■ .S^cb (i^^^^l ^fiS '^fRST^* : UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY SPECIAL COLLECTIONS SB 356 L5 1846 Gift of Marshall P. Wilder bJ MIIIIIIIUIIIillllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIMII llllllllllllllllillllH S lllltlllHIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIHMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlll llinilllll TrTjr^JTJTuBr y BOLMARS WASinNrrTO>3 PLUM \ GUIDE ORCHARD AND FRUIT GARDEN; OR AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST VALUABLE FRUITS CULTIVATED IN GREAT BRITAIN. BY GEORGE LINDLEY, C. M. H. S. WITH ADDITIONS OF ALL THE MOST VALUABLE FRUITS CULTIVATED IN AMERICA, With Directions for their Cultivation, Budding, Grafting and Propngation, Pruning and Training of Standard, Oy.en Dwarf and Espalier Fruit Trees, Adapted to the Climate of the United States of America. BY MICHAEL FLOY, C. M. H. S., GARDENER AND NURSERY-MAN, HARLEM, NEW YORK. A NEW EDITION j WITH AN APPENDIX, DESCRIBING MANY AMERICAN FRUITS NOT MENTIONED IN THE FORMEB EDITION. NEW YORK: J. C. RIKER, 129 FULTON STREET. , }S4G. " Entered according to A.ct of Congress, March, 1846, by MICHAEL FLOY, In the Office of the Clerk of the Southern District of New York." PREFACE A new edition of the Guide to the Orchard being called for, it may be proper, in this place, to make a few remarks upon the design of its original publication, and the object steadily kept in view throughout these pages. The work of Mr. Lindley was chosen for the basis and model of our undertaking, not because of any supposed inability to prepare an entirely original volume, for having pursued the business of a nurseryman in this city, with spe cial attention to the cultivation of Fruit Trees, for the last forty years, and having been acquainted with the best European gardens and nurseries, the author had on hand an ample amount of material suitable for that purpose. Nor were we ignorant of the fact that publications of a similar character are numerous, both in this country and in Europe ; and since the issuing of our first edition in 1833, in the United States especially, volume after volume has been issued from the press ; each professing to be an improvement on all others, and claiming attention on the assumed ground of superiority to its predecessors. But, alas, forthe state of horticultural, and, more especi- ally, of pomological knowledge amongus, if these jejune pro- ductions, with their multiplied inaccuracies and unphiloso- phical arrangements and classifications, are to be taken as its correct index. At one time we have the bold plagiarist, forgetful of his inverted commas, appropriating to himself the labors of another, and, like the ass in the lion's skin, betraying himself the moment his own voice is heard ; and,, anon, the catalogue compiler assumes the title of author, and after ransacking creation and his own ingenuity pa- rades before the public, with a sounding title, a volume of words— rwords — words. He seems verily to think that the 17 PREFACE. larger the list of names, the greater the merit of his work j and it is not wonderful that his descriptions of fruits are unintelligible to the reader, when it is known that by far the larger portion were perfectly unknown to the professed describer, and many of them indeed to every body else, seeing they exist only in the imagination of some nursery- man, from whose catalogue the names were copied. Again we have what may be styled the truly patriotic pomologist, whose aim it is, seeing ours is the finest country in the world, to Americanize everything. With him the Pears of Belgium, the Peaches and the Grapes of Italy and France, the Cherries, even the Goosberries of England, are not wor- thy to be compared with our own domestic productions ; with the seedlings, which have had the good fortune to spring into being on this side of the Atlantic, or even the chance-begotten fruit found by the way-side. Now we trust we are as patriotic as our neighbors, but this under- valuing of everything European, while it may evince great love for country; unfortunately deprives us of fruits which in reality we cannot spare, unless, as is done by a recent au- thority, we adopt the petty meanness and unmanly subter- fuge of concealing well known European fruits by changing their names, and then, by way of exposing our own folly and of indicating what is really meant, give the true, long known and well established name as a mere synonym. It is unnecessary that we should be more specific or definite in this matter. Those who have been humbugged by the authors of either class to which we have alluded will have no difficulty in ascertaing to whom our remarks refer, while it will be neither edifying nor profitable to others to have further intimacy with them. The peculiarities of Mr. Lindley's volume, which render it superior to all others on the subject, and which havegiv- en it, wherever known, the reputation of a standard work, are, in the first place, the exceeding accuracy of his no- menclature, the result of his own long practical study, and of facilities afforded him by the gardens of the Horticultu- ral Society of London, where fruits of all kinds and from all quarters are cultivated, their characters noted, their fruits tested, and their merits or demerits fairly weighed. In no one of the sister sciences is there anything like the PREFACE. V confusion which has existed in this respect in this branch of Horticulture. The same fruit has been known in different countries, and in different sections of the same country, by different names, and hence it very frequently happens that the nurseryman who may be applied to, knows not what his customer means, even when he thinks himself very pre- cise in naming the variety ; and the purchaser, with the catalogue in his hand, is unable to select from the names before him the fruit which he is anxious to obtain. In this respect the volume now in the hands of the reader has done much towards correcting this enormous evil, and we anticipate the day as not far distant when — the work of Lindley being the standard both in the old world and the new — this babel-like confusion will, in a great measure if not entirely, cease to exist. As nearly allied to this merit of our author, we raav mention his determined rejection of worthless and inferior fruits. Far from being actuated by that paltry ambition which seeks to swell the size of a book by incorporating therein every thing that has been seen or heard of, not to say tasted, he rigidly adheres to the principle of describing and thus seeking to perpetuate such fruits only as have at least one or more good qualities to recommend them. In the present edition we have been, governed by the same principle ; and with the exception of a ^qw that we have not had time fully to describe and verify, have added des- criptions of all the truly valuable fruits that have been in- troduced, or that have originated among us since the publication of the former edition. So iliat while on the one hand nothing worthless has found a place, we have omitted none that are truly valuable, and he who takes our edition of Lindley for his guide, will not be imposed upon by mere names, however pompous or high-sounding. The exceeding pertinency of our author's'clescriptions, his accuracy and strictly correct phraseology, in which he exceeds all others who have written upon thV subject, /aa7e jprz/7.cg2?5— constitute another strong claim to the gratitude alike of the amateur and the practical cultivator. By strict attention to the peculiarities of any variety herein described, brief as many of the descriptions are— the reader will be, if not in all cases, enabled, at once, to call any fruit he may meet with by its proper name, in no danger of being impos- Vlll ABBREVIATIONS, AND BOOKS QUOTED. Kraft Pom. Aust. Abhandlung von den Obstbaumen. Von Johann Kraft. 2 vols, folio. 1792—1796. Langley. Pomona, or the Fruit Garden illustrated. By Batty Lang- ley. Folio. 1729. Lelieur. La Pomone Francaise, ou Traite de la Culture Francaise, et de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. 8vo. 1811. Lindl. Geo. Cat. A Catalogue of Trees, &c. in the Nursery at Cat- ton, near Norwich. Loud. Gard. Mag. Loudon's Gardener's Magazine. Martyn's Miller. Miller's Dictionary. By the Rev. Thomas Martyn. 4 vols, folio. 1807. Mawe. Every man his own Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie. 8vo. 1822. Mayer's Pom. Franc. Pomona Franconica, Description des Arbres Fruitiers au Jardin de Wurtzbourg. Par le Sieur Jean Mayer. 3 vols. 4to. 1776—1801. Michaux. Flora Boreali Americana. By Andreas Michaux. Paris. 1803. Miller. The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By Philip Mil- ler. Folio. 1768. Nicol. The Gardener's Calendar ; or a Monthly Directory of Ope- rations in every Branch of Horticulture. By Walter Nicol. 4th Edition. 8vo. 1822. Nois Manuel. Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Noisette. Parkinson. Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris By John Parkin- son. Folio. 1629. Port, et Turp. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel. Nouvelie Edition, par Poiteau et Turpin. Folio. Paris, 1S08, &c. Pom. Heref. Pomona Herefordiensis. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. 4to. 1811. Pom. Mag. The Pomological Magazine. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1827—1830. Pursh. Flora Americas Septentrionalis. By Frederick Pursh. Lon- don. 1814. Ray. Historia Plantarum, a Joh. Ray, M. D. 3 vols, folio. London. 1st, 1686 : 2d, 1688 ; 3d, or Supplementum, 1704. Speechly's Vine. A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine. By Wm. Speechly. 4to 1790. Sweet's Hortus Britannicus, or a Catalogue of Plants indigenous, or cultivated in the Garden of Great Britain, &c. By Robert Sweet, F. L. S. London. 1830. Switzer. The Practical Fruit-Gardiner. By Stephen Switzer. 8vo. 1724. Taschenb. Taschenbuch des VerstandigenGilrtners, Aus dem Fran- zosischer iibersetzt. Von J. J. F. Lippold. Nebst bedeuten- den Zusiitzen und Verbesserungen. Von Gebriider Baumann. 8vo. 1824. f Catalogue Descriptif Abrege ; contenant une Van Mons Arh. 1 Partie des Arbres Fruitiers qui, depuis 1798 Van Mons Cat. \ jusqu'en 1823, ont ibrme la Collection de J. C B. Van Mons. CONTENTS Page. Page. Part I. Selection ofGoose- berries 126 Description of Fruits. Chap. 8.— Grapes 129 Sec. 1. Black or blue. Chap. 1- -Almonds 1 fruited lb Chap. 2.- -Apples 3 (( 2. Red or purple, do 137 Sec. 1. Summer, Round " 3. White or yellow. Fruit 3 do 143 " 2. Summer, Conical (( 4. Striped, do 150 or Oblong 6 «' 5. American Grapes lb '« 3. Autumnal, Round Chap. 9. — Mulberries 156 or nearly so 8 Chap. 10.— Peaches 157 " 4. Autumnal, Conical Sec 1. Melting, pale or Oblong 20 fruited lb *' 5. Winter, Round or Of the Germans., according to Rother Jacob's Apfel. ) the Pom. Mag. Fruit below the middle size, roundish oblong, rather an- gular, tapering a little to the crown. Eye contracted, plait- ed. Stalk short, thick. SJiin greenish yellow, richly and closely streaked with deep red. Flesh white, juicy, break- ing, sub-acid, very rich and agreeable, without any perfume or spicy flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. A very good early apple, but soon grows mealy. 14. Red Calville. Calville d'E'te. Duhamel 1. t. 1. Calville Rouge d'E'te. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 131. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat cordate or conical, having alternately large and small angles terminating in the crown, which is narrow and pointed : about one inch and three quar- ters in diameter, and two inches deep, Eye narrow, promi- nent, surrounded by large plaits. Stalk half an inch, rather stout, inserted in a regular and rather deep cavity. Skin pale red, but of a deep colour, and shaded with deeper streaks on the sunny side. Flesh white, slightly tinged with red next the core. Juice not plentiful, but pretty well flavoured. Ripe in August and September. 15. Revelstone Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 522. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat angular on the sides, the angular protuberances uniting round the eye in large knobs. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a very regular cavity. Skifi greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled with yellow russety spots, and nearly covered with a bright red. Flesh yellow, firm. Juice not plentiful, but sweet, and of a very good fla- vour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September, and will not keep long. 8 APPLES. 16. Sugar-loaf Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. JVo. 107S. Pom. Mag: t. 3. Dolgoi Squoznoi. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 254., according to the Pom. JMag, Fruit ovate or oblong, generally tapering to the eye, which is much hollowed, with a few sUght plaits. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a deep, regular cavity. Skin a very clear hght yellow, with a few greenish dots ; yellow on the sunny side, and becoming nearly white when fully ripe. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a most agreeable, lively, sweetish sub-acid flavour. An excellent summer apple, ripe the beginning of August, but if kept above a week or ten days it becomes soft and mealy. This appears to be of Russian origin, having been sent from the Taurida Gardens, at St. Petersburgh, to the Hor- ticultural Society, London, under the name of Dolgoi Squoz- noi, two Russian words, c/o/g'oi, signifying long, and squoznoi transparent. Sect. Ill, — Autumnal. Round, or nearly so. 17. Bere Court Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 400. Fruit about the middle size, resembling a large and well formed Nonesuch, but rather less flattened. Stalk slender and deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, beautifully variegat- ed with broken stripes of red. Flesh crisp, very juicy, with a high flavoured acidity. It does not keep late, but is a most valuable apple for the kitchen while it lasts. Raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, in his garden at Bere Court, near Pangbourne, in Berkshire, and exhibited at the Horticultural Society, London, October 15, 1822. 18. Calville Rouge de Micoud. Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 242. Fruit of the first crop, depressed, spherical, nearly three inches in diameter, and about two inches deep ; three, or more frequently four slight ridges divide it lengthways, and give it a somewhat square outline. Stalk moderately thick, rather long, placed in a funnel-shaped cavity. Eye placed in the bottom of a hollow, scooped out like a funnel, and larger than that in which the stalk is placed, the divisions of the calyx remaining in part when the fruit is ripe. Skin of a very deep, dull red on the side next the sun, but less intense on the shaded side, where it is streaked by a few lines, and APPLES. 9 spots of a pale red. It is tough, adhering firmly to the flesh, of an austere taste. Flesh yellowish white, fine, breaking with a crystalline appearance, juicy. Juice sweetish acid, and agreeably perfumed. Its maturity commences about the middle of July, and continues with little interruption, till November. Th^ fruit of April-flowering ripen mostly in August, and are usually eaten during harvest. Those of the second flowering suc- ceed the first, and may be brought to table till the end of October ; they are quite as good as the first, but are not big- ger than a hen's egg. The fruit of the latter flowerings are not bigger than a Pomme d'Api ; nevertheless, when they are stopped in their growth by the frost, they may be placed in the fruit-room, where they ripen very well, and keep till November. This is eaten raw ; but if roasted it acquires a delicate and sweet flavour, and it is also very agreeable when stewed. Mons. Andre Thouin, from whom the above is taken, has given an interesting account of this singular apple. The original tree, which bears three thousand apples annually, is growing on the farm of the Baroness de IVIicoud, which lies near La Charite sur Loire, in the department of the Nievre. The first flowering takes place in April, the second in June ; the tree then ceases for a time to produce flowers. The third and succeeding flowerings take place in August, Sep- tember, October, and November, when they are stopped by the severity of the fi-ost. It is necessary to remark, that the last flowerings are much less abundant than the two first, and the fruit which they produce is small, and im.perfectly ri- pened. The blossoms are produced in corymbs of twelve or fifteen flowers in the first season of blossoming, but only from five to nine in the succeeding seasons. The colour of the corolla is white, tinged with rose-coloured stains, espe- cially on the edge of the petals. Mons. Thouin very justly remarks, " that the dense, dark green, shining foliage during three-fourths of the year, ena- melled with numerous bunches of dehcate rose-coloured blossoms, and scattered over with fruit of diversity of colour, render it a most interesting object of cultivation, especially as an ornament to our lawns and shrubberies, producing an ef- fect not less novel than agreeable." 19. Christie's Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 155. Fruit middle-sized, shaped like a flattish Nonesuch, about two inches deep, and two inches and a half in diameter, quite 10 APPLES. round, without angles. Eye small, closed by a short calyx, moderately sunk, in a very even circular basin, perfectly free from plaits. Stalk short, slender, rather deeply sunk, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, be- coming bright yellow when highly ripened, marbled and streaked with red on the sunny side, like the Nonesuch. Flesh pale yellowish white, tender. Juice rather thin, smart, shghtly saccharine, and of a very pleasant flavour. A culi- nary apple in October and November. This apple has very much the appearance of a small None- such, from which it has probably originated. Its branches are spurred in the same manner, and it bears equally as well and as soon. A great many trees of it have lately been planted by the kitchen gardeners in the neighbourhood of London. 20. CoBHAM Apple. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 166. Fruit above the middle size, about two inches and three quarters deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter ; somewhat irregularly round, with a few obtuse angles reach- ing to the crown, which is rather narrow and depressed. Eye small, closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin dull yel- lowish green, dashed on the sunny side with faint red, inter- mixed with light russet. Flesh crisp, pale yellow. Juice saccharine and aromatic. A dessert apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. Culti- vated in Kent under this name. I received specimens of this apple from Mr. Kirke of Brompton, in 1819. 21. Cole Apple. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 190. Pom. Mag. t. 104. Scarlet Perfume. Of some collections. Fruit above the middle size, about three inches and a quarter in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep, an- gular in a slight degree, with a wide eye, mostly closed by the segments of the calyx. Skin deeply stained, and streak- ed with crimson, slightly russeted, with a small portion of it showing through. Stalk woolly, sometimes inserted beneath a deep lip protruding into the cavity of the base. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet mixed with acid, little perfumed, very rich and agreeable. A very excellent autumn dessert apple, in perfection about the end of August, and will keep sound till Christmas. It is a healthy, hardy variety, but better adapted for dwarfs than for standards. APPLES. 11 22. Emperor Alexander. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p, 407. t. 28. Alexander. Hort, Soc. Cat. No. 6. Aporta. According to the Hort. Cat. Fruit very large, somewhat cordate, tapering from the base, which is broad, to the crown, where it is small and narrow. Eye large, and deeply seated in a perfectly smooth round basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, not pro- truded beyond the base. Skin greenish yellow, slightly streaked with red, but on the sunny side beautifully marbled, and streaked with bright red and orange. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, and very tender. Juice sugary, and of a rich aromatic flavour. An autumnal dessert apple from October till nearly Christmas. An excellent and valuable fruit. Some fruit of this apple were imported from Riga by the late Mr. Lee, in January, 1817, one of which measured five inches and a half in diameter, four inches deep, sixteen inch- es in circumference, and weighed nineteen oimces. From this fruit the drawing above referred to in the Hort. Trans. was taken. 23. Flower OF Kent. Hort. Soc. Ca/. No. .338. Fruit rather large, somewhat flat, irregularly ribbed on its sides. Eye small and contracted, surrounded by prominent angles extending from the ribs. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, lengthened beyond the base. Skin dull yellow or olive on the shaded sid(} ; of a muddy brown, tinged with bright red streaks, when exposed to the sun. Flesh greenish yel- low, with a pretty good juice. A good culinaiy apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. Specimens of this apple were sent me from Mr. Kirke of Brompton. 24. Franklin's Golden Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 383. Pom. Mag. t 137. Sudlow's Fall Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 217. ac- cording to the Pom. JVfao*. Fruit middle-sized, oval, rather broadest at the base. Eye slightly sunk in an even hollow, surrounded by very minute plaits, generally closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk short, slender, in a deep cavity. Skin bright deep yellow, somewhat scabrous, with a tinge of green, sprinkled with nu- merous gray and dark-coloured specks or spots. Flesh pate yellow, crisp, tender. Juice rich, of a poignant aromatic fla- vour. A most excellent autumnal dessert apple, from Mi- chaelmas to Christmas. 12 APPLES. This appears to be of American origin, and was imported by Mr. Sudlow from the United States, as appears from the statement in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society above alluded to in 1819. Its introduction, however, was previously to this, and cannot have been later than 1805 or 1806. 25. Frank Rambour. Sivitzer. Rambour Franc. Duh. Yol. i. 28. t. 10. Rambour Gros. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 844. Fruit large, of a flattish and somewhat irregular figure, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye rather large, with a long conni- vent calyx, deeply sunk in an irregularly angled basin. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, with a few stains of red on the sunny side, and a little russety in the cavity round the stalk. Flesh rather soft, with a slightly acid juice. A good culinary apple in October and November. 26. Golden Pippin. Ray (1688), No. 9. Pom. Heref. t. 2. Pepin d'Or. Knoop. Pom. 54. t. 9. Fruit small, perfectly round in its outline, without any angles on its sides, generally from an inch and a half to two inches, both in its depth and diameter. In young and vigo- rous trees its size will be more, and of a greater length ; but on old trees, which are in health, the size will be less, and shorter than its width. Eye small, in an even shallow basin. Stalk one inch long, slender. Skin bright yellow, or gold colour, interspersed with several gray russetty specks on the sunny side, and full of minute, pearl-coloured, imbedded specks. Flesh pale bright gold colour, crisp. Juice rich, saccharine, of the most delicious flavour of any apple we possess, if in high perfection. The Golden Pippin, one of the most celebrated and es- teemed apples of this or perhaps any other country, has been considered by some of our modern writers on pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of inferior quality in comparison to that of former times, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually before our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. Any person visiting C event Garden or the Borough markets during the fruit season, and indeed any other large market in the southern or midland counties of England, will find specimens of fruit as perfect and as fine as any which have been either figured or described by any APPLES. 13 writer whatever, either in this or any other country. In fa- vourable situations, in many parts of the country, instead of the trees being in a state of rapid decay, they may be found of unusually large size, perfectly healthy, and their crops abundant ; the fruit perfect in form, beautiful in colour, and excellent in quality. Ripe in October, and will keep two months, or till past Christmas.* 27. Hawthornden. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 440. Pom. Mao: t. 34. White Hawthornden. JVicoVs Fr. Gard. p. 256. Ac- cording to the Pom. JWao-. Fruit above the middle size, rather irregularly formed, generally about three inches in diameter in one direction, and three inches and a quarter in another. When this irregula- rity happens, for it is not always the case, it arises from a broad protuberant rib, which extends from the base to the crown. This has occasioned the Hawthornden to be repre- sented in the figure quoted above as having a cleft on its side ; but neither this nor yet any other apple has one naturally. Sutures, or channels in fruit, are no where to be found, ex- cept in those which are termed drupaceous, or stone fruit. Its depth is from two inches and a quarter to two inches and a half. Eye rather small, with a converging calyx, rather deep, and surrounded by a few obtuse plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin very smooth, white, of a very pale greenish yellow, sometimes a little tin- ged with a blush on the sunny side towards the base. Flesh white. Juice plentiful, and well flavoured. An excellent culinary fruit from Michaelmas to Christmas. This is a veiy valuable apple, and a most excellent bearer. The extreme buds are mostly blossom buds, which occasion the branches to become pendulous when the fruit is fully grown. It is said to have originated at Hawthornden, near Edinburgh, where Drummond the poet was born. 28. Hoary Morning. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 455. Pom. Mag. t. 53. * The English Golden Pippin grows with delicate small shoots, and is not cal- culated for an orchard ; but if properly managed, it makes a beautiful espalier tree, and is an abundant bearer; the fruit'is small, but handsomely shaped, the flavour excellent, and not inferior to any raised in Europe. In this country it should be grafted on paradise stocks, and planted in rather a shady part of the garden, or at least not exposed to the full sun, and trained in the fan shape. The apple is not much known in this country ; the kind called here Golden Pippin, is a Tery different fruit. -^m. Ed. 2 14 APPLES. Dainty Apple. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 234., according to the Pom. J\Ias^. Fruit rather large, round, depressed, angular, with a very small close-plaited eye. Stalk generally rather short, in a wide cavity. Skin covered with a fine bloom, with broad, broken, irregular stripes of red next the sun, and paler and more distant marking of the same kind in the shade. Flesh firm, yellowish white, occasionally tinged with pink next the skin, with a rich and brisk flavour. A cuhnary apple from Michaelmas till Christmas. A very handsome and useful kind. 29. Hughes Golden Pippin. Hooker^ Pom. Lond. t. 26. Pom. Mag. t 132. Hughes's New Golden Pippin. Forsyth, p. 108. Fimit below the middle size, round, slightly flattened at the eye and stalk. Eije large, open, sometimes almost level with the top, but generally in a shallow depression, surround- ed by a i^Gw plaits. Stalk short, thick, inserted in a very shght cavity, or frequently not at all sunk, but forming a knob projecting on the base of the fruit. - • \ inof to the Pom. Mas;. Knight's Golden Pippin, ] ^ ° Fruit rather larger than a Golden Pippin, cylindrical, flat at the ends. Eye large, open, level with the top. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin nearly smooth, yellow, sprinkled with numerous indistinct specks. Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich, sub-acid juice. Ripe in October and November, and will keep till Christ- mas. Raised by Mr. Knight from the seed of the Orange Pippin, and the pollen of the Golden Pippin. The Downton Pippin is a most abundant bearer, extreme- ly well adapted for the market, and an excellent apple for cider. 51. Duke op Beaufort's Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 284. Fruit pretty large, ot an angular shape, having five very prominent ribs, with small intermediate ones extending from the base to the crown. Eye very deeply sunk. Stalk but httle protruded beyond the base, which is as deep as the eye. 22 APPLES. Skin dark green, with numerous small dark specks intermix- ed ; on the sunny side softly streaked with a clear pale red, which extends only between the two widest ribs. Flesh pale greenish white, crisp, and tender. Juice abundant, sub-acid, but pleasant. A very good culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. 52. Dutch Codlin. Hort. Soc. Cat No. 175. French Codlin. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 50. Glory of the West. Of some JYurseries. Fruit very large, of an oblong figure, with five ribs extend- ing from the base to the crown ; the three upper ones being the broadest, and the two lower ones the shortest and most acute, in the manner of the Catshead. Eye small and deep. Stalk short and thick. Skin yellow, but, when fully ripe, of an orange colour on the sunny side. Flesh white, rather dry. Juice a little sugary, or sub-acid. A culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. This apple is known in Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, and some other western counties, by the name of Glory of the West. The tree is not a large grower, although the wood is remarkably strong. 53. English Codlin. Lan^ley, Pom. Lond. t. 74. f. 3. Codling. Ray (1688), No. 19. The English Codlin ie too well known in every part of England to require any description of it here. It is noticed only with the view of directing the attention of the orchardist to it as an old and valuable apple. The customary method, for at least one hundred and fifty years, has been to raise the trees from suckers, and truncheons, as they are called ; and in every old garden v/here they are found they are diminutive, ill-formed, unproductive, and full of disease, incrusted, as it were, root and branch, with the greatest of all pests, the aphis lanigera, in consequence of which its fruit exhibits scarcely any thing of its original character. Healthy, robust, and substantial trees are only to be ob- tained by grafting on stocks of the real Crab ; they then grow freely, erect, and form very handsome heads, yielding fruit as superior to those of our old orchards, as the old, and at present deteriorated, Codlin is to the Crab itself. 54. Grey Leadington. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 545. Fruit very large, oblong, broader at the base than at the crown, with five obtuse angles, extending the length of the fruit, in the manner of the French Codlin. Eye pretty large, an inch deep. Stalk half an inch long, strong, not project- APPLES. 23 ing beyond the base. Skin yellow, with a deep blush or pale red on the sunny side. Flesh tender. Juice sugary, with a httle acid and a slight perfume. An excellent culinary apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. 55. Jubilee Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 400. Fruii above the middle size, two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter, rather conical, with kregu- lar ribs extending from the base to the crown, where it is narrow, and unequally angular. Eye small, with a short conniveiit calyx, deeply sunk in a narrow compressed hollow. Stalk short, in an uneven funnel-shaped cavity, not protrud- ing beyond the base. Skin very pale straw or cream colour, almost transparent, sprmkled with several small gray, and, on the sunny side, brownish specks. Flesh white, crisp, with a wide open core. Juice plentiful, sugary, and of a high musky flavour. A dessert and culinary fruit from Michaelmas to Christ- mas. Raised by l^Iichael Bland, Esq. in his garden at Nor- wich. The seed was sown on the day of the jubilee, 1809 ; produced fruit in 1818 ; and first exhibited at the Horticul- tural Society, October 1, 1822. The tree is now (1830) in a very healthy and flourishing state. 56. Keswick Codlin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 180. Fruit pretty large, somewhat irregularly formed, having a few obtuse ribs extending from the base to the crown, which is obliquely pentangular. Eye rather large and deep. Stalk short, deeply inserted, not protruding beyond the level of the base. Skin pale yellow, a little tinged with blush on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow. Juice plentiful, sub-acid. A culinary apple from September to November. This very valuable apple is said to have originated in the neighbourhood of Keswick, in Cumberland. Its young fruit m.ay be gathered for tarts in the month of June, when scarcely any other young apple is nt for use. When the young trees are vigorous, the last year's branches are loaded with fruit, while the spurs on the older ones are crowded to excess. This and the Hawthornden might, with great propriety, be recommended for the poor cottager's garden ; and whoever, as a landlord, plants them for such a purpose, may be truly deemed the cottager's friend. 57. King of the Pippins. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 519. Pom. Mag. t. 117. Hampshire Yellow. Heyi. Soc. Cat. No. 431., accord- ing to the Pom. J\Iag. 24 APPLES. Fruit above the middle size, inclining to oblong, broadest next the base ; the outline tolerably free from angles, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye large, deep, in an even, very little plaited, hollow. Stalk an inch long, slender, about half inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity. Skin smooth, pale orange yellow, generally tinged with red next the sun, and faintly streaked with the same co- lour. Flesh yellov/ish white, firm, breaking, very sweet, juicy, and highly flavoured. A very beautiful dessert fruit in November and -^Decem- ber. This very excellent apple was brought into notice by Mr. Kirke of Brompton. It is hardy, and a very plentiful bearer. 58. Longville's Kernel. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 567. Pom. Ma^. t. 63. Sam's Crab. Hort. Soc. Cat. 'No. 1021., according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle sized, oval, approaching to conical, rather angular. Eye father small, with a short erect calyx, some- what deeply sunk, and surrounded by a few even plaits. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin greenish yellow, streaked and spotted with bright red. FlesJi firm, yellow. Jtiice perfu- med, rich, sweet, pleasantly sub-acid. A dessert apple from the middle of August to the middle of September. It is said that this apple has originated in Herefordshire, where it is at present but little known : it is yerj handsome, and of considerable merit. 59. Manks Codlin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 183. Irish Pitcher. Ibid. Frith Pitcher. Of some collections. Fruit middle sized, a little more long than broad, without angles, but at the crov/n higher on one side than on the other. Eye shallow, surrounded by a few plaits. Stalk rather fleshy. Skin a clear, pale, waxen yellow ; on the sunny side, shaded with deep orange, sprinkled with numerous dark specks. Flesh yellowish white, very firm. Juice brisk, sub-acid, with a slight aromatic flavour. An excellent culinary apple from September to November. 60. Nelson's Codlin. JVursery Catalogues. Fruit about the size of the Enghsh Codlin, three inches in diameter, and two inches and three quarters deep, broad at the base, slightly angular on the sides, and tapering to the crown which is narrow. Eye very small, with a slender clo- sed calyx, inserted in a narrow, plaited basin. Stalk short. APPLES. 25 slender, not protruding beyond the base. SJcin pale lemon colour on the shaded side, with a few green specks imbedded beneath the surface ; on the sunny side, of a bright gold co- lour. Flesh yellowish white, very tender. Juice a little saccharine, with a slight acid and a little perfume. A culinary apple in October and November. 61. Rymer Apple. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 329. Fruit pretty large, of an in-egular figure, with very broad ribs slightly formed at the base, but very prominent at the crown, about two and a half or three inches deep, and three and a quarter or three inches and a half in diameter. I^e open, seated rather deeply in an oblique, uneven, obtusely- angled basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a somewhat shal- low cavity, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yel- low, nearly covered with a thin deep salmon colour, and tin- ged with dull scarlet on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, tender. Juice sub-acid, with a brisk flavour, which becomes very rich when baked. A culinary apple in November and December. This apple was raised by a gentleman of the name of Ry- mer, at Thirsk, in Yorkshire. 62. Scarlet Pearmain. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 767. Pom. Mag. t. 62. Bell's Scarlet. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 767. Fruit middle sized, conical, of the true Pearmain form. Eye middle sized, deeply sunk, surroundy by small plaits, and crowned by the green persistent calyx. Stalk about an inch long, slender, deeply inserted. Skin a rich glowing crimson on the sunny side ; deep red, with a little yellow in- termixed, upon the other. Flesh whitish, crisp. Juice rich, sugary, and pleasant. A very handsome dessert apple from September till De- cember. 63. Sops of Wine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1164. Sops in Wine. Ray (1688). No. 21. Rode Wyn Appel. Knoop. Pom. p. 45. t. 8. Fruit middle sized, somewhat globular, but narrow at the crown, with a few slight angles on its sides. Eye small, closed by the calyx, and but little depressed. Stalk an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, marked and streaked with scarlet, deep red, and blood colour ; on the sunny side, es- pecially near the crown, it is wholly deep red. Flesh soft, white, tinctured more or less with pale red to the core. Cells 3 26 APPLES. large, open, five-angled. Juice sweet, but not rich, A cu- linary apple in October and November. 64. Summer PeaPvMAin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 771. Pom. Mag. t. 116. Summer Pearmain. JMiller, Ed. 8. No. 3. Parmain d'E'te. Knoop. p. 17. t. 2. Royal Pearmain. JMawe, Abercrombie, Forsrjilx^ and of the London JSurserymen. Fruit middle sized, oblong, tapering gradually from the base to the crown. Fye small, with a slender and nearly- closed calyx, in a broad shallow depression, sometimes almost level, very slightly plaited. Stalk short, obliquely inserted, somewhat like a lemon, into a fleshy continuation of the fruit. Skin bright gold colour, sprinkled all over with numerous minute brown specks ; on the sunny side marbled and streak- ed with bright orange and scarlet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, firm. Juice not plentiful, but rich, and of a high aromatic flavour. A most excellent and beautiful dessert apple from Octo- ber till Christmas. In some seasons, however, it is in per- fection in September. The branches of this tree are slen- der, and produce numerous fruit spurs, which render it par- ticularly well adapted for espalier training ; for which purpose it should be grafted on the Doucin stock. 65. Transparent Codlin. 6r. Lind. Cat. 1815. Fruit about the same size as the English Codlin, but wider at the base, which is generally about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and narrower at the crown, where it is drawn almost to a blunt point ; its depth is about two inches and a quarter. Eye small, with a short closed calyx, sunk rather deep in an angular, oblique basin. Stalk short and slender, deeply sunk in a wide and deep cavity. Skin smooth, bright lemon, tinged with deep salmon or pale crimson on the sunny side. Flesh very tender ; in some seasons semi-trans- parent. Juice sugary and well flavoured. A culinary fruit from the end of September till November. This very handsome and useful apple was brought into notice about twenty-five years ago by the late Timothy Tompson, Esq. of Norwich. It makes a very handsome spreading tree, and is a most excellent bearer. 66. Williams's Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 69. Fruit below the middle size, of a somewhat conical figure, from two to two inches and a half deep, and nearly the same in diam.eter. Eye hollow, with a leafy persistent calyx. APPLES. 27 Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale yellow, a. little mot- tled with pale red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, soft, with a very good and pleasant flavoured juice. Excellent to eat ripe from the tree, baking and roasting well till Christ- mas. Sect. V. — Winter. Rounds or nearly so. 67. Beachamwell Seedling. Hoii. Soc. Cat, No. 42. Poin. Mag: t. S2. Motteux's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 42. Fruit rather below the middle size, the shape of a small Golden Keinette. Eye small, open, slightly sunk. Stalk half an inch long, moderately thick. . Skin pale yellow, slight- ly tinged with red on the sumiy side, and sprinkled with ir- regular brown spots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, and plea- sant. An excellent dessert apple from November till April. Raised some years ago by John Motteux, Esq. of Beacham- well, in Norfolk, where the original tree now stands ; it is a hardy sort, and a veiy good bearer. 68. Belledge. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 65. Fruit rather below the middle size, round, free from an- gles, and a little naiTowed towards the crown ; about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in dia- meter. Eye rather small, nearly closed by short, acute seg- ments of the calyx, in a round rather well-shaped basin, sur- rounded by very slight obtuse plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, sunk level with the base in a funnel-shaped cavity. Skin pale grass green, slightly tinged with pale brown where exposed to the sun, the whole interspersed with numerous imbedded gray dots. Flesh tender, crisp, greenish white. Juice plentiful, sugary, with a slight pleasant acid, and a slight aromatic flavour. A neat dessert and culinary apple, from October till Christ- mas. Described fiom a fruit grown in the Horticultural Society's Garden, at Chiswick, in 1830. 69. Belle Grideline. G. hind. Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Belle Grisdeline. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 5. Fruit middle sized, of a very regular, and perfectly round figure. Eye sunk in a somewhat deep regidarly-formed ba- sin. 5^a/A; half an inch long, slender. SAm yellow, marbled and shaded on the sunny side with a lively red, intermixed 28 APPLES. with a thin gray russet. Flesh white, firm, and crisp. Juice brisk and well flavoured. A beautiful dessert apple, from November till March. 69.* Belvoir Pippin. Hort. Soc. Garden. Fruit small, about the size, and very much the figure, of the Old Golden Pippin : about one inch and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, closed ; the long and al- most linear segments of the calyx, in a very shallow depres- sion, surrounded by about fifteen very narrow plaits, three to each segment. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slen- der, slightly sunk in an open, shallow, funnel-shaped cavity. Ski7i pale yellow ; on the sunny side spotted and tinged with btownish crimson, and having a portion of thin russet round the stalk. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp, very tender and delicate. Juice saccharine, mixed with a shght brisk acid, rich, and very highly flavoured. A dessert apple, in perfection in November and Decem- ber. It ought to be grafted upon the Doucin stock, and trained in the garden either as an open dwarf, or as an es- palier. 70. BiGGs's Nonesuch. Hort. Trans. Yol. i. p. 70. Fruit middle sized, in shape and general appearance some- what like the Nonesuch, but broader at the base ; moderate- ly depressed about the foot-stalk, and very hollow at the crown, where the segments of the calyx remain long, and rolled back. Stalk one quarter of an inch within the base. Skin gold colour, on the side next the sun dashed with long, broad, scarlet stripes. Flesh sof\, pale yellow. Juice very good, and excellent to eat as soon as gathered off the tree. A culinary apple also, from October to December. 71. BiRMiNGHxVM Pippin. JYursery Catalogues. Brummage Pippin, } r •»/• /-I ° Tt- • } of some JSurseries. Grrummage Pippin, ) *^ Fruit small, about six inches in circumference, nearly glo- bular, a little flattened at the crown, and having somewhat the appearance of a Golden Pippin. Eye small. Stalk veiy short, inserted in a very shallow cavity. Skin pale green when fresh gathered, becoming pale yellow, spotted and marbled with a thin russet. Flesh very hard and firm, pale green. Juice sub-acid, of a pleasant flavour. A very neat dessert apple, from December to June. The branches are short and very stout, and its fruit is of a greater * No. 69 is inserted twice, in consequence of the Belvoir Pippin having been sent me after the uuraerical arrangement had been completed. APPLES. 29 specific variety than any other apple with which I am ac-' quainted. 72. Blenheim Pippin. Hort, Soc. Cat. No. 81. Pom. Mag. t. 28. Blenheim Orange. Ho7i. Soc. Cat. No. 81. Woodstock Pippin. lb. Fruit large, of a roundish figure, rather broadest at the base, two and a half to three inches deep, and three to four inches across the widest part. Eye very hollow and open, but slightly angular. Skin yellowish, stained on the sunny side with dull red, intermixed with streaks of deeper colour. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet, juicy, extremely pleasant, and high flavoured. A dessert apple from November till March. This is one of the largest of our table apples. It was misedin a garden belonging to a baker at Old Woodstock, near Oxford, a short distance from Blenheim. 73. BoRSDORFF. Knoop. Pom. p. 56. t. 10. BorsdofTer. Ib\ Reinette batarde. lb. Postophe d'Hiver. Bon. Jard. 1827, p. 323. Postdcff. lb. Bursdofl", or Queen's Apple. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 15. Fruit below the middle size, of a roundish figure, rather narrower at the crown than the base. Eye small, a httle sunk. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, marked with various ramifications of a gray russeted network, interspersed with a few dark-coloured specks ; when fully exposed to the sun it is of a beautiful brilliant red, extending nearly round its base. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp. Juice sugary, with a singularly musky perfume. A dessert apple from November till February. This is a German apple of very excellent quality. 74. Brickley Seedling. Pom. Mag. t. 124. Fruit about the size of the Scarlet Nonpareil ; roundish, becoming a little narrower towards the crow^n. Eye small, open, placed in an evenly-formed, not very deep depression. Stalk short, inserted in a rather large, even cavity. Skin red next the sun, and a deep yellow on the shaded side, towards which the red breaks off in slight streaks. Flesh firm, yel- lowish, sugary, rich and of excellent quality. A very handsome dessert apple from December till May. The tree is very hardy, and a profuse bearer, either as a stan- dard or dwarf, highly deserving of cultivation. 3* 30 APPLES. 75. Bringewood Pippin. Hort, Soc, Cat. 107. Fruit small sized, somewhat globular, about six inches and a half in circumference, every way, with a narrow flat crown. Eye very small and open, divested of its calyx. Stalk half an inch long, somewhat protruded beyond the base. Skin bright gold colour, full of pearly specks ; on the sunny side a few russetty stripes and specks near the edge. Flesh very lirm, crisp, somewhat dry. Juice saccharine, of a highly perfumed, aromatic flavour. A very neat and most excellent dessert apple from Octo- ber till March. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle, from a seed of the Golden Harvey which had been impreg- nated by the pollen of the Old Golden Pippin. 76. Canadian Reinette. Pom. JMag. t. 77. Reinette de Canada. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 868. Bon. Jard. 1827, p. 325. Grosse Reinette d'AngleteiTe. Duham. No. 21. t. 12. f. 5. Reinette de Canada blanche. Hort. Soe. Cat. No. 868. Reinette Grosse de Canada. lb. Reinette de Canada a Cotes. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 869. Reinette de Caen. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 867, according to the Pom. J\Iag. Portugal Apple. lb. No. 803. Janurea. lb. No. 489. Mela Janurea, of the Ionian Islands. Fruit large, broad and flat ; about three inches and a half in diameter, and three inches deep. E^je rather open, with a short calyx, in a tolerable cavity, surrounded with promi- nent ribs, which pass half way down the sides to the base. Stalk short, in a wide spreading cavity. Skin rich, greenish yellow, tinged slightly with brown on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, with a high, brisk, sub-acid fla- vour. An excellent dessert fruit in December, and keeps well till March. Mr. Hooker observes, in the Horticultural Transactions, Vol. ii. p. 299. that the Canadian Reinette is frequently sold in the shops in London for the Newtown Pippin. It varies very much in figure, in consequence of which several varie- ties have been formed out of one. The fruit from late blos- soms is much less angular than those from early ones, in which the ribs are very distinctly marked ; hence the Rein- ette de Canada a Cotes. 77. Caroline Apple. G. hind, in Hort. Trans. Vol. jv. p. 66. APPLES. 31 Fruit above the middle size, globular. Eye small, in a rather confined hollow, round which are prominent plaits. Stalk very short, surrounded by a little russet. 61'wi fine rich yellow, broadly streaked with red. Flesh fiim, with a brisk juice and high flavour. A most excellent culinary apple from November till Feb- ruary. Its name originated from Caroline, the lady of the late Lord Sufiield, of Blickling and Gunton Hall, in Norfolk. 77.* CoNTiN Reinette. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 339. This is a small handsome fruit, of a deep dull yellow, richly painted with red on the exposed side, and a little mark- ed with russet about the stalk. The flesh is firm, rather yel- low, not particularly juicy, yet highly flavoured, with a little agreeable acid. In season, in Ross-shire, from the end of November till the end of January. Raised by Sir George Steuart Mac- kenzie, in his garden at Coul, near Dingwall, an account of which is given by him, along with the Kinellan Jlpple and Tarvey CocUin, in a paper, dated March 12, 1827. 78. Cornish Aromatic. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 74. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 203. Pom. Mag. t. 58. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat angular towards the eye, which is sunken and small, with a very short calyx. Stalk short, in a deep contracted cavity. Skin on the shaded side, covered \\ith a soft brownish russet, and sprinkled with pale brown dots on the sunny side, of a rich, deep bright red, slightly intermixed with russet, sprinkled with a few lemon-coloured dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, with an exceedingly rich, high, aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till February. This most excellent variety appears to have been first brought into notice by Sir Christopher Hawkins, in the com- munication to the Horticultural Society cited above, who says it has been known in Cornwall for years. It is highly deserving of cultivation, and cannot be too generally known. 79. Court OF Wick Pippin, //or/. 6'oc. C'«^ No. 219. Pom. Mag. t. 32. Court de Wick. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 32. Fry's Pippin, "j Golden Drop, 1 r^r • a/« Knightwick Pippin, ! ^f """""^ ^«rsertes ac- Wood's Huntingdon, | =' Wood's Transparent Pippin, J 32 APPLES. Fruit below the middle size, about twice as large as a Golden Pippin, ovate, flat at either end, with no traces of angles or plaits at the eye. Eye large, open, with a reflex- ed calyx, in a shallow depression. Stalk short, slender. Skin greenish yellow in the shade, bright orange, \vith small russetty brown spots where exposed, sometimes slightly tin- ged with red next the sun. Flesh pale yellow, mixed with green, when first gathered ; becoming deep yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, and highly flavoured when fully ripe. A des- sert apple from October till April. This most excellent and beautiful little apple originated from a seed of the Golden Pippin at Court de Wick, as it was formerly written, in Somersetshire. Throughout this, and indeed throughout almost all the western counties, it is held in the highest estimation as a table fruit. The trees grow to a good size, are very hardy, standing in some places the most severe blasts from the Welsh mountains, and there bearing in the greatest abundance, becoming the most per- fectly ripened of their orchard fruits. It cannot have too ex- tensive a cultivation. 80. CouRTPENDu. Pom. J\Tag. t. 66. Capendu. Duham. Yol. i. p. 315. t. 13. Courtpendu. JYoisette JManuel, p. 548. Courtpendu Plat. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 211. Garnon's Apple. JYursenj Catalogues. Fruit middle sized, round, depressed, without any trace of angles. Eye large, open, in a wide shallow basin. Stalk short, very deeply inserted, rarely projecting beyond the base of the fruit. Skin deep red next the sun, greenish yellow on the shaded side. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich, lively, agreeable flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. This is one of the handsomest and best of our table apples. It is of French origin, but how long it has been in this coun- try is uncertain. 81. DuMELow's Seedling. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 529. Dumelow's Crab. lb. Wellington Apple. lb. Fruit above the middle size, round, flattened at both ends. Eye large and open, rather deeply sunk. Stalk very short. Skin clear yellow, with a blush of hght red where exposed to the sun ; the whole surface sprinkled with small brown spots. APPLES. 33 Flesh yellow, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. An excellent culinary apple from November to April. Raised some years ago by a Mr. Dumelow, a nurseryman near Derby. It is well known in the counties of Derby, Lancaster, and Nottingham, by the name of Dumelow's Crab. Its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural So- ciety, in 1820. 82. Dutch Mignonne. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 70. Pom, Mag. t. 84. Reinette Doree. JMayer^ Pom. Franc, t. xxx. Pomme de Laak. Stoffels, and Thouin, according to the Pom. JVIag. Paternoster Apple. Audihert. Fruit above the middle size,* very regularly formed, ra- ther narrower at the crown than at the base. Eye generally close, deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, slender, deeply in- serted. Skin dull yellow, sprinkled with numerous, small, russetty, green, and white spots ; on the sunny side of a rich, deep, dull red, streaked and mottled. Flesh very firm, crisp. Juice plentiful, with a delicious aromatic, sub-acid flavour. A dessert apple from November till May or June. This ver}* valuable apple was brought from Holland into the neighbourhood of Norwich by the late Thomas Har^'ey, Esq., and planted in his garden at Catton, about fifty years ago, where two or three of the trees are now growing, and in the possession of Thomas Cobbold, Esq. , They are very hardy, and bear abundant crops. The Copmanthorpe Crab, mentioned in the Hori. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 315., has been said to be the same as this. A closer examination of the two may possibly set this opinion aside ; as it appears improbable that an apple raised within a few miles of York, should have been so extensively, so well, and so long known on the continent. 83. Easter Pippin.' G. Lind. Cat. 1815. French Crab. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 49. Hort. Soc. Cat. 348. Claremont Pippin, Ironstone Pippin, ^ of some Gardens. Young's Long Keeping, Fruit middle sized, somewhat globular, about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. * I have now by me, October, 1830, a fruit of this apple, grown in the Horticul tural Garden at Chiswick, which measures three inches and a quarter deep, and four inches in diameter. 34 APPLES. perfectly free from angles on its sides. Eye small, almost closed, flat, surrounded l>y a few very small, angular, crum- pled plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, deeply insert- ed, not protruding beyond the base. Skin rather thick, deep clear green, with numerous white dots interspersed ; on the sunny side, shaded with a pale livid brown ; but the whole becomes yellow with keeping. Flesh very hard, pale green, or yellowish white. Juice not plentiful, sub-acid, with a slight aromatic flavour. An excellent culinary apple, from November till the November following. It is a most valuable fruit, of great specific gravity, a most hardy tree, an abundant bearer, and keeps longer than any other apple I have ever met with. I had some perfectly sound, and very firm fruit of it, in March, 1822, which were grown in 1820 : the colour then was that of a pale orange. 84. Embroidered Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 302. Fenouillet Jaune. Duhamel, No. 12. Drap d'Or. Duhamel, No. 12. Knoop. Pom. p. 59. t. 10. Pomme de Caractere. lb. Fruit middle sized, somewhat globular, about two inches and a half deep, and two inches and a quarter i^i diameter ; a little broader at the base than the crown ; and regularly formed without angles. Eye small, a little depressed. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin greenish white when first ga- thered, turning to a bright yellow, strongly marked with a sort of broken ramified network of deep gray russet, hence the last synonyme from Knoop. Flesh white, somev/hat tough, and, with keeping, elastic. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, and of an excellent and singularly perfumed fla- vour. A dessert apple from December to April. 85. Eyer's Greening. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard^ 1796. Fruit middle sized, of a somewhat round flattish figure. Eye large and hollow. Skin pale green, tinged with brown on the sunny side, and thinly spotted with gray russetty specks. Flesh pale green, firm, with a sweetish sub-acid juice. A dessert and culinary apple from November till March. 86. Fail-me-never. JViirsery Catalogues. Never-fail. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 629. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat flat, with five pro- minent narrow ribs surrounding the crown. Eye small, with the segments of the calyx closed, seated in a shallow, deeply APPLES. 35 plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, not protruding beyond the base. Skin red, shaded with a deeper colour, and full of small russetty specks. Flesh white. Juice sugary, and of a pretty good flavour. A culinary apple from November till March. This is said to be a Scottish apple. It is a small growing tree, very hardy, and an abundant bearer. 87. Fearn's Pippin. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 43. Pom: Mag. t. 67. Fruit middle sized, round, and flattened. Eye large, shal- low, with scarcely any appearance of plaiting. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin deep red on the exposed side, with numerous Vvhitish dots ; on the shaded side greenish yellow, partially tinged with brownish red. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, rich, and pleasant. A dessert apple from November till March. This very handsome and excellent apple has been known in the Lon- don nurseries but a few years. It makes a handsome tree, is very hardy, and an abundant bearer. It highly deserves an extended cultivation. Hort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 67. and Vol. ii. p. 103. 88. Fenouillet Rouge. Diihamel, No. 11. t. 6. Bardin. lb. Courtpendu de la Quintinye. Ih. Fruit middle sized, of a regular round, flattish figure, about two inches deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye shallow. Stalk very short, scarcely a quarter of an inch long, and sunk in a small cavity. Skin somewhat gray, deeply coloured with red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, with a rich, highly-flavoured, sugary juice. A very handsome dessert apple from December to Janu- ary. 89. FuLwooD. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 351. Fruit large, of an uneven figure, with broad irregular ribs on its sides, three inches and a half in diameter, and two inches and a half deep. Eye rather large, closed, not deep, sur- rounded by four or five broad obtuse plaits. Stalk short, slender, deeply inserted in a naiTOw, uneven cavity. Skin grass-green, freckled with red specks ; on the sunny side stained with deep salmon colour, and dashed with broken stripes of dull, dark, muddy red. Flesh pale green, or green- ish white, very firm and crisp. Juice plentiful, slightly sac- charine, with a very brisk acid, and slight pleasant perfume. A cuUnary apple, from November till March or April. 36 APPLES. This very much resembles the Striped Beaufin in shape and colour, but is materially different. It is not quite so large, a little more flat, has a closed eye, a much firmer flesh, a more abundant juice, and a much higher flavour. 90. GoGAR Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 370. Fruit rather small, round, and somewhat flat, about two inches and a quarter broad, and one inch and three quartei^s deep. Eye small, with a short closed calyx, placed in a round shallow basin. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a fun- nel-shaped cavity, not protruding beyond the base. Skin rather thick and tough, of a pale green, changing to a bright yellow ; on the sunny side, of a beautiful bright and lively red. Flesh yellowish white, pretty firm. Juice sub-acid, combined with a little sugar, but without any particular per- fume. A culinary apple, from November till May. A very hand- some Scotch apple, from Gogar, near Edinburgh. 91. Golden Harvey. Pom. Heref. t. 22. Pom. Mag. t. 39. Brandy Apple. Forsyth, Ed. 7. p. 95. Fruit small, quite round, generally about five inches in circumference, and free from angles or iiTegularities of sur- face. Eye small, open ; the segments of the calyx narrow, very short and diverging, placed in a flat, very shallow, shght- ly-crumpled basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, not pro- truding beyond the base. Skin dull russet, with a bright yellow ground, often breaking through the russet in patches, and marbled on the sunny side with a lively shaded red. Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, very rich, juicy, spicy, and high flavoured. A most excellent and beautiful dessert apple, ripening in Dec«^mber, and keeping till May or June. The tree is not a large grower, but very hardy ; a great and constant bearer, and no garden, capable of containing ten trees, ought to be without one of it. 92. Golden Noble. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 524. Fruit of a pretty large size, round, becoming a little pointed towards the crown. Eye small, not deeply sunk, surround- ed by several small plaits. Stalk quite short, and thickened like that of the Kerry Pippin. Skin perfectly smooth, of a clear bright yellow, without any blush of red ; but having a few small reddish spots, and generally two or three small patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, with a pleasant sub-acid juice. APPLES. 37 A culinary apple, from November till March. It bakes of a fine, clear amber colour, perfectly melting, with a rich acidity. An old tree of it is growing in the neighbourhood of Downham Market, in Norfolk, from which specimens of the fruit were exhibited at the Horticultural Society, in 1820. 93. Golden Reinette. Pom. Mag. t. 69. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 26. urore, f of some foreign collections, Yellow German Remette, ( Recording to the Pom. EnghshPippm, ( j^ ^ Wyker Pippin, J ° Fruit below the middle size, roundish, depressed. Eye large, open, seated in a broad shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, moderately thick. Skin usually smooth, with a few minute russetty spots ; in the shade gi-eenish yellow, chang- ing to a golden yellow, with a dull red cheek slightly streak- ed with brighter red. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich sugary juice. A beautiful and most excellent dessert apple, from Octo- ber to February. This has been many years in our gardens. It is better known and more common in the London markets than in any other part of England. It is highly deserving of cultivation. 94. Green Newtown Pippin. Ho7^t. Soc. Cat. No. 636. Fruit middle sized, about two inches or two and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half or two and three quarters in diameter, tapering a little from the base to the crown, where it is teiTninated by five obtuse but prominent angles. Eye small, closed by the segments of the calyx, moderately sunk in a narrow plaited basin. Stalk one inch long, slender, in- serted in a narrow deep cavity. Skin thick, dark green quite round the fruit, mottled with pale green at the base, where it has a dull dark olive colour surrounding the stalk. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, with a brisk acid, and a slight aromatic flavour.* A dessert apple from December till Mayor June. Late- ly sent to this country by David Hosack, M.D. of New-York. 95. Holland Pippin. Miller, No. 8. Fruit above the middle size, of a somewhat square figure, being nearly as broad at the crown as the base, and a little angular on its sides, about two inches and a half deep, £uid * This is no doubt our Rhode Island Greening, a description of which will bo found among the additional American Apples, at the end of this list. Am. Ed. 4 38 APPLES. three inches in diameter. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx sunk in a narrow regularly plaited basin. Stalk short, rathei deeply sunk in a wide funnel-shaped cavity. Skin greenish yellow, interspersed with a few green dots, and tin- ged with pale dingy brown on the sunny side. Flesli yel- lowish white, pretty firm, tender. Juice sub-acid, mixed with a good deal of sugar, and a slight perfume. A culinary apple from November till January. 96. Kirke's Lord Nelson. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 570. Fruit above the middle size, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter, of a very regular shape, and nearly free from angles, not much unlike the Emperor Alexander Apple, particularly at the crown, where it is nar- rowed. Eye open, with a short recurved calyx, in a mode- rately deep basin, surrounded by a few puckered plaits. Stalk short, slender. Skin clear, pale yellow, deeply tinged with red towards the base ; on the sunny side of a vivid red, streaked with a deeper colour, with a few small dark spots near the eye. i^7es/i yellowish white, firm. Jw«ce plentiful, of a pleasant aromatic flavour. A beautiful dessert and culinary apple from November to January. 97. London Pippin. G. Lindl, in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 67. Five-crowned Pippin. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 99. Fruit middle sized, about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep, having five re- gularly formed, equidistant ribs, slightly marked at the base, progressively increasing to the crown, where they are acute and prominent. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, some- what shallow. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deep- ly inserted. Skiti clear, pale yellowish green, becoming pale lemon, of a dull red where exposed to the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, of a yellowish white. Juice plentiful, sub-acid, cf a good flavour. A culinary sort fiom October till January. 98. Lucombe's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 575. Pom. Mag. t 109. Fi^uit pretty large, roundish, shghtly angular, contracted at the eye, which is small, and surrounded with small plaits. Stalk short, thick, in a moderately deep cavity. Skin pale, greenish yellow, spotted with innumerable black and green specks ; on the sunny side very distinctly dashed with a vivid carmine over a ground spotted with the same colour, only APPLES. 39 more faint. Fiesh whitish, firm, juicy, and agreeable, but not high flavoured. A very handsome culinary fruit from October till Februa- ry or March. Raised by Mr. Lucombe of Exeter. 99. Malcarle. Hort. Titans. ¥o\. vii. p. 259. t. 7. Charles Apple. lb. Mela Carla. Pomona ItaUana^ Vol. i. p. 1. t. 1. Fruit nearly round, inclining to ovate, with a very regular outline, about the size of a Golden Reinette. Eye small, destitute of angles, and rather deeply sunk, with a closed ca- lyx. Stcdk an inch long, slender, inserted in a small deep cavity. Skin of a delicate waxen texture, without spots, ex- cept a very faint mottling of green appearing through the skin near the eye ; pale clear yellow on the shaded side, and bril- liant crimson next the sun, the two colours scarcely melting into each other, but separating rather abruptly. Flesh white, tender, very delicate, sweet, with a delicate perfume, like that of roses, which is sensibly perceived before the fruit is cut open. Ripe in September, and will keep till the spring. This description is taken from fruit sent from Turin to the Horti- cultural Society, and exhibited the ISlh of December, 1827. The Malcarle is a native of the territory of Finale, in Li- guria. It is an important article of trade in the whole Ge- noese territory, and of exportation to rJ^ice, Marseilles, Bar- celona, and Cadiz. The climate of the Italian territory is so entirely different from that of England, that we cannot ex- pect the delicate Malcarle should succeed here, unless train- ed against a south or south-east wall, and in a warm and kind soil. Its great beauty in the dessert renders it an interesting object of cultivation. 100. Margil. Hooker, Pom. Lond.i.Z'i. Hort. So c. Cat. 589. Pom. Mag. t. 36. Fruit small, ovate, about two inches or two and a half deep, and one inch and a half or two inches in diameter. Eye small, angular, as are also the sides. Stalk short. Skin light bright orange, streaked and mottled with rich red and brown, occasionally a little russetty. Flesh yellow, firm, breaking. Juice sweet, with a high aromatic flavour. A dessert fruit from November till March. 101. MiNcfiALL Crab. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 114. Minshull Crab. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 609. Fruit above the middle size, round, somewhat flattened, with a few obtuse angles on its sides, about two and a half 40 APPLES. inches deep, and three or three and a half inches in diameter. Eye rather large, open, with a very short calyx, placed in a flat shallow basin, surrounded by a few rather slight obtuse plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, insert- ed in a shallow cavity, yne half of which protrudes beyond the base. Flesh almost white, firm. Juice smart, sub-acid. A culinary apple from November till March. 102. Minier's Dumpling. Bort. Trans. Vol. i. p. 70, Fruit large, from three to three inches and a half in dia- meter, but not so deep ; contracted at the crown, depressed, and swelled into a few imperfect angles on its sides. Stalk an inch long, rather thick. Skin deep green, striped with a still deeper on the shaded side, and of a dark red next the sun. Flesh firm. Juice plentiful, sub-acid, with a very pleasant flavour. A very good culinary apple from November till May. 103. Newtown Pippin. Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 635. American Newtown Pippin. lb. Fruit middle sized, rather flat, and somewhat irregular in its outline, having broad, obtuse, unequal ribs, which increase from the base, becoming more prominent at the crown ; about two inches and a quarter deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye open, with a very short slender calyx, which leaves the eye nearly naked, deeply sunk in a somewhat oblique cavity. Stalk half an inch long, slender, w holly sunk within the base, in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Skin of a dull green, chang- ing to an olive yellow, becoming more yellow as it acquires maturity, having a thin russet covering the greatest part of the base. Flesh pale yellow, or yellowish white, firm. Juice saccharine, and possessing an exceedingly rich and highly aromatic flavour. In eating from December till April.* 104. Newtown Spitzemberg. Pom. Mag. t. 144. Newtown Spitzemberg. Coxe^s Vieui, p. 126., according to the Pom. Mag. Matchless. Hort. Soc. Cat. 597., according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle sized, depressed, globular, not angular, bear- ing much resemblance in shape to a Nonesuch, about two * The Newtown Pippin, when perfectly matured, is undoubtedly the richest fla- voured and finest apple known ; it may be distinguished from the Rhode Island Greening, and indeed from any other sort, by a slijjht starry appearance, of light yellow and green rays round the stem ; the branches are very slender and delicate, the tree of much slower growth than most others, the bark having a rough appear- ance, and may easily be distinguished in the orchard from any other kind. ■' Avi. E3j«. JEd. t We should be obliged to Mr Smith of Baltimore, to give us some further de- Bcription of this apple, the above being very imperfect. ./2m. Ed. 46 APPLES. Speckled Golden Reinette. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 933., according to the Pom. JMag. Reinette Rouge, \ Reinette Rousse, > of various Collections. Reinette des Carmes, j Ftmit middle sized, oval, not angular, rather long, with a small shallow eye, the divisions of the calyx acute, erect. Stalk short, usually a little thickened on one side. Skin uneven, with numerous irregular russet spots ; on the sunny side of a deep warm red, on the other a brownish yellow. Flesh firm, inclining to yellowish, with a rich aromatic but slight agreeable acid. A dessert apple from November till February. It is a very good bearer, and deserves to be more extensively cul- tivated. 119. Baxter's Pearmain. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 67. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 748. Fruit pretty large, of a longish figure, nearly as broad at the crown as the base, having a few obtuse slight angles, extending the length of the fruit. Eye small, a little hol- lowed. Stalk half an inch long, rather stout. Skin a light green, a little coloured with faint red on the sunny side. Flesh firm. Juice saccharine, and well flavoured. A culinary apple from November till March. 120. Bedfordshire Foundling. Hort. Soc. Cat. ISlo. 51. Cambridge Pippin. lb. Fruit very large, three inches and a half deep, and three inches and a quarter in diameter, irregularly ribbed, with very broad obtuse angles on the sides, generally two or three of these are longer than others, which give the crown an oblique inclination. Eye not large, but open, rather deeply placed in a somewhat narrow basin. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin pale greenish yellow on the shaded side, sprinkled with a few green specks ; on the sunny side slightly tinged with pale orange, and sprinkled thinly with dull red specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, mellow. Juice sub-acid and slightly saccharine. Core generally large and hollow. A cuhnary apple from November to January. 121. Belle Bonne. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 68. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 52. RoUand, of some Collections. Fruit middle sized, about ten inches in circumference, somewhat conical ; broad at the base, full in the middle, and APPLES. 47 narrow at the crown. Eye small, flat, closed by the seg- ments of the calyx. Stalk half an inch long, slender, in some obliquely inserted under an elongated hp. Skin thick, pale, greenish yellow, brightened on the sunny side by a few red- dish streaks, which become russetty at the base, and sur- round the stalk. Flesh firm, juicy, and well flavoured. A valuable dessert and culinary apple from October till January. 122. Benwell's Pearmain. Hort, Soc. Cat. No. 749. Fruit middle sized, somewhat oblong, and narrowed at the crown. Etje small, surrounded by a few somewhat ob- scure plaits. Stalk half an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Skin muddy green, with numerous brownish red dashes on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, yellowish white. Juice sub- acid, with a very pleasant aromatic flavour. An excellent dessert apple from Michaelmas to Christmas. The above name was given to this apple by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton, who received it a few years ago from Mr. Ben- well, of Henley-upon-Thames, in Oxfordshire. 123. BossoM Apple. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 528. Fruit obtusely pyramidal. Eye placed in a shallow hol- low, surrounded by several rather indistinct plaits. Stalk an inch long, deeply inserted. Skin pale greenish yellow, very much russetted ; and, in some specimens, with a bright red on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh dull white, inclining to yellow, fine in texture, crisp, with a sugared juice ; it bakes of a fine colour, and melts perfectly. A large handsome culinary apple from November till March. Specimens of this, from the Earl of Egremont's, at Pet- worth, were exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820. 124. Breedon Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 268. t. 10. f. 1. Fruit flatly conical, with an inclination to square, espe- cially near the eye ; two inches and three quarters in the widest, and two inches and a quarter in its narrowest diame- ter, a good deal flattened and irregular at the crown. Eye seated in a broad and shallow basin, surrounded by plaits and wrinkles variously formed ; at the base it is also flat, and broader than the crown. Stalk long, inserted in a re- gular and well-hollowed cavity. Skin of a pale, rather dull yellow, tinged Avith reddish orange on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish, firm, very sweet, with a rich vinous acid, a Uttle spicy, and having a flavour something resembling a pine. 48 APPLES. A dessert apple from November till after Christmas. Raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, at Bere Court, in Berkshire. 125. Catshead. Ilort. Soc. Cat. No. 147. Cat's Head. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 21. Costard. Ray, 1688. Coustard, of the JVorman Gardens, Fruit large, long, nearly as broad at the crown as the base, having usually three obtuse angles on the upper, and two more acute, which are also shorter, on the under side. Eye large, open and hollow. Stalk half an inch long, slen- der, rather deeply inserted. Skin very smooth, pale green, scarcely coloured on the sunny side. Flesh tender. Juice plentiful, sub-acid. A culinary apple from October till January. 126. Chester Pearmain. Hort. Soc. Cat. 751. Fruit rather small, more long than broad, and tapering from the base to the crown. Eye very small, slightly de- pressed. »Sia/A; three quarters of an inch long, slender. Skin pale yellow, with a little faint red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, with a sugary perfumed juice. A dessert apple from October to February. 127. Claygate Pearmain. Hort. Trans. Yol. v. p. 402. Fruit a large and handsome Pearmain. Skin dull yellow, nearly covered with broad stripes of deep red. Flesh yellow, rather dry, like all apples of this class, but sweet and very rich. A dessert apple from November till February, The Claygate Pearmain may be considered as a valuable addition to our stock of table apples. It originated in a hedge-row in the hamlet of Claygate, near Thames Ditton ; and its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society, by John Braddick, Esq., December 17, 1821. 128. Cockle Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 169. Pom. Mag. t. 136. Nutmeg Cockle Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 169. Nutmeg Pippin, of various Collections, according to the Pom. JMag. White Cockle, lb. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, tapering a little from the base to the crown, very slightly angular on the sides, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in di- ameter. Eye narrow, with a closed slender calyx, rather APPLES. 49 shallow, surrounded by narrow plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, one half of which is sunk in a narrow funnel- shaped cavity. Skin pale green, becoming bright yellow, with a few gray specks, and partly covered, especially near the base, with a pretty thick light brown russet. Flesh yel- lowish, firm, and tender. Juice saccharine, mixed with acid, and a slight pleasant perfume. A dessert apple, and also excellent for culinary purposes from November till May. 129. Colonel Harbord's Pippin. G. Lindl. in Hort, Trans. Vol. iv. p. 65. Fruit rather large, inclining to a conical shape, about eleven inches in circumference each way, angular on the sides. Etje large, in a rather shallow basin, surrounded by bold plaits or wrinkles. Stalk half an inch long. Skin pale yellowish green, partially russetted on one side. Flesh white mixed with green, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant brisk astringency. A very excellent culinary apple from November till March. 130. Cornish Gilliplower. Pom. Mag. t. 140. Julyflower. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 74. Cornish Julyflower. Ih. Vol. iii. p. 323, according to the Pom. Mag. Calviile d'Angleterre. Baumann Cat. Fruit moderately large, of an oval form and angular, about three inches and a quarter in diameter, and the same in depth. Eije closed by the segments of the calyx, and sunk among knobby protuberances rising from the termina- tions of the angles on the sides. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, not deeply inserted. Skin dull green on the shaded side, but where fully exposed to the sun, intermixed with brownish red, slightly sprinkled with russet, and some- times richer streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, firm, and very rich : when cut, it gives out a pleasant perfume, resembling the Clove Gilliflower, whence its name. A dessert apple, ripening in November, and will keep till April. This very valuable apple was first noticed in the Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 74., in a letter from Sir Christopher Haw- kens, in 1813. It was discovered in a cottage garden near Truro, about ten or fifteen years before that date, and was considered by the Society of so much importance that the silver medal was awarded to Sir Christopher for his exer» 5 60 APPLES* tions in bringing it into notice. It is considered as but ari indifferent bearer ; but this defect may be remedied by graft- ing it upon the Doucin stock, and planting it in the garden, and training it either as an open dwarf, or as an espaher. 130.* CouL Blush. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 340. The fruit has the angular figure of the Calvilles. The skiti has a clear waxy yellow, with a dull red cheek, which is varied by numerous bright crimson dots and streaks. The stalk is slender and smooth. The flesh is rather yel-^ low, crisp, and juicy, with a very pleasant brisk taste. In season in December and till the middle of January. This very beautiful apple was raised by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, in his garden at Coul, near Dingwall j an account of which is given by him in a paper dated March 12, 1827. 131. Darling Pippin. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard^ 1796. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat conical, a little flattened both at the crown and the base. Eye small, slightly de- pressed, and surrounded by a few unequal, knobby plaits. Stalk half an inch long, in some an inch, slender. Shin bright lemon-colour, sprinkled with numerous small pearl- coloured specks, quite within the surface. Flesh pale yel- low, crisp. Juice plentiful, saccharine, of a very agreeable flavour. A very handsome dessert apple fiora November till Christmas. 132. Farleigh Pippin. JVursery Catalogues. Farley Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 319. Fruit middle-sized, rather long, with five angles extend- ing from the base to the crown, where they are very promi- nent. Eye deeply sunk. Skin green on the shaded side, but of a brownish red where fully exposed to the sun, and marked with a deeper colour. Flesh green, firm. Jiiice plentiful, saccharine, and of an e:kcellent flavour. A dessert apple from November to February. A very excellent apple, sent me by Mr. Kirke^ who had it from Farleigh in Kent. 133. Forman's Crew. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 342. Pom. Mag. t. 89. Fruit like a large Golden Pippin, but russetty, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, a little open^ placed in a shallow depression. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin nearly covered with a yel- APPLES. 61 lowish russet brown. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich, very high-flavoured, and excellent. A dessert apple from November till May. This handsome and very valuable apple was raised by Thomas Seton Forman, Esq., at Pennydarron Place, near Merthyr Tidvil, in Glamorganshire. It is one of the best table apples we have, combining the excellence of the old Golden Pippin and Nonpareil. It bears abundantly, as an open standard, and, when grafted upon the Doucin stock, it is in- valuable as an espalier. 134. FouLDON Pearmain. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans, Vol. iv. p. 69. Horrex's Pearmain. Ibid. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong shape, somewhat re- sembling the old Green Pearmain, about eight inches the long, and seven inches and three quarters the short circum- ference. Eye narrow, flat. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Slcin pale yellow, when matured, with a little blush on the sunny side, especially towards the base, in consequence of the fruit being mostly pendent. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp. Juice plentiful, brisk, and of a very high flavour. A most excellent dessert apple from November till March. The original tree of this apple is now gromng in the gar- den of Mrs. Horrex, at Foulden in Norfolk. 135. Ganges. Kursenj Catalogue. Fruit pretty large, of an oblong, irregular figure. Eye hollow. Stalk half an inch long, deeply inserted, quite within the base. Skin green, with a few specks of darker green interspersed, and dashed with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellowish green. Juice sub-acid, of good fla- vour. A good culinary apple from October till January. 136. Golden Lustre. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat conical figure, acutely and" prominently angular towards the crown, near which it has generally an indented circle, as if caused by a ligature having been tied round the fruit ; it is about two inches and a quarter deep, and the same in diameter. Eye rather small,, closed by the long segments of the calyx, not deeply sunk, and surrounded by sharp prominent plaits, the intermediate ones being small, and having a blistered appearance. Stalk 62 APPLES. short, slender, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Skin bright yellow or gold colour on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, bright red, breaking out into small patches and stripes. Flesh pale yellow, firm. Juice not plentiful, sub-acid, combined with a little sugar, but without any particular perfume. A good culinary apple from November till May. 137. Golden Pearmain. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 68. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 755. Ruckman's Pearmain. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 755. Fruit below the middle size, rather conical, a little an- gular on its sides. Eye small, with short obtuse segments of the calyx, placed in a narrow and rather shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, pressed close to the base on one side of its cavity by a large pointed protuberance of the fruit pressing upon it from the opposite side. This is not the case in all the fruit of this sort, but it is so in three out of four throughout the whole crop, and is one of its most distinguishing characters. Skin bright yellow, marbled nearly all over with faint red and orange, highly coloured on the sunny side, and streaked with broken dashes of deeper red. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, of a slight aro- matic flavour. A good and handsome dessert apple from October till Christmas. 138. Gravenstein. Hort. Trans. Yol. iv. p. 216 and 523. t. 21. Pom. Mao;, t. 98. Fruit large, about three inches and a half in diameter, broadest at the base, generally flattened, sometimes rather oblong, with angles which terminate in the crown. Eye rather wide, sunk in a deep hollow, surrounded by several projecting folds or knobs iS7«/A; very short, deeply insert- ed. Skin smooth, of a clear yellowi&h green or straw co- lour, streaked and mottled with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, with a highly-flavoured vinous juice. A dessert apple, ripening in the autumn, but will keep till April, and may be reckoned a rival to our Ribstone Pippin. It is supposed to have originated at Gravenstein, in Hol- stein, near a century ago, and is esteemed the best apple in Germany and the Low Countries. The fruit was first ex- hibited at the Horticu'tural Society in 1819. 139. Hanwell Souring. Hort. Titans. Yo). iv. p. 219. Fruit middle-sized, conical, very angular on the sides. APPLES. 53 Eye deeply sunk in a contracted basin. Stalk short, very deeply inserted in a wide, even cavity. Skin green, with a blush of red where exposed, profusely spotted with minute brown spots, and a little russetted round the stalk. Flesh white, very crisp, with a rich acid juice. This apple is scarcely in perfection till April or May, and then possesses more acid than any other which keep-s to so late a period. It is supposed to have originated at Hanwell, near Ban- bury, in Oxfordshire. Fruit of it were exhibited at the Hor- ticultural Society in May, 1820. 140. Harvey Apple. G. Lindl. in Hort. Tram. Vol. iv. p. 67. Doctor Harvey's Apple. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 251. Fruit rather large, oval, generally about nine inches and a half or ten inches in circumference, narrow at the crown, slightly angular on the sides. Eije small, scarcely sunk, surrounded by several small knobby plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a wide, uneven cavity. Skin greenish yellov/, full of green and pearly specks, with various russetty, broken ramifications near the crown. Flesh whitish, firm. Juice quick, sub-acid, with a little musky perfume. A valuable culinary fruit from October to January. This is a real Norfolk apple, and but little known out of the county. It appears to have been known in the time of Ray, in 1688, who says it took its name from " tlie famous Dr. Gabriel Harvey." When baked in an oven which is not too hot, these ap- ples are most excellent ; they become sugary, and will keep a week or ten days, furnishing for the dessert a highly- flavoured sweetmeat. It makes a large handsome tree, is very hardy, and a great bearer. 141. Hollows-Crowned Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 459. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong figure, fully as broad at the crown as at the base, slightly angular on its sides. Eye wide, and deeply sunk. Stalk short, thick, and crooked. Skin pale green, becoming yellow, with a faint blush on the side next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sub-acid, with a slight portion of sugar. A culinary apple from October to January. A h^rdy bearer, pecuUar to Norfolk, and common in the Ncr.vich market. 5* 64 APPLES. 142. Hubbard's Pearmain. G. Lindl, in Hort. Trans, Vol. iv. p. 68. Pom. Mag. t. 27. Golden Vining, of Devonshire. According to the Pom. Mag. lb. Fruit small, ovate, about two inches deep, and the same in diameter, free from angles. Eye small, close, with a very short calyx, slightly depressed. Stalk short. Skin pale russet, or cinnamon colour, with a little green or red breaking through it here and there ; in some specimens, particularly in warm seasons, of an uniform, clear, yellowish green, without russet, mottled and tinged with orange or pale red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, firm, rather dry. Juice sweet, rich, of a most highly perfumed aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from October till March or April. 143. KiiNTisH Pippin. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 11. Fi'uit above the middle size, of an oblong figure, slightly angular on its sides, tapering a little from the base to the crown, which is rather narrow. Eije small, with a closed calyx, a little sunk, and surrounded by several obtuse plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yellow, with a few scattered greenish specks ; on the sunny side pale dull brown. Flesh yellow- ish white. Juice sweetish, or sub-acid, with a smart pun- gent flavour. An excellent culinary apple from October till January. 144. KiNELLAN Apple. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 338. The skin is a clear pale green, very little dotted, but strongly coloured with yellowish bright red on the exposed side. The eye is rather angular ; the stalk downy ; the jlesh white, firm, rather juicy, and pleasant. A pleasant table apple, in season in Ross-shire from the beginning of December till January, and will keep till March. This is an offspring between the Nonpareil and Manx Codlin, obtained by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, Bart., ofCoul, near Dingwall, in Ross-shire ; it produced its first fruit in 1825. In size the apple resembles the Manx Cod- lin, and in appearance and other qualities the Nonpareil. 144.^ Lamb Abbey Pearmain. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 269. t. 10. f. 2. Fruit middle-sized, oval, somewhat pyramidal, rather flattened at both ends, about three inches deep, and two APPLES. 65 inches three quarters in diameter. Eye small, sunk in a deep and broad hollow, surrounded by regular but slight plaits, which do not extend to the body of tUb fruit. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin yellowish green on the shaded side and next the eye ; the sunny side being covered with a handsome red, having many black dots, in the manner of an ordinary Golden Reinette. Flesh yellowish next the skin, green next the core, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a peculiar rich sweetness, and a light aromatic flavour. An excellent dessert fruit from December till March. This very valuable apple was raised, in 1803, from a ker- nel of the Newtown Pippin, by Mrs. Malcolm, the lady of Neil Malcolm, Esq., of Lamb Abbey, in Kent. 145. Lemon Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 550. Pom. Mag. t. 37. Lemon Pippin. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 102. Fruit middle-sized, oval, very regularly formed, without angles, about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and three inches deep. Eye small, open, with a very short slen- der calyx, slightly depressed. Stalk short, fleshy, curved inwards, and forming a continuance of the fruit, in the man- ner of a lemon ; hence its name. Skin pale yellowish green, becoming yellow when ripe, with neither red nor russet. Flesh firm, breaking. Juice not abundant, nor highly flavoured, but very pleasant. A dessert fruit from October till March. A very hardy orchard apple ; the tree grows erect, very regularly formed, and handsome, and is a most excellent bearer. 146. New Rock Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 269. Fruit of the Nonpareil kind, but less regular in shape, and the eye sunk a little deeper. Stalk short Skin of a dull green on the shaded side ; on the part exposed to the sun, it becomes brown, with a slight tinge of red, and the whole surface sprinkled with russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not very juicy, but rich and sweet, with a fine anise per- fume. A dessert apple from November till April. Raised by Mr. Pleasance of Barnwell, near Cambridge. It keeps late in the spring, and is then hardly surpassed by any of the old varieties. Exhibited at the Horticultural So- ciety, November 20, 1821. 56 APPLES. 147. New-York Pippin. G. Lindl. Plan of an Or- chard, 1796. New-York IPippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 642. Fruit rather large, of an oblong figure, somewhat pyra- midal, rather irregular in its outline, and slightly pentangu- lar on its sides, three of which are generally much shorter than the other, forming a kind of lip at the crown ; from two inches and a half to three inches deep, and the same in di- ameter at the base. JSi/e closed, rather deeply sunk in a very uneven irregular basin. Stalk half an inch long, slen- der, rather deeply inserted in a wide uneven cavity. Skin dull greenish yellow, with a few green specks, intermixed with a little skin, gray russet, and tinged with brown on the sunny side. Flesk firm, crisp, tender. Juice plentiful, saccharine, with a slight aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till April. An American variety of excellence. The tree grows large, and bears well. It sometimes happens with this as it does with Hubbard's Pearmain, that smooth fruit grow upon one branch and russetty ones upon another ; and in cold seasons the fruit are for the most part russetty. It was named the New-York Pippin by Mr. Mackie, and first propagated in his Nursery at Norwich about forty years ago. 148. Norfolk Paradise. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 684. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 125. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, irregularly foiined. Eye very large, deeply sunk, in an uneven, oblique hollow. Stalk rather short, not deeply inserted. Skin greenish yellow ; on the sunny side of a brownish red, streaked with a darker colour. Flesh White, very firm.; Juice abundant, and of a very excellent flavour. A dessert apple from October till March. 149. Northern Greening. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 693. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 127. Fruit above the middle size, of an oblong figure, scarcely angular on its sides, about three inches deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, seated in a somewhat narrov/, shallow, irregularly plaited basin. Stalk short and thick, inserted without any cavity, but connected by a projecting lip on one side, similar to that of the Lemon Pippin. Skin pale dull green, sprinkled with specks of darker green imbedded in the skin ; on the sunny side it is tinged with a pale brown. APPLES. 57 interspersed with slight streaks of a darker colour. Flesh greenish white, firm. Juice sub-acid, without any appa- rent saccharine property. A very excellent culinary apple from November till April. 150. Ord's Apple. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 285. t. 19. Simpson's Pippin. lb. Simpson's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1043. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong ovate shape, with the base and crown depressed, from two inches and a half to three inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diame- ter at the base. Fije small, with a short connivent calyx, in a very shallow basin, surrounded by some irregular plaits, the natural number of which is five. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin thick, always green while on the tree, tinged with copper-coloured red, with several darker spots on the sunny side. Flesh firm. Juice rich and per- fumed. A dessert apple from December till March. Raised some years ago by Mrs. Anne Simpson, sister- in-law of John Ord, Esq., from the seed of an apple grown in his garden at Purser's Cross, near Fulham, the produce of a tree he had raised from a Newtown Pippin, which he had imported from America about the year 1777. 151. Ortley Apple. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 415. Fruit very much resembling the yellow Newtown Pippin, but a little more oval. Eye large and well formed, not deeply sunk, and surrounded by many small folds or plaits. Stalk slender, inserted in a deep and even-formed cavity. Skin bright clear yellow where shaded, and of a bright scar- let, sprinkled with a few russetty spots on the sunny side. Flesh inclining to yellow, crisp and breaking. Juice plenti- ful, with the same fine flavour which distinguishes the New- town Pippin. A dessert apple from November till April. This most excellent variety is a native of New-Jersey, in North America. Specimens of it were sent from thence to the Horticultural Society, and exhibited at the meetings of the 1st and 15th of March, 1825.* * The fruit of the Ortley Apple was sent to the Hort. Soc. of London, as above, by me, and for which I received the silver medal. I'he grafts of this excellent apple were given to me by Mr. Michael Ortley, Esq. of New- York, from his or- chard in South Jersey. There are, in addition to the description given above, some particulars which distinguish it from a Nesvtown Pippin, from which it is very distinct, though not inferior to that most excellent apple. In opening a box or barrel of the apples in the spring of the year, they emit a fine peculiar fragrance like that of roses. It is an American apple of superior excellence, worthy of ge- neral cultivation. .^m. Ed, 68 APPLES. 152. OxNEAD Pearmain. G, Lindl. Plan of an Or-> chard, 1796. Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. lb. Fruit small, conically tapering from the base to the crown. Eye very small, surrounded by three or four somewhat ob- scure plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, very slender. Skin entirely grass-green, always covered with a thin russet ; sometimes when highly ripened it is tinged with a very pale brown on the sunny side. Flesh very firm, crisp, of a pale green colour. Juice not plentiful, but very rich and highly flavoured. A very neat dessert apple from November till April. This excellent little sort is supposed to have originated at Oxnead, near Norwich, the seat of the Earl of Yarmouth. It has been known for many years in Norfolk, no doubt prior to the extinction of that peerage in 1733, and I have never seen it out of the county. The tree is a very small grower ; its branches are small and wiry, and of a grass-green colour : it is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. 153. Petit Jean. Hort, Trans. Vol. iv. p. 625. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 781. Fruit small, oval, slightly flattened at both ends. Eye very small, placed in a confined basin. Stalk very short, deeply inserted. Skin, where shaded, of a pale yellow, but the whole nearly covered with brilliant red, which, in less exposed parts, is broken into stripes, through which the ground colour is seen. Flesh very white, extremely tender, with an agreeable juice. A dessert apple from November till April. This is a very handsome little apple, native of Jersey, which keeps well till the end of the season, and is extensive- ly cultivated in that island. Specimens of the fruit were sent to the Horticultural Society in 1S20. 154. Pinner Seedling. Hort. Trans. Yol. iv. p, 530. Carrel's Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 791. Fruit middle sized, slightly angular on the sides. Eye close, very little depressed. Stalk short, in a confined but deep cavity. Skin bright yellow, nearly covered with clear yellow russet. Flesh inclining to yellow, crisp and tender. Juice brisk and saccharine. An excellent dessert apple from November till the en4 of May. AJPPLESi 69 Raised by James Carrel, Nurseryman, at Pinner, Mid- dlesex, in 1810. It produced its first fruit in 1818, and was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820. 155. RiBSTON Pippin. Uort. Soc. Cat. No. 946. Pom. Mag. t. 141. Formosa Pippin. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 322. Traver's Apple. lb. Vol. iii. p. 324., according to the Pom. Mag. Glory of York. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 946. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat irregularly formed, with a few broad, obtuse, indistinct angles on its sides, and gene- rally more broad than long ; about two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, placed in an irregularly angular basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather narrow, funnel-shaped cavity, seldom protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yellow, russetty in the crown and round the stalk, and mottled thinly with dull red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp. Juice sac- charine, with a pungent, rich, and delicious aromatic fla-- vour. A dessert apple from October till April, but it is gene- rally in its greatest perfection when it has been gathered a month or six weeks. The Ribston Pippin may be truly said to be one of the best, and certainly is one of the most popular dessert apples of the present day, as well known as the Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil ; and a greater number of trees of it are sold by nurserymen throughout England, than of both those sorts put together. It was raised, according to traditionary ac- counts, from some pips v/hich which were brought from Rouen, about the year 1688, and sown in the garden at Ribston Plall, near Knaresborough, in the county of York. 156. Royal Pearmain. Rea^s Flora^ 1665, No. 16. Herefordshire Pearmain. Hert. Soc. Cat. No. 757* Parmain Royal. Knoop. Pom. p. 71. t. 12. Parmain Royal de longue duret'. /6. p. 131. Parmain double. lb. Engelsche Konings of King's Pepping. lb. Fruit above the middle size, oblong, and somew^hat coni- cal, about two inches and a half deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter, slightly angular on its sides. Eye rather small, open, with a reflexed calyx, seated in a narrow, 60 APPLES. shallow, russetty basin, scarcely marked by plaits. Stalk half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted, protruding just beyond the base. Skin dull, pale yellowish green, in- terspersed with gray russetty specks, especially on the sunny side, where it is tinged with a soft brown, and marked with a few narrow broken stripes. Flesh pale greenish yellow, tender, crisp. Juice saccharine^ and of a very pleasant aro- matic richness. A dessert apple from November till February or March. This very excellent apple is of many years' standing in this country, although far from being common in the nurse- ries, another apple having unjustly usurped its name. 157. Royal Reinette.. Hort. Trans. Vol', iv. p. 529. Fruit rather small, a little more conical than the Golden Reinette. Eye large and open, in an even and small basin. Stalk very short, with the flesh growing pretty closely round it. Skin delicate yellow, sprinkled with a few dark spots ; on the sunny side stained and striped with delicate but bril- liant red, and covered with numerous gray spots ; the whole surface highly polished and shining. Flesh pale yellow. Juice of excellent flavour. A dessert apple from November till April and May. This very beautiful apple is cultivated in the western parts of Sussex ; fruit from the Earl of Egremont's, at Petworth, was exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820. 158. Stone Pippin. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Yol. iv. p. 69. White Stone Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1157. White Pippin q/'JVor/b/A-. Fruit middle sized, of an oblong figure, tapering to the crown, where it is narrow, somewhat angular on its sides. Eye small, hollow, surrounded by slight obtuse bold plaits. Stalk slender, not protruded beyond the base. Skin very smooth, pale green, becoming yellow when kept a few weeks. Flesh very firm and dense. Juice not plentiful, sharp, slightly acid, becoming sweet when mature, v, ith a little perfume. A dessert and culinary apple from November till July or August. This is a valuable Norfolk apple, known in the Norwich market by the name of White Pippin. The fruit, when peel- ed, sliced, and boiled in sugar, becomes transparent, afford- ing for many months a most delicious sweetmeat for tarts. The tree grows to a large size, is very hardy, and in all sea- APPLES. 61 sons an abundant bearer. It is highly deserving of an ex- tended cultivation. 158.* Tarvey Codlin. Hort. Trans. Yol. vii. p. 338. The skin is a dull oHve green, with an imperfect mixture of yellow; on the exposed side it is yellowish red, much spotted with broken rows of large blood-red dots. The flesh is white and juicy, with the taste of an English Codlin. A very good apple, in its season, in Ross-shire, in Novem- ber and December. This was raised from a seed of the Manx Codlin, by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, in his garden at Coul, near Ding- wall, an account of which is given by him, in a paper in the Horticultural Transactions, dated March 12, 1827. 159. White Spanish Reinette. Pom. Mag. t. 110. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. Maijer^s Pomona, accord- ing to the Pom. J\Iag. D'Espagne, \ De Ratteau, > of foreign Gardens. Concombre Ancien, j ^^uu^IS^^^ m>- • ) of the English and Jlmeiicans, Cobbett s Fall Pippm, \ J ^^^^.^ing to the Pom. Mag. Large Fall Pippm, / Pruit very large, roundish oblong, about three inches and three quarters deep, and three inches and a half in diameter, irregular in its outline, with broad irregular ribs on its sides, which terminate in an uneven crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base. £j/e large, open, very deeply placed in a broad-angled, oblique, irregular basin. SiaXk half an inch long, not deeply inserted, in a rather small evenly-form- ed cavity, ^hin smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, tinged with orange where exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, and tender, with a rich sugary juice. A dessert apple, and for cuhnary purposes £ilso, from No- vember till February or March. This extremely valuable apple is at present but little known in England, although, from specimens exhibited at the Hor- ticultural Society in 1829, by John Darby, Esq., it appears that very ancient trees of it exist in Sussex. In America it is called Fall Pippin, under which name it has been for some time sold by Mr. Cobbett. f t There ie some mistake here. The white Spanish Reinette and our Fall Pip- pin are different apples, however they may resemble each other in shape ; ilia former apple may keep well till March, but the latter will not keep till the end of December, when it gets dry and meally ; it is perfectly ripe in November. — Am. Ed 6 62 APPLES. 160. Whitmore's Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 1158. Fruit middle sized, of a very regular, somewhat conical figure, with eight or ten obtuse angles on the sides, which terminate more distinctly in the crown, where it is almost drawn to a point. Eye very narrow, flat. Stalk three quar- ters of an inch long, slender, deeply inserted, cmd not pro- truded beyond the base. Skin a clear yellowish green, sprinkled with numerous small dark green specks ; on the sunny side tinged with faint red. Flesh whitish green, break- ing. Juice brisk, with a slight aromatic flavour. A winter dessert and culinary apple from November till January or February. 161. Winter Pearmain. Raij, 1688. Old Pearmain. Pom. Hereford, t. 29. Parmain d'Hiver. Knoop. Pom. p. 64. t. II. Pepin Parmain d' Angle terre. lb. p. 131. Fruit middle sized, regularly shaped, tapering a little from the base to the crown, which is a little nan^owed. Eye small, and closed by the short segments of the calyx. Stalk short, slender, protruding a little beyond the base. Skin a grass green, with a little colour of a livid red on the sunny side, interspersed with a few dark specks, particularly on the produce of old trees, especially those which are encumbered with a profusion of wood. Flesh pale green, firm, crisp. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, and of a slight aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. 162. Winter Red Calville. Nursery Catalogues. Calville Rouge. Duhamel, 4. t. 3. Calville Rouge d'Hiver. Bon Jard. 1827, p. 323. Hor. Soc. Cat. 132. Fruit large, of an oblong figure, broader at the base than at the crown, about three inches in diameter, and three inches and a half deep. Eye large, rather deeply sunk. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Skin pale red on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, of a much deeper colour. Flesh tender, with an agree- able juice. A culinary apple from November till February. Sect. VII. — Russets and Nonpareils. 163. Acklam's Russet. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 1. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 977. APPLES. 63 Fruit below the middle size, perfectly round in its out- line, and rather flat ; about two inches and a quarter in di- ameter, and two laches deep. Eye small, with a converg- ing calyx, sunk in a very regular, circular, open basin, free from plaits. Stalk half an inch long, even with the base. Ski7i pale yellowish green, covered with a very thin, smooth, gray russet, in which are interspersed numerous yellowish gray specks. Flesh greenish white, very firm and crisp. Juice sugary, and of a high poignant flavour. A very neat dessert apple from November till February. 164. Aromatic Russet. Kiirserij Catalogues. But not o^HorL Soc. Cat, 1061. Fruit middle-sized, a little conical, but flattened at both the base and the crown. Eye small, a little depressed. Stalk very short, deeply inserted. Ski?i green, covered with a thin gtay russet, and a little tinged with dull red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, but tender. Juice saccharine and perfumed. A dessert apple from November till February. The wood of this tree is straight, rather slender ; and when the young branches are vigorous, they are furnished with spurs, somewhat in the manner of the Nonesuch. It is a very hardy sort, and an excellent bearer. 165. Ashmead's Kernel. Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 20. Dr. Ashmead's Kernel, of the Gloucestershire Gardens. Fruit rather small, not much unlike the old Nonpareil, except in being a little longer, and having a few obtuse an- gles running from the base to the crown, which is somewhat narrow. Eye small, a little depressed. Stalk three quar- ters of an inch long, slender, and inserted half its length in a conical cavity. Skin of a pale brownish gray russet upon a green ground, and of a brownish orange colour on the sunny side. Flesh firm and crisp. Juice plentiful, of an excel- lent and rich aromatic flavour. A very neat dessert apple from November till May. The habit and general appearance of the tree is very much like that of a Nonpareil, and there can be no doubt of its having originated from a seed of that fruit. It is a Glou- cestershire apple, and was raised by a Dr. Ashmead, of Ashmeads, in that county. It is a very valuable and hardy variety, highly deserving of cultivation. 166. Bowyer's Russet. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 979. Pom. Mag. t. 121. Fruit below the middle size, broadest at the base ; the outline tolerably round, about two inches and a quarter in 64 APPLES. diameter, and one inch and three quarters deep. Eye close, in a small depression, surrounded by obscure wrinkled plaits. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a middle-sized evenly-formed cavity. Skin covered all over with a fine golden russet. Flesh greenish white, with a tinge of yellow, and having a sharp, rich, aromatic jm'ce. A very handsome and valuable dessert apple in the month of September, and will keep a few weeks after this time. 167. Braddick's Nonpareil. Hort. Trans, Vol. iii. p. 268. t. 10. f. 3. Fruit of a flattened globular figure, three inches in its widest, and two inches and a half in its shortest diameter, not much lessened near the eye, and nearly flat at the stalk. Eye rather small, inserted in a somewhat deep and nearly rounded basin, almost without plait or wrinkle. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin smooth, greenish near tfte stalk, becoming tinged with yellowish brown, and a considerable portion of brownish red on the sunny side, and generally a patch of fine russet round the eye. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Flesh yellowish, sweeter and more melting than the old Nonpareil, with a richly-sugared and shghtly-aro- niatic juice. A dessert apple from October till Christmas. This very valuable apple was raised by John Braddick, Esq , in his garden at Thariies Ditton, in Surrey. 168. Early Nonpareil. G, Lincll. Plan of an Or^ chard, 1796. cr'^'TV-^'^^PT^' ] Gardeners^ :N'ames in JYorfolk, otagg's JNonpareil, j "^ Hicks's Fancy, Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 450. Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, and somewhat narrowed at the crown. Eye small, in a very shallow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slen- der. Skin yellowish, covered with a very thin russet, in- terspersed with a few gray specks, i^/e.s/i yellowish white, very crisp, and tender. Juice plentiful, of a rich and highly aromatic flavour. A dessert apple in October and November. This very excellent apple was raised from a seed of the old Nonpareil, by a nurseryman of the name of Stagg, at Cais- ter, near Great Yarmouth, in Norfolk, about fifty years ago. The tree has much the appearance of the Nonpareil, except its wood being shorter, and of a more upright growth. It ia a hardy bearer, and highly deserving of cultivation. APPLES. 65 169. Fenouillet Gris. Duhamel, 10. t. 5. Anis. lb. Caraway Russet. HorU Soc. Cat No. 982. Spice Apple. \ Brown Apple of Burnt Island. \ lb. No. 1061. Rook's-nest Apple, j Fruit rather small, roundish ovate, of a very regular out- hne, without any angles on its sides, about two inches and a quarter in diameter at its base, and two inches deep. Eye small, with naiTOW diverging segments, deeply sunk in a narrow funnel-shaped basin. Stalk short, deeply sunk in a funnel-shaped cavity, quite within the base. Skin yellow- ish gray, covered with a thin russet, and very slightly tinged with brown on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, with a saccharine and highly flavoured aro- matic juice. A desert apple from November till February. This is a very neat French apple, and has been some years in the London Nurseries, where it is often sold un- der the name of Aromatic Russet. The tree is a rather small grower, with slender, smooth, wiry branches, which seldom produce any spurs upon those of the present year : it is hardy, and a good bearer. 170. Golden Russet. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 57. Hort. Soc. Cat. No 983. Fi^uit below the middle size, pretty regular in its outline, without angles, generally about two inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye rather small, close, moderately depressed, surrounded by irregular plaits, part of which are more prominent than the rest. Stalk very short, deeply inserted in an uneven narrow cavity, not protruding so far as the base. Skin thick, of a pale copper-coloured yellowish russet, very thick and rough on the shaded side, with a few patches, occasionally, of bright red on the sunny side, and verrucose at the base. Flesh pale yellow, very firm and crisp. Juice not plentiful, but saccharine, ox an aromatic and slightly musky flavour. A dessert apple from December till April. The Golden Russet has been known in our gardens ever since the time of Ray, who makes it synonymous with the Aromatic Russet. The trees are very hardy, bearing well in bleak situations ; they grow to a good size, and are ra- ther remarkable, in having a profusion of slender pendulous branches. 6* 66 APPLES. 171. Horsham Russet. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 69. Fruit about the size of a Nonpareil, but not so regular m its outline, generally about two inches and a quarter in diameter, and two inches deep. Eije small, closed, in a small depression without angles. Stalk short, rather thick, rather deeply inserted in a wide uneven cavity. Skin pale green, covered with a thin yellowish gray russet round its upper part, with a pale salmon-coloured tinge on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp. Juice plentiful, of a high aromatic Nonpareil flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. Raised from the seed of a Nonpareil about thirty years ago, by Mrs. Goose, of Horsham, Saint Faith's, near Nor- wich. It is a very hardy tree, and a good beaier. 172. Hunt's Duke of Gloucester. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 525. Hunt's Nonpareil. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 659. Fruit middle-sized, resembling a Nonpareil in form, but is a litle more oval. Skin a clear green on the shaded side, but little of that colour is visible, nearly the whole being co- vered with thin russet, becoming coarser and thicker round the eye ; on the sunny side it is tinged with a reddish brown. Flesh white, mixed with green, like the old Nonpareil, crisp, juicy, and high flavoured. A dessert apple from November till March or April. Raised by Dr. Fry, of Gloucester, from a seed of the Nonpareil, and was iirst exhibited at the Horticultural So- ciety in 1820. 173. Knobby Russet. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 219. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval form. Eye considerably depressed. Stalk short, deeply inserted. Skin yellow, with a mixture of gi-een, but nearly covered with russetty warts. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not juicy, but sweet and high fla- voured. A dessert apple from November till May. Fruit from Midhurst, in Sussex, gathered from the tree in January, 1820, was exhibited at the Horticultural So- ciety in March and May following. It is a valuable fruit, and extremely hardy. 174. Martin Nonpareil. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 456. Pom. Mag. t. 79. Fruit larger than that of the old Nonpareil, and more irregu- lar in figure ; it is generally roundish, sometimes approaching APPLES. 67 a conical form. Eye rather wide, surrounded by broad an- gular plaits. Stalk short, thick, not deeply inserted. Skin lemon colour, sprinkled and shaded with yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellow, firm. Juice saccharine and rich. A dessert apple from December till May. This very valuable apple was raised by the Rev. George Williams, of Martin Hussingtree, near Worcester. 175. Old Nonpareil. Langley, Pom. t. 79. f. 4. Pom. Mag. t. 86. Non-Pareille. Duhamel, 35. t. 12. f. 2. Nom-Pareil. Knoop Pom. t. 9. Reinette Nompareille. J6. p. 51. GriJne Reinette, of the Germans, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit approaching to middle-sized, flat, broadest at the base. Eye very small, prominent, or very slightly depress- ed. Stalk an inch long, slender, three quarters of which protrudes beyond the base. Skin when fully ripened, green- ish yellow, slightly coated with light russet ; occasionally, where fully exposed to the sun, of a reddish brown. Flesh very firm, crisp. Juice not plentiful, but of a most singu- larly rich, poignant, aromatic flavour. One of our most admired dessert apples, in its greatest perfection from Christmas to Lady-day. Switzer, in 1724, says, " The Nonpareil is no stranger in England, though it might have had its origin in France ; yet there are trees of it about the Ashtons, in Oxfordshire, of about one hundred years old, which (as they have it by tradition) were first brought out of France, and planted by a Jesuit, in Queen Mary's or Queen Elizabeth's time." From which it appears that it must have been in our gar- dens above two centuries. The trees are regularly good bearers ; and when grafted upon the Doucin stock, upon a good soil, and under judicious management, their fruit has been as perfect as the best of our newest productions. 176. Old Royal Russet, of the old Gardens. Leather-coat Russet. Fruit above the middle size, rather irregular in its outline, about three inches in diameter, and two inches and a half deep. Eye small, with a closed calyx, deeply sunk in a narrow oblique, irregular basin, surrounded by blunt plaits. Skin a rough gray russet, upon a green ground, with dull brown breaking through on the sunny side. Flesh greenish 68 APPLES. white, very firm. Juice not plentiful, very sharp sub-acid, with a slight astringency before fully matured. A culinary apple from November till April. Late in the season, when it begins to shrivel, it eats pretty well ; but before that time it is too harsh to bring to ta- ble. The trees grow to the largest size, are very hardy, and in all seasons great bearers. The Leather-coat Russet of some country orchards is very different from this, very inferior, and making a very ugly tree, mostly full of disease, and not worth cultivating. 177. Patch's Russet. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 993. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, slightly angular on its sides, about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half or two inches and three quarters in diame- ter. Eye small, with a long, slender, connivent calyx, pla- ced in a narrow, somewhat irregularly formed basin. Stalk an inch long, very slender, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, one half protruding beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, covered with a thin gray russet. Flesh pale yellow- ish white, crisp. Juice brisk acid, with a rich aromatic fla- vour. A dessert apple from November till March. 178. Pennington Seedling. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 778. Fruit above the middle size, round, slightly angular on the sides, and somewhat flattened, broadest at the base, and narrowed at the crown ; about three inches in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye closed with long slen- der segments of the calyx, in a rather shallow irregularly formed hollow. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, strong, inserted in a wide uneven cavity, protruding beyond the base. Skin green when first gathered, with numerous small russetty specks on the shaded side ; where exposed to the sun, covered pretty thickly with a scabrous warty russet, and tinged a litle with pale brown. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, saccharine, mixed with a brisk acid, and of an agreeable aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till March. This is a new variety, and appears to be a very valuable apple, the description of which was taken from a fruit grown in the Horticultural Garden at C his wick in 1830. 179. Pile's Russet. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 17. Fruit above the middle size, irregularly formed, with broad ribs extending from the base to the crown, where it is APPLES. 69 rather narrow, two inches and three quarters in diameter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye closed, with a somewhat long leafy calyx, seated in a narrow oblique, an- gular basin. Stalk short, deeply inserted in a wide uneven cavity, not protruding beyond the base. Skin pale green, covered with a good deal of russet, and tinged with muddy orange or dull brown on the sunny side. Flesh very firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, with a sub-acid briskness and aro- matic flavour. A dessert as well as culinary apple from November till March or April. Towards the spring when the fruit be- gins to shrivel, the Pile's Russet is an excellent table fruit. 180. Pine-Apple Russet. G. Liiidl. Plan of an Or- chard, 1796. Hardingham's Russet, of the JYorwich Gardens. Fruit above the middle size, roundish ovate, with broad obtuse angles on its sides, about two inches and three quar- ters in diameter, and two inches and a half deep. Eye small, with a very short connivent calyx, placed in a shallow depression, surrounded by ten rather unequal plaits. Stalk an inch long, inserted in an uneven cavity, one half of which protrudes beyond the base. Skin pale greenish yellow, al- most covered with white specks on one part, and a thick scabrous yellowish russet on the other, which extends round the stock. Flesh very pale yellow, crisp, very short and tender. Juice more abundant than in any apple I hrive ever met with, as it generally runs very copiously as soon as cut open, saccharine, with that just proportion of acid which characterises our most valuable fruits, and of a spicy aro- matic flavour, with a high perfume. A dessert apple from the end of September to the middle of October. This most valuable apple has taken its name from its abundance of juice, which somewhat resembles that of a pine-apple. The oldest tree remembered in Norwich was growing a century ago in a garden belonging to Mr. Har- dingham, who died but a few years ago. The garden now belongs to Mr. William Youngman. It is undoubtedly one of the best apples of its season, and is highly deserving of cultivation. 181. PiTMASTON Nonpareil. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 267. t. 10. f 4. Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil. lb. Saint John's Nonpareil. Hort. Soc. Cat, 6^9, 70 APPLES. Fruit middle-sized, flatly compressed, rather narrowest at the crown, near three inches in its wddest, and two inches and a half in its shortest diameter. Eye rather open, in a broad shallow basin, surrounded by slight irregular plaits. Stalk short, not deeply inserted. Skin of a dull green, near- ly covered with russet, a little mixed with yellow, and faint red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish, rather more inclined to yellow than that of the Nonpareil. Juice rich, with a high aromatic flavour, and the peculiar perfume of the Non- pareil. A dessert apple of great merit in November and De- cember. Raised by John Williams, Esq. in his garden at Pitmas- ton, St. John's, near Worcester. 1S2. Powell's Russet. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 994. Fruit rather small, about two inches in diameter, and an inch and three quarters deep, somewhat flat at both ends, and quite free from angles on its sides. Eye small, open, slightly sunk in a shallow narrow basin. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a very regular round cavity, twice as deep as the crown. Skin pale yellowish green, partially covered with a thin pale russet, but wholly covered round the crown, and shaded with brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, of a clear pale yellow. Juice plentiful, saccharine and approaching in flavour to a well-ripened Nonpareil. A very neat dessert apple from November till January. This a good deal resembles the Acklam's Russet, except in the crown, which is narrower, and the depression not quite so deep. It is a very neat and excellent little apple, and may be justly reckoned one of our best Russets. 183. Reinette de Hongrie. Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 908. Fruit middle-sized, round, and somewhat flat, without any angles on its sides, two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather small, with a connivent calyx, seated in a deep basin, surrounded by a few slight plaits. Stalk short, deeply inserted in a knob- by cavity. Skin a completely thick, rough gray russet, w ith a little faint orange on the sunny side, the whole covered with numerous warty specks, more or less prominent. Flesh greenish white, intermixed with green, firm, crisp. Juice saccharine, of a rich aromatic flavour. A dessert apple from November till April. 184. Ross Nonpareil, Ho7i. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 454, Pom. Mag. t. 90. APPLES. 71 Fruit middle-sized, roundish, not at all angular, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter, but having one of its sides a little longer than the other. Eye small, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, deeply inserted, protruding beyond the base. Skin russet- ty, and stained with red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, greenish white, sweet and rich, with an agreeable perfumed fennel flavour. A dessert fruit from November till April. This is of Irish origin, and is one of the few fennel-fla- voured apples which are cultivated among us. It is a great bearer, and healthy on all soils, and deser\'es an extended cultivation. 185. Royal Russet. Miller, £d. 8. No. 15. Pom. Mag. t. 125. Passe-Pomme de Canada, > of the French, according Reinette de Canada grise, j to the Pom, Mag. Fruit large, broad at the base, enlarged in the middle, and narrowed at the crown, about three inches and three quarters in diameter, and nearly three inches deep, its form being rather flat than oblong. Eye rather small, with a long, closed calyx, placed in a narrow, and rather deep, unequally plaited basin. Stalk very short, deeply inserted in a widely- formed hollow. Skin dull yellowish green, nearly covered with a somewhat thick gray russet, tinged with a little orange brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, greenish white, with a tinge of yellow. Juice saccharine, with a good deal of acid, and a slight aromatic flavour. A culinary apple from November till May. This is the Royal Russet of the London markets ; but se- veral other Russets go by this name in different parts of Eng- land. What is understood in many parts of the country as the Royal Russet, is described under the name of Old Royal Russet, which may serve to distinguish it from the present one. 186. Sam Young. Hort. Trans. Yol. iii. p. 324, and 454. Pom. Mag. t. 130. Irish Russet. Hort. Soc. Cat. 985, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit of a smallish size, somewhat globular, flattened, about one inch and three quarters deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye remarkably wide and open, in a broad depression. Stalk short. Skin bright yellow, with 72 APPLES. minute brown spots, and a considerable quantity of russet, especially round the stalk ; in some specimens red on the sunny side, usually cracking. Flesh inclining to yellow, mixed with green ; tender, and melting. Juice plentiful, sweet, with a delicious flavour, scarely inferior to that of the Golden Pippin. An Irish dessert apple, of high reputation, ripe in Novem- ber, and will keep good for two months. The merits of this very valuable apple were made known in 1818, by Mr. Robertson, of Kilkenny. It is certainly one of the best of our modern apples, and cannot have too general a cultivation. 187. Scarlet Nonpareil. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 670. Pom. Mag. t. 87. Fruit middle-sized, larger than the old Nonpareil, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter^ roundish, without any angles on its sides. Eye shallow, placed in a regularly-formed depression, surrounded with very small plaits. Stalk variable in length, sometimes nearly an inch long, sometimes a thick fleshy knob. Skin deep red next the sun, sprinkled with pale brown dots ; the shaded part yellowish green, passing off" into streaks towards the junction of the two colours. Flesh firm, yellowish white, juicy, rich, and very excellent. A dessert apple from November till March. The Scarlet Nonpareil was raised in a garden belonging to a public house at Esher, in Surrey, about 1773, from a seed of the Old Nonpareil. Mrs. Grimwood purchased the original stock, from which some plants were obtained by Mr. Kirke, whose annual exhibitions in his garden of large quantities of its beautiful fruit have caused its cultivation now to be extended to almost every part of England, where it cannot fail of being universally admired. It is a very har- dy sort, and a great and constant bearer. The Schafer ap- ple of the Germans, quoted in the Hort. Soc. Cat. as a sy- nonym to this, is found to be a distinct variety. 188. Siely's Mignonne. G. Lindl. Cat. 1805. Pride of the Ditches. Local, in JVorvnch. Fruit rather small, about one inch and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. It is not quite circular, in conse- quence of one of its sides being occasionally a httle flattened, but is without any angles. Eye small, with a closed calyx, placed somewhat deeply in a rather irregularly formed nar- row basin, surrounded by a few small plaits. Stalk half an APPLES. 73 inch long, slender, about one half within the base, in a nar- row cavity, and occasionally pressed towards one side, by a protuberance on the opposite one. Skin^ when clear, of a bright yellow, but mostly covered with a gray netted russet, rendering the skin scabrous. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and tender. Juice saccharine, highly aromatic, and of a most excellent flavour. A dessert apple from November till February. This neat and very valuable little apple was introduced into notice about thirty years ago by the late Mr. Andrevf Siely of Norwich, who had it growing in his garden on the Castle Ditches, and being a favourite with him, he always called it the Pride of the Ditches. The tree is a weak grow- er, and somewhat tender. It is, therefore, advisable to graft it upon the Doucin stock, and train it either as a dwarf, or as an espalier in the garden. Its name of Siely's Mig- nonne was first published in my Nursery Catalogue of 1805. 189. Sweeney Nonpareil. Hort. Trans, Vol. iv. p. 526. Fruit somewhat in the form of the old Nonpareil, but more irregular in its outhne, and larger, about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter. Eye smaU, perfectly closed by the short segments of the calyx, seated in a narrow and shallow depression, surrounded by a few wrinkled plaits. Stalk an inch long, slender, inserted in a wide but shallow cavity ; and, like the old Nonpareil, it pro- trudes considerably beyond the base. Skin green, with white spots, which become oval round the stock, and patches of russet all over it, having sometimes the brilhant colour of a fine Nonpareil. Flesh firm and crisp, with abundance of juice, in which a powerful acid is combined with much sugar. A dessert apple from the middle of November till March. This very fine apple was raised by J. N. Parker, Esq. in 1807, at Sweeney, in Shropshire. The tree is an abun- dant bearer, and the fruit sometimes grows to a large size ; the largest it ever produced was in 1818, measuring eleven inches and a quarter in circumference, and weighing nine ounces and a quarter. Twenty of its fruit, exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820, weighed seven pounds thir- teen ounces avoirdupois. 190. Sykehouse Russet. Hooker, Pom, Lond. L 40. Pom. Mag. i. 81. 74c APPLES. Prager, of some Dutch Collections, according to the Pom* Mag. Fruit flat, middle-sized, of a roundish figure, and much flattened at both extremities, nearly three inches in diame- ter, and two inches and a quarter deep. Eye open, deeply sunk in an open even basin. Stalk variable in length, and not deeply inserted. Skin greenish yellow, more or less covered with a thin gray russet, which in some seasons al- most entirely disappears ; on the sunny side, of a deep rich brown, interspersed with small rusetty patches. Flesh greenish white, approaching to yellow when fully matured, firm, juicy, with a fine sub-acid flavour. A dessert apple from December till March. This most excellent apple derives its name from the vil- lage of Sykehouse, in Yorkshire. Its young wood is some- what long-jointed, very straight and erect, and grows to a greater length in one season than any other apple I have ever propagated. It is a hardy tree, and a good bearer, but best grafted on the Doucin stock, and trained in the garden as an espalier. 191. Wheeler^s Russet. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 16. Fruit middle-sized, irregularly shaped and somewhat flat, from two inches and a half to two inches and three quar- ters in diameter, and two to two inches and a quarter deep. Eye rather small, with a closed calyx, placed in a rather shallow, uneven, broad-plaited basin. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity, seldom protruding beyond the base. Skin pale yellowish gi'ay russet quite round the fruit, and on the sunny side of a lively brown, sprinkled with russetty specks. Flesh firm, greenish white. Juice not plentiful, but of a brisk, saccharine, aromatic flavour, char- ged with acid. A dessert and culinary apple from November till May. This is a very excellent winter apple ; and when highly ripened and beginning to shrivel, is one of the best russets of its season. The tree is very hardy, grows handsomely, and is an excellent bearer. 192. White Russet. Hort. Trans. Yol. iii. p. 464. Fruit rather large, angular on its sides, about three inches in diameter, and two inches and three quarters deep. Eye wrinkled. Stalk short. Skin yellowish russetty green, in- termixed with white, and having a little light red on the sun- ny side. Flesh firm, and highly flavoured when in perfec- tion, but apt to grow mealy when too ripe. JLPPLES. 75 An Irish dessert apple, and in use there in November and December. Sect. VIII. — Cider Apples. 193. Bennet Apple. Pom. Heref. t. 21. Fruit somewhat long, irregularly shaped, broad at its base, and narrowing to the crown ; but sometimes broader in the middle than at either of its extremities. A few obtuse angles terminate at the eije, which is small, with very short segments cf the nearly closed calyx. Stalk half an inch long, very slender. Skin, on the shady side, a dull, dingy- coloured, russetty gray, shaded on the sunny side with nu- merous streaks and patches of orange colour and muddy red. Specific gravity of its Juice 1073. This apple has been chiefly cultivated in the deep and strong soils of the south-west part of Herefordshire. It affords excellent cider, when mixed with other varieties. Many of the trees are of great bulk, which prove it to have been known in the seventeenth century. Its name has, no doubt, been derived from the person who first raised it from seed. 194. Best Bache. Pom. Heref. t. 16. Bache's Kernel. lb. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong shape, with two or three obtuse angles, terminating at the crown. Eye small ; seg- ments of the calyx short and flat. Stalk short, very stiff, so tliat the fruit is always in the direction of the bud from which it sprang. Skin yellow, shaded and streaked with light and deeper red, with now and then a few black specks : tliese, however, are more to be attiibuted to a crowded state of old trees, than a natural appearance of healthy fruit from young trees in a state of vigour, and in a kind season. This observation may be understood to hold good in every description of our orchard fruit. Specific gravity of its Juice 1073- The origin of its name cannot he ascertained ; but as it has sometimes been called Bache's JKerneL, it probably has originated from the name of the person who first raised it from seed. It is principally cultivated in the south-east part of Herefordshire- 195. CoccAGEE. Ho7-t. Soc. Cat. 167. €ockagee. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 22. 76 APPLES. Fruit middle-sized, conical, two inches and a half deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter, a little angu- lar on its sides, which terminate irregularly in the crown. Eye small, with a closed calyx, rather deeply sunk in an un- even, irregularly plaited basin. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow^ shallow cavity, not protruded beyond the base. Skin sniooth, pale lemon colour quite round the fruit, with a few greenish specks interspersed. Flesh rather soft, yel- lowish white. Juice sharp acid, with an unpleasant astrin- gency. This apple produces the well known, and by some highly esteemed, Coccagee Cider. Mr. Forsyth describes it as of a red colour next the sun ; but those which were given me by Mr. Kirke were perfectly free from red in every part. I had no means of ascertaining the specific gravity of its juice. 196. CowARNE Red. Pom. TJeref. t. 28. Fruit of a pretty good size, a little more long than broad, but narrow at the crown, in which appear a few obtuse and undefined plaits. Eye small, with very short converging segments of the calyx. Stalk hardly half an inch long, very stiff and straight, ^kin, a small part of it pale gold on the shady side and round the base, but of a bright red over a great part, and where fully exposed to the sun of an intense deep purplish crimson : there are numerous short streaks which mark the shady side of the fruit. Specific gravity of its Juice 1069. The trees of this sort grow to a large size, and are great bearers. Its name arises from the parish of Cowarne, near Bromyard, in Herefordshire, where it was first raised some- thing more than a century ago. This name does not occur in the old catalogues. — DowNTON Pippin. See No. 50. This apple sprang like the Grange Apple, and in the same year, from a seed of the Orange Pippin, and the pollen of the Golden Pippin. The orioinal tree, with that of the Grange Apple, is growing at Wormsley Grange, in Here- fordshire. The young trees very soon come into bearing, and the fruit is excellent. Specific gravity of its Juice 1080. 197. Forest Styre. Pom. Heref. t. 12. Red Styre. lb. Fruit middle-sized, globular, not much unlike the Orange Pippin, except its being deeper, and sunk at the eye, which APPLES. 77 is nearly closed by the short, blunt segments of the calyx. The crown is regularly marked quite into the eye by ten re- gularly marked obtuse plaits. Stalk short, causing the fruit to sit pretty close to the branches. Skin soft yellow, shaded and marbled with deepish orange. Specific gravity of its Juice 1076 to 1081. The Styre, or Stire, is a native of Gloucestershire, and is planted principally in the light soils, in the neighbourhood of the Forest of Dean, where it affords a stronger cider than the deeper soils of Herefordshire. Styre cider may be found in the neighbourhood of Chepstow of thirty and forty years old. In PhilHps's Poem on Cider he calh this the Stirom, a name which is now become obsolete. 198. FoxLEY Apple. Pom. Htref. t. 14. Fruit very small, growing in clusters of two or three to- gether, somewhat globular, but a little narrowed at the crown. Eife not sunk, the segments of the calyx strong, narrow, and diverging. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin bright gold, very full of minute dots, and shaded with slight dashes and streaks of deep orange. Specific gravity of its Juice 1080. Raised by Mr. Knight, at Wormsley Grange, from a seed of the Siberian Crab, which had been fertihzed by the pollen of the Golden Pippin. Mr. Knight is induced to believe that no situation can be found in which our native Crab will grow and produce fruit, where the Foxley Apple will not afford a fine cider. It derives its name, Foxley, from the seat of the late Uvedale Price, Esq., in whose garden, on a grafted tree, it acquired maturity. It obtained the premium of the Herefordshire Agricultural Society in 18G8. 199. Fox-Whelp. Pom. Heref. t. 3. Fruit irregular, somewhat oval-shaped, with two or three prominent angles which terminate in the eye : crown rather narrow and pointed, and the base uneven. Skin yellow and red mixed, with a good deal of deeper red streaked all over the fruit. Specific gravity of the Juice 1076 to 1080. The expressed juice of this is extremely rich and saccha- rine, and enters, in a greater or less pro, oition, into the com- position of many of the finest ciders now made in Hereford- shire, to which it communicates both strength and flavour. It has been known ever since the time of Ray, in 1688 ; and Mr. Knight believes it to be a native of Herefordshire. 200. Friar Apple. Pom. Heref. t. 30. 7* 78 APPLES. Fruit of a good size, somewhat conical, being broad at its base, and tapering to the crown, which is very narrow and pointed. Kye sunk, and surrounded by four or five obtuse, but prominent plaits. Stolk short and stiff, notwithstanding which the fruit is generally pendent. .S/i:mdull grass green on the shaded side ; but where exposed to the sun, of a very dark, muddy, livid red. Specific gravity of its Juice 1073. This apple is cultivated principally in the north-west parts of Herefordshire. The trees are generally vigorous and pro- ductive, and in kind seasons its cider is very good. It is difficult to say from what its name has originated, as nothing more can be traced of its history. 201. Garter Apple. Fom. Heref. t. 26. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, tapering from the base to its crown, perfectly round in its circumference, and free from angles. Eye a little sunk, and closed by the short segments of the calyx. 5WA' short. *SA;w pale yellow on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun of a bright lively red, shaded with darker streaks and patches quite into the crown. Specific gravity of its Juice 1066. The Garter Apple has been much cultivated during the decay of the older and more valuable varieties ; and in mix- ing with those, though it contains but a small portion of sac- charine matter, it contributes to afford excellent cider. The origin of its name is quite uncertain. — Goi,DEN Harvey. See No. 91. The cider produced from the Golden Harvey, or Brandy Apple, is of very great strength, with little richness ; it has thence been called the Brandy Apple : in a very warm situ- ation and season, it, however, sometimes affords a most ex- ceedingly rich cider. Specific gravity of its Juice 1085. There are different varieties of the apple cultivated in Herefordshire under the name of Harvey : the Golden Har- vey derives its name from the bright yellow colour of its pulp. — Golden Pippin. See No. 26. The Golden Pippin, although one of our very finest des- sert apples, is likewise one which has ever been the most esteemed for its cider. Specific gravity of its Ju.ice 1078. 202. Grange Apple. Pom. Heref. t. 7. APPLES. 79 Fruit of small size, globular, round at the crown. Eye very little sunk, the segments of the calyx strong, acute, re- flexed. Stalk short and thick. Skin yellowish green, a lit- tle russetted near tha base with a darker grayish green, and more inclined to yellow on the sunny side. Specific gravity of its Juice 1079. Raised at Wormsley Grange by Mr. Knight, from a seed of the Orange Pippin, which had been fertilized by the pollen of the Golden Pippin, in 1791. It is a very excellent cider fruit, and obtained the premium given by the Agricultural Society of Herefordshire, in 1802, for the best cider apple recently raised from seed. 203. Hagloe Crab. Pom. Here/, t 5. Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab, more long than broad, wide at the base, and narrower at the crown, which is a little sunk, and the eye flat. Skin pale yellow, a little marbled in different directions with a rus- setty gray, and having a few red specks or streaks on the sunny side. Eye flat, whh a spreading calyx. Stalk short. Specific gravity of its Juice 1081. The Hagloe Crab, when planted on a dry soil, with a cal- careous bottom, in a warm situation and season, produces a most excellent cider, both of strength and body. Mr. Mar- shall states it to have been raised by Mr. Bellamy, of Hag- loe, in the parish of Awre, in Gloucestershire, towards the end of the seventeenth century ; but Mr. Knight thinks it existed long previous to that time, as long ago the origi- nal tree could not be found at Hagloe. 204. Loan Pearmain. Pom, Heref. t. 6. Fruit rather small, somewhat globular ; the crown ia rather narrow ; the Eye and the segments of the calyx flat. Skin pale yellow, marbled all over with orange-coloured specks and streaks. Stalk about half an inch long, fleshy next the fruit. Specific gravity of its Juice 1072. As a cider apple, the Loan Pearmain possesses much merit, and contains a considerable proportion of saccharine matter, combined with a good deal of astringency. The tree is a weak grower, and is frequently encumbered with a multiplicity of slender shoots. It does not appear to have been known in the seventeenth century, nor can its origin now be satisfactorily ascertained. This pretty little fruit is not the Loan's Pearmain of the nurseries about London. 80 APPLES. 205. Old Quining. Pom. Here/, t. 19. Fruit oblong, having obtuse but prominent angles, ex- tending from the base to the crown, where they correspond to the number of the divisions of the calyx. Eye small, with erect segments. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin dull, dingy yellow, very much shaded with red, and of a very high dark colour on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Juice 1073. Ray, who wrote in the sixteenth century, mentions the Queening Apple, and it has also been called Queening by other writers ; but there seems to be no authority for this orthography. It appears more probably to have oiiginated from Coin, (often called Quoin,) from its angular sides. The fruit is very good for table when first gathered from the tree. As a cider apple it was formerly held in esteem ; but more modern kinds seem, at the present day, to have usurped its place. 206. Orange Pippin.' Pom. Heref. t. 8. Marygold. Hort. Soc. Cat. 593. Isle of Wight Orange. lb. 484. Isle of Wioht Pippin. Ibid. Fruit middle-sized, globular. Eye but little sunk, with broad, acute segments of the calyx. Stalk very short. Skin a yellowish golden gray, with a russetty epidermis, highly coloured with orange and red on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Juice 1074. This very beautiful apple is cultivated in Herefordshire, both as a dessert and cider apple. Its yellow pulp commu- nicates a fine golden tinge to the juice of other varieties, and it is of itself an excellent cider fruit. Its name has originated, no doubt, from the appearance of its fruit when highly ripened, resembling that of a crop of very ripe Seville Oranges. There are trees now to be found 100 years old ; but where it originated cannot be ascer- tained. It has been supposed by some that the Orange Pippin was brought from Normandy to the Isle of Wight, and that the first of the kind was planted in the garden of Wraxhall Cottage, near the under cliff, where it was growing in 1817. 207. Pawsan. Pom. Heref. t. 15. Fruit ?iho\Q the middle size, pretty round, without angles; but sometimes it is rather oval. Crown but little hollow. Eye small, with shott reflexed segments of the calyx. Skin dull muddy olive-green, a good deal reticulated with a fine APPLES. 81 network. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, causing the fruit to be pendent. Specific gravity of the Juice 1076. Many trees of the Pawsan are found in the south-east or Ryeland district of Herefordshire, which have apparently stood more than a century. Its pulp is exceedingly rich and yellow, and in some seasons it afiords cider of the very finest quality. Its name cannot be traced to any probable source. 208. Red Must. Pom. Heref. t. 4. Fruit nearly, if not quite, the largest cider apple cultivated in Herefordshire. It is rather broad and flattish, a little irregular at its base, which is hollow. »S7«/A: slender. Crown sunk. Eye deep, with a stout erect calyx. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side, with a deep rosy colour where exposed to the sun, and shaded with a darker red. Specific gravity of the Juice 1064. Ray has both a Red and a White Must apple among his cider fruit. The Red Must has been more extensively cul- tivated in Herefordshire than it is at present. Its cider has always been held in estimation ; and although frequently thin of itself, when its fruit has been pressed with others, the cider has been much superior to that which could have been obtained from those sorts if pressed alone. It appears to be a native of Herefordshire, the deep soils of which pro- duce trees of considerable magnitude. 209. Redstreak. Pom. Hcref. t. 1. Fruit nearly globular, but narrowed at the crown. Eye small, with a converging calyx. Stalk slender. Skin yel- lowish gold colour, but of a vermillion red where exposed to the sun, with deeper streaks, which are more or less marked all around the fruit. Specific gravity of the Juice 1079. Mr. Knight, the author of the very interesting Pomona Herefordtnsis, is of opinion that the Redstreak Vvas the first fine cider apple that was cultivated in Herefordshire, or probably in England ; and thinks it may be doubted, whe- ther excellent cider was ever made in any country previous to the existence of this apple. It is unquesfionably a native of Herefordshire, and is sup- posed to have been raised from seed by Lord Scudamore in the beginning of the seventeenth century. When it began to be first cultivated, it was called Scudamore^s Crab^ and he certainly first pointed out its excellence to the Hereford- 82 APPLES. shire planters. Lord Scudamore was ambassador to the court of France in the time of King Charles the First. 210. Siberian Bitter-Sweet. Hort. Trans, Vol. vi. p. 547. Fruit rather more than twice the size of the Siberian Crab, and not unlike it in shape, but with more colour on its sunny side. Mr. Knight, who raised it from a seed of the Siberian Crab, which had been fertilized by the pollen of the Golden Harvey, says it is wholly worthless, except for the press; for this purpose it is highly valuable, when crushed with the more austere sorts, as it contains a larger portion of saccha- rine matter than any other apple known. I have tasted it at Mr. Knight's, and could compare it to nothing so much as to a sweet apple sliced and dipped in moist sugar. It ob- tained the premium awarded by the Agricultural Society of Herefordshire in 1826, for the best new variety of cider apple. The tree is a most abundant bearer, and possesses the valuable property of resisting the attacks of the white mealy insect, in the same manner as the Winter Majitin of Nor- folk. The Siberian Bitter-Sweet appears to have produced its first fruit in 1818, as Mr. Knight says in a letter to me (September, 1830,) " The original tree has borne thirteen successive crops, in defiance of several very severe and de- structive frosts ; and all heavy ones : the quality of the fruit consequently is apt to suffer greatly, and this takes off" much from its value, as overloaded trees never afford rich fruit or fine cider." 211. Siberian Harvey. Pom. Heref. t. 23. Fruit small, and nearly globular. Eye small, with short connivent segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin of a bright gold colour, tinged with faint and deeper red on the sunny side. The fruit grows a good deal in clusters on slender wing branches. Specific gravity of the Juice 1091. This was raised by Mr. Knight from a seed of the Siberian Crab, which had been fertilized by the pollen of the Golden Harvey. It produced blossoms first in 1807, and that year obtained the premium of the Agricultural Society of Here- fordshire. Its juice is intensely sweet. The fruit becomes ripe the middle of October, but will remain on the tree long after it is ripe, and after its leaves are fallen. 212. Stead's Kernel. Pom. Heref. t. 25. APPLES. 83 Fruit a little turbinate, or top-shaped, something resem- bling a quince. Eye small, flat, with a short truncate, or covered calyx. Stalk short. Ski7i yellow, a Httle reticu- lated with a shght grayish russet, and a few small specks intermixed. Specific gravity of the Juice 1074. As a cider apple, this appears to possess great merit, com- bining a slight degree of astringency with much sweetness. It ripens in October, and is also a good culinary apple du- ring its season. It was raised from seed by the late Daniel Stead, at Bri- erly, near Leominster, in Herefordshire. — Winter Pearmain, see No. 161. Ray, 1688. Parmain d'Hiver. Knoop. Pom. p. 64. t. 11. Old Pearmain. Pom, Heref. t. 29. Fruit middle-sized, regular in shape, and about one- fourth part more long than broad. Crown a little narrowed. Eye small, and closed by the shut segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin grass green, with a little colour of a livid red on the sunny side, interspered with a few dark specks. Specific gravity of the Juice 1079. This was extensively cultivated in the seventeenth century, and is called by Evelyn and Worlidge the Winter Pearmain. Knoop also calls it Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre, from which it would appear, that on the Continent it was considered of English origin. It is a very good apple, and in a fine sea- son is equally calculated for the press or the dessert. 213. Woodcock Apple. Pom. Heref. t 10. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval shape, tapering a little to the crown, which is narrow. Eye flat, with broad segments of the calyx. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, thick, and fleshy, and cui-ved inwards towards the fruit. Skin yellow, nearly covered with a soft red, and much deeper co- lour on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Jmce 107-3. The Woodcock apple has been frequently mentioned by writers of the seventeenth century, as a cider apple of great excellence ; but its cultivation seems on the decline. Its name is generally supposed to have been derived from an imaginary resemblance of the form of the fruit and fruit- stalk, in some instances, to the head and beak of a wood- cock. 214. Yellow Elliot. Pom, Heref, t, 17. 84 i-PPLES. Fruit of a good size, rather more flat than long, having a few obtuse angles terminating in the crown. Eye small, with short diverging segments of the calyx. Stalk short. Skin pale yellow, shghtly shaded with orange on the sunny side. Specific gravity of the Juice 1076. The Yellow Elliot was well known by planters of the se- venteenth century. The cider in a new state is harsh and astringent ; but it grows soft and mellows with age. It is supposed to have derived its name from the person who raised it from seed, as we find it mentioned by Phillips in his poem on cider. ADDITIONAL APPLES OP AMERICAN ORIGIN BY THE EDITOR. 215. Bough Apple. Fruit large, of an oblong form, even and handsome. Stalk stout and short, inserted in a moderate even-shaped cavity. Skiii of a pale yellow. Flesh white and tender, juicy, sweet and well flavoured ; as a sweet apple it is not used for culinary purposes, but is very valuable as the ear- liest dessert apple we have. It is fully ripe about the mid- dle or latter end of July, and is the largest apple, at that season, that is known. It does not keep in perfection long. This apple is undoubtedly of American origin. 216. July Pippin. Early Harvest. Fruit below the medium size, round, flattened at the blossom end. Eye sunk in a large shallow basin, which is rather irregular. The stem is slender, long, and inserted in a deep, but even cavity. The skin of a straw colour, with but very little colour on the sunny side. Flesh white and tender. The juice is rich, lively, and very fine. Ripe about the middle of July, and will keep good about a fort- night. A fine apple for culinary purposes, and the best des- sert apple of the season. It makes a fine garden espa- lier tree, and ought to have a place in every collection. 217. Summer Pippin. Fruit in shape and size resembles the Fall Pippin; it diflfers in having a more red cast on the sunny side, and in coming to maturity about a fortnight earlier. It appears to be best known in New-Jersey, where it is generally called APPLES. 85 the Pie Apple. In my opinion it is a very fine apple, and decidedly of American origin. 218. Fall Pippin. Fniif ]sirge, somewhat pyramidal in form, a little higher on one side than the other. Eye ra- ther deeply sunk in an even hasin. Stalk short and thick, the fruit sitting close to the branch. Skin of a yellowish green, with a tinge of blush, or rather brownish cast, on the sunny side. Flesh tender, white and juicy, of a rich aro- matic flavour. Ripe in Nov ember. This is one of our finest fall apples ; and when in full perfection is not surpassed by any, either for the dessert when ripe, or for culinary purposes a month earlier ; it how- ever does not keep long. In my note on the White Spanish Reinette, No. 159, I observed, that some mistake must have occurred in supposing it to be a synonym of our Fall Pip- pin, as that apple is said to keep till March. There can be no doubt that the Fall Pippin is of American origin, but we have no direct testimony, that I know of, to prove that fact. The growth of the tree, size of the leat^, &c., has led me to the belief that it originated from the Holland Pippin, to which it bears a close resemblance. 219. Vandevere. Fruit of a medium size, the form flat. Eye sunk in a wide basin. Stalk rather thick, inserted in a small cavity. Skin of a pale red, with rough yellowish blotches interspersed with a light yellow when ripe. Flesh yellow and tender, the juice plentiful, rich and sprightly. A fine apple for culinary purposes or the dessert ; in use from September to November, and will keep well till Janua- ry or Februaiy. 220. SwAAR Apple. Fruit large, of a roundish regular shape, a little flattened at the ends. Skin of a greenish colour, with a little blush on the sunny side. Flesh of a yellowish cast, crisp and juicy, of a rich and fine aromatic flavour ; little inferior to the Spitzeniberg, and lor a keeping apple superior, as it will keep till March. This is a winter apple cultivated by the Dutch settlers, from whom it derived the name swaar (or heavy.) It is an excellent apple, of undoubted American origin, and should have a place in every good collection. 86 APPLES. 221. Rhode-Island Greening. Fruit large, of a handsome shape. Eye small, closed by the segments of the calyx. Stalk inserted in a deep cavity. Skin of a dark green at the top, and of a mottled pale green at the base, with cloudy patches, which distinguish it from the Newtown Pippin. Flesh greenish white, firm and crisp. Juice rich and lively, with a slight aromatic flavour. The fruit is often brought into the markets, and sold un- der the name of Newtown Pippin. The fruit is generally larger, and of a handsomer appearance than the Newtown Pippin, but does not possess that richness, although a fine apple. The Newtown Pippin may always be distinguished from this sort at first sight by the above description, and also by a light appearance slightly rayed with yellow near the stem. This apple originated in Rhode-Island, where it is called Greening. It is undoubtedly an American fruit, and of great excellence. See No. 94. 222. Monstrous Pippin. New-York Gloria Mundi. Yandyne Apple. " This apple originated on Long-Island, state of New- York. It is of an uncommon large size, weighing from 20 to 27 ounces. The skin is yellow, smooth, and full of white spots ; the stalk is short, and grows in a deep cavity ; the eye is also very deep ; the flesh is juicy, white, tender and sprightly ; and is very excellent for cooking, but has not sufficient flavour for a fine table fruit." Coxe^ Fig. 27. The figure and description of Coxe are certainly that of the Yandyne Apple, which I suppose to be synonymous. 223. Bell Flower. Fruit large, oblong, with rather an irregular outline. Skin of a pale yellow, with a tinge of blush on the sunny side, but more frequently without any. Eye closed and sunk in an uneven basin. Stalk slender and sunk in a deep plaited cavity, Flesh rich, tender and juicy ; the seeds are large, the capsules very large ; the seeds rattle in it when shaken. It ripens in October, and if carefully picked, will keep in good perfection all winter. It is a most excellent apple for culinary purposes or the dessert. It is not common in the New-York market, but very popular in Philadelphia, where it is highly esteemed as their principal winter apple. There is a good figure of this apple in Coxe's Yiew, No. 33 : he says, that " the original tree is said to be now standing on APPLES. 87 a farm in Burlington county, New- Jersey, very large and old." 224. Wine Apple. Hay's Winter. Fine Winter. " An uncommonly large, fair, handsome red apple. The form is round, flat at the ends. Skin a lively red, streaked and spotted with a small portion of yellow. The stalk end frequently of a russet colour ; both ends deeply indented. The stajk is very short ; the taste rich and pleasant, an ad- mired table fruit', and excellent for cooking as well as for cider : it ripens in October, and keeps well through the fall and winter." Coxe, No. 34. This apple most probably originated in New-Jersey, where it is much better known than about New-York. It is a very excellent keeping apple, and when perfectly ma- tured, in the spring of a rich aromatic flavour. It is highly esteemed in the Philadelphia market. 225. Stroat Apple. Fruit above the medium size, rather oblong, tapering a little towards the blossom end. Form regular and hand- some. Stem rather large, short, and inserted in a slight ca- vity. Skin smooth, of a yellowish green colour. Flesh yellow and tender. Juice rich and lively. In use from September to T)er,ember. The tree is said to have originated in one of the streets of Albany, and was thence called by the Dutch, Stroat (signi- fying street) Apple ; it is a very useful apple. 226. Sweet and Sour. The principal merit of this apple consists in its curiosity : one half of the apple is said to be sweet, the other side sour. The fruit otherwise has but little to recommend it. To these might be added a number of sorts of Apples of American origin, and many possessing considerable merit ; but these twelve, with the other kinds described in the work may, with the exception of the last, be considered of supe- rior excellence. 227. Lady Apple. Pomme d'Api. Fruit small, round, flattened at both ends. Eye closed, sunk in a deep, round and even basin. Stem sunk in a deep round cavity. Skin smooth and glossy, of a bright shining red more than half round the fruit, the shaded part of a fine 88 . APPLES. greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp and breaking. Juice plentiful, rich and fine flavoured. Ripe in November, and will keep well till April or May. As a winter and dessert apple it is held in very high repute, and commands a high price in the market. It is a most beautiful little apple, having the appearance of polished marble. Sup- posed to be of French origin, and does well in this coun- try either as a standard orchard tree, or as an elegant espa- lier grafted on Paradise stocks for the garden. xVmerican Cider Apples. Although most of our American apples make fine cider, yet the three following kinds are highly esteemed, and used exclusively lor the purpose. They are cultivated ex- tensively at and near Newark in New-Jersey, where cider is made equal, perhaps, to any in the world. 228. Harrison. " This is the most celebrated of the cider apples of New- ark, N. J. ; it is cultivated in high perfection, and to a great extent in that neighbourhood, })articularly on the Orange Mountains. The shape is rather long and pointed towards the crown ; the sfaik long, the ends are deeply hollowed ; the skin is yellow, v/ith many small, but distinct black spots, which give a roughness to the touch ; the flesh is rich, yel- low, firm and tough, the taste j)leasant and sprightly, but rather dry." " The apples fall about the first of November ; rather below the middle size ; remarkably free Irom rot." " Ten bushels are required for a barrel of cider ; one barrel will produce fourteen quarts of distilled spirits. It obtained its name from a family in Essex county, New-Jersey, where it originated." Coxt^s View, No. 83. 229. Camffield, or Newark Sweeting. This apple is next in reputation as a cider fruit to the Harrison, and is usually mixed with that apple in equal por- tions when ground ; the size is middling ; the shin is smooth and red with small indistinct yellow spots ; the side from the svm a greenish yellow ; the flesh is white, firm, sweet and rich ; the form is round, flattened and somewhat sunk at the ends ; " the cider is very strong and highly flavoured, yielding fourteen quarts of spirits from a barrel." " It is esteemed the most profitable apple produced in the eastern counties of this state, (New- Jersey,) where it was origi- nally cultivated, and derived its name from a family resident in that part of the country." Coxe's View, No. 84. APPLES. 89 230. Granniwinkle. " This apple is of moderate size ; in form rather oblong ; the skin a dark red, somewhat rough ; the flesh a dead sweet, very rich, of a yellow colour. The cider produced from this apple resembles a sirup in its taste and consist- ence." " It is usually mixed with the Harrison for making cider of a superior quality. It ripens in November. It originated in one of the eastern (bounties of New- Jersey, and obtained its name from a farmer who first cultivated it." Coxa's Vicii\ No. S5. 231. Hewe's Virginia Crab. " This apple is of small size ; form nearly round ; the stem long and thin ; the skin a dull red mixed with faint streaks of greenish yellow ; the juice acid and austere ; the jiesh singularly fibrous and astringent." Coxe's View, No. 84. It originated in Virginia. From this apple is obtained the celebrated Crab Cider, which by some amateurs is much sought after. A SELECTION OF APPLES FOR A SMALL GARDEN. Those marked thus * are added by the American Editor. SUMMER APPLES. Early Red Margaret 13 Spring Grove Codlin 9 ^Early Bough 215 *July Pippin 216 Margaret 5 Summer Golden Pippin 10 *Juneating 4 *Dutch Codlin 50 AUTUMNAL APPLES. Early Nonpareil 168 King of the Pippins 24 * Fall Pippin 217 ^Monstrous Pippin 222 Franklin's Golden Pippin 24 Old Golden Pippin 26 *Canadian Reinette 76 *^Esopus Spitzemberg 216 Hughes' Golden Pippin 29 Padley's Pippin 34 *Bell Flower 225 *Malcarle 99 Keswick Codlin 5Q Pine Apple Russet 180 WINTER APPLES. Acklam's Russet 163 Ashmead's Kernel 165 Barcelona Pearmain 118 Cornish Aromatic 78 8* APrLES. 79 Dutch Mignonne 82 87 139 Golden Harvey Hubbard's Pearmain 91 142 100 105 Martin Nonpareil Northern Greening 174 149 175 Ribston Pippin 155 156 103 221 *Lady Apple *Ortley Apple *Stroat Apple *Swaar Apple 227 157 225 220 219 90 Court of "VVick Fearn's Pippin Hanwell's Souring Margil Norfolk Beaufin Old Nonpareil Royal Pearmain *Ne\vto\vn Pippin *Rhode-Island Green- ing *Vandevere The variety of apples cultivated in this country is by far _ too numerous to attempt any thing like a complete descrip- tion : even to enumerate them would be a most difficult task, owing to the great uncertainty of their names among nurserymen, gardeners, and orchardists, and the multiplicity of names under which they are known in different places. In apples, a greater confusion exists in this respect than in any other description of fruit. This arises not so much from the great number of varieties which are grown, as from the number of growers, some of whom seek to profit by their crops alone, regarding but little their nomenclature. Nur- serymen, who are more anxious to grow a large stock for sale than to be careful as to its character, are led into error by taking it for granted that the name of a fruit they propa- gate is its correct name, and no other : hence arises the fre- quency of so many of our fruits being sold under ^vrong names. Gardeners, who purchase trees, become deceived by this procedure, £fnd do not discover the error, unless they have been imposed upon by the substitution of something worthless, wholly and obviously at variance with the charac- ter of the fruit that was sold them. This is a serious evil, to say nothing of the disappointment of the purchaser; for, unless the mistake be detected at first, the longer the tree grows before it is discovered, the more time \vill have been lost in its cultivation ; and, be it remembered, this time is irrecoverable. The foregoing descriptions of many of our most popular apples, it is presumed, will be found sufficiently clear to en- able the pomologist to detect these egregious and every-day blunders, and to ascertain whether he cultivates those fruits that have been sold him, or whether he has had others sub- stituted for them. APRICOTS. 91 CHAPTER HI. APRICOTS. 1. Blotched-leaved Roman. Blotched-leaved Turkey. Hort, Soc. Cat. No. 27. Variegated Turkey. lb. Abricot Macule, of the French. The Blotched-leaved Roman x\pricot differs in no respect from the Roman Apricot, No. 11, except in its blotched leaves ; more than one half of the plants budded annually in the nurseries, becoming plain the first year of their growth from the bud. When the leaves retain their blotched cha- racter, the wood which produces them is always, more or less, striped and mottled with yellow, green, and brown. DuHAMEL, Vol. i. p. 145, particularly mentions this va- riety of ^6rico< commi««, indicating clearly that those who have considered it as a Turkey Apricot have been decidedly wrong. 2. Breda, Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 2. Pom. Mag. t. 146. Abricot de Hollande, ) Duhamet^ Vol. i. p. 138. t. 4. or Amande Avehne ) according to the Pom. JVIag. Royal Persian. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 23. Fndt rather small, its general form roundish, but often approaching to be somewhat four-sided. The Suture is moderately deep, with a depression at its termination on the summit. The Skin, where exposed to the sun, is of a deep brownish orange. Flesh deep orange, parting freely from the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavoured. Stone rather small, roundish, compressed, but not so much as in some others. Kernel sweet, like a hazel-nut : hence the syno- nym o£ Amande Aveline, in France. Ripens from the beginning to the middle of August. There is very little doubt that this is the true Breda Apri- cot, as has been satisfactorily ascertained in the Horti- cultural Garden at Chiswick, and explained in the Pomolo- gical Magazine ; but it is not the one mentioned by Miller. The Breda, Turkey, and Orange are the only varieties cul- tivated in our gardens, which have sweet kernels. There is a very fine open standard of this Apricot in the Horticul- tural Garden at Chiswick, which last year (1830) produced a fine crop of most excellent fruit. 92 1PIIIC0TS4 3. Brussels. M^iller^ No. 7. Fruit of a middling size, of a somewhat oval figure, and a good deal compressed on its sides. Suture deep at the base, shallow at the apex. Skin pale yellow, full of white specks ; on the sunny side red, marked with dark-brown specks and spots. Flesh yellow, firm, of a high brisk flavour, readily separating from the stone. Kernel bitter, very different to that of the Breda, which is sweet. Ripe the middle of August. In a sheltered situation, exposed to the south, the Brus- sels Apricot bears and ripens well upon an open standard. In this case, the fruit is not so large, but of a very deep co- lour, a little russetty where exposed to the sun, and of a very high flavour. Thirty years ago there were four of these trees growing in a gentleman's garden at Colchester, the largest of which in some seasons produced two hundred do- zen of fine fruit. 4. Hemskirke, Pom. JSIao^. i. 11. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, slightly compressed, very like a small Moorpark, from which it is only distinguished externally by its size. Flesh very bright, deep, clear orange, more tender and juicy than the Moorpark, with a particu- larly rich delicate flavour, resembhng that of an excellent Green Gage Plum. Stone much smaller than that of the Moorpark, without a pervious passage. Kernel nearly sweet. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. We are indebted to the late Mr. Lee for the introduction of this Apricot. It is a most excellent early fruit, and highly deserving of attention. It bears freely on an east wall, where it ripens thoroughly by the end of July, acquiring a high luscious flavour, supe- rior even to that of the Moorpark. 5. Large Early Apricot. Pom. JWag;. t. 142. Abricot Gros Pre'coce, ) of the French., according to the Abricot de St. Jean, j Pom. JVlag. Abricot de St. Jean rouge, in Langiiedoc. lb. Abricot gros d'Alexandrie, in Provence. lb. Fruit middle-sized, about two inches and a quarter long and two inches in diameter, somewhat oblong, compressed, projecting considerably on the side of the suture, which is deep, and terminates in a projecting point situated towards the back, beyond the axis of the fruit ; back nearly straight. Skin downy, of a fine bright orange, and next the sun with APRICOTS. 93 spots of deeper red, pale orange on the other side. Flesh parting from the stone, orange-coloured, juicy, rich. Stoiie brown, much flattened, oval, sharp in the front, perforated along the back from the base to the apex. Kernel bitter. Ripe ten days or a fortnight earlier than the Roman. In France it ripens on Midsummer-day, whence its name of A. de St. Jean. 6. MooRPARK. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 9. Anson's, \ Temple's, \ of different Collections. Dunmore's Breda, ) Fi^uit large, of a roundish figure, about seven inches and a half in circumference each way, deeply hollowed at the base, and compressed on its sides, one of which is swelled considerably more than the other at the suture, which gives it an oblique appearance. Skin pale yellow on the shaded side, but of a deep orange colour, shaded and marbled with brownish red on the side next the sun, and full of dark specks. Flesh very firm, bright orange, separating clean from the stone. Juice plentiful and excellent. Stone ra- ther rugged, with a pervious passage, containing a bitter kernel. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The Moorpark Apricot, now so universally known through- out England, is said to have been brought into this country by Sir William Temple, and planted in his garden at Moor- park : if so, it must have been an inhabitant here for more than 130 years, as Sir William died in 1700, at the age of 72. The pervious passage in its stone has not been noticed by any of our writers till lately, nor is it readily discovered ; its aperture is in a small groove on the thin side near its base, a pin inserted into which, and pushed forward, will open its further orifice, and thus effect its passage through the stone. 7. Orange. Miller, No. 2. Early Orange. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 14. Royal George. Jb. 21. Royal Orange. lb. 15. Fruit larger than the Masculine, about five inches in cir- cumference each way, and of a roundish figure. Suture with a considerable swelling on one of its sides, and having a deep hollow base. Skin pale orange, on the side next the wall, and when fully ripe, of a deep orange tinged with red, and spotted with dark purple next the sun. Flesh deep 94 APRICOTS. orange, succulent, and well flavoured. Stone small, orbicu- lar, thick in the middle, and nearly smooth, not separating clean from the flesh. Kernel sweet, like that of the Breda and Turkey. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. 8. Peach Apricot. Forsyth. Ed. 3. No. 9. Abricot Peche. Pom. Franc, t. 7. f. 10. Abricot Peche. Duhamel. Vol. i. p. 145. Abricot de Nancy. Ih. No. 10. t. 6. Imperial Anson's. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 5. Fruit very large, frequently from eight to nine inches in circumference, deeply hollowed at its base, and compressed on its sides. Suture well defined, with a thickening on one of its sides. Skin pale yellow in the shade ; but of a deep orange, shaded, and mottled with dark brown, on the sunny side. Flesh firm, deep orange, and full of a very high-fla- voured juice. Stone with a pervious passage, and a bitter kernel. Ripe, end of August and beginning of September. The Peach Apricot is supposed by some to be the same as the Moorpark ; and, indeed, it has all its leading charac- ters ; but an extensive cultivation of it for more than twenty years has convinced me to the contrary. Its wood is simi- lar, but more gross, less firm, and the tree more tender. Mr. Forsyth says it was introduced from Paris, by his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, in 1767. It is the largest and the best of all the apricots. A tree of this sort was plant- ed in the gardens at Holkham forty years ago, where I have seen fruit of an extraordinary size under the management of Mr. Sandys, who has frequently had them of six ounces and a half in weight, and in any season three of them would weigh a pound avoirdupois. 9. Purple. Pom. Franc, 1. p. 36. t. 5. f. 8. Alexandrian Apricot. Jb. Abricot Angoumois. Dnhamel, No. 4. t. 3. Abricot Violet, of the Luxembourg Cat. Black Apricot. Forsyth, Ed. 3.' No. 10. Fruit nearly spherical, about five inches in circumference. Suture deep, extending from the base to its apex. Skin co- vered with a very fine velvety down, of a pale red on the shaded side, of a deep red or purple on the side next the sun. Flesh pale red, except near the stone, where it is of a deep orange colour, from which it separates. Juice sub-acid, APRICOTS. 95 with a somewhat astringent, but pleasant flavour. Kernel sweet. Ripe the middle and end of August. This singular little Apricot is highly esteemed in France, from whence it was introduced by Sir Joseph Banks, and bore fruit for the first time in this country, in his garden at Spring Grove, in 1799. At a short distance it has more the appearance of an Orleans Plum than an Apricot. 10. Red Masculine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 9. Masculine. Langley, p. 88. t. 15. fig. 1. Miller, No. 1. Abricot Precoce. Duhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Abricot Hatif Musque'. lb. Fruit small, of a roundish figure, about four inches and a half in circumference each way. Suture rather deep, and considerably swelled on one of its sides. Skin pale orange next the wall ; when fully exposed, of a red colour next the sun, marked with dark red or purplish spots. Flesh pale or orange, full of a sweet musky juice. Stone obtuse, thick, smooth, and separates clean from the flesh. Kernel bitter. Ripe the middle and end of July. This is the earliest Apricot cultivated in England. The tree is tender, and requires to be planted on a south, or south- east aspect, in a warm and sheltered situation, without which the crops are seldom abundant. 11. Roman. Langley, Pom. p. 89. t. 15. f 9. Pom. Mag. t. 13. Abricot Commun. Duhamel, 1. p. 135. t. 2. Fruit middle-sized, in form slightly compressed, inclining to oval. Skin dull straw colour, with a little dotting of orange or red on the sunny side, but in such small quantity, that the skin has. always a pallid appearance. Suture shal- low. Flesh dull pale straw colour, soft, dry, rather meally, with a little sweetness and acidity. Stoiie flat, oblong, ra- ther obtuse at each end, with a very even surface, separa- ting from the flesh. Kernel very bitter. Ripe the middle of August. The Roman Apricot is the most common in our gardens ; its principal recommendations are its hardiness and plenti- ful bearing. It is best before fully ripe. 12. Royal. Pom. Mag. t. 2. Abricot Royale. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 288. Fruit next in size to the Moorpark, rather oval, slightly compressed. Skin dull yellow, shghtly coloured with red OQ a small space. Suture shallow. Flesh pale orange, very 96 APRICOTS. firm, sweet, juicy, and high-flavoured, with a sHght degree of acidity. Stone large, oval, not adhering to the flesh, blunt at each end, with scarcely any passage in the edge. Kernel slightly bitter ; much less so than in the Moor- park. Ripe the beginning of August, a week or ten days before the Moorpark. Raised a few years ago in the royal garden of the Luxembourg, and first noticed in the Bon Jardinier of 1826, where it is considered as a better fruit than that of the Moorpark. 13. Turkey. Miller, No. 5. Pom, Mag. t. 25. Large Turkey. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 26. Fruit about the middle size, in form nearly spherical, not compressed like the Moorpark. Skin very handsome deep yellow, with a number of rich, brownish, orange-red spots and blotches next the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, with a little acid, very rich and excellent. Stone se- parating freely, in figure like that of the Moorpark, but with- out the pervious passage. Kernel quite sweet, like that of an almond. Ripe about the middle or latter end of August. The Turkey and Roman Apricots are continually con- founded with each other, and yet their characters are obvi- ously and clearly distinct. The Turkey is spherical, more deeply coloured, with a sweet kernel ; the Roman is some- what oval, slightly compressed, dull straw-coloured, and has a very 6i7/er kernel, it also ripens a few days sooner. The Abricot de Nancy of Duhamel {friictu maximo com- pressor as he defines it) has been quoted in the Pom. Mag. as a synonym of the Turkey ; but the well-known globular, uncompressed character of the latter, leads me to consider it as an accidental mistake. 14. White Masculine. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 5. Abricot Blanc. Duhamel, No. 2. Fruit similar to that of the Red Masculine in size and figure. Skin nearly white ; a pale straw colour on the side next the wall, but of a pale yellow, shaded and mottled with a reddish brown, on the side next the sun. Flesh white very delicate, and adheres slightly to the stone. Juice sweet, with an agreeable peach-like flavour. Kernel bitter. Ripe the end of July. This succeeds the Red Masculine in its time of ripening, and in France it is considered the better fruit of the two ; but CHERRIES. 97 like that, it is tender, and requires to be planted against a south, or south-east wall, and to have a warm sheltered situation, to insure productive crops. A Selectioji of Apricots for a small Garden. Breda 2 Brussels 3 Hemskirke .... 4 Large Early .... 5 Moorpark 6 Peach Apricot Red Masculine Roman . . Royal Turkey . . 8 10 11 12 13 CHAPTER IV. CHERRIES. Sect. I. — Fruit Round. 1. Ambree. Forsyth, Ed. 7. p. 79. Cerise Ambre. Duhamel, No. 14. t. 11. Fy-uit large, round at the head, but flattened next the stalk, which is about two inches long. Skin rather thick, of a fine amber colour, mottled with fine red and yellow, and of a brio-ht red where exposed to the sun. Flesh pale yel- low, somewhat transparent, with white veins, and slightly tinged with red under the skin next the sun. Juice plenti- ful, sugary, and when fully ripe very excellent. Stone with a very sharp point. Ripe the end of July, and beginning of August.* This is rather too tender for an open standard, unless in a warm sheltered situation ; but does remarkably well when trained against an east wall. 2. Archduke. Forsijth, Ed. 7. No. 4. Griotte de Portugal. Buhamel, No. 18. t. 13. Portugal Duke. Pom. Franc. 2. p. 40. t. 27. f. 21. * The time of ripening in this country for the cherries, is a fortnight or thro« w«ek£ earlier than the time stated by the author. jlm. Ed, 98 CHERRIES. Fruit clustered like the May Duke, and much of the satits colour ; but larger, with a shorter stalk, and inserted in a deeper hollow, ripening at least a fortnight later. The Arch Duke is a much more vigorous grower than the May Duke, with longer diverging branches, and larger leaves. It is equally hardy as an open standard, and may be planted to advantage among Morellos on a north wall. 3. Belle de Choisy. Jard, Fruit. Vol. ii. p. 21. t. 7. Pom. Mag. t. 42. Cerise de la Palembre, ) of the French Gardens, accord- Cerise Doucette, ) ing to the Pom. Mag. Fruit growing by pairs, middle-sized, roundish, depress- ed at the apex. Stalk, from the fork an inch, neck half an inch long. Skin transparent, red, mottled with amber, es- pecially on the shaded side. Flesh amber-coloured, tender and s^^eet. Stone middle-sized, round. Ripe in July, rather before the May Duke. This cherry is of French origin, and is said to have been raised at Choisy, near Paris, about the year 1760. The general habit of the tree is that of the May Duke ; but the branches are rather more spreading than the common one, and the leaves more evenly serrated. It bears well on an open standard, and is very deserving of cultivation. 4. Carnation. Langley, t. 16. f. 3. Fruit large, round, almost the colour of the Kentish, but more m:irbled with red. Flesh firm, with a very good-fla- voured juice. Ripe in August. The branches, as well as the trees, have a good deal of the character of the Kentish ; but they are stronger, the leaves larger, deeply and doubly serrated. The Carnation Cherry is a shy bearer generally, on an open standard ; but when trained as an espalier, in a warm garden, where it has plenty of sun, it bears extremely well, and the fruit is much finer. 5. Early May. Miller, No. 2. Small Early May. Langhij, t. 17. f. 2. Cerisier Noir, a fruit rondprecoce. Duhamel, 1. p. 168. t.3. Fruit small, round, a little flattened at both extremities. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender, deeply inserted- SHn of a pale red colour. Flesh soft, juicy, but not high flavoured. CHERRIES. 99 Ripe in June before any of the Dukes. The wood of this sort is very slender and wiry, with small shining leaves. Its only merit is that of ripening before any other. It requires a south or south-east wall, being too tender for an open standard. 6. Holman's Duke. Lanohij^ t. 17. f. 1. Fruit round, flattened at both ends, of a very deep red ; and when highly ripened in the sun, it is almost black. Flesh very melting, juicy, and of a most excellent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of August. The Holman's Duke is a very distinct variety of the Duke, and cannot well be confounded with any other. Its shoots are short, erect, straight, short-jointed, and more slender than any of the other varieties ; and when the May Duke is fully ripe, the fruit of this is quite green, and ripen- ing at least a month later in all situations. It is one of our most hardy sorts, and when planted against a north, wall is highly valuable ; not only as affording a most certain crop, but as prolonging the season of the Duke to a late pe- riod, and as a connecting link between all the rest and the Morello. 7. Jeffrey's Royal. G. LindL Plan of an Orchard, 1796. Royale. DuhameJ, 20, t. 15. Cherry Duke. lb. Fruit round, nearly as large as a May Duke, a little hol- lowed at the base, in clusters, some of which have four cher- ries on a common peduncle. Stalk an inch from the fork, and a quarter of an inch above it. Skin of a fine deep red, which becomes almost black when fully ripe. Flesh pale red, firm, succulent. Juice plentiful, rich, and high fla- voured. Ripe the middle and end of July. This cherry was introduced into notice about fifty years ago by a Mr. Jeffrey, a nurseryman at Brompton Park. The tree is the most compact grower of all the sorts in our col- lections, its branches sesldom shooting more than six or nine inches in a year : the buds are so close together, and the spurs so numerous and crowded, that the fruit forms most dense bunches. It can scarcely be propagated otherwise than by budding. 8. Kentish. Miller, No. 1. Flemish. Langley, t. 18. f. 1. Fruit middle-sized, round, flattened at both ends. Stalk 100 CHERRIES. one inch and a half long, slender, and sunk in a rather deep hollow. Skin of a dingy red, slightly marbled with dull brown, and having occasionally a few both opaque and trans- parent spots. Flesh rather firm, but succulent, with a some- what astringent but saccharine juice. Ripe about the middle of August. This is one of the most common and most hardy cherries cultivated in this country, the May Duke excepted. The trees grow like those of the Morello, with slender branches and shining leaves. The stone is so strongly at- tached to the stalk, as to be withdrawn by it from the pulp with facility, leaving the fruit apparently whole : a property, I believe, not possessed by any other cherry. In this state it is laid on hair sieves and exposed to the sun, where it dries and becomes a delicious sweetmeat, similar in appear- ance to that of a large sultana raisin, and will keep thus for twelve months. 9. Late Duke. Pom. J\Iag. t. 45. Cerise Angloise tardive. HorL Soc, Cat. No. 22. ac- cording to the Pom. JMag. Fruit large, above the size of a May Duke, bluntly heart- shaped, somewhat compressed, with a shallow depression on one side. Skin a rich shining red. Flesh tender, am- ber-coloured, juicy, and rich, of the same quality as a May Duke. Stone rather large, roundish, ovate, compressed. Ripe on a standard in August. This cherry has a great affinity to the Arch Duke, if not absolutely the same. It appears, however, to be scarce in our gardens, and to be better known among the French than with us, although its name indicates its being of English origin. The branches are of vigorous growth, but more spreading than those of the May Duke, and the leaves are larger. 10. May Duke. Langleijy t. 17. fig. 3. Miller, No. 3. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 28. Fruit roundish, flattened at both ends, of a deep red co- lour, and growing in clusters : when fully ripe, the flesh is soft, juicy, and tender, with a very pleasant acid, and a rich agreeable flavour. Ripe the middle of July. The common May Duke, as an open standard, is more extensively planted in every county in England than any other cherry, a sufficient indication of its utility and value to the orchardist. Although it has been cultivated a consider CHERRIES. 101 able time in this country, I do not find it mentioned previ- oasly to Ray, in 1688. 11. Montmorency. Hort. Soc. Cat, No. 148. Montmorency, a gros fruit. Duhamel, 10. t. 8. Gros Gobet. Jb. Gobet a courte queue, lb. Cerise a courte queue, of the French, Cerise a courte queue de Provence. 76. Fruit large, round, very much flattened at both the base and the apex, generally growing in pairs. Stalk stout and stiff, an inch long, deeply inserted in a wide cavity. Skin smooth, shining, of a beautiful soft but lively red colour. Flesh firm, yellowish white. Juice plentiful, with a rich and very agreeable rich acid. Ripe the midclie and end of July. The Montmorency cherry is but little cultivated at pre- sent in this country, although very common throughout Normandy, and other parts of France. 12. MoRELLO. Laiigley^t. 16. f. 2. Milan. lb. Cerise du Nord. JVois. Arb. fruit, p. 19. Fruit large, round, of a dark red colour, turning almost i)lack when fully ripe. Flesh deep red or purple, tender, juicy, and blended with an agreeable acid. Ripe in August and September. The Morello cherry, one of the most useful in our col- lections, is mentioned by Parkinson in 1629, who says it is so called from its juice being like that of the JVIorus or Mul- berry.* I would strongly recommend the Morello cherry to be planted against an east, south-east, or south wall, trained thinly, the branchss at least six inches apart, not suffering them to be overloaded with fruit ; which should be kept on the trees till it is perfectly ripe, or beginning to shrivel. It will then be found most excellent in the dessert. This is not the Cerisitr tres-fertile of Duhamel, nor do I find it in his collection. M. Noisette says he brought it to Paris from Brabant in 1807. Waterloo. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 302. t. 21. Fruit large, somewhat round, hollow at the base, mostlj * The Cherry commonly cultivated here as the Morello, appears to be different from this sort, and is probably a seedling variety of the Flemish Cherry. Tha English Morello is a larger and much finer sort, and is not common in our gar- A&aa as it ought to be. Am. Ed. 9* 102 CHERRIES. round at the apex, but some are a good deal flattened. Stalk long and slender. Skin of a dark lurid appearance ; but when quite ripe it changes to a dusky red, approaching to black. Flesh firm, with a high flavoured juice. It ripens some days, later than the Black Eagle, the be- ginning or middle of August. This originated from a seed of the Bigarreau, impregna- ted with the pollen of a May Duke, and its fruit was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1815. It was named by Mr. Knight, from the circumstance of its first perfecting its fruit after the memorable battle of Wa- terloo. Mrs. Thomas Pendarves Stackhouse, a daughter of Mr. Knight's, was presented with the Society's silver medal, January 21, 1817, for having raised it. Sect. II. — Fruit Heart-shaped. 14. Bigarreau. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 46. Graffion. /'ors/y//?, Ed. 7. Nos. 18 and 19. Turkey Bigarreau. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 17. Fruit large, of an irregular, obtuse, heart-shaped figure, flattened at its base. Stalk two inches long, inserted in a very shallow cavity. Skin pale yellow, becouiing amber- coloured when matured, and of a fine red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, pale yellow, slightly adhering to the stone, which is large and round. Juice sweet and well flavoured.* Ripe usually the end of July or beginning of August. Young shoots very strong, with a white epidermis. The bigarreau, or Graffion cherry is sold in many nurse- ries under both appellations, as distinct sorts ; but I could never discover any diiference, after cultivating them for years. The Bigarreau cherry is the strongest upright grower hi its young shoots of all the cherries now cultivated ; and it has also the largest leaves, excepting the tobacco- leaved. 15. Black Eagle. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 138. t. 9. Fruit large, growing generally by pairs or threes, many of which are flattened both at the apex and the base. Stalk long, slender. Skin deep purple, or nearly black. Flesh tender and bleeding. Juice very rich and high-flavoured. Shoots very strong, with large leaves. Ripe the end of July or beginning of August. * By some called Yellow Spanish Cherry ; also, White Ox Heart. Jim. E _ - 19 18 22 10 15 13 70. Bunker's Hill, Capper's 76 20 2 134 17 20 71. Chain, Forbes's 11 14 IS 8 16 14 72. Cheshire Cheese, Hopley's 3 15 22 1 13 9 73. Conquering Hero 29 16 17 17 17 6 74. Cottage Girl, Heaps's 72 19 14 61 17 21 75. Delight, Needham's 19 19 20 17 19 9 76. Duckwing 51 19 20 78 19 7 77. Fleece 2 14 6 78. Gipsey Girl, Manning's . 1 1 14 2 79. Globe, Hopley's 57 21 93 20 80. Gold Wedge 2 14 14 81. Gunner, Hardcastle's 192 24 5 181 20 19 82. Hawk 5 21 8 83. Invincible, Haywood's 12 18 17 6 16 14 84. Leader, Piggott's 15 19 6 67 22 17 85. Lord Combermere 3 15 86. Lord Suffield 5 17 10 87. Medal 1 15 12 88. Miss Meagor . _ . 1 12 9 89. Nelson's Waves, Andrews's - 72 22 8 47 17 2 90. Old Gold, Astley's 1 15 18 1 13 14 91. Queen, Kay's 14 17 18 7 15 11 92. Radical, Smith's - 1 15 11 5 IS 15 93. Ranger - - - . 1 14 3 94. Regulator, Prophet's - 27 18 1 9 16 14 95. Reveller - - - _ 21 18 6 6 16 5 96. Rockwood, Prophet's - 147 21 3 156 19 8 97. Rule-all - - - _ ___ 98. Scorpion - - - _ 2 14 ] 99. Shuttle, Dudson's _ 8 16 6 100. Smuggler, Beardswell's 9 16 14 2 16 8 101. Sovereign, Bratherton's 112 22 17 90 19 20 118 GOOSEBERRIES. YELLOWS — continued. 102. Swing-em, Blakeley's 103. Teazer, Prophet's 104. Tim Bobbin, Clegg's 105. Trafalgar, HaUow's - 106. Ville de Paris, GradwelPs 107. Viper, Gordon's 108. Willow, Bratherton's GREENS. 109. Aaron, Lovart's 110. Anchor, Betts's - 111. Angler, Collier's 112. Bang-down, Billington's 113. Bang-Europe, Leicester's 114. Bellingham 115. Bapt. Greenall - 116. Chisel, Blakeley's 117. Conquering Hero 118. Derby Ram 119. Dragon - - - 120. Elijah, Lovart's 121. Farmer, Chapman's 122. Favourite, Bates's 123. Forester, Sharp's 124. Gleaner, Billington's - 125. Glory of Ratcliffe, Allan's 126. Green Rover 127. Greenwood, Berry's 128. Heart of Oak, Massey's 129. Independent, Biggs's 130. Joke 131. Jolly Tar, Edwards's 132. Laurel, Parkinson's 133. Lively Green, Bardman's 134. Lord Byron 135. Lord Crewe, Clutton's 136. Lord Nelson 137. Merryman, Neets's 138. Mountain, Sandiford's 1828. 14 2D 16 20 8 18 23 3 57 2 12 3 185 1 13 7 1 1 74 3 132 1 1 2 120 85 19 9 18 19 7 33 1 1 42 15 12 18 5 16 1 17 6 18 1 20 1 15 10 18 12 12 6 15 18 13 23 15 8 18 21 15 20 18 20 13 5 17 23 15 19 17 4 16 4 18 5 15 18 16 13 15 22 17 6 23 15 10^ 14 12 19 19 1829. 4 33 1 2 1 30 3 16 15 19 19 20 13 9 15 17 17 8 5 180 19 63 1 4 1 28 6 103 10 84 2 36 37 4 10 16 9 63 22 17 7 17 12 16 11 16 9 13 12 — — . 15 1 13 1 12 6 17 3 14 20 16 20 7 3 15 21 13 1 14 22 15 12 13 14 4 14 2 16 8 16 5 16 11 GOOSEBERRIES. 119 GREENS — continued. 139. Moses, Lovart's 140. Navarino, Ward's 141. No Bribery, Taylor's - 142. Ocean, Wainman's 143. Fewer Picker, Bell's - 144.i:;jProfit, Prophet's 145. Providence, Hassall's - 146. Rover, Manning's 147. Southwell Hero 148. Speedwell, Taylor's - 149. Tantararara, Thompson's 150. Trump 151. Troubler, Moore's 152. Willow, Johnson's 153. Wistaston Hero, Bratherton's WHITES. 154. Ambush - - - . 155. Bonny Lass, Capper's 156. Cheshire Lass, Saunders's - 157. Counsellor Brougham - 158. Dusty Miller, Stringer's 159. Elizabeth, Eggleton's 160. Empress - - - - 161. England's Glory, Hassall's - 162. First Rate, Parkinson's 163- Governess, Bratherton's 164. Great Britain 165. Huntingdon Lass 166. JuHa, Johnson's 167. LadyDelamere, Wyld's 168. Lady Lilford 169. Lady of the Manor 170. Lancashire Lass, Wood's - 171. Lily of the Valley, Taylor's 172. Lioness - - . - 173. LordValentia - 174. Lovely Lass - - - 175. Maid of the Mill, Stringer's 176. Marchioness of Do wnshire 1828. 5 * 17 147 50 4 4 2 16 11 14 15 30 47 1 1 123 5 33 1 3 17 2 1 2 19 10 16 6 20 7 15 19 2 2|16 3119 6 24 20 10 9|l7 15 64117 12 17119 20 6 17 2 7 95 14 2 3 1829. 15 3 21 10' 20 15 15 12 12 15 16 15 12 17 12 24 12 15 11 22 6 15 18 20 9 16 1 16 6 18 17 18 3 17 2 14 9 7 15 8 2 14 6 24 17 6 131 17 15 9 13 20 4 15 6 11 18 4 2 15 4 2 14 12 23 18 13 96 17 13 5 15 8 15 4 3 14 23 82 16 6 2 15 6 2 13 14 1 11 21 1 15 5 3 14 23 7 16 13 50 21 77 19 20 2 11 14 130 18 8 1 13 16 65 17 19 2 13 22 13 17 15 17 17 3 4 18 5 1 14 12 ■ 120 GOOSEBERRIES. WHITES — continued. 1828. 1829. 177. Merry Lass - - - 1 11 1 1 10 1 178. Nailer, Blomiley's 75 18 12 59 17 3 179. Nonpareil 17 18 6 60 18 11 180. Ostrich, Billington's - — 20 21 11 181. Platina, Lovart's 17 18 11 14 15 13 182. Princess Royal - 1 14 6 8 43 9 183. Queen Anne, Simpson's 26 18 20 13 16 6 184. Queen Caroline - 76 18 1 66 16 15 185. Queen Charlotte, Peers's 1 11 8 — 186. Queen Mary, Morris's 2 15 11 1 13 16 187. Reformer 7 16 3 4 14 16 188. Sheba Queen, Crompton's - 1 15 18 — 189. Smiling Beauty, Beaumont's 32 18 6 16 14 17 190. Smiling Girl 2 15 15 3 14 1 191. Thrasher, Yates's 46 20 12 37 16 16 192. Toper, Leigh's - 14 15 16 9 15 10 193. Waiting Maid 1 14 22 1 13 14 194. Wanton ... - 1 14 10 6 14 22 195. Wellington's Glory - 102 20 4 71 16 8 196. White Eagle 236 23 12 240 20 197. White Lyon, Chelworth's 62 18 22 40 17 2 198. White Rock, Brundrit's — — 199. Whitesmith, Woodward's - 16 14 21 1 11 4 200. Wistaston Lass, Bratherton's — — GOOSEBERRIES. 121 Additional Gooseberries cultivated in England* An asterisk * denotes the new ones, with the years in which they were first brought out and exhibited at the above meetings for prizes. A dagger t denotes those whicli were exhibited also, of more or less merit. Reds. 238. 239. 201. Abraham Newland, Jack- 240. son's. 241. 202. Achilles, Gerrard's. 242. 203. Ackerley's Seedling. 243. 204. Admiral, Mather's. 244, 205. *Admiral, Cilazebrook's, 1827. 245. 206. Admiral Keppel, Jared's. 246. 207. ^Albion, Bootes's, 1828. 247. 208. Alexander, Mather's. 248. 209. Alexander the Great. 249. 210. *Alfred, Stringer's, 1825. 250. 211. Aston's Red. 251. 212. Atlas, Brundrit's. 252. 213. Attractor, Hippard's. 253. 214. Bank of England, Walker's. 254. 215. Beaufremonl. 216. Beauty, Haffald's. 255. 217 Beggar Lad. 256. 218. tBellerophon, Colcough's. 219. tBelper Hero. 257. 220. Billy Dean, Shaw's. 258. 221. Black Bull. 259. 222. Black Damson. 260. 223. Black Dragon. 261. 224. Black Eagle. 262, 225. Black King. 263. 226. Black Lady, Mather's. 264. 227. Black Prince, Shipley's. 265. 228. Black Prince, Stapleton's. 266. 229. Black Prince, Thorpe's. 267. 230. Black Ram. 268. 231. Black Virgin. 269. 232. Black Walnut. 270. 233. *Bloodhound, 1825. 271. 234. Briglit Venus, Cheetham's. 272. 235. British Piince, Boardman's. 273. 236. Bullock's Heart, Pendle- 274. ton's. 275. 237. »Bury Muff,Haslam's, 1827. 276. 11 *Busy-body, Holme's, 1826. Calderbank's Red. Carpenter. Champagne. tChampion of Liberty. Charles Fox, Monk's. Cheshii-e Sherifi", Adams's. Cheshire Stag-, Shelmar- dine's. tCoachman. Cockspur. Colonel Tarlton, Knights. Conqueror, Andrew's. Conqueror Fishei's. Conqueror, Gregory's. Conqueior, W^orthington'g. Cornwallis, Worthington's. *Cottage Hero,Whitmore's, 1827. Crimson Walnut. *Crown Prince, Cart- wright's, 1825. Defiance, Cooke's. Double-bearing, Ackerley's. Dudley and Ward. Duke of York, Alcock's. tDukeofYork, Read's. Duke William, Livesey's. Duke William, Savage's. Dumpling, Halmon's. Earl of Derby, Stanley's. Early Red. *Eclipse, Johnson's, 1828. tEconomist, Wood's. Emperor, Broad's. Emperor, Gordon's. Emperor, Wood's. Emperor of Morocco. Favourite, Rawlinson's. tForester. Free-bearer, Rider's. Freemason's Glory. 122 GOOSEBERRIES. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294, 295. 296. 297 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. tFriend Ned. fGalloper, Banks's. *Gaine>ter, Johnson's, 1827. Globe, Ashton's. Glory of Eccles, VVorthing- ton's. Glory of England, Diens's. Glory of Scarsdale, Wal- ler's. Governor Penn, Rider'^s. tGrand Turk. Great Britain, Gregory's. Great Captain, Hope's. Great Chance, BeWs, same as No. 48. *Guido, Boihwell's, 1829. *Hairy Bush, Banks's, 1827. tHatherton Red. Heart of Oak, Heetor. Hercules, Mason's. Hero, Jackson's. Hero, VVorthington's. IHeroof Hull. High Sheriff, Giur>dy's. tHobby Horse. *Hopeful, Telford's, 1825. *^Industry, Saxton's, 1827. Ironmonger. Johnny Lad. Jolly Painter, Eckersley's. 3i>\\y Red Nose, Read's. jJivliy Shaver. Jolly Smoker. *Jupiter, Bnersill's, 1829. Keen's Seedling. *Keeper, Cooke's, 1828. King, Alcock's. King, Hogbean's. King, Odger's. King, Rrtwson's. King Sheriff. Lancashire Farmer, + Lancashire Hero. Late Damson. Lay fort h's Seedling. Little John, "LiMle Jolin, Bell's, 1825. *Lord Delaniere, San«lers's, 1825. Lord Hood, Fairlovv's. *Lord Lasce les, Hains- worth's, 1826. tLord Milton. Lord Moira. 326. fLor.l Wellington^ 327 Malkin Wood. 328. JVlarfjuis of Stafford^ Knight's. 329. Master Tup, Thorpe's, 330. Matchless, Pendlelon'8, 331. tMayor of Over. 332. tMexbro Hero. 333. Mogul, Pendleton's. 334. Mogul, Singleton's. 335. Mongrel. 336. Morello 337 Moss Wether. 338. Mount Etna, Newton's, 339. tMulaneer. 340. Murray. 341. Nero. 342. *New Cbureh, Lovart's^r 1828. 343. fNonsuch. 344. Old England, Rider's. 345. Old Roligh Red. 346. jOmhersley Hero. 347. Oronoko, Stanley's. 348. O.sfrich's Egg. SA9. iPatriarch. 3o0. Peerless, Chapman's. 351 Perfection, Gregory's. 352. Pineapple. 353. Porcupine, Hall's. 354. Princess Royal, Withing- ton's. 355. *Pryse Pryse, BUes's, 1827. 356. Raspberry. 357. Red, Raymond's. 35S. Red, Siukeley's. 359. "IRc-d Lead. 360. Red Lion, Lee's. 361. Red Lion, Ratcliffe's. 362. Red Mogul. 363. tRed Ocean. 364. Red Orleans. 365. Red Rose, Shelmardine's. 366. Red Top, Bradshaw's. 367. Red Walnut, Wild's. 368. Red Wolf. 369. Regulator, Holt's. 370. Rodney, Ackersley's, 371. Royal, Fox's. 372. Royal Anne, Yates's. 373. t Royal Forester, Hains worth's. 374. Royal Oak, Boardman'8. 375. Saint John, Tillotson's. 376. Sampson, Kenyon's. GOOSEBERRIES. 123 S77. "Sandback, Has:ues's, 1829. 423. ^Chairman, Houghton's, 378. *Scarlet, SJock's, 1828. 1826. 379. Scarlet Seedling, Jackson's. 424. tColonel Holden. 380. tShaver. 425 tCompanion. 381. Sir Francis Burdett, Mel- 426. Conqueror. lor's. 427. *Craf»y, Taylor's, 1828. 382. tSir Robert Wilson. 428. tCredus, Robinson's. 383. tSir Waikin, Leicester's. 429. Creeping Cereus, Daven- 384. Slim, Jackson's. port's. 385. tSmiig^gler. 430. *Crispiana, Bootes's, 1827. 386. tSquire VVhittingham, 431. Defender, Davenport's. Cooke's. 432. tDelight, Lamb's. 387. tStaffordshire Lad. 433. tDt^light, Wadhara's. 388. Supreme, Gregory's. 434. tDiamond. 389. Surprise, Cheadie's. 435. Diogenes, Coe's. 390. Swing-em, Blakelev's. 436. •fDon Cossack. 391. *Tarragon, Bell's, 1825. 437. Dro[) of Gold, Maddox's. 392. Tillot&on's Seedling. 438. Eclipse, Blakeley's. 393. Tom of Lincoln. 439 tFine Robin. 394. *Top Marker, Saxton's, 440. *Garder,er's Glory, Parkin- 1828. son's, 1828. 595. Tup, Siddal's. 441. Gibraltar. 396. Twarnblow's Seedling. 442. Golden Bali, Stanley's. 397. Twig-em, Johnson's. 443. Golden Champion. 398. Victory, Lomax's. 444. tGolden Chili. 399. Volunteer, Taylor's. 445. Colden Conqueror, Ma- 400. Wareham Russet. son's. 401. Warrington Red. 446. Golden Dolphin, Stanley's. 402. Warwickshite Conqueror. 447. Golden Di op. Jackson's. 403. tWarwickshire Lad, 448. Golden Drop, Reynolds's. Brookess. 449. GoUleii Eagle, Nixon's. 404. Watkifi, Monk's. 450. Uohleii Goiirvv«stry Hero, Morgan'^, 18-28. 680. Patiick, Wortliington's. 581. *Peacock, Lovart's, 1827. 682. tPretor, Hulme's. 583. Prize, Gregory's. 584. Rainbow, Tay lot's. 685. Reine Claude, Stanley's. 686. tReubon. 687. *Rougli and Ready, Parkin- son's, 1828. 688. tRou-h Robin. 589. Roy.il George, Rollison's. 690. Saint David, Sproson's. 691. *Sampsi)n, Crompton's, 1827. 692. Satislaction, Read's. 593 tSelf-conceif, Haughton's. 594. tShannon, Hopley's. 595. tStranger. 696. Stump, Robinson's. 597. *Sur|.ris<-, Walton's, 1828. 698. Svri)iga, Stanley's. 699. t'iasso. 600. trickier. 601. Tickle Toby, Brnndart's. 602. tTo|) Sawyer, Rigby's. 603. Trial. 604. Triumph, Rider's. 605. tlrueman. 606. Vanguard, Worthington's. 607. Victory, l^ee's. 608. tVVarsluU Hero. 609. tWaterloo. 610. *Yorkshire Bite, Copley's, 1825. Whites. 611 6.2, 613 614, r>l5 616, 617. 618. 619. 620. 621, 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 63(». 631. 632 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 641). 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649- 650. 651. 652, 653. 654, 655. 1827. Pig- *Advance, Moore's, A()ollo, Gibson's. Bear, Mooie's. Beauty, H .It's. Beauty of England. tBonny Landlady. tBiight Venus. *Butcher's F'ancy, gott's, 1828. Caldei bank's White. tChadwitk. Chanipion, Mills's. Cheshire White Walnut. tCock Robin. ^Competition, Pugh's, 1827. Competitor, Pugh's, 1828. tCountry Farmer. tCrab. CrawCotd's Seedling. *Crick Cliff, Spencer's. tCotler's Glory. tDevil. *Diaiia, Bratherton's, 1825. Diop, Smith's. tDoke William. tDuster. *t:iephanf,Blomiley's, 1828. tKair Lady, tKaithltil Fiddler, Lee's. tFleiir-df-lis, Copley's. tFowler, Grondv's. tFuddler, Leio|)"'s. tGabbler. Banks's. tHailord Cottage, Hart, ISixon's. tHeart olOak. Highland King, Gregory's. Highland Qui-en, Board- man's. Kigliland White, Chap. man's. tHonesty. Imperial, White's. tlncomparable. .lolly Carter, Cooke's. Jolly Crofter, Bradshaw's. Jolly Cutler, Cooke's. ir 126 GOOSEBERRIES. 656. Lady, Davenport's. 657. *Lady Hoghton, Fish's, 1829. 658. tLady Manvers. 659. Lily, Bedford's. 660. tMadame Riego. 661. *iVIary Anne, Eggleton's, 1825. 662. tMermaid. 663. Milkmaid. 664. Miss Bold. 665. *Miss Tollett, Williams's, 1825. 666. *Monton Lass, Piggott's, 1827. 667. tMoorpoot. 668. Mount Pleasant, Gregory's. 669. tMount Pleasant, White- head's. 670. tMountain of Snow. 671. Mrs. D«nman, Page's, 1825. 672. tMrs. Lamb. 673. tNoble Landlady. 674. tNorthern Hero. 675. Olive, White's. 676. Pigeon's Egg. 677. tPillar of Beauty. 678. tPilot. 679. tPriine Minister, Whitta- ker's. 680. tRattler, Hulme's. 681. tRedress. 682. tRepubliean. 683. tRinglet, Hague's. 684. Ringley Ranter. 685. tRockgetter, Andrews's. 686. Rose, Nield's. 687. Rose, Withiagton's. 688. tSampson. 689. tSelfishness, Read's. 690. Silver-heels, Button's. 691. tSnowbail, Adams's. 692. Snowdrop, W'ood's. 693. tSounton Lass. 694. Squire Houghton's Baren- doe. 695. Sugar Loaf. 696. Swan's Egg. 697. tTaffy, Parry's. 698. tTurpin, Houghton's. 699. *Union, Wild's, 1828. 700. tVenture. 701. Victory, Green's. 702. ^Village Maid, Bratherton's, 1825. 703. tVittoria. 704. fWaterloo. 705. tVVhile Bear, Moore's. 706. White Belmount. 707. White Crystal. 708. White Hall, Atkinson's. 709. White Heart, Nixon's. 710. tWhiteLily, Worthington's. 711. White Lion, Harrison's. 712. White Lion, Kenyon's. 713. White Mogul, Mather's. 714. White Muslin, Holding's. 715. White JNoble, Kenyon's. 716. White Orleans. 717. White Bengal. 718. *White Veal, Beckwith's, 1828. 719. White Walnut. 720. Willie's Imperial. 721. tWilton Lass. 722. * Woodstock Superb, Biles's, 1825. A Selection of Gooseberries for a small Garden. Reds. 1. Capper's Top Sawyer. No. 60. in the list. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, very large, oblong, pale red, hairy near the base ; very excellent. 2. Champagne. No. 241. Branches erect. Fruit late, middle-sized, somewhat ob- long, dark red, hairy ; most excellent. 3. Farmer's Roaring Lion. No. 48. GOOSEBERRIES. i2i Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, very large, oblong, dull red, smooth : the largest of all the gooseber- ries. 4. Knight's Marquis of Stafford. No. 328. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit late, large, roundish- oblong, bright red, hairy : excellent. 5. Melling's Crown Bob. No. 7. Branches drooping. Fruit rather late, large, oblong, bright red, hairy : very good. 6. Old Rough Red. No. 345. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit small, round, dark red, veryhairy : most excellent for preserving as gooseberry jam, and the best for bottling when green. Yellows. 7. Dixon's Golden Yellow. No. 459. Branches drooping. Fruit early, pretty large, roundish- oblong, greenish yellow, smooth. 8. Gordon's Viper. No. 107. Branches drooping. Fruit early, large, somewhat turbi- nate, greenish yellow, smooth. 9. Hamlet's Kilton. No. 472. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit early, large, round- ish-oblong, bnght greenish yellow, slightly hairy. 10. Hardcastle's Gunner. No. 81. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit rather late, large, obo- vate, with large veins, hairy or bristly. 11. Hill's Golden Gourd. 450. Branches somewhat drooping. Fi^uit very early, large, oblong, greenish yellow, slightly haiiy : very excellent. 12. Prophet's Rockwood. No. 96. Branches erect. Fruit very early, large, roundish-ob- long, dark yellow, slightly hairy. Gree7is. 13. Early Green Hairy. No. 529. Pom. Mag. t. 22. Branches erect. Fruit early, small, round, deep green, hairy : early and excellent. 14. Edward's Jolly Tar. No. 131. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit early, of a mid- 128 GOOSEBERRIES. dling size, large, roundish-oblong, with yellowish veins, smooth. 15. Massey's Heart op Oak. No. 128. Branches drooping. Fruit rather early, large, oblong, with pale yellow veins, smooth : excellent. 16. Nixon's Green Myrtle. No. 576. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, large, oblong, tapering to the base, pale green, smooth. 17. Parkinson's Laurel. No. 132. Branches erect. Fruit rather late, large, roundish-ob- long, pale green, very downy. 18. Wainman's Ocean. No. 142. Branches drooping. Fruit pretty early, large, oblong or ovate, smooth : the largest of this colour. Whites. 19. Chelworth's White Lion. No. 197. Branches somewhat drooping. Fruit late, roundish-ob- long, slightly hairy, sometimes nearly smooth. 20. Crompton's Sheba Queen. No. 188. Pom, Mag. t. 12. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit early, pretty large, roundish-oblong, downy : excellent. 21. Moore's White Bear. No. 705. Branches somewhat erect. Fruit early, large, roundish- oblong, hairy, or somewhat bristly. 22. Saunders's Cheshire Lass. No. 156. Branches erect. Fruit very early, large, oblong, downy : excellent for tarts early in the spring, when few are ready for that purpose. 23. Wellington's Glory. No. 1 95. Branches erect. Fruit pretty early, large, somewhat ovate, very downy : excellent. 24. Woodward's Whitksmith. No. 199. Branches erect. Fruit pretty early, large, roundish-ob- long, or somewhat ovate ; when highly ripened and exposed to the sun the skin becomes brownish, very downy : very excellent, and more in esteem than any other gooseberry of this colour. This list is by far the most ample of any that has yet ap- peared, will enable the grower to form a just estimate of the comparative merit of the principal part of those gooseberries which have been exhibited for prizes from GRAPES. 129 1825 to 1829 inclusive; a period, probably, when hor- ticulture has been as extensively encouraged, and flourished as much, as at any time of equal extent within our memory. The first part will enable those who are desirous of exhibit- ing the largest specimens in the dessert to choose the hea- viest kinds of the different colours, let his selection be large or small ; and, togp.ther, it will afford the nurseryman the means of correcting his collection, if it should happen to be wrong, and thus accomplish a two-fold purpose, which will fully compensate for the space it takes up in the present work. The list is by far too large for any useful purpose what- ever, while the selection of only twenty-four sorts, is rather too small, the amateur, in this instance, must be guided by his own fancy in the selection. In the first list of 200 kinds, ample data is aftbrded, by the number of prizes and weights of the best berries, during two years in succession ; and in the second list of 522 sorts, those marked * and |, will enable him, in a great measure, to form an opinion in order to excel in the production of this fruit of fancy and prize competition. It is, however, to be regretted that so many names appear in the collection. I should judge that a good selection, containing 1 00 sorts of distinct charac- ter, would be sufficient; but it appears that the anthnr wished to gratify, to the iuli exic^ii, aiu.->t; gentlemen of the fancy, by inserting the whole Lancashire list without any curtailment, in order to gratify them, as some might other- wise think their favorite sorts had been neglected. Jim, Ed. CHAPTER VIII. GRAPES. Sect. I. — Black or blue fruited. 1, Alio ANT. Miller, No. 31. Black Portugal. HorL Soc Cat. No. 120. Black Spanish. Speechly, No. 26. 130 dHAPES. Gros noir d'Espagne. Bradley, No. 37. Teinturier. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 4. Bunches very long without shoulders. Berries of a mo- derate size, somewhat oval. Skin thick, of a black colour. Flesh soft, juicy, of an agreeable flavour. Seeds uncom- monly large. Requires a vinery. The leaves in the autumn are beautifully variegated with red, green, and yellow. 2. Black Corinth. Langleij, p. 114. t. 46. Jig. 1. Miller, No. 3. Black Ascalon. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 49. Currant. Miller, No. 3. Raisin de Corinth. Bradleij, No. 18. Zante, or Zante Currant. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 49. Bunches short and rather small. Berries small, roundish, about the size of a pea, with a few larger ones intermixed, generally without stones, and much clustered on the bunches. Skin thin, of a deep black colour. Juice sugary, but with- out perfume. The fruit of this is brought to the extent of 6000 tons annually from the Ionian Islands, and sold in the shops under the name of Currants. The Prince Cornato sent twenty plants of this grape from Zante, in IS I7, to Sir Herbert Taylor, for the Queen ; it had, however, been cultivated by Langley above a century ago. Requires a vinery or stove. This grape ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south- east wall, August 24, O. S., or September 4, N. S. 3. Black Damascus. Speechlij, No. 2. Worksop Manor Grape, of some gardens. Bunches middle sized. Berries large, globular. Skin thin, of a fine black colour. Flesh delicate. Juice rich, and of an exquisite flavour. The bunches generally consist of berries of different sizes ; the small berries being without stones, and the large ones with only one. As the berries do not set closely on the bunches, if the small ones are properly thinned out the large ones will acquire additional size and flavour, and will thus be the finest and best black grape that can be brought to table. The blossoms of this should be fertilized with those of some hardy kind, which has always the effect of improving the bunches. Imported from Damascus by Edward, ninth GRAPES. 131 duke of* Norfolk, and cultivated at Welbeck, many years prior to his decease in 1777. Requires a hothouse, or pine stove. 4. Black Frontignan.* Black Frontignac. Miller, No. 13. Blue Frontignac. Speechly, No. 14. Violet Frontignac. lb. Muscat noir. Duhamel, No. 9. Bunches small and short. Berries small, round, and grow close upon the bunches. Skin black, when fully exposed, and covered with a blue or violet bloom. Flesh tender ; the juice of a rich vinous musky flavour. It ripens well generally, in a warm season, on a south wall, upon a dry bottom, and under good management ; but it is much better to plant it in the vinery. This is the true Black Frontignan grape, and has been known to every practical gardener in England since the time of Miller. It was introduced into this country by Sir Wil- liam Temple, before 1654. 5. Black Grape from Tripoli. Speedily, No. 3. Bunches middle sized, and well shouldered, with long slender foot-stalks. Berries large, globular, very equal in size, slightly compressed : some are without stones, and others have two or three in each ; but they are very small in comparison with those of any other kind. Shin thin, of a deep purple colour, apparently black, covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh delicate and tender, with a very rich, highly-flavoured juice. Requires a hot house orpine stove. This is a very excellent grape, and has a good deal the appearance of the Black Damascus ; but its bunches are always composed of equal sized berries : they are not so deep coloured, and it ripens nearly a month sooner in the same temperature. The leaves of both are very beautifully variegated in the autumn. 6. Black Hamburgh. Speedily, No. 18. Warner's Black Hamburgh, of some gardens. Potierbleu. Knoop. Fruci. p. 145. Bunches tolerably large, with two short compact shoul- ders, nearly as broad across as the bunch is deep. Berries * It derives its name from Frontignan, a town of France, in the department of the Herault, celebrated for its excellent Muscadine wine, generally called Frontig- nac. It is situated on the lake Meguleone, four leagues S. S. W. of Montpellier, John Rea, in 1702, mentions the Mxiscat of Frontignan. 132 GRAPES. pretty large, of an oval figure, but when grown to an extra- ordinary size, they are much enlarged at the head. Skin rather thick, of a deep purple colour, nearly black, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender. Juice sugary, and well-flavoured. Requires a vinery. This very valuable grape was brought into England by Mr. Warner, who had his garden at Rotherhithe in 1724. Hence it is sometimes called the Warner Grape. It is a great bearer, and its bunches, although not large, are always perfect, and regularly formed. In the autumn the leaves are mottled with green and yellow. 7. Black Lisbon. Sjjeechly, No. 46. Bunches large and well shouldered. Berries large, glo- bular. Skin thin, of a black colour. Juice plentiful, of a pretty good flavour. Requires a vinery or hothouse. Mr. Speechly is the only authority we have for this grape; he says the bunches are shouldered not unlike the Black Hamburgh, that it is a pretty good fruit, and (1790) but lit- tle known in this country. It has beea said by some to be the same as the Black Spanish, or Alicant. Its regularly shouldered bunches, and its globular berries with thin skins, determine it at once to be a wholly different sort. 8. Black Lombardy. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 82. West's St. Peter's. 76. West's Black St. Peter's, of some Collections. Bunches long, with large shoulders. Berries large, round, and of an even size. Skin thin, of a very black colour when fully ripe. Juice plentiful, of a very high flavour. Seeds very small. Wood short jointed. Eyes prominent. Leaves rather small, smooth, shining underneath, and deeply serrated ; they turn to a purple colour as the fruit becomes ripe. Requires a hothouse. Mr. Oldacre has given a very good account of this grape, which he thinks is but Httle known. He always begins to force it in the middle of April ; it becomes ripe in Novem- ber; and he sometimes keeps it on his vines till the end of March. Card. Mag. Vol. i. p. 36. 9. Black Morillon. Miller, No. 6. Auvergne. Martyn^s Miller, No. 7. GRAPES. 133 Auverna. Miller, No. 6. Pineau. Ih. Le Bourguignon. Bradley, No. 24. Small Black Cluster. Speechly, No. 34. True Burgundy. Martyn^s Miller, No. 7. Bunches small, but rather larger than those of the Miller's Burgundy. Berries middle-sized, somewhat oval. Skin of a very black colour. Juice very sweet. It is hardy, and ripens well on a south wall. This is the true Burgundy Grape, and is readily distin- guished from the other, in not having its downy appearance; it has also larger berries, and they are not so closely set upon the bunches. It might be successfully cultivated in this country for wine. In Burgundy it is highly esteemed for this purpose. 10. Black Muscadel. Speedily, No. 8. Mogul, of some Collections. The Bunches of this grape contain Berries of different shapes and sizes ; generally they are large and oval ; but some of them are very large and long, somewhat compressed, and fiat at the ends. Skin thin, of a black colour, with de- licate juicy Flesh. The leaves change in autumn to a bright scarlet. Requires a hothouse. 11. Black Muscadine. Langley, t. 36. Black Chasselas. Miller, No. 8. Chasselas Noir. lb. Bunches about the size of those of the T^Tiite Muscadine. Berries globular. Skin of a black colour, covered with a bluish bloom. Juice rich, if well ripened, and of a very good flavour. Requires a vinery. 12. Black Prince. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 45, Bunches rather long, and generally unshouldered ; the/ are, however, occasionally well shouldered. Berries oval, and, when well thinned out, of a very good size. Skin dark blackish purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh white, abounding with sweet well flavoured Juice. In pull- ing the berry from the stalk, a long receptacle is left, which is red, and covered with the white flesh. Seeds large, gene- rally four, and sometimes five, in each berry. Leaves rather fleshy, broad in proportion to their length, with long foot- stalks, tinged with red ; the principal lobes not deepl/ di- 12 134 GRAPES. vided, broadly serrated, becoming variegated in the autumn with pale red and dark purple. The Black Prince is of easy culture, requiring only the protection of the greenhouse or common vinery ; and in fa- vourable seasons it will, on a warm dry soil, ripen its fruit on a south wall. Mr. Hooker's drawing was made from a bunch produced at Highgate in 1813. 13. Black Raisin. Speedily, No. 39. Raisin Grape. JMiller, No. 18. Bunches large and long ; the largest have good-sized shoulders. Be^-ries large and oval. Skin thick, of a black colour. Flesh hard and firm. Juice very high flavoured. Wood long-jointed. Buds somewhat pointed. Leaves large, very much serrated, with long red footstalks. It is a tall grape, and requires a hothouse. Mr. Oldacre, who has given a very good account of it in the Gard. JMag., says, if the bunches are cut in October with long footstalks to them, and hung in the kitchen so as not to touch each other, they will be so ripened by the warmth of the room by Christmas as to eat extremely well. 14. Black Sweetwater. Speechly, No. 17. Bunches small, close, and short. Berries small, round. Skin thin, of a black colour. Juice very sweet, with but little perfume. This ripens on a common wall, and is but seldom intro- duced under glass. 15. Claret Grape. Speedily, No. 31. - Blood Grape. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 43. Bunches small. Bennies very closely set, small, black, of a somewhat oval figure. The Juice is of a blood red colour, and of a harsh taste, unless the berries are highly matured. The leaves change to a russet red early in the summer, and die of a deep blood colour in the autumn. It ripens pretty well on a south wall. The branches of this, like those of the White Sweetwater, are very short-jointed. It is very tender when in blossom : on that account the bunches are seldom perfectly formed, and always contain numerous small-sized berries among the larger ones. 16. Early Black July. Langley, t. 47. f. 3. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 17. Madeleine. lb. Madeleine noire. Tb. Maurillon hatif. lb. GRAPES. 135 Morillon hatif. Duhamel, l!^o. 1. Raisin precoce. lb. Raisin de la Madeline. lb. Bunches sm?d\. ^erWes small, round, of a black colour, and generally thin upon the bunches. Juice sweet, with but little pertume. It ripens early on a south wall ; but being tender when in blossom, it seldom produces a fair crop. 17. EspERioNE. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 93. t. 2. Hardy Blue Windsor. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 57. Turner's Black. lb. Bunches handsomely shouldered, and differing httle in size from the Black Hamburgh. Berries varying much ia form ; being sometimes round, frequently flat-rotund, and indented on the head with the remains of the style. A groove or channel is often observed on one side, or both, decreasing from the head downwards. Skin of a deep pur- ple colour, inclining to black, covered with a thick blue bloom. The Flesh adheres to the skin, and though neither high flavoured nor melting, is pleasant. The leaves are va- riously cut, and die upon the tree of an orange hue. The Esperione Vine is prolific to an extraordinary de- gree, very hardy, and of most luxuriant growth, perfecting its fruit equally well and early with the Sweetwater and Mus- cadine, and in unfavourable seasons has a decided advan- tage over these and any other hardy grape in our possession. 18. Frankenthal. Hort, Soc, Cat, No. 60, Frankendale. lb. Frankenthal. Knoop. Fruct. p. 138, Bunches tolerably large, with small handsome shoulders, a little resembling the Black*Hamburgh. Berries somewhat oval, but flattened at the head, where it is much broader than at the stalk ; and when fully ripe, they are indented on the sides as if by pressure between the finger and thumb. Skin deep purple, approaching to black, covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh tender. Juice sweet and rich, and of excellent flavour. It ripens well in the vinery, but is much higher flavoured when grown in the hothouse, where it forces well, and will bear a high degree of heat. 19. Large Black Cluster. Speechly^ No. 35. The Berries of this are larger and more oval than those of either the old Black Cluster or the Burgundy : they are black, and not so delicate, the Juice being of a harsh, rough 136 GRAPES. taste : the leaves are of a beautiful bright scarlet in the au- tumn, before they fall off, Mr. Speechly says he had this sort sent him from Lisbon, and was assured of its being the grape from which port wine is made. It does not appear, from his account of it, that it deserves to be cultivated in this country except as a wine grape. 20. Malvoisie. Speechly^ No. 21. Blue Tokay. Ih. La Malvoise. Bradley^ No. 41. Malmsey Grape. lb. Bunches about the size of those of the Black Cluster. Berries small, of a somewhat oval figure. Shin brown, co- vered with a blue bloom ; it is thin, and the Flesh delicate. Juice rich and vinous. Requires a vinery. Bradley says it bears well, and though the berry is small, it is extremely rich and high-flavoured ; that it ripens early, and is so full of juice that he esteems it the most melting of all grapes. 21. Saint Peter's. Langley, p. 115. 5peec/t/y, No. 43. Black Grape from Palestine. lb. No. 44. Saint Peter's Black. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 128. Bunches pretty large and long, very generally without shoulders. Berries pretty large, almost globular. Skin thin, of a black colour. Flesh delicate, with a very excel- lent and well-flavoured Juice. The berries, when subjected to a high temperature, are very apt to crack, on which account it is not advisable to plant it in the forcing-house ; but for the vinery it is a most excellent grape. 22. The Miller's Burgundy. Pom. Mag. t. 56. Miller's Burgundy. Speedily^ No. 23. Miller Grape. Miller, No. 5. Le Meunier. ChaptaU Tr. surle Vigne^ Vol. i. p. 169. Morillon Taconne. Bradley, No. 2, according to the Pom. Mag. Bunches short and thick. Berries small, roundish, black, even sized, and grow very close on the bunches. Skin not thick, with a fine blue bloom Flesh tender, and filled with clear, very sweet, and high-flavoured Juice. The Seeds are two, and small. The leaves distinguish this from almost every other sort ; thdy are covered on both sides, especially in the spring, GRAPES. 137 with a cottony wool, or hoary down, which in their young state is almost white ; hence the name of the JHiller^s Grape. It ripens perfectly on a south wall. The figure in the Pom. JVIag\ above quoted, is a very excellent representation. The drawing was made from a bunch produced in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, the plant of which had been obtained from the remains of an ancient vineyard at Tortworth in Gloucestershire, fifteen miles from Bristol, and was undoubtedly one of the sorts cultivated formerly in that ancient place. Sect. II. — Red or Purple Fruited. 23. Cambridge Botanic Garden Grape. Pom. JSIas:* t.21. ^ Bunches from nine to ten inches long, sometimes with a rather narrow shoulder. Berries closely set, very even- sized, of a rather oval figure, deep purple, inclining to brown. Flesh firm, juicy, sweef, high-flavoured, and very pleasant. Seeds two or three in each berry. The leaves become of a bright crimson colour late in the autumn. It ripens very well on a south wall, upon a dry bottom ; but it deserves to be planted in the vinery, where the bunches would be larger, and the berries of a higher flavour. This grape, although standing in a public establishment like that of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, does not ap- pear to have attracted any particular notice until a few years ago. It is planted against a south wall, in a department of the garden allotted principally to compost soils and empty pots ; a place wholly unfrequented by visiters. I saw it for the first time in the beginning of July, 1815, and my attention was directed to it in consequence of the forward state of its berries, which were then as large as a full-sized marrow pea. In the September following I re- ceived a bunch of it from Mr. Biggs, the curator, which cor- responded fully with the one figured in the Pom. Mag. I believe it to be wholly distinct from any other grape in our gardens. How it came into the garden there I could obtain no information. 24. Damson Grape. Speechly^ No. 41. Black Damson, of some Collections. Damask Grape. Miller , No. 14. 12* 138 GRAPES. Bunches large, with short stiff shoulders. Berries very large, oval, with short stiff footstalks, of a beautiful purple colour, and grow very loose on the bunches. The Juice, when fully ripened, has a sort of Damson or Medlar-like fla- vour, which to some palates may be agreeable. The wood is very strong, and the leaves thick and succulent, more so than almost any other sort. It ripens late, and requires a hothouse. 25. Grey AuvKRNAT. Miller, IS o. 33. Berries middle-sized, somewhat oval, and placed thinner on the bunches than those of the Black Auvernat ; they are of a pale muddy colour, inclining to brown, and contain a sweet Juice. It ripens on the common wall, and is well adapted to the purpose of making wine. 26. Grizzly Frontignan. Grizzly Frontignac. Speedily, No. 12. Grizzly Frontinac. Laiigley, p. 115. Muscat Gris. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 63. Bunches middle-sized, with small narrow shoulders. Bei'- fies round, larger than those of the White Frontignan, and growing closer upon the bunches : they are of a pale brown colour, intermixed with red and yellow. The Juice is very rich, and possesses a high musky flavour. Requires a hothouse. It was introduced by Sir William Temple previously to 1654. 26.* Langford's Incomparable. Bunches rather large, about seven inches deep, with well- formed shoulders of about the same extent. Berries of un- equal sizes : the largest are oval, six eighths of an inch long, and five eighths of an inch in diameter, but rather the widest at the apex : the smaller ones are less oval, and the smallest ones nearly globular ; these contain one small seed, and the larger ones two large seeds, each. Skin brown, but of a deep purple when fully ripe, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, and full of Juice, which, if well ripened, is sac- charine, but without any pecuhar musky flavour, somewhat resembling that of the Black Cluster. The berries set re- markably thick upon the bunches, which, if not thinned out, are apt to spoil each other. *No. 26. is inserted twice, in consequence of Langford's Incomparable having been soul me after the numerical arrangement had been completed. GRAPES. 139 The original plant of this fine grape is now growing against the house of Mr. William Langford, at Wilton, near Salis- bury, where it appears to have been planted some years. He says he has gathered two hundred weight and a quarter of grapes from it at one time; and some of the bunches, which he has sent to Mr. Beckford, have been pronounced superior, as an out door grape, to any he has tasted out of Italy. A basket, containing a few bunches, was sent by Mr. Langford to Mrs. Mackie, of Norwich, on the 8th of November, 1830, from which this description is taken, and from whom plants may be obtained. This grape was ob- served a few years ago by a friend of mine, in passing through Wilton, in consequence of the crop, which was abundant, being at that time nearly ripe, although other out-door grapes had not begun to change their colour. 27. Le Cgeur. Speechhj, No. 6. Morocco. lb. Bunches short, with small stiff shoulders. Berries some- what heart-shaped, of a tawny grizzly colour : they are very unequal in size, some being exceedingly large ; these never contain more than one stone in each, and the lesser ones have none : their stalks are short, and singularly large. Juice rich and musky. This is a late grape, and requires a hothouse. The small berries are generally ripe and decayed before the large ones are matured, which often renders the bunches unsightly. Mr. Speechly says it is a much esteemed grape, and very scarce. I do not find it mentioned by any other author. 28. LoMBARDY. Speechly, No. 23. Flame-coloured Tokay. lb. Rhenish Grape. lb. Red Rhenish, of some Collections. Bunches very large, frequently weighing six or seven pounds ; they generally terminate abruptly, but they are always handsomely formed, with proportionate shoulders. J5ernes large, of a somewhat oval figure. iSA-mofapale red or flame colour. Flesh firm, with a pretty well flavoured Juice. Requires a hothouse. 29. PooNAH. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 516. Bunches large and well shouldered, tapering gradually to a point. Berries slightly oval, dark red when fully exposed to the sun, but pale when shaded, fleshy, with seldom more than two seeds in each : sweet, but not very juicy. 140 GRAPES. This is a late sort, and requires as high a temperature to ripen it as the Muscat of Alexandria ; it will then keep a long time. It makes vigorous wood, and is a free bearer. Introduced by Sir Joseph Banks, in 1817, from Bombay. It is cultivated successfully at Poonah, and the ripe fruit re- gularly sent thence to Bombay and its dependencies. 30. PURPLK FllONTIGNAN. Purple Frontignac. Speechhj, No. 13. Black Constantia. Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 45. Purple Constantia. lb. No. 47. Bunches very long. Berries of a middling size, round, of a black or deep purple colour. Juice very rich, and of a very high flavour. Requires a hothouse, or a warm vinery. This was received by Mr. Speechly from the Cape of Good Hope, under the name of Black Constantia : he says it is one of our very best grapes. 31. Raisin des Carmks. Forsyth, Ed. 7. p. 27. Raisin de Cuba. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 10. Bunches long, loose. Berries very large, of an irregular oval figure, with a few small berries intermixed. Skin ra- ther thick, of a dusky reddish purple colour, and covered with a fine bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, and very rich, com- bined with a httle acid. Seeds large, seldom more than one in each berry. Requires a hothouse or vinery. 32. Red Chasselas. Forsijth, Ed. 7. No. 7. Red Muscadine. Miller, No. 9. Chasselas Rouge. Duhamel, No. 3. The Berries of this are something larger than those of the Black Muscadine, and grow much thinner upon the bunches: they are of a dark red colour when highly ripened. Jicice sweet, and of a very good flavour. Requires a vinery. 33. Red Frontignan. Red Frontignac. Speechly, No. 15. Muscat Rouge. Duhamel, No. 7. t. 4. Bunches larger than those of the Black Frontignan, and without shoulders. Berries larger also, perfectly round, and of a dark red colour. Flesh delicate and tender. Juice plentiful, of a most rich, musky, vinous flavour. It requires a hothouse, and is one of our very best grapes. 34. Red Grape from Syracuse. Speechly, No. 6. The Berries of this are very large, of a red colour, and of GRAPES. 141 an oval shape, somewhat irregularly formed. They hang rather loosely upon the Bunches, which are pretty large. The Skin is thick, and the Flesh hard. It requires a hothouse. Mr. Speechly says it is a noble grape, and but litttle known in this country. It makes strong wood, and is a most excel- lent bearer. 35. Red Hamburgh. Speechly, No. 19. Warner's Red Hamburgh. lb. Brown Hamburgh. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 75. Gibraltar. lb. No. 67. . The Berries of this are of a dark red or purple colour, with a thin Skin, and a juicy delicate Flesh. The size and figure of both the bunch and the berry are very much like the Black Hamburgh, except the latter being less oval, and growing more loosely on the bunches. When the berries of the Red Hamburgh are imperfectly ripened, they are of a pale brown colour, which occasions it to be called the Brown Hamburgh ; but if perfecdy matured, it is by many considered to be the richest and best flavoured of the two. The leaves of this in autumn become mottled with green, purple, and yellow : those of the black Hamburgh are mot- tled with green and yellow only : they were both brought into this country by Mr. Warner, of Rotherhithe. The oldest vine of this kind known in England is that at Valentine's House, near Ilford, in Essex. Mr. Gilpin, in his Forest Scenerij, Vol. 1. p. 153., says it was planted a cutting in 1758, and is the parent of the well known Hamburgh vine now growing at Hampton Court. 36. Red Muscadel. Speechly, No. 9. The Berries of this are large, oval, and of a beautiful red colour, having the rudiments of the style adhering to their ends ; the Skin is thick and the Flesh hard, something like the Raisin Grape. The Bunches frequently arrive at the weight of six or seven pounds, and are most elegantly form- ed of berries of an equal size. The leaves change in au- tumn to a beautiful red and green colour. It is one of our latest grapes, and requires a hothouse. 37. Red Muscat op Alexandria. Miller^ No. 28. Red Frontignac of Jerusalem. Jb. Red Jerusalem Muscat. /6. Muscat d'Alexandrie Rouge, Knoop. Fmct, p- 146, 142 GRAPES. Bunches pretty large, and shouldered. Berries rather large, of an oval shape. Skin thick, of a red colour. Flesh very firm, with a saccharine, high flavoured, musky Juice, It requires a hothouse. Bradley says it requires a good deal of sun to bring it to perfection, but it is then one of our best grapes. It is more esteemed about Paris than the White Muscat. When against good walls, it ripens very well, without any artificial heat. 38. Saint AuGusTiN Grape. G. Lind. Cat. 1815. Bunches pretty large, with, moderately sized shoulders. Berries of an unequal size and form : the large ones are oval, obtuse at the head, and contain three or four seeds each ; the middle sized are round, and contain one or two seeds ; the small ones are round also, and are without seeds. Skin rather thick, deep red or purple, covered with a blue bloam. Flesh firm, with a sweet and rather musky Juice, It requires a vinery, or perhaps a stove. In the autumn of 1794, I observed a vine growing against the south side of a house, in the parish of Saint Augustin, near the gates, in Norwich. A few of the bunches were then pretty ripe, and some of the largest berries measured three inches and three quarters in circumference. This tree which is the original one in this country, was import- ed from Spain about fifty years ago, by a Mr. Lindoe, a manufacturer, of that city, and planted against the house of Benjamin Cogman, which is now (1830) inhabited byjiis son, and where the tree is still growing. I have not yet seen this fine grape under glass ; but I expect ere long to give some account of its merits, when grown under a higher tem- perature. 39. Variegated Chasselas. HorL Trans. Tol. i. p. 259. t. 16. Bunches rather long, without shoulders. Berries rather small, of a round figure, hanging loose upon the bunches. Skin very thin, of a bluish violet, where shaded ; but where exposed, of a deep purple. Flesh tender, with a very sac- charine Juice, and of a pretty good flavour. It has ripened at Downton Castle, where it was raised, and an account of it sent to the Horticultural Society, Feb. 4, 1812. It sprang from a seed of the White Chasselas, impregnated with the pollen of the Aleppo : the leaves are variegated in the autumn with red, green and yellow | and they have long, red, flattish petiole!?. GRAPES. 143 It requires a vinery. In warm seasons it would ripen on a south wall, upon a dry bottom. 40. WoRTLEY Hall Grape. Hort. Trans. Vol iv. p- 616. Bunches in general appearance like those of the Black Hamburgh. They are well shouldered and tapering, and the berries regularly distributed. Berries large, rather oval than round, somewhat broadest at the head, with an irregu- lar surface. Skin very glossy, dark purple. Flesh thick, but juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; with a very slight Muscat flavour. Seeds large, but rarely more than one in each berry. It requires a hothouse. This grape sprang up from seed, in the stove at Wortley Hall, in Yorkshire, and first bore fruit in 1819, when it was exhibited at the Horticultural Society : the bunch weighed two pounds. Sect. HI. — White or Yellow Fruited. 41. Alexandrian Ciotat. Hort. Trans, Vol. iv. p. 3. t. 1. Bunches large and long, with narrow shoulders. Berries oval, a little broader at the head than next the stalk, and they sit rather thin upon the bunches. Skin pale yellow on the shaded part ; but where exposed to the sun, of an amber co- lour, and covered with numerous brown russetty dots. Flesh firm, like the Muscat of Alexandria, but not with its perfume : the Juice is, however, good ; and it is a great bearer. It requires a vinery. Raised some years ago by John Williams, Esq. in his garden at Pitmaston, near Worcester. 42. Bourdelas. Duhamelj No. 13. Bourdelais. lb. Burdelais. Miller, No. 10. Bunches very large, weighing sometimes five or six pounds. Berries large, of an oval figure, growing very close upon the bunch, and containing generally four seeds. Skin nearly white, approaching to yellow as the berries become ripe. The Flesh is hard, and the Juice, unless well ripened, too austere to be palatable. 144 GRA.PES. It would require a hothouse to bring this to perfection { but its merits are not sufficient to deserve its being cultiva- ted in this country. The French have two other kinds of Bourdelas ; one with red fruit, and the other black. In untoward seasons, they press them for verjuice. 43. CioTAT. Speedily, No. 45. Parsley-leaved. lb. Ciotat. Duhamel, No. 6. t. 2. Raisin d'Autriche. lb. Parsley-leaved Muscadine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 39. Bunches nearly the size of the White Muscadine. Ber- ries round, white, of a middling size, with a thin Skin, and a delicate juicy Flesh, which is very sweet, but not highly fla- voured. The leaves are finely divided, wholly different from any other sort. It will ripen pretty well on a south wall, in a warm sea- son ; but the bunches are larger, and the berries much bet- ter flavoured, in the vinery. Miller says it was originally brought from Canada, where it grows wild in the woods. This is probably a mistake, which may have arisen from Cornutus having inserted it in his work. It was cultivated here by John Tradescant, jun.. in 1656. 44. CoRNiCHON. SpeechJy, No. 60. Cornichon Blanc. Duhamel, 12. t. 6. Bunches rather small, and very loosely formed. Berries an inch and a half long, their breadth not half an inch. They taper from the stalk, are enlarged singularly in the middle, and end in an obtuse point ; their shape may be compared to the small end of a fish's bladder : they are white, with a thick skin, and a firni sweet flesh. It requires a hothouse. It has nothing to recommend it but its long keeping. The French have also a Blue or Violet Cornichon, but it has not yet been introduced into this country. 45. Genuine Tokay. Speechly, No. 22. White Morillon. lb. No. 36. Bunches of a moderate size, rather larger than those of the Blue Tokay. Berries white, of an oval figure, and grow rather close upon the bunches. Skin thin. Flesh very delicate. Juice rich and abundant. The leaves are covered on their under side with a fin« soft down, having the appearance of satin. CRAPES. 145 It Will ripen pretty well in some seasons against a warm south wall ; but it ought to be planted in the vinery. Mr. Speechly says it was sent fi-om Hungary, some years ago, to his grace the Duke of Portland. It is highly ivrobahle that this furnishes the delicious and incomparable Tokay •vvine. 46. Greek Grape. Speedily, No. 47. Green Chee. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 71. Bunches of a moderate size, and handsome. Berries middle-sized, of a somewhat oval figure, and grow pretty «lose upon the bunches. Skin of a bluish white colour. ■Flesh delicate, with a rich and well-flavoured juice. The leaves grow on short footstalks, and very much resemble those of the White Sweetwater. It requires a hot-house or a vinery. Mr. Speechly says this is a justly esteemed fruit. It is grown in the counties of Durham and Northumberland un- der the name of Green Chee. 47. Malmsey MuscadiiN-e. Sj^eechly, No. 30. Malvoisee Musquee. Bradley^ No. 1 5. This somewhat resembles the White Muscadine, but the bunches and berries are rather smaller, and the juice of a higher flavour, being remarkably sweet. It requires a vinery. Bradley says it is one of the richest musked grapes, comes from Montsen-at, and grows also plentifully about Turin. 48. PiTMASTON White Cluster. Hoi^t. Titans. Yol. iii. p. 249. t. 8. Bunches larger than those of the Black Cluster, compact and shouldered. Berries round, a little flattened at* the head. Skin,, when perfectly ripe, of an amber colour, bronzed with russet on the side next the sun. Flesh ten- der, with an agreeable juice. It ripens, on a south wall, earlier than the Sweetwater. It was raised about twenty years ago by John Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston, near Worcester, from a 3eed of the . small Black Cluster, 49. RoYAi. Muscadine. Miller. No. 4. Speechly. No. 29. ' ^ D'Arboyce. Ih. White Muscadine. Parhinson, No. 3. Bunches large, with middling-sized shoulders. Berimes of a moderate size, round, white, when ripe turning to an 13 146 GRAPES. an amber colour, having a thin skin, a soft flesh, and a rich vinous juice. It requires a vinery, or a stove. This is readily distinguished from the White Muscadine of Miller and Speechly, by the wood and foliage growing remarkably gp)S3 and strong. That it is the White Musca- dine of Parkinson there can be but little doubt, as he de- scribes it as growing to a much larger size than the other was ever known to attain : he says some of the bunches have weighed six pounds, and some of the berries half an ounce. It would be very desirable to come to some clear under- standing in regard to the application of the names Royal J^luscadine and White JMuscadine. These names have been used by Miller and Speechly, and, having been applied by them alike, I am reluctant to discontinue either the one or the other, feeling satisfied that the substitution of others for those already established under such authority would in- crease, rather than diminish, the already too much confused nomenclature of our fruits. Under this impression I have continued the name of Iloyal Muscadine here, and shall no- tice its misapplication when speaking of the White Musca- dine. 50. Syrian. Speechly, No. 32. The Bunches of this grape are very regularly formed, with shoulders nearly as broad as the bunch is long : they are also larger than those of any other sort at present known. Berries large, of an oval figure. Skin white. Flesh firm and hard, and if well ripened, of a pretty good flavour. The wood is very strong, and the leaves large. It is an ex- cellent bearer, and the bunches when ripe may be left many weeks longer than almost any other sort. It requires a hot-house to ripen it well. A bunch of this sort was grown to a most enormous size in 1781, at Welbeck, by Mr. Speechly. It measured nin^ teen inches and a half across the shoulders, its length was twenty-one inches and three quarters, its circumference four feet and a half, and it weighed nineteen pounds and a half. The Syrian Grape is supposed to be the sort mentioned in JYumbers, xiii. 23. 51. Yerdelho. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 106. t. 8. Bunches loose, rather small, inclined to shoulder. BcT' ries oval, small, having numerous very small ones, without seeds, interspersed ; of a greenish yellow, but of a slightly amber-coloured russet when fully exposed to the sun. Skin GRAPES. 147 thin, aliriost transparent. Juice rather acid in ripening, but when fully matured of a rich saccharine flavour. It requires a vinery. This is the principal grape employed in Madeira for the making of Madeira wine. It is pronounced Verdellio by the natives. Introduced into this country by John Williams, Esq., ofPitmaston. The Verdelho Grape may be grown to great advantage in pots in the greenhouse : the plants might be brought in early in the spring. The leafless stems of the vines, when first introduced, and indeed till the mid- dle of May, would not injure the greenhouse plants : and the fruit would become perfectly ripe long before the middle of October, the Verdelho being rather an early grape. 62. White Auvernat. Miller^ JS^o. 32. Bunches small, rather larger than those of the Miller's Burgundy. Berries small, somewhat oval, growing close upon the bunches, and when ripe of a muddy white colour. Juice pretty good. It will ripen against a south wall : but it is much better adapted to the purpose of making wine than for the dessert ; for the former it is excellent. 53. White Corinth. Speechly^ No. 48. Corinth Blanc. Duhamel, 14. t. 7. Bunches small. Berries small, round, white, with a very thin skin ; when perfectly ripe they are transparent, so that the seeds, although small, may be seen through them. It requires a vinery. 54. White Frontignan. White Frontignac. Speechly, No. 11. Muscat Blanc. * Duhamel, 6. t. 3. Bunches rather long, without shoulders. Berries middle- sized, rather closely set, of a muddy white, or greenish yel- low, and covered with a thin, white, powdery bloom. Flesh delicate. Juice sugary, very rich, with a highly musky fla- vour. Against a south wall, upon a dry soil, and in warm sea- sons, this grape ripens well in many parts of England ; but it highly merits either a vinery or a hothouse. 55. White Hamburgh. Speechhj, No. 20. W^hite Raisin. Lans:leij, p. 116. t. 43 and 44. Raisin Muscat. Miller, No. 34. White Lisbon. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 78. White Portugal. lb. punches large, loosely formed. Berries large, of an oval 14:8 GRAPESr, iigurc. Skin thick, of a greenish white colour. Flesh hard. Juice sweet, shghtly mixed with acid» It requires a hothouse. This grape, although not abounding much in flavour,, keeps a long time after it is ripe ; and, on that account, it is by many much admired. Large quantities, to the value of 10,000/., are annually brought into this country (England) from Portugal, in the winter season, and sold in the shops by the name of Portugal grapes. 56. White Kishmish. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 212. t. 4. Bunches little more than five inches long, well shoulder- ed, and tapering evenly to the point. Berries little larger than those of white currants, and of the same form, of a greenish tint, deepening to pale yellow, and becoming ulti- inately of an amber hue. They are not very sweet, but juicy, of a pleasant refreshing flavour^ and wholly free from seeds. Leaves rather thick, roundish, and not deeply cut. This grape is said to be a native of the island of Ki^hm,, or Kishmish, in the Persian Gulf, and was brought from Ss. Petersburgh by Mr. Oldacre, in 1812. It requires a vinery or a stove, 57. White -MELin. Miller, No. 29. Mclier Blanc, Knoo^y. Fruct. p. 136. Berries middle-sized, somewhat of an oval figure, and grow pretty close upon the bunches ; they are of a greenish white, and covered with a thin white bloom. Juice very sweet. It will ripen on a warm south wall, and is very good for the purpose of making wine. 58. White Muscadine. Langley, p. 114. t, 35. Kitf^ p. 307. Miller, No. 10. Speechlij,]Slo. 27. Common Muscadine. Pom. Mag^ t. 18. Royal Muscadine. Hort. Soc. Cat, No. 97. according to the Pom. Mag. Early White Grape, from Teneriffe. Speedily, No. 42. Bunches middle-sized, loose, with a broad shoulder, oc- casionally acquiring considerable size ; but more frequently, ao-ainst a wall, of about six inches deep, and four inches and a half or five inches across tlie shoulder. Berries quite round, middle-sized, clear watery green, when \ery ripe be- c>/:ning a dull yellowish brown on the most exposed places. Flesh firm, watery, and sweet ; when well ripened acquir- injj a saccharine quality, but at no time high flavoured. The leaves are midule-sized, roundish, with an open base, slight- GRA.PE3. 149 ly and regularly lobed, quite smooth on each side, pale green, becoming yellow late in the autumn. This ripens upon a south wall generally from the middle to the end of September ; and the bunches will hang upon the vines, if the season be favourable, till the beginning of No- vember. The White Muscadine Grape of Langley, Hill, Miller, and Speechly, has always been considered to be the one described as above. It is the most common and the best known of any white grape in our gardens, in consequence of its hardiness and productiveness, and the certainty with which it ripens against our common walls. According to Langley, the White Muscadine ripened at T\\ickenham, in 1727, on a south-east wall, Aug. 16, 0. S., or Aug. 27, N. S. Under this mode of culture it has a pretty general and uniform appearance ; but when grown in the vinery, or un- der a higher temperature, it assumes a different character. Vigorous wood, with a free use of the scissors in thinning out the bunches, will give them, as well as the berries, an increased size, and, when highly ripened, a fine amber co- lour : in addition to this, like the Black Prince, the lar- gest bunches become more shouldered, and in proportion shorter. In this state it is supposed by many to be a distinct grape, and called the Royal Muscadine. The application of this name to a fruit with which it can- not, with any propriety, be associated, can have but this ef- fect, that of perpetuating an absurdity instead of removing it. A further continuance of a practice like this, it is con- ceived, cannot be sanctioned by any one who takes any pride in his profession, or who is desirous to promote its further improvement. 69. White Muscat of Alexandria. Speechly, No. 1. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 100. Frontiniac of Alexandria. J\Tiller, No. 27. Jerusalem Muscat. lb. Muscat d'Alexandrie. Duhamel, 10. t. 5. Passe-longue Musque. lb. Pa^ss.M..que, I ^^^,_ ^^^_ ^^^_ ^^ ^^^ Bunches large, and well shouldered. Berries large, oval and when well ripened of a fine, pale amber colour, and where exposed to the sun tinged with a deep amber russet : 13* 150 GRAPE3. the large ones are generally without stones. Skin rather thick, and the flesh firm and hard. Juice not plentiful, but of a sweet, highly musky, and most delicious flavour. This may be justly considered as one of the very best grapes ever introduced into this country. It requires a, higher degree of temperature to ripen than many others, and generally succeeds best in the pine stove. It may, never- theless, be ripened very well in a lower temperature ; but then it is necessary it should be forced early in the spring. The Toiieiiham Park JMuscat, which was said to be the produce of a seed oftheMuscat of Alexandria, sown in 1S19, turns out to be nothing more than this. It has been proved to be so over and over again, by the best practical gardeners, who have grown them both. The size of its berries has been urged as constituting its difference ; but berries of the Old Muscat have been grown, near London, which measured four inches in circumference the long way, and three inches and a half the short one, when the largest produced by Mr. Burn, of the Tottenham Park Muscat, which were compa- red with them, did not equal that size. I have several times seen the orignal vine at Tottenham Park, where it has a small house to itself, which, under Mr. Burn's excellent management, certainly produces fruit of the very highest character ; and I have always observed that there were other bunches, besides the first, which would form two other crops, and ripen in succession. The old Muscat, however, will do the same, when subjected to simi- lar treatment. 60. White Muscat from Lunel. Sjjeechly, 49. Berries large, oval, and when perfectly ripe of a fine am- ber colour, sometimes clouded with russet, especially on the side next the sun ; they form pretty large bunches. The skin is thin, and the flesh delicate, replete with a vinous juice. It requires a hothouse or a vinery. Mr. Speechly says it is a plentiful bearer, and may be justly esteemed a valuable sort. 61. White Sweetwater. LanghAj, p. 113. t, 50. Speechhj, No. 16. Parel Druyf, of the Dutch Gardens. Berries large, round, of a vhite colour, and when highly ripened, especially when exposed to the sun, they are sha- dod with a light russet. They grew close on the bunches, GRAFESi 151 which are of a middle size. Juice yfery saccharine and lus- cious. Wood short-jointed. On a south wall it ripens well in dry warm seasons ; but if the weather prove unfavourable when the vine is in blos- som, the bunches become imperfectly formed, and contain numerous very small berries. The White Sweetwater ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south wall, Aug. 10, O. S., or Aug. 21, N. S. {Lang- ley.) The Dutch gardeners call it Parel Driiyf, and force it in large quantities for market. There are several names of White Sweetwater to be found in different nurserymen's catalogues, but most of them have arisen from the whim or caprice of their culti- vators. Sect. IV. — Striped- Fruited. 62. Aleppo. Speechly^ No. 4. Raisin Suisse. Miller, No. 26. Switzerland Grape. lb. Berries middle-sized, of a roundish figure. Skin tliin, of various colours : some are black, some white ; but mostly they are striped with black and white in distinct lines : oc- casionally, one bunch will be black, one white, and another half black and half white. Flesh juicy, and of an exquisite flavour. The leaves in the autumn are curiously striped with red, green, and yellow, somewhat similar to the Alep- po Cos Lettuce. A plentiful bearer, requiring a vinery or a hothouse. Sec V. — American Grapes, by the Editor. The species of American Grapes are as follow : 1. TiTis LabPcUsca. Downy-leaved grape. SweeVs Hort. Brit. No. 9. Taurina. Wall. Fl. Car. 242. Fox Grape. Pursh Fl. No. 1. Michaux, Fl. Amer. v. 2. p. 230. This species is found " in shady woods, from Canada to Florida." The bunches are rather short. The berries large, a little inclining to an oval shape. Skin black, having 152 GRAPES. a musky or fox scent. Fruit, when ripened, sweet and rich, but pulpy. 2. V. Bland A. White-berried (Bland's grape.) SweeVs Hort. Brit. No. 10. Bland's Grape. Pursh, Flor. No. 1. var. Pursh, in his Flora Americae, supposes this to be only a variety of the former species. Sweet, in his Hortus Britta- nictis, has established it as a distinct species. The size of the bunch and form of the berry are very similar to the former species. When perfectly ripe they are very sweet, having not so much pulpiness, and they ripen a little earher than the former sort. 3. V. iEsTivALis. Fox Grape. Sweet, 'No. 11. Pursh, No. 2. Yulpina. Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 1181. Michaux. 2. p. 230. Labrusca. Walt, Flor. Car. 242. "In fields and woods, Virginia to Carolina. Berries dark blue, very agreeable to eat, and frequently converted into very good home-made wine. It is known by the name of Summer Grape.^'' 4. V. CoRDiFOLiA. Winter Grape. Sweet, No. 12. Mich. Fl. Am. 2. p. 231. No. 3. Incisa. Jacq. Shaubr. 427. Vulpina. Walt. Fl. Car. 243. " On edges of rivers and in woods. Canada to Florida. Berries green or amber-coloured. Small, and ripen ex- tremely late. Of a very tart taste. Commonly called Winter Grajje, or Chicken Grape.^^ Pursh. 5. V. RiPARiA. Sweet scented. Sweet, Hort. Brit. No. 13. Pursh, No. 5. Mich. 2. p. 231. Odoratissima. Donn, Catalogue, 66. " On the gravelly shores and islands of the rivers. Penn- sylvania to Carolina. Flowers of an exquisitely fine smell, somewhat resembling Reseda Odorata (Mignonette.) Fe- male plants are very seldom found north of the Potomac river, though the male extends very far beyond it." 6. V. RoTUNDiFOLiA. Bullct Grapc. Sweet, Hort. Brit, No. 14. Pursh, Fl. Am. No. 5. Mich. 2. p. 231. *' On river sides and islands. Virginia to Florida. Ber- ries very large, dark blue, agreeable, commonly called Bull or Bullct Grapes." Pursh. 7. V. Palm ATA. Palmated leaved. Sweet, Hort. Brit, No. 15. Pursh, p. 170. JVot described by Michaux. GRAFES. 153 It does not appear that Pursh ever saw the fruit; he merely states that it is found " in Virginia." the american cultivated grapes. 1. Isabella Grape. Bunches of a good size. Berries large, of an oval shape. Skin quite black, rather thick, a common feature in most American grapes. Juice, when perfectly ripe, very sweet and rich, with a little pulpy consistence. When the vine is vigorous, it generally produces five good bunches on each shoot. It is an uncommonly fine and full bearer, producing almost as many bunches of fruit as there are leaves on the vine. Very hardy, and promises fair to become an impor- tant sort for making good wine. Some of the vines about New-York and Brooklyn produce an almost incredible quan- tity of fruit, and when well manured will grow to a very large size. By good cultivation and proper pruning, the berries improve much in size and quality, with less pulp and thinner skin. This grape is said to be a native of Dorchester, South Carolina, and was introduced into New-York by Mrs. Isa- bella Gibbs, the lady of George Gibbs, Esq. It has been supposed by some that it v/as cither an imported grape or a mixed kind between a native and foreign grape. I incline to neither opinion. I believe it to be a pure native grape, from the species No. ]. without any foreign mixture, improved by cultivation. 2. White Scuppernon. Bunches short and close set. Berries large, of a roundish figure. Shin white with some purple specks, of a brownish colour on the sunny side. Juice, when perfectly ripe, sweet, rich, and aromatic, with but little pulp. E.ipens earlier than the Isabella. Is also a great bearer, producing from three to five bunches on each shoot. When properly cultivated, it spreads to a great extent. This sort also bids fair to be a fine wine grape. 3. Red Scuppernon. Bunches short, not so thick set as the former kind. Ber- ries more loose, of a roundish shape, and of a brick colour. Skin thin for a native grape. Juice sweet and of a good vi- nous flavour ; the pulp melting. This is also a great bearer, and deserves an extensive cul- tivation both as a wine and a table grape. 154 GRAPES. 4. Schuylkill Muscadel. Adlum, No. 2. Alexander's Grape. Tasker's Grape. Berries large, of an elliptical shape. Skin, when ripe, quite black. Juice very sweet and luscious. This grape is said to have been found growing in a natu- ral state, near the Schuylkill river, in Pennsylvania, by Mr. Alexander, gardener to Governor Penn, before the revolu- tionary war. Adlum says, " I have made a wine of this grape that Mr. Jefferson pronounced worthy the best vine- yard in France." 5. Bland's Grape. Adlum, No. 3. The Bunches are large and well shaped. Berries large, round, or oblate. Skin of a red colour, inclining to a dark purple when perfectly ripe. Juice sweet and lively, having a little musky flavour, with a little astringency. Mr. Bar- tram is supposed to have first cultivated this grape. 6. Clifton's. Clifton's Constantia. Jld. No. 4. This is very similar to the Schuylkill No. 4. The berries are not quite so large. It is said to have originated from seed in the garden of Mr. William Clifton, Southwark, in Philadelphia. 7. LUFFBOROUGH. Ad. No. 11. Berries large, of a deep purple colour. Juice sweet, with a musky flavour, and pulpy. Skin thick. Adlum says the pulp dissolves by fermentation, and it makes an excellent wine. 8. Elkton. Ad. No. 12. "An uncommonly large Fox Grape, of a deep purple co- lour. Before it is quite ripe, it has a pulp in it, but when per- fectly ripe, the pulp turns to a substance like a plum, and becomes quite thick." Ad. p. 177. 9. Gilbert's White Shonga. Bunches of a medium size ; short and thick set. Berries of a large oval shape. Skin white, inclining to a purple tinge on the sunny side, and in some seasons much more so than others. The Juice, when perfectly ripe, is very sweet and luscious, with but httle pulp. The Bunch, in size and shape, resembles the Isabella, and appears to belong to the species No. 2. This grape was found by Garret Gilbert, Esq. of this city, in a natural state, on the Shonga mountains. State of New- York, in the fall of 1825, and planted in his garden, where it CRAPES. 155 now occupies a large arbour in connexion with the Isabella, so that there is no doubt of its being a native. It is a great bearer, of similar habits with the Isabella, differing from that kind only in colour, and coming to maturity a little earlier. It is well worthy of general cultivation. Within a few years the attention of the American horticul- turalist has been particularly drawn to the cultivation of na- tive grapes; and it is a somewhat singular circumstance that while many species of grapes are found in a natural state in all parts throughout this continent, from the northern boun* dary to the southern extremity, yet amidst all the grapes, both European and Asiatic, scarcely any of them can well be suited in any part of this continent, at least not so as to become an article of commerce. It is true all the foreign kinds may be cultivated here with more or less pains ; but I speak of them as thriving with tho same facility and manage- ment as our native kinds. They generally require protec- tion in winter ; and during the warm summer and fall months are veiy liable to become mildewed in a greater or less de- gree, while every species and variety of the native grape will accommodate themselves to any part with httle difficulty. Hence cultivators have come to the conclusion that if this country is to be a wine country, we must turn our particular attention to our native grapes, and endeavour to find im- proved varieties for this purpose. Some of the sorts have already risen much in public estimation, and in the opinion of judges, are much improved in flavour and productiveness. It is however to be regretted that the nomenclature is not better established ; some sorts being called by one name in one part of the country, have different names in other parts. In many instances the inferior kinds of French Grapes are dressed ©ut with some local name as an American Grape, and in other instances real American Grapes are called by foreign names, to which they have no kind of affinity. The kinds which at present seem well established, I have noticed particularly, leaving a host of names out of the ques- tion until better data and more practical knowledge will give them a more decided character. 156 MULBERRIES. CHAPTER MULBERRIES. The only Mulberries cultivated in England are the black and the white fruited ; the black for its fruit, the white for the feeding of silk worms. Black Mulberries are propaga- ted by laying down the young branches in the autumn, or early in the spring. At the end of the year the layers may be removed from the stools and planted out in rows, three feet apart, and a foot from plant to plant in the rows : those intended for training may be planted out at once for the pur- pose, and the richer the soil is in which they are planted, the more rapid will be the progress of the trees.* * There are more kinds of Mulberries used for the feeding of Biltworms than onr author has laid down, I shall therefore insert here all the known sortg as I find thenn in Sweet's Hortus Britannicus, London, 1830. 1. MoRUS alba, White Mulberry, nat. China, hardy, int. 1596. 2. tartarica, Tartarian do. Tartary 1784. 3. italica, Italian do. Italy, 4. constantinopolitana^ do. Constantinople, 5. nigra, Common Black do. Italy, 1548. 6. rubra, Ilcd Mulberry do. N.America, 1629. 7. scabra, Rough do. 1812. 8. pennsylvanica, Pennsylvanian do. 9. pumila, Dwarf Mulberry, 10. indica, Indian Mulberry, India, Stove, 1820. 11. sinensis, Chinese do. China, G. H. 12. Mauritana, Mauritius, do. Mauritius, Stove. Observe the Chinese Mulberry, No. 11. is, as I suppose, the same kind ns culti- vated here by the name of Morus Multicaulis, and said to be the finest kind for •ilk worms. If so, it requires no greenJiouse, nor any other kind of protection from our severest winters. The leaves are much larger, and appear to be more delicata in texture than the common White Mulberry. None of my plants were injured last winter (1831-1832) exposed fully to the open air, and the thermometer beiovr zero. Further particulars ou their cultivation in its proper place. See second part of this work. Am. Ed. PEACHES. 157 CHAPTER X. PEACHES. An asterisk (*) denotes those which Nurserymen term French Peaches, and which require to be budded upon the Pear Plum Stock, f Sect. I. — Melting, pale fruited. 1. Almond Peach. Hort. Trans, Vol. iii. p. 1. t. 1. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. J Flowers large, pale rose colour. Fruit below the middle size, about seven inches in circumference, globular, with a slight suture extending from the base to the apex, which is flat and some- what depressed. Skin covered with a thickish down, of a delicate yellow, tinged with pale red on the sunny side, and beautifully marbled with a deeper colour. Flesh pale ci- tron, but of a bright red next the stone, from which it sepa- rates ; it is perfectly melting, and very juicy. Ripe the begiiining and middle of September. § This beautiful little peach was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, from a seed of the Sweet Almond, the blossom of which had been impregnated by the blossom of a peach. It was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in Sep- tember, 1817. 2.* Belle Chevreuse. Duhamel, No. 18. G, Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 549. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers middle sized. Fruit middle sized, more long than round, rather narrowed at the apex. Shin greenish white next the wall, but of a beautiful flesh colour, marbled and streaked with a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh white and melting, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, sugary, and richly flavoured. Stone oblong, almost smooth. Ripe the beginning of September. t Any of the peaches may be budded here with equal success either on Muscle Peach, or Almond stocks; and the kinds marked with an asterisk (*) calle»d French Peach, if they require more attention in Engl md than the other sorts, ar« in general the best kinds for this country under our fine autumnal sunshine. ^m. Ed. i Bee classification at the end of the Nectarines. § The time of rijjcning in this country may be estimated about a fortnight, and ui ■ome instances, three weeks earlier than here stated, for all the Peaches and Nec- tarines. jSm. Ed. 14 158 PEACHES. 3. Belle de Vitry. Duhamel, No. 34. t. 25. Cr, Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Admirable Tardive. Ih. Bellis. Miller, No. 22. Forsyth. Ed. 3. No. 26. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers small, dull red. Fruit middle sized, a little more broad than long, with a somewhat deep and broad suture, which extends to the apex, which leaves one of its sides prominent, and the other flat, terminated by a depressed and somewhat flat nipple. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall, but tinged with red on the sunny side, and marbled with a dull and deeper colour. Flesh rather firm, greenish yellow, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and of a very good flavour. Ripe the end of September, but it ought to hang some days upon the tree before it is gathered, in order to have it in perfection. The flesh of this is more firm than that of many of the melting peaches, which has occasioned some, like Mr. For- syth, to consider it as a Pavie; but in determining this, there can be no difliculty, as all melting peaches adhere more or less to the stone, but can be readily detached with the finger and thumb : in the Pavie this operation is impracticable. 4** Bourdine. Duharnel, 16. t. 12. Bourdin. lb. Narbonne. lb. Bourdine. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 545. Bon. Jard. 1827. Jard. Fruit, t. 20. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers smalf, blush, edged with carmine. Fruit pretty large, and nearly round, divided by a wide and somewhat deep suture, the flesh swelling unequally on its sides, but a little flattened on the back. Stalk inserted in a deep and wide cavity. SktJi greenish white next the wall, but on the sunny side it is of a lively red, marbled, and shaded with a deeper colour. Flesh white, melting, but very red at the stone, from which it se- parates. Juice sugary and highly flavoured. Stone smafl, and nearly round. Ripe the middle of September. It is said this peach derived its name from one Bourdin, a French gardener in the time of Louis XIV. That there is some resemblance between this, the Teton de Venus, and the Royale, will not be denied ; but that they are identically the same is what I cannot admit. In order that I may not, PEACHES. 169 in this instance, add to the confusion which "t present exists in the names of modern cultivators, I shall follow the exam- ple of Duhamel, and our own countryman Miller, in consi- dering the Bourdine, the Teton de Venus, and the Royale, as three distinct varieties. 5.* Double Montagne. Alton's Epitome. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Sion. Forsijth, Ed. 7. p. 52. Z/cayes doubly serrated, glandless. i^/o?oers large. Fruit middle sized, of a roundish figure, a little narrowed and flat- ted at the apex. Skin greenish white on the shaded side ; but of a blush or soft red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the side next the sun. Flesh very delicate, melting, and white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and highly flavoured. Stone ovate, mucronate, and rugged. Ripe the middle and latter end of August. This is a beautiful and excellent peach, and must not be confounded v/ith the JVoblesse : it ripens a week or ten days sooner, and cannot be propagated upon the Muscle. | 6. Early Anne. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 639, Anne. Laagleij Pom. t. 22. f. 2. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 6. Leaves doubly serrated, glandless. Flowers large, very pale, nearly white. Fruit below the middle size, globular. Skin white, with scarcely any colouring on the side next the sun. Flesh soft, melting, and white to ths stone, from which it separates. Juice a httle musky, but saccharine, and well flavoured. Ripe the middle of August. It is said to have derived its name from the celebrated Anne Dunch, of Pewsey, in Berkshire. It is sold in some nurseries under the name of White Avant. 7. Early Dow^nton. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 217. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit rather small, narrowed at the apex, which is generally terminated by a small acute nipple ; very hol- low at the base. S^■^V/ pale yellowish white, sprinkled with red dots ; but of a bright red on the sunny side. Flesh yel- lowish white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, with a good flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September.- This beautiful little peach was raised by Mr. Knight, of t Muscle, Plum Stock. Am. Ed. 160 PEACHES. Downton Castle, who sent an account of it, with two others, to the Horticultural Society, Aug. 21, 1815. 8. Flat Peach of China. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 512. t. 19. G. Liiidl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 549. Java Peach. lb. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. The Fruit of this most singular peach is flatted, and com- pletely concave at both the apex and the stalk. It is about two inches and a half in diameter, and scarcely three quar- ters of an inch thick, through the eye to the stalk, which thickness consists only of the stone and skin. The crown of the fruit looks like a broad and rather hollow eye, of an irregular five-angled shape, surrounded by the appearance of the remains of the segments of a calyx : the whole surface of this eye is roughly marked with small irregular warted lines, like the crown of a Medlar. The colour of the Skin is pale yellow, mottled or speckled with red on the part ex- posed to the sun. Flesh pale yellow, having a beautiful ra- diated circle of red surrounding the stone, and extending far into the fruit. The consistence and flavour of the flesh is that of a good melting peach, being sweet and juicy, with a little noyeau flavour. It first ripened its fruit in this country at Thames Ditton, and was sent to the Horticultural Society by John Braddick, Esq., in 1819. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 512. 9. Ford's Seedi ino. G. luindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 539. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, of a beautiful pale rose colour. Fruit middle sized, a little narrowed at the apex, and having a slight suture. Skin yel- lowish green, marbled with bright red on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish green, quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, of a. rich poignant flavour. Ripe the middle of September. 10.* Malta. G. Llndl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Pom. Mag. t. 15. Peche Malte. ' DuhameU No. 11. Peche de Malte. Lelieur. Malte de Normandie. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 91. Billed^ Paris. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 276. ItiUan Peach. Miller^ No. 12. According to the Pom, May;. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale. Fruit middle sized, generally depressed at the apex. PEACHES. 161 with a broad shallow suture on one side, and slight traces of one on the other. Skin, on the shaded side, pale dull green- ish yellow ; next the sun, broadly marked with broken blotches of dull purplish red. Flesli greenish yellow, with a slight stain of [)urple next the stone, from which it separates. ■Juice plentiful, very rich, with an extremely agreeable vi- nous flavour. Stone middle sized, oval, pointed, rather rugged. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. A very excellent and hardy peach, said to ripen its fruit well on an open standard in Normandy. It bears carriage remarkably well, and will, keep longer when gathered than any other peach, except the clingstones. 11.* New Noblesse. JVarserij Catalogues. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit middle sized, somewhat oval, with an ob- scure sulure, quite even at the apex, but terminating with a small acute nipple. Skin pale greenish yellow on the sha- ded side ; but next the sun of a pale red, and marbled with different shades of deeper colour. F/es/i greenish yellow quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and of a most exquisite flavour. Ripe the beginning of September. This Peach has been sold for some time by Mr. Ronalds of Brentford, who says it was raised by a friend of his from seed ; but when and where I have not been informed. 12. Noblesse. Langley,p. 101. t. 28. fig. 3. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 539. Pom. Mag. t. 95. and of all English Writers beginning with Switzer, in 1724. Mellish's Favourite. Of the JVurseries. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit large, for the most part roundish oblong, a little narrowed at the apex, and terminated by an acute nipple. Skin slightly downy, pale yellowish green next the wall; but of a marbled dull red, marked with broken streaks and blotches of a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale yellowish white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and highly flavoured. Stone large, obovate, pointed. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This is one of our very best hardy peaches, and perhaps one of the most common ; but it is often confounded ^ith an- other, well known, the Vanguard, which is somewhat simi- lar in appearance and in its general characters. It is, how- 14* 162 PEACHES. ever, distinguished by its fruit being, for the most part, ob- long, narrower, and plump at the apex, with a pointed nipple : in the Vanguard the fruit is equally large, or even more so, always globular, rather than oblong, and its crown or apex flat and often depressed. Nurserymen need not to be at any loss to distinguish the two sorts when maiden plants in the nursery ; the lateral shoots of the Noblesse being nearly as long as the main leader ; those of the Vanguard being less numerous, and exceeded considerably by the main shoot ; besides, the plants of the Vanguard are of a taller growth than those of the Noblesse. Indeed, so obvious and inva- riable have I found these characters, that should the two kinds become inadvertently intermixed in the nursery rows, the most inexperienced foreman would be enabled to sepa- rate them, without any fear of mistake. In the Hort. Trans, above quoted, I stated that Mellish's Favourite and the Noblesse were the same. I have this year again been flavoured by Mrs. Gurdon, of Letton, with specimens of both, and I find them identically one and the same. 13. Old Royal Charlotte. G. Lindl. in Hort. Titans. Vol. V. p. 540. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit middle sized, nearly globular, but a lit- tle narrowed at the apex, where it is generally terminated by a small nipple. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall ; but tinged with blush, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh soft, melting, and white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary and vinous. Stone obtuse, a little rugged. Ripe the middle and end of August. This is undoubtedly the first Royal Charlotte ever known in our gardens. It was first sold by Robert Lowe, a nur- seryman at Hampton Wick, about the year 1760. It has much the appearance of a Noblesse, but is smaller, and on the same aspect ripens ten days or a fortnight before it. The specimen from which this description was written, was from a tree growing at Heyden Hall, in Norfolk, in 1792. It had been purchased from Mr. Lowe, and planted therein 1766. 14. Red Nutmeg. JVfi7/er, No. 2. G. Lindl. in Hort, Trans. Yo\.\. p. 547. Nutmeg. Parkinson^ No. 21. Brown Nutmeir. Of some Collections. Avant Peche rouge. Duhamel, No. 2. t. 3. PEACHES. 163 Leaves small, crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit small, but larger than those of the White Nut- meg, of a somewhat globular figure, having a well marked suture extending from the base to the apex, terminated by a small, round, obtuse nipple. Skin pale yellow next the wall ; but of a bright scarlet or vermillion, and slightly mar- bled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesli yel- lowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sweet and a little musky. Ripe the end of July. This is the earliest hardy Peach cultivated in this coun- try, and is very good when just ripe, but in a short time it becomes doughy. "j" 15. SuLHAMSTEAD. Hovt. Traiis. Vol. V. p. 513. Leaves deeply serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, somewhat globular, depressed at the apex, slightly cleft, with a corresponding depression on the oppo- site side. Skin covered with a tine short down, of a clear pale yellow next the wall ; but of a pale red, and marbled with a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale yellow quite to the stone, from which it separates. Juice abundant, sweet,. with a rich vinous flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This tine Peach, somewhat resembling, externally, a Newington, was raised in the garden of Mrs. Thoytes, of Sulhamstead House, near Reading, in Berkshire, and was first exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1819. 16. Vanguard. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard^ 1796. ib. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 540. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, nearly globular, and quite flat or depressed at the apex. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but marbled and streaked with a few dashes of much deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, and w ite to the stone, from which it separates. Ju ce rich and sugary. Stone somewhat ovate, rugged, and sharp pointed. Ripe the beginning of September. 17. White Magdalen. Miller, No. 5. G. Lindl, in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 540. Madeline Blanche. DuhameU 8. t. 6. Montagne Blanche. Knoop. Fruct. p. 79. t Xot worth cultivating. Am. Ed. 164 PEACHES. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit below the middle size, somewhat globu- lar, rather more broad than long, having a deeply marked su- ture, which extends from the base to the apex, where it is terminated by a small, slightly sunk nipple, and having a rather wide cavity at the base. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but on the sunny side tinged with red, and marbled with a deeper red colour. Flesh melting, of a yellowish white, with a slight tinge of red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, but not high flavoured. Stone small, obtuse, a little rugged. Ripe about the middle of August. 18. White Nutmeg. Miller, No. 1. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 640. Avant Peche blanche. Duhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Leaves small, doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, very pale blush. Fruit very small, the least of all the varieties, a little more long than broad, having a very con- spicuous deeply marked suture, extending to the apex, on one side of which it oblongates into a very small acute nip- ple. Skin white, but when fully exposed it has a very pale blush tinge. Flesh white to the stone, from which it sepa- rates. Juice very sweet, of a musky and very agreeable fla- vour. Stone small, oval, mucronate, very slightly rugged. Ripe the middle of July. Sect. II. — Melting red or purple fruited, 19. Acton Scot. Hort. Trans, Vol. ii. p. 140. t. 10. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 552. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale rose. Fruit rather small, or below the middle size, some- what narrowed at the apex, where it is usually very much depressed. Suture shallow, on one side of which it is fuller than on the other. Skin rather woolly, pale yellow, of a bright red on the sunny side, and marbled with a deeper co- lour. Flesh melting, yellowish-white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary, with a slight bitter, but flavour pretty good. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This was raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle ; the offspring of the Noblesse, impregnated with the Red Nut- PEACHES. 165 meg, and was exhibited for the first time at the Horticultural Society in 1814. 20.* Bellegarde. Duhamel. 28. t. 20. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 545. Pom. Mag. t. 26. Galande. 1 accordins; to the Pom. Mag. of the Jl.arly Galande. ? ir- /• l a/» • a J Violette Hative. ) -^ Noire de Montreuil, of the French JYurseries. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flotoers small, bright reddish pink. FrHi7 pretty large, globular, of a very regular figure, with a shallow suture, and ashghtly hollowed apex, with a little projecting point in its centre. Skiii, on the exposed side, rich deep red, with dark purple or violet streaks ; on the shaded side, pale green faintly tinged with yellow. Flesh pale yellow, slightly rayed with red at the stone, very melting, juicy, and rich, and from which it sepa- rates. Stone rather large, slightly pointed. 21. Barrington. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 543. Pom. Mag. t. 147. Buckingham Mignonne, according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather large and handsome, roundish, somewhat elongated, and rather pointed at the summit. Suture mode- rately deep along one side. Skin pale yellowish green next the wall, deep red next the sun, marbled with a darker co- lour. Flesh yellowish white, slightly rayed with crimson tints next the stone, from which it parts freely ; melting, juicy, and very rich. Stone middle sized, ovate, with a lengthened sharp point, very rugged, and of a dark brown colour. Ripe the middle and latter end of September. This very handsouje and valuable Peach was raised above twenty years ago by a Mr. Barrington, of Burwood, in Sur- rey. 22.* Chancellor. Miller, No. 14. Pom. Mag. t. 61. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 550. Chancelliere. Duhamel, Vol. ii. p. 24. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, reddish. Fruit large, oval, with a very distinct suture, hav- ing a rather small cavity at the base. Skin not very downy, dark crimson next the sun, pale yellow next the wall, finely mottled towards the union of the two colours. Flesh pale yellow, but of a very deep red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, and of a vinous flavour. Stone ob- long, tapering to the base, and pointed at the summit. Ripe the middle of September. 166 PEACHES. This is not the Veritable C/iiance//iere of Duhamel, which has large flowers, and must be considered as the true Chan- cellor; but appears to be mentioned by him at the conclu- sion of his description of that fruit. The Chancellor Peach is said to have been raised from a seed of the Chevereux, in the garden of M. de Seguier, Chancellor of France. 23.* Double SwALSH. G. Lindl. in Uort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 550. Swalze or Swolze. Lang^ley, p. 105. t. 32. fig. 1. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, dark red. Fruit middle sized, somewhat ovate, and mostly terminated by a small nipple. Suture deep, on one side of which it is considerably more swelled than on the other. Skin pale yellow next the wall, but of a bright and deep red on the sunny side. Flesh soft, melting and white, but pale red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and well flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. Langley says, the Double Swalsh Peach was brought into England by Lord Peterborough before 1729. 24. Early Admirable. Langley, p. 103. t. 30. fig. 2. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 545. Admirable. Duhamel, 29. t. 21. Miller, No. 19. Belle de Vitry. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 277. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers middle- sized, pale red. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat globular. Skin yellowish white next the wall, but of a beau- tiful red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, vinous, and well flavoured. Ripe the middle of September. The Early Admirable Peach ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south-east wall, August 3d, O. S., or August 14th, N. S. — Langley. This Peach, although by no means an early one, has been called the Early Admirable in the time of Miller, a name which cannot now be abandoned, because we have another peach called the Late Admirable. M. Noisktte, in the Bon. Jard., makes his Belle de Vitry a synonym of it ; but in this he is not sanctioned by Duhamel, who has always been considered as of unquestionable authority. 25.* Early Vineyard. Aitou^s Epitome. G. Lindl, in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 543. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale PEACHES. 167 rose. Fruit middle sized, somewhat globular, and a little depressed at the apex, swelled a little more on one side of the suture than on the other, and very hollow at the base. Skill yellowish white next the wall, and sprinkled with red dots ; but of a dull red, and marked with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, except at the stone, where it is tinged with red, and from which it separates. Juice sugary, very rich, and high flavoured. Ripe the end of August or the beginning of September. The name of this peach originated with the late Mr. Lee of Hammersmith, whose nursery at the early part of its estabUshment by his father, was called the Vineyard. It has somewhat the appearance of the Grosse Mignonne, but it is not so large nor of so dark a colour, and Mr. Lee assured me it always ripened on his wall a week or ten days earlier; had the two peaches been alike, it could not have escaped the notice of that very distinguished cultivator. For this reason, and from my own observation, I have determined not to abandon the name to a mere synonym. On the other hand, I am quite satisfied that plants may be purchased from nurseries, under this name, that may prove to be the Grosse Mignonne. 26.* George the Fourth. Hort. Trans, Vol. vi. p. 413. Pom. Mag. t. 105. Leaves large, acutely crenate, with globose glands. Flow- ers small, dull red. Fruit middle-sized, globular, deeply lobed at the summit, with a deep cavity for the footstalks, projecting more on one side of the suture than on the other. SMn moderately downy, of a uniform dark red next the sun, and of a fine pale yellow on the shaded part, mottled with bright red at the junction of the two colours. Flesh pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, from which it parts freely. Stone very small, bluntly oval, not particularly rugged. Fla- vour good when upon an open wall, excellent when forced. It is said in the Pom, J\Iag. to be between a Clingstone and a Melter. Ripe about the middle of September. An American variety of considerable importance, not so much for its good quality as a hardy kind, as for being a forcing peach of great merit. Mr. Michael Floy, of New- York, in his letter of Novem- ber 5, 1823, says, " This is one of the finest peaches I have seen, and the richest I have tasted : it originated in the gar- den of Mr. Gill, in Broad-street, in this city. This is the 168 PEACHES. second year of its fruiting. The original tree is remarkably thrifty and bore a very full crop this season."! 27. *Grosse MiGNONNE. Duhmuel, 14. t. 10. G, Lindl. in Hort. Trans, Vol. v. p. 543. Mignonne. lb, Veloutee de Merlet. Ih. Grimwood's Royal George. Hooher*8 Pom, Lond. 41, Grimwood's New Royal George, 1 . ,^^ j^ ,.^^ _^„^. b rench Mignonne, ^ -^ '^ Large French Mignonne, Vineuse. Lelieur. Y series. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, deep rose. Fruit large, depressed, hollowed at the summit, with a moderately deep suture, and swelled considerably on one of its sides, and a wide cavity at the base ; the side marked by the suture is shorter than the opposite one. S/rm rather thinly clad with down, of a rich, very deep red, next the sun, thickly mottled on a yellowish ground next the wall. Flesh pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, from which it freely separates ; melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavour. Stone small for the size of the fruit, ovate, very rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The sy- nonyms above quoted may be safely relied upon as belong- ing to the Grosse Mignonne of Miller, Duhamel, and Noi- sette. The figure in Duhamel is a perfect representation of jhe fruit. The name of Grimwood^s Royal George was given by Mr. Grimwood, to plants which he propagated from the Grosse Mignonne, in the early part of the reign of George the Third : by which he derived a profit beyond what he would have done had he sold them under what he knew to be their proper name. See Hooker^ s Pomona, t 41. It is said the name of JVIiornnnne originated with one of the kings of France, on account of its excellence. 28. Hemskirke. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 69. Hemskirk. Langley^s Pom. t. 31. f. 4. G. Lindl. in Hort, Trans. Vol v. p. 539. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, fine pale rose. Fruit below the middle size, more broad than long, but somewhat narrow ed at the apex. Skin green- ish yellow, with numerous red dots, and pearl-coloured specks interspersed ; but next the sun of a bright red, and t The original tree is since dead. — Jlm. Ed. PEACHES. 169 marbled with a deeper colour. Flesh melting, of a greenish yellow quite to the stone, from which it separates. Jiiice plentiful, sugary and vinous. Stone small, almost round, and nearly smooth. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. A very beautiful early fruit from the Royal Gardens at Kensington some years ago. 29. Late Admirable. Langley, p. 106. t. 32. f. 5. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans Vol. v. p. 545. Royale. Duhamel, 33. t. 24. Jard, Fruit, t. 23. Bon, Jard. 1827. p. 278. Royal. Fom. Mag. t. 73. Miller. 7. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, pale red. Fruit large, 10 or 11 inches in circumference, of a roundish figure, rather inclining to oval. Suture deep, hav- ing the flesh swelled boldly and equally on both sides, with a slight depression on the summit, where there is usually a small, pointed nipple. Skin pale green or yellowish next the wall ; but of a pale red, marbled and streaked with darker shades on the sunny side, cavity of the base rather small. Flesh delicate, melting, of a greenish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and, in a warm season, highly flavoured. Ripe the end of September. This is a most excellent and extremely hardy peach, well deserving of cultivation. It ought invariably to be planted against either a south or south-east wall, as on colder as- pects there is little chance of growing it in perfection. 30. Lockyer's MiGNONNE. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans, Vol. v. p. 542. Lockyer's Peach. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 40. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, sprinkled whh numerous red dots ; but of a dull red, and marbled with a darker colour on the sunny side. Flesh greenii-h yellow, slightly coloured with led next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and good in flavour. Ripe the middle of September. 31. Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Lord Falconbridge's. Hanbury. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat ovate, being broader 15 170 PEACHES. at the base than at the apex. Suture rather deep. Skin pale yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots j but of a dull red, marked with several broad spots or patches of a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and rich. Stone rather flat. Ripe the middle of September. This very fine and handsome Peach has been many years in England, as appears by Hanbury, whose last edition was published in 1769. It was cultivated by Messrs. Perfect, of Pontefract, fifty years ago, and at that time was plentiful in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but does not appear to have found its way into the London nurseries. There are seve- ral Peaches of this class called Mignonnes, which approach very nearly each other, and may be considered as the same ; but this I consider to be distinct, as I have never observed those broad and well marked dark patches which so strongly characterize this, upon any of the other varieties. 32. Madeleine de Courson. Lelieur^ Pom. Fran. p. 292. Pom. Mag. t. 30. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 539. Madeleine Rouge. Duhamel, 10. t. 7. Madeleine de Courson. II). Rouge Paysanne. Of the French. Red Magdalen. Miller, 9. Leaves doubly seiTated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit below the middle size, globular, flatten- ed, deeply cleft on one side. Skin pale yellowish white next the wall ; but of beautiful red on the sunny side. Flesh quite white, with a little red at the stone, from which it sepa- rates. Juice plentiful, rich, and vinous. Stone blunt, ra- ther large in proportion to the size of the fruit. Ripe the end of August or beginning of September. This is a very excellent Peach, and ought to be found in every good collection of fruit. It is the true Red Magdalen of Miller, and, as such, should never have given way to the one now cultivated under that name ; but, like the Elrvge and Red Roman Nectarine of that author, the ignorance of some, and the indolence of others, have allowed far inferior fruits to usurp their names. 33. Millet's Mignonne. Hanbmnj. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat globular figure, but rather PEACHES. 171 more broad than long. Skin greenish white next the wall but of a deep red or purple colour on the sunny side. Flesh very melting, greenish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates.. Juice plentiful and well flavoured. Stone small, oblonj, rugged. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. In a cold wet season, this tree is frequently attacked, more or less, with mildew ; it ought, therefore, to be planted on a dry soil, and in a warm sheltered situation. It is said to have been raised by a Mr. Millet, a market gardener at Brentford, above sixty years ago. 34. MoNTAUBON. Langleij, t. 28. f. 4. Hiif. p. S19. Switzer, p, 88. Miller, No. 11. G. Lindl. Horl. in Trans. Vol. V. p. 539. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale. Fimit middle sized, with a small suture extending from the base to the apex. Skin greenish yellow next the wall ; but of a deep red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, and white to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plen- tiful, rich, and excellent. Ripe the middle and end of August. 35.* Neil's Early Purple. G. Lindl. inHort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 544. Neal's Early Purple. Hooker. Pom. Lond. t. 23. Early Purple. Miller, No. 6. Johnson's Early Purple, ^ Purple Avant, ( ^/-^^^^^^'^Z Catalogues. Padley's Early Purple, ) Veritable Pourpree Hative. DuhameU 12. t. 8. Peche du Vin. Of the French Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, pale lively rose. Fruit middle-sized, rather more broad than long, somewhat depressed at the apex, having a well marked suture, and a rather deep cavity at the base. Skiii pale yel- low or straw colour next the wall, with a mixture of scarlet dots ; but of a rather dull red, and marbled with a deep pur- ple on the sunny side. Flesh melting, yellowish white, but red at the stone, from which it separates*. Juice plentiful, rich, of an excellent flavour. Stone rugged, oval, sharp- pointed. Ripe the middle and end of August, ten or fourteen days before the Noblesse. This little Peach has long been known in France, but not 172 PEACHES. ill this country. It appears to have been introduced, a few years ago, by Mr. Neil, who sold two of the plants to Mr. Padiey tor five guineas ; hence it has obtained Mr. Padley*s name, as well as that of Mr. Neil. It is much grown, as M. Noisette has informed me, by the gardeners of Mon- treuil, and known to them as the Peche du Vin. 36.* New Bellegarde. JVursery Catalogues. New Galande, ) ^. Brentford Mignonne, } Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Floivers small, bright crimson. Fruit above the middle size, a little more long than broad, with a narrowed apex, and a very shallow suture. Skin pale yellow next the wall ; but of a deep red, marbled and shaded with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, and melting, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and very highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. This very handsome and excellent Peach has been sold by Mr. Ronalds of Brentford, under the name of Brentford Mignonne, who informs me it was raised by a friend of his from seed. Its characters being those of the Bellegarde, that name has been assigned it in preference to that of a Mignonne. 37.* New Royal Charlotte. Royal Charlotte. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 642. Queen Charlotte. Forsyth, Ed. 3. No. 38. Kew Early Purple. Jliton^s Epitome. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers middle- sized, dark red. Fruit rather above the middle size, somewhat narrow at the apex, and more swelled on one side of the suture than on the other Skin pale green- ish, white on the shaded side; but of a full deep red, and marbled with still deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, but pale red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and extremely well fla- voured. Ripe the beginning of September. I have named this the JVeiv Royal Charlotte, to distin- guish it from No. 14. 38.* NivETTE. DuhameU 37. t. 28. Nivette Veloutee. lb. Nivette. Miller, No. 26. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans, Vol. V. p. 546. PEACHES. 1T3 Veloute'e Tardive. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 278. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, pale red. Fruit pretty large, somewhat ovate, with a shallow suture, and a rather depressed apex. Skin greenish yellow next the wall ; but when exposed to the sun, of a lively red, shaded and marbled with a few dashes of a deeper co- lour. F/csA. when fully ripe, of a pale yellow, but very red at the stone, from which it sepamtes. Juice plentiful, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of September. 39.* Petite MignoiNNe. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 550. Double de Troyes. Duhamel, 3. t. 4. Peche de Troyes. lb. Petite Mignonne. lb. Early Mignonne. Miller, 3, Small Mignonne. Tb. Mignonette. lb. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit below the middle size, somewhat globular, but com- pressed near the stalk, which is inserted in a small deep ca- vity. Suture rather deep, extending from the base to the apex, which is terminated by a flattish obtuse nipple. Shin yellowish white next the wall, but of a fine red on the sunny side. Flesh white, with a rosy colour next the stone, from which it s3oarat33. Juice plentiful, and richly flavoured. Stone small, oblong, and thick. Ripe the end of August. 40.* PouRPREE Hative. DuJiamcl, 15. t. 11. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 547. Vineux. lb. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large, bright rose. Fruit below the middle size, globular, de- pressed at the ao3x, havin:T a d33p suture extending from the base and across th3 sunmit. Skin pale yellowish white next tha wall, but of a deep mottled red or purple on the sunny sids. Flesh melting, pale yellowish white, but very red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, of a rich vinous flavour. Stone middle-sized, rugged, broad- ly-ovate, blunt at the summit, not pointed. Ripe the end of August or beginning of September, 41. President. Pom. J\[ao;. t. 54. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, ^eep red. Fruit large, roundish, approaching to oval, with 16* 174 FEU.CHES. a shallow suture. SJcin very downy, dull red next the sun, pale yellowish green in the shade. Flesh whitish ; but deeply rayed with red next the stone, from which it separates very IVeely. Juice plentiful, rich, and high-flavoured. Stone oval, pointed, and very rugged. Ripe the end of September. This is an American Peach of great merit, lately intro- duced into this country. As it ripens late, it requires to be planted against a south wall, and care must be taken that it is perfectly ripe before being gathered. . 42. Purple Alberge. Lanaley, p. 3 04. t. 30. fig. 5. G. LindL in Horl. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Miller, No. 18. Red Alberge. lb. Alberge Jaune. Duhamel, 5. t. 5. Peche Jaune. lb. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers small, bright pale crimson Fruit middle sized, nearly globular, having a pretty deep suture extending from the base to the apex. Stalk inserted in a rather deep cavity. Shin yel- low next the wall ; but on the sunny side of a deep red or purple colour, which extends nearly round the fruit. Ilesh deep yellow, but of a soft red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful and highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. A very neat and hardy little peach, well deserving of cul- tivation. Miller has made his Purple or Red Alberge a syno- nym of the Rossanna, which, however, does not belong to the same Division ; the great similarity between the two fruits has led many gardeners to confound them. The ad- vantag;eof a synoptical arrangement of these fruits, in which the s;lriiids are made a foundation of the Divisions, isclearly manifest ; for without consulting the simple character, the difference between the Alberi^e and the Rossanna would, even now, have been left in a state of uncertainty. 43. Rambouillet. Langleij, t. 33. f. 3. Miller, No. 21. Rambullion. lb. Leaves crenate. Floivers large. Fruit middle sized, rather more long than broad, and divided by a deep suture. Skin pale yellow next the wall, but oia tine red colour on . the sunny side. Flesli bright yellow, but deep red at the PEACHES. 176 stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, of a vinous fla- vour. Rip(^ the middle of September. This peach appears not to be known by any of our mo- dern cultivators ; ye*, should it fall in their way, the above description, although defective, will enable them to distin- guish it from any other sort. 44. Red Magdalen. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 542. Aiton\s Epitome Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small, dark dull red. Fruit middle-sized, rather more broad than long. Suture deep, extending nearly half an inch beyond the centre of the apex; swelled much more on one side of it than on the other, and having a wide cavity at the base. Skill pale yellowish white next the wall, but of a very deep red, interspersed with a ^ew ash-coloured and dark specks on the sunny side. Flesk melting and white, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and of a very good flavour. Stone oblong and thick. Ripe the beginning of September. This is a good peach, but apt to be mildewed when plant- ed upon a cold soil I have not quoted any synonyms under this head ; for, although it may have been sold under different names by different nurserymen, it does not follow that these names should be considered as synonymous. 45. RossANNA. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 651. Miller, No. 18. Rossanne. Duhamel, No. 6. Alberge Jaune. Bon. Jard. 1827. p 277. Peche Jaune. 76. St. Laurent Jaune. lb. Petite Roussanne. lb. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale dull red. Fruit middle sized, something larger than the Purple Alberge, and gsnerally a little more flattened; but it has a similar suture, extending to the apex, where is im- planted a small sharp-pointed nipple. Skin yellow next the wall, but on the sunny side of a deep red or purple co- lour, which extends nearly round the fruit. Fleali deep yellow, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and ot a good flavour. Ripe about the middle of September. The glands on the leaves form an unerring character, 176 PEACHES. and, indeed, the only one by which this peach and the Pur- ple Alberge can be distinguished. Had Duhamel been aware of the importance of this character, his Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, as far as regards Peaches and Necta- rines, would have been invaluable, and the discrepancies between him and modern authors avoided. In the Bon Jardinier, the Roiissanne and Alberge Jaime are made the same ; but that they are distinct, the glands are evidence ; and that the Purple Alberge^ and the Rossanna, described by me, are those intended by Duhamel, is clear, not only from his description of both, but by his Ordre de Maturite. 46. Royal George. Miller, Ed. 2. No. 14. G. Lindl. in Hori. Trans. Vol. v. p. 542. Pom. Mag. t. 119. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit above the middle size, nearly globular. Suture deep, especially at the apex, where it extends almost two-thirds across. Skin of a yellowish white next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots ; but of a deep red, and slightly marbled with a deeper colour on the side next the sun. Flesh melting, yellowish white, but very red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and high-flavour- ed. Stone ovate, slightly furrowed. Ripe about the middle of September. There is very little doubt but that this is the Royal George of both Hitt and Miller, although evidently not the Royal George of Svvitzer, and may therefore be con- sidered as the original Royal George. It is a most excel- lent peach, and a very beautiful figure of it is given in the Poinological Magazine. There are, it is true, several peaches sold in the nurseries under this name : but this is the sort most generally allowed the right one. 47.* Royal George Mignonne. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v p. 542. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Fhivers small, dark dull red. Fruit middle-sized, a little ovate, mostly narrowed at the apex, and terminated by a small nipple. Skin pale yellowish white, sprinkled with numerous red dots next the wall ; but of a very bright red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, but of a pale red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary and rich. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 48.* Royal Kensington. Forsyth., Ed. 3. No. 7. G. Lindl. in Hart, Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. PEACHES. 1T7 Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large pale rose. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat flattened at the apex, and swelled a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots, but of a fine dark red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh pale greenish yellow, with a few red streaks near the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, and of a very highly vinous flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The name of this very beautiful and excellent Peach originated with Mr. Forsyth. He says it was sent from France to her Majesty Queen Charlotte, about- the year 1783, and planted in the Royal Gardens at Kensing- ton, where he found it in 1 784, and mentioned in the cata- logue of the gardens as a new Peach from France. 49.* Smooth -LEAVED Royal George. G. Lindl, in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Forsyth. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, fine deep rose. Fruit above the middle size, nearly glo- bular, but a little depressed at the apex, and the suture al- most obscure. 67mi yellowish white next the wall, sprinkled with numerous minute red dots, but of a beautiful red or carmine colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, yellow- ish white, except near the stone, where it is deeply stained with red, which at the apex roaches nearly through to the skin. Jittce plentiful, sugary, and of a high vinous flavour. Stone small, deeply ruo;ged. Ripe about the middle of September. This is not only one of the handsomest, but one of the best peaches in our collections, not excepting the Bellegarde, and cannot be too extensively known. The name appears to have originated with the late Mr. Lee of Hammersmith. 50.* Spring Grove. Hort. Trans, Vol. ii. p. 214. Pom. Mag. t. 97. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Floivers large, pale blush. Fruit middle-sized, globular, broadest at the base, with a very shallow suture. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, but of a bright crimson on the sunny side. Flesh greenish yellow to the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and high-flavoured. Stone rather large, obo- vate, pointed. Ripe about the end of August. 178 PEACHES. This peach was raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Cas- tle, from a stone of Neil's Early Purple, and the pollen of the Red Nutmeg. It differs from its female parent in be- ing a much rounder fruit. 51.* Superb Royal. Forsyth, Ed. 3. 37. G. Lind. in HorL Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Royal Sovereign. JViirs, Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Flowers large, deep rose. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular, but a little nar- rowed at the apex, and little more full on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots, but of a rather dull red, and marbled with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh melting, pale greenish yellow, but tinged with red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, rich, and high flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. It is probable this peach may be sold under other names in the nurseries. Two trees were planted against a south wall in Mr. Lee's private garden at Hammersmith, under the above name, which proved to be one and the same fruit. 62. Teton de Venus. Hilt, p. 323. Miller, 24. Duhamel, p. 32. t. 23. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 278. Jard, Fruitier, t. 22. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Leaves deeply crenate, with globose glands, and some- what puckered on each side of the midrib. Flowers small, pale rose, edged with carmine. Fruit large, a little more long than broad, divided by a wide and deep suture, extend- ing from the base to the apex, where it is terminated by a broad, prominent, obtuse nipple, and having a wide cavity at the base. Skin pale greenish yellow next the wall ; but of a lively red, and marbled with a deeper colour, on the sunny side. Flesh melting, greenish yellow, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice sugary, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe the end of September. I have examined the leaves of many trees of this kind in the nurseries in the Duke of Devonshire's garden, and also in the Horticultural garden at Chiswick ; and I have uniformly found them to be more deeply and more acutely crenate than those on any other glandular-leaved variety. PBACHES. 179 Sect. III. — Pavies^ or Clingstones* 63. Braddick's American. t G. Lindl, in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 553. Braddick's North American. Ih. American Clingstone. JVurs. Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Floivers small, pale blush. Fruit middle sized, somewhat narrower at the apex than at the base, with a considerable fulness on one side of the suture, which is rather deeply marked. Skin pale yellow, tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, quite to the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice plentiful, pretty good. Ripe the middle of September. This is not Braddick's American Peach of the Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 205. t. 13., which appears to be a melting peach. Some description ought to have accompanied that plate J 64. Catharine. Langleij, Pom. t. 33. f. 6. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p.' 549. Pom. Mag. t. 9. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands, narrower than in many others, and puckered on each side of the midrib. Flowers small, reddish. Fruit above the middle size, ra- ther more long than broad, generally more swelled on one side of the suture than on the other, and terminated by a small nipple, very uneven at the base. Skin pale yellow- ish green on the side next the wall, and thickly sprinkled with red dots ; but on the sunny side it is of a beautiful red, marked and streaked wiih a darker colour. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which ft close- ly adhsres. Juice plentiful, and, if thoroughly ripened, in a fine warm season it is richly flavoured. Stone middle-siz- ed, roundish oval, very slightly pointed. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. 55. Incomparable. Jiiton^s Epitome. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol v. p. 549. Pavie Admirable. lb. 553. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale. Fruit large, of a roundish figure, swelling a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin pale t See No. 72. Am. Ed. % See No. 69. Am. Ed. 180 PEACHES. yellow next the wall ; but of a pale red, shaded with light scarlet or deep crimson on the sunny side. Flesli pale yellow, but red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice sugary, and well flavoured. Stone roundish, and almost smooth. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. The Pavie Admirable is now, for the first time, made a synonym of the Incomparable, the latter having been es- tablished in Mr. Aiton's Epitome. The name of Pavie Admirable is no where to be found, I believe, previously to its insertion in my Plan of an Orchard, published in 1796, whence it was copied into Mr. Forsyth's book, in 1802. 56. Monstrous Pavie or Pomponne. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 546. Monstrous Pavy of Pomponne. JMiller, No. 29. Pavie Rouge de Pomponne. Duhamel, p. 35. t. 26. Pavie de Pomponne. Lelieur. Pavie Cornu, \ Pavie Rouge, > Duhamel^ Vol. ii. p. 37. Pavie Monstreux, j Gros Melecoton, ) „ ^ , i oo»^ r>»^n ^ T, • T) ? Jjon. Jard. 1827. p. 279. (jrros Persique Rouge, ) '■ Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large, and crumpled at their margins. Fruit very large, some- times measuring fourteen inches in circumference, some- what oval, with a well-defined suture extending from the base to the apex, which narrowed, and terminates with an obtuse nipple. Skin yellowish white next the wall ; but on the exposed side of a deep intense red, a lighter part of which reaches nearly round the fruit. Flesh firm, yel- lowish jvhite, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Stone small in proportion to the size of the fruit. Ripe in a warm and dry season the middle or towards the end of October, when the flavour is pretty good ; but in cold seasons it will not ripen abroad in this country. 57. Old Newington. Langley, Pom. t. 31. f. 1. Miller, No. 20. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 638. Newington. Parkinson, No. S. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Floioers large, pale rose. Fr«t7 large, somewhat globular. Skin pale yellowish white on the side next the wall, but of a beautiful red marbled with dashes and streaks of a deeper colour where fully exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish white, but PEACHES. 181 very red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice rich, and of a high vinous flavour. Ripe the middle of September. 58. Pavie Madeleine. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 538. Duhamel, No. 9. Pavie Blanc. lb. Persique a Gros. Fruit Blanc. Bon. Jard. 1822. Me'lecoton, lb. Merlicoton. lb. Myrecoton. lb. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, pale blush. Fruit middle sized, somewhat broadly globu- lar. Suture rather deep at the base, but shallow at the apex, where is sometimes implanted a small acute nipple. Skin pale yellowish white next the wall ; but of a beauti- ful red, marbled and streaked with a deeper colour on the sunny side. Flesh firm, pale yellowish white to the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice sugary, and well flavour- ed. Stone middle sized, shortly ovate, thick, not deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning of September. This has been considered by some to be the same as Smith's Newington ; but it appears to me to be a different fruit, being always more broad than long, while the other is always more long than broad, and has also more colour at the stone. 59. Portugal. Hitt, p. 322. Miller, No. 23. G. LindL in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 553. Leaves crenaXe. Floivers smaW. Frm7 above the middle size, somewhat globular. Skin pale yellow next the wall, sprinkled with numerous red dots ; but of a deep red or purple colour on the sunny side. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but of a faint red at the stone, to which it closely ad- heres. Juice rich and vinous. Stone small, deeply fur- rowed. Ripe the middle or towards the end of September. 60. Smith's Newington. Lanoley, p. 101. t. 28. fig. 1. G. Liadl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 538. Miller^ No. 10. Early Newington. lb. Smith's Early Newington. Hitt, p. 320. Leawe.s doubly serrated, without glands. Floioers ]arget pale rose. Fruit middle sized, rather oval, a little narrow- ed at the apex, and more swelled on one side of the suture 16 182 PEACHES. than on the other. Skin pale yellow or straw colour next the wall ; but of a lively red, marked with light and dark purple dashes on the sunny side. Flesh firm, pale yellow, but of a hght red next the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice excellent. Ripe the beginning of September. Sect. IV. — Additional American Peaches. By the Editor. The following are selected as fine kinds, and believed to be of American origin. Several of them cannot be excelled by any European sorts, and are worthy of a place in every collection. I sent most of the kinds to the London Hor- ticultural Society in the years 1823 and 1825. The only kind of them ( George the Fourth,) which our author describes, shows that the climate of England is not sufficient to produce them in perfection without artificial heat. The George the Mh Peach ripens here the latter end of August or beginning of September, and is what we call a Summer Peach. The time of ripening in England appears to be near a month later. What then would they do with our later peaches, particularly the Heath, one of our very latest, and when perfectly ripe, probably the best? We want the most sheltered and warmest part of the garden here to ripen this sort. Still I should recommend to the English gardeners to give all the sorts a trial, in a good Peach-house, where they can command a heat of seventy or eighty degrees in the month of September. They will find that their " Braddick^s Jlmerican,^^ which by our au- thor's description does not promise much, may change its character, and probably turn out to be the rich and high-fla- voured Lemon Clingstone ; and all the other kinds would find a place in a new edition, if perfectly ripened, with high encomiums of character. However, it is important that the true kinds are selected ; for it is a fact, that all the kinds which I take to be original sorts will pro- duce a number of varieties from seeds, of a similar type with the original — some indifferent, and some very poor. Hence we have hundreds of names, as sorts not worth culti- vating ; although, to a careless observer, they may pass as tolerable peaches. The facihty of raising peaches from seed, in this country, has led many to neglect innocu- lated trees, and trust to seedlings. Trees should always be innoculated with scions from trees in a bearing state, PEACHES. 18S and when the fruit is ripe ; they will then know to a cer- tainty what kinds are good, and of the best quahty, and such only should be budded from. 61. AsTOR Peach. Hort. Soc. Cat. 175. Leaves broad, deeply serrated, with globose glands. FloW' ers medium, rose-coloured. Fimit large^ more broad than longi a little sunken at the apex, with a deep cavity at the base ; the suture dividing the fruit pretty even, forming a handsome figure. Skin pale yellow, with a deep red cheek on the exposed side. Flesh melting, whitish yel- low, with a few rays of red near the stone, which is small roundish, and not much pitted ; separating freely. Juice very sweet and plentiful, of a rich and high flavour. Ripe the last week in August. This is a most excellent Free-stone Peach, and in gene- ral a good bearer ; the tree of thrifty growth. I found the original ti"ee in a garden in New-York. The tree was large, thrifty, and full of fruit ; about eight or ten years old : it had come up accidentally from a seed. I sent it to the Hort. Society in 1823. 62. Blood Clingstone. Hort. Soc. Cat. 176. This is a tolerably large Clingstone, with little to recom- mend it but its curiosity. The Flesh is of a deep blood co- lour to the stone ; when perfectly ripe it is juicy, with an acidity in its taste, by some deemed agreeable, and used for culinary purposes and preserving. I sent it to the Hoi't. Soc. in 1823. Ripe first week in September. 63. Brevoort's Seedling Melter. Hort. Soc. Cat. 177. Leaves crenated, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit below the medium size, nearly round. Flesh white, firm, with a very little red at the Stone, which is small, flat, and a little swollen at the bottom, separating easily. Skin a dirty white, with bright red on the exposed side. Juice rich and sugary. Ripe middle of August. This excellent little Peach was raised from seed by Mr. Henry Brevoort of this place in the year 1822, and is wor- thy of general cultivation. I sent this sort to the Hort. Soc. in 1825. 64. Congress. Hort. Soc. Cat. 180. Leaves creoated with round small glands. Flowers small, and rose-coloured. Fruit about the medium size. Skin 184 PEACHES. of a greenish yellow with a broM'nish red on the exposed side* Flesh melting. Juice rich, sweet, and good flavoured. 65. Early Sweet Water. Hort. Soc. Cat. 184. Leaves large and broad, doubly serrated ; glands none. Flowers large, white and rose-coloured. Fruit air out a me- dium size, nearly round and regular, slightly pitted at the apex, and showing a kind of pistilla point, iskin thin, white, with a small portion of colour on the exposed side. Flesh melting, white, and separating readily from the stone ; which is small, round, and nearly flat, and pitted. Juice very sweet and good. Ripe the first week in August. This is the best early peach we have, coming in a few days after the early Ann, or White Nutmeg, which it resembles in shape, growth of the tree, &c. ; it is, however, about dou- ble the size, and it is probable that it originated from a seed of that kind, but is every way very superior in quality ; and as the trees have a larger and stronger growth, is supposed to have been mixed in the pollen with some other sort. The tree has a peculiar habit of growth, which renders it very difficult to propagate from. The young shoots will be almost destitute of perfect buds to innoculate with : care^ therefore, should be taken to see that each bud has a per- fect eye, or they will never grow. 1 experience more diffi- culty to bud a row of this sort, in my Nursery, than of all other kinds put together. I first found it in the garden of Mr. Henry Brevoort : he had several trees of them, and it was one of his favourite sorts. He had budded them by the name of a " French Peach," but cannot tell where he first got it. I have no doubt, however, of its originating in this country. I sent trees of it to the Hort. Society, in 1823^ 66. Emperor of Russia. Hort, Soc. Cat.^ 185, Serrated. Unique. New Cut-Leaved. Hort. Soc. 206. Leaves narrow and very deeply and doubly serrated ; in some instances almost to the mid-rib, more so than any other kind of peach : without glands. Flowers small and red. Fruit large, broader than long, one cheek projecting out much more than the other, and forming an irregular shape. Skin downy, of a brownish yellow, with a crimson red on the exposed side. Flesh melting, separating freely from the stone, which is small for the size of the fruit. Juice sweet, and of an excellent flavour. Ripe last week in August. PEACH£S. 185 I first discovered this most curious peach when quite a young tree, on the edge of a swamp near the EngHsh Neigh- bourhood, in New-Jersey, in the year 1809. Being struck with its curious appearance, I took scions from it, and budded them in my nursery. I sent some of the young trees to London in the spring of 1812: and in the fall of that year obtained fruit from my Serrated Peach, as I called it, which I thought good. I planted these pits, and the leaves of all the seedlings were similar ; yet many of the trees that bore fruit were inferior sorts, and rejected. One of them had very fine fruit, and superior to the original, which I called ** Emperor of Russia," and sent it to Mr. Robert Barclay, in 1819, and to the Hort. Societij, in 1823, by that name. 67. New- York White Clingstone. Hort. Soc. Cat. 208. Williamson's New-York. lb. 224. Newington, Nursery Catalogues. Leaves crenated, with round glands. Flowers small, red. Fruit large, round, with a pointed apex, or small nipple. Skin white, inclining to a very light yellow, with a rose co- lour on the exposed side ; some of the fruit having but little colouring. Flesh light yellow, melting and soft, but adhe- ring close to the stone, which is rather oval, and raised in' the middle. Juice very plentiful, sweet, luscious, and high flavoured. Ripe early in September. This most excellent Clingstone Peach, of which there are many seminal varieties, differing more or less in size and quality, but evidently of the same type ; by some has been considered to be a Newington, and confounded with that sort, but is in many respects different, and the true sort much superior. I first found it in the late David Wil- liamson's Nursery in 1807. He had worked many of them, and, by a note I found in his Nursery Book when I came in possession of his Nursery, he had found it in a private garden in the city of New- York. I have found none of the new varieties to equal the original. 68. Washington Peach. Hort. Soc. Cat. 223. Boyce Peach. Leaves crenated, large and broad, with round glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, rather broader than long, full at the bottom, very equally divided by the suture, which is rather deep near the bottom. Skin very thin, and peels rea- dily with the fingers, with a very slight downiness, light yel- 16* 186 PEACHES. low, with a deep crimson blush. Flesh pale yellow, melting and tender, juice abundant, very sweet and luscious ; it se- parates from the stone, but not so easily as some sorts, ge- nerally leaving a little of the jflesh behind. The Stone is quite small for the size of the fruit. Ripe second week in September. This is one of the finest of peaches at the season when in perfection. I found this peach in my garden in 1 806. It was undoubtedly a worked tree, and had been planted there. Mr. Brevoort knew the Peach, and called it the Boijce Peach. He said it had been cultivated by Mr. Boyce, a Gardener in New- York, many years before ; but where it originated he could not tell. This kind should be planted in every gar- den as a very superior sort. I sent young trees of it to the London Hort. Society in I 823. One very peculiar trait in the character of this Peach is its rapid growth ; when the fruit is nearly ripe, it is only of an ordinary size, but in the course often days the size will have doubled. The perfectly ripe fruit generally weighs nine ounces. 69. Red Chekk Malacotan. Coxe^s Vieiv, No. 28. Hogg's Mallacotan. Lady Gallatin. Probyn Peach, and other names. Fruit above a medium size, inclining to the oval at top, fuller at the bottom, in sha[)e very similar to the variety of Lemon Clingstone, called Pine Apple Clitis;- The Skin a fine yellow, with a deep red cheek ; the Flesh of a deep yellow, with a little red close to the stone, and from which it separates freely. The Juice not very abundant, but sweet and very fine, with a little of that pleasant acidity of the Lemon Chngstone. Ripe first week in September. Mr. William Prince, the senior proprietor of the Flushing Nurseries, informed me, that this Peach was first discovered by him in his Peach Orchard in rather a singular manner : He had sent his man to gather some Lemon Clingstones ; in examining them, he found that some of them were free stones. On being informed that they all came oft' the same tree, he went and found that one part of the tree was Lemon Clingstone the other part prol ably a limb that had sprung from the natural tree below the graft) this fruit ; he gave the name as above, and innoculatrd IVcm it. I have known this kind thirty years ; and as a proof of the fruit having PEACHES. 187 originated here, there are a host of names from seed of this kind. The best of them is one that came up accidentally in the garden of Mr. Thomas Hogg, Florist, and is quite as good as the original ; and I think rather earher. This is the variety I now work from as the best : some of the varieties are very indifferent. 70. Early Orange Pkach. JVursery Catalogue. Yellow Rare Ripe. Hort. Soc. Cat. 219. Rare Ripe Early Yellow. lb. 217. Yellow Malacotan. Leaves crenated with round glands. Flowers small, of a dingy red. Fruit under a medium size, inclining to the oval shape, apex full, with a small tip. Shin greenish yellow, with but little colouring of red, in some none. Hesh a fine yellow, firm, and rather dry, separating freely from the stone which is small for the size of the fruit. Juice rich and sweet, although not plentiful. Ripens the last week in August. This, like the former kind, has many seminal va- rieties, some good and some poor : the true Orange Peach is very fine. I sent it to the Horticultural Society in 1823. 71. Heath. Hort. Soc. Cat. 189. Heath Chngstone. /^. 191. Late Heath. Coxe^s Vieiv, 13. Late October, of some catalogues. Fruit large, inclining to an oval shape, and terminating in a projecting point at the apex, and slightly cleft at the su- ture. Skin white and downy, with very little, and in some instances, no red, having a brownish cast on the sunny side. Flesli white and juicy, adhering firmly to the stone ; ten- der and melting. Juice very plentiful, sweet and luscious, of a high fine flavour. Ripe in October. The Heath Peach requires a warm sheltered situation to brino- it to perfection north of New-York. It ought to be train- ed against a south wall or board fence. It succeeds best far- ther south, and in the state of Maryland arrives to the greatest state of perfection. This is one of the latest peaches we have, and when perfectly ripe, equal to the very best ; and the best for preserving — it will keep till November. Coxe says, '' The original stone was brought from the Mediter- ranean by the late Daniel Heath, and has ever since been propagated from the stone in Maryland, where it grows in high perfection and great abundance. " The juice is so 188 PEACHES. abundant as to make it difficult to eat the peach without in- jury to the clothes." 72. Lemon Clingstone. Hort, Soc. Cat, 196. Lemon Clingstone, Hoyte's. lb. 197. Kennedy's Carolina. lb. 194. Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone. lb. 198. Lemon Largest. lb. 199. Pine Apple. lb. 212. Pine Apple Clingstone. lb. 213. Large Yellow Pine Apple. Coxe's View, 24. Leaves crenated, with reniform glands. Flowers small, deep red, petals very short. Fruit large, of an oval shape, projecting and terminating with a nipple at the apex ; large, and full at the bottom ; in appearance much like a large le- mon. Skin deep yellow, with a brownish red on the expo- sed side. Flesh firm, of a deep lemon colour, with a little red at the stone, to v/hich it firmly adheres. Juice abun- dant, rich, vinous and sprightly, sweet, with an agreeable acidity ; and when perfectly ripe, most excellent. Ripe the middle and latter end of September. This is an old resident of our gardens ; by all accounts it was first brought here by Mr. Robert Kennedy, from Caro- lina, about forty years ago ; it was generally called Kennedy's Carolina. Two kinds used to be cultivated, as was supposed different sorts, designated by early and late. A number of seminal varieties have been cultivated by different names as above. The Pine Apple Cling is more round ; Hoyte's Lemon very large and pretty round : they all however are, with slight variation, of the same type, and no one kind equal to the old original sort. A few bearing trees of the true sort are yet to be found in New-York, but the greater part cultivated as Lemon Clingstones are very infe- rior. I would recommend to all the Nurserymen to culti- vate the old kind only : the fruit is much sought after for making the finest sweetmeats. The trees should have a good warm dry situation to ripen in perfection. I sent it to the Hort. Soc. in 1823. 73. Mammoth Peach. Hort. Soc* Cat. 200. Saarte Mout, or Aunt Sarah's Peach. Fruit very large, of rather an irregular shape, inclining to the oval form ; suture very slight, one cheek projecting out more than the other. Skin pale green, with a brownish cast on the exposed side. Flesh greenish yellow, separating free- ly from the stone, which is large and heavy, generally con- PEACHES. 189 taining two pits in each. Juice not very abundant, but sweet and rich. Ripe in September. The Mammoth, or Aunt Sarah Peach, was discovered in a garden in New- York about forty years ago by Mr. Bre- voort ; he budded it in his Peach Orchard, and considered it a Peach of superior excellence, as well as an extraordinary large fruit. I sent it to the Hort. Soc. in 1823. 74. Morris's White Freestone. Hort. Soc. Cat. 203. White Rare Ripe. lb. 229. Coxe's View, 19. Luscious White Rare Ripe. Hort. Soc. Cat. 221. Philadelphia Freestone. lb. 214. Leaves crenated, glands reniform. Flowers middle-sized, white and rose colour. Fruit large, and inclining to the oval form ; suture even, but not deep ; apex a little sunken. Flesh white, inclining to a yellowish cast, separating freely from the stone. Juice rich and sweet. Ripe about the middle or latter end of September. 75. Morris's Red Free Stone. Hort. Sec. Cat. 202. Red Rare Ripe. lb. 218. Coxe's View, 9. Leaves crenated, with small round glands. Flowers mid- dle-sized. Fruit nearly round, of large size, apex a little sunken. Skin greenish white, with a beautiful red cheek on the exposed side. Flesh whitish and melting, separating freely from the stone, which is small, round, and not much furrowed. Ripe about the middle and latter end of August. These two excellent Peaches I received from Philadel- phia, and were said to have come from the garden of Ro- bert Morris, Esq. I sent them to the Horticultural Societif in 1823. 76. Hoffman's Pound Peach. Morrisania Pound Peach. Hort. Soc. Cat. 205. Morrison's Pound. 76.204. Pound, lb. 215. Fruit very large and heavy, of a pretty round shape. Shin a light brownish white, and brownish red on the exposed side. Flesh a light yellow, firm and compact, separating freely from the stone, which is rather large. Juice rich and sugary, with a shght aromatic flavour. Ripe about the middle of September. This fine large Peach, and the latest freestone, was obtain- ed from Gouverneur Morris, of Morrisania, who got the scions from Martin HoflTman, Esq. It came up in a natural 190 PEACHES. State in his meadow, on York Island, about forty years ago. I sent it to the Hort. Soc. in 1823. As it was first obtained from Mr. Morris, it was called the Morrisania Pound Peach ; but on finding that it originated with Mr. Hoffhian, it was deemed proper to give it that name. It is one of our finest, as well as the largest of our fall Peaches. A Selection of Peaches for a small Garden. Barrington 21 Neil's Early Purple 35 Bellegarde 20 New Noblesse 11 Bourdine 4 New Royal Charlotte 37 Catherine 64 Noblesse 12 Chancellor 22 Royal Kensington 47 Early Anne 6 Royal George 46 Ford's Seedling 9 Smith's Newington 60 Grosse Mignonne 27 Smooth-leaved Royal Late Admirable 29 George 49 Madeleine de Courson 32 Vanguard 16 Malta 10 *Astor Peach 61 *Morris's White Free- *Brevoort's Seedling 63 stone 74 *Congress 64 *New.York White *Emperor of Russia 66 Clingstone 67 * George the Fourth 26 *President 41 *Heath 71 *Red Cheek Malacotan 69 ^Hoffman's Pound 76 ^Washington 68 *Lemon Clingstone 72 *Early Sweetwater 65 ^Mammoth Peach 73 *Early Orange 70 *Morris's Red Free- stone 75 {f^ Those marked with an asterisk (*) are added by the Editor* NECTARINES. 191 CHAPTER XI. NECTARINES. Sect. I. — JMelting pale Fruited. 1. Fairchild's. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 648. Hitt, Ed. 3. p. 3 1 4. Fairchild's Early. Miller, No. 1. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit the smallest of all the nectarines, being only about four inches and a half in circumference, nearly globular, a Tittle flattened at its apex. Shin bright yellow next the wall, shaded with deep scarlet on the sunny side. Flesh melting, bright yellow to the stone, from which it separates. Juice rich, with a little perfume. Stone obtuse, nearly smooth. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This beautiful little Nectarine was raised by Thomas Fairchild,- a gardener at Hoxton near London. 2. Hunt's Large Tawny. JVursery Catalog;ue. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large, deep rose colour. Fruit rather small, but larger than the last, about five and a half or six inches in circumference, somewhat ovate, a little compressed on one side of the su- ture, and fuller on the other, with a prominent apex. Shin pale orange, shaded with deep red on the sunny side, and interspersed with numerous russetty specks. Flesh deep orange, melting, of an excellent flavour, and separates from the stone. Ripe the middle and end of August. This very excellent Nectarine originated from the follow- ing variety about the year 1824, not through the seminal process ; but, as it appears, by a spontaneous effort in na- ture to enlarge the parts of fructification. In the spring of 1826 I observed a few of the maiden plants in the nursery with much larger blossoms than those on the other plants, but promiscuously intermixed among them : which at first led me to suppose that some other sort had been introduced through the carelessness of the budders in the previous budding season; but upon a close examination, I found there was not in the whole collection of Peaches and Nec- tarines then in flower, one Idnd whose blossoms correspond- 192 NECTARINES. ed with these. I marked the plants, and in the autumn had two or three potted of each sort. In 1828 I placed them under glass, and forced them ; their blossoms still main- tained their enlarged character, and were succeeded by fruit which differed inno other respect from the original sort than that of being larger, yet ripening about the same time. A fully expanded blossom of the small Tawny Nectarine is about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter from the ex- tremity of one petal to that of the opposite one. In this it is an inch and a quarter, and the petals are imbricated at the base. There appears to me a great singularity in this accidental change of character, and to some it may appear incredible ; but I state it as a fact that has happened under my own in- spection, being perfectly satisfied that it had never been ob- served previously by any other person. There are other instances upon record where fruit has spontaneously changed its character ; but none so decidedly as this, which has enlarged its blossoms, as well as its fruit. 3. Hunt's Small Tawny. JVursery Catalogue. Hunt's Early Tawny. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 542. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small, deep rose colour. Fruit rather larger than that of the Fair- child's, about five inches in circumference, somewhat ovate, a little compressed on one side of the suture, and a little fuller on the other, with a prominent apex. Skin pale orange on the shaded side ; but when exposed to the sun, shaded with deep red, intermixed with numerous russetty specks. Flesh deep orange, melting, juicy, extremely well flavoured, and separates from the stone. Ripe the middle and end of August. 4. Nkate's White. New White. G. Lindl in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 648. White, or Flanders. Hooker^ Pom. Lond. p. 30. Emmerton's New White. JVursery Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, very pale yellovvish green, becoming almost white in the shade, and slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh tender and juicy, with a fine vinoua flavour, and separates from tha stone, which is rather small. Ripe the end of August to the middle of September. NECTARINES. 193 5. Old White. G, Lindl. in Hort, Trans, Vol. v. p. 548. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate. Skin pale yellowish white, sprinkled with small pearl-coloured specks. Flesh melting, and separates from the stone. Juice sugary and highly flavoured. Ripe the end of August to the middle of September. 6. Petkrborough. G. Lindl. in Hort, Trans. Vol, v. p. 552. Miller y No. 10. Late Green. Ih, Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, very dark crimson. Fruit below the middle size, some- what globular. Skin pale green next the wall, tinged with muddy red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white to the stone, from which it separates. Ripe the beginning of October. In a dry warm season this is a good little fruit. It should be planted on a south or south-east wall to ripen it perfectly. Sect. II. — Melting Red-Fruited. 7. Aromatic. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat globular. Skin pale straw colour in the shade, but of a deep red or blackish brown on the side next the sun. Flesh pale straw colour, but red at the stone, from which it separates. Juice of a rich vinous flavour. Ripe the end of August or beginning of September. 8. Brinion. Switzer, p. 94. Marbled. lb. Brinion red at stone, ) ivy n i i Violet red at stone, J •^"'"'''^ Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit the largest of the melting sorts, frequently measuring eight inches and a quarter in circumference, a little more long than broad, with now and then a small nipple at the apex. Skin very pale yellow next the wall ; but of a deep red on the sunny side, very much marbled with a deeper 17 194 NECTARINES. colour, occasionally mixed with a little pale thin russet- Flesh melting, greenish yellow, but very red at the stone« from which it separates. Juice excellent. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The name of Brinion has been continued to this Necta- rine, from the time of Switzer, in 1724. It is not a corruption from the word Brugnon, a name by which the French designate their Pavie Nectarines ; but from Bririy a brindled or marbled colour. It is the largest and best of our melting Nectarines, and ought to be in every good collection of fruit. 9. Claremont. G, Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 551. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Floivers small. Fruit middle-sized, slightly ovate. Skin pale green next the wall, but of a deep muddy red next the sun, intermixed with a little dark brown russet : as it ripens the skin shrivels like that of the Newington. Flesh pale greenish white to the stone, where it is slightly tinged with red, and from which it separates. Juice plentiful, and excellently well flavour- ed. Stone rather large, oblong, thick, deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine was raised at Esher, in Surry, about the year 1750, by John Greening, gardener to the Duke of Newcastle, who then lived at Claremont. 10. Common Elruge. O. Lindl. in Horl. Trans. Vol. V. p. 551. Pom. Mag. t. 49. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale, dull red. Fruit middle-sized, inclining to oval ; chan- nel shallow at the base, gradually deeper towards the apex. Skin deep violet or blood colour, when exposed, with mi- nute brownish specks ; paler in the shade. Flesh whitishr melting, very juicy, rich, and high-flavoured ; a little stain- ed with red next the stone, from which it parts freely. Stone middle-sized, oval, slightly pointed, pale, in which it differs from the Violet Hative, the stone of which is deep red. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. It is difficult to explain why the name of Elruge should have been given to this nectarine. The true Elruge has been so well described by Miller, that it appears marvellous the misapplication of its name should not have been disco- vered many years ago ; and, what is still more surprising, the original fruit is, perhaps, no where now to be found. It will be described under the name of Miller's Elruge. NECTARINES. 195 11. Due duTellier's. G. Lindl. inHort. Tram, "Vol. V. p. 551. Du Tellier's. Aiton's Epitome. Dudn ^ ^^^^^' I -^"^'^eri/meji's Catalogues. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, bright pale crimson. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat oblong, compressed near the suture, and having a few ob- scure angles near the base, and a little narrowed at the apex. Skin pale green next the wall, marbled with deep red or pur- ple next the sun, on a somewhat tawny ground. Flesh greenish white, melting, of a faint red next the stone, from which it separates. Juice sweet and very well flavoured. Stone obtuse, thick. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 12. Miller's Elruge. G. Lindl. Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 541. Elruge. Langleij, p. 102. t. 29. f. 3. Miller, Ed. 8. No. 2. Elrouge. Switzer, p. 92. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, rather more long than broad. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side ; but when exposed to the sun, of a dark red or purple colour. Flesh greenish yellow, melting and juicy, of a very excellent flavour, and separates from the stone. Ripe the begmmng ana middle of August. The Elruge nectarine, like the red Roman, has been widely mistaken by gardeners, although, till the introduc- tion of Hunt's small Tawny, there was not any nectarine in this country, if elsewhere, which could be arranged in the same class, division, subdivision, and section, with the El- ruge of Miller. When the classification of peaches and nec- tarines was published in the Hort. Tra7is. in 1824, I ex- pressed my doubts of the sort being then in existence : this impression is not removed ; for notwithstanding the circu- lation of that paper by the Society throughout every part of Great Britain,'it has not to this day been received into the Chiswick Garden. If any spirited nurseryman would oflfer a hundred guineas for its recovery, he would amply repay himself by its sale. Elruge, or Elrouge, is a sort of lame anagram of Gurle or Gourle, the name of a nurseryman at Hoddesdon, in 196 NECTARINES* Hertfordshire, in the reign of Charles the Second, who is said to have raised this nectarine. 13. MuRRY. G. Lindl. in HorL Trans. Vol. v. p. 562, Miller, No. 7. Murrey. Ray, 7. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, rather more long than broad, narrow at the apex, with a little more fulness on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin dark red or purple^ pale green next the wall. Flesh pale greenish white, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice sweet, and well flavoured. Stone ob- long, obtuse, and almost smooth. Ripe the middle and end of August. 14. Ord's Nectarine. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 554. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, dark brown. Fruit somewhat below the middle size, ra- ther ovate, and swelled a little more on one side of the su- ture than the other. Skin greenish yellow, on the side next the wall, but of a deep purple where exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, greenish yellow, with a little red at the stones from which it separates. Juice plentiful, of a very excellent flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 15. PiTM ASTON Orange. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p- 232. t. 6. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 544. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. I-'lowers large, of a beautiful bright rose colour. Fruit of a good size, wide at the base, almost heart-shaped, the summit being elongated, and terminating in an acute nipple. Skin smooth, of a dark brownish red on the side exposed to the svm, and of a rich yellow on the other side : at the junction of the columns, the red is blended with the yellow, in streaks and dots, and on the darkest part are a few streaks of an almost black purple hue. Flesh melting, deep yellow or orange colour, with a narrow radiated circle of bright crimson round the stone, from which it separates. Juice plentiful, high flavoured, and saccharine. Stone rather small, narrow, sharp pointed, and rugged. Ripe the middle of August to the beginning of Septem« ber. Thie very valuable nectarine was raised by John Wil- liams, Esq. of Pitmaston, near Worcester, from a seed of NECTARINKS. 197 the common Elruge, which ripened in IS 15. It is, at pre- sent, the only nectarine in the fourth section of the second class, in the synoptical arrangement, which see, at the end of this article. 16. Scarlet. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 552. Miller, No. 4. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, generally terminating in a small acute nipple. Skin bright deep scarlet, tinged with' violet on the sunny side : pale green next the wall. Flesh greenish white, but red at the stone, from which it sepa- rates. Juice sugary and well flavoured. Stone oval, acute pointed, almost smo"oth. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 17. Temple. Langleij, Pom. t. 30. f. 1. Temple's. Miller,'No. 9. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, pale. Fruit below the middle size, somewhat ovate, with a slight suture. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side, but of a carnation red next the sun. Flesh pale yellow to the stone, from which it separates. Juice very well flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This nectarine ripened at Twickenham in 1727, on a west wall, September 4, O. S., or September 15, N. S. Langleij. 18. Vermash. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 29. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 548. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large, deep rose colour. Fruit small, roimdish, tapering a little towards the apex. Skin very smooth, of an intense red co- lour on the side next the sun ; greenish on the other side, Flesh white, with a radiated circle of very fine red next the stone, from which it separates, of high flavour, melting, juicy, and sweet, relieved by an agreeable acid. Stone small. Ripe the middle and end of August. There is no doubt that this is the real Yermash Necta- rine, which is very well figured by Mr. Hooker in his Po- mona Londinensis. 19. Violet Hative. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. V. p. 552. Petite Violette Hative. Duhamel, 22. t. 16. f. 2. Violet. Pom. Mag. t. 68. Lord Selsey's Elruge. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 523. 17* 198 NECTARINES. Large scarlet. Of some Collections, according to the Pom. JSlag. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small, bright red. Fruit middle sized, somewhat broader at the base than at the apex ; cavity of the stalk middle sized ; the point which marks the base of the style seldom projects, but is generally in a shallow cleft, which runs across the apex. Skin, where exposed, dark purplish red, intermixed or mottled with pale brown dots ; next the wall pale yel- lowish green. /Yes/i whitish, a very pale yellowish green, tinged with red next the stone, from which it separates free- ly ; melting, juicy, and rich. Stone middle sized, roundish, obovate, its fissures not so deep nor so sharp as those of the Common Elruge ; their ridges flattish, but rough, and of a red colour, by which it may be always distinguished from the fruit just mentioned, the stone of which is pale, with no rays of red passing from it into the flesh. Ripe from the end of August to the middle of September. This is a most excellent Nectarine, and ought to be found in every good collection of fruit. The Violet Hdtive, although of French origin, has long been known in this country under the name of Violet simply. As the French find the necessity of this designation, it is adopted here, because there are other Violette Nectarines which require appellations to distinguish them one from another ; besides, there appears no good reason for reducing a definitive name in this case, any more than there would be in those of the Jlvants, the Mignonnes, and the Made- leines among the peaches. All our practical gardeners write for the Violet Hative if they want this fruit. Sect. III. Paries, or Clingstones. 20. Black Newington. G. LinclL plan oJ an Or chard j 1796. lb. in Hort. Trans. Yol. v. p. 641. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit large, almost globular, rather more broad than long. Shin pale green on the shaded side, but of a dark muddy red, or nearly black, where exposed to the sun. Flesh very firm, pale green, but deep red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice sugary, vinous, and perfumed. Stone large, rugged, almost round. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The Newington Nectarine, as well as all others belong- NECTARINES. 199 ing to this section, is in its highest perfection when the skin begins to shrivel. 21. Brugnon Violet Musque. Duhamel, 26. t. 18. Brugnon Musque. Lelieur. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, generally terminated by an acute nipple. Skin very smooth, of a pale and almost transparent amber colour on the shaded side, but where ex- posed to the sun, of a bright deep scarlet. Flesh firm, yel- lowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice sugary, vinous, and well flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine is quoted by Mr. Alton, in his Epitome, as a synonyme of the Red Roman; had both sorts come under his o^vn observation, he would, however, have been satisfied of their wide difference. The Red Roman is nearly twice the size of this, very different in both shape and colour, and of superior merit. The Brugnon Violet Musque appears not to have been known to Miller ; and the Red Roman was not known to the French, at least it is not to be found in any of their books. 22. Early Newington. Alton's Epitome. Early Black Newington. JYurs. Catalogues. Lucombe's Black. Forsyth. Lucombe's Seedling. JYm^s. Catalog;ues. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit somewhat below the middle size, inclining to ovate, a little compressed on one side of the suture ; fuller on the other, narrowed at the apex, and terminating with an acute nipple. Skin pale green on the shaded side, but of a bright red next the sun, marbled and mottled with a much deeper colour, and covered with a thin violet bloom. Flesh green- ish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely ad- heres. Juice sugary and well flavoured. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. Several varieties of the Newington Nectarine, within the last forty years, have been raised from seed in this country, and have had different names assigned them, which has caused no small difficulty in the arrangement of their sy- nonymes. The Early Newington and Early Black Newington have been ascertained, in Kensington Gardens, to be the same ; and Lucombe's Black and Lucombe's Seedling want cha- racters to distinguish them from the Early Newington. 200 NECTARINES. 23. Golden. Langley, t. 29. f. 5. G. Lindl. in HorU Trmis. Vol. V. p. 551. Miller, ^o.S, Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, narrowed at the apex^ and terminated by an acute nipple. Skin bright yellow next the wall, but on the sunny side of a bright scarlet, shaded with a few streaks of a darker colour. Flesh yellow, firm, but red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice not abundant, but of pretty good flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a west wall, August 20. O. S., or August 31. N. S. Lang- ley, 24. Italian. Langley, t. 29. f. 4. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 554. Brugnon, or Italian. Miller, No. 5. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers small. Fruit large, somewhat globular. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, dark red next the sun, and marbled with a darker colour, interspersed with a little thin gray russet. Flesh firm, of a pale yellowish colour, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice abundant, rich, and excel- lent. Ripe the middle and end of August. 25. Red Roman. Forsyth. Roman. Langley, p. 102. t. 29. f. 2. G. Lind. in Hort. Trans, Vol. v. p. 548. Roman Red. Miller, No. 6. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands. Flowers large. Fruit of the largest size, frequently measuring eight inches and a quarter in circumference, somewhat globular, and a little flattened at its apex. Skin greenish yellow next the wall, but where exposed to the sun of a deep muddy red or purple colour, somewhat scabrous, with brown russetty specks. Flesh firm, greenish yellow, but very red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice plentiful, sugary, of a very high and vinous flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This Nectarine ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south wall, July 30. O. S., or August 10. N. S. Langley, The Red Roman Nectarine has been cultivated in our gardens about two centuries, as appears by Parkinson's List in 1629, and is one of the largest and best in our present collections. How it should have been mistaken by practi- WECTARINES. 201 cal men I am at a loss to conceive, as a melting fruit has been for years sold in many of our nurseries under this name, although all writers have described it as a Pavie, or Clingstone. 26. Saint Omer's. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 641. Saint Omer's. Hanbury^ No. 10. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ovate, and generally termi- nated by an acute nipple. Skin bright red next the sun, and of a pale amber yellow on the shaded side. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres. Juice rich and highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning of September. This Nectarine appears to have been known in this coun- try above sixty years, but by whom introduced is not certain- 27. Scarlet Newington. G. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 541. Newington. Langleij, p. 102. t. 19. f. 1. Miller, 3. Hitt, p. 313. Switzer, p. 95. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large Fruit rather above the middle 'size, of a roundish figure. Skin pale amber next the wall, but of a bright red on the sunny side, and marbled with a deeper colour, occasionally intermixed with a little thin russet. Flejih firm, palp, yellow- ish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely ad- heres. Juice sweet, brisk, and of a most deUcious vinous flavour. Stone small, not deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This ripened at Twickenham in 1727, on a south wall, July 10. O. S., or July 21. N. S. The Scarlet Newington Nectarine is undoubtedly the Newington, of Miller, Hitt, and Switzer ; but so many others, of a similar character, have sprung up since their time, that it becomes necessary some appellation should be pre- fixed to them, in order that we may know of which sort we are speaking. This, the Tawny Newington, and the Red Roman, are the very highest flavoured nectarines in our collections, es- pecially if the fruit is suffered to remain upon the tree till it becomes shrivelled. 28. Tawny Newington. Tawny. G. Lindl. Plan of an Orchard^ 1790. 202 NECTARINES. Leaves doubly serrated, without glands. Flowers large. Fruit pretty large, somewhat ovate. Skin yellowish or taw- ny-coloured, a little mottled or marbled with dull red or orange on the sunny side. Flesh firm, very pale yellow, or yellowish white, but very red at the stone, to which it closely adheres. Juice plentiful, sugary, and of the most delicious flavour. Sto?ie broad, thick, not deeply rugged. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. »A Selection of JVectarines Jor a Small Garden. Brinion 8 Pitmaston Orange 15 Elruge 10 Red Roman 25 Fairchild's 1 Scarlet Newington 27 Hunt's Small Tawny 3 Tawny Newington 28 Neate's White 4 Violet Hative 19 CHAPTER XII. A CLASSIFICATION OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES. HoiH. Trans. Vol. v. The confusion of the sorts of Peaches and Nectarines, the misapplication of their names, and the perplexity thus occasioned both to the nurseryman and the gardener, are sufficient inducements to attempt such an arrangement as may remove these inconveniences. To accomplish this, three classes are created, each of which has three divisions ; these are each separated into tivo subdi- visions, and every subdivision into tu'o sections ; making in the whole thirty-six sections. Part only of these sections are applicable to those varieties we are now acquainted with ; the others will remain to be filled up as new kinds arise, there being at present no plants with such characters. In the following Tables, the classes are founded on the leaves, and the divisions on the flowers.* Class I. Contains those whose leaves are deeply and doubly ser- rated, having no glands. Fig. 1. [^See following page.^ • The «ut8 have been taken from the Horticultural Transactions. Am. Ed< CLASSIFICATION. 203 Fig.l. Class II. Those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate, having glo- bose glands. Fig 2. Fig. 2. Class III. Those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate, having re- niform glands. Fig. 3. Fig. 3. 204 CLASSIFICATION. An accurate observer will distinguish other characters in the glands ; they are either sessile or pedicellate ; but these distinctions are too minute for application on the present oc- casion. The form of the glands, as well as their position, is per- fectly distinct ; they are fully developed in the month of May, and they continue to the last, permanent in their cha- racter, and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more, on the footstalks, and one, two, or more on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the foot- stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed with- in the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, some- times happen, that glands are not discernible on some of the leaves, especially on those produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be sought for which do produce them. With regard to the flowers, on which the divisions are founded, all authors previous to Duhamel have described large and small flowers only. Both in the Bon Jardinier and in the Pomoue Francaise, " fleurs moyennes," or mid- dle flowei-s, are mentioned; the notice of them, however, originated with Duhamel, who, in the descriptions of several of his Peaches, speaks in a manner which indicates even four sizes, viz. fleurs grandes^^ fleurs assez grandes^'\ fleurs petites,'^ fleurs ires petites ;^ and on examining the trees thus described, the differences are evident. In noticing these, however, it is not intended to convey an idea that a fourth division is necessary ; on the contrary, it would per- plex rather than elucidate. In fact, it requires some prac- tice to distinguish the middle from the small-sized flowers ; the former are larger in all their parts, but in other respects there is no difference between them ; and in maintaining the division, I have conformed more to the authority of Lelieur than to my own opinion. We now come to the fruit ; with regard to which nature has furnished two distinct characters in the external appear- ance, as well as two in the internal structure. The first of * Madeleine Blanche. t Avant P«che Blanche. , t Bourdine. ^ Bellegarde. CLASSIFICATION 206 these depends on the downiness or smoothness of the skin ; the former being true Peaches, the latter our Nectarines, known in France only as Peclies lisseSj or smooth-skinned Peaches. Each of these are divisible, from their internal structure, into the Pavies or Clingstones, and the melting kinds ; the former having firm flesh adhering so closely to the stone as to be perfectly inseparable from it ; the latter having soft dissolving flesh separating readily from the stone, and leaving a few detached pieces of the flesh only behind. As the mature fruit in vegetable economy appears to be the last stage of nature in her progress towards reproduction, I have adopted it as the most natural on which to found my subdivisions and sections. Accordingly, the classes of Peaches and Nectarines may, by the examination of the leaves, be ascertained in the first year the plant has been raised ; the divisions, from the flowers, in the spring following ; and the subdivisions and sections, founding the former on the character of the skins, the latter on the qualities of the flesh, in the succeeding sum- mer or autumn ; and whether the number to be submitted to examination be great or small, the arrangement may be effected with equal facility and precision. A SYJNOPTICAL TABLE OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES. r D'ivision 1. Large flowers. Class L Leaves deeply Division 2. and doubly ser- i^ Middle flowers, rated, having-no glands. Division 3. Small flowers. 18 Subdivision 1 . Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Subdivision 1. Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. f Subdivision \, I Peaches. I Subdivision 2. I Nectarines. Section \. Pavies. Section 2. xMelters. Section I. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. Sectioji I. Pavies. Section 2. xMelters Section I. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. Section 1. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. Section I. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. 206 CLASSIFICATION. Division 1. Large flowers. Class 2. Leaves crenat- ed or serrulated, < with globose glands. Division 2. Middle flowers. Division 3. Small flowers. Subdivision Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Subdivision 1. Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Subdivision 1. Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Section L Pavies. Seciion 2. MeltcTs. Seciion 1, Pavies. Seciion 2. Melters. Seciion 1. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. Section 1. Pavies. Seciion 2. Melters. ' Section 1. Pavies. Section 2, ■ Melters. ' Section 1. ' Pavies. I Section 2, ^ Melters. Division 1. Large flowers. Division 2. Class 3. Leaves crenat- , ed or serrulated, \ Middle flowers. with rei»iform glands. Division 3. Small flowers. f Subdivision I. 1 Peaches. I Subdivision 2. \^ Nectarines. Subdivision Peaches. j Subdivision 2. I Nectarines. Subdivision I. Peaches. Subdivision 2. Nectarines. Section 1. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. Section 1. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. Section 1. Pavies. Section 2. Miners. Seciion 1. Pavies. Section 2. ■ Melteis. Seciion 1. Pavies. Section 2. Melters. ' Section 1. Pavies. I Seciion 2. •• Melters. CLASSIFICATION. 207 The names given to some of the English Peaches and Nectarines are so directly at variance with the classification of DuHAMEL,* which, as far as it goes, is unobjectionable, that I cannot avoid observing on them, lest it should be supposed that I acquiesce in so incorrect a nomenclature. The classes of Dun am el are four. The fir'st are called Peches, being those with downy skins, the flesh separating from the stone. The second are called Pavies, being those with downy skins, the flesh adhering to the stone. The third are called Peches violettes, being those with smooth skins, the flesh separating from the stone. The fourth are called Brugnons^ being those with smooth skins, the flesh adhering to the stone. The two last classes include those fruits which we call Nectarines. The names, therefore, which the English gardeners have applied, such as Violet Hative-f- to a Peach, and Brugnon to a melting Nectarine, are absolutely improper. A LIST OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES. ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE PLAN ABOVE PROPOSED. (The numbers refer to the numbers in the list.) Class I. Division 1. Subdivision 1. Section 1. Serrated glandless leaves.. Large flowers. peaches, pavies. 1. Almond Peach. Hort. Trans. 57. Old Newington. Miller.^ 58. Pavie Madeleine. Duhamel. 60. Smith's Newington. Miller. * Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par Duhamel, vol. ii. p. 4. t Miller, in his Dictionary, has fallen into an error in describing h'lnLisle Pe aeh he Bays the French call it La Petite VioleUe Hative, which cannot be correct. 208 CLASSIFICATION. Class I. Division 1. Subdivision 1. Section 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Large flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. Cambraj. Forsyth. Cardinal. Lelieur. D^Ispahan. Lelieur. 5. Double Montague. Forsyth. 6. Early Anne. Nursery Catalogues* 9. Ford's Seedling. Forsyth. 28. Hemskirke. Nursery Catalogues. 33. Madeleine de Courson. Duhamel. 10. Malta. Miller. 34. Montaubon. lb. 11. New Noblesse. Nursery Catalogues. 12. Noblesse. Aiton's Epitome. Old Royal Charlotte. Nursery Catalogues. Pecher Nain. Duhamel. Sanguinole. lb. Sawed-leaved. Nursery Catalogues. Scarlet Admirable. lb. 15. Sulhamstead. Hort. Trans. 16. Vanguard. Fq^syth. 17. White Magdalen. Miller. 18. White Nutmeg. lb. Class I. Division 1» Subdivision 2. Section 1. Serrated glandless leaves. Large floivers, nectarines, pavies. 20. Black Newington. Forsyth. 22. Early Newington. Aiton's Epitome. \ Late Newington. lb. Princess Royal. Forsyth. Rogers's Seedling. lb. 26. St. Omer's. Hanbury. 27. Scarlet Newington. Nursery Catalogues. 28. Tawny Newington. lb. CLASSIFICATION. 209 Class I. Division 1. Subdivision 2. Section 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Large flowers. nectarines, melters. 2. Hunt's Large Tawny. Nursery Catalogues. Class I. Division 2. Subdivision 1. Section 2. Serrated glandless leaves. JWiddle flowers. peaches, melters. 37. New Royal Charlotte. Nursery Catalogues. Magdeleine a moyennes fleurs. Lelieur. Class I. Division 3. Subdivision 1. Section 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Small flowers. PEACHES. melters. Bear's Early. Alton's Epitome. 3. Belle de Yitry. Duhamel. 30. Lockyer's Mignonne. Nursery Catalogues. 31. Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne. Nursery Cat. Madeleine Tardive. Duhamel. 33. Millet's Mignonne. Forsyth. 44. Red Magdalen. Alton's Epitome. 46. Royal George. lb. 47. Royal George Mignonne. Nursery Catalogues. Class I. Division 3. Subdivision 2. Section 2. Serrated glandless leaves. Small Floivers. NECTARINES. MELTERS. 3. Hunt's Small Tawny. Nursery Catalogues. 12. Miller's Elruge. Nursery Catalogues. Class. H. Division 1. Subdivision 1. Section 2. Crenated leaves, loith globose glands. Large flowers. PEACHES. MELTERS. 19. Acton Scot. Hort. Trans. 21. Barrington. Nursery Catalogues. 18* ^^^ CLASSIFICATION. Belle Bausse. Bon Jard. Belle Beaute. Bon Jard. 21. * Buckingham Mignotme. Forsyth. 7. Early Downton. Hort. Trans. 25. Early Vineyard. Alton's Epitome. 27. Grosse Mignonne. Duhamel. Marlborough. Nursery Catalogues. Mignonne Frisce. Bon Jard. Mignonne Hative. lb. 35. Neil's Early Purple. Hooker. Old Royal George. Switzer. 48. Royal Kensington. Forsyth. 49. Smooth-leaved Royal George. lb. 50. Spring Grove. Hort. Trans. 51. Superb Royal. Forsyth. Vineuse de Fromentin. Bon Jard. Class II. Division 1. Subdivision 2. Section 2. Crenated leaves, ivith globose glands. Large Flowers. nectarines. ,melters. 15. Pitmaston Orange. Hort. Trans. Class II. Division 2. Subdivision 1. Section 2. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. J\Iiddle jlowers. peaches, bielters. Avant Peche Jaune. Ijolieur. 24. Early Admirable. Miller. Class II. Division 3. Subdivision 1. Section 1. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Small flowers, peaches. Pavies. 53. Braddick's American. Forsyth. * This proves to be the Barrington Peach, No. 21. CLASSIFICATION. 211 Class II. Divisions. Subdivision 1. Section 2. Crenated leaves, with globose glands. Small flowers. peaches, melters. 20. Bellegarde. Miller. Duhamel. 4. Bourdine. Miller. Duhamel. 26. George the Fourth. Hort. Trans. Pom. Mag. 29. Late Admirable. Langley. 36. New Bellegarde. Nursery Catalogues. 38. Nivette. Miller. Duhamel. Pecher a feuilles de Saule. Bon. Jard. 41. President. Pom. Mag. 42. Purple Alberge. Miller, 52. Teton de Venus. Miller. Duhamel. Yellow Chevreuse. Nursery Catalogues. Class III. Division 1. Subdivision 1. Section 1. Crenated leaves, with reniform glands. Large flowers. peaches, pavies. &Q. Monstrous Pavie of Pomponne. Nursery Cat. Class III. Division 1. Subdivision!. Section 2. Crenated leaves, with reniform glands. Large flowers. peaches, melters. • Abricotc'e. Duhamel. Double-blossomed. Forsyth, 8. Flat Peach of China. Hort. Trans. 40. Pourpree Hative. Duhamel. 14. Red Nutmeg. Miller. Class III. Division 1. Subdivision 2. Section 1. Crenated leaves, with renifoy^m glands. Large flowers. nectarines, pavies. 21. Brugnon Violet Musque. Duhamel. 25. Red Roman. Forsyth. 212 CLASSIFICATION. Class III. Division 1; Subdivision 2. Section 2. Crenated leaves, with reniform glands. Large flowers, nectarines, melters. Desprez. Jardiii Fruitier. 1. Fairchild's. Aiton's Epitome. Jaune Lisse. Duhamel. 4. Neate's White. 5. Old White. Nursery Catalogues. Prince's Golden. lb. 18. Vermash. Hooker. Class III. Division 2. Subdivision!. Section 2. Crenated leaves, with reniform glands. JMiddle flowers. peaches, melters. 2. Belle Chevreux. Duhamel. Miller. 22. Chancelliere. Duhamel. Chevreux Hative. Duhamel. Class III. Division 3. Subdivision 1. Section 1. Crenated Leaves, with reniform, glands. Small flowers. peaches, pavies. 54. Catherine. Miller. 55. Incomparable. Aiton's Epitome. Pavie Albergc. Duhamel. Pavie Jaune. lb. Pavie Tardif. Bon Jard. Persique. Duhamel. Miller. Class III. Division 3. Subdivision 1. Section 2 Crenated leaves, ivith reniform glands. Small flowers. peaches, melters. 22. Chancellor. Miller. 23. Double Swalsh. Nursery Catalogues. Late Chevreux. Forsyth. Late Purple. lb. 39. Petite Mignonne. Duhamel. CLASSIFICATION. 213 45. Rosanna. Miller. Steward's Late Galande. Forsyth. Yellow Mignonne. Hort. Trans. Class III. Divisions. Subdivision 2. Section 1. Crenated leaves, with reniform glands. Small flowers. nectarines, pavies. 23. Golden. Miller. 24. Italian. Miller. Tawny. Forsyth. Class III. Division 3. Subdivision 2. Section 2. Crenated leaves, with reniform glands. Small flowers. nectarines, melters. 7. Aromatic. Forsyth. 8. Brinion. Switzer. 9. Claremont. Nursery Catalogues. 10. Comnrion r.lrilge. Pom. Mag. 11. Due du Tellier's. Nursery Catalogues. Early Brinion. Nursery Catalogues. Grosse Yiolette. Bon Jard. Late Genoa. Alton's Epitome. 13. Murry. Miller. Newfoundland. Forsyth. 14, Ord's, Nursery Catalogues. Peche Cerise. Duhamel. 6. Peterborough. Miller. Royal Chair d'Or. Forsyth. 16. Scarlet. Miller. J 7. Temple. Langley. 19. Violet Hative. Nursery Catalogues. Violette Tardive. Duhamel. Yiolette tres Tardive. Duhamel. 214 NUTS. CHAPTER XIII. NUTS. The principal Nuts cultivated in England for the dessert are the following : 1. Bond Nut. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 6. 2. Cob Nut. Lano;leij, t. 57. fig. 3. 3. Cosford Nut. Pom. Mag. t. 55. 4. Frizzled Filbert. lb. t. 70. 6. Lambert's Nut. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 18. 6. Pearson's ProUfic Nut. lb. No. 26. 7. Red Filbert. lb. No. 27. 8. White Filbert. Langley, t. 57. fig. 1. According to Langley, the White Filbert ripened in 1727, July 15, and the Common Hazel and Cob Nut, July 20. These, as well as all the other dates, mentioned by Langley, are those of the Old Style. The Style and Calendar having been altered September 2, 1752, will remove those two dates of the Nuts to the 26th and 31st of July. Nuts never ought to be propagated by sowing the seeds of any of the sorts enumerated in the above list ; but by layers, at any time during the winter or early part of the spring, be- fore their plants begin to open their buds. If the laying of them down has been properly performed, the layers will be well rooted by the end of the year, when they should be taken up, and planted out in the nursery rows three feet apart, and a foot from each other in the rows. Previously to their being planted, they should be pruned, leaving only one, and that the best shoot, shortening it to a foot or eighteen inches, according to its strength. As the plants grow up, they should be trained with single stems of eighteen inches or two feet high, which will allow room to clear away any suckers the plants may afterwards produce. When the plants are finally planted out where they are intended to re- main, care must be taken, by annual pruning, to form their heads handsomely ; keeping them thin and open ; cutting away all irregular, superfluous, vigorous shoots ; and re- moving anpsuckers which may spring up, observing, at the same time, not to injure the roots. NUTS. 215 By the Editor The Nuts Nos. 1, 2, and 5, are large fine nuts, generally of a round shape, with short calyxes. No. 3. The Cosford JYut is thus described in the Pomo- logical Magazine : " This variety is highly deserving of cultivation, bearing abundantly, and having a remarkably thin shell ; and the nut is large and oblong, and the tree grows vigorously, and the branches upright." Pom, Mag. t. 55. No. 4. Frizzled Mit. " Of all the nut tribe this is the most deserving of cultivation, beautiful when in the husk, and its flavour not materially differentfrom that of the White Filbert ; it originated at Hoveton near Norwich." Pom, Mag. t. 70. No. 7. The Red Filbert nut is much esteemed, and [is an old resident of the gardens ; it differs from the White Filbert in the skin of the nut being of a deep red colour. The habit of the tree is also different, not being so bushy, nor so apt to send up suckers. The nuts are excellent. No. 8. The White Filbert nut differs from the last in having a light yellow skin, and the tree more bushy. The shell is thin, and the kernel sweet and fine. Any of the kinds may be budded or grafted on stocks of the two first sorts ; the Cob Nut raised from seed for that purpose would be the best, but they would, no doubt, work very well on any of the sorts. WALNUTS. JuGLANs Regia, European Walnut, Madeira Nut. The European Walnut, erroneously called here by the name of Madeira Nut, is a valuable tree, as well for the young fruit for making catsup and pickles, which are highly esteemed, as for the ripe fruit when dry ; and the timber is very valu- able. As this tree thrives well in this country, it seems sur- prising that quantities of the fruit should be imported every year from Europe, when they can be produced here with the same facility as hiccory nuts, and might be equally plenty if people would take the trouble to plant them. Young trees from one to four, or at most five feet high, should be select- ed from the nurseries, as larger plants succeed with difficul- ty, if at all, when transplanted : some have pretended that 216 NUTS. they can be grafted with great success on the black walnut, or on the butternut : as lar as the theory of grafting goes they ought to succeed ; but how is it in practice ? I answer for one, it is not so easily performed as some have thought. I have tried them many times, but have never succeeded. About seven years ago I planted the nuts of both kinds (seve- ral hundreds,) and when about five feet, I proposed to a very experienced grafter to give a shilling a piece for every one that he should succeed with ; but contrary to his expecta- tions, not one of the grafts grew, although done well with cement. Still I do not say it is impossible either to bud or graft them ; but there is something peculiar about it, for both the bud and the graft turn black when cut, almost instanta- neously. Others may succeed better ; but let them try it before they affirm it upon hearsay : they may succeed very well by inarching. The Pecan JNut, Juglans Olivccformis, is a native of our southwestern states, and the nuts generally brought up from New-Orleans. The shell is thin, smooth, and of an oval shape. They will succeed here very well ; but the seed- lings should be protected the first and second winters. ^m. Ed, CHAPTER XIV. PEARS. As many of the French and Flemish Pears succeed well when grafted upon the quince stock,* all such as have been ascertained to possess this property will be noticed at the end of the descriptions. Sect. I. — Summer. Round-fruited, 1. Ambrosia. Sivitzer, ^, 11^, Early Beurr^. Hort, Soc. Cat, No, 1 3. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish and somewhat flattened figure. Eye rather sunk. Stalk an inch long, slender, and * Pears are grafted on Quince stocks in order to make dwarfs or Espaliers. jSm Ed. PEARS. 217 ^ little bent. Skin smooth, greenish yellow, and full of small gray specks. Flesh tender, with a rich, sugary, and perfumed juice. Ripe the middle of September. • This Pear was brought from France soon after the Re- storation, and planted in the Royal Gardens in St. James's Park. It is a very good pear, but will not keep long. 2. Bergamotte Rouge. Duhamel, No. 46. t. 19. f. 6. Fruit below the middle size, shortly turbinate, about two inches deep, and two and a quarter inches in diameter. Eye rather flat. Stalk half an inch long, thick, and inserted in a small cavity. Skin pale yellow, but of a red colour on the sunny side. Flesh soft, melting, and full of a sugary and highly-flavouredjmce. Ripe the middle of September. This succeeds on both the quince and the pear stock. 3. Early Bergamot. Pom. JMag. t. 101. Fmit middle-sized, roundish, flattened, depressed at the eye, towards which it is slightly angular, about two and a half inches long, and two and three-quarters inches in diameter. Stalk one and a quarter inch long, moderately thick, insert- ed in a shallow cavity. Skin green, with a tinge of yellow when ripe, with a few faint streaks of brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, very juicy, a little crisp and gritty, but very rich and sugary. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This Pear was sent into this country by the late M. Thouin, to the Horticultural Society, in 1820, where its pre- sent name has originated. It is a most excellent variety of its season, bears abundantly as an open standard, and de- serves cultivation. 4. Early Rousselet. JVursery Catalogues. Rousselet Hatif. Buhamel, No. 33. Perdreau. lb. Poire de Chypre. Ih. Fruit rather small, of a somewhat turbinate figure, about two inches long, and . nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, and sunk in a shallow basin. Stalk one inch long. Skin smooth, yellow, of a lively red, with several gray specks interspersed on the sunny side. Flesh tender, with an agreeable sugary .perfumed Juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This succeeds on the quince as well as the pear stock. 6. FoNDANTE DE Brest. Duhumel, No. 43. t, 17. 19 218 PEARS. Inconnu Cheneau. lb. Fruit middle-sized, slightly turbinate, but tapering both to the stalk and the crown, about two and a half inches long, and two and a quarter inches in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, seated on the narrowed apex, without any basin. Stalk one and a half inch long, slender, a little bent, inserted without any cavity. Skin thin, smooth, and shining, of a bright green, with a few gray specks, marbled with pale brown, and shaded with red on the sunny side. Flesh white, firm, and crisp, but not melting, except when past its best, although it has obtained a name to this effect. Juice sweet, with an agreeable flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This never succeeds well on the quince. 6. Green Chisel. Lang;ley, t. 62. f. 2. Green Chisel. Forsyth, JEd. 7. No. 3. Fruit small, nearly globular, about one inch and a quar- ter across each way. f'^ye large in proportion to the size of the fruit, prominently placed, with an open crumpled calyx. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, straight, inserted with- out any cavity. Skin quite green all round ; but some- times, when fully exposed, it has a faint brownish tinge on the sunny side. Flesh gritty. Juice a little sugary, with a slight perfume. Ripe the beginning to the middle of August. This little Pear is common throughout England. It does not appear to have been noticed among the French writers, and is probably of English origin. It is readily known by its growing in clusters, and by the branches being short, and growing erect. It is a small growing tree, and bears abun- dantly. 7. Musk Drone. Miller, No. 15. Bourdon Musque. Duhamel, No. 27. Fruit rather small, of a roundish figure, a Httle flattened at the crown, somewhat like an orange, about one inch and a half each way. Fye rather large, placed in a wide hollow basin. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, straight, slender. Skin yellow. Flesh white, melting, with a rich juice. S. Musk Robine. Miller, No. 14. Muscat Robert. Buhamel, No. 3. t. 2. Poire a la Reine. lb. Poire d'Ambre. lb. Pucelle de Saintonge. Knoop. Pom. p. 137. La Princesse. 16. PEARS. 219 Queen's Pear. Forsyth, Ed. 3, No. 14. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, but rounded at the stalk, about two inches deep, and one inch and three quar- ters in diameter. Eijc open, with a flat spreading calyx. Stalk an inch long, bent, inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish green, with a few gray specks inter- spersed. Flesh tender, between melting and breaking, with a rich musky juice. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. This grows strong on the pear, middling on the quince. 9. Orange Musquee. jMiller, No. 9. Duhamel, No. 25. t. 10. Fruit middle sized, round, shaped somewhat like an orange, about two inS[ies deep, and two inches and a quar- ter in diameter. Eye very small, flat on the summit. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted. Skin deeply reticulated like the orange, of a green colour, changing to yellow as it becomes ripe, and marbled with bright red on the sunny side. Flesh rich, with an agreeable musky juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds on both the quince and pear stock. 10. P^oBiNE. Duhamel, No. 56. t. 27. Royale d'E'te. Ih. Fruit rather small, roundish turbinate, in the manner of the Musk Robine, about one inch and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with a closed calyx, placed in a somewhat shallow plaited basin. Sialk half an inch long, thick, inserted without any cavity. Skin pale greenish yellow, marbled with a deeper green, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh white, half breaking, with a sac- charine musky juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This may be grafted on both the pear stock and quince ; on the latter it grows stronger, and bears more abundantly. 11. Salviati. Miller, No. 25. Duhamel, No. 21. t. 9. Fruit middle sized, nearly globular, about two inches in diameter. Eye small, open, in a regular round shallow ba- s^n. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, inserted in a -rather narrow shallow cavity. Skin of a yellow wax-like colour, marbled with red on the sunny side. Flesh tender, containing a rich sugary juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This does not succeed well on the quince stock. 12. Summer Archduke. JMiller, No. 19. 220 FEARS. Brown Admiral. lb. Great Onion. lb. Archiduc d'Ete. Duhamtl, No. 19. t. 8. Amire roux. lb. Ognonet. lb. Fruit middle sized, of a roundish turbinate figure, about two inches deep, and the same in diameter. JEye small, open, with a very short calyx. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin smooth, yellow on the shaded side, but of a brownish red when fully exposed to the sun. Flesh melt> ing, with an agreeable well-flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This does not succeed well on the quince stock. 13. SuxM^iER Bergamot. Miller, No. 31. Hamden's Bergamot. lb. Bergamotte d'E'te. Duhamel, No. 45. Milan de la Beuvriere. lb. Milan blanc. Jard. Fruit, t. 30. Fi'uit below the middle size, round, and flattened at both the extremities, about two inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, with an obtuse closed calyx, placed in a very shallow basin. .S/a/Z: half an inch long, thick, inserted in a small round cavity. Skin greenish yellow, with a good deal of pale brown russet, and specks on the sunny side. Flesh melting, with a sugary high-fla- voured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This succeeds equally well on the pear and the quince 14. Summer Rose. Pom. Mag. t. 102. Thorny Rose, Miller, No. 21. ^ Epine Rose, Duhamel, No. 57. j- ^ .7 ti Poire de Rose, lb. 'yCccordm^tolhe Pom. Rosenbirne, Kraft, Pom. Aust. I ^' Vol. i. p. 38. t. 84. J Fruit below the middle size, round, depressed, about two inches deep, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye open, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk an inch long^ slender, inserted in a small roundish cavity. Skin inclining to yellow, speckled with russet ; but of a bright rich red, intermingled with brown spots on the sunny side. Flesh white, juicy, rich, and sugary. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. The figure of the Summer Rose is that of an Apple rather PEARS. 221 than that of a Pear ; and M. Noisette remarks, that it is so in a greater degree than any Pear he knows. It is a most excellent and beautiful variety, and bears well on an open standard. Sect. II. — Summer. Conical-fruited. 15. August Muscat. J\Iiller, No. 20. Aurate. DuhameU No. 5. t. 2. Muscat d'Aout. lb. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, compressed be- tween the middle and the stalk. E'lje small, open, a little depressed in a flattish crown. Stalk an inch long, straight, inserted in a somewhat oblique small cavity. Skin yellow, with a light red on the sunny side. Flesh breaking, sugary, and perfumed. Ripe the middle of August. This grows ?trong on the Pear ; middling on the Quince. 16. Cassolette. Miller, No. 17. Duhamcl, No. 44. t. 18. Friolet. lb. Lechefrion. lb. Muscat verd. Miller, No. 17. Duhamel,'No. 4.4. t. 18. Poire de Sillerie. Knoop. Pom. p. 135. Verdasse. lb. Fruit small, of a roundish turbinate figure, two inches and a half long, and one inch and three-quarters in diameter. Eye open in a slightly plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, thick, inserted in a hollow cavity. Skin yellowish green, and marked with red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and tender, with a sugary, perfumed, musky juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds equally well on both the Pear and the Quince. 17. CuissE Madame. Duhamel, No. 11. t. 5. Fruit middle-sized, of a longish pyramidal turbinate figure, widest at the crown, and compressed between the middle and the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Ejje small, open with a rounded calyx, seated in a slight depression, nearly flat. Stalk one inch and a half long, straight, somewhat obliquely inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth and shining all round, of a yellowish green colour on the shaded side, but 19* 222 PEARS. of a reddish brown when exposed to the sun. Flesh half buttery, with abundance of sugary, perfumed, sHghtly musky juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This grows strong on the Pear, but ill on the Quince. The wood of the Cuisse Madame is long, straight, rather slender, and of a reddish or brownish red colour, totally dif- ferent from that of the Windsor Pear, and differing also from that of our Jargonelle. 18. EriNE d'Ete. DuhameU No. 62. t. 30. Fondante Musquee. lb. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal figure, somewhat like a small Jargonelle, about two inches and three quarters long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small with a short calyx, placed in a very shallow, plaited basin. Stalk an inch, strong, inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth, thin, of a greenish yellow, with but little more colour when exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, with a rich musky juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. This is a very good Pear, and, it is said, had its name given it by Louis XIV. 19. Great Blanquette. JMiller, No. 10. Grosse Blanquette. Duhamel, No. 13. Roi Louis. Bo}i Jard. 1827. p. 305. Fruit below the middle size, of a roundish turbinate figure, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather large and open. Stalk an inch long, stout. Skin smooth, yellow, and tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh melting and full of a rich Bugary juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. 20. Jargonelle. Lano;ley, t. 61. fig. 3. ; and of most English writers, but not of Miller. Pom. Mag. t. 108. Epargne. Duhamel, No. 17. t. 7. Beau Present. lb. Saint Sampson, lb. Grosse Cuisse Madame. Jard. Fruit. 't. 27. Saint Lambert, \ r ,i t? i r^ i j- Poire dcs Table des «/ '"■ Z'"'"^'' Gardens, accordmg Princes, j to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, oblong, somewhat pyramidal, from three PEARS. 223 inches and a half to four inches long, and from two inches and a half to three inches in diameter. Eye open, with long segments of the calyx. Stalk two inches long, somewhat obliquely inserted. Skin greenish yellow on the shaded side, with a tinge of brownish red when exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish white, very juicy and melting, with a pecu- liarly rich agreeable flavour ; round the core it is gritty, and more so, if grafted upon the Quince. Ripe the middle and end of August. This is much better grafted upon the Pear than the Quince. It is, like all other summer Pears if left upon the tree till fully ripe, of short duration in a sound state, not keeping above a i'ew days ; but if gathered while the fruit is firm, and kept in a cool room, it may be continued in eating for several days longer. It is readily distinguished from all other Pears of its season, by the large size of its fruit, by its long dangling branches, and by its very thickly pubescent leaves, particularly in the early part of the summer. The Jargonelle was certainly brought from France, of which there is abundant evidence. The Jargonelle of the French is, however, not ours, but an inferior kind, green on one side, and red on the other. They call ours the Grosse Cuisse JMadame, distinguishing it from the common Cuisse Madame. 21. Lammas. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 373. Fruit rather small, of a pyramidal shape. Stalk half an inch long, straight. Skin pale yellow, tinged and slightly streaked with red on the sunny side. jF7es/i melting. Juice plentiful, of a very good flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This is a very excellent Pear for the market gardener, as it is not only a very good bearer, but the first strong Pear that comes to market, and the tree is hardy, and an erect handsome grower. It is in great plenty in the Lynn and Wisbeach markets. 22. Little Muscat. Miller, No. 5. Petit Muscat. Duhamel, No. 1. t. 1. Sept-en-gueule. /6. Fruit very small, somewhat turbinate, little more than an inch long, and scarcely an inch in diameter. E^Je small, with a reflexed calyx prominently placed on the summit. Stalk half an inch long, straight, inserted without any cavity. Skin yellow, coloured with dull red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, with a sugaiy musky perfume. 224 PEARS. Ripe the middle and end of July ; the first Pear which ripens. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 23. London Sugar. JVursery Catalogues. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, and rather nar- rowed at the crown, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a conni- vent calyx, rather prominently placed, and surrounded by irregular, puckered, apparently blistered plaits. Stalk an inch long, slender, inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin pale green, approaching to a pale lemon colour -when fully ripe, with a slight brownish tinge when fully exposed to the sun. Flesh tender and melting. Juice saccharine, of a rich musky flavour. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. The branches of this tree are long, slender, and for the most part drooping, in the manner of the Jargonelle. It is an excellent early fruit, and a hardy bearer, and may be found in great plenty, in the Norwich markets, under this name. It is very much like the Madeleine, figured in the Pomological Magazine ; but its branches are pendulous, in the Madeleine they are ascending. 24. Long Stalked Blanquet. Pom J^Iag. t. 41. Blanquet a longue queue. Duhamel, No. 15. t. 6. f. B. Fruit small, growing in clusters, inversely egg-shaped, about two inches Ions;, and one inch and a half in diameter. Eye crumpled, prominently seated on the summit. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, inserted without cavity. Ski7i deep clear green. Flesh tender, crisp, juicy, sweet, and excellent. Ripe near the end of July. This grows strong on the Pear, middUng on the Quince. A good early Pear, and a great bearer ; very sweet, crisp, and juicy, and not rotting so soon as most of the Pears of the same season. 25. Madeleine. Po7n. J\Iag. t. 51. Magdalene. Jard. Fruit. Vol. iii. t. 26. Citron des Cannes. Of the French, according to the Pom. JVIag. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, with a thickening on one side of the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and one quarter in diameter. Eye slightly hollowed. Stalk an inch long, slender, rather ob- liquely inserted. Skin yellowish green, with a little light PEARS. 225 bloom upon it, and a slight tinge of red when fully exposed to the sun. Flesh white, meUtng, buttery, sweet, and high flavoured. Ripe the latter part of July. This is said to have received its name from its ripening about the time of the Fete de Sainte Magdalene (22d July.) I have not quoted the figure of the Madeline, or Citron des Carmes, of Duhamel, because it does not appear to be what the French now consider the Madeline. 26. Mansuette. Duhamel, No. 92. t. 58. f. 1. Sohtaire. Ih. Mansuette Solitaire. Jard. Fruit, t. 43. Fruit pretty large, of a somewhat turbinate figure, com- pressed below the middle, and a little incurved towards the stalk ; about three inches and three quarters long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye rather small, with an erect calyx, placed in a deep, plaited, angular basin. Stalk an inch long, bent, very obliquely inserted in an irre- gular cavity. Skin green, spotted with brown ; but as it ripens it becomes yellow and tinged with red. Flesh white, half melting, and full of a well flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is bettor grafted on the Quince than on the Pear. 27. Musk Summer Bonchretien. JVursery Cat. Bonchretien d'E'te Musquee. Duhamel. No. 91. t. 48. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat pyramidal, com- pressed between the middle and the stalk, about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye rather large and open, with a crisp calyx, placed in a wide, irregu- lar, angular basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, enlarged next the branch, and somewhat obliquely inserted with but little cavity. Skin greenish yellov/, with a little gray rus- set ; but on th3 sunny side of a brownish red, full of rough russetty specks. Flesh white and crisp, with an abundant, sugary, high-flavoured musky juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This does not succeed at all upon the Quince. It is sold by many nurserymen for the Summer Bonchre'- tien, a different Pear. The wood and manner of growth of the Musk Bonchretien is a good deal like the Jargonelle ; but the leaves of this are smooth at all times, in the Jargo- nelle they are covered with a thick pubescent down, espe- cially in the spring and early part of the summer months, 28. Orange Tulipee. Duhamel, No. 79. t. 4J, 226 PEARS. Poire aux Mouches. DuhameU No. 79. t. 41. Fruit pretty large, of an oval, turbinate figure, about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a recurved calyx, seated in a pretty deep, plaited basin. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow angular cavity. Skin green on the shaded side, but of a brownish red, with gray specks, where exposed to the sun. Flesh melting, with an agreable juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This succeeds equally on both the Pear and the Quince. 29. Prince's Pear. Miller, No. 29. Chair a Dame. Duhamel, No. 41. t. 16. Cher Adame. lb. Poire de Prince. lb. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat round, but turbi- nate, and bent at the neck, about two inches and a quarter long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, open, with an acute calyx, in a shallow slightly angular basin. Stalk half an inch long, strong, very obliquely inserted. Skin grayish russet, turning yellow with gray specks as it becomes ripe, and of a marbled red on the sunny side. Flesh rather crisp, with an abundant sweet highly-flavoured juice. Ripe the middle and end of August. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. ,30. Red Muscadel. Miller, No. 4. Bellissime d'E'te. Duhamel, No. 80. t. 42. Supreme. lb. Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, about three inches long, and two inches and a half broad. Eye rather deeply sunk in an obtuse-angled basin. Stalk an inch long, rather slen- der, and somewhat obliquely inserted. Skin pale yellow, slightly covered with thin russet, on the sunny side of an orange or bright red. Flesh tender. Juice plentiful and saccharine. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The Red Muscadel generally produces a second crop of fruit, which ripens about the middle or end of September, but they are not so good as the former. It is a handsome upright growing tree, and a very excellent bearer. 31. Roi d'E'te. Duhamel, No. 34. t. 12. Gros Rousselet. Jb. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter broad. Eye small, open, placed on a nearly flat crown. Stalk one inch PEARS. 227 and three quarters long, slender, but considerably thickened next the fruit, where it is inserted in a small regular cavity. Skin rough, of a pale green, but on the sunny side of a dull red, covered all over with numerous gray russetty specks. Flesh half buttery, and melting, with a very agreeable sugary sub-acid juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 32. RoussELET DE Rheims. Duhaniel, No. 32. t. 11. Petit Rousselet. Jard. Fruit, t. 31. Fruit small, of a pyramidal figure, about the size and shape of the Rousselet d'Hiver, but more tapering to the stalk ; two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and thiee quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, placed on a flat, somewhat depressed apex. Stalk an inch long, thick, inserted without any cavity. Skin greenish gray, becoming yellow as it ripens, with numerous dark russetty specks, and some dark colouring on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh half buttery, and melting, with a very high flavoured musky juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. This succeeds very well on both the Pear and the Quince. 33. SabixNe D'E'Tfi. Hort. Trans. Vol. 4. p. 275. Fruit of a pyramidal form, broadest at the crown, and tapering to a round blunt point at the stalk. Eye small, not deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a shallow ca- vity. Skin perfectly smooth and even, of a yellow colour on the shaded side, and of a fine scarlet, minutely dotted when exposed to the sun. Flesh white, or nearly so, melt- ing, juicy, and highly perfumed. Ripe the beginmng and middle of August. Raised, in 1819, by M. StofFels of Mechlin, and named by him after Mr. Sabine, at that time Secretary to the Hor- ticultural Society of London. 34. Seigneur d'E'te. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 276. Fruit above the middle size, of a blunt oval fig-ure. Skin of a fine orange, with bright scarlet on the sunny side, sprin- kled with small brown spots, and partially marked with larger ones of the same colour. Flesh melting, with an ex- tremely small cone, and a rich high-flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This very beautiful Pear has been known in Flanders many years, fruit of which were sent to this country by M. Stoffels of Mechlin, and exhibited at the Horticultural So- ciety, in 1819. 228 PEARS. 35. Skinless Pear. Miller, No. 13. Poire sans Peau. Duhamel, No. 35. t. 13. Fleur de Guignes. lb. Fruit below the middle size, of a somewhat pyramidal figure, about two inches and a half long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, nearly closed, slight- ly depressed. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, ra- ther crooked, inserted in a small cavity. Skin extremely thin, smooth, pale green, with a few gray specks ; on the sunny side yellow, marbled with light red. flesh melting, with a most excellent sweet and perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This grows strong on the Pear, but middling on the Quince. 36. Summer Bonchretien. JMiller, No. 34. Pom, Mag. t. 14. Bonchretien d'E'te. DuhameU 90. t. 47. f. 4. Gracioli. lb. according to the Pom. JMag. Die Sommer Christbirne. Pom. Aust. Vol. 1. p. 38. Fruit large, irregularly pyramidal, about four inches long, and three inches in diameter, exceedingly knobby and irre- gular in its outline, particularly about the eye. Eye small, prominent, in a narrow, shallow, obtuse-angled basin. Stalk two inches and a half long irregular and crooked, very ob- liquely inserted, in a knobby, irregular cavity. Skin, when fully ripe, of a pale lemon colour, very slightly tinged with red on the sunny side, and covered all over with small green dots. Flesh yellowish, breaking, firm, juicy, very sweet and excellent. Cone very small, placed near the eye. Ripe the middle of September. This will take on both Pear and Quince, but should never be grafted on the latter stock. A very excellent old Pear, mentioned by Parkinson, and by many modern Pomologists in France, Italy, Holland, and Germany, under various other names, not necessary to quote here as synonymes. It succeeds best in this country on an east or west wall, being rather too tender for an open standard. 37. Summer Francreal. Pom. Mag. t. 106. Francreal d'E'te. Diets, Pom. Vol. iii. p. 245. Fondante, Knoop. Pom. 93. t. 3. \ according to the France Cancel, lb. ^ "— t^^-- Gros Micet d'E'te. Of some French Gardens, Pom. Mag. PEARS. 229 Fruit rather large, turbinate, thickest about two-thirds from the stalk, diminishing a little to the (^e, about three inches and a quarter long, and three inches in diameter. Eye connivent, moderately depressed. Stalk short and thick. Skin green, nearly smooth, becoming pale yellowish green, after the fruit has been gathered some time, and is fit for ta- ble. Flesh white, firm, juicy, becoming buttery and melt- ing, rich and excellent. Ripe the middle of September. A very hardy tree, and a great bearer as an open standard. 38. Williams's Bonchretien. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 250. t. 16. Frm7 pretty large, of an irregular pyramidal, and some- what truncated form, from three to four inches long, and from two to three inches in diameter. Eye seated on the summit, and never in a hollow or cavity, as in other varieties called Bonchretien. Stalk an inch long, very gross and fleshy. Skin pale green, mottled all over with a mixture of darker green and russet brown, becoming yellowish and tinged with red on the sunny side when fully ripe. Flesh whitish, very tender and delicate, abounding with a sweet and agreeably perfumed juice. Ripe the end of August to the middle of September. This Pear appears to have sprung up from seed in the garden of Mr. Wheeler, a schoolmaster at Aldermaston, in Berkshire, previously to 1770, as it was then a very young plant. An account of it was published by the Horticultural Society, as above, in 1816, at which time the garden in which the tree grew was in the possession of William Con- greve, Esq. 39. Windsor. Of all English Gardens. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, obovate, not either pyrami- dal or turbinate, being widest above its middle, tapering to the crown, and suddenly contracted towards the stalk, where it is slender ; about three inches and half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, prominently placed on the summit. Stalk an inch long, slender, convexly inserted without any cavity. Skin yellowish green, full of small green specks, becoming yellow when fully ripe, and tinged with orange on the sun- ny side. Flesh white, soft, with a little grit at the core, and a sugary astringent juice. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 20 230 PEARS. 1 have not quoted any synonymes of this Pear from fb* reign authors, not being able to satisfy myself of their iden- tity with it. Duhamel's figure of Cuisse Madame is pyra- midally turbinate, evidently a different frtiit. The wood of the Windsor Pear is very stout, never pro- ducing laterals, perfectly erect, so much so as to be rea- dily distinguished in the nurseiy from every other sort. The tree is by no means a hardy one, being very liable to canker, especially when planted either on gravelly or cpld wet soils. Yut ^^'^' } ^^ ^'*^ -^'''^^^ Gardens. Fruit rather small, turbinate, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter, generally a little flat- tened on the opposite sides. Eye small, opens with a very small calyx, seated in a rather shallow uneven basin. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, obliquely inserted, without any cavity. Skin, of a very thick russetty brown, thickly co- vered with round gray specks, and generally a little colour- ed when exposed to the sun. Flesli breaking and tender, with a very sugary, rich, and highly perfumed juice. Ripe the middle and end of September. The trees of this very valuable variety grow large, and the branches are drooping hke those of the Jargonelle, but much more slender and numerous. A very hardy bearer, brought from Holland by the late Thomas Harvey, Esq., and planted in his garden at Catton, near Norwich, about sixty years ago, along with some plants of the Dutch Mig- nonne Apple, both sorts of which are now growing. Sect. III. — Aitumnal- Round-fruited, 41. AsTON Town. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 18. Aston Town. Pom. Mag. t. 139. iVdii middle-sized, of a roundish turbinate figure, some- what like a narrow-crov.ned Crasanne, but more tapered next the stalk, about two inches and a half deep, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, shallow. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, protruding in a direct line from the base, and inserted with but little cavity. Skin pale greenish whita, rugose, covered with numerous gray russetly specks, like the Crasanne. Flesh tender, buttery, and full of a most excellent saccharine perfumed juice. PEARS. 231 Ripe the beginning and to the end of October. Branches long and rather slender, flagelHform, with a manner of growing pecuUar to this tree, that is, a tendency to twist round in growing upwards ; so that at a distance, when planted as a standard, it may be distinguished from every other sort. This most excellent Pear is at present but little known in many parts of England. It is, however, well known, and extensively cultivated in the north-west counties of Lancas- ter., Chester, and Hereford. In the latter county, particu- larly at Shobden Court, and at Garnstone, it is grown in abundance, both on walls, espaliers, and on open stand- ards, v/here it furnishes constant crops of most perfect fruit, fully equal in goodness to those of the Crasanne, which it somewhat resembles. It was raised many years ago at Aston, in Cheshire. 42. AuTU3iN Bergamot. Miller, No. 32. Pom. Mag. t. 120. f. J. , -i Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 52. lb. Common Bergamot, { ^^^ ^^ according to the lork Bergamot, ^ Pom. Ma^^. Fruit small,, approaching the middle size, depressed, glo- bular, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in di- ameter. Eye small, open, in a regular-formed shallow depression. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a rather wide funnel-shaped cavity. Skin rather, rough, yellowish green ; but of a dull brown on the sunny side, and full of gray scabrous specks. FlesJt whitish, melting, a little gritty next the core, with a sugary and richly perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and good till the end. This succeeds well on both the Pear and the Quince. I have not quoted Duhamel, as he has given two figures of his Bergamotte d^Automne, neither of which appears to correspond with our Autumn Bergamot. It is one of the best Pears of the season, and it is also one of the most ancient, supposed to have been in England ever since the time of Julius Cassar. 43. Belle et Bonne. Pom. Mag. t. IIS. Belle et Bonne. Baumcmn^s Catalogue. Schone und Gute. Tascheabuch, p. 431., according to the Pom. Mag. - Fruit large, globular, depressed, about three inches deep, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eije large, open, with short crumpled segments of the calyx, in a shallow and 232 PEARS. rather uneven depression. Stalk one inch and a half long, curved, slightly inserted in a narrow cavity. Skin pale yel- low, mixed with green, a little russetty on the sunny side, and slightly tinged with a few faint streaks of pale brown. Flesh white, a little gritty, but soft and mellow, with a sac- charine, rich, and perfumed juice. Ripe the end of September, and is good for two or three weeks. It succeeds well on both the Pear and the Quince. This very valuable variety was introduced by the Horti- cultural Society in 1826, to whom it was sent by Messrs. Baumann of Boll wilier. It has been cultivated here under the erroneous names of Charles d'Autriche and Belle de Bruxelles, both of which are different fruits from this. 44. Bergamotte Cadette. Duhamel, No. 54. t. 44. f. 2. Poire de Cadette. Ih. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, or sub-turbinate, about two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, almost closed, very little sunk in a somewhat flatted apex. Stalk an inch long, thick, inserted in a rather shallow angular cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish, and sha- ded with red on the sunny side. Flesh and Juice excellent, little inferior to any of the other Bergamots. Ripe the beginning and middle of October. This succeeds both on the Pear and the Quince. 45. Bkzy d'Heri. DuhameU No. 23. Besideri. Miller, No. 45. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat roundish ovate figure, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quar- ter m diameter. Eye open, flat. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender, curved. Skin smooth, pale green, inclining to yellow, slightly tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather dry, and but indifferent for eating, but it bakes well. In use October and November. This Pear takes its name from Heri, a forest in Bretagne, between Rennes and Nantes, where it was found in a wild state. 46. Bezy de laMotte. Duhamel, 82. t. 44. f. 5. Pom. Mag. t. 143, Hort. Tians. Vol. v. p. 132. t. 2. f. 2. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 123. Bin Armudi, > Of some Collections, accord- Beurre blanc de Jersey, ) ing to the Pom. Mag. PEARS. 233 Fruit pretty large, of a roundish turbinate figure, about three inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, open, sunk in a round shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, bent, strong, and inserted in a small but widish cavity. Skin yellowish green, covered with gray russetty specks, becom- ing yellow when fully ripe. Flesh white and melting, with a rich, sugary, high-flavoured juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of October, and will keep till the end of November. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. It bears very well on a standard, but better as an espalier. The fruit is generally larger than the specimen figured in the Horticultural Transactions. It is a most excellent Pear, and well deserves cultivation. 47. CjHxVrles d'Autriche. Hort. Trans, Vol. iii. p. 120. lb. Vol. iv. p. 521. F^'uit large, very handsome, about three inches and a half long, and three inches broad, in colour something like a white Beurre, but in shape more convex and irregular. Eye in a confined hollow, not deeply sunk. Sialk an inch long. Skin greenish yellow, profusely sprinkled with brown specks, and partially russetted. Flesh white, melting, very juicy., with a rich high flavour, but with little perfume. Ripe the beginning to the end of November. A very fine and beautiful fruit, raised by Dr. Van Mons, and sent to the Horticultural Society, where it was exhibited in November, 1816. 48. Crasanne. Langley, t. 65. f. 5. Miller, No. 46. Dw/iame/, No. 49. t. 22. Beurre Plat. Knoop. Pom. p. 154. Fruit above the middle size, of a roundish turbinate figure, about two inches and a half deep, and a little more in diameter. Eye saioil, and placed in a deep narrow basin, something like the eye of an apple. iS/«/A' one inch and a quarter long, crooked, slender, and inserted in an open shal- low cavity. Skin greenish yellov/, thinly covered with a reticulated gray russet. Flesh ex.tremely- tender, buttery, and full of a rich, saccharins juice. Ripe the beginning of November, and will keep till Christmas. This succeeds on boLh the Pear and the Quince ; but it is much better grafted upon the Pear stock. M. de la Quintinie says, the Crasanne takes its name from ecrase (flattened or crushed,) its form generally giving 20* 234 PEARS. to the fruit the appearance of having been pressed down. It is a most excellent bearer upon an east or south-east wall, and one of the very best Pears of its season. Its time of keeping in perfection may be considerably lengthened, by gathering the crop at three different tijnes ; the first, a fortnight or more before it is ripe ; the second a week or ten days afterwards ; and the third, when fully ripe : this last gathering will be the first to be brought to table, the middle gathering the next, and the first will be the last in succession. By this mode of proceeding, this, as well as all the Au- tumnal Pears, may be kept several weeks longer in per- fection, especially after hot summers, than by the usual me- thod of waiting till the crop is ripe, and then gathering the whole at once. 49. Double d'Automne. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 227. Fruit middle-sized, in the form of a Bergamot, hand- somely round, without angles, and tapering towards the stalk. Fye small, open, with very short segments of the ca- lyx, sunk in a handsome, round, shallow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small oblique, slightly- lipped cavity. Skin an entire cinnamon russet, through which a little green appears, the whole covered with nume- rous light gray specks. Flesh white, breaking, a little gritty, but mellow. Juice saccharine, very excellent, with a little perfume. Ripe the end of October, and good all November. A very handsome new Pear, and very excellent when in perfection. 50. EcHASsERY. Miller, No. 55. DuhameU No. 66. t. 32. Bezy de Chassery. Ih. Bezy de Landry. Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Poire d'CEuf. lb. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish, turbinate figure, some- thing like a Citron, or the Ambrette, but smaller next the stalk, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, with an open flat calyx, placed in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk one inch and a quarter loEg, straight, a little knobby, inserted in an irregularly-formed ca- vity. Skin smooth, green, with a few gray specks, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh melting and buttery, with a rich, sugary, perfumed juice. PEARS. 235 Ripe in November, and will generally keep good till Christ- mas. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 61. Elton. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 1. t. 1. Ft'uit middle-sized, of an oval figure, a little broader to- wards the crown. Eye very small, nearly free from the seg- ments of the calyx, and very slightly imbedded. Stalk ra- ther stout, straight, and deeply inserted. Skin of a greenish russetty gray, with numerous specks of a darker russet, and tinged with orange on the sunny side, which is generally to- wards the stalk, as the fruit is mostly pendent from the ex- tremities of the branches. Flesh crisp when in perfection, and of an excellent flavour ; but will be mealy if kept too long from the tree. Ripe the middle of September, and by gathering at differ- ent times, may be kept five weeks. Its season generally terminates with the commencement of the Autumn Berga- mot. In 1812, the original tree, about 170 years of age, was standing in an orchard in the Parish of EUon, in Hereford- shire, from whence it received its name from Mr. Knight, who thinks it may remain in health three centuries, as it is now in a very vigorous state of growth. It is much better as an open standard than if cultivated against a wall. 62. Gansel's Bergamot. Hooker^ Pom. Lond.Vl. Pom. Mao: t. 35. Brocas Bergamot. Of some English JYurseries. Ives's Bergamot. Of the JYorivich Gardens. Bonne Rouge. Of the French Gardens. Fruit ovate, very much flattened at the crown, of a very regular figure, quite destitute of angles, about three inches deep, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a very short calyx. Stalk short and fleshy, thickening on the back of its bent part. Skin dull brown, hke that of the Brown Beurre, a little marked with dashes of a deeper colour. Flesh white, melting, very sweet, rich, and high flavoured. Ripe the middle of November, and will keep good a month. This mo Of the French Gardens. PoH-e d' Am our. ) -^ Finiit rather small, of an oblong turbinate figure, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, rather prominent, surrounded by a few slight plaits. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, curved, with a small em- bossment at its insertion. Skin yellow on the shaded side, but of a beautiful red, with numerous darker dots, where ex- PEARS. 239 posed to the sun. Flesh white, tender, and full of a very rich perfumed juice. It ripens upon the tree the end of September, and will not keep above two or three weeks. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 62. Alexandre de Russie. Hort. Soc. Cat. JSTo. 5. Ftmit above the middle size, somewhat obliquely pyra- midal, with a very uneven knobby surface, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diame- ter. Eije open, with. short narrow segments of the calyx, placed in a shallow, narrow plaited hollow. Stalk half an inch long, thick, almost horizontally inserted under an elon- gated knobby lip. SJcin greenish yellow, but almost wholly covered with a cinnamon-gray russet. Flesh almost white, gritty, but tender and mellow. Jtiice saccharine, with a slight musl^y perfume. Ripe the beginning and middle of October, but will not keep more than two or three weeks. This is a very fine Bonchretien-shaped variety, which has been lately raised in Flanders, and sent to the Horticultural Society, in whose garden it, in 1830, produced some un- commonly fine fruit upon an open standard, from which this description is taken. 63. Autumn Colmar. Hort. Gard. Coll. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, in shape that of a Colmar, but irregular in its outline, about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a short con- verging calyx, slightly sunk in an uneven depression. Stalk an inch long, straight, inserted in a small uneven cavity. Skin pale yellow, sprinkled with russetty specks, which be- come broader on the sunny side, and spread into a thin rus- set. Flesh rather gritty, but mellow, with a sugary and slight- ly perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning of October, but will not keep more than two or three weeks in perfection. This is another of the new Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural Society's Garden at Chiswick, and bears ex- tremely well upon an open standard. 64. Belle Lucrative. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 41. Fondante d'Automne. Ih. No. 269. Fruit middle-sized, round in its outline, tapering to the stalk, and a little uneven in its surface, about three inches deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, with a very short calyx, in a shallow, rather obliquely 240 PEARS. impression. Stalk an inch long, strong, curved, inserted in a very narrow, oblique shallow cavity. Skin pale yellow, mixed with green, slightly russetted. Flesh a little gritty, but very soft, mellow, and tender. Juice abundant, sugary, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the beginning and middle of October, but will not keep above two or three weeks. Another of the new Flemish Pears, grown in the Horti- cultural Society's garden at Chiswick, on an open standard. It is good and handsome. 65. Bellissime d'Automne. Duhamel, No. 12. t. 19. f. 1. Yermilion. lb. Petite Certeau. Jard. Fruit, t. 27. Fruit middle-sized, of a long j)yramidal shape, somewhat like the Jargonelle, about three inches long, and two inches in diameter. Eye pretty deep. Stalk an inch long, thicken- ed next the fruit, and obliquely inserted. Skin smooth, yel- low on the shaded side ; but of a bright red, and full of gray specks, where fully exposed to the sun. Flesh white, crisp ; on some soils it is half buttery. Juice sweet, and highly fla- voured. Ripe the middle and end of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 66. Beurre Knox. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 104. Fruit above the middle size, oblong, in form somewhat like the Brown Beurre, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, in a very narrow shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, crooked, diagonally inserted under a short, knob- by, elongated lip. Skin pale green, with a little thin brown- ish-gray russet on the sunny side. Flesh a little gritty, but mellow. Juice saccharine, but without any peculiar flavour. Ripe the middle and end of October, and will keep a few weeks in perfection. Another of the newly raised Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 67. Bezy de Montignt. Duhamel, No. S3, t. 44. f. 6. Trouve de Montigny. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 122. Fruit middle-sized, pyramidal, somewhat like the Bezy de la Motte in figure, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter, compressed towards the stalk. Eye small, with a reflexed calyx, in a round shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, stout, inserted PEARS. 241 m a small oblique-lipped cavity. Skin very smooth, green» turning yellow as it becomes matured. Flesh white, a little grit^, but melting, with a sugary somewhat musky juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 68. Bezy Vaet. Hort. Trans, Vol. v. p. 407. Fruit somewhat of the shape of a Swan's Egg, but larger. Eye a little sunk. Stalk an inch long. Skin dull gieen, covered with russetty spots. Flesh yellowish, perfectly melting, remarkably sweet, and very agreeably perfumed. Ripe in November, and will keep a month or more. Raised by M. Parmentier, at Enghien, and exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1820. 69. Bishop's Thumb. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 126. Fruit long, rather slender, slightly tapering from the crown to the stalk, having an irregular and slightly knobby outhne, in the manner of the Calebasse, about three inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, open, with slender segments of the calyx, slightly sunk in an uneven hollow. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, recurved, and obliquely inserted in a two-lipped ca- vity. Skin dark green, almost wholly covered with an iron- coloured russet, on the sunny side of a dark rufous brown, thickly sprinkled with gray russetty dots. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, with an abundance of rich, saccharine, high-flavoured juice. Ripe the middle to the end of October. A very excellent Pear, although its figure is far from being handsome. Decidedly distinct from Calebasse. 70. BoNCHRETiEN FoNDANTE. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 138. Fruit above the middle size, oblong, with a pretty regular outline, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a closed calyx, slightly sunk in a nanow and pretty regular hollow. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather stout, curved, and sHghtly inserted in a narrow round cavity. Skin pale green, a good part of which is covered with a deep cinna- mon russet, thickly sprinkled with light-coloured russetty specks. Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, but rich and buttery, and full of a highly saccharine rich-flavoured juice. Ripe the end of October, and will keep good a month. This most excellent Pear is also a newly raised Flemish variety, grown in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chis- wick, on an open standard. 21 00^^11 Beurre, \ ^f^^^^^^^ Catalogues, according to 3i, j 242 PEARS. 71. Brown Beurre, Miller , No. 34. Pom, Mag. t. 114. Beurre. Of Duhamel, 75. t. 38. Beurre Gris. Knoop. Pom» p. 135, Beurr^ Rouge. Ih. Beurre Dore. lb. Beurre d'Anjou. lb. Beurre d'Or. Ih. Beurre d'Ambleuse. lb. Beurre' d'Amboise. lb. Poire dMmboise. lb. Isambert. lb. Red Beurre, Golden Beuii v., / ,i ^ hi Tj ' J T> • I the Pom. Masr. Beurre du Koi, j ° Fruit large, of an oblong figure, about four inches long^ and three inches in diameter, tapering to the stalk. Eye small, with a converging calyx, placed in a shallow depres- sion. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather stout, and thickening obliquely into the fruit. Skin greenish yellow, appearing through a covering of thin russet, coloured more or less with brown or red on the sunny side. Flesh white, with some greenish veins through it, melting, buttery, juicy, rich and excellent. Ripe in October, and will keep good only a few weeks. This succeeds equally well on the Pear and the Quince. This highly esteemed and well-known Pear has had many different names assigned to it, as will be seen by the syno- nyms above quoted, and it has probably many more. Those that relate to colour, such as Gray, Golden, and Red, have originated from trees on different stocks, on difterent soils. and in different situations of climate and of aspect, which, the practical gardener is well aware, contribute materially, not only to the colour of the Pear, but of the apple and the Peach. Other names, and of these not a few, arise from the locality of places where the fruit happens to be cultiva- ted. The Beurre Pear in France, as well as in this country, is esteemed as the best of its season. 72. Calebasse. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 164. Calebasse Musquee. Knoop. Pom. p. 94. t. 3. Fruit long, very irregular in figure, broadly angular, and knobby, about four inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter, compressed below the middle, and bent. Eye open, with a very short acute calyx. Stalk one inch and a half long, bent, obliquely inserted under on© or two knobby PEARS. 243 lips. Skin grayish yellow, tinged with a deeper yellow on the sunny side, and partially covered with a thin orange- gray russet. Flesh breaking, a little gritty, with a very sac- charine and plentiful juice. Ripe the end of September, and will keep two or three weeks. 73. Capiaumont. Hort. Trans, Vol. v. p. 406. Capiaumont. Pom. Mag. t. 59. Beurre de Capiaumont. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 91. Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, regularly tapering to the stalk, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye not at all sunk, but level with the extremity. Stalk scarcely half an inch long, inserted without any cavity. Skin a fine clear cinnamon, fading into yellow in the shade, and acquiring a rich bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, melting, buttery, very rich, and high- ly flavoured. Ripe the middle of October, and will keep for two or three weeks. This succeeds equally well upon the Pear and the Quince. It is one of the best of those varieties raised in Flanders during the period when so large an accession was made to the cultivated fruits of that country. It is recorded to have owed its origin to a M. Capiaumont of Mons. The first specimens which were seen in this country came to the Horticultural Society in 1820, from M. Parmentier of En- ghien. It bears well as a standard, but is best cultivated as an open dwarf, grafted upon a Quince stock. 74. Chat-Brule. Duhamel, No. 116. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in di- ameter. Eye small, placed in a shallow plaited hollow. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted. Skin smooth, shin- ing, of a pale yellow, but of a dark brown on the sunny side. Flesh melting, but not very juicy, and if kept too long is apt to grow meally. 75. Darimont. Hort. Soc. Cat, No. 215. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, in some specimens slightly pyramidal, tapering a little towards the stalk, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, open, the segments of the calyx generally falling off before the fruit is fully grown, placed in a very narrow shal- low depression, and surrounded by a few slightly radiated 244 PEARS. plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small uneven cavity, sometimes obliquely inserted under a small elongated lip. Skin a complete yellowish gray russet, sprinkled with numerous scabrous specks. Flesh white, gritty, but melting, with a saccharine, slightly musky, and somewhat astringent juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. This is another of the new Flemish Pears, grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 76. Delices d'Ardenpont. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 217. Fruit above the middle size, oblong pyramidal, enlarged beyond the middle, and compressed towards the stalk, with an uneven and somewhat knobby surface, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a short converging calyx, in a narrow shal- low depression, surrounded by a few slight obtusely knobby plaits. Stalk an inch long, rather thick, curved, inserted in a rather oblique narrow cavity. Skin pale yellow, full of small gray russetty dots, and partially covered with a thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Flesh yellowish white, rather gritty, but very mellow when matured, and full of a sugary, slightly astringent, pleasant, somewhat musky, perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of October. This is another of those very fine Pears lately introduced from Flanders, and grown in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. It was raised by the late Counsellor Hardenpont, of Mons, by whom a number of other good Flemish Pears were obtained from seed some years ago. 77. DiLLEN. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 119. Gros Dillen. Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 223. Fruit ovate, irregularly turbinate, about three inches and a half long, and nearly three inches in diameter. Eye flat. Stalk short and thick. Skin yellowish green, slightly speck- led with brown. Flesh Avhite, with a slight musky flavour^ and very little core. Ripe early in October, and will keep a few weeks. A fine buttery Pear of the first order, and very handsome. It was received by the Horticultural Society from Dr. Van Mons of Brussels, in 1817. 78. Doyenne Panache. Hort. Trans. Yol.w'n. p. 177^ Fruit in form the same as the Gray Doyenne, but tapers a little more towards the stalk. Skin a bright clear yellow. PEARS. 245 faintly striped with green and red, and sprinkled all over with small russetty brown dots. Flesh white, melting, sweet, and very agreeable ; but it is not so high-flavoured as the Gray Doyenne. In eating from October till Christmas. 79. Doyenne Santelete. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 241. Fruit above the middle size, pyramidally oblong, not much unlike a Chaumontelle in shape, but narrow at the crown, and more compressed towards the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, with a very shut strigose calyx, slightly sunk in a narrow obtusely angular hollow. Stalk an inch long or more, curved, very slightly inserted, sometimes a little ob- liquely, in a narrow b?ise. Skin pale green, thinly covered with detached specks of gray russet, which are more nume- rous round the stalk. Flesh white, a little gritty, but tender. Juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. -Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep till the end. This is a very fine handsome Pear from Flanders, grown m the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 80. Duchess of Angoul^me. Pom, J\Iag. t. 76. Duchesse d'Angouleme. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 176. t. 3. Bon. Jard. i829, p. 328. Fruit large, roundish-oblong, tapering towards the stalk, with an extremely uneven knobby surface, usually measur- ing about three inches and a half each way, or four inches deep, and three inches and a half in diameter, but sometimes much larger. Eye deeply sunk in an irregular hollow. Stalk an inch long, stout, deeply inserted in an irregular ca- vity. Skin dull yellow, copiously and irregularly spotted with broad russet patches. Flesh rich, melting, very juicy, and high flavoured, with a most agreeable perfume. Ripe in October and November. This succeeds extremely well on the Quince, as well as the Pear. The Duchess of Angouleme, the very finest of the late autumn Pears, is said to have been found wild in a hedge of the Forest of Armaille, near Angers. It arrives at a weight unusual in Pears that are fit for the dessert. Jersey speci- mens have been seen, which measured four inches and three quarters long, and four inches and a half in diameter, weigh- ing twenty-two ounces. The trees bear very early and certainly, especially if 21* 246 PEARS. grafted upon the Quince stock, for which the sort is particu- larly well adapted. It is said to have derived its name from having been found in July, 1815, when the reigning family in France returned* for the second time, to the head of the government. 81. English Beurre, of some Collections, Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 207. Beurre d'Angletene. Duhamel, No. 76. t. 39. Fruit middle-sized, of an oval pyramidal figure, very re- gularly formed at the crown, and tapering to the stalk ; about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diame- ter. Eye small, whh a short connivent calyx, very little de- pressed. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slender, in- serted without any cavity. Skin smooth, of a greenish gray, a little tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh white, very buttery, and replete with a sugary and very agreeable juice. PJpe the end of September and beginning of October. This succeeds only on the Pear, not on the Quince. It is clearly distinct from the Brown Beurre, as it does not succeed when grafted upon the Quince ; the other suc- ceeds well on both. . 82. Flemish Beauty. Pom. Mag. t. 128. Bouche Nouvelle. Hort, Soc. Cat. No. 151. BrilHant. lb. 157. Fondante de Bois. lb. 270. Imperatrice de la France. lb. S38. La Belle de Flandres. lb. 40. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather large, oblong, a little uneven in its outline, and somewhat elongated on the side opposite to the branch on which it grows ; about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, with a short calyx, prominently placed on a flat crown, or in a very'slight depression. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a narrow oblique cavity. Skin pale yellow, the greater part of which is covered with a thin cinnamon russet, having a faint streak or two of pale brown appearing through on the simiiy side. Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, but becoming tender and mellow, and full of a rich, saccharine, slightly- musky juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep a month or longer. A very fine Flemish variety, grown in the Horticultural PEARS. 247 Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. It ought to be gathered before it is fully ripe, otherwise it loses much of its goodness. 83. Franchipanne. Duhamel, No. 85. t. 47. f. 2. Frangipane. Jard, Fruit, t. 41. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, com- pressed between the middle and the stalk ; about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in di- ameter. Kye rather large, seated in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk an inch long, strong, bent, and obhquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin smooth, of a clear yellow or citron co- lour, but of a bright red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, with a sugary perfumed juice. Ripe the end of October and beginning of November. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 84. Gendeseism. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 287. Fruit middle-sized, pyramidal, a little uneven in its out- line, about three inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, rather open, in a nar- row, shallow depression. Stalk an inch long, crooked, di- agonally inserted, under a large, curved, elongated lip. Skin yellowish green, full of gray specks, and slightly covered with thin patches of gray russet. Flesh a little gritty, but mellow, and full of a saccharine, rich, and slightly musky juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. This is another of the new Flemish Pears, which is grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, upon an open standard. 85. Green Sugar. Miller, No. 42. Sucre-vert, Duhamel, No. 68. t. 34. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oblong, but very regularly formed, a little in the manner of a Bergamot, but narrower towards the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, \\'ith a diverging calyx, in a very slight, narrow depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, strong, slightly inserted in a small uneven cavity. Skin smooth, very green, which continues till it is ripe. Flesh a little gritty, but very buttery. Juice abundant, highly sugary, and of a very agreeable musky flavour. Ripe the middle and end of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 248 PEARS. *85. Hacon's Incomparable. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat turbinate, and a little irre- gular in its outline, occasioned by one or two slightly protu- berant angles near its crown ; about two inches and a half deep, and three inches in diameter, ilye small, open; seg- ments of the calyx short and narrow, slightly sunk in a rather wide uneven depression. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a somewhat lipped and rather deep cavity. Skin rugose, pale yellow, or yellowish white, a good deal mixed with green, and partially covered with a grayish orange rus- set, particularly round the stalk. FlesJi yellowish white, slightly gritty, but very buttery and melting. Juice abundant, very saccharine, extremely rich, and possessing a high, musky, and perfumed flavour. In perfection in November and December. This very valuable and excellent Pear was raised by Mr. James Gent Hacon, of Downham Market, in Norfolk, from a seed of what is called in that neighbourhood Rayner's Norfolk Seedling. The tree is an open standard, about sixteen years old, and sixteen feet high, with pendulous branches, which reach nearly to the ground. It bears most abundantly, and may be justly considered one of the best Pears ever raised in England. It was exhibited at the meeting of the Horticultural Society in Norv/ich on the 17th November, 1830, when it obtained the silver medal as a prize. 86. Hazel Pear. Hort. Trans. Vol. vii. p. 310. Fruit rather small, oval, somewhat turbinate, about two inches long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Eyt small, with a very short acute calyx, placed in a rather shal- low basin. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted. Skin yellowish, very much freckled. Flesh nearly white, with a very pleasant and agreeable juice. Ripe the end of October, and will keep a few weeks only. It is uncertain where this Pear originated. It is now ex- tensively cultivated by the Scotch nurserymen ; and for its early bearing, and abundant produce, is by them highly- esteemed. 87. Henry the Fourth. Henri Quatre. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 324. Fruit below the middle size, pyramidal, and somewhat *No. 85. is inserted twice, in consequenee of Hacon's Incomparable having been sent me after the numerical arrangement had been completed. PEARS. 249 oblique at the crown, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter broad. Eije small, open, with a short slender calyx, slightly sunk in a narrow, shallow, oblique depression. Stalk an inch long, crooked, curved, obliquely inserted un- der a small elongated lip. Skin pale yellow, mixed with green ; on the sunny side of an orange-brown, and full of small, gray, russetty specks, which are the more numerous as they approach the crown. Flesh pale yellow, a little gritty, but very tender and melting. Juice abundant, highly saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the end of September, and will keep a few weeks only. This is a very excellent dessert Pear, and is grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick upon an open standard. 88. Incommunicable. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 340. L'Incommunicable. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. App. ii. p. 6. Fruit above the middle size, pyramidal, and compressed towards the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, closed by a very short slender calyx, and placed in a very slight narrow depression. Stalk half an inch long, stout, bent, diagonally inserted beneath a small elongated lip. Skin pale grass- green, thickly sprinkled with small gray russetly specks. Flesk yellowish white, tinged near the core with a light shade of orange colour, a little gritty, but melting. Juice saccha- rine, with a slight musky perfume. Ripe the middle to the end of October. It is difficult to conceive the origin of this singular name. It has been attached to one of those newly raised Flemish varieties which bear so well and so regularly in the Horti- cultural Garden at Chiswick upon an open standard. 89. Keiser. Hort. Soc. Cat No. 360. Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, gradually ta])ering from the middle to the stalk, about three inches deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with short erect seg- ments of the calyx, placed in a very narrow depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, thick and woody. Skin pale green, becoming yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with small gray russetty specks, and russetty round the stalk. Flesh greenish white, a little gritty, but melting. Juice saccharine, without any peculiar flavour. Ripe the middle of October, and will keep some weeks. This is also another of those hardy Pears which bear so plentifully upon an open standard, in the Horticultural Gar^ den at Chiswick. 250 PEARS. 90. Louis-bonne. Miller, No. 53. Duhamel, No. 97. t 53. Fruit pretty large, somewhat pyramidal, much in the man- ner of the Saint Germain, but more rounded at the crown, and not so slender towards the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, very little sunk. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, straight, rather obliquely inserted, with a curb or em- bossment next the fruit. Skin very smooth, of a ])ale green, becoming a little yellow as it approaches maturity. Flesh extremely tender, and full of an excellent, sacchaiine, well- flavoured juice. Ripe in November, and will keep till Christmas. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 91. Marie Louise. Hort, Trans, Vol. v. p. 519. t. 20. Pom. Mag. t. 122. Fruit long ovate, something like a Saint Germain, but more angular in its outline, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye open, placed in an oblique, somewhat knobby hollow. Stalk one inch and a half long, obliquely inserted in a small uneven cavity. Skin greenish, but when fully matured of a rich yellow, clouded with light brown russet on the sunny side. Flesh inclining to yellow, perfectly melting, with abundance of saccharine, highly vinous juice. Ripe the beginning and middle of October. This most excellent Pear, in favourable seasons, attains a much larger size, being sometimes five inches long and three inches broad. It was raised by the Abbe Duquesne, and sent by Dr. Van Mons of Brussels, to the Horticultu- ral Society in 1816. It bears well as a standard. 92. Marquise. Duhamel, No. 93. t. 49. Marchioness. Miller, No. 43. Fruit pretty large, somewhat oval, swelled very much to- wards the crown, and suddenly narrowed towards the stalk; about three inches long, and two inches and a half in diame- ter. Eye small, placed in a moderately deep narrow basin. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, stout, bent, obliquely in- serted in a small cavity. Skin pale green, shaded with darker, with numerous gray dots, but which becomes yellow as it approaches maturity, with a slight blush on the sunny side. Flesh white, breaking, replete with juice of an agree- able musky flavour. Ripe the end of October, and will keep two or three weeks. PEARS. 251 This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 93. Messire Jean. Miller, No. 37. Messire Jean. Duhamel, 55. t. 26. Messire Jean dore. lb. Chaulis. Jard. Fruit, t. 34. Fruit middle-sized, flatly turbinate, but somewhat nar- rowed at each extremity, about two inches and a half deep, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, wdth an erect calyx, placed in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk an inch long, bent, inserted in a somewhat funnel- shaped cavity. Skin rather rough, yellow, covered almost wholly with a fine, thin, brown russet. Flesh white, crisp, breaking, and full of a rich saccharine juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep a month. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The Messire Jean is a very excellent autumn Pear, and deserves to be generally cultivated. There have been other names given to it, such as Gray, Yelloiv, and White ; they are all the same sort, and these colours arise, as was said of the Brown Beurre, from the different soils, situations, and stocks on which they are grafted, and also from the different ages of the trees themselves. 94. Napoleon. Ho7^t. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 104. and Vol. iv. p. 215. Pom. Mag. t. 75. Medaille. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 401. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, in form of a Colmar, angular about the eye, a good deal contracted in the middle, about three inches and three quarters long, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, a little depressed. Stalk half an inch long, thick, straight ; in some specimens diagonally inserted under a large, elongated, curved lip. Skin smooth, bright green ; in which state it remains for some time after the fruit is gathered ; it finally changes to a pale green, when the flesh becomes very melting, with a most unusual abundance of rich agreeable juice. Ripe the middle of November, and remains in perfection several days. This succeds equally well upon the Pear and the Quince* The Napoleon Pear is an excellent variety, raised by Dr^ Van Mons, atLouvain, and thence sent to England in 1816. It is a profuse bearer upon an east or west wall ; it also suc- ceeds as an open dwarf grafted upon the Quince, and as a common standard. 252 PEARS. 95. New Bridge. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 430. Fruit below the middle size, of a turbinate figure, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, with a short slender calyx. Crown flat, not depressed. Stalk an inch long, a little ob- liquely inserted. Skin dull gray, covered with thin gray rus- set, and of a light, lively, shining brown on the sunny side. Flesh melting, a little gritty, with a sugary juice, but with- out any peculiar flavour. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October, and will not keep longer than a few weeks. This is another of the new hardy Pears which are produ- ced upon open standards in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. 96. Poire de Louvaine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 381. Fruit middle-sized, pyramidal, uneven on its surface, three inches long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, closed with small short segments of the calyx, sunk in a narrow hollow. Stalk half an inch long, curved, obliquely inserted. Skin dull green, mixed with yellow, full of russetty spots, and a little russetted round the eye. Fhsh very tender, slightly gritty, and full of a rich, very saccha- rine, musky juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and fine till the end. This is a very excellent Pear, and one of those cultivated in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick as an open stand- ard. It highly deserves cultivation. 97. Poire Figue. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 266. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong figure, irregularly form- ed by the outward side being considerably more elongated than the inner one next the tree, giving it a curved direction, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, with very short seg- ments of the calyx. Stalk an inch long, curved, diagonally inserted under a broad, elongated lip. Skin dull green, al- most wholly covered with a thin gray russet, with scarcely any additional colouring where exposed to the sun. Flesh a little gritty, but mellow, with abundance of rich, saccha- rine, and slightly musky juice. Ripe the end of October, and will keep good a month. This is not the Poire de Figue of Knoop. It is one of those hardy varieties bearing as an open standard in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick ; and, although not hand- some, is a very excellent Pear. 98. Poire Neill. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 431. PEARS. 253 Fruit large, pyramidally turbinate, generally a little flat- tened on its opposite sides, and tapering to the stalk. In some specimens the outer side is considerably more elon- gated than the inner one next the branch on which it grows, nearly four inches long, and three inches and a half in di- ameter. Eye open, rather deeply sunk in an irregular hol- low. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, obhquely insert- ed in a narrow uneven cavity. SJdn pale yellow, intermixed with green, a good deal mottled and marked with thin gray russet. Flesh white, a little gritty, but very soft and mellow, abounding with a saccharine and shghtly musky juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and good to the end. This very fine and handsome Pear is one of those lately introduced from Flanders into the Horticultural Garden at C his wick, where it is grown as an open standard. 99. RicHE Depouille. Ilort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 409. Riche d'Apoil. lb. Fruit somewhat resembling the Saint Germain in shape and size, and tapering considerably tov/ards the stalk. Eye prominent. Stalk one inch and a half long, rather thick. Skin of a clear citron yellow, with a slight tinge of bright red on the sunny side, a little mottled with russet, and rough like the skin of an orange. Flesh white, melting, not perfumed, but sweet and very pleasant. Ripe in the autumn and winter months. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. Raised some years ago on the Continent, and was brought into this country under the name of Riche d'Apoil. 100. RoussELiNE. Miller, No. 40. Duhnmel, No. 37. t. 15. Muscat a longue queue de la fin d'Automne. Ibo Frta7 small, of a somewhat oblong figure, swelled out in the middle, tapering to the crown, and compressed towards the stalk, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch, and a half in diameter. Eye very small, with a converging calyx, placed in a rather hollow, plaited basin. Stalk one inch and three quarters long, slender, inserted in a small ca- vity. Skin smooth, of a greenish yellow on the shaded side, but where fully exposed to the sun, of a lively deep red, sprinkled with numerous gray specks. Flesh very tender and delicate, with a sweet and agreeably perfumed juice. Ripe the beginning of October, and will keep a month. This succeeds on the Pear, but not at all on the Quince. 22 254 PEARS. 101. Seckle. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 256. t. 9. Pom. Mag. t. 72. New-York Red Cheek. Hort. Soc. Cat. 432. Sycle, ) of some Collections^ according: Red-cheeked Seckle, j to the Pom. Mag. Fruit rather small, somewhat turbinate, a little compress- ed towards the stalk, about two inches and three quartern long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, open, with a very short calyx, prominently placed on the convex apex. Stalk half an inch long, obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin dull brown, or brownish green, with a very bright red cheek. Flesh tender, juicy, melting, pe- culiarly rich and high flavoured, with a powerful but most agreeable aroma, totally different from that usually perceived in perfumed Pears. Ripe the middle and end of October. This beautiful and excellent little Pear ranks among the richest of the American varieties. An account of it was transmitted by Dr. Hosack, of New-York, to the Horticul- tural Society in 1819, extracted from Coxe's work on A- merican Fruit Trees, p. 189. It bears its fruit in clusters at the ends of the branches, is very hardy as an open stand- ard, ripening its fruit with certainty.* 102. Swan's Egg. Langley, t. 64. f 4. Of all Eng- lish Gardens. Fruit small, of an oval, turbinate figure, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, with a very short calyx, prominently placed on the apex, surrounded by a few wrinkled plaits. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender, somewhat obliquely in- serted, with but little cavity. Skin greenish yellow, cover- ed on the sunny side with dull brown, intermixed with small russetty specks. Flesh soft and melting, with a very rich musky saccharine juice. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October, and will keep only a few weeks in perfection. The Swan's Egg Pear is known to every gardener and dealer in fruit in every county in England ; its great certain- * " The Seckle Pear is found to exceed in excellence of flavour the very richest •f our autumn Pears, possessing a high vinous aroma, which can scarcely be compared with any thing ir. fruits, unless with a concentration of the taste pecu- liar to the Swan's Egg. liipe from the end of August to the middle of October." J'om. Mag. t. 72. The above extract, taken from the Pomolosrical Magazine, statee, its true time tefiiptning. It would make a beautiful usjialier tree grafted on the Cluince stock. Am. Ed. PEARS. 265 ty in bearing, and the excellence of its fruit, render it a uni- versal favourite. The tree is readily distinguished in the orchard from almost every sort, by its upright and spire-like growth. 103. Urbaniste. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 411. Fi'uit pyramidally ovate, very even inform, but compress- ed towards the stalk; about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye a little sunk in a very narrow crown. Stalk an inch long, obliquely inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Skin pale green, in- clining to yellow, profusely sprinkled with greenish specks, with small patches of gray russet dispersed over its whole surface, but more particularly round the eye and the stalk. Flesh white towards the outside, but deepens to a reddish yellow next the core, which is large, and possesses a small quantity of grit ; it is, nevertheless, quite melting, juicy, and veiy sweet, with a little perfume. Ripe the end of September and beginning of October. Raised by the Count de Coloma, of Malines ; and speci- mens of the fruit were exhibited at the Horticultural Society from that gendeman in 1823. 104. Verte Longue. Miller ^ No. 36. Duhamel, No. 73. Mouille-bouche. lb, Muscat-fleure'. Bon. Jard. 1827, p. 311. F^mit pretty large, of a long pyramidal figure, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half in diame- ter. Eye small, with an open calyx, prominently seated on the convex summit. Stalk an inch long, straight, inserted without any cavity. Skin green, which continues till its maturity. Flesh white, melting, and very full of a saccha- rine, well-flavoured juice. Ripe the middle of October, and will keep a few weeks only. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but it is best on the Pear on dry, hot soils. 105. Verte Longue Panachee. Duhamel, 74. t. 37. Verte longue Suisse. lb. Culotte de Suisse. Jar^d. Fruit, t. 38. This in no way differs from the preceding one, except in being rather less, and in its striped fruit, which is beautifully coloured with green, yellow, and red. It ripens also at the same time, and succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but, like the former, it is best on the Pear for dry soils. 256 PEARS. 106. ViGNE. Miller, No. 39. Duhamel, No. 110. t. 58. f. 2. Demoiselle. 76. Fruit small, of a turbinate figure, about one inch and three quarters long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Eye large and open. Stalk two inches long, slender, in- serted in a small cavity. Skin rough, of a dull red colour, quite round, and full of gray specks. Flesh melting, and full of a pretty good juice. Ripe the middle and end of October. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 107. White Doyenne. Pom. Mag. t. 60. Doyenne Blanc. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 233, Doyenne. Duhamel, 81. t. 43. Beurre Blanc. lb. Bonne-ante. Ih. Saint Michel. lb. Carlisle. Citron de Septembre. Kaiserbirne. Poire a courte queue. Poire de Limon. .Of various Collections, according Poire de Neige. f to the Pom, Mag. Poire de Seigneur. Poire Monsieur. Valencia. White Beurre. Fruit pretty large, roundish oblong, narrowest at the stalk, about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye very small, with small, acute, closed segments of the calyx, placed in a shallow depres- sion. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, rather thick, in- serted in a small cavity ; in some specimens it is diagonally inserted under a small elongated lip. Skin pale citron yel- low, speckled throughout, more or less, with cinnamon rus- set, and tinged with orange brown on the sunny side. Flesk white, juicy, very buttery, and delicious. Ripe the end of September, and good for three or four weeks. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. An old and excellent Pear, bearing well in this country vipon an open standard. It is one of the best to graft upon the Quince, and to cultivate en quenouille. It is best known PEARS. 257 in our gardens, and to English nurserymen, by the name of White Beurre. Sect. V. — Winter Round-fruited. 108. Ambrette. Miller, No. 57. Duhamel, No. 65. t. 31. Ambre Gris. Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Ambrette Grise. lb, Ambrette d'Hiver. lb. Belle Gabrielle. lb, Trompe Valet. lb. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish figure, but rather larger at the crown than at the stalk ; about two inches and a half or two inches and three quarters deep, and the same in di- ameter. Eye small, with an open, reflexed, flat calyx, placed in a very shallow impression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a very small cavity. 'Skin of a russet colour. Flesh melting, with a sugary musky juice. In eating from November till January. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but it is more productive upon the latter stock. 109. Bergamotte de Soulers. Duhamel, No. 51. t. 44. f. 1. Bonne de Soulers. lb. Fruit rather large, of a roundish turbinate figure ; about two inches and three quarters long, and the same in diame- ter, broadest in the middle, and narrowed to each extremity. Eye small, within a shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, strong, curved, and inserted in an oblique cavity. SkZi smooth, of a greenish white, full of green specks, but of a brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh buttery and melting, with a sweet agreeable juice. In eating in January and through March. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Qumce. 110. Easter Bergamot. Miller, No. 69. Bergamotte Bugi. lb, Bergamotte de Paques. Duhamel, 52. t. 24. Bergamotte d'Hiver. lb. La Grilliere. Knoop. Pom, p. 134. 22* 2^ PEA.R8. Paddington. ") TerlinI*. f ^/"^^^^ JVurseries. Winter Bergamot. J Fruit pretty large, of a roundish turbinate figure ; three inches or more deep, and the same in diameter, but broadest at the crown. Eye small, closed, and sunk in a shallow ba- sin. Stalk short, thick, inserted a little obliquely in a small shallow cavity. Shi?i green, quite round, and covered with nurnerous gray specks ; but when matured it turns of a yel- lowish gray. Flesh white, half buttery, with a sugary, well- flavoured juice. In eating from January till April or May. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The Easter Bergamot has been a long time in this coun- try, having been planted at Hampton Court in the time of Queen Elizabeth. It requires a south or south-east aspect^ and a dry bottom. 111. Francreal. JVft7/er, No. 68. Franc-Real. Duhamel, No. 60. Fin or d'Hiver. Knoop. Pom. p. 136. Fruit pretty large, of a somewhat globular figure, a httle compressed at both extremities ; about three inches and a half long, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, placed in a shallow narrow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin yellow, very much mottled with a pale russetty brown, particularly on the sunny side. Flesh rather dry, and apt to be gritty. Juice rather insipid, but is excel- lent when stewed. In use from January till March. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 112. German Muscat. Miller, 'No. 70. Muscat d'Allemagne. DuhameU No. 72. t. 36. Fruit pretty large, broadly turbinate, and somewhat com- pressed towards the stalk, about three inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, seated in a small shallow basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, inserted in a very small cavity. Skin covered with russet quite round, and coloured with brown on the sunny side. Flesh pa]e yellow, buttery, and melting. Jtiice sugary, musky, and perfumed. In eating from Mafch till May. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. PEARS. 269 113. GiLOGiL. Pom. Mag. t. 65. Gile-6-giIe. JVoiseiie Manuel Complet, p. 531. Gros Gobet. \ Of some French Gardens, according to Dagobert. / the Pom. Mag. Fruit large, somewhat obovate, flattened at the top, and tapering but Uttle to the stalk, about three inches and a quar- ter deep, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye large, and deeply sunk in a plaited radiated hollow. Stalk an inch long, rather deeply inserted in an uneven and mostly two-lipped cavity. Skin a deep close russet, rather deeply tinged with a brownish red on the sunny side. Flesh white, juicy, breaking, a little gritty, sweet, and pleasant. In use from December till March or April. A valuable winter Pear, although not of first-rate excel- lence. It is very handsome, and an excellent bearer. It will succeed as an open standard in a sheltered warm situ- ation. 114. Holland Bergamot. Miller^ No. 71. Bergamotte d'Hollande. Duhamel, No. 53. t. 25. Bergamotte d'Alencon. lb. Amoselle. lb. Lord Cheney's. Of some Gardens. Fruit large, of a regular roundish figure, but somewhat broadest at the crown, about three inches deep, and nearly the same in diameter. Eye small, divested of its calyx, sunk pretty deep in a depressed and wide basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, crooked, inserted in a slightly an- gular, but not deep cavity. Skin in the autumn green, mar- bled all over, more or less, with a thin brown russet ; but as it acquires maturity, the skin becomes yellow, and the rus- setty colouring of a more lively character. Flesh half but- tery, with a plentiful and highly flavoured juice. In eating from March till May or June. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This very valuable Pear, if ever in the possession of Lord Cheney, must have been in England previously to 1595. It originated at Alencon in France, and is highly deserving of cultivation. 115. Poire du Jardin. Duhamel, 28. t. 19. f. 3. Fruit pretty large, round, and flattened somewhat hke a Bergamot, about two inches and three quarters deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, placed in a very shallow depression. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a small cavity. Skin yellow on the 260 1>EARS. shaded side, but of a soft red where exposed to the sun, and marked with a few yellow specks. Flesh half buttery, with an excellent saccharine juice. In eating in December and January. 116. Winter Orange. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 139. t. 2. f. 3. Orange d'Hiver. DuhameU No. 29. t. 19. f. 4. Fruit middle-sized, globular, a little flattened at the crown, about two inches and a quarter deep, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, open, placed in a very shal- low, perfectly round basin. Stalk an inch long, thick, and inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin smooth, rich, yel- low, covered with numerous brown specks. Flesh white, crisp, with a sugary, highly flavoured, musky juice. In eating in February, and will keep till April. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. Sect. VI. — Winter Conical-fruited, 117. Ang£liciue de Bordeaux. Duhamel, No. 88. t. 47. f. 5. Poire Angelique. Miller, No. 77. Saint Martial. lb. Saint Marcel. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 311. Gros Franc-real. lb. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, some- what like a Bon-chretien, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, placed in a narrow and rather deep hollow. Stalk one inch and a half long, strong, crooked, inserted in an ob- lique but not deep cavity. Skin smooth and yellowish, but on the sunny side it is of a faint purple colour. Flesh ten- der and buttery, with a sugary juice. In eating from February till April. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince, but not so well on the latter stock. This Pear was introduced into this country about the year 1700, and first planted by the Duke of Montague at Dit- ton ; it requires to be grown against a south or south-east wall. 118. Ang^liciue de Rome. Duhamel, No. 108. Jard. Fruit, t. 42. , Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, being PEARS. 261 about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye very small, placed in a narrow shallow basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a very small cavity. Skin rough, pale yellow or citron colour, and tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh yel- lowish, tender, and melting. Juice sugary, with a rich poignant flavour. In eating in December, and till February or March. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This is a very excellent Pear on a good soil and favour- able situation. It is, of course, inferior when it has not these advantages. 119. Beurr^ d'Aremberg. Hort, Trans. Vol. vii. p. 178. t. 4. f. 1. Pom. Mag. t. 83. Beurre d'Arembert. Bo7i. Jard. 1827, p. 308. Due d'Aremberg. ^ ^.^^,,^^ j,^,^^^^j^ Catalogues, ac- Poire d'Aremberg. \ '^cording to the Pom. JVfao-. (Jolmar Deschamps { } ^ ^ Fruit pretty large, turbinate, on an average about three inches and a half long, and two inches and three quarters wide at the broadest part, where it is obtusely angular, and a httle contracted towards the setting on of the stalk. Eye small. Stalk an inch long, strong, straight, inserted in an oblique, angular cavity ; in some specimens it is diagonally inserted under a broad, elongated lip. Skin delicate pale green, very slightly dotted with russet, which becomes a deeper yellow when ripe. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, perfectly melting, without any grittiness, and of a very ex- traordinary rich, sweet, high flavoured quality. In eating from Octobei* till February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This most excellent Pear is supposed to have been raised by M. Deschamps, and was first sent to the Horticultural Society by M. Parmentier of Enghien, along with the Glout Moixeau, in November, 1820. It is usually cultivated as a dwarf, being grafted upon the Quince stock, but it suc- ceeds perfectly well as an open standard. 120. Beurre Diel. Po7n. Mag. t. 19. and lb. t. 131. Diel's Butterbirne. DiePs Versuch, <^c. Vol. xix. p. 70. Dorothee Royale. Va7i Mons, Cat. p. 25. Beurre de Telle. \ g. various Collections, according to Beurre Royale. > "^.i r> ti/t x» • J TIT 1 i the Pom. Mag. Poire de Melon. ) ° Fruit large, about the size and figure of the summer Bon- 262 fEARS. Chretien, without the protuberances of that variety : it is much swollen a little above the middle, going off to the eye either abruptly or gradually, and tapering straight to the stalk, without any contraction of figure ; when fully grown, it is four inches and a half long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye close, in a deep hollow, surrounded by knobs, ribs, or broad protuberances. Stalk one inch and a half long, strong, bent, woody, inserted in a deep, irregularly and obtusely angled cavity. Skin bright green when first gathered, changing in a short time to a bright orange, with a little trace of russet. Flesh clear white, a little gritty to- wards the core, but otherwise perfectly tender and melting, juicy, with a delicious, rich, aromatic, saccharine flavour. In eating from November till January. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. The above description is taken from a very fine fmit pro- duced against a wall, and figured in the 5th No. of the Pom. Mag. No. 19. As, however, it varies considerably from this, when grown upon an open standard, another figure of it has been pubUshed in the same work. No. 131., which exhibits it in its more general character, and fully corresponds with the description I had written of the Dorothee Royale, in December, 1829, from a fruit grown in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick ; viz. Fruit pretty large, oblong, somewhat narrowed towards the stalk, and a little angular on the sides, in the manner of a Chaumontelle ; about three inches and a half long, and three inches in diameter. Eye narrow, open, with a cori- aceous calyx, placed in a shallow uneven basin. Stalk an inch long, stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Skin dull le- mon colour, covered with numerous gray specks, and mar- bled with various ramifications of gray russet. Flesh yel- lowish white, melting, very buttery. Juice plentiful, very saccharine, and of a very high flavour. This noble Pear was raised by Dr. Van Mons at Lou- vaine, and by him named in honour of Dr. Augustus Frede- rick Adrian Diel, one of the most distinguished of the Ger- man pomologists. Its great merit, independent of its excel- lence, is its fertiUty, both when trained against a wall and as a standard. In the former case it succeeds perfectly on an eastern aspect ; in the latter, its fruit retains its good quali- ties in as high a degree as when grown upon a wall. 121. Beurre Range. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 130. t. 2, f, 4. Pom, Mag. i, 88. PfiAR3. 263 Beurre Ranee. Van Mons^ Jlrh. Fruit, p. 373. accord- ing to the Pom, Mag, Beurre Epine. ) ^r^^^^^ Collections. Hardenpont de rrintemps. ) '' Fruit about the same size as that of the Saint Germain, and not much unUke it in shape ; pblong, and tapering to the stalk ; about three inches and a half long, and three inches in diameter. Eye small, open, with a very short calyx, scarcely or but very slightly sunk. Stalk one inch and a half long, rather slender, inserted without any cavity ; in some specimens it is diagonally inserted under a broad elon- gated lip. Skin dark green at all times, even when most ripe, sprinkled with many russetty specks. Flesh greenish white, melting, rather gritty at the core, but of a delicious rich flavour. The fruit generally shrivels in ripening. In eating from December till March or April. This very excellent Pear was raised by the late Counsel- lor Hardenpont, at Mons, and fruit of it was sent, by M. Parmentier of Enghien, to the Horticultural Society, in November, 1820. 122. Bezy de Caissoy. Duhamel, No. 59. t. 29. Bezy de Quessoy. Ib» Roussette d^Anjou. 76. Petite Beurre d'Hiver. Ih, Wilding of Caissoy. Miller, No. 63. Terreneuvaise. Of Jersey. Nutmeg Pear. Of the London Markets. Fruit small, of an oblong figure, a little enlarged at the crown ; about one inch and a half long, and the same in di- ameter. Eye very small, with a short flat calyx, placed in a very small, shallow, circular basin. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Skin green, turning yellow as it becomes ripe ; marked and spotted with red on the sunny side. Flesh buttery, with a very rich juice. In eating from November till March. This succeeds on the Pear, but not on the Quince. The Bezy de Caissoy was discovered in the Forest of Caissoy, in Bretagne, where it is called Roussette d'Jlnjou. It is a most productive bearer in an open standard, and well deserving of cultivation. 123. Chaumontel. JVf«7/er, No. 78. Bezy de Chaumontelle. Duhamel, No. 7S. t. 40. Beurr^ d'Hiver. lb. Fruit large, of an oblong, and somewhat irregular figure, 264 PEARS. having some slightly obtuse angles, which, more or less, extend from the stalk to the crown ; generally about three inches and a half long, and three inches broad. Eye small, deeply sunk in a verry angular basin. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep angular cavity. Skin a little scabrous, yel- lowish green on the shaded side, but of a brown or purplish colour when fully exposed to the sun and highly ripened. Flesh melting, and full of a sugary and highly perfumed juice. In eating from November till January or February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This very valuable Pear was found wild at Chaumontel, a lordship in the department of the Oise ; and Duhamel, in 1765, says the original tree was then alive and in health. It is a very hardy tree, and bears well in this country as an open standard, and particularly so on an espalier, where, if well managed, the fruit grows large, and in fine seasons ripens extremely well. The French say it succeeds best when grafted on the Quince, and planted on rich Ught soil. The Jersey garden- ers grow the Chaumontelle to a much larger size than what is described above, and fruit from thence I have seen ex- hibited at the Horticultural Society far exceeding belief. 124. CoLMAR. Milhr, No. 54. Duhamel, No. 94. t. 50. Poire Manne. Ih. Bergamotte Tardive. Knoop. Pom. p. 134. Incomparable. lb. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure ; about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye large, and deeply hollowed. Stalk an inch long, rather thick, bent, inserted in a tolerably deep oblique cavity. Skin smooth, green, with a few yel- lowish gray specks ; as it becomes mature, it turns more yellow, and has sometimes a little colour on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, very tender, and full of a saccharine, rich, highly-flavoured juice. In eating from November till January. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 125. D'AucH. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 68. Poire d'Auch. Of some Collections. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, greatly resembling the Colmar in almost every respect, except in being a little more full next the stalk, and in being, perhaps, PEARS. 265 a fortnight later in arriving at maturity ; its flesh is, more- over, never yellow, and it has the advantage of a higher flavour. A similarity of appearance has led some to suppose they were both the same. Experience, however, does not war- rant this supposition ; for, in every situation where it has been tried, it has proved far more productive, and also a much hardier tree. It was introduced into England before 1817, by the late Duke of Northumberland. 126. Easter Beurre. Pom, Mag. t. 78. Bergamotte de la Pentecote. JVois. Manuel, Vol. ii. p. 637. Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles. Taschenbuch, p. 420. Doyenne d'Hiver. Of some Collections, according to the Pom. Mag, Fruit large, roundish oblong, broadest towards the eye, nearly four inches long, and three inches and a half in di- ameter. Eye small, with a connivent calyx, sunk in a mo- derately deep depression. Stalk short, tliick, sunk in a deep obtuse-angled cavity. Skin green, thickly mottled with small russetty dots ; when ripe becoming yeflowish, and co- loured with brown, somewhat streaky on the sunny side. Flesh whitish, inclining to yellow, perfectly buttery and melt- ing, and extremely high flavoured. In eating from November till May. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. Of all the very late keeping Pears this is decidedly the best. It has been recently introduced into this country from the Continent, but its origin there is not known. It is a most profuse bearer, grafted upon the Quince, and requires a south or south-east exposure. This must not be confounded with the Easter Bergamot, a good but inferior variety ; from which it is distinguishable, not only by its fruit, but also by its wood, which is reddish brovvn, not green, as that of the former sort. The Easter Beurre bears well as an open standard in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. The specimens produced there in 1830, were very beautiful ; three inches and a quarter long, and three inches in diameter. 127. Flemish Bon-Chretien. Bon-Chretien Nouvelle Espece. Hart. Gard. Coll. Fruit large, oblong, turbinate, tapering towards the stalk, where it is slightly compressed ; about four inches and a half long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye open, 23 266 FEAIt?. with a very short calyx, sunk in a rather shallow, rounds or even depression. Stalk one inch and a half long, emboss- ed next the fruit, a little curved, and obhquely inserted un- der an elongated single or double lip ; in some specimen* v/hich are more conical, the stalk is direct and straight, and" not obliquely inserted. Skin green, becoming yellow, thick- ly sprinkled with gray russetty specks, and which form a mottled russet on the sunny side. Flesfi yellowish white, breaking, a little gritty, but becoming mellow when matured^ Juice saccharine^ with a slight musky perfume. In eating from the beginning of T^ovember till the middle or end of January. It succeeds very well upon the Quince stock. This very fine Pear has been lately raised in Flanders, and sent to the Horticultural Society of London, in whose Gar- den at C his wick it (in 1830) produced some uncommonly tine fruit upon an open standard^ from which this descrip- tion was taken. 128. FoRELLK. HorL Trails. Vol. v. p. 408. t. 17, Pom. Mag. t. 112. Forellen-birne. Die!, Pom. Yol. v. p. 51. Poire Truite. Of the French^ according to the Pom, Mag. Fruit rather below the middle size, not very constant in form, but generally obovate, and more or less elongated ; aoout three inches long, and two inches and a half in diame- ter. Eye rather shallow. Stalk half an inch long or more» slender, straight, inserted in a rather shallow but oblique cavity. Skin, when fresh gathered, green on one side,^ and red on the other, changing to a deep rich sanguine, speckled - with grayish, ocellate, broad spots next the sun, and a clear lemon on the other side. /VesA, white, juicy, buttery, with a rich aromatic, sub-acid vinous flavour. In eating from November till January. It never shrivels, but remains quite melting to the last. This is a very beautiful Pear, and bears well as a stand- ard. It is called the Forelle, Trouiicy or Trout Pear, from a fancied resemblance between the spots and colour of its skin and those of the fish so called. Dr. Diel supposes it originated in Northern Saxony. It was brought to this country a few years ago, and fruit- ed by Mr. Knight of Downton Castle, who sent it for exhi- bition to the Horticulture Society about 1823. PEA.RS. 267 1^'9. Glout Morce^u. Hort. Soc, Cat No. 291. Gloux Morceaux.* Hort, Trans. Vol. vii. p. 179. t.4. Fruit very like the Beurre d'Aremberg, but larger, more oval, not so turbinate in its shape, about four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter, Eije small, deeply sunk, in an uneven oblique hollow. Stalk an inch long, ra- ther deeply inserted in an oblique cavity. Sfdn pale dull olive green, a little inclining to yellow, and covered with nu- merous gray russetty specks, with russetty blotches round the stalk. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, but a little gritty at the core. Ripe in November, and v/ill keep till February or March. This very beautiful and very fine variety was sent to the Horticultural Society by M. Parmentier of Enghien, along with the Beurre d'Aremberg, in November, 1820. It requires an east or south-east wall to grow it in perfection ; but very fine specimens were (in 1830) grown upon open standards m the Horticultural Garden at C his wick, three inches and a half long, and three inches m diameter. 130. Grumkower. Grumkower Winterbirne. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 316. Fruit middle-sized, in shape somewhat like a Bon-Chre- ^i«n, having a few obtuse angles or ribs extending from the middle of the fruit to the crown, and narrowed towards the stalk ; usually about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye narrow. Stalk half an mch long, inserted without any cavity. Skin smooth, pale green, sprinkled with a few gray specks. Flesh melting. Juice plentiful, saccharine, with a good deal of musky flavour. Ripe in November, and will keep till Christmas. 131. Lent Saint Germain. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 614. Easter Saint Germain. Of some Gardens. Fruit pretty large, of an oblong figure, broadest in the middle, and tapering to each extremity. Eije small and prominently seated. Stalk an inch long, slender, obhquely inserted under an elongated lip. Skin pale green, full of small white specks. Flesh firm and breaking, with a very good flavoured juice. In eating in March and April. • M. Dumortier Rutteau, of Tonrnay, in a letter reeentlv received from kixn, as- seilfl, that tliQ proper orthography of this name is Glout Morceau . 268 PEARS. This, although not a high-flavoured Pear, deserves cul- tivation, as it comes into eating when most Winter Pears are gone. 132. Martin Sec. Miller, No. 48. DuhameU N©. 36. t. 14. Fruit middle-sized, of a pyramidal figure, somewhat tur- binate, about three inches long, and two inches and a quar- ter in diameter. Eye small, open, seated in a somewhat deep obtuse-angled basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, inserted in a small angular cavity. Skin of a deep russet colour on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun, of a lively red, covei'ed with numerous gray specks. Flesh crisp. Juice sugary, with an agreeable perfume. In eating from November till January. It succeeds on the Pear, and equally well on the Quince. This is the Martin Sec of Champagne. In Burgundy they have a Martin Sec, which is a different fruit. 133. MartixX Sire. Miller, No. 64. DuhameU No. 30. t. 19. f. 5. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal figure, somewhat like that of a Jargonelle, a little more swelled on one side than the opposite one ; about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Hye small, promi- nent. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, bent, inserted in an oblique cavity. Skin green, very smooth, changing to yellow as it becomes ripe, with a lively red on the sunny side. Flesh crisp, sometimes a little gritty near the core. Juice plentiful, sugary, and highly perfumed. In eating from December till February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 134. Merveille d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 67, t. 33. Petit Oin. Ih. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat turbinate, tapering regu- larly to the stalk ; about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye large, and deeply hollowed. Stalk half an inch long, inserted a little obliquely in a small irregular cavity. Skin green, occasionally a little warted, and becoming yellow when fully ripe. Flesh very fine and melting. Juice sugary, and of a high musky fiavour. In eating in November and December. This succeeds on the Pear, but not well on the Quince. It is one of our best Pears, and deserves cultivation, 135. Naples. DuhameL 107. t. 56. PEAR8. 269 Poire de Naples. Jard. Fruit, t. 36. Fruit middle-sized, of a roundish turbinate figure, com- pressed between the middle and the stalk ; about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with a converging calyx, seated in a rather deep basin. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, bent, and inserted in a small oblique cavity. Skin green, becoming yellow as it approaches maturity, with a pale brown on the sunny side. Flesh melting and buttery, with a saccharine and agreeable juice. In eating from January till nearly April. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 138. Oak-leaved Imperial. imperiale a feuilles de Chene. Duhumel, No. 98. t. 54. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, turbinate, in the manner of a small Bonchretien; about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, with an acute spreading calyx, placed in a shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, straight, inserted with but little cavity. Skin smooth, green, approaching to yellow, as it becomes matured. Flesh half buttery, with a sugary well' -flavoured juice. In eating from January till May. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This tree is at once distinguished by its singular leaves, which are situated like those of the Oak. The fruit, al- though not so good as many others, has considerable merit at this late season of the year. 137. Passe-Colmar. Pom. Mag, t. 64. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 410. Passe-Colmar Gris, dit Precel. lb. Passe-Colmar Epineux. Van Mons, Jlrh. Fruit, p. 373. Fondante de Panisel. Van Mons, Jirh. Fruit, p. 373. Poire Precel. lb. p. 374. Colmar E'pineux. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 452. Beurre-Colmar Gris, dit Precel. lb. No. 454. Chapman's. lb. No. 177. according to the Pom. Mag. Fruit middle sized, obconical, flattened at the crown, about three inches and a half long, and three inches in dia- meter. Eye open, slightly sunk. Stalk one inch and a half long, strong, inserted in an oblique obtusely-angled /:avity. Skin green, when ripe becoming yellowish, and sprinkled with russet, and if well exposed having a con* siderable tinge of red ; the surface is somewhat uneven, 23* 270 PEARS. Avith some slight longitudinal furrows running from the stalk end. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, very rich, and most excellent. In perfection in December and January. A most abundant bearer. It was raised in Flanders by Counsellor Hardenpont, to whom, in conjunction with Dr. Van Mons, and some others of his countrymen, we are indebted for several very excel- lent varieties of the Pear. 138. Pastorale. /tMer, No. 75. Dw/mme/, No. 100. t. 55. Musette d'Automne. lb. Petit Rateau. Jard. Fruit, t. 40. Fniit large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, a little com- pressed near the stalk, about four inches long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, ^^^th a connivent calyx, prominently seated. Stalk an inch long, straight, stout, with a curb or embossment at its insertion in the fiuit. Skin somewhat rough, of a yellowish gray colour, speckled with red on the sunny side. Flesh tender and buttery, with an excellent saccharine and musky juice. In eating from November till February or March. This succeeds better on the Pear than on the Quince. It is said to have been raised by the Capuchins of Lou- vain. , 139. Poire du Vitrier. DuhameU No. 24. t. 44. f 4. Fruit middle-sized, oblong, somewhat of the shape of a Chaumontel, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter, swelling a little in the middle, and a little narrowed at each extremity. Eye large, open, seated in an irregularly-formed depression. Stalk an mch long, inserted rather deeply in an irregularly-angled cavity. Skin smooth, green on the shaded side, but deeply tinged with red on the side next the sun, and covered with numerous gray specks. Flesh white, with a very agreeable juice. In eating in November and December. This succeeds well on both the Pear and the Quince. 140. RoYALE d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 71, t. 35. Fruit pretty large, of a pyramidal turbinate figure, de- creasing a little irregularly from the crown to the stalk, about three inches long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, in a deeply depressed basin. Stalk one inch and a half long, slender, bent, and inserted PEARS. 271 in a small, oblique, irregular cavity. Skin smooth, yellow, but of a fine red on the sunny side, marbled Avith numerous brown specks and dots. Flesh yellowish, half buttery, melting, and containing a rich, saccharine, well-flavoured juice. In eating in December, January, and February. This succeeds well on the Pear, not on the Quince. 141. Saint Augustin. Miller^ No. 60. Duhamel, No. 99. t. 58. f 3. Fruit below the middle size, of a long pyramidal shape, oval at its apex, and compressed on one side near the stalk, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches in diameter. Eye small, with a recurved calyx, prominently placed. Stalk an inch long, strong, bent, a little everted, and obliquely inserted without any cavity. Skin of a fine citron colour, spotted with red on the sunny side. Flesh firm, and full of a saccharine, musky juice. In eating in December, January, and February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 142. Saint Germain. Langley^ t. 66. f. 2. jMiller, No. 59. Duhamel, No. 96. t. 52. Inconnu de la Faire. lb. Fruit large, of a pyramidal figure, tapering from the crown to the stalk, about three inches and three quarters long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, in a shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, curv^ed, inserted very obliquely in the fruit without any cavity. Skin yellowish green, when fully matured with a few brownish specks on the sunny side. Flesh white, melting, and full of very rich, saccharine, high-flavoured juice. Ripe in November, and will keep good till Christmas. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This most excellent Pear, known to almost every gar- dener in England, was discovered on the banks of the river Faire, in the parish of Saint Germain, in the ci-devant pro- vince of the isle of France. It requires a good soil, and a south ©r south-east aspect. If planted in a cold soil it is apt to be ill-shaped and gritty. 143. SAiNT-PfiRE. Duhamel, No. 117. Saint-Pair. lb. Poire de Saint-Pere. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 315. Fruit below the middle size, of a turbinate figure, about two inches and a half long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, sunk in a shallow plaited basin. 272 PEARS. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Skin rough, yellow. Flesh white, tender, full of an astringent juice, which renders it too austere to be eaten raw by some palates, but is excellent when stewed. In use from February till May. 144. Spanish Bonchretien. JMiller, No. 61. Bonchretien d'Espagne. Duhamel No. 89. t. 46. Fruit large, somewhat angularly pyramidal, about four inches long, and three inches in diameter. Eije small, with a short erect calyx, deeply sunk. Stalk one inch and a half long, inserted in an oblique, obtuse-angled cavity. Skin pale yellowish green, tinged on the sunny side with streaks of dull red, thickly covered with brown specks. Flesh white, breaking. Juice not plentiful, subacid, with a pleasant astringency. In eating in November and December. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. 145. TiLLiNGTON. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 521. Fruit of the shape and size of the Gray Doyenne, but more perfectly rounded at the crown, about two inches and three quarters long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Stalk short, fleshy at its insertion. Skin dull green on the shaded side, but of a dull brick dust red where exposed to the sun, the whole a good deal russetted. Flesh white, nearly buttery, with a little grit at the core, particularly rich and sweet, though not very juicy. Ripe the middle of November, and will keep a consider- able time without spoiling. This hardy Pear, for orchard purposes, was raised from the seed of an autumn Bergamot, the blossom of which had been impregnated with the Jargonelle, in the village of Til- lington, near Hereford. Its fruit was sent to the Horticul- tural Society by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle, in the autumn of 1820, the first year of the tree producing fruit. 146. ViRGOULEUSE. Langley, t. 67. fig. 2. Duha- meh No. 95. t. 51. Miller, No, 56. Bujaleuf. Ib» Ghambrette. 76. Poire-glace. Jard. Fruit, t. 32. Fruit pretty large, of a very irregular obovate, pyramidal figure, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half in diameter. Eye small, rather deeply sunk. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a rather small oblique cavity. Skin very smooth, grass-green, turning to a pale yellow or PEARS. 273 citron colour as it ripens, sprinkled with numerous red dots, and occasionally a little tinged with red on the sunny side. Flesh melting, buttery, and full of an excellent, rich, and highly flavoured juice. Ripe in November, and will keep two months. The Virgouleuse Pear ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, on a south wall, September 20, O. S., or October 1, N. S. La7igley. It will succeed on both the Pear and the Quince. This is a most excellent Pear, requiring a good soil, and an east or south-east wall. It takes its name from Virgoule, a village of that name in the neighbourhood of St. Leonard, in Limousin, where it was raised, and sent to Paris, by the Marquis of Cham- brette. 147. Winter BoNCHRf tien. Langley, t. 68. fig. 3. Miller, No. 73. Bonchr^tien d'Hiver. Buhamel, No. 87. t. 45. Poire d'Angoisse. Jard. Fruit, t. 42. Fruit very large, of an irregular, pyramidal figure ; it is very broad at the upper end, and compressed below the mid- dle towards the stalk, where it is still broad, and somewhat obliquely truncate ; a good-sized fruit ; is about four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter. Eye of a middling size, with a long calyx, placed in a wide and deep hollow. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, a little bent, and obliquely inserted in a somewhat deep obtuse-angled cavity. Skin yellowish when fully matured, with a brown tinge on the sunny side. Flesh very tender, and breaking. Juice plentiful, very rich, saccharine, and highly perfumed. In eating in January and February. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This is undoubtedly one of the very best winter Pears, and is held, both in France and in England, in the highest estimation. It requires to be planted in a good soil, and against a south or south-east wall, in order to have it per- fectly ripened. 148. Winter Nelis. Pom. Mag. i. 126. Nelis d'Hiver. Of many Flemish and English Gardens. Bonne de Malines. Hort. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 353. La Bonne Malinoise. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 408. t. 17., accordmg to the Pom. Mag. 274 fEARS. Fruit above the middle size, somewhat oval, broadest in the middle, narrowed towards the crown, and a little more so towards the stalk, about three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Eye open, slightly sunk in a rather narrow basin. Sfalk one inch and a half long, inserted iri a narrow and rather deep cavity. Skin dull grayish green, full of gray dots, covered partly, especially on the sunny side, with a brownish-gray russet. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery. Juice plentiful, sugary, rich, high flavoured, with a musky perfume. In perfection in December and January. This most excellent and valuable Pear was raised by M. Nelis of Mechlin, in honour of whom it has been named ; but before its present title was settled, it had acquired, in a few gardens, the name of Bonne de Malines, which it is but justice to put aside in favour of that here adopted. It bears well as a standard in the Horticultural Garden iit Chiswick, v.'here the present description was taken in De- cember, 1829 ; but it succeeds better on an east wall, where the fruit grows also larger. i 19. Winter Rousselet. Miller, No. 63. Rousselet d'Hiver. Duhamely No. 31. t. 19. f. 2. Frnil small, of a pyramidal figure, about two mches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Eye small, open, prominently seated on a well-rounded sum- mit. Stalk half an inch long, thick, bent, obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Skin green, becoming yellow as it ripens, with a little colouring of red on the sunny side. Flesh but- tery and melting. Juice plentiful, and well flavoured. Ripe in January, and will keep till March. It succeeds equally well on the Pear and on the Quince. 150. Winter Thorn. Miller, No. 68. E'piiie d'Hiver. Duhamel, No. 64. t. 44. f. 3. Fimit very large, rather long and turbinate, about three inches long, and two inches and a quarter in diameter. Eye small, placed in a round shallow depression. Stalk an inch long or more, stout, curved, and inserted somewhat oblique- ly without any cavity. Skin smooth, pale green, becoming yellow as it ripens. Flesh melting and buttery, with a plen- tiful saccharine juice. Ripe in November, and will keep till January. This succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince ; but, like other Pears, if it is intended to be planted upon a drj ^oil, the Pear stock is by far the best. TeaAS. 275 Sect. VII. — Baking and Stewing Pears. 151. Bellissime d'Hiver. Dtihamel, 'No. lOZ. Teton de Yenus. Bon. Jarcl, 1827, p. 306. Fritit very large, more so than the Catillac, and of a simi- lar turbinate figure, generally about four inches long, and a little more in diameter. Eye large, rather deeply sunken* Stalk an inch long, inserted in a somewhat angular cavity. Skin smooth, yellowish brown, with gray specks, but of a fine red on the sunny side. Flesh tender, and free from the gritty nature of most baking Pears, for which purpose this is excellent. In use from November till March or April. The Bellissime is so named in consequence of its size and beauty. 152. Black Pear of Worcester. Miller., No. 62. Parkinson's Warden. lb. Pound Pear. /6., hut not the P.ound Pear of Langley., t. 71. fig. 3. Livre. DuhameU No. 104. Gros Uateau Gris. Bon. Jard., 1827, p. 315. Grande IMonarque. Knoop. Pom. p. 125. t. 8. Groote Mogol. lb. Fruit very large, of a roundish turbinate figure, usually about four inches long, and three inches and a half in di- ameter. Eije small, placed in a vdde and deep hollow. Stalk half an inch long, stout, inserted in a slight cavity. Shin rough, of an obscure red or brown colour on the sunny side, but more pale on the shaded part. Fleoh very hard, coarse, of an austere taste, but very good when baked or stewed. In use from November till February. This gro'.vs very vigorously on the Pear, but docs not succeed upon the Quince. 153. Catillac. Miller, No. 74. DtihamcU No. 102. t. 58. f. 4. Fruit very large, of a broad turbinate figure, somewhat in the shape of a Quince ; usually about three inches and a half or four inches deep, and the same in diameter. Eyg small, with a short neat calyx, placed in a deep and wide plaited hollow. Stalk an inch long, stout, curved, and a little obliquely inserted in a very small cavity. Skin yellow, and when well matured in a warm season, of a deep orange. 276 PEARS. with a red tinge on the sunny side. Flesh hard, with an austere juice. In use from December till April. This succeeds better on the Pear than on the Quince. The Catillac is a most excellent Pear for baking and stewing. The tree is very hardy, a handsome grower, and a very good bearer upon a common standard, and deserves a place in every choice collection of fruit. 154. DoUBLE-BLOSSOMED. JMUhr, 'No. 76. Double-fleur. Duhamel, No. 68. t. 28. Armenie. Jard, Fruit, t. 36. Fruit shaped very much like the Swiss Bergamot, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Eye small, with an erect calyx, placed in a very regular shallow basin. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a very small cavity. Skin green, but yellow when ripe, and of a red or pale purple colour on the sunny side. Flesh pretty crisp, with plenty of juice ; but is more fit for baking or stewing than for eating raw. In use from February till April or May. It succeeds on both the Pear and the Quince. This is a desirable tree to plant for ornament. Its large double flowers, which contain twelve or fifteen petals, make a very handsome appearance in the spring. It sometimes produces variegated leaves ; then the fruit is striped with green, yellow, and red. 155. Tresor. BuhameJ, No. 105. Amour. DuhameU No. 105. Tresor d' Amour. Bon. Jard. 1827, p. 315. i'Vwi^ very large, more so than the Black Pear of Wor- cester, in shape somewhat like it, but more compressed both towards the crown and the stalk ; full four inches and three quarters deep, and live inches in diamr ter, sometimes even larger than this. Eye small, in a wide hollow basin. Sialk an inch long, very stout, insei^cd in a deep cavity. Skin rough, yellowish, but of a brownish colour on the sun- ny side. Flesh white, and, when fully matured, rather melting, with a plentiful and tolerable juice, but is fit only for stewing ; for this purpose, Duhamki. observes, it is far prrferable to either the Catillac or Poire de Livre. In use from December till March. This is be^ t on the Pear stock, being too vigorous to sub- sist upon the Quince. PEARS. 277 156. Uvedale's Saint Germain. Miller, No. 80. Union. 76. Udale's Warden. Langley, t. 71. fig. 1. Pickering. lb, Tonneau. DuhameU No. 106. t. 58. f. 5. Poire de Tonneau. Jard. Fruit, t. 43. Belle de Jersey. Of the French 'Gardens. Fruit very large, of an oblong figure, tapering to the cro^\^l, but compressed between the middle and the stalk ; its usual size is about four inches long, and three inches broad, but sometimes much larger. Eye wide, in a deep hollow. Stalk an inch long, bent, and rather deeply insert- ed in an oblique angular cavity. Shin smooth, dark green, and of a dull brown on the sunny side ; but as it becomes matured it is of a red colour on a yellowish ground. Flesh white, hard, and a little gritty next the core, with an austere astringent juice, which renders it unfit for eating raw, but it is excellent for baking and stewing. In use from Christmas till April. This does not succeed on an open standard ; but it may be trained as an espaUer, where it has a warm aspect, when it will bear and ripen very well. It, however, deserves an east or south-east exposure, and if well managed it will grow to a very large size. I have gathered it of seventeen inches its greatest, and fifteen inches its least, circumference, weighing thirty-one avoirdu- pois ounces ; but a Pear of this sort, sent from Mr. Maisson of Jersey, was exhibited at the Horticultural Society, De- cember 19, 1826, which weighed forty-four ounces. Dr. Uvedale, whose name appears to this Pear, was one of the most eminent horticulturists of his time. He lived at Eltham in 1690, and had a garden at Enfield in 1724, which is noticed by Miller in the first edition of his Dictionary in that year. Sect. VIII. — Pemj Pears. 157. Barland. Pom. Herefordiensis, t. 27. Fruit rather small, of an oval figure, but broadest towards the crown. Eye prominent, and the segments of the calyx nearly erect. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin dull green, russetted with a muddy gray. Specific gravity of its juice 1070. 24 27S PEARS* The Barland Pear appears to have been extensively ctif-' tivated prior to the publication of Evelyn's Pomona in 1674^ and many thousand hogsheads of its perry arc yet made an- nually in Herefordshire and the adjoining counties, in a pro- ductive season. It may be mixed in considerable quantity with new port without its taste becoming perceptible. It sells well whilst new to the merchants, and as it is com- paratively cheap, it probably forms one of the ingredients employed in the adulteratioif of tliis wine. The original tree grew in a field called the Bare Lands, in the parish of Bos- bury, in Herefordshire, whence the variety obtained its name, and was blown down a few years previous to 1811. 158. HoLMORE. Pom. Here/, t. 20. Fruit small, globular, frequently growing in clusters of three and four together, with a very stiff' half-closed calyx. Stalk short and thick. iS7a'/i a muddy yellowish olive-green, thickly reticulated, with a thin epidermis, and tinged with a* fine red on the sunny side. Specific gravity of its juice 1066. The original tree, in 1811, was growing in a hedge on the estate of Charles Cooke, Esq., of the Moor, in the parish of Holmore, between Hereford and Leominster, and ap- peared then to be seventy or eighty years old. The young trees are very productive, and the perry is of an excellent quality. 159. HuFFCAP. Pom. Heref. i. 24. Fruit middle-sized, oval, somewhat broader at the crown, and drawn towards the stalk. Eye with the segments of the calyx slender and pointed. Stalk long, irregular in its thick- ness, and curved, having now and then a small leaf growing upon its lower part next the branch. Skin pale green, marked with gray russet. Specific gravity of its juice about 1070. There are several varieties of the Hufix^ap Pear in Here- fordshire, such as the Brown, Red, and Yelloiv ; but this is by far the most deserving of cultivation. Its perry is rich, strong, and said to be very intoxicating. It is of great ex- cellence. 160. LoNGLAND. Pom. Heref. t. 18. Fruit very handsome, not much unlike the Swan's Egg in shape, except being broader towards its crown. Eye somewhat large, with a converging calyx. Stalk short, stiff, and inserted into an unequal base. Skin bright gold colour, tinged and mottled all over with a russetty lively orange. PEARS. 279 Specific gravity of its juice 1063. The tree of this sort grows handsome and upright. It is hardy when in blossom, and consequently an abundant bearer. The name of Longland is supposed to have been derived from the field in which the original tree grew. 161. Oldfield. Pom. Here/, t. 11. Fruit below the middle size, turbinate, somewhat nar- rowed at the crown. Eye small, converging. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin a very pale green, spotted and marbled with a darker colour, and intermixed with a thin gray russet. Specific gravity of the juice 1067. The perry produced from this Pear is excellent ; and from its being a very hardy tree, and an abundant bearer, is more extensively planted in Herefordshire and the adjoining coun- ties, than any other Pear. Its name is beheved to have ori- ginated from an enclosure called the Oldfield, near Ledbury, a noted place for the fi.nest perry. 162. Teinton SdUASH. Pom. Heref. t. 13. Fniit middle-sized, of angular shape, somewhat like that of a Bergamot, but more tapering at the stalk. Crown even, divisions of the calyx spreading. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin a muddy russetty green, marbled on the sunny side with a pale brown or dull orange, interspersed wth a few ash-coloured specks. Specific gravity of its juice not mentioned. Its name of Teinton is supposed to have originated from Teinton, in Gloucestershire, where it has been much planted. There are some very old trees of it in the neighbourhood and in Herefordshire, and the perry they produce is of the very highest quality, something approaching in colour and brisk- jiess to Champagne, for which fine samples of it have some- times been sold, BT THE EDITOIU 163. Governor Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant's Spice Pear. Fruit of a medium size, pyramidal, large at the eye, and tapering towards the stem. Stalk long, crooked, and in- serted in a very small cavity, a little sunken. Skin of a greenish yellow with some cloudy patches ; becoming more jellow as it ripens. Flesh yellow and melting, jtu'ce sweet, aromatic, and excellent. Bipe the middle of August. 280 PLUMS. The habit of the tree, manner of growth, and shape of the leaf, is that of a Summer Bonchretien ; the fruit not so large, the shape more regular in form, and of a spicy agree- able taste. It is a very fine Summer Pear. This Pear was introduced by Governor Stuyvesant, and planted on his farm on this island while Governor of the then Dutch Colony of New-Netherlands, (as New- York was called) before that memorable period mentioned by Knicker- bocker in his History of New York, when the stout-hearted and strong-headed Petriis was obliged to deliver up the keys of office to the combined ^^ guessing, j^umjjkin-eat- ing gentry, and their English allies," and stump off to his farm in the Bowery with the only satisfaction left him — to cut down every English cherry-tree on his premises, so as to obliterate, if possible, the very name of English from his peaceful retreat. The old Tree, planted by the Governor himself, is yet alive, and, to all appearance, quite sound in body ; it produced fruit last August, (1832), of which I ga- thered several. The tree is more than 200 years old : where it came from is not known ; certainly not from Eng- land ; if it had, it would no doubt have shared the same fate as the English Cherries, when JVew Amsterdam was trans- ferred to new masters, and chanored to the name of New- York. ^ CHAPTER XV. PLUMS. Sect. I. — Black ar Blue-fruited. 1. Blue Gage. Hort. Soc. CaL No. 22. Azure Hative. Poit. et Turj). t. 78. Branches long, slender, and downy. Fruit small, quite round, about three inches and a half in circumference. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin dark blue, covered Avith a pale blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, and sepa- rates from the stone. Juice smart, with but little richness of flavour. Ripe the beginning of August. 2. Blue Perdrigon. Langleij, p. 92. J[Iiller, No. 7^ Perdigon^ Parkinson, No. 19. PLUMS. 281 Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, oval, a little nar- 3-owed towards the stalk, which is short. Skin deep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice excellent. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This Plum has been a long time in our gardens. Hak- LUYT, in 1 582, says, " Of late time the Plum called the Perdigevcna, was procured out of Italy, with two kinds more, by the Lord Cromwell, after his travell." 3. Great Damask Violet of Tours. Miller, No. 4. Gros Damas de Tours. Duhamel, No. 4. Branches long, downy. Fruit middle-sized, of a some- what oval figure, about one inch and a quarter long, and something less in diameter. Skin dark blue, covered with a violet bloom. Flesh yellow, and loosely adheres to the stone. Juice sugary and pleasant. Ripe the beginning of August. 4. Gross E Noire Hative. DuhameU No. 3. Noire de Montreuil. Ih. Fruit middle-sized, of a somewhat oblong figure, about one inch and a half long, and one inch and a quarter in di- ameter. Skin of a violet colour, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh firm, yellowish when fully ripe, and separates from the stone, leaving a few detached pieces of the pulp behind. Juice sugary and brisk-flavoured. Ripe the beginning of August. 5. Kirke's Plu3i. Pom. Mag. t. 111. Branches smooth. Fruit rather large, roundish oval, ra- ther broadest at the base, about one inch and three quarters deep, and two inches in diameter; suture slightly depressed. Stcilk three quarters of an inch long, very little sunk at its point of insertion ; apex not depressed. ^'A?^ dark purple, covered with a copious azure bloom, through which appear a ?ew golden specks : this bloom is extremely remarkable, and does not readily rub off. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, rich, and separates from the stone, which is middle- sized, irregularly and broadly oval, flattened, with a groove or channel along one face. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is a very handsome variety, and a most exceflent bearer, both as a standard and upon a west wall, ripening something later than the Orleans. It was brought into no- tice a few years ago by Mr. Kirke of Brompton, and is be- lieved to be of foreign origin. 24* 2S2 tLvm. 6. Morocco. Pom, Mag. t. 103. Early Black Damask. Langleij, Pom, t. 20. f. 3. Black Damask. Black Damascus. Black Morocco. ; Early Damask. \ ^^^ ^^''' *^^«S' Of various Collections, according io Early Morocco. Branches downy. Leaves with globose glands. Fruit middle-sized, roundish, its suture moderately depressed along one side ; the apex a little flattened ; about one inch and three quarters deep, and the same in diameter. Stalk thick, scarcely half an inch long. Skin deep blackish pur- ple, covered with a light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yel- low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavoured. Stone middle-sized, oval, compressed. Ripe the beginning of August. It is very hardy, and bears well as a standard, ripening three weeks or a month before the Orleans. 7. Precoce de Tours. Duhamel, No. 2. Hooker^ Pom. Lond. t. 34. Early Tours. Hitt. p. 348. Branches downy. Fruit below the middle size, oval, about one inch and a quarter deep, and an inch in diameter. Stalk half an inch long. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh brownish yellow, with a few red streaks near the stone, from which it separates. Juice sweet, with an agreeable flavour. Ripe on a south wall the end of July. 8. Prune Damson. JVm^serij Catalogues. Branches downy. Fruit of the smallest size among Plums, oval, two inches and three quarters longitudinal cir- cumference. Slalk half an inch long. Skin dark blue, covered with a thick pahi blue bloom. Flesh green, ad- hering to the stone. Juice smart, but not rich. Ripe in the middle of September. There are several sorts of Damson with black fruit culti- vated in England ; such as the Common Black, with smooth spiny branches ; Royal Damson, similar to the Prune Dam- son, but said to be larger ; and the Shropshire Damson, with smooth branches, but not spiny. These are much ahke in figure, but they differ a httle in size, and possess different degrees of merit. This latter quality, however, depends upon the manner in which the tree has been propagated ; the soil and situation in which it grows ; and the health and vi- l»LUMs. • 283 gour of the tree itself. Damsons raised from suckers, and planted in hedge-rows, or grown among nut-bushes, or crowded among and under other trees, can never be ex- pected to produce such fine, thick-fleshed, high-flavoured fruit, as those which are grown upon sound healthy stand- ards, in proper situations, unencumbered with coarse strong- growing trees. 9. VioLETTE Hative. JYursevij Catalogues, Violet. Langley, p. 92. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 262. Early Violet. lb., No. 263. Branches numerous, slender, downy. Fruit small, oval, rather pointed at the apex, and compressed towards the stalk ; about one inch and three-eighths long, and an inch in diame- ter. Suture shallow, in some extending from the stalk to the apex. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Skin purple ; when fully ripe of a deep blue or violet colour, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh green, and adheres to the stone. Juice sugary, with an agreeable acid. Ripe the beginning of August. An old Plum, cultivated by John Tradescant before 1629. It is a most excellent bearer, and ought to be planted in the garden of every poor cottager throughout the kingdom. It might then not unaptly be called the Cottager's Plum. Sect. II. — Green-fruited. 10- Green Gage. Langley, p. 94. t. 24. fig. 4. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 38. Dauphine. Duhamel, 25. t. 11. Grosse Reine Claude. Ih. Abricot Vert. Ih. Verte Bonne. lb. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, round, having a narrow suture extending from the stalk to the apex. Stalk half an inch long, a httle bent, and inserted in a small fun- nel-shaped cavity. Skin yellowish green, but when fully exposed to the sun. of a purplish colour, marbled with rus- setty muddy red. Flesh yellowish green, very melting, and separates partly from the stone, leaving part of the pulp be- hind. Juice abundant, saccharine, of the richest and most exquisite flavour. Ripe on the open standard the middle of August. S84 . PLtjMs. This is, without exception, the best Plum in England ;^ and when grown upon a healthy standard, and fully exposed to the sun, although not so large, is much richer than when produced against a wall. It is also a hardy and most excel- lent bearer. A plant of this sort was sent from France by the Earl of Stair to the second Duke of Rutland, by the name of Green Spanish. The name of Green Gage is said to have origi- nated from the following accident : — The Gage family, in the last century, procured from the Monks of the Chartreuse at Paris, a collection of fruit trees. When they arrived in England, the ticket of the Reine Claude had been rubbed off in the passage. The gardener being from this circumstance ignorant of the name, called it, when it bore fruit. Green Gage. Vide Hort. Trans. Vol. i. Appendix, p. 8. by the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. 11. Little Queen Claude. JMiller, No. 16. Petite Reine Claude. Duhamel, No. 26. Branches slender, downy. Fruit small, of a roundish figure, having a small suture, and being a little more swelled on one side than on the other, about one inch and a quarter deep, and a little more in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a small hollow. Skin yellowish green, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh pale yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice rich and well flavoured. Stone oval, with an obtuse point. Ripe the end of August. 12. Lucombe's Nonesuch. Pom. Mag. t. 99. Branches smooth. Fruit extremely like a Green Gage in colour, but more streaked with yellow, covered with a fine glaucous bloom, generally compressed in the direction of its suture, which is the reverse of the usual mode of compres- sion in stone fruit ; about one inch and three quarters deep, and rather more than two inches in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, straight, inserted in a rather wide hollow. Flesh firm, of the colour and consistence of a Green Gage, and adheres to the stone. Juice plentiful, of a flavour better than an Orleans, but inferior to that of a Green Gage. Stone ovate, not very uneven. Ripe about the end of August. A valuable variety, lately raised from seed by Messrs. Lucombe, Prince, and Co. of Exeter. ♦Called Reine Claude by the French gardeners, and esteemed the finest Plum in that country. — j27rt. Ed. PLUMS. 285 It bears well as a standard, is remarkably handsome, as it were variegated with dull yellow and orange, and larger than the usual size of the Green Ga^e. Sect. III. — Red or Purple-fruited. 13. Cherry. Miller, No. 27. Virginian Cherry. /6. Mirabolan. JDiihamel, 46. t. 20. f. 15. Prunus Cerasifera. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 285. Branches slender, wiry, smooth. Fruit small, heart- shaped, somewhat like the Bigarreaii Cherry, except having a small slender prickle at its summit ; about one inch and three quarters deep, and a little more in diameter. Suture obliterated. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, very slen- der, inserted in a very small round cavity. Skin pale red, sprinkled with a few small gray specks, rather thick, very acid. Flesh yellow, soft, very juicy, sweet, mixed with a little acid, and slightly adheres to the stone. Ripe the middle of August. This is planted chiefly in shrubberies and in the pleasure ground, for its early flowering. The fruit, however is very handsome in the dessert, and also makes very excellent tarts. 14. Cheston. Miller, No. 12. Matchless. Langleij, Pom. t. 23. f. 2. Branches downy. Fruit small, a little more long than broad, somewhat oval, pointed. Stalk half an inch long. Skin deep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh deep yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice sweet, brisk, and agreeable. Ripe the middle of August. 15. Diaper. Miller, No. 15. Red Diaper. lb, Diapree Rouge. Duhamel, No. 37. t. 20. f. 12, Roche-Corbon. lb. Branches smooth. Fruit above the middle size, oval, about one inch and a half long, and aninchin diameter. Stalk half an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Skin pale red, mottled with amber ; but when exposed to the sun it is mar- bled with a deeper red, full of russetty specks, and covered with a thin blue bloom.. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, and 286 PLUMS. separates from the stone. Juice plentiful, and of an excel- lent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of September, and will hang some time upon the tree, like the Imperatrice. 16. Early Orleans. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 181. Hampton Court. JYm'sery Catalogues. Branches downy, somewhat red at the extremities. Fruit about the size of the common Orleans, somewhat globular; in some specimens a little elongated, having a shallow suture extending from the base to the apex. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin deep red, or purple, marbled with darker and lighter shades, sprinkled with pale dots, and co- vered with a pale blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, and separates clean from the stone. Ripe the middle of August. 17. Early Red Primordian. Parkinson^ No. 2. Red Primordian. Ih. Branches slender, downy. Fruit small, in form some- what like the Jaune Hative, oval, compressed next the stalk. Stalk half an inch long, oval. Skin deep red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh yellow, rather dry, and adheres to the stone. Jii.rre sweet, with a slight bitter, but very plea- sant. Ripe the end of July, after the Jaune Hative. 18. FoTHERiNGHAM. Miller, No. 6. Langley, Pom, t. 20. f. 6. Sheen. lb. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat ob- long, compressed next the stalk, and swelled a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Stalk an inch long. Skin bright red on the shaded side, covered with small specks, but of a deep red or purple where exposed to the sun, and covered with a violet bloom. Flesh pale green- ish yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice saccharine, with a little but agreeable tartness. Ripe the middle of August. This very useful and hardy Plum has been in England many years, having been cultivated by Sir Wm. Temple, at his seat at Sheen, near Richmond in Surrey, before 1700, whence it was called the Sheen Plum. 19. German Prune. JVursei-y Catalogues. Quetsche. Knoop. Fruit, p. 61. t. 3. Quetzen. lb. Branches smooth. Fruit below the middle size, of an P1.UMS* 287 oval figure, compressed next the stalk, which is half an inch long, slender. Skin deep red, becoming purple. Flesh yellow, and closely adheres to the stone. Juice sweet, with a slight acid, somewhat astringent. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. The fruit of the Quetsche Plum is grown for the purpose of drying, and sold in the shops in this country under the name of Prunes. It is cultivated and well known through- out all Germany, Thuringia, Saxony, Silesia, Moravia, Bo- hemia, and Hungary. 20. Goliath. Hooker, Pom. Loud. t. 39. Saint Cloud. JVursevij Catalogues. Branches resembling those of the Orleans, downy. Fruit pretty large, a little more long than broad, oblique at both extremities, and swelled more on one side of the suture than on the other.. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin pale red on the shaded side, but of a deep red or violet co- lour where exposed to the sun, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, and slightly adhering to the stone. Juice similar to that of the Orleans. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is a very fine handsome Plum, a very great bearer, and deserving of cultivation. 21. Imperatrice. Langleij, p. 95. t. 25. f. 3. Miller, No. 25. Pom. Mag;, t. 33. Imperatrice Yiolette. Duhamel, 39. t. 18. Branches long, smooth. Fruit oblong, blunt at each end, but tapering rather more to the base than to the apex. Stalk nearly an inch long. Skin rich deep purple, covered with a thick bloom, which is more copious than on any Plum in Covent Garden market. Flesh firm, yellowish green, rather dry, but exceedingly sweet and rich, and adheres to the stone. Ripe in October, and will keep, if well managed, till the middle of December. 22. Imperial Diadem. Hort. Trans. Vol iv. p. 208. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, oval, a little com- pressed near the stalk, and swelling more on one side of the suture, which is deep, than on the other, about one inch and a half long, and the same in diameter. Skin light red, with a few purplish specks, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, and separates from the stone. Juice plen- tiful, sugary, and when perfectly ripe, highly perfumed. Ripe the beginning of September. 28S PLUMS. This very handsome Plum was raised from seed, in the neighbourhood of Duckenfield, near Manchester, a few years previous to 1819. 23. Italian Damask. Damas d'ltaUe. Duhamel, No. 12. t. 4. Fruit middle-sized, nearly round, about one inch and a half in diameter, a little flattened at the base, and having a well-marked suture extending from the stalk to the apex. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a small round cavity. Shhi of a violet colour, becoming brown when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish green, firm, and separates clean from the stone. Juice very sweet and high flavoured. Stone oval, rather thick. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 24. La Delicieuse. JYurs. Catalogues. Branches long and smooth. Fruit oval, about two inches long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Suture rather broad, shallow, swelled a little more on one side than on the other. Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly inserted. Skin pale yellow on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun of a deep purple, and full of brown specks. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice peculiarly rich and abundant. Ripe in October, about the same time with the Impera- trice. This very fine Plum was brought to England from New- Jersey, about ten years ago, and first sold by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton, by advertisement, at a guinea per plant, in the autumn of 1825. 25. La Royale. Hooker, Pom. Lond. t. 47. Royale. Duhamel, No. 24. t. 10. Hitt, p. 349. Branches downy, almost white. Fruit middle-sized, round, not deeply cleft, rather narrowed towards the stalk, about one inch and a half in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small round cavity. Skin bright purplish red, full of brown specks, and covered thick- ly with a pale blue bloom. Flesh firm, dull yellow or amber colour, quite melting, and separates from the stone. Juice plentiful, saccharine, and very highly flavoured. Stone round- ish-ovate, pointed at both ends. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September, suc- ceeding the Green Gage. 26. MiMMS. Pom Mag. t 6. Mimms Plum. Hort. trans. Vol. iv. p. 208. PLUMS. 289 Branches smooth. Leaves with two small glands at the base of each. Fruit oblong, with an obhque apex, and broad shallow suture, of the largest size among Plums, about two inches and a half deep, and the same in diameter. Skdk three quarters of an inch long, slender, pubescent. Shm ot a light clear purple colour, upon a greenish ground, marked with brownish specks, and covered copiously with bloom, which is easily rubbed off. Flesh pale, dull greenish yellow, tender, juicy, and very agreeably flavoured, hke an Orleans in perfection, and separating from the stone, which is very rugged, with a thin irregular edge. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This is said to have been raised many years ago, from a stone of the Blue Perdrigon, in the garden of Henry Browne, Esq. at North Mimms, in Hertfordshire, and was exhibited at the Horticultural Society in 1819, It is a distinct Pluru fr/)m the Imperial Diadem. 27. Monsieur. Duhamel, No. 15. t. 7. J'ard. Fruit. t. 57. Branches dow ny, somewhat like those of the Orleans. Fruit middle-siged, about one inch and a half in diameter, of a Cattish globular figure, having a slight suture extending the length of the fruit. Stftlk scarcely half an inch long, insert- ed in a small cavity. Skin bluish purple. Flesh yellow, very melting when fully matured, and separates from the stone. Juice good, but not very highly flavoured. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. 28, Monsieur Hatif. Duhameh No. 16. t. 20. f. 1, Monsieur Hatif. Jard. Fruit, t. 56. Branches downy, somewhat like the Orleans. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular, about one inch and a half in diameter, having a well marked suture extending from the base to the apex, where it is a little flattened. Stalk half an inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow and somewhat deep cavity. Skin deep purple, or violet colour, when fully exposed to the sun, and covered with a thick bloom ; it is bitter, but readily peels oif. Fltsh greenish yellow, melting, and sepa- rates from the stone. Juice plentiful and excellent. Stone small, oblong, with an obtuse point, not very rugose. Ripe the beginning of August. This is somewhat like the last sort, but of a deeper co» lour, and ripens a fortnight earlier. 25 290 PLUMS 28.* Nectarine PluxM. HorL Soc. Cat. No. 114 Syn,- Pom. J\Ia^. t. 148, Caledonian. Of soma Collections. Howell's Ivargc. Hori. Soc. Cat. No. 128. PruiiG Peche. 16.^ No. 119, Syn., according to the Pom. Mag: Branches glahrous, brownish violet when exposed to the snn. Fruit very large, like a Nectarine in shape and size. Stalk smooth, about half an inch long, and of moderate thickness. Skin purple, covered with a fine azure bloom, Fiesfi dull greenish yellow, somewhat adhering to the stone, but less so than in the Goliath, compared with which it is much finer and richer, Ijeing decidedly the best Plum yet- known of its size. Sione middle-sized, oval, compressed. Ripe against a wall the end of July or the beginning of August, considerably earlier than the Goliath. This is a very excellent Plum, and a good bearer either on a wall or as a standard. The Nectarine Plum has been satisfactorily ascertained, in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick, to be wholly dis- tinct from the Goliath, and its synonyms settled in the Pom^ J\ia<2;. above referred to. 29. Orleans. MillerylSo. 5. Red Damask. Langley^Pom. t. 20. f. 4. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, nearly globular^ swelling a little more on one side of the suture than on the other. Skin dark red, and when fully exposed to the sun, of a purplish colour, covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, and separates clean from the stone, like an Apricot.^ Juice a little sugary, with a portion of astringency. Ripe the middle and end of x\ugust. The Orleans is one of our most common Plums, and known in every market tliroughout England. It is a most hardy tree, a constant bearer, and an extremely useful fruit-^ It does not appear to have been known to either Parkinson or Ray. 30. Prune Suisse. Duhameh'^o. 19. t, 20. f. 7. Prune d'Altesse. lb. Monsieur Tardif. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 290. Sii-niana. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 252. Branches smooth. Fruit nearly spherical, about four » No. 528 18 inserted twice in consequence of the Nectarine Plum having becis pubiiabod in the Pom. Mag. after the numerical arrangement had been coropleti'd. PLUMS. 291 inches and a half in circumference, rather more protruded in the middle than at either extremity. Stalk an inch long, slender,* curved. Skin amber coloured on the shaded side, very full of small red specks, but where fully exposed to the sun it is of a beautiful red. Flesh gold colour, and closely adheres to the stone. Juice somewhat sharp, but when v>cli matured it has an excellent flavour. Ripe the end of September, and will keep for some weeks upon the tree. 31. Purple Gage. Pom. Mag. t. 129. Reine Claude Violette. According to the Pom. Mag. .Yois. J\Ian. Comp. p. 496. Reine Claude Violette. Bon. Jard. 1827. p. 291. Die Violette Konigin Claudie. Siclder, Teuisch. Obs. Gart. Vol. X5:i. p. 64. t. 6. Branches smooth, almost like the Green Gage. Fruit., except in colour, very like the Green Gage, middle-sized, roundish oval, somewhat flattened at the ends. Suture mo- derately depressed. Stalk about an inch long, rather thick. Skin violet, powdered with a light blue bloom, beneath which it is ingrained with pale yellow dots. Flesh greenish am- ber, rich, sugary, and strikingly high flavoured. Stone oval, inclining to ovate, compressed. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. The origin of this variety is unknown; it must, however, be recent, as it is not mentioned by Duhamel^ nor by any of the older French writers, and is even omitted by JS'^oisette in Iiis Jar din Fruitier. It is of very high quality, fully equal to the Green Gage in all respects, and having this superiori- ty, that while the latter is apt to crack in wet summers, and will never keep after having been gathered, this, on the con- trary, will endure, if the climate be dry, through August and -September, even till October, and is scarcely at all disposed to crack. 32. Queen Mother. Ray, No. 19. Langley, p. 94. t. 24. fig. 3. Hitt, p. 353. Branches smooth. Fruit of a smallish size, nearly globu- lar, about three inches and a half in circumference. Stalk short. Skin dark red next the sun, on the other side pale yellow, full of reddish spots. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice saccharine and rich. Stoiie very small in proportion to the fruit. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 292 PLUMS. 33. Red Magnum Bonum. Miller, No. 10. Imperial!. Parkinson, No. 9. imperial. Langley, p. 92. t. 20. fig. 5. Imperiale Violette. Duhamel, No. 32. t. 16. Branches smooth. F^mii pretty large, oval, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in diameter, swelled much more on one side of the suture than on the other. Stalk one inch and a quarter long, slen- der. Skiti pale green on the shaded side, but of a deep red colour, with numerous gray specks, where fully exposed to the sun, and covered with a very thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, and separates from the stone. Juice harsh, sub-acid. Slone oval, sharp-pointed. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. An old Plum of our gardens, cultivated, by John Trades- cant, previously to 1629. A very hardy bearer as an open standard. 34. Red Perdrigon. ForsTjth, Ed. 7. No. 10. Perdrigon Rouge. Duhamel, No. 22. t. 20. f. 6. B/'aiiches downy. F'ruit middle-sized, of a roundish oval figure, about one inch and a quarter long, and nearly the same in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, in- serted in a small round hollow. Skin of a fine red inclining to violet, sprinkled with small brownish yellow specks, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh bright yellow, or green- ish yellow, firm, sweet, and juicy, and -separates from the stone. Ripe the besinning and middle of September. 35. Royal Dauphin. Hori. Soc. Cat. No. 238. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, about six inches in circumference, somewhat broader, at the apex than at the base. Stalk an inch long, stout. Skin of a pale red on the shaded side, marked with green specks, but of a darker red next the sun, mottled with darker and lighter shades, and co- vered with a violet bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, and se- parates from the stone, which is large. Juice sweet, mixed with a little sub-acid. Ripe the beginning of September. 36! Royal de Tours. DiihameU No. 17. t. 20. f. 8. Fruit above the middle size, of a roundish figure, with a well marked suture extending from the base to the apex, and somewhat more swelled on one of its sides than on the other ; about one inch and a half long, and nearly the same iu di- PLUMS. '293 ameter. Stalk half an inch long, slightly inserted. Sli?'. bright red on the shaded side, but when fully exposed to the sun, of a deep violet, sprinkled over with numerous small yellow spots, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh groeii- jsh yellow. Juice plentiful and high flavoured- Ripe the beginning and middle of August. 37. Violet Damask. JViirsery Catalogue. Damas Yiolet. Duhamel, No. 5. t. 2, Branches downy. Fruit small, of an oblong figure, some- what larger at the apex than at the base, about one inch and a quarter long, and little more than an inch in diameter. 5ia/A; half an inch long. Skin of a purplish violet colour, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh yellow, firm, and sepa- rates from the stone, leaving a few slightly attached pieces of the pulp behind. Juice very ©weet, with a smart and pleasant flavour. Ripe the middle and end of August. 38. Violet Diaper. JVursery Catalogue, Diapree Violette. Duhamel^ No. 36. t. 17. Branches downy. Fruit below the middle size, of an oval figure, about one inch and a half long, and one inch and a quarter in diameter, having a rather deep suture, on one side of which it is swelled considerably more than on the other* Stalk short, slender, rather deeply inserted. Skin thin, of a purplish red, covered with a thick bloom. /7e5/i yellowish, firm, and separates from the stone. Juice saccharine, plen- tiful, of an agreeable flavour. Stone narrow, with a long sharp point. Ripe the beginning and middle of August. This is a fleshy firm Plum, very good in the dessert, and ■excellent when dried as a Prune. 39. Violet Perdrigon. ^Miller, No. 8. Perdrigon Violet. Duhamel, No. 21. t. 9. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, a little more long than broad, and enlarged a little at the apex, aboui one inch and a half long, and nearly as much in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, curved, slender. Skin of a dull greenish brown, full of small brov/n specks, and covered with a thick pale bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, pretty firm, and ad- heres to the stone. Juice sweet, and of a very excellent flavour. Ripe the end of August and beginning of September. 40. Wheat Plum. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 271. Wheaten. Bay, No. 17. 25* 294' PLUMS. Whitton. HorL Soc, Cat. 271. Nutmeg. Parkinson, No. 18. HroAhches numerous, slender, smooth. Fruit small, some- v/hat oblong, about one inch and one eighth long, and an mch in diameter, mostly growing in pairs, a little swelled on one side of the suture more than on the other, which is shal- low. Stalk five eighths of an inch long, inserted in a small narrov/ cavity. Skin pale amber on the shaded side, but of -i bright red, marbled with a deeper colour, where exposed .0 the Sim, and covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh ■yreenl?ih yellow, rather firm,-and adheres to the stctfie. Juice sugary, with a little sub-acid.- Kipe the middle of August. ^rhis is called Vvheat Plum, in consequence of its being^ ripe about the time of the wheat harvest. 41„ Wilmot's Ea.rly Orleans. Hort. Trmis.Yol.'m. ^. 392. t. 14. Wjimot's Orleans. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 274. Wilmot's New Early Orleans. Ih. Wilmot's Late Orleans. lb. According to the Hort. Soc. Cat. Branches downy, like the Common Orleans. Fruit above the middle size, round, rather deeply cleft, more compressed rhsM the Old Orleans, especially at the apex. Stalk short. Skiyi pale red on the shaded side, but where exposed (o the sun of a dark purple tint, and covered with a fine thin bloom. Flesh of a rich greenish yellow, inclining to amber when cjuile npe, of a pleasant consistence, being much softer and uiore juicy than the Orleans, and separates clean from the .stone. Juice plentiful, sweet, combined with acid, of excel- lent flavour. Stone round, rather small in proportion to the size of the fruit. Mipe the beginning of August, as early as the Morocco, or the Precoce de Tours. Raised in 1809 by Mr. John Wllmot, in his garden at Isleworth, near London. 42. WiNESOUR. Forsyth, Ed. 7. No. 32. Rotherham. Of the Old Gardens. Branches slender, downy. Fruit rather larger than a Damson, oblong. Stalk half an inch long. Skin dark blu- \.^h. purple, covered with dark purple specks, particularly where exposed to the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, and ad- iieres to the stone, near which there are some red streaks in PLUMS. 295 the flesh. Juice sub-acid. Stone long, slender, and acute- pointed. Ripe about the middle of September. This Plum is said to have originated in the neighbourhood of Rotherham, in Yorkshire, many years ago. The Wine- sour is the most valuable of all our Plums for preserving, and great quantities of it in this state are sent annually from Wakefield and Leeds to distant parts of England. As a^ preserve, they will keep one or two years, and are preferable to those imported from abroad. Sect. IV. — White or Yellow-fruited. 43. Apricot. Switzer, p. 105. Miller, No. 13. Abricotee. Duhamel, No. 2S. t. 13. Abricotee de Tours. lb. t. 13. Branches covered with a whitish down. Fruit pretty large, of a roundish figure, divided by a deep suture, about one inch and a half deep, and one inch and three quarters in diameter. Stalk short, scarcely more than a quarter of an inch long. Skin yellow, tinged with red on the sunny side, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, firm, but melting, and separates clean from the stone. Juice sweet, of a very excellent flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. This very fine Plum is considered by Duhamel as nearly equal to the Green Gage. 44. Brignole. Miller, No. 24. Brignole Jaune. Knoop. Fruit, p. 55 . Prune de Brignole. Bon Jard. 1827. p. 290. Fruit large, oval. Skin pale yellow, mixed with red on the sunny side. Flesh pale yellow, rather dry. Juice sac- charine, of excellent flavour. Ripe the middle and end of August. This Plum is so named, from Brignole, a town of France, famous for its Prunes, of which this ranks among its best sorts. 45. Coe's Plum. Pom. Mag. t. 57. Coe's Golden Drop. lb. Coe's Imperial. lb. Bury Seedling. lb. New Golden Drop. lb. 296 PLUMS. Fair's Golden Drop. Jlort. Soc. Cat. Ko. 103. accord- ing to the Pom. JS'lag, Branches smooth. Leaves with two globular glands at the base. Fruit oval, of the largest size among Plums, about two inches and a half long, and two inches in diame- ter, deeply marked by the suture, pitted at the point, ab- ruptly tapering and hollowed oat at the base for the recep- t.on of the stalk. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slen- der. Skin greenish yellow, with numerous rich spots of bright violet red next the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, ad- hering firmly to the stone. Juice very sweet and delicious. Sto7ie sharp-pointed. Ripe the end of September, and will hang some time upon the tree after it is matured. This will keep for a considerable length of time after it is gathered, either by suspending it by the stalk upon a string, withinside a window facing the sun, or by wrapping it in soft paper, and keeping it in a dry room. By this latter method, I have eaten it exceedingly good in October, twelve months after it had been gathered. It was raised by the late Jervaise Coe, a market gardener at Bury St. Edmund's in Suffolk, more than thirty years ago. He informed me it was from the stone of a Green Gage, the blossom of which, he supposed, had been fertil- ized by the White Magnum Bonum, the two trees of which grew nearly in contact with each other in his garden. It requires an east or a west wall ; on the former the fruit at^ tains its greatest perfection. 46. DowNTON Imperatrice. Hort. Trans. Vol. v. p. 383. Branches long, smooth. Fruit shaped almost like the Blue Imperatrice, but larger, and not so much lengthened at the stalk end. Skin dull yellow, very thin. Flesh yellow, soft, juicy, with a high flavoured acidity. Ripe in October, and will keep a month. Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle, from a seed of the White Magnum Bonum, the blossom of which had been impregnated by the pollen of the Blue Imperatrice. Its fruit was exhibited at the Horticultural Society, December 1, 1823. The young wood has much the appearance of the White Magnum Bonum, but grows nmch stronger, more so indeed than any Plum I have ever seen, frequently, on vigorous stocks, shooting from buds eight feet the first year. PLUMS. 2dT 47. Drap D'Or. Langley, p. 94. t. 24. f. 5. Miller, No. 20. Cloth of Gold. lb. Mirabelle double. Duhamel, No. 30. Branches smooth, but downy at the ends. Frtiit rather small, of a roundish figure, somewhat like the Little Queen Claude, with but very little suture, and a small dimple at each end : about an inch deep, and rather more in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin bright yellow, spot- ted or marbled with red on the sunny side. I^lesh yellow, melting, and separates clean from the stone. Juice sugary and excellent. Ripe the middle of August. 48. Eap.ly Amber. JVnrs. Catalogues. Fruit small, somewhat oblong, and broadest at the apex. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skiji pale greenish yellow, with a few small crimson specks on the sunny side, and covered with a thin whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yel- low, and adheres to the stone. Juice sub-acid, but not pos- sessing any peculiar flavour. R-ipe the beginning of August. This is a very handsome little fruit ; although inferior to some of the early sorts, it deserves cultivation. 49. Jaune Hative. DuhameU No. 1. t. 1. Prune de Catalogue. Ih. Prune de St. Barnabe. Bon Jard. 1827. p. 289. White Primordian. Langley, p. 90. t. 20. fig. 1. Miller^ No. 1. Amber Primordian. Parkinson, No. 1. Catalonian. Of the Old Gardens. Branches slender, downy. Fruit small, oblong, broader at the apex than at the base, having a shallow suture extend- ing the length of the fruit, about one inch and a quarter in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin pale yel- low, covered with a very thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, melting, and separates from the stone. Juice sweet. Ripe the middle of July. The Jaune Hative, although not possessing much flavour, deserves to be cultivated against a south wall, being the first Plum which ripens. It is an old inhabitant of our gardens, having been cultivated by John Tradescant*, who obtained * Eees's Cjclop. 298 PLUMS. the title of gardener to King Charles the First, and settled at his garden at Lambeth, about the year 1629. 50. Maitre Claude. Langley^ Pom. t. 23. f. 6. JVIz7- ier. No. 14. Branches slender, downy. Fruit middle-sized, rather more broad than long, a little compressed at its apex. Stalk short. Ski7i yellow, marbled with red on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, and separates from the stone. Juice sugary, and well flavoured. Ripe the middle of August. The Maitre Claude was known both to Switzer and Hitt; but is not mentioned either in Duhamel's Traite, or in the Bon Jardinier of M. Noisette. 61. MiRABELLE. JSUllcr, No. 23. Duhamel, No. 29. t. 14. White Mirable. Langley, p. 93. t. 23. f. 7. Fruit small, a little more long than broad, about an inch in length. Stalk half an inch long. Skiti yellow, becom- ing of an amber colour as it ripens. Flesh yellow, and se- parates from the stone. Juice rich and sugary. Pwipe the middle of August. 52. Saint Catharine. Langiey, p. 94. t. 24. fig. 4. Miller, No. 21. Sainte Catherine. Duhamcl, No. 43. t. 19. Branches smooth. Fruit middle-sized, of an oblong figure, being broadest at the apex, and tapering to the base, and having a narrow suture about one inch and a half long, and nearly the same in diameter in its widest part. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slender. Skin whitish, turn- ing to a pale yellow as it ripens, and tinged with a httle rus- setty red on the sunny side. Flesh pretty firm, yellow, and adheres to the stone. Juice rich, sugary, and high-fla- voured. Ripe th3 middle of September, with the Imperatrice, and, like that, will hang and shrivel upon the tree. 53. Bolmar's Washington. JVurs. Cat. 1819. Washington. Pom. Mag. t. 16. New Washington. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 270. Franklin. lb., according to the Pom. Mag. Branches downy. Fruit regularly oval, with a very ob- scure suture, just at the stalk; it is rather deep, about one inch and three quarters long, and one inch and five eighths in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long, slightly pubescent. Skin dull yellow, broken a little with PLUMS. 299 green, assuming an orange cast on the sunny side, with a purpHsh bloom, and more or less mottled with crimson dots. Flesh yellow, firm, very sweet and luscious, separating freely from the stone. Stone oval, acute at each end, wrinkled all over, and nearly even at the edges. Ripe in September. The parent tree of the Washington Plum, it appears, was purchased in the market of New- York, towards the end of the last century. It remained barren several years, till during a violent thunder-storm, the whole trunk was struck to the earth and destroyed. The 'root aftervvards threw up a number of vigorous shoots, all of which were allowed to remain, and finally produced fruit. It is therefore to be pre- sumed, that the stock of the barren kind was the parent of this. Trees were sent to Robert Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hill, in 1819 ; and in 1821, several others were presented to the Horticultural Society by Dr. Hosack of New-York.* 54. Wentworth. JMiller, No. 26. Langleij. Pom. t. 2.5. f. 4. Dame Aubert. DuliameU No. 41. t. 20. f. 10. Grosse Luisante. lb. Fruit of the largest size, of an oval figure, having a deep suture extending from the base to the apex, about two inches and a quarter long, and one inch and three quarters in di- ameter. Stalh three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Skin thick and leathery, of a yellow co- lour, tinged with green on the shaded side, and covered with • The above description not being exactly correct, I here subjoin a true account of it. The parent tree of the W^ashington Plum grew on a farm on the east side of the Bowery, called Delancey's farm ; it had been grafted with a Reine Claude, or Green Gage Plum, which had many vears borne fruit, and was a pretty large tree. This tree was killed by lightning down to the root, below the graft ; several suckers had sprung up from the roots, which were dug up by a market woman, and some of them were sold in the New-York market. Mr". Bolmar, who kept a store in V.hatham-street, purchased two of them and planted them in his gaiden in 1814. About the middle of August, 1818, Mr. Bolmar called at my nursery and wished mo to come down and see them, being then quite full of fruit, and nearly ripe ; I was jurprised at the beauty of its large glossy leaves and very large size of the fruit. The trees were standards, and lo-idod with fruit. I informed him that it certainly was a new kind of Plum. The fruit appeared to be between the large Rcine Claude and White Magnum Bonum Plums, in form more like the former, and the colour more like the latter, but larger than either, with a freestone like the Reine Claude. He gave me scions of it for budding, and fruit to make a drawing, which was done by L'-nev, and is now in my possession, dated August 19th, 1818, from the young trees which I then budded ; some of them were sent to Mr. Robert Barclay of Burr Hill, with a number of other things, in November, 1819, and in November, 1821. Dr. David Hosack, the patron of Horticulture, purchased twelve of the young trce« of me to send to the Horticultural Societv of London. Mr. Bolmar informed me of the market woman, of whom he had purchased the trees, and I found four other trees, with the same kind of fruit, in her garden and in the neighbourhood where the old tree grew. At this time, 1833, the whole of Delancey's farm is thickly co- vered with housee, making pan of the city of New-York. — Am. Ed. 300 plums; a white bloom. Flesh yellow, rather coarse, and separates from the stone. Juice sub-acid, somewhat austere. Ripe in September. This has a good deal the appearance of the White Mag- num Bonum, but is not so much pointed ; of a deeper co- lour, and, like that, fit only for preserving ; but for this it is excellent. The Went worth Plum is said by Langley^ to have been so called from its having been first planted in the gardens of the Right Honourable Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Straf- ford, at Twickenham. Miller has strangely confounded this with the Monsieur of Duhamel, in which he has been followed by Martyn and Forsyth ; but no two plums can be more distinct. 55. White Bullage. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 4. Branches slender, twiggy, downy. Fruit small, round, mostly growing by pairs. Skiii yellowish white, and when fully ripe, a little mottled with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, firm, and closely adheres to the stone. Juice acid, but so tempered by sweetness and roughness as not to be unpleasant, especially after it is mellowed by frost. Ripe in October. Large quantities of the White Bullace are brought into the market in Norwich, and elsewhere in the county of Nor- folk, where they are highly esteemed for tarts : they are by some preserved by boihng them in sugar, and in this state they will keep twelve m.onths. 56. White Damask. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 71, Petit Damas Blanc. Duhamel^ No. 6. t. 3. Fruit small, nearly globular, about an inch in diameter. Stalk half an inch long^ very slender. Skin greenish yel- low, rather thick, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, melting, and separates from the stone Juice sv- gary, of an agreeable flavour. Ripe the beginning and middle of September.. 67. White Damson. Ilorl. Soc, Cat. No. 8&: White Prune Damson. A\irser7j Catalogues. Branches long, smooth. Fruit small,, oval, about three inches and a half in its long circumference. Stalk half an inch long, slender. Skin pale yelloAv, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, adhering to the stone. Juice plentiful, a little sugary, mixed with a small portion of acicl^ Rips the middle and end of September. 68. White Imperatrice. Pom. JSIag. t. 38, PLUMS. 3C I Imperatrice Blanche. Duhamel, 40. t. 18. f. 2. Die Weisse Kaiseq)flaume. Pom. Aust. 233. t. 18i. f- 2., according to the Pom. JMag. Fruit middle-sized, oval, with an indistinct suture, very blunt at each end ; about one inch and three quarters long, and one inch and a half in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. SJcin bright yellowish oelire colour, with a slight evanescent bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, and rather more transparent than that of most plums, separating freely from the stone. It ripens about the beginning of September. It will scarcely succeed as an open standard, except in warm situa- tions. 59. White Magnum Bonum. Langley, p. 95. t. 25. %. 6. Miller, 'No. 11. White Mogul. lb. Egg Plum. lb. Iniperiale Blanche. Duhavicl, No. 36. - Branches long, smooth. B\mi of the largest size, oval. Skin yellow, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh yel- low, firm, closely adhering to the stone. Juice acid,* Sione oval, lance-pointed. Ripe the beginning and middle of September. 60. White Perdrigon. Langley, p. 92. t. 23. fig, 5. Miller, No. 9. Ferdrigon Blanc. Duhamel, No. 20. t. 8. Branches downy. Fruit middle-sized, somewhat oblong, enlarged towards the apex, and tapering a little towards the stalk ; about one inch and a quarter long, and the same in diameter. Stalk three quarters of an inch long. Skin pale yellow, full of small white specks, with a few red spots on the sunny side, and covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh pale yellow, separating clean from the stone. Juice saccha- rine. Stone small, lanceolate. ilipe die beginning of September. additional american plums, bt the editor. 61. Nev/-Yorx Purple. B.revoort's Purple Bolmar. Brevoort's Purple Washington. in this country it ripens well, and is a very fine Plum. Jlrn. Ed. 26 302 PLUMS. Fruit large, nearly oval, with a suture at the bottom, ex-' fending about half Vv^ay up towards the top. Slalk inserted in a deep and even-formed cavity. Skin brown red, covered with a fine purple bloom Flesh yellow, soft, and adhering to the stone. Juice rich, sweet, and sprightly ; very de- licroiis'. Ripe the latter end of August. This most excellent Plum was raised by Mr. Henry Bre- voort, from a stone of Bolmar's Washington, which had been accidentally impregnated by the Blue Gage. The stone was planted in the fall of 1819 : it possesses the sweet- ness of a Green Gage, witli the rich vinous flavour of an Orleans Plum. The tree grows thrifty, is very hardy, and is one of our best plums. I sent young plants of it to Lon- don in the fall of 1830. 62. Flusiting Gage. Hori, Soc. Cat. 107. Superior Gage. Fruit round, inclining a little to an oval shape, with a small suture at and near the stalk, which is sunken in an even round cavity. Stalk an inch long. Skin yellow, with a whitish bloom. Flesli yellow, melting, and separating freely from the stone. Juice sweet and rich. Ripens the last w^eek in August. This is a very fine Plum, and no doubt originated in this country ; it has much the habit and manner of growth of the Washington Plum. The fruit not so large, inclining more to the nature of a Green Gage, from which it probably origi- nated. The tree is a free grower, a good bearer, and very hardy. 63. Cooper's Large. Hort. Soc. Cat. 36. Cooper's Large Red. Cooper's Large American. Cooper's Plum. Coxe's View, 'No. 12. Fruit large, round, three inches long, and nearly the same in diameter. Stalk half an inch long, sunken in a very small cavity. Skin a dark purple, with a fine purple bloom. Flesh a yellowish green, soft, juicy, and adhering to the stone. Juice rich, sweet, and high flavoured. Ripens the end of August or beginning of September. This fine Plum, according to Coxe, " was produced from the .stone of an Orleans Plum by Mr. Joseph Cooper, of Gloucester county, in New-Jersey." The tree is very vi- gorous, and grows to a large size. 64. DoMiNE Dull's Plum. Hori. Soc. Cat. 94. PLUMS. 303 IGrerman Prune. Dutch Quetzen. Frwi7 large, of an oval or. oblong figure- Stalk &n inch long. Skill dark, and when quite ripe, nearly black. Flesh deep yellow, dry, and adhering to the stone. Juice sweet and rich. The fruit will keep a long time. Ripe in September. The stone of this fruit was brought from Germany by a Dutch minister, by the name of Dull. The growth of the tree is thrifty, the branches long and very smooth, of a dark colour : the Dutch say it is the real Prune, and that prunes are always raised from the stone in Germany. 65. Horse Plum. Hort. Soc. Cat. 127. Fruit of a medium size, oval, ^vith a deep suture in the middle. Skin dark red, inclining to purple when ripe. Flesh greenish yellow, which adheres to the stone. Juice acid, but passable when ripe. Quantities of these plums are brought into the New- York market, and used for sweetmeats ; they are usually raised from suckers, and the stones produce the same kind, makes the best stocks for grafting, and very like the English Muscle Plum stock. Peaches, Apricots, and Nectarines, mil bud and thrive well on this stock. 66. Black Damson. Fruit round, or nearly so, small. Skin dark purple. Flesh green. Juice lively, a little acid. Ripe in September, and will keep till October. Quantities of Damsons are brought into this market ; they are raised generally from suckers. They appear to be of a larger size than the European Prune Damson No. S. The tree is easily cultivated, and will grow in any soil or situation ; if the fruit remains on the trees until October or November they are excellent 67. Chickasav^^ Plum. {Primus Chicasa) Pursh. Flora Americce. VoL i. p. 332. No. 14. A native species ^' From Virginia to Carolina." Fruit round ; some varieties are red, and some yellow, about the size of cherries. The growth of the tree is dif- ferent from any other kind of Plum, and at a little distance looks somewhat like a peach tree : it would make a fine stock for the southern states to bud Peaches, Nectarines, or Almonds on. It is very ornamental. Ripe the end of July and beginning of August. 68. Beach Plum, (P^'unus Maritima.) Pursh. lb. No. 15. 304 QUINCES. Fr'tiii larger than the last species, round. Skin dark purple. Flesh yellow, sweet, with a little astringency near the stone. Eipe the middle of August. This is a handsome small shrubby tree, from three to six feet high ; found in a natural state, growing in the sand along the coast. It might make a handsome stock to graft plums on, in order to make dwarf espaliers, in the same way as the Paradise is used for Dwarf Apples. To these may be added many sorts called Gages, ten or fifteen sorts, which are of all colours, from white to brov/n and pur])le ; some of the sorts not larger than damsons : and were probably all raised from the stones of the Green Gage Plum, but none of them by any means equal to the irus old sort, and, of course, not worth cultivating, except for stocks to graft the true and good sorts on. CHAPTER XVL QUINCES. Mr. Miller has three varieties of the Quince, the only hardy kinds cultivated in England, viz. 1. Cydonia Oblonga. Pear-shaped Quince. Leaves oblong-ovate. Fruit lengthened at the base. 2. Cydonia Maliformis. Apple-shaped Quince, Leaveslovate. Fruit rounder than that of the last. 3. Cydonia Lusitanica. Portugal Quince. Leaves obovate. Fruit oblong. The last variety is of a fine purple colour when dressed ; is more juicy and less harsh, and much better for marma- lade, than either of the others. It is the only sort now cuU tivated in England for domestic purposes. mSFBERRIES, 305 CHAPTER XVII. RASPBERRIES, 1. 3. 4. 5. Antwerp, Double Bearing Yellow. Antwerp, Late Bearing. KnevetVs Antwerp. Antwerp, Red. Burley Antwerp. Antwerp, Yellow. White Antwerp. Barnet. Cornwall's Prolific. Cornwall's Red. Cornwall's Seedling. Large Red. Cane, Brentford. Cane, Red. Smooth Cane. Cane, Rough. Cornish. Large Cornish. 10. Double Bearing. Perpetual Bearing. Red Double Bearing. Siberian. 11. Double Bearing, Wil- liams's. Pitmaston's Double Bear- ing. 12. Lord Exmouth, 13. Oakhill. Jillard's Seedling. 14. Old White. 15. Prolific, Early. 16. Red Malta. 17. Spring Grove. 18. Superb. 19. Taylor's Paragon. Scarlet Paragon. 20. Williams's Preserving. 21. Wilmot's Early Red. 22. Woodward's Red Globe. There are, no doubt, many other sorts besides the above to be found in different parts of England, and possessing different degrees of merit ; those already enumerated are, however, amply sufficient for every useful purpose. CHAPTER XVIII. STRAWBERRIES. Class I. — Alpine and Wood Strawberries. The habits and general character of these are very simi- lar ; the principal difTerence being in the shape of the fruit, 26* 306 STRAWBERRIES. which is usually conical in the former, and more globose in the latter. The Alpines produce fruit in the autumn, which the Wood Strawberries do not. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 149. 1. Red Alpine. HorL Soc. Cat. No. 89. Fraisier des Aloes. Duhamel, No. 7. t. 2. Fruit scarlet, conical ; bearing strong through the sum- mer and autumn. 2. White Alpine. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 90. Fraisier des Alpes a fruit blanc. Of the French. Fruit white, conical ; bearing through the summer and jLUtumi:!. Alpine without Runners. Bush Alpine. The fruit, leaves, and mode of bearing, are those of an Aipme Strawberry ; it differs only in not throwing out run- ners, growing in small clumps : to propagate them, the roots must be divided. This is a very prolific sort, and for small gardens preferable to the other kinds. I understand that this sort was introduced here by the late Mr. Parmentiert of the Horticultural Gardens at Brooklyn. Jim. Ed. 3. Red Wood. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 92. Fraisier commun. Dukamel, No. 1. t. 1. Fruit scarlet, round ; bearing in the summer only. 4. White Wood. HorL Soc. Cat. No. 93. Fraisier Commun a fruit blanc. Of the French. Fruit white, round ; bearing in the summer only. Class II. — Black Strawberries. This is not a numerous class, the Old Black Strav.berry being the type, and the remainder derived from its seeds, cither impregnated by itself or by others. Their character is to have the leaves rugose, pale green, and small ; the fruit middle-sized, conical, with a neck, very dark-coloured when npe, ; the seeds shghtly embedded ; the flavour very rich* and highly perfumed. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 148. 5. Down TON. Pom. Mag. No. 52. Knight's Seedling. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 185, Knight's Strawberry. lb. STRAWBERRIES. 307 Fruit large, ovate, having a neck ; some of the early ber- ries are cockscomb-shaped, dark purplish scarlet. Grains but little embedded. Flesh scarlet, firm. 6. GiBEs's Seedling Black. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 184. Fruit conical, small, hairy, with a neck, dark purplish red. Seeds slightly embedded in the skin. Flesh scarlet, firm, very high-flavoured. 7. Old Black. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 182. Black. Black Pine. Black Beacon. Mulberry. Black Canterbury. Turkey Pine. Fruit middle-sized, conical, elongated and pointe(l, with a neck, hairy, very dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a buttery corik, very rich and high-flavoured. 8. PiTMASTON Black. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 183. Late Pitmaston Black. lb. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, with a neck, slightly hairy, very dark purplish red. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh solid, scarlet, very firm, buttery, and richly flavoured. 9. Sweet Cone. Horf. Trans. Vol. vi. p 186. Pom. Mug. No. 4. Fruit small, cone-shaped, with a neck, hairy, bright shining scarlet. 6'eec^s prominent. F/es/t firm, of a brighter colour than the skin, hollow, very high-fl.avoured. • Plant tender. Class III. — Carolina or Pine Straivherries The general character of this class is to have the leaves almost smooth, dark green, of firm texture, and with obtuse serratures ; the fruit large, varying from nearly white to al- most purple ; the seeds proriiiacot, on a smooth surface ; the flavour sweet, and often perfumed. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 148. 10. Bath Scarlet. Hort Trans. Vol. 6. p. 200. Bath Strawberry. Milne's Seedling. Devonshire. New Bath Scarlet. Golden Drop. North's Seedling. Liverpool. Fmit roundish or ovate, with a short neck, small for the class, scarlet. Seeds very prominent, of a dark varnished 308 STRAWBERRIES. red. Flesh soft, with a large core, pale scarlet, and very- coarse, without any particular flavour. 11. Black Prince. Hort, Trans. Vol. vi. p. 203. Wilmot's Black Imperial. lb. Vol. v. p. 398. Fimit middle-sized, depressed, spherical, with a furrow at the apex, hairy, of a very dark violet colour. Seeds slightly embedded. Skin highly polished. Flesh solid, firm, of a rich dull scarlet, with a small core. Juice dark, high-fla- voured. 12. Blood Pine. Hort. Soc, Cat. No. 61. This is a subvariety of the Old Pine, or Carolina. The scapes are considerably stronger ; and is distinguishable by its leaves being of a darker colour and thicker texture, with stronger footstalks. 13. BosTocK. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi* p. 187. Beattie's Seedling. Rostock. Byram. Rostock Pine. Caledonian. Rostock Scarlet. Cone. Rostock Seedhng. Montague's. Vernon's. New Bath. Wellington. Prolific Bath. Whitley's Pine. Fi^uit very large, slightly hairy, nearly round, with a small neck ; the largest fruit irregularly swelled towards the base, terminating in an obtuse point, of a dark shining red next the sun, light scarlet on the other side. Seeds prominent, brown on one side of the fruit, yellow on the other. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, coarse, with a small hollow arid core, with- out any particular flavour. 14. Bullock's Blood. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 199. Frm'Harge, ovate, of a light shining red. Seeds dark red on the sunny side, yellow on the other, projecting from a polished surface. Flesh pait;' red, firm, juicy, with but in- different flavour. 15. Chinese, //or/. Tra?is. Vol. vi. p. 191. North's Large Scarlet. Red ChiH. North's Seedling. Fruit apparently compressed, nearly round, middle-sized, of a pale varnished red. Seeds brown and prominent. Flesh soft, light pink, with a large core, woolly ; flavour indif- ferent. 16. Dutch. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 195. Fruit large, round, of a bright shining red. Seeds project- STRAWBERRIES. 309 ed from a polished smooth surface. Flesh pale red, woolly, hollow in the centre, with a core ; flavour indifferent. 17. Dwarf White Carolina. Jlort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 206. Fruit large, irregularly ovate, brownish next the sun. white on the other side, hairy. Seeds scarcely embedded, prominent, darker than the fruit. Flesh white, soft, woolly, with a large core ; flavour indifferent. 18. Elton Seedling. Pom. Mag. \Zq. Fruit large, ovate, often compressed, or cockscomb-sha- ped, of a rich, shining, dark red. Seeds yellow, regularly embedded between ridged intervals. Flesh firm, with a small core, deep red, juicy, and having a sharp rich flavour. 19. Glazed Pine. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 198. Knott's Pine. Scarlet Pine ikpple. Fruit variable in shape ; the largest frequently appear as if compressed, but they are generally conical, with a neck, large, hairy, of a darkish, shining scarlet. Seeds prominent. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a large core ; flavour good, but inferior to that of the Old Pine. 20. Keen's Imperial. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 101. t. 7. Black Imperial. Keen's Black. Black Isleworth. Keen's Black Pine. Imperial. Keen's Large-fruited. Imperial Pine. Large Black. Isleworth Pine. Large Black Imperial. Fruit very large, roundish, somewhat bluntly pointed, of a very deep purplish red. -Seeds projecting from the surface, which is shining. Flesh not juicy, but very firm, coarse, jiollow in the centre, with a core ; the flavour tolerable, not high-flavoured. 21. Keen's Seedling. Hori. Trans, Vol. v. p. 261. t. 12. Pom. Mao;. 91. Keen's Black Phie. Keen's New Seedling. Keen's New Pine.. Murphy's Child. Fruit very large, round, or ovate, some of the largest as- suming a cockscomb shape, of a dark purphsh scarlet, slightly hairy. Seeds a little embedded in a polished surface, which has usually a furrow at the apex. Flesh firm, solid, scarlet, without any separable core. Juice high-flavoured. 22. Mulberry. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 20-3, Cherokee, Mahone. King. 310 STRAWBERRIES. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, with a short neck, of a dark purphsh red. Seeds embedded shghtly in the skin. Flesh soft, coarse, red, with a long core ; the flavour but mode- rate. 23. Old Pine, or Carolina. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 195. Old Pine. Pom. Mag. 47. Barham Down. North's Seedling. Black Carolina. Old Carolina. Cockscomb Pine. Old Scarlet Pine. Devonshire Scarlet Pine. Pine. Kew Pine. Regent's Favourite. Large Carolina. Scarlet Pine. Large Pine. Varnished. Miss Gunning's. Windsor Pine. Fruit large, slightly hairy, with a neck, of a uniform bright scarlet, ovate-conical, occasionally compressed, and when luxuriant the early fruits are cockscomb-shaped. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh pale scarlet, rich, and juicy, with a very grateful flavour. 24. Round White Carolina. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 205. Chili. Large White Chih. Large Blush Pine. White Bath. Large Flesh-coloured White Carolina. Chili. White ChiU. Large Pale ChiU. White Pine. Large White. Fruit large, irregularly ovate, sometimes roundish, having a tendency to form a neck, of a brownish colour towards the sun, the other side white. Seeds deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh soft, white, woolly, with a large core ; flavour indifferent. 25. Surinam. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 193. Devonshire Scarlet. Red Pine. Oldaker's New Pine. Red Pine Apple. Red Chili. Sutton's Large. Fruit very large, irregularly ovate or round, without a neck, of a light shining red next the sun, pale on the oppo- site side. 5'eec/s yellow and prominent. Flesh firm, pale red, with a large core ; flavour indifferent. The fruit is entirely concealed by the leaves. 26. Variegated Pine. Hort. Trans, Vol. vi. p.- 192. STRAWBERRIES. 311 A strawberry having leavesj much variegated with white, is often seen in the gardens of the curious. As a fruit it has no merit; the plants being weak and very shy bearers. Class IV. — Chili Strawberries. The character of this class is to have the leaves very vil- lous, hoary, with small leaflets, of thick texture, with very obtuse serratures ; the fruit very large and pale ; the seeds prominent; the flesh insipid in the type — the True Chili. Hovt. Trans. Vol. vi. p.* 148. 27. True Chili. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 206. Fraisier du Chili. Duhaniel, No. 9. t. 3. Greenwell's French. Patagonian. Greenwell's New Giant. Fruit particularly large, irregularly shaped, but usuallv ovate or bluntly conical ; when ripe, of an uniform dull var- nished brownish red. Seeds dark brown and projecting. Flesh slightly tinged with red near the outside, the rest whitish, very firm, hollow in the centre, with a small core. The fruit ripens late, and the foliage mostly perishes in the winter ; but the succeeding varieties, which have been bred from it, keep their leaves. 28. Wilmot's Superb. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 208. The first fruits are very large, irregularly rounded, ovate. or flattened, sometimes growing of a cockscomb shape ; the other berries are invariably round ; all are hairy, pale scar- let, appearing as if polished. Seeds projecting, brown. Flesh very firm, pale scarlet next the outside, within whitish, with a small hollow in the centre, and a core ; flavour very good, buttery, and rich, mixed v/ith acid. 29. Yellow Chili. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi p. 209. Fruit very large, irregularly ovate, frequently compressed, and sometimes cockscombed ; brown on the exposed side, and yellow on the other. Seeds brown, slightly embedded, with flat intervals. Flesh very firm, buttery, yellowish, with a core ; flavour very rich, with some acidity. Class V. — Green Straivberries. The French cultivate several kinds which appear to be 312 STRAWBERRIES. varieties of this Strawberry ; the one at present much known with us is called the Green Pine, which, generally speaking, is kept in gardens more as an object of curiosity than of use, for it rarely produces perfect fruit, though in some particular situations it bears v/ell. In general character the plants are akin to the Wood Strawberry ; its habit is dwarf; the leaves light green, and strongly plaited. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 149. 30. Green Strawberry. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 85. Fraisier Vert. Duhamel, No. 17. t. 9. Caucasian. Green Wood. Green Alpine. Pine Apple. Green Pine. Pov/dered Pine. Fruit small, globular ; of a whitish green when fully ripe, and tinged with a reddish brown on the sunny side. Flesh firm, of a rich and highly musky flavour. This is generally represented as a very bad bearer. It appears to me, that defect arises principally from the multitude of its young run- ners ; they are extremely slender, short-jointed, covering tlie ground so completely, that in a few months the mother plants can scarcely be found. To remedy this, the runners should be cut off before they have taken root, keeping, the plants free from its encumbrance. By adopting this me- thod, I have little doubt of this sort being rendered pro- ductive. Class VI- — Hauihois Siratoherries. The character of this class is to have tall, pale green, ru- gose leaves, of thin texture ; the scapes tall and strong ; the fruit middle-sized, pale, greenish white, tinged with dull pur- ple ; the seeds slightly embedded ; the flavour musky. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 149. 3). Black Hauteois. Hort. Trans. Yo\. \i. n. 2lrs. New Kautbois. //'. Fruit conical, more lengthened than in the prolific Kaut- bois ; of a veiy dark, dingy purple colour, vv^hen ripe. Seeds .'scarcely embedded ; tlavour high, and flesh buttery. This kind is a great bearer, and rather earlier than the other*?, oc- casionally producing a few berries in the autumn. It iss a. very valiiablo variety. 32. CoMJiON Kautbois. Ilori. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 213. STRAWBERRIES. 313 Capron Femelle. Duhamel, No. 14. t. 8. DicBcious Hautbois. Old Hautbois. Musky Hautbois. Original Hautbois. Fruit rather small or middle-sized, spherical, of a pale greenish white, tinged with dull purple. Seeds slightly em- bedded ; flavour musky. The flowers called the males produce occasionally a small imperfect fruit, with projecting seeds. In the Cultivation of Hautbois Strawberries, it will be re- commended that the plants called males should be wholly rooted up as useless. 33. Globe Hautbois. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 212. Fruit nearly spherical, small, becoming dark puiple when ripe. Seeds prominent. Flesh greenish, firm, with a sepa- rable core ; flavour good, with the aroma peculiar to the class. 34. Large Flat Hautbois, Hort, Trans. Vol. vi. p. 215. Bath Hautbois. Salter's Hautbois. Formosa Hautbois. Weymouth Hautbois, liowder's Hautbois. White Hautbois, Fruit large, roundish, depressed, light red, and pale on the under side. Flesh greenish, without core, juicy, but though delicate, not so high-flavoured as the other. Seeds embedded in the skin. 35. Prolific or Conical Hautbois. Hoi't, Trans. Vol. vi. p. 213. Double Bearing. Regent's. Dwarf. Sacombe. Hermaphrodite. Sir Joseph Banks's. Hudson's Bay. Spring Grove. Fruit large, conical, shorter and more obtuse than the Black Hautbois ; the colour is dark, but not so deep as in that. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh solid, greenish, and high-flavoured. A very abundant bearer; and it usually produces a partial second crop, blossoming in August and September, and the fruit ripening in October : the autumnal berries are much larger than the summer ones, and never- theless high-flavoured. This is by far the best of the Haut- bois Strawberries ; the flowers the largest of the class yet known, with numerous stamina. 27 314 STRAWBERRIES. Class VII^ — Scarlet Sirawherriesr. The type of this class is the Fragaria Yirginiana of bo- tanists. The character is to have the leaves nearly smooth,, dark green, of thin texture, and with sharp pointed serra- tures ; their fruit, mostly of small size and bright colour, with the seeds more or less deeply embedded, with ridged intervals ; the flavour acid, with slight perfume. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 147. 36. American; Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Yo\.\i. p. i60. Black American. lb. Fruit large, conical,^ and pointed, with a neck, of a deep rich shining blood red^ rough. Seeds numerous, brownish, not deeply embedded, with sharp intervals. Flesh dark scarlet, firm, with a core ; flavour rich and agreeable. 37. AusTRL^N Scarlet. Cluster Scarlet. Globe Scarlet. Duke of Kent's Scarlet.* Nova Scotia Scarlet. Duke of York's Scarlet. Oatlands Scarlet. Early Prolific Scarlet. Prolific Scarlet. Fruit nearly globular, of a moderate or rather small size, of a rich bright scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded,, v/ith sharply ridged intervals. Flesh sohd, pale scarlet ; flavour peculiar, sharp, and pleasant. This Strawberry is the earliest of all the sorts, ripening at least a week before the Old Scarlet, and a most abundant bearer. Its runners are produced very early ; they are nu- merous, small, and of a reddish colour, 38. Autumn Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Yol. vi. p. 176. Fruit about the size of the Old Scarlet, ovate, with a neck, of an uniform dark shining red. Seeds yellow, deeply em- bedded, with rigid intervals. Flesh solid, firm, pale scarlet ; the flavour good. 39. Bishop's Seedling Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Yol. vi. p. 172. jPr'm7 of moderate size, round, with a neck, hairy, light * In the Hort. Trans, this is callofl tho DuTcc of Kent's Straiobfrry, and the Austrian Scarlet one of its tyiioriynis : tliiis 1 have not adojjted, !'or this simple rea- son, — it was introduced into this country from Germany inl7'JH iheDuke of Kent's fiom Nova Scotia in 1802. Its i>iiority <»f introduction, therel'oie, from Germany, is thus established ; and its name as Jlvstrian Scarlet was puhlished in my Cata- logue of 1815, ten years previously to this part of the Horticultural Transaction* making its appearance. STRAWBERRIES. 315 scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded, with rigid intervals. Flesh solid, firm, pale scarlet, with a moderate flavour. 40. Black Roseberry. Pom, J\Iag-. 20. Fruit of good size, bluntly conical, deep purplish red, and shining. Seeds slightly embedded, with flattened intervals. Flesh dark red next the outside, solid, buttery, and juicy, with a very excellent flavour, differing much from other strawberries. 41. Carmine Scarlet. Hort. Trans^ Yol. vi. p. 158. Carmine Roseberry. lb. Fruit large, bluntly conical, with a neck, of a brilliant, ishining, varnished red. Seeds slightly embedded, with sharp ridged intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, tinted with red, firm, and very high-flavoured. 42. Charlotte. Hort. Trans. Yol. vi. p. 155, Princess Charlotte's Strawberry. lb. Fruit middle-sized, round, hairy, of a dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, and high-flavoured. A very moderate bearer, but ripens eafly. 43. Clustered Scarlet. Hort. Trans. VoL vi. p. 164. Clustered Wood Pine. lb. Fruit of a moderate size, obtusely conical, or nearly round, very dark purplish red. Seeds of the same colour as the fruit, unequally embedded between the intervals, which are sometimes flat and at other times bluntly ridged. Flesh scarlet, firm, and well-flavoured. 44. Cockscomb Scarlet. Hort, Trans. Vol. vi. p. 180. Fruit large, compressed, with a furrow along the apex, which appears as a simple indenture when the berry does not put on a cockscomb shape ; the early berries are com- pletely cockscombed, so much so as to enclose the calyx within the fruit by surrounding the end of the peduncle ; co- lour bright scarlet. Seeds pale, slightly embedded between flat intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, solid, with a large core, well-flavoured, but without acid. 45. Garnstone Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Yol. vi. p. 171. Fruit middle-sized, round, hairy, with a short neck, of a rich glossy scarlet. Seeds red, deeply embedded, with round intervals. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a sharp agreeable fla- vour. 316 STRAWBERRIES. 46. Grimstone Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 166. Fruit middle-sized, conical, with a neck, of a dark scarlet colour. Seeds numerous^ variously but deeply embedded, with regidar acutely ridged intervals. Flesh solid, pale scarlet, ofexcellent flavour, and possessing a peculiar sweet- ness. 47. Grove End Scarlet. Hori. Titans. Vol. vi. p. 159. Pom. Mag. 7. Atkinson's Scarlet. lb. Wil mot's Early Scarlet. Fruit of considerable size, depressed, spherical, of an uniform bright vermilion colour. Seeds slightly embedded, between flat intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core; flavour agreeable, and slightly acid. This is a very excellent Strawberry, an excellent forcer, and an abundant bearer ; ripening its berries in succession, and early. 48. Hudson's Bay Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 168. American Scarlet. Late Scarlet. Hopwood's Scarlet. York River Scarlet. Hudson's Pine. Frvil large, with a neck, irregularly shaped, approaching to ovate, of a rich dark shining red. Seeds unequal in size, deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, firm, hollow, with a core ; of a moderate flavour, with much acidity. This should remain ungalhered till it assumes a dark co- lour and is fully ripe ; otherwise the acid which it contains predominates, and injures the flavour of the fruit. 49. Knight's Large Scarlet. Ho7i. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 178. American Scarlet. Knight's Scarlet. Great American Scarlet. I^arge Scarlet. Hairy-leaved Scarlet. Fruit above the middle-size, roundish, or slightly conical, of a light vermilion colour. Seeds deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh nearly white, soft, of a pleasant flavour. 50. Lewisham Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 163. Scarlet Cluster. lb. Fruit small-sized, roundish, with a short neck, of a uni- form dark, shining, purplish red, growing in clusters, slightly STRA.WBERRIES. 31' hairy. Seeds embedded, but not deep, with flat intervals, Flesh scarlet, firm, and solid ; the flavour very moderate. 51. Methven Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 172. Methven Castle, Southampton Scarlet. Fruit very large, cordate, compressed, inclining to cocks- r.omh in the earliest fruit, the late ones conical, dark scar- let. Seeds pale yellow, not deeply embedded, regularly and closely set with ridged intervals. Flesh Scarlet, very woolly, and tasteless, with a large hollow in the centre. 52. MoRRisANiA Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 162. Fruit very small, round, dark red, growing in clusters. Seeds not numerous, more deeply embedded, with wide rounded intervals. Flesh whitish, soft, with a detached «ore ; flavour tolerable. 53. Nairn's Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 169. Fruit of moderate size, irregularly ovate, sometimes with a short neck, of a deep rich, shining red. Seeds very deeply embedded, with shai-p intervals, flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core ; the flavour not rich, though agreeable, with less acid than the Hudson's Bay. It is a good bearer, ripening rather late. 54. Narrow-leaved Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol, vi. p. 177. Fruit middle-sized, conical, with a neck, hairy, of a uni- form bright scarlet. Seeds projecting, with flat intervals. Flesh firm, solid, pale scarlet, with a tolerably rich flavour. 55. Oblono Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 153. liong Scarlet. Padley's Early Scarlet. Long-fruited Scarlet. Fruit rather large, oblong, with a long neck, which part being v/ithout seeds has a peculiar glossy or shining appear- ance, of a bright light scarlet. Seeds few, deeply embedded, between ridged intervals. Flesh nearly of the same colour as the outside, but a little paler, firm, and well-flavoured. - 56, Old Scarlet. fJort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 152. Scarlet. Langleij^ p. 120. t. 55. fig. 1. Ecarlate de Virginie. Huhamel, No. 11. t. 5. Early Scarlet. Scarlet. Original Scarlet. Virginian Scarlet. Fruit rniddle-sized, globular, of a uniform light scarlet, slightly hairy. Seeds deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh pale scarlet, 'firm, and high-flavoured, A very good bear3r, and ripens early. 27* 3 IS STRAWBERRIES. This Strawberry ripened at Twickenham, in 1727, May 10, 0. S., or May 21, N. S. 67. PiTMASTON Black Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Vol. vi. p. 175. Early Pitmaston Black. lb. Fruit of a moderate size, oblong, with a neck, of a dark purplish red, slightly hairy. Seeds of the same colour as the fruit on the exposed side, on the other yellow, not deeply embedded, with rather flat intervals. Flesh tinted with scar- let, having a small core, tender, sweet, mixed with a pleasant acid, and has a little of the raspberry flavour. oS. RosEBERRY. Hort. Trans. Vol. ii. p. 380. t. 27. Vol. vi. p. 156. Aberdeen. Rose Strawberry. Aberdeen Seedling. Scotch Scarlet. Prolific Pine. Fruit large, conical and pointed, with a very short neck, dark red, hairy ; the early fruits assume a cockscomb shape where the plants are luxuriant. Seeds yellow, deeply em- bedded between ridged intervals. Flesh firm, pale scarlet,^ with a core ; the flavour is not rich, it is however agree- able, and best when fully ripe. It is much admired by many, and even thought by some superior (o the Old Scarlet. 59. ScoNE Scarlet Hort 7V«r25. Vol. vi p. 170. Fruit of a moderate size, round, without a neck, of a light shining red on the upper side, paler on the other, hairy. Seeds dark brown, deeply embedded, with round intervals. Flesh firm, pale pink ; the flavour sharp, with abundance of acid. It is a great bearer, ripening later, and contains more acid than any other known strawberry. 60. Sir Joshua Bank's Scarlet. Hort. Trans. VoL vi. p. 161. New Scarlet. lb. Fruit of moderate size, oblong, with a neck, the apex blunt, of a bright scarlet. Seeds nearly prominent, with very flat intervals. Flesh bright scarlet, firm, and high fla- voured. This Strawberry is very closely allied with the Austrian Scarlet^ with which it has probably sometimes been confounded ; it ripens nearly at the same time, and though not so prolific, yet has a superior flavour. 61. Vernon's Scarlet. Hort, Trans. Vol. vi. p. 174. White's Scarlet. Jb, STRAWBERRIES. 319 Fruit middle-sized, round, dark red, rather hairy. Seeds shghtly embedded, with flat intervals. Flesh pale vermilion, white in the centre, solid, and well-flavoured. A good bearer, and ripens early. 62. Wilmot's Late Scarlet. Hort. Trans. Yol. iii. p. 115. Fruit very large, bluntly conical, irregularly shaped, of a shining light red. Seeds small, deeply embedded, with ridged intervals. Flesh white, hollow in the centre ; flavour mode- rate. It is a good bearer, ripening late enough to succeed the Old Scarlet, and producing its berries in succession, so as to afford a continued supply : to be tasted in perfection, it should be eaten as soon as gathered. JS'oie. — In mentioning the size of fruit, it is to be under- stood that the comparison is only made between those be- longing to each particular class, and not to those of any other. When it is stated that the fruit of the variety under de- scription has a core, the idea intended to be conveyed is, that the core readily separates, adhering to the calyx when the receptacle is removed. A Selection of Strawberries J or a small Garden. . Austrian Scarlet 37 Old Pine 23 Black Prince 11 Old Scarlet 56 Black Roseberry 40 Prolific Hautbois 35 Down ton 5 Red Alpine 1 Elton Seedling 18 Roseberry 68 Grove End Seedling 47 Sweet Cone 9 Keen's Seedling 21 White Alpine 2 Ijarge Flat Haiitbois 34 Wilmot's Superb 28 Bush Alpine White Wood 4 Red Wood 3 GUIDE TO THE ORCHARD ATS1> FRUIT G A R D B SO". PART 11. PROPAGATION AND CUIiTIVATION OP FRUITS, ADAPTED TO THE AMERICAN CLIMATE. Principles OF Horticultural Operations, by JOHNLINDLEY, F. R. S. &c. &c., Assistant Secretary of the Horticultural Societt of London. INTRODUCTION. In all books upon Gardening, a great variety of modes of operating are comprehended, each of which has, it may be supposed, its own peculiar merit under particular circum- stances. In several the very same mode is repeatedly re- commended, with slight variations of phraseology, in speak- ing of many different subjects ; and it has at last become a common complaint, among those who seek for information from books upon horticultural subjects, that they can find plenty of rules of action, but very few reasons. No greater boon could be bestowed upon the gardening world than to reduce all horticultural operations to their first principles, and to lay bare the naked causes why in one case one mode of procedure is advisable, and another in another. But there are tew persons who are competent to undertake this task ; it requires a combination of great physiological knowledge, with a pertect acquaintance with the common 322 PRINCIPLES OF HORTICULTURAL OPERATIONS. manipulation of the gardener's art, and much experience in all the little accidents which are scarcely appreciable by the most observing cultivator, with which the mere man of sci- ence can necessarily have no acquaintance, but upon which the success of a gardener's operations ot\en mainly depends; which are to the cultivator signs as certain of the issue of his experiments, as to the mariner are the almost invisible changes in the appearance of the heavens by which the wea- ther is prognosticated. Deeply impressed with a persuasion of the justice of the foregoing observations, and sincerely regretting that there should be no present expectation of such a task being under- taken by any one fully competent to it, the Editor of this work ventures to throw himself upon the indulgence of the public in attempting, not to carry into effect such a plan him- self, but to sketch out, in regard to the Fruit Garden, what he thinks the method should be upon which a more compe- tent person v.ould do well to proceed. IMPROVEMENTS IN VARIETIES. All our fruits, without exception, have been so much ame- liorated by one circumstance or another, that they no longer i)ear any resemblance in respect of quality to their original. ^Vho, for instance, would recognise the wild parent of the Coe's or Green Gage Plum in the savage Sloe, or that of the Ribston and Golden Pippin Apples in the worthless acid Crab ? Or what resemblance can now be traced between the delicious Beurre Pears, whose flesh is so succulent, rich, ;ind melting, and that hard, stony, astringent fruit, which even birds and animals refuse to eat? Yet these are un- doubted cases of improvement resulting from time and skill patiently and constantly in action. The constant dropping of v.ater will not more surely wear away the hardest stone, than will the reason of man in time compel all nature to be- come subservient to his wants or wishes. But it would be of little service to mankind that the quality of any fruit should be improved, unless we found some efficient and certain mode of multiplying the individuals Nv^hen obtained. Hence there are two great considerations to which it is, above all things, necessary that the attention of the cultivator should be directed, viz. Amelioration and Propagation. Jlmelioraiion consists either in acquiring new and im- proved varieties of fruit, or m increasing their good qualities IMPROVEMENTS IN VARIETIES. 323 when acquired. It will be as well to consider these two subjects separately. By what means the first tendency to change their nature was given to domesticated plants, we are entirely ignorant. It is probable that was originally due to accident, and also that it was still mere chance which continued to operate down to very modern times. Philosophers are unacquainted with the reason why there should be any tendency to varia- tion from the characters first stamped on any species by Nature ; but all know that this tendency does exist, and in a most remarkable degree in many species. There is in all beings a disposition to deviate fiom their original nature when cultivated, or even in a wild state ; but this disposition is so strong in some as to render them particularly well adapted to become subject to domestication : for instance, the dog, the pigeon, and the barn-yard foul, are cases in which this tendency is most strongly marked in animals ; and domesticated fruits are a parallel case in the vegetable world. Without, then, vainly endeavouring to discover the first cause of this disposition to form varieties, let us take it as a naked fact that the disposition exists. Cultivators increase this disposition chiefly in two ways : either by constantly se- lecting the finest existing varieties for seed, or by intermix- ing the pollen and stigma of t'.vo varieties for the purpose of procuring something of an intermediate nature. The an- cients Vv'ere unacquainted with either of these practices, and consequently their gardens contained few things which would now be deemed worthy of cultivation. The povrer of obtaining cross-bred varieties at pleasure has only ex- isted since the discovery of sexes in plants ; but as it exerts a most extensive influence over alterations in the vegetable iungdom, it may be considered the most important control- ing power that we possess. In sowing seech for the purpose of procuring improved va- rieties, care should be had, not only that the seeds be taken from the finest existing kinds ; but also that the most hand- some, the largest, and the most perfectly ripened specimens should be those that supply the seed. A seedling plant will always partake more or less of the cb.aracter of its parent, the qualities of vvliich are concentrated in the embryo when it has arrived at full maturity. How this concentration takes place, we are as ignorant as why certain constitutional pe- culiarities are in men transferred from father to son, and 324 CROSS FERTILIZATION. from generation to generation ; but we know that it does take place. Now if the general qualities of a given variety are concentrated in the embryo under any circumstances, it is reasonable to suppose that they will be most especially concentrated in a seed taken from that part of a tree in which its peculiar good qualities reside in the highest degree. For instance, in the fruit of an apple growing upon a north wall there is a smaller formation of sugar than in the same variety growing on a south wall ; and it can be easily understood that the seed of that fruit which is itself least capable of form- ing saccharine secretions, will require from its parent a less power of the same nature than if it had been formed within a fruit in which the saccharine principle was abundant. It should therefore be always an object with a gardener, in se- lecting a variety to become the parent of a new sort, to sti- mulate that variety by every means in his power to produce the largest and the most fully ripened fruit that it is capable of bearing. The importance of doing this is well known in regard to melons and cucumbers, and also in preserving fu- gitive varieties of flowers ; but it is not generally practised in raisins: fruit trees. CROSS FERTILIZATION. The poiver of procuring intermediate varieties by the inter- mixture of the pollen and stigma of two different parents is, however, that which most deserves consideration. We all know that hybrid plants are constantly produced in every gar- den, and that improvements of the most remarkable kind are yearly occurring in consequence. Experiments are, however, it may be supposed, sometimes made without the operator being exactly aw are either of the precise nature of the ac- tion to which he is trusting for success, or of the limits with- in which his experiments should be confined. Cross fertilization is effected, as every one knows, by the action of the pollen of one plant upon the stigma of another. The nature of this action is highly curious. Pollen consists of extremely minute hollow balls or bodies ; their cavity is filled with fluid, in which swim particles of a figure varying from spherical to oblong, and having an apparently sponta- neous motion. The stigma is composed of very lax tissue, the intercellular passages of which have a greater diameter than the moving particles of the pollen. CROSS FERTILIZATION. 325 When a grain of pollen comes in contact with the stigma, it bursts and discharges its contents among the lax tissue upon which it has fallen. The moving particles descend through the tissue of the style, until one, or sometimes more, of them finds its way, by routes. specially destined by nature for this service, into a little opening in the integuments of the ovulum or young seed. Once deposited there, the par- ticle swells, increases graduallyin size, separates into radicle and cotyledons, and finally becomes the embryo, — that part which is to give birth, when the seed is sown, to a new in- dividual . Such being the mode in which the pollen influences the stigma, and subsequently the seed, a practical consequence of great importance necessarily follows, viz. that in all cases of cross fertilization the new variety will take chiefly after its polliniferous or male parent ; and that at the same time it will acquire some of the constitutional peculiarities of its mo- ther.* Thus, the male parent of the Downton Strawberry was the Old Black, the female a kind of Scarlet ; in Coe's Golden Drop Plum, the father was the Yellow Magnum Bonum, the mother the Green Gage ; and in the Elton Cherry the White Heart was the male parent, and the Graf- fion the female. The limits within which experiments of this kind must be confined are, however, narrow. It seems that cross fertili- zation will not take place at all, or very rarely, between dif- ferent species, unless these species are nearly related to each other : and that the offspring of the two distinct spe- cies is itself sterile, or if it possesses the power of multiply- ing itself by seed, its progeny returns back to the state of one or other of its parents. Hence it seldom or never haa happened that domesticated fruits have had such an origin. We have no varieties raised between the Apple and the Pear, or the Quince and the latter, or the Plum and Cherry, or the Gooseberry and the Currant. On the other hand, new va- rieties obtained by the intermixture of two pre-existing va- rieties are not less prolific, but, on the contrary, often more so than either of their parents ; witness the numerous sorts / of Flemish Pears which have been raised by cross fertiliza- ^ tion from bad bearers, within the last twenty years, and which are the most prolific fruit trees with which gardeners * In early crosses between distinct species this Is particularly manifest ; but in those of varieties long domesticated it is less apparent, the distinctions bctwe«]ji the parents themselves being less fixed, and less clearly marked. 28 326 TO CAUSE FRUITFULNESS. are acquainted ; witness also Mr. Knight's Cherries, raised between the May Duke and the Graffion, and the Coe's Plum already mentioned. It is, therefore, to the intermixture of the most valuable existing varieties of fruit that gardeners should trust for the amelioration, of their stock. By this operation, the pears that are in eating in the spring have been rendered as deli- cious and as fertile as those of the autumn ; and there is no apparentreason why those very early,but worthless sorts, such as the Muscat Robert, which usher in the season of pears^ should not be brought to a similar state of perfection. There is no kind of fruit, however delicious, that may not be deteriorated, or however worthless, that may not be ame- liorated, by particular modes of management ; so that aftef a given varisty shall have been created, its merits may still bo either elicited or destroyed by the cultivator. In this place those practices only need be considered that tend to improve- ment. TO CAUSE FRUITFULNESS. Some fruits of excellent quality are bad bearers : this de- fect is remedied by a variety of different methods, such as, 1, By ringing the bark; 2. By bending branches down- wards; 3. By training; and, 4. By the use of different kinds ofstochs. All these practices are intended to produce exactly the same effect by different ways. Physiologists know that whatever tends to cause a rapid diffusion of the gap and secretions of any plant, causes also the formation of leaf buds instead of flower buds ; and that whatever, on the contrary, tends to cause an accumulation of sap and se- cretions, has the efiect of producing flower buds in abun- dance. This circumstance, which at first sight seems to be difficult to account for physiologically, is no doubt to be ex- plained by the difference between leaf buds and flower buds themselves. In a leaf bud, all the appendages or leaves are in a high state of development, and the central part or axis, around which they are arranged, has a tendency to ex- tend itself in the form of a branch as soon as the necessary stimulus has been communicated to the system by the light and warmth of spring. In a flower bud, the appendages or leaves are in that imperfectly formed, contracted state, which we name calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistilla ; and the cen- tral part around which they are arranged has itself no tenden- TO CAUSE FRUITFULNESS. 327 cy to elongate under the influence of the usual stimulants. Hence a flower bud or flower, is nothing but a contracted branch ; as is proved by the occasional elongation of the axis in flowers that expand during unusually hot damp wea- ther late in the spring, becoming branches, bearing sepals and petals instead of leaves. It is, therefore, easily to be understood why, so long as all the motions in the fluids and secretions of the tree go on rapidly, with vigour, and without interruption, only rudiments of branches (or leaf buds) should be formed ; and why, on the other hand, when the former become languid, and the parts are formed slowly, bodies of a contracted nature, with no disposition to extension, (or flower buds,) should appear. It vi^ill be found that the success of the practices above enumerated, to which the gardener has recourse, in order to increase the fertility of his fruit trees, is to be explained by what has just been said. In ringing fruit trees,* a cylinder of bark is cut from the branch, by which means the return of the elaborated juices from the leaves down the bark is cut ofl*, and all that would have been expended below the annu- lar incision is confined to the branch above it. This pro- duces an accumulation of proper juice ; and flower buds, or fertility, are the result. But there is a defect in this prac- tice, to which want of success in many cases is no doubt to be attributed. Although the returning fluid is found to accumulate above the annular incision, yet the ascending sap flows along the albernum into the buds with nearly as much rapidity as ever, so that the accumulation is but im- perfectly produced. On this account the second practice, of bending branches downwards, is found to be attended with more certain consequences. The effect of turning the branches of a tree from their natural position to a pendulous or a horizontal one is, to impede both the ascent and the des- cent of the fluids in a gradual but certain manner. The tissue of which branches are composed is certainly permeable to fluids in every direction ; and there can be no doubt that the vital action of the vessels of a plant is performed both in the natural and in an inverted position. So long as that erect direction of the branches which is natural to them is exactly maintained, the flow of their fluids, being subject to no in- terruptions, will take place in the freest possible manner ; * Thia operation should be resorted to with great care, or the branches may be killed ; it appears to me a foolish experiment. Am. Ed. 328 TO CAUSE FRUITFULNESS. But the moment this natural direction is deviated from, the vessels become more or less compressed, their action is im- peded, and finally, if the inversion is perfect, it becomes so slow that an accumulation of the proper juices necessarily takes place through every part of the system. One of the objects of training is to produce the same ef- fect. Branches are bent more or less from their naturally erect position ; their motion, in consequence of the ac- tion of winds upon them, which is known to facilitate the movement of the fluids, is totally destroyed ; and hence arises the accumulation of proper juice which is necessary to their fertility. Nor is the injluence of the stock of an es- sentially different nature. In proportion as the scion and the stock approach each other closely in constitution, the less effect is produced by the latter ; and on the contrary, in proportion to the constitutional difference between the stock and the scion, is the effect of the former important. Thus,- when Pears are grafted or budded on the wild spe- cies. Apples upon Crabs, Plums upon Plums, and Peaches upon Peaches or Almonds, the scion is, in regard to fertili- ty, exactly in the same state as if it had not been grafted at all. While, on the other hand, a great increase of fertility is the result of grafting Pears upon Quinces, Peaches upon Plums, Apples upon Whitethorn,"* and the like. In these latter cases, the food absorbed from the earth by the root of the stock is communicated slowly and unwillingly to the scion ; under no circumstances is the communication be- tween the one and the other as free and perfect as if their natures had been more nearly the same ; the sap is impe- ded in its ascent, and the proper juices are impeded in their descent, whence arises that accumulation of secretion which is sure to be attended by increased fertility. No other in- fluence than this can be exercised by the scion upon the stock. Those who fancy that the contrary takes place ; that the Quince, for instance, communicates some portion of its austerity to the Pear, can scarcely have considered the question physiologically, or they would have seen that the whole of the food communicated from the albernum of the Quince to that of the Pear is in nearly the same state as when it entered the roots of the former. Whatever elabora- tion it undergoes must necessarily take place in the foliage of the Pear; where, far from the influence of the Quince, * This ii? probably a mistake : " Whitethorn" could not have been intended. He should have said Paradise or Doucin stock. ■Jim. Eds to CAUSE FRUITFULNESS. 329 secretions natural to the variety go on with no more inter- ruption than if the Quince formed no part of the system of the individual. If we consider upon what principle the flavour oj particu- lar fruits may be improved, we shall find that it is entirely due to the increased action of the vital functions of leaves. When the sap is first communicated by the stem to the leaves, it has experienced but few chemical changes since it first entered the roots. Such changes as it has undergone have been due rather to the solution of some of the pre-existing peculiar secretions of the individual by the sap in its way upwards through the albernuni, than to any other cause. As soon, however, as it enters the leaves, it becomes alter- ed in a variety of ways, by the combined action of air, and light, and evaporation; for which purposes the leaf is ad- mirably adapted by its anatomical structure. Thus altered in the leaves, it ceases to be what we call sap, but becomes the proper juice ; or, in other words, acquires the peculiar character of the final secretions of the individual from which it is formed. Discharged by the leaves into the bark, it is thence conveyed by myriads of channels of cellular sub- stance throughout the whole system. From these secre- tions, of whatever nature they may be, the fruit has the power of attracting such portions as are necessary for its maturation. Hence it follows, that the more we can increase the peculiar secretions of a plant, the higher will become the quality of its fruit ; and that, on the other hand, the less the plant is in condition to form those secretions, the less will be the quality of the fruit. It is for the purpose of produ- cing the former effect that pruning and training trees are more especially destined. In pruning, we remove all those superfluous branches which overshadowed the remainder, and we endeavour to expose every part to the freest action of light and air. In training, the same thing takes place, but is increased ; there is not a branch that is not fully exposed to the most d'rect rays of light, and to the freest cir- culation of air, and even to the unimpeded action of the sun in aspects exposed to the south, east or west. This action is obviously most powerful on the south, and hence the higher quality of fruits matured upon that exposure than on any other ; while, on the other hand, fruits raised upon a northern aspect are well known to be less highly flavoured than those from even an open standard. For a similar reason, forced fruits, wliich are obtained at a period when there is little 28* / 330 PROPAGATION. light, cannot be compared with those which are matured in the full blaze of a summer sun ; and hence melons grown in frames covered with mats, and carefully excluded from the influence of that solar light which is indispensable to them, have, whatever may be their external beauty, none of that luscious flavour which the melon, when well cultiva- ted, possesses in so eminent a degree. PROPAGATION. The next subject of consideration is the mode of multiply-^ ing improved varieties of fruit, so as to continue in the pro- geny exactly the same qualities as existed in the parent. Unless we have the power of doing this readily, the advan- tages of procuring improved races would be very much cir- cumscribed ; and the art of horticulture, in this respect, would be one of the greatest uncertainty. The usual mode of in- creasing plants, that mode which has been more especially provided by nature, is by seeds ; but, while seeds increase the species without error, the peculiarities of varieties can rarely be perpetuated in the same manner. In order to secure the multiplication of a variety, with all its qualities unaltered, it is necessary that portions should be detached from the original individual, and converted into new indi- viduals, each to undergo a similar dismemberment, with similar consequences. It happens that while in animals this is impracticable, except in the case of polypes, the sys- tem of life in a plant is, of all others, the best adapted to such a purpose. We are accustomed to consider individual })lants of exactly the same nature as individual animals : this is, however, a vulgar error, which is dissipated by the slight- est inquiry into the nature of a plant. A plant is really an animated body, composed of infinite multitudes of systems of life ; all, indeed, united in a whole, but each having an independent existence. When, therefore, any number of these systems of lite is removed, those which remain, as well as those which are separated, will, under fitting cir- cumstances, continue to perform their natural functions as well as if no vmion between them had ever existed. These systems of life are buds, each having a power of emitting descending fibres in the form of roots, and also of ascending in the form of stem. The first of these buds is the embryo ; the others are subsequently formed on the stem emitted by the embryo. As these secondary buds develop, their de- PROPAGATION BY EYES. CUTTINGS. 331 scending roots combine and form the wood, their ascending stems give rise again to new buds. These buds are all ex- actly like each other : they have the same constitution, the same organic structure, and the individuals they are capa- ble of producing are, consequently, all identically the same ; allowance, of course, being made for such accidental inju- ries or alterations as they may sustain during their subse- quent growth. It is upon the existence of such a remark- able physiological peculiarity in plants, that propagation en- tirely depends ; an evident proof of which may tffe seen in this circumstance. Take a cutting of a vine consisting only of the space which lies between two buds, or an internodium, as botanists would call such a piece, and no art v* ill succeed in ever making it become a new plant, no matter how con- siderable the size of the internodium may be.* But, on the other hand, take the bud of a vine without any portion of the stem adhering to it, and it will throw out stem and root, and become a new plant immediately. If we examine the various modes employed in horticulture for propagating plants, we shall find that, however different they may be in appearance, they all consist in the application of these principles under various forms. It will be most convenient to consider these methods separately. Propagation is effected by the arts of Increasino^ by Eyes., Striking from Cuitings, Laying, Budding, and Grafting. PROPAGATION BY EYES. Increasing by Eyes is the simplest of all these methods ; it consists in nothing but extracting a single system of life, or a bud, from a given plant, placing it in due heat and moisture, and surrounding it with fitting food, and thus caus- ing it to grow as a solitary individual, instead of as one of the community to ^vhich it originally belonged. CUTTINGS. Striking from Cuttings is a slight modification of the last method. Instead of taking a single bud, a stem containing two, three, or more buds, is placed in circumstances fitted * This is, of course, said without reference to the power which some planta possess of developing latent buds, — a subject which is foreign to the present in- quiry. S32 LAYERS. for the maintenance of its life. In this case, the chances of success are increased by the additional number of buds which are the subject of experiment. That bud which is the nearest the bottom of the cutting emits its roots at once into the earth, and so establishes a communication between the general system of the cutting and the medium from which its food is to be derived. The other buds, by push- ing their stems upwards into light, attract the nutriment ab- sorbed by the roots, and so stimulate the latter to increased action. "Ultimately, the roots of all the buds descend be- tween the bark and the wood until they reach the earth, into which they finally pass, like those of the first bud. There is another circumstance which renders the operafion of striking plants from cuttings less precarious than from eyes. In both casGs, the buds have, at the outset, to feed upon matter in their vicinity, until they shall have formed roots which are capable of absorbing food from the earth ; but in eyes, the nutritive matter can exist only in such porfions of the stem as may have been cut away with themselves ; while, on the other hand, in cutfings, the stem itself forms an im- portant reservoir of nutriment. This is a consideration, the practical importance of which will be obvious to every cul- tivator. As it is from the buds alone of cuttings that roots proceed, it follows, that in cases of difficulty, when plants strike unwillingly, any thing which may facilitate the imme- diate introduction of roots into the soil will be advantageous. It is for this reason that a good operator always takes care, that the lower end of his cutting is pared down as close to the base of a bud as may be practicable without actually de- stroying any part of the bud itself ; by this means the first emitted roots, instead of having to find their way downwards between the bark and wood, strike at once into the earth, and become a natural channel by which nutriment is con- veyed into the general system of the cutting. LAYERS. Laying is nothing but striking from cuttings that are still allowed to maintain their connexion with the mother plant by means of a portion at least of their stem. Where roots are emitted with great readiness, simply bending a branch into the soil, leaving its point above ground, is sufficient to ensure the success of the operafion ; but in cases of diffi- culty other expedients are resorted to, all which will still bo BUDDING AND GRAFTING. 333 found to have reference to the emission of roots by buds. One common practice is, to head down the branch that is laid into the earth ; this is to call into action the buds below the incision, by stopping the general axis of development. Another method is to tongue the layer, that is, to split the stem just up to the origin of a bud ; a practice that has the effect of enabling the roots to be emitted into the soil through the wound more readily than if they had to pierce through the bark ; the resistance offered to their passage through the bark is in many cases so great as to compel them to con- tinue to make wood rather than to appear in the form that is necessary for the success of the cultivator. BUDDING AND GRAFTING. Budding and Grafting are operations that equally depend for their success upon the property that buds possess of shooting roots downwards and stems upwards ; but in these practices the roots strike between the bark and wood of the stock, instead of into the earth, and form new layers of wood instead of subterranean fibres. The success of such prac- tices, however, depends upon other causes than those which influence the growth of cuttings. It is necessary that an adhesion should take place between the scion and the stock, so that when the descending fibres of the buds shall have fixed themselves upon the wood of the stock, they may not be liable to subsequent separation. No one can have stu- died the economy of the vegetable kingdom without having remarked that there is a strong tendency to cohesion in bo- dies or parts that are placed in contact with each other. GRAFTING. Two stems are tied together for some purpose : v/hen the ligature is removed, they are found to have grov/n into one: two Cucumbers accidentally placed side by side, or two Ap- ples growing in contact with each other, form double Cu- cumbers or double Apples ; and most of the normal modi- fications of the leaves, floral envelopes, or fertilizing organs, are due to various degrees of cohesion in contiguous parts. This cohesion will be always found to take place in the cel- lural tissue only, and never in the vascular tissue. In the stems of all such trees as are grafted by orchardists, the cel- lular tissue is found alive only in the medullary rays and the 334 BUDDING. liber ; it is therefore essential, in the first place, that those parts, both in the stock and the scion, should be placed in contact. In regard to the medullary rays, these are so nu- merous and so closely placed that it is scarcely possible that a portion of one stem should be applied to another without the medullary rays of both touching each other at many points. No care, therefore, is required to ensure this, which may be safely left to chance. But in regard to the liber, or inner bark, as this is confined to a narrow strip in both stock and scion, great care must be taken that they are both placed as exactly in contact with each other as possible, so that the line of separation of the wood and bark should, in both stock and scion, be accurately adjusted. The success of grafting depends very much upon attention to this. But there are other reasons why this accuracy in adjusting the hne between the bark and wood of the stock and scion is so important. It is at that part that the roots of the latter pass downwards over the former ; and it is also there that the substance called cambium, which serves as food for the young descending fibres, is secreted. It is obvious, that the more accurate the adjustment of the line separating the wood from the bark, the more ready will be the transmission of young fibres from the one to the other ; and that the less the accuracy that may be observed in this respect, the greater the difficulty of such transmission will be. Provided the stock and scion be of exactly the same size, the adjustment can scarcely fail to be accurate in the most unskilfuf hands; it is in the more common case of the scion being much smaller than the stock, that this is to be most particularly attended to. BUDDING. Budding differs from grafting in this, that a portion of a stem is not made to strike root on another stem, but that, on the contrary, a bud deprived of all trace of the woody part of a stem is introduced beneath the bark of the stock, and there induced to strike root. In this operation no care is requisite in securing the exact contact of similar parts, and a free channel for the transmission of the roots of the bud between the bark and wood of the stock ; for, from the very nature of the operation of budding, this must of necessity be ensured. The bark of the bud readily coheres with the wood of the stock, and secures the bud itself against all ac^ TRANSPLANTING. 333 cident or injury. But if precautions of the same nature aa in grafting are not requisite in budding, others are of no less moment. It is indispensable that the bud which is employed should be fully formed, or what gardeners call ripe ; if it is imperfectly formed, or unripe, it may not be capable of that subsequent elongation upwards and downwards upon which the whole success of the practice depends. Secondly, great care should be taken, in raising the bark of the stock for the insertion of the bud, that the cambium be not disturbed or injured. The cambium is a secretion between the wood and bark, not only destined to support the descending fibres of the buds, but also to generate the new cellular substance within which the descending fibres are finally found imbed- ded. If, in the preparation of the bark for receiving the bud, this cambium be injured or disturbed, it becomes much less capable of effecting the cohesion that is necessary, than if uninjured. In budding, therefore, the bark should be care- fully lifted up^ and not forced from'the wood with a bone or metal blade, as is usually the case ; for although it is no doubt true, that an operation clumsily performed will often succeed, yet it should be remembered, that if skilfully man- aged it would be attended with much more perfect success ; and that a habit of constantly operating with delicacy will enable a gardener to succeed with certainty in cases in which a bungling practitioner would be sure to fail. Little do those who crush with rude hands the tender limbs of plants, reflect how delicate is that organization upon which the life of theif victim is dependent. TRANSPLANTING. Transplanting is, perhaps, that operation in which tha / greatest difficulty is generally found to exist, and in which the causes of success or failure are often the least under- stood. Volumes have been written on the subject, and the whole range of vegetable physiology has been called in aid of the / explanation of the theory; yet I am much mistaken if it ^ cannot be proved to depend exclusively upon the two fol- lowing circumstances : 1. The preservation of the span- gioles of the roots ; and, 2. The prevention of excessive eva- poration. It is well known that plants feed upon fluid contained in the soil, and that their roots are the mouths through which the food is conveyed into their body. But the absorp- 336 THANSPLANTING. tion of fluid does not take place either by all the surface of their roots, nor even of their fibres, but only by the extremi- ties of the latter, consisting of bundles of vessels surrounded by cellular tissue in a very lax spongy state, whence those extremities are called spongioles. That it is only through the spongioles that absorption to any amount takes place, is easily show^n by growing a plant in water and alternately preventing the action of the spongioles, v/hen languor and a cessation of vital action comes on, and preventing the action of the general surface of the roots, leaving the spongioles at liberty, when the vital energies are immediately renewed. These spongioles are exceedingly delicate in their organi- zation, and a very slight degree of violence destroys them. It is scarcely possible to remove the soil from the roots with- out injuring them in some degree, and if transplantation is effected violently or carelessly, they are in a great measure destroyed. In proportion to the size or age of a tree, is the difficulty of preserving them increased ; and hence, at the same time, the difficulty of transplantation is augmented. If, by any mediod, the spongioles could be preserved unharmed, there wbuld be no reason whatever why the largest forest tree should not be removed as easily as the young plants in a nursery ; but their preservation in such cases is impossi- ble, and therefore the transplantation of trees of great mag- nitude cannot be effected. It is because of the security of the spongioles from injury when the earth is undisturbed, that plants reared in pots are transplanted with so much more success than if taken immediately from the soil. Hence, also, when earth is frozen into a huge ball around the root of a plant, transplantation is effected with the same kind of cer- tainty. The practice of cutting the roots of large trees the year previous to removing them, is attended with success for a similar reason. Wherever the roots are cut through, the new fibres which are emitted, provided a plant is in health, in short tufts, and each terminated by a spongiole, are much more easily taken out of the ground without injury than if they were longer and more scattered among the soil. When destroyed, the spongioles are often speedily replaced, parti- cularly in orchard trees, provided a slight degree of growth continues to be maintained. This is one of the reasons why trees removed in October succeed better than if trans- planted at any other time. The growth of a tree at that season is not quite over; and the first impulse of nature. EVAPORATION. 337 when the tree finds itself in a new situation, is to create new mouths by which to feed when the season for growing again returns. EVAPORATION. Evaporation takes place in plants to an inconceivable de- gree in certain circumstances. It is known by the experi- ments of Dr. Hales, that a sunflower plant will lose as much as 1 lb. 14 oz. by perspiration in twelve hours ; and that in general, " in equal surfaces and equal times, a man would perspire J^-, the plant y^j, or as 50 : 15 ;" and that taking all things into account, a sunflower perspires 17 times more than a man. The same most accurate observer found that a cabbage perspired in twelve hours 1 lb. 9oz. ; a Pa- radise Stock in a pot, 11 ounces ; and a Lemon Plant 8 oz. Guettard states that he found Cornus Mascula perspire twice its own weight in a day ; and Mr. Knight has remarked a Vine in a hot day losing moisture with such rapidity that a glass placed under one of its leaves was speedily covered with dew, and in half an hour the perspiration was running off" the glass. In damp or wet weather this evaporation is least ; in hot dry weather it is greatest. This loss has all to be supplied by the moisture introduced into the system by the spongioles ; and hence, if the spongioles are destroy- ed, and evaporation takes place before they can be replaced, a plant must necessarily die. This is the reason why decidu-. ous trees cannot be transplanted when in leaf; it is impossi- ble to remove them without injuring their spongioles, and it is equally impossible to hinder the evaporation by their leaves : but if they are kept in pots, it matters not at what season their removal takes place, because as their spon- gioles are then uninjured, even excessive evaporation would be made good by their action. It is well known that cer- tain evergreens, such as Hollies, Laurels, &c., can be transplanted in almost all months ;* this arises from their perspiration being much less copious than in deciduous trees, wherefore the spongioles have less difliculty in sup- plying the loss occasioned by it; yet even evergreens cannot be removed in the hottest months in the year, be- • Not exactly 'correct : Evergreens, no more than deciduous trees can he trans- planted at all periods, nor " in almost all months." In their growing season, they generally grow very rapidly, and at these periods removal of them would be very dangerous, if not fatal. " Am. Ed^ 29 33S APPLES. cause then the action of such spongioles as may be saved in the operation would not be sufficient to supply the waste by evaporation. Plants first beginning to grow in the spring with their leaves just turning green, are in a most unfit state to remove ; for, when transplanted, their roots will not have time to form a sufficient number of new spongioles to sup- ply the loss to which the rapid perspiration by the leaves at that season will give rise. It is upon this same principle, that if deciduous plants are taken from the ground in the summer, they are put into pots and placed in a hot-bed to recover ; not for the sake of the heat, but because the at- mosphere of a hot-bed is so charged with humidity that per- spiration cannot go on, so that the vita.1 energies of the plant instead of being wasted by evaporation, are directed to the formation of new mouths by which to feed. This is but a brief outline of what the prhiciples are upon v/hich the common operations of the Fruit Garden depend ; yet it is hoped that it may not be without its use in calling attention to the rationalia of what may seem extremely sim- ple and well-understood practices, but which are undoubt- edly neither so perfect, nor generally so skilfully performed, as to be incapable of amendment. C H A P T E R I. ON THE CULTIVATION OF APPLES. Sect.. I. — Standard Trees for Orchards, BY THE EDITOR. ^^ropagatien. The stocks ri-* es-cuy for this purpose shuiiu o^^ iva^t:d from the seed, which may be procured from the cider-miil. and ought to be sifted out of the pumice, washed clean and dried,, which is a far better way than the slovenly mode of using the pumice and seed together, as is sometimes done. Early in die spring, or as soon as the frost is out of the ground, having a good piece of ground v/eli dug and prepared, with a hoe draw shallow drills about a foot or eighteen inches apart, sow the seed thin and even in the driils, cover in the drills with the earth, settling it well down APPLES. * 339 with the feet ; rake the bed smooth : afterwards the only care will be to keep them clean from weeds. The next spring it will be best to take them all up, shorten the ends of the roots, and sort them, so as to have them as near of a size in each row as possible. Having the nursery ground ready, proceed to plant them in rows, about four feet apart, and about two feet from plant to plant in the row, here they may remain two years, and the only care required will be to keep them free from weeds until they are fit for grafting. Grafting. The most expeditious mode of performing this operation in the nursery, is by heading the stocks down to the ground, and having the scions of such sorts as are required, in readi- ness, make a cut in the stock, first sloping it off, then take the scion or graft, sloping it off in the same manner so as to form a splice ; make a split upwards in the scion, and down- wards in the stock, and tongue them together, f?o that the bark of the graft may meet and join well with the bark of the stock : then apply a string of bass matting around the parts so joined to keep them together, afterv/ards with a hoe draw up the earth so as to cover the place of contact with the mould. When the grafts are well taken, untie. the string before it cuts much in the stock, and the work is performed. This operation is termed u- hip^ grafting ; and, in fact, every other species of grafting, however varied, and by what- ever name called, is nothing more in reality than the simple principle of cutting oflT a piece of the bark of the stock and a piece of the bark of the graft, tying them together, and ex- cluding the external air from the wound until it heals, when by a natural process the graft will be united to the stock. If trees require to be grafted to a standard height, the operation and the principles are the same, only some graft- ing clay, or a composition of wax, rosin, and tallow, must be used to exclude the external air. As many sorts of compo- sitions have been proscribed, my impression is that nothing more is required than to exclude the air ; whatever answers this purpose best is all that is required. The composition of Forsyth, Tof which so much has been said,) I admit, is very excellent ; the principle article of the composition, viz. cow-dung, was known hundreds of years before Forsyth ^^^ ' APPLES. was born, and applied as a plaster on trees from which large branches had been cut off: it forms by exposure a crust m a day or two ; when this is done it is not liable to be washed away until the wound is healed. Mr. Forsyth's addition of sifted lime rubbish would answer a good pur- pose for hardening it sooner ; the bone-ashes and the rest of the flourish were not amiss : the best part of it, how- ever, was several thousand pounds obtained from the British House of Commons. But to return : after the grafted trees are fit to transplant, which in the first instance will be two years, and in the other, the head may be formed at once, and transplanted in the fall or spring following, where they are to remam for fruiting. — Am. Ed. There are only two kinds of stocks on which it is desira- ble to propagate the apple : the first is that for our most vi-> gorous and hardy sorts for orchard planting, as before de- scribed ; the second for our more tender and delicate des- sert apples, for dwarf trees, and espaliers, for the garden. This last is most generally, in our nurseries, called the Pa- radise stock, although widely different from the Pomme Paradis of the French, a sort not worth growing in this, country.* In the cider counties, the stock is generally trained up standard high, and when grown sufficiently large for the purpose, it is grafted the height at which it is intended the head of the tree should be formed : this is generally from seven to eight feet from the ground. In the nurseries, all the apples intended for standards are grafted about nine inches high only, allowing them to grow up standard high, and forming the head upon the second year's shoot ; but in- stead of grafting them, a much better method is to bud them, as they make much better trees in the same length of time. This latter practice is recommended for standards only, as I have always found grafted plants of apples, and also those of pears, plums, and cherries, far superior for dwarfs to those which have been raised from buds. Transplanting. With regard to pruning, training, and general manage- ment of fruit trees of every description, I wish it to be fully understood, that they cannot be removed from the nursery * See the note on these stocks, p. 342. — ^m. Ed. APPLES. 341 too soon after the wood has become ripe, and the leaves fallen off; for between this time and the winter many of them will make fresh roots, and be prepared to push forth their young shoots with much more vigour in the spring, than those whose transplanting has been deferred till a late period of the season. It should, therefore, be constantly borne in mind, that where the greatest success is desired in forming new plan- tations of trees, whether in the orchard or the garden, such necessary precautions should not be lost sight of, in order to secure it. The first step to be taken, in order to the accompUsh- ment of this object, is an early and effectual preparation of the soil; and the next, an early transplanting of the trees; the rest will depend upon their subsequent management. On this latter subject I shall give a few short, and, I hope, intelligible directions, under the different heads as they oc- cur, in addition to what has been said when treating of their propagation. Open Standards. Such trees as are intended for open standards, should be young, clean, and healthy ; their stems should be straight, and their heads should consist of not less than three, nor more than four branches, equal in strength, and regularly placed : these will be sufficient to form the principal limbs, for the support of the largest heads that can be required. The trees should be staked as soon as planted, in order to keep them upright, and to secure them against violent winds. They should not be headed down the first year, nor will they require to be headed down afterwards, in such trees whose growth is upright ; but such as are of a pendent growth should remain till they are well established in the ground ; and may then be headed down, leaving the branches nine or twelve inches long ; when the young' shoots will assume a more upright direction. At the end of the year these should be thinned out, selecting those which are the best placed and most regular in their growth for forming the future head. After this, nothing more will be necessary than to look them over from time to time, cut- ting out carefully any superabundant branches which may appear, particularly those which have a tendency to injure the proper figure of the head, or are likely to become 29* 342 APPLES. Stronger than the rest : these latter, if suffered to remain, will injure any description of tree, whether it be a standard, or an espalier. Sect. II. — Open Dwarfs for Gardens. Open dwarfs are such as are generally planted on the bor- ders, or in the quarters of the gai'den, and consist of such as nre intended to furnish fruit for the dessert only : those for the kitchen more properly belong to the orchard department. Besides, open dwarfs should consist of those kinds whose wood is short, slender, and easily kept within a moderate compass : this latter object is accompUshed more effectu- ally by grafting them upon the Doiicin stock.* Trees for this purpose should have their branches of an equal strength : those which have been grafted one year, or what are termed by nurserymen maiden plants, are the best ; they should not be cut down when planted, but should stand a year, and then be headed down to the length of four or six inches, ac- cording to their strength ; these will produce three or four shoots from each cut-down branch, which will be sufficient to form a head. At the end of the second year, two or three of the best placed of these from each branch should be selected, and shortened back to nine, twelve, or fifteen inches each, according to their strength, taking care to keep the head perfectly balanced, (if the expression may be allow- ed,) so that one side shall not be higher nor more numerous in its branches than the other, and all must be kept as near as may be at an equal distance from each other. If this re- * The stocks on which Apples should be budded or grafted to form opc7i Dwarfs or Espaliers, arc the two following : 1. The Paradise Apple. This is a very dwarf growing tree. Fruit of 3l me- dium size, round, and flattened at the ends. Eije closed and sunk in an even basin. Stalk slender, sunk in a deep cavity. Skin a light yellow. Flesh soft and tender. Juice sweet, though not in abundance. Ripe about the middle of July. This is the most dwarf Apple known, and the best when very dwarf treea are re- quired. 3. French Paradise, or DorciN. Frm'i small. Ripe in September. A sour useless crab. The tree or shrub grows generally to the height of eight or ten feet, and is much used by the French for Dicarfs and Espaliers. English gardeners prefer tlie former, particularly for small gardens. Propagation. Both of the kinds may be raised by layers, cuttings, or suckers. The two first modes are the best. Good strong layers may be raised fit for graft- ing, the second season. The cuttings ought to be of two years' growth before they will be strong enough for grafting ; care must be taken to keep them perfectly clean, taking away any suckers that may appear ; and this practice must be always at- tended to, or die stocks will be spoiled. •^m. Ed. AFlPLtSi 843 gularity in forming the head be attended to and effected at first, there will be no difficulty in keeping it so afterwards, by observing either to prune to that bud immediately on the inside next to the centre of the tree, or that immediately on the outside. By this means, viewing it from the centre, the branches will be produced in a perpendicular line from the eye ; whereas, if pruned to a bud on the right or left side of the branch, the young shoot will be produced in the same direction : so that if the branches formed round a circle be not thus pruned to the eyes on the right successively, or the left successively, a very material difference will be found, and the regularity of the tree will be destroyed, in one single year's pruning; which may be readily illustrated thus : — Fix on four branches, either in a direct line, or to a circular hoop, at the distance of eight inches from each other : let the first branch on the left be called o, the second 6, the third c, the fourth d ; head down a to the left hand bud ; b to the right ; c to the left ; and d to the right. When these have grown a year, those between b and c will be only six inches apart, while those between o. and b and between c and d will be ten inches : thus the distances now are not as eight to eight, but as six to ten ; which would require two years' pruning in a contrary direction to restore the head to its former regularity : tind it must not be forgotten that this system of pruning will hold good in every other case. What has just been said, has reference only to the leading shoots, which are always produced from the terminal buds when pruned, and which alone form the figure and beauty of the tree. The intermediate space must, of course, be provided for at the same time, having a regard to the num- ber of branches thus employed, that they do not crowd each other. On the contrary, they must be kept thin, and perfect- ly open, so as to admit plenty of sun and air, without which the fruit produced will be small and good for but little : the middle of the tree, indeed, must be kept quite open from the first to the last, taking care that all the surrounding branches lead outwards, and preserving a regular distance from each other. » In pruning the supernumerary shoots, they should be cut down to within an inch of the bottom, which will generally cause the surrounding eyes to form natural blossom spurs ; but where the tree is in a vigorous state of growth, branches will probably be produced instead of spurs ; if so, they must 344 APPLES. all be cut out close, except one, which must be shortened asr before. In all the winter prunings, care must be taken to keep the spurs short and close, none of which should at any time ex- ceed three inches : cutting out clean all the blank spurs, which have produced fruit the previous summer, to the next perfect bud below. Should canker be perceived in any of the branches, or older Hmbs, if of a formidable nature, they should, at this pruning, be cut out to the sound wood, where, in general, nature will have provided some young shoots of more than usual strength, for the purpose of remedying the defect. When canker arises from some accidental cause, such as wounds, it may be overcome by early attention ; but when it arises from a constitutional disease, amputation is the only remedy for the affected part. Should it break out on an ex- tended scale, an efficacious remedy will be sought in vain — the shortest and the least expensive, will be to root up the tree. These appear to me to be all the instructions necessary to be observed in the management of open dwarfs ; they are, at least, such as I have myself pursued for many years ; and I have found ample compensation, not only in abundant crops, but in fine and perfect specim^s of fruit. Sect. III. — Espaliers. Espalier trees are admirably adapted for small gardens, where every yard of room is of consequence ; and in large gardens they are equally valuable with the open dwarf. There are two ways of forming espaliers : the most com- mon is that of training the two sides in the manner of hori- zontal wings : this method always leaves the centre open, from the curvature of the inner branches, which gives the tree an awkward and vacant appearance. The other method is to train a pei*pendicular shoot from the centre, and fur- nish the sides with branches at right angles from Ae main stem : this last appears to me the most simple, and the best ; because it leaves no blank in the tree, and is the most easy to be accomplished. In proceeding to form a tree of this description, select a plant of one year old from the graft, with three even shoots if possible : when planted, place five short stakes in the line APPLES. 345 the espalier is intended to be trained, — one in the centre, and two on each side, — at a foot distance from each other ; training the centre shoot perpendicularly to the centre stake, and the two side shoots horizontally to the four others : these must be kept at their full length till the plant has been established a year. If it then appears to be in a state of vi- gour, cut back the three branches ; the two side ones to six inches, and the centre one to nine or ten. When the young shoots are produced from these, train the extreme or strong- est ones from each of the side branches horizontally. The centre shoot will have produced three shoots at least ; the uppermost of which must be continued perpendicularly, and the two next beneath trained horizontally, one on each side. This will then form the espalier. This process must be con- tinued from year to year till the tree has arrived at its in- tended height, which is generally about five feet. If the centre shoot produces three others annually when cut down to nine inches, it will require seven years to com- plete the seven series of horizontal branches : but some- times it happens that the centre shoot possesses sufficient vigour to produce two series, or five branches, by shorten- ing it to eighteen inches instead of nine ; if so, this advan- tage may be seized. Should the tree, after having been planted a year, not possess sufficient vigour to throw out three shoots from the centre branch, all the three branches must be cut back to two or three eyes, and a single shoot trained from each : the year following proceed as directed at first : this will cause a delay in forming the tree. After this, the horizontal shoots must be trained at length, shortening the supernumerary ones so as to form natural spurs, as directed for the open dwarfs : the spurs, also, must be treated in the same manner. In training the espalier, it will of course have been found necessary, after the second year, to increase the number, as well as the size, of the stakes : they should be clean and straight, regularly, placed, and supplied to the extent re- quired by the tree. BY THE EDITOR. Trees intended for espaliers should be budded, or graft- ed, on stocks that have a tendency to make them dwarf, and 346 APRICOTS. to produce fruit at a much shorter period of time than they would do if worked on the free stock, and are intended for the garden only. Their use is to produce a great variety of fruit on a small compass of ground. The espalier training is calculated, not only to take up little room, but, by their mode of growing, not to shade the ground so as to prevent the growth of vegetables in the other parts of the garden. Espaliers are formed on borders, each side of the princi- pal walks, running through the garden ; these borders are about seven feet wide, a row of posts are sunk in the centre of the border at about six feet apart, set by a line all thiough the border, the tops sawed off even by line. Strips of lath are nailed to the posts, which may be about a foot apart, making seven or eight strips, and forming a trellis, to which the branches are tied, spread out horizontally, and forming a fan-hke appearance. By good management they make a beautiful appearance, and may be kept covered with fruit with proper cultivation. Such kinds of fruit as are of a more tender and delicate nature may be perfected in this way, which often would not bear on the ordinary standard, where they could not have the same protection. CHAPTER II. CULTIVATION OF APRICOTS. Propagation. The Apricot is budded principally upon two sorts of stocks : the Muscle and the Common Plum. The 5reda, Orange, Peach Apricot, Purple, and Royal, are those ge- nerally budded upon the Muscle ; and although the Moor- park is for the most part budded upon the common Plum, on which it takes freely, yet I am persuaded that if it were budded upon the Muscle, the trees would be better, last longer in a state of health and vigour, and produce their fruit superior both in size and quality. CHERRIES. 347 BY THE EDITOR. Apricots are often budded in this country on peach stocks ; on which they take well, and grow freely ; but they will not hold their fruit as well, nor will they be as hardy, and long- lived as those budded on good Plum stocks : a tree worked on a good Plum stock is worth six on a peach stock. For pruning, training, and management, of open dwarfs stand- ards, or espaliers, see the directions for Peaches ; cis Apri- cots, Peaches, Nectarines, and Almonds, produce their fruit on the shoots of the former season's growth, their man- agement in pruning and training will be similar. CHAPTER III. CULTIVATION OF CHERRIES. Propagation. Cherries are propagated by budding and grafting upon the small Black Cherry stock. Those intended for standards are always worked standard high. In the nursery it ought not to be attempted to work dwarfs among standards, except on those stocks which have not grown up sufficiently high for the purpose of standards, as they never make good plants when overgrown by the upper crop. Dwarfs are at all times the best when grown by themselves ; and if good bedded stocks have been quar- tered out, they will generally be fit to graft v/hen they have been planted a year. As I have observed before, when speaking of apples, bud- ding is not to be recommended for dwarfs, as they never make such good plants as those v/hich have been grafted.. In order, therefore, to preserve a uniformity in a quarter of cherries, and to grow theTii with the least possible waste, it is necessary the stocks should be assorted previously to their being planted out, selecting the handsomest and best, 348 CfiERRIES. and as nearly of a size as possible for standards ; the smaller and less handsome ones may follow in the quarter to be em- ployed for dwarfs. By pursuing this method the crop of both standards and dwarfs will be regular, and much better than when the weak plants have to contend with the strong, and the least waste will in all cases be occasioned. Pruning end Training. Standard cherries for the orchard require the same man- agement, generally, as standard apples, and the same me- thod may be pursued as directed under that head ; but as the former of these are more generally raised from buds than from grafts, they will at first require a different treatment, namely, that of heading them down the first year. On this account they ought never to be planted later than the end of October, or the middle of November : this early planting will enable the trees to make fresh roots previously to the spring, when, in April, as soon as the buds begin to break out, they should be headed down to within three or four inches of the place where they had been budded. If the trees be good, there will be a sufficient number of eyes to j)roduce as many shoots as will be required to furnish the head : should more than four be produced, they should be reduced to this number, of such as are the best placed. These must be allowed to extend at length without being shortened, nothing further being required than to cut out su- perfluous shoots, so as to keep the head uniform and hand- some. If the heads of young trees be carefully attended to the first three or four years, they will rarely get into confu- sion afterv/ards ; they must, nevertheless, be looked over frequently, as shoots are occasionally produced, through a local injury of the branch, which may require to be re- moved. ESPALIER CHERRIES. Espalier cherries, and those trained against the wall, re- quire precisely the same management, both as to pruning and training. For this purpose, trees which have been graft- ed are always to be preferred to those which have been raised from buds : they must be cut back at the com- mencement, as directed for Apricots ; but the branches, except in Morellos, must be trained horizontally instead of CHERRIES. 349 obliquely, and always continued at their full length. In Dukes and Hearts the branches should be eight or nine inches apart, beginning at the bottom of the tree, and continuing each additional shoot in a parallel direction, till the number of series the wall will permit be completed. This mode of training will give a curved direction, more or less, after the first two or three on each side have been formed, to every additional shoot before it gains its horizon- tal direction ; in consequence of which, lateral shoots must be secured from the last series in their ascent, in order to fill up the middle of the tree. After this there will be nothing further required than to cut off all additional shoots as they are produced, to within half an inch from whence they sprang : the month of May will be soon enough for the first pruning, and July for the second ; after which there will seldom be any more produ- ced in that year. As the trees acquire age, the spurs will advance in length ; but these must be kept within due bounds by cutting them out v/henever they exceed three or four inches : by this means full-sized and perfect specimens of fruit will always be obtained. Mordlo Cherries require a difierent mode of treatment : they are best trained obliquely, in the fan manner : their fruit is produced from the last year's shoots, and upon spurs from the older branches ; but the younger those spurs, the finer the fruit ; so that all spurs above two years old ought to be removed. The Morello Cherry produces a greater number of shoots than any other variety under similar treatment. This in- duces many gardeners to crowd their trees with double, and sometimes triple, the number of branches which they ought to have, to the great injury of the fruit, without adding in the least either to the bulk or weight of the crop. In assigning some limit to this practice, I would recom- mend, that none of the branches should be trained nearer to each other than three inches, and from that to four and five, continuing the out-leaders at full length, as also those which follow at different distances ; insuring at intervals in every part of the tree a supply of young wood to succeed the extreme leaders. When the trees have attained their full size, these leaders should be cut out annually, in the ^vinter pruning, in order to make room for the next succeed- ing branches. By this means the tree will alway be[ kept 30 350 within its proper limits, and possess strength and vigour to support and mature a heavy and abundant crop. Other par- ticulars will be found where the Morello Cherry is descri- bed. See page lOl."^ CHAPTER IV. CULTIVATION OF FIGS. Propagation. Figs are propagated by cuttings, and by layers : the lat- ter method is the best, as plants at the end of a year are fit to take up from the stools, and to plant out where they are intended to remain. Cuttings taken from plants where layers cannot be ad- mitted, may be planted singly in pots, and placed under a frame, in a gentle heat, in March, and they will make good plants at the end of the year. PRUNING AND TRAINING. . There is no description of fruit tree more easy to manage in its formation than the Fig : it produces shoots in abun- dance, and they grow readily and luxuriantly in every direc- tion. This being the case, it is not very material whether the plant be particularly handsome when it is first planted out, provided it be clean, strong, and well rooted. Should there be any suckers rising up from the root, as there generally will be when the plants have been raised from suckers, they must be carefully removed, cutting them clean off at th© place where they are produced. If the plant be put out in the autumn, it must be protected by some light dry covering, to prevent its head being injured by frost ; and it must also be well mulched to secure its roots. It is, however, sufficiently early to plant the Fig in * Morello Cherries are often trained on the north side of the wall or fence, in or- der to have the fruit rery late. jlm. Ed. FIGS. 351 March ; and the latter end of April it may be trained to the wall, if the head be large enough and sufficiently handsome : if not, it should be headed down withhi nine inches of the ground, in order to its forming a new head. Should the plant be strong, it will, after this, throw up six or eight shoots : these must be trained obliquely, at regular distances, from one side to the other, and continued till the autumn. Previously to the frost setting in, the top must again be pro- tected, and the ground mulched as before. BY THE EDITOR. Cultivation of Figs in the Southern States. In the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida, Figs may be ob- tained in the greatest perfection, and of the best quality ; and I would particularly direct the attention of the new emi- grants to the fine climate of Florida to that of procuring the whole collection of Figs. They can be raised as common standard trees, and all the care necessary would be, to keep the trp.p.s thinnprl ont and trimmed to a handsome head. Quantities of dried figs are imported here every year, when all the northern and eastern markets might be supplied from Florida, v/ith little more trouble than picking, drying, and packing them up. They v.^iil, with attention, no doubt, soon prove an article of commerce in Florida. Cultivation oj Figs in the JYorthern and Eastern States, In all parts of the United States, the summers are suffi- cient to bring the fruit to maturity, but our winters are too severe for them, they must be protected ; and as they pro- duce fruit entirely on the shoots of the last season, if severe frosts cut them down, of course no fruit can be expected. If the trees are formed in Espalier^ against a warm fence, they may be protected with mats and straw, covering them pretty thick during the winter. This, however, is rather a trouble- some method, and not always attended with success. To have figs in perfection, the best plan would be to make a sunken pit, about six feet wide ; the ground being dug out to the depth of four feet, the back wall may be made either of stone or brick, raised about seven feet high ; the front wall about four feet, or just above the surface, with rafters to 352 GOOSEBERRIES. slope from the back to the front wall, and sashes or boards to be laid.on in the winter, and taken away in the spring. In such a pit as this. Figs may be raised in the greatest perfection. Here also maybe kept Oranges, Lemons, &c., without any artificial heat, and with little trouble, except that of training and priming the trees, and manuring the bor- der>very spring. A high, dry situation, open to the south, would be the most ehgible. CHAPTER V CULTIVATION OF GOOSEBERRIES. Propagation. Gooseberries are propagated by cuttings ; but where strong cuttings cannot be obtained, shorter ones of six inches in length will be sufficient, planting thein so that the two up- per eyes only are above the surface of the bed : these will generally produce two shoots each, the strongest of which, at the end of the year, may be selected to form the stem of the plant, and shortened to the desired height. If one or two small cuttings only can be obtained from a plant for pro- pagation, short lengths of three inches each, including the extremity, may be planted with success, under a hand-glass, leaving only one eye above the surface ; or, which is better, level with the surface : the month of October is the best time for this purpose. In order to have fine, well-flavoured fruit, the bushes must be planted in a good soil and a favourable situation, kept in a state of vigour, and thin of wood by annual prunings, so as to admit plenty of sun, and a free circulation of air. The largest berries are grown on vigorous young bushes, which have not more than five or six branches, and allowing only two or three berries to grow on each, or indeed only one berry on each : the latter are invariably those which have carried off" the best prize. In dry hot weather, the plants must be supplied with water, and the fruit shaded from the sun for a few hours in the middle of the day. GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS. 353 Cultivation of Gooseberries and Currants. Gooseberries and Currants, when planted in the open quarters of a garden, require similar treatment ; therefore such directions as are given for one may be strictly applied to the other, with but a very trifling deviation. In the quarters where the young bushes have established themselves, and made some vigorous shoots, the best placed of those should be selected to form the head : four shoots will be sufficient to begin with; these should be pruned back to six or nine inches, according to their strength and line of direction, from each of which three or four may be expected for another year. When these are pruned at the end of the second year, two of the best placed shoots from each must be selected, and pruned back to six or nine inches as before, cutting the others out close to the mother branch, thereby preventing the production of an unnecessary and useless number of shoots. In the third winter, according to this method, each young bush v/ill have eight shoots when pruned, which will be suf- ficient to form the principal limbs of the full grown head. In the fourth winter's pruning, the strongest and best placed shoot only should be retained from each branch, and that one pointing the most directly outwards, shortening it to six or nine inches as before, and cutting off close all the rest : this will give much more room to the branches, and produce a more open and handsome head, than if two shoots had been retained to each branch as before. In the fifth pruning, should the head require a greater sup- ' ply of branches, two shoots may be left, in the same man- ner as in the second and third year ; and this practice may be continued, leaving either one or two shoots to each branch, as occasion may require, so long as the bush stands. It must, however, be observed, that the older the bushes are, the smaller will be their leading shoots : these, of course, must be shortened in proportion accordingly ; so that a bush of fifteen or twenty years' standing will rarely require its extreme shoot to be left more than six inches in length. Currants, when planted as open bushes, require a man- agement but Uttle differing from that of the gooseberry : this consists, chiefly, in leaving their shoots at a greater length in the annual prunings. In the dessert, the largest 30* 354 GRAPES. bunches have always the best appearance, and it rarely hap- pens that they are not the best. To obtain these, the bushes inust be kept very thin of wood, clearing away all young shoots from the middle, as they are produced, and tlunning out the spurs, leaving those only which are young, and at a few inches distance from each other. The large white crystal Currant, thus managed, will sometimes produce bunches containing from twenty- five to thirty berries each. When a plant has been completed in this way, it may be kept in full bearing for several years, from its spurs alone, the best of which, it must be remembered, furnish the finest fruit. CHAPTER VI. CULTIVATION OF GRAPES. Propagation, BY LAYERS. Vines are propagated by laying them down in pots ; by cuttings ; and by buds, or single eyes. The first method is the most expeditious, and the one most generally adopted in the nurseries : and where the shoots can be planted out against a south wall, in order to the better ripening of the wood, especially of those sorts which are tender, it is pre- ferable to the others, because it furnishes fine strong plants at the end of the first year. There are several ways of lay- ing down the vine : the one I have practised, and which has always produced as good plants as I could desire, is to com- mence the operation as soon as the leaves have fallen off the vines. For the strong grovving sorts, pots of Cast six- teen may be used ;* and for the weaker growers those of twenty-four. Having prepared some good mould, cover the hole at the bottom with a large piece of potsherd, and fill *Pots about 6 inches wide, by Cinches deep, inside measure. — Ed. GRAPES. 365 it three parts full : sink it about two inches below the sur- face of the soil, at two or three feet distance from the stole, according to the strength and length of the layer. Pre- viously to its being laid down, take the shoot firmly in one or both hands, near the bottom ; and give it a t\\dst, half or three-quarters round, till you find it give way by splitting longitudinally along the pith. This will not pass further upwards than the lower hand, and it is not intended it should extend more than a foot or eighteen inches from the stole ; the pui-pose of which is, to cause the layer to bend nearly flat at the neck next the plant, and to check the too great influx of sap from the stole to the layer when it begins to grow. The shoot must now be bent carefully, and placed in the pot, so that two or three joints remain within it, keep- ing the top as nearly perpendicular as you can ; cover it up with the prepared mould, and press it firmly, to keep the layer from springing out of the pot. It must now be short- ened, leaving two eyes only above the surface, and covered up with the mould round the stole to the depth of the two inches mentioned before : in like manner proceed till all the layers are put down. In the spring, when they have grown nine or twelve inches, they should be staked, tying the two shoots of each layer to the stake, cutting off all the other shoots which are produced upon the ben5er between the stole and the pot. When the shoots have attained the height of two or three feet, the up- permost shoot must be cut off, leaving the lower one only, training it up from time to time till it reaches the top of the stake, which need not be more than six feet at the most, when it must be stopped : all the tendrils, as they are pro- duced, should be cut off close ; and when lateral shoots are produced, they must be shortened, leaving only one eye to each. When the main shoot has been shortened some time, it will cause two or three of the uppermost eyes to push out into shoots : these must be shortened to two eyes each, which, from the vigour of the plant, will, probably, push these lateral eyes into shoots like the former ; but this will be the means of preserving all the lower eyes, which would otherwise have been converted into branches. When the plants have nearly finished their summer's growth, the mid- dle or towards the end of September, all the laterals which had before been shortened only, should be cut off close to the stem, which will not only give strength to the buds, but admit the sun so as to ripen the wood more perfectly. Wh^n 356 GRAPES. the growth is complete, those eyes which had been converted into branches at the extremity, being useless, may now be dispensed with, and the stem may be headed down to the first sound bud, and the plant will be complete. By Cuttings. In raising vines from cuttings, those which are furnished with two eyes each will be sufficiently long for the purpose ; the lower part should be transversely cut close to the bud. They should be planted singly in small pots, filled with good mould, leaving the upper eye rather below the surface than above it. The pots should be placed either in the stove or in a hotbed, early in February, allowing the plants room as they advance in height, and shifting them into larger-sized pots when they have filled the first with roots. By Single Eyes. Vines raised from single eyes require the same manage- ment as those from cuttings, beginning only with a smaller- sized pot, and removing them into others as they acquire strength and require room. Pruning and Training. Several methods have been recommended by authors for the pruning and management of vines, each of which is sup- posed to possess some particular merit ; and as the ulti- mate object, in all cases, must be supposed to be that of a large crop of good fruit, it is material to consider how and by v/hat means this is to be obtained, and also what descrip- tion of crop when it is obtained, whether that of a large number of bunches, or a number of large bunches, the weight of the whole being the same. I have myself ever been an advocate for large fruit, or the largest size to which any particular fruit usually attains, be- ing fully satisfied that the value of fruit is more to be esti- mated by its individual bulk or weight, than by the number of its individuals composing that weight. GBAPES. 357 VINERY. The attainment then, of fine grapes can only be accom- plished by having the vine in a vigorous and flourishing state. In the vinery, and as soon as the vines are planted out, one good shoot must be trained to each rafter, or other place intended for its support ; and at the end of the year, or as soon as the leaves are fallen off, it should be cut down to the bottom of the rafter. In the spring the two uppermost shoots must be trained at length, cutting off any other which may be produced from the lower eyes. When these two shoots have cast their leaves in the au- tumn, one of them should be cut down to two eyes, leaving the other shoot to ten, twelve, or fifteen eyes according to its strength. This, according to Mr. Speechley's method, is the com- mencement of an alternate system of fruiting one shoot this year, to be cut down for the purpose of furnishing a supply for the next. If the number of eyes left upon the long shoot be not too great, th^y will all push and show fruit, one or two bunches from each eye ; which, for the first crop, had better perhaps be reduced to one, and this at the time after the berries are set, as it will then be seen which is likely to form the best bimch, leaving that, and rutting the other away, stopping the shoot at the same time two joints above the fruit. The uppermost eye will push again, which must be treated as described before for laterals. When the berries are as large as small peas, they must be thinned out by the scissors : this operation must be re- peated as they advance in size, taking care to cut out the in- terior ones, and leaving the outermost. This practice will, in all cases, give the greatest dimensions of which the bunch is capable. When the bunch is a shouldered one, the shoul- ders should be expanded and supported by strings, and when finally thinned out, the berries should be kept at such a dis- tance as not only not to touch each other, but to have some considerable space between them. By this means the ber- ries will not only acquire the greatest possible size, but the highest degree of both colour and flavour: besides this, any bunch of grapes, deprived of one third of its original number of berries, by judicious and timely thinning, will weigh fully as much when matured, if not much more, than 358 GRAPES. it would have done had it been left in a state of nature, to say nothing of its vastly superior quality ; the interior and exterior berries possessing an equal degree of both colour and flavour. The fellow shoot, wliich had been cut down to two eyes, will have sent forth two shoots, which must be treated in the same manner as directed for the first two in the preceding summer. In the autumn pruning, when the leaves are fallen, the shoot which produced the fruit must be cut out, leaving the two young shoots only, which are to be treated precisely as those had been before, except leaving the long shoot with a few more eyes, in consequence of the increased strength of the plant ; and allowing, perhaps, two bunches to remain from each eye, instead of-reducing them to one. This mode of pruning and training is applicable principal- ly to those houses where the rafters only are to be occupied by the vine, or where other crops are cultivated in the body of the house ; but when it is intended to occupy the whole roof, this system may still be adopted, by extending the vine on each side of the rafter, till it meets that from the adjoin- ing one ; or the vine may be divided .at the bottom of the rafter, on its first training, and formprl with iwn principals on each side, making four principals to each vine. If, how- ever, the. vines should consist of the larger-fruited class, such as Muscat of Alexandria, Black Hamburgh, or Syrian, &c., one principal on thp. rafto.r, and onF> on each side will be much better than more. It may likewise be necessary to extend this system still further, where the house is large, and has a great length of rafter, which may be done by form- ing a second series one half the way up the rafter ; by this means a crop will be obtained under the upper as well as the lower part of the roof. Vines against the open ivall, or trellis. In the management of Vines against the common wall, where it is intended to be wholly occupied for grapes, I should recommend a somewhat similar method of pruning and training to be adopted as that under glass ; with this dif- ference, that instead of cutting down alternately for two shoots, one only will be required. The vines should be planted at six feet apart, and sup- posing the young plant to have one good and vigorous shoot, it must be cut down to three or four eyes. As soon as the GRAPES. 359 young shoots are long enough to nail to the wall, two of the best must be selected, and trained horizontally within nine inches of the ground : when each shoot has extended two feet and a half from the stem, it must be trained in a pei-pen- dicular direction for two or three feet according to its strength, when it must be stopped, and such lateral shoots as may be produced after that time, must be treated as di- rected before. In the autumn, when the leaves are fallen, each shoot should be pinned back to the horizontal hne where it had turned upwards, thus leaving a foot between the extremities of each vine. As soon as the young shoots are long enough, three must be selected from each shoot at a foot distance from each other : one at the extremity, another a foot from that, and a third within six inches of the stem where it had been first headed down ; these must be trained perpendicularly, and if each plant has furnished its six shoots, they will be a foot from each other the whole length of the wall. When they have attained a height of four feet they must be stopped, and not suffered to extend further that season. This mode of arrangement is by far the most perfect of any that I have seen ; and when the vines have extended some way up the wall, they will make a very neat and uni- form appearance, nor will they be less so at any future period. If the vines should be weak when first planted out, it will be better to cut them down to two eyes, and select the best shoot from each, which should be trained perpendicularly the first year : during this time the plants will have got firm hold of the soil, and may be pi'oceeded with as directed be- fore. In the next autumn pruning, every alternate shoot must be cut down to two eyes, and the others left two or three feet, according to their strength, for fruit. Should these produce more than half a dozen bunches each, it would bo better to reduce them to this number, as eighteen bunches will be as many as any one of the plants, at this age, ought to be allowed to bear. The intermediate shoots which had been cut down to two eyes, will produce two shoots, the best of which only must remain, and be trained upright for fruit the following year, when it may be left five or six feet, and those which produced fruit cut down to two eyes, the 360 GRAPES. same as before ; thus having, every aUernate year, wood and fruit from the same part of the horizontal hmb. BY THE EDITOR. In the former part of this work, (page 155,) I have stated some of the difficuhies attending the cultivation of Euro- pean Grapes. In the cities of New-York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the White Sweet Water, White Muscadine, Black Hamburgh, Black Prince, and most of the finer sorts of European Grapca thrive well, and bear fruit with but common care ; but generally, all through the country, the safest method seems to be, to prune the vines in Novem- ber, bringing down the branches, and covering, them with mould to keep them during winter. In the spring of the year they are brought up again, and tied to the trellis, or nailed to the wall, at the same time digging in some good rotten manure. The American Grapes do not require this protection. A SELECTION OF GRAPES FOR A VINERY. 1. Alicant. 29. Poonah. 2. Black Corinth. 30. Purple Frontignan. 45. Genuine Tokay. 33. Red Frontignan. 47. Malmsey Muscadine. 36. Red Muscadel. 3. Black Damascus. 37. Red Muscat of Alex- 4. Black Frontignan. andria. 10. Black Muscadel. 49. Royal Muscadine. 11. Black Muscadine. 50. Syrian. 13. Black Raisin. ^1. Verdelho. 18. Frankenthal. 53. White Corinth. 19. Large Black Cluster. 64. White Frontignan. 21. Saint Peters. 55. W^hite Hamburgh. 26. Grizzly Frontignan. 59. White Muscat of Alex- 28. Lombardy. andria. A SELECTION OF GRAPES FOR AN OPEN TRELLIS. [^Those marked * are American Grapes.~\ 6. Black Hamburgh. 14. Black Sweet Waaler. 9. Black Morillon. 16. Early Black July. 12. Black Prince. 17. Esperione. MULBERRIES. 361 -22. The Miller Burgundy. 23. Cambridge Botanic Gar- den Grape, [ble. 26. Langford's Incompara- 31. Raisin des Carmes. *Clifton's. *Elkton. 35. Red Hamburgh. 43. Ciotat. 58. White Muscadine. 48. Pitmaston White Clus- ter. 61. White Sweet Water. 62. Aleppo. ^Isabella. *Scuppernon. *SchuylkilI Muscadel. *Bland's Grape. *Luffborough. ^Gilbert's White Shongo. CHAPTER VII CULTIVATION OF MULBERRIES. BY THE EDITOR. Propagation. At page 156 directions are given for propagating the Black Mulberry from layers ; any of the kinds may bo propagated in the same way ; but as the White JMulberry, the Chinese Mulberry^ and other kinds may be required to be raised in large quantities for silk-worm feeding, seeds may be procured of the common White Mulberry, and sowed in very shallow drills, on a good piece of well-prepared land, and raised by thousands. The next sea- son, these may be transplanted out in nursery rows as di- rected for apples ; and when of a proper size they may be grafted, or budded, with the varieties required. By this mode, acres of them may be obtained in a short time ; they take by budding as freely as the peach, and this is proba- bly the most expeditious way of getting a large stock oftheni at once. 31 262 OLIVES. C H A P T E R V 1 11 . CULTIVATION OF OLIVESi BY THE EDITOR* The Olive tree, as far as we are concerned in the northern antl eastern states, cannot be considered as an orchard irne, nor in any other respect than a green-house shrub, which is foreign to our subject. But in the hope of exci- ting attention in our fellow citizens in the southern states, I shall offer some remarks, which I hope may be use- ful to thsm, more particularly to the cultivators of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. I shall not enumerate all the varieties of the Olive, taking it for granted that the best kinds only will be selected from the countries which produc© ihe best oil. Propagation, The Olive may be increased, First, By seeds. Let the Olives, when fully ripe, be separated from the pulp and well washed ; then dried a f^w days in the sun ; when they arc perfectly dry, let them be pitted as follov/s : Dig a hole about a foot deep, and of a size according to the quantity of stones ; then proceed to put in a layer of stones and a layer of sand until the hole is nearly filled up ; then lay on sand or mould enough to raise the mound five or six inches above the surface : here they may remain until the follow- ing spring, when they will have cracked the stones, and are just beginning to sprout, will be the proper time to sow them ; and as probably many of them v/ill not be sprouted ; let those be gently cracked with a hammer, being careful not to iiijure the germ ; let them be sown in drills much in the sn:n3 mannsr that peas are sown, and afterwards managed in the same way as directed for apple stocks, which see. Seroiidhi. By grafting. The same process as directed for 5^;rafling apples may be observed with Olives. Thirdly. They may be increased by laying. Fourthly. They may t;o increased by cuttings, either from the young wood, with a sm;ill bit of the old v/ood, or from trunchings, or small knotty five or six year old branches, cut about three feet long. The firrk method is the best to raise them on a large sc.t'e, the most simple, systematic, and expeditious. j'ula word or two to the cultivators of South Carolina, PEACHES. 363 Georgia, and more particularly to the new settlers of Flo- rida. Do you know that you have a JYaiive Olive, grow- ing in sandy boggy places all along your sea coast ; and that you can engraft all the European Olives on this said native Olea Americana ? And if you sow the berries of your own native Olive, and proceed as recommended above, I see nothing to hinder you from raising sweet oil enough to sup- ply all the Northern and Eastern States. When you have plenty of stocks fit for grafting, the Chinese Sweet Olive {Olea Fro grans) may be grafted also. The flowers of this species are used by the Chinese to scent their finest teas, in conjunction with the Camellia Oleifera, which at some other time I may say something about, as well as the Thea, (Tea Tree,) Coffee Tree, &c. CHAPTER IX. CULTIVATION OF PEACHES AND NECTARINES, With Observations on the Cause of their Decay in certain Sections of the United States. BY THE EDITOR. Although our Author's directions for the general manage- ment and cultivation of fruit trees are excellent, being found- ed on experience, yet u will be recollected that the directions are given for the climate of England. It is true, that some of his general remarks will suit every climate ; but there are others that will not suit this country : I have, therefore, made such alterations and notes as in my judgment were best calculated for that purpose. But in the management of Peach Trees I deemed it the most proper course to reject the whole of his directions, and give such others as an ex- perience of thirty years as a Nurseryman in Nev/-York might enable me to submit to the consideration of the pub- lic. About twenty or twenty-five years ago, Peaches were raised here in the greatest abundance, and with only a mo- fderate share of attention, in great perfection. That time, however, has gone by, and whether we are to attribute tha 564 PEACHES. failure of Peach Trees in the Northern States to a change which has taken place in the climate since that period, or to the worms which attack their roots — to both these causes, or to any others, cannot be, perhaps, satisfactorily ascer- tained. I shall endeavour, however, to give such directions to the industrious cultivator as in my opinion will insure good and regular crops of fruit, and in the greatest state of perfection ; but they are intended only for the industrious cultivator. He that will plant Peach Trees in a slovenly manner, and expect to do nothing more, may as well make up his mind to do without fruit, or to be satisfied with any inferior fruit that nature may chance to give him. PROPAGATION OF PEACHES. In this country they are generally budded on peach stocks. Their growth is very rapid, and they will form a tree large enough to transplant from the nursery, the first and second seasons after budding. The rapidity of the growth of Peaches and Nectarines here, is so great as frequently to excite the astonishment of English gardeners ; but notwith- standing the rapid growth of our Peaches, and their coming to maturity so early, with but little care and trouble on the peach stock, it must at the same time be admitted they too often come to decay with almost the same celerity. A ques- tion here v/ill naturally arise on this subject, what can be done to remedy this ? I answer, first, I think the peach stock is defective ; it is not sufficiently strong and lasting to make a permanent tree, the roots are soft and delicate, very liable to rot in cold heavy ground, particularly if siiffered to stand in a sod, or where the ground is not kept clean, dry, and manured every season : secondly, supposing that the trees are planted in a warm, dry, free soil, (which is the proper soil for the Peach,) they are liable to the attacks of the worm, which eats into their roots, and barks the trees all round, until they completely destroy them. No better method of destroying these worms has as yet been discover- ed than simply digging round the trees, and examining the places, and where gum is seen oozing out, there the worm may generally be found, and destroyed. I think an effectual remedy against this intruder may be found by budding Peaches and Nectarines on the common bitter Almond Stock. The worm does not hke this stock. Peaches will take on it, and grow nearly as free as en the PEACHES. '^^^ common peach stock. Tliirdlij. The Peach stock causes the Peaches and Nectarines to grow too rapidly, making very strong shoots, these producing secondary or lateral shoots; and the fruit of the following summer is produced on the tops of these lateral shoots, instead of being pro- duced on the principal or first shoots : this causes naked wood at bottom, and a straggling unsightly tree, whose branches being heavy at top with the fruit, are broken down by high winds. Fourthlij . In addition to all this, the trees of late years are subject to what has been deemed a disease called the ijellows, from the circumstance of the trees having a yellow sickly appearance ; much cu- rious philosophy has been spent on this subject without ar- riving at any satisfactory conclusion. I shall hazard an opinion on the nature of this supposed disease, after stating some observations I made on my young Peach Trees last spring [1832] and the following summer. It will be recollected that the fall of 1831 was remark- ably mild, and vegetation was prolonged to near the middle of November ; at the end of that month and in the begin- ning of December the cold weather set in very suddenly, the thermometer gradually sinking until it fell below zero in New- York, and to the north and east of us some eight or ten degrees lower. To this sudden change of weather I at- tribute the cause of so many young trees (and many old trees too) being killed to the north and east of New- York, particularly young Pears and Cherries. I lost a few Cherry and Pear trees in places where they were most exposed. The Peach trees in similar situations were not killed, but many of them were injured, although it did not prevent them from putting out their leaves, blossoming and bear- ing fruit in the summer ; the leaves growing v»eakly, and of a yellowish sickly appearance. In the spring, al- though to all outward appearance the tree had sustained no injury ; yet in cutting the shoots a blackness appeared in the heart or medulla of the shoot : in some quite black, others had black dots round, and in the pith. ' Some of these trees I cut down to the budded part, and discovered that the same blackness of medulla appeared in the main stem as were in the smaller branches ; others that showed this character I left standing : these put out their leaves, and ripened their fruit prematurely, .without having any thing of the true flavour; and what is remarkable, every diseased tree, of whatever kind, seemed to bear the same red, and red speckled, tasteless and insipid peach : some of them coming to maturity a month too soon. I have no doubt but 3i* 366 PEACHES. tiiese trees had the yellows, as it is called ; neither have I any doubt concerning the cause of it ; as all the trees thus iiijured were perfectly sound and healthy the summer pre- vious, and those trees only that were thus exposed in a cer- tain direction were thus injured. I am also satisfied that every tree thus injured may be known in the spring by pruning the young shoots ; if they are black in the pith, or dotted with Ijlack, they are injured beyond recovery although the trees may not finally die for a twelve mcnth afterwards. If my conclusions be correct, they will perhaps explain the phenomena, and lead to a different mode of treatment, I should say then, that in all situations, particularly in the northern and eastern states, and v/here the foregoing symp- toms have prevailed, abandon the Peach stock. I have be- fore noticed the Bitter Almond, which certainly is the best etock for the southern states ; the worms, at least, will not remain in it ; but as this stock grows as free, and continues growing nearly as late as the Peach stock, the same effects from the extreme cold, will be nearly the same on the Almond stock. ThePLUM stock is undoubtedly the best for Peaches and Nectarines, in the Northern and Eastern States, but es- pecially for open dwarfs, or espaliers, for which I give the fol- lowing reasons : first, the Plum stock prevents the too rapid growth of the shoots, and causes the principals to bear the fruit the following season, instead of producing lateral shoots the same season, and causing the tree to be more dwarf, the branches strong and fruitful to the bottom of the shoot, thereby having more fruit in a smaller compass : seconclly, it makes harder and less pithy wood, and enables it the better to withstand severe cold ; and this may be easily proved by cutting the branches of each : the shoot on the Plum stock v/ill be twice as hard and firm as the one on the Peach stock; but, thirdly, and the most important reason is, that tho Plum stock ceases to send up its sap earlier in the fall, causing the Peach to perfect its wood before the cold wea- ther sets in. \Yith these remarks I shall proceed to notice their culti- vation on Plum stocks. The Muscle Plum stock is most commonly used by Eu- ropean Gardeners and Nurserymen, as being the most firm and lasting. In the south of France, the Almond Stock is used. I have before observed on my remarks descriptive of Plums, [part 1st, p. 303] that good stocks may be raised from th3 common Horse Plum, and that it is m fact very liko PEACHES* 367 the Muscle stock ; the stocks raised from the common plums will also answer very well; however, the stocks must be seed- lings, and if they are young, thrifty, and about the size of the little finger, they will be in good order for budding. They ought to be budded low, say nine inches or a foot from the ground, and about the middle or latter end of July, will be the right time for the operation ; in the southern states a month or six weeks later ; after they have been budded about two weeks, the ligature may be removed or slackened off those that have taken ; the stock must be headed down to the bud in the spring following. The next autumn or following spring they Vv'ill be fit for transplanting, if intended for dwarfs, or as espaliers ; if wanted for standards, they may remain another summer in the nursery, and the only pruning required will be to take off the side shoots close to the stem to the height required to form the head, leaving four shoots at top for that purpose. STANDARDS. Either in the fall, or as soon as the trees have finished their growth, or as early in the spring as the season will ad- mit, the trees should be taken from the nursery, with good roots, let them be planted out, digging the hole large, and breaking the earth with the back of the spade ; and when the tree is well set down with the foot, a good stake let down to tie the tree and keep it steady v/ill be very beneficial to its rooting and free growth ; the shoots forming the head may then be shortened, to three or four eyes ; the ground should be kept cultivated round the roots, suffering no weeds nor grass to grow near them. Every fall some good rotten ma- nure should be . put round the roots, which should be dug down in the spring. PRUNING. In the months of February and March, the trees should be pruned ; the branches should be thinned out where they Ptand too near each other ; and, as all the young wood of the former season's grovv'th is this season to produce fruit, the strong shoots should be shortened about one third, always cutting to a triple bud ; this will cause the lower eyes to fihoot and bear fruit, the small and weak shoots either cut 368 PEACHES. away entirely, or shorten down to the lower eye to produce a shoot for the next year's bearing, always keeping the head open, and handsomely formed. In this way the trees may be kept always in a bearing state, the whole business may be performed (when the trees are in good order) in a short time, and the pruning may be done before the general hurry of the spring comes on. And here I would observe, that all the work of pruning, training, bringing in manure, and other preparatory work ought to be attended to early, so that when the month of April arrives the cropping of th© ground may be attended to without interruption. ESPALIERS. Maiden, or one year's growth from the bud, as before stated, worked on thrifty Plum stocks, should be selected from the nursery, the espalier being formed as stated for Ap- ples along the borders ; the trees when planted should be headed down to about six inches from the bud. Three shoots only should be suffered to grow the first season, one to the left, one to the right, and one in the centre ; the next season, if the growth has been rapid, they will have produced a num- ber of lateral shoots, which must be thinned out, and tied in to the trellis, cutting the weak shoots down to the lower eye to make bearing shoots for another season, in the same manner as directed for standards ; afterwards a little judgment and taste are required, in order to make a handsome fan-like ap- pearance, taking care to have a moderate and regular sup- ply of young shoots, and shortening them, in order to keep the lower and middle part of the tree full of fruit, the distance from tree to tree may be about eight or ten feet; if gum should appear about the roots, or in'the branches, it ought to be pared away and examined, to see that no worms are there, paring away to the fresh wood, and afterward fill- ing up the wound vvith the Forsyth composition, or if that is not at hand, a little fresh cow dung will answer the purpose. It is natural to suppose, that the Peach would overgrow the Plum stock, as Plums do not grow so fast as peaches ; but it is not the case, if the stocks are young and thrifty, the Peach will cause the Plum stock to grow and keep pace with it. Stocks that are large and stunted will not answer the purpose ; the Peach, in that case, will overgrow it, and make it appear very unsightly. NECTARINES. 369 TRAINING AGAINST WALLS OR FENCES. Peaches against walls or fences must be managed in the same way as directed for espaliers ; instead, however, of tying in the shoots to the trellis, these are to be fastened with nails and pieces of cloth or shreds. Some of our very fine late varieties may be trained on a south aspect, and any of the kinds may be trained against east or west walls. Al- though a trellis set about three feet from the wall, or fence, would probably, in our climate, answer a better purpose, as then a free current of air would circulate behind thenir NECTARINES. The Nectarine differs from the Peach only in having a smooth skin ; and even this difference is not permanent, the same tree having in some instances borne both downy and smooth-skinned fruit ; in other words. Peaches and Necta- rines. There are also several well-attested instances of the same fruit partaking the nature of both Peach and Necta- rine — the one half being completely smooth, the other downy. The proper management of the Nectarine differs in no respect from that of the Peach, and the remarks and observations made above apply equally to the Nectarine. But we may observe, that the Nectarine is subject to the at- tacks' of an insect from which the Peach is exempt. This insect (said to be a curculio) punctures the fruit, when about half grown, and deposits its egg, which soon becomes a mag- fot, eats the fruit, and causes it to drop off prematurely. Vhere this enemy is not found, the Nectarine produces its fruit as readily and in as great perfection as the Peach. As it respects the worm which attacks the roots of the Peach trees, a little care and attention will prevent its com- mitting much mischief. The egg is first deposited in the upper part of the tree ; and in the months of June and July it becomes a very small maggot, drops to the ground, and approaches the tree near the surface. If the ground is kept clean round the roots (as it ought to be) the worm can readi- ly be detected by a small drop of gum which appears on the tree soon after it has made its entrance, which gumminesa will increase in quantity as it progresses : and if the trees are well examined about once a week, and this gumminesa removed where it appears, the worm will at once be detected : 370 PEACHES AND NECTARINES. and when it is removed the wound will soon heal up, and the danger is over ; but if suffered to remain in the tree un- til the fall of the year, it will eat downwards, going round the tree to get winter quarters, increasing in size as it pro- ceeds, and the tree is in danger of being destroyed. A Peach Orchard of many acres might be kept free of the worms by going over it weekly and examining the trees ; af- ter a shower of rain is a good time, as the gum can then be more readily discovered : but unless the ground is kept clean from grass and weeds, well cultivated and manured, it cannot be expected that Peaches will keep healthy and the trees fruitful. Attention must be paid to the directions for pruning, &c., and the cultivator will be amply repaid with a good crop of the finest fruit for his pains. The curl leaf which appears on Peach trees in the spring of the year is always caused by cold chilly weather which happens after the leaves are put out and the blossoming over. It is not a disease, however: after the warm weather sets in, these leaves drop, and the tree assumes a healthy appearance. Sometimes the leaves and tops of the shoots will have a mildewy appearance, or as if sprinkled over with soap suds, and this will appear all summer. I have remarked this on some of our finest kinds of Peaches. Vfhere this mildew appearance occurs, it shows that the trees require a warmer aspect and a drier bottom ; for it is evident, that some kinds of Peaches are more delicate and tender than others. When they are transplanted (which should be in the spring) the tops of the roots should be shortened a little, the tree pruned carefully, and all the young shoots shortened to about one half of their length, which will remedy this defect. I am aware of the doctrine of trees running out by age in the sort, &c. Let that go for what it is worth : because the subject was bjoached by a great man upon gUess work, every /////c one is ready enough to offer this as a plea for every failure of fruit — indolence and bad management not excepted. If this theory be true, how does it happen that the little English Golden Pippin, the sort supposed to have run out many years ago, is still very plentiful, and the tree very healthy and thrifty if planted in situations fa- vourable to its nature ; (see page 12 ;) and the Autumn Bergamot Pear introduced into England in the time of Julius Caesar, (see page 231,) planted in proper situations, is aa healthy now, and bears as good crops as it ever did, and ALMONDS. 371 plenty of evidence can be produced to explode this whim if required. I will engage to restore any of the worn-oui-hy- age fruity if any person will send me good healthy scions in' the season of budding.* After havingthus freely given my observations on Peaches and Nectarines, and of the diseases, &c. to which the Peach is liable in this climate, the reader will not expect that I should notice the many nostrums and specifics which have been given to the world by editors of periodicals and news- papers, whose knowledge of these matters are generally very limited. Those persons, however, who are curious that way, may examine them at their leisure ; but if they will strictly observe the directions here given, and practically pursue them, in my opinion their time will be better em- ployed. CHAPTER X. CULTIVATION OF ALMONDS. In the description of Almonds (page 1 and 2) in my note, I made some remarks on their cultivation, giving my reasons for preferring the Plum stock, as causing the tree to be hardier and more dwarf, in order to train them in a sheltered situation, as they are tender, and require protection from the severe cold vv eather of our winters ; I speak, of course, of the northern states. A better method of management would be to plant them in sunk frames, as directed for Figs, trained low as an espalier. Culture of Almonds in the Southern States. Propagation. The stocks may be the hard-shelled sweet Almond ; or a better one would be the bitter Almond. I give this stock the preference because the worm will not be apt to molest it. Any of the kinds may be budded on this stock. The trees may be trained as espaliers, or as common standards ; the pruning and management the same as directed for Peaches, * See more on this subject on the cultivation of Pears. 372 PEARS. It is hoped that new settlers in Florida will direct their at- tention to the cultivation of all the kinds of Sweet Almonds, together with OHves, Figs, &c., which in that climate will require but little attention to have them in perfection, and in the greatest abundance. CHAPTER XI. CULTIVATION OF PEARS. Propagation, Pears are propagated by budding and grafting, either upon the common Pear stock or upon the Quince. The Pear stock is intended, and indeed it is the only one, for all such varieties of the Pear as are intended for open standards, or for orchard planting ; and it is probably the best, also, generally speaking, for such other sorts as are intended for training, where durability is required. The Quince stock for Pears, has long since been made use of by the French gardeners, and for almost every pur- pose ; but in this country it is used only for such sorts as are intended for open dwarfs, and those low standards lately introduced by the French, and trained, as they term it, en quenoiiille^ from its faint resemblance in form to the distaff formerly used in spinning. These latter occupy but little space in a garden, are pro- ductive, and the fruit they produce is far superior to that which is grown upon the common standard. In raising of standard Pears for the orchard, it is neces- sary to have strong stocks, and such as have been quartered out, at least two years, in order that they may throw up the young shoot with vigour.* As I have stated before, it is by far the most preferable way to bud them instead of grafting * Pear stocks should be raised from seed ; suckers are very bad stocks, and wiD never make good trees. To raise Pear stocks : Let the seeds be procured from common Pears, sowed and managed as for Apples, except tliat as Pear seed- lings arc more tender than apple seedlings, they must be protected thiough the winters by hoops and mats and dry leaves filled in between the rows, commenc/ng as early as November. 1 he stocks should be protected until ft to put out in Nurse- ry rows about four years old. 1 have lost thousands of young Pears by neglecting this precaution. Jim. £d. PEARS. 373 them ; by this method, many of the most vigorous will at- tain a height of six or seven feet the first year of their growth, and make fine standards the second, whilst those sorts possessing less vigour will come in the year following. For Dwarfs, those which have been grafted are the best, as the plant divides itself into branches the first year, and more regularly so than those which have been obtained from buds will in the second. Those for training en quenotiille, as just stated, must be propagated upon the Quince, this stock having a similar efiect upon the Pear to that of the Apple by the Doucin stock, diminishing its vigour and increasing its fertility. PRUNING AND TRAINING. Sect. I. — Open Standards There is not any particular management required for standard Pears that is not applicable to the Apple, as de- tailed under that head. The principal thing to be attended to at first is to have the tree with a straight healthy stem, and a head composed of four equally strong well-placed shoots. All open standards should be taken as soon as planted, to keep their stems straight, perfectly upright, and to secure them against high winds. If the branches in the head are equal in strength, and well placed, they will not require to be pruned back, but must be allowed to grow at their full length, unless the sort be one of a pendent growth ; in this case, more than four shoots will be required, as this number generally bends downwards, and must be augmented by others to form the upper part of the head. This is to be effected by heading down the four shoots to six inches at the end of the second year after the tree has been planted, and when it has got a firm hold of the soil ; for the greater its vigour at this time, the more up- right will its young shoots be directed ; and on the contrary, young shoots from weak trees of this description are chiefly pendent. As the heads become enlarged from year to year, they must be looked over, to keep them thin of wood, and to re- move any branch which is likely, by its further progress, to injure any of the others : the pendent growers will require more attention paid to them in this respect than the upright, 32 ^74 PEARS. because they are perpetually throwing up vigorous young" shoots from the upper side of those branches which are ma* king a curved direction downwards. Sect. II. — Quenouille Training, As trees for this purpose require but one main stem, those obtained by budding are preferable, being always the most upright and handsome ; although a grafted plant, with early attention, will fully answer the purpose. Quenouille training is a method adopted by the French gardeners, and of which specimens are exhibited in the Hor- ticultural garden at Chiswick. It consists in training the plant perpendicularly, with a single stem, to the height of about seven feet, and in having branches at regular distances from the bottom to the top ; these are generally about eighteen inches long, and pendent, being brought into this direction by bending the young shoot downward as it grows, and tying it by a string till it has finished its growth in the autumn. If the plant be strong, and in a state of vigour, it will throw out nlJi.ny more side branches than will be required ; these must be tliinned out, selecting those which are the strongest and best, and placed so that they may be from nine to twelve inches apart when trained. The luxuriance of these shoots is materially checked by bringing them into this form ; they are, in consequence, always well furnished with fruit-bearing spurs, which produce very fine fruit. Quenouille training possesses this advantage, that a plant under such management requires but little room, a square of four feet each way being amply sufficient ; its fruit being within reach may be thinned out to enlarge its size, and it can also be secured against high winds, thus acquiring con- siderable size ; and being near the ground, the additional warmth it receives adds materially to its ripening in per- fection. Sect. III. — Espaliers. Several very valuable sorts of Pears may be successfully cultivated in espaliers, which would not succeed on the tall and exposed orchard standard, and is admirably adapted for PEARS. S75 small gardens,* and for ripening many of our finest autum- nal fruit, being less exposed to high winds, and affording greater security to heavy fruit. Pears intended for espaliers, as well as for QuenoiiilU training, should be propagated upon the Quince stock ; and grafted plants, as I have observed before, are preferable to those which have been raised from buds. Horizontal train- ing as recommended for Apples, is that which is best adapt- ed for the Pear, and the method laid down for forming the tree the same : the horizontal branches may also be train- ed at nine or ten inches apart, unless it be for those sorts whose fruit are very large ; these will be better if they are allowed a foot.| Trained Pears, both as espaliers and against walls, through neghgence and mismanagement, always abound with long naked spurs, not one in twenty of which produces fruit ; and on those which do, it is small, ill-shaped, and worthless. When trees are found in this state, those spurs must be reduced by degrees, cutting some clean out where they have stood too close together, and shortening others. On the neck part of some of these long spurs, there will be frequently one or two good buds to be found ; if so, the spurs must be cut back to those buds ; and where there are none, they should be shortened to mthin one or two inches of the main branch. In the course of the following summer there will, in all probability, be buds formed at their base, where the old spurs should at the winter pruning be finally re- moved. In the course of two or three years, by following up this method, the trees in most cases may be reduced into a fruit- bearing state ; if, however, they have been too long and too much neglected to be reduced in this manner, they must be headed down in the following manner : — In February or the beginning of March, with a thin fine- toothed saw, cut every branch back to within nine inches of the main stem from which it issued, making the cut in a sloping direction, and as httle exposed to view in front as pos- sible, smoothing it afterwards with a sharp knife, and particu- larly the bark round the edge, so that its lacerated parts may be effectually removed ; at the same time every spur, whether good or bad, upon the remaining part of the tree should be cut off* close and smooth, but not so close as to touch the * Many of our finest Pears require the shelter and protection of an espalier, our winters to the north and east are too severe for them. Ed. t See espalier Apples. Ed, 376 PEARS. ring of bark at its base, from beneath which the young shoots will make their appearance. After this operation is finished, the wounds should be co- vered with a small portion of well-beaten grafting clay, re- duced into a paste with water, or with Mr. Forsyth's compo- sition,* which is very excellent, and at the same time wash- ing over with a brush both the head and the stem with the same composition in a diluted state. When the young shoots make their appearance, they must be allowed to grow till they are long enough to train, when two of the most regular and best placed from each branch cut down must be trained, and the others removed, cutting them off close and smooth. If the branches headed down in the spring had been at regular and proper distances from each other, two shoots from each will be double the number subsequently required. It is, however, necessary this number should be trained the first year, as they will grow as strong, and extend quite as far as if half the number only had been retained ; and it will give an opportunity of selecting the best shoot of the two in the winter pruning ; and in case of any accident happening to one, the other will supply its place, so that a full number of branches will thus be secured to furnish every part of the tree. This being accomplished, the branches must be continued at their full length, as before directed, and the superfluous shoots and spurs treated accordingly. BY THE EDITOR. It is evident that Pear Trees are more tender than they are generally imagined to be, and the cause of their decay in sections of the country at some seasons more than others may be attributed to a mild protracted autumn, succeeded by severe cold weather. I have lost seedling Pears and young Grape Vines by a frost in JNTovember, when at other seasons they have stood the severity of a very cold winter without injury. In the former instance the fall was mild, warm, and protracted ; the stocks full of sap and vigorous ; the frost came suddenly, and the young stocks were killed almost to the bottom, apparently as tender as Geraniums. In the latter cas5, the autumn came on gradually cold, the wood ripened hard and firm ; and when winter set in, they * The preparation and application of this composition is given at the end of this M'ork. PEARS. 377 were able to stand it without injury. Pear trees, as well as Peach trees, within the last twenty-five years have suffered injury fi-om some cause or other. Let us examine the matter by facts which have come under our own observation. During the period specified, we find that a decay about Peach trees first showed itself in Pennsylvania, afterwards in New-York, and finally extended over all the country ; within the same pe- riod, in certain districts of France, their finest kinds of Pears failed, decayed, and in some parts were destroyed ; in Eng- land the same effects were observed in certain districts on then- Apples. Certain Pomologists, with Mr. Knight at their head, undertook to explain the whole mystery, by asserting that the old and fine sorts of fruit had run out, and were, in a manner, extinct by age. This theoiy sounded well, and was believed by many to be the case. Two of their most celebrated apples, the Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil, were according to this theory absolutely defunct twenty years ago. But this is not the case, even at this day, ac- cording to Mr. Lindley ; he says of the Golden Pippin : *' This Apple is considered by some of our modern writers on Pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of inferor quahty, and its existence near its termination." " I cannot for a moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually before our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion," and " so far from this being a fact, the fruit in C event Garden and the Borough Markets during the fruit season, and indeed every other large market in the southern or midland counties of England will be found spe- cimens of fruit, as perfect, and as fine, as any which have been either figured, or described by any writer whatever, either in this, or in any other country," and " instead of the trees being in a state of ' rapid decay,' they may be found o? unusually large size, perfectly healthy, and their crops abundant; the first perfect in form, beautiful in colour^ and excellent in quality," Of the next Apple run out by age, according to this theory, the Nonpareil, (See No. 175, page 67,) Lindley observes, (in 1831,) " The trees are regularly good bearers, and when grafted on the Doucin stock, upon good soil, and under ju^ dicious management, their fruit is as perfect as the best of our newest productions.^^ I may here just observe, that the Peaches are fine and plenty now in the Philadelphia markets ; that large orchards of them may be be fovrnd pear New 32* 378 PEARS. York, and all the young plantations made in favourable circumstances are doing well about here ; and I may also add, that every one of the kinds that I had twenty-five years ago, I have yet. And as we find that the apples are re- covered in England, so the Pears, and the same old kinds, are found to do well in France. As for pears in this coun- try, if Mr. K.'s theory were true, I ask how long it might take before the Pears would run out by age ? About 1000 feet from my house stands a Pear tree planted out by Go- vernor Stuyvesant more than two hundred years ago, and looks likely enough to overrun another century. If Mr. Knight should be willing to allow from two to three hun- dred years as the period of existence of a tree under the most favourable circumstances, and as this tree may be consider- ed as a seedhng, that his theory is still correct, I answer that it is not a seedling : it is evidently a grafted tree, and might have been taken from an old sort at that time. But what will the theory do when applied to the Autumn Berga- mot Pear? Mr. Lindley says, (see No. 42, page 231,) "it is now [1S31] one of the best Pears of the season, and it is one of the most ancient : supposed to have been in England ever since the time of Julius Caesar ;" that is, one thousand eiorht hundred and eighty-seven years ago ! ! I can only add of this same Autumn Bergamot Pear, that the young trees of it are as healthy, and grow as free in my nursery as any of the new Flemish Pears, at this present time. The theory is therefore not true, and some other cause must be found for the occasional decay of fruit trees. As it relates to this country, according to the opinion of many, our cli- mate has experienced a change within the period alluded to : the winters are not so severe or so long generally as they used to be ; and yet trees that once stood the cold winters uninjured, have since, in milder winters, been killed by the cold, the milder and longer falls causing the sap to remain in the trees to a later period. When cold weather sets in suddenly before the wood is well ripened and hardened, the cold penetra,tes to the medulla, or pith, whereby it receives a mortal injury, which, although it does not kill the tree at once, it generally dies the next summer, or summer follow- ing. The tree thus injured may be discovered, on cutting the shoots in the spring, by a blackness in the pith ; and al- though I do not think that a tree once injured as above stated can ever be recovered, yet the sort may be preserved by budding from it on a healthy young stock ; if the bark is un- PEARfi. 379 injured; the bud will take and thrive on the young stock. I have taken buds from Peaches in this injured state, when I wished to keep the sort, and although the old tree had ac- tually died in the fall following, the young shoot has done well, showing no symptom of disease. After all, the philosophy about trees running out by age, and a regeneration to be accomplished only by new seedling sorts, I know not but budding is as much a renovation in the sort as seedlings are — the seed is but a bud in a smaller compass ; both the buds and the seeds are perfect indivi- duals, and each of them capable, under proper circum- stances, to form a new tree. A word or two more on cultivating Pears. In order to have them of the finest quality, and in the greatest staie of perfection, I would recommend the espalier mode of train- ing for this purpose. The direction I believe to be very correct, and easy to be practised. I have made a selection of fine sorts, and marked with an asterisk those that will do well on the Quince stock for dwarf sorts ; they will all take well, of course, on Pear stocks. A change of stocks will often have a great effect. I have observed, that French Pears (I mean trees imported directly from France) are ge- nerally grafted on Quinces ; in some of the trees, when they have appeared to be in a decaying state, by taking off buds from, and putting them on free Pear stocks, they have done well, being quite renovated. I would recommend when any fine kind of Pear shows any tendency to decay on Pear stocks, to bud the sorts on fine free Quince stocks, and a similar effect Avill be produced. SELECTION OF PEARS. Those marked with an asterisk * are afo. Page No. Pag« 16. Hampton Court 286 31. Purple Gage 291 65. Horse Plum 303 32. Clueen Mother 291 28. HowelVs Large 290 19. Quetsche 28a 21. Imperatrice 287 19. Q,uetzen 286 68. Imperatrice Blanche 287 29. Red Damask 290 21. Imperatrice. Violette 287 15. Red Diaper 285 59. Imperial Blanche 301 33. Red Magnum Bonura 292 22. Imperial Diadem 287 34. Red Perdrigon 292 33. Imperiale Violette 292 17. Red Primordian 286 2 3 Italian Damask 288 31. Reine Claude Violette 291 49, Jaune H4tive 297 15. Roche- Corbon 285 5. Kirke's 281 25. Royale 288 24. La Delicieuse 288 35. Royal Dauphin 293 25. La Royale 288 36. Royale dc Tours 292 11. Little Glueen Claude 284 52. Saint Catharine 298 12. Lucombe's Nonsuch 284 20. Saiiit Cloud 287 50. Maitre Claude 298 18. Sheen 286 14. Matchless 285 30. Simiana 290 26. Mimms 288 62. Superior Gage 303 51. Mirabelle 298 10. Verte-bonne 283 47. Mirabelle Double 297 9. Violet 283 13. Mirabolan 285 37. Violet Damask 293 27. Monsieur 289 38. Violet Diaper 293 28. Monsieur Hdtif 289 9. Violet Hative 283 30. Monsieur Tardif 290 39. Violet Perdrigoa 293 6. Morocco 282 53. Washington 298 28. Nectarine 290 54. Wentworth 299 53. JVeto Washington 298 40. Wheat 293 61. New-York Purple 301 55. White Bullace 300 40. J^utmeg 294 56. White Damask 300 29. Orleans 290 57. White Damson 300 2. Perdrigon 280 58. White Imperatrice 300 60. Perdrigon Blanc 301 69. White Magnum Bomim 301 34. Perdrigon Rouge 292 51. White Mirable 298 39. Perdrigon Violet 293 60. White Perdrigon 301 56. Petit Damas Blanc 300 49. White Primordian 297 11. Petite Reine Claude 284 57. White Prime Damson 300 7. Prceoce de Tours 283 41. Wilmot's Early Orleans 294 8 Prune Damson 282 41. Wilmofs Late Orleans 294 44. Prune de Brignole 295 41. WilmoVs Orleans 294 28. Prune PS che 290 42 Winesour 294 30. Prune Suisse 230 '0- Cvdonia Sinensis CHINESE QUINCE. 1845 APPEIDIX. The Chinese Quince. {Cydonia Sinensis.) (See plate.) We are happy in being enabled to present our readers with an engraving, taken from nature, of this beautiful, and as yet exceedingly rare fruit. It has flowered with us for several successive seasons, but has fruited in perfec- tion for the first time this present (1845) Autumn. It is very ornamental, considered as a flowering shrub ; straight and symmetrical. Leaves oval, neatly serrated, flowers of a handsome rosy tint. Fruit, as per drawing, in length 5 inches, and 3 and 3-4 inches in diameter, oval, and smooth, and free from any protuberances. The Skin of a deep lemon color. Eye sunken in a rather deep basin, calyx not perceptible. It is produced on a strong spur which does not come away with the fruit but remains for future bearing. The specimen from which our drawing was made, weighed one pound and three ounces avoirdupois. It was produced in the garden of William W. Fox, Esq., of West- chester county, N. Y., who obtained the tree from our nursery at Harlem about five years since. It requires a strong loamy soil and a sheltered situation. In a light or sandy soil the fruit is apt to drop off prematurely. The juice is harsh but brisk and lively. It makes a very supe- rior marmalade. A peculiar trait in the character of this tree is that the outer bark shells off, and in the winter and spring follow- ing the bole of the tree appears smooth and polished. It is altogether one of the most desirable additions that has been made to our gardens for many years. When in 35 ^ 409 410 APPENDIX. blossom its appearance is highly ornamental, and when la- den with fruit it resembles a large lemon or citron tree. Japan Quince. (Cydonia Japonica.) This, which until recently has been regarded merely as a flowering shrub, of late bears fruit in abundance, which is principally valuable for marmalades. APPLES. No. 232. Baldwin. Manning. Downing, etc. Baldwin's. Hort. Soc. cat. No. 32. This fine apple is well known and highly esteemed in the Eastern states where it is extensively cultivated as a table fruit and keeping apple. The grafts were sent us by Salmon Lyman, Esq., of Manchester, Conn. It is of American origin and thus described : " Of me- dium size, the form round. The skin mostly of a brilliant red, with some indistinct yellow streaks; in some situations a large proportion of yellow. The flesh is very fine, crisp, juicy, and rich. It bears abundantly every other year, keeps well through the winter, and though so common it will bear comparison with the finest of the new varities."* 233. Chandler. Downing. This fme fruit, it is said, originated in the town of Pom- fret, Conn. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly flattened and one-sided, or angular in its form ; obscuredly ribbed on the sides, skin thickly streaked, and overspread with dull red, (with a few streaks of brighter red,) on a greenish yellow ground, the red sprinkled with light gray dots. White, tender, and juicy ; with a moderately rich sub-acid flavor. Nov. to Feb. f ♦The New England Fruit Book, by Robert Manning. Second Edition. Bos- ton 1844. t Downing. " Fruit, and Fruit Trees of America, by A, J. Downing, 1845 " APPENDIX. 411 234. Peck's Pleasant This is also an Eastern apple of high reputation and much cultivated in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Mr. Lyman, from whom we received the grafts says : " It is considered among the finest of the New England apples." It sells well in the market, is a good table fruit, and will keep till March. 235. Pomeroy. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 796. Taunton, of some cultivators. Pomme royal. This is a celebrated Devonshire (England) apple. Val- ued there much as we value our Newton Pippin. It is much cultivated also in some parts of New England, and has been deemed, erroneously an American fruit. Down- ing says : " The oldest known trees are growing on the Putnam estate in Pom fret, Conn." It is a first rate culi- nary as well as a fine dessert apple. 236. Seek no Further. Coxe. An Eastern apple which has long been cultivated in our nurseries. It is described as '• a large fruit of a round but oblong form, the skin smooth, of a yellowish green color. The flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and tender; an agreeable winter apple. The tree bears well. The trunk straight and handsome, regular in form." The Ramho, or Romariite, (of Coxe,) we believe to be a different apple. 237. Porter. Manning. Downing. It originated, says Manning, on the farm of the Rev. Samuel Porter, in Sherburne, Mass. The fruit is some- times large, the shape oblong, pointed at the blossom end. The skin of a bright yellow, often with a blush of red on the sunny side. The flesh fine, sprightly, and agreeable. It bears well. Ripens in September and October, and is a most beautiful fruit, either for the market or private garden. 238. Roxbury Russett. Hort. Soc. Cat. No. 996. This is well known as a long-keeping apple, and exten- sively cultivated in New England. It is, says Manning, 412 APPENDIX. of medium size, round and flat at the ends. The skin of a fine yellow russett, often mixed with a dull red. The flesh white. It bears well, and can be brought to market later than any other. 151. Ortley. See page bl. By some strange blunder, this, which is beyond contro- versy, an American apple and fully equal in every respect if not superior to the Newtown pippin, has been supposed by Thompson to be a synonym of what he calls — Woolman's long. Downing, we perceive, has followed him, and des- cribes a very different fruit. The description given by Lindley, taken from the transactions of the Hort. Soc. of London, is correct. It was made from fruit sent by us in a box to the society, and for which we had the honor to receive their medal in 1825. What " Woolman^s long'* may be, we know not. The true " Ortley," a name which we do not intend to give up, is not long ; but resembles in shape the Newtown pippin, a little more inclined to oval. We are willing to supply cultivators with grafts of this most superior apple, which we suppose has by some means been confounded by our recent authors on Pomology with a very different and inferior fruit. 218. Fall Pippin Wb allude to this here, merely to re-affirm our opinion that it is of American origin. See the description p 85. PEARS. Having given our sentiments on the controversy relative to the absurd theory first advocated in England by Knight, (see page 377) it is unnecessary to enter upon it again. We cannot refrain, however, from expressing our gratifica- tion at the bold stand taken by Mr. Downing, and entirely coincide with him in opinion. Many of the old varieties which, according to the theory, had run out and become extinct, have re-appeared with new names ; and, doubtless, by proper attention and suitable cultivation, all that are APPENDIX. 413 worth having will come back ia like manner. Not the least among the evils resulting from the prevalence of Knight's doctrine has been the multiplication of new names and the confusion worse confounded of endlessly multiplied synon5'^ms. We have had under cultivation, for in- stance, the " Williams's Bouchretien " for many years, and always esteemed it highly ; but were unable to iden- tify the " Bartlett " as the same fruit until quite recently. We prefer the original name, and in all similar cases we think it advisable to " inquire for the old paths and walk therein." Much has been effected in this respect, particu- larly with pears, by the cultivators and amateurs in the neighborhood of Boston. They are entitled to great credit and will, we trust, persevere until the pomological world has something like a correct nomenclature for this sadly treated class of fruits. No. 164. New York Virgalieu. Williamson's Virgalieu. Coxe, 1817. Virgalieu. Nursery Cat. 1807. Bergaloo. Of CuUivators, Surpasse Virgoulouse. Of Parmentier and others. Columbian Virgoulouse. Of Bloodgood. Columbia. Downing. Saint Michael. Of Boston Cultivators. In our first edition of this work in 1833, we omitted this most valuable pear, supposing from the similarity of names, that it might be the same as (No. 146) the Virgou- louse of the French, the fruit of which we had never seen. During the past Summer we had an opportunity to see and compare the fruit of four distinct varieties which by or- chardists and cultivators in general have been confounded. They were the White Doyenne, the Gray Doyenne, the Virgouleuse, and the New York Virgalieu. They are be- yond question distinct fruits, and the latter decidedly the best. In comparinsf the young wood of the White Doyenne and New York Virgalieu, at this time, (Dec. 1845,) the differ- ence in its color and in the form of the buds is very evi- dent. That of the former is of a light ash color; the eyes or buds stand out prominent. In the shoots of the New York Virgalieu, on the other hand, the wood is of a chest- 35* 414 APPENDIX. nut color and the buds, like those of an apple, incline to the shoot. Mr. Downing is consequently in error in confound- ing it with the white Doyenne, as are those who call it the Saint Michael, which is a synonym of the white Doyenne. We have now no doubt that is of American origin. It origi- nated, as we believe, in the garden of a gentleman in the upper part of the city of New York. Since the 5^ear 1807, when we came in possession of the nursery of David Wil- liamson, we have cultivated this superior fruit. At that time it was almost the only variety inquired for, and the name given it, as we understood by a Frenchman, was adopted by Mr. Williamson and has ever since been re- tained by us. Hence by Mr. Coxe, in his " View of the Cultivation of Fruit trees," published. in 1817, it is called Williarasoii' s Virgoulouse. He says of it : " The tree is of vigorous growth and bears well ; a native fruit from New York," (p 210.) and of the (French) Virgoulouse, he says he imported it t>om France, and of course knew it to be dif- ferent. The name Smyasse Virgoulouse was given by Par- men tier, who found the pear in cultivation among us, and thus called it to distinguish it from the French variety, and to indicate its superiority. Fruit, above the medium size, roundish, turbinate, taper- ing handsomely to the stem. Generally about tvvo inches and three fourths in length and 2 and 5-8 in diameter. Skin smooth and when perfectly ripe of a citron color and clouded with brownish yellow, and on the sunny side a fine blush red. Eye small, with very little depression, without any wrinkle. Stalk about three fourths of an inch long, rather stout, often a little curved, inserted in a very small cavity, nearly level with the fruit. Flesh, a rich light yellow, buttery and melting ; juice sweet, plentiful, aromatic and very delicious. It ripens about the first week in October, and will keep with proper care until the middle of January. The fruit varies much in size according to the thrifti- ness of the trees. They should have a warm and shelter- ed situation, and require to have the branches thinned out, and likewise to be well manured and the soil mellowed every year. It is an abundant bearer, but if neglected and exhausted by overbearing, and especially when the roots get down into a poor gravelly soil, the fruit will be APPENDIX. 415 small and is apt to crack. When this is the case it should be kept from bearing for a year, by taking away all the young fruit, so as to throw it into strong wood. By suita- ble care and cultivation it will be found that it has neither " run out," nor is it likely to be susperseded by any other of domestic or foreign origin. Taking all its good quali- ties into the account, it is entitled to the first place in the first rank. 165. Bloodgood's Early. The late James Bloodgood, of Flushing, L. I., gave us grafts and fruit of this variety in the year 1833. He in- formed us that it was a seedling variety. Fruit, middle size, turbinate, about 2 inches long, and 1 and 3-4 in di- ameter. Stalk, 1 inch long, slender and curved. Eye, open, with a regular calyx. Stem, light yellow with rus- set specks. Flesh, rich, melting, and buttery. It ripens in the latter end of July. It is a desirable pear, coming in a little after the I\Iadeline, which it somewhat resembles. The Bloodgood of Manning is a very different variety. 166. Angora. Introduced by Mr. Mantel, of this city ; principally val- uable on account of its large size, and hence sought after as a baking variety. It somewhat resembles the Uvedales St. Germain, from which it is probably a seedling. See No. 156. 167. Andrews. A favorite native variety from Dorchester, Mass. Man- ning says: "It is a most valuable pear, producing its fruit early and abundantly'; ripe in Sept. and Oct. It has not as yet fruited v>^ith us ; and, of course, we cannot speak of it positively. 3S. Bartlett. See Williams's Bouchretein, No. 33, p. 229. We pre- fer to retain the original name, although it is known as " Bartlett " amonor the cultivators in the Eastern states. 416 appendix. 168. Gushing. Said to be a native fruit from Hingham, Mass. The size in rich ground is large, form oblong, ripening the last of September. " This pear," says Manning, " is in our soil, equal to the ' Bartlett,' " by which he means, of course, Williams's Bonchretien. 169. Dearboiin's Seedling. A variety much resembling the Lammas (jNTo. 21.) It originated, according to Manning, at Brimley Place, Roxbury, Mass., the seat of Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. Ripe in August. 170. Dix. We doubt whether this is not the Old Brown Beuree (No- 71.) It is, however, described by Manning as hav- ing originated in the garden of Mrs. Dix in Boston. Size large, oblong, tapering gently from the blossom end to the stern, which is short. The skin, when ripe, is yellow, sometimes with a blush of red on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh, melting, juicy and very rich. Oct. and Nov. The w^ood small and thorny. Downing describes the fruit as large, oblong, skin roughish, fine deep yellow at maturity, marked with distinct russet dots, and sprinkled with russett around the stalk. 171. Louis-Bonne de Jersey. Probably the Louis-Bonne (No. 90) cultivated in great perfection in the Island of Jersey, where all the varieties of the pear ripen in greater perfection than in England, or France. It may, however, be a distinct seedling variety. Time must determine. 172. Stevens's Genesee. Supposed to be a native fruit. First brought into notice by a Mr. Stevens, near Rochester, N. Y. Downing describes the fruit as large, roundish, obovate, and of a yellow color, resembling the Doyenne. Stalk, about an inch long, stout, thicker at the base, and set in a slight, rather one'sided depression. Galyx with short, stiff divisions APPENDIX. 417 placed in a smooth basin of only moderate depth. FlesTi, white, half buttery, with a rich aromatic flavor, somewhat like that of Gansel's Bergamot. First of September. 173. Van Mons Leon le Clerc. This most noble pear is supposed to be among the best of the many varieties for which we are indebted to Mr. Van Mons, of Brussels. Downing gives an outline from a specimen "just produced by Col. Wilder, of Boston, whose standard pears are unrivaled in New England. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate. Skin, yellowish, much mingled with brown over nearly the whole surface and slightly russeted near the stalk. Flesh, yellowish white, buttery and melting, with a rich sugary flavor. Oct. and Nov." PEACHES. The list of Peaches is already sufficiently large. Mr. Lindley describes 60 varieties to which we have added 16 distinctly and decidedly American. From the facility with which seedlings are raised in this climate the catalogue of names might be swelled to an almost unlimited extent. We deem it necessary here to make a few observations on the manner in which a recent author has treated this branch of the subject. In the first place, the classification of Lindley is unequaled for its elegance and simplicity, and just as far as it has been deviated from, by just so much is it defective. In the second place, duty to ourselves and to the fruit-growing community obliges us to notice here several errors that have been circulated in recent publications : No. 61. AsTOR. For a correct description of this favorite peach, which we had the honor of first bringing into notice, the reader is referred to page 183. That part of Downing's description which was not borrowed from us is very defective, and seems to have been taken from an entirely different frqit, 418 APPENDIX. 63. Brevoort's Seedling Melter. We. know not by what right the author referred to has dropped a part of the name of this " excellent little peach." Perhaps to make it quadrate with the strange assertion that "it is almost always large on the Hudson river;" which, if it be true, must certainly refer to something else. See page 183. 65. Early Sweet Water. This is also most erroneously described. '' Fruit some- times large. " It is never large, but remarkably uniform. See p. 18^4. 76. Hoffman's Pound. For our name of this fruit we have given reasons at page 189, which ought to be satisfactory ; and no one, we think, has any right to alter it ; least of all, he who says " it is a good fruit, but its place has been taken of late by other more popular sorts." There are to be sure other "popu- lar sorts ;" and perhaps where the Hoffman's Pound is not known — ^^more popular sorts ;" but it is one of our very finest, and without exception the largest of our fall peaches. It requires, in order to ripen in perfection, a sheltered situation. PLUMS- No. 53. Bolmar's Washington. Page 298. The engraving of this most magnificent of all Plums which accompanies the present edition, was made from the original drawing by Leney, in 1818, when we had the honor of first introducing it to public notice. Some of the new books, we perceive, give most erroneous descriptions of it, and one author has dropped, most unwarrantably, a part of its name, calling it merely — Washington. It is without doubt the best American variety, and the name of the gentleman - with whom it originated ought to be APPENDIX. 419 perpetuated. Let it be, to the end of time, Bohnar^s Washington. The reader will please correct with his pen an error which occurs in our description (p. 298) and which was overlooked when the pages were passing through the press. Say — Fruit, regularly formed, nearly round, two and a quarter inches in length ; and two inches and one-eighth in diameter. No. 69. Bleecker's Gage. Produced from seed, says Manning, by the Rev. Mr. Bleecker, of Albany, N. Y. The form oval, nearly round, skin a dark yellow with dark red spots and blotches. The flesh is rich and excellent, a great bearer. Ripe in Sept. Downing says of it: "Raised by Mrs. Bleecker .30 years ago from a prune pit given her by the R,ev. Mr. Dull, of Kingston, N. Y., which he received from Germany." 70. Dana's Yellow Gage. A native, says Manning, of Ipswich, Mass. ; of a pale yellow, medium size ; Jlesh sweet and juicy ; ripe in August and September. 71. Duane's Purple. Manning. The same as known by some cultivators as " Duane's Purple French." Originally imported from France by J. Duane, of Duanesburgh, N. Y., the nam.e having been by some means lost. Future research will doubtless identify it with its true name. We have not seen the fruit in perfection but infer that the figure of it by Dov.'ning is too large, as in his book it appears much larger than Bolmar's Washington, of which the author says he has seen fruit seven inches and a quarter in circumference. The tree is readily known by the gray color of the wood ; and the large, woolly, under surface of the leaf. 72. Gros Reine Claude. Murraifs Reine Claude. Nursery Cat. Originally introduced from France, by John R. Murray, Esq., of this city. Similar in many respects to the Green 420 APPENDIX. Gage (No. 10) but a larger and finer fruit. The leaves of the tree thicker and more glossy. It is decidedly the best of the numerous varieties known as Gages. 73. Jefferson. A Seedling, raised by the late Judge Buel, of Albany, probably from the Bolmar's Washington. As it has not fruited with us, we copy a description from Dowinng : — " Fruit large, skin a golden yellow, with a beautiful purplish red cheek, and covered with a fine white bloom. Stalk, an inch long, pretty stout. Flesh, a deep orange, parts freely from the stone, which is long and pointed ; rich, juicy and high- flavored. 74. Laurence's Favorite. . This is one of the best of the numerous Seedlings from the Green Gage that have yet appeared. It originated in the City of Hudson, N. Y., in the garden of the gentleman whose name it bears. The climate and the soil in the neighborhood of the cities of Hudson and Albany, and indeed of most of the towns on the North River, are exceedingly congenial to the Plum ; and almost in- numerable are the varieties, that from these quarters, appear in our markets. This is especially the case with varieties raised from the " Gages.'' Some of them are of good size and desirable, others small and worthless. 75. Paddock's Magnum Bonum. According to the statement of the gentleman from whom we received this variety, in 1933, it originated from a pit brought from Pvussia by Capt. Paddock in the year 1805. It is a very valuable addition. Fruit, large, nearly egg shaped ; measuring six inches in the longer circumference, and in the other five and a quarter. Skin, reddish purple, with a light blue bloom, darker on the shaded side, with very fine yellow specks. Flesh, firm, yellow, and rich, adhering to the stone which is large and flat, oval and pitted. = 5^ ^1