THE LIBRARY RE OF } ELEMENTS of SHORT HAND Above On or Upon Before After Fuder Below PAO Downp Arbitraries Lesfers Allal Beneath Conscious You Your Shall Shalt •Tion Sien -Tiens Stens IngOng Tive Ings Judicions Year Ity Elity -Ities Elities tous cous The They Than Should Ship Example With ExAccept Which Who Ward Lord All Leve Beby Been Ble Bles Have He Had Peace Person Power Multi Magni Me My Many Ment Ments God Good Give Such Chauce Church Inter Intro Enter And Aurin Ness Contra Contri Know Knew Known OFF Ofif Full Ference Recon Recom Are Our Or Do DidDone Trans Satis Super Circum Into His Is 1 Curo l - ASUS Self Selves H 4 Sh D/ Ti 2 N CH 4 RO D L R B Lons N X TH Elementary Key (Ch G LOU ты The Art OF SHORTHAND riting ADAPTED TO THE PRESENT STATE (1)F LITERATURE in the Inited States BY M.T.C. COULD PHILADELPHA 1832 THE ART OI SHORT-HAND WRITING; BY WHICH THE LANguage of A PUBLIC speaker MAY BE RECORDED IN A STYLE BOTH BEAUTIFUL AND LEGIBLE, AS FAST AS DELIVERED. COMPILED FROM THE LATEST EUROPEAN PUBLICATIONS WITH SUNDRY IMPROVEMENTS, Adapted to the present state of Literature in the United States. BY M. T. C. GOULD, · GRENOGRADHER. ↓ REVIJEN STERE!TYPE EDITION, WITH NEW ENGRAVINGS. ↓ PHILADELPHIA: URIAH HUNT & SON, No. 44 NORTH FOURTH STREET. AND FOR SALE BY BOOKSELLERS GENERALLY THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 1845. EXPLANATION OF THE STENOGRAPHIC TREE. 1. Elementary Key, or figure from which all the characters of this system are derived. 2. Diagram, representing the roots of the tree, and showing at one view twenty alphabetic characters, evidently springing from the figure below. 3. The four prominent branches, exhibiting the same charac- ters, upon a reduced scale, and in classified order, with their respective names-viz. the 1st limb, all right lines, s, t, d, r, f or v; 2d limb, semicircles, k or q, n, ch, g or j; 3d limb, a small circle with a line added, m, p, h, b, 1, w; 4th limb, a quarter of the same small circle, with a line added, x, sh, th, y, ious. 4. The body or trunk of the tree, exhibiting the same characters, which have four uses, viz. 1st, that of alphabetic letters; 2d, that of representing, when used alone, a few of the most fre quent words; 3d, a few prefixes; and, 4th, a few terminations. 5. The words at the right and left of the trunk, which are, in short writing, represented by individual letters. 6. The prefixes which are represented by individual steno- graphic characters, placed near a word, just before it, but not joined to it in writing. 7. The terminations which are represented by stencgraphic characters without lifting the pen. 8. A few arbitrary signs at the top of the tree--all derived from the same source but made on a much smaller scale, and used for certain words, phrases, prefixes, Jerminations, &c. chiefly determined by their relative position, as it respects the line of writing, or the particular word of which they form part or parts. ENTERED according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1831, by M. T. C. GOULD, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court, of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 2 INTRODUCTION. SHORT-HAND Writing, under different names and forms, may be traced to the most remote civilized nations of the earth. The Egyptians, who were at a very early period distinguished for their learning, represented objects, words, and ideas, by a species of hieroglyphics. The Jews also used this species of writing, adding a number of arbitrary characters, for important, solemn, and awful terms, such as God, Jehovah, &c. A similar method was practised by the Greeks—it is said to have been introduced at Nicolai by Xenophon. The Romans adopted the same method—and Ennius, the poet, in- vented a new system, by which the Notari recorded the language of celebrated orators. He commenced with about 1100 marks of his own invention, to which he afterwards added many more. His plan, improved by Tyro, was held in high estimation by the Romans. Titus Vespasian was remarkably fond of short-hand- ho considered it, not only convenient any useful, but ranked its practice among his most interesting amuse- ments. 24 V Plutarch tells us, that the celebrate speech of Cato, relative to the Catalinían conspiracy, was taken and preserved in, short-hand. We are likewise informed, that Seneca made use of a system of short writing, which consisted in the use of about 5000 characters. The first publication upon the subject of which we have any correct information, was about the year 1500 from a Latin manuscript, dated 1412. Various other publications followed in succession, without materially advancing or changing its character, till about the commencement of the 18th century; nor were the principles, till many years afterwards settled, upon a basis which could insure stability to the art. 3 IV INTRODUCTION. Byrom was the first who treated the subject scienti- fically, and to him we are indebted for the promulgation of those fundamental principles, which will ever con- stitute the true foundation of every rational system of stenography. His first edition appeared in the year 1767, previous to which, many systems had been pub- lished under the name of short or swift-hand, which were so involved in philological refinements, or super- fluous arbitrary signs, as to be absolutely more tedious in the acquirement and practice, than the usual long hand, and scarcely intelligible, except to the inventors, or those who devoted their lives to practice it. Nor did Byrom rest till he had much obscured the merits of his original plan, by the introduction of numerous grammar rules, plausible in theory, but useless in practice. Much difficulty was experienced by him and later writers, in selecting appropriate characters, and assigning their respective functions; but a still greater difficulty by learners, from the too frequent introduction of arbitrary signs, and subtile thecries, which have rendered useless to the world much that was otherwise valuable, in the elementary principles of Byrom and his successors. ง J いし ​J Books upon short-hand have been rendered volumi- nous, intricate, and expensive, by theoretical niceties, which served only to discourage the learner, to keep the art from schools and colleges, and thus prevent its general extension and usefulness. Under these circumstances, few individuals have been successful in acquiring a knowledge of the subject, and while they have generally found an interest in sup- pressing its dissemination, the multitude have ignorant- ly rejected it, as a mystic and useless art. This neglect, while confined to some of the ponderous volumes of crude and unintelligible hieroglyphics, which appeared INTRODUCTION. V between the 16th and 18th centuries, was just; but when applied to the more improved systems of a later date, it is grossly illiberal and urjust. Still the preju- dices, excited previous to the publication of those scien- tific principles which now characterize the art, are unjustly kept up, by those who are more ready to con- demn what they do not understand, than to acknowledge their ignorance of a subject with which others are fa- miliar. Under this complication of embarrassments, the sub- ject received, comparatively, little attention in the United States, till within the last few years. But when the unparalleled advancement, and almost universal extension of other improvements are taken into consi- deration, there is reason to believe, that the merits of modern short-hand will not be long overlooked. Few persons are aware of the simplicity and practi- cability of the art, and fewer of the facility with which it may be acquired; otherwise it would soon emerge from abscurity, and assume its rank in the constellation of Ingdern improvements. The great object is, to commit. words to paper with the least possible time and labour; but by a strange infatuation, surpassing that of the most visionary alchy- mists in search of the philosopher's stone, a thousand efforts have been made to draw from the regions of fancy some fine-spun theory, by which with crooked marks, to record the language of a public speaker, as fast as delivered, without the aid of previous practice. This has served to bewilder and misguide; for short- hand is found to depend, not upon a formidable array of marshalled hieroglyphics, but upon the active manœu- vring of a few select signs. Such signs have been selected, and their various powers distinctly defined in the following pages; and future experience will prove, A 2 vi INTRODUCTION. that no system of stenography can be extensively use- ful, upon any other principle, than that of having at command these simple but significant marks, as in arithmetic, music, common writing, &c. The author of this work, having perused about forty publications upon the subject, and having devoted much time and labour in the popular field of innovation and visionary reform, as well as in reporting some thousands of pages, was at length compelled, by his own expe- rience, to settle down in the belief, that even in short- hand, a right line is the shortest distance between two given points; and that, to pass from one point to another, there is no way more direct than that which passes through the intermediate space. The inference from this conviction was, that in the- orizing, too much had been anticipated, and too much done; and that greater advantages would result from clearing away the rubbish, defining, and adhering to a few rational and permanent landmarks, than from erect- ing any new superstructure, upon the discordant ruins of systems which had already crumbled beneath the weight of their own unnecessary lumber. ... It is therefore, the aim of this work to adapt, the sub- Ject to the age in which we live, to lay aside every thing unnecessary, and to express in few words all that is necessary for a general system of short-hand. In doing this, the design and method of illustration are entirely new; and some trifling attempts have been made, under the sanction of reading and experience, to improve the theory of the art; but while the merits of these efforts may be appreciated by few, there are hun- dreds who will think all systems incomplete, which do not present a great assemblage of arbitrary characters, and vexatious grammar rules. Let such persons an- swer the following questions. INTRODUCTION. vii Would our common writing be more easily acquired, or its execution in any way facilitated, by increasing the number of letters in the English alphabet? Would arithmetic be improved by the introduction of arbitrary marks to represent the numbers 11, 12, 13, and so on to 100 or 1000? Would the art of printing be rendered more simple, easy, and expeditious, by the construction and use, of leaden syllables, words, and sentences, in- stead of the letters of which they are composed? Till these questions can be answered in the affirma- tive, the following theory will be found, with practice, amply sufficient for the purposes proposed, and with- out practice the efforts of human invention will prove abortive. To convey a more just idea of the present state of the art, it is necessary to return to its former character and merits. This recapitulation will account for its long neglect, and enable us to appreciate more fully the triumph of modern improvement over the attempts of former times; while it will furnish a reasonable ground of hope, that a general standard of stenography may yet be established, notwithstanding numerous ef- forts have proved abortive. Short-hand formerly consisted in the use of almost innumerable hieroglyphics and arbitrary characters, which could only be learned with much time and la- bour, and when learned could not be retained without continual practice. This was tolerable, only while words were few, and the cultivation of the human mind in its infancy. For however numerous these charac- ters, the advancement of arts, sciences, and general knowledge, rendered their continual multiplication necessary to the representation of new words and ideas; nor could such a system, by the constant aid of human invention, even approximate perfection, while resting viii INTRODUCTION. on this false foundation. Every appendage to the al- ready overgrown structure, only served to make it more unwieldy, and to hasten the downfall of the whole fabric; for the characters were some of them so seldom used, that the utmost powers of human memory could scarcely retain them, and if at all recalled by memory, it was not with sufficient facility to answer the end for which they were intended. We have thus far traced the subject as an art merely, without beholding one beauty, or one solitary feature, to claim our admiration; but we will now proceed, by the light of reason, philosophy, and experience, to un- fold some of its beauties as a science as well as an art. We are all aware, that ten simple figures, or the nine digits and cipher, have been found sufficient for all the purposes of numerical calculation. We also under- stand, that these ten figures are now used for nearly the same object, by every civilized nation on earth. We likewise know, that seven notes comprise the whole of written music, and that by a proper arrangement of these few notes, may be intelligibly represented all the varieties of harmony. It is also known, that, by means of these few simple, but acknowledged signs, this music is transmitted from individual to individual, and from nation to nation, requiring little interpretation but that afforded by the visible signs themselves. And though individuals are antipodes, totally ignorant of each other's language, and discordant in all their other feelings, habits, and views, yet, in the signification and use of these musical signs, they have not only a perfect under- standing, but thereby hold communion, at the distance of thousands of miles, and, as it were, reciprocally drink, from the same fountain, the rich melody of bor- rowed sounds with which the ear and heart had never before been greeted. INTRODUCTION. ix It is also evident, that, notwithstanding the infinite number of combinations produced by the organs of speech, through the varied modifications of the human voice, the whole may be resolved into a few simple sounds. Hence the practicability of assigning to each distinct sound, a particular representative, which shall be understood like arithmetical figures, or musical signs, by all people, and at all times, without regard to the language in which they are employed. As a proof of this position, to a most satisfactory ex- tent, let us look to the 26 letters of our common Eng- lish alphabet. We all know, that with these few signs may be recorded the language of a thousand tongues for a thousand ages: nor would the object be at all faci- litated were the signs 26 hundred, or as many thou- sands, though the modes of expression are beyond all human computation. It is also a fact of notoriety and philosophie interest, that our alphabetic signs are now employed in common by the inhabitants of England, France, Spain, Italy, and many other countries. By these facts we see that, the powers of arithmeti- cal figures, musical signs, and alphabetic letters, are alike unlimited, in the extent of their application. Having established this important fact respecting the use of visible signs, we may with propriety approach the subject in question. The system of short-hand which is about to claim our attention, is not, as some have erroneously ima- gined, an arbitrary art, necessarily confined to the in- defatigable reporter of speeches-it is in fact a science as well as an art; and as such, claims a degree of at- tention even from those who may never employ it as an art. As a science, adapted to the powers and faculties of X INTRODUCTION. the human voice and human ear, the leading organs employed for the transmission of thought, it traces the various modes which have been pursued, and, in con- formity with the dictates of experience, determines upon the use of alphabetic characters, for the purpose of swift writing, instead of arbitrary signs for words, sentences, or ideas. In the next place, it furnishes rules, which, if reduced to practice, will enable us to record language with the least possible time, labour, and space, compatible with legibility. It shows the common alphabet to be totally at vari- ance with the primary object of short-hand, which is despatch—that several of the letters are superfluous, and none of them well chosen, as they contain unnecessary crooks and curves, which tend to perplex and embarrass the learner, while they require time and space, to the sacrifice of ease and facility. In this system, the alphabet consists of twenty cha- racters, which are extremely simple, easily made, and readily combined, without loss of time, labour, space, or legibility. They are employed 1st. To represent, in- dividually, certain words, which are known to occur very frequently. 2d. As letters, or representatives of sounds, to be joined together in writing all words not denoted by individual characters. 3d. For some of the most frequent prefixes; and 4th. For the most frequent terminations of words. There is in this system, a symmetry not only in the adaptation of the visible signs to each other, so as to insure the greatest brevity, perspicuity, simplicity, and beauty—but the elementary rules harmonize with each other and the whole, according to fixed scientific prin- ciples. It was thought an important object by the author, to INTRODUCTION. xi condense the theory and instructions, into a convenient and cheap form for individuals and schools, and to illus- trate and exemplify the whole by rules and engravings, so as to place it within the reach of those who cannot attend a regular course of personal instructions. The work passed with unparalleled success through seven large editions, and was then presented to the public in a stereotype impression, with a number of cor- rections and improvements, and seventeen new copper- plate engravings. Several editions from the stereotype having been sold, it is now issued in a larger form and type. And although the theory remains nearly the same, it is believed that the arrangement and general accuracy of this edition, will be found valuable improve- ments to those who seek a knowledge of short-hand through the book alone. It is therefore earnestly recommended to the atten- tion of parents, and particularly to teachers, who may, at a very trifling expense, acquire the theory from the book, and communicate it to their schools. The learner should not be discouraged, though he be not able at once to record the entire language of a fluent speaker: nor should he hence infer, that the system is incomplete, or the art unattainable,-for with the same propriety might the young reader condemn and abandon the use of the common alphabet, because he cannot at once read elegantly-the musician his notes, or the tyro in mathematics his elements of Eu- clid let him persevere in practice, and he will soon attain the object of pursuit. To turn this necessary practice to the best possible account, he should record in a common place book from day to day, such facts, and other items of information, as may be considered immediately interesting, or wor- thy of future perusal-his notes should be read while xii INTRODUCTION. the subject is familiar, and by this course, the writing and reading of short-hand may in a few days be made easy, useful, and amusing, while the art cannot fail to become a potent labour and time-saving engine, not only for the actual accumulation and preservation of knowledge, but for the cultivation and expansion of the mind, and improvement of the memory. For by judi- cious exercise, this faculty can be trained to receive more, and retain longer, whatever may be worthy of its attention. This improvement, however, does not depend on the substitution of one faculty for another, but on their mutual co-operation, as auxiliary, each to the other. For though we are able by short-hand to preserve a literal copy of any particular subject, for our gratifica- tion and instruction, thereby increasing our stock of knowledge; yet, if memory be left to languish in sickly inactivity, and thus gradually lose its energies and become enervated, for the want of proper exercise, the loss is greater than the gain. The memory, then, while it should not be overbur- dened with unnecessary verbiage, should never be re- leased from that habitual exertion on which its own preservation and usefulness depend; the great secret of preserving and improving the memory, consists in giving it a sufficient quantity of the right kind of aliment, affording due time for its digestion, and no more relaxa- tion than is absolutely necessary to its health and vigour. The person who can write rapidly, does not conse- quently substitute writing for memory, but employs it as an assistant; and every person when committing words to paper for his future use and improvement, should endeavour to fix in memory, at least the leading features of the subject, depending on short-hand, for that only which memory cannot recall. INTRODUCTION. xiii When the memory is thus properly exercised, it can- not fail to be improved; and the mind, being released from the unnecessary incumbrance of words, will find more time to grow and expand, by reflecting, or com- paring and analyzing the ideas which words may have infused; for the memory should be rather the repository of ideas than of words, which are the mere vehicles of thought, and always at hand. Although the following system is in itself complete, so far as intended for correspondence and general use, yet, for the gratification of those who may wish to make other abridgments, and particularly those of the learned professions, who may think proper to engraft upon the established system, certain technical or other abbrevia- tions, adapted to their own respective professions, the following hints may be useful. The lawyer or judge may, with much propriety, even if writing short-hand, substitute in place of cer- tain words which occur very frequently, the initial common hand letter, as P. for plaintiff, D. for defend- ant, W. for witness, C. for court, T. for testimony, V. for verdict, J. for judgment, &c. The physician may, with like propriety, use P. for patient, pulse, or perspiration, F. for fever, I. for in- flammation, R. for respiration, &c. The clergyman may find it convenient to use H. for heart or heaven, S. for sinner or salvation, R. for re- demption or resurrection, J. for judgment, C. for con- science, condemnation, &c. Young gentlemen who attend lectures on chemistry, anatomy, or other subjects, may save much labour and time, by using the initials of certain technical terms, which occur frequently in the course of their study. It is a source of no small gratification to the author of this work, that his labours have been extensively B xiv INTRODUCTION. patronized, that his system is now used in the Pulpit, at the Bar, and in the Legislative Hall, by many gen- tlemen who do honour to their respective professions- that it is introduced into numerous Academies and Col- leges throughout the United States, and that its prac- tice serves to enrich the common place book of thou- sands, who would not descend to the drudgery of writing by long hand in hours, what they now record in minutes. Although the value of short-hand can never be duly appreciated, except by those who have acquired it, still they must be wilfully blind who do not discover its utility, as a labour and time-saving art; especially when the time necessary to its acquisition is reduced to a few hours, and the expense is brought within the ability of all. It is not, however, to be supposed, that every individual who acquires a knowledge of the theory, will be able to report the language of the most rapid speaker. Nor is there one in ten thousand, who will ever be called to the station of a Gurney, or a Gales; still, most persons may find it pleasant and con- venient, to write two, three, or four times as fast as they are enabled to, by the common method. And such degrees of facility may be easly obtained, in the course of a few hours or days. With these introductory remarks, this edition is sub- mitted to the American public, By their humble servant, MARCUS T. C. GOULD. Philadelphia, Nov. 1831. ( 15 ) AN ADDITIONAL WORD TO THE READER. In all the former editions of this work, to the number of more than a dozen, some three or four pages were appropriated to recommendations and encomiums, from those who had acquired this system, or were acquainted with its character-the ease with which the writing may be acquired, and its practicability for the purposes proposed. These testimonials, if ever necessary, are now no longer needed. When this work first made its appearance, there were, perhaps, twenty other systems in use in the United States; but this has completely superseded all others— and though in the year 1820, the sale of every description did not exceed 100 copies a year, the sale of this single work is now about 10,000 a year, and rapidly increasing. Instead, therefore, of printed certificates for the satis- faction of those who are in doubt, I respectfully refer them to the thousands who have attended my personal instruction, in the several cities and colleges of the United States-to thousands who have acquired the art from the former editions of this work, and more particu- larly to a class of several hundred persons in different parts of the United States, who received from me, in the year 1830, a series of periodical lectures upon stenogra- phy, and the best method of teaching and acquiring useful knowledge. These lectures were published in the first volume of the "AMERICAN REPERTORY of Arts, Sciences, and useful Literature." The last mentioned work is still published by me, in monthly numbers, of 24 pages each, at $1 a year. The first volume, embraces not only all that is contained in this system, but 10 ad- ditional lectures, explaining more fully the art of steno- graphy, and its peculiar adaptation to the acquirement of useful knowlege in general, by analysing, condensing, and arranging, whatever is worthy of preservation or future inspection; and adapting the whole to a general index table, upon a plan similar to that of Dr. Locke's common place book. M. T. C. GOULD. บ ( 18 ) INSTRUCTIONS. THE learner, being supplied with a small blank book, about the size of this work, without ruling, should proceed to write the stenographic alphabet, as exhibited in the oppo- site plate, No. 2. 1st. Commence with the character standing for s, and write it across the page, from left to right, repeating the letter s-s-s-and in the same manner, write and repeat t, d, r, &c. to the end of the alphabet. 2nd. Proceed to write the whole over again, repeating not only the letters which the characters represent, but also the words standing at their right, till the whole are familiar, and well fixed in the memory-thus, b stands for be, by, been; d, stands for do, did, done; p, for peace, person, power, &c. During this exercise, the learner should endeavour to copy the characters in length, proportion, inclination, &c. beginning and ending, according to rules for making the characters, page 17; at the same time, striving to increase the facility of execution as far as practicable. 3rd. Without ruling, write from left to right the contents of the table of joining, as seen in plates 4 and 5; observing that one letter at the top of the page, and another at the right or left, are properly joined in the angle of meeting- the top letter being always made first. The learner, when joining these characters, should repeat to himself the com- bination, thus, bb, db, vb, gb, &c. Example. Under m, and against 1, ml are properly joined-under 1, and against m, Im are joined; and so of the other characters. 4th. After reading with attention the rules for spelling and writing, go on to copy the contents of the several plates in their regular order, carefully comparing every doubtful character, with the rules and explanations, till the whole system is familiar, which will probably be in the course of half a dozen lessons. From this time, the theory being familiar, short-hand will be an amusement and convenience; and the learner may, without other instruction or study, ob- tain, by occasional practice, almost any degree of facility which he may desire. Alphabet and most common words 12. Letters Characters d f.v k.q n ch m P h 1 W sh th y ions LRight Line 2. Sem circle 3. Circle and Line 4Quadrant and Line στ Words represented by Single Characters is, as, us, lis. into, unto, it. do, did, done. are, our, or. of, off, if. know, knew, known, and, an, in. such, chance, church. ) God, good, give. 6 me, my, many. peace, person, power. have, be, had. be, by, been. lord, all, love. with, which, who. example, except, accept. shall, shalt, should. the, they, that. you, your, year. conscious, judicious. The vowels aciony. are represented by a dot These are the only characters which may ever be inverted and these only for convenience in joining or in Short Hand shortened see Page 10. STENOGRAPHY. Rules for making the Characters. 17 1st Class. Make s to the right, t down, d downward, rupward, f v downward. 2d Class.-Make k q and n from left to right, ch and gj down- ward. 3d Class.-Make the circle first in all cases. 4th Class. Make the hook or quadrant first in all cases, except ious, this always ends with the hook. For double letters make the line longer, or the circle larger. Rules for joining Characters. Make one letter as if no other were to be made, and then, with- out lifting the pen, make the next, as if the first had not been made, observing to turn them in that way which is most simple and easy; but let the line always take the same direction from the circle that is to the right, upward, downward, &c. Rules for Spelling. 1. Use no vowels in spelling, except when distinctly sounded at the beginning and end of words. Example, entity ntt, chastity chstt, obey oba, away awa, pay pa, lay la, say sa. 2. Omit all silent letters. Ex. Light lit, sight sit, night nit. 3. When two letters sound like one, use that one in their stead. Ex. Laugh, lauf, physic, fysic, Utica Utk, empty mt. 4. The letter c must be supplied by k and s. Ex. Comply kom- ply, celestial selestial, receiver reseiver. 5. H may frequently be omitted as follows. Ex. Behold beold, how ow, highway iway, heaven even, help elp. 6. Ph and gh are never written in short hand, as they are al- ways sounded like for v, (when not silent,) and therefore repre- sented by these characters. Ex. Enough enuf, tough tuf, Phila- delphia Filadelfia, philosophy filosofy, Stephen Steven. 7. When double consonants occur, use only one; but if a vowel intervene, use both. Ex. Restlessness restlesnes, commendation comendation, memory mmory, people pple. 8. B and w may be omitted, as follows. Ex. Number numer, encumber encumer, slumber slumer, answer anser. 9. The ch character is only used where it has its natural sound, as in charm, church, chapter, choice. Where ch have the sound of k or sh, let these signs be used. 10. Let z be represented by s in all cases; but to distinguish it, let the mark be made thicker than for s. REMARKS.-Although this method of spelling may appear difficult to the beginner, he is assured, that it may be made quite familiar in a few hours, and that without injuring his common spelling. To do this, pronounce words distinctly and rapidly, retaining for short hand nothing but the most prominent sounds as nv for envy; ntt for entity; ldr for elder, flsfr for philoso- pher, &c. B 2 18 STENOGRAPHY. Rules for Writing 1. Provide a good pencil, or fine hard pen, good ink and paper. 2. When a vowel is to be written make a small dot, and if it belong to a particular word, let it stand near that word, at the right or left. 3. Do not lift the pen in a word, except to write a prefix, termina- tion, or vowel. 4. Make the character y, for the words you, your, year, and at the beginning of words, but never at the last end, as it is there a vowel, and represented by a dot. 5. At the beginning of words use r for recon, recom; m for multi, magni; k for contra, contri, counter; n for inter, intro, enter; s for satis, super, circum; t for truns. It must be remembered, that all these signs should be made small, and placed just before the word, but not joined to it. For under, beneath, below, make a small circle below the line of writing; for on, upon, over and above, make it over the line; for before, make it in the line o; for up and down make a small dot or touch above or below. as the case requires. 6. At the end of words, a scratch through the last letter is tive; a dot. below is ly; a dot · above is tion, sion, cian: a touch - above is tions, sions, cians; at the right it is ing, ong, ung; if below, it is ings, ongs, ungs; if thus it is ity, ality, elity, ility; a horizontal touch above is al, ial, tial, cial; and the same touch below is less, fess, ress; and without lifting the pen, the following letters may be used for some of the frequent endings of words; viz. n for ness, b for ble or bles, m for ment or ments, s for self or selves, f for full, ference, w for ward, sh for ship, and for ious, cous, uous, ius. 7. Use common figures to represent numbers, but make them larger than the other characters, that they may be readily distinguished. 8. The common marks for punctuation may all be used in short hand, except the period, which would be taken for a vowel. But the follow- ing distinction is all that is necessary in following a speaker-when a sentence is complete, leave a blank of half an inch, and let each paragraph begin a line. 9. Long words may often be represented by two or three of their leading consonants, or by their initials, when the sense is clear; and in most long sentences a number of small words may be dropped, with- out impairing the perspicuity of the sentence. 10. When a word or sentence is immediately repeated, write it once, and draw a line under it for the repetition. If it be a sentence and not repeated till something else occur, write a word or two and make the for &c. Rule for Reading. When a word is not known at sight, proceed to speak each letter of which it is composed, separately and distinctly, and then pronounce the whole together, as rapidly as possible-thus; n, v, when pronoun- ced nv, would give the word envy-n, t, t, pronounced ntt, would give the word entity-1, d, r, would be elder-f, 1, s, f, r, or fisfr, would be readily recognized as philosopher; and the same of all other words. REMARK.—The characters of this system are simple and few, and may soon be known at sight, like the letters of our common Alphabet, and when this is the case, the sense of the subject will render the read- ing sure and easy. - Letters joind D 6 P/ / Table of Joining P ax б fv gj kq I' لو २ २. 1 Plate 3. ΙΣ UI ملا امل 7161 07 Б 6/6 10 sis و し ​J. し ​fv gj gjs kqa 61 Ь ( IL IL 9P ૪ PY у プ ​८ ib بو し ​J t W 1 نے المي لا X sh 7 thaŕ ious وابو مم واحد 1 て ​و L و वान ولا امل of 14 16 17 بر て ​6 610 و 61 919 حمام Lo Y Table of Joining Plate 4. P I' S t W X sh th Letters joind 888 d b 91 기​, 116 215 d く ​fv क 9018 д مرا مور مورم дія ه q ૧ اه १ g. L し ​لاه Ґ 1. p. d ep पान V L J. १ L 어 ​( Sgj > hkj よ ​し ​1 m I of P よ ​1 ↑ TV 6 b ) σ 1 오 ​9 1 عم ㄴ ​6 & 6 4 X sh th Lions I V n kq In Table of Combinations Plate 5. In a W W معدووووو lb of linb de bml لما wlb wbl ед дея libm g Iwbw العفو од 0- Long and Short Hand Plate 6. O give thanks unto the Lord > G 1 6 Unto thee lift I up my eyes | n O love the Lord all ye his saints 6 6 61. Be glad and rejoice in the Lord a म 2 r 6 For the words of the Lord are true V ୮ бл 6 V. Blessed is the man that trusts in him 97 { ୮ n For with him is the well of life V ( I will contefs and be لاة ا که داره sorry J. for my sins For the law of God is in my heart عی > A How excellent is thy name O God 1 ٢٠ ) O that men would therefore praise thee W ۹۰ ----| STENOGRAPHY. PSALM VII.-See Plate VII. 19 1. O LORD my God, in thee do I put my trust: save OL m G n th d I pt m trst sv me from all them that persecute me, and deliver me: prsqt m n m frm 1 thm th dlvr m 2. Lest he tear my soul like a lion, rending it in Lst h tr m sl lk a in rnding t n pieces, while there is none to deliver. P wl thr s nn to dlvr 3. O LORD my God, if I have done this; if there be O L m GfIhd ths f thr b iniquity in my hands; ingit n m ans 4. If I have rewarded evil unto him that was at peace f I h rwrdd evl t im th ws at p with me: (yea, I have delivered him that without cause w m ya I h dlvrd im th wt kse is mine enemy :) s mn nme 5. Let the enemy persecute my soul, and take it; yea, Lt th nme prsqt m sl n tk t ya let him tread down my life upon the earth, and lay mine lt im trd ml rth n la mn honour in the dust. Selah. onr n th dst Sla 6. Arise, O LORD, in thine anger, lift up thyself Ars O OLn thn ngr ift thself because of the rage of mine enemies: and awake for me bks f th rge f mn mms n awk fr m to the judgment that thou hast commanded. to th jgment th tho ast kmndd 7. So shall the congregation of the people compass So sh th kngration f th ppl kmps thee about: for their sakes therefore return thou on high. th abt fr thr sks thrfr rtrn tho hi 8. The LORD shall judge the people: judge me, O Th L sh jg th ppl jg m0 LORD, according to my righteousness, and according to L akrding to m n akrding to mine integrity that is in me. mn ntgrity th sn m risness 20 STENOGRAPHY. 9. Oh, let the wickedness of the wicked come to an Olt th wkdnes f th wkd km to n end; but establish the just: for the righteous God trieth nd bt stblsh th jst fr th reous G trth the hearts and reins. th arts 22 rns 10. My defence is of God, which saveth the upright M dfns sf G w seth thrt in heart. n rt 11. God judgeth the righteous, and God is angry with G jgth th rteous n G sngry w the wicked every day. th wkd evry da 12. If he turn not, he will whet his sword, he hath fh trn nt h wl wt s srd h ath bent his bow and made it ready. bnt s bo n md t rdy 13. He hath also prepared for him the instruments of Hath Iso prprd fr im th nstments f death; he ordaineth his arrows against the persecutors. dth h ordnth s arws agnst th prsqtrs 14. Behold, he travaileth with iniquity, and hath Bld h trulth พ ingity n ath conceived mischief, and brought forth falsehood. knsvd mschf n brt frth flsd 15. He made a pit, and digged it, and is fallen into H md a pt n dgd tns fin t the ditch which he made. th dch พ h md 16. His mischief shall return upon his own head, and Ο s mischf sh rtrn S on hd n his violent dealing shall come down upon his own pate. vint ding sh km. s S on pt 17. I will praise the LORD according to his I wl prs th L akrding to s righteousness: and will sing praise to the name of the teousness n wl sing prs to th nm f th LORD most high. L mst hi THE SEVENTH PSALM Plate 7. 1.60)~ 1/90 62190 No 2 6791066671-9606~1.dv 360) \99 41.81.010-1900 (1.9019 -one.) 56.906~160 11.06101~60146, 676~ 2[1. Toy 7-ger quin w1.09.8 16 - )rg)σ.6~11.0 uns, 1.00 4-0 9.61102121. V. 12 9 1968-1970-a.~.07 11. 4.8.-2.60...). 6 81 114 019 of 1 187 15 9079-31-2011(09.07 16 - or no-fr 1 ~917.689-16~11-166 -19 1.1607 9. Philadelphia April 1829. STENOGRAPHY. 21 PSALM LXXXVI. A Prayer of David. See plate 8. 1. Bow down thine ear, O Lord, hear me; for I am poor and needy. 2. Preserve my soul, for I am holy: O thou my God, save thy servant that trusteth in thee. 3. Be merciful unto me, O Lord: for I cry unto thee daily. 4. Rejoice the soul of thy servant: for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul. 5. For thou, Lord, art good, and ready to forgive; and plente- ous in mercy unto all them that call upon thee. 6. Give ear, O Lord, unto my prayer; and attend to the voice of my supplications. 7. In the day of my trouble I will call upon thee: for thou wilt answer me. 8. Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord; neither are there any works like unto thy works. 9. All nations whom thou hast made shall come and worship before thee, O Lord; and shall glorify thy name. 10. For thou art great, and doest wondrous things: thou art God alone. 11. Teach me thy way, O Lord; I will walk in thy truth: unite my heart to fear thy name. 12. I will praise thee, O Lord my God, with all my heart: and I will glorify thy name for evermore. 13. For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell. 14. O God, the proud are risen against me, and the assemblies of violent men have sought after my soul; and have not set thee before them. 15. But thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion, and gra- cious, long-suffering, and plenteous in mercy and truth. 16. O turn unto me, and have mercy upon me; give thy strength unto thy servant, and save the son of thine handmaid. 17. Show me a token for good; that they which hate me may see it, and be ashamed; because thou, Lord, hast holpen me, and comforted me. 22 STENOGRAPHY. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.-CHAP. XXVI. See plates 9 and 10. 1. Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Thou art permitted to speak for thyself. Then Paul stretched forth the hand, and answered for himself: 2. I think myself happy, king Agrippa, be- cause I shall answer for myself this day before thee, touching all the things whereof I am accused of the Jews: 3. Especially because I know thee to be ex- pert in all customs and questions which are among the Jews: wherefore I beseech thee to hear me patiently. 4. My manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among mine own nation at Jeru- salem, know all the Jews; 5. Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion, I lived a Pharisee. 6. And now I stand, and am judged for the hope of the promise made of God unto our fa- thers :. 7. Unto which promise our twelve tribes, in- stantly serving God day and night, hope to come. For which hope's sake, king Agrippa, I am ac- cused of the Jews. 8. Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead? 9. I verily thought with myself that I ought to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth. $ EIGHTY SIXTH PSALM. Plate 8. o. 1%.62ov. 1.0-) J V Z V 0904.2 .هـ ورما جو jas од 7 6.) 1.6 والا or jó ~1/1 ވ み ​والا في 6 وه هه كا مات روز هوا برو بروكم Lo L. 9. jig~- 1710. روازو mue le .9 ...) ? II ( V ) j ne ~ K o 1.4 40 % 1. Vie 12 وو با · مو مدل. وقاف or drie wo 13 ل.اصلا هو له رجها 6 14 J جہاں یہ دعو -ди of 15 91..61 · и 16 、 де 16 he · ار ۱۲۹۶۱ -9. لا بت کا سرا • Jo. L. 9.j ん ​6 من يمه ~ L.) IM ( ~ \ 'Z, 17 a Prayer by David .. STENOGRAPHY. 23 10. Which thing I also did in Jerusalem and many of the saints did I shut up in prison, having received authority from the chief priests; and when they were put to death, I gave my voice against them. 11. And I punished them oft in every syna- gogue, and compelled them to blaspheme; and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities. 12. Whereupon, as I went to Damascus with authority and commission from the chief priests, 13. At mid-day, O king, I saw in the way, a light from heaven, above the brightness of the sun, shining round about me, and them which jour- neyed with me. 14. And, when we were all fallen to the earth, I heard a voice speaking unto me, and saying in the Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. 15. And I said, Who art thou, Lord? And he said, I am Jesus, whom thou persecutest. 16. But rise, and stand upon thy feet: for I have appeared unto thee for this purpose, to make thee a minister and a witness, both of these things which thou hast seen, and of those things in the which I will appear unto thee; 17. Delivering thee from the people, and from the Gentiles, unto whom now I send thee, 18. To open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanc- tified by faith that is in me. 19. Whereupon, O king Agrippa, I was not disobedient unto the heavenly vision: 24 STENOGRAPHY. 20. But showed, first unto them of Damascus and at Jerusalem, and throughout all the coasts of Judea, and then to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance. 21. For these causes the Jews caught me in the temple, and went about to kill me. 22. Having, therefore, obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come; 23. That Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should rise from the dead, and should show light unto the people, and to the Gentiles. 24. And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thy- self; much learning doth make thee mad. 25. But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. 26. For the king knoweth of these things, be- fore whom also I speak freely: for I am per suaded that none of these things are hidden from bim for this thing was not done in a corner. : 27. King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets? I know that thou believest. 28 Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. 29 And Paul said, I would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were both almost and altogether such as I am, except these bonds. 30. And, when he had thus spoken, the king 763~116.6.~ lohnto Ibe ~97: ه تبه کا نه بے و بانو ᎨᎢ .-- 1.イ ​} ܩ よのみ ​ہارم -- v.fl. ~ 21qm 15 う ​я +121~ 106.6% ~ - J fe92-rong1.0-27- ^. ее 9.7072.7£.9 の ​~ مدة رف والله 8~179=12 n- 120 13 | 07/' noo 1 1 % 1-0 1-11.Jogi · @ / ) ~ ~ ure Ъ •H. جية الصده اما مما هو الا ۰۰/۲ مانا ا بود والممرضو الأمة اسرار 1/11-20 861\bja deh.mo 9 الحام مة المسا ا رسوح في ة منه في عمر اتات دات σ ~11.944 11.20 برها مناه مهرا وه ولاق مدار وسه مار و رصد فيه へ​の ​• Paul's Speech before Agrippa сдвигу Hab. глут быку вікон.х 2 4. an Plate 9. The Acts of the Apostles 26" Chap. 62070721.21. 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( 29 ) Extract from President Washington's Speech to the first American Congress, April 30, 1789.* SEE PLATES 13 AND 14. under tions WITH the impressions which I have, in obedi- ence to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiar improper to omit in this first official act, my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being, who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of na tions, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States, a govern" meut instituted by themselves and may enable every instrument employed in its administration, to execute with success, the functio allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great Author of every public and private good I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own; nor those of my fellow-citizens at large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand, which conducts the affairs of men, more than the people of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency. And in the important * The small type in this speech, distinguish such words and parts of words, as are represented by particular signs. c2 30 STENOGRAPHY, tions and vol- ments revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil delibera' untary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most govern" have been established, without some return of pious gratitude along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under the influence of which, the proceedings of a new and free govern- ment can more auspiciously commence. By the article establishing the executive department, it is made the duty of the president "to recommend to your consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The circum under under "stances which I now meet you, will acquit me from entering into that subject further than to refer you to the great constitutional charter which we are as- sembled; and which, in defining your powers, de- signates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with those rcumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism circum STENOGRAPHY. on 31 which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honourable qualifications, I be- hold the surest pledges, that as one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great as- semblage of communities and interests: So on another, that the foundations of our nat tional policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality; and the pre-eminence of a free government bė· exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens, and command the res- pect of the world. ous I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my country can inspire; since there is no truth more thorough' established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature, an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness-between duty and advantage—between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanim" policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity. Since we ought to be no less persuaded, that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained. And since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model of government are just considered as deep' perhaps as finally 32 STENOGRAPHY. staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment in pursuit of the public. good: for I assure myself, that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the bene- fits of an united and effective govern' ment, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony, will sufficient' influence your deliberati tions on the questions, how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be safely and more advantageously promoted. Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave; but not without resorting once more to the benign Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that since he has been pleased to favour the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquillity and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity On a form of government for the security of their union, and the advancement of their happiness; so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consulta tions and the wise measures on which the success of this government must depend. Qn 20200 و لامي مور المية في محي ل المال - الدربين لمه من ابناء في i درباره ف بزنه ف دیامر بيه فرقہ نام نهاد ها زیا سومر جارة رفا ا ومرة زجاج افو حافر نشد يا المزالان و فقر فقرة با فمن المها 100 به زبان لا سيادته ايدة نم مارقو نه اح ٢٠١٢٩ ٢ - السلام سمة له ستم " 14 جناب سریہ و من الا زرده بعد اقل ۱۰۸۰۰ ه به فرو شه بعد veflive 01.als مجرد ما قلاب ne bh وامهم ديوب ۱۰۰۰ سانتی يمة فاجعي قامسال فررمان ا نام روضة من مناعة المقرة - يوم 3061 کرنے قاتق 17 ره اسم hti و وجد يروا و اين امر و ليين فا ان من af ولد جور به (Moga 1. KJK nninoة فلة صيد انصاف ١٨٦٠ مار ماه 1 رو 206 استق WASHINGTONS SPEECH. Plate 13. quivo lila q4110~~~ol gil meża gx1. уголь голом живцето ов vion go nummers on to да تم مائي چار To the first American Congrefs 1789. く ​дојд 563 ? بر упа н ^~ - лю дугонії, доўга за, ашылася ле п голанското ча-ть 6-киче ~o..11.9~r voll v и видел Взпівстопы 2.-.7 янья Более да морь балъъ почуди Наполеклом новьям. boy. صو олучаетлиного для WASHINGTONS SPEECH. Plate14. о содза STENOGRAPHY. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In Congress, Philadelphia, July 4, 1776. See plates 15 and 16. 33 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the sepa- ration. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- piness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of those ends, it is the right of the people to alter or ⚫to abolish it, and to institute a new government, lay- ing its foundation on such principles, and organiz- ing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes, and accordingly, all expe- rience hath shown, that mankind are more dis- posed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to 34 STENOGRAPHY. right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them un- der absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to pro- vide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain, is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless sus- pended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large. districts of people, unless those people would re- linquish the right of representation in the legisla- ture -a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the re- pository of their public records, for the sole pur- pose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures STENOGRAPHY. 35 He has dissolved representative houses repeat edly, for opposing with manly firmness, his inva sions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dis- solutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their ex- ercise, the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and rais- ing the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing ju- diciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has effected to render the military indepen- dent of, and superior to the civil power. He has combined with others to Subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unac- knowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: 36 STENOGRAPHY. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should. commit on the inhabitants of these states: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbouring province, establishing therein an ar- bitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instru- ment for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments: For suspending our own legislatures, and de- claring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, STENOGRAPHY. } 37 desolation and tyranny, already begun with cir- cumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paral- leled in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- worthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country; become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished de- struction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appeal- ed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connexions and corres- pondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, there- D 38 STENOGRAPHY. fore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind-enemies in war, in peace friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colo- nies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolv- ed; and that as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this de- claration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred ho- JOHN HANCOCK. nour. Plate 3. Table of Joining d fv gj gj kq ky 1 Letters joind b راد MJ P / / 6 ४ واق Ъ / ar n مل اصل gj kc[ 1 ( لا 61 ہو 07 داد ん ​sis 666 لا لا / له m لا المى و do الم د IL 9.P r T b 210 بلم لے ولو رما اول ما امل مل al و て ​イ ​تے 1. t و کا لا لى انه W X sh ر وام ما よ ​า 61 7 ሕ て ​ما h 2 17101 لم टार 7 بر لا ious John Hancock ん ​رته > · 1/ 021_her_9:19:16861226_n-1 وجه از میهن 1682 1.12 ~~169492-1714784 --11,9187- D 小 ​~~、ན}ly6」。་~~/%PFJ&,ཀྵ ぺ​ハ ​~~+99451=-=-=-~;~jeg og gel.6+20 orgy, fasia 2016/17. ٤٨دم مدل بابر - زعامة المرسل دارای ماه های ماده bi ་ Roin 162147.801-66 67-78 ما aydaylong 9-1[d'q, ose mori ofitory singl ~4-4--6-66-76-11-888-888-56 Momen بهاری رحبا ملحمة من خ امام المارد صور ور اسباق 1000 عدد --1.711· in سواد و hio arg Koticon or z~~ &•Wenseshon n.5.6. 71876 In^ ماريا بما ما رحما لاما مهم - DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE Plate16. 1 INSTRUCTIONS TO PROMOTE LEGIBILITY. 39 THE learner may sometimes find it convenient, in the writing of proper names and words not in common use, to be more explicit in relation to vowels, diphthongal sounds, and doubtful consonants; for which purpose the following instructions are given. They will, however, be found less necessary, as the writing and reading be- come more familiar, and should only be used to prevent obscurity. RULES. a 1st. As A, I, O, are the only vowels ever used alone, they may be easily distinguished as follows. i; that is, A above, I in the centre, and O below, the line of writing. 2d. At the beginning and end of words make use of the same distinctions, • • a or e i or y o or u о 3d. To show what vowels are omitted in the middle of words, place a comma over the word as follows, thus: for a or e⚫ > ~ for i ory; 'for o or u • 4th. For diphthongal sounds place the comma under the word, as follows, for ou; and 5th. In doubtful cases, let for oy. r v be made heavi-f q (vier than Arbitrary Characters. Enough has been already said in relation to Arbitrary Characters, and therefore a single remark must suffice. The Compiler of this work, after having learned, at great expense of memory, some hundreds of arbitrary signs, has at length abandoned the whole, except the following, The world +Jesus Christ × Christianity Christian Religion These are soon learned, and are so very appropriate as not to be soon for- gotten. c 2 40 SHORT HAND SHORTENED. The preceding system is complete in itself, and has no dependance on the following instruction. It is, there- fore, earnestly recommended, that beginners have noth- ing to do with short hand shortened, till they are quite familiar with short hand. They may then increase their facility of writing, by adding other links to the chain of abbreviation, without weakening those which precede. The learner will here discover no characters with which he is not already familiar; although, from the manner in which they are made and located, they re- ceive additional powers. And, notwithstanding the in- struction here given is considered quite sufficient, still, the learner may, upon the same plan, go much farther by the use of other stenographic letters above or below the line-and all this, without material encroachment upon the fundamental principles of the system; but it is no more necessary for the common stenographer, than conic sections or fluxions to the humble arithme- tician. Instructions. 1st make an inverted* m, for him, am, most. "C "8 66 "C peculiar, people, practical. hand, heart, how. "but, because, believe. 66 b, << 1, << 16 46 " 66 46 W, (C law, live, large. was, what, without. th, "them, then, this. ious, “virtuous, righteous, religious. of Ge nesis, as written upon this See the first chapter plan, plate 17. for 2d. Make a horizontal touch above the line of writing and the, or by the; and the same touch below the line for in the, or of the. 3d. Make two dots .. above the line of writing, for for the, or from the; and the same below the line, for with the, or was the. Remark.-When signs are placed above or below the line, to represent a word or words, they should not stand near the pre- ceding or following words, lest they be taken for parts thereof. * The inverted characters, may be seen on the right of plate 2, against the alphabet and words. The looped characters are frequently thus inserted, for convenience in joining, but never when alone, ex- cept in short hand shortened. STENOGRAPHY. 1ST CHAP. OF GENESIS.-See plate 17. 41 1. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. 5. And God called the light Day, and the dark- ness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. 6. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the wa- ters from the waters. 7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament, from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. 9. And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. 10. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. 11. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in it- self, upon the earth: and it was so. 12. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb D 2 42 STENOGRAPHY. yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 13. And the evening and the morning were the third day. 14. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven, to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for sea- sons, and for days, and years: 15. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon the earth and it was so. 16. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. 17. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon the earth, 18. And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. 19. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. 20. And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open fir- mament of heaven. 21. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 22. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas; and let fowl multiply in the earth. 23. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. 0730 -1. `\: V. ev · 31 ~)~\([990 g/lev.)- ما V. V ولا 62 +18=-6-6<^68-^-668 Voto 198 مدره 76 { و ستة نات 82 مو ん​いく ​Co. ་ واصلد V. 977-19\\~oquɣlow_-~ol rooq - 23 • ४४% ↓ - り​g-e ره >ཨ} -® 2% ཕ}/ {%.j-%-7°2v^,'v.,[^} °¢。- ~~)-olle) 26° ~ ) 761- جد واما کاما een aita ~` ~) All ~) 19 ~.. Lessinho ~%%%%%291\__^||(~47.91_12064 Foto 16-os 1941-05.ime_^. مامان و ۱۷۰ - 91 - ) اور انوار مروا رسول -VL-S 15~ or par e-12-10yr & Mi--0- 4-06 -k. Mi 4%81_-_1568119 <(~II (01) = (--6-6-??_201 L посоло... THE IST CHAP. OF GENESIS. نه いはか ​Plate 17. 23 ~) 701f9duced 4 lollies ~ss for ~5~ mon १ -in/6-2701fave_oz_of_~disson org STENOGRAPHY. 43 24. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. 25. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. 26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have do- minion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. 27. So God created man in his own image; in the image of God created he him; male and fe- male created he them. 28. And God blessed them; and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. 29. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. 1 30. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so. 31. And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. SUPPLEMENT. ARBITRARY SIGNS. Although the subject of arbitrary characters has been once disposed of,—and though their introduction as a component or necessary part of the system of short writing, is strongly reprobated, still it is thought right to present the young reader with some of the arbitrary signs most frequently em- ployed in the sciences and arts, independent of short hand. Indeed, many of these have, by their universal conventional sanction and use, become parts of our written, or printed language, and as such, should be known to every young man, who aspires to a respectable education. The written language of the Chinese is a language of figures, every object or notion being expressed by a par ticular sign. We, also, for the sake of brevity and precision, use, in several sciences, certain signs: for instance,--- Astronomical Signs. Sun; Moon; Mercury; Venus; ↑ Mars; Vesta; & Juno; 7 Ceres; 4 Jupiter; ↳ Saturn; H Herschel. Earth ; Pallas; The twelve Signs of the Zodiac. Y Aries; 8 Taurus; Cancer; Leo; my Virgo; ~ Libra; Sagittarius; V Capricornus; Aquarius; Gemini; m Scorpio; Pisces. w W Mathematical and Arithmetical Signs, &c.: Roman cy- phers; I, 1; II, 2; III, 3; IV, 4; V, 5; VI, 6; VII, 7; VIII, 8; IX, 9; X, 10; XX, 20; L, 50; C, 100; CC, 200; D, 500; M, 1000, &c. In Algebra, the first letters of the alphabet, a, b, c, com- monly denote given magnitudes, while the last letters x, y, ≈, &c. stand for unknown magnitudes, which are to be found. Furthermore, + (plus) more,-(minus) less, sig- 45 46 SUPPLEMENT. nifying addition and subtraction; X denotes multiplication; division, equality, root (radix.) Also: ° dc- gree; 'minute; "second; '''third; &c.-Chemical Signs: air; earth A ; ▼ water; A fire; D silver; ○ gold; copper; iron; ↳ lead; 4 tin; quicksilver; nitre; ✪ salt; ◊ sulphur tartar. angle; or # paral- Geometrical and Trigonometrical Signs: A triangle; square; O circle; similarity; lel; equality and similarity, or coincidence; A > B, A greater than B.-Formerly there were more signs and abbreviations used in scientific works than at present. In Prussia, the use of signs in medical prescriptions has been abolished, on account of the danger of their being con- founded. The following are a few of the many signs used in music 1 2 3 § e I. L 简介 ​r 37 b ## Λ Р T S CEE 17 JJ ° ។ The most important signs used by the Proof-reader and Printer for correcting errors of the Press.-When a wrong word or letter occurs, a mark is made through it, and the proper word or letter written in the margin against the line in which the error occurs. If a word or letter is omit- ted, a caret (▲) is placed under the place where it should have stood, and the omission is written in the margin. If a superfluous letter occurs, it is crossed out, and the charac- ter & signifying dele, written in the margin. Where words are improperly joined, a caret is written under the place where the separation should be made, and the charac- ter written in the margin. When syllables are impro- SUPPLEMENT. 47 perly separated, they are joined by a horizontal parenthesis ; as duty. This parenthesis is to be made in the margin, as well as at the break. When words are transposed, they are to be connected is when set up for 'is not,' by a curved line, as, not مذكر and the letters tr. are to be written in the margin. When a letter is inverted, the mistake is pointed out by such a a character as in the margin. When marks of punctu- ation are omitted, a caret ▲ is put where the mark should have been inserted, and the comma or period, &c. is placed in the margin, thus,, If a mark of quotation has been omitted, the caret is made as before, and a character of this sort Vor V placed in the margin. Words which are to be printed in italics are marked beneath with a single line; as, office: if in small capitals, with two lines; as GREÈCE: if in large capitals, with three, as JAMES. Where these marks are used in correction, the abbreviations Ital., small caps, and caps. should be written in the margin. Where a word printed in Italics should be altered to Roman letters, a line is to be drawn under it, and the abbreviation Rom. is to be written in the margin. Where a corrector, after alter- ing a word, changes his mind, and prefers to let it stand, dots are placed under it, and the word stet is written in the margin. When a hyphen is omitted, a caret is made under the place where it should be, and such a character as this (-) placed in the margin. The omission of a dash is pointed out in the same way, only the enclosed line in the margin is made longer. (-) When a break is made, so as to pro- duce a division into paragraphs, where this was not intend- ed, the end of the one and the beginning of the other para- graph are connected by a curved line ~, and the words no break are to be written in the margin. Where a new paragraph is to be made, a caret is inserted, and this mark ¶ placed in the margin. 48 SUPPLEMENT. I might pursue the subject much further, but not in con- formity with the design of this publication, which is, chiefly, to communicate a practical system of quick writing; and, as necessarily connected with this object, to warn my read- ers against the hasty adoption of plausible theories, from which they can in fact derive no benefit. I have given, in a previous page, instead of many hundred crooked marks once familiar to me, only four characters merely as a specimen. To these, my readers are at liberty to add such others as they may consider applicable to their particular profession or business. But even with this limit- ed object in view, it is extremely desirable that only such signs be appropriated, as will be most likely to suggest the words or ideas which they are to represent in writing- especially, if it can be effected without too great a sacrifice : and the signs should be so allied to the words or ideas of which they are the signs, as naturally to present them- selves to the mind on every recurrence of those words or ideas. It is quite evident that no very considerable number will be found to pass this ordeal, and to be at the same time sufficiently simple and concise, to warrant their prac- tical use, as a saving of labour, time, or space and these, confined to the individual convenience of their particular inventors, will be quite harmless; unless at an unlucky mo- ment, when the memory fails to point out the original as- sociation in the mind, the signs too, should fail to call up the ideas which the writer may have given them in charge. It will, however, afford some amusement and gratification, to those who fancy themselves the happy inventors, or dis- coverers of signs so well fitted for the purposes to which they apply them. I have myself enjoyed many pleasant hours in this exercise; and have not only learned hundreds of signs which others had invented, but have contrived other hundreds of my own. As an offset, however, for the grati- fication thus enjoyed, I have since wasted many tedious SUPPLEMENT. 49 days, in trying to unlearn those signs, which my experi- ence has proved to be worse than useless. It is not to be supposed that all can see and think alike upon any subject, and much less upon the practical minutiæ of short-hand; and having given my own views, as the re- sult of an extensive experience, I shall leave the subject, after a few more hints respecting the four signs above men- tioned as I have the vanity to believe, that none can be more happily conceived. The circle is used to represent the world. By placing a dot in it we may read ✪ in the world; if at the left, .O before the world; or thus Ỏ Ċ over the world; thus Ọ under the world; thus Ɔ. after the world. And, as Mr. Gurney, a distinguished English stenographer has suggested, by draw- ing a line across the circle, thus, we may read from one end of the world to the other. The † will be readily acknowledged by all, as the most appropriate sign for the words Jesus Christ, which, in scrip- ture or pulpit style, are of frequent occurrence. With almost equal propriety may the term Christianity be represented by a cross ; but for distinction sake, two oblique lines have been appropriated instead of the horizontal and per- pendicular. Again, following up the analogy, the cross, with a very little addition, is made to represent the Chris- tian religion, viz. one of the oblique lines is double. ★ This is quite natural, as the term to be expressed, is com- pounded of two terms, represented by two single crosses. Mr. Gurney, a celebrated reporter in the British parlia- ment, in his own work upon short-hand, when speaking of arbitrary characters, says- "A principal advantage, in this system of short-hand, consists in the small number of arbitrary and contracted characters; and in their conspicuity, by which they will be soon understood, fixed in memory, and read again at first sight." He afterwards introduces the capital letters of the com- E 50 SUPPLEMENT. mon writing alphabet, as the arbitrary signs of certain words of frequent occurrence-the plan I think a good one if con- fined within proper limits; and I therefore give it as prepa- red by him, together with the remarks and additions of the editor of the last American edition of the work, who says "Mr. Joseph Gurney has introduced the letters in the common writing alphabet, as arbitrary characters in the later editions of his work, which seems to be a real improve- ment. The present Editor has formed them into a double alphabet of capital and small letters, by which he has been enabled to adopt all Mr. Gurney's significations, has added a few of his own, and furnished the pupil with an exercise for his ingenuity by leaving several characters vacant, to be supplied from his own fancy, or the necessary exigencies of his profession, as in the following scheme." Doubtless most of my readers recollect the hints given in the introduction to this system, respecting a plan like the one here described. They have now an opportunity, not only to profit by those suggestions, but to improve still further, by having laid before them, on the following page, a judicious selection of words adapted to different letters of the alphabet. This selection is the result of much experience, and forms a basis upon which the learner may proceed to build with entire confidence.* The several blanks may be filled in conformity to the respective professions of those concerned: and as it is not, properly speaking, a part of the regular system of short hand, but intended for individual convenience, each person is at liberty not only to fill the blanks, but to ex- punge, and substitute other words which he may consider more appropriate. Perhaps some of the words enumerated in my introduction will be found appropriate, especially to gentlemen of the learned professions--in relation to this, however, I have no desire to dictate. * The filling up of the following blanks, though apparently the la- bour of a moment, cannot be accomplished in the best manner, with- out much investigation. 1. SUPPLEMENT. 51 ARBITRARY CHARACTERS FORMED FROM THE WRITING ALPHABET. The italic types are used as most convenient to repre- sent the common writing letters. A Administrator, -tion a accord -ing -ingly B b bankrupt -cy C Congress, Congressional c circum -stance -es D Demonstrate -tion E Ecclesiastic -al F G H I K L Law or Laws M N O Origin -ate -al -ally P President of the States Q R Representatives S Senate T U United States V W X Christianity Y N Ꮓ d evident -ly, evidence e establish -ed -ment f fraud -ulent -ulently g govern -ing -ment h hereditary -aments j justify -ing -able -cation k l legislator -ture -tive -tion m multitude -ply -ed -cation n notwithstanding o order -ing p preceden -cy q question rrepresent -ed -ation s statute, spirit -ed -ual t trespass -es, transport -ation u unlawful -ly -ness ซ zu witness -es -ing x extraordinary -ly У 2 Q VOCABULARY. To make this little work as useful to the learner as its limits will permit, a collection of maxims, words and phrases is here subjoined, for the benefit of those who are not familiar with the Latin and French, from which they are selected. They may be written in short hand, the same as English, but should be distin- guished by a line drawn over them. Ab initio.-From the beginning. Ab origine. From the origin. M Aborigines. The first inhabitants of a country-as the Indians in America. Accedos ad curiam.-You may approach the court. Ac etiam.-And also. Actio personalis moritur cum persona.—A personal action dies with the person. Actus Dei nemini facit injuriam.-No one shall be injured through the act of God. Actus legis nulli facit injuriam.—The act of the law does in- jury to no man. Actus, me invito factus, non est meus actus.--An act done against my will is not my act. Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea.-The act does not make a man guilty, unless the mind be also guilty. Ad eundem.-To the same. Ad finem. To the end.-Or the conclusion. Ad infinitum.-To infinity. Ad interim.-In the meanwhile. Ad libitum.—At pleasure. Ad quod damnum.-To what damage. Ad referendum.-To be farther considered. Adscriptus gleba.—Attached to the soil. Ad valorum.-According to the value. Affirmation.--In the affirmative. A fin. French.-To the end. A fortiori.--With stronger reason. A la mode. Fr.- According to the fashion. Alias. Otherwise, as Robinson alias Robson. Alibi.-Elsewhere. Alma mater --A benign mother. Alumni.-Those who have received their education at a col- lege, are called alumni of that college. Amor patria.-The love of our country. Anno Domini.-In the year of our Lord. 52 SUPPLEMENT. Anno mundi.-In the year of the world. Ante bellum.--Before the war. A posteriori. From the latter. A priori-From the former-in the first instance. Aqua fortis. Strong water.-Aqua regia.-Royal water. 53 Arcana imperii-State secrets.--The mysteries of government. Arcanum. secret.--The grand arcanum-the philosopher's stone. Argumentum ad crumenam.-An argument to the purse. Argumentum ad hominem.-An argument to the man. Argumentum ad judicium.--An argument to the judgment. Assumpsit.-He assumed he took upon him to pay. Audi alteram partem.-Hear the other party. Aula Regis.-The king's court. Beau monde. Fr.-The gay world.-The world of fashion. Bona fide.-In good faith.-Actually, in reality. Bonhommie. Fr.-Good nature. Bon mol. Fr.-A good word.-A witticism. Bonus.-A consideration for something received. Cætera desunt.-The remainder is wanting. Canaille. Fr.-The rabble-the swinish multitude. Cap a pie. Norm. Fr.-From head to foot. Capias-You may take. Capias ad respondendum.-You take to answer. Capias ad satisfaciendum.-You take to satisfy. Carte blanche. Fr.-A blank sheet of Casus omissus.-An omitted case. paper. Caveat actor.-Let the actor or doer beware. Caveat emptor.-Let the buyer beware. Chef d'œuvre. Fr.-A master piece.-An unrivalled perform- ance. Cognovit actionem.-He has acknowledged the action. Comiter inter gentes.-Politeness between nations. Compos mentis.-A man of a sound and composed mind. Consensus facit legem.-Consent makes the law. Coram nobis.-Before us. Corps diplomatique. Fr.--The diplomatic body. Coup d'essai. Fr.-A first essay.-An attempt. Coup de main. Fr.-A sudden or bold enterprise. Cui bono?-To what (or for whose) good-sc. will it tend? Cui malo?—To what evil-sc. will it tend? Data. Things granted. Debut. Fr.-First appearance-on the stage, in public life, &c. &c. De die in diem.-From day to day. Dedimus potestatum.-We have given power. De facto.-From the fact. De jure. From the law. De mal en pis. Fr.-From bad to worse. E 2 54 SUPPLEMENT. De novo.-Anew.--To commence de novo. Depot. Fr.-A store or magazine. Dernier resort. Fr.-The last resource. Desideratum.-A thing desired. Desperandum.-A thing, or event, to be despaired of. Dictum de dicto.-Report upon hearsay.-Vague report. Dies datus.-The day given. Dies faustus.-A lucky day. Dies infaustus.--An unlucky day. Distringas. You may distrain. Droit des gen. Fr.-The law of nations. Ducit amor patria.-The love of my country leads me. Durante bene placito.-During our good pleasure. Durante vita.--During life.-A clause in letters patent. E converso. Reversing the order-of a proposition. Elegit. He has chosen. En ami. Fr.-As a friend. En avant! Fr.-Forward!--March on. En masse. Fr.-In a body.-En foule.-In a crowd. Eo instanti.-At that instant. Eo nomine. By that name.--Under that description. E pluribus unum.-One of many. The motto of the United States of America. Erratum.-An error. Errata.-Errors. Esprit de corps. Fr.--The spirit of the body. Esto perpetua.-Be thou perpetual. Et cætera. And the rest. Ex.-Out.-Ex-minister, a minister out of office. Ex cathedra.--From the chair. Excelsior.-More elevated.--Motto of the state of New York. Exceptio probat regulam.--The exception proves the existence of the rule. Excerpta.-Extracts.-Abridged notices taken from a work. Excessus in jure reprobatur.-All excess is condemned by the law. Ex concesso.-From what has been granted. Ex curia.-Out of court. Ex delicto.-From the crime. Exempli gratia. Ex. gr.--As an example, for instance. Ex facto jus oritur.-The law arises out of the fact. Ex mero motu.--From a mere motion. Ex necessitate rei.-From the necessity of the case. Ex officio.-By virtue of his office.-As a matter of duty. Ex parte.-On one side. Ex post facto.-A law made to punish an act previously com- mitted. Ex tempore.-Out of hand-without premeditation. Fac simile.-Do the like.-A close imitation. Faux pus titude. SUPPLEMENT. Fr.-A false step.-A mistake, a deviation from rec- Felo de se.-A felon of himself. Femme couverte. Fr.-A covered, or married woman. Femme sole. Fr.-A spinster-woman unmarried. Fiat.--Let it be done. Fiat lux.-Let there be light. Fieri Facias.-Cause it to be done. Fille de chambre. Fr.-A chambermaid. Finem respice.-Look to the end. Fort. Fr-Chief excellence. Fugam fecit. He has taken to flight. Functus officio.-Discharged of duty. Gratis. For nothing.-Free of cost. Gratis dictum.--Said for nothing. Habeas corpus.-You may have the body. Habeas corpus ad prosequendum.--You may have the body in order to prosecute. Habeas corpus ad respondendum.-You may have the body to answer. Habeas corpus.ad satisfaciendum.-You may have the body to satisfy. Habere facias possessionem. -You shall cause to take possession. Habere facias visum.-You shall cause a view to be taken. Hors de combat. Fr.-Out of condition to fight. Ibidem.-Ibid.-In the same place.-A note of reference. I. E. an abbreviation of id est.--That is. Ignis fatuus.-A foolish fire.-Will o' the Wisp. Ignoramus.-We are ignorant.-An uninformed blockhead. Ignorantia facti excusat.-Ignorance of the fact excuses. I. H. S.-An abbreviation of Jesus Hominum Salvator.-Jesus the Saviour of mankind. Imperium in imperio.-A government existing within another government-as Pennsylvania within the general government of the United States. Imprimatur.--Let it be printed. Impromptu.-In readiness.-A witticism made out of hand. In capite.--In the head. Incognito.-Unknown.-In disguise. In curia.-In the court. In dubiis.-In matters of doubt.-In cases of uncertainty In equilibrio. In an even poise. In esse.-In being.--In existence. In extenso. At large-in full. In foro conscientia.-Before the tribunal of conscience. In futuro.-In future.-Henceforth. In loco. In the place. In the proper place. Upon the spot. Innuendo.-By signifying.-Thereby intimating. In presenti. At the present time. 56 SUPPLEMENT. In presenti. At the present time. In rerum natura.-In the nature of things. Instanter.-Instantly. Instar omnium.—Like all the rest. In statu quo.-In the state in which it was. Interregnum. The interval between the death of one king, and the succession of another. In terrorem.-In terror.--As a warning. In toto. In the whole-altogether-entirely. In transitu.-On the passage. Ipse dixit. He said it himself.-On his ipse dixit-on his mere assertion. Ipsisima verba.-The very words--the literal meaning. Ipso facto.-In the fact itself. Ipso jure. By the law itself. Ita lex scripta est. Thus the law is written. Judicium Dei.-The judgment of God. Judicium parium, aut leges terræ.-The judgment of our peers, or the law of the land. Jure humano.-By human law. Jure divino.--By divine law. Jus civile.-The civil law. Jus gentium.-The law of nations. Lapsus lingua.--A slip of the tongue. Latitat. He lurks. Levari facias--Cause a levy to be made. Lex loci.--The law, or custom of the place. Lex neminem cogit ad impossibilia. The law compels no man to impossibilities. Lex non scripta.-The unwritten law. Lex scripta. The written or statute law. Lex talionis.-The law of retaliation. Lex terræ.-The law of the land. Litera scripta manet.-The written letter remains. Literalim:--Letter by letter. Locum tenens.-One who holds the place of another. Locus sigilli. The place of the seal-denoted by L. S. Lusus naturæ.-A play or freak of nature. Magna Charta.-The great Charter. Magna est veritas et prævalebit.-Truth is most powerful, and will ultimately prevail. Maia fide.--In bad faith.-With a design to deceive. Malum in se.-A thing evil in itself. Mandamus.--We order. Mauvaise honte. Fr.-False shame. Maximum.-The greatest possible. Mediocria firma.--The middle station is the safest. Memento mori.--Remember death. Memoria in æterna.-In eternal remembranco. E 5 SUPPLEMENT. 57 Minimum.-The smallest possible. Minutia.-Trifles.-To enter into minutiæ. Mirabile dictu!—Wonderful to tell! Mirabile visu!--Wonderful to behold! Mirum!-Wonderful! Mirum in modum.—In a wonderful manner. Misnomer. Fr.-The mistake of a name; or using one name for another. Modus operandi.-The method or manner of operating. Multum in parvo.-Much in little.-A great deal said in a few words. Necessitas non habet legem.--Necessity has no law. Ne exeat.-Let him not go out. Nem. con, for nemine contradicente, and, Nem. diss. for nemine dissentiente.-No person opposing or disa- greeing. These two phrases are synonymous. Ne plus ultra-Nothing more beyond. Nil debet.-He owes nothing.--The usual plea in an action of debt. Nil dicit.--He says nothing. Nisi prius.--Unless before. Nolens, volens.—Willing or unwilling. Noli me tangere.-Do not touch me. Nolle prosequi-To be unwilling to proceed. Non assumpsit.-He did not assume, or take to himself. Non compos mentis.-Not of sound mind.-In a delirium of lu- nacy. Non conscire sibi.-Conscious of no fault. Non constat.--It does not appear. Non est inventus.-He has not been found. Non nobis solum.-Not merely for ourselves. Non obstante.-Notwithstanding. Non sequitur.-It does not follow. Nosce teipsum.-Know thyself. Nota bene.--Mark well. Nucleus.-The kernel. Nudum pactum.-A naked agreement. Nulla bona.-No goods. Nunc aut nunquam.-Now or never. On dit. Fr.-It is said.—It is an on dit.--It is merely a loose re- port, Onus probandi.-The burden of proving. Opera pretium est." It is worth while" to hear or to attend. Ore tenus.-From the mouth.-The testimony was ore tenus. O tempora! O mores!-Oh the times and the manners. Pacta conventa.--Conditions agreed upon. Panacea. From the Greek.—A remedy for all diseases. l'ur excellence. Fr.--By way of eminence. Pari passu.—With an equal pace.--By a similar gradation. 58 SUPPLEMENT. Paritur pax bello. CORN. NEP.-Peace is produced by war. Particeps criminis.—A partaker in the crime-an accessary. Passim. Every where.-In various places. Pater noster.-Our father. Pater patriæ.-The father of his country. Penchant. Fr.-Propensity, inclination, desire. Per annum. Per diem.-By the year-by the day. Per se. By itself.-No man likes mustard per se. Perseverando. By perseverance. Pluries. At several times. Posse comitatus.--The power of the county. Posse videor. The appearance of being able. Postea.-Afterwards. Post factum, nullum consilium.-After the deed is done, there is no use in consultation. Post mortem.-After death. Postulata.-Things required. Primum mobile. The first cause of motion. Primus inter pares.-The first amongst his equals. Principia non homines.-Principles-not Men. Pro bono publico.-For the public good. Pro confesso.-As if conceded. Pro et con.-For and against. Pro hac vice.--For this turn. Pro libertate patriæ.--For the liberty of my country. Pro patria. For my country. Promenade. Fr.-A walk--a fashionable place for walking. Pro tempore.-For the time. Quantum.-How much.--The quantum.-The due proportion. Quantum libet.--As much as you please. Quantum meruit.-As much as he has deserved. Quantum sufficit.-A sufficient quantity. Quid nunc.-What now?-What is the news at present? Quid pro quo.-What for what.-An equivalent. Qui facit per alium, facit per se.-What a man does by another, he does by or through himself. Qui non negat, faletur.-He who does not deny, virtually cou- fesses. Qui non proficit, deficit.-He who does not advance, goes back- ward. Qui prior est tempore, potior est jure. He who is first in point of time, has the advantage in point of law. Qui tam.-Who as well. Quoad hoc.-As far as this.-Or, as relates to this matter. Quo animo?--With what mind? Quo jure. By what right. Quorum.--Of whom, or a sufficient number to proceed in busi .ness. SUPPLEMENT. 59 Quorum pars fui.-Of whom I was one.--In which I have par ticipated. Quota.- How much-how many. Quo warranto.-By what warrant. Respondeat superior.-Let the principal answer. Respublica. The common-weal. The general interest. Salvo jure.--Saving the right.-A clause of exception. Sanctum Sanctorum.-The Holy of Holies. Sang froid. Fr.-Cold blood.-Indifference, apathy. Sans changer. Fr.-Without changing. Scire facias.-Cause it to be known. Secundum artem.-According to art. Secundum formam statuti.-According to the form of the statute. Seriatim. In order.--According to place or seniority. Sic transit gloria mundi.―Thus fades the glory of this world. Sicut ante.--As before. Sine cura.-Without charge.-A sinecure. Sine die. Without a day.The business was deferred sine die. Sine dubio.-Without doubt;-assuredly. Sine invidia.-Without envy.-Not speaking invidiously. Sine odio.-Without hatred.-I speak sine odio. Sine qua non.-A thing without which another cannot be. Soi-disant. Fr.-Self-called. Sola nobilitas virtus.-Virtue alone is true nobility. Sub pœna-Under a penalty. Sub silentio.-In silence. Succedaneum.--A substitute.-A matter substituted. Sui generis. Of its own kind. Summum bonum.-The chief good. Supersedeas. You may remove or set aside. Super subjectam materiam.-On the matter submitted. Super visum corporis.-Upon a view of the body. Tant mieux. Fr-So much the better. Tant pis. Fr-So much the worse. Te Deum (laudamus.)--Thee, Lord, (we praise.) Tempus omnia revelat.—Time reveals all things. Terra incognita.-An unknown land or country. Tete a tete. Fr.-Head to head.-In close conversation. Tout bien ou rien. Fr.-The whole or nothing. Tout ensemble. Fr.-The whole taken together. Tuebor.-I will defend. Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum.-Where the law is uncertain, there is no law. Ubi libertas, ibi patria.-Where liberty dwells, there is my coun- try. Ult-ultimus.-The last. Unique. Fr.-Sole, singular, extraordinary. Vade mecum.-Go with me. Vedettes. Fr.-Sentinels on horseback. 60 SUPPLEMENT. Venditioni exponas.-You shall expose for sale. Venire facias.-You shall cause, or order to come. Veni, vidi, vici,—I came, I saw, I conquered. Verbatim et literatim.-Word for word, and letter for letter. Veritas vincit.-Truth conquers. Versus.-Against. Veto.-I forbid. Vice versa. The terms being changed. Vide.-See.-Vide ut supra. See the preceding statement. Vide et crede.-See and believe. Vi et armis.-By force and arms. Vincit amor patria.-The love of my country overcomes. Vincit omnia veritas.-Truth conquers all things. Vincit veritas.-Truth prevails. Vis inertia. The power of inertness. Vivat Respublica. May the Republic long continue. Viva voce. By the living voice. Voir dire. Fr.-A witness is examined upon a voir dire, when he is sworn and examined whether he be not interested in the cause. Vox populi, vox Dei.-The voice of the people is the voice of God. THE END, "" } 653 G73 wils 653 G73 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Gould, Marcus Tullius Cicero, 1793-1860. 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