f a 3 ; z : j ay e z i em 0 7 via a , va ye SZ \ if ‘ sf i E Wee 5 c % (et 7 a C ve ee 3 i “0 ; s “a t Vania) a 5 fi i eater > } a i Sie > ‘| eas aie ae , S : we és £ : n % ee s s ji © < 23 2 % 2 4 La: E z a 5 2 ( F 3 a p iy 5 - i 2 j E a 1 a yi x z ‘ zi ae e e y ee a f cS z Peas G ‘ N y me nN ¢ ( é x 5S ae ee Ye S ri = 5S a A Ber a ‘ z 1 a sees = oa ea eid A cs = Z i va x S . aa ee a 7 ia < Hae” j HA a fe h iil NIA LIBRARY Vi NU _X004249068Rate: pete te re Later fess ere ma Heese eae eeheh ity Fated es Ses 30 t eases Ea eae cM Sg ha Pereah: LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA GIFT OF Vera V. Viaaes ese ieiiaheer Meee edi “4 =e Seek Seees <8 reba a. | og a i rs ° a. f tet ee) pe cteeagite site ew yep cinenee SPL SET et Pe eo re yf eee Pia actrs, re a] i os rome ete Terete 4 ere pen ase SS a ee eee rere s 3 z 4 o pa a. Ky Ba t rs 3 “e i cS ; iSR eGRae RES eae rssdeer Ti by as MSE Tah eer isis = Copa a oa pad See : pe eae eye rere rete es Se ‘ e f Ce be a tats fale tededstagdetetetinse a sot Bet ear ed aeratesa i mate — i Saati Bees ae The Hamilton. Locke and Clark SERIES OF ee eae Be Paeee 2 a oe Interlinear- Translations Have Fong been the Standard and are now the Bes? Translated and Most Complete Series of Interlinears published. I2mo., well bound in Half Leather. 3 Price rediiced to $1.50 each. Postpaid to any address. Latin Interlinear Translations : VIRGIL—By HarT AND OSBORNE, CAESAR--By HAMILTON AND CLARK, HORACE—By STIRLING, NUTTALL AND CLARK, CICERO—By HAMILTON AND CLARK, SALLUST-—By HAMILTON AND CLARK, OVID—By GEorGE W. HEILIG. JUVENAL—By HAMILTON AND CLARK. LIVY—By HAMILTON AND CLARK, CORNELIUS NEPOS— By HAMILTON AND UNDERWOOD. Greek [nterlinear Translations : HOGMER’S ILIAD—By THOMAS CLARK. XENOPHON’S ANABASIS—By HAMILTON AND CLARE, GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN—By Grorce W, HEItic. S. Austin Allibone, the distinguished author, writes: coco = ry font = :=n 7 here is a growing disapprobation, both in Great Britain and America, of the disproportionate length of time devoted by the youthful student to the acquisition of the dcad languages ; and therefore nc thing will tend so effectually to the preservation of the Greek and Latin grammars as their judicious union (the fruit of an intelligent compromise) with the Interlinear Classics,”’ HALL & McCREARY, 430-432 S. WABASH AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. pbieaR Slit rosaibnas cabs yit, - a piu arpa Meaghan reyPRET pet Fa aah a, F HAMILTON, LOCKE AND CLARK SERIES. CASA R’S COMMENTARIES: WITH AWN ANALYTICAL AND INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION OF THE Pinot FIVE, BOOKS. FOR THE USE OF SCIIOOLS AND PRIVATE LEARNERS. BY JAMES HAMILTON. BS Aew and more Correct Edition. WiTH AN INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION OF THE SLxATH AND SEVENTH BOOKS BY THOMAS CLARK SO ae eee HALL & McCRHARY, 430-432 S. WABASH AVE., CHICAGO. ni eh RES BoE STS sf Sip dtick otis ts ape Vik. eee Et TORS Ooo 2a hye SNe eee TE ese ee Ear ea eae ‘ ee ane hl beblepadetebebie fel at . 4 : r Abie Ep Star ey Hh ry amet ome. = Seog te taf ‘ rat ay et . PS the Rah dW Pd eee z 2 MH: : m Somatiniseies snbeeeeiie pvisjejaiolosjelstetitepicetalaeaiep sae eeseebey os pega Pee erst ae a RBese ernie srererett ROT TET ie ie ee eT ae ein 3 i Y : { masse atthe: 2 He ait wi om COPYRIGHT, SMARLES DE SILVER & SONS 1884. pach RERAD ER Ro SE Sa ESE DUS EES TSU ¢-]e rut USCSES CSRS UTES "oC TITPREFACH. THIs interlineary edition of Cesar is, for the first five books of the Gallic war, a revised edition of Hamilton’s Cesar, published in London, and which edition contained only these five first books. The sixth and seventh books of the Gallic war have been expressly translated for the present edition, by the American editor. -Hamilton’s system of interlineary translation has something peculiar, as he purposes, in what he terms his analytical method, to adhere strictly to the gram- matical forms of words, and to their primitive mean- ings; but this strictly carried out would often render a translation unintelligible. To obviate this, inter- posed words and sentences must be introduced. This Hamilton has often done himself; but still has left many sentences nearly unintelligible; which omission has been supplied in this edition, by adding words and sentences enclosed in brackets [ ], Hamilton’s explanatory words and sentences being in paren theses ( ). The text of Hamilton has been care- fully revised; words and sentences, omitted through aeglect, have been supplied. (ili) SERRE Ee ae ~ ines — Cane pera) REE: Lr FATE RS a rere ee re n Pr een Me Keene ee See te abt e Ne MEM Ny Me os Meet ET ee hy as ee aes AS ; PSST Et i 9 polit ad tee oo odo Vate e e eeaS eee ee seer eee lol Sos Meaney eee Papo ete o A ert i aT‘/ : ve es Te ee ee ete iP rr westae Perec het ie teak fetes : eee ee Te ssapdeteish gig tings tte Saat ent st en f GRAN SHULER sroe are eee a ite ape ae sabia erage pelets PREFACE. In translating the sixth and seventh books for this Philadelphia edition of Cassar, the plan of Locke has been more nearly followed, than that of Hamilton, as the method of Locke is by many teachers the most pproved of. ‘The translation is as literal as possible oth as respects grammatical forms, and the meaning of words, without being unintelligible, or too uncouth. This edition of Cxsar will therefore exhibit both plans of interlineary translations, that of Hamilton in the first five books of the Gallic war, and that of Locke in the sixth and seventh books of the same. In former years the only editions of the Latin classics in general use, in the United States, were those, in usum Delphini, with Latin notes. The first innovation on this general mode was made by the editor of this edition of Casar, who, when he was editor of the Philadelphia association of booksellers for publish- ing the classics, instead of the Latin notes in usum Delphini, added English notes in their place, to an edition of Czar then published, and, which at that time, was in general use in the schools. Since then the classics in usum Delphini have gradually gone out ef use, in the United States, and have heen super seded by those having English notes, or other facilities B that language. THOMAS CLARK, BE LB itt autoence bein ee Sa TE is i ee Katee TESTIMONIALS AS TO THE MERITS OF Ghe Interlinent Translation of the Classics, Testimony of celebrated men in favour of the interlineary system of translations, as being best adapted for learning a lan- guage. Mitton. — We do amiss to spend seven or eight years merely in scraping together as much Latin and Greek as might be iearned easily and delightfully in one year. If, after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got into memory, they were led to the prazis thereof in some chosen short book /essoned thoroughly to them, [that is, read and translated to them], which would bring the whole language quickly into their power. This I take to be the most natural and most profitable way of learning languages. [Children] should begin with the chief and necessary rules af some good grammar, either that now used, or any better; and while this is doing, their speech is to be fashioned to a distinct and clear pronunciation, as near as may be to the Italian, espe- zially in the vowels. Next, to make them expert in the usefulles eoints of grammar, some easy and delightful book should b read to them. [By this, Milton means that the teacher should read some zasy Latin book to his pupils, and translate and explain it re- peatedly, until they understand such Latin book. and can them selves translate it. | {wi ha Se ee ie SRM WR SEs eters ot eee etre a ee re Lo SBE eR as TRIS PETES a a re Cerrar er se teaser) More eee a eee ersein letel, eur 0 area rats ae aati eH eeecistties ids eager ae gutaTS gee pa a Fé LiF4 ¥1 TESTIMONIALS. Joun Locke, author of the “Essay on the Human Under standing.”” — When I consider what ado is made about 4 little Latin and Greek, how many years are spent in it, and what a noise and business it makes to no purpose, I can hardly forbear thinking that the parents of children still live in fear of the schoolmaster’s rod, which they look on as the only instrumont of education; as a language or two to be his whole business. How else is it possible that a child should be chained to the oar, seven, eight, or ten of the best years of his life, to get a lan- guage or two, which, I think, might be had at a great deal 3heaper rate of pains and time, and be learned almost in playing. [The first project of Locke] is to trouble the child with no grammar at all, but to have Latin as English has been, without the perplexity of rules, talked into him, for, if you will consider it, Latin is no more unknown to a child, when he comes into the world, than English; and yet he learns English without a master, rule, or grammar; and so might he Latin, too, as Tully did, if he had somebody always to talk to him in this language. And when we so often see a French woman teach an English girl to speak and read French perfectly in a year or two, with- out any rule of grammar, or anything else but prattling to her, I cannot but wonder how gentlemen have overseen this way for their sons. If, therefore, a man could be got, who, himself speaking good Latin, would always be about your son, talk con- stantly to him, and suffer him to speak and read nothing else, this would be the true and genuine way, and that which I would propose, not only as the easiest and best, wherein a child might, without pains or chiding, get a language which others are wont to be whipt for at school six or seven years together; but also as that wherein, at the same time, he might have his mind and manners formed, and be instructed in all other parts of know- ledge of things that fall under the senses, and require little more than memory. But if such a man cannot be got who speaks good Latin, the next best thing is te have him taught as sar this way as may be, which is by taking some easy and pleasant book, such as Ausop’s Fables, and writing the English sranslation (made as literal as can be) in one line, and the Latin words which answer each of them, just over it in another. These let him read every day, over and over again, till he per- fectly understands the Latin; and then go on to another Fable,TESTIMONIALS. Mill he is also porfect in that, not omitting what he is already perfect in, but sometimes reviewing that to keep it in his memory. The formation of the verb first, and afterwards the declen- sions of the nouns and pronouns, perfectly learned by heart, facilitate his acquaintance with the genius and manner of the Latin tongue, which varies the signification of verbs and nouns. aot as the modern languages do, by particles prefixed, but by shanging the last syllable. More than this of grammar, I think,: he need not have, till he oan read himself Sanctii Minerva. As he advances in acquiring a knowledge of words, he must advance, pari pasu, in obtaining a thorough and critical know- ledge of grammar. When by this way of interlining Latin and English one with another, he has got a moderate knowledge of the Latin tongue, he may then be advanced a little farther, to the reading of some other easy Latin book, such as Justin, or Eutropius; and, to make the reading and understanding of it the Jess tedious and difficult to him, let him help himself with the English translation. Nor let the objection, that he will then know it only by rote, fright any one. This, when well consi- dered, is not of any moment against, but plainly for, this way of learning a language. For languages are only to be learned by rote; and aman who does not speak English and Latin per- fectly by rote, so that having thought of the thing he would speak of, his tongue, of course without thought of rule or gram- mar, falls into the proper expression and idiom of that language, does not speak it well, nor is master of it. Languages were made, not by rules of art, but by accident, and the common use ef the people; and he that speaks them well has no other rule but that, nor anything to trust to but his memory, and the habit of speaking after the fashion learned from those that are allowed to speak properly, which, in other words, is only to speak by rote. Sypngy SuitH. — The Hamiltonian system, on the other hand, ist. Teaches an unknown tongue by the closest interlinear trans Jations, instead of leaving a boy to explore his way by th lexicon or dictionary. 2d. It postpones the study of grammar till a considerable progress has been made in the language, and a great degree of practical grammar has been acquired. 3d. It substitutes the cheerfulness and competition of the Lancasterian TF oe ieee Sy re ee eee re eee tae ee yee Sot rae REECE h ey or rere sunt | ehepepitdd-bleideBakici hier Creo ere Meee Seee Haan co ERE eR eee ii TESTIMONIALS. system for the dull solitude of the dictimnary. By these means a boy finds he is making a progress, and learning something from the very beginning. He is not overwhelmed with the first appearance of insuperable difficulties; he receives some little pay from the first moment of his apprenticeship, and is not compelled to wait for remuneration till he is out of his time, [he student, having acquired the great art of understanding he sense of what is written in another tongue, may go into the study of the language as deeply and as extensively as he pleases. The old system aims at beginning with a depth and accuracy which many men never will want, which disgusts many from arriving even at moderate attainments, and is a less easy, and not more certain road to a profound skill in a language, than if attention to grammar had been deferred to a later period. In fine, we are strongly persuaded that, the time being given, this system will make better scholars; and, the degree of scholarship being given, a much shorter time will be needed. If there is any truth in this, it will make Mr. Hamilton one of the most useful men of his age; for, if there is anything which fills reflecting men with melancholy and regret, it is the waste of mortal time, parental money, and puerile happiness, in the present method of pursuing Latin and Greek. Serre te Ly FS EN ay a ian RTA ET eee ian et Ra ARTYsbashaseeaition tetas fa eet te ae PRIMUS LIBER FIRST BOOK COMMENTARIORUM CAII JULIT CASARIS, UF COMMENTARIES OF CAIUS JULIUS CESAR, DE OF GALLICO BELLO. GALLIC WAR. ARGUMENTUM PRIMI LIBRI. ARGUMENT OF THE FIRST BOOK. Cesar narraturus bella, que gessit im Galka, Cesar about to narrate the war, which he carried on in Gaul, hoc libro primdm describit Galliam; secunde in this book jirstly describes Gaul ; secondly sommemorat duo prelia adversds Helvetios, et ecounts two battles against the Helvetii, and unum adversts Germanos. one against the Germant. 1. Omnts Gallia est divisa in tres partes: unam All Gaul is divided into three parts: one yuarum Belge incolunt; aliam Aquitam; tertiam, ef which the Belge inhabit; another the Aquitani; the third, qui lingu& ipsorum appellantur Celtz, nostra those whe ip tongue of themselves are named Celts. in our # Te tay) = £3 Bis 30h ys rag: be o's ae ee “ ; Mes ‘ ‘ a Poe SE gEL Ean ra {DR ie Teas Peat id wor eee a 5 PP & ad eee aa — cans - SIC rs ook eat Ny Sra tree ee Be arene et gaat ease sesze rate e Eye IES + ¢, i —— EO RERAE Tira amr Ars ee 10 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK L e e . e e A Galli. Omnes hi differunt inter se lingua, Gauls. All these differ between themselves in language, institutis, legibus. Flumen Garumna dividit Gallos in institutions, in laws. The river Garonne divides the Gauls ab Aguitanis, Matrona et Sequana a Belgis. from the Aquitani, the Marne and Seine from the Belgar. Belge sunt fortissimi omnium horum, propterea The Belgss are bravest of all these, because quod longissimé absunt & cultu atque that farthest they are distant from the cultivation and humanitate Provincie; que mercatores minimé humanity (politeness) of the Province; and merchants least sepe commeant ad eos, atque important ea, often resort to them, and they import those things, que pertinent ad animos effeminandos; que sunt which appertain to minds to be effeminated; and they are proximi Germanis, qui incolunt trans Rhenum, cum nearest tothe Germans, who inhabit beyond the Rhine, with quibus gerunt bellum continenter. De qua caus& whom they carry on war continually. From which cause Helvetii quoque preecedunt reliquos Gallos virtute; the Heivetii also go before remaining Gauls in valour quod contendunt cum Germanis fere quotidianis because they contend with the Germani almost in daily preeliis, quum aut prohibent eos suis finibus, battles, when either they prohibit them from their own borders, aut psi gerunt bellum in finibus eorum. or they themselves carry on war in the borders of them. Una pars eorum, quam dictum est Gallos obtinere, One part of them, which it has been said the Gauls to hold [possess], capit initium a flumine Rhodano; continetur fakes beginning from river Rhone; it is bounded fumine Garumn&, Oceano, finibus Belgarum; by river Garonne, by the ocean, by the borders of the Belgas ° etiam attingit flumen Rhenum 4 iikewise it touches (reaches to) theriver Rhine from [on the side of] 4 < ee e e Sequanis et Helvetiis; vergit ad Septentriones. the Sequani and the Helvetii; it bends to the seven stars (the north). Pa EPRRSTSS ESL ERLE ICES TOPE BEBOOK 1.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 11 Belgze oriuntur ab extremis finibus (alli; The Belgians rise from the farthest borders of Gaul; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; they reach to the lower part of the river Rhine ; spectant in Septentriones et orientem golem. they look into [lie towards] the north and the rising sun Aquitania pertinet 3 flumine Garumn4 ad Pyrenso Aquitania reaches from theriver Garonne to the Pyrenear montes, et eam partem Oceani, que est ad mountains, and that part of the ocean, which is next te Hispaniam; spectat inter occasum Solis Spain ; it looks between the going down of the sun (west) et Septentriones. and the North. 2. Orgetorix fuit longé nobilissimus et ditissimus Orgetorix was by far the mostnoble and __ the richest apud Helvetios. Is, Marco Messalf et Marco Pisone among the Helvetians. He, Marcus Messala_ and Marcus Piso consulibus, inductus cupiditate regni being consuls, induced by desire of the kingdom [of reigning] fecit conjurationem nobilitatis; et persuasit civitati, made & conspiracy of the nobility; and persuaded to the atate, ut ‘< exirent de suis finibus cum omnibus that “they should go out from their own borders vith all coplis ; esse perfacile quum prestarent [their] forces; to be [that it was] very easy when they did excel (zmp. con.) omnibus virtute, potiri imperio totius toall invalour, to gain the empire of the whole Gallie.” Persuasit id eis hoe facilius, qudd aul.” He persuaded that to them by this more easily, because Helvetii continentur undique natura loci; the Helvetii are contained on every side by the nature of the place; ax und parte, latissimo atque altissimo flumine Sut of one part, bythe widest(very wide) and deepest river Rheno, qui dividit Helvetium agrum 4 Germanis ; Rhine, which divides the Helvetian land from the Germani, ex alter parte, altissimo monte Jur, ; out of the other part, by the highest mountain Jura, (Snt. Claude: ee eee ee LEE TE MTT eh pa bee ae Mae eriameaprk iret Neer terc setae nna wb hehpee Sateleyejagazaniyinss age NEE? Sweep res te ter odey ele le tetas a Py rineeee spate isi et ttt seer . Ti — i a aie Ha oe i heh aptagae i bra Seataptateseee sates y 12 THE COMMENTARIES OF CAISAR. [BOOK 1 ot Helvetios; _ tertia, qui est inter Sequanos et ; and the Helvetii; out of third par which is between the Sequani an et flumine Rhodano, qui dividit lacu Lemano, vi and by the river Rhone. which divides by lake Lemanus, nostram provinciam ab Helvetiis. Fiebat our province from the Helvetii. It was made (it happened) his rebus, ut vagarentur (vp. conj.) minus laté ey these things, that they did rove less widely et possent (imp. conj.) minis facilé inferre bellum and were able less easily to bring on war finitimis. De qu& caus homines, cupidi to bordering nations. From which cause men, desirous bellandi afficiebantur magno dolore. Autem of warring were affected with great pain. But arbitrabantur se habere angustos fines pro ‘hey did deem themselves to have narrow borders for multitudine hominum et pro gloria belli atque the multitude of men and for the glory of war and fortitudinis; qui patebant ducenta et of bravery ; which did lie open [extended] two hundred and quadraginta milla passuum in longitudinem, forty thousands of paces _ into (in) length centum et octoginta in latitudinem. a hundred and eighty into (in) width. 8, Adducti his rebus, et permoti, auctoritate Induced bythese things, and stirred up by the authorit) Orgetorigis, constituerunt comparare ea que of Orgetorix, they determined to prepare those thinge which pertinerent“(imp.conj.) ad proficiscendum; coémere did pertain to set out [the expedition]; to buy up XY e es quam maximum numerum jumentorum et carrorum; 2S the greatest number of oattle and of wagons; x . e @ facere quam maximas sementes, ut copia frumenti to make as the greatest sowings, that plenty of corr suppeteret in itinere ; confirmare pacem et amicitiam mightsupply in thejourney; to confirm peace and friendshir cum proximis civitatibus. Duxerunt biennium with the nearest states, They led (thought) space of two yeartATE Sane, Re eae pee ene BWETy: yi, Sts eee hy Apt. Eee eer ee eects Cg aes eRe SMART OBR Besaaibied.$3i2bag'1) ce GEES repens BOOK 1.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 18 esse satis sibi ad eas reg conficiendas , “0 be enough fcr themselves to those things to be accomplished : confirmant lege profectionem in tertium annum. they confirm by law their departure upon (in) the third year, Orgetorix deligitur ad eas reg conficiendas. Ig Orgetorix is chosen to those things to be accomplished. He suscepit sibi legationem ad_ civitates, In ec andertook to himself anembassy to the states. In tha’ itinere _ persuadet Castico, _ filio Catamantaledis journey he persuades _ to Casticus, gon of Catamantaledes, Sequano, pater cujus obtinuerat regnum in @ Sequanian, the father of whom had held the kingdom = in Sequanis multos annos, et appellatus erat amicus 4 the Sequani many years, and had been called friend by Senatu que Romano populo, ut occuparet regnum the Senate and Roman people, that he might occupy the kingdom in sud civitate, quod pater antd habuerat. Que in his own _ state, that his father before had had. And item —_ persuadet Ei duo Dumnorigi, _fratri likewise he persuades to the Alduan Dumnorix, the brother Divitiaci, qui eo tempore obtinebat priucipatum in of Divitiacus, who in that time did hold sovereignty in sua civitate ac erat maxima acceptus plebi, his state and was chiefly acceptable tothe common people, ut conaretur idem que dat suam filiam that heshouldattempt thesame thing and gives his daughter in matrimonium ei. Probat illis, “esse perfacile into marriage tohim. Heproves tothem, “to be very easy factu perficere conata, propterea quod _ipse tobe done toeffect things attempted, because that he himself esset (7mp. subj.) obtenturus imperium sue civitatis, was about to hold the empire of his state. Esse non dubium quin Helvetii possent Tobe not doubtful [no doubt] but that the Helvetii were able ‘amp. conj.) plurimum totius Galliz ;” confirmat : most [most powerful] ofall Gaul;” he confirms (affirms) se conciliaturum regna illis suis copiis que himself about to procure kingdoms for them with his stores and 2 2 , . cary . . ij Tmiinines aad AL ei a aSele Tete bes tes fe tek ye far Mae Par eek de eedeaed PoaaiSs ses eee at ses NTL ne eA ree irisiehead ies Hi oes Tet ates et setae Ep uebeata 14 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK f suo exercitu. Adducti h&c oratione, dant fidem with his army. Induced bythis speech, they give faitk et jusjurandum inter se; et regno and oath among themselves; and the kingdom [sovereign power} occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos, being occupied by three most powerful and most firm people, sperant sese posse potiri totius Gallize. they hope themselves to beable to possess themselves of all Gaul, 4, Ut ea res enuntiata est Helvetiis per indicium, When that thing was declared to the Helvetii by discovery, suis moribus coégerunt Orgetorigem dicere causam by their customs they suffered Orgetorix to say (plead) Ais cause ex vinculis. Oportebat pconam sequi damnatum from (in) bonds. It did behove punishment to follow him condemned ut cremaretur ignl Die constituta (viz.:) that he should be burned with fire. In the day appointed dictionis cause, Orgetorix coégit omnem suam of saying (pleading) ofcause, Orgetorix collected all his familiam ad decem millia hominum; et conduxit family to ten thousands of men ; and he led together eodem omnes suos clientes que oberatos, to same place all his clients and bondmen for debt, quorum habebat magnum numerum: per eos, eripuit eof whom hedid have a great number : by these, he rescued ge ne diceret causam. Quum civitas, himself that he might not say cause (take his trial). When the state, incitata ob eam rem, conaretur (mp. conj.) excited on account of that thing, did endeavour exequi suum jus armis que magistratus cogerent to execute its right by arms and the magistrates might collect multitudinem hominum ex agris, Orgetorix a multitude of men out of the lands, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque suspicio abest, ut Helvetii died ; nor suspicion is absent, as the Helveti arbitrantur, quim consciverit (perf. conj.) mortem think, but that he procured . deats sibi. to himself.ete a ee ke een oan BOOK I.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 18 5 Nihilominus post mortem ejus, Helvetii conantur Nevertheless after the death of him, the Helvetii endeavow facere id, quod constituerant, ut exeant & to do that, which they had determined, that they may go out from snis finibus. Ubi jam arbitrati sunt ge their borders. When now they deemed themselves paratos esse ad eam rem, incendunt omnia sua so have been prepared to that thing, they set fireto ull their oppida ad duodecim numero, vicos ad quadrin- towns to twelve in number, streets (villages) to four gentos, reliqua privata edificia; comburunt omne hundred, remaining private buildings; they burn up all frumentum, preter quod erant portaturi cum se; the corn, except which they were about to carry with themselves; ut, spe reditionis domum sublata, essent that, the hope of areturn home being taken away, they might be paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda: jubent more ready to all dangers tobe undergone: they order quemque afferre domo molita cibaria trium each to bring from home ground provisions of three [sufficient mensium sibi. Persuadent Rauracis, for three] months for himself. They persuade to the Rauraci, et Tulingis, et Latobrigis, uti usi eodem and tothe Tulingi, and to the Latobrige, that having used the same consilio, suis oppidis que vicis exustis, proficiscantur counsel, . their towns and_ streets being burntup, they may depart und cum iis: quereceptosad se adsciscunt together with them: and received to themselves they take socios sibi, | Boios, qui incoluerant trans Rhenun, allies to themselves, the Boii, who haddwelt pveyond the Rhine, et transierant in Noricum agrum, que oppugnarant anc had passed over into the Norio land, and had assaulted Noreiam. Feonquered| Noreia. 6. Erant cmnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus There were inall two journeys (roads), by which journeys possent exire domo: unum per Sequanos they might beable tego from home: one through the Sequani peter Pe HES. FER es 8 nl Sans = Geet hee + rises tie tnd Pet eee etree Snare nt oe RTE TETE Tee Toes re niet a brea aetteticieee ets a * 4 24.4% 4 Ms Mtl ee er arn Foe et tenet eRe Sah rs es tae, re eae ¥ ee ant ae i C Pree Perey ann ER on BR ce TMS Tt AUTRE tite i tjeio’sjcielelete taints! oer ie eked iee Meer ETERS TT steele. Fac pee cee Ee SETA TT RI i ithe ieehngas tes sade ga cl Ea ees 16 THE COMMENTARINS OF OMSAR. [BOOK 1 angustum et difficile, inter montem Juram et flumen narrow and difficult, between mountain Jura and _ the river Rhodanum, quo singuli carri vix ducerentur; Rhone, in which single wagons _ scarcely might be led; autem altissimus mons impendebat, ut pernovci facile but the highest mountain did hang over, that vu) wn» easily possent prohibere; alterum per nostram provinciam, would beable to prohibit; the other through our province, multd facilius atque expeditius; propterea quod inter much more easy and more ready ; because that between fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper the borders of the Helvetii and ofthe Allobroges, who lately acati erant Hkomano populo, Rhodanus fluit, que is ad been subdued by the Roman people, the Rhone’ flows, and that nonnullis locis transitur vado. Geneva est extremuta insome places ispassed by ford. Geneva is _ the farthest oppidum Allobrogum que proximum finibus Hel- town of the Allobroges and nearest totheborders ofthe Hel- vetiorum; ex eo oppido pons pertinet ad Helvetios. vetii; fromthat town abridge reaches to the Helvetii. Existimabant sese vel persuasuros Allobrogibus, They did think themselves either about to persuade to the Allobroges, quod viderentur (emp. conj.) nondum bono animo because they did seem not yet with good mind in Romanum populum, vel coacturos Vip? ce cut towards the Roman people, or about to force by violence, that paterentur eos ire per suos fines. Omnibus rebus they should suffer them to go through their borders. All things comparatis ad profectionem, dicunt diem, belng prepared to (their) departure, they say (appoint) a day, qua die omnes conveniant ad ripam Rhodani. Is m which day all may assemble at the bank of the Rhone. That dies erat ante quintum diem kalendarum Aprilis, day was before the fifth day of the kalends of April; Lucio Pisone, Aulo Gabinio consulibus. Lucius Piso, Aulus Gabinius being consuls. T. Quum id nuntiatum esset (pl. perf. con.) Coesari, When that had been told to Cesar,MERC Ht LET etree BOOK I.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 17 eos conarl facere iter per nostram provinciam, them to endeavour to make ajourney through our province, maturat proficisci, ab urbe, et contendit in he hastens to depart from the city, and strains (marches) inte ulteriorem Galliam itineribus quam maximis potest, et farthest Gaul by journeys as greatest hecan, and YOU pervenit ad Genevam. Imperat toti provinciz arrives to Geneva. He orders tothewhole province (te quam maximum numerum militum. Una legie furnish) as greatest number of soldiers. One legion erat omnino in ulteriore Gallia. Jubet pontem qui was inall in farther Gaul. He orders the bridge which erat ad Genevam, rescindi. Ubi Helvetii facti sunt was at Geneva, to be cut down. When the Helvetii were made certiores de adventu ejus, mittunt nobilissimos more certain of the arrival of him, they sent the noblest civitatis legatos ad eum; cujus legationis Numeius of the state (as) ambassadors to him; ofwhich embassy Numeius et Verodoctius obtinebant principem locum: qui and Verodoctius did hold the chief place: who dicerent ‘“‘esse sibi in animo, sine ullo did (should) say “tobe to themselves in mind, withous any maleficio facere iter per provinciam, propterea malice to make ajourney through _ the province, because quod haberent (zmp. conj.) nullum aliud _ iter: that they did have no other journey [road]: rogare, ut liceat sibi facere id voluntate to ask, that itmight belawful tothemselves todo that by the will ejus. Cesar, quod tenebat memoria, Lucium Cassium of him. Czsar, because he did hold in memory, Lucius Cassius consulem occisum que exercitum ejus pulsum the consul beingslain and thearmy of him driven away (routed) ab Helvetiis, et missum sub jugum, putabat non by the Helvetii, and sent under the yoke, did think [it] not concedendum; neque existimabat homines inimico to be conceded ; nor did he think men with unfriendly animo facultate itineris faciundi per provinciam mind liberty of journey tobe made through the provines a og . , Pie arreget at . Bee LAr Se aye tyres pee em ra rs ar ak li Pteetcy oe aes TE 2 oe ieee at nears eee aaa ePeer ena e tree ered Ly Seayeg tls ear ya eee ee eee Bie sjololjeitetatewieqetasededeap 635 Ae“J. of ia Pe eee eS ae ass ie i Cha BES EH eae HES isare rata ATi te 18 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK 1 data, temperaturos ab injuria et maleficio. being given, about torefrain [would refrain] from injury and malice Tamen ut spatium posset intercedere, dum milites, However that aspace mightbeable to intervene, whilst the soldiers, quos imperaverat, convenirent, respondit _legatis whom he had ordered, might assemble, he replied tothe ambassadors “se sumpturum diem ad deliberandum; si “himself abouttotake aday (time) to deliberate ; if vellent (¢mp.conj.) quid reverterentur ad idus they did will anything they might return at _ the ides Aprilis.”’ of April.” 8. Interea e& legione, quam habebat cum se Meanwhile with that legion which he didhave with himself que militibus qui convenerant ex provincia, perducit and with the soldiers who bad assembled from the province, he leads along murum in altitudinem sexdecim pedum, que fossam 4 a wall into height of sixteen feet, and atrench from lacu Lemano, quem flumen Rhodanum influit, ad the lake Lemanus, which theriver Rhone flowsinto, to nontem Juram, qui dividit fines Sequanorum ab mountain Jura, which divides the borders of the Sequani from Helvetiis decem et novem millia passuum. Lo opere the Helvetii ten and nine thousands of paces. That work perfecto, disponit presidia, communit castella; being perfected, he disposes garrisons, he fortifies castles ; quo possit prohibere, facility si conarentur that he may be able to prevent, more easily if they should endeavour transire, se invito. Ubi ea dies venit, quam to pass over, himself(being) unwilling. When that day came, which constituerat cum legatis, et legati he had appointed with the ambassadors, and the ambassadors reverterunt ad eum, negat se, more et returned to him, he denies himself, by the custom and exemplo Romani populi, posse dare iter per example ofthe Roman people, to be able to give a journey througre provinciam ulli; et ostendit prohibituruia — si she province to any* and shows (himself) about to prohibit if PSP ETT Py PRPEPES SESS LL ITT: Th TRAE ee GE MaerEt ers RoR sh Pet aa ein BOOK I.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 1 conentur (sub. pres.) facere vim. Helvetii dejecti they attempt to make violence. The Helvetii cast down e& spe, navibus junctis, que compluribus ratibus fromthat hope, ships being joined, and a great many rafts factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitude being made, others by fords of the Rhone, where least depth fluminis erat, nonnungquam interdiu, spits nocty ef river Was, sometimes in day time, more often by night conati si possent (¢mp.conj.) perrumpere; having endeavoured if they were able to break through; repulsi munitione operis et concursu et telis repulsed by the fortification of the work and by the encounter and weapons militum, destiterunt hoc conatu. of the soldiers, they desisted from this endeavour. 9. Una via per Sequanos relinquebatur; qua One way through the Sequani was left ; by which Sequanis invitis, poterant non ire propter the Sequani (being) unwilling, they were able not to go onaccountof angustias. Quum possent (imp. conj.) non persuadere the defiles. When they were able not to persuade 11 su& sponte, mittunt legatos ad Dum- to them by their own accord, they sent ambassadors to Dum- norigem Aiduum, ut, eo deprecatore, impetrarent norix the Aiduan, that, he (being) intercessor, they might obtain hoc 4 Sequanis. Dumnorix poterat plurimim apud this from the Sequani. Dumnorix was able most with Sequanos, gratif et largitione, et erat amicus the Sequani, by favour and _ by largesses, and was friendly Helvetiis, quod duxerat in matrimonium filiam to the Helvetii, because he hadled into marriage the aaughter Orgetorigis ex eA civitate; et abductus cupiditate ef Orgetorix outof that state ; and induced by a desire regni studebat novis rebus; ef the kingdom [of reigning] he did study for new things (revolution; st volebat habere quamplurimas civitates obstrictas ani did will to have very many states bound sfio beneficio sibi. Itaque suscipit rem et ey his benefit to himself, Therefore he undertakes the thing anc pbs tern ber siahiisie 7a = : Ps 3 J * 4 : - eee arene ioe Sneae bs nina * A a o * ST et ne Se Eee ere ett eieeeh sibspep 14 fdobelep agendas telshehe tay tat ine ntafeletedelelatebeley tie Ree Se Pt ete ee eeeEi basue? iB rae Seiie Pages T seo PEAR Se sos ae cote tia ei aie Hane ah ee eae Ch ci Ne 20 THE COMMEYTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK f impetrat a Sequanis, ut patiantur Helvetios ire obtains from the Sequani, that they may suffer the Helvetii to go per suos fines; que perficit uti dent obsides through their borders; and effects that they may give hostages inter se; Sequani ne prohibeant Hel- between themselves; Sequani lest (that not) they may prohibit the Hel. vetios Itinere; Helvetii, ut transeant sing vetii from the journey; the Helvetii, that they would pass without maleficio et injuria. malice and injury. 10. Nuntiatur Czsari, esse Helvetiis in animo, It is told to Cesar, to be to the Helvetii in mind, facere iter per agrum Sequanorum et Aduorum to make the journey through theland of the Sequani and of the Aidui in fines Santonum, qui absunt non longé & into the borders of the Santones, who are distant not far from finibus Tolosatium, que civitas est in provincia. Si borders of the Tolosates, which state is in the province. If id fieret (¢mp.conj.), intelligebat futurum that were done he did understand, about to be [it would be] cum magno periculo provinciz, ut haberet bellicosos with great danger to the province, that it should have warlike homines, inimicos Romani populi finitimos patentibus men, enemies ofthe Roman people bordering to open et maximé frumentariis locis. Ob eas causas and chiefly corn places. On account of these causes prefecit Titum Labienum legatum ei munitioni quam he set over Titus lLabienus lieutenant to that fortification which fecerat. Ipse contendit in Italiam he had made. He (himself ) strains (goes with speed) into Italy magnis itineribus que ibi conscribit duas legiones; et by great journeys and there he levies two legions; and educit ex hibernis tres, que hiemabant circum eads out outof winter-quarters three, which did winter around Aquileiam, et qua iter erat proximum in Aquileia, and by which (way) the journey was nearest into ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes, contendit ire cum ulterior Gaul through the Alps, he strains toge with cesta esNee UE Sones Meg Rs SRM BOOK I.]| OF THE GALLIC Wan. 2] nis quinque legionibus./ Ibi Centrones et Graioceli, hese __ five legions. There the Centrones and Graioceli, et Caturiges, superioribus locis occupatis, conantur and the Caturiges, the higher places being occupied, endeavour prohibere exercitum _ itinere. His pulsis to prohibit the army _ from the Journey. These being repulsed compluribus preeliis, pervenit ab Ocelo quod est fm several battles, he comes from Ocelum which ig extremum citerioris provincie, in fines Vocon- the extreme (limit) of the hither province, into the borders of the Vo- tiorum ulterioris provinciz Septimo die; inde in eontii of the farther province in the seventh day; thence inte fines Allobrogum; ducit exercitum ab Allo- the borders of the Allobroges; heleads the army from the Allo. brogibus in Segusianos. Hi sunt primi broges into the Segusiani. These are provinciam trans Rhodanum. the province beyond the Rhone. extra the first withouw 11. Helvetii jam transduxerant, suas copias er The Helvetii now had led over their forces through angustias et fines Sequanorum et pervenerant in the defiles and borders ofthe Sequani and had come into fines Aduorum que populabantur agros eorum. the borders of the Aidui and did waste the lands of them Aidui, quum possent {(dmp. conj.) non defendere se The Aidui, when they were able not to defend themselves que sua ab his, mittunt legatos ad Cesarem and their own (effects) from these, send ambassadors bo Ceesar rogatum auxilium; ‘se omni tempore meritos e83@, to ask aid; “themselves in all time to have degerved, ita de Romano populo, ut, pend conspectu nostri 80 of the Roman people, that, almost in sight of our exercittis, agri debuerint (perf. conj.) non _-vastari, army, the land ought not to be laid waste liberi eorum abduci_ in servitutem, oppida the children ofthem to beled away into slavery, the towne expugnari.” © Kodem tempore quo Aldui, Am ta be taken by storm In the same time inwhich the Aidui, the Aur es Bop rarer : > tbe eeae ETS a = ae - ~ Rarities coer eee och cee a Fes brerrest 29 Shere ahs iat a0 0 3s Bagg : Pel - M ay =e . Fie Tihs tote Sete te le Site STE Melek TET MST 82 = we 7 ? RET gee ee ee ee ee ‘ ahaa yte 2 nla Sekgtadndeloy eae eMule poets st ort ernest ot bi bt eeA eat ite c° as ae resp re Se a naa Te gE 22 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK 1 ; barri quoque necessarii et consanguinel /Xduorum, barri also friends and kinsmen of the Aidui faciunt, Cesarem certiorem ‘“sese agris make Cesar more certain (inform Cawsar) “themselves the lands depopulatis, non facilé prohibere vim being depopulated, [could] not oasily to prohibit the violenos hostium ab oppidis.”’ tem Allobroges, qui 3f the enemies from the towns.” Likewise the Allobroges, whe habebant vicos que possessiones trans Rhodanum, did have streets (villages) and possessions beyond the Rhone, fug& recipiunt se ad Casarem; et demonstrant, by flight betake themselves to Cesar; and show, nihil _—reliqui esse sibi preter solum ‘nothing of remaining (property) te be to themselves beside the soil agri. Adductus quibus rebus, Cesar statuit of the land. Induced bywhich things, Cesar appointed (resolved) non expectandum sibl, dum, omnibus not to be waited to (by) himself [not to wait], until, all fortunis sociorum consumptis, Helvetii pervenirent the fortunes of the allies being consumed, the Helvetii did come (imp. conj.) in Santones. into the Santones. 12. Arar est flumen quod influit in The Arar (the Saone) is a river which flows into Rhodanum incredibili lenitate per fines Adduorum Rhone with incredible slowness through the borders of the Aidui et Sequanorum, ita ut possit non judicari oculis and of the Sequani, so that it may be able not tobejudged by the eyes in utram partem fluat (pres. conj.); Helvetu towards whether ofthetwo part it flows the Heivetii transibant id, ratibus ac lintribus junctis. Ubi did pass over that, rafts and boats being joined. Wher Ceesar factus ‘est certior per exploratores, Helvetios Caosar wasmade morecertain by scouts, the Helvetii: jam transduxisse id flumen tres partes coplarum, row to have led over that river three parts of (their) forces, ver) quartam partem esse reliquam citra flumen but the fourth part tobe remaining on this side the rivecece gee tee te ase eR i el 800K 1] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 28 Ararim; de tertif vigilia profectus @ castrig Arar (Saone); from (at) the third watch having set out from the caimps pervenit ad eam partem, que nondum transierai b he arrives to that part, which not yet had passed flumen. Ageressus, eos im peditos et inopinantes the river. Having attacked them entangled and unaware concidit magnam partem eorum ; reliqui mandarunt kecutup (slew) a great part of them; the rest committed Bese fuge atque abdiderunt In proximas silvas. themselves to flight and hid (themselves) into the nearest woods, Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus. Nam omnis Hel- That district was called the Tigurine. For all the Hel- vetia civitas | divisa est in quatuor pagos. Hic vetian state has been divided into four districts. This anus pagus, quum exisset (pl. per. conj.) domo one district, when it had gone out from home memoria nostrorum patrum, interfecerat Lucium Cas- in the memory of our fathers, had slain Lucius Cas- sium Consulem et miserat exercitum ej jus sub jugum. sius the Consul and had sent the army of him under the yoke. Ita sive casu, sive consilio immortalium Deorum, Thus whether by chance, or by the counsel of the immortal Gods, Oy pars Helvetiz civitatis, que intulerat insignem the part of Helvetian state, which had brought on a remarkable calamitatem Romano populo, ea princeps _ persolvit calamity to the Roman people, that chiefly [the first] paid poenas. In qué re Cesar ultus est non solim penalties. In which thing Casa avenged not only publicas sed etiam privatas injurias ; quéd = Tigurini public but also private injuries ; because the Tigurini interfecerant Lucium Pisonem legatum avuln had slain Lucius Piso the lieutenant-(general) grandfather Lucii Pisonis soceri ejus, eodem preelio, of Lucius Piso father-in-law of him [Czsar] in the same battle, quo Cassium. in which (they slew) Cassius. f5,. tee. prelio facto, (in posset consequi This battle being made, that hemight beable to reach a oe. i : pie thodoatecee nes ee nr eC Ph ee EPS, te ee aT ers — a rtetigt at A peitm gmp ititie injeinlsjeielelaieitedetaladedsieyp lets Mt eteta hss hele besedeleae tate ehelele! ri TMG APTS NY, * , premene res tet ehs alates pile’ ek ee ae eae ee Sb ERAS SMM IGE D SS a TS tar ele ces sae Freeh ERPS PLE ae Beereert Stl see ie ee Sey re ee Eee eae eeeai rH — roe ee spy Bina 24 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK 1 reliquas copias Helvetiorum surat pontem the remaining forces of the Helvetii he takes care a bridge faciendum in Arare, atque ita transducit to be made in the Arar (Saone) and so leads over exercitum. Helvetii commoti repentino adventu the army. The Helvetii moved by the sudden BITiVa: ejus, quum intelligerent (imp.conj.) illum fecisse of him, when they did understand him te have dons uno die id, quod _ ipsi confecerant egerrimé in one day that, which themselves had accomplished most hardly viginti diebus, ut transirent flumen, mittunt legatos in twenty days, that hemightpass the river, they sent ambassadors ad eum; cujus legationis Divico fuit princeps, qui to him; ofwhich embassy Divico was chief, whe fuerat dux Helvetiorum Cassiano bello. Is ita had been leader of the Helvetii in the Cassian war. He thus egit cum Cesare; ‘‘si Romanus populus faceret acts (treats) with Cesar; “if the Reman people would make pacem cum Helvetiis, Helvetios ituros in eam peace with the Helvetii, the Helvetii about to go [wouldgo] into that partem, atque futuros ibi, ubi Caesar constituisset part, and abouttobe there, where Cesar might have appointed atque voluisset esse; sin _— perseveraret and might have willed (them) tobe; butif he should persevere persequi bello, reminisceretur et veteris incom- topursue with war, he should remember and of the old incon- modi Romani populi, et pristine virtutis veaience (misfortune) of the Roman people, and of the ancient valour Helvetiorum. Qudd adortus esset (pl. perf. conj.) vf the Helvetii. Because _he had assaulted ImprovisO unum pagum, quum ii, qui transissent unexpectedly one district, when they, who had passed (pl. per. conj.) flumen, possent (cmp. cong.) non ferre | the river, were able not to bring auxililum suis; tribueret ne aut magnver his own) (people) heaccuses them heavily quod quum posset (imp. conj.) neque emi, neque because when it was able neither to be bought, nor sumi ex agris, tempore tam necessario, hostibus to be taken from thelands, inatime so necessary, the enemies tam propinguis, sublevetur (pres conj.) non ab (being) 80 near, he is succoured not by us; preesertim quum, ex magna parte adductus them; especially when, from great part induced precibus eorum susceperit bellum.” Queritur by the prayers of them he has undertaken th e war.” He complains etiam multd gravits quod destitutus sit (perf. conj.). also much more heavily that he has been forsaken [left destitute of corn]. 17. Tum demum Liscus adductus oratione Cresaris, Then atlast Liscus induced by the speech of Caesar, proponit quod antea tacuerat. “Esse sets forth (that) which before he had kept silent. “To be [that there nonnullos, auctoritas quorum valeat (pres. cony.) were] some, the authority of whom avails lurimum apud lebem ui rivati ) most with the common people, who (being) private (persons} possint (pres. conj.) plus, quam magistratus ipsi, hos gan (do more, than the magistrates themselves, these seditiosa et improb& oratione deterrere multitudinem by seditious and wicked speech deter the multitude ne conferant (pres. conj.) frumentum; quod dicant test they bring together the corn; because they say ‘pres. conj.) preestare si jam possint (pres.cony.) to excel [that it was better] if now they can non obtinere principatum Gallie, perferre imperia wot te obtain the sovereignty of Gaul, to endure the command 3 “3 * ; . ’ ° 4 - ar) Fi SERED “ak Mela 31 os bt ed dant oa ee bed elo etek chem cee ek eae ; » Ms Tahinayst esheets seabed Beaekekars, are ee) es ee ea wyete he 2 os . t MEN. 5 “ee eet Shee Bete tere tennnees eer, ee eer Dey aril eee to reser coe30 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHiSAR. [BOOK * Gallorum quim Romanorum ; neque debeant (pres. conj.} of the Gauls than ofthe Romans; nor ought they dubitare quin, si Romani superaverint (fut. conj.) to dcubt but that, if the Romans should overcome Helvetios, sint erepturi _libertatem Atduis (dat.} she Helvetii, they are about to snatch away liberty from the dui una cum reliqua Gallia. Ab iusdem nowtre cogether with remaining Gaul. By the same (persons) our consilia, queeque gerantur (pres. conj.) in castris, sounsels, whatsoever are carried on in the camp, enuntiari hostibus; hos posse non coérceri to be told tothe enemies; these to be able [could] not to be restrained > e e XQ e ° a Se. Quin etiam quod enunciarit rem neces- oy himself. Moreover because he told thething neces- sarlO Ceesari, sese intelligere cum quanto sarily to Casar, himself to understand [that he is aware] with how great periculo fecerit (perf.conj.) id; et ob eam causam danger he has done it; and for that cause tacuisse quamdiu potuerit. (perf. conj.) to have kept silence aslongas he could. 18. Cesar sentiebat Dumnorigem fratrem Divitiaci Cesar did perceive Dumnorix the brother of Divitiacus designari hac oratione Lisci; sed, quéd nolebat to be marked out by this speech of Liscus; but, because he did not will eas res jactari pluribus presentibus, dimittit those things tobecanvassed more (being) present, he dismisses concilium celeriter, retinet Liscum. Querit ex the council quickly, he retains Liscus. He seeks from solo ea, que dixerat in conventu; dicit (him) alone those (things) which he had said in the assembly; he speake hberits, atque audacits. Querit eadem ab more freely and more boldly. He seeks the same (things) from ellis secretd, reperit esse vera; Dumnorigem ipsum ‘thers apart, hefinds(them) tobe true; Dumnorix himself esse summa audacia, magna gratia apud to be [the person] with the highest boldness, with great favour with _ plebem propter liberalitatem, cupidum novarum 26 comman Feople on account of (his) liberality, desirous of newBUOK 1. OF THE GALLIO WAR. 5} rerum ; habere, portoria, complures things (revolution), to have [that he had] the imports, many annos que omnia reliqua vectigalia AJduorum years and all the remaining taxes of the Adui redempta parvo pretio; propterea qudd, illo licente, purchased by little _ price; because that, he bidding nemo audeat (pres. conj.) liceri contra; his rebus et io one dares to bid against; by these things both auxisse suam familiarem rem, et compardsse bo have increased his family estate, and to have procured magnas facultates ad largiendum: semper alere great means to bestow: always to maintain [that magnum numerum equitatis suo he always maintained] a great number of cavalry by (at) hisown sumptu, et habere circum se. Neque posse cost, and to have (them) around himself. Nor to be able largiter solum domi, sed etiam apud largely [nor was he powerful] only athome, but also with finitimas civitates; atque caus, hujus potentie, the bordering states ; and by reason of this power, collocasse matrem, in Biturigibus, homini to have placed (matched) (his) mother, in Bituriges, to a man ilie nobilissimo et potentissimo; ipsum habere uxorem there mostnoble and most powerful; himself to have a wife ex Helvetiis. Colloc&sse sororem ex matre, et of the Helvetii. To have placed a sister out of [by the] mother, and suas propinquas nuptum in alias civitates. Favere his kinswomen tobemarried into other states, To favour [that et cupere Helvetiis propter eam he favoured} and to desire (wish well) to the Helvetii onaccountof that affinitatem; etiam odisse OCxsarem et Romanos @ liance; also to have hated Cesar and the Romans suo nomine, qudd potentia ejus diminuta sit :-om his own name (account) because the power of him has been diminizhe (perf. conj.) adventu eorum, et Divitiacus frater by the arrival of them, and Divitiacus (his) brother restitutus in antiquum locum gratis: atque honoris. reinstated into the ancient flace offavou= and _ of honour h. : = aes 7 > “ a | a ees ome soe ah ata a el Ad peta ek aie eter bene ee ek ated oS tre ae Some LS SPEER IEE A rs - Wetter at Sapam NPS ee eee errr trot eitey sabebapela}-bbinideechetscieicyetaglte&Z THE COMMENTARIES OF CMSAR. [BOOK 1 8i quid accidat (pres. conj.) Romanis, venire in If any (thing) happens to the Romans, to come inte summam spem regni obtinendi per Helvetios; the highest hope ofthe kingdom tobe obtained through the Helvetii, imperio Romani populi, non modo desperare de ander) the empire of the Roman people, not only to despair of regno sed etiam de e& gratia he kingdom [of reigning] but also of that favour [influence quam habeat” (pres. conj.). Cesar etiam reperiebat which he has.” Ceesar also did find inquirendo, quod adversum proelium equestre (adj.) by inquiring, that the adverse battle of cavalry factum esset paucis diebus anté, initium (which] had been made in a few days before, [that] the beginning ejus fugee factumesse a Dumnorige atque equitibus of that flight to have been made by Dumnorix and by the horsemen ejus, (nam Dumnorix preerat equitatul, quem of him, (for Dumnorix was over (commanded) tothe cavalry, which Aidui miserant auxilio Cesari;) que fuga eorum the Aidui had sent in aid to Cesar;) and by the flight of them reliquum equitatum perterritum esse. theremaining cavalry to have been dismayed. 19. Quibus rebus cognitis, quum certissime res Which things being known, when surest things accederent (emp. cony.); quod traduxisset (pl. per. conj.) did accede (were added) ; that he had led over Helvetios per fines Sequanorum; qudd curdasset the Helvetii through the borders of the Sequani; that he had taken care (pl. perf.conj.) obsides dandos inter eos; qudd hostages tobegiven between them; that fecisset (pl. perf. conj.) omnia ea non modd, ae had done all those (things) not only, injussu 8UO, et civitatis, sed etiam _ipsis without order his (of him), and of thestate, but also themselves inscientibus ; quod accusaretur a mazistratu the state] not knowing; that he was accused by the magistrate ANduorum; arbitrabatur satis causee esse quare, af the Aidui; he [Cresar| did deem enough of cause to be wherefore, CSeoeC Me SER IT Pei eras ta teebasta eee a ia Nk caste BOOK I.] O# THE GALLIC WAR. 84 aut ipse animadverteret in eum, aut juberet either himself should animadvert (punish) upon him, or should order civitatem animadvertere. Unum repugnabat omnibus the state to punish (him). One (thing) did oppose to all his, qudd cognoverat summum studium fratris shese, that he had known the highest zeal of (his) brother Divitiaci in Romanum populum, summam voluntater \Divitiacus towards the Roman people, the highest good-wil in se, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam ; towards himself, pre-eminent faith, justice, cemperance ; nam verebatur, ne offenderet animum Divitiac} for he did fear, lest he should offend the mind of Divitiacug supplicio _ejus. Itaque prius quam by the punishment of him. Therefore sooner quidquam, jubet anything, he orders conaretur than he would attempt p Divitiacum vocarl ad se; et Divitiacnus to be called to himself; and quotidianis interpretibus remotis, colloquitur cum eo, the daily (usual) interpreters being removed, heconverses with him, per Caium Valerium Procillum principem provinciz through Caius Valerius Procillus chief of the province Galliz, suum familiarem, cui habebat summam fidem of Gaul, his intimate friend, to whom he did have chief faith omnium rerum; simul commonefacit que of all things ; at the same time he reminds [Divitiacus] what dicta sint de Dumnorige in concilio Gallorum, 1pso may have been said of Dumnorix in the council of the Gauls, himself presente; et ostendit qua quisque dixerit (perf. conj.) (being) present; and shows what every one has said separatim de eo apud se. Petit atque hortatur separately of him with himself. Heasks and exhorts ut, sine offensione animi ejus, vel ipse that, without offence of mind ofhim, either he himself [Cesar{ statuat de 0, caus§ may determine of him [pass judgment on him], (his) caus cognita ; vel jubeat civitatera s2ing known [the case being tried]; or may order the staze statuere. so datermine, Mats entree air 7 - * - bs nate - * oo . 7 ; es ry 7.5 bs “ " ms “ . 5 re ee Tt Sarees oe 5 i en a i= See tae mp imelelo les jofelejeteletelaltedcep teem scoetpertls| bebe be} debate heise feleielat alta ey c ; eon mare - oe Perry ped Roe. x, . : eee SERCSTE Na: © ks Mee pad tre abr Of | oy Ne! age FO oad “i -% ms: 3 be ach so, ee peepee ee Tey homie Peohas | eel eg ct ey ye oe Sy Ps Bene Pi Dae eh ys aera 4 bey ares tiatlss- Pe Tee nearer ite Ror Se oe eerie ret Tarte++ SppvieentJi3 94 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK L 20. Divitiacus complexus Czsarem cum multis Divitiacus having embraced Ceosar with many lacrymis coepit obsecrare, ‘‘ne statueret quid tears began to conjure, “thatnot he would determine anything eravius in fratrem; se scire more heavy against (his)brother; himself to know [that he knows ila esse vera; nee quenquam capere plus doloris hose (things) tobe true; mor any one to take more of grief ex eo, quam se; propterea quod (quum _ ipsé from that, than himself; because that (when himself posset (cmp. conj.) plurimum domi, atque in reliqua was able (to do) most at home, and _ in the remaining Gallia, le minimum propter adolescentiam) crevisset Gaul, he least onaccountof (his) youth) had increased (pl. perf.conj.) per se; quibus opibus ac [in power] by himself [by hismeans]; which power and nervis uteretur non solim ad = gratiam minu- nerves (strength) hediduse not only to (his)favour to be di- endam, sed pené ad suam perniciem ; sese ‘ minished, but almost to his [Divitiacus’] destruction; [that] himself tamen commoverl et fraterno amore et nowever to be moved [was moved] and by fraternal love and existimatione vulgi, quod si quid acci- by the opinion of the common people, because if any(thing) had hap- disset (pl. perf. conj.) gravius ei a& Cesare, cm pened serious to him from Ceasar, when ipse teneret (¢mp.congj.) eum locum amicitize apud he himself did hold such aplace of friendship with eum, neminem existimaturum non him [Cesar] no one about to think [would think] (the thing) not factum sua voluntate; futurum ex qua re uti done with his will ; about tobe from which thing that animi totius Gallis averterentur a se.” the minds of the whole Gaul would be turned away from himself.* Quum flens peteret (imp.conj.) hee a Ceesare, When weeping he did seek these (things) from Caesar, pluribus verbis, Cesar prehendit dextram ejus: in many words, Ceesar takes the right hand of him:Scssiseee Sie oh Slab ji aasteh BOOK I.]| OF THE GALIIO WAR. 35 consolatus, rogat faciat finem orandi; having consoled [him], he asks (that) he may make an end of entreating; ostendit gratiam ejus esse tanti apud se, uti he shows the favour of him tobe of so much with himself, that condonet et injuriam, Reipublice et suum dolorem, he may forgive both the injury of the Republic and his own grief, voluntati ac precibus ejus. Vocat Dumnorigen #0 the good-will and to the prayers of him. He calls Dumnorix ad se adhibet fratrem; ostendit qux to himself; he applies (sends for) brother; he shows what reprehendat (pres. conj.) in e0; proponit que ipse he blames in him; he sets forth what himself intelligat (pres. conj.) que civitas queratur ; understands, what _ the state may complain of; monet, ut vitet omnes suspiciones in reliquum he warns, that he may avoid all suspicions into (for) the remaining tempus. Dicit se condonare preterita fratri time. He says himself to forgive past (things) to (his) brother Divitiaco; ponit, custodes Dumnorigi ut _ possit Divitiacus; he places keepers [spies] to Dumnorix that he may be able scire, que agat (pres. conj.) cum quibus loquatur. to know, what he does with whom he speaks. 21. Eodem die factus certior ab exploratoribus, In the same day being made more sure by scouts, hostes consedisse, sub montem, octo the enemies to have set down under (at the foot of) the mountain, eight millia passuum ab castris ipsius; misit qui thousands of paces from the camps panini. he sent (persons) who cognoscerent, qualis esset natura montis, et night know, what might be the nature of the mountain, and yualis ascensus in circuitu. Renuntiatum est esse hat the ascent in circuit. It was announced to be facilem. De tertid vigilid, jubet Titum Labienum gasy. From (at) the third watch, heorders Titus Labienu, legatum pro Preetore, cum duabus lieutenant-general for Pretcr [with pretorian power] with two legionibus, et iisdem ducibus, qui cognoverant, iter, legions, and the same guides who tad known the route, Sn a al alc ; Meri ghee iis yi EAE, ae Cee Yes srr enaee eran aca Tt Pate tatiad th Foe eek ee = te 9 1 pala ae . MH, ea ae > fs pas pues : e 454 - 4 n 1 Ss PERS TESS SSE eee MS BRST ae er ay Eb het baie Feo _ A swetee ttt es eee ene per er Hr ee eS ee a ere titer Tse i nabspepebl-y-boblepbgabgeBocinkaliapenayitsrigess = Dae eve tte Me POE SECT ee56 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR, [BOOK ascendere summum jugum montis; ostendit quid to ascend the highest top ofthe mountain; heshows whas sit sui corsilil. Ipse de quarta may be of his counsel (design). He (himself) from (at) the fourth vigilia, eodem itinere, quo hustes ierant contendit, watch, by thesame route, in which theenemies had gone strains (goes ad eos; que mittit anté se omnem with speed,) to them; and sends before himself al. equitatum. Publius Considius qui habebatur, peritis- the cavalry. Publius Considius who was deemed most simus militaris rei, et fuerat, in exercitu§ Luci skilled ofmilitary affair, and hadbeen in the army of Lucius Sylle, et postea Marci Crassi premittitur cum Sylla, and afterwards of Marcus Crassus is sent forward with exploratoribus. the scouts. 22. Prim& luce, quum summus mons _teneretur In the first light, when the highest mountain was held a Tito Labieno, ipse abesset (¢mp.conj.) non longius by Titus Labienus, he himself was absent not farther mille et gquingentis passibus ab _ castris (than) a thousand and five hundred paces from the camps hostium, neque ut comperit postea ex captivis, ofthe enemies, nor as hefound afterwards from the captives, aut adventus ipsius aut Labieni cognitus esset either the arrival ofhimself or of Labienus had been known; (pl. perf.conj.); Considius, —equo admisso, accurrit Considius, (his) horse being spurred on, runs ad eum ; dicit, montem quem voluerit( perf. conj.) te him [Ceasar]; he says, the mountain which he willed occupari a Labieno, teneri ab hostibus; se te be occupied by lLabienus, tobe held by the enemies; himself sognovisse id a Gallicis armis atque insignibus s have known that from Gallic arms and ensigns Ueesar subducit suas copias in proximum ocollem: Caosar leads up his forces into the nearest bill; instruit aciem. Labienus, ut preeceptum erat ei a he arrays the line. Labienus, ag hadbeen directed to him byBOVE I.] OF THE GALLIO WAR. 87 Ceesare, ne committeret preelium, nisi copize ipsius Cesar, be should not engage battle, unless the forces of himself visee essent (pl. perf. conj.) prope castra hostium, ut, had been seen near the camps of the enemies, that, impetus fieret in hostes, undique uné¢ the attack mightbe made against the enemies, onevery side in one tempore, monte occupato, expectabat time, the mountain being occupied [by Labienus], he did await nostros, que abstinebat preelio. Denique multo die eur (men), and didabstain from battle. Lastly in much day ae] Cesar cognovit per exploratores, oe [when the day was far advanced] Casar knew by scouts, oe et montem tenerl 4 suis, et hostes both the mountain to be held by his own (men), and the enemies movisse castra (pl.) et Considium perterritum timore tohave moved camp, and Considius dismayed by fear renuntidsse pro viso, sibi quod vidisset (pl. perf. to have related for seen, to him (that) which he had seen conj.)non. Ho die, intervallo quo consuérat, not. In that day, with the interval with which he had been accustomed, sequitur hostes et ponit castra (pl.) tria millia he follows the enemies and places [his] camp three thousands passuum ab castris eorum. a EOE: ER SS 5 po ‘ . . oe Sepa anaes - rs 5 rene 3 Meve sree parte Meine Heres sy ae over eter ee ees mr. Be et cee ad Cea ak ota ke Eras tale of paces from the camps of them. , 23. Postridie ejus diei, quod biduum om- te The day after of that day, because a space of two days alto- i nino supererat, quum oporteret (¢mp.conj.) metiri ee gether didremain, when it did behove to measure out “4 ° x $s ‘ £ frumentum exercitu; et quod aberat a Bibracte, a corn to the army; and because hewas distant from Bibracte : p long? maximo ac copiosissimo oppido Aduorum far the greatest and most wealthy town of the Aidui et non amplius octodecim millibus passaum° ; not more (than) eighteen thousands of paces 4 existimavit prospiciendum frumentaria is he deemed to be foreseen [it necessary to provide] to corn A rel ; et avertit iter ab Helvetiis thing [for provisions]; and he turnsaway the journey from the Helwatil eS . 2 , a Pobhie SEL e D ht od Aol88 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. (BOOK I ac contendit ire Bibracte. Ea res nutiatur and strains (hastens) to go (to) Bibracte. That thing is told hostibus per fugitivos Lucii Aimilii, Decurionis to the enemies by fugitives of Lucius Amilius, Captain equitum Gallorum. Helvetii seu qudd existimarent of horsemen of Gauls. The Helvetii either because they did deer (imp. conj.) Romanos discedere perterritos timore, he Romans to depart dismayed with fear. x Xx ° : XX eue e ° s eO §6magis, quod pridie superioribus locis by that more (chiefly) because the day before the highest places occupatis commisissent (pl. perf.conj.) non preelium, being occupied they had committed not battle, sive quod confiderent (imp. conj.) posse intercludi or because they did trust to be able to be intercepted frumentari@ re; consilio [to intercept the Romans] from corn thing ; (their) counsei commutato atque itinere converso, coeperunt being altered and the route being changed, they began Insequi et lacessere nostros a novissimo to follow up and to provoke our (men) from the last agmine. troop [in the rear]. 24. Postquam Cesar advertit animum 1d, subduert After that Ceesar turned his mind (to) that, he leads up suas copias in proximum collem que misit equitatum, his forces into the nearest hill and sent cavalry, qui sustineret impetum, hostium. Ipse interim which might sustain the attack of the enemies. Himself meanwhile instruxit triplicem aciem quatuor veteranarum legionum arrayed a triple line of four veteran legions mm medio colle; ita uti collocaret duas legiones, im the middle hill; so that he might place two legions, supra se in summo jugo, quas conscripserat pove himself in the highest top [of the hill], whom he had levied proximé in citeriore Gallia, et omnia auxilia, very lately in hither Gaul, and all the aids (auxiliaries), et compleret totum montem hominibus. Interea 224d might fill the whole mountain with men, In the mean timeeeacee tahoe tone ote ker) MiRpeREST Lge BOOK I. | OF THE GALLIC WAR. 89 jussit sarcinas conferri in unum locum he ordered thebaggages to be brought together into one place et eum muniri ab lis, qui constiterant in superiore and it to be fortified by those, who had stood in the higher acie. Helvetii, secuti cum omnibus suis carris, ‘ine. The Helvetii, having followed with ali their wagons, contulerunt impedimenta m unum locum. Tpst brought together thebaggages into one place. Themselves confertissim4 acie, nostro equitatu rejecto, phalange in thickest line, our cavalry being thrown back, a phalanx facta, successerunt sub nostram primam aciem. being made, came up under [to] our first line. 25. Ceesar, suo primtm, deinde equis omnium Cesar, his own (horse) first, next the horses of all remotis @ conspectu, ut periculo eequato, being removed from sight, that the danger being made equal, tolleret spem fuge, cohortatus suos, he might take away the hope of flight, having encouraged his (men), commisit prelium. Milites, pilis missis @ superiore engaged battle. The soldiers, javelins being sent from the higher loco, facilé perfregerunt phalangem hostium. Ha place, easily broke the phalanx of the enemies. It disjecta, fecerunt impetum in eos districtis being dispersed, they made an attack upon them with drawn ensibus. Hrat magno impedimento Gallis ad pugnam, swords. It was great impediment tothe Gauls to the fight, udd pluribus seutis eorum tranfixis et that many shields of them being pierced through and colligatis uno ctu pilorum, quum ferrum bound together by one stroke of javelins, when the iren inflexisset, (pl. perf. conj.) se, poterant neque, had bent in itself, they were able neither svellere, neque sinistra impedita, pugnare satis topluck out, nor the left (hand) being entangled, to fight sufficient] eommodé: ut multi, brachio, diu jactato zonveniently: that many, the arm along time being shaken [tossed preoptarent emittere scutum about], wished rather to send forth [to throw away] the shield ees De SDT ot ahd hed ot ecet ik eel cee ee ee en peg stek pac ent Se ase ener a ere eee D SOEs ¥ rs steer e SEE ote ieee Peer a eee eee ttt Tne, ole lesrdebenge hace ee lngele tae et ot shehebebslat ok40 THE CCMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK } manu, et pugnare nudo corpore. Tandem from the hand, and to fight with naked body. At length defessi vulneribus coeperunt et referre pedem wearied with wounds they began both to carry back foot (to retreat} et, quod mons suberat circiter mille passuum, and, because the mountain was under (near) about athousand of paces, recipere se ed. Monte capto et nostrig to betake themselves thither. The mountain being taken and our (men! succedentibus, Boii et Tulingi, qui claudebant, going up, the Boii and Tulingi, who did close agmen = hostium circiter quindecim millibus the troop ofthe enemies (with) about fifteen thousands hominum et erant presidio novissimis, agoressi of men and were fora guard to the last [rearj, having attacked nostros ex itinere aperto latere, circum- our(men) from (on) (their) route in open side, (began) to sur- venire ; et Helvetii qui receperant se in round [them]; and the Helvetii who had betaken themselves te montem, conspicati id, coeperunt rursus instare the mountain, having beheld that, began again to press on et redintegrare prelium. Romani intulerunt and to renew the battle. Romans _ brought in (advanced) signa conversa tripartitd; prima ac secunda the standards turned in three parts; the first and second acies, ut resisteret victis et submotis; line, that it might resist to the conquered and moved away [driven off |; tertia ut exciperet venientes. the third that it might receive (those) coming. 26. Ita pugnatum est ancipiti preelio — diu Thus it was fought with doubtful battle a long time atque acriter. Quum possent (2mp.cony.) non sustinere and sharply. When they were able not _ to sustain impetum nostrorum diutits, alteri receperunt ge he attack of our (men) longer, others (some) betook themselves m montem, ut cceperant; alteri contulerunt anto the mountain, as ihey had began; others brought together [hbe- ge ad impedimenta et suos carros. Nam «0k] themselves to the baggages and their wagons. For arBOOK 1.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 4) hoc toto proelio, quum pugnatum sit (perf conj.) m this whole battle, when (though) it was fought ab septima hora ad vesperam, nemo potuit videre from the seventh hour to the evening, noone was able to 8e¢ hostem aversum. Pugnatum est etiam ad multam en enemy turned away. It was fought also to much [late in} noctem ad impedimenta ; propterea quéd objecerant aight at the baggages ; because that they had opposed garros pro vallo, et conjiciebant tela @ superiore Wagons jor rampart, and didthrow weapons from a higher toco in nostros venientes et nonnulli, subjiciebant place upon our (men) coming and some did throw under mataras ac tragulas, inter carros que rotas, que spears and darts, between the wagons and wheels, and vulnerabant nostros. Quum pugnatum esset (pl. perf. did wound our (men). When it had been fought conj) diu nostri potitisunt impedimentis que along time our (men) gained the baggages and castris. Ibi filia Orgetorigis, atque unus é filiis camps. There a daughter of Orgetorix, and one of (his) sons captus est. Superfuerunt, ex eo preelio circiter was taken. (There) survived from that battle about centum et triginta millia hominum; que _ierunt hundred and thirty thousands of men ; and they went continenter e& tot& nocte: itinere intermisso incessantly in that whole night: the journey being intermittea nullam partem noctis, quarta die, pervenerunt in no part of the night, in the fourth day, they came __inte fines Lingonum; gquum nostri morati the borders of the Lingones ; when our (men) having delayed triduum et propter vulnera militum the space of three days both on account of the wounds of the soldiers at propter sepulturam occisorum potuissent non and on account of the burial of the slain could not gequi eos. Oxsar misit literas (p/.) que nuntios aa follow them. Cesar sent letters and messengers t Lingones, ne juvarent eos frumento neve alia re; the Lingones, they should not assist them with corn nor with other thing . Erase ts i*"s Sor eee eee o erates PORTO rcs eee ne eRe eea Tee5 a Pa Fa rr rarer ra + ant i £3 } OZ 42 THE COMMENTARIES OF CASAR. [BOOK 1 qui si juvissent (pl. perf.conj.) se habiturum illos who if they had assisted (them), himself about to have them eodem _loco, quo Helvetios. Ipse, in the same __ place (light) in which the Helvetii. (He) himself. triduo intermisso, ccepit sequi eos cum space of three days beingintermitted, began to follow them witk smnibus copiis. U (his) forces. 27. Helvetii adducti inopi& omnium rerum miserunt The Helvetii induced by want of all things sent legatos de deditione ad eum: qui cum 4m bassadors about a surrender to him: who when convenissent (pl. perf. conj.) eum in itinere que they had met him in (his) journey and projecissent (pl. perf. conj.) se ad pedes, que had thrown down themselves at (his) feet, and locuti suppliciter, flentes petissent pacem; atque having spoken suppliantly, weeping had sought peace; and jussisset (pl. perf. conj.) eos expectare suum adventum he had ordered them to await his arrival in eo loco, quo tum essent (émp. conj.), paruerunt. in that place, in which then they were they obeyed. Postquam Ozsar pervenit ed, poposcit obsides, After that Cesar came there, hedemanded hostages, arma, __—- servos, qui perfugissent ( pl. perf. conj.) ad arms, [and] slaves, who had fled Z ta eos. Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, them. Whilst those (things) are sought and are brought together, nocte intermiss’, circiter sex millia anight being intermitted (havingintervened) about six thousands hominum ejus pagi, qui appellatur Urbigenus, sive of men of that district, which is called Urbigenus, either perterriti timore ne, armis traditis, . affice- tightened by fear lest, (their) arms being delivered, they should be rentur = supplicio; sive inducti spe affected with punishment [should be punishyd]; or induced by hope salutis, quod, in tanta multitudine deditiorum, safety, that, in so great multitude of (those) surrendered,BOOK I.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 43 existimarent (imp. conj.) suam fugam aut posse they did think their flight aither to be able occultari aut ignorari omnino; prima nocte to be concealed or tobe unknown tall; in first night [early egress ex castris Helvetiorum $ night] having gone out from the camps of the Helvetii zontenderunt ad Rhenum que fines Germanorum. “rained (hastened) to the Rhine and borders of the Germans. 28. Quod ubi Cesar rescivit, imperavit his, per Which when Casar_ knew, he ordered to these, through fines quorum ierant, uti conquirerent et the borders of whom they had gone, that they should search for and reducerent, si vellent (imp. conj.) esse purgati sibi; should lead back, if they did will to be cleared to himself; habuit reductos numero hostium. Accepit he had (those) led back inthe number of enemies. He received omnes reliquos in deditionem, obsidibus, armis, all remaining into surrender, hostages, arms, perfugis _ traditis. Jussit Helvetios, Tulingos, deserters being delivered up. He ordered the Helvetii, Tulingi, Latobrigos, reverti in suos fines, unde profecti erant, Latobrogi, to return into their borders, whence they had set out, et quod, omnibus frugibus amissis, nihil erat domi, and because, all fruits being lost, nothing was at home, quo tolerarent famem, imperavit Allobrogibus, ut by which they might bear hunger, he ordered to the Allobroges, that facerent copiam frumenti is; jussit they should make (supply) plenty of corn to them; he ordered ipsos restituere oppida que vicos, quos incenderant. themselves to restore the towns and villages, which they had burned, Fecit id maxime e& ratione, quod noluit eum He did that chiefly with that roason, because he willed not that locum, unde Helveti discesserant vacare; ne he place, whence the Helvetii had departed to be void; _ lest propter bonitatem agrorum, Germani, qui incolunt en account of the goodness of the lands, the Germans, who inhabit trans Rhenum, transirent ¢é suis finibus in fines beyond the Rhine, should pass over from their borders inte the borders sede eiatabepelele Tetatsy Pe a seo. ee en Ls oe * acer Sr ara a en . ert cee eee ee Pony ner aay tat Daas Po oeT yn eee ne ee eRe ts lolefetaleisleladadatopiety se SR Ee a}44 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK a Helvetiorum, et essent finitimi provincie Gallic of the Helvetii, and should be neighbours to the province of Gaul que Allobrogibus. Concessit Alduis petentibus, ut and tothe Allobroges. He granted to the Aidui asking, that collocarent Boios in suis finibus, (quod cogniti erant they might place the Boiiin their borders, (because they had been knowr egregia virtute.) Quibus illi dederunt agros, que by excellent valour.) To whom they gave lands, and quos receperunt postea m parem conditionem juris whom they received afterwards into equal condition of right que libertatis atque Ipsi erant. and liberty (and) (as) they themselves were. 29. In castris (pl.) Helvetiorum tabule In the camp of the Helvetii tablets (acecmpts) confectze Gracis literis reperte: sunt, et perlatze ad made in Greek letters were found, and brought to Cesarem; in quibus tabulis ratio confecta erat, Ceesar ; in which tablets a computation had been made, nominatim, qui numerus eorum exisset (pl. perf. conj.) individually, what number. of them had gone forth domo, qui possent (imp.conj.) ferre arma: et item from home, who were able to bear arms; and likewise Separatim pueri, senes, que mulieres. Summa omnium separately boys, old men, and women. The sum of all quarum rerum erat, ducenta sexaginta et tria millia which things was, two hundred sixty and three thousands eapitum Helvetiorum; Tulingorum, triginta et sex of heads of the Helvetii; of the Tulingi, thirty and six millia; Latobrigorum, quatuordecim ; Rauracorum, thousands; of the Latobrigi, fourteen ; of the Rauraci, viginti et tria; Boiorum, triginta et duo: ex his, twenty and three; of the Boii, thirty and two: ol. this, qui possent (imp. conj.) ferre arma ad nonaginta et due who were able to bear arms to ninety and two millia. Summa omnium fuerat ad trecenta thousands. The sum (total) of all had been to three hundred sexaginta et octo millia. Censu_habito, ut sixty ard eight thousands. Registering beimg had, as PEPER SETS SEMERELELEL EERE IEEBOOK T. | OF THE GALLIC WAR. 48 Ozesar imperaverat, numerus eorum, qui redierunt Czesar had ordered, the number of those, who returned domum, repertus est centum et decem millia. home, was found ahundred and ten thousands. 30. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, legati ferd The War of the Helvetii being despatched, ambassadors almost totius Galliz, principes civitatum, convenerunt ad efthe whole Gaul, chiefs of states, came together te Cesarem gratulatum. ‘““Sese intelligere, tametsi Ceesar to congratulate. “Themselves to understand, although Romanus populus repetisset (pl. perf. conj.) poenas ab the Roman people __—ihad required penalties from ig bello, pro veteribus injuriis them in war [had avenged themselves] for ancient injuries Helvetiorum, tamen eam rem accidisse non minis of the Helvetii, yet that thing to have befallen not less ex usu terre Galliz, quam Romani out of use (to the advantage) of the land of Gaul, than ofthe Roman populi; propterea quod eo consilio, florentissimis people; because that with that counsel, in most flourishing rebus, Helvetii reliquissent (pl. perf. conj.) suas domos, affairs, the Helvetii had left their houses, ut inferrent bellum toti Galliz que that they might bring on war to the whole Gaul and potirentur, imperio (abl.); que deligerent locum might gain empire ; and might choose a place domicilio ex magn& copia, quem judicassent (pl. perf. for abode outof great plenty, which they had judged conj.) opportunissimum ac fructuosissimum ex omni most opportune and most fruitful out of all Gallia; que haberent reliquas civitates stipendarias.”’ Gallia ; and mighthavethe remaining states tributary.” Petierunt, uti ** liceret sibi indicere. Shey asked, that “it mightbe lawful to themselves to proclaim concilium totius Galliz in certam diem que facere id a council of whole Gaul uponacertain day and todo that voluntate Cesaris; sese habere quasdam res, quas with will of Cesar; themselves tohave certain things, which 4 co SGC a yt Ey CT Ar ett i ae er ery Mt yep ond Pee PEAK a Oe eS shot i ee eas “d ER ee seek ssh re 2 en ees Pere a ee Tel ate tytEtE Bn eee eee ae Ce es Sr a sae Pune ye emenesgeri serine tr Hove ne sa eet ener ora a Stet esas Sar a) te ea eee eee De he bike Bd ot od ol “e i . Pi Tor x ele enter iere ties Pee We NEDO SE eet Stargree ate ee ret creer aie aaa 46 THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK 1 vellent (tmp.conj.) petere ab eo @ communi they did will to ask from him out of common [by general] consensu.” Ha re _ permiss& constituerunt diem consent.” That thing being permitted, they appointed a day concilio, et sanxerunt jurejurando inter se, for a council, and ratified by oath between themselves, ne quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus mandatum esset (that) not any one should divulge (it) unless to whom it had been enjoined ( pl. perf. cong.) communi consilio. by common council. 81. Ko concilio dimisso, lidem principes That council being dismissed, the same chiefs civitatum, qui fuerant anté, reverterunt ad Ceesarem ; of states, who had been before, returned to Ceesar , que petierunt, uti liceret sibi agere and asked, that it might be lawful to themselves to act (treat) secretd cum eo de su&salute que omnium. HA& secretly with him about their safety and (that) of all. That re impetrata, omnes flentes projecerunt sese ad thing being obtained, all weeping cast themselves at pedes Ovesari; ‘se non minus contendere et the feet to (of) Cesar; “themselves not less to strain after and laborare id, ne ea quae dixissent (pl. perf. con).) to labour for that, lest those (things) which they had said enuntiarentur, quaim uti impetrarent ea ze should be divulged, than that they might obtain those (things) whick vellent (cmp. conj.); propterea quod si enuntiatum esset they did will; because that if it had been divulged, (pl. perf. conj.) viderent (tmp. conj.) 86 venturos they did see themselves about to come In summum cruciatum.” Divitiacus Adduus locutus est into the highest torture.” Divitiacus the Aiduan spake pro his: “esse duas factiones totius Gallise; Alduos or these: “tobe two factions of the whole Gaul; the Aidui tenere principatum alterius harum, Arvernos to hold sovereiguty of the other (one) of these, the Arverni alterius. Quum hi contenderent (imp. cong.) tanto- 2 . sf the other. When these did contend labori-saasisdee eikin st Sashes cslee a P is BOOK 1.] OF THE GALLIC WAR. 47 pere inter se de potentatu multos annos, ously (2arnestly) between themselves about dominion many years, factum esse, uti Germani accerserentur to have been done [it was done], that the Germans (amp.conj.) ab Arvernis que Sequanis by the Arverni and were sent for mercede. the Sequani with [for] hire Primo, eirciter quindecim wmillia horum First, about fifteen ay transisse thousands of them to haye crossed Rhenum: posteaquam feri the Rhine: after that ac barbari homines the wild and. barbarous men adamassent (pl. perf. subj.) agros, et cultum, et nad fallen in love with the lands, and cultivation, and copias Gallorum, plures transductos: nunc esse in stores of the Gauls, many (more) led over: now tobe in Gallia ad numerum centum et viginti Gaul to millium ; the number ofahundred and _ twenty thousands ; AXduos, que clientes eorum, semel atque iterum the Aidui, and clients (dependants) of them, once and again contendisse armis cum his; pulsos accepisse to have contended in arms with these; repulsed to have received [they aMISISSe to have lost magnam calamitatem ; tne Aldui had sustained] a great calamity ; omnem nobilitatem, omnem Senatum, omnem all (their) nobility, all the Senate, all (their) equitatum. Fractos quibus preeltis que calamitatibus cavalry. Broken by which battles and calamities, qui anté potuissent (pl. perf. conj.) plurimum (they) who before had been able most [were most in Gallia, et sua virtute et hospitio sowerfa!] in Gaul, both by their own valour and bythealliance atque amicitia, Romani populi, coactos esse dare and friendship of the Roman people, to have been forced to give civitatis, et obstringere obsides Sequanis nobilissimos | to bind hostages to the Sequani the most noble (men) of the state, and eivitatem jurejurando, sese neque repetituros she state by oath, themselves neither about to re-demanded obsides that they would not demand] the hostages, nor neque imploraturos, about to implore iA iat wis at, ae MRNAS Meek arn cereal aie rreraca serene io FR SEE) Sheet it +, Meat RD aD ae — pane . Rae toa nae 7 sete tit eee begs Be ge . : . i eee ee 15.3 oe ee os P A Ee S ey sy se et . 05 $4 5 6 A REPS SEER 2 ote petals Sethe re ag ee ee ee 3 = Reger eee ere Nn a ee eens Sot TTS fot a Ese al ry - - e- a RFA Raed. pti r vas gaa ppg yy gta Se rege) eee Seicicne’ WAIN imi injeie’ ielelefeielelepoletedsiop ote ph wcedtpew tbls) ble benicigide Serie ojelabele tilts!By erate ater eer ae pe et) THE COMMENTARIES OF CHSAR. [BOOK 3 auxilium & Romano populo neque recusaturos, fimpiore) aid from the Roman people nor about to refuse, qud minus essent perpetud sub ditione atque imperio that they might not be perpetually under the dominion and empire illorum. Se esse unum ex omni civitate af them. Himself tobe only one out of all the state Aiduorum, qui potuerit (perf. conj.), non adduci ut of the Aldui, who had been able not to be brought that juraret, aut daret suos liberos obsides. Ob ne should swear, or to give his children (as) hostages. For eam rem se profugisse ex civitate et venisse that thing himself to have fled from the state, and to have come Romam ad Senatum postulatum auxilium, quod {to) Rome to the Senate to request aid, because (he) solus teneretur (¢mp. conj.) neque jurejurando, neque alone was held neither by oat nor obsidibus. Sed accidisse pejus Sequanis victoribus hostages. But to have befallen worse to the Sequani conquerors quam ANduis victis: propterea quod Ariovistus, rex than to Aidui conquered: because that Ariovistus, king Germanorum consedisset (pl. perf. conj.), m finibua of the Germans had settled in the borders eorum, que occupavisset (pl. perf. conj.) tertiam partem of them, and had occupied the third part Sequani agri, qui esset(¢mp.conj.) optimus — totius of the Sequanian land, which was the best of the whole Gallie; et nune juberet Sequanos decedere de Gaul ; and now might order the Sequani todepart from altera tertid parte; propterea quod, paucis another third part ; because that, a few mensibus (ad/.) anté, viginti et quatuor millia months before twenty and four thousands hominum Harudum venissent (pl. perf. subj.) ad eum, ef men of Harudes had come to him quibus locus et sedes pararentur. Futurum for whom aplace and _ seats should be prepared. To be about esse paucis annis, uti omnes pellerentur to be [it would be] inafew years, that all should be driver re ptae tadec cntie ie oak eae age mS BOOK I. | OF THE GALLIC WAR. 49 é finibus Galliz, atque omnes Germani transirent out of the borders of Gaul, and all the Germans would pass Rhenum: enim neque Gallicum esse _ conferen- the Rhine: for neither [is] the Gallic (land) to be to be brought dum cum agro Germanorum, neque hane together (compared) with the land of the Germans, nor this sonsuetudinem _victitis comparandam cum illa astom of sustenance (life) to be compared with that Autem Ariovistum, ut semel vicerit (perf. conj.\ But Ariovistus, when once he conquered eopias Gallorum preelio, quod prelium factum sit the forces of the Gauls in battle, which battle was made (perf. conj.) Amagetobrize, (gen.) imperare (at) Amagetobria, to order [command] superbé et crudeliter, poscere liberos cujusque proudly and cruelly, to require the children of every one nobilissimi obsides, et edere omnia exempla most noble (as) hostages, and_ to exhibit all examples cruciatiis in eos, si qua res facta sit (perf. conj.) of torture upon them, if any thing has been done non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem ejus. Hominem not at thenod or at the will of him. The men esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium : imperia to be barbarous, irascible, rash: the commands ejus non posse sustineri diutius. ofhim not to be able to be sustained [could not be borne] longer. Nisi quid auxilii, sit (pres. conj.) in Cesare que Unless any (thing, of aid is in Cesar and Romano populo, idem esse faciendum, omnibus the Roman people, the same __— to be to be done to (by) all Gallis, quod Helvetii fecerunt, ut emigrent the Gauls, which Helvetii did, that they may emigrate domo ; petant aliud domicilium, alias ‘om home; [that] they may seek another abode, otker sedes remotags a Germanis, que experiantur seats remote from the Germans, and may try fortunam, queecunque accidat. Si hee fortune, whatscever may befal [them]. If these (thinga; avout eMac eee ee ee Ge a eh a ty wee er ete tite SL ete teste re A pcp lpte “te Fe rhe A ae Reet terior See or at eae Le seb ieiebdeebeinlsbeletey nays! eStats dls * saletasetatidehsdadedelepiash ad