University of Virginia Library
S;2638;.P6-1999

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incidents in that true, unbelievably fascinating story.

 

The
First
Killing

‘Pedro vanished from the face
of the earth. We gave up the
chase for him. One day Chicken.
a kid of eighteen, came back from
the hills.

“Get your horse,’ he said.
‘I know where Pedro is—Presidio
County on the Rio Grande.’

“We left that night with four
horses and fifty dollars. We rode
six hundred miles. . . . Pedro came galloping
up and into the corrals from the opposite side.
He didn’t see me. Like a flash I spurred in
between the horses. They went wild and broke
from the cortal. Pedro turned, recognized me
and shouted to the men. . . .”

“Through the Shadows with 0. Henry”

By Al Jennings FR EE

Here, in Al Jennings’ own words, is one of the thrilling prison horrors is even more ‘gentle than the reality.

: “And there is O. Henry—guiltless of crime, and locked
As Life so well expresses it “his book is a corker. up in jail, as if bya stern taskmaster who said, ‘Now, will
It reeks with train robbery, horrible prison cruelty, you write?? And some of us wonder, if after all, it
pathos, sentiment—about everything there is in human matters how much an individual—a finely sensitive soul

   

i) nature, and then some. It is true. Naturally Al —is made to suffer, if the final outcome is to be stories
_ Jennings has made the most of his theme. Thomas such as O. Henry wrote. It makes us feel more than
| Osborne, who ought to know, says that his account of ever that individuals, in the long run, do not count.”

 

274 One
adie ©. HENRY 2%
- Stories ° Novel

sis so. ‘This man writes of people such as I know.’”’ But
_O. Henry writes, and you read, and with sudden laughter

»
~

| wrote these stories of the people. He was one of the disin-
6° herited—and he knew their problems.

‘day, let the sun shine on them, and then tucked them baclx
| again—warmed and heartened, or cleansed and sterilized.

‘real hidden self which no one else ever sees. Other men write

Out of the trials and struggles of his own life, O. Henry

He picked out with deft, yet gentle hand, the little hidden
things we all strive to conceal, held them up to the light of

You love his stories because you see yourself in them—your

so that you read and sagely nod your head and say—‘‘ That

   

ery—‘‘ This is me!"

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Fa]THE MENTOR

 

 

 

 

Elbert Hubbard’ Ss
“Message to Garcia”

Thought by many to be the
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a / As a writer Elbert Hubbard stands in the front rank
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Few businessmen have left institutions that reflect as much credit upon their founder,
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Where did Elbert Hubbard find the inspiration for carrying on his great work? It is
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Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great

Fourteen years were consumed in the writing of the work that ranks to-day as Elbert Hubbard’s master-
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These little gems have been accepted as classics and will live. In all there are one hundred and eighty-
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Following Hubbard’s tragic death on the “Lusitania”? in 1915, announcement was made from East
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The same spirit of devotion has prompted the Roycrofters to issue their memorial edition of “‘Little
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the founder of their institution as to liberate the influence that was such an important factor in moulding
the career of his genius. :

 

 

 

Ee RONCROFT SHOPS, ‘| Mail Coupon For Very Special Quotation
; and Free Little Journey Booklet

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distributed at a very special price, so lor
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PCE ee oe Sie sce eae ees : : . . .
ee do so might possibly interfere with the f
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Mentor 9-22 the accompanying coupon.
LbTHE MENTOR

 

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354 Fourth Avenue, New York

fei

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1t is understood hew-THE MENTOR

 

 

 

  
  

LLL LLL LLL LL LE LLL LL LI LIELIFE LEE LI ELSES SEL SS ELELELE LISTS IESILESLESIS

; Beginning Sept. Ist, the Works of
¢ Ernest Thompson Seton

 

g

; Will be Published in a New Edition With

* a Striking Binding Never Before Offered

* NEW achievement in the art of book-making—that of the
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g has drawn the unique pictures from which the publishers have
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i before a single one is opened. :
The art of books knows nothing quite so fascinating as this.

 

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a Mr. Seton is universally beloved because he has the unusual gift of

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his books. These are as quaint and full-flavored with the outdoors, as jetpaconsiderable pumben ay caueh and

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SAEARAGIRABRAAAEAA ERIAAHEARAATEALEAIAE ARIAT ITRATIRAD AAT

 

Special Offer

In order to introduce this new set to those who would —*” .< oe
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SEVOPEEEPEPEE EE DE

BRE Fotis eSB EE lededededososofosstosetogsbobeSdosesesenssosor/’ G9 i
rgee

 

 

 

 

 

 

STATUE OF POE IN BALTIMORE

 

 

 

HIS beautiful statue was designed

by Sir Moses Ezekiel, and erected by
the Edgar Allan Poe Association at the
Maryland Avenue Entrance to Wyman
Park, Baltimore. It was unveiled
October 20, 1921, the memorial address
being delivered by C. Alphonso Smith.

PirSe erg in his 1
$

*:

SE PRE Ag \e

 

 

 

 

 

 

2 he ACTORS’ &
MONUMENT TO
EDGAR ALLAN POE

 

 

A fine memorial in marble, expressive of the actors’ reverent regard for the
genius of Poe, whose parents, David Poe, Jr., and Elizabeth Arnold, were actors.
It was dedicated by Edwin Booth, and was set up in the Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York, May 4, 1885. The tribute reads: “He was great in his genius;
unhappy in his life; wretched in his death. But in his fame he is immortal”

 

 

 

SeVol. 10

 

SEPTEMBER, 1922

 

 

Wi ALLAN POE
BY €, ALPHONSO SMITH. = torn POE’S ROOM,

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH cy
U. 8S. NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS, MD. ofe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

efe
ok

Poe is the necromancer of American Hterature. Read his prose and you
crown him as the king of terror. Read his poetry and you concede a witchery
of words found in no other of our American poets. There have been those who
denied him a place among our greatest prose writers as well as our greatest
poets; but no one has denied his power, his ability to reach the hidden places
of the soul, his unique position in literature. No other poet has ever written
so little and yet lodged so much in the memory as Poe. The emotions to
which he appeals are neither many nor varied, but they are elemental and
universal; and he appeals to them with a directness, with a weird vividness,
with an impassioned intensity that have made him—though dead—a living
Tonee:

But the popular conception of the man’s real service remains strangely
vague. Asa poet there are thousands of Americans who still think of him only
as ‘‘the jingle man;”’ and as a prose writer they consider him chiefly a “manu-
facturer of cold creeps and maker of shivers.” If this were all, his international
fame would be not only hard to explain, but a stinging indictment of the
literary taste of two worlds.

As I see it, Poe has influenced world hterature in several definite ways.
He had his weaknesses both of character and of genius. But America has
produced no other genius whose life has been so mercilessly probed, whose
every word and act has been so publicly blazoned, or whose motives have

been so relentlessly scrutinized.
| Poe has been a discoverer in the realm of meter and rhythm. I say “‘dis-
coverer’ advisedly, not “inventor.” Men do not invent new rhyme combina-
(1EDGAR ALLAN POEL

tions or new stanza forms. These forms were already existent, waiting for
someone to call them into service. Now, Poe was a ceaseless experimenter in
sound combinations, line combinations, and stanza combinations. His mas-
tery of the technical devices of “repetition” and “parallelism”? has perma-
nently enriched the resources of English poetry. Take also the matter of new
stanza forms. So far as I know, no new stanza had been coined in English
literature since Spenser’s time, till Poe appeared. The stanza structure of
‘Phe Raven,” of “To Helen,” and of ““Ulalume’”’ are altogether new creations.
It was instantly recognized that Poe had done a new thing in these poems.
Indeed, Poe gave such flexibility and malleableness to stanza structure as to
justify us in saying of him that he found the stanza a solid, but left asa liquid.
Then, too, his rhyme combinations, especially his characteristic blending of
tripping syllables with sonorous syllables, as “napping” and “rapping” with
“door and = more ~lILhenore’ and “E.wermore,” added appreciably to the
gamut of poetic effects. No other poet of his time revealed so many unknown
resources in poetic technique as Poe. “‘Poe has proved himself,” says Edmund
Gosse, to be the Pied Piper of Hamelin to all later English poets. From
Tennyson to Austin Dobson there is hardly one whose verse-music does not
show traces of Poe’s influence.”” Some are actually imitative of Poe.

 

Both in theony and prac
tice Poe is the founder of the
American short story as dis-
tinguished from the story that
: : is merely short. His construc-
e oo oo : tive leadership in this realm is
recognized both at home and
abroad. Washington Irving
may be said to have legend-
ized the short story, making it
a means of storing legendary
material in more enduring and
attractive form. Hawthorne
allegorized it, converting it
into a sort of miniature “Pil-
grim’s Progress.”’ Bret Harte
localized it, and California be-
came the first romantic region
that was lifted into literature
on the shoulders of the short

 

J

    

 

ee irre "|| Story.. Joel Chandler Harris

| ENTRANCE TO Above the door of Poe’s room, University folklorized it with the Uncle
POE’S ROOM oy reine, is the Latin inscription, R : O

Domus parva magni poete,” meaning CMus, St : -

| of of “The small home of a great Bose a : Henry 7

 

 

SSS] cialized it, leaving it the most

 

tieflexible and responsive
medium of expression
of everyday life and the
social reaction that
American literature has
to its credit. }Poe’s con-
tribution was unlike
any of these. He retold
no legends, he looked
askance at allegory, he
brought no locality into
literature, he saw no |i
Earcer for art in, folie
lore, and he found his
creative inspiration not

in the changing moods
32 HORS ROOM 2 versity of Virginia is kept carefully,

and whims of oat UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA and almost in original condition, as
about him, but in the a memorial chamber

visions and question-

ings deep within the human consciousness. His central contribution to the
new form was not content, but structure. Poe standardized the short story;
that is, he formulated a code for short-story writing that has been followed
consciously or unconsciously in all lands. The old way was to begin with your
chief character or your plot or your background, and to make one of these
central and distinctive. But Poe declared that all of these should be made
dependent upon and convergent upon the effect that you wish to produce—
the effect, that was the chief thing.

Begin with this predetermined effect—that should be vour real and only
goal. Character, plot, and background have no reason for existence except
as they contribute to this central and controlling purpose.

Poe’s phrase, “totality of effect,’ sums up admirably
EFFECT Is his point of view. It was a formula from which he never
EVERYTHING swerved a hairs breadth. There are no unnecessary
phrases or lines in his best stories. From the first word the lines begin to
converge toward the predetermined and prearranged effect. In all lands his
stories have been fruitful of suggestion, not because they brought a new
message, but because they showed a faultless method of expressing whatever
@ writer of natrative had to say. There is no better model than that estab-
lished by Poe. His motto was not merely brevity, but brevity plus effectiveness.

An old question, and a large one, 1n art is: Does genius act spontaneously
or self-consciously? Poe stands for conscious and painstaking craftsmanship.
Kant said that genius is wholly unconscious of its own operations. My own
opinion is that Poe is much nearer the ultimate truth in this matter than

Lo

 

 

Photograph by Holsinger

 

The room Poe occupied at the Uni-Zant. At any rate, when Poe wrote
his “Philosophy of Composition”
(1846), telling just how he composed
The Raven, he touched a big
thought in a vital way and furnished
the chief whetstone on which foreign
critics, whether with him or against
him, have sharpened their critical
knives. He was thus a constructive
force not only by what he did, but by
what he said as to how he did 1t. He
once called this self-attentiveness “‘a
curse: but, if it was a‘curse to him,
it has been a blessing to other crafts-
men. Arthur Ransome, the English
emt im ius recent ~ Lite ot mocws
says that what Poe called in himself
a curse iS the quality that is am
| the bottom of all public knowledge
7s > ae of techmigque. The tman who is as
a interested in the way of doing
a thing as in the thing when done
is the man who is likely to put
a new tool into the hands of his
fellow. crattsmen. Poe's “Pine
losophy of Composition” re-
mains the best document in
evidence to prove that genius, while unconscious perhaps in its larger inspira-
tions, is not unconscious in its choice of technique to express itself. A study
of the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci, Goethe, Sir Joshua Reynolds,
Robert Louis Stevenson, Tennyson, or even Robert Burns will show the
same sort of self-attentiveness. But Poe wrote with a freedom and minuteness
of detail about the composition of his own work that have made him pre-
eminently the spokesman of those who believe that genius, whether in litera-
ture, painting, sculpture, or music, must toil painstakingly and _ self-con-
sciously to bridge the chasm between the first rapture and the well-ordered
expression of the rapture in concrete form.

H. H. Ewers, another recent biographer of Poe, observes that “Poe was
the first poet to speak so plainly of his own work. In this respect he is dis-
oe American, and stands also on the very threshold of modern thought.”
oa uel that Ewers tries to find in Poe something “distinctively Ameri-
can.’ Poe was the first American whose work suggested a new and sounder

attitude toward c¢ Sane :
the Meaning or Nmerncanism > his aac one of Pees

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 

  

 

Courtesy Houghton Mifflin & Con Boston ae

THE RAVEN

The house in which Poe wrote

‘The Raven.2. It was situ-

ated near West Eighty-fourth
Street, New York City

 

 

 

LoEDGAR ALLAN POE

unconscious services, but none the less a real one. There was a time (it is
with us yet) when critics thought that no writer could be American who did
not embody in his work American history, American scenery, American
geography, American traditions, or American characters. I hope that day is

assing. I am convinced at least that it will pass and that
ROW LURUE fo ee oe Ne :

a it will pass vza a right appreciation of what Poe has done.
AMERICAN a fs
: Nationalism is not physical, but spiritual and tempera-
PRODUCT = :

mental. It is to be seen in the extent to which a writer

expresses and illustrates the essential characteristics of his people, and not by
actual descriptions of national scenes, characters, and events in his writings,
nor by “local color” of any kind. Byron and Browning are unmistakably
English, though there is little or no English history or geography in their
work. For at least thirty years foreien critics haye beem trying to appraise
Poe in terms of a distinctively American product. Formerly they declared that
he was utterly un-American, not only in theme, but also in essential genius.
The changed’ attitude is significant. It means not omly that Roe ts beme
better understood but that he is the means by which America and Ameri-
canism are being better understood. ‘To my mind Poe’s Americanism lies
not in his themes or in his geography—which are not American—but in his
constructive genius. He thought in terms of structure. He is to be classed
among our great builders. ‘The very essence of Americanism is constructive-

 

 

 

 

THE SIMPLE HOME The Fordham cottage from a sketch showing it as it looked when the
< OF GENIUS © Poes lived thereSoe

 

oo 3
Lo Thitin te fo th

 

This interesting sketch was made by the artist, F. Hopkinson Smith, a number of

Be ee years ago, before the cottage was moved and restored. This is what Mr. Smith
wrote about it at that time: “It is exactly as he left it; a ground-floor room and

FA an attic, with a box of a kitchen in the rear; close to the small windows looking on

the street a scraggly fence framing a garden no larger than a grave plot, and on the

SKETCHED BYaE, side a narrow portico covered by a roof supported on short wooden pillars. It may

7 TXT AT have been painted since, probably has, and here and there a new paling may have
HOPKINSON SMITH been added to the fence, but that is about all. Everything else tells the story
of its sad past, with the helpless bitter poverty of the great poet. For nearly four

Jor fe cfs years he and his frail, slender wife slept in the attic under the low-hipped roof—so

low that his beloved Virginia could hardly stand upright within its cramped walls.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

ness. We have been builders ever since we landed on this continent. Poe’s
Americanism is found, then, in the conscious adaptation of means to end, an
the quick realization of structural possibilities, in the practical handling of
details, in the efficiency and effectiveness of his technique, which enabled
him to body forth his visions in enduring forms, and even to originate the
only new type of prose literature that our country has produced.

Let us think of Poe, then, not as some strange, abnormal being, ill-starred
and ineffective. Let us think of him as one who, suffering much, thought
much and wrought much; one who enlarged the realm of poetry by enriching
and diversifying the range of poetic effect; one who touched the short story
to finer issues in all lands; one who revealed the secret of poetic achievement
as it had never been revealed before; and one who not only carried our com-
mon Americanism to the utmost bounds of civilization, but who al
the concept and idea of Americanism by aconst
in our literature.

so enriched
ructive genius still unparalleledA note on the mean-
ing of the poem

 

It is doubtful if any
poem has excited more
comment -than ~ Poe%s
“Rayen.? Whe fatetul
note of ‘‘Nevermore”’
that fell from the beak
of the sable bird perched
above the poet’s door
has sounded solemnly
thironeh the wears, aid
as “succeedine eenera— ||

 

 

 

Photo K. V.

3 . 7? A 7 Interior of the living-room, Fordham cottage. Poe
tions have felt its spell, ee ee is said to have written “Annabel Lee” and other

tne diccuscon has been i poems while sitting in this chair before the fireplace |
renewed: What was the
Rayen, amd what was the sionmicance of the Ravens visit’ Was it a real
bird, or merely a grim emblem of the shadow that rested upon the poet’s
heart? ‘The author is literal enough in his description of his sable visitor—
im fact, his description is actually realistic, and his account of the Raven’s
single utterance is couched in gravely quaint diction—almost ironic in
phrase. Did he then really receive this somber night caller? Or was the
Raven a symbol of Fate—or of the poet’s conscience? The question has been
asked many times, and
it has but one true an-
swer: he Raven isthe
very genius of ‘night’s
Plutonian shore,’ differ-
ent from other ravens,
entirely the poet’s own.
It is an emblem of the
Irreparable, the guar-
dian of pitiless memo-
ries, whose burden ever
recalls the days that
are n© more:
Wherever, on man’s
soul, the shadow of

tragic memory falls—
THE MODEST A number of the household articles—the stove, prob-

pire ae bly—are original Poe possessions; others are of the there the Raven broods.
POE KITCHEN et time and have been given by interested friends ae
Clement King.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Photo K. V.OE THE MAN + :
How He Looked and

How He Lived * 2

Py vRInOR B MAURICKE

FORMER EDITOR OF “THE BOOKMAN,” AUTHOR OF
\ ‘NEW YORK OF THE NOVELISTS,” ETC.

 

 

What kind of a being was Poe the man, apart from Poe the poet and
weaver of weird tales? A dozen men have been Poe’s historians, and several
women. Some of them owe all the reputation they possess to the association
of their names with the name of Poe. ‘They wrote from varied points of view,
and disagreed emphatically. Sometimes they squabbled furiously with one
another.

The amount of conflicting testimony seems almost to obscure the portrait,
so that it is with difficulty that we come to an understanding of what manner
of man he was, of what was the secret, the true story of that gloomy, tragic,
and embittered life. For half a century the world of letters has resounded to
such questions as: “Was he truthful?
Was he temperate? Was he straight-
forward in money matters? Was he
fair and decent in his attitude toward
his fellow men?”

Old Horace Greeley left a smirch
on Poe’s reputation in money matters
by a letter that he regarded as face-
tious. Someone asked him where an
autograph of Poe could be had, and
Greeley replied that an I. O. U. of the
author for $50 was at the writer’s dijs-
posal for any small part of that sum.
There were doubtless many similar
I. O. U.’s in existence.

The case acainst Poe is 2 cleas
enough one—but consider the condi-
tions. The child of strolling players,
Poe was adopted as a child into the
family of John Allan, who brought
him up, sent him to good schools, and
then to the University of Virginia.

 

 

 

    
    

Photograph by Holsinger

BUST OF POE BY ZOLNAY John Allan Prospered, and Poe re
iP. ted to the Universi f Virgini : . .
resente More Cet: aaae by the Poe garded himself In the light of the

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

milan heir, A second marriage, how- |
0 | |_ Annabd Les.
Ay Edgar A , Tow ‘

Facsimile reproduction of the origi-
nal manuscript of ““Annabel Lee,”’
reproduced by permission of Mrs.
Isaac M. Dyckman, owner of the op Zé

manuscript. Itis a good example of Was TOT, aw ae a a ,
Poe’s fine, clear, firm handwriting. ; gr

There are many of Poe’s manu- Waa hngdom by Hu VER ,

scripts to be seen to-day in private
or public collections, both prose a0 iden ore. ES the ¢ hiv

and poetry, and they are all writ- Hat e fie 7 hneur
ten in a delicate, legible hand—not

 

the shaking hand or uncertain Ay He mnawret of Annalel oe ; —_—
scrawl of an alcoholic victim ; : : :
And Hur machen rhe lied wikk m0 Hw Bought

 

 

 

Courtesy of Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston

ever, brought John Allan children, and proved a deathblow to Poe’s expecta-
tions. Poe visited the Allan house for the last time a short time before Mr.
Allan’s death, and the old man threatened him with his cane and ordered him
away without giving him a chance to say a word. Poe, cut off without men-
tion in the will, and a laughingstock in the town in which he had lived, went
sore and resentful out into the world.

From that day dated his money bitterness. It was always with him until
his death. In New York he lived in part of a frame house in Carmine Street,
or in shabby rooms in Amity Street, which was the old name of West Third
Street, or on an upper floor on the East Side, or in a shanty on the Blooming-
dale Road, or in the cottage at Fordham where his young wife, Virginia, at
the point of death, shivered for want of a coverlet. In a suburb of Phila-
delphia he lived in what an English visitor described as a “‘lean-to.”’

A broad view of Poe’s life does not suggest blame, but, rather, pity. The
poor, harassed young genius must have been at times mentally unbalanced.
Some evil spirit of restless perversity possessed him. He had the chance of a
settled and honorable career when he entered West Point, but threw it away.
He had chances in editorial positions—but apparently could not remain
patient under the confining conditions of a ‘“‘steady job.” And then, with
clouds of ill-fortune hanging over him, he must needs take a; child wate,
little more than twelve years old. This was done in the face of general oppo-
sition, Poe having only the support of his wite’s mother, Mrs. Clemm, who
adored him as “her Eddie” throughout life, and who shed a few rays of sun-
shine on his somber existence.

There is one letter to Mrs. Clemm, written in good spirits, which reflects
the pathetic life of Poe better than any epistle of his impassioned moments.
It was in April, 1844, when, with Virginia, he had come from Philadelphia to
New York, seeking to better his fortunes. He describes the journey: “We
went in the cars to Amboy, about 40 miles from New York, and then took
the steamboat the rest of the way. Sissy (his name for his wife) coughed none

i==] at all. When we got to the wharf it was
raining hard. I left her on board the
boat, dite: putume the  trinks im ane
ladies’ cabin, and set off to buy an um-
brella and look for a boarding house. I
met a man selling umbrellas and bought
one for 62 cents. When we got to the
house we had to wait half an hour before
the room was ready. Last night, for sup-
per, we nad the micest tea youl even
dranis strong and hot; wheat bread:
cheese; tea cakes (elegant); a2 oneat dish
(2 dishes) of-clegant ham» and 2 on cold
veal, piled up like a mountain, and large
slices; 3 dishes of cakes, and everything
in the greatest promsion. INO fear of
Starving Were ate the airce Meaty,

 

 

 

 

| ©a. G. Learned, 1916
7 x Ly TNA YOY °
eee Ok breakfast I have eaten since we left our
| Married as a young girl to Poe, she was the little home.

 

 

inspiration and supreme love of his life

 

 

‘Sis is delighted, and we are both in
excellent spirits. She is now busy mending my pants, which I tore against a
nail. We have now got $4 and a half left. To-morrow I am going to try to
borrow $3—so that I may have a fortnight to go on.”

A homely letter—and one that does not suggest the wastrel or the spend-
thrift. If he could count on seven dollars and a half, the fortnight would be
secure for them both! What a rosy outlook!

By eoe It was ever Poe’s fate to be bitterly criticized.
THE EVER- + > eee ee
ey . And how cruel and ruthlessly his critics pursued him
LASTING POE ve Ce ae
ee a , living and dead! English poets—Byron, Shelley, Swin-
CONTROVERSY :
burne—could live reckless, lawless lives; but the un-
happy Poe was hounded to his grave for his temperamental faults, and after
burial his memory was frequently revived that he might be tortured anew.
europeans are inclined to regard with amazement what we call the ‘‘Poe
Controversy”—that everlasting discussion over Poe’s personal habits. Many
of his biographers and critics have concerned themselves more about his
faults of weakness: which were mortal, than his literary work, which is im-
mortal. We can appreciate how animated the ‘“controversy”’ has been when
Bee atl Poets exalnic
we rec ali 0e’s exclusion from the first list of the Hall of Fame on account of
his alleged intemperance! Poe now holds a place in the Hall of Fame—
an honor that the most distinguished of his defamers does not share with
him.
- oe ; ae approximate truth of the controversy? Probably that Poe
drank little, but that little was too much for him. (Continued on page 20)
2 |BELLS AND BELL TOWERS

Famous in History and Romance
By CLINTON H. MENEELY

Son of the original Meneely, bell founder, who made bells nearly a hundred years
ago; and descendant of the first bell makers in America

 

From a Photograph by Avery E. Field

THE BELL OF MONSERRAT

is i of the most interesting bells in the great collection of bells from all
atte a ‘the world and out of all centuries that has been gathered by Mr. Frank A.
Miller, at Riverside, California. The picturesque Mission Inn at Riverside is a
veritable museum of bells. Mr. Miller became interested in bells in 1905 and he
has been collecting them with enthusiasm and intelligence ever since, visiting
churches, monasteries, missions, museums, and old houses in all quarters of the
globe in search for odd, interesting and historic bells. As a result he has gathered
together at the Mission Inn the finest and most important collection of bells in the
world. The bell pictured above came from Monserrat, near Barcelona, Spain. It
is made of beautifully ornamented bronze, date 1704, and bears a double inscrip-
tion, the upper being ‘‘ Dedicated to the honor of God, and of the Virgin Mary and
of All Saints.’ The lower inscription: ‘‘Salvador and Francis Anthony of Mon-
serrat, donors. Dedicated to S. S. Sylvester and Cajetan.’’~

13

iBELLS AND BELL TOWERS

phase of life’s experience. Through-

out the ages bells and chimes have
been interlinked with the history of peopte
and nations. Before man kept. records he
made bell-shaped vessels of wet clay, open
at one end. Baked in the sun rays, they
hardened and gave off a pleasing resonance
when struck. Thus
the bell was born to
send out waves of
harmonic vibration
into the ether of
time.

Aboriginal peo-
ple used bell trim-
ming as ornament,
and set bits of metal
a-jingle in dances
and incantations.
Moses, Isaiah. and
the prophet Zach--
ariah mention the
use of bells and
anklets on the feet
of women, as yokes
for horses, and in.
temple ceremonials.
Small bells were the
first made, and they
performed a multi-
tude of services.
The Greeks fes-
tooned their trium-

|e have contact with almost every

 

The Bell of St. Patrick; made in the sixth
century of rude hammered iron and en-
shrined in a case of bronze, gold and jew-
els, receives the veneration of visitors to
the National Museum of Dublin. Many
such handbells belonging to Saints are pre-
served as relics.

The curfew bell, the angelus, the pass-
ing bell—these are
part of bell practice
and tradition. The
ringing of bells was
a signal of war in
the French Revo-
lution. The great
bell of St. Mark’s,
Venice, and others
in Italian campa-
niles, and Spanish

turrets have also
been used as
alarms. Most fa-

mous of all Euro-
pean bells of olden
times was the one
dedicated to Ro-
land of Ghent,
Belgium.

“T am Roland,”
ran the inscription;

“When I toll, it’s
fire; |

“When I thun-

der, it’s victory.”

 

 

 

 

 

phal cars with bells,
and belled malefac- |
tors on their way [. os
to execution. The =
Romans called citi-
zens to the senate
and forum, the
market place and
baths by bells, and gave prizes of silver
bells for races. .

In the Orient, bells were used in religious
worship at least 2,000 years before Christ.
It was an Italian bishop—Paulinus of
Nola, who first used bells in Christian wor-
ship, and shortly after he lived, about 400
A. D., church towers were raised in various
countries of Europe to hold bells that sum-
moned worshippers. Two hundred years
after Paulinus, bells had become so much
a part of the Christian service that a papal
bull was issued specifying that every
church should have one.

Cast in 1614, this great beil is
and weighs 63 tons. It's sple

 

DAIBUTSU TEMPLE BELL, KYOTO, JAPAN

Charles V unhung

~ and destroyed the
_» Roland bell when
he subdued war-

Se)

like Ghent.
ais high, - feet in diameter, To deprive a
ndid, enone voice can be town of its bells

heard all over the neigh

14

has always been a
sign of degradation. When Cromwell a
peared before Cork he ordered all bells to
be taken down and converted into artillery.
Among many superstitions about bells, is _
one that avows that bells carried from their

own towers will remain silent in the enemy’s.

land.

Bells are designed according to mathe-
matical laws. The shape differs in various
countries. Chinese bells are frequently
square, Japanese and Korean bells barrel-
shaped. Italian bells have an unusually
long “waist” or middle section. The ideal
bell composition is made of two metalsi ees

© Underwood & Underwood

only, copper and tin. Clearness of tone
and strength of casting are derived from a

proportion of 78 parts of new copper to 22

parts of block tin. It is a delusion that
sweet-toned bells have silver in them. The
more silver there is in the composition the
worse the result.

A bell’s tone is affected not only by its
metallic composition, but by its shape and
proportions. The “voice”? ofa bell is
really a chorus of voices. The tone is many
tones blended. The better the bell, the
better it sounds at a distance, and, on the
other hand, bells may give off a good tone
when heard at close range, and yet sound
very bad indeed when rung.

 

15

 

 

 

 

THE GREAT BELL TOWER OF RUSSIA

This is the tower of Ivan the Great—Ivan Veliki, which contains several famous large bells.
may be seen resting on its base in the center of the picture

The Great Bell of Moscow

The vibrations of bell tones are mysteri-
ous to the unlearned, but skilled founders
work with mathematical precision.

A powerful force is exerted by the sound
waves of even a small bell. Muleteers
climbing perilous paths in the Alps tie fast
the neck bells on their animals to avoid the
possibility of their vibration affecting slid-
ing snowbanks.

The largest bell ever cast is the great bell
of Moscow, pictured in this article. The
bell stands now on a base néar the wall of
the Kremlin in Moscow. In the cathedral
of this most typical of Russian cities there
is another great bell weighing 120,000
pounds. It hangs in the tower of IvanVeliki, and, following tra-
dition, is rung but three
times a year when. all
other bells are still. Hang-
ing in the same tower
are thirty or forty other
bells, some of which weigh
several tons. Russia is
called ‘‘The Land of
Bells.”’ All over the vast
domain, their thunderous
voices are heard morning
and evening.

Next to Russia, the
largest bells are in China.
It is not an unusual
sight to see. tall towers
broken down by the
weight of bells suspended
in them. The bells of
China, aside from their
size, are not to be come
pared with those of other
countries. Their shape is
not right for a good tone,
and they are further muf-
fled by being struck with
wooden hammers. The
most celebrated bell in
China is the one at Pekin.
Its weight is 120,000

pounds and its diameter is twelve feet.
The Japanese make their bells in very
much the same general shape as the Chinese.

From Photograph by Brown Brothers

=. a

THE MENTOR

 

&

‘© Underwood & Underwood

THE GREAT BELL OF MOSCOW

This is the largest bell in the world, and was
made to the order of Empress Elizabeth of
Russia in 1733. It weighs about 490,000
pounds, and the metal in it cost over $300,00

—in addition to which a million dollars in
jewels and gold plate were thrown into the
molten mass by zealous subjects. The bell is
twenty feet in height and twenty-two feet in
diameter—it was broken when a beam from

which it was suspended burned

»

BELL MARKET, MOSCOW

Russia has been well named “The Land of Bells.’’

16

 

Here is an open market-place where bells of various sizes are for

The great bells of Japan
are sounded by striking
the inner side with a heavy
swinging beam of wood.
Many great bells are also
to be found in India.
_ One of the largest bells
ever hung is the onenamed
‘Maria Gloriosa,” cast in
Erfurt, Germany, in 1497.
Another ‘“‘Gloriosa’’ bell
hung in the fretted tower
of Cologne Cathedral.
For hundreds of years
the chimes of Belgian and
Dutch church towers have
rung for liberty. Peal
ringing has been an estab-
lished art since the seven-
teenth century. In the
Lowlands it became a
mark of prosperity to have
a fine carillon in the lofty
clock towers. As _ bell
makers in Belgium and
Holland became more pro-
ficient “campanology,” or
peal ringing, required
greater skill. A keyboard
was added for the execu-
tion of chime melodies.

There is a well-known chime player, who
presides over the keyboard of the great
tower of St. Rombold, Malines, Belgium.

saleOOCOET ACE LECP EEE LEE

Sees

TOWER OF ANTWERP -CATHEDRAL

The Flemish bell makers were the best of olden times, and this tower contains a chime of forty bells, given by Emperor Charles
, and celebrated in legend and history

© Underwood & Underwood

Thousands of people gather in the square “Great Paul,” in St. Paul’s Cathedral,
of the old Flemish city to hear his weekly is largest of all English swinging bells. The
concerts. Ona summer day in the fateful new Sacré-Coeur Church, Paris, contains
year of 1914 the bell ringer sat in his tower the heaviest swinging bell in Europe. _
and played the national airs of Belgium to Within recent years many American
encourage soldiers marching out to stem cities have been enriched by the gift of
the onrush of the German army. In_ splendid bell chimes. One of the largest
June, 1919, when President Wilson went tenor bells in the world is in the tower of
to Malines, the “Star Spangled Banner” the Court House and City Hall in Minne-
was rendered on these historic bells. apolis, Minnesota. Another notable chime
A belfry for which Americans have spe- has recently been given to the city of
cial sentiment is the one in Bruges, “old Springfield, Massachusetts.
and brown,” which Longfellow made fa- In the West Point Cadet Chapel hangs
mous, The same poet wrote of another a memorial chime of twelve bells that have
chime in “The Golden Legend,” referring been pronounced by bell makers and musi-
to the bells of Strasburg Cathedral. cians the finest in the world.

17Aes

 

 

From Photograph by Browa Brothers

COLOGNE CATHEDRAL

he towers of t € difice hung the famous “ Maria Gloriosa" and ‘‘Emperor"’ bells. These bells have a
special historical interes 2 that thayawere cast of
6

In ‘the towers of this superb Gothic e

from the metal forty-two French cannon, captured by the Germans in
70—and were made into cannon again in t

War of he late World War
18Tho hea

  

‘

4-§=pe IT
here

ST. ROMBOLD TOWER, MALINES, BELGIUM

Thousands gather in the market-place to hear the weekly concerts by the accomplished chime player. These chimes played
their part in the World War, and played ‘‘The Star Spangled Banner"’ afterward when President Wilson visited Malines

19

a :BELL TOWER OF GHENT, BELGIUM

Where a fine Carillon of 52 bells has given joy to many thousands. This Carillon rang out that Christmas Eve in 1814
when the Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the United States

; was signed and, but for the outbreak of the great war,
these same bells would in 1914 have celebrated the completion of a hundred years of unbroken peace between the two great

English-speaking nations

20re ey
fl i”
a «

Af. eet a

oa

4 «

 

or

© Underwood & Underwood

BELL TOWER OF BRUGES, BELGIUM
Very old (1487) bells made by famous Flemish bell makers sound out from this historic tower. Longfellow made these bells

famous in verse, and he wrote in his ery “Oh, those chimes! how deliciously they lull one to sleep! The little bells, with
their clear liquid notes, like the voices of boys in a choir, and toe solemn bass of the great bell tolling in, like the voice.of a
riar

21THE CAMPANILE, ST. MARK’S PLACE, VENICE |

The square campanile tower, 325 feet in height, conlepeed in 1902, but the foundations were strengthened and the towers
were admirably rebuilt in 1905-1911. Above the bric

shaft, 150 feet high, is the bell chamber containing a group of five
fine bells i]

 

 

© Underwood & Underwood
BEST BUILT BELL TOWER, CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE, ITALY

The Campanile, which was begun by Giotto (Jotto) in 1334-1337, is 276 feet i i i

: Ww n by Giot: 337, t in height,

Great art authorities, John Ruskin in Particular, prenaunce this he Gaal constrict ieees ond Deut ae eons
of the wor

22i a
tae tg eon i
Sie eet ee a Sore Serie

 

From en by Dwight L. Elmendorf
WHERE “BIG BEN” STRIKES THE HOURS

In the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, London, is ‘Big Ben,"' one of the largest bells in England. He weighs thir-
teen tons, and his tone can be heard over most of London

se

 

 

From Photograph by Brown Brothers

THE BEST BELL IN ENGLAND

: 7 ‘i t Paul.” This Cathedral has always been famous for its bells—some of which
yn Direals Cacheate si: gndon, Hage Ga baal which hangs in the bell tower is pronounced the best bell in England

23me

eh dh rattles tee ghee
Peg OS see NEG OR
ep ee =

 

BELLS AND CROSS OF SAN DIEGO MISSION, CALIFORNIA
The cross marks the spot where San Diego had its beginning, and where the first Spanish Mission in California was established.

The cross is composed of tiles used in 1769 to floor the Mission, and were brought by Fra junipers from Spain, and overland
from Vera Crug. The bells are part of those that hung in the original San Diego Mission

24ests

From Photograph by A. E. Field

THE BELL OF FATHER DAMIEN

This is a corner of one of the courts of Mission Inn, Riverside, California.
the most interesting of all being the one in the center—cracked in several places.
Francis, oe the leper settlements of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. This is the very same

In sight are six bells of Mr. Miller’s collection,
This is the bell from the church of St.

i : ry bell that hung in the church where
ather Damien ministered for years so heroically to those who lived a living death—the lepers of Molokai

     

}

From Photograph by A. E. Field

BELL$ OF ALL KINDS

irs i i he Mission Inn, w find many varied witnesses of Mr. Miller’s enthusiasm in collect-
At the foot of the stairs in this part of the Missio Inn, we 1 bell ; fo ‘ Barent
i i bells besides several gongs, and they are examples 0 bell making m many differ
ing bells. In sight are more than fifty bells erate rhe wor! ¥ 7

25ONE OF THE FINEST BELL TOWERS IN AMERICA
This beautiful structure is the Municipal Tower of Springfield, Mass.,
tecture follows that of the Italian Campanile in size and detail—and it

is constructed from Indiana limestone, with an interior of marble brought from Greece. The belfry is 224 feet above the side-
walk, and was planned for sixteen bells. The chimes were paid for by public subscription—the school children paying for
one bell, the architects’ Society for one, and others contributed by various organizations

26

and marks the civic center of that city. The archi.
was eeeied by Mr. F. Livingston Pell. The towerFrom Photograph by Rau, Philadelpnia
THE LIBERTY BELL

rests the famous bell that voiced the protest of the Colonies of the new continent and announced
visitors than any other historical relic that the nation

possesses. The full story of The Liberty Bell is told in The Mentor, No. 158, July, 1918, copies of which are obtainable
27

In the Hall of Independence
the Birth of a New Nation. It is said that it receives more devotedCHANGE RINGING AND “QUARTERS”

HE term ‘“ Change Ringing” is ap-

plied to any order in which bells are

struck other than the usual order of
up-and-down, from the lowest to the high-
est. Change ringing is a continual produc-
tion of such changes on bells without any
repetition. Change
ringing is an inter-
esting art, and has
been an occupation
for about 300 years,
during which not
only professional
bell-ringers, but
persons of rank and
education have
practised it.

In the course of
time various meth-
ods of change ring-
ing came into use—
and the art devel-
oped to sucha point
that a number of
books, both ele-
mentary and ad-
vanced, have been
written on the sub-
ject. It will be seen
at once that only
three or four bells
are needed for
change ringing.
The number of
changes thatcan be
played upon even
three bells is amaz-
ing— while twelve
bells will allow of
not less a number
of changes than
479,09 1,600.

chime is a dif-
ferent dffair—for a
chime gives music
as well as changes. There is no limit to the
number of bells necessary to constitute a
chime, but, in the United States, a chime is
generally said to consist of eight bells, tuned
to the eight tones of the octave. In nearl
every case a bell tuned to the flat event
tone of the octave is added, thus rendering
me chime capable of playing music in two

eys,

A peal, in this country, is generally said

to consist of three hells, tuned to the first,

 

**Quarters’’ from the

 

THE HIGHEST BELLS IN THE WORLD

Bells on mountain tops are higher, but the four bells that sound
f Metropolitan tower, New York, are the
highest above the ground—over 700 feet

third, and fifth tones of the octave or musi-
cal scale. Where four bells are used, the
eighth musical tone is added, thus complet-
ing the octave in range. The Westminster
peal,.or as it is called, “ ae

> jg becoming more popular in the
es United States than
any other form of
peal. Itisthe
Cambridge Quar-
ters that New
Yorkers hear from
the four bells
of the Metro-
politan Tower.
This arrangement
derives its name
from the fact that

over a century ago
in St. Mary’s Col-
lege, Cambridge,
and it was based on
an air which was
said to have been
written by the com-
oser, Handel.
any years after it
was copied for the
tower of the House
of Parliament,
Westminster.

In the case of the
Metropolitan Tow-
er, the Cambridge
Quarters are played
by a motive power
derived from mech-

 

Four notes are
struck at the first

at the second,
twelve at the third,
and sixteen at the hour, followed by the hour,
struck on the large bell. Four times an
hour, then, millions of people in and around
New York hear a fragment or “quarter”
of Handel’s tune. :

“Great,” says Robert Southey, the poet,
“are the mysteries of bell ringing. And this
may be said in its praise, that of all de-
vices which men have sought out for ob-
taining distinction by making a noise in
the world, it is the most harmless.”

it was introduced

anism operated by
the tower clock.

quarter-hour, eight ©THE MENTOR

#. PORK  «
THE VIAN

Continued from

There is no doubt that, at
intervals, Poe resorted to
stimulants, and even to
drugs. But to picture him

fase #2 as an habitual drunkard or
opium eater is absurd.
James Huneker, in his autobiography,

““Steeplejack,” tells us that his father knew
Poe for several years and met him often—
that he never saw Poe the worse for liquor
except once, and then it was a mere thimble-
ful of brandy that upset him. He was so
constituted physically that a single glass of
liquor drove him out of all self-possession for
a day, if not for many days. Consider, how-
ever, what he accomplished in a life that
ended at forty. There are plenty of his manu-
scripts to be seen. Look at the handwriting
—firm, legible, almost feminine in its deli-
cacy! The hand of no opium sot or habitual
wallower in spirits could have penned those.

HOW POE LOOKED

Poe’s social life was naturally limited by
his deplorable poverty. His later life was one
constant struggle to keep the wolf from the
door. Yet even his detractors have admitted
his social charm, and there was a brief period
when he played the part of a lion in New
York. That was in 1845, after the publica-
tion of ‘“The Raven,” when he became not
only the talk of the town, but also the talk of
the nation. Temporarily he was much sought
aiter.

This, according to contemporary descrip-
iioms, is the man who appeared at such
houses as that

controversy, or in his office at the ‘‘ Broadway
Journal”—Richard Henry Stoddard recalled
that when he called there as a youth Poe had
threatened to throw him down-stairs—he
seems to have been surprisingly reticent and
modest in a drawing-room. He was an ex-
cellent listener, and rarely played the part of
the lion in monopolizing the conversation.
Occasionally Virginia accompanied him when
he went into society in that year 1845. The
picture is a pretty one, the delicate wife tak-
ing no part in the talk, but following her hus-
band with her eyes, her sweet, girlish face
brightened by her obvious pride in his suc-
cess. It was her request, capping that of
Others, that moved him to recite “The
Raven,” a performance which was described
as “A thrilling, an enthralling, an overpower-
ing exhibition of fervid frenzy and mental
exaltation. Once heard it was never for-
SOtten-

In the portraits of Poe that have come
down to us there is a curious variety. Indeed,
there is a French portrait that makes him
thoroughly French in appearance. One
writer on the subject has said: ‘‘We see (in
the earlier portraits) the handsome, intel-
lectual face ...the head finely modeled...
the dark and clustering hair; the mouth
whose smile was sweet and winning... this
man has not only the gift of beauty, but the
passionate love of beauty. . . . But look at
some daguerreotype taken shortly before his
death, and it 1s like an inauspicious mirror,
that shows all too clearly the ravage made by
a vexed spirit within. Here is... the bitter-
ness of scorn.

 

 

of Anne Lynch,
afterward Mrs.
Botta: Elis
manners were
graceful and re-
fined, his voice
was low, musical,
and exquisitely
modulated, his
eyes were large,
dark, luminous,
and wonderfully
expressive, and
there was about
him that air of
unmistakable
@Gistinction
which ordinary
men cannot as-
sume, and which

 

In Bendann’s
likeness, indubi-

tably faithful,
we find... hard-
ened lines in

chin and neck
... the face tells
of battling, of
conquering ex-
ternal enemies,
of many a de-
feat when the
man was at war
with his meaner
self.”’> Why not?
Was not the
man always at
war with his
meaner self?
When, after
the death of Vir-

 

 

few men ever
have.” Belliger-
ent enough in

 

 

 

[

 

29

ginia, there was
talk of Poe mar-

 

 

]deer
ee
ost,

alts
rn

THE MENTOR

rying again, Horace Greeley—who never
seemed able to forget that £50—wrote to
Griswold: ‘‘Do you know Sarah Helen Whit-
man? Of course you have heard it rumored
that she is to marry Poe. Well, she seemed
to me a good girl, and you know what Poe 1s.
Now, I know a widow of doubtful age will
marry almost any sort of a white man, but this
seems to mea terrible conjunction. Has Mrs.
Whitman no friend within your knowledge
that can faith-

Byron did, nor as Swinburne did. In writing
of them they are always remote, always the
Annabel Lees of a “kingdom by the sea.”
They are the women of dreams and not flesh

and blood and passions.

POE, LOVER OF WOMEN

It was the worship of women rather than
the love of women that was the dominating
passion, and, in just compensation, women
have been the
warmest de-

 

fully explain Poe
to her? I never
attempted this
sort of thing but
once, and the
net result was
two enemies and
a hastening of
the marriage.”
But, without
Greeley’s inter-
vention, Poe did
not marry Mrs.
Whitman. In
Order tO per-
suade the lady,
who seemed re-
Mictant. Roc
tried suicide by
laudanum. That
moved her . tO
promise to mar-
ny, i kOe
form) lim./” Ele;
en his: . part,
made solemn
promises of good
behavior, but
iiends Of the
family broke off

 

From photo by Central Ne 8 Pho ervic

 

fenders of his
memory. Mrs.
Whitman, the
wel Gd © oy Of
doubtful age”
of Greeley’s let-
ter, “Mins. @s=
soo de, | Nims.
Weiss, “Stella,”
Mrs.“ Slelten,
Mrs. Shew —
these were his
champions, as
Griswold and
others of hisown
sex were his-de-
famers. «it 1s
the soul-elevat-
ing idea, that no
man Can cons
sider himself en-
titled to com-
plain of “dete
while, in his ad-
versity, he still
retains the un-
wavering love of
woman.” That,
Poe had to the

AAA
< =

 

 

fie attain, aid
the two never

 

again. But they

 

IN THE HALL OF FAME

saw each other This bust of Poe was designed by the sculptor Daniel Chester
French, and was set up in the Hall of Fame, New York, in May, 1922

end of his days;
and having that,
a man can hard-

ly be all bad.

 

 

wrote poetry to

each other. Mrs. Whitman turned the sepa-
ration into verse in her “Our Island of
Dreams,” which was really good poetry, al-
beit strongly marked by the Poe influence.
She firmly believed that Poe wrote “Annabel
Lee’ in response to that poem. And, with the
exception of his marriage, that writing of
poems was the epitome, the summing up,
of Poe’s relations with women. Where a manof
genuine talent writes, somewhere, between the
lines, may be read what manner of man he is.
That is especially so of a poet, and the women
of Poe’s verse are disembodied spirits. He
loved many women, but he loved them not as

During the
years since Poe’s death his friends and de-
fenders have grown fast in number. Mr.E.C.
Stedman, in his ‘Poets of America,” insists
that “Poe was not a man of immoral habits.
Scholars, writers, and artists,” he says, “in
spite of a tradition to the contrary, are less
given, as a class, to forbidden pleasures than
business men and idle menof the world. Poe
was no exception to the rule. Woman was to
him theimpersonationof celestial beauty, her
influence soothed and elevated him, and in
her presence he was gentle, winning, and
subdued. Thereis not an unchaste suggestion
in the whole course of his writings.”

130) |THE MENTOR

ojo

HE STORY of

 

 

BY LLEWELYN POWYS =

A wit once described Shelley as “an angel
whom a country clergyman shot at in mis-
take for a buzzard.” Certainly the lives of
few English poets have given rise to more
bitter controversies than his. While his im-
passioned devotees have been busy spinning
a web of false idealism about the unhappy
circumstances which marked its brief course,
other writers have not

EERGY BYSshme SHELLEY

¢ unlikely that he would be happy
at school. English boys with their
love of reserve and conformity
are especially ready to resent any
deviation from recognized forms
in conduct, thought, or dress. It
was a familiar sight, we are told, in those
days, to see the young child flying through
the cloisters of Eton with a crowd of mali-
cious schoolboys after him. ‘The pastime
was known as a “Shelley bait.” “Let us hunt
mad Shelley,” they would say, and immedi-
ately the name that was to become sacred to
all lovers of poetry would be heard echoing

down the corridors of the

ofo

 

hesitated to subject it to

ancient school.

 

the most severe criticism.
Now that a whole cen-
tury has passed since his
death, it should surely be
possible to reach some
unbiased estimate of the
man and his actions.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
was born at Field Place,
near Horsham, im the
COUNTY Of SUSSEX, On
August 4, 1792. He was
theeldestsonofawealthy |
country squire. Little of |
anyconsequenceisknown |
of his childhood. “Mas-
ter Bysshe only took a
walk and came, back

 

 

 

On leaving Eton, Shel-
ley went up to Univer-
sity College, Oxford. Here
he made friends with
Hogg, in collaboration
with whom he published
his famous treatise on
“The Necessity of Athe-
ism’? — an imprudence
which led to his expul-
sion. The Oxford affair
not only estranged Shel-
ley from his father but
also caused his first love,
Harriet Grove, to throw
him: over in favor of a
young squire from Somer-
set—a “‘clod of earth,” as

 

 

again,” was the report of

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

Shelley called him.

 

 

 

an old famiuly,

Shelley now

 

 

 

servant who had

{ook rooms if

 

been sent to fol-
low the steps of
the young boy
whose strange
love of moonlit
fields had al-
ready begun to
mystify the con-
ventional minds
of his parents.
@n fis enter-
ime 2 private

   

A faft Yar J

 

Polamd  Stueet,
Lomdon. thre
street being se-
lected by him
because its name
suggested to his
mind ideas about
liberty. His pe-
cuniary straits
were relieved at
this time by his
two sisters, who
saved up their

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

school he took to
pme Classics,
“without effort
of learning,’ and
would spend most

of his time in form 1
sailing across the class-room W! 1
making sketches from memory of the familiar
shapes of the garden trees of his home. Hav-
ing within his frail, high-spirited nature that
“perilous stuff” which men call genius, it was

First page of the ori

 

n watching the clouds
indow or 1n

FROM “TO A SKYLARK”

pocket money

 

ginal manuscript of Shelley’s famous ode, showing and sent it to
the handwriting of the poet, and his CD MESOT in the title of the poem haa by Ane hand
of their school

friend Harriet Westbrook. This young girl
was the daughter of a coffee-house keeper
known as “‘Jew” Westbrook, and was eventu-
ally married by Shelley, “for pity’s sake,”
because he believed her to be unhappy both
at home and at school. The two young peopleTHE MENTOR

 

 

 

 

 

THE BURNING OF THE MORTAL REMAINS OF SHELLEY

This painting by Louis Edouard Fournier is in the Liverpool Art Gallery, Liverpool, England.

Lord Byron, Trelawny, and

Leigh Hunt may be seen in the foreground witnessing the incineration, and a group of Italian peasants in the background

eloped to Edinburgh, where the church
register duly records the marriage of “a
spinster, Harriet Westbrook, aged 16, to a
Sussex farmer, Percy Bysshe Shelley, aged
1

Long before this, Shelley’s father had de-
clared “that, though he would provide for as
many illegitimates as his son chose to have,
he would never pardon a mesalliance,” and
on receipt of the news he wrote saying that
“his son had withdrawn himself from his
protection and had set off for Scotland with
a young female.”

Harriet was a pretty, sympathetic girl with
a taste for reading aloud from ethical trea-
tises, a taste, however, which does not seem
in any way to have deterred Shelley’s friend
Hogg from doing his best to seduce her in the
poet’s absence. As a means of preventing
any further annoyance of the kind, Harriet
invited her elder sister to come and stay with
her, and we may perhaps be allowed to fancy
that the word portrait which Hogg drew of
this lady was not altogether disassociated
from a certain pique at the sequence events
had taken! He says that “her face was the
colour of rice cooked in dirty water” and her
hair “was a long crop much like the tail of a
horse—a switch tail.” There is little doubt
that this importation of Eliza into his menage
became extremely distasteful to Shelley, and
even possibly gave rise to his first feelings

32

of discontent with his role as a husband.

The party presently left England for Ire-
land, where Shelley wrote a Sinn Fein pam-
phlet entitled “An Address to the Irish Peo-
ple.” This he did all in his power to bring
before the public, even going so far as to
stand on the balcony of his room and throw
copies of it at the feet of any citizen of Dub-
lin who “looked as if he might be interested
in the good cause.” The results, however, of
all his energy and enterprise remained slight,
and after a while he was put so thoroughly
out of conceit with the Irish as a race that he
felt no misgivings in declaring them to be
‘scarcely of greater elevation in the scale of
intellectual being than the oyster.”

Although at this time he wrote, “When I
come home to Harriet I am one of the hap-
piest of the happy,” there is little question
but that he was beginning to realize the in-
compatability of his and his wife’s tem-
peraments. These differences were further
augmented by Harriet’s refusal to nurse
their baby Ianthe, thereby, as it appeared
to the poetical nature of Shelley, outraging
one of the most sacred obligations of mother.
hood!

It was now that he first saw Mary Woll-
stonecraft Godwin, the daughter of Mary
Wollstonecraft, the famous author Or os
litical Justice?’ * She was 4 young girl of
seventeen. We have a description of their

]THE MENTOR

meeting. “The door opened. A thrilling
voice called, ‘Mary’—a thrilling voice an-
swered, ‘Shelley.’”’ For a second time Shel-
ley eloped, on this occasion driving by coach
southward and crossing by night to France
in a small sailing boat. He had now put his
anti-social theories into actual practice, and
by so doing had alienated from his cause
the sympathies of many people in that and
each succeeding age. The romantic couple,
accompanied by Claire Clairmont, Mary’s
half sister, made their way to Switzerland,
and it was there that Shelley met Lord Byron
for the first time.- - There is an interesting
story of Byron reading

of Anarchy,” we are put in touch with some-
thing of the bitterness of the poet’s mood:

Next came Fraud, and he had on,
Like Eldon, an ermined gown.
His big tears, for he wept well,
Turned to millstones as they fell.

And the little children, who

Round his feet played to and fro,
Thinking every tear a gem,

Had their brains knocked out by them.

Shelley now went to live at Marlow on the
Thames. It is here that we get the happiest
glimpse of him. All his personal tastes were
extraordinarily simple. He gave little thought

to: food! OT dress... ble

 

late at night that weird

 

poem of Coleridge's
called iChristabel,”
and. of Shelley, who
was listening, flinging
himself suddenly from
the room, in horror,
because he had seen a
vision of a woman's
breasts with eyes for
nipples. Apparently,
however, it was not
only interest in literary
matters that attached
his lordship to the run-
away party, for it was
during these months
that a love affair took
place between him and
Claire Clairmont which
resulted in the birth of
Allegra.

 
 
 

y ry Co.

 

 
 
 

>) would go about without

anything on his head,
taking delight in allow-
ing the sun, wind, and
rain to play upon him
As. they. willeds . He
would- constantly
plunge his head into
cold water. He was
extremely fond of
bread, and when hun-
gry would buy a loaf
and eat it as he walked
alone the street. Je
hated society, and the
voice of a stranger or
the ring at the house
bell filled him with un-
easy alarms. On one
occasion he came home
wearing no boots—he
had given them >to a

 

 

 

By September, 1816,

they were once more in

He WES PORGERAI:
This study of Shelley was painted by William E.

beggar... At: another
time he found shelter

England, but, alas! tt West, of Nashville, Tenn., from sketches made at for all unfortunate
was only to be met by Villa Rossa in the last year of the poet’s life. Itis woman whom he had

 

fresh calamities. In

owned by Mrs. John Dunn

 

discovered fainting on

 

November the news

reached them of Harriet having drowned
herselt im the Serpentine. [t has’ beens re-
myried as a cunous tact that a —“iyjdro-
pathic fatality” seems to have pursued
Shelley and those with whom he had to do.
His wife’s mother, the famous Mary Woll-
stonecraft, attempted suicide off Putney
Bridge, his wife’s half sister actually destroyed
herself by drowning, and finally the poet
himself came to his unhappy end in the Bay
of Spezia!

The distressing news of Harriet’s death
was undoubtedly a great shock to Shelley,
and his suffering was not lessened by the fact
Phen in a suit of chancery Word Eldon, the
Lord Chancellor, decided that he was an un-
fit guardian for his children. In his “Mask

a heath near London.
He carried her for miles. “Sir, your conduct
is extraordinary,” came the offending voice
of one respectable citizen upon whose door he
had knocked in the hope of getting help.
“Sir, I am sorry to say that your conduct is
not extraordinary,” came back the answer
from the disillusioned yet merciful poet. For
a long time before this Shelley had been a
vegetarian. Indeed, his friend Peacock, who
by nature had no inclination toward asceti-
cism, was in the habit of saying that “two
mutton chops well peppered” would have
been the solution of all Shelley’s ills. At
Marlow it was Shelley’s custom to go about
buying live crawfish in order. to return them
to the Thames.
The climate of Marlow, however, provedTHE MENTOR

unsuitable for his health, and on March 12,
1817, he set sail for Italy, “that happy home
of exiles.”’ But his misfortunes still dogged
him. His two children died of a fever. For
sixty hours, we are told, the poet sat watching
at the bedside of his dying son. On Novem-
ber 12th the bereaved parents were consoled
by the birth of Percy Florence, the child who
eventually succeeded to the baronetcy and
became a friend of Robert Louis Stevenson.

Perhaps these last years were the happiest
of Shelley’s life. He was surrounded by his
friends, and although his work remained un-
recognized he had not lost confidence in him-

sel dehis wellal

cessions praying for rain, Shelley was troubled
by many strange visitations. One evening
Allegra, Byron’s illegitimate child, who had
died some months previously, was seen by
the poet to rise out of the blue waves of the
Mediterranean and beckon him to her.
Night after night his sleep was disturbed by
evil dreams, and night after night the Villa
Magni, where he lived, would resound to his
shrill unearthly cries. A small sailing vessel
had been acquired, and Shelley in the day
would spend much of his time upon the sea.
Trelawny describes to us how he would sit in
the stern of his frail craft, “intent on catch-

ing images from the

 

| ever-changing sea and

 

know,” he said once to
Medwin, “there is some-
thing in my writing
that will live forever.
Ele spent his days in
reading philosophy,
and in writing poetry,
and in wandering
through the pine woods.
Once, while bathing
with Trelawny in the
Arno, he plunged into a
deep. pool and, as he

pees or &

=... .

%: : SS = : : : :
=...

could not swim, sank -—

to the bottom, where he
lay like a white silver Me
fish. When his friend :
had with difficulty
brought him to the
shone, nis only, com=
ment was, “‘In another
moment I would have

 

mine MALS Choe

 

Skye

On the afternoon of
July 8, 1822, a sudden
squall broke over the
tranquil summer sea
and Shelleys . boat,
which had been seen to
leave the harbor, was
entirely lost to view.
Several days later his
body was washed
ashore. In the pocket
Gf his coat was an
Aeschylus anda volume
of Keats’ poems. The
Aischylus belonged to
a set of eleven, bound
in white vellum, and
long afterward Steven-
son used to look with
interest at the small

£K i < as eS

 

 

found Truth and you
would have found an
emipny siell hose

 

tHE TABLE LO SHELEEY
In the Protestant cemetery at Rome the poet’s
ashes are inurned and tl

ye urn embedded in the

historic volume, dis-
colored and soiled by
sea water, as it stood

 

interested in psychic ivy-covered wall behind the tablet beside its fellows on

 

phenomena have re-

marked upon the many strange portents that
heralded the July disaster. Shelley’s own
writings are full of significant allusions that
could hardly fail to catch the attention of the
curious:

Till death like sleep might steal on me

And I might feel in the warm air

My cheek grow cold, and hear the sea

Breathe o’er my dying brain its last monotony.

The breath whose might I have invoked in song
Descends on me; my spirit’s bark is driven

Far from the shore, far from the trembling throng
Whose sails were never to the tempest given;

The massy earth and sphered skies are riven!

I am borne darkly, fearfully, afar.

The summer of 1822 was exceptionally hot,
and during those still, sun-drenched days,
while the priests of Italy went in long pro-

[

2

 

 

Sir Percy Shelley’s
bookshelf in Hampshire.

Shelley’s body was cremated on the sea-
shore by Byron, Trelawny, and Leigh Hunt.
Lord Byron, with an insensitive effrontery
characteristic of him, petitioned to be ai-
lowed to take away the skull of the poet—
a request which the fury of the flames ren-
dered impracticable. For some unexplained
reason, Shelley’s heart refused to burn. It
was eventually snatched from the flames by
Trelawny and afterward buried in England.
Shelley’s ashes were buried near the grave
of John Keats in the Protestant cemetery at
Rome.

His swift antinomian life was over at last,
but not without leaving for those who love
poetry a legacy that will be cherished as long
as the English language is spoken.

7
JTHE MENTOR

 

 

 
 

Cy) KS MACACORI
BY RONNE C. SHELSE

A few miles north of the border
town of Nogales, Arizona, stands
the Mission San Jose de ‘Tumaca-
com. lt was built by Spanish
Franciscan missionaries, more
than a century ago, and aban-
doned by them when the savage
Apache Indians overran the re-
gion. Time and tourist vandals
were rapidly leveling the old

 

 

 

 

church, when, in 1908, President
Theodore Roosevelt created it a
national monument. Since then

 

MISSION SAN JOSE DE TUMACACORI

The old Franciscan mission near Nogales, Arizona, from which the

“missing bells’? were taken years ago

 

the government custodian has

done everything possible within his limited
means to restore the mission. Despite his
assiduity, it appears that the empty bell
arches must remain empty. Four large
bells once hung in them, and what has be-
come of them is a mystery.

According to border legend, the Franciscan
fathers buried the bells to save them from
the Apaches. One day, years ago, a Mexican
appeared at Tucson, Arizona, with two rust-
covered bell clappers, which he said belonged
to the lost chimes of Tumacacori. Members
of the Arizona State University faculty, who
examined the hand-wrought iron tongues,
pronounced them genuine. The relics were
purchased from the Mexican, and may be
seen in the university museum to-day.

Questioned as to where he found the bell
tongues, the Mexican said that for genera-
tions his family had handed down the story
of the buried bells. He admitted that the
clappers had not been buried together. A
reward for the bells was offered, and he dis-
appeared. Weeks later he returned, empty-
fanded. Either the family legend! was
wrong, he said, he had used the wrong land-
marks, or else someone had removed the
bells, for they were not where he had dug.

From time to time, new clues to the hiding
place of the bells have come to the mission.
Searches have been made. All have failed.

Recently, workmen were making repairs
on the building, when an old Mexican from
Tubac, a neighboring town, came over to
smoke and chat with them. He asked why,
since they were repairing the mission, they
did not hang one of the big bells in the tower.
The custodian replied that he would be glad
to if someone could tell him where they were.

[

35

The Mexican declared that he had known
since boyhood where one of the bells was
buried. Thirty-five years ago, he said, a
rumor reached him that the bell had been
removed. With another Mexican he came
to the mission to learn if this were true.
They sunk a pit about eight feet deep, and
found the bell. Having proved that it was
still there, they filled the hole.

Offered a reward, the Mexican agreed to
show the custodian where he had found the
sunken bell. He insisted that no one else be
present when he pointed out the spot. His
conditions were carried out, and an eight-
foot pit was sunk where he directed. There
was no bell there. Another, and still another,
hole was dug. Once the explorers received a
real thrill. About a foot down they came
upon a rotted stick standing vertically. They
were sure that the old man had left a marker
which he had forgotten to mention. The
ground had the appearance otf having been
turned before. They dug feverishly until
they were down four feet. The shovel grated
on something metallic. It was uncovered,
and proved to be—an old bucket! The cus-
todian has learned since that neighborhood
boys prospected for the bell in that pit
twenty years ago. Becoming discouraged,
they planned the joke which has just come to
light. The Mexican, however, is not satis-
fied. He points out that the prospectors
stopped digging at a depth of four or five
feet, and he is sure that his pit was over his
head when his shovel struck the bell.

Some day the mystery may be solved, and
the deep boom of the old mission bells will
again reverberate across the desert. But to-
day they exist only in legend.

]THE MENTOR

 

 

S|ILEOPATRA +
HAS A NEW
DEFENDER +

GEORG BRANDES, Danish Author

CONSIDERS HER A VICTIM
OF EVIL TONGUES ee of

 

 

Cleopatra, in spite of her highly
colored career, has had a few friends
in almost every generation—usually
writers of smart paragraphs who have
found the Siren of the Nile “good
copy” for their journalistic articles.
One of the most distinguished of the
defenders of Cleopatra in our day is
the witty and perverse George Ber-
nard Shaw, who finds much to say on
behalf of the arch enchantress in his
recent play, “Cesar and Cleopatra.”
All these witnesses, however,—some
of them not convincing in their sin-
cerity—tfade into insignificance when
sO eminent an authority as Georg
Brandes, the famous Danish critic,
comes forward with a brief in extenua-
tion of the life and character of Cleo-
patra. This makes us pause and re-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

consider for a moment the case of the
Lady of the Nile. She was, Brandes

tells us, a very natural feminine prod-

The eminent Danish critic, gives Cleopatra the benefit

GEORG BRANDES

of the doubt

 

 

uct of her time—a brilliant woman
“with rich intelligence and rare good-
ness.” It appears then that the old epigram,
“Tf Cleopatra’s nose had been longer, the his-
tory of Rome would have been different,”
loses its point, for Mr. Brandes asserts that
it was not so much by her beauty as by the
potent charms of her personality that Cleo-
patra drew men to her and held them in
thrall. “Apart from her attractiveness,” he
says, “she apparently was a woman of great
merit. The fury with which she was defamed
by historians and poets wanting to ingratiate
themselves with Augustus makes no impres-
sion on a modern reader free from bias, and
what, for instance, Plutarch tells about her
long after her time is unreliable nonsense that
he had heard from his great-grandfather
Nikarshos, who again built upon evidence
and anecdotes passing from mouth to mouth
during one hundred and fifty years, mostly
among liberated slaves, and which go con-
trary to the facts. It is a pity that. Shake
speare had no other source than Plutarch for
his presentation of Cleopatra!” -

To understand women like Cleopatra,
Clodia, Fulvia, and others of Cxsar’s time,
we must remember that their blood was un-

[

tamed. “It was not for nothing that they
were the females to the males who made con-
quest of the then known world. They fol-
lowed their impulses, which were always im-
petuous, sometimes wild.”

Cleopatra’s childhood was such as to
teach her to be on her guard and to make the
best possible use of her abilities. Her father,
Ptolemy Auletes, had a bad reputation, so
she had no worthy example in him. In tact,
the events of the time did not give her con-
fidence in any human kind, nor give her any
illusions as to what life would promise her.
When she was only fourteen years old, Mark
Antony, who years later filled so big a place
in her life, saw her for the first time, when he
was general of Gabinius’ cavalry, and was
struck with her beauty. Altogether she im-
pressed every Roman with whom she came
In contact, and by the time she became
queen, at seventeen years of age, she had
made more than one heart conquest. She
was involved in civil war, and sadly in need
of aid when Julius Cesar came to Egypt.
Then her greatest conquest was achieved.

Her approach to Cesar was characteristic

36THE MENTOR

of the daring, venturesome spirit of the high-
mettled queen. Cleopatra realized fully that,
since the attempt to prevent her meeting
with Cesar had proved unsuccessful, her
enemies would not hesitate to use violence to
gain their end. She likewise felt that her life
was at stake should she show herself openly
in Alexandria, where spies were all around,
and whose task it would be to make known
her coming. Should she go to the city over-
land, the outposts of the Egyptian army
would take her prisoner. She therefore went
aboard a small boat near Pelusium, disguised
and accompanied by a single friend, the
Sicilian, Apollodoros.

Late that evening she reached unnoticed—
passing among the mass of ships that filled
the harbor—the stairway leading to the wing
Of the royal palace occupied by Cesar: Her
companion placed her in one of the many-
colored bags that travelers at that time car-
ried for the purpose of their bed covering and
rugs. The bag was laced together with straps,
and, putting the load on his back,

woman did him such harm, and none re-
mained so precious to him until the last.

“Cesar never complained of Cleopatra,
nor did she give him any occasion. His love
for her, nevertheless, proved ruinous to him,
and had much to do with feeding the last
conspiracy against him.”

After the murder of Cesar came the meet-
ing with Mark Antony, and the vivid love
drama that proved fatal to the Roman gen-
eral and ended the career of Cleopatra the
enchantress. To the end she remained true
to the type of untamed,, semi-barbaric,
conquering womanhood of her time, “‘the
female to the male who made conquest of the
world.”

In Cleopatra’s time, in Cleopatra’s land,
no one could have made and held a dominat-
ing place but a Cleopatra.

Such is the point of view of Georg Brandes.
Whether it will have any effect on the long-
accepted verdict of history is a matter of

doubt. He Dave

 

 

Apollodoros, in that way, fooled [
the guard.

“Cleopatra was brought before
Czsar as a bundle. Before his
eyes, the straps were unloosened,
and out of the bag stepped Cleo-
patra—like Aphrodite, according
to the legend, from out of the sea-
shell. Caesar was transformed
into Cleopatra’s spokesman after
having been her judge.

“Among the many women of
Czsar’s acquaintance, Cleopatra
alone captivated him to such a
degree that she influenced his po-
litical program; that, for her sake,
he committed the only conse-
quential political-strategic folly
in his whole life: his long stay in
Egypt which came to cost him so
dearly.

“For her sake Cesar permit-
ted his enemies undisturbed to
gather armies against him in
Asia, Africa, Spain, while, u
Cleopatra had never existed, he
could have put an end to the
world war at once. For Cleo-
patra’s sake he found himself in a
more difficult position than ever
before, and on her account he was
compelled to wage war during
more than four years subsequent-

 

 

 

 

ly. On her account he challenged
at last, unwisely, the public
opinion of Rome. No Oren | |

 

CLEOPATRA BEFORE CASAR

From the famous painting by J. L. Geréme

 

 

[374THE MENTOR

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

of

  

SIHE MYSTERY
Z| OF THE cf &
| MARSUPIAL FROG
Bye G WINGS LEY NOBLE

Photographs by the Author

 

 

When we think of Africa we visualize lions;
thinking of Asia our thoughts turn to tigers;
of Australia, to kangaroos. In Africa, mam-
malian life is dominant and we hear to-day
of the gigantic herds of game which still roam
across) the.Hast African savannas. But in
South America there are no important mam-
mals. Mammalian

THE HOME OF THE MARSUPIAL FROG
Unlikely-looking country for frogs and toads—the Andes; yet it is the happy hunting ground for
them, the writer of this article says. The frog is South America’s most characteristic mammal

 

for finding water-loving creatures. Frogs and
toads, as we know them in the north, require
ponds or streams in which to lay their eggs.
But here at Huancabamba there were no
ponds or streams of any sort, save the torrent
which rushed madly down the valley. Never-
theless, there were frogs at Huancabamba,
and several kinds.

The Andean region has long been known
as the home of a frog which does not lay its
eggs in the water, but carries them in a pouch
on the back. The creature is called the
marsupial frog in reference to this marsu-
pium, or pouch. Many fascinating problems
in the life history of the marsupial frog have

remained for years

 

life is not abundant

 

on the South Ameri-
can plains, but among
the mountain peaks
there are more kinds
of frogs than any-
were else im ‘the
world!

It ‘was. partly for
this: reason that an:
expedition sent out
jointly by the Mu-
seum of Comparative

 

 

unsolved. Very little
is known about the
frog itself, its pouch,
its egg laying, the
manner in which the
eggs reach the pouch,
the period of incuba-
tion. One of my pur-
poses “in geome: to
Huancabamba was to
try to unravel some
of the mysteries that
surround its life.

 

 

 

Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, and
the ervanrd School

of Tropical Medicine found itself one day
early in August in the little town of Huanca-
bamba, high up in the Andes of northern
Peru. The bleak slopes rolling above on all
sides scarcely seemed a desirable situation

[

THE MARSUPIAL FROG

38

There is one way,
and only one way, of
delving into the home
life of a frog; that is to steal upon him at
night when his calling betrays his place of
hiding. With an electric flashlight the task
is easy, for he is as little disturbed by the
light from the electric (Continued on page 40)

]AEE, MENTOR

 

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[ 32)THE MENTOR

eet Wingo OF Tei
¢# MARSUPIAL FROG *

Continued from page 38

bulb as he is over the fireflies that flit across
his were, Eis callime, love making, nest
building, may be examined in detail. It was
obvious that if we were to inveigle the mar-
supial frog into revealing his secrets it would
have to be done at night.

Very soon after our arrival in Huanca-
bamba I started off alone one night toward
a banana patch where I had heard the previ-
ous evening the

tire attention on the pounding of one of these
Huancabamba ‘“‘carpenters” that I had any
success at all, and then it seemed so easy!
The performers were not the least discon-
certed by the spotlight. It is only the male
that calls. Oddly enough for, a frog, he is
very differently colored from the female, be-
ing much gaudier, with stripes of fawn across
his green back. Not all marsupial frogs are
so exquisitely marked. ‘hese Huancabamba
specimens proved later to be a new species.

Even before I reached out to pick up my
first “carpenter, as he hammered with
Sredtly dis-

 

 

hammering of a
dozen carpen-
ters. There was
something about
the .quality - of
the hammering
which told me
the -“-carpen-
ters were not
Ink. Wl ea) eee
thought of the
carpenter frogs
which come to
our New Jersey
pine barrens in
thespring. They

 

 

 

tended vocal
pouch, I was
aware of a
~sweetish. odor
which seemed
to arise. from:
all sides. It was
such a pungent
odor that I did
not suspect un-
til! later that it
came from the
marsupial frog.
Northern frogs
and toads have
lnecles ih ange

 

 

are a different
family and their
hammering has

HEADQUARTERS OF DHE HUNT
Huancabamba, in the Andes, where the Harvard expedi-
tion was housed during the hunt for the marsupial frog

odor.
It was a diffi-
cult matter to

 

 

a clattering, less
deliberate ring. The New Jersey “carpen-
ters” always sounded to me like a crowd of
boys laying shingles, while the clear; meas-
ured beat of these hammers could be com-
pared only with that of a skilled workman.

First, I followed an old agave-grown wall,
and then another stone wall running to a
banana field. It was a different world at
night from the one I had seen in the day. My
light fell first upon a giant centipede, over
eight inches long, putting into service every
one of its many legs for a rapid escape up the
trail. Numerous jewels shone in the circle of
the light. Some of these on investigation
proved to be drops of water, others of a
deeper glow were the eyes of spiders.

The hammering became much louder as I
approached the banana patch. I realized
that the hammerers were not all in the
banana plants: some were in the old stone
wall, and others in the agave Plamiice = 1
started toward one of the performers, but
another calling nearer at hand turned me
aside, and before I had fairly well started
it seemed much easier to run down a third.
It was only after I had concentrated my en-

[

40

find male per-
formers, and I came upon their silent mates
only by chance. Most of these already were
carrying their load of offspring in the pouch
on the back. In our improvised laboratory
the pouches were opened and the tadpoles
examined in detail. Each tadpole was sur-
rounded by two greatly expanded sheets of
gill tissue. It was obviously the breathing
apparatus of these papoose tadpoles.

We raised the tadpoles, and watched them
emerge into the outer world. Still, it re-
mained a mystery where the marsupial frogs
intended to deposit their aquatic, even if
well advanced, offspring. The only puddle
of any size at Huancabamba was a cistern
which caught the rain water from one of the
streets. In this depression, not three feet
wide, we found a number of marsupial frog
eggs. But we were sure all the offspring of
the Huancabamba “carpenters” could not
survive in such a place.

_ Every night for a month I went out hunt-
ing for marsupial frogs. However, the out-
standing query in my mind concerning the
life history of these creatures—how the sack
1s actually created—remained unanswered.THE MENTOR

 

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Se LESIS aleharzes paid. Return them _in seven days 7, pay the balance of the price at the rate of $3.00 a month
you are not entirely satisfied. If you decide to keep the
set, pay for it on the easy terms explained in the coupon.

Here is the greatest knowledge and
time, ready to be obtained by you in this
way. You have nothing whatever to los
may get the secret of bigger pay, a fuller apane: / Name ee ee ee
ciation of life, and an interes one personality.

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places me under NO obligation to keep the books, as I am to

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simple, easy
e—and you

 

Street es ee ee

 

 

|cho.
°

PUBLISHED MONTH-
LY BY THE CROWELL
PUBLISHING COM-
PANY AT SPRING-
FIELD, OHIO, U. S. A.

THE SUBSCRIPTION
PRICE, $4.00 A YEAR

GUY P. JONES
Managing Editor

LEE W. MAXWELL

GEORGE D. BUCKLEY
; Vice President

President

 

THE MENTOR

WwW. D. MORDAT

of EDITOR

THOMAS H. BECK J. E. MILLER
Vice President

COPYRIGHT 1922 BY THE CROWELL PUBLISHING COMPANY

2.
>

THE ADDRESS OF EX.
ECUTIVE AND EDI-
TORIAL OFFICES, 381
FOURTH AVENUE,
NEW YORK CIfPY.

ofa

THE PRICE OF SIN-
GLECOPIES,35CENTS

RUTH W. THOMPSON
Assistant Editor

A. D. MAYO
Secretary

A. E. WINGER

Vice President Treasurer

 

 

 

 

Pi ib

ciF POE could visit the little cot-

tage at Fordham where he lived

during his last years, and where

his child wife, Virginia, died; if he

could see what loving hands have

done to restore that humble little dwelling,
and to make it a fitting shrine for.a-genius
now world-recognized, those somber, brood-
ing eyes would surely brighten and the bitter,
melancholy lips re-

OPEM LET Pie

poor, so unfurnished, and yet so charming.”

Some of the original household articles have }
been recovered. There before the brick hearth |
is the poet’s rocking chair—in which, it is said, |
he composed “Annabel Lee,” “The Bells
and “‘Ulalume.” There is the wooden bed- }
stead on which Virginia died. The knobs on
one side are cut away—to fit it to the sloping }
roof of the attic room. When Virginia was
dying, Mrs. Grove

 

lax.

For years after
Poe’s death, thecot-
tage attracted little
public attention.
Those who took an
interest in it found
there an affecting
reminder of the un-
fortunate poet—a
shy, detached,
shabby structure
holding pathetically

 

saw her on this bed
—which wascovered
“only with straw
and counterpane
and sheets. Virginia -
lay wrapped in her |
husband’s great
coat, with a large |
tortoise-shell cat in
her bosom.” Any-
thing served for 4
warmth on that last ©
sad Saturday in

 

 

to its original char-
acter while a great

 

IFSPOE CO@GED SEE, HIS COTTAGE NOW

The Fordham home of Poe as restored to-day

January, 1847.
The “dittle cate

 

 

city crowded round
it with solid buildings of brick and stone.
Its picturesque, rural setting was spoiled—
and it stood in danger from fire.

Then in June, 1913, after the city of New
York had set aside an area entitled “Poe
Park,” the cottage was moved a bit north to
a position in the park, and confided to the
care of the Bronx Society of Arts, Sciences,
and History.

The work of restoring the cottage has been
well done, so that the interior presents again
the appearance that made the three little
rooms and attic attractive to the poet’s
visitors. “It was,” wrote Mrs. Grove, a
faithful friend of the Poes, “‘so neat, so

[

tage, with its flower
garden, shaded in summer by cherry trees,
was the only real home Poe had—and he
loved it.

The old garden and the trees are gone,
but the cottage is here—restored as nearly
as possible to its original condition. It is
a good work that the Poe Cottage Committee
has done.

Poe’s portrait in bronze is now at last in
the Hall of Fame on University Heights—
a belated recognition of his genius. His
spirit broods, more fA
likely, in the little te
rooms of the shingled: 9.93
cottage at Fordham.

44. ]ALDERMAN LIBRARY

The return of this book is due on the date
indicated below

DUE DUE

”

 

 

Usually books are lent out for two weeks, but
there are exceptions and the borrower should
note carefully the date stamped above. Fines
are charged for over-due books at the rate of
five cents a day; for reserved books there are
special rates and regulations. Books must be
presented at the desk if renewal is desired.

L-1

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