UMASS/AMHERST ^ 
 
 31SDbbDDSDbbElS 
 
 TERNAT 
 HARVE 
 
 T8AB5 
 
 CATALOGUES 
 
 677 1 
 
 15 ' 
 
 \y 
 
■ niiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiH iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinini 
 
 INTERN 
 
 AMERICA 
 
NEW 
 
 SOUTHERN 
 
 DISK. HARROW 
 
The Disk Harrow 
 
 By G. H. ALFORD 
 Manager of Southern Branch Office International Harvester Company of America 
 
 THE Indiana, Illinois and Iowa farmer uses 
 three limes as many larm impleiiieiils and 
 more tlian three times as much horse power 
 as the average farmer in the cotton belt: and. aller 
 all issaid, this is unquestiotiably the main reason why 
 he earns more than three times as much as we do. 
 
 We must use more and better implements: there 
 can be no argument here. The only question is as 
 to which are worth most and which will pay liest. 
 We call your attention to the disk harrow, an imple- 
 ment tliat can be i)urchased at half the cost of a 
 good riding cultivator and an implement that can be 
 used for twelve months every year. 
 
 There was a time wlien the few farmers wlio 
 owned disk harrows used them to prepare new land 
 and to destroy clods. The intensive methods of 
 farming have brought to light many new uses for 
 the disk harrow. A reversible disk harrow can be 
 used as a stalk cutter, as an implement for prepar- 
 ing the seed bed on sandy land and preparing the 
 seed bed after breaking on all kinds of land, and 
 then used to cultivate tlie crop. 
 
 A sharp disk does a fine job of cutting cotton and 
 corn stalks when they are dry. It is tlie best possible 
 implement to use in preparing a cotton stalk and 
 corn stalk field for the plow. Of course, it is best to 
 use the stalk cutter first, but after the stalk cutter 
 lias been used to cut the stalks into pieces, the sharp 
 disks do a fine job of cutting the stalks into smaller 
 pieces, level the ridges and form a fine mulch. To 
 get the land ready for the plow, the gangs should be 
 set close and rini lengthwise over the rows to cut the 
 stalks into very short pieces and pulverize the top of 
 the soil. 
 
 The disk is used on unplowed land for tlie follow- 
 ing purposes: First, to prepare mellow land for 
 grain and other crops where deep plowing is seldom 
 necessary, second, to cut and mi.K barnyard manure, 
 grass and trash so tiiat when it is turned under, 
 the surface soil will not be seiiarated from the sub- 
 soil to stop the rise of water; third, to produce a 
 soil mulch on dry land so that after a week or ten 
 days, it can be easily plowed, the moisture by this 
 time having accumulated below the mulch and 
 softened up the land: fourth, to form a mulch of 
 fine dirt which fills up the spaces usually left be- 
 tween the funowed slice and the ground beneath, 
 thus making the foundation for a fine, compact see<l 
 bed. 
 
 In the spring we are all in a rush to get our 
 crops planted. Our plow teams are overworked and 
 even the best farmers often fail to thoroughly pre- 
 pare their land. It is much better to take time by 
 the forelock and disk the land and then break it 
 deep during the fall and winter. The plow stock 
 are rested and the weather is cool. When the land 
 has been broken during tlie fall and winter and for 
 
 some time prior to planting, the cotton seed bed can 
 be (juickly and easily made Ijy arranging the disk 
 harrow for an in-throw and by adjusting the inner 
 ends of the gangs liigher than the outer. With the 
 liarrow so arranged, a man and two good animals 
 can make much better seed beds and do the work 
 more quickly than several men iti the old fashioned 
 way. 
 
 Cotton comes up quicker, grows faster and begins 
 bearing sooner on a well-settled, firm seed bed. con- 
 sequently it is not wise to plant cotton or other 
 crops on freshly plowed land. When the beds have 
 been made by the use of the middle burster or turn- 
 ing plow for some time before planting, it is usually 
 necessary to remake them and destroy the little 
 grass and weeds by arranging the disk liarrow for an 
 in-throw and adjusting tlie inner ends of tlie gangs 
 considerably higher than the outer. 
 
 If the land has been Hat broken and has been com- 
 pacted by heavy rains, the disk harrow is the most 
 effective tool for the preparation of the seed bed. 
 When the ground has been plowed for some time 
 and is covered with grass and weeds, the disk liar- 
 row will destroy the weeds and make a most excellent 
 seed bed for all kinds of crops. Tlie soil that is in 
 clods when you plant cotton, corn and otlier crops 
 will seldom be of use to you during the season unless 
 you pulverize the clods. When the soil breaks up 
 into clods, by all means follow the plow with the 
 disk liarrow and tlius destroy the clods while moist. 
 The disk harrow pulverizes the soil thoroughly and 
 if each round is lapped no ridges of any consequence 
 will be left. Your Held may lie cloddy and weedy, 
 but a double disking with a disk harrow or a single 
 disking with a double disk harrow will make a per- 
 fect seed bed of it. In the preparation of land for 
 any crop, no tool can be used to better advantage 
 than the disk harrow. 
 
 The disk harrow has special advantages over 
 smoothing harrows in ground with loose trash or 
 growing weeds because the disk cuts through the 
 trash instead of dragging it along. 
 
 Where seed is sown broadcast, there is no more 
 desirable tool than the disk harrow for the purpose 
 of putting the seed into the ground. In the absence 
 of the grain drill, the disk harrow is the best pos- 
 sible implement to use to put in oats, rye, wheat, 
 cowpeas, soy beans, and other crops broadcast. 
 
 The disk harrow should follow the mower to pul- 
 verize the soil for conserving the moisture and mak- 
 ing plowing easier It is usually necessary to use 
 the plow in cowpeas. soy beans or sorghum after oats 
 and the disk harrow is the implement to use to do 
 the work in a hurry at this busy season of the year. 
 
 A tongue and forecarriage should be purchased 
 with every disk harrow. The forecarriage is to be 
 preferred when preparing the seed bed. It is a great 
 aid in turning corners and at the end of the row 
 
 A22K 
 
It is also a decided advantage for tlie team to have 
 relief from the weight and lashing of the tongue of 
 the liairow. When eultivatingerups and wlien using 
 the hainiw on hilly land, tlie tongue is necessary to 
 guide the harrow. 
 
 The deiith to which the disk cuts and the amount 
 of dirt thrown varies with the angle given the disk, 
 tlie kind <if Soil, and the weight of the man on the 
 harrow. The draft of the disk harrow as generallv 
 used is considerahle, for it moves much dirt, anil 
 often cuts to a depth of several inches. Its best 
 work is geiiei'ally done with three or more animals, 
 though two animals may do well on a harrow with 
 no more than s, in or is-'inch disks. When cultivat- 
 ing crops there is no necessity for more than two 
 good animals. 
 
 As a cultivator, the reversible extension head disk 
 harrow cannot be excelled. The gangs can be used 
 close together or wide apart: the gangs can be 
 arranged to throw the dirt towards or away from 
 the plants and to \\(nk liigher or lower on the inner 
 than the outer ends and vice versa; they can be set 
 to thnivv ridges to the plants or set to '•bar off:" 
 they can be set to cut shallow close to tlie plants 
 and deei)er near the center of the row. 
 
 The action of the disks upon the .soil makes the 
 disk harrow a most excellent cultivatoi'. The disks 
 thoroughly pulverize the surface of the soil, destroy 
 the grass and weeds, leave the inider .soil compact 
 and a line soil midch spread all over the land. The 
 roots of the growing plants are undisturbed, es- 
 pecially wlien the inner ends of the gangs are set 
 higher tlian the outer ends in cultivating plants on 
 beds. 
 
 For cultivatingcotton, potatoes, peanuts and other 
 crops that iiave to be hilled, the disk harrow is 
 especially vaUuible becau.se it can be set to ridge the 
 hills at the right height and the dirt which is hilled 
 around tlie plants is thoroughlv pulverized and 
 cultivated, so that only tine .soit makes the hills. A 
 fender may be used when cultivating small croi)S. 
 The disk harrow is prol)ably the best implement to 
 use in hilling cotton and otlier crops grown on 
 ridges. 
 
 A turning plow is out of place in a crop. If the 
 soil is devoid of vegetable matter and runs together 
 alter a lieavy rain or if it rains for two or three 
 weeks and it becomes necessary to burv grass, W'e 
 can give a large angle to the disks and .set the gangs 
 to oul-thr<iw and •• bar off the little cotton or other 
 small plants or we can set the gangs to in-throw and 
 give the disks the necessary angle to cover the grass 
 and weeds and tlioroughly pulverize the soil. One 
 man with two horses and a disk harrow can take a 
 row of cotton or corn at one time and destroy the 
 grass and weeds and make a fine soil mulch out of 
 the hardest, sun-baked soil. An extension standard 
 is furnished with the latest reversible extension 
 head harrow whicli raises the frame high enough so 
 tiiat cotton, coi'n or other crops can be "laid by" 
 with this implement. 
 
 The gangs can be .set at different angles for hill- 
 side cultivation. This is a very important point to 
 the man who.se faim is in a rolling countrv, as he 
 will appreciate the fact that a di.sk liarrow, particu- 
 larly in loose .soil, will tend to work down the liill- 
 Side. This can be obviated by setting the uphill 
 gang to work with a little greater cutting angle 
 tlian the other gang: thus causing the harrow to 
 work in a straight line on tlie hillside. 
 
 
 Bii 
 
 Tiie cinKliiioo t4 ;j. .■..Uun .-.laik 
 fieltl just before starting to pie 
 pire the beed b d 
 
 
 .<'^V 
 
 
 1 "^r. -.::%- 
 
 
 The enlliiu .sl:ilk field sl].>wu 
 above ;ifter plowing. Observe 
 that the stalks and roots lea\e 
 air spaces at the bottom of the 
 furrow 
 
 
 
 A ei'tiinion nieUind of prepar- 
 ing the cotton seed bed. Note 
 that tlie eroiind underthe plowed 
 furrow is hard and craelied 
 
 C'ottou stalls lield treated Wltll 
 
 a cotton stalk cuttei and disked 
 thoionthlv 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 X 
 
 ^: %. '>. 
 
 .€ 
 
 .M.ayf^=^ 
 
 >^ 
 
 •v 
 
 Th.- liflii slit.wii .-iiH.v.' iifter 
 plowing Ob^fi've that there lire 
 no air spaces, and that the 
 ground can be soon worked into 
 a gund sof'd bed 
 
 A cotton seed Ijcd I'lt'p'ui-d on 
 plowed ground with a revdTsible 
 disk harrow. Note the mellow- 
 nr'ss of the trround. its conipaet- 
 ness, and llie rogiilarity of the 
 seed bed 
 
 i'ouiig cotiuti growing on a 
 seed bed prepared by the "]\Iid- 
 dlebuster" method. Observe 
 lljat the ground is hard beneath, 
 and that there is every oppor- 
 tunity for moisture to escape 
 
 <.'ot loQ grow iiig on ground 
 properly disked, plowed, and 
 again disked. Observe the com- 
 pactness, that the moisture will 
 not escape unduly, and fiiat the 
 roots can assimilate Ihe neces- 
 sary plant food 
 
New Southern Disk Harrow 
 
 THK New 8()utliPi-ii disk liarrow is 
 <iiie of the best implements the 
 farmer can select. It can he 
 used for ordinary disking, and will do 
 any of the work that an ordinary disk 
 harrow will do. In addition, it can l)e 
 used as an e.xtension disk harrow for 
 cultivating corn and cotton fields, vine- 
 yards, orchards, etc. It can he used in 
 iri-iyation woi-k for making ditches or 
 ridg(>s, or for leveling them, smoothing 
 the ground afterward. 
 
 The New Southern is jjarticularly 
 valual)le as a cultivator for coi-n and 
 cotton. By means of the extension 
 standards, which can be furnished with 
 this machine on special order at a slight 
 additional cost, all of the cultivation of 
 the coin crop can he done with the New 
 Southern disk harrow. Before and after 
 plowing the New vSouthern can be used 
 for every operation in the preparation 
 of the seed hed and in the cultivation of 
 the crop. 
 The gangs on the New Southern disk harrow can be reversed, making it an in-throw or out- 
 throw disk liarrow. Thus it can be used for throwing the dirt away from the plants, or toward them. 
 
 New S«jiithern disk harrow has a strong frame with 
 a direct pull to the gangs 
 
 Main Frame 
 
 The main frame of the New Southern disk har- 
 row is steel. It consists essentially of a large rear 
 angle, which is curved in the arc of a circle at the 
 ends, so that tiie gangs can be extended easily. 
 There are also two side angles which are pivoted at 
 the forward end, and which carry the set levers. 
 These side angles make the draft direct to the gang 
 castings at all times, relieving the frame of the greater 
 part of the work. The set levers being carried on 
 the side angles, it is unnecessary to change the posi- 
 tion of the levers and fpiadnint when changing the 
 width of cut. 
 
 On the New Southern disk harrow it is an etisy 
 matter to change the gangs from in-throw to out- 
 throw, or the reverse. To do this, the set lever bar 
 and draw-bar are removed, and the gangs turned end 
 for end. The castings which hold the gtings have a 
 quadrant with a serrated grip, so that the gangs can 
 be tilted either way. An.v desired amount of tilt can 
 be given the gangs. Thus, when cultivating plants 
 
 4 
 
 Ne^v Southern di=;k harrow, rear view, gangs arranged for 
 regular disking purposes 
 
©HJTH 
 
 the disks can so be set that they will not penetrate 
 the jfi-OLind deep enouirh to injure the growing 
 pliints. Cotton ori-ovvcrs can use the New .South- 
 ern disk harrow for making the cotton seed bed 
 and for cultivatino- the plants. The great advan- 
 tage of using this implement over the 
 ordinary method of preparing the cot- 
 ton seed bed, is that the ground 
 thoroughly pulverized, making 
 a compact ridge for the cotton 
 seed- something which it is im- 
 possible to do b.v the ordinary 
 method. The benefit directly 
 derived from this is that when 
 it is necessary to prepare the 
 seed bed hurriedly the farmer 
 can do so, knowing that the ridge 
 is in the best condition for capil- 
 larity connection with the subsoil. 
 
 Ease of Operation 
 
 The seat is so located that the levei-s ar-e at all 
 
 times within convenient reach of the driver, 
 
 whether the gangs are close together or far apart. 
 
 This position of the seat also balances the weight of 
 
 the harrow, making the work of the liorses easier. 
 
 The New Southern has an adjustable foot rest, 
 
 making the harrow comf<»rtable for any driver. 
 
 The levers are long, and are easy to operate. Their 
 
 quadrants have fine notciies so that the 
 
 gangs can be set very closely. 
 
 Bearings 
 
 The bearings are e(|uipped 
 with oil-soaked, hardwood bush- 
 ings. The large oil pipes which 
 extend to the top of the gang- 
 frame, where they can be easily 
 reached from behind the har- 
 row, enter the bearings at the 
 
 centci- so that the oil flows evenly to all parts of the bearings, lubricating them thoroughlv. The 
 
 top of each oil pipe is 
 
 closed by a spring stop- "^^^ following table shows the width of cut of different sizes of the 
 
 per which prevents the ^^"^ Southern disk harrow 
 
 entrance of dust and 
 dirt. The oil ])ii)es can 
 be easily removed for 
 cleaning. They can be 
 cleaned by running a 
 twig o r a p i e c e o f 
 baling wire through 
 them. 
 
 OUT-THROW 
 
 MEASUREMENTS 
 
 m-THROW 
 
 3 (I. 
 
 4 tl. 5 ft. 
 
 3 ft. 
 
 4 ft. 
 
 5 f:. 
 
 4' 4" 
 3' 6" 
 5' 9" 
 3' 
 13" 
 
 4' 4" 1 4' 4" 
 
 30" 19" 
 
 5' 10" 611" 
 
 4' 2" 5' 3" 
 
 20" 26" 
 
 Length of angle bar frame . . 
 
 Width between gangs when extended full width . 
 
 Width outside of gangs when extended 
 
 Length from outside of gangs when closed 
 
 Width of gang 
 
 4' 4" 
 211" 
 5' 1" 
 2' 7" 
 13" 
 
 4' 4" 
 2' 9" 
 6' 2" 
 3' 9" 
 20" 
 
 4' 4" 
 
 20" 
 
 6' 1" 
 
 4' 10" 
 
 26" 
 
 Tlie dimensions in item, "Length from outside of gangs when closed' 
 every case be 10 in. between the two inside disks. 
 
 for in-throw, must in. 
 
;©eTIEIIEEIM PH^ 
 
 Extension Standards 
 
 ON special order, and at slight addititmal 
 cost, extension standards will be fur- 
 nished for the New Southern disk 
 uurow. These extension standards consist 
 of a ptiir of steel bars so arranged that the 
 frame of the harrow is carried high above the 
 ground out of the way of the 
 growing plants. The use of 
 these standaids make it pos- 
 sible to use the New Southern 
 disk harrow for all of the 
 cultivation of an entire crop 
 of corn or cotton, as the frame 
 is carried high enough for the 
 corn or cotton to pass under 
 without damage. It is but a 
 few moments' work to attach 
 or detach the extension stand- 
 ards, and they occupy practi- 
 cally no storage space when 
 not in use. 
 
 New Southern disk harrow with exti'iisiun stamlards 
 
 Fenders 
 
 When they ii re 
 fenders will be supplied at a slight additional cost, 
 are of great value when cultivating small plants, as they 
 the plants from the action of the disks, and from being 
 up by dirt when the harrow is used as an in-throw 
 The fenders can be 
 raised or lowered to 
 any position desir- 
 etl, and can be re- 
 moved or attached 
 very quickly. 
 
 wanted, 
 Fenders 
 ■ protect 
 covered 
 
 harrow. 
 
 Fenders for cultivating stniill plants 
 
 Scrapers 
 
 The New Southern disk luii-row 
 will be etpiipped with scrapers 
 when so ordered, at a slight add 
 tional cost. These scrapers are of 
 steel construction — simple, strong, 
 and durable, and are very effective 
 in keeping the disks clean under 
 all conditions. 
 
 New Southern disk harrow with 
 foreeurriago attached 
 
mmm eaee© 
 
 Forecarriagc for New Southern Disk Harrow 
 
 NEARLY nil fields are so rou<>-h sis to cause the disk 
 luiirow to di-aw unsteadily and tiie tongue to whip and 
 worry the horses, giving them sore shoulders during 
 early spring work. It is to free the horses of this action ai 
 the tongue and varying draft of the disk harrow that this 
 forecarriage is being purchased with most of the disk har- 
 rows sold, or for disk harrows already in field use. It 
 keeps the hai-row running smoothly and in line, and makes 
 It easier to work in the corners and close to fences. 
 
 Fnrecun-iiige with pi 
 showing positions 
 
 :1 set -over irons, 
 and 3 liurscs 
 
 'i'lje forecarriage is swivelcri in 
 the u\le to follow tlie uneveu- 
 ness of tile ground 
 
 give flexibility to the 
 is swiveled in the axle 
 
 Used With or Without a Pole 
 
 The forecarriage is used with or without a pole. A pole is essential 
 only in very hilly country when di'iving to and from fields. It is i-egularly 
 equipped with pole plates for two horses when a tongue is oi-dered. Set- 
 over irons for three horses are special pole e(|uipment. When a pole 
 with set-over irons is used it ma.v be set in the centei- for two horses, or 
 to the i-ight or left for three horses. The wheels tui-n completely under 
 the stub tongue to make a short turn. 
 
 Adjusting the Forecarriage to the Harrow and Team 
 
 The disk harrow forecarriage should be adjusted to simply cari-y the 
 fi'ont end of the harrow and keep it working in line without adding to 
 the di'aft of the implement. The stub tongue and the draft connection 
 are adjustable to several heights on the vertical shaft. The steel clevis 
 has a range of up-and-down adjustment, thus the forecarriage is suited 
 to use with any size team. The clevis is so attached to the draft connec- 
 tion as to hold the whiliietrees off the ground and the horses' heels. To 
 action of the forecarriage, the vertical shaft 
 
 Axle Bearings 
 
 The axle bearings are dust proof and equipiied with hai'd oilers. 
 When given proper attention, hard oil is the Ijest lubricant for this 
 kind of bearing. Forcing the new grease in di-ives the old grease out, 
 keeping the bearings clean. The stub axles are cast in the wheel hubs 
 with the spokes. The inner ends of the axles ai-e keyed with take- 
 
 ui) washci's to compensate foi' 
 wear. The forecari-iage with 
 pole and pole plates for two 
 liorses is furnished on special 
 oi'der, at slight additional cost. 
 Set-ovei- ii'ons for two, three or 
 more hoi-ses may also be had on 
 special oi'der. 
 
 7 
 
 Cross sectional view of axie Ijearing sliowing stub axle 
 witli take-up washers. Hard oil is forced in at thi> 
 •vnter of the hearing 
 
 The >,t lib pole :nMl 
 are adjustable ti 
 on tlie vertif:tl si 
 may also bo raisi 
 
 draft connection 
 » several heights 
 lafl. The clevis 
 L'd or lowered 
 
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA 
 
 (INCORPORATED) 
 
 CHICAGO USA 
 
c 
 
 d 
 
 Sold by 
 INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA 
 
 I Incorpniiili'.l 1 
 
 CHICAGO USA 
 
For further information write International Harvester Company of America 
 Chicago, III., or write our nearest branch house. 
 
 yiiiiiiuuiHi»HiuiiihiMiiHnn:niiHHniiniiniinniiiiiMniiHiuMiMMiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuninMiiiiniiiiiiinHiiiinHiiiinuiiuninnniinuHiniii»MiiiiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiMiuiiuiiMiiniu 
 
 BRANCH HOUSES 
 
 INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA 
 
 (INCORPORATED! 
 
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 ABERDEEN. S. O. 
 
 DETROIT. MICH. 
 
 LINCOLN. NEB. 
 
 RICHMOND. IND. 
 
 ALBANY. N Y. 
 
 DUBUQUE. lA. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK. ARK. 
 
 RICHMOND. VA. 
 
 ATLANTA. dK 
 
 EAST ST. LOUIS. ILL. 
 
 MADISON WIS. 
 
 ROCKFORD. ILL. 
 
 AUBURN. N. Y 
 
 EAU CLAIRE. WIS. 
 
 MANKATO. MINN. 
 
 ST. CLOUD. MINN. 
 
 AURORA. ILL. 
 
 ELMIRA. N. Y 
 
 MASON CITY. lA. 
 
 ST JOSEPH. MO. 
 
 BALTIMORE. MD. 
 
 EVANSVILLE. IND. 
 
 MEMPHIS. TENN. 
 
 ST. LOUIS. MO. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM. ALA. 
 
 FARGO N D. 
 
 MILWAUKEE. WIS 
 
 SAGINAW. MICH. 
 
 BISMARCK. N. D. 
 
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 SALINA. KAN. 
 
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 MINOT. N D. 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH 
 
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 NASHVILLE. TENN. 
 
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 SPRINGFIELD. ILL. 
 
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 SPRINGFIELD. MO. 
 
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 JACKSON. MICH. 
 
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 TERRE HAUTE. IND. 
 
 COUNCIL BLUFFS. )A 
 
 JACKSONVILLE. FLA 
 
 PEORIA. ILL. 
 
 TOLEDO. OHIO 
 
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 KANKAKEE. ILL. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. PA. 
 
 TOPEKA. KAN. 
 
 DAVENPORT. lA. 
 
 KANSAS CITY. MO 
 
 PITTSBURGH. PA 
 
 WATERTOWN. S. D. 
 
 DENVER. COLO 
 
 .KNOXVILLE. TENN. 
 
 PORTLAND. ORE 
 
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 OES MOINES. lA. 
 
 LANSiAffi. M'CH. 
 
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 WINONA, MINN. 
 
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