Le eta 'e a4 eee x< oO © B 0O Nh NJ Nh Ol oOo WOU 9Sz/Z8r00X wigSs Sees Eas, a eee be RAE ERS nee Geant SP Re Ee eat eR me ae Bee rai ae ae “ te a i Se Be ,‘I ates tees Sobek re atehe LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA PS Pyebsh) Pars & =} pb cbc hoes Weabah gh 3p Choe ee Se LEAGUE OF NATIONS st PARTISAN ASosO.THE: EXHIBIT-ON FRIENDSHIP: BETWEEN: NATIONS SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION Q PHILADELPHIA “PENNSYLVANIA 1g 20ae Neen ee ee ree EES es ne nn nnn ae ees ae ce ee eee ec Sree se 3 = 4 ey 4 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS NON-PARTISAN ASSOCIATION, 6 EAST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK. aaah aban eemmeaninaner cece nee in cetera en RAL RRL ESET I OCR II seiesenemmimmenienememmmennmenian once eas tet ae oe ee eeTHE:-EXHIBIT:-ON FRIENDSHIP-BETWEEN ‘NATIONS SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION PHILADELPHIA:PENNSYLVANIA oe . a . , wht a3 ‘ es * ae Ar, 2 a J ro 7% Ae £ 7 . . gee Z Fam .4 4 ; a £8 AA LK A Riese oil ‘ AG Via esto m 2 Pacha org ER. ES te ay @ ® e® e Ses THIS BOOKLET PRESENTS PICTORIALLY A COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION IN 1776 AND 1926. THE ILLUSTRATIONS ARE SUPPLEMENTED BY CONCISELY COMPILED STATEMENTS ON SUBJECTS THAT HAVE HERETOFORE BEEN TREATED AT GREATER LENGTHJUN BINDING WAR 1550 he following notification was received the latter part of November. “This is to notify you that the International Jury of Awards of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition has awarded the Sesqui-Centennial Committee in charge of The Exhibit on Friendship between Nations a Grand Prize for their Force of Message and Meritorious Arrangement.’’ A GRAND PRIZE was the highest of the five grades of awards given. ~*~ \/ «3 = \S53G é \ + > PS Se) 4 €3 > 4 8497 wo e e e @ e & e @ e e ee € 7 es se e AQUATONE PROCESS DESIGNED AND PRINTED BY COPYRIGHT 1927 BY EDWARD STERN & COMPANY, INCORPORATED MRS. MARGUERITE LOGAN BENTLEY PHILADELPHIATHIS BOOKLET IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED TO JAMES BROWN SCOTT OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE: WHOSE INTEREST AND ASSISTANCE GREATLY AIDED IN MAKING THE EXHIBIT ON FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN NATIONS POSSIBLE oOTHE:-SESQUI-CENTENNIAL:COMMITTEE - IN CHARGE OF ° FHE: EXHIBIT: ON:-FRIENDSHIP: BETWEEN: NATIONS CHAIRMAN ROLAND S. MORRIS VICE-CHAIRMEN MRS. MARGUERITE LOGAN BENTLEY, én Charge FRANCIS B. BIDDLE GERTRUDE ELY CHARLES J. RHOADS EDWARD W. BOK MRS. WILLIAM I. HULL J. HENRY SCATTERGOOD FRANK W. BUHLER GEORGE W. NORRIS SAMUEL PRICE WETHERILL, JR. MICHAEL FRANCIS DOYLE VIOLET OAKLEY THOMAS RAEBURN WHITE E. PUSEY PASSMORE TREASURER CHAIRMAN OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE HAROLD EVANS WILLIAM I. HULL OBJECTIVE: THE PURPOSE OF THIS COMMITTEE WAS TO ENABLE ORGANIZATIONS INTERESTED IN THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION TO MAKE A GENERAL EXHIBIT HOWEVER, THE COMMITTEE DID NOT SPONSOR THE IDEAS ENDORSED BY ANY PARTICULAR GROUP HEADQUARTERS. 20 SOUTH TWELFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA oO ORGANIZATIONS ITHAT CO OPERATED IN IHE- EXHIBIT ACTIVE AMERICAN PEACE AWARD AMERICAN SCHOOL CITIZENSHIP LEAGUE ASSOCIATION TO ABOLISH WAR CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE CHURCH PEACE UNION FEDERAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA FELLOWSHIP OF RECONCILIATION FRIENDS’ SESQUI-CENTENNIAL COMMISSION GIRLS’ FRIENDLY SOCIETY, PENNSYLVANIA DIOCESE INTERNATIONAL LYCEUM AND CHAUTAUQUA ASSOCIATION LEAGUE OF NATIONS NON-PARTISAN ASSOCIATION NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE PREVENTION OF WAR PAN-AMERICAN UNION PEACE ASSOCIATION OF FRIENDS IN AMERICA “4 PEACE AND SERVICE COMMITTEE OF THE 15TH AND RACE STREETS YEARLY MEETING PENNSYLVANIA PEACE SOCIETY THIRD AND ARCH STREET YEARLY MEETING WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM WOODROW WILSON FOUNDATION WORLD ALLIANCE FOR FRIENDSHIP THROUGH THE CHURCHES ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA ASSOCIATE AMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY FEDERATION INTERALLIFE DES ANCIENS COMBATTANTS (AMERICAN LEGION, U. S. MEMBER SOCIETY) FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION [ 4 |FOREWORD he Sesqui-Centennial Committee in charge of The Exhibit on Friendship between Nations was formed for the purpose of inviting the principal organizations interested in the promotion of international good-will to co-operate in making a general exhibit at the Sesqui- Centennial Exposition. The result of this effort was highly satisfactory. Organizations from all over the country joined forces in an attempt to make this exhibit successful. The Exhibit gave a visual presentation of facts and did not deal with statements of opinion or propaganda. It consisted of a comparison of the periods of 1776 and 1926. The two methods of settling disputes between nations were shown first by the development of warfare from 1776 to 1926. This was done by carefully prepared models. In the former instance the battle of Lexington was depicted and in the latter, a section of a battlefield of the Argonne around Mont Faucon and Melancourt where the 79th Division, which was chiefly from Penn- sylvania, fought during the latter part of September,1918. The potentiality of destruction of the warfare of the two periods was thus illustrated. The United States War Department was most helpful in supplying accurate information for these models. The other method of settling disputes between nations dealt with the arbitral and judicial development of the past 130 years. This was shown by an electrically-lighted chart and models of the Hague Peace Palace where the Hague Court and the World Court meet, and the Palace of Nations where the League of Nations meets. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace compiled the arbitration treaties between na- tions from 1776 to 1926 shown on the chart—this was the first time that this information had been assembled. Development from economic independence to economic interdependence was shown by two large plaster relief maps of the world—about 8 feet long each—one for 1776 and one for 1926. On these maps were indicated the countries from which the principal raw materials and foodstuffs came and their destinations by continents. This was done by a small pile of the article on the proper location marked by a standard from which bright colored ribbons, aided by lights, went out to the markets. Economic interdependence 1s a powerful argument for friendship between nations. The Commercial Museum of Philadelphia and the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domes- tic Commerce supplied the information shown on these maps. Inter-American co-operation of the past 130 years was depicted by models. This feature showed the strong movement toward such co-operation in 1776, beginning with our own ‘International Experiment’ of the thirteen colonies and the effort in this direction existing in 1926 as repre- sented by the Pan-American Union. As a climax—and as a symbol of Peace—there was a reproduction of the statue of the Christ of the Andes. The figure was in bronze and stood in front of a painted drop, showing the snow-topped Andes in the distance. Blue velvet curtains framed the whole. The Exhibit on Friendship Between Nations was located in The Palace of Education and Social Economy. osajapalet SH ses tI hes aOR TRSAMEAS pact SSSI TLS, ‘ i Secretaria VIEW OF EXTERIOR OF BOOTH Between 18,000 and 20,000 persons visited this Exhibit weekly at the Sesqui-Centennial ExpositionTHE ROAD FO PEACE Sp [HOSE who have the vision of permanent universal peace a are impatient. So much do they desire the fulfillment of ae their wish for the world’s betterment that they are some- al A@ | what blind to the necessary intermediate steps. They see *I the perfection of the position they occupy; they fail to take full account of the difficulties that stand in the way. Human opinion changes slowly. Despite the great advances that have been made in the last century in the physical aspects of life, in most respects there has been very little change in our ideals. Basically, they stand almost exactly where they were. The old fears, the old inhibi- tions, the acceptance of existing standards, even those of patent in- justice, hold their sway over the popular mind. Unquestionably, they do so because there has been no efficacious attempt to dispel them. It must be recognized that the essential element in enduring peace must be universal acceptance of this ideal by the mass of the people. They must come to believe that war in any form and under any cit- cumstarices is sinful. In short, they must look upon it exactly as they do now upon any other unspeakable crime. The distinction that kill- ing in warfare is wholesale must not make any difference. To reach this state of civilization, it is obvious that we must begin where we are. Our first steps must proceed from the present status. We must work with the tools we have. And, when we come to ex- amine these tools, we are compelled to admit that great strides have been made. The Exhibit on Friendship between Nations, set forth in this booklet, presents concretely just what these strides are. These illustrations, with their accompanying text, do not go beyond actual accom plish- ment. The hope for an early advent of the day of assured universal peace may be ardent, but this exhibit was not colored by it. It was restricted to the domain of solid fact. For this reason, the interpretation which must be placed upon the evidence is unescapable. Those imposing pieces of machinery dedi- [7]VIEW OF INTERIOR OF BOOTH FROM END ENTRANCE 65 FEET LONG BY 18 FEET WIDETHE ROAD TO PEACE = ES ee —Je° cated to the maintenance of permanent peace must have found their origin in some deeply-seated human aspiration. They do not represent a passing whim. There is nothing of the transitory in their makeup. No longer are they new or, in any sense, untried. They stand ready for the use of all nations whose civilization has brought them to prefer peaceful means for the settlement of international disputes. To the great majority, however, these agencies are but names, when they are even that. The public does not concern itself with either the past or the future; nor does it regard with interest happenings beyond its immediate locale. If the names of the Hague Court (Per- manent Court of Arbitration), the World Court (Permanent Court of International Justice) or the League of Nations happen to be even slightly familiar, the implied connotation in the popular mind is utterly vague. To bring the reality and efficacy of these instruments of civilization into the popular consciousness by means of concrete illustration and a bare recital of definite accomplishments, together with some gtaphic representation of the commercial interdependence of all nations, was the object of this exhibit. It is believed that these agen- cies of peace have but to be known to be appreciated for what they are, stepping-stones in the ascent to a civilization in which war will be no more than a memory of past barbarism. It is believed that this booklet may spread still further the lesson aimed to be taught by the exhibit itself. It is this faith which prompts its publication, based as it is upon a profound conviction that the love of peace is innate in humanity and calls only for knowledge to make it articulate. o1776—-ONE METHOD OF SETTLING THE: BATTLE - OF: LEXINGTON April 19, 1775—the beginning of the Revolutionary War Note the simplicity in armament used at this period Armament Portrayed in the Battle of Lexington Musket Effective range 100 yards Maximum range 300 yards Kentucky Rifle Effective range 200 yards Maximum range 4oo yards 6-Pounder Gun Effective range 400 yards _ Maximum range 1000 yards 12-Pounder Gun Effective range 600 yards Maximum range 2000 yards Grateful acknowledgment is made to the United States War Department for the information concerning armament portrayed in this modelDISPUTES BETWEEN NATIONS—1I926 Se THE- BATTLE: OF -THE- ARGONNE September, 1918 —The World War This area represents a portion of the ARGONNE in France occupied during the latter part of September, 1918, by the 79th Division (chiefly from Pennsylvania). The town to the right rear is Melancourt, the town to the left rear is Mont Faucon; in the distance between these two towns is Cuisy. Mont Faucon was one of the greatest of the German strongpoints in the way of the advance of the American Army through the Argonne and was therefore one of the American Army’s chief objectives. It was captured September 27th, 1918. Note the development in range and destructive capacity of armament used at this period compared to that of 1776. Armament Portrayed in Battle of Argonne Methods of Communication and Transporta- Machine Gun Emplacements. tion Portrayed in Battle of Argonne Average range 800 yards— maximum range 2 miles. 75 mim Field Gun, Model 1916. Motorcycle Messenger. Maximum range 7 miles. 240 m/m Howitzer, Model 1978. : Maximum range 8 miles. Regimental Messenger Center. 155 m/m Gun, Model 1918. Brigade Message Center. Maximum range to miles. 12-inch Naval Railway Mount. Maximum range 17 miles. Pigeon Loft—messenger service Mark VIII Tank. Bombing Plane. 600-pound bomb dropped from this Telephone and Telegraph Lines. plane would be effective within a circle of 200 yards. Barbed Wire Entanglements and Obstacles. Red Cross Ambulance. Runner—messenget. Battalion Message Center. Division Message Center. Observation Balloon. Cargo Truck Convoy. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the United States War Department for the information portrayed in this model Ei]1776—THE OTHER METHOD OF SETTLING PART I ® ARBITRATION TREATIES BETWEEN NATIONS 1776 - 1926 ® ARBITRATIONS BETWEEN NATIONS 1776 =1926 o 2 n7678e 1786-1796 @ ARBITRATIONS 1776 - 1926 177G~1926G6 NUMBER B COST. e LOSS OF LIFE @ NUMBER ¢ COST @ Loss OF LIFE as 506, 873 264 NOMINAL ARBITRATION CHART: 1776-1926 Grateful acknowledgment is made to Dr. James Brown Scott of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace for the information shown on this chart. Particular acknowledgment is made for the compilation of Arbitration Treaties necessary to Part I. This is the first time that this information has been assembled.DB a a a7 DISPUTES BETWEEN NATIONS -1G26 ARBITRATION :- BETWEEN :-NATIONS L776. = Norz: This list is designed to show the growth of international arbitration since the year 1776. With this purpose in view, the term “Arbitration” has been taken in its broad sense signifying pacific settle- ment by the decisions of arbitrators, judges, commissioners, etc., whether the method is arbitral, judicial or a finding of facts. This list includes agreements to arbitrate existing disputes and future dis- putes. It is the aim of this list to include all such agreements whether forming an entire treaty or merely contained in an article or clause thereof. This list is necessarily incomplete, as many treaties, especially those concluded in the period since the World War have not been examined for the purpose of select- ing the ‘‘compromis’’ clauses—that is the special agreement by which the dispute is submitted to arbitration. 1926 Part | ARBITRATION TREATIES BETWEEN NATIONS i776 = 1936 1776-1786 o Treaties 1856-1866 41 Treaties 1786-1796 2. lreaties 1866-1876 47 Treaties 1796-1806 1 lreaty 1876-1886 65 Treaties 1806-1816 7 Treaties 1886-1896 95 Treaties 1816-1826 7 Treaties 1896-1906 167 Treaties 1826-1836 6 Treaties 1906-1916 261 Treaties 1836-1846 12 Treaties 1916-1926 1o1 Treaties 1846-1856 15 Treaties (Note on the dotted column) 1916—1926 Arbitration treaties have not suffered a setback in this decade as the chart might seem to indicate, but the creation of the League of Nations has, in many instances, supplanted the method of treaties between two nations. Article XII of the Covenant is equivalent to 148s such treaties which is actually representative of a tremendous increase in this field. Part II ARBITRATIONS BETWEEN NATIONS 1776 = 1526 1776-1786 o Arbitrations 1856-1866 21 Arbitrations 1786-1796 4 Arbitrations 1866-1876 28 Arbitrations 1796-1806 1 Arbitration 1876-1886 28 Arbitrations 1806-1816 7 Arbitrations 1886-1896 41 Arbitrations 1816-1826 3 Arbitrations 1896-1906 32 Arbitrations 1826-1836 2 Arbitrations 1906-1916 16 Arbitrations 1836-1846 7 Arbitrations 1916-1926 67 Arbitrations 1846-1856 7 Arbitrations Part III WARS ARBITRATIONS 1776 — i926 1776 — 1926 Number Cost Loss in Life Number Cost Loss of Life 23 o212.,707,183,337 . 15,506,873 264 Nominal Oo pay1776—THE OTHER METHOD OF SETTLING The Hague Court The Permanent Court of Arbitration The World Court The Peramnent Court of International Justice The Hague Peace Palace where the Hague Court and the World Court meet. It is situated at The Hague, The Netherlands. This building was erected by Andrew Carnegie in 1907, and the ground was presented by The Netherlands government. THE HAGUE COURT OR THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION ORIGIN—The Hague Court was created by the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899 under its Convention for the Pacific Settle- ment of International Disputes. At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907 this Convention was revised, but not materially changed. LOCATION—The headquarters of the Hague Court are at the Hague Peace Palace, The Hague, The Netherlands. WHAT IT IS—It is a panel of about 135 competent persons from which 3 or 5 can be selected to act as Judges in the arbitration of international cases. It has a membership of 43 nations of which the United States is one. WHAT IT DOES—It settles disputes between nations by arbitral methods. It has no stated sessions, and at the presentation of each case the ‘Court’ must be formed anew—that is a temporary tribunal is formed from the permanent panel. WHAT IT HAS DONE— CASES DECIDED BY THE HAGUE TRIBUNALS OF ARBITRATION Number Case Parties Date of Award Pious Fund Case Mexico, United States October 14, 1902 25 Venezuelan Preferential Case Germany, Great Britain, Italy, February 22, 1904 Venezuela, et al. Se Japanese House Tax Case France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan May 22, 1905 4. Muscat Dhows Case France, Great Britain August 8, 1905 5: Casablanca Case France, Germany May 22, 1909 6. Grisbadarna Case Norway, Sweden October 23, 1909 a North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case Great Britain, United States September 7, 1910 8. Orinoco Steamship Company Case United States, Venezuela October 25, 1910 9. Savarkar Case France, Great Britain February 24, 1911 10. Canevaro Case Italy, Peru May 3, 1912 2 Russian Indemnity Case Russia, Turkey November 11, 1912 I2. Carthage-Manouba Case France, Italy May 6, 1913 13: Island of Timor Case The Netherlands, Portugal June 25, 1914 14. Portuguese Church Case Spain, France, Great Britain, Portugal Sept. 2 and 4, 1920 15. Dreyfus Case—French Debts France, Peru October 11, 1921 16. Norwegian Shipping Case Norway, United States October 13, 1922 17. Palmas Island Case The Netherlands, United States Case pending CASES REFERRED TO THE HAGUE COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY i: North Sea or Dogger Bank Case Great Britain, Russia February 26, 1905 Pie Tavignano, Camouna and Gaulois Cases France, Italy June 23, 1912 oe Tubantia Steamship Case Germany, The Netherlands April 27, 1922 20 Cases in all [14]- DISPUTES BETWEEN NATIONS—1926 THE WORLD COURT OR THE PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE ORIGIN—The World Court was created in 1920. The Status was the work of an Advisory Committee of Jurists composed of 11 men famed as authorities in international law. This Committee was appointed by the Council of the League of Nations. LOCATION—The headquarters of the World Court are at The Hague Peace Palace, The Hague, The Netherlands. WHAT IT IS—It is an international court with Judges nominated by the national groups of the Hague Court from the eminent jurists of the world from which list 11 Judges and 4 Deputy Judges are finally elected by the Assembly and Council of the League of Nations voting separately and acting as electoral bodies. It has a membership of 52 nations, of which the United States as yet is not one. WHAT IT DOES—Ic settles international disputes where issues legal rather than political are involved—and gives advisory opin- ions on request of the Council of the League of Nations on points requiring legal interpretation. A regular annual ‘session begins June 15th of every year—additional sessions are held when needed. WHAT IT HAS DONE-— Number i. ye 3. ws Ons NO OOn st LO; TL, ES 13. Case S. S. Wimbledon; freedom of Kiel Canal Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Treaty of Neuilly, Article 179, Annex, para- graph 4 Cinterpretation) Interpretation of Judgment No. 3 Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions German interests in Polish Upper Silesia (on objections taken by Poland) German interests in Polish Upper Silesia (on the merits. of the case) JUDGMENTS Parties Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan; Poland intervener; Germany Greece, Great Britain Bulgaria, Greece (summary procedure) Bulgaria, Greece (summary procedure) Greece, Great Britain Germany, Poland Germany, Poland ADVISORY OPINIONS (Given at the request of the Council of the League of Nations) Nomination of delegates to the International Labor Conference Agricultural Labor and the International Labor Organization Agricultural production and the International Labor Organization Dispute as to nationality decrees in Tunis and Morocco (French zone) Dispute over the autonomy of Eastern Carelia Protection of German settlers in Poland Acquisition of Polish nationality by German settlers in Poland Jaworzina boundary Saint-Naoum Monastery (Albania frontier) Exchange of Greek and Turkish populations Polish postal boxes in Danzig Interpretation of Article 3, paragraph 2, Treaty of Lausanne (Frontier between Turkey and Iraq) Competence of International Labor Organiza- tions to regulate, incidentally, the per- sonal work of the employer 20 Cases in all. Great Britain, the Netherlands, International Federation of Trades Unions, Interna- tional Federation of Christian Trades Unions, International Labor Office Great Britain, France, Hungary, Portugal, International Agricultural Commission, International Labor Office, International Federation of Trades Unions Great Britain, France, Hungary, Portugal, International Agricultural Commission, International Labor Office, International Federation of Trades Unions France, Great Britain Finland (Russia declined to present case) Germany, Poland Germany, Poland Czechoslovakia, Poland Albania, Greece and Serba-Groat-Slovene State Greece, Turkey Poland and the Free City of Danzig Great Britain, Tarkgy 2 ia: “eo. International Labor Organizations, Interna- tional Organization of Industrial Em- ployers, International Federation of Trades Unions, International Federation of Chris- -tian Trades Unions Date Rendered August 17, 1923 August 30, 1924 September 12, 1924 March 26, 1925 March 26, 1925 August 25, 1925 May 25, 1926 July 31, 1922 August 12, 1922 August 12, 1922 February 7, 1923 July 23, 1923 September 10, 1923 September 15, 1923 December 6, 1923 September 4, 1924 February 21, 1925 May 16, 1925 November 21, 1925 July 23, 1926 THE DEVELOPMENT AND CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW An important element in the success of arbitration treaties and of the World Court will be the pro- gressive development and codification of international law: 1. The Fifth Pan-American Conference provided for an international congress of jurists for which projects in both public and private international law have been prepared. 2. A special committee of the League of Nations assisted by numerous scientific associations and learned societies all over the world is now undertaking this preliminary work. [15]1776—THE OTHER METHOD OF SETTLING nropercemes yess ener ace. oo: The Palace of the Nations is the headquarters of the League of Nations. It is situated at Geneva, Switzerland THe LEAGUE OF NATIONS ORIGIN: The League of Nations was created in zgz0. A commission of persons internationally eminent and representative of nations was appointed by the Preliminary Peace Conference to draft the Covenant. LOCATION: The headquarters of the League of Nations is at Geneva, Switzerland. WHAT IT IS: It is a society of 56 nations which have agreed to work together in dealing with international problems looking towards thé. achievement of peace and security, justice and good will. The machinery through which-it works consists of an Annual Assembly of all its members which reviews the work of the year and discusses future policies; the Council of 14 members, the Execu- tive body; the Secretariat which does the necessary detailed work, preparing material and gath- ering information for these and all the other organizations of the League; these are the Technical Committees, Committees on special subjects and International Conferences. WHAT IT DOES: It deals with international questions by international conference and co-operation. The Assembly meets annually in September while the Council meets at least four times a year and is always available in case of necessity or serious crises. The Secretariat is established at Geneva where all the League bodies hold their sessions, though it is possible to meet elsewhere when advisable. [ 16]DISPUTES BETWEEN NATIONS—1926 WHAT IT HAS DONE: Prevented Wars: The Aaland Island dispute. The Albanian and Serbian trouble. The Vilna question. The Memel difficulty. The Upper Silesian boundary. The Corfu crisis. The Greco-Bulgarian outbreak. Helped Restore Economic Conditions in Europe: Reconstructed Austria. Saved Hungary. Helped the War Torn and Distressed Peoples: Prevented the spread of disease. Returned to their homes 400,000 war prisoners left in utter misery. Succored almost countless refugees, Russian, Greek, Armenian, etc. Founded a model colony settlement for refugees in Western Thrace. Created a scheme for self-supporting settlement of 1,500,000 Greek refugees. Has done the same for Bulgaria and with the League’s backing a loan of $11,000,000 has been raised for the settlement of her refugees. Is Creating Better Living and Social Conditions: Organized co-operative health work. Inquiries into serious and deadly diseases. A special service which watches and reports the recurrence of epidemics. A bureau to check the spread of Far Eastern diseases. Has Pursued an International Campaign against Opium and Other Narcotics: Import licenses instituted. Two international conferences held. Two conventions agreed to and signed. Smuggling uncovered and reported. Has promoted increased national legislation against use of these drugs. Instituted Inquiries in the Orient to the same end. Organized World Co-operation against the Traffic in Women: International conference produced far-reaching convention. Is bringing into Co-operative Agreement International Communications and Transit: Railroad, inland navigation and road traffic. Has Worked Continuously for International Agreement for Peace and Disarmament: Consideration of the Treaty of Mutual Assistance. The Protocol for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. The Locarno Treaties, tied up with the League both in spirit and in execution. International Conference for the Suppression of the Traffic in Arms and resulting convention. Preparatory Conference on Disarmament with a view to an international conference. Has Registered and Published move than 1,350 Treaties. —and— THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION works continuously by conference of govern- ments, employers and labor to further social legislation and raise standards of labor. Has the same membership as the League. Has its own staff and building at Geneva—the International Labor Office. [17]ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE - 1776 Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia for the information shown on this mapECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE—I926 ECONOMIC: INDEPEN DENCE—1776 The peoples of the world were practically independent economically at this period —go0% of their needs and wants were supplied within a radius of twenty miles. The following table lists the principal raw materials and foodstuffs shown on the map below with their trade routes. A few of the uses are enumerated where not apparent, and the sources of supply. Raw MatTERIALs 1. COTTON—Uses: Material for Clothing, etc. Sources: United States Brazil 2. SILK—Uses. Hangings and Upholstery Material for Clothing, etc. Luxuries used rarely Sources: China India a. SIEVER—Uses: Tableware { Luxuries used Ornaments | rarely Currency, etc. Sources: Mexico Peru 4. SLAVES—Use: Labor Source. Western Africa FoopstTuFFs (Uses apparent) 5. FISH—Use- Food Sources. North Sea Grand Banks of Newfoundland 6. RICE—U se: Food Sources: India Brazil 7. RUM—Use: Beverage - Sources. West Indies (New England—rebottled) 8. SPICES—Use; Food Sources: India Spice Islands 9. SUGAR—Use: Food Sources. West Indies Guiana Brazil 10. T[EA—Use- Beverage Source: China 11. TLOBACCO—U se: Narcotic Sources: United States Brazil “Peace, commerce and honest friendship between nations.” THOMAS JEFFERSON.I776—ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE xara { " € } is ( : i E . Es Hy iF 1 15 & : ig ¢ i is ihe 1926 4 pt | ft ca ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: 1926 Grateful acknowledgment is made to the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce for the information shown on this mapECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE—1926 ECONOMIC: INTERDEPENDENCE —1926 a ee i of ie eee have produced ““necessities’’ (the telephone, electric light, etc., etc >i this period which demand the products of all nations to a marked degree. Thus Economic Independence in 1776 has become Economic Interdependence in 1926. The ore ee ae the pee raw materials and foodstuffs shown on the map below with their trade ae e manu ees ee also plays a large part in modern commerce, but for reasons of space this in- ormation is not shown here. However, the raw materials and foodstuffs listed amply show the necessity for friendship between nations. A few of the wses are enumerated when not apparent, and the sources of supply. Raw MaTERIALS I. eee aoe - §. GOLD—Uses- to TIN ee or power, steam and electric Currenc as £ For making coke to use in ca pe le the iron and steel industry Dental Work Riches Utensils powshald fuel oa Research Tin Foil or making gas tc., Etc. — Coal tar by-products for mak- Soares : See oe ter, Solder, ae Eee ape South Africa Etc., Etc. 3 2 : United States Source: Etc., Etc. ae oe: 6. JUTE—Uses: Straits Settlements United States Burlap 11. WOOL—Uses-: United Kingdom of Great ee Bale Covers, Coffee Clothing Britain ags Carpets C B 2, COPPER—Uses: ee a Electrical apparatus Sosige : Pee Coins I 4; Sources: Pipes, Kettles ga Argentina Alloys—Brass, Bronze 7. NITRATE—Uses: Australia Blue Vitriol Etc., Etc. poe New Zealand a “ Nitric ae d — (Uses apparent) Mexico Nitroglycerin 12, COFFEE—Use: United States ee = : Beverage oving Picture Films ource. 5 eae Etc.,; Etc. Brazil os Source: ee Chile pee Batting—Upholstery and 8. RUBBER—Uses: Sources: Bedding Tires United States Absorbent Cotton Rubber Bands Argentina Celluloid Waterproof Clothing Australia Artificial Silk Erasers New Zealand Cellophane—which you get Shoes Te A Tae around a box of candy Hard Rubber Combs ee oe Guncotton and Explosives— Sponges Beverage useful even when there is Airbrake Lining for Trains Sources: friendship between nations Telephone—Receiver Case British India Pp Etc., Etc. Typewriters Ceylon Sources: Fountain Pens Sumatra United States Buttons China India Pe pe a Toilet Japan 4. CRUDE PETROLEUM-Uses: — ee 15. WHEAT—Uses: Naphtha for cleaning “Tindia Flour Gasoline Bread Kerosene Sie ae _ Bran For cattle and Lubricating Oils Ss Middlings{ poultry Vaseline 9. SILK—Uses: Macaroni Paraffin Clothing Materials Etc., Etc. Fuel Oil Hangings and Upholstery er Road Oil Etc., Etc. Covering on Telephone and United States Sources: RadioCords Etc., Bic: Canada United States Sources: Argentina Mexico Japan Australia Dutch East Indies China New Zealand “ me KN the short space of twenty minutes—short for me and I hope not | eis | too long for you—I must say what I have to say on-the comprehen- d) \S sive subject which is suggested by the title of the Committee at | whose invitation I speak. At any rate, no more appropriate theme S (4 occurs to me, at this formal opening of the Committee's Exhibit HSH than these words in its title—Friendship between Nations. I am a *} told that this ‘‘Exhibit gives a visual presentation of facts, and does not deal with statements of opinion or propaganda.”’ But, propaganda is the art of spreading opinion, and it takes many forms. A visual presentation of facts may do this, to intelligent minds, more effectively than all the eloquence of a Demosthenes or a Cicero. That climax of your Exhibit, the replica of the statue of the Christ of the Andes, which stands upon a peak of that vast complex of mountains where one looks beyond range after range towards the two great oceans which for so many ages separated and isolated races of men, but which now bind them together in the clasp of ever strengthening bonds of interest; that symbol of truth and righteousness, of peace with justice between men and nations,—how can one look at it and really believe that your Exhibit is engaged in no propaganda? But, whatever limitations the Committee has felt bound to impose upon itself do not, perhaps, apply to me. I hope not. Your Exhibit is itself the very personification of propaganda, and every word that I have ever uttered or may utter on this subject are and will be those of a whole-hearted propagandist. They make a very sonorous phrase—these words, Friendship between Nations—a mouth and ear filling phrase; and merely as such it is often upon the lips of those who are very reluctant to do any of the things which are both an evidence of the existence of what the phrase stands for, as well as the means—the sole means—of bringing that existence about and making it a living, palpitating fact. And to none of us can it mean very much, as a practical matter, unless we think of these things which are the necessary accompaniments of what we call friendship, either as between individuals or nations. Friendship, in its complete sense, neither precedes these things nor does it follow them. Each comes slowly into existence along with the other, and upon the growing life of each, the other has a helpful reaction. To me, it is quite impossible to talk or even think of friendship in a purely abstract sense. As a mere condition of the mind it has no real existence,—it is a word and nothing else. If this condition of the mind exists between two or more individuals, or on the part of only one of them, it becomes a practical fact only as it is evidenced by concrete, visible acts. Now, in the domestic life of a civilized nation—of our own, for example—all these outward evidences of friendship are summed up in three,—I mean, first, the disarma- [ 28 |FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN NATIONS a — So ment of individual man, second, the establishment of the reign of law and, third, the association of the people of a community into an organized government,—and these are also the only things which make any friendship possible and are the primary evidences of our civilization. All of them are of equal importance. None could exist without the others. None could even come into being except in proportion as the others did. And, as I believe that in our domestic relations within a State all individ- ual friendship would of necessity disappear except for these three acts, so I believe that there can be no assured, permanent international friendship except as it is made possible by the same acts. It is in this dual relation, domestic and international, that I speak of them. The first—only because I must speak of one first—is what we may call the demili- tarization of domestic society or the disarmament of the individual man. That was, possibly, a more important act, more far-reaching in its effect, than would be the demilitarization of international society which we all ardently desire, because it is conceivable that international militarism could exist in some considerable degree, and our civilization not only survive, but still progress, as it has done in the past, however much retarded. But without this disarmament of the individual, civiliza- tion, which is synonymous with the reign of law, could not and did not even begin. That stage of society where cach man is armed, even if it is primarily for the protec- tion of his own person and property, but with the power also to attack those of his neighbor, is savagery, the very antithesis of civilization. Now, when man in any form of society began voluntarily to give up his individual armament, he surrendered the exercise of what had been his natural right to protect his own person and property. But, in so doing, he merely surrendered it to the State which still exercises 1t and will continue to do so until, under the same influences which operated on the individuals within it, it too, voluntarily lays aside that part of its armament which is devoted solely to international war. I need not remind you how important, therefore, it is for every citizen to exert his influence wisely upon the action of the State. [ have said that, without disarmament of the individual, civilization could not begin; but that, nevertheless, during a certain stage of society, individual armament was a natural right. This is the only deduction we can draw from history as far as its records exist. Consider the progress of any one of these civilizations that you please, that of Rome for example, a type of all the rest. At first we find scattered fam- tlies, living in wattled mud huts, each rudely cultivating the land that it could take and hold and tending its flocks and herds. Each man was armed to protect his life and property against predatory neighbors. And this was his natural right, because, whether we like it or not, there is no fact more evident in the development of man than his determination to exercise, if he can, whatever degree of force he finds neces- sary to maintain what he believes to be his rights. And he will do this by his individ- ual power so long as they are not guaranteed in some other way. In the midst of this scattered community of individuals there was a little fortified town; but practically no one lived in it and it was resorted to only when a common danger forced a common effort for defense, with the temporary suspension of personal enmities. In such a case we have the earliest type of the nation in arms. It was always the characteristic of an early stage of uncivilized life. And it is the type to which a certain part of the modern world had reverted. It justifies the query in the minds of many, whether this reversion can continue indefinitely, without some degree of rever- sion to that lower stage of society which it has always characterized. | 29 |FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN NATIONS This early stage, as history shows us, is one in which there is, except at moments of common danger, no real community interest. It is the age of individual selfishness. The constant necessity for self-protection left no man time to think of anything but his own interests. Friendship could not exist, such as leads to a real community feel- ing, a feeling of solidarity of interests. And, in this respect, this stage of domestic society is not unlike that of international society, even now, under similar conditions. Continuing our hasty survey of the progress of this ancient Roman community we find that, in the course of centuries, and made possible by a fact to be mentioned later, this society as it grew in numbers, in closeness and complexity of individual relations, gradually surrendered to the growing State the right of individual armament. The State assumed the function of protecting the rights of its members as between them- selves and as against outside enemies. The only armed men were in the service of the State, while the vastly greater number were left free to follow their own line of development. The community as a whole ceased to be a group of purely self-centered and selfish individuals. With that gradual change in physical and moral relations within the community there came in rapidly increasing degree that development of all things material, intel- lectual, spiritual, that we call civilization. And all this was possible solely because the changed system put a stop to war between the individuals, the groups of them, of the State. And as the Roman Empire gradually became a great League of Nations comprising a large part of what even now constitutes the civilized world, it spread this system over a wider and wider area, within which it maintained peace to a greater degree and for a longer time than ever before or since. | In some such way, disarmament of the individual came about in every State which deserved to be called civilized. What was it that made this process within each growing State such a slow one? We will not strain our imagination if we assume that, 1n that earlier stage of society, there were here and there men who must have said to themselves that, notwithstand- ing all their individual armament, they had no assurance, under the law of might, of either getting or long maintaining their rights. But this idea could only grow when some sort of community life was forced upon them, when closer contact made each one realize that his freedom of action was limited by the mere fact of the exis- tence of others. In this sense, the wandering savage is the only free man who can do what he pleases, unaffected by the life or death, the prosperity or misery of any one else. A change came slowly with growing numbers and closer contact. Each man began to realize that his freedom of action was limited by a circle about him; that this circle was the field for the exercise of his individual rights; that it must not over- lap adjacent ones; and that the greater the number of individuals, the smaller must be the circle of each. All the conflicts of early man, and which first prevented and then retarded his civilization, grew out of the desire of each to prevent the diminu- tion of his own circle. For ages they fought against it, and those were the ages of lawless savagery. But with time, under the slow compulsion of growth in numbers, the circles of individual freedom began to diminish. This meant that fewer and fewer of the so- called individual natural rights were exercised within them. These rights were not necessarily lost. Such of them as the growing experience and intelligence of men rec- ognized as just were simply surrendered to the community, to the State, to be exer- cised for the benefit of the individual. And their exercise by the State was and is by means of the establishment of the reign of law. With all of the injustice that, in [30 |FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN NATIONS diminishing degree, has accompanied this application of human law in this exercise by the State of surrendered rights, men recognized that the injustice was far less than that which resulted from the individual exercise of them. They slowly came to know that the State protected their persons and property from violence more surely than the individual could do it. And as that knowledge grew they gradually surrendered their right to rely upon their individual arms. Thus, disarmament of the individual and the reign of law administered by the courts, came, neither before the other, but hand in hand. Nor could they havecome in any other way. And with them has come the possibility for friendship within the State. If any one doubts this let him imagine our mutual relations were law. and courts abolished tomorrow, and we again had to rely on our individual might for our pro- tection. And we learn nothing from this, if we do not realize that in our domestic life there can be no permanent friendship without the surrender by each of us, not of our natural rights, but of our former right to individual exercise of them. So long as each man made his own law, was himself the judge of it, and armed himself to enforce it, there could be nothing but constant quarrels and violence. But there is a third thing without which there can be neither law nor individual disarmament. I have already sufficiently indicated it. It is that sort of association of the people in any community represented by some form of government which alone can take concerted action. This could result only from the growth of a community feeling, of a recognition of the rights of others, that no man has more of rights than is consistent with the exercise of an equal amount by every one else, and that this can be regulated in the just interests of each only by the will of the community work- ing for the good of all. These three facts in the domestic life of a civilized State—individual disarmament, the reign of law, and the intelligent association of the people into an organized gov- ernment—came into being together with more or less equal steps, in the slow processes of many centuries. And only as they came, came civilization. Without any one of them the other two could not exist. And they alone make possible any friendship in the proper sense of the word among the people of any community. I began by saying that my subject was Friendship between Nations, and I have spoken of nothing except what makes for friendship between individuals. But is not all that can be said about the friendly relations of States a mere repetition of what has been said about the similar relations of the individuals within them? Can any one show that the law of progress which has operated in one direction through all past time has now brought us to a blank wall which we can neither climb over nor dig under nor break our way through? That while we may have the most advanced civil- ization within the States we are forever doomed to recurrent outbreaks of savagery between those States? I am sure not. The fact is that the law is still operating and every day we see evidence that it is still the one law of progress. It may be a long time before its effect on the life of inter- national society will be what it is on the domestic life of a State. But it will not take so long to attain the former as it did the latter. The civilized world wants peace with justice. And, in the very act of attaining the civilization of its members, in learning that justice for the individual can be attained only by peaceful methods, it has taken a long step towards the ultimate object. One of our great difficulties in realizing the progress that has actually been made towards international friendship is in the fact that we are consciously thinking of the means that we must apply in order to attain it, and consciously thinking of the methods that must be followed, and we are, there- fore, very conscious of the slowness of the process and of the disheartening effect of [31]FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN NATIONS ‘SO every temporary failure. Whereas the same result was attained in our domestic rela- tions without our being conscious of it all, or knowing when or how. And even there, the result is not perfect. We have no guarantee that our political organization and our system of law and the methods of its application are so perfected that we are assured against radical changes. But we do know that in the disarmament of the individual we have a reasonable guarantee that such changes will be effected peace- fully and not by violence. oe : And that, above all things, is the condition to be desired in international relations in order to assure and maintain international friendship. To attain it no man can devise any other way than to do the three things which alone have brought about that condition in our domestic relations. Every reasoning, unbiased man knows that without the reduction and eventual abolition of armaments that exist solely for the purpose of international war, there will be no assurance of international peace and friendship. And no reflecting man can fail to see that the law of human nature is operating, more and more rapidly, towards and not against this result. And such a man knows that, with nations as with individuals, there will be no such disarmament except as it come with the growth of international law and the strengthening of a court to administer it. The antithesis of force 1s law, and there is no stopping point between them. And finally, such a man knows that there will be no effective code of international law defining and governing the relations of States, without a formal association of the nations of the world, to give prompt and concrete and constant expression to an international will. We have a law and a court and an association of the nations. But they are scarcely more than forming and are still weak and ineffective. Therefore, we have as yet, no effective disarmament. We can have no disarmament without a sufficient code of law and an effective court to administer it. We will have neither of these without such an organization of the association of nations as will give expression to the will of the peoples within them on this all-embracing problem of the substitution of law for force. And that will come when all the great nations—our own included—recognize, as individuals within them have long done, that all law is the exercise, by some agreed upon authority of surrendered rights; and that with nations as with individuals more essential justice will be obtained, not by surrender of the right to justice, but of the ancient, savage right of each to be the interpreter and the judge and the executor of the law. You are doubtless all interested in watching the efforts which the nations are making towards disarmament. Doubtless you all think and say that you will do anything you can for the attainment of this object. But make no mistake about the basic fact. You may not like the present form of an association of nations as represented at Geneva; you may not like the present form of the World Court and the Court of Arbitration as represented at The Hague. But any American citizen who works against any formal association of nations or who does not do what he can to improve the form of the present one; who works against amy form of World Court or an effective Court of Arbitration; who does not urge the adoption of a code of international law which will.define the rights of nations and under which will be surrendered the present right of each State to interpret that law at its arbitrary pleasure and make international war as it pleases, — any Ametican man or woman who does these things is deliberately working against disarmament and the peace of the world. 32]ALDERMAN LIBRARY The return of this book indicated is due on the date below DUE ements nee ceases edema men DUE Usually books are lent out } are excep P there note are charged cents five for two weeks, but > ~borrower should ped above. Fines S at the rate of I KS there are Books must be al is desired.he rea reuy eats ys eee deal) eat Sey Posh th lk lol etebata roche mercy oeh ek yc oree seseyeyey ele a? eseeh yt? peas TSS wr ke sd boa bdhab ssi VP et bois og esa tese es he oeeten Peers pt I ay ate se ve > uae Speseg te tee rou ee ew Lar Bae ae ae Oe 7 we ast ear ore Laebree te