer; Paymaster, C. Strong; Quartermaster, L. T. Fenn; Commissary, Leander Hall; Judge Advocate, E. Henry Hyde; Surgeon, W. A. M. Wainwright; Inspector. R. L. Hungerford; Engineer, George B. Fisher. Line Officers: — Captain J. C. Pratt; 2d Lieutenant, Theodore Naudel; 3d Lieutenant, F. C. Clark; Ensign, Horace Lord. CHIEF MARSHAL, GEN. JOSIAH PICKETT.f Chief of Staff, Major E. T. Raymond.! Surgeon, Dr. J. Marcus Rice;t Assistant-Surgeon, Dr. Charles H. Davis; Chaplain, Rev. Joseph F. Levering ;t Quartermaster, David Boyden;t Assis- tant-Quartermaster, Lieut. J. B. Willard;t Commissary, Harlan Fairbanks;! Assistant-Commissary, John F. Bicknell;t Provost Marshal, Joseph M. Dyson.f Aides. Gen. A. B. R. Sprague,t Col. T. S. Johnson, Maj. Joseph P. Mason, Maj. L. G. White, Capt. George M. Woodward,! Capt. James Connor,t Capt. Charles S. Chapin,t Capt. Winslow S. Lincoln, Wm. J. Hogg, Charles S. Barton, George B. Witter, Frank E. Lancaster, Edward 0. Parker, Noel E. Converse,! Color Bearer; Lucius White, Bugler. THE PROCESSION. 99 Honorary Staff. Gen. S. H. Leonard,! Col. J. M. Drennau.f Col. J. M. Studley.f Lieut.W. B. Harding,t Dr. Napoleon Jacques, Stephen Salisbury, Seneca M. Richardson, Charles W. Wood.t George B. Buckingham, Maj. Chas. H. Davis, f Dr. H. Y. Simpson, R. J. Tatman, William H. Bliss, Alzirus Brown, George E. Boyden, E. B. Crane, Capt. John S. Baldwin,! Maj. Frank E. Goodwin,! Maj. B. D. Dwinnell,! Dr. Albert Wood.! FIRST DIVISION. Fitchburg Band, G. D. Patz, leader. Sacred Heart Cadets and St. Anne's Cadet Drum Corps. Marshal, Gen. R. H. Chamberlain;! Assistant Marshals, Major E. R. Shum- way,! Lieut. P. L. Rider. Worcester Light Infantry, 50 men, Captain, Edward A. Harris; 1st Lieut. Aaron S. .Taft; 2d Lieut. William A. Pickett. Worcester City Guards, 51 men. Captain, George H. Cleveland; 1st Lieut. James Early ; 2d Lieut. W. D. Preston. Co. F, Second Regiment, M. V. M., of Gardner, 48 men. Captain, Solon T. Chamberlain; 1st Lieut. Chas. N. Edgell, ; 2d Lieut. Jonas Sawin. George H. Ward Post 10, G. A. R., Department of Massachusetts, 150 men, Commander, Wm. L. Robinson;' Senior Vice Commander, Harvey T. Buck ; Junior Vice Commander, Cephas N. Walker ; Adjutant, Chas. H. Benchley. 1st Co., Captain, George H. Conklin. 2d Co., Captain, G. A. B. Hill. 3d Co., Captain, John J. Upham. 4th Co., Captain, David W. Roach. 6th Co., Captain, George Weeks. 6th Co., Captain, J. J. Beaumont. 7th Co., Captain, C. W. Wilson. 8th Co., Captain, Nelson Stark. Color Co., Captain, John G. Brewer. 10th Co., Captain, J. N. Jones. nth Co., Captain, Herbert A. Kimball. 12th Co., Captain, George H. Hathorne, 13th Co., Captain, A. E. Stearns. General A. A. Goodell Camp, No. 2, Sons of Veterans, 30 men ; Captain, E. A. Gleason ; 1st Lieutenant, George K. Robinson ; 2d Lieutenant, Fred. M. Templeton. Emmet Guards, 40 men ; Captain, Wm. Regan ; 1st Lieutenant, T. F. McAuley ; 2d Lieutenant, Bernard Wilmot. 100 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. St. John's Cadets, 35 men; Captain, J. J. Hughes; 1st Lieutenant, L. J. Louther ; 2d Lieutenant, T. Herr. Sacred Heart Cadets, 35 men; Captain James Grady, Commander; Captain, T. J. Calvin ; 1st Lieutenant, Edward Campbell ; 2d Lieutenant, Daniel McAuliffe. St. Anne's Cadets, 50 men ; Captain, J. E. Underwood ; 1st Lieutenant, Thomas Joyce ; 2d Lieutenant, John Cronin. St. Anne's Temperance Guards, 42 men; Captain, Jeremiah Mara; 1st Lieu- tenant, Dennis ClifiFord ; 2d Lieutenant, Edward Fitzpatrick. Battery B, Light Artillery, 1st Brigade, M. V. M. ; Captain, Ered. W. Wellington; Senior 1st Lieutenant, Mason A. Boyden;t Junior 1st Lieutenant, Henry E. Smith ;t 2d Lieutenant, John E. Merrill. His Honor Charles G. Reed, Mayor, with the following guests of the city, in carriages : — His Excellency Governor Robinson, Adjt.-Gen. Dalton, the Governor's StaflF, Major Ben : Perley Poore, Hon. W. W. Rice, P. L. Moen, Hon. Charles B. Pratt, Hon. Thomas A. Doyle, Mayor of Providence; Hon. Hervey G. Lewis, Mayor of New Haven; Hon. John Breen, Mayor of Lawrence; Hon. James E. Delaney, Mayor of Holyoke; Hon. John J. Donovan, Mayor of Lowell; Hon. J. Wesley Kimball, Mayor of Newton; Hon. Augustus P. Martin, Mayor of Boston; Hon. Thomas Strahan, Mayor of Chelsea; Hon. Alonzo Davis, Mayor of Fitchburg; Hon. Lewis T. Fuller, Mayor of Maiden ; Hon. J. C. Lathrop, Mayor of Dover, N. H. ; Hon. Calvin Page, Mayor of Portsmouth, N. H. ; Hon. Daniel H. Morgan, Mayor of Bridgeport, Conn. ; Hon. T. L. Nelson, Prof. Francis O. March, of Lafayette College, Penn. ; Hon. Clark Jillson, A. G. Walker, George Crompton, Hon. F. H. Kelley, Hon. Edward L. Davis, Hon. E. B. Stoddard, Hon. Peter C. Bacon, J. Henry Hill, F. P. Goulding, Waldo Lincoln, Henry A. Marsh, Samuel S. Green, J. H. Walker, W. E. Rice, and Members of the City Government. SECOND DIVISION. Marshal, Major Nathan Taylor. f Assistant Marshals, Capt. C. N. Hair.f Dr. W. H. Sears, Horace W. Willson. Worcester Brass Baud, 23 pieces, L. D. Waters, leader. Worcester Uniformed Degree Camp, No. 3, I. 0. 0. F., 50 men, John W. Hadley,t Commander. Wachusett Encampment, No. 10, I. O. 0. F., 40 men, Forbes B. Fay, Chief Captain ; F. P. Larkin, Sub-Captain. Mt. Vernon Encampment, No. 53, I. O. 0. F., 34 men, B. 0. Wellman, Commander; Waldo Vinton, Assistant. THE PROCESSION. 101 Quinsigamond Lodge, No. 43, I. O. O. F., 32 men, George F. Brooks, Marshal ; Walter Gates, Assistant Marshal. Worcester Lodge, No. 50; Central Lodge, No. 168, and Ridgely Lodge, No. 112, I. 0. O. F., 110 men, John F. Adams, Marshal; F. W. Blenus and George A. Underwood, Assistant Marshals. Blake Lodge, No. 49, Knights of Pythias, 45 men, George W. Bemis, Captain; A. W. Cunningham, 1st Lieutenant; W. A. Newgent, 2d Lieutenant. Damascus Lodge, No. 51, Knights of Pythias, 50 men; F. S. Montgomery, Captain; A. B. Spink, 1st Lieutenant. Integrity Lodge, No. 17G8, G. U. O. F., 20 men; Daniel Edwards, Marshal. First Regiment, M. V. M., Drum and Fife Corps, 23 men; J. W. Clarke, Drum Major. Prince Consort Lodge, No. 29, Sons of St. George, and St. Andrews' Mutual Benefit Society, 200 meu ; Robert Hale, President ; Mark Froora, Marshal; Isaac E. Evons, George Palmer, Assistants. High School Drum Corps, 12 drums. Worcester High School Battalion, 250 boys; Pi-incipal, A. S. Roe, Commanding. Co. A, Captain, E. Hopkins ; 1st Lieutenant, H. C. Bemis ; 2d Lieutenant, P. F. Gildea; 1st Sergeant, R. C. Walbridge. Co. B, Captain, C. E. Burbank; 1st Lieutenant, N. .1. Chandley; 2d Lieu- tenant, N. C. Keyes ; 1st Sergeant, F. E. Buxton. Co. C, Captain, H. F. Blood; 1st Lieutenant, E. F. Garvey; 2d Lieutenant, H. M. Blackmer; 1st Sergeant, L. E. Ware. Co. D, Captain, H. Y. Follett; 1st Lieutenant, J. G. Barri ; 2d Lieutenant, M. F. Burns; 1st Sergeant, J. W. Dryden. Millbury Street Grammar School, 30 boys; Wm. McCarthy, Captain; Dennis Shea, 1st Lieutenant; Johu McGunn, 2d Lieutenant. Belmont Street Grammar School, 25 boys ; George Hill, Captain ; Philip Daly, 1st Lieutenant ; William Williams, 2d Lieutenant. Dix Street Grammar School, 25 boys ; Paul Bronner, Captain ; George Burr, 1st Lieutenant ; J. Daly, 2d Lieutenant. Washington Street Grammar School, 30 boys; W. B. Hoyt, Captain; J. Lamson, 1st Lieutenant ; H. Sibley, 2d Lieutenant. Ledge Street Grammar School, 30 boys; William Gilfoyle, Captain; Charles Whitney, 1st Lieutenant; D. Doyle, 2d Lieutenant. Iroquois Tribe, Improved Order of Red Men, 50 men ; E. H. Dunbar, Marshal. 102 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. THIKD DIVISION. Marshal, Andrew Athy. Assistant Marshals, William Hickey,t B. H. McMahon, P. J. Quinn. Staff. Rev. J. J. McCoy, Chaplain ; Dr. T. A. Q'Callaghan, Surgeon. Aids. Edward Kearns, John Mulvey, John Maguire, T. J. O'Keefe. American Brass Band, Natick, 24 pieces, J. M. Flockton, leader. Knights of Father Mathew, 30 men ; James Eaton, Captain ; P. M. O'Brien, 1st Lieutenant; Owen Gilrain, 2d Lieutenant. Father Mathew Total Abstinence Society, 200 men ; Timothy J. Murphy, Marshal. Irish Catholic Benevolent Union, 40 men; Jere. Murphy, Marshal; William J. Reagan, William Harper, James McGinnis, Assistants. St. John's Drum Corps, M. Gleason, Drum Major, 11 men. St. John's Temperance Guild, 100 men; E, J. Galvin, President; J. J. McCloskey, Vice President. Leicester Cornet Band, 22 pieces, L. White, leader. A. O. H. Guards ol' Worcester, 60 men ; Martin Tracy, Captain ; J. J. Milan, 1st Lieutenant. Milford Brass Band, 18 pieces, T. W. Kean, leader. Ancient Order of Hibernians, No. 7, of Milford, 40 men; James F. Stratton, Commander. Ancient Order of Hibernians, Worcester, four divisions, 200 men; John Mulvey, Marshal; W. A. Carpenter, John Burns, John F. Grey, Thomas Moran, R. O'Brien, Side Marshals. Volunteers of '82, 50 men mounted: William E. Griffin, Commander; J. F. Quinn, Captain Co. A; P. F. Ryan, Captain Co. B. FOUETH DIVISION. Marshal, Captain George L. Allen. Assistant Marshals, Captain Levi Lincoln,! Lieut. Henry S. Knight, Charles H. Bowker. Worcester Cadet Band, 23 pieces, E. D. Ingraham, leader. THE PROCESSION. 103 Garde Lafayette, 29 men, Charles Wilmot, Captain. St. Jean Baptiste Society, 400 men ; A. F. Lamoureux, Marshal ; Eli Bouchard, Assistant Marshal. Reform Club, 25 men ; Edward Henshaw, Marshal ; Joseph Tremer, Assistant Marshal. Stationary Engineers, 25 men ; George "Weir, Engineer ; F. W. Mnnroe, Assistant Engineer. Viking Council Order of Mystic Brothers, 64 men; Leonard Wickins, Marshal ; C. W. Bildt, Eric Kuutssou, Captains. Boston Cadet Baud, 30 pieces, J. Thomas Baldwin, leader. German Societies, 80 men ; C. C. Schwartz, Marshal ; Turners, Christian Schencker, Assistant Marshal; Frohsinn, William Lichtenfelts, Assistant Marshal; Einigkeit No. 44, D. O. H., George Krumsick, Assistant Marshal ; Independent Order Sons of Benjamin, Max Feiga, Assistant Marshal. Worcester County Mechanics Association, 3 carriages; Samuel E. Hildreth, President; Samuel Winslow, "Vice-President; Wm. A. Smith, Clerk; Edwin T. Marble, Thomas J. Hastings,! John B. Goodell,t James E. Fuller, Charles H. Morgan, Milton P. Higgins, Fred. H. Daniels, Trustees; Edwin Morse, Ex-President. Worcester Agricultural Society, 3 carriages ; James W. Stockwell, of Sutton, Vice-President; George H. Estabrook, Secretary; Wm. S. Lincoln, Chas. E. Miles, of Boston, and J. A. Fayerweather, of Westboro, Ex-Presidents ; O. B. Hadwen, C. L. Hartshorn, Wm. T. Merrifield, Harvey Dodge, of Sutton, Trustees ; H. H. Chamberliu, Bonura Nye, of North Brookfield, Members, the latter in his 90th year, and who attended the first meeting of the Society in 1818. Society of Antiquity, 2 carriages; Samuel E. Staples, Ex-President; Rev. T. E. St. John, Daniel Seagrave, Henry F. Stedman, Thomas A. Dickinson, Franklin P. Rice and E. Francis Thompson. Natives of Maine, A. P. Marble, President ; Sons of New Hampshire, Addison Palmer, President ; Sons of Vermont, Charles G. Parker, President, and George Fisher, Secretary. 104 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Worcester Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, 110 mounted men and 7 teams; Worthy Master, F. A. Harrington as Chief Marshal; W. I. Allen, Aide-de-Camp ; Overseer, H. J. Allen ; Lecturer, J. E. Goodell ; Steward, Charles E. Bond; Assistant Steward, L. J. Kendall; Chaplain, J. A. Bancroft; Treasurer, A. D. Flagg ; Color Bearer, A. D. Perry. Car of Flora. Car of Pomona. Car of Ceres. Four Degree Cars : First. — Laborer and Maid. Second — Cultivator and Shepherdess. Third — Harvester and Gleaner. Fourth — Husbandman and Matron. FIFTH DIVISION. Marlboro Brass Band, 25 pieces, A. D. Baker, leader. Marshal, Chief Engineer Simon E. Combs ; Assistant Marshals, Assistant Engineers William Brophy, George S Coleman, Edwin L. Vaughn, Charles M. Mills. Carriages, containing Henry W. Miller, Tilley Raymond, L. R. Hudson, Erastus N. Holmes, A. B. Lovell, Alvin T. Burgess, James L. Morse and Eli Fairbanks, Ex-Engineers of the Department. Ex-Firemen, 75 men, with hand engine; Samuel H. Day, Foreman. Insurance Fire Patrol, 2 horses; Hiram R. Williamson, Captain. Alert Hose, No. 1, 2 horses; Henry Robbins, Foreman. Protector Hose, No. 7, 2 horses; William A. Adams, Foreman. Steamer Gov. Lincoln, No. 1, 4 horses; John J. Adams, Foreman. Steamer No. 1 Hose Carriage, 2 horses. Hook and Ladder, J. W. Loring, No. 1, 4 horses; J. H. Perkins, Foreman. Steamer A. B. Lovell, No. 2, 4 horses ; John Wheaton, Foreman. Steamer No. 2 Hose Carriage, 2 horses. Independent Hose, No. 3, 2 horses; John Carthy, Foreman. Ocean Hose, No. 2, 2 horses ; David Boland, Foreman. Steamer S. E. Combs, No. 3, 6 horses: Alvin Prouty, Foreman. Steamer No. 3 Hose Carriage, 2 horses. Worcester Cornet Baud, 21 pieces, C. G. Marcy, leader. Rapid Hose, No. 8, 2 horses ; C. A. Humes, Foreman. Chemical Extinguisher, No. 1, 2 horses ; William Flyuu, Foreman. Tiger Hose, No. 6, 2 horses ; F. F. Burbank, Foreman. THE PROCESSION. 105 Steamer Rapid No. 4, 4 horses. Niagara Hose, No. 4, 2 horses; A. J. Dresser, Foi'eman. Yankee Hose, No. 5, 2 horses ; Cliflbrd O. Lamb, Foreman. Good Will Hook and Ladder, No. 2, 4 horses; John P. Fay, Foreman. There were so many interesting features of the procession, and each division was so good in itself, that particular men- tion of any might be considered invidious, but by general consent the special features of the parade (admitted on all hands to have been the best appearing and most skilfull}'' handled military and civic pageant ever seen in Worcester), were the Grangers' representation and the Fire Department decorations. The Worcester Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, had 110 mounted men and seven cars in line, each car drawn by four horses. , On the breasts of the horses were shields, inscribed "Patrons of Husbandry, Worcester Grange No. 22." These officers, accompanied with banners, preceded the cars: Master, Francis A. Harrington; Overseer, H. J. Allen; Lecturer, J. E. Goodell ; Chaplain, John A. Ban- croft; Steward, Charles E. Bond; Assistant Steward, L.J. Kendall ; Treasurer, A. D. Flagg. The following is the description of these pageants, as given in the Daily Spy : "The first car, representing Flora, Goddess of Flowers, was elaborately decorated, and Flora, Mrs. Hartley Wadsworth, with two attendants, was seated on a raised platform. Each was tastefully attired. The motto was, ' To me belong the Forest, the Garden, and their Garlands of Flowers.' The second car, representing Pomona, Goddess of Fruits, had a canopy top, with red, gold and green trimmings. At each corner was a design of fruit and berries, while the canopy was hung with grapes and light baskets of fruits, representing an arbor. Pomona, Miss Mary A. E. Adams, with two attendants, occupied an elevated position. On her right stood a basket of fruit, and on her left a cornucopia filled and decorated with fruit. The motto was, 'The luscious product of the Orchard and Fruit Garden are mine.' " Ceres, Goddess of Grains, was represented by Miss Emma Midgley, with two attendants. The car displaced a great amount of skill and labor in arrangement. The cover, thatched with several varieties of grain in the straw, was suspended by a ridgepole of traces of corn, and at each corner stood a sheaf of grain. Ceres sat on a mound made of bags of rye, oats, barley and wheat, on the top of which was a bag of corn inscribed, ' Corn is King.' The motto was, ' My Tribute is the Golden Grain.' 106 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. "Next came four allegorical cars, representing the degrees of the order as well as the different stages of agriculture. The first was built iu the form of a log cabin, with open sides. In front stood a woodman with an axe, resting on a felled tree, and a plowman resting on a plow. At the rear sat women at the spinning-wheel, the churn and other implements of housewifery. The inscriptions were: 'Faith — Pioneer of Civilization; First in Clearing the Field and Breaking the Sod.' " The second, representing Spring and seed time, was covered with ever- greens, and men were at work planting and sowing. At the rear sat a shepherdess on a mound of rocks and grasses tending two lambs. Her attendant, a little girl, was kept busy feeding the pets. The motto was : •Hope — He that Tilleth the Land shall be Satisfied with Bread.' "The third represented a harvest scene, the fi'ont showing a field of standing grain with reapers and gleaners, the former resting on a rustic fence, with sickle and cradle, and the latter seated on bundles of grain with gleanings in their laps. At the rear was a fine collection of the products of the fields— grains, vegetables and fruits. The motto was : ' Charity — Industry Rewarded. Thanks to God, who hath Blessed the Sod and Crowns the harvest Land.' " The fourth was a home scene, with a house of the olden style, with porch in front, chimney and fireplace in the rear, and sides open ; the object being to represent a farmer's comfortable home, with the surroundings of a numerous family. The emblem was: 'Fidelity, the Hope of the People. As are the Homes so is the Nation.' There were about 150 persons in the line. It was the first attempt of anything of the kind in the history of the order, and those who planned and executed the work — especially Mr. James Draper, State Master, Francis A. Harrington, Master of the Worcester Grange, and George H. Rice, Chairman of the Bi-Centennial Committee on the part of the Grange — are to be congratulated on the success of the display. " Of much admired appearance was the Fire Department, its well kept and brightly polished apparatus being seen gaily decorated with flowers, ever- green and bunting. The Fire Patrol wagon was covered with bunting and evergreen, and on a pedestal in the centre was perched a handsome golden eagle. Hose No. 1 was covered with a canopy of evergreen and flowers, an elegant floral wreath being suspended from the centre. Protector Hose was covered with streamers of red, white and blue, tastefully gathered around an easel on which was a picture of the Chief Engineer. Steamer Gov. Lincoln was trimmed with flowers and the national colors, and the long sides of Hook and Ladder No. 1 were covered with the stars and stripes. Steamer No. 2 Hose Carriage was a mass of flowers and evergreen. The Extinguisher was covered with a handsome floral canopy, and on Steamer No. 3 the name was handsomely wrought in an elaborate floral design. The tiger of old times surmounted the decorations of Hose No. 6, and all the other pieces of apparatus were handsomely decorated with the national colors and handsome flowers." The full and very creditable display by our adopted citizens of various nationalities was very generally commented THE PEOCESSION. 107 upon, they adding largely to the success of the parade. There were over 700 Irish, about 400 French and 200 Germans and Swedes in the Third and Fourth Divisions. As is usual on such occasions in Worcester, the local militia turned out in good numbers and with the Grand Army, the Sons of Veterans and the Irish military organizations made an important part of the procession. As indicating the length of the procession, it may be stated that when the head of the column turned into Front Street, the rear was resting on Chatham, near Main Street, on its march towards May Street. This would make the length of the procession about two miles. After the parade the invited guests dined with the members of the Reception Committee at the Bay State House. Mayor Reed presided, and after the dinner short congratulatory speeches w^ere made by Gov. Robinson, Congressman Rice, Mayor Doyle of Providence, Mayor Lewis of New Haven, and Mayor Donovan of Lowell. The Continentals gave a dinner to their honorary staff at the Lincoln House. The band concerts in the afternoon were a source of pleasure to thousands^ and on the Common was gathered one of the largest crowds ever seen there. The artillery drill by Battery B at the Fair Grounds was to many a most interesting event, and was witnessed by a large crowd. The balloon ascension proved a popular feature and was witnessed by thousands of spectators. Every point of advan- tage was seized upon at an early hour. A large iron pipe from the gas works led to' the vacant lot on the corner of Sigel Street and Quinsigamond Avenue, in the south part of the city, and the filling of the monster air ship began at 10.30 in the morning. Shortly before 3 o'clock the two Aliens, James and James K., and Dr. W. H. Raymenton entered the basket. At 3 o'clock the word was given, but it was found sufficient buoyancy was lacking ; bag after bag of ballast was thrown out, until at 3.01 the word was again given, the rope was cast off, and the party started on their voyage amid the 108 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. cheers of the crowd. It did not move directly up, however, but drifted slowly away to the south-east, rising gradually. Long streamers were cast off and their lazy movements showed the extreme lightness of the breeze. After a few hours' flight the balloon came down in an open field owned by C. A. & S. M. Wheelock, about one mile from the centre of the town of Uxbridge. THE DRESS PARADE. In the afternoon at 4.30 the several military organizations united in a dress parade on the Common. The parade was witnessed by fully ten thousand people. When the com- mands began to arrive the crowd was so great that the St. John's Cadets had to clear a space, and the police set ropes, but they were soon broken down. After a hard struggle a sufficient space was cleared, and the Governor's Foot Guard of Hartford, Company F, Second Regiment, of Gardner, the Light Infantry, and the City Guards marched on to the grounds. Major E. R. Shumway was in command of the parade, and Lieut. James Early acting Adjutant. The line was quickly formed with the Infantry upon the right, and the St. John's Cadets upon the left. The Worcester Brass Band and Colt's Band of Hartford consolidated and played finely as they marched down the line and back. The men stood steady, and in the manual were excellent, the Cadets coming in for much praise. The parade was witnessed by Gen. Josiah Pickett, Chief Marshal of the day, and his Staff, the officers of the Continentals accorhpanied by their guests, the Staff of the Foot Guard, and the officers of the Ancient and Honorable Artiller}^ besides many other military men. It was a most fitting close to the military exercises of the day, and the applause was long and loud, as the parade was dismissed. One feature of the day, and to most of our citizens an unexpected pleasure, was the presence of the Governor's Foot Guard, of Hartford, Conn., who, with the V/orcester THE PROCESSION. 109 Continentals, formed the escort of the Chief Marshal. The Foot Guard was organized in 1771, and their uniform is like that of the British Grenadier of that period, scarlet coats, turned up with black, silver trimmings, buff cassimere waistcoat and breeches, and bearskin hats ; this formed a pleasing contrast with the blue and buff uniform of the Continentals. THE FIREWORKS. Last on the programme of the celebration of the day was the exhibition of fireworks, which took place in the evening on Newton Hill, opposite Elm Park. Toward 6 o'clock the people began to arrive in multitudes, and the space reserved for people on foot was roped off by the police. It was all that part of the Boulevard between Pleasant Street and the centre of Elm Park. The crowd soon became impassable, and the side streets were rapidly filled up. The Park was very handsomely illuminated by numerous lanterns, and at the top of the flagstaff was an immense star. Nearly every residence upon Elm Street, and many upon the adjacent streets, were elegantly illuminated, and colored fires were burned at intervals. The Worcester Brass Band and the Cadet Band were placed at the disposal of the Committee, and they were posted at the Park and on the Boulevard, each giving fine concerts. The members of the Worcester Brass Brass were kindly entertained by the people living near where they were stationed. By seven o'clock, the time for the starting of the display, it was estimated that there were over thirty thousand people in the vicinity, and thousands viewed the sight from the surrounding hills and from the residences on the west side. At the corner of Elm and Agricultural Streets the Committee in charge had built a platform for their guests, the members of the City Govern- ment, the General Committee, and the press ; and these, with their families, completely filled the 250 seats. At seven 110 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. o'clock several lire balloons were sent up, some of them discharging Roman candles, and a minute later the general display began, and lasted for two hours, and it was the finest pyrotechnic display ever seen in this vicinity. All the pieces were perfect and went oft' on time. The display began by the discharge of a large bomb, followed by an illumination, displaying a succession of colored lights suspended in the air. There were 59 pieces in all, and although the air was very cold the crowd remained until the final discharge of 400 rockets in a bouquet, and "Good Night" appeared in large letters. The set pieces were very elaborate. The crowd were enthusiastic at the close, and cheered loudly. After the display a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Tilton, the pyro- technist, for the prompt and efficient manner in which he carried out his part of the contract. GENERAL NOTES. The managers of the several railroads entering the city prepared themselves to furnish extraordinary accommodations to the crowd of visitors. Their arrangements provided for excursion tickets at reduced rates on all the roads, and the running of special trains. The only survivors of the first City Government of Worces- ter, 1848, all among the honored guests of the city, were Aldermen James S. Woodworth, and Councilmen Daniel Goddard (since deceased), William T. Merrifield and Calvin Foster. In concluding the notes of the second and closing day of the celebration, it deserves repetition that the arrangements from beginning to end were not only perfect, but were carried through without friction and without the slightest delay, the great procession moving promptly on time, the balloon being released one minute after the time announced, and the pyrotechnic display beginning while the clocks were striking the hour named. THE PROCESSION. HI The literature of the Bi-Centennial received a notable and worthy addition in a sixteen-page antique paper issued from the press of F. S. Blanchard & Co., and called "Worcester Bi-Centennial." It gave a brief but well-written sketch of the history of the beginning of the Pakachoag settlement and the leading events of the history of the city, its most notable feature being the illustrations, which included a fac- simile of the original order of the General Court giving the new town the name of Worcester, a fac-simile of a poster soliciting recruits to the Continental Army, a b*ird's-eye view of the city in 1844, views of the Old South Meeting-house, Town Hall in 1841, the old U. S. Hotel, the Lunatic Asylum in 1831, excellent portraits of Gov. Levi Lincoln, Mayor Reed and Ichabod Washburn, a view of Main Street in 1836, the original Wire Mill in 1834, the Rev. Isaac Burr house, built 1724, and a number of other buildings of note of the past and present. The paper has a well-executed heading of most appropriate design, and gave a fac-simile page of Isaiah Thomas's Massachusetts Spy of July, 1776. It is printed on old style type and antique paper, the general effect thus produced being quite ancient. HISTORICAL NOTES. It has been thought proper to present a few pages of history bearing directly upon that period in the early settlement of Worcester which is so immediately associated with the event we have just celebrated. It is taken from a contribution to local history, prepared for and read before the Worcester Society of Antiquity, December 16th, 1884. The first book of ' ' Eecords of the Proprietors " seems to be the most natural source from whence to draw the history of the early settlement of Worcester. That record, however, proves to be defective and quite incomplete, yet there are in fair state of preserva- tion twenty-eight closely written pages, covering the period of the early attempts in establishing a Plantation near Quinsigamond Ponds, beginning with the entry of May 15th, 1667, at which time the General Court appointed Capt. Daniel Gookin,i Capt. Edward John- son, Samuel Andrew and Andrew Belcher, Senior, a committee ^ to view the premises and see if it would be a suitable place to establish a village. From this first entry down to November 26th, 1686, the record appears to be in the hand-writing of Major-General Gookin, at whose house at Cambridge the early meetings of the committee for settling the town may have been held. It seems strange that the book bears no entries in the handwriting of either Capt. Daniel Henchman or Capt. John Wing, the former having full management of the settlement from 1683 until his death, October 15, 1685, and the latter, who soon after, perhaps not until after the death of Major-General Gookin, which occurred March 19, 1687, was chosen Town Clerk, and continued to conduct the affairs of the village until his death, February 22, 1703. The record also appears to have been compiled from detached documents collected during the years 1685 and 1686. It is not intended to give here a complete account of the early 1 Afterwards appointed a Major-General, " This was the second committee appointed. The first one for several reasons failed to act. 9 114 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. settlements of "Worcester. To many readers the printed record is quite familiar, so that we shall touch lightly, and in a general way, the history as a whole, while attempting at the same time to bring out matters of special interest that hithei'to have been quite obscure or wholly unknown to the general reader. Six years and more had been spent by the several committees appointed by the General Court in the preliminary preparation for the establishment of a Plantation near Quinsigamond. The year 1673 found lots granted to 32 persons and recorded in the Town Book. Thus far the meetings of the committee to settle the planta- tion had been held at Cambridge, and the town in prospect was as yet only on paper; out of the 32 persons before mentioned only 14 perfected their titles by paying to the committee their share of the expense thus far incurred in settling the town, which also included the Indian purchase money. At this time the principal portion of the lots were located side by side north of and fronting on the Connecticut road, extending from the head of Lake Quinsigamond westerly, to what is now Adams Square or nearly to Mill Brook. The names of the 32 persons who 2^^'oposed to settle in 1673 were : Daniel Gookin, Senior, Dr. Lkonard Hoarr, Joshua Bigelow, Samuel, his son, John Fat, Michael Fleg, Daniel Henchman, John Shaw, Thomas Prentice, Ephraim Curtis, Joseph Waight, Benjamin Web, John Curtis, John Provender, Phinehas Upham, Thomas Brown, Samuel Brigham, Philip Atwood, Thomas Hall, Gershom Eams, Trial Newberry, Benjamin Crane, Thomas Grover, Wm. Taylor, Symon Meylin, John Paul, Jonathan Treada way, Richard Dana, Joel Jenkins, Wm. Adams. Jacob Dana, Joseph Beamis, From the Town Book we learn that of the above Daniel Gookin, Symon Meylin, Philip Atwood, Samuel Gookin, Thomas Brown, Joseph Waight, Daniel Henchman, Thomas Grover, John Provender, Thomas Hall, Thomas Prentice, Peter Goulding. Ephraim Curtis, Phinehas Upham, The last named (Peter Goulding) having purchased the claim of Benj. Crane, making fourteen who became actual proprietors or landowners in the town. How many of these persons erected dwell- ings upon their lots is not at this time of writing an easy matter to This drawing is designed to illustrate the relative positions of home-lots. The number on the map corresponding with the one set against the name below will indicate the location occupied by that person. 1 Gershom Earns. 16 Maj.-Gen. Daniel Gookin 2 Samuel Brighara. 17-24 Thomas Hall. 3 John Provender. 18 Thomas Grover. 4 Joseph Waight. 19 John Paul. 5 John Shaw. 20 Joel Jenkins. 6 John Fay. 21 Joseph Beamis. 7 ejohn Curtis. 22 Joshua Bigelow. s Dr. Leonard Hoarr. 23 Michael Fleg. 9 Capt. Daniel Henchman. 25 Benjamin Craue. 10 Ephraim Curtis. 26 Capt. Thomas Prentice. 11 Thomas Brown. 27 Benjamin Web. 12 Jacob Dana. 28 Phinehas Upham. 13 Richard Dana. 29 Philip Atwood. 14 Symou Meylin. 30 Trial Newberry. 15 Samuel Gookin. 31 Minister's lot. ■""VLAN or \AJORCESTER I673TOI67S: Drawn by E. B. Crane. HISTOKICAL NOTES. 115 decide ; we are confident, however, that houses were built by the committee, Ephraim Curtis and Thomas Brown. As it appears that the owner of a lot could have three years after the grant and confirma- tion of his title, and acceptance of lot and payment of charges, in which to make improvements, and as July 8th, 1673, seems to be the earliest date of surveying and locating the lots, it is very doubtful if any other buildings were completed previous to the war with King Philip. The Committee for settling the New Plantation received their appointment by the General Court, October 24, 1668, and was composed of Capt. Daniel Gookin, Capt. Thomas Prentice, Mr. Daniel Henchman and Lieut. Richard Beeres. That the work was placed in the hands of an able and efficient committee, all who are familiar with the early records of the Massachusetts Bay Colony will admit. This committee, under the leadership of Capt. Daniel Gookin, had taken possession of this tract of land for the building of a town and constructed a house "little beyond the Brook," previous to October 8, 1673. This with the houses of Ephraim Curtis and Thomas Brown completed the year following, located on the north side of the country road between the head of Lake Quinsiga- mond and what is now Adams Square, comprise all the houses of which we have record as standing previous to the outbreak among the Indians in the summer of 1675, when the place was abiiudoned. And in December of that year the buildings were destroyed by the Indians. The death of King Philip in August, 1676, brought a cessation of hostilities with the Indians, and the committee again put forth their endeavors to re-settle the town, but with little success. In October, 1682, the General Court gave notice that unless some decided advance was soon made the place would be forfeited. Captain, now Major-General, Daniel Gookin was too important a personage to be spared from the seat of government, and it was arranged that Mr. Henchman, now Capt. Daniel Henchman, should undertake the personal superintendence of the settlement. A re-survey of the town- ship was mlade by Samuel Andrew in 1683 and a few log houses erected; and April 1st, 1684, Capt. Henchman was requested by the General Court to see that the inhabitants at the Plantation of Quinsigamond do not neglect the proper observance of the Sabbath, until they may be able to call and maintain a learned, pious, and orthodox minister. It will be noticed on examination that not more than five persons, 116 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. including two members of tlie committee, appear as settlers of the town in 1683 and 1684 that were proprietoi's in 1673 and 1674, also that the locations selected are quite different from those made at the first settlement and being far more widely scattered, but the plan advanced by Capt. Henchman provided for such a thinly-scattered population, inasmuch as every settler was expected to have a hut-lot six rods square within the citadel, on which he was to erect a small house, into which in case of an attack by the Indians each settler could retire for safety and defence. This citadel was a plat of ground about one-half mile square located on Mill Brook, the north line being the top of Prospect Hill, what is now Messinger Hill, extend- ing south nearly to Lincoln Square. There was a road six rods wide located about the citadel, as well as streets two and in some instances three rods wide, passing through between the lots. Those who should erect a block-house or place of defence " on a hill near unto the citadel " were to be "allowed towards the work" by the committee, and also to retain his lot in the citadel. Those who should prefer to build on their farm-lots might do so, by placing their houses, two or more of them, within musket-shot of each other. That there was a block-house near the summit of Messinger Hill is quite probable, it being the most natural location within the limits of the citadel for such a building, and from which a watch over the little collection of toiling villagers might be kept. The outlook from this hill no doubt suggested the name. Prospect Hill. As it is rather difficult to separate with certainty the names of the proprietors from the persons who were living here in 1684 and 1685. I will name the full list so far as able : Daniel Henchman and two Digory Serjent,i servants. — Will, a colored Geo. Rosbury,^ man, and Christopher Read, Wm. Weeks, Daniel Gookiu, Isaac George, Thos. Prentice, Thos. Allerton,^ John Wing, James Butler, Nathaniel Henchman, Thomas Hall, Ephraim Curtis, Alexander Bogell, Geo. Danson, Chas. Williams, Isaac Tomlin, Matthew Tomlin, Geo. Ripley, Adam Winthrop, iThe origin of tliis name is Serjeant, and it has been variously corrupted into Serjent, Sergeant. Sergent, Sarjeut, Sarjant, Sarjeaunt, Sargent, Sargant, Sargeant. 2 This name is also found spelled Rosbrough and Rosebrougb. 3 Afterwards spelled Atherton. This drawing is designed to illustrate the relative positions of home-lots. The number on the map corresponding with the one set against the name below will indicate the location occupied by that person. Ephraim Curtis. Thomas Brown. Daniel Turell. Samuel Daniel. John Wing. George Danson. Samuel Simpson. Adam Winthrop. Mr. Peirpoint. Hezekiah Usher. 11 Bridget Usher. 21 12 Ephraim Curtis heirs. 22 13 Daniel Henchman. 23 14 Daniel Gookiu. 24 15 Digory Serjent. 25 16 Charles Williams. 26 17 George Ripley. 27 IS William Paine. 28 19 James Holmes. 30 20 Alexander Bogell. Thomas Hall. Peter Goulding. James Butler. Thomas Allerton. Isaac George. William Weeks. Isaac Bull. George Rosbury. John Wing's Mills. Drairn by E, B. Crane. 1683 TO /68S: HISTORICAL NOTES. 117 Peter Goulding, Samuel Daniel, Hezekiah Usher, Geo. Pyke, Mrs. Bridget Usher, Caleb Sawyer, Thomas Brown, John Turner, Isaac Bull, James Ford, James Holmes, Benjamin Eaton, "Wm. Paine, Thomas Crosby and four Daniel Turell, soldiers who served under him as a guard for the town. There seems to be little doubt but that twenty-eight of the above thirty-six named persons, not including the five soldiers, were residents of the town at the time indicated either as laud owners or employed by them. Six of the proprietors named, who apparently did not reside here, were Daniel Gookin, Thos. Prentice, Geo. Dauson, Hezekiah Usher, Adam Winthrop and Bridget Usher, although they may have been repre- sented by agents. The death of Lieut. Beeres in 1675, had caused a vacancy in the committee, and on petition from the remaining members to the General Court, October 15, 1684, the place was filled by the choice of Mr. Adam Winthrop, and October 21st, six days later, the com- mittee was enlarged by the addition of Capt. John Wing. In the spring of 1684 the little hamlet had grown to a size suflScient to require not only some form of religious service to be held, but there was need of an inn for the accommodation of travelers ; conse- quently Nathaniel Henchman, a son of the captain, was licensed by the General Court to "keep such a house and to sell and furnish travelers as well as the inhabitants with rum or other strong waters in pint or quart bottles but not to retail or allow tipling in his house." Thomas Brown had been granted a similar license on December loth, 1674, at the previous or first settlement, and the license to Mr. Henchman was the first granted since the second settlement. After the death of Capt. Daniel Henchman it is quite probable that Capt. John Wing kept an inn here, as he was then the leading man of the town and having the sympathy and confidence of the larger portion of the inhabitants. The house must have been standing in 1716, it doubtless having been put in repair, for Judge Samuel Sewall records having dined at Wing's old house in AVorcester that year, on his way to Springfield. The house was certainly standing in 1702, for Capt. Wing's will mentions his Frame House ^ 1 This was pi-obably the house where Capt. Thos. Howe and his soldiers stopped the night before they found Digory Serjent lying dead on the floor of his house. 118 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION, and 400 acres of land in "Worcester, which was subsequently deeded by his son Cord to Messrs. Palmer, Oulton and others. In June, 1684, it was found necessary to have some of the minor town officers appointed, and the General Court on the 17th of that mouth, on motion of the committee, "ordered that Wm. Weeks be constable for the plantation for the year next insuiug and that Thomas Allerton is appointed to inspect the fences and order about the swine." Thus matters stood until after the death of Capt. Hench- man, which occurred October 15, 1685 (just one year after the naming of the town). Soon afterward Capt. John Wing was chosen Clerk, the date on which the choice was made does not appear, but in Middlesex Deeds, vol. 13, page 294, can be found a record of George Ripley's estate in Worcester "where he hath built a house and barn," and John Wing there certifies under date of May 21, 1688, that it is "a true copy out of the first book of records kept for the Town of Worcester by himself as Clerk chosen by the Inhabitants there." This would indicate that some kind of a town meeting had been held here previous to the year 1722. The controversy between Capt. Wing and George Danson should not be passed without special notice, for next to the contest with the Indians, that gave the inhabitants of the town the most trouble. It was the means of dividing them into two factions, the majority, how- ever, being in sympathy with Capt. Wing. Those who have read the first book of records are already aware that Capt. Wing had arranged with the corhmittee, of which Capt. Henchman was the manager, to erect and maintain the mills, for which he was to have a certain amount of land and the exclusive right to all the waters of Mill Brook. It also appears that north of the land which had been assigned to Wing there was another tract lying between his north line and what is now called North Pond and bounded on the east by Mill Brook, which Wing hoped to get through subsequent distribu- tions or otherwise. But Mr. George Danson, then of Boston, a Quaker and a bread-maker, a man of means, wishing to try his hand at speculation, was shown this piece of land by Mr. Samuel Daniel; Danson was pleased with the location and applied to Capt. Hench- man for a title ; as this land had not really been assigned to any one it was perhaps proper, that the Captain should grant it to Mr. Danson ; but no sooner did Mr. David Fiske, the town surveyor, begin to run out the bounds of that lot, than Geo. Fyke, Thos. Hall, Caleb Sawyer, Charles Williams, John Turner with Capt. Wing broke his chain, cut out the marks, and for a time prevented the HISTORICAL NOTES. 119 lines from being run ; their proceedings so annoyed Mr. Dauson that he brouglit suits in the Middlesex County Court against the above named parties for an assault on the 2d day of October, 1685, when laying out a parcel or parcels of laud at the Town of Worcester, and defaming the plaintiff's title. The Court ruled that Danson could prosecute only on one of the two counts. He chose the latter. The case of Danson vs. "Wing was tried first, and resulted in a verdict for "Wing with costs. The plaintiff' was no more successful in his trial against the other parties. This gave "Wing encouragement to further resist the movements of Danson, which he and two of his friends did on the 20th of July, 1686, by again breaking the surveyor's chain and otherwise preventing the prosecution of their work. An end to the difficulty was reached through the action of a committee appointed by the President and Council to regulate the affairs of the settlement and confirm titles to lands in "Worcester. That committee was appointed on the application of John Wing and other proprietors of the Town, June 11th, 1686, and consisted of Major Daniel Gookin, Capt. Thomas Prentice, Wm. Bond, Capt. Joseph Lynd and Deacon John Haynes. "Any three of them were empowered to act provided Major Gookin was one of the three." They were instructed to order and regulate all matters relating to the settlement of Worcester, hav- ing always respect to the confirmation of those lands that were granted, or in part or all laid out by Capt. Daniel Henchman. Soon Mr. Danson's rig^t was established, not, however, without certain restrictions debarring him from erecting corn or saw-mills, or in any way interfering with the privileges Capt. Wing might have on the stream. The record of this litigation, given by Francis E. Blake, Esq., throws much valuable light upon the affairs of the Town at that period, aud furnishes names of the inhabitants of the place not previ- ously to be found in our printed records. ^ It also shows that the popular feeling of sympathy was for Captain Wing, and that the action of Capt. Henchman in this case was not approved either by the majority of the inhabitants or by other mem- bers of the committee. It seems a pity that almost the last public act in this man's life should be the means of crushing out the esteem and respect that his 1 See paper entitled Incidents of the First and Second Settlements of Worcester, read before the Worcester Society of Antiquity, May 6th, 1884, and printed in Proceediniis for that vear. 120 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. fellow-townsmen had formerly entertained for him, so that none but members of his immediate family, with one or two friends, were sufficiently interested to stand at the grave and witness the last sad service man can render his fellows. ^ After Captain Wing assumed the clerkship of the Town, all for a time went well, but the constant anxiety and fear from possible trouble with the Indians kept the inhabitants so closely confined to their fortifications and on the watch for the foe that they were scarcely able to cultivate crops sufficient to supply their immediate wants, and about the year 1687 Capt. Wing petitioned Gov. Edmond Audros to remit the rates of the Town for three or four years for the encourage- ment of the young Plantation. We find no record to show that any action was taken on this petition. A few years later, apparently for the purpose of infusing renewed confidence among the settlers of the town, Capt. Wing again petitioned his honor the Governor and Council; in reply to which we find the following: "Oct. 25, 1691. In answer to Capt. Juo. Wing his pet" ordered that Capt. Penn Townsend, Capt. Ephraim Hunt, and deacon Johu Haynes be aded to Capt. John prentice, Mr. Adam Winthrop & Capt. Jno. Wing who were appointed to be a comitee for the ordering and setling of the plantation called Worcester. Any four of them being fully empowered to act in that afi:'air according to former order of this Court." 2 Previous to Capt. Henchman's death, it appears he had ordered Thomas Crosby, with four soldiers, from Chelmsford to Worcester, to strengthen the garrison. And now another dissension was to appear ; Capt. Wing had secured an order from his Excellency the Governor, placing the command of the Town in the hands of one Edward Downing, who reported, August 1, 1692, that a portion of the inhabitants were building a new garrison. That he had ordered them into Capt. Wing's garrison but that they had refused to come, and that he could not be responsible for their safety, not having men sufficient to guard both locations. At the same time another petition addressed to the Governor, signed by Thomas Allerton and five other persons, residing in the southeasterly portion of the Town, was carried to Boston by Thomas Crosby, praying that they might be allowed to complete their garrison. Wing's being two miles distant from their homes and fields, which they should have to neglect were they compelled to go there. 1 See Samuel Sewall's diary. 2 Minutes of Council, Vol. 86, Mass. Archives. HISTORICAL NOTES. 121 Notwithstanding the danger to which the planters were subjected, and the anxiety felt by the inhabitants for their personal safety, still the settlement thrived as new settlers came in, the list having been enlarged by the names of Benjamin Hinton, Richard Hilton, Thomas Baker, John Fay, and Samuel Lawson^ the constable^ chosen probably to succeed Wm. "Weeks, who made a sale (recorded Nov. 26, 1686) of his house, with 40 acres of land, to Isaac Bull, about which time Weeks may have left the Town. The widow of Capt. Henchman, with her family, had already returned to Boston, James Butler had died, Daniel Turrell had sold his 12 lots to Capt. John Wing, and possibly Jacob Leonard, with his family, had arrived in town, but of that there is no certainty ; the proprietors' records do not show that he owned land here previous to 1714. But they do indicate that Samuel Leonard, a brother of Jacob, owned a lot of 40 acres here previous to the settlement of 1713, and there seems to be good reason for stating that he was a settler here with his family, and that his son Samuel, in 1696, then a lad, was captured from here by the Indians, and was the same who, with Mrs. Thomas Dustin and Mrs. Nelf , of Haverhill, escaped March 31, 1697, after having surprised and killed ten of their captors. Further real estate transactions took place amoug the inhabitants, one of which is worthy of meutiou, as it shows, perhaps, a connecting link with the settlement of 1713. In 1701, John Wing sold to Thos. Allerton 30 acres of laud, bounded east by said Wing, west by Geo. Ripley, south by Isaac Bull and Thos. Allerton, north by estate of James Butler. This lot of 30 acres was a part of the 60 acres sold by John Atherton (son of Thos. Allerton), to Jonas Rice, of Sud- . bury, Dec. 4th, 1711 ; the other 30-acre lot was the home-lot of Thos. Allerton. On this sixty-acre lot Jonas Rice probably made his first home in Worcester. Owing, perhaps, to the lack of encouragement from the Governor and Council to provide better protection to the planters, some of those residing the most distant from Capt. Wing's garrison left the place, Thomas Allerton aud Geo. Rosbury going to Norwich, Conn., the latter about the year 1693, and the former about 1702. In 1695 Alexander Bogell aud James Ford went to Mendon, whither Geo. Pyke followed about 1699. It was extremely unfortunate that all matters relating to the inter- ests of the Town could not have been conducted harmoniously, for no doubt the trouble between Wing and Danson, involving Capt. Henchman, had the effect of retarding the growth aud prosperity of 122 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. the place ; and again, when the division arose regarding the two gai*- risons, that also may have had its influence on the general result, by diminishing the confidence of the Governor and Council in the unity and stability of the settlement. But if the inhabitants ever had rea- son to expect assistance from government in the way of supplying soldiers for the protection of their homes from the relentless Indians, their hopes and expectations were dispelled by an act of the General Court, March 20th, 1699, whereby Worcester was dropped from the list of Frontier Towns, therefore little or no help for the Plantation might be looked for from that source. The inhabitants must now either protect themselves or retire to some of the larger towns. That the latter course, which was adopted by the inhabitants gener- ally, proved the wiser of the two, we may judge from the sad fate that came to the family of Digory Serjent, who attempted to brave it out on Sagatabscot Hill. A number of the early settlers of Worcester came from Boston, and presumably among them was Digory Serjent, as the name appears on record there previous to his comiug here in the spring of 1685, at which time he is enrolled among the inhabitants of Worcester. He was married in Boston by Cotton Mather, to Constance James, Oct. loth, 1693, but by his vvili, dated March 17th, 1696, we infer that his wife was deceased for his daughter Martha is there mentioned as the only heir to his estate. He again married, and at the time of his death left five children who, with the mother, were taken captive by the Indians. As to the date of the death of Serjent and his wife, our local historians differ. Mr. Peter Whitney says it was in the year 1702; Mr. Wall gives it as occurring in the fall or winter of that year, while Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Barber record it as happening about 1703 or 1704. It is to be regretted that a more definite date cannot at present be fixed. In the light of statistics now at hand, the year 1704 is the most probable date, when the settlement of 1683-4 was finally abandoned. In the year 1713 another attempt- was made to settle the town which proved successful. Worcester, even in those primitive days of her history, was not wanting in men of refinement and culture, and some of the names found on the list of early proprietors, aside from those of the commit- tee, bear more than the ordinary significance. Dr. Leonard Hoarr was a very learned man, chosen to succeed Rev. Chas. Chauncy as President of Harvard College. Not being successful, he resigned the office March 15th, 1675, and died the 28th of November following. His heirs retained their rights through the second and to the third settlement. His wife was Bridgett, daughter of John Lisle, whom he HISTORICAL NOTES. 123 married in England. She afterwards married Mr. Hezekiah Usher, whose father was the first bookseller in New England. This Mr. Hezekiah Usher also became one of the proprietors of Worcester, while his wife, Rridgett Usher, succeeded to the right of her former husband. Dr. Hoarr. Her father, Lord Lisle, was one of Cromwell's Peers, and her mother, Lady Alicia Lisle, was beheaded at Winches- ter, England, Sept. 2, 1685, for harboring Mr. Hicks, a non-conform- ing minister. The marriage of Bridgett Hoarr with Mr. Usher proved an unhappy one, and she returned to England, leaving Boston July 12, 1687. After the death of Mr. Usher, which occurred July 11, 1697, at Lynn, she came again to Boston where she for some years resided in a sump'tuous manner, dying there May 25, 1723. Having in a very brief manner traced out some of the fortunes and misfortunes of the little frontier hamlet, let us take a hasty glance at those persons who from time to time constituted the committee for settling the town. Captain Richard Beeres was one of the original proprietors of Watertown, was admitted freeman there March, 1637, and was select- man for more than thirty years. In 1654 he was granted a license " to keep an ordinary." He was representative to the General Court from the year 1663 to the time of his death. Captain Beeres was evidently a man of courage, having had considerable experience as an Indian fighter. When the news of the attack on Brookfield reached Boston, the Council immediately despatched two companies ; one of them under command of Capt. Beeres, starting August 6th, 1675, they reached Brookfield on the afternoon of the next day, it being Saturday. After a few days spent in reconnoitering-, Capt. Beeres witli his men left Brookfield August 16th, for Hadley. Other companies of soldiers had arrived, and on the 23d a council of war was held when it was decided to disarm the Hadley Indians who had collected at the fort on the west side of the river about half-way between Hatfield and Northampton ; while negotiations for a peaceful delivery of arms was going on, the Indians, after putting to death one of their number, an old man, who was opposed to fighting, made their escape. On the 25th, Beeres and Lathrop with 100 men pursued them, came upon them near a swamp in the present town of Whately where an engagement took place in which nine whites and twenty-six Indians were killed. Capt. Beeres and his men are then supposed to have returned to Hadley. All was quiet until September 1st, when the Indians fell upon the town of Deerfield, and on the next day destroyed all the 124 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. houses at Northfield except the garrison. Friday movmug, Septem- ber 3, Capt. Beeres with 36 men aud an ox team loaded with stores and ammunition, started to bring off the men at the garrison at Northfield, not knowing of the attack on the town the day previous. Night coming on they encamped within three or four miles of the garrison they were attempting to reach. Saturday morning, Septem- ber 4th, Capt. Beeres, leaving his horses with a small guard at the camp, pushed on with the rest of his men and the team for the fort, after crossing what is now called Saw-mill Brook, they found them- selves in the midst of an ambuscade while the Indians were pouring upon them a deadly fire. Beeres and his men fought bravely, but were driven back three-fourths of a mile into a ravine on the south side of a hill, now called Beeres Hill, where the conflict was continued until their ammunition was exhausted and the gallant leader and the greater part of his men were slain. Only thirteen men, including the guard left with the horses, escaped and returned to Hadley. Captain Thomas Prentice was born in England in the year 1620, came to this country with his wife Grace in 1649, joined the church at Cambridge, and became a freeman in 1652 ; first settling in Cam- bridge on the south side of Charles River in what was then called Cambridge Village, now Newton. He was a farmer. In 1653 he hired Governor John Haynes's farm located in the south-west portion of Newton, occupying a part of the same farm in 1694. As early as 1656 he was chosen Lieutentant of a company of Troopers in the lower Middlesex division. In 1662 was captain, and chosen representative from Cambridge in 1672 and two successive years. Chairman of the Board of Selectmen of New Cambridge in 1679, and for many years afterward. In the year 1663 he purchased 85 acres of laud in the easterly part of Cambridge Village. This was his homestead aud here he lived for more than half a century. He not only owned lands in Cambridge, but also in Billerica where he had a division of 150 acres in 1652. He purchased 300 acres of land bounded on the south by Long Island Sound and north-east by col- lege lands ; a part of this tract came in Stonington, Conn., and was occupied by Thomas Prentice, Jr. and his son Samuel about the year 1710. Capt. Prentice was one of the most skilful amoug the Indian fighters, aud became noted for courage, self possession aud a keen sense of justice. While he was a terror to his Indian foes he was their friend when at peace. He was always ready to respond to the call of the Council, and his company was one of the first to march for the protection of the frontier settlements at the outbreak of the war HISTORICAL NOTES. 125 with King Philip, all through which contest he served with great distinction. When Sir Edmund Andi'os escaped to Rhode Island in 1689, and was arrested at Bristol, Capt. Prentice was placed in command of the troops to escort him as a prisoner back to Boston. In the year 1686 he was appointed Justice of the Peace, and at the death of Major General Gookin the christian Indians petitioned the General Court to have Capt. Prentice appointed his successor as their Superintendent, he having been in command of the troops that escorted them to Deer Island in 1675. He died July 7, 1709, at the age of 89 years, from the effect of a fall from his horse. Mr. Adam Winthrop was grandson of Governor John Winthrop and only son of Adam and Elizabeth (Glover) Winthrop, born October 15, 1647. Graduate of Harvard College, 1668. Chosen Constable in 1681, but refused to serve. Freeman in 1683. Chosen one of the Commissioners for the town of Boston in 1684, 1685 and 1690. Elected one of the Selectmen in 1688 and 1689. Representa- tive 1689, 1691 and 1692. Named by the King in the new charter as a member of the Governor's Council, but at the first popular election held May, 1693, he was left off. He married in England, Mary, daughter of Col. Luttrell, of Bristol. Joined Rev. Mr. Mather's church, April 30, 1682, and died August 3, 1700, leaving a son Adam, graduate of Harvard College, 1694, and a daughter Mary, both born in England. Captain John Wing was of Boston and styled a mariner, having in his younger days devoted considerable time to that occupation. Whea about thirty-four years of age he in 1671 and 1672 appears in Boston as Constable. In 1676 chosen to "look after too much drinking in private houses." In prosecuting the duties of that call he perhaps saw the increasing demand for better accommodations for the public, for the next year he took out a license to keep a tavern and to sell beer, wine and cider. He for many years kept the " Castle Tavern," a noted and popular house for entertainment. It stood on the corner of the present Elm' Street and Dock Square. He was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillei'y Co. and Captain of a company as early as 1684. Being a popular landlord he received the generous patronage of his townsmen and soon found himself well to do for this world's goods. Becoming interested in the establishment of the new plantation near Quinsigamond Ponds, and having ample means he undertook the task of supplying the town with both a grist and saw-mill, beginning their erection in the year 1684 and completing them before December, 1685, receiving from the Committee a grant 126 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. of six lots therefor. October 2] , 1684, Capt. Wing was added to the committee for settling the town, and for more than six years gave much of his time to the demands of the settlement. He was the first Town Clerk chosen by the inhabitants. As a financial speculation, his venture in Worcester was not a great success, owing, undoubtedly, to the exceedingly slow growth of the town, which may have been caused by the unsettled state and threatening attitude in which the Indians in this region remained for many years during this period toward the white settlers. Mr. Wing's mills stood on Mill Brook fifty rods north of the present Lincoln Square. His frame house stood a short distance west of his mills. After the summer of 1690, Mr. Wing probably spent the most of his time in Boston, where he died February 22, 1703. His will was probated the following month. He married Joshabeth, daughter of James Davis, and had ten children, the three eldest dying young; Sarah, the eldest that grew to mature age, married 1st, John Street, after his death she married December 30, 1697, Thomas Tomlin. Capt. Wm. Bond was of Watertown, and son of Thomas Bond of Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk Co., England. Capt. Bond was one of the representative men of his time, have filled acceptably many public offices, such as Selectman, Town Clerk, Justice of the Peace, mem- ber of the Council of Safety, Representative, and chosen the first speaker of the General Court under the charter uniting the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth into one colony. October 7, 1679, appointed one of the committee to rebuild the town of Lancas- ter, and subsequently to assist in adjusting matters at Worcester. Capt. Joseph Lynd was of Charlestown, and son of Thomas. He was a wealthy merchant and the owner of large tracts of land. Representative to the General Court, member of the Committee of Safety in 1689, and one of the Council in the Charter of 1691. Deacon John Haynes was of Sudbury, which town he represented in the General Court, was a surveyor and a person frequently called upon to adjust differences and establish boundary lines between estates. Penn Townsend was son of William Townsend of Boston, and born December 20, 1651, taking his christian name from his mother whose maiden name was Hannah Penn. Mr. Townsend was made freeman in 1674, and the same year member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, appointed ensign in 1675, under Capt. Thos. Clarke in the 7th militia company. The next year he was, on motion of Capt. Clarke, made a Lieutenant, and in October, 1680, HISTORICAL NOTES. 127 received a Captain's commission, was a Major in 1693, and reached tiie rank of Colonel in the year 1700. In civil as well as military affairs Col. Townsend made comparatively the same progress in attaining to high and responsible positions, gradually rising from the office of Inspector to Selectman, Representative, Commissioner, Councillor, Judge, and is recorded as having been a gentleman very courteous and affable in conversation, and was intimately associated with some of the best and most able men in the colony. Capt. Ephraim Hunt was of Weymouth, and son of Ephraim who •was born in England. Capt. Hunt served in the expedition to Canada in 1690, and served as Colonel in the expedition against the Indians at Groton, 1706-7. Was Representative and Councillor. He died in 1713, leaving an estate valued at two thousand two hun- dred and ninety-eight pounds. Captain Daniel Henchman's name first appears on the Records of the Town of Boston, March 26, 1666, at which time he was employed by the town to assist Mr. Robert Woodmansey in the Grammar School and teach children how to write, to receive therefor £40 per annum, the year to begin March 1st, 1665-6. By this we judge that Mr. Henchman had already assumed the duties as teacher, an avocation which he continued to follow until March 1st, 1670. October 30 of the following year he was given liberty to build a wharf before his own land. Admitted freeman in 1672. Became a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Coinpany, and October 7, 1674, appointed Captain of the 5th Boston Company of the Colonial Militia. It would seem that in order to merit such rapid promotion he must have possessed more than the ordinary aptitude for military service, or, as there is some reason to believe, he may have been trained in arms under Cromwell in England, for after the death of that noted leader not a few of his co-workers found homes this side the Atlantic, at a period when their courage and military training qualified them to occupy prominent positions and render valuable aid for the defence and preservation of tiie new settlements. Captain Henchman probably was a descendant from the Henchmans of the County of Nottingham, England, and came to this country from Ireland, for at the time of the baptism of his daughter Susanna, the record calls the mother of the church at "Dublin in Ireland." May 12, 1675, he was commissioned to go on a special expedition, in answer to an appeal for assistance against the Indians, from the Plymouth Colony, and marched from Boston with 100 men on June 128 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBKATION. 24th. Capt. Thomas Prentice also went in command of a troop of horse with the same expedition. Again on the 5th of July, the day following that merciless attack on the whites at Swanzej', Capt. Henchman marched with iiis company from Boston for the Narra- ganset country, to treat with King Philip and his fellows. Ten days afterward the entire military force of Massachusetts were called out and proceeded to Pocasset Swamp where an attack was made upon the Indians. Darkness coming on the fighting ceased, leaving five of the English soldiers killed and seven wounded. All the Massa- chusetts troops were withdrawn from the scene of conflict to await further developments, except Capt. Henchman's Company, that was to remain at Pocasset to watch over Philip and assist the Plymouth forces. But Philip and his warriors escaped through the swamp and marching northward spread anxiety and terror throughout all the New England settlements. Henchman with a few of his men pushed on after the Indians, making his way as far as Mendon and Brook- field, when he was ordered by General Daniel Deuison, August 9, 1675, to return to Pocasset, get his men and march them to Boston, which command he obeyed. It would appear that, up to this time, Capt. Henchman had been one of the most popular and trustworthy officers in the colony, but now from some cause, for which, perhaps, he alone was not responsible, he was looked upon with some feeling of disapprobation, for when he was appointed to command a body of troops collected from some of the towns near Boston, the Roxbury men refused to serve under him, and expressed a desire to have Capt. Oliver for their commander. Their wish, however, was not gratified, for a compromise was made by placing Capt. Thos. Lake in com- mand. But Capt. Henchman was actively employed during the months of August and September in protecting the frontier towns, so far as possible, from the ruthless hands of the savage. September 27 he was in command of the garrison at Chelmsford. November 1st, 1675, he hastened from Boston for the purpose of rescuing several persons who had been captured by the Indians at Marlboro, after a march of four days he came upon the marauders ten miles beyond Mendon, when he engaged them and liberated the captives. November 9th he engaged a party of Indians at Hassanaraisco (Grafton). In this engagement he lost his lieutenant, Zekill Curtis, who received a mortal shot on reaching the door of the wigwam in which the Indians were found. November 12th Henchman returned with his command to Boston, and was ordered by the Council, January 11th, to attend to the discharging and settling with soldiers HISTORICAL NOTES. 129 from the several towns. April 27, 1676, he was placed in command of six companies of the militifi that were present at the funeral of Major Simon Willard. The first of June the forces were mustered at Concord (which was then an important military post) and marched towards Brookfield, on their way encountered Indians at Washacum Ponds with whom they had an engagement. Continuing their march they reached Hadley June 14th, and returned to Boston the 24th, when he settled with the troops. About September 20 he was sent to organize an expedition to Pennacook. Captain Henchman besides being cousin of Judge Samuel Sewall, was allied to other prominent families — the Hulls, Gookins, Quincys, Eliots, — and was without doubt one of the most capable officers of his day, and contributed valiant service during those troublesome con- tests with King Philip and his treacherous horde. The fact that he on September 6th, 1676, asked to be allowed to resign his commis- sion, but was refused, shows in what esteem he was held by the Council. Hostilities with the Indians having received a serious check, he again resumed his duties as a member of the Committee to Settle the Plantation at Quinsigaraond, a scheme in which he evidently felt a deep interest, being one of the original proprietors. Here he erected a house, probably as early as the year 1683, and with his family soon took possession of the new home, supplying it with the usual assortment of merchandise kept in those days at a country store. Captain Henchman by his first wife Sarah had Nathaniel, Hezekiah, Richard, Susanna — born June 7, 1667, and William — born July 28, 1669, who died in infancy. On the death of his wife Sarah, he married Mary, daughter of William Poole, and had William, born March 29, 1673; Jane, born May 25, 1674; Daniel, born June 16, 1677; and Mary, born June 1, 1682. Mr. Henchman, five months prior to his death, contemplated removing with his family to Boston, but was stricken down at his home in Worcester, where he died October 15, 1685. Two servants, one white and the other black, accompanied by the remainder of the family and one or two friends proceeded to that lonely grave in the wilderness where was laid away all that was mortal of the Boston school-master, the brave and gallant soldier. Captain Henchman left a large estate for his time, the total valuation of which was £1,381 13s. 9d. This included a library, consisting of a bible, nine books on divinity and language, with one hundred and twenty books on miscellaneous subjects, a clock, a small stock of shop goods, such as tape, ribbon, cloth, &c., with buildings and lands at Worcester, also brew-house, 10 130 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. vault and well with wharf, which was valued at €157 10s. Od, and four other pieces of real estate in Boston, The appraisers for the property in Worcester were James Ford and Isaac Bull. His funeral expenses were £16 3s. lOd. The widow with sons Richard and Hezekiah were appointed to administer on the estate. At this time, April 29, 1686, Ricliard was styled a school-master, and continued to teach school in Boston and receive rent from the town for his school-house for many years, certainly until after March, 1715. He married Esther Webster, December 24, 1697. Hezekiah married Abigail , and lived in Boston, where he died May, 1694. Four children survived him, the eldest, Daniel, born in Boston, January 1st, 1689, became the enterprising bookseller and published the first edition of the English Bible printed in America. His daughter Lydia married Thomas Hancock, 1 who when a young man served his time with her father, and became also book-binder, bookseller and merchant in Boston. Nathaniel, who was one of the first settlers of Worcester, and licensed to keep an ordinary in the town, returned to Boston as early as 1694, and perhaps before that date, for he was married in Boston by Cotton Mather, January 11, 1693, to Hannah Green and had three children, two sons and one daughter. Nathaniel, the eldest, born March 31, 1695, died young ; Mary, born April 13, 1697 ; Nathaniel, born November 2, 1699, graduate of Harvard College, 1717, who also left descendants. The three sons of Capt. Henchman, of whom special mention has been made, became useful and prominent citizens of Boston where they resided for many years. To ascribe to Major-General Daniel Gookin the title of Father of Worcester, would be conferring a compliment well deserved, and at the same time impart an honor to Worcester which she need not feel ashamed of or reluctant to accept. In those early days of New Eng- land settlements. General Gookin was familiar with all this beautiful, yet wild and unreclaimed region of country lying between the towns of Lancaster, Mendon and Brookfield. His duties as Superintendent of all the Indians who would come under the submission of the Massa- chusetts Bay Colony (he having been appointed by the General Court to that office in 1656), made it necessary for him, from time to time, to pass over this territory, and not infrequently had he made his visits in company with that venerable apostle, John Eliot. Here on the summit of Pakachoag, these men, surrounded by the Sagamores, Hoorrawanwit, Woonnaskochu and their fellows, Eliot conducted 1 "Was uncle to the Governor, John Hancock, who became heir to his estate. HISTORICAL NOTES. 131 religious services, while Gookin followed with his lessons of civil government. As early as October 11, 1665, Gookin was appointed chief of a com- mittee to view this location for the purpose of making a settlement, but the death of Lieut. Thos. Noyes, one of their number, and other causes, prevented any action until after the appointment of a new committee, May 15, 1667, and on receiving a report favorable to a settlement, the General Court placed him at the head of the committee to arrange matters for the plantation. The fidelity with which he prosecuted that trust is shown by his successful efforts in satisfying the Couit of the justice in reserving this tract of land for the use of a plantation rather than to allow it to fall into the hands of those who claimed it by right of prior grants for speculation. It is quite proba- ble that it was through his influence that such men as Dr. Leonard Hoarr, Capt. Daniel Henchman, Adam Winthrop and Hezekiah Usher, became proprietors of the town. For a period of twenty years, and in fact until his death, there were no signs of abatement in his inter- est for the settlement. As Mr. Gookin had received honors at the hands of Oliver Cromwell, and doubtless one who held him in high esteem, it is reasonable to believe that Mr. Gookin used his influence in selecting a name for the new plantation that might commemorate that crowning victory of Cromwell at Worcester. Major-General Daniel Gookin was son of Daniel and grandson of John Gookin, of Ripple Court, County of Kent, England. The grandfather of John was Arnoldus, which is as far as the line has been traced. Arnoldus had a son Thomas, the father of John, of Ripple Court. The father of the subject of this sketch married " Marye Birrde," at Canterbury Cathedral, Jan'y 31, 1608, and went to Ireland, was called of Carrigaline, County of Cork, a Parish seven miles southeast from the city of Cork. He became one of the paten- tees for the settlement of Virginia, receiving his patent in 1620, leaving Ireland the following year in the "Flying Harte," with a large number of servants, said to have been 50 in number, a good supply of cattle and provisions, also 30 passengers. The vessel reached Virginia Nov. 22, 1621, and Master Daniel Gookin planted his colony at Newport News. The following year occurred that memorable massacre by the Indians when about 350 whites were put to death. The commissioners becoming alarmed for the safety of the outlying settlements, issued orders for the people to congregate at the larger places for self protection against the savage foe. Master 132 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Gookin refused to obey the call, and with only thirty-five men about him, remained and protected his property. Major-General Daniel Gookin was born about 1612, and the first we leurn of him he is conveying land at Newport News for his father, under date of Feb. 1st, 1630, his father having probably returned to Ireland. Dec. 29, 1637, Daniel Gookin received a grant of 2,500 acres of land in upper Norfolk. In 1642 we find him Captain of the train-baud, also one of the commissioners for the monthly court of upper Norfolk. Nov. 4, 1642, he received another grant of 1,400 acres on Rappahannock River. In the year 1642 our Puritan colonists sent missionaries to Virginia for the purpose of converting the people from Episcopalianism. The following year the Assembly passed an act prohibiting a New England clergyman from preacliing or teaching, publicly or privately ; also ordered the Governor and Council to take care that all non-conform- ists depart the colony. Capt. Gookin had become one of the converts, and so with his family left Virginia, arriving at Boston, May 10, 1644 ; sixteen days later he was admitted into the First Church, and nineteen days after his ai'rival honored with the freedom of the colony. For a few years he lived in Roxbury and Boston, but in 1648 removed with his family to Cambridge, and was transferred, Sept. 3 of that year, from Mr. Cotton's church, at Boston, to the church at Cambridge. Chosen Representative for Cambridge in 1648 and 1651, the latter year was Speaker of the house, assistant in 1652, and re-elected for thirty- four successive years. In 1654 he made a voyage to England, partly on private business ; was pleasantly received by Cromwell, who appointed him coimiiis- sioner to induce New Englanders to emigrate to the Island of Jamaica. Gookin reached home on the 19th of January, 1655, and although he devoted considerable time to Cromwell's colonization scheme, was not successful, owing, perhaps, to the fear of Spanish invasions, and on June 20, 1657, he addressed a letter to John Thurloe, Esq., Secretary of State, under Cromwell, asking to be relieved as commissioner. In 1662, Mr. Gookin and Rev. Jonathan Mitchell were appointed the first licensers of the Printing Press in Cambridge. He was a staunch friend and supporter of Thomas Danforth against arbitrary power, and among the foremost to defend the chartered rights of the colonists. Resolute and unswerving, he firmly maintained the bent of his mind, whether relating to civil or religious matters ; was out- spoken against the Quakers, but a firm friend of the Praying Indians, having written their history. The Praying Indians, as they were HISTORICAL NOTES. 133 ■ called, were those who had been attracted by the earnest appeals of Eliot and Gookin, and had signified their desire to live on friendly relations with the English settlers. The plan was to bring the Indians together in villages by themselves, and through the influence of pastors and teachers, to try the experiment of civilizing them. They were encouraged in the pursuit of agriculture by the purchase by the whites of the surplus of their products, and, besides collecting furs, they made baskets, clapboards, shingles and many other useful arti- cles, which found ready sale. They had their own schools and churches, and, so far as possible, native teachers, marshals, consta- bles, and Justices of the Peace. Some seven of these Indian villages had grown into being under the kindly care of Gookin. The test of eighteen years had been fruitful of good results, when, on the 24th of June, 1675, the attack on Swansea was the signal of an outbreak which soon threatened the destruction of all the English settlements. Reports were rife claiming the unfaithfulness of the Praying Indians ; stories were so magnified that people really became alarmed for safety, but Gookin and Eliot were firm in the belief of the fidelity of their Indian subjects. The excitement grew to such an extent that Gookin was obliged to call all his friendly Indians (about 3,000 in number) to Boston, in the autumn of 1675, and place them for safe keeping on Long and Deer Islands, in the harbor. Still the people did not feel safe, and threats of violence were made against Gookin, Danforth and Eliot, so that for a time it was unsafe for either of them to walk the streets ; and Richard Scott was imprisoned for threatening the lives of Gookin and Danforth. On election day, April, 1676, Gookin was put off the Bench, and on the 7th day of the month, while he with others were going down to the Island in a boat to look after the wants of the Indians, they were, as it appears, purposely run down by a much larger craft, and Gookin came very near being drowned, having, as he said, "sunk twice beneath the sur- face of the water before being rescued." Five days later, April r2th, a portion of the Indians were removed from the Islands and taken to Cambridge, where Gookin took care of them until they were again remanded to their homes from whence they had been so unceremoni- ously called. Many were the stories of their treachery and disloyalty, but Gookin believed in them ; he knew by many ways that they could be trusted. He remembered how, time after time, he had sent them as runners and scouts ; how, at 10 o'clock on the night of February 9th, 1675-6, Job Kattenanit fell exhausted at his door, in Cambridge, having travelled 80 miles through a wilderness on snow shoes to bring 134 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. • the news that the Indians contemplated the destruction of Lancaster the following day. At which time Major Gookin arose from his bed, and after a liasty consultation with his neighbor, Mr. Danforth, despatched a courier in the night for Marlboro', Concord and Lancaster, to arouse the troops for the defence of the latter place. The expedi- tion was but partially successful, for the Rev. Mr. Rowlandson's house was burned, several whites killed, and some 20 women and children carried away captive. But the men sent out by Grookin arrived in season to drive off the enemy and prevent the entire destruction of the town. A petition was soon sent to the Grovernor and Council praying that some step might be taken towards the redemption of the captives, especially the wife and children of minister Rowlandson. and in compliance the Council oi'dered Mr. Gookin to try and procure one or two Indians with courage sufficient to undertake the hazardous task of treating with the enemy for the captives. At first he was unable to find any one willing to go ; but March 23, at the suggestion of Mr. Gookin, Mr. Rowlandson again petitioned, and this time an Indian, Tom Dublet alias Nepponet, by name, was found ready to make the attempt. Accordingly Capt. Henchman was ordered to make an agreement with Tom, and he was sent to Major Gookin's house, at Cambridge, where he received his instructions, leaving on Monday, April 3d. On the 12th he returned with a letter from the enemy giving assurance that most of the captives were alive and well, and intimating that an exchange might be made. Tom again went to the captors in company with another Indian named Peter Tatatiquinea, returning April 27th, with a letter, stating that the minister's wife could be released for £20 (that sum having been named by Mrs. Rowlandson herself) ; also that Mrs. Kettel would be exchanged (but she did not know what her husband could give). Mr. John Hoar, of Concord, returned with the money, accompanied with Tom and Peter, and Mrs. Rowlandson was returned to Lancaster, May 2d. The remaining captives were ransomed or succeeded in gaining their own liberty. All through the Indian war of 1675 and 1676 the Praying- Indians remained true to the white people, and in all probability saved many, if not all the settlements of New England, from complete annihilation. They were so many thousand warriors withheld from the strength and infiuence of King Philip, while at the same time many of them willingly went into service as soldiers and spies against their own race for the protection of the colonists ; and this they did through the influence of Gookin and Eliot, who were in due time reinstated into the confidence and esteem of their English brethren. HISTORICAL NOTES. 135 It was claimed that those Indian allies alone killed four hundred of the enemy. In the year 1674 Mr. Gookin wrote " Historical Collections of the Indians in New England of the several Nations, Customs, Manners, Religions and Government before the Elnglish planted there," and dedicated it to King Charles II. and Hon. Robert Boyle. This was . printed by the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1792. In 1677 he wrote a Historical account of the doings and sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England in the years 1675-76-77. He also wrote the History of New Eugland, in eight volumes, which he left in manuscript and was lost. It is said that on one of the return trips of General Gookin from England, he was accompanied by the regicides, Major-General William Goffe, and his father-in-law. Gen. Whalley, who for a time made their home at his house in Cambridge, and that he took care of their estates. Mr. Gookin evidently was a man of means, and after his arrival in New England devoted nearly all his time and energy to service in behalf of the colonists, acting on many important committees and rendering valuable aid in looking after the wants of Harvard College. In 1657 the General Court granted him 500 acres of land for ser- vices rendered the colony. His letter of February 14th, 1680, written in opposition to the send- ing of agents to England for the purpose of taking action regarding Mason's claim, attracted considerable attention at the time and increased his popularity in New England. In 1681 he was honored with the title of Major-General of the colony. After passing an eventful and useful life, he died March 19th. 1687, at the age of 75 years. His will was made August 13th, 1685, and proved March 31, 1687. The property bequeathed amounted to £323 6s. lid. He was the last Major-General under the Colonial period, and as Judge Sewall records him in his diary, " a right good man." That he came from a goodly family in England there is abundant evidence, his father having been the possessor of a large estate, while his uncle, Sir Vincent Gookin, was a man of prominence and influence in both England and Ireland, being especially notable in the County of Cork, representing the towns of Bandon and Kinsale in Parliament. Col. Charles Gookin, Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania, was grandson of this §ir Vincent. Out of Major-General Gookin's family of eight children, three died in infancy ; Mai^y married Edmund Batter, of Salem ; Elizabeth married first, Rev. John Eliot. Jr. ; second, Edmund Quincy, of Braintree ; Daniel, graduate Harvard College 1669, where 136 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. he was a Fellow for many years, afterwards settled as pastor of the first church at Sherborn ; Samuel was appointed Sheriff of Middlesex County and succeeded John Green as Marshal-General or High Sheriff of the Colony. On the nullification of that offlce, he was High Sheriff of Sutfolk County. In 1702 made High Sheriff for Middlesex County and was continued in office for more than twenty-five years. It was probably his son Daniel who held office as the first High Sheriff of Worcester County from 1731 until his death in 1743. Nathaniel, the youngest son of the Major, was a graduate of Harvard College in 1675, studied for the ministry and succeeded Rev. Urian Oakes as pastor of the church at Cambridge. June 27, 1692, he became a member of that honorable body known as "President and Fellows of Harvard College." THE ORIGINAL ORDER NAMING THE TOWN. Through the courtesy of the Worcester Society of Antiquity we are enabled to present as a frontispiece to this work a fac-simile of the original order naming the town, which reads as follows ; "At a Gen''" Court held in Boston y" 15*. October 1684/ "Vpon y** Motion & desire of Maj" Gen"" Daniel Gookin Cap' Thomas Prentice & Daniel Henchman this Courts Comittee for y" setling of a new Plantation neare Quansikomon pond 1 Humbly desireing j' j" Court will please to name j« Town Worcester, & y* y^ Brand marke for cattle there may be thus I'Q. 2 That one of sd Comittee being deceased j' y'" Court will pleas to appoint a fitt man to supply his place, for to help in y" further setling of s'^ Town to all intents & purposes as formerly ordered ; & do humbly ppound to y" Hon"^'' Court y' M' Adam Winthrop may be y" person, being one interested in s'' Town. The Depu*^ Judge meete to graunt all the aboue men- tioned pticulers & desire o' hon'''' magis'^ Consent thereto William Torrey Cleric Consented to by the magis'^ Edward Rawson Secret 17"' of October 1684. The magis'" Judge meete to Add Capt wing to bee 21 Octob 84 of this Comittee their brethren the Deputyes hereto Consenting- Edward Rawson Secret Consented to by the Dep'" ^ ■ William Torrey Cleric " 11 WORCESTER OF TODAY. Of the oatnral site of Worcester, Prof. Hitchcock, in his report on the Geology « f Massachusetts, says : " This valley possesses precisely those features which art is capable of rendering extremely fascinating. There is scarcely to be met with in this or any other country a more charming landscape than Worcester presents from almost any of the moderately elevated hills that surround it." In a still earlier period, President Dwight's notes of his visit to Worcester, written near the close of the last century, are a vivid record of a bright and hand- some New England town adorned with beautiful and well-kept homes. At all times these natural and artificial features of Worcester have won the pride of her citizens and the admiration of her visitors, and never more so than at the present time, when in a city of seventy thousand people, the central portions present the more advanced aspects of city life, pushing out into the suburbs and along the slopes of the outlying hills the representative homes of Worcester. The following comparative figures will be of interest : — Population of Worcester. 1776, 1,925 1850, 17,049 1800, 2,411 1860, 24,973 1820, 2,962 1870. 41,105 1830, 4,172 1880, 58,295 1840, 7,497 1884, (estimated), 70,000 1845, 11,556 Valuation of Worcester. 1800, $ 829,651 1860, $16,406,900 1810, 1,476,383 1880, 41,006,862 1820, 2,015,750 1884, 50,773,475 1840, 4,288,950 140 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. The City Government. The city by the statute of 1866 is divided into eight wards. The annual election takes place on the Tuesday next following the second Monday of December. The municipal year commences on the first Monday in January. The City Government is made up of the Mayor, chosen annually, and a City Council of two branches, a Board of Aldermen of one from each ward, and a Common Council of three from each ward, the elections in the wards so alternating that all these terms of service shall be for two years. At the annual city election are also chosen one Assistant-Assessor for each ward for one year, and one of the three members of the School Committee, from each ward, to serve for three years. By the City Council in Convention in January are chosen the fol- lowing, all for the term of one year : The City Auditor, Treasurer and Collector of Taxes, Commissioner of Highways, City Engineer, City Clerk, City Solicitor, Water Commissioner, Water Registrar, Superintendent of Public Buildings, Superintendent of Sewei's and City Messenger. Also for terms of three years : the Commissioner of Public Grounds and the Commissioners of the Jaques and other funds of the City Hospital ; and a Commissioner of Hope Cemetery for five years. In December of each year are elected by the City Council the Chief Engineer and four Assistant Engineers of the Fire Department for one year ; one of these, Superintendent of Fire Alarm Telegraph. Also two of the twelve directors of the Free Public Library for terms of six years and two Overseers of the Poor for three years. There are elected by concurrent vote in January, four trustees of the City Hospital, and, by concurrent vote in December, of each year, one Commissioner of Sinking Funds for three years. There are appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen in January, a City Physician for three years, one member of the Board of Health for two years, a City Marshal and two assistants for one year, and the police force and Constables for the same period. There are elected by the Common Council its President and Clerk, and by the School Committee annually a Superintendent of Schools, and Truant Officers. The public Charitable institutions of the city are in charge of nine Overseers of the Poor, six of these chosen as above stated, WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 141 with the Mayor, City Marshal and Superintendent of Schools as ex- ojficio members. The Board of Health, established by legislative enactment in 1877, consists of the City Physician ex-officio, and two members chosen as above. The Standing Committees of the Board of Aldermen are appointed by the Mayor, those of the Common Council by the President of that body. The Joint Committee on Finance consists of the Mayor and President of the Common Council ex-officio, and two Aldermen and three Common Councilmen. The Joint Standing Committee on Public Works is composed of the Mayor and President of the Common Council and the respective Chairmen of the Joint Committees on Water, Sewers, Highways and Sidewalks, Fire Department, and Lighting the Streets. The Mayor has no vote in the Board of Aldermen, but he has a veto power. The Finance Committee considers and reports on all subjects relating to the finances of the city, and approves all bills and accounts against the city. In 1875 the law of the State provided for municipal sinking funds, and in the same year the system went into operation in this city. Concerning the operation of this fund, the late Hon. A. H. Bullock, in his report in 1881 as one of the Worcester Board of Commissioners of Sinking Funds, said : " The beneficent operations of the sinking fund cannot be perceived by looking at the reports of any one year. These funds have been constantly at work. These funds have not merely been accumulating interest, but they have been paying oflf debts. But for this last mentioned use the amount of the "Worcester sinking funds would be much more striking to the popular eye than it now is. The funds amounted at the close of the year 1881 to §265,299.92. But in the brief period, from 1876 to 1881 inclusive, the Sinking Fund Commissioners have paid at different times of the city debt the sum of §657,400. If these payments had not been made, the debt of the city would now be 83,239,700, whereas in fact it is 82,582,300. The contributious made by the city to the Sinking Funds in the six years referred to have been 8895,236.93, showing * * * * the high relations which the Sinking Funds sustain to the process of paying the debt of the city and the important function they sustain in building up and strengthening the credit of the city." By the continuance of the same policy the same relation between the city debt and the sinking funds is maintained at the present time in the eighteen distinct funds the trust now covers. 142 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. General Notes. Worcester has forty-uiue miles of sewers, uinety-seveu miles of water pipe, and two hundred miles of streets. There are used in lighting the streets of the city fifty electric lights, seven hundred and seven gas lights, and one thousand two hundred and thirty-four gaso- lene lights. The Worcester Gas Light Company went into operation in 1851. The electric street lighting system was introduced in 1883. The religious bodies of the city, in the order of their establishment here, are as follows : — Date. Chs. Congregational (Trin.), 1716 11 Congregational (Unit.) 17.S5 2 Baptist, 1812 7 Methodist Episcopal, 1830 8 Friends. 1837 1 Universalist, 1841 1 Second Advent, 1841 1 Protestant Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Disciples, Lutheran (Swedish), Free Baptist, Jewish, 1881 Christadelphian, 1881 Date. 1843 Chs. 3 1846 7 1860 1 1881 1 1881 1 The Banks of Worcester are here named in the order of dates of their organization : Worcester National Bank, 1864 (formerly the Worcester Bank. Incorporated 1804) ; capital, $.^00,000. Central National Bank, 1864 (Incorporated as a State Bank 1829) ; capital, $300,000. Quinsigamond National Bank, 1865 (Incorporated as a State Bank 1833) ; capital. $250,000. Citizens National Bank, 1865 (Incorporated as a State Bank 1836) ; capital, $150,000. Mechanics National Bank, 1865 (Incorporated as a State Bank 1848) ; capital, $350,000. City National Bank, 1864 (Incorporated as a State Bank 1854) ; capital. $400,000. First National Bank, 1863 ; capital, $300,000. Worcester Safe Deposit and Trust Co., 1869 ; capital, $200,000. The Savings Banks are as follows : — Deposits. Worcester County Institution for Savings, $9,034,844.71 Worcester Mechanics Savings Bank, 3,544,065.80 Worcester Five Cents Savings Bank, • 2,675,120.86 People's Savings Bank, 4,033,367.19 WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 143 The Worcester Co-operative Bauk. Incorporated 1877. Authorized capital, $1,000,000. Shares iu force iu 1884, 3,705. Home Co-operative Bauk. Incorporated 1882. Authorized capital, 61,000,000. The local Insurance Companies are the following : — Worcester Mutual Fire Insurance Company. 1823. Merchants' and Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company. 1846. First National Fire Insurance Company. 1869. Worcester Manufacturers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company. 1855. State Mutual Life Assurance Company. 1845. The Worcester Free Public Library was founded in 1859. It is in charge of twelve directors, two of whom are chosen iu December of each year by the City Council in convention. The present structure on Elm street was completed and occupied in 1861. The leading features of the Library are : Circulating Department 26,136 volumes, free to all residents over fifteen years of age. Intermediate Depart- ment 14,107 volumes, special restrictions as to being taken out. Reference Department or Green Library 20,961 volumes, attached to which is the collection of the Worcester District Medical Society. Free Reading Room, 258 papers and periodicals, A printed cata- logue has been issued and a manuscript catalogue is kept closely written up. The methods of the management of the Free Library have attracted wide attention, both in this country and abroad, in respect to the faithfulness and freedom with which resort to the books by all classes of readers is encouraged and made effective. Especially valuable is the relation of the Library to the pupils and students in our city schools to whose pursuit of knowledge in all branches of instruction the librarian and his assistants are constantly helpful. The American Antiquarian Society was incorporated in 1812. Isaiah Thomas was its chief founder and earliest benefactor. His own library and collections, which were large for their period, having formed the basis of the present library of upwards of 70,000 volumes, a collection whose value is recognized in all parts of the world. The present structure was occupied in 1853. The Worcester Society of Antiquity is an organization of similar scope of last named, but more especially local in its control and operations. Founded in 1875. Its library consists of about 11,000 volumes, with a large archaeological collection. Worcester County Mechanics Association. 1842. Mechanics 144 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Hall completed 1857. It maintains a reading room for its members and has a library of 7,0Q0 volumes. Worcester County Law Library. One of tlie most extensive and valuable law libraries in New England. 6,000 volumes. Worcester County Horticultural Society. 1840. Horticultural Hall on Front Street, with a working library of 2,000 volumes, are the possessions of the organization. Among general societies and institutions are the following : — Young Men's Christian Association. Organized 1864. Old Men's Home. Incorporated 1876. Worcester Children's Friend Society. 1848. Home for Aged Females, 1869. Irish Catholic Benevolent Society. 1863. Worcester Natural History Society. Founded as the Young Men's Library Association, 1852. Woicester Employment Society. 1875. Worcester Firemen's Relief Association. 1874. Worcester Agricultural Society. 1817. Owns a fair ground of 25 acres in west part of the city. Worcester Art Society. 1877. Holds monthly meetings. Art Students' Club. 1880. Grand Army of the Republic. 1867. (Geo. H. Ward Post, No. 10) . Patrons of Husbandry. (Worcester Grange, No. 22). 1873. Citizens' Law and Order League. 1883. Worcester District Medical Society. Organized 1804. Worcester Congregational Club. 1874. Worcester County Musical Association. Holding annual festivals in September of each year. Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. 1868. College of the Holy Cross. 1843. Massachusetts State Normal School. 1871. Worcester Academy. 1835. Highland Military Academy. 1857. INDUSTRIAL NOTES. In the early day, the town and village of Worcester presented the usual business and trade aspects of New England inland life, sharing the common allotment both in kind and number of the village trades and crafts. But in the earliest period of all, at the very foundation of the settlement, recognition was duly paid to the establishment of mechanical industries, as references on other and various pages of this volume attest. This whole region of central Massachusetts was full of the domestic industries of wheel and loom. Then came the factory system, when, as remarks a homely writer : "The great wheel with its wonderful new head, the wheel piu, the little WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. . 145 wheel, the distafl', the quill and quill wheel, the clock reel, the swifts aud hatchel, coarse and fine cards for tow and cotton, the spools aud wurplng- bars, reeds and harness, looms and their appeuda^es were sent to the attics or left to destruction in the households. The exhilarating buzz of the little spinning wheels, the peculiar whirr of the large wheels and the click of the loom were lost in the farmhouses." One of the earliest considerable manufacturing enterprises in Worcester was doubtless the association formed in 1780 for the purpose of spinning aud weaving cotton. The first piece of corduroy was taken from the loom in April of that year. The factory stood ou Mill Brook near where now is the intersection of School and Union Streets, where, in 1790, Samuel Brazer was still making corduroy aud "federal rib." At what is now Quinsigamoud, Isaiah Thomas, in 1794, erected a paper-mill, later owned by Gardner Burbank, and which as late as 1834 was the Quinsigamoud Paper Company, near what is now the Quinsigamond Wire Mills of the Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company. In 1804 Peter and Ebenezer Stowell were weaving carpets and plaids here, and at one time had six looms of their own invention and manufacture in operation. Abel Stowell was celebrated as a maker of clocks at the close of the last and opening of the present century. The town clock of the Old South Church, which did duty until a few years ago, was made by him in 1800. There are in this vicinity several house clocks made by him still in use in families that greatly treasure them as heir- looms. There was in 1812 a small paper manufactory ou the site of what was later the old Court Mills, on Lincoln Square. lu the same year there was a factory for spinning cotton yarn and a fulling mill, by one Hale ; aud Moses Clement set up a trip-hammer near where Coes's shop now is. All these last named were in what was known as Trowbiidgeville, until in the year 1812, there was a joyous gathering which assembled at a flag raising aud formally named the precinct New Worcester, aud " made a night of it" at Stearns' Tavern. At this time there was a grist-mill at the Old Red Mill, near where uow stands Crompton's Loom Works. From this time, until 1828, there was no particular growth to Worcester industries. The especial impetus of 1828 came in the opening of the Blackstone Canal, making Worcester more than ever before a central point of trade, bringing heavy freights from the seaboard cheaply into the heart of the State, and opening an outlet never before offered for lumber, wooden ware and* farm products. Stores aud warehouses sprung up about the new canal basin in Worcester. 146 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. If the canal brought no greater advantage to Worcester, it brought one result, neither counted on, nor coveted by its projectors, the Boston and Worcester Railroad, whose construction was forced by the unwillingness of Boston to lose the business of this section. The railroad was opened in 1835 ; but by that time there were already exhibited tokens of Worcester's destiny as an industriarceutre. In 1886 there were in Worcester two mills for the manufacture of broadcloths, six for satinets, one for cotton sheeting and shirting, two for satinet warps, one for pelisse wadding, two paper-mills, seven machinery works, a wire mill, an iron foundry, several manufactories of sashes and blinds, one lead pipe works, paper hangings, cabinet furniture, chairs, brushes, trunks and harnesses, ploughs, hats, shoes, watches, umbrellas, cutlery, piano-fortes, and wagons. Of this brisk growth of 183G it is recorded, that " three hundred buildings were erected in this town within the last two years." There were ninety stores and warehouses, twenty cotton, woollen and paper-mills, employing over 1500 workmen. It was in this year that William Lincoln brought out his History of Worcester. In his fidelity to his theme he attempted a formal and careful compilation of the facts of Worcester industries. A note at the end of his volume is worth giving, both as showing the result of his attempt in this direction, and as a statement of experiences apt to be repro- duced whenever such essays are made : — "A statement of the conditiou of the manufactures and mechanic industry of any town exhibiting the aggregate amount of capital invested, the number of hands employed, the sums paid for labor, and the annual quantity and value of production in each department would be alike interesting and useful. For the purpose of presenting this view of the prosperity of Worcester, circular letters were distributed among those engaged in different .branches of business, soliciting information. Acknowledgments are due to several gentlemen who kindly furnished full answers to the enquiries; but unfortu- nately some have felt reluctant, even for such general purpose, to communi- cate facts; and many under the pressure of their engagements have not found time for any reply. The results obtained were so incomplete, that in forming an estimate of the whole it would have been necessary to substitute conjecture for certainty in filling up many intervals. As the whole value of such statistics depends upon that degree of accuracy which it was impractica- ble to attain, after much labor and trouble bestowed by others, the compiler has been reluctantly compelled to leave the accompUshment of an object so desirable to those who may be more fortunate in their efforts for obtaining materials." WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 147 Amoug the large mass of manuscripts left unedited by the historian, now carefully treasured in the collections of the American Antiqua- rian Society, great interest attaches to the incomplete returns of Mr. Lincoln's labors above referred to. The following interesting memoranda are from this source : — WORCESTER INDUSTRIES IN 1836. In South "Worcester was the White and Boyden factory for the manufacture of broadcloths and woollen machinery. The factory building was 60 by 30 feet, four stories high, with a machine shop 60 by 30 feet, a forge and trip hammer shop 60 by 20, with wool house and dye house each 18 by 25 feet. The partners were Luther White and Jubal Boyden. Fifteen hands were employed, with $8,000 value of annual product. They made 420 yards of broadcloth weekly and sold woollen machinery to amount of $6,000 annually. At Northville Nathaniel Eaton & Co. made fine medium print paper in a mill 40 by 70, two stories high, owned by F. W. Paine. Print paper was also made at the Quinsigamond Mill, William Lincoln, Charles Allen and Abram G. Randall, proprietors. Mill 30 by 50 feet with wings 30 by 30. Made 300 reams per week, with four engines and paper machinery. At the old Red Mill, broadcloths were made by W. B. Fox & Co. (William B. Fox and George T. Rice). Mill 60 by 35, four stories, 75 yards daily, average value $3.00 per yard. Fifty operatives, one- half of them females. On same premises the firm employed fifteen men on sashes, blinds and doors. Henry P. Howe employed eight hands in the manufacture of paper driers, value of product $15,000 annually. Satinets were made at the Tatnuck Factory, 1200 to 1500 yards per week ; also at New Worcester by Luther Capron and Nathan R. Parkhui'st, as Capron & Parkhurst, 1000 to 1200 yards per week; also by Benjamin Prentice & Co. (Simeon Burt, Rejoice Newton and Benjamin Pi'entice), a very fine quality, with best machinery, 1100 yards weekly, averaging $1.00 per yard; also at Pickford Mill, Tatnuck, by Billings Mann for Hemenway & Pratt, 500 yards per week. Wadsvrorth & Fowler on Kettle Brook, in a factory three stories high with twenty-five hands and three sets of machinery, were making 1500 yards of satinet weekly of average value of 75 cents per yard. Satinet warps were made by Silas Eldridge, 5000 yards weekly. 148 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Cotton wadding was made by Stanley & Biivgess, six bales daily, value about $6.00 per bale. At the Court Mills on Lincoln Square, 105 by 35 feet, with an ell of 65 by 40 feet, three stories high with attic, were various industries. On lower floor Davis & Howe with twenty-five hands manufactured $35,000 worth of wool cards annually. On second floor Kimball & Fuller with twenty hands made $20,000 worth of wool spinning machinery annually. On third floor Fitzroy Willard's loom shop turned out $15,000 product annually with fifteen hands. The attic was occupied by the varied industries of a loom-reed shop, horse- power machines, carpenters' shop, forge, pattern-making and a paint shop. The old Court Mills were the cradle of many of our best industries, the nurse of some of our best and most successful representative men. Goulding's machine shop on School Street (Henry Goulding), employed forty-eight men on woollen machinery. Albert Curtis at New Worcester, in partnership with William Heushaw, with twenty hands, made woollen machinery, value $25,000 annually. Tolman & Hunstable (Albert Tolman and Samuel Hunstable), occupied a building on Columbian Avenue, now Exchange Street, 40 by 52 feet, three stories high, for a carriage and harness factory, employing twelve hands, annual value of product $20,000. Towne, Harrington & Co., as the Worcester Cutlery and German Silver Factory, made $7,000 annual product of bowie knives, surgeon's instruments, palmleaf splitters and German silver goods. The same firm were making a new machine for manufacturing from six to ten bushels of shoe pegs daily, with two hands, the invention of one of the members of the firm. William A. Wheeler's foundry on Thomas Street had more than a local reputation, employing twenty-five men, with nearly 700,000 pounds of castings annually, value $o5,000. Other names are given in Lincoln's memoranda, as Peckham & Almee, who made $25,000 worth of broadcloth annually; and Wheeler & Whitcomb, who made 1,500 yards per week of prime $1.00 satinet ; of Osgood Bradley, carriage builder and later car builder ; and Benja- min Goddard, carriage maker ; there was also a screw mill, and Marsh & Liscom, piano-forte makers ; but by all these, notes were refused to the historian, whose review of the Worcester manufactures of 1836, therefore, failed as before stated, and is now for the first time published in this incomplete form. WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 149 A note from Ichabod Washburn in his own hand-writing, given among these returns of 1836, represents the feeling not at all unusual in the successful manufacturer. To Mr. Lincoln's inquiry for statis- tics of the "Worcester wire industry, since so great in its proportions, the founder of the wire enterprise here in 1834 says : "The manufacture of fine wire has been exceedingly difficult, but I have succeeded in making an article equally as good as the English ; but I have thought best to decline answering most of your questions, as the present stage of manufacture has been reached at great expense .in way of experimenting and is now paying a fair profit, but will not admit of competition." WORCESTER INDUSTRIES IN 1884. From the above period the industries of Worcester took a new and remarkable growth. It has always been true that the stepping-stones of Worcester mechanical enterprise and ingenuity have been found at the foremost line of the world's advance in skill and invention, and in not a few signal instances have first opened the way. Probably no city in the country has so great a variety of manufac- tures in proportion to its size as Worcester. The machinery used in the large factories of various kinds is made here, and similar machinery, or that adapted to special industries, is made in shops — some employing hundreds of hands, and others of lesser size. A peculiarity of the manufacturing system of Worcester is that it is conducted in a large degree by private capital, the large corporations being few in number. And of even greater value to the city is the fact that all these enterprises, large and small, with scarcely an exception are owned by residents of Worcester. There are several companies organized under the general laws of the State, in which the stock is wholly or in great part owned by those who have an active part in the conduct of affairs. Worcester offers special facilities and advantages for mechanics of small means to establish their labor and prosecute the humbler stages of what in numerous instances have grown to be thriving business enterprises. There are numerous large shops where room and power are rented to any extent desired. Though the water power of this city has been trebled within the past two generations by reservoirs, steam has largely displaced it, and less than twenty per cent, of our Worcester indus- tries depend solely on water power and do not employ steam. 150 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Many years ago Hon. George S. Boutwell in a cattle-show address found cause to speak of the Worcester of that time as "combining more advantages for successful business than most places in the State, among these the variety of employment which prevents any entire overthrow of business in years of depression." This fact will be strikingly shown by the following review of present Worcester industries, which has been prepared for these pages. It can do little more than illustrate this great variety, for it is not in the nature of compilations of this kind to be complete and satisfactory — few manufacturers desiring to supply the* statistics of their business, even for such record. Nevertheless, much of the history of Worcester is given or suggested in this enumeration. Agricultural Machinery. Corn Shellers and various farm implements were made by different parties in Worcester at early periods in this century, but the largest enterprise in this branch of manufacture, which stood among the foremost in its class and its scale in the country at large, began with the establishment of Ruggles, Nourse and Mason (Draper Ruggles, Joel Nourse and John C. Mason), of their plow factory in 1836, in Lincoln Square, on the site of the old blacksmith shop of Col. Timothy Bigelow of Revolutionary fame. The firm included invent- ors and perfecters as well as projectors of a business immense in its period. From the manufacture of one hundred plows a year they developed in twenty years an annual product of 30,000 plows of one hundred and fifty different forms. The successors of this firm are still making a large product of agricultural machinery and farming tools in this city. Another large manufacturing establishment has been in operation for several years, with a large business in Buckeye Mowers, Hay Tedders, Manure Spreaders and a variety of other farm machinery. Artist Plates. An establishment went into operation in 1855 for the manufacture of plates for ferrotypes, also sign plates and the patent maroon plate, also wood and metal panels for artists' use. The product comprises nearly the whole amount of such goods in use in this country. Art Publishing. A large industry originally growing out of the manufacture of Valentines now includes a complete line of Holiday and Gift Cards. One hundred and twenty-five operatives. WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 151 Awls Are made at three establishments separately and elsewhere in connection with other lines, in every variety for shoemakers and for general use. Brass, Bronze Metal, &c. ' Three establishments, brass foundries and manufacturers of specialties in metal bearings. Band Instruments. One manufactory of brass band instruments. Bale Ties. Witli the substitution of Bessemer steel for iron in wire manu- facture the use of bale ties of steel wire has grown to large propor- tions, and is a leading wire mill specialty here. Barb Wire Fencing. The employment of iron and steel wire for fence purposes is many years old, but its use as fence material received a ugw impetus from the invention of the sharply pricking barb in 1876. Worcester has been made the chief seat of Barb Wire Fence manufacture, both by amount of material produced, and the fact that this entire patent interest is chiefly owned and controlled here. The manufac- ture from forty to sixty miles daily of barb wire fencing of various kinds is one of the specialties of one of our wire mills, where also the principal machines for making barb wire fencing are owned and controlled. Boots and Shoes. Though not the largest of the shoe manufacturing centres of this country, Worcester products in this line are not only large in amount, but hold a foremost place in quality, meeting the especial demand of the northern belt of trade. There are now fourteen establishments giving employment to eighteen hundred hands and representing in annual product over six millions of dollars. All lines are manu- factured, though until a few seasons ago the heavier stock had the predominance. The changes since that time have been the introduc- tion of advanced machinery for finer work, some of which cannot be surpassed in the trade. Breweries. Though one of oui' minor industries and only recently undertaken on its present scale, the two establishments, both of which have gone 152 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. into operation the past season, have a capacity of four hundred barrels of ale and porter per week. Bronzing Machines. A large machine attachment to printing presses and wherever bronze is to be applied, is manufactured in this city and finding good introduction. Brushes. All varieties manufactured, the industry represented in two estab- lishments. Building Cojstracts. In addition to notes elsewhere in the general line of building supplies fsee Lumber Manufacture), a Worcester firm, commencing operations in 1869, have extended their business until they now stand in the foremost rank in the United States as building contractors. Their contracts cover from two to three million dollars in value annually, for structures generally of a public character, and of the best construction. One of their contracts now under way amounts to two and a quarter million dollars ($2,250,000), the Allegheny County Court House and Jail, at Pittsburg, Pa. Among their recent more notable undertakings were the Union Theological Seminary, at New York ($300,000) ; Lawrenceville Academy, New Jersey ($325,000) ; Library Building, University of Vermont ($100,000) ; Memorial Building, Maiden, Mass. ($100,000) ; Jefferson Physical Laboratory, Harvard College ; Spiritual Temple, Boston ; the City Hall at Albany, N. Y. ; St. James Episcopal Church, New York city. The firm are their own executors of their contracts throughout, sub-letting no part of their work except plumbing. They own and work the quarries from which their brownstone and granite are taken. Their lumber-mill and general offices are in this city. Cabinet Work. Aside from the departments of house furnishing, among several of which joiner work is carried to a high degree of excellence, there are five establishments for the highest grade of cabinet manufacture, some of which is unsurpassed in this country.. Carders' Tools. All varieties of carders' tools and card grinders, with several strong specialties, are made at two establishments. WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 153 Cards. This region is the original seat of the card industry. Hand cards were made in Leicester as early as 1785 by Edmund Snow, but to the ingenuity of Pliny Earle of the same town the great advance of the manufacture by machines is chiefly due. "Whitney's History in 1793 says: "fifteen or twenty men, exclusive of women and chil- dren," were at that time employed at Leicester in the business of sticking wire cards, and from 12,000 to 15,000 pairs of cards were made annually. William Stowell and Daniel Denny commenced making cards in Worcester about 1798. At that time English cards held the market. The card industry was a strong stimulant to the establishment of the wire manufacture here. Davis & Howe were making wool cards in the lower story of the old Court Mills in 1835, employing twenty-five hands, with a business of $35,000 per annum. "Worcester and Leicester still remain the chief seat of the card manu- facture in this country. Out of 1,300 card setting machines in operation in the United States more than one-fourth are in "Worcester. There are four establishments engaged in the business. Carpets. The manufacture of Brussels carpets began in "Worcester in 1870, and carpet yarns began at the same time to be manufactured as a tributary industry. At present the two "Worcester carpet manufacto- ries are running an aggregate of eighty-six looms of the Crompton and Crossley patterns, with an average production of 1,000 yards per month to each machine, an aggregate of one million yards annually of the best grades of Brussels and "Wilton, employing four hundred operatives. Within the past year these mills have been increased in capacity from forty to fifty per cent. Carpets on "United States government contracts and for the Pullman Car Company are made here in large amounts. (See Worsted Spinning.) Carriages. Formerly a prominent industry. Lincoln's unpublished notes show in 1836, three carriage manufactories in existence here, one of them, Tolman & Hunstable, doing a business of $15,000 annually. Osgood Bradley was making coaches and large carriages until he began car-building. Both these are still carried on by their successors, but under a modified form from the changes in the 12 154: BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. carriage trade which has all over the country done away with the smaller shops. The present business shows no large figure beyond the work of carriage repairing. At one "Worcester establishment the specialty of hearses has been prominent for some years. Carriage Wood "Work. Made in extensive variety at two establishments. Car "Wheels (S^e Steel Works). CHEMrCALS. An establishment for the manufacture of copperas and Venetian red from the spent acids of the wire factories went into operation on a moderate scale in 1877. Its progress may be shown by the compari- son of its first year's product with that of the last two seasons. In 1877 were made one and a quarter million pounds of copperas. In the year ending August, 1883, were made two and a quarter million pounds of copperas and half a million pounds of Venetian red ; in the year just closed four million pounds of Venetian red and three million pounds of copperas. Clothes Dryers. Two establishments for the manufacture of clothes dryers ; of con- siderable repute in the trade. CoATEs' Clippers. Established 1877 for the manufacture of patent machine clippers for barbers' and stable use. Capacity of works doubled within present year. The same establishment also manufacture a new combination tool of great merit. Coffee Machinery. One of our wood-working machinery establishments in South Worcester is the sole place of manufacture, in the United States, of coffee machinery, now everywhere superseding the English machines for separating, polishing and classifying the coffee berry, on the plan- tations where it is grown. The business has grown steadily since 1877. Confectionery. There are two establishments for the manufacture of confectionery for the trade, their products, chiefly in staple lines, reaching $100,000 WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 155 value of annual product and giving employment to fifteen hands. The business began in this city in 1864. Copper Wire. Within the past year one of our wire establishments, longest engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel telegraph and telephone wire, has entered largely into the manufacture of all varieties of hand-drawn and soft copper wire for electric purposes. Copying Presses. An establishment for the manufacture of patent copying presses, also for the manufacture of patent di-ills and Taft's patent shears. Corsets. The manufacture commenced in Worcester soon after 1861, and the era of war prices and a high rate for gold. There are now two establishments, employing altogether one thousand hands, the larger number being females, and turning out from $600,000 to $1,000,000 in annual product. The grade of goods is of excellent character. Cotton Thrrad. Two establishments for the manufacture of all varieties of cotton thread, employing on improved machinery about one hundred hands. Cutting Dies. Growing out of the demands of the envelope and boot and shoe industries, and other lines in which cutting dies are employed, the manufacture of these implements began in 1860, and now occupies two concerns, employing aii aggregate of twenty hands, making all varieties of dies known to the lines of trade in which they are used. Drain Tiles. Three establishments, employing from twenty to twenty-five men in the manufacture of cement drain tile. Drills (See MacJiine Tools). Emery Wheels. Patent emery and corundum wheels are made here by the inventor and patentee. 156 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Elevators. Two varieties of elevators are made here : the hydraulic elevator, and a telescopic variety of the same. Envelopes. The manufacture of envelopes in this city began with the invention of an envelope folding machine by Dr. Russell Hawes in 1846, the establishment founded by him being still in existence. The advanced perfection of this kind of machinery has been chiefly realized by Worcester genius ; the best envelope machine now in use having been invented here in 1871. Tliis city is now the largest point of manufacture of staple envelopes. There are three envelope factories with a daily production of three million envelopes, annual value one million dollars. Three hundred and fifty hands are employed, chiefly females. Envelope machinery manufactured at one of these estab- lishments has been sent abroad, though for obvious reasons there is little desire or willingness to fit up competing establishments in this country. Files. Three establishments for the manufacture of all varieties of files, though the industry is of no extended character. Finger Nail Cutters. A Worcester novelty of sufficiently wide repute in the trade to give employment to a busy enterprise. Fire Arms. ^ One of our oldest established industries, which in the important branch of pistol manufacture, began with the enterprise of Allen & Thurber, and all varieties of fire arms except cannon have been brought out in our Worcester shops. There are now four establish- ments producing rifles, shot guns, carbines and revolvers for military and sporting purposes, and several of these are widely famous throughout the world. The industry gives employment in Worcester to three hundred and fifty workmen of a highly skilled class, with an annual product of $600,000. Folding Chairs. At the close of the war a large manufacturer of camp chairs in this city, by successive patented improvements advanced the article of WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 157 furniture to the folding chair with such success that one hundred and twenty-five men are employed in its manufacture, with annual sales amounting to three hundred thousand dollars. Indestructible Soles On the Goodrich patent are made by one establishment, an incor- poration of metal with the outer sole of heavy goods. Iron Manufacture. In connection with our largest wire mill, iron is manufactured for wire billets, and Swedish iron, by Swedish workmen and Swedish processes for the best descriptions of iron wire. Iron Foundries. Worcester has long been celebrated for its foundry business. In 1833 one Worcester establishment, still in the hands of its successors, was employing from twenty-two to twenty-five men, producing nearly 700,000 pounds of iron castings, of a value of $35,000. For its earlier power horses were resorted to, until the introduction of the steam engine. The first stationary steam engine set up in this State west of Boston, was put in use in this foundry (W. A. Wheeler's). Iron Lasts. The manufacture of iron lasts began here in 1879. There are now two establishments giving employment to twenty hands. Lasts. The manufacture of lasts began here in 1855. Two establishments produce $125,000 in value, the material used being rock maple from the forests of northern New England. Leather Bleach For bleaching the bottoms of boots and shoes, one manufactory. Leather Belting. Three establishments. The oldest founded in 1852, using only leather from its own large tannery in this city, one of the largest in this State. In the three concerns one hundred men are employed. Total value of product $500,000. 158 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Lkather Machinery. One establishment manufactures ten different machines for leather work, employs twenty-five men ; annual product S50,000. Looms. The first loom factory ever erected for the manufacture of power looms in this country, went into operation in Worcester, on the same premises with our first wire mill, in 1834. The power loom industry of Worcester is now represented by three establishments, with an annual product of $2,500,000, and the employment of eight hundred hands. Worcester looms are known throughout the world. It is one of our oldest industries. In 1804 the Stowell Brothers had in operation six looms of their own invention and manufacture for weaving carpets and plaids. The elder Cromptou after he began the manufacture of fancy looms in Worcester, not only sold the machines but as an expert weaver went about giving instruction in their use. Machine Knives (See Wrenches). Machine Screws. Three establishments. Two of them on an extensive scale manu- facture machine screws. With one of these, case-hardened nuts are a specialty. Machine Tools. There are now fifteen establishments for the manufacture of all varieties of metal-working machinery, a department of industry in which Worcester is now the second city in the United States, Phila- delphia alone leading. The product from the heaviest machinery to the lightest has an annual value of $1,500,000, and gives employ- ment to eight .hundred and fifty men. Our shops are the favorite resort for experimental machinery sought by inventors. The manu- facture of machinery began at a very early period in the history of our local industries, but has grown most rapidly since the adoption of steam power. (For machinery applicable to specialties of manu- facture see under separate heads). Of the machine tools made in Worcester, over one-half the product is sold through commission houses in the larger centres. Malleable Iron. Two establishments, employing a total of one hundred and seventy- five men, with an annual product of $200,000. value, contributing to WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 159 a wide variety of manufactures. The older of these concerns has been in operation almost from the first employment of this line of iron work. Marble Works. There are three principal and several smaller establishments for all varieties of marble and ornamental and monumental stone cutting, employing in all nearly one hundred workmen. • Metal Punching. In addition to what is found as the adjunct of some of the larger shops, all varieties of metal punching are carried on in two very complete establishments. Nickel Plating. Three exclusive establishments, and two others connected with other manufactures, turn out a large amount of nickel plated goods. Organs. A prominent industry. There are five establishments, giving employment to five hundred operatives, producing 6,000 organs annually, of an aggregate value of $400,000. These instruments of Worcester manufacture have a very wide reputation and are sent to all parts of the world. Organettes are also made at two establish- ments. Organ Reeds. This city has become a principal point of manufacture, the business being carried on in three large establishments, employing three hundred and fifty hands, with a total annual product amounting to $600,000. This business began here in 1859. Paper Machinery. The first paper machinery made in Worcester was built by Howe & Goddard in 1838, in the basement of the old Red Mill, a fire drying machine, a large cylinder with a stove in the centre, the invention of Henry P. Howe. The same firm also built cylinder and Fourdrinier machines. This business, now in the hands of the immediate successors of the first named firm, is now a prosperous one, and the best paper-mills in the United States are supplied largely from this Worcester establishment, among whose leading specialties is paper machinery. 160 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Perforated Metals Are made at one establishment. Presses. An extensive establishment for the manufacture of Patent Knuckle Joint Presses in one hundi'ed varieties, for hand and power. Annual value of product $40,000. At two other large establishments are made various kinds of power presses. Railway Cars. A Worcester coach and carriage manufactory became one of the pioneer railway car shops in this country, at so early a period that the earliest cars brought out were hauled to Boston over the turnpike in 1833. The first cars built here were after foreign patterns. Some of the earliest improvements, constituting the American features of car construction, were brought out in Worcester. Present capacity of the shops, six passenger cars per mouth and two freight cars a day. Razors. From a very modest beginning the enterprise of making razors and razor strops, now a widely famous Worcester specialty, has grown to the full occupancy of a large factory building. Forty hands are employed on razors and sixty on razor strops. Refrigerators . Since 1865 there has been in successful operation an establishment for the manufacture of all classes of refrigerators, of which from eight hundred to one thousand are made annually. Reeds and Harness. Made at two establishments. Railroad Frogs and Switches. , One manufactory. Satinets. By reference to notes already given of earlier epochs of manufac- ture, it will be seen that satinets were early made here, as filling a demand for cheap fabrics. There are now five establishments with a product of five thousand yards weekly. Skates. One concern exclusively employed on ice and roller skates employs two hundred hands, and has an annual production of $300,000 value. WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 161 It began on a small scale in 1872, and is now in the foremost rank of the roller skate industry in this country. Ice and roller skates are also made by contract in other establishments, but to no figure comparing with the above. Slippers. There are two establishments for the manufacture of slippers exclusively; web and carpet slippers, and buck slippers are made, also heel protectors and bound cork soles. Soaps. Though not one of our larger industries, one establishment founded in 1878 has built up a large business in its toilet soaps, and has doubled its capacity within the present year. Steam Boilers. There are three establishments for the manufacture of boilers. One of these is widely known and its product is sent to all parts of the country and to foreign lauds. The total annual product is $500,000. Steam Engines. Four establishments, and their product is of wide repute. A steam engine of "Worcester manufacture received the grand prize at the Paris Exposition of 1878. Though not in its aggregate among our leading industries the annual value of the total product is from $250,000 to $300,000. Steel. One of the oldest and most widely known establishments in "Worcester, originally founded in 1H48 for the manufacture of patent car wheels, and later known in connection with the same industry as a rail mill, first for re rolling, and since 1882 for rolling imported steel blooms; in 1884 put in two four-ton Bessemer converters with blooming train and blowing engines, making their own ingots from English West Coast Bessemer Iron, and manufacturing rails, billets, rods, nail plates, brake beams, and also steel blooms and billets for the trade. The converter capacity is two hundred tons every twenty-four hours. The manufacturing premises immediately adjoin the largest railway freight yard in this city. Three hundred men employed. 162 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Tacks and Staples. A manufactaring establishment has gone into operation the present year for the manufacture of all varieties of double pointed tacks and staples from flat steel wire. Tape and Elastics. The manufacture began in Worcester about 1875 with the business of spool tapes, since extended until it covers every variety of narrow loom webs, elastic frills, non-elastic webs, spool tapes ; the goods of high grade in both silk and cotton. This establishment is now running sixty of the Knowles Narrow Fabric Looms. • Telegraph and Telephone Wire. Worcester wire industry was resorted to at the very outset of the telegraph enterprise in this country, and Worcester iron telegraph wire supplied the equipment of some of the earliest successful lines of telegraph in the United States. 'The annual product of galvanized iron and steel telegraph and telephone wire is now very large, the product being sent to all parts of the world. Turbine Wheels. Within the past two seasons, the extensive plant being yet incomplete, there has been established here one of the largest manufactories in the country for turbine wheels and mill machinery. One hundred and seventy-five men employed. Twisting Machinery Of an entirely novel construction, first brought out by the inventor here, gives employment to twenty-five hands on machinery for the manufacture and twisting of all kinds of lines, twine and cordage. Type Writers. The manufacture of type writers has been entered upon at one of our large manufacturing establishments within the past twelve months. Wood-Working Machinery. This region was early a location for saw mills, the first improve- ment of water power being for that purpose. Capt. Wing's saw- WORCESTEK OF TO-DAY. 163 mill on Mill Brook a little north of what is now Lincoln Square. Though circular saws were said to have been known in Holland many years before, they did not come into use in England until 1777. It is claimed confidently that the circular saw was first used in this country in Worcester County for the manufacture of lumber, and Lewis Brown is believed to have operated the first circular saw in Worcester, at the old Red Mill, where now are the Crompton Loom Works. William T. Merrifield, one of our best known citizens, built the first steam saw mill in Worcester County, using circular saws for cutting logs in 1842, at Princeton. In other directions the manufacture and employment of wood-working machinery dates from an eai'ly day in Worcester. Abel Stowell constructed in 1810 a machine for cutting wooden screws. The Daniels Planer, the invention of Thomas E. Daniels of this city, was brought out in 1835, and the manufacture at the old Court Mills. H. C. Wight of this city, in 184H, invented a matching machine of great utility and still in use. There are now three large establishments in this city, each of which has its own specialties, besides the supply of what have become the staple tools in wood-working machinery. Watch Springs. A development of product carried to high perfection in one of our wire, mills. Spectacle and eye glass springs, and every variety of flat steel springs are also produced. Water Meters. Beginning in 1 868 a large industry has grown up in Worcester in the manufacture of water meters, the use of which has largely grown within the past few seasons in all our cities and large centres. The Ball & Fitts Piston Meter, the Fitts Rotary Meter, Duplex Piston Meter and the Desper Meter are made here. Wind Engine. A windmill of approved construction, invented and manufactured here, is very widely in use. The manufacture commenced in 1879. Wire. Two wire drawing establishments, with a joint product of two hundred tons of finished iron, copper and steel wire daily, a total annual product of eight million dollars. One of these Worcester wire mills, established in 1834, is the largest exclusive wire mill in 164 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. the world. One hundred and twenty-five, or more, varieties of iron and steel wire are made in these mills, contributing to a large number of manufacturing industries. Among the leading specialties of our wire industry are barb wire, telegraph and telephone wire, wire rope, bale ties, watch springs, covered corset and crinoline wire, pump chain, wire rods, which see under separate heads. The manufacture of copper wire for electric and general purposes has been extensively entered upon this season, which see elsewhere. Wire Goods. The manufacture of iron wire in this vicinity (See Wire) early stimulated enterprise for the consumption of such product. In the same year, 1834, which saw the founding of .what is now our princi- pal wire mill, Jabez Bigelow began on Front Street the making of wire cloth sieves, riddles, rat traps, and a variety of small wares and specialties in wire goods. The original enterprise is still in the hands of his successors and the business has grown to very large dimensions. There are now three concerns for the manufacture of wire goods, covering a very large list of articles of a staple and permanent utility and value. The business is a very strong one, and Worcester has found this adjunct and development of the wire business steadily growing and permanently prosperous. Wire Rope. The employment of steel wire for ropes and cables for general lifting and hoisting purposes has been carried to large proportions by the great increase in the number of elevators in buildings of all classes, as well as the development of hoisting machinery in mines and quarries. One of our wire mills has just completed a separate extensive department for the manufacture of all kinds of steel rope from small wire cordage to larger cables. Wire Springs. A large establishment, with a substantial four-story brick factory, erected in the summer of 1884, has gone into operation for the manufacture of all varieties of wire springs, with improved machinery. Twenty-five hands employed. Wood Turning. Four establishments, employing thirty-five men, witli a product of from $3,500 to $4,000 per month, producing all varieties of wood turning in regular and irregular forms. WORCESTER OF TO-DAY. 165 Woolen Goods. In 1804 the ingenious and enterprising Stowells were weaving carpets and plaids in Worcester, using six looms of their own invention and manufacture. In 1836 there were two mills here for the manufacture of broadcloth. One of these, that of Wm. B. Fox and George T. Rice, with fifty operatives and a product of five hun- dred yards weekly. There are now two woollen mills, the Worcester Woollen Mill, manufacturing fine and medium cassimeres, two hun- dred and twenty-five men, with a product of $400,000 annually. Another establishment runs thirty-four looms exclusively on beaver cloths, with a product of $350,000 per year. Worsted Goods. The manufacture of worsted goods began here in 1876. There ai-e now two establishments from the same root, with an aggregate of one hundred and five looms, running on worsted suitings for men's wear, ladies' cloakings, &c., using Worcester fancy looms. Weekly product of six thousand yards, with average value of $8,500, or about $350,000 annually. As stated in another connection one of these mills spins its own yarn. Worsted Spinning. The industry of worsted yarn spinning grew out of the carpet manufacture. There are now three spinning mills, one of these burned the present year is being rebuilt. Spinning began here with twelve frames about 1872. There are now forty-four frames with six thousand five hundred spindles and three hundred and sixty operatives, which is an increase of nearly one-third within the past twelve months. Two of these mills are employed exclusively on carpet yarns, the third has especial connection with an adjoining worsted manufactory. Wrenches. The manufacture of hand wrenches began in 1841 and has proved a widely recognized and successful branch of Worcester industry. There are now two establishments from the same parent root, whose total annual product is $400,000. At one of these only wrenches are made, at the other also shear blades and cutter knives. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following list comprises the titles of books and pamphlets containing historical information in relation to the town and city of Worcester, which have come to the notice of the compiler. Undoubt- edly some titles have been omitted which should appear in such a list, and there are many biographical and memorial publications containing more or less local history which have been excluded as not coming within the proposed plan. The annual town and city documents, reports of societies and of other local organizations, with the historical notes which have been published in the newspapers from time to time, give much valuable information, but any enumeration of them would far exceed the limits of this list. The compiler has most of the books and pamphlets mentioned, in his own collection, but has received additions of scarce titles from the American Antiquarian Society and the Free Public Library. The list of maps of Worcester given in connection with the local history is intended to cover only such as have been published in separate form, and does not include those expressly prepared for book publications. A few scarce manuscript maps are noticed as being of special historical value. The list of views of Worcester contains only engraved or photo- graphic views of the whole town or city, which have been offered for public sale. This bibliography has been prepared with the hope that it may prove of value to future students of our local history. The Worcester Magazine. From the first week in April, 1786, to the fourth week in March, 1788. Published by I. Thomas. This was published Instead of tlie Massachusetts Spy, which was suspended on account of the tax on newspapers. A Topographical Description of the Town of Worcester in 1792. Communicated by Timothy Paine, William Young, Edward Bangs, Esqrs., and Dr. Samuel Stearns, to the Massachusetts Historical Society. Published in Volume first of the Proceed- ings of that Society, pp. 112-116. Boston, 1792. 168 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. History of the County of Worcester. By Peter Whitney ; with a map. 8vo. pp. 339. Worcester. Printed by Isaiah Thomas, 1793. An Address delivered at Worcester (Mass.), on the 21st of October, 1807, before the Hon. Major General, the Brigadiers, Field and Staff Officers, and Officers of the Line, of the Seventh Division of the Militia of Massachusetts. By Major Levi Lincoln, Jr. pp. 12. Worcester. Printed by Henry Rogers, 1807. Sermon at Worcester, January 6, 1811, with historical notes. By Aaron Bancroft, D.D. 8vo. pp. 24. Worcester, 1811. Origin and Progress of the Late Difficulties in the First Church, Worcester. Svo. pp. 88. Worcester, 1820. Result of a Mutual Ecclesiastical Council convened at Worcester, November 14, 1820, to consider the expediency of granting the request of the Rev. Charles A. Goodrich to be dismissed from the pastoral care of the First Church and Parish in Worcester. 8vo. pp. 10. Printed by Manning and Trumbull. December, 1820. Remarks on the Late Publications of the First Church in Worcester, of which the Rev. Charles A. Goodrich was pastor, relative to the "Origin and Progress of Difficulties" in that Church, pp. 103., Worcester. Printed by Manning and Trumbull. January, 1821. An Address, delivered at the Dedication of the Town Hall in Worcester, the 2d day of May, 1825. By John Davis. 8vo. pp. 36. Worcester. Printed by William Manning, 1825. Worcester Magazine and Historical Journal. Edited by William Lincoln and Christopher C. Baldwin. 2 Vols. 8vo. Worcester, 1826-27. Discourse delivered before the Second Congregational Society, Worcester, 8th day of April, 1827. By A. Bancroft, D.D. 8vo. pp. 20. Charles Griffin. Worcester, 1827. The Worcester Talisman ; a literary and miscellaneous journal ; one volume. April 5, 1828, to March 21, 1829. (In April. 1828, and January, 1829, a Village Register was prepared to accompany the Talisman). Published by Dorr & Howlaud. 1828-29. Worcester Vilhige Directory, containing the names of the inhabitants, their dwelling- houses and places of business,— arranged according to the streets and squares. • To accompany a map of the Village of Worcester. 24mo. pp. 12. Worcester. Published by Clarendon Harris, 1829. (A reprint of the Directory was published by Tyler & Seagrave in 1872.) A Geography of Worcester County for Young Children, etc. By James G. Carter and Wm. H. Brooks. 24mo. Illustrated, pp. 66. Lancaster, 1830. (Contains a brief notice of Worcester, with cuts.) An Address to the Members of the Bar of Worcester County, October 2d, 1829. By Joseph W'llard. Svo. pp. 144. Lancaster, 1830. A Sermon delivered in Worcester, January 31, 1836. By Aaron Bancroft, D.D., at the termination of Fifty Years of his Ministry. 8vo. pp. 44. Worcester^ C. Harris, 1836. History of Worcester, Mass., from its Earliest Settlement to September, 1836. By William Lincoln. 8vo. pp. 384. Worcester, Moses D. Phillips &, Co., 1837. This was reprinted in 1862, with the history from 1836 to 1861, by Charles Hersey. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 169 Address at the Consecration of the Worcester Rural Cemetery, September 8, 1838. By Levi Lincoln. 8vo. pp. 36. Boston, 1838. Historical Sketch of Worcester, in " Barber's Historical Collections of Massachusetts." pp. 618 to 624. Worcester, 1839. (Another Edition in 1841.) Address at the opening of the New Court House in Worcester, Sept. 30, 1845, by Lemuel Shaw. 8vo. Worcester, 1845. Valuation and Taxes of the Town of Worcester in 1846 (contains the names of most of the property holders at that date). 8vo. pp. 40. By Thornton A.Merrick. Boston, 1846. Proceedings of a Public Meeting of the Inhabitants of Worcester, August 28, 1847, upon the subject of the Passenger Depot of the Western Railroad in Worcester. 8vo. pp. 24. Worcester, 1847. Epitaphs from the Cemetery on Worcester Common, with occasional notes, references and an index. By William S. Barton. 8vo. pp. 36. Worcester, 1848. Worcester in 1850. With an historical sketch and a map of the city. Henry J. How- land. 12mo. Worcester, 1850. The Worcester Pulpit; with notices, historical and biographical. By Rev. E. Smalley, D.D. pp. 562. Boston, Phillips, Sampson & Co., 1851. The Citizens and Strangers' Guide in the City of Worcester, with a map of the city Sm. 4to. pp. 27. n. d. A Discourse delivered at the Dedication of the Meeting-house of the Second Congre- gational Society in Worcester. Svo. pp. 55. By Rev. Alonzo Hill. Worcester, Andrew Hutchinson, 1851. Manual of the Old South Church, Worcester. 16mo. pp. 31. (With brief history of the Church.) Worcester, 1854. (Editions were also published in 1864 and 1877.) Carl's Tour in Main Street. Published in the Worcester Palladium, 1855, also in 1857-58 and in 1874, in 32 chapters. This is a notice of the more prominent houses on Main Street as they were twenty years before, with much historical and biographical infoi-mation. By J. S. C. Knowlton. The material for this publication was collected by Clarendon Wheelock. Address at the Social Festival of the Bar of Worcester County, February 7, 1856. By Emory Washburn. Svo. pp. 73. Worcester, 1856. The Heart of the Commonwealth ; or, Worcester as it is in 1856 ; with an historical notice of the town. pp. 131. H. J. Howland, 1856. The Farewell to the Old School-house and Dedication of the New, at New Worcester, July 26, and August 30, 1858. pp. 30. 1858. Reminiscences of the Military Life and Sufferings of Col. Timothy Bigelow, Com- mander of the Fifteenth Regiment of the Massachusetts Line in the Continental Army, during the War of the Revolution. By Charles Hersey. pp. 24. Worces- ter, 1860. Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Bigelow Monument. Worcester, Mass., April 19, 1861. Svo. pp. 37. Boston, John Wilson & Son, 1861. Historical Sketch of the Worcester County Mechanics Association. 12mo. pp. 70. Worcester. 1861. 13 170 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. Fiske's Pocket Business Manual of the City of Worcester. 24mo. Worcester, 1862. and 1863. An Historical Discourse on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the First Baptist Church in Worcester, December 9th, 1862, with an appendix. By Isaac Davis, Svo, pp. 52. Worcester, 1863. An Historical Discourse delivered at Worcester in the Old South Meeting House, September 22, 1863; the Hundredth Anniversary of its Erection. By Leonard Bacon, D.D. With introductory remarks by Hon. Ira M. Barton, Svo, pp, 106, Worcester, 1863, Manual of the First Church in Worcester, with historical notes, pp, 41, Worcester, 1864. Services at the Installation of Rev, B, F, Bowles as Pastor of the First Universallst Society, Worcester, Mass., and the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Exercises, October 10, 1866, Historical Address by Rev, S, P, Landers, Svo, pp, 52, Tyler and Seagrave, 1866. The Worcester Association and its Antecedents; a History of Four Ministerial Associations, with biographical notes. (Notices of Unitarian ministers in Worces- ter). By Rev. Joseph Allen. 12mo. pp.426. Boston, 1868. Historical Discourse on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Worcester Baptist Associa- tion. September 22, 1869. By Rev, David Weston, Svo, pp, 26, Worcester, 1869. The Pastor's Record ; a sermon preached March 28, 1867, before the Second Congrega- tional Society in Worcester, on the Fortieth Anniversary of his Settlement. By Rev. Alonzo Hill, Svo, pp, 66. Cambridge, 1867. Reminiscences of the Original Associates and Past Memherf? of the Worcester Fire Society. By Levi Lincoln and Isaac Davis. Svo. pp. 72. Printed for the Society. Worcester, 1870. Atlas .of the City of Worcester, Worcester County, Mass, From actual surveys by and under the direction of F, W, Beers. Large quarto, pp. 83. 19 maps. New York, 1870. History of Worcester in the War of the Rebellion. By A. P. Marvin. Svo. pp. 582. Worcester, 1870. (Second Edition, 1880.) Historical Address before the Lyceum and Natural History Association. May 17, 1870. By Nathaniel Paine, pp. xx-14, Worcester, 1870. Business Men of Worcester Fifty Years Ago. By Caleb A. Wall. Published in the Worcester Daily Spy, 1870. Worcester High School. Dedication of the New High School-house, December 30, 1871. Svo, pp, 62. Worcester, 1871, Photographs of School-houses and other Institutions in Worcester, Mass,, U, S, A, With brief descriptions of the buildings and some account of various institutions in the city. Compiled by Albert P, Marble, Superintendent of Public Schools, Oblong 4to. pp. 10, and 29 photographs. Worcester, 1873. Memoir of Isaiah Thomas, by his grandson, Benjamin Franklin Thomas. Svo, pp. 73, Privately printed. Boston, 1874, (This was also printed in Thomas's History of Printing, second edition,) BIBLIOGRAPHY. 171 Reminiscences of the Past Members of the Worcester Fire Society. By Benjamin F. Thomas and Isaac Davis. 8vo. pp. 49. Printed for the Society. Worcester, 1874. Dedication of the Soldiers' Monument at Worcester, Massachusetts, July 15, A. D. 1874. 8vo. pp. 90. Printed by Order of the Monument Committee. Worcester, 1875. Worcester Illustrated. (Pamphlet.) 8vo. pp. 56. James A. Ambler Co. Worces- ter, 1875. History of the Worcester Choral Union. 16mo. pp. 28. Worcester, 1875. Account of the AVorcester Lyceum and Natural History Association. By Nathaniel Paine, pp. 12. Worcester, 1876. Portraits and Busts in possession of the American Antiquarian Society and other Associations in Worcester, Mass. By Nathaniel Paine. 8vo. pp. 7. Boston, 1876. (Reprinted from the Historic-Genealogical Register.) Worcester in the War of the Revolution, embracing the Acts of the Town from 1765 to 1783 inclusive. Svo. pp. 128. Albert A. Lovell. Worcester, 1876. Celebration by the Inhabitants of Worcester, Mass., of the Centennial Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1876. To which are added Historical and Chronological Notes, pp. 146. Printed by order of the City Council. Worces- ter, 1876. Notes, Historical and Chronological on the Town of Worcester, Mass. By Nathaniel Paine. Thirty-five copies printed for private distribution. Large Svo. pp. 50. Worcester, 1876. Most of the matter was printed in the last named volume. Worcester in the International Exhibition of 1876. A series of fourteen or fifteen papers giving a brief account of the principal educational institutions, associations, etc., of Worcester. Worcester, 1876. Tables showing Population, Valuation, etc., of Worcester, 1850-1876. 8vo. pp. 16. Worcester, 1876. Historical Sketch of College of Holy Cross. Svo. pp. 20. Worcester, 1876. Report on the Worcester Schools, 1876. Contains an historical sketch of the Public Schools in Worcester. Svo. Worcester, 1877. Historical Sketch of the First Baptist Church, Worcester. By Rev. B. D. Marshall. Svo. pp. 17. Worcester, 1877. Reminiscences |of Worcester; from the earliest period; historical and genealogical. With notices of early settlers and prominent citizens, etc. pp. 392. By Caleb A. Wall. Worcester, 1877. Report of the Joint Committee of the City Council of Worcester on Rebuilding the Lynde Brook Dam. A complete history of the Worcester Water Works from 1722 tol877, by Clark Jillsou, 1877. 4to. pp.86. Press of Clark Jillson, 1877. Manual of the Calvinist Church, Worcester, Mass. (with historical notes). Sm. Svo. pp. 27. 1877. Company Proceedings of the Worcester Continentals, 1876-1878. By G. H. Harlow, Clerk. Svo. pp. 40. Worcester, 1878. Historical Remarks concerning the Mechanic Street Burial Ground in the City of Worcester, offered to the Joint Committee of the Legislature of Massachusetts, March 14, 1878. By Rev. George Allen. Worcester, 1878. pp. 17. 172 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. The Lumber Business of Worcester. By Ellery B. Craue. pp. 13-33— Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity for 1878. History of the Blackstone Canal. By Israel Plummer. pp. 41-50— Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity for 1878. The Butman Riot, October 30, 1854. By Albert Tyler, pp. 85-94— Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity for 1878. Inscriptions from the Old Burial Grounds in Worcester. Massachusetts, from 1727 to 1859. With biographical and historical notes. Published by the Worcester Society of Antiquity. 1879. 8vo. pp. 160. Report on Local History and Genealogy; contains history of the Foster Street Extension and removal of the Depot of the Boston and Worcester Railroad. By Ellery B. Crane, pp. 87-103.— Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity for 1879. Early Records of the Town of Worcester. Book I. 1722-1739. Published by the Worcester Society of Antiquity. 8vo. pp. 142. [Edited by Franklin P. Rice.] [225 copies.] Worcester, 1879. Addresses Before the Members of the Bar of Worcester County, Mass. : By Joseph Willard, 1829; Emory Washburn, 1856; Dwight Foster, 1878; with a List of Members of the Bar. 8vo. pp. 250. Worcester, 1S79. Histoi-y of Worcester County; edited by A. P. Marvin. 2 vols. 4to. Boston, 1879. (Contains History of the City of Worcester, by Charles A. Chase. Vol. II. pp. 548-667.) The Trade of Worcester during the Present Century. By Henry H. Chamberlin. pp. 27-38— Pi'oceediugs of the Worcester Society of Antiquity, 1880. Early Records of the Town of Worcester. Book II. 1740-1753. Published by the Worcester Society of Antiquity. 8vo. pp. 145. [Edited by Franklin P. Rice.] [250 copies.] 1880. Historical Sketch of the Central Society in Worcester, etc. 8vo. pp. 30. 1880. Illustrated Business Guide of the City of Worcester, Mass., arranged by streets, with the number, name of firm and of business of all business houses in Worcester; together with a brief description of all points of interest, and views of public and private buildings. 4to. pp. 171. Snow, Woodman & Co. Worcester, 1880. Records of the Proprietors of Worcester, Massachusetts. Edited by Franklin P. Rice. [With nearly 300 plans.] Published by the Worcester Society of Antiquity. Svo. pp. 336. [250 copies.] 1881. Shays's Rebellion. By Ellery B. Craue. pp. 61-111— Proceedings of the Worcester Society of Antiquity for 1881. Worcester Town Records from 1753 to 1783. Edited by Franklin P. Rice. Published by the Worcester Society of Antiquity. Svo. pp. 472. [300 copies.] 1882. The Worcester Manufacturer; containing a complete list of the manufacturers, statistics of consumption and production, capital invested, hands employed, wages paid, and much other information of the city of Worcester. Svo. pp. 56. F. S. Blanchard & Co. 1882. Records of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace for the County of Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1731 to 1737. Edited by Franklin P. Rice. Published by the Worcester Society of Antiquity. Svo. pp. 197. [225 copies.] 1883. BIBLIOGEAPHY. 173 Transactions of the Worcester Agricultural Society with reference to the New England Fair held in Worcester from 1878 to 1882. Printed by order of the Trustees. Worcester, 1883. Worcester Vest Pocket Guide, pp. 96. Moses King, Cambridge, n. d. (1883.) Kalender ofver Svenskarne i Worcester. Utgif ven af Zetterman och Latt, Worcester, Mass., Utgifvarnes Forlag, 1883. (First Swedish directory of Worcester.) Theatres and Public Halls of Worcester, with plans. 12mo. Putnam & Davis. 1880 and 1883. Gleanings from the Sources of History of the Second Parish, Worcester, Massachu- setts. By Samuel S. Green, pp. 22. Worcester, 1883. The Worcester Book: a Diary of Noteworthy Events in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1657 to 1883. By Franklin P. Rice. Svo. Illustrated, pp. 159. 1884. The Early Settlements of Worcester. By Francis E. Blake. 8vo. pp. 33. Printed by F. P. Rice. 1884. Historical Sketch of the Worcester County Musical Association. By Samuel E. Staples. Svo. pp. 26. 1884. An Episode of Worcester History. By Nathaniel Paine. 8vo. pp. 9. 1884. Random Recollections of Worcester. 1839-1843. By Nathaniel Paine. 8vo. pp. 46. Worcester, 1885. [Directories of Worcester have been issued annually since 1843, and many of them contain valuable historical information. Plans of the town and city are published in connection with many of the Directories] . October 15, 1884, the day of the celebration of Worcester's Bi-Centenuial, two news- papers were published, each containing historical notes on Worcester, as well as advertising matter: Worcester Bi-Centenuial; printed and published by F. S. Blanchard & Co. ; folio, with several illustrations. Also, Worcester's 200 Anniver- sary; folio, published by H. R. Cummings. MAPS AND VIEWS OF WORCESTER. MAPS. A manuscript map of the town in 1784, by Wm. Youug.t A copy of a manuscript map in the Secretary of State's Ofl5ce, Boston, made by order of the town in 1794.t MS. plan of the town of Worcester, from a survey made in Nov., 1825. By Caleb Butler. At City Clerk's Office. A map of the village of Worcester. By Ed. E. Phelps, M.D., Civil Engineer. July, 1829. Published by C. Harris. Carter, Andrews & Co., So. Lancaster. (This map has views of the Old South Church and other public buildings in the margin.) A manuscript map of the town of Worcester in 1829. (Publisher not given.)t t In library of American Antiquarian Society. 174 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. A map of Worcester, shire town of the County of Worcester. By H. Stebbins. Published by C. Harris, 1833. (This map has in one coi*ner a small plan of the village of Worcester, also views of several public buildings.) MS. map of the town. Has location of old roads and many of the dwelling-houses. Probably made for Wm. Lincoln, the historian, n. d.t Map of the City of Worcester, from Original Surveys by H. F. Walling. Published by Warren Lazell. 1851. Map of the City of Worcester. Published by Jenkins & Whitcomb, 235 Main Street, n. d. Map of the City of Worcester. C. W. Burbauk, 1872. Large map of the City of Worcester. Published by Smith & McKinney, from surveys of P. Ball. Engraved by A. Prentiss, n. d. (Has several views of public buildings.) Map of the City of Worcester, Mass. Compiled from official surveys and records, private plans and personal surveys. By S. P. R. Triscott, C. E. Published by G. H. Walker, Boston, 1873. Map of the City of Worcester. S. P. R. Triscott, Civil Engineer. A. Meisel, Lith. Published by Drew, Allis & Co. Worcester, 1874. Map of Worcester, showing oldest roads and location of earliest settlers. Prepared for C. A. Wall's Reminiscences of Worcester, by S. Triscott. 1877. MS. map. Showing the distribution of lots after the re-settlement from 1713 to 1733. By E. B. Crane. Library of the Society of Antiquity. Pocket map of the city of Worcester. Published only by W. L. Shepard and H. R. Cummings, 1885. There are at the City Hall six volumes of MS. maps giving the streets, lots, and location of the sewers. VIEWS. View of Worcester, Mass., taken from Union Hill. P. Anderson, del. On stone by R. Cooke. T. More's lithography, Boston. No date, but about 1839-40. View of Worcester, Mass., from the Insane Hospital. (Has views of Common, Main Street, etc., in margin.) Published by E. Whitefield, New York, 1849. View of Worcester. Photo, by Black & Batcheller. Colored lithograph by J. H. Bufford. Published by D. B. Tarr, Boston, 1864. View of Worcester from Worcester Academy, Union Hill. Drawn from nature by E. Whitefield in 1876. (Large photograph.) Bird's Eye View of the City of Worcester. Lithograph. O. H. Bailey and J. C. Hazen, Boston, 1878. t In library of American Antiquarian Society. CHRONOLOGY. 1657. The first grant of laud within the present boundaries of Worcester. 1667. A Committee appointed to view "a place about ten miles westward of Marl- borow, called Quaudsicamond ponds," to report " whether it be capable to make a villiage," etc. This was the site of Worcester. 1668. Land granted to Daniel Gookin and others, and a Committee appointed to lay out a town. The Committee reported to General Court, October 24. 1673-4. First settlement made. 1674. First Indian deed of the Worcester plantation signed. First tavern, kept by Thomas Brown. 1675. Settlement abandoned on account of troubles with the Indians, who destroyed the houses of the settlers. 1684. Second settlement, and the name of Worcester fixed by the General Court, October 15. Second innholder, Nathaniel Henchman. 1702. Town again abandoned by reason of the depredation of the Indians. Digory Serjent killed. 1713. Final settlement of the town. 1714. First male child born. 1715. First death in the town after final settlement. 1717. First meeting-house built. 1719. First minister ordained. 1722. First town meeting held by special order of the General Court. 1726. First schoolmaster hired, Jonas Rice. 1731. Worcester County established. First Superior and Probate Courts lield. 1733-4. First tavern after final settlement, Moses Brown, innholder. 1740. First school-house erected. 1763. Old South meeting-house built. 1775. Captain Timothy Bigelow and Captain Benjamin Flagg with their companies started for Cambridge, April 19th, on the receipt of news of the fight at Lexington. First issue of the Massachusetts Spy in Worcester, May 3. First Post-Office established. 1776. First public reading of the Declaration of Independence in New England, Sunday, July 14, from the porch of the Old South meeting-house, by Isaiah Thomas. 1785. Second Congregational Society (Unitarian) formed. 1788. Last meeting of the Proprietors. 1798. Mechanic Street burial ground laid out. 1801. Brick court-house built. 176 BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. 1811. Worcester Light Infantry organized. First bank chartered (Worcester Bank) . 1819. First cattle show. 1828. Blackstone canal opened. First directory of Worcester issued. 1829. First engraved map of village of Worcester published. 1835. Fire Department established. Boston and Worcester Railroad opened. 1838. Rural Cemetery dedicated. 1840. Worcester Guards organized. 1848. Worcester incorporated as a city. 1852. Hope Cemetery dedicated. 1861. Departure of first troops in the Civil War : Light Infantry, City Guards and Emmet Guards. 1863. First street railroad in Worcester, August 31. 1868. Memorial day first observed. 1871. First City Hospital opened. 1876. Centennial celebration of Fourth of July. First parade of the Worcester Continentals. 1883. Electric Light first used for lighting the streets. ERRATA. On Page i7, for 0. F. Iladwcn read 0. B. Hadwon. On Page 145, for Gardner Bnrliank read Caleb and Elijah Burlmnk. At the request of parties interested the committee accepted for insertion an attempted designation of those taking part in the procession wlio served in the late war. The list is now believed to be incomplete, but the committee have no means at hand for its revision. The following corrections liowever deserve to be noted here :— On Page 98, Dr. Charles H. Davis. f On Page 101, A. S. Roe.f On Page 103, Wm. S. Lincoln, f i : 1 \ 1 ) 1 \ t i > 1 ■ J