UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA Viti)

|

53970

X030LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

 

FROM THE BOOKS
JOHN BROPYT ROBERTSON,
.
H
f
5
rs
;een Tee Tae yer

7
4
'
st
i
&
ef
Ff
J
}
a
A
|
-
2
s

ee Rene eer ee aver

 

PM EORTC Corot tho Gotta tetra ha ct treet ae oe et cee oe

: “Fdacational Publishing Co., 50 Bromfield: St; Boston ae
pe New York <2= os Chicage | San Praactses) 1/7ates nee nt alemnanh adalah tietiia tats son Leeann tanta keaenetaetada ania mind ac is eaeadebeddeed edamame aaehiaa ea adiadaiaia eel oT Te ee TE Pe P ‘
: Bch aad D F

ENGLISH

AN

N

ae,

A
ay

=:

e
.

CLASSICS

(Texts that are Accurate and Authentic)
ADDISON. Sir ROGER DE COVERLE"
SOHRAB AND RUSTUM.
‘ SELECTED ESSAYS.
‘ BYRON. CuxitpE HAROLD’s PILGRIMAGE.

THE PRISONER OF CHILLON AND OTHER POEMS.

BROWN. Ras AND His FRIENDS.

BURKE. SPEECH ON CONCILIATION.

\ AN EssAy ON THE SUBLIME AND BEAUTIFUL.
BROWNING. Prpepa PASSEs.

CAVALIER TUNES, THE Lost LEADER, ETC.
CHAUCER. PROLOGUE TO THE CANTERBURY TALES.
COLERIDGE. RrmeF oF THE ANCIENT MARINER.
CARLYLE. EssAy on BurRNS.

HEROES AND HERO—WORSHIP.

HEROES AND HERO—WORSHIP.
COWPER. THE TASK AND OTHER POEMS.
DRYDEN. _PALAMON AND ARCITE.

ALEXANDER’S FEAST AND OTHER POEMS.
DEFOE. RoBINSON CRUSOE.

DICKENS. CRICKET ON THE HEARTH.

CHRISTMAS CAROL.

DE QUINCEY. ReEvoLtT oF THE TARTARS.
EMERSON. NATURE ESSAYS.
SILAS MARNER.

EWING. JACKANAPES.
STORY OF A SHORT LIFE.

FRANKLIN. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
GASKELL. CRANFORD
GRIMM. HovusEHOLD TALES.

GOLDSMITH. ICAR OF WAKEFIELD.

THE DESERTED VILLAGE, THE TRAVELLER,
‘THE GOOD-NATURED MAN.

HAWTHORNE. ‘Texts complete without notes.
TwicrE-ToLp ‘TALES.
‘TwicE-TOLpD TALES.
HousE OF THE SEVEN GABLES.
HousE OF THE SEVEN GABLES
WONDER BOOK.

o ,* “Se Se Se Sar |S > Me Se

  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

a.

«
*,
C
2,

W

ceeeececeeeJULIUS GAL

be

With Introduction and Notes, etc.
Lae
WALTER DENT

|

ete { “ ‘i
Editor of ‘‘ Coriolanus ”’

EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COM!’
BOSTON
New YorRK CHICAGO SAN FRAN

~

pipes ts

Papier eee Yee Pry ty

eet Lae te Ct eneSETEney ait tae Seater nee aeBINDING

JUN 19 50

 

=>

 

€ e°0@
STATS OF WULIUS CESARPREFACE

The series of which this volume is a member is intended
for young people. Hence the text has been carefully purged
of expression, not in accord with modern ideas of propriety ;
and the notes are very numerous and elementary, dealing it
is hoped with all the real difficulties which beginners are
likely to meet with. Allusions are fully explained, free para-
phrases are given where a mere note might not make the
passage sufficiently clear, and in many cases metaphors have
been expanded. Some attem).t has also been made to enable
the reader to appreciate the dramatic points which are likely
to be missed in reading.

In preparing the Introduction and Notes to this volume, the
chief edition consulted and made use uf was the Clarendon
Press Edition. The Introduction has been kept as much as
possible free from argumentation, and the notes are as a rule
brief. The Index will assist the reader in making classifica~

tions of some of the characteristics of tne pla:CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

DRAMATIS PERSON

THE TRAGEDY OF JULIUS C&SAR
NOTES

CLASSIFIED INDEXINTRODUCTION.

1. THE DATE OF THE PLAY.

THE tragedy of Julius Cesar was first printed in 1623, when John
Heminge and Henry Condell, who had been fellow actors with
Shakespeare, published the first collected edition of his plays in the
volume known, from its size and shape, as the First Folio. The date
of its composition is believed to be about 1600, The evidence for
this belief may be arranged as follows :—

External Evidence. —In 1603 Drayton published his Barons’ Wars,
in which the description of Mortimer is in some points like Antony’s
description of Brutus in the last scene of Julius Cesar. These lines
of Drayton did not appear in the Mortimeriados, which was the
original form of the Barons’ Wars, published in 1596. It is inferred
that between 1596 and 1603 Drayton saw Shakespeare’s play, and
drew from it the suggestion of the lines mentioned.

In Hamlet, act iii. scene 2, line 108, Polonius says, “I did enact
Julius Cesar; I was killed i the Capitol; Brutus killed me”. As
Hamlet was almost certainly produced in 1602 or 1603, and the
reference to Cesar would seem to show that the play alluded to had
recently been produced, it is inferred that Julius Cesar was written
before, and not long before, Hamlet.

In Weever’s Mirror of Martyrs, published in 1601, occur the fol-
lowing lines :—

‘The many headed multitude were drawne
By Brutus speech, that Cesar was ambitious ;

When eloquent Mark Antonie had showne
His vertues, who but Brutus then was vicious

These lines clearly refer to the speeches of Brutus and Antony at
the ‘funeral’ of Cesar.

Internal Evidence.—In i. 2. 160 the words “eternal devil’ occur.
It has been pointed out that in plays printed before 1600 the word
‘infernal’ is used, and it is argued that the influence of the Puritans
caused the disuse of that word, and the use of ‘eternal’ instead in
plays written after 1600. It is true that early in the reign of James L6 JULIUS CASAR.

an aet was passed to restrain the use of profane language on the
stage, and it may be that Puritan influence was sufficiently strong
in the same direction before actual legislation was effected. But
this evidence has little weight.

The style of Julius Cesar bears strong likeness to that of Henry V.
and Hamlet, which were produced at no great interval apart. While
there is not so much rime as in the earlier plays, there are many
instances of punning and word-play, and the metre is more easy and
fluent than that of later plays, like Coriolanus for instance. It
may be noticed in this connection how many instances there are of
the termination zon being pronounced as two syllables: see the
Classified Index.

2. SOURCE OF THE PLOT.

Shakespeare got his material for this play, as he got the materia!
for his other Roman plays, from Plutarch’s Zives. Plutarch was a
Greek who lived in the first century A.D. and wrote parallel lives of
great Greeks and Romans. But Shakespeare knew “small Latin and
less Greek”, according to his friend Ben Jonson, so that he did not read
Plutarch’s works in the original Greek. The Lives had been trans-
lated into French by Jacques Amyot, Bishop of Auxerre, in 1559.
This French version was translated into English by Sir Thomas North,
and it was his translation, first published in 1579, that Shakespeare
used. 9

Shakespeare made use of tbe lives of Cesar, Brutus, and Antony,
and followed his authority very closely, taking the incidents one after
another, adding little of his own to them, and in some cases adopting
the very words. The only important points in which he diverts from
his authority are,in making the triumph of Cesar and the feast of
Lupercalia happen on the same day, when there was really five
months between them, and in turning the spirit which appeared to
Brutus into the ghost of Cesar; in Plutarch it is only called
Brutus’s “ill angel’ and “evil spirit”.

3. THE STORY OF JULIUS CHSAR
Caius Julius Cesar was born in 100 8.c. He early entered into
public life, but withdrew for a time in order to study. In 68 he was
elected to his first public office, that of Questor, in 65 he was made
gedile, and in 63, being very popular with the Roman citizens, he was
elected Pontifex Maximus, or chief priest. Becoming preter inINTRODUCTION. 7

62, Cesar did good work in Spain; and in 59 was elected consul,
through the support of Pompey and his army, who had re’rned to
Rome after successfully carrying on a war in the East. When his
year of office expired, Cesar gained the ccmmand of Gaul for five
years, and made himself famous as a military commander by his
brilliant campaigns. His success made Pompey and the senate
jealous, and in 49 a resolution was passed requiring Cesar to disband
his army. This he refused to do unless Pompey did the same, and
as a result civil war broke out. Pompey was utterly defeated at
Pharsalus in Greece, his party were defeated at Thapsus in N.
Africa, and one of his sons was defeated and killed at Munda in Spain.
Thus in 45 B.c. Cesar was master of the Roman world, and it is
at this point that Shakespeare’s play begins.

Act I.—All Rome is making holiday. The streets are thronged
with people of all classes, workmen have thrown down their tools and
their aprons in order to see the triumph ot .e great general. But
the Roman officials are not pleased. Cesar has become too great for
them, and they fear that he will assume the hated title of king, and
that their boasted liberties will be gone for ever. sar passes on
his way to the Capitol, amid the sounds of music and people shouting.
He is delayed for a moment by an old soothsayer who bids him
‘beware the ides of March”, but this he pays no attention to; the
man, he says, is a dreamer ~ Brutus and Cassius remain when the
procession has passed, and Cassius asks why his old friend Brutus
has seemed so unfriendly lately. Brutus replies that he is troubled
in mind, whereupon Cassius says that all Rome is troubled, and that
men are wishing that Brutus would bestir himself and help to throw
off the yoke which is pressing upon them. A sudden shout causes
Brutus to say that he fears the people will make Cesar a king, upon
which Cassius speaks more openly, and launches out into a long
speech in which he ridicules the idea that Cesar is after all anything
but a weak man, and endeavours to make Brutus jealous of him.
The procession returns, and Cesar, as he passes, describes to his
friend Antony the character of Cassius. Then Casca gives an
account of what has happened at the Capitol, and the friends
separate with mutual promises to give earnest consideration to the
state of affairs.

One night, nearly a month afterwards, the whole city is thrown
into a state of panic by wonderful sights and sounds—storme, shoot-JULIUS CAISAR.

ing-stars, fires, opening graves, and other marvels. Oassius, who has
recently been busy forming a conspiracy against Cesar, meets Casca
and Cinna, and, explaining that the strange occurrences are only what
might be expected in a state controlled by Cesar, he makes arrange-
ments for bringing the conspiracy to a head by winming Brutus to be
its leader.

Act 1I.—Brutus is in his orchard late at night, pondering on the
state of Rome. He has reached the conelusion that Rome can only
be saved by Cesar’s death, not because Cesar has yet shown himself
to be an unscrupulous tyrant, but for fear that he may do so, A
paper found by his boy bids him fight for Rome. He has just vowed
to do so, and reflected on the dreadful mental conflict he has gone
through, when Cassius and the other conspirators enter. These all
solemnly give Brutus their hands in token of fidelity, and then they
discuss whether to include Cicero among them, and whether Antony
shall be slain as well as Cesar. Cassius advises the adoption of both
these courses, but Brutus overrules him. Then they agree to meet at
Cesar’s house on the morrow, an/ escort him to the Capitol, where
he is to be slain.

When the conspirators are gone, Portia, Brutus’s wife, claims her
right as a wife to know what has been troubling her husband, and
shows that she has courage to bear it by having inflicted upon herself
a dangerous wound. Brutus has just promised to confide in her,
when Ligarius enters, a man who, in spite of illness, has come to pro-
mise Brutus his support.

Early in the morning, after a night of storm and fury, Calpurnia,
the wife of Cesar, begs him not to go to the Capitol, because she
has had a hideous dream, in which she saw his statue spouting
blood. Cesar, after ridiculing her foolish fears, at last gives way,
but then Decius Brutus enters, who has come to fetch him, and is
surprised when told that Cesar will not go. Asking for the reason,
he laughs at Calpurnia’s dream, and explains it in a way which Cesar
regards as favourable. Then come Brutus and the rest, and last of
all Antony, and amid this large escort Cesar goes proudly to his
doom.

Act ITL.—As Cesar passes into the Capitol, thronged about by
senators and spectators, aman named Artemidorus endeavours to
thrust into Czsar’s hand a paper in which he bids him beware of
Brutus and those who press upon him most closely. Osesar proudlyINTRODUCTION. 9

refuses to read the paper, because Artemidorus tells him that its
subject is a personal matter; he will deal with state matters first.
When he has taken his place in the Capitol, Metellus Cimber begs
him to recall his brother Publius Cimber from banishment. Cesar
refuses, though Brutus, Cassius, and some others endeavour to move
him. Then suddenly Casca strikes the first blow, the conspirators
fall upon Cesar, who, when he sees that Brutus too has struck him,
muffles his face in his mantle and dies.

Instantly all is uproar and confusion. None but Brutus is cool;
the rest all call out for contrary actions. As Brutus is about to
lead forth the conspirators to explain to the people why Cesar has
been killed, there enters a servant of Antony, who has slipped away
in the confusion. The servant has come to assure Brutus that his
master only wishes to know how Cesar has deserved to die, and then
he will cast in his lot with the rest. Brutus assures him of Antony’s
safety, and Antony presently enters. First he addresses Cesar’s
dead body, then begs the conspirators to kill him also if they have
a mind to; but receiving assurance again of their friendliness to him,
he shakes hands all round, then again addresses Czsar’s corpse, and
begs leave to speak to the people in the Forum at the tuneral of his
friend. This being conceded, against the advice of Cassius, Antony
is left alone, it having been arranged that he shall speak after Brutus.
The conspirators being gone, Antony bitterly curses them, and fore-
tells that their deed wil’ bring all the horrors of civil war upon
Rome. Then news come: that Cesar’s nephew, Octavius Cxsar, is
at hand.

The scene changes to the Forum. Brutus addresses the people
in calm reasoning tones, showing them why it was, in his view,
necessary to kill Cesar. Then Antony mounts the rostrum, and in
a long speech artfully contrives to raise the passions of the mob
against the murderers, who rush forth eager to set fire to houses and
kill anybody and everybody who may have the least connection with
the conspirators.

Act IV.—Some time has gone by. Antony has now joined
Octavius Czesar and Lepidus, and an army has been raised under the
three generals against that of the conspirators. Meantime Brutus
and Cassius have fallen out. Cassius has failed to send Brutus some
money that he sent for to pay his soldiers, and now Brutus charges
Cassius with having soiled his hands by bribery. The two friendsJULIUS CASSAR.

have a fierce altercation, but at last make up their quarrel, Brutus
confessing that he had heard news of Portia’s death, and was hardly
master of himself. Then news comes of the approach of the
enemy’s forces. Brutus decides, against the advice of Cassius, to
meet them at Philippi, and then Cassius and his friend retire.
Brutus endeavours to iind in music and reading a little relief from
the cares which distress him, but is disturbed by the approach of
Cesar’s ghost. “Thou shalt see me at Philippi”, says the ghost.
“Why, I will see thee at Philippi, then”’, replies Brutus calmly.

Act V.—The day of battle has come. After a short conference
between the opposing generals, and a conversation between Brutus
and Cassius, in which the latter confesses that he faces the foe with
dark forebodings of ill hap, and the former says that though on
principle he condemns suicide, yet he will kill himself rather than be
carried a prisoner to Rome, the battle begins. Brutus at first has
souie success against Octavius, but his soldiers begin to gather spoil
instead of hastening to the support of Cassius, whose forces are
oeaten by Antony’s. Cassius, having sent Titinius on an errand,
believing him to have failed and been captured, and fearing that all
is lost, bids Pindarus, his slave, stab him. Titinius, returning safe
and finding Cassius dead, kills himself. Then Brutus comes and
finds them both dead, and resolves to make one more attempt to win
the day. Failing again, he begs three servants one after another to
kill him. They refuse, whereupon he sends them away, and is left
alone with Strato, another servant. Strato, at his master’s bidding,
holds his sword while Brutus runs upon it, and so dies. Then
enter the successful generals. In the moment of victory Octavius
promises to act mercifully towards all who served Brutus, and
Antony pronounces a noble panegyric upon him. Thus the play
ends.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLAY.

It no doubt seems at first as though the play —vere wrongly
named, for Cesar, after whom it is called, disappears half-way, and
does very little except make pompous speeches while he is still alive.
But it must be noticed that throughout the play Cesar’s spirit is
of more consequence than Cesar in actual bodily shape. It is not
so much Cesar that Brutus rises against, as his spirit. What is
meant by Cesar’s spirit? It is the spirit of one-man-rule, of im-INTRODUCTION, ll

perialism. Rome was a republic, in which all men were in theory
equal. But events had been tending for some time to show that
republicanism was decayed, and that the only possible form of
government for Rome was the rule of an emperor. Philosophical
Romans like Brutus feared and hated this; envious men like Cassius
also hated it; both classes of men therefore united and endeavoured
to destroy the imperial spirit by murdering the hero whom circum-
stances pointed out as the man fit and likely to become emperor.
Ihe play shows how they failed, and why they failed.

Cesar is at the height of his power. The world is at his feet,
Shakespeare has given us only one side of his character. He shows
us nothing of the great qualities which gained for Cesar his proud
place—his military genius, his faculty for winning affection, &c.
We are shown only a proud, pompous, self-centred man, who is deaf
and epileptic, a scorner of superstitious rites and yet subject to
superstition, a man who takes an obstinate pride in his firmness,
and yet allows himself to be turned this way and that, first by his
wife, then by Decius Brutus. We do see one gleam of nobility in
the scene where he refuses to read the paper of Artemidorus, though
assured that it is a matter of close personal concern to him, simply
because it 7s personal.

Lhe most important character is Brutus. He is a philosopher, a
great reader (observe that twice he is represented as reading), and a
man who, while meaning well, allows himself to be ruled rather by
ideas than by facts. He does not kill Cesar for what he is, but for
what he may be. He refuses to have Antony killed because he is
concerned with what people may think of him. Judging by his own
sober and meditating character, he thinks that Antony can have
nothing in him because he is a masker and a reveller. His ideas are
unpractical, and he cannot master practical details. He blames
Cassius for taking bribes, and declares that never could he wring
money from poor hard-working people; yet he forgets that he has
demanded for his soldiers a share of the money that has been thus
wrung from the poor. He is more or less made a tool of by Cassius
and the other conspirators, but when Cassius gives good practical
advice with regard to the battle, he rejects it, and pays the penalty.

Cassius is animated against Cesar rather by a personal grudge
than by real patriotism, though he has some of that too. He is a
keen observer, and a man of serious habit, not a “‘common laugher”JULIUS CASAR,

He is unscrupulous and tricky, eager to achieve nis end by any
means, right or wrong. He is the kind of man who thinks himself as
good as his neighbour. He is a fine soldier and a clever organizer.
He is a faithful friend to Brutus, yielding to him against his better
judgment for friendship’s sake, and cut to the heart when he fears
that his friend is for ever estranged from him.

Antony’s character is very skilfully portrayed. Though a man
who is given to dissipation, to frivolities of all kinds, he hides an
intense ambition which smoulders while Cesar is alive, but bursts
out into flame when that great man is gone. He is a great soldier,
but a still greater orator, cunningly appearing to say nothing against
the conspirators when really he is raising the passions of the people
to white heat against them. But he has no moral sincerity, he is
working for his own ends and has no depth or stability of character.
His many fine qualities are dwarfed by his ignoble ones, and in the
later play of Antony and Cleopatra Shakespeare shows how inevitable
ruin comes upon him,

Casca is a rough man who has got a name for bluntness and prides
himself on it. Yet he has no independence of character, but adopts
contrary views in successive moments.

Cicero’s character is but slightly drawn. He is a restless self-
important man, eager to have a hand in everybody’s business, but
never satisfied to follow the lead of another.

Octavius also is a slight character in the play, but he gives signs
of the masterfulness which in course of time made him the Emperor
Augustus.

The play is almost entirely wanting in female interest. But the
two female characters, slight as they are, are very skilfully contrasted.
Portia is indeed a noble woman, who takes a very high view of her
wifely duties and rights. She is proud of being Brutus’s wife, but she
is also proud of being Cato’s daughter, and she wishes to show herself
worthy of one as of the other. She does not command or insist that
Brutus shall tell her what she wants to know. She says, affectionately
and tenderly—

Dear my lord,
Make me acquainted with your cause of grief.

And then she says that she ought to know of his trouble, not from
any mean curiosity, but because it is the “right and virtue” of her
plaee to share all with her husband. She never suggests that BrutusINTRODUCTION. 13

ought to shun danger for her. And Brutus recognizes her loving
devotion, treats her tenderly, and begs the gods to make him worthy
of his noble wife.

Calpurnia is a woman of another sort. She too loves hey husband,
but it is a kind of selfish love, a love for him as a possession. After a
night of distressing dreams, she is anxious for her husband, but she
begins by commanding him to stay at home, and Cesar declares that
he will not. Then she implores him, and Cesar, in order to stop her
importunities, at last gives way. And when Decius Brutus is
almost sneering at her for what he suggests are idle fears, Casar
can only say to his wife, with an utter want of sympathetic
affection—

How foolish do your fears seem now, Calpurnia!

I am ashamed that I did yield to them,
Give me my robe, for I will go.

The contrast between the two women is not greater than that be
tween the two men’s treatment of them.PERSONS REPRESENTED.

   
 
    
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 

JULIUS CRSAR.

OCTAVIUS CHSAR,

MARCUS ANTONIUS, Triumvirs, after the death of Julius Ceesar.

M. AUMILIUS LEPIDUsS,

CICERO, PUBLIUS, POPILIUS LENA; Senators.

MARCUS BRUTUS,

CASSIUS, |

CASCA,

CINNA,

TREBONIUS,

LIGARIUS,

DECIUS BRUTUS,

METELLUS CIMBER,

FLAVIUS and MARULLUS, Tribunes.

ARTEMIDORUS, a Sophist of Cnidos.

CINNA, a Poet. Another Poet.

A Soothsayer.

LUCILIUS, TITINIUS, MESSALA, YOUNG CATO, and VOLUMNIUS; Friends to
Brutus and Cassius.

VARRO, CLITUS, CLAUDIUS, STRATO, Luc1US, DARDANIUS: Servants to Brutus

PINDARUS, Servant to Cassius,

CALPHURNIA, Wife to Julius Ceesar.

PORTIA, Wife to Brutus.

Conspirators against Julius Ceesar.

Senators, Citizens, Guards, Attendants, &c.JULIUS CAISAR,

 

ACT i,
SCENE 1. Rome. A street.

Enter FLAVIUS, MARULLUS, and certain Commoners.

flav. Hence! home, you idle creatures, get you home:

Is this a holiday? what! know you not,

Being mechanical, you ought not walk

Upon a labouring day without the sign

Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou?
first Com. Why, sir, a carpenter.
Mar, Where is thy leather apron and thy rule?

What dost thou with thy best apparel on?

You, sir, what trade are you?

Sec. Com. Truly, sir, in respect of a fine workman, I am
but, as you would say, a cobbler. II

Mar. But what trade art thou? answer me directly.

Sec. Com. A trade, sir, that, | hope, I may use with a safe
conscience; which is, indeed, sir, a mender of bad soles.

Mar. What trade, thou knave? thou naughty knave, what
trade?

Sec. Com. Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with me: yet,
if you be out, sir, I can mend you.

Mar. What meanest thou by that? mend me, thou saucy
fellow! 21

Sec. Com. Why, sir, cobble you.

Flav. Thou art a cobbler, art thou?

Sec. Com. Truly, sir, all that I live by is with the awl: |
meddle with no tradesman’s matters, nor women’s matters,
but with all. I am, indeed, sir, a surgeon to old shoes;
when they are in great danger, I recover them. As proper
men as ever trod upon neat’s leather have gone upon my
handiwork. 30

Flav. But wherefore art not in thy shop to-day?

Why dost thou lead these men about the streets?

Sec. Com. Truly, sir, to wear out their shoes, to get myself
into more work. But, indeed, sir, we make holiday, te see
Czesar and to rejoice in his triumph.JULIUS CAESAR. [Act I.

 

Mar. Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
What tributaries follow him to Rome,
To grace in captive bonds his chariot-wheels?
You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things !
O you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome, 4I
Knew you not Pompey? Many a time and oft
Have you climb’d up to walls and battlements,
To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops,
Your infants in your arms, and there have sat
The live-long day, with patient expectation,
To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome:
And when you saw his chariot but appear,
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, 5°
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in her concave shores?
And do you now put on your best attire?
And do you now cull out a holiday?
And do you now strew flowers in his wa
That comes in triumph over Pompey’s blood?
Be gone!
Run to your houses, fall upon your knees,
Pray to the gods to intermit the plague
That needs must light on this ingratitude. 60
Flav. Go, go, good countrymen, and, for this fault.
Assemble all the poor men of your sort;
Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears
Into the channel, till the lowest stream
Do kiss the most exalted shores of all.
[A xeunt all the Commoners.
See, whether their basest metal be not moved;
They vanish tongue-tied in their guiltiness.
Go you down that way towards the Capitol;
This way will I: disrobe the images,
If you do find them deck’d with ceremonies. ge
Mar. May we do so?
You know it is the feast of Lupercal.
Flav. It is no matter; let no images
Be hung with Cesar’ trophies. I[’ll about,
And drive away the vulgar from the streets:
So do you too, where you perceive them thick.
These growing feathers pluck’d from Czsar’s wing
Will make him fly an ordinary pitch,
Who else would soar above the view of men 79
And keep us all in servile fearfulness. Exeuni.
(886 )JULIUS CAESAR.

SCENE II. A public place.

Flourish. Enter CESAR; ANTONY, Jor the course; CAL-
PURNIA, PORTIA, DECIUs, CICERO, BRUTUS, CASSIUS,
and CASCA; @ great crowd Jollowing, among them a@
Soothsayer.

Ces. Calpurnia!
Casca. Peace, ho! Czesar speaks.
Ces. Calpurnia !
Cal. Here, my lord.
Ces. Stand you directly in Antonius’ way,
When he doth run his course. Antonius!
Ant. Czesar, my lord?
Ces. Forget not, in your speed, Antonius,
To touch Calpurnia; for our elders say,
The barren, touched in this holy chase,
Shake off their sterile curse.

Ant. I shall remember:
When Cesar says “do this,” it is perform’d. IQ
C@s. Set on; and leave no ceremony out. [ Flourish,

Sooth. Czesar!
Ces. Ha!-who calls?
Casca. Bid every noise be still: peace yet again!
C@s. Who is it in the press that calls on me?
[ hear a tongue, shriller than all the music,
Cry “Czesar!” Speak; Czesar is turn’d to hear.
Sooth. Beware the ides of March.
C2, What man is that?
Bru. A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March. 19
C@s. Set him before me; let me see his face.
Cas. Fellow, come from the throng; look upon Cz: «i:
Ces. What say’st thou to me now? speak once aga
Sooth. Beware the ides of March.
Ces. He is a dreamer; let us leave him: pass.
[Sennet. LExeunt all except Brutus and Cassius.
Cas. Will you go see the order of the course?
Bru. Not I.
Cas. I pray you, do.
Sru. 1am not gamesome: I do lack some part
Of that quick spirit that is in Antony.
Let me not hinder, Cassius, your desires; 30
I’ll leave you.
Cas. Brutus, I do observe yo" now: of late.
{ 886 )JULIUS CAESAR.

  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

| have not from your eyes that gentleness
Aud show of love as I was wont to have:
1 ou bear too stubborn and too strange a hand
Over your friend that loves you.
Bru. Cassius,
Be not deceived: if I have veil’d my look,
I turn the trouble of my countenance
Merely upon myself. Vexed I am
Of late with passions of some difference, 40
Conceptions only proper to myself,
Which give some soil perhaps to my behaviours ;
But let not therefore my good friends be grieved—
Among which number, Cassius, be you one—
Nor construe any further my neglect,
Than that poor Brutus, with himself at war,
Forgets the shows of love to other men.
Cas. Then, Brutus, I have much mistook your passion ;
By means whereof this breast of mine hath buried
Thoughts of great value, worthy cogitations. 5°
Tell me, good Brutus, can you see your face?
Bru. No, Cassius; for the eye sees not itself,
But by reflection, by some other things.
Cas, Tis just:
And it is very much lamented, Brutus,
That you have no such mirrors as will turn
Your hidden worthiness into your eye,
That you might see your shadow. I have heard,
Where many of the best respect in Rome,
Except immortal Cesar, speaking of Brutus 60
And groaning underneath this age’s yoke,
Have wish’d that noble Brutus had his eyes.
Bru. Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius,
That you would have me seek into myself
For that which is not in me?
Cas. Therefore, good Brutus, be prepared to hear:
And since you know you cannot see yourself
So well as by reflection, I, your glass,
Will modestly discover to yourself
That of yourself which you yet know not of. 7o
And be not jealous on me, gentle Brutus:
Were I a common laugher, or did use
To stale with ordinary oaths my love
To every new protester; if you know
That I do fawn on men and hug them hard
And after scandal them, or if you knowScene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR, 19

That I profess myself in banqueting
To all the rout, then hold me dangerous.
[Plourish, and shout.

Bru. What means this shouting? I do fear, the people
Choose Cesar for their king.

Cas. Ay, do you fear it? 80
Then must I think you would not have it so.

Bru. | would not, Cassius; yet I love him well.

But wherefore do you hold me here so long?
What is it that you would impart to me?

If it be aught toward the general good,

Set honour in one eye and death ? the other,
And I will look on both indifferently,

For let the gods so speed me as I love

The name of honour more than I fear death.

Cas. I know that virtue to be in you, Brutus, x
As well as I do know your outward favour. |
Well, honour is the subject of my story.

I cannot tell what you and other men

Think of this life; but, for my single self,

I had as lief not be as live to be

In awe of such a thing as I myself.

I was born free as Caesar; so were you:

We both have fed as well, and we can both

Endure the winter’s cold as well as he:

For once, upon a raw and gusty day, 160
The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores,

Czesar said to me “ Darest thou, Cassius, now

Leap in with me into this angry flood,

And swim to yonder point?” Upon the word,

Accoutred as I was, I plunged in

And bade him follow; so indeed he did.

The torrent roard, and we did buffet it

With lusty sinews, throwing it aside

And stemming it with hearts of controversy;

But ere we could arrive the point proposed,

Czesar cried “ Help me, Cassius, or I sink!”

i, as A‘neas, our great ancestor,

Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder

The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber

Did I the tired Cesar. And this man

Is now become a god, and Cassius is

A wretched creature and must bend his body,

If Czsar carelessly but nod on him.
He had a fever when he was in Spain,JULIUS CAESAR.

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

And when the fit was on him, I did mark 120
How he did shake: ’tis true, this god did shake:
His coward lips did from their colour fly,
And that same eye whose bend doth awe the world
Did lose his lustre: I did hear him groan:
Ay, and that tongue of his that bade the Romans
Mark him and write his speeches in their books,
Alas, it cried “ Give me some drink, Titinius,”
Asa sick girl. Ye gods, it doth amaze me
A man of such a feeble temper should
So get the start of the majestic world 130
And bear the palm alone. [ Shout. Flourish.
Bru. Another general shout!
I do believe that these applauses are
For some new honours that are heap’d on Cesar.
Cas. Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus, and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs and peep about
To find ourselves dishonourable graves.
Men at some time are masters of their fates.
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, 140
But in ourselves, that we are underlings.
Brutus and Cesar: what should be in that “ Casur”?
Why should that name be sounded more than yours?
Write them together, yours is as fair a name;
Sound them, it doth become the mouth as well;
Weigh them, it is as heavy; conjure with ’em,
Brutus will start a spirit as soon ag Ceesar.
Now, in the names of all the gods at once,
Upon what meat doth this our Cesar feed,
That he is grown so great? Age, thou art shamed! 15¢
Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods!
When went there by an age, since the great flood,
But it was famed with more than with one man?
When could they say till now, that talk’d of Rome,
That her wide walls encompass’d but one man?
Now is it Rome indeed and room enough,
When there is in it but one only man.
O, you and I have heard our fathers say,
There was a Brutus once that would have broek’d
The eternal devil to keep his state in Rome 160
As easily as a king.
Bru, That you do love me, I am nothing jealous;
What you would work me to, I have some aim:
How I have thought of this and of these times,Scene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR,
I shall recount hereafter; for this present,
I would not, so with love I might entreat you,
Be any further moved. What you have said
I will consider; what you have to say
I will with patience hear, and find a time
Both meet to hear and answer such high things. 170
Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this:
Brutus had rather be a villager
Than to repute himself a son of Rome
Under these hard conditions as this time
Is like to lay upon us.
Cas. | am glad that my weak words
Have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus.
Bru. The games are done and Cesar is returning.
Cas. As they pass by, pluck Casca by the sleeve;
And he will, after his sour fashion, tell you 180
What hath proceeded worthy note to-day.

Re-enter CESAR and his Train.

Bru. 1 will do so. But, look you, Cassius,
The angry spot doth glow on Cesar’s brow,
And all the rest look like a chidden train:
Calpurnia’s cheek is pale; and Cicero
Looks with such ferret and such fiery eyes
As we have seen him in the Capitol,
Being cross’d in conference by some senators.
Cas. Casca will tell us what the matter is.
Ces. Antonius! 190
Ant. Ceesar?
Ces. Let me have men about me that are fat:
Sleek-headed men and such as sleep o’ nights:
Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look;
He thinks too much: such men are dangerous.
Ant. Fear him not, Czesar; he’s not dangerous ;
He is a noble Roman and well given.
Ces. Would he were fatter! But I fear him not:
Yet if my name were liable to fear,
I do not know the man I should avoid 200
So soon as that spare Cassius. He reads much;
He is a great observer and he looks
Quite through the deeds of men; he loves no plays,
As thou dost, Antony; he hears no music;
Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort
As if he mock’d himself and scorn’d his spirit
That could be moved to smile at any thing.JULIUS CAESAR.

Such men as he be never at heart’s ease
Whiles they behold a greater than themselves,
And therefore are they very dangerous. 210
I rather tell thee what is to be feard
Than what I fear; for always I am Cesar.
Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf,
And tell me truly what thou think’st of him.
[Sennet. LExeunt Cesar and all his

Train, but Casca.

Casca. You pull’d me by the cloak; would you speak

with me:

Bru. Ay, Casca; tell us what hath chanced to-day,

That Czesar looks so sad.

Casca. Why, you were with him, were you not? 218

Lru. 1 should not then ask Casca what had chanced.

Casca. Why, there was a crown offered him: and being
offered him, he put it by with the back of his hand, thus:
and then the people fell a-shouting.

Bru. What was the second noise for?

Casca. Why, for that too.

Cas. They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for?

Casca. Why, for that too.

Bru. Was the crown offered him thrice?

Casca. Ay, marry, was’t, and he put it by thrice, every time
gentler than other, and at every putting-by mine honest
neighbours shouted. 231

Cas. Who offered him the crown?

Casca. Why, Antony.

Bru. Tell us the manner of it, gentle Casca.

Casca. I can as well be hanged as tell the manner of it:
it was mere foolery; I did not mark it. I saw Mark Antony
offer him a crown ;—yet’t was not a crown neither, ’t was one
of these coronets ;—and, as I told you, he put it by once:
but, for all that, to my thinking, he would fain have had it.
Then he offered it to him again; then he put it by again:
but, to my thinking, he was very loath to lay his fingers off
it. And then he offered it the third time; he put it the third
time by: and still as he refused it, the rabblement shouted
and clapped their chapped hands and threw up their sweaty
night-caps and uttered such a deal of stinking breath because
Czesar refused the crown that it had almost choked Cesar;
for he swounded and fell down at it: and for mine own part,
I'durst not laugh, for fear of opening my lips and receiving
the bad air. 252
Cas. But, soft I pray you: what, did Caesar swound?Scene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR. 23

Casca. He fell down in the market-place, and foamed at
mouth, and was speechless.

Bru. *T is very like: he hath the falling sickness.

Cas. No, Cesar hath it not; but you and I
And honest Casca, we have the falling sickness.

Casca. I know not what you mean by that; but, I am sure,
Czesar fell down. If the tag-rag people did not clap him and
hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them, as
they use to do the players in the theatre, I am no true man.

Bru. What said he when he came unto himself? 264.

Casca. Marry, before he fell down, when he perceived the
common herd was glad he refused the crown, he plucked me
ope his doublet and offered them his throat tocut. An I had
been a man of any occupation, if I would not have taken him
at a word, I would I might go to hell among the rogues.
And so he fell. When he came to himself again, he said, If
he had done or said any thing amiss, he desired their worships
to think it was his infirmity. Three or four wenches, where
I stood, cried “ Alas, good soul!” and forgave him with all
their hearts: but there’s no heed to be taken of them; if
Czsar had stabbed their mothers, they would have done
no less.

Bru. And after that, he came, thus sad, away?

Casta. AY: 280

Cas. Did Cicero say any thing?

Casca. Ay, he spoke Greek.

Cas. To what effect?

Casca. Nay, an I tell you that, I’ll ne’er look you ? the
face again: but those that understood him smiled at on
another and shook their heads; but, for mine own part, it
was Greek to me. I could tell you more news too: Marullus
and Flavius, for pulling scarfs off Czesar’s images, are put to
silence. Fare you well. There was more foolery yet, if I
could remember it. 291

Cas. Will you sup with me to-night, Casca?

Casca. No, I am promised forth.

Cas. Will you dine with me to-morrow?

Casca. Ay, if I be alive and your mind hold and your
dinner worth the eating.

Cas. Good: I will expect you.

Casca. Doso. Farewell, both. [Lxzt.
Bru. What a blunt fellow is this grown to be!
He was quick mettle when he went to school. 300

Cas. So is he now in execution
Of any bold or noble enterprise,JULIUS CAESAR.

However he puts on this tardy form.
This rudeness is a sauce to his good wit,
Which gives men stomach to digest his words
With better appetite.
Bru. And so itis. For this time I will leave you:
To-morrow, if you please to speak with me,
I will come home to you; or, if you will,
Come home to me, and I will wait for you. 310
Cas. I will do so: till then, think of the world.
[Aut Brutus.
Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet, I see,
Thy honourable metal may be wrought
From that it is disposed: therefore it is meet
That noble minds keep ever with their likes;
For who so firm that cannot be seduced?
Czesar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus:
If I were Brutus now and he were Cassius,
He should not humour me. I will this night,
in several hands, in at his windows throw, 320
As if they came from several citizens,
Writings all tending to the great opinion
That Rome holds of his name; wherein obscurely
Czesars ambition shall be glanced at:
And after this let Czesar seat him sure;
for.we will shake him, or worse days endure. [Ee xct.

SCENE III. Zhesame. A street.

Thunder and lightning. Enter, from opposite stdes, CASCA,
wrth iis sword drawn, and CICERO.

Cic. Good even, Casca: brought you Cesar home?
Why are you breathless? and why stare you so?
Casca. Are not you moved, when all the sway of earth
Shakes like a thing unfirm? O Cicero,
I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds
Have rived the knotty oaks, and I have seen
The ambitious ocean swell and rage and foam,
To be exalted with the threatening clouds:
But never till to-night, never till now,
Did I go through a tempest dropping fire. IO
Either there is a civil strife in heaven,
Or else the world, too saucy with the gods,
Incenses them to send destruction.
Czc. Why, saw you any thing more wonderful?Scene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR. 2m

Casca. A common slave—you know him well by sight—
Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn >
Like twenty torches join’d, and yet his hand,
Not sensible of fire, remain’d unscorch’d.
Besides—I ha’ not since put up my sword—
Against the Capitol I met a lion, 20
Who glared upon me, and went surly by,
Without annoying me: and there were drawn
Upon a heap a hundred ghastly women,
Transformed with their fear; who swore they saw
Men all in fire walk up and down the streets.
And yesterday the bird of night did sit
Even at noon-day upon the market-place,
Hooting and shrieking. When these prodigies
Do so conjointly meet, let not men say
“ These are their reasons; they are natural” ; 3°
For, I believe, they are portentous things
Unto the climate that they point upon.
Czc. Indeed, it is a strange-disposed time:
But men may construe things after their fashion,
Clean from the purpose of the things themselves.
Comes Ceesar to the Capitol to-morrow?
Casca. He doth; for he did bid Antonius
Send word to you he would be there to-morrow.

Czc. Good night then, Casca: this disturbed sky 39
Is not to walk in.
Casca. Farewell, Cicero. [Bait Cicero

finter CASSIUS.

Cas. Who’s there?
Casca. A Roman.
Cas. Casca, by your voice.
Casca. Your ear is good. Cassius, what night is this!
Cas. A very pleasing night to honest men.
Casca. Who ever knew the heavens menace so?
Cas. Those that have known the earth so full of faults.
For my part, I have walk’d about the streets,
Submitting me unto the perilous night,
And, thus unbraced, Casca, as you see,
Have bared my bosom to the thunder-stone ;
And when the cross blue lightning seem’d to open 5¢
The breast of heaven, I did present myself
Even in the aim and very flash of it.
Casca. But wherefore did you so much tempt the heavens”
{t is the part of men to fear and tremble,26 JULIUS CAESAR. [Act I.

When the most mighty gods by tokens send
Such dreadful heralds to astonish us.
Cas. You are dull, Casca, and those sparks of life
That should be in a Roman you do want,
Or else you use not. You look pale and gaze
And put on fear and cast yourself in wonder, 60
To see the strange impatience of the heavens:
But if you would consider the true cause
Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts,
Why birds and beasts from quality and kind,
Why old men, fools, and children calculate,
Why all these things change from their ordinance
Their natures and preformed faculties
To monstrous quality,—why, you shall find
That heaven hath infused them with these spirits,
To make them instruments of fear and warning 7°
Unto some monstrous state.
Now could I, Casca, name to thee a man
Most like this dreadful night,
That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars
As doth the lion in the Capitol,
A man no mightier than thyself or me
In personal action, yet prodigious grown
And fearful, as these strange eruptions are.
Casca. ’T is Cesar that you mean; is it not, Cassius?
Cas. Let it be who it is: for Romans now 80
Have thews and limbs like to their ancestors ;
But, woe the while! our fathers’ minds are dead,
And we are govern’d with our mothers’ spirits ;
Our yoke and sufferance show us womanish.
Casca. Indeed, they say the senators to-morrow
Mean to establish Cesar as a king;
And he shall wear his crown by sea and land,
In every place, save here in Italy.
Cas. I know where I will wear this dagger, then;
Cassius from bondage will deliver Cassius: gO
Therein, ye gods, you make the weak most strong;
Therein, ye gods, you tyrants do defeat:
Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass,
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can be retentive to the strength of spirit;
But life, being weary of these worldly bars,
Never lacks power to dismiss itself.
If I know this, know all the world besides,
That part of tyranny that I do bearScene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR. 27

I can shake oft at pleasure. [ Thunder still.
Casca. So can I: 10C

So every bondman in his own hand bears

The power to cancel his Captivity.

Cas. And why should Cesar be a tyrant then?

Poor man! I know he would not be a wolf,

But that he sees the Romans are but sheep:

He were no lion, were not Romans hinds.

Those that with haste will make a mighty fire

Begin it with weak straws: what trash is Rome,

What rubbish and what offal, when it serves

For the base matter to illuminate TIO

So vile a thing as Cesar! But, O grief,

Where hast thou led me? I perhaps speak this

Before a willing bondman; then I know

My answer must be made. But I am arm’d,

And dangers are to me indifferent.

Casca. You speak to Casca, and to such a man

That is no fleering tell-tale. Hold, my hand:

Be factious for redress of all these griefs,

And I will set this foot of mine as far

As who goes farthest.

Cas. There’s a bargain made. 120

Now know you, Casca, I have moved already

Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans

To undergo with me an enterprise

Of honourable-dangerous consequence ;

And I do know, by this, they stay for me

In Pompey’s porch: for now, this fearful night,

There is no stir or walking in the streets ;

And the complexion of the element

In favour’s like the work we have in hand,

Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible. 130
Casca. Stand close awhile, for here comes one in haste.
Cas. ’T is Cinna; I do know him by his gait;

He 1s a friend.

Enter CINNA.

Cinna, where haste you so:
Czm. To find out you. Who’s that? Metellus Cimber?
Cas. No, it is Casca; one incorporate _
To our attempts. Am I not stay’d for, Cinna? |
Czm. 1am glad on’t. What a fearful night is this!
There’s two or three of us have seen strange sights.
Cas. Am I not stay’d for? tell me.28 JULIUS CAESAR. [Act II.

Cin. Yes, you are.
O Cassius, if you cculd 140
But win the noble Brutus to our party—
Cas. Be you content: good Cinna, take this paper,
And look you lay it in the preetors chair, _
Where Brutus may but find it; and throw this
In at his window; set this up with wax
Upon old Brutus’ statue: all this done,
Repair to Pompey’s porch, where you shall find us.
Is Decius Brutus and Trebonius there?
Cin. All but Metellus Cimber; and he’s gone
To seek you at your house. Well, I will hie, 150
And so bestow these papers as you bade me.
Cas. That done, repair to Pompey’s theatre. [A xzt Cinna.
Come, Casca, you and I will yet ere day
See Brutus at his house: three parts of him
Is ours already, and the man entire
Upon the next encounter yields him ours.
Casca. O, he sits high in all the people’s hearts
And that which would appear offence in - s,
His countenance, like richest alchemy,
Will change to virtue and to worthiness. 160
Cas. Him and his worth and our great need of him
You have right well conceited. Let us go,
For it is after midnight; and ere day
We will awake him and be sure of him. | Exeunt.

 

ACT TT.
SCENE 1. Rome. Brutuss orchard.

Enter BRUTUS.

Bru. What, Lucius, ho!
I cannot, by the progress of the stars,
Give guess how near to day. Lucius, I say!
I would it were my fault to sleep so soundly.
When, Lucius, when? awake, I say! what, Lucius!

Enter LUCIUS.

Luc. Cal’d you, my lord?

Bru. Get me a taper in my study, Lucius:
When it is lighted, come and call me here.
Luc. 1 will, my lord.Scene 1.] JULIUS CAESAR. 29

Bru. It must be by his death: and for my part, 10
! know no personal cause to spurn at him,
But for the general. He would be crown’d:
How that might change his nature, there’s the question.
It is the bright day that brings forth the adder ;
And that craves wary walking. Crown him?—that i—
And then, I grant, we put a sting in him,
That at his will he may do danger with.
The abuse of greatness is, when it disjoins
Remorse from power: and, to speak truth of Ceesar,
I have not known when his affections sway’d 20
More than his reason. But ’tis a common proof,
That lowliness is young ambition’s ladder,
Whereto the climber-upward turns his face;
But when he once attains the upmost round,
He then unto the ladder turns his back,
Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees
By which he did ascend. So Cesar may.
Then, lest he may, prevent. And, since the quarrel
Will bear no colour for the thing he is,
Fashion it thus; that what he is, augmented, 30
Would run to these and these extremities:
And therefore think him as a serpent’s egg
Which, hatch’d, would, as his kind, grow mischievous,
And kill him in the shell.

kee-enter LUCIUS.

Luc. The taper burneth in your closet, sir.
Searching the window for a flint, I found
This paper, thus seal’c up; and, I am sure,
It did not lie there when I went to bed.
[Gives him the letter.
Bru. Get you to bed again; it is not day.
Is not to-morrow, boy, the ides of March? 40
Luc. I know not, sir.
Bru. Look in the calendar, and bring me word.
Luc. 1 will, sir. [ Exet.
Bru. The exhalations whizzing in the air
Give so much light that I may read by them.
[ Opens the letter and reads.
“ Brutus, thou sleep’st: awake, and see thyself.
Shall Rome, &c. Speak, strike, redress!
Brutus, thou sleep’st: awake !”
Such instigations have been often dropp’d
Where I have took them up.JULIUS CAESAR. (Act II.
“Shall Rome, &c.” Thus must I piece it out:

Shall Rome stand under one man’s awe? What, Rome?

My ancestors did from the streets of Rome

The Tarquin drive, when he was call’d a king.

“Speak, strike, redress!” Am I entreated

To speak and strike? O Rome, I make thee promise;

If the redress will follow, thou receivest

Thy full petition at the hand of Brutus!

Re-enter LUCIUS.

Luc. Sir, March is wasted fourteen days.
[Knocking within.
Bru. ’Tis good. Goto the gate; somebody knocks.
[Axct Lucius.
Since Cassius first did whet me against Cesar, 61
] have not slept.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream:
The genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection.

Re-enter LUCIUS.

Luc. Sir, ’tis your brother Cassius at the door 70
Who doth desire to see you.

Bru. Is he alone?

Luc. No, sir, there are moe with him.

Bru. Do you know them?

Luc. No, sir; their hats are pluck’d about their ears,
And half their faces buried in their cloaks,
That by no means I may discover them
By any mark of favour.
Bru. Let ’em enter. [Exct Lucius.
They are the faction. O conspiracy,
Shamest thou to show thy dangerous brow by night,
When evils are most free? O, then by day
Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough 80
To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy;
Hide it in smiles and affability:
For if thou path, thy native semblance on,
Not Erebus itself were dim enough
To hide thee from prevention.Scene 1.] JULIUS CAESAR. 31

Enter the conspirators, CASSIUS, CASCA, DECIUS, CINNA,
é METELLUS CIMBER, azd TREBONIUS.

Cas. I think we are too bold upon your rest:
Good morrow, Brutus; do we trouble you?
Bru. | have been up this hour, awake all night.
Know I these men that come along with your
Cas. Yes, every man of them, and no man here go
But honours you; and every one doth wish
You had but that opinion of yourself
Which every noble Roman bears of you.
This is Trebonius.

Bru. He is welcome hither.
Cas. This, Decius Brutus.
Bru. He is welcome too.

Cas. This, Casca; this, Cinna; and this, Metellus Cimber
Bru. They are all welcome.
What watchful cares do interpose themselves
Betwixt your eyes and night?
Cas. Shall I entreat a word? 100
[Brutus and Cassius whisper.
Dec. Here lies the east: doth not the day break here?
Casca. No.
Czz. O, pardon, sir, it doth; and yon gray lines
That fret the clouds are messengers of day.
Casca. You shall confess that you are both deceived.
Here, as I point my sword, the sun arises,
Which is a great way growing on the south,
Weighing the youthful season of the year.
Some two months hence up higher toward the north
He first presents his fire; and the high east II0
Stands, as the Capitol, directly here.
Lru. Give me your hands all over, one by one.
Cas. And let us swear our resolution.
Lru. No, not an oath: if not the face of men,
The sufferance of our souls, the time’s abuse,—
If these be motives weak, break off betimes,
And every man hence to his idle bed;
So let high-sighted tyranny range on,
Till each man drop by lottery. But if these,
As I am sure they do, bear fire enough 120
To kindle cowards and to steel with valour
The melting spirits of women, then, countrymen,
What need we any spur but our own cause,
To prick us to redress? what other bond- JULIUS CAESAR. fAct II.

Than secret Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter? and what other oath
Than sonesty to honesty engaged,
That ‘his shall be, or we will fall for it?
Swear priests and cowards and men cautelous,
Old feeble carrions and such suffering souls 130
That welcome wrongs; unto bad causes swear
Such creatures as men doubt; but do not stain
The even virtue of our enterprise,
Nor the insuppressive mettle of our spirits,
To think that or our cause or our performance!
Did need an oath; when every drop of blood
That every Roman bears, and nobly bears,
Is guilty of a several bastardy,
If he do break the smallest particle
Of any promise that hath pass’d from him. 140
Cas. But what of Cicero? shall we sound him?
think he will stand very strong with us.
Casca. Let us not leave him out.
C72. No, by no means.
Met. O, let us have hin, for his silver hairs
Will purchase us a good opinion
And buy men’s voices to commend our deeds:
It shall be said, his judgment ruled our hands;
Our youths and wildness shall no whit appear,
But all be buried in his gravity.
Bru. O, name him not: let us not break with him; 150
For he will never follow any thing
That other men begin.
Cas. Then leave him out.
Casca. Indeed he is not fit.
Dec. Shall no man else be touch’d but only Cesar?
Cas. Decius, well urged: I think it is not meet,
Mark Antony, so well beloved of Cesar,
Should outlive Czesar: we shall find of him
A shrewd contriver; and, you know, his means,
If he improve them, may well stretch so far
As to annoy us all: which to prevent, 16¢
Let Antony and Cesar fall together.
Sru. Our course will seem too bloody, Caius Cassius,
To cut the head off and then hack the limbs,
Like wrath in death and envy afterwards ;
For Anteny is but a limb of Cesar:
Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius.
‘We all stand up against the spirit of Cesar;Scene 1.] - JUEIUS  CASAR: 33

And in the spirit of men there is no blood:
O, that we then could come by Cesar’s spirit,
And not dismember Cesar! But, alas, 170
Czesar must bleed for it! And, gentle friends,
Let ’s kill him boldly, but not wrathfully ;
Let ’s carve him as a dish fit for the gods,
Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds:
And let our hearts, as subtle masters do,
Stir up their servants to an act of rage,
And after seem to chide ’em. This shall make
Our purpose necessary and not envious:
Which so appearing to the common eyes,
We shall be call’d purgers, not murderers. 180
And for Mark Antony, think not of him;
For he can do no more than Czsars arm
When Cezsar’s head is off.

Cas. Yet I fear him;
For in the ingrafted love he bears to Cassar—

Bru. Alas, good Cassius, do not think of him:
If he love Czesar, all that he can do
Is to himself, take thought and die for Cesar:
And that were much he should; for he is given
To sports, to wildness and much company.

reo. There is no fear in him; let him not die; 190
For he will live, and laugh at this hereafter. [Clock strikes.

Bru. Peace! count the clock.

Cas. The clock hath stricken three.

Tveb. ’T is time to part.

Cas. But it is doubtful yet,

Whether Czesar will come forth to-day, or no;
For he is superstitious grown of late,
Quite from the main opinion he held oncé
Of fantasy, of dreams and ceremonies:
It may be, these apparent prodigies,
The unaccustom’d terror of this night,
And the persuasion of his augurers, 200
May hold him from the Capitol to-day.
Dec. Never fear that: if he be so resolved,
I can o’ersway him; for he loves to hear
That unicorns may be betray’d with trees,
And bears with glasses, elephants with holes,
Lions with toils and men with flatterers ;
But when I tell him he hates flatterers,
He says he does, being then most flattered.
Let me work;
(886434 JULIUS CAESAR. (Act II.

For { can give his humour the true bent, 210
And I will bring him to the Capitol.
Cas. Nay, we will all of us be there to fetch him.
Bru. By the eighth hour: is that the uttermost?
Cim. Be that the uttermost, and fail not then.
Met. Caius Ligarius doth bear Cesar hard,
Who rated him for speaking well of Pompey:
I wonder none of you have thought of him.
Bru. Now, good Metellus, go along by him:
He loves me well, and I have given him reasons;
Send him but hither, and I’ll fashion him. 220
Cas. The morning comes upon’s: we’!l leave you, Brutus.
And, friends, disperse yourselves; but all remember
What you have said, and show yourselves true Romans.
Bru. Good gentlemen, look fresh and merrily:
Let not our looks put on our purposes,
But bear it as our Roman actors do,
With untired spirits and formal constancy:
And so good morrow to you every one.
[Exeunt all but Brutus.
Boy! Lucius! Fast asleep? It is no matter; .
Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber: 230
Thou hast no figures nor no fantasies,
Which busy care draws in the brains of men;
Therefore thou sleep’st so sound.

-inter PORTIA.

Por. Brutus, my lord!
Lru. Portia, what mean you? wherefore rise you now?
It is not for your health thus to commit
Your weak condition to the raw cold morning.
Por. Nor for yours neither. You’ve ungently, Brutus.
Stole from my bed: and yesternight, at supper,
You suddenly arose, and walk’d about,
Musing and sighing, with your arms across, zac
And when I ask’d you what the matter was,
You stared upon me with ungentle looks;
I urged you further; then you scratch’d your head.
And too impatiently stamp’d with your foot;
Yet I insisted, yet you answer’d not,
But, with an angry wafture of your hand,
Gave sign for me to leave you: so I did;
Fearing to strengthen that impatience
Which seem’d too much enkindled, and withal
Hoping it was but an effect of humour,Scene 1.] JULIUS CASAR. 35
Which sometime hath his hour with every man.
It will not let you eat, nor talk, nor sleep,
And could it work so much upon your shape
As it hath much prevail’d on your condition,
I should not know you, Brutus. Dear my lord,
Make me acquainted with your cause of grief.
Bru. | am not well in health, and that is all.
Por. Brutus is wise, and, were he not in health,
He would embrace the means to come by it.
Bru. Why, so I do. Good Portia, go to bed. 260
Por. Is Brutus sick? and is it physical
To walk unbraced and suck up the humours
Of the dank morning? What, is Brutus sick,
And will he steal out of his wholesome bed,
To dare the vile contagion of the night
And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air
To add unto his sickness? No, my Brutus;
You have some sick offence within your mind,
Which, by the right and virtue of my place,
I ought to know of: and, upon my knees, 270
I charm you, by my once-commended beauty,
By all your vows of love and that great vow
Which did incorporate and make us one,
That you unfold to me, yourself, your half,
Why you are heavy, and what men to-night
Have had resort to you: for here have been
Some six or seven, who did hide their faces
Even from darkness.
Bru. Kneel not, gentle Portia.
Por. I should not need, if you were gentle Brutus.
Within the bond of marriage, tell me, Brutus, 280
Is it excepted I should know no secrets
That appertain to you? Am I yourself
But, as it were, in sort or limitation,
To keep with you at meals, comfort your bed,
And talk to you sometimes? Dwell I but in the suburbs
Of your good pleasure? If it be no more,
Portia is Brutus’ plaything, not his wife.
Bru. You are my true and honourable wife,
As dear to me as are the ruddy drops
That visit my sad heart. ; 290
Por. lf this were true, then should I know this secret.
J grant I am a woman; but withal _
A woman that Lord Brutus took to wife:
I grant I am a woman; but withal36 JULIUS CAESAR. (Act IL.

A woman well-reputed, Cato’s daughter.
Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so fatherd and so husbanded?
Tell me your counsels, I will not disclose ’em:
I have made strong proof of my constancy,
Giving myself a voluntary wound 300
Here, in the thigh: can I bear that with patience,
And not my husband’s secrets?
Bru. O ye gods,
Render me worthy of this noble wife! [Knocking within.
Hark, hark! one knocks: Portia, go in awhile:
And by and by thy bosom shall partake
The secrets of my heart.
All my engagements I will construe to thee,
All the charactery of my sad brows:
Leave me with haste. [£xz¢ Portia.| Lucius,who’s that knocks?

Re-enter LUCIUS with LIGARIUS.

Luc. --ere is a sick man that would speak with you. 310
Bru. Caius Ligarius, that Metellus spake of.
Boy, stand aside. Caius Ligarius! how?
Lig. Vouchsafe good morrow from a feeble tongue.
Bru. O, what a time have you chose out, brave Caius,
To wear a kerchief! Would you were not sick!
Lig. 1 am not sick, if Brutus have in hand
Any exploit worthy the name of honour.
Bru. Such an exploit have I in hand, Ligartus,
Had you a healthful ear to hear of it.
Lig. By all the gods that Romans bow before, 320
I here discard my sickness! Soul of Rome!
Brave son, derived from honourable loins!
Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjured up
My mortified spirit. Now bid me run,
And I will strive with things impossible ;
Yea, get the better of them. What’s to do?
Bru. A piece of work that will make sick men whole.
Lig. But are not some whole that we must make sick
Bru. That must we also. What it is, my Caius,

I shall unfold to thee, as we are going 330
To whom it must be done.
Lig. Set on your foot,

And with a heart new-fired I follow you,
To do I know not what: but it sufficeth
That Brutus leads me on.
Bru. Follow me, then. [ Exeunt.Scene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR. 37

SCENE II. Cesars house.

Thunder and lightning. Enter CRSAR, in his night-gown.

C@s. Nor heaven nor earth have been at peace to-night:
Thrice hath Calpurnia in her sleep cried out,
“Help, ho! they murder Czsar!” Who’s within?

Enter a Servant.
Serv. My lord?
Ces. Go bid the priests do present sacrifice
And bring me their opinions of success.
Serv. I will, my lord. [Zxtz.

fL-nter CALPURNIA.

Cal. \What mean you, Cesar? think you to walk forth?
You shall not stir out of your house to-day.
C@s. Czesar shall forth: the things that threaten’d me 10
Ne’er look’d but on my back; when they shall see
The face of Czesar, they are vanished.
Ca?. Czsar, I never stood on ceremonies,
Yet now they fright me. There is one within,
Besides the things that we have heard and seen,
Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch.
A lioness hath whelped in the streets ;
And graves have yawn’d, and yielded up their dead;
Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds,
in ranks and squadrons and right form of war, 20
Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol;
The noise of battle hurtled in the air,
Horses did neigh, and dying men did groan,
And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets.
O Cesar! these things are beyond all use,
And I do fear them.
C@s. What can be avoided
Whose end is purposed by the mighty gods?
Yet Czsar shall go forth; for these predictions
Are to the world in general as to Cesar.
Cal. When beggars die, there are no comets seen; 30
The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
C@s. Cowards die many times before their deaths;
The valiant never taste of death but once.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,
It seems to me most strange that men should fear;
Seeing that death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.JULIUS CAESAR, [Act II.

Re-enter Servant.

What say the augurers?
Serv. They would not have you to stir forth to-day.
Plucking the entrails of an offering forth,
They could not find a heart within the beast. 4c
C@s. The gods do this in shame of cowardice:
Czesar should be a beast without a heart,
If he should stay at home to-day for fear.
No, Cesar shall not: danger knows full well
That Cesar is more dangerous than he:
We are two lions litterd in one day,
And I the elder and more terrible:
And Cesar shall go forth.

Cal. Alas, my lord,
Your wisdom is consumed in confidence.
Do not go forth to-day: call it my fear s¢

That keeps you in the house, and not your own.
We’ll send Mark Antony to the senate-house;
And he shall say you are not well to-day:
Let me, upon my knee, prevail in this.

C@s. Mark Antony shall say I am not well;
And, for thy humour, I will stay at home.

Enter DECIUS.

Here’s Decius Brutus, he shall tell them so.
Dec. Czesar, all hail! good morrow, worthy Cesar:
I come to fetch you to the senate-house.
C@s. And you are come in very happy time, Go
To bear my greeting to the senators
And tell them that I will not come to-day:
Cannot, is false, and that I dare not, falser:
I will not come to-day: tell them so, Decius.
Cal. Say he is sick.
Ces. Shall Czesar send a lie?
Have I in conquest stretch’d mine arm so far,
To be afeard to tell graybeards the truth?
Decius, go tell them Czsar will not come.
Dec. Most mighty Cesar, let me know some cause,
Lest I be laugh’d at when I tell them so. 7<
Ces. The cause is in my will: I will not come;
That is enough to satisfy the senate.
But for your private satisfaction,
Because I love you, I will let you know:
Calpurnia here, my wife, stays me at home:Scene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR. 39

She dreamt to-night she saw my statua,
Which, like a fountain with an hundred spouts,
Did run pure blood; and many lusty Romans
Came smiling, and did bathe their hands in it:
And these does she apply for warnings, and portents 80
Of evils imminent; and on her knee
Hath bege’d that I will stay at home to-day.
Dec. This dream is all amiss interpreted ;
It was a vision fair and fortunate:
Your statue spouting blood in many pipes,
In which so many smiling Romans bathed,
Signifies that from you great Rome shall suck
Reviving blood, and that great men shall press
For tinctures, stains, relics and cognizance.
This by Calpurnia’s dream is signified. Qo
C@s. And this way have you well expounded it.
Dec. | have, when you have heard what I can say:
And know it now: the senate have concluded
To give this day a crown to mighty Ceesar.
If you shall send them word you will not come,
Their minds may change. Besides, it were a mock
Apt to be renderd, for some one to say
‘ Break up the senate till another time,
When Cesars wife shall meet with better dreams.”
If Caesar hide himself, shall they not whisper TO
" 1, Cossar 16 afraid 77
Pardon me, Czesar; for my dear dear love
To your proceeding bids me tell you this;
And reason to my love is liable.
Ces. How foolish do your fears seem now, Calpurnia!
I am ashamed I did yield to them.
Give me my robe, for I will go.

Enter PUBLIUS, BRUTUS, LIGARIUS, METELLUS, CASCA,
TREBONIUS, amd CINNA.

And look where Publius is come to fetch me.
Pub. Good morrow, Cesar.
Ces. Welcome, Publius.
What, Brutus, are you stirrd so early too? 110
Good morrow, Casca. Caius Ligarius,
Czesar was ne’er so much your enemy
As that same ague which hath made you lean.
What is’t o’clock?
Bru. Ceesar, ’tis strucken eight.
Ces. I thank you for your pains and courtesy.JULIUS CAESAR.

Enter ANTONY.

See! Antony, that revels long o’ nights,
Is notwithstanding up. Good morrow, Antony.
Ant. So to most noble Ceesar.

C@s. Bid them prepare within:
I am to blame to be thus waited for.
Now, Cinna: now, Metellus: what, Trebonius! 120

I have an hour’s talk in store for you;
Remember that you call on me to-day:
Be near me, that I may remember you.

Treb. Czsar, I will: [Aszde] and so near will I be,
That your best friends shall wish I had been further.

Ces. Good friends, go in, and taste some wine with me,
And we, like friends, will straightway go together.

Bru. | Aside| That every like is not the same, O Cesar,
The heart of Brutus yearns to think upon! | hxeunt.

SCENE III. A street near the Capital.

Enter ARTEMIDORUS, reading a paper.

Art. “Cesar, beware of Brutus; take heed of Cassius;
come not near Casca; have an eye to Cinna; trust not Tre-
bonius; mark well Metellus Cimber: Decius Brutus loves
thee not: thou hast wronged Caius Ligarius. There is but
one mind in all these men, and it is bent against Cesar. If
thou beest not immortal, look about you: security gives way
to conspiracy. The mighty gods defend thee! Thy lover,

‘“‘ ARTEMIDORUS.”
Here will I stand till Cesar pass along, II
And as a suitor will I give him this.
My heart laments that virtue cannot live
Out of the teeth of emulation.
If thou read this, O Cesar, thou mayst live;
If not, the Fates with traitors do contrive. [ Lxzz.

SCENE IV. Another part of the same street, before the
house of Brutus.

Enter PORTIA and LUCIUS.

Por. I prithee, boy, run to the senate-house ;
Stay not to answer me, but get thee gone:
Why dost thou stay?

Luc. To know my errand, madam.Scene 4.] JULIUS CASAR. 41
Por. 1 would have had thee there, and here again,

Fre I can tell thee what thou shouldst do there.

O constancy, be strong upon my side,

Set a huge mountain ’tween my heart and tongue!

I have a man’s mind, but a woman’s might.

How hard it is for women to keep counsel!

Art thou here yet?

Lue. Madam, what should I do? 10

Run to the Capitol, and nothing else?

And so return to you, and nothing else?

Por. Yes, bring me word, boy, if thy lord look well,

For he went sickly forth: and take good note

What Cesar doth, what suitors press to him.

Hark, boy! what noise is that?

Luc. I hear none, madam.
Por. Prithee, listen well;

I heard a bustling rumour, like a fray,

And the wind brings it from the Capitol.

Luc. Sooth, madam, I hear nothing. 20
Enter the Soothsayer.

Por. Come hither, fellow: which way hast thou been?

Sooth. At mine own house, good lady.

Por. What is’t o’clock?

Sooth. About the ninth hour, lady.

Por. Is Cesar yet gone to the Capitol?

Sooth. Madam, not yet: I go to take my stand,

To see him pass on to the Capitol.

Por. Thou hast some suit to Cesar, hast thou not?
Sooth. That I have, lady: if it will please Czesar

To be so good to Cesar as to hear me,

I shall beseech him to befriend himself. 30
Por. Why, know’st thou any harm’s intended towards him?
Sooth. None that I know will be, much that I fear may

chance.

Good morrow to you. Here the street is narrow:

The throng that follows Cesar at the heels,

Of senators, of przetors, common suitors,

Will crowd a feeble man almost to death:

Ill get me to a place more void, and there

Speak to great Cesar as he comes along. ; [ Z£xzt.
Por. | must goin... Ay me, how weak a thing
The heart of woman is! O Brutus, 40

The heavens speed thee in thine enterprise!
Sure, the boy heard me: Brutus hath a suit
That Czsar will not grant. O, I grow faint.42 JULIUS CAESAR. [Act III.

Run, Lucius, and commend me to my lord;
Say I am merry: come to me again,
And bring me word what he doth say to thee.
(Lxeunt severally.

mcr IIT.

SCENE I. Rome. Before the Capitol, the Senate
sitting above.

A crowd of peoples; among them ARTEMIDORUS and the
Soothsayer. Flourish. Enter CESAR, BRUTUS, CAS-
sIus, Casca, DrEcrus, METELLUS, TREBONIUS, CINNA,
ANTONY, LEPIDUS, POPILIUS, PUBLIUS, and others.

Ces. [To the Soothsayer| The ides of March are come.
Sooth. Ay, Cesar; but not gone.
Art. Hail, Cesar! read this schedule.
Dec. Trebonius doth desire you to o’er-read,
At your best leisure, this his humble suit.
Art. O Cesar, read mine first; for mine’s a suit
That touches Cesar nearer: read it, great Ceesar.
C@s. What touches us ourself shall be last served.
Art. Delay not, Cesar; read it instantly.
Ces. What, is the fellow mad? /\®
Pub. Sirrah, give place. 10
Cas. What, urge you your petitions in the street?
Come to the Capitol.
CAESAR goes up to the Senate-House, the rest following.
Pop. 1 wish your enterprise to-day may thrive.
Cas. What enterprise, Popilius?
Pop. Fare you well.
[Advances to Cesar.
Bru. What said Popilius Lena?
Cas. He wish’d to-day our enterprise might thrive.
I fear our purpose is discovered.
Bru. Look, how he makes to Cesar: mark him.
Cas. Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention.
Brutus, what shall be done? If this be known, 20
Cassius or Cesar never shall turn back,
For I will slay myself.
Bru. Cassius, be constant:
Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes ;
For, look, he smiles, and Czsar doth not change.Scene 1.] JULIUS CAESAR. 43

Cas. Trebonius knows his time; for, look you, Brutus,
He draws Mark Antony out of the way.
[Axeunt Antony and Trebontus.
Dec. Where is Metellus Cimber? Let him go,
And presently prefer his suit to Ceasar.
ru. He is address’d: press near and second him.
Czm. Casca, you are the first that rears your hand. 30
Ces. Are we all ready? What is now amiss
That Cesar and his senate must redress?
Met. Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Cesar,
Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat
An humble heart,— [Aneeling.
Ces. I must prevent thee, Cimber.
These couchings and these lowly courtesies
Might fire the blood of ordinary men,
And turn pre-ordinance and first decree
Into the law of children. Be not fond,
To think that Cesar bears such rebel blood 40
That will be thaw’d from the true quality
With that which melteth fools; I mean, sweet words,
Low-crooked court’sies and base spaniel-fawning.
Thy brother by decree is banished:
If thou dost bend and pray and fawn for him,
I spurn thee like a cur out of my way.
Know, Cesar doth not wrong, nor without cause
Will he be satisfied.
Met. Is there no voice more worthy than my own,
To sound more sweetly in great Czesar’s ear 50
For the repealing of my banish’d brother?
Bru. 1 kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Cesar;
Desiring thee that Publius Cimber may
Have an immediate freedom of repeal.
Ces. What, Brutus!
Cas. Pardon, Czesar; Czesar, pardon:
As low as to thy foot doth Cassius fall,
To beg enfranchisement for Publius Cimber.
Ces. I could be well moved, if I were as you;
If I could pray to move, prayers would move me:
But I am constant as the northern star, 60
Of whose true-fix’d and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
The skies are painted with unnumberd sparks,
They are all fire and every one doth shine,
But there’s but one in all doth hold his place:
So in the world; ’tis furnish’d well with men,44 JULIUS CAESAR. (Act III.

And men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive:

Yet in the number I do know but one

That unassailable holds on his rank,

Unshaked of motion: and that I am he, 70
Let me a little show it, even in this;

That I was constant Cimber should be banish’d,

And constant do remain to keep him so.

Cin. O Cxsar,—

C@s. Hence! wilt thou lift up Olympus?
Dec. Great Ceesar,—

Cas. Doth not Brutus bootless kneel?

Casca. Speak, hands, for me!
[Casca first, then the other Conspirators and Marcus
Brutus stab Cesar.
Ces. Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Cesar! [ Des.
Cin. Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!
Run hence, proclaim, cry it about the streets.
Cas. Some to the common pulpits, and cry out 80
“Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement !”
Bru. People and senators, be not affrighted ;
Fly not; stand still: ambition’s debt 1s paid.
Casca. Go to the pulpit, Brutus.
Dee. And Cassius too.
Bru. Wnhere’s Publius?
Cin. Here, quite confounded with this mutiny.
Met. Stand fast together, lest some friend of Czsar’s
Should chance—
Bru. Talk not of standing. Publius, good cheer;
There is no harm intended to your person, go
Nor to no Roman else: so tell them, Publius.
Cas. And leave us, Publius; lest that the people,
Rushing on us, should do your age some mischief.
Bru. Do so: and let no man abide this deed,
But we the doers.

Re-enter TREBONIUS.

Cas. Where is Antony?

Tre. Fled to his house amazed:
Men, wives and children stare, cry out and run
As it were doomsday.

Bru. Fates, we will know your pleasures:
That we shall die, we know; ’tis but the time
And drawing days out, that men stand upon. 100

Casca. Why, he that cuts off twenty years of life
Cuts off so many years of fearing death.Scene 1.] JULIUS CAESAR. 45
Sru. Grant that, and then is death a benefit:
So are we Czsar’s friends, that have abridged
His time of fearing death. Stoop, Romans, stoop,
And let us bathe our hands in Cxsars blood
Up to the elbows, and besmear our swords:
Then walk we forth, even to the market-place,
And, waving our red weapons o’er our heads,
Let’s all cry “ Peace, freedom and liberty !” II¢
Cas. Stoop, then, and wash. How many ages hence
Shall this our lofty scene be acted over
In states unborn and accents yet unknown!
Bru. How many times shall Cesar bleed in sport,
That now on Pompey’s basis lies along
No worthier than the dust!
Cas. So oft as that shall be,
So often shall the knot of us be call’d
The men that gave their country liberty.
Dec. What, shall we forth?
Cas. Ay, every man away:
Brutus shall lead; and we will grace his heels 12:
With the most boldest and best hearts of Rome.

Enter a Servant.

Bru. Soft! who comes here? A friend of Antony’s.
Serv. Thus, Brutus, did my master bid me kneel ;

Thus did Mark Antony bid me fall down;

And, being prostrate, thus he bade me say:

Brutus is noble, wise, valiant, and honest;

Czesar was mighty, bold, royal, and loving:

Say I love Brutus, and I honour him;

Say I feard Czsar, honourd him and loved him.

If Brutus will vouchsafe that Antony 130

May safely come to him, and be resolved

How Cesar hath deserved to lie in death,

Mark Antony shall not love Cesar dead

So well as Brutus living; but will follow

The fortunes and affairs of noble Brutus

Thorough the hazards of this untrod state

With all true faith. So says my master Antony.
Bru. Thy master is a wise and valiant Roman;

I never thought him worse.

Tell him, so please him come unto this place, 140

He shall be satisfied; and, by my honour,

Depart untouch’d. i te
Serv. I'll fetch him presently. [Zxzz.46 JULIUS CAESAR. [Act III.

Bru. 1 know that we shall have him well to fnend.
Cas. I wish we may: but yet have I a mind

That fears him much; and my misgiving still

Falls shrewdly to the purpose.
Bru. But here comes Antony.

Re-enter ANTONY.

Welcome, Mark Antony.
Ant. O mighty Cesar! dost thou lie so low?
Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils,
Shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee well. 150
I know not, gentlemen, what you intend,
Who else must be let blood, who else is rank:
If I myself, there is no hour so fit
As Cesar’ death hour, nor no instrument
Of half that worth as those your swords, made rich
With the most noble blood of all this world.
I do beseech ye, if you bear me hard,
Now, whilst your purpled hands do reek and smoke,
Fulfil your pleasure. Live a thousand years,
I shall not find myself so apt to die: 160
No place will please me so, no mean of death,
As here by Cesar, and by you cut off,
The choice and master spirits of this age.
Bru. O Antony, beg not your death of us.
Though now we must appear bloody and cruel,
As, by our hands and this our present act,
You see we do, yet see you but our hands
And this the bleeding business they have done:
Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful ;
And pity to the general wrong of Rome— 170
As fire drives out fire, so pity pity—
Hath done this deed on Cesar. For your part,
To you our swords have leaden points, Mark Antony:
Our arms, in strength of malice, and our hearts
Of brothers’ temper, do receive you in
With all kind love, good thoughts, and reverence.
Cas. Your voice shall be as strong as any man’s
In the disposing of new dignities.
Bru. Only be patient till we have appeased
The multitude, beside themselves with fear, 180
And then we will deliver you the cause,
Why I, that did love Czsar when | struck him,
Have thus proceeded.
Ant. I doubt not of your wisdom.Scene 1.] JULIUS CAESAR. 47
Let each man render me his bloody hand:

First, Marcus Brutus, will I shake with you;

Next, Caius Cassius, do I take your hand;

Now, Decius Brutus, yours ; now yours, Metellus;
Yours, Cinna; and, my valiant Casca, yours:
Though last, not least in love, yours, good Trebonius.
Gentlemen all,—alas, what shall | Say?

My credit now stands on such slippery ground,

That one of two bad Ways you must conceit me,
Either a coward or a flatterer.

That I did love thee, Ceesar, O, ’t is true:

If then thy spirit look upon us now,

Shall it not grieve thee dearer than thy death

To see thy Antony making his peace,

Shaking the bloody fingers of thy foes,

Most noble! in the presence of thy corse?

Had I as many eyes as thou hast wounds, 200
Weeping as fast as they stream forth thy blood,

It would become me better than to close

In terms of friendship with thine enemies.

Pardon me, Julius! Here wast thou bayd, brave hart;
Here didst thou fall; and here thy hunters stand,
Sign’d in thy spoil, and crimson’d in thy lethe.

O world, thou wast the forest to this hart ;

And this, indeed, O world, the heart of thee.

How like a deer, strucken by imeny princes,

Dost thou here lie!

Cas. Mark Antony,—

Ant. Pardon me, Caius Cassius:
The enemies of Czsar shall say this;

Then, in a friend, it is cold modesty.

Cas. | blame you not for praising Czesar SO;
But what compact mean you to have with us?
Will you be prick’d in number of our friends;
Or shall we on, and not depend on you?

Ant. Therefore I took your hands, but was, indeed,
Sway’d from the point, by looking down on Cesar.
Friends am I with you ail and love you all, 22¢
Upon this hope, that you shall give me reasons
Why and wherein Casar was dangerous.

Bru. Or else were this a savage spectacle:

Our reasons are so full of good regard
That were you, Antony, the son of Ceesar,
You should be satisfied.

Ant. That’s all I seek:

190

N
kt
Q48 JULIUS CASAR. fAct III.

And am moreover suitor that | may
Produce his body to the market-place ;
And in the pulpit, as becomes a friend,

Speak in the order of his funeral. 230
Bru. You shall, Mark Antony.
Cas. Brutus, a word with you.

[Aside to Bru.] You know not what you do: do not consent
That Antony speak in his funeral:
Know you how much the people may be moved
By that which he will utter?
Bru. By your pardon ;
I will myself into the pulpit first,
And show the reason of our Ceesar’s death:
What Antony shall speak, I will protest
He speaks by leave and by permission,
And that we are contented Ceesar shall 246
Have all true rites and lawful ceremonies.
It shall advantage more than do us wrong.
Cas. I know not what may fall; I like it not.
Bru. Mark Antony, here, take you Czesar’s body.
You shall not in your funeral speech blame us,
But speak all good you can devise of Czesar,
And say you do’t by our permission ;
Else shall you not have any hand at all
About his funeral: and you shall speak

in the same pulpit whereto I am going, 250
After my speech is ended.
Ant. Be it so;

I do desire no more.
Bru. Prepare the body then, and follow us
[Exeunt all but Antony.
Ant. O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
That ever lived in the tide of times.
Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood!
Over thy wounds now do I prophesy,—
Which, like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips, 26¢e
To beg the voice and utterance of my tongue—
A curse shall light upon the limbs of men*
Domestic fury and fierce civil strife
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy ;
Blood and destruction shall be so in use
And dreadful objects so familiar
That mothers shall but smile when they beholdScene 2.] JULIUS CASSAR. 49
Their infants quarterd with the hands of war;

All pity choked with custom of fell deeds:

And Ceesar’s spirit, ranging for revenge, 270
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,

Shall in these confines with a monarch’s voice

Cry “ Havoc,” and let slip the dogs of war;

That this foul deed shall smell above the earth

With carrion men, groaning for burial.

Enter a Servant.

You serve Octavius Czsar, do you not?
Serv. I do, Mark Antony.
Ant.’ Cesar did write for him to come te Rome.
Serv. He did receive his letters, and is coming ;
And bid me say to you by word of mouth— 280
O Cesar !— [Seeing the body.
Ant. Thy heart is big, get thee apart and Weep.
Passion, I see, is catching; for mine eyes,
Seeing those beads of sorrow stand in thine,
Began to water. Is thy master coming?
Serv. He lies to-night within seven leagues of Rome.
Ant. Post back with speed, and tell him what hath
chanced:
Here is a mourning Rome, a dangerous Rome,
No Rome of safety for Octavius yet;
Hie hence, and tell him so. Yet, stay awhile; 290
Thou shalt not back till I have borne this corse
Into the market-place: there shall I try,
In my oration, how the people take
The cruel issue of these bloody men;
According to the which, thou shalt discourse
To young Octavius of the state of things.
Lend me your hand. |Exeunt with Cesar body.

SCENE II. Zhe Forum.
Enter BRUTUS and CASSIUS, and a throng of Citizens.

Citizens. We will be satisfied ; let us be satisfied.
Bru. Then follow me, and give me audience, friends.
Cassius, go you into the other street,
And part the numbers.
Those that will hear me speak, let ’em stay here;
Those that will follow Cassius, go with him:
( Ses)50 JULIUS CARSAR. [Act III.

And public reasons shall be rendered
Of Czesar’s death.

First Cit. I will hear Brutus speak.
Sec. Cit. J will hear Cassius; and compare their reasons,
When severally we hear them rendered. 10

[Exit Cassius, with some of the Citizens.
Brutus goes into the pulpit.
Third Cit. The noble Brutus is ascended: silence!
Bru. Be patient till the last.
Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and
be silent, that you may hear: believe me for mine honour, and
have respect to mine honour, that you may believe: censure
me in your wisdom, and awake your senses, that you may the
better judge. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend
of Czesar’s, to him I say, that Brutus’ love to Cesar was no
less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus rose
against Ceesar, this is my answer:—Not that I loved Cesar
less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Cesar
were living and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to
live all free men? As Cesar loved me, I weep for him; as
he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour
him: but, as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears
for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and
death for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a
bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is
here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for
him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love
his country? If any, speak; fer him have I| offended. I pause
for a reply. 37

All. None, Brutus, none.

Bru. Then none have I offended. I have done no more
to Caesar than you shall do to Brutus. The question of his
death is enrolled in the Capitol; his glory not extenuated,
wherein he was worthy, nor his offences enforced, for which
he suffered death. 44

Enter ANTONY and others, with CSAR’S body.

Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony: who, though
he had no hand in his death, shall receive the benefit of his
dying, a place in the commonwealth; as which of you shall
not? With this | depart,—that, as I slew my best lover for
the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for myself, when
it shall please my country to need my death. 52
All. Live, Brutus! live, live!

first Czz. Bring him with triumph home unto his house.Scene 2.] JULIUS CASAR.

5:

Sec. Cit. Give him a statue with his ancestors.

Third Cit. Let him be Cesar.

Fourth Cit. Czsar’s better parts
Shall be crown’d in Brutus.

First Cit. We’ll bring him to his house
With shouts and clamours.

Bru. My countrymen,—

Sec. Cit. Peace, silence! Brutus speaks.

First Cit. Peace. ho!

Bru. Good countrymen, let me depart alone, 60

And, for my sake, stay here with Antony:
Do grace to Cesar’s corpse, and grace his speech
Tending to Czsar’s glories; which Mark Antony,
By our permission, is allow’d to make.
I do entreat you, not a man depart,
Save I alone, till Antony have spoke. [Axcz.
First Cit. Stay, ho! and let us hear Mark Antony.
Lhird Cit. Let him go up into the public chair;
We'll hear him. Noble Antony, go up. 69
Ant. For Brutus’ sake, I am beholding to you.
[Goes into the pulpit.
fourth Cit. What does he say of Brutus?
Third Cit. He says, for Brutus’ sake,
He finds himself beholding to us all.
fourth Cit.’T were best he speak no harm of Brutus here,
first Cit. This Czesar was a tyrant.
Third Cit. Nay, that’s certain;
We are blest that Rome is rid of him.
Sec. Cz¢. Peace! let us hear what Antony can say.
Ant. You gentle Romans,—
Citizens. Peace, ho! let us hear him
Ant. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me vour ears;
I come to bury Cesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them; 80
The good is oft interred with their bones ;
So let it be with Czsar. The noble Brutus
Hath told you Czsar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Czsar answerd it.
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest—
For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all, all honourable men—
Come I to speak in Czsar’s funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me: oC
But Brutus says he was ambitious ;SE eee

52 JULIUS CAESAR. (Act III,

And Brutus is an honourable man.

He hath brought many captives home to Rome,

Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:

Did this in Cassar seem ambitious?

When that the poor have cried, Czesar hath wept:

Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious ;

And Brutus is an honourable man.

You all did see that on the Lupercal 100

I thrice presented him a kingly crown,

Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious ;

And, sure, he is‘an honourable man.

I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,

But here I am to speak what I do know.

You all did love him once, not without cause:

What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?

O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,

And men have lost their reason. Bear with me; IIo

My.heart is in the coffin there with Cesar,

And I must pause till it come back to me.
First Cit. Methinks there is much reason in his-sayings.
Sec. Cit. If thou consider rightly of the matter,

Czesar has had great wrong.
Third Cit. Has he, masters?

I fear there will a worse come in his place.
Fourth Cit. Mark’d ye his words? He would not take the

crown ;

Therefore ’t is certain he was not ambitious.
first Czt. If it be found so, some will dear abide it. I19
Sec. Cz¢. Poor soul! his eyes are red as fire with weeping.
Third Cit. There’s not a nobler man in Rome than Antony.
fourth Cit. Now mark him, he begins again to speak.
Axt. But yesterday the word of Czesar might

Have stood against the world; now lies he there,

And none so poor to do him reverence.

O masters, if I were disposed to stir

Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,

I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,

Who, you all know, are honourable men:

I will not do them wrong; I rather choose 130

To wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you,

Than I will wrong such honourable men. |

But here’s a parchment with the seal of Cesar;

I found it in his closet, ’tis his will:Scene 2.] JULIUS CASAR. 53
Let but the commons hear this testament—
Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read—
And they would go and kiss dead Czesars wounds
And dip their napkins in his sacred blood,
Yea, beg a hair of him for memory,
And, dying, mention it within their wills, 140
Bequeathing it as a rich legacy
Unto their issue.
fourth Cit. We'll hear the will: read it, Mark Anteny.
All. The will, the will! we will hear Cesar’ will.
Ant. Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it;
It is not meet you know how Cesar loved you.
You are not wood, you are not stones, but men ;
And, being men, hearing the will of Czesar,
It will inflame you, it will make you mad:
*T is good you know not that you are his heirs ; 150
For, if you should, O, what would come of it!
fourth Cit. Read the will; we’ll hear it, Antony ;
You shall read us the will, Czesar’s will.
Ant. Will you be patient? will you stay awhile?
I have o’ershot myself to tell you of it:
I fear I wrong the honourable men
Whose daggers have stabb’d Cesar; I do fear it.
fourth Cit. They were traitors: honourable men!
All, The will! the testament!
Sec. Czt. They were villains, murderers: the will! read
the will. 160
Ant. You will compel me, then, to read the will?
Then make a ring about the corpse of Czesar,
And let me show you him that made the will.
Shall I descend? and will you give me;leave?
Several Cit. Come down. ° .
Sec. Czt. Descend.
Third Cit. You shall have leave. [Antony comes down.
fourth Cit. A ring; stand round.
first Czt. Stand from the hearse, stand from the body.
Sec. Cit. Room for Antony, most/noble Antony. 170
Ant. Nay, press not sc upon me; stand far off.
Several Cit. Stand back; room; bear back.
Ant. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
You all do know this mantle: I remember
The first time ever Cesar put it on;
*T was on a summer’s evening, in his tent,
That day he overcame the Nervil:
Look, in this place ran Cassius’ dagger through:

e L54 JULIUS CAESAR. (Act III.

See what a rent the envious Casca made:
Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb’d ; 180
And as he pluck’d his cursed steel away,
Mark how the blood of Cesar follow’d it,
As rushing out of doors, to be resolved
If Brutus so unkindly knockd, or no;
For Brutus, as you know, was Cesar’s angel:
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Czesar loved him!
This was the most unkindest cut of all;
For when the noble Cesar saw him stab,
Ingratitude, more strong than traitors’ arms,
Quite vanquish’d him: then burst his mighty heart; 190
And, in his mantle muffling up his face,
Even at the base of Pompey’s statué,
Which all the while ran blood, great Cezesar fell.
O, what a fall was there, my countrymen!
Then I, and you, and all of us fell down,
Whilst bloody treason flourish’d over us.
O, now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity: these are gracious drops.
Kind souls, what, weep you when you but behold
Our Cesar’s vesture wounded? Look you here, 20¢
Here is himself, marrd, as you see, with traitors.
First Cit. O piteous spectacle!
Sec. Cit. O noble Czesar!
Third Cit. O woful day!
Fourth Cit. O traitors, villains!
First Cit. O most bloody sight!
Sec. Cz¢. We will be revenged.
All, Revenge! About! Seek! Burm! Fire! Kill! Slay!
Let not a traitot lived
Ant. Stay, cduntryxgen. 210
first Cit. Peace there! hear the noble Antony.
ae Cz¢. We’ll hear him, we’ll follow him, we’ll die with
1m.
Ant. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up
To such a sudden flood of mutiny.
They that have done this deed are honourable:
What private griefs they have, alas, I know not,
That made them do it: they are wise and honourable,
And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you.
I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts: 220
I am no orator, as Brutus is;
But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man,
That love my friend; and that they know full wellScene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR, 55

That gave me public leave to speak of him:
For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,
Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,
To stir men’s blood: I only speak right on;
I tell you that which you yourselves do know;
Show you sweet Czsar’s wounds, poor poor dumb mouths,
And bid them speak for me: but were | Brutus, 230
And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony
Would ruffle up your spirits and put a tongue
In every wound of Czsar that should move
The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.
All. We'll mutiny.
first Crt. Well burn the house of Brutus.
Third Cit. Away, then! come, seek the conspirators.
Ant. Yet hear me, countrymen; yet hear me speak.
All. Peace, ho! Hear Antony. Most noble Antony!
Ant. Why, friends, you go to do you kr.ow not what:
Wherein hath Ceesar thus deserved your loves? 241
Alas, you know not: I must tell you, then:
You have forgot the will I told you of.
All. Most true. The will! Let’s stay and hear the will.
Ant. Here is the will, and under Czesar’s seal.
To every Roman citizen he gives,
To every several man, seventy five drachmas.
Sec. Cit. Most noble Cesar! We’ll revenge his death.
Third Cit. O royal Cesar!
Ant. Hear me with patience. 25
All. Peace, ho!
Ant. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks,
His private arbours and new-planted orchards,
On this side Tiber; he hath left them you,
And to your heirs for ever, common pleasures,
To walk abroad, and recreate yourselves.
Here was a Czesar! when comes such another?
First Cit. Never, never. Come, away, away!
We'll burn his body in the holy place,
And with the brands fire the traitors’ houses. 260
Take up the body.
Sec. Czt. Go fetch fire.
Third Cit. Pluck down benches. :
fourth Cit. Pluck down forms, windows, any thing.
[Exeunt Citizens with the body.
Ant. Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot,
Take thou what course thou wilt!56 JULIUS CASAR. [Act III.

Enter a Servant.
How now, fellow!

Serv. Sir, Octavius is already come to Rome.

Ant. Where is he?

Serv. He and Lepidus are at Czsar’s house.

Anz. And thither will I straight to visit him: 270
Fe comes upon a wish. Fortune is merry,
And in this mood will give us any thing.

Serv. I heard him say, Brutus ‘and Cassius
Are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome.

Ant. Belike they had some notice of the people,
How I had moved. them. Bring me to Octavius. [2 veunt.

SCENE III. A stveed.

Enter CINNA the poet.

Cin. 1 dreamt to-night that I did feast with Cesar,
And things unluckily charge my fantasy:
I have no will to wander forth of doors,
Yet something leads me forth.

Enter Citizens.

First Cit. What is your name?

Sec. Cit. Where do you dwell?

Third Cit. Whither are you going?

Fourth Cit. Are youa married man or a bachelor?

Sec. Cit. Answer every man directly. 10

First Cit. Ay, and briefly.

Fourth Cit. Ay, and wisely.

Third Cit. Ay, and truly, you were best.

Cin. What is my name? Whither am I going? Where
do I dwell? Am I amarried man ora bachelor? Then, to
answer ety. man directly and briefly, wisely and truly :
wisely I say, I am a bachelor.

Sec. Cit. That’s as much as to say, they are fools that
marry: you ’ll bear me a bang for that, I fear. Proceed;
directly. 21

Cin. Directly, | am going to Czesar’s funeral.

first Cit. As a friend or an enemy?

Cin. As a friend.

Sec. Czt. That matter is answered directly.

fourth Cit. For your dwelling,—briefly.

Czm. Briefly, I dwell by the Capitol.Scene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR, 57

Third Cit. Your name, sir, truly,

Czn. Truly, my name is Cinna.

first Cit. Tear him to pieces; he’s a conspirator. 31

Czz. I am Cinna the poet, I am Cinna the poet.

Fourth Cit. Tear him for his bad verses, tear him for his
bad verses.

Czz. I am not Cinna the conspirator.

fourth Cit. \t is no matter, his name’s Cinna: pluck but
his name out of his heart, and turn him going.

Lhird Cit. Tear him, tear him! Come, brands, ho! fire-
yrands: to Brutus’, to Cassius’; burn all: some to Decius’
house, and some to Casca’s; some to Ligarius’: away, go!

[| Exeunt.

AC LEV.
SCENE I. A house in Rome.
ANTONY, OCTAVIUS, azd LEPIDUS, seated at a table.

Ant. These many, then, shall die; their names are
prick’d.
Oct. Your brother too must die; consent you, Lepidus?
Lep. 1 do consent,—
Oct. Prick him down, Antony.
Lep. Upon condition Publius shall not live,
Who is your sister’s son, Mark Antony.
Ant. He shall not live; look, with a spot I condemn him
But, Lepidus, go you to Czsars house;
Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine
How to cut off some charge in legacies.
Lep. What, shall I find you here? Ic
Oct. Or here, or at the Capitol. [Lxit Lepidus.
Ant. This is a slight unmeritable man,
Meet to be sent on errands: is it fit,
The three-fold world divided, he should stand
One of the three to share it?
Oct. So you thought him ;
And took his voice who should be prick’d to die,
In our black sentence and proscription.
Ant. Octavius, I have seen more days than you:
And though we lay these honours on this man,
To ease ourselves of divers slanderous loads,
He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold,
To groan and sweat under the business,JULIUS CAESAR.

 

58

Either led or driven, as we point the way ;
And having brought our treasure where we will,
Then take we down his load, and turn him off,
Like to the empty ass, to shake his ears,
And graze in commons.
Oct. You may do your will;
But he’s a tried and valiant soldier.
Ant. So is my horse, Octavius; and for that
I do appoint him store of provender: 30
It is a creature that I teach to fight,
To wind, to stop, to run directly on,
His corporal motion govern’d by my spirit.
And, in some taste, is Lepidus but so;
He must be taught and train’d and bid go forth;
A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds
On abjects, orts and imitations,
Which, out of use and staled by other men,
Begin his fashion: do not talk of him,
But as a property. And now, Octavius, 40
Listen great things :—Brutus and Cassius
Are levying powers: we must straight make head:
Therefore let our alliance be combined,
Our best friends made secure, our means stretch’d out;
And let us presently go sit in council,
How covert matters may be best disclosed,
And open perils surest answered.
Oct. Let us do so: for we are at the stake,
And bay’d about with many enemies ;
And some that smile have in their hearts, I fear, 50
Millions of mischiefs. [A xeunt.

SCENE II. Camp near Sardis. Before Brutus’s tent.

Drum. Enter BRuUTuS, LucILius, Lucius, avd Soldiers;
TITINIUS and PINDARUS meeting them.

Bru. Stand, ho!
Lucil. Give the word, ho! and stand.
Bru. What now, Lucilius! is Cassius near?
Lucil. He is at hand; and Pindarus is come
To do you salutation from his master.
Bru. He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus,
In his own change, or by ill officers,
Hath given me some worthy cause to wish
Things done, undone: but, if he be at hand,
1 shall be satisfied.Scene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR. 59
Pin. I do not doubt 10
But that my noble master will appear
Such as he is, full of regard and honour.
Bru. He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius;
How he received you, let me be resolved.
Lucil, With courtesy and with respect enough;
But not with such familiar instances,
Nor with such free and friendly conference,
As he hath used of old.
Bru. Thou hast described
A hot friend cooling: ever note, Lucilius,
When love begins to sicken and decay, 20
It useth an enforced ceremony.
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith ;
But hollow men, like horses hot at hand,
Make gallant show and promise of their mettle ;
But when they should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades,
Sink in the trial. Comes his army on?
Lucil. They mean this night in Sardis to be quarterd ;
The greater part, the horse in general,
Are come with Cassius.
Bru. Hark! he is arrived. 30
[Low march within.
March gently on to ineet him.

Enter CASSIUS and his powers.

Cas. Stand, ho!

Bru. Stand, ho! Speak the word along.

first Sol. Stand!

Sec. Sol. Stand!

Third Sol. Stand!

Cas. Most noble brother, you have done me wrong.

Bru. Judge me, you gods! wrong I mine enemies?
And, if not so, how should I wrong a brother?

Cas. Brutus, this sober form of yours hides wrongs; 4e
And when you do them—
Bru. Cassius, be content;

Speak your griefs softly: I do know you well.
Before the eyes of both our armies here,
Which should perceive nothing but love from us,
Let us not wrangle: bid them move away ;
Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs,
And I will give you audience.

Cas. Pindarus,————————

   
   
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
    

60 JULIUS CAESAR. [Act IV.

Bid our commanders lead their charges off
A little from this ground.

Bru. Lucilius, do you the like; and let no man 50
Come to our tent till we have done our conference.
Let Lucius and Titinius guard our door. [Axeunt.

SCENE III. SBrutus’s ter*.

Enter BRUTUS and CASSIUS.

Cas. That you have wrong’d me doth appear in this:
You have condemn’d and noted Lucius Pella
For taking bribes here of the Sardians ;

Wherein my letters, praying on his side,
Because I knew the man, were slighted off.

Bru. You wrong’d yourself to write in such a case.

Cas. In such a time as this it ts not meet
That every nice offence should bear his comment.

Bru. Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself |
Are much condemn’d to have an itching palm ; To
To sell and mart your offices for gold
To undeservers.

Cas. I an itching palm!

You know that you are Brutus that speak this,
Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last.

Bru. The name of Cassius honours this corruption,
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.

Cas. Chastisement!

Bru. Remember March, the ides of March remember:
Did not great Julius bleed for justice sake?

What villain touch’d his body, that did stab, 20
And not for justice? What, shall one of us,

That struck the foremost man of all this world

But for supporting robbers, shall we now

Contaminate our fingers with base bribes,

And sell the mighty space of our large honours

For so much trash as may be grasped thus?

I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon,

Than such a Roman.

Cas. : Brutus, bay not me;
1’ll not endure it: you forget yourself,
To hedge me in; I ama soldier, I, 30

Older in practice, abler than yourself
To make conditions.
Bru. Go to; you are not, Cassius.Scene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR. 61

Cas I am,
Bru. 1 say you are not.
Cas. Urge me no more, I shall forget myself;
Have mind upon your health, tempt me no farther.
Bru. Away, slight man!
Cas. Is’t possible?
Bru. Hear me, for I will speak.
Must I give way and room to your rash choler?
Shall I be fnghted when a madman stares? 40
Cas. O ye gods, ye gods! must I endure all this?
ru. All this! ay, more: fret till your proud heart break;
Go show your slaves how choleric you are,
And make your bondmen tremble. Must I budge?
Must I ebserve you? must I stand and crouch
Under your testy humour? By the gods,
You shall digest the venom of your spleen,
Though it do split you; for, from this day forth,
Ill use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter,
When you are waspish.
Cas. Is it come to this? 50
Bru You say you are a better soldier;
Let it appear so; make your vaunting true,
And it shall please me well: for mine own part,
I shall be glad to learn of noble men.
Cas. You wrong me every way; you wrong me, Brutus;
I said, an elder soldier, not a better:
Did I say ‘better’?
Bru. If you did, I care not.
Cas. When Cesar lived, he durst not thus have moved me.
Lru. Peace, peace! you durst not so have tempted him.

Cas. I durst not! 60
Bru. No.

Cas. What, durst not tempt him!

Bru. For your life you durst not.

Cas. Do not presume too much upon my love;
. may do that I shall be sorry for.
Bru. You have done that you should be sorry for.
There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats,
For I am arm’d so strong in honesty
That they pass by me as the idle wind,
Which I respect not. I did send to you
For certain sums of gold, which you denied me: 7c
For I can raise no money by vile means:
By heaven, I had rather coin my heart,
And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wringee JULIUS CAESAR.

 

From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash
By any indirection: I did send
To you for gold to pay my legions,
Which you denied me: was that done like Casstus?
Should I have answer’d Caius Cassius so?
When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous,
To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 80
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts ;
Dash him to pieces!
Cas. I denied you not.
Bru. You did.
Cas. I did not: he was but a fool that brought
My answer back. Brutus hath rived my heart:
A friend should bear his friend’s infirmities,
But Brutus makes mine greater than they are.
Bru. 1 do not, till you practise them on me.
Cas. You love me not.
Bru. I do not like your faults.
Cas. A friendly eye could never see such faults. go
Bru. A flatterer’s would not, though they do appear
As huge as high Olympus.
Cas. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come,
Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius,
For Cassius is aweary of the world:
Hated by one he loves; braved by his brother;
Check’d like a bondman; all his faults observed,
Set in a note-book, learn’d, and conn’d by rote,
To cast into my teeth. O, I could weep
My spirit from mine eyes! There is my dagger, 100
And here my naked breast; within, a heart
Dearer than Plutus’ mine, richer than gold:
If that thou be’st a Roman, take it forth;
I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart:
Strike, as thou didst at Cesar; for, I know,
When thou didst hate him worst, thou lovedst him better
Than ever thou lovedst Cassius.
Bru. Sheathe your dagger:
Be angry when you will, it shall have scope;
Do what you will, dishonour shall be humour.
O Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb 110
That carries anger as the flint bears fire;
Who, much enforced, shows a hasty spark,
And straight is cold again.
Cas. Hath Cassius lived
To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus,Scene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR. 6°

When grief, and blood ill-temper’d, vexeth him?
Bru. When I spoke that, I was ill-temperd too.
Cas. Do you confess so much? Give me your hand.
Bru. And my heart too.

Cas. O Brutus!
Bri. What’s the matter?
Cas. Have not you love enough to bear with me,
When that rash humour which my mother gave me 1z0
Makes me forgetful?
Bru. Yes, Cassius; and, from henceforth,

When you are over-earnest with your Brutus,
He’ll think your mother chides, and leave vou so.
Poet. |W2thin| Let me go in to see the generals;
There is some grudge between em, tis not meet
They be alone.
Luctl. | Wzthin] You shall not come to them.
Poet. | Within] Nothing but death shall stay me.

Enter Poet, followed by LUCILIUS, TITINIUS, azd LUCIUS.

Cas. How now! what’s the matter?

Poet. For shame, you generals! what do you mean? 136
Love, and be friends, as two such men should be; :
For I have seen more years, I’m sure, than ye.

Cas. Ha, ha! how vilely doth this cynic rhyme!

Bru. Get you hence, sirrah; saucy fellow, hence!

Cas. Bear with him, Brutus; ’tis his fashion.

Bru. 1711 know his humour, when he knows his time:
What should the wars do with these jigging fools?
Companion, hence !

Cas. Away, away, be gone! [Exzt Poet.

Sru. Lucilius and Titinius, bid the commanders
Prepare to lodge their companies to-night. I4c

Cas. And come yourselves, and bring Messala with you
Immediately to us. [Axeunt Lucilius and Titinius.

Bru. Lucius, a bowl of wine! [Exzt Lucius.

Cas. I did not think you could have been so angry.

Bru. O Cassius, I am sick of many griefs.

Cas. Of your philosophy you make no use,

If you give place to accidental evils.

Bru. No man bears sorrow better. Portia is dead.

{as Ha! Portia!

Bru. She is dead. :

Cas. How’scaped I killire when I cross’d you sof
O insupportable and touching loss!

Upon what sickness?

m4
Lt
964 JULIUS CAESAR. (Act IV.
Bru. Impatient of my absence,
And grief that young Octavius with Mark Antony
Have made themselves so strong :—for with her death
That tidings came ;—with this she fell distract,
And, her attendants absent, swallow’d fire.
Cas. And died so?
Bru Even so.
Cas. O ye immortal gods!

Re-enter LUCIUS, with wine and taper.

Bru. Speak no more of her. Give me a bowl of wine.
In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius.

Cas. My heart is thirsty for that noble pledge. 160
Fill, Lucius, till the wine o’erswell the cup;
I cannot drink too much of Brutus’ love.

Bru. Come in, Titinius! [Lact Lucius.

Re-enter TITINIUS, with MESSALA.
Welcome, good Messala.
Now sit we close about this taper here,
And call in question our necessities.
Cas. Portia, art thou gone?
Bru. No more, I pray you.
Messala, I have here received letters,
That young Octavius and Mark Antony
Come down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expedition toward Philippi. 170
Mes. Myself have letters of the selfsame tenour.
Bru. With what addition?
Mes. That by proscription and bills of outlawry,
Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus,
Have put to death an hundred senators.
Bru. Therein our letters do not well agree;
Mine speak of seventy senators that died
By their proscription, Cicero being one.
Cas. Cicero one!
Mes. Cicero is dead,
And by that order of proscription. 180
Had you your letters from your wife, my lord?
Bru. No, Messala.
Mes. Nor nothing in your letters writ of her?
Bru. Nothing, Messala.
Mes. That, methinks, is strange.
Bru. Why ask you? hear you aught of her in yeurs?
Mes. No, my lord.Scene 3.] JULIUS CASAR.

Bru. Now, as you are a Roman, tell me true.
_Mes. Then like a Roman bear the truth I tell;
f or certain she is dead, and by strange manner.
Bru. Why, farewell, Portia. We must die, Messala: 190
With meditating that she must die once,
I have the patience to endure it now.
Jes. Even so great men great losses should endure,
Cas. I have as much of this in art as you,
But yet my nature could not bear it so.
Bru. Well, to our work alive. What do you think
Of marching to Philippi presently?
Cas. I do not think it good.
Bru. Your reason?
Cas. This it is:
'T is better that the enemy seek us:
So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers, 200
Doing himself offence ; whilst we, lying still
Are full of rest, defence, and nimbleness.
Bru. Good reasons must, of force, give place to better.
The people ’twixt Philippi and this ground
Do stand but in a forced affection ;
For they have grudged us contribution:
The enemy, marching along by them,
By them shall make a fuller number up,
Come on refresh’d, new-added, and encouraged ;
From which advantage shall we cut him off, 210
If at Philippi we do face him there,
These people at our back.
Cas. Hear me, good brother.
Sru. Under your pardon. You must note beside
That we have tried the utmost of our friends,
Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe:
The enemy increaseth every day;
We, at the height, are ready to decline.
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life 220
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.
On such a full sea are we now afloat;
And we must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures.
Cas. Then, with your will, go on;
Weil along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi.
bru. The deep of night is crept upon our talk,
And nature must obey necessity ;

d66 JULIUS CESAR. [Act IV.

Which we will niggard with a little rest.

There is no more to say?
Cas. No more. Good night:

Early to-morrow will we rise, and hence. 230
Bru. Lucius! [Enter Lucius.| My gown. [Exit Luctus.]
Farewell, good Messala:
Good night, Titinius. Noble, noble Cassius,

Good night, and good repose.
Cas. O my dear brother!

This was an ill beginning of the night:
Never come such division ?tween our souls!
Let it not, Brutus.

Bru. Every thing is well.

Cas. Good night, my lord.

Bru. Good night, good brother.
Tit. Mes. Good night, Lord Brutus.

Bru. Farewell, every one.

[Exeunt all but Brutus.

fe-enter LUCIUS, with the gown.

Give me the gown. Where is thy instrument?
iwc. Elere in the tent.

Bru. What, thou speak’st drowsily?
Poor knave, I blame thee not; thou art o’erwatch’d. 241

Call Claudius and some other of my men;
1’ll have them sleep on cushions in my tent.
Luc. Varro and Claudius!

Enter VARRO and CLAUDIUS.

Var. Calls my lord?
Bru. \ pray you, sirs, lie in my tent and sleep;
It may be I shall raise you by and by
On business to my brother Cassius.
Var. So please you, we will stand and watch your pleasure.
Bru. | will not have it so: lie down, good sirs; 250
it may be | shall otherwise bethink me.
Look, Lucius, here’s the book I sought for so;
I put it in the pocket of my gown.
| Var. and Clau. lie down.
Luc. | was sure your lordship did not give it me.
Sru,. Bear with me, good boy, I am much forgetful.
Canst thou hold up thy heavy eyes awhile,
And touch thy instrument a strain or two?
Luc. Ay, my lord, an’t please you.Scene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR.

67
Bru. It does, my boy:
I trouble thee too much, but thou art willing.
Luc. It is my duty, sir. 260

Bru. 1 should not urge thy duty past thy might;
{ know young bloods look for a time of rest.
Luc. I have slept, my lord, already.
ru. It was well done; and thou shalt sleep again;
I will not hold thee long: if I do live,
I will be good to thee. (Music, and a song
This is a sleepy tune. O murderous slumber,
Lay’st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy,
That plays thee music? Gentle knave, good night;
I will not do thee so much wrong to wake thee: 270
If thou dost nod, thou break’st thy instrument;
I'll take it from thee; and, good boy, good night.
Let me see, let me see; is not the leaf turn’d down
Where I left reading? Here it is, I think.

Enter the Ghost of CESAR.

How ill this taper burns! Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou any thing?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,
That makest my blood cold and my hair to stare? 258.
Speak to me what thou art.
Ghost. Thy evil spirit, Brutus.
Bru. Why comest thou?
Ghost. To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.
Bru. Well; then I shall see thee again?
Ghost. Ay, at Philippi.
Bru. Why, I will see thee at Philippi, then. [Exz¢ Ghost.
Now I have taken heart thou vanishest:
Ill spirit, I would hold more talk with thee.
Boy, Lucius! Varro! Claudius! Sirs, awake! 290
Claudius!
Luc. The strings, my lord, are false.
Bru. He thinks he still is at his instrument.
Lucius, awake!
Luc. My lord? a
Bru. Didst thou dream, Lucius, that thou so cri“ ast out?
Luc. My lord, I do not know that I did cry.
Bru. Yes, that thou didst: didst thou see any thing?
Luc. Nothing, my lord.68 JULIUS CAESAR. [Act V.

“Bru. Sleep again, Lucius. Sirrah Claudius! [Zo Var]

 

Fellow thou, awake! 301
Var. My lord?
Clau. My lord?
Bru. Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep?
Var. Clau. Did we, my lord?
Bru. Ay: saw you any thing?
Var. No, my lord, I saw nothing.
Clau. Nor I, my lord.
Bru. Go and commend me to my brother Cassius ;
Bid him set on his powers betimes before, 308
And we will follow.
Var. Clau. It shall be done, my lord. [Exeunt.
ACT 'V.

ScENE I. The plains of Philippi.
Enter OCTAVIUS, ANTONY, and thetr Army.

Oct. Now, Antony, our hopes are answered:
You said the enemy would not come down,
But keep the hills and upper regions ;
It proves not so: their battles are at hand;
They mean to warn us at Philippi here,
Answering before we do demand of them.

Ant. Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know
Wherefore they do it: they could be content
To visit other places; and come down
With fearful bravery, thinking by this face Ie
To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
But ’t is not so.

Enter a Messenger.

Mess. Prepare you, generals:

The enemy comes on in gallant show;

Their bloody sign ot battle is hung out,

And something to be done immediately.
Ant. Octavius, lead your battle softly on,

Upon the left hand of the even field.
Oct. Upon the right hand I; keep thou the left.
Ant. Why do you cross me in this exigent? 1g
Oct. I do not cross you; but I will de so. [ March.Scene 1.] JULIUS CAESAR, 69

Drum. Enter BRUTUS, CASSIUS, and thetr Army ; LUCILIUs,
TITINIUS, MESSALA, and others.

Bru. They stand, and would have parley.
Cas. Stand fast, Titinius: we must out and talk.
Oct. Mark Antony, shall we give sign of battle?
Ant. No, Cesar, we will answer on their charge.
Make forth; the generals would have some words,
Oct. Stir not until the signal.
Bru. Words before blows: is it so, countrymen?
Oct. Not that we love words better, as you do.
Bru. Good words are better than bad strokes, Octavius.
Ant. In your bad strokes, Brutus, you give good words:

Witness the hole you made in Czesar’s heart, 31
Crying ‘Long live! hail, Czsar !
Cas. Antony,

The posture of your blows are yet unknown ;
But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
And leave them honeyless.

Ant. Not stingless too? *

Bru. O, yes, and soundless too;

For you have stol’n their buzzing, Antony,
And very wisely threat before you sting.

Ant. Villains, you did not so, when your vile daggers
Hack’d one another in the sides of Czesar: 40
You show’d your teeth like apes, and fawn’d like hounds,
And bow’d like bondmen, kissing Czesar’s feet;

Whilst damned Casca, like a cur, behind
Struck Czesar on the neck. O you flatterers!

Cas. Flatterers! Now, Brutus, thank yourself:

This tongue had not offended so to-day,
If Cassius might have ruled.

Oct. Come, come, the cause: if arguing make us sweat,

The proof of it will turn to redder drops.
Look; 5O
I draw a sword against conspirators ; ae
When think you that the sword goes up again?
Never, till Czesar’s three and thirty wounds
Be well avenged; or till another Cesar _
Have added slaughter to the sword of traitors.
Bru. Czesar, thou canst not die by traitors’ hands,
Unless thou bring’st them with thee.

Oct. Sol hope}

I was not born to die on Brutus’ sword.
Bru. O, if thou wert the noblest of thy strain,70 JULIUS CASAR. [Act V.
Young man, thou couldst not die more honourable. 60
Cas. A peevish schoolboy, worthless of such honour,
oin’d with a masker and a reveller!
Ant. Old Cassius still !
Oct. Come, Antony, away!
Defiance, traitors, hurl we in your teeth:
If you dare fight to-day, come to the field;
If not, when you have stomachs.
[Exeunt Octavius, Antony, and their army.
Cas. Why, now, blow wind, swell billow and swim bark!
The storm is up, and all is on the hazard.
Bru. Ho, Lucilius! hark, a word with you.
Lucil. [Standing forth| My lord?
[Brutus and Luctilius converse apart.
Cas. Messala!
Mes. [Standing forth] What says my general? 70
Cas. Messala,
This is my birth-day; as this very day
Was Cassius born. Give me thy hand, Messala:
Be thou my witness that against my will,
As Pompey was, am I compell’d to set
Upon one battle all our liberties.
You know that I held Epicurus strong
And his opinion: now I change my mind,
And partly credit things that do presage.
Coming from Sardis, on our former ensign 8e
Two mighty eagles fell, and there they perch’d,
Gorging and feeding from our soldiers’ hands:
Who to Philippi here consorted us:
This morning are they fled away and gone;
And in their steads do ravens, crows and kites,
Fly o’er our heads and downward look on us,
As we were sickly prey: their shadows seem
A canopy most fatal, under which
Our army lies, ready to give up the ghost.
Mes. Believe not so.
Cas. I but believe it partly ; 90
For I am fresh of spirit and resolved
To meet all perils very constantly.
Bru. Even so, Lucilius.
Cas. Now, most noble Brutus,
The gods to-day stand friendly, that we may,
Lovers in peace, lead on our days to age!
But since the affairs of men rest still incertain,
Let’s reason with the worst that may befall.Scene 2.] JULIUS CAESAR. 71
If we do lose this battle, then is this
The very last time we shall speak together:
What are you then determined to do?
Bru. Even by the rule of that philosophy
By which I did blame Cato for the death
Which he did give himself,—I know not how,
But I do find it cowardly and vile,
For fear of what might fall, so to prevent
The time of life,—arming myself with patience
To stay the providence of some high powers
That govern us below.
Cas. Then, if we lose this battle,
You are contented to be led in triumph
Through the streets of Rome? 110
Bru. No, Cassius, no: think not, thou noble Roman,
That ever Brutus will go bound to Rome;
He bears too great a mind. But this same day
Must end that work the ides of March begun;
And whether we shall meet again I know not,
Therefore our everlasting farewell take:
For ever, and for ever, farewell, Cassius!
If we do meet again, why, we shall smile;
If not, why then, this parting was well made.
Cas. For ever, and for ever, farewell, Brutus! 120
If we do meet again, we’ll smile indeed;
If not, ’tis true this parting was well made.
Bru. Why, then, lead on. O, that a man might know
The end of this day’s business ere it come!
But it sufficeth that the day will end,
And then the end is known. Come, ho! away! [Lxeunt.

Ioc

 

SCENE II. TZhesame. The field of battle.
Alarum. Enter BRUTUS and MESSALA.

Bru. Ride, ride, Messala, ride, and give these bills
Unto the legions on the other side. {Loud alarum.
Let them set on at once; for I perceive
But cold demeanour in Octavius’ wing,
And sudden push gives them the overthrow.
Ride, ride, Messala: let them all come down. [EZ xeunt.

SCENE III. Another part of the field.
Alarums. Enter CASSIUS and TITINIUS.

Cas. O, look, Titinius, look, the villains fly!
Myself have to mine own turn’d enemy:12 JULIUS CASAR. [Act V.

This ensign here of mine was turning back;
I slew the coward, and did take it from him.

Tit. O Cassius, Brutus gave the word too early;
Who, having some advantage on Octavius,
Took it too eagerly: his soldiers fell to spoil,
Whilst we by Antony are all enclosed.

Enter PINDARUS.

Pin. Fly further off, my lord, fly further off;
Mark Antony is in your tents, my lord: 10
Fly, therefore, noble Cassius, fly far off.
Cas. This hill is far enough. Look, look, Titinius ;
Are those my tents where I perceive the fire?
Tit. They are, my lord.
Cas. Titinius, if thou lovest me,
Mount thou my horse, and hide thy spurs in him,
Till he have brought thee up to yonder troops,
And here again; that I may rest assured
Whether yond troops are friend or enemy.
Tit. I will be here again, even with a thought. [ Lxct.
Cas. Go, Pindarus, get higher on that hill; 20
My sight was ever thick; regard Titinius,
And tell me what thou notest about the field.
[Pindarus ascends the hill.
This day I breathed first: time is come round,
And where I did begin, there shall I end;
My life is run his compass. Sirrah, what news?
Pin. [Above] O my lord!
Cas. What news?
Pin. | Adbove| Titinius is enclosed round about
With horsemen, that make to him on the spur;
Yet he spurs on. Now they are almost on him. 30
Now, Titinius! Now some light. O, he lights too.
He’s ta’en. [.Sout.] And, hark! they shout for joy.
Cas. Come down, behold no more.
O, coward that I am, to live so long,
To see my best friend ta’en before my face!

PINDARUS descends.
Come hither, sirrah:
In Parthia did I take thee prisoner ;
And then I swore thee, saving of thy life,
That whatsoever I did bid thee do,
Thou shouldst attempt it. Come now, keep thine oath; 40
Now be a freeman: and with this good swerd,Scene 3.] JULIUS CAESAR. 13
That ran through Czsar’s bowels, search this bosom,

Stand not to answer: here, take thou the hilts;

And, when my face is cover’d, as ’t is now,

<

Guide thou the sword. [Pindarus stabs him.| Cesar, thou
art revenged,
Even with the sword that kill’d thee. [ Dres.
Pin. So, Il am free; yet would not so have been,
Durst I have done my will. O Cassius,
Far from this country Pindarus shall run, 49
Where never Roman shall take note of him. [Zxée.

Re-enter TITINIUS with MESSALA.
Mes. It is but change, Titinius; for Octavius
Is overthrown by noble Brutus’ power,
As Cassius’ legions are by Antony.
Lz¢. These tidings will well comfort Cassius.
Mes. Where did you leave him?
Tit. All disconsolate,
With Pindarus his bondman, on this hill.
Mes. Is not that he that lies upon the ground?
fit. He lies not like the living. O my heart!
Mes. Is not that he?
Tz. No, this was he, Messala,
But Cassius is no more. O setting sun, 60
As in thy red rays thou dost sink to night,
So in his red blood Cassius’ day is set;
The sun of Rome is set! Our day is gone;
Clouds, dews, and dangers come; our deeds are done!
Mistrust of my success hath done this deed.
Mes. Mistrust of good success hath done this deed.
O hateful error, melancholy’s child,
Why dost thou show to the apt thoughts of men
The things that are not? O error, soon conceived,
Thou never comest unto a happy birth, 70
But kill’st the mother that engenderd thee!
Zz¢t. What, Pindarus! where art thou, Pindarus?
Mes. Seek him, itinius, whilst I go to meet
The noble Brutus, thrusting this report
Into his ears; I may gay, thrusting it;
For piercing steel and darts envenomed
Shall be as welcome to the ears of Brutus
As tidings of this sight.
Tit. Hie you, Messala,
And I will seek for Pindarus the while. == [A22¢ Messala.
Why didst thou send me forth, brave Cassius+ 8074 JULIUS CASaR. [Act V.
Did I not meet thy friends? and did not they

Put on my brows this wreath of victory,

And bid me give it thee? Didst thou not hear their shouts?
Alas, thou hast misconstrued every thing!

But, hold thee, take this garland on thy brow;

Thy Brutus bid me give it thee, and I

Will do his bidding. Brutus, come apace,

And see how I regarded Caius Cassius.

By your leave, gods :—this is a Roman’s part:

Come, Cassius’ sword, and find Titinius’ heart. 90
[Kills himself.

Alarum. Re-enter MESSALA, with BRUTUS, young CATO,
STRATO, VOLUMNIUS, and LUCILIUS.

Bru. Where, where, Messala, doth his body lie?
Mes. Lo, yonder, and Titinius mourning tt.
Bru. Titinius’ face is upward.
Cato. He is slain.
Bru. O Julius Czesar, thou art mighty yet!
\Thy spirit walks abroad, and turns our swords
Jn our own proper entrails. [Low alarums.
Cato. Brave Titinius!
Look, whether he have not crown’d dead Cassius !
Bru. Are yet two Romans living such as these:
The last of all the Romans, fare thee well!
It is impossible that ever Rome 100
Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe moe tears
To this dead man than you shall see me pay.
I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time.
Come, therefore, and to Thasos send his body:
His funerals shall not be in our camp,
Lest it discomfort us. Lucilius, come;
And come, young Cato; let us to the field.
Labeo and Flavius, set our battles on:
'T is three o’clock; and, Romans, yet cre night 109
We shall try fortune in a second fight. [EL xeuzze.

SCENE IV. Another pari of the field.

Alarum. Enter fighting. Soldiers of both armies; then
BRUTUS, young CATO, LUCILIUS, and others.

Bru. Yet, countrymen, O, yet hold up your heads!
Cato. What base man doth not? Who will go with me?
I will proclaim my name about the field:
I am the son of Marcus Cato, ho!Scene 5.]} JULIUS CASAR. 75
A foe to tyrants, and my country’s friend ;
I am the son of Marcus Cato, ho;
Bru. And I am Brutus, Marcus Brutus, I;
Brutus, my country’s friend ; know me for Brutus! [Zvd¢.
Lucil. O young and noble Cato, art thou down?
Why, now thou diest as bravely as Titinius ;

And mayst be honourd, being Cato’s son. ‘
First Sold. Yield, or thou diest.
Luci. Only I yield to die:
There is so much that thou wilt kill me straight;
|Ofering money.

Kill Brutus, and be honourd in his death.
first Sold. We must not. A noble prisoner!
Sec. Sold. Room, ho! Tell Antony, Brutus is ta’en.
First Sold. 17ii tell the news. Here comes the general.

Enter ANTONY.

Brutus is ta’en, Brutus is ta’en, my lord.
Ant. Where is he?
Luctl. Safe, Antony; Brutus is safe enough: 20
I dare assure thee that no enemy
Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus:
The gods defend him from so great a shame!
When you do find him, or alive or dead,
He will be found like Brutus, like himself.
Ant. This is not Brutus, friend; but, I assure you,
A prize no less in worth: keep this man safe;
Give him all kindness: I had rather have
Such men my friends than enemies. Go on,

And see whether Brutus be alive or dead; 30
And bring us word unto Octavius’ tent
How every thing is chanced. [Lxeunt.

SCENE V. Another part of the field.

Enter BRUTUS, DARDANIUS, CLITUS, STRATO, and
VOLUMNIUS.

Bru. Come, poor remains of friends, rest on this rock.
Céz. Statilius show’d the torch-hght, but, my lord,

He came not back: he is or ta’en or slain.
Bru. Sit thee down, Clitus: slaying is the word; __

It is a deed in fashion. Hark thee, Clitus. | Whispers.
Ciz. What, I, my lord? No, not for all the world.

Bru. Peace then! no words.JULIUS CASa. [Act V.

Cla. I’ll rather kill myself. —
Bru. Hark thee, Dardanius. [| Whispers.
Dar. Shall I do such a deed?

Ci. © Dardanius!

Dar. O,Clitus !
Ci. What ill request did Brutus make to thee?

Dar. To kill him, Clitus. Look, he meditates.
Cli. Now is that noble vessel full of grief,
That it runs over even at his eyes.
Bru. Come hither, good Volumnius; list a word.
Vol. What says my lord?
Bru. Why, this, Volumnuius:
The ghost of Cesar hath appear’d to me
Two several times by night; at Sardis once,
And, this last night, here in Philippi fields :
I know my hour is come.
‘ol, Not so, my lord. 20
Bru. Nay, | am sure it is, Volumnius.
Thou seest the world, Volumnius, how it goes;
Our enemies have beat us to the pit: [Low a/arums.
It is more worthy to leap in ourselves,
Than tarry till they push us. Good Volumnius,
Thou know’st that we two went to school together:
Even for that our love of old, I prithee,
Hold thou my sword-hilts, whilst I run on it.
Vol. That’s not an office for a friend, my lord.
[Alarum st2ll.
Cit. Fly, fly, my lord; there is no tarrying here. 30
Bru. Farewell to you; and you; and you, Volumnius.
Strato, thou hast been all this while asleep ;
Farewell to thee too, Strato. Countrymen,
My heart doth joy that yet in all my life
{ found no man but he was true to me.
I shall have glory by this losing day
More than Octavius and Mark Antony
By this vile conquest shall attain unto.
So fare you well at once; for Brutus’ tongue
Hath almost ended his life’s history: 40
Night hangs upon my mine eyes; my bones would rest,
That have but labourd to attain this hour.
Alarum. Cry within, “Fly, fly, fly”
Cli. Fly, my lord, at A eee
Bru. Hence! I will follow.
[Exeunt Clitus, Dardanius, and Volumntus.
I prit’’ee, Strato, stay thou by thy lord:

IdScene 5.] ysULIUS CASAR, ">
Thou art a fellow of a good respect ;

Thy life hath had some smatch of honour in it:

Hold then my sword, and turn away thy face,

While I do run upon it. Wilt thou, Strato?

Stra. Give me your hand first. Fare you well, my lord.

Bru. Farewell, good Strato. [Runs on hts sword.| Czesar,
now be still: 50

[ kil?d not thee with half so good a will. Dies.

Alarum. Retreat. Enter OCTAVIUS, ANTONY, MESSALA,
LUCILIUS, and the army.

Oct. What man is that?
Mes. My master’s man. Strato, where is thy master?
Stra. Free from the bondage you are in, Messala:
The conquerors can but make a fire of him ;
For Brutus only overcame himself,
And no man else hath honour by his death.
Luctl. So Brutus should be found. I thank thee, Brutus,
That thou hast proved Lucilius’ saying true.
Oct. All that served Brutus, I will entertain them, 60
Fellow, wilt thou bestow thy time with me?
Stra. Ay, if Messala will prefer me to you.
Oct. Do so, good Messala.
Mes. How died my master, Strato?
Stra. I held the sword, and he did run on it.
Mes. Octavius, then take him to follow thee,
That did the latest service to my master.
Ant. This was the noblest Roman of them all:
All the conspirators save only he
Did that they did in envy of great Cesar; 7a
He only, in a general honest thought
And common good to all, made one of them.
His life was gentle, and the elements
So mix’d in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world “ This was a man !”
Oct. According to his virtue let us use him,
With all respect and rites of burial.
Within my tent his bones to-night shall lie,
Most like a soldier, orderd honourably.
So call the field to rest; and let’s away, 80
To part the glories of this happy day. [Axreunt.NOTES.

 

Act |.—Scene I.

Yi this scene Shakespeare combines
tw4 events. Czsar’s triumph took
plete in October, B.C. 45; the feast
of Lupercalia in February, B.C. 44.

@ mechanical, mechanics, work-
‘ng-men.

ought not walk. In 0.E. the
sign of the infinitive was -an, which

was weakened to -en, then to -e,

finally omitted, and to prefixed in-
stead. Auxiliary verbs were fol-
fowed by the main verb without fo,
and in Shakespeare's time there
was some uncertainty as to what
verbs might use this license. Some-
times to is omitted and inserted in
the same sentence.

1. sign. We must not understand

that workmen were obliged by law
to wear signs of their particular
trades. Flavius only means, ‘ What
business have you to put down
your tools on a working day?’

9. You. Marullus had previously
used thou. In olden times, as on
the Continent now, ‘thou’ was used
among friends, by superiors to in-
feriors, and in anger to strangers.
The tribune would ordinarily use
‘thou’ to a poor workman: hence
‘you’ is a sign of his impatient
anger.

10. in respect of, compared with.

ll. cobbler. Whilestating his trade
the humorous second commoner
means the tribune to understand
cobbler as ‘botcher’, ‘bungler’.

12. directly, straightforwardly.

14. soles. Similarly thereisa quibble
on ‘souls’.

18. be not out with me, do not be
cross with me. So we say that a
cross person is ‘put out’.

19. out, that is, out at heels. This
scene is full of puns and quibbles.
26. with all. Of course there is a

quibble on ‘awl’.

28. recover, another pun, the two
senses being (1) ‘restore to health’;

compare ‘‘recover a man of his

 

leprosy” (2 Kings, v. 7); (2) ‘re-
cover’; that is, cover again.

98-30. This was a proverbial phrase
in Shakespeare’s time.

proper, goodly. Moses was “a
proper child” (Hebrews, xi. 23).

29. neat, cattle. (O.E. nedt.)

80. handiwork, work done by the
hand. (O.E. handgeweorc; the t
represents the ge.)

31. art not; the pronoun ‘thou’ is
omitted. This was not infrequent,
especially in impatient questions.

vd. For the circumstances see Intro-
duction. The people had no special
reason for rejoicing, but, like all
mobs, were glad of a show.

35. triumph, the proeession of a
victorious general into and through
Rome. He was borne in a four-
horse chariot, preceded by his cap-
tives and spoils, and followed by
his army. He went to the Capitol
to thank the gods.

88. tributaries. Conquered kings
had to pay tribute, either in money
or corn, &c., to the Romans.

89. grace, do honour to.

captive bonds, the bonas of cap-
tives. Captive, a noun used as an
adjective.

42. Knew you not Pompey? The
tribunes belong to Pompey’s party.

Many atime and oft, aninstance
of pleonasm, ‘oft’ meaning the
same as ‘many atime’. Abbott
says that ‘many’ must be regarded
as an adjective used adverbially,
qualifying ‘a’=one.

47. pass. We should now need a pre-
position: ‘pass through’, or ‘along’.

48. his chariot but appear, just his
chariot; that is, before they caught
sight of Pompey himself.

50. That, sothat. The ‘so’ is omitted
for shortness’ sake.

her. The river is here personified
as feminine, but the Romans called
it Father Tiber, just as we say
Father Thames.Act I. Se, 2. |

61. replication, echo,
(Lat. replicare, to fold back.)

52. concave, hollowed out. The
tide is very swift, and hollows out
the banks.

54. cull out a holiday, choose this
day for a holiday. Stress must be
put in reading on ‘now’,

55. his way, the way of him. ‘His’
must be regarded here asa pronoun
in the genitive case (and so the
antecedent of that’), and notasa
pronominal adjective,

56. Pompey’s blood. One of Pom-
pey’s sons had been killed.

59. intermit, delay, suspend.

$0. needs, an old genitive; ‘of neces-

sity’.
light, alight; that is, fall.

61. good countrymen.
ironically polite.

62. sort, rank, class. Compare the
Prayer-Book phrase “All sorts and
conditions of men”

63. Tiber banks. Another instance
of noun as adjective. So we say
‘city wall’, ‘Thames bank’, ‘Tyne-
mouth’. Shakespearein Coriolanus
has ‘Rome gates’.

64. the lowest stream, the stream
when at its lowest.

65. kiss. This implies a gentle rising
of the streamni.

66. whether. In reading pronounce

redoubling.

Flavius is

NOTES.

 

  
   
   
   
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  

79

this ‘whe’er’: in scanning, treat it
as one syllable,

67. their basest metal, the poor
stuff of which they are made.

68. the Capitol, the temple of
Jupiter, chief god of the Romans.

63. will 1, I will go. The verb of
motion is often thus omitted. See
line 74, “‘I’ll about”,

69. disrobe the images, strip from
the statues of Cesar the laurel
vreaths with which they had been
crowned.

70. ceremonies, ornaments and
‘Scarves’, called ‘‘Ceesar’s_tro-
phies” in line 74, Ceremony is
properly an abstract noun. Pro-
nounce and scan cereas onesyllable.

the feast of Lupercal. See the
first noteabove. It wasa pastoral
festival held in commemoration of
thenursing of Romulus and Remus,
the founders of Rome, by the wolf.
(Lat. lupus, wolf.)

75. the vulgar, the mob, common
people. (Lat. vulgus.)

77-79. These lines contain ametaphor,
Cesar being likened +o a falcon.
The ‘‘growing feathers” are the
honours and the additional powers
which are being given to him.

8. pitch, the technical term for the
highest point of a falcon’s flight.

79. who. The antecedent is him.

80. servile, slavish.

7 ¢
{2

‘

Act |.—Scene 2.

4. run his course. The Luperci,
as the priests of the festival were
called, ran through the streets
wearing only a girdle of goat-skin,
and striking all who stood in their
way with thongs of the same ma-
terial. Antony was one of a third
order of Luperci instituted by
Ceesar, and called, after him, Juli-
ani.

7. elders, old and experienced men.

9. sterile curse, curse of being
sterile; that is, barren, not having
children. C™sar wanted a son;
observe that tte is superstitious.

shall, ay2 sure to; almost like
‘will’,
1l. Set on, ¢* forward.
15. press, crowd. Cf S. Mark, ii. 4,

 

*‘ And when they could not come
nigh unto him for the press”.

18. ides of March. ‘Ides’ was the
name given in the Roman calendar
to the 15th of March, May, July,
and October, and to the 138th of the
other months.

19. beware. Pronounce b’ware, a
monosyllable.

24, pass, pass on.

Sennet, a set of notes on the
trumpet.

25. go see. We should say ‘go and

see’. Properly see is infinitive;

cf. French venez voir, come and see,
literally ‘come see’.

the order of the course, the
manner in which the running is
carried out. (Lat. cursus, a run-
ning.)38

28. gamesome, inclined for frivolous
things. Brutus is in a sarcastic
meod. He thinks the solemnity
a farce. -some is the O.E. affix
-sum, implying fulness.

29. quick spirit, lively disposition.
Spiritis pronounced as one syllable.

32. observe, notice, pay attention to.

34. shew of love, signs of affection.

as. ‘Which’ is the proper co-
relative of ‘that’; as usually follows
‘such’.

35, 36. ‘ You treat me too stiffly, and
as if you and I were strangers.’
The metaphor is that of a rider
keeping a tight rein on an un-
familiar horse.

88, 39. ‘If my looks are cold and
strange, I do not wish my friends
to be troubled: the trouble is
wholly my own.’

89. merely, wholly, altogether.

40. passions of some difference,
feelings that are somewhat opposed
to ene another, viz. affection for
Cesar as a man, dislike as a bud-
ding tyrant.

41. Conceptions, ideas.

only proper to myself, that be-
long to me alone, are wholly my
own. (Cf. French propre.)

42. give some soil to, somewhat
blemish, tarnish.

behaviours. ‘ Behaviour’, an ab-
stract noun, can strictly have no
plural. But Shakespeare often
uses the plural to express several
acts that are the mark of a quality;
in this case, several instances of
behaviour [or his behaviour to his
several friends].

45. construe any further, give any
other explanations to.

48. mistook, used for the participle
‘mistaken’, perhaps for a metrical
reason.

passion, feeling, as in line 40
above.

49. By means whereof, that is,
through the mistake implied in
‘mistook’.

buried, kept to himself or put
from his mind; because he thought
that Brutus was doing all the think-
ing, and would in time utter his
theughts. The idea is of burying
treasure.

58. cogitations, thoughts.

JULIUS CHSAR.

 

 

|
|

   
 
   
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
   

jAct I.

 

58. But, except.

54. ’Tis just, exactly so.

55. lamented, that is, by the ‘‘ many
of the best respect” of line 59.

57. into your eye, into your view,
range of vision.

58. shadow, image. The dog of the
fable snapped at his ‘shadow’, that
is, his image reflected in the water.

59. where, of instances in which.

of the best respect, most highly
placed, of the highest henour and
respectability.

60. Except immortal Cesar. Ob-
serve the significant exception,
and the meaning use of the epithet
‘immortal’.

62. had his eyes. ‘His’ most likely
refers to Brutus. They wished
that Brutus could see himself, his
own worthiness. Some take it that
Cassius means: ‘‘ These many men
every one of them wished that
Brutus had hits eyes”, i.e. the
speaker's; they wished that Brutus
had their views on the crisis.

66. Therefore. Cassius pursues his
train of thought and continues his
speech as though Brutus h: 1 pot
spoken.

69. discover, reveal.

71. jealous on me, suspicious of me.
On is often used by Shakespeare
for another preposition, as ‘in’,
Pau,

72. a common laugher, one who
would joke at any time and with
anyone.

did use, were accustomed.

73,74. To stale... protester, to
make my love stale, worthless, by
frequently asserting it, with often-
used oaths, to every new-comer
who protests that he likes me.

76. scandal, speak evil of, slander
(with which ‘scandal’ is etymologi-
cally connected. Lat. scandalwin,

Fr. esclandre).

77. profess myself, either ‘ make
profession of friendship” or ‘‘reveal
my feelings’—‘ show my hand” .as
we might say.

78. reut, the general company.

held me, consider me.

85. toward the general good, that
makes for the good of the state.

86, 87. These two lines mean: ‘if
the course of action which honour8c. 2.4

bids me follow, and death, are so
closely connected that I cannot see
one without the other, yet I will
fearlessly face them’. That A
will not turn my face away from
honour because I cannot see it
without seeing death too’. In
other words, Brutus will not shirk
duty because it involves death.

88. so speed me as, cause me to
prosper in proportion as. The
sense of haste is not original.

89. the name of honour, the reputa-
tion of being an honourable man.
90. that virtue, namely, following
honour, what is right, ‘‘in the
scorn of consequence” as Tenny-

son puts it.

91. favour, personal appearance.

94. for, as for.

95. | had... not be, I would as soon
not live at all. Observe the play
upon lief and live.

96. such... myself, that is, one who
is after all no better than myself.
98. have fed as well, have had as

good a physical bringing-up.

100. raw and gusty day, that is,
when the wind was bleak and
violent.

101. An absolute clause: that is, hav-
ing no formal relation to the re
of the sentence.

chafing with, dashing against as
if in anger. ‘Chafe’ originally
meant ‘to warm’ (Fr. chaufer),
then ‘to rub ’—still with an idea of
warming.

104. Upon the word, as soon as the
question was asked.

105. Accoutred, fully dressed.
Cassius and Cesar were both sel-
diers, and would be perhaps rather
heavily clad.

109. stemming it... controversy,
opposing its current with hearts
eager for the struggle.

110. arrive, arrive at; ef. ‘pass’ in
13 ae ..c. ZA.

112-114. The reputed founder of
Rome was Aineas, a Trejan prince,
who fied from Troy, when it had
been captured and set on fire by
the Greeks, bearing his father
Anchises upon his shoulders. Wan-
dering about, he at last landed
on the Italian eoast and fxed a
settlement. His story is teld by
Virgil in the 4neid.

(886 )

 

NOTES,

|
|
{

 

 

 

   

  
   
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
    
 
  
  
 
   
  
   
    
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
 

81

114. Observe that this line is three
syllables long. It is called a tri-
meter couplet. Sean—

The old’ | Anchi’ | seg bear’ | so’ from | the
waves’ | of Ti’/(ber), ;
115. Did |. The subject has already

Occurred in linell2. Itis repeated
because of the long intervenin
clause,—natural in rapid narration.
this man. Cassius puts con-
temptuous emphasis on ‘ man’,

118. but nod, just so much ag nod.

119. afever. Cesar was subject te

the ‘falling sickness ’, Le. epilepsy.

when he was in Spain. See In-
troduction.

121. this god, with inonical em.
phasis.

122. A bold metaphor. Cassius, iaean-
ing that Cesar’s lips grew pale
through cowardice, says that they
‘left their colour’ as craven sol-
diers desert their colours (flags).

123. bend, look, implying haughty
condescension.

124. his. ‘His’ was the genitive of
the neuter pronoun (0.5. hit). The
genitive ‘its’ was rarely used in
Shakespeare’s time.

127. it. Another repetition of the
subject. See note on line 115.

Titinius, ‘‘one of Cassius’ chief-
est friends”.

129. temper, quality of mind and
body.

130, 131. A metaphor from racing.
The palm was presented to the
victor as a mark of his success.

135. the narrow world. In line 130
Cassius called it “the majestic
world”. His point of view was
changed.

136. a Colossus, a gigantio ficure,
especially the Colossus ef Rhodes,
which was a huge figure of brass at
the entrance of the harbour. It
was said to have stood astride, and
that ships passed between the legs,
but that is fabulous.

140. in our stars, a reference vo the
belief, still rife in Bhakespeare's
day, that a man’s destiny was in-
fluenced by the planets, and their
position at his birth, Shakespeare
is never tired of ridienlMug the be-
lief.

141. underbings, poor servile erea-
tures. -ling is a diminutive end-

F82

ing, often giving a contemptuous

meaning, as in ‘hireling .

142. should be, might there be.

146. Weigh them, as though, being
each of six letters, they would
balance in the scales.

conjure with ’em, use as
charms or spells for the purpose of
raising spirits.

150. Age, that particular age; just
as we say, ‘fancy such things In
the 19th century !’

151. bloods, men of mettle.

152. the great flood. Roman legends
contain the story of a great flood,
like Noah’s, sent by the gods to
drown the world because of its
wickedness. The only persons
saved were Deucalion and his wife
Pyrrha.

153. But it was, 7.e. that was not.

famed with, made famous by.
The second with is unnecessary.

164. that talk’d of Rome, adjective
clause to they.

6. Rome...room; observe the
pun. ‘Rome’ was pronounced

‘room’ even in the 18th century.

157. but one only; an_ intensified
statement. As ‘one’ was pro-
nounced ‘own’, not ‘wun’, there
is another word-jingle here.

159. a Brutus once. This was
Lucius Junius Brutus, who took
the leading part in driving out
Tarquin the Proud, the evil tyrant,
last of the kings of Rome. Marcus
Brutus claimed descent from him.

159, 160. would have brook’d...
king, would have as easily endured
the devil in supreme power as a
king. For the supposed bearing of
the phrase ‘‘ eternal devil” on the
question of the date of the play,
see Introduction. (O.E. brucan,
to use, enjoy.)

162. nothing jealous, not a bit sus-
picious, doubtful.

163. work me to, stir me up to do.

some aim, some notion, guess.

165. present, present time.

166. so with... you, if I might beg
this of you (viz. not to ‘move’
him further) in a Joving spirit.

171. chew upon this, turn this over

in your mind. In this sense we

use ‘ruminate (Lat. ruminare, to
chew).

JULIUS CAHISAR.

 

|
218. This is a fine touch of Shake-

  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
   

[Act L

 

172. a villager, a simple rustic, upon
whom the polished Roman looked
with scorn. Remember that Rome
was a town, not a country.

172, 173. had rather...to repute.
Here to, the sign of the infinitive,
is first omitted, then inserted. See
note oni. 1. 3.

173. repute, account, consider.

174. these...as. See note oni. 2. 34,

175. like, likely.

176, 177. Brutus is a calm philoso-
pher, not a hot politician. Cassius
has been endeavouring to rouse him
against Cesar on the ground that
he is Cesar’s equal; he appeals to
personal jealousy. He has so far
succeeded as to draw forth the
declaration Brutus has just made.

181. proceeded, taken place.

worthy. Observe the omission
of the preposition ‘of’.

184. a chidden train, followers who
have been found fault with.

186. ferret, sharp, restless as a fer-
ret’s. (Some explain it as red like
a ferret’s.)

187. seen him, tnat is, seen him look
with.

188. Being cross’d, when he was
contradicted.

193. o’ nights, at night, during night.

194. Yond. Here a demonstrative;
properly an adverb (O. E. geond).
The d has become added, owing to
its euphonic insertion in ‘yonder’,
Cf. ‘thunder’ (O. E. thw er).

197. well given, well disposed. Cf.
the New Testament phrase “‘ given
to hospitality”.

199. ‘If it were possible for me,
bearing the name I do, to fear.’

203. Quite through, 7@.e. right to the
motives behind the deeds.

204. no music. Shakespeare regarded
a man whe was not fond of music
as fit for all kinds of base actions.
See Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 88.

205. insuchasort, insuch a manner.

209. Whiles, whilst. ‘Whiles’ is the
genitive of O. E. noun while, used
adverbially.

speare’s. ‘The proud Cesar has to
confess to such a common human
frailty as—deafness!

217. sad, serious.Sc. 2. |

220. Prose suits the character of
Casca, and the nature of his story.

229. marry, an exclamation very com-
mon in Shakespeare’s time, It
was originally an invocation of the
Virgin Mary.

230. other, a pronoun (properly an
adjective). We should now say
‘the other’.

honest, used in a patronizing,
mocking way.

235. Casca’s brusqueness is partly
affectation.

237. not... neither, double negative.

238. coronets, small laurel wreaths.

239. fain, gladly. (O.E. fegen, joyful.)

242. still, continually, always.

rabblement, mob.

244. chapped. Of course the hands
of the mob would not be very white
or delicate.

250. swounded, swooned, fainted.
The @ in ‘swounded’ is added; sée
note on line 194.

252. the bad air. This is all exagger-
ation, a mark of Casca’s contempt
for the mob.

253. soft. A stage exclamation.
‘Wait a minute’, we might say.

market-place, the Forum.

like, likely.

falling sickness, epilepsy.

259. Cassius plays on the words. He
means that everybodyin Rome falls
before Cesar’s rising greatness.

263. use to do, are accustomed to
do. Remember that Shakespeare
himself was an actor.

true, honest, truth-telling.

266. me. This is a dative case, often
used in lively narrative, called by
grammarians ‘ethic dative’. Casca
would give point to it by a gesture.

doublet, the close-fitting gar-
ment worn by men in Shakespeare’s
time. A Roman would wear the
toga.

An, if; a form of and, an old con-
junction, distinet from the copula-
tive and.

267. of any occupation, of any prac-
tical trade, like the men who were
crowded about him. Casca sneers
at the mechanics.

269. ataword. We should now say

‘at his word’; that is, instantly

doing what he offered.

NOTES.

|

|
|

 

 
 
   
  
   
  
  
 
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
   
  
  
 
 
   
   
   
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
  
   
    
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 

83

282. Cicero was famous for making
jokes in Greek, which, however,
the crowd would not understand.

286. Greek to me, quite unintelli-
gible; just as we say, ‘ He is talk-
ing double Dutch’. Casca really,
like most Roman gentlemen, knew
Greek.

289. put to silence. This probably
means, ‘deprived of their office fer
atime’. The duty of the tribunes
was to act as the spokesmen of the
people, but they held their office
on sufferance. We hear no more
of them through the play.

293. | am promised forth, I am
engaged out to supper.

295. your mind hold, you are in the
same mind, we. still desire my
company.

296. worth, be worth.

300. quick mettle, full of courage and
high spirit. ‘Metal’ and ‘ mettle’
are different forms of the same
word, the latter being used in a
metaphorical sense. See ‘metal’ in
line 313.

301. execution.
syllables.

304. However, although.

tardy form, appear ice of slug-
gishness.

305-307. That is, Casca’s wit is all
the better appreciated because it
is so rough and unpolished.

305. rudeness, roughness, bluntness.

311. the world, the present condition
of things.

313, 314. ‘Your honourable nature
may be influenced to adopt a
course opposite to that to which
it is disposed.’ The metaphor is
from ‘working’ metals: compare
‘wrought iron’.

314. that it is, that to which it is:
omission of relative and preposi-
tion.

316. who. Supply ‘is’.

so...that, so firm as that he.
seduced, led away.

317. bear me hard, owe me a grudge.
This is a curious phrase that occurs
again in ii. 1. 215 and iii. 1. 157.
It does not seem to contain the
same metaphor as i. 2. 35.

319. He, Brutus. Cassius says that
Ceesar loves Brutus, implying that
Brutus need fear nothing from
Ceesar’s ambition, and that it is his

Pronounce as five84 JOLIUS

interest therefore not to be influ-
enced against Cesar. Thus Cassius
says: ‘If I were in Brutus’ place,
no one should prevail upon me to
act against my own interest’. Cas-
sius, however, being in Cesar’s bad
books, hates him, and works for
his ruin. But it is possible that
‘He’ stands for Cesar: the mean-
ing will then be that Cassius, if he
were in Brutus’ place, would not
be humoured into a listless acqui-
escence in Ceesar’s designs.

CHSAR.

 

  
   
   
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
 

[Act 1

320. hands, handwritings.
several, distinct from one an,
other.

324. glanced at, alluded to.

seat him; reflexive : ‘seat him.
self’, ‘sit’.

326. The scene ends with two riming
lines, in order to make a good
close; just as on the medern stage
the actor usually has some striking
words to say as the curtain falls.

Act |.—Scene 3.

8. the sway of earth. Hither ()
the established order of the earth,
or (2) the balance of the earth.

5-8. Observe the personification im-
plied in the epithets ‘scolding’ and
Sampitious ’.

6. rived, riven, split. Shakespeare
often used the past tense for past
participle.

8. To be exalted with, either (1)
‘in the effort to be raised as high
as’, or (2) ‘with the result that it
was raised as high as’.

14. more may belong either to ‘ any-
thing’ (thus understanding ‘ any-
thing else’) or to ‘wonderful’
(understanding ‘more wonderful
than usual’).

18. sensible of fire, having any feel-
ing of heat.

20. Against, near by, before.

22. annoying, molesting, doing hurt
to

22, 23. drawn...heap, crowded to-
gether in a heap.

24. Transformed with their fear,
so changed by terror as hardly to be
recognized. Compare our phrase,
‘He is not like himself’. We
should say ‘by’ for ‘with’.

26. bird of night, the owl. Being
a bird that loves darkness, its ap-
pearance in broad daylight would
be eonsidered an ill omen.

28. prodigies, wonderful appear-
anees.

29. conjointly meet, happen to-
gether, at the same time.

80. These, such and such.

their reasons, the reasons of
them.

31. portentous things, that is,

 

    

things that are portentous, or of
ill omen.

32. climate, country; nothing to do
with conditions of weather.
point upon, point to, indicate.

33. strange-disposed, strangely -
tempered.

34, 35. ‘Men may explain things
from their individual points of
view, their explanation being com-
pletely opposite to the real mean-
ing.’ For the use of clean compare
such a phrase as ‘clean bowled’.
Observe how Cicero, the philoso-
pher, is inclined to pooh-pooh the
fears of Casca, the plain man.

39. sky. Not merely the ‘vault of
heaven’, but the whole atmo-
spheric conditions around the
speaker.

40. Is not to walk in. Understand
‘not jit to walk in’.

41. Notice how observant Cassius is.
He recognizes Casca by his voice,
and Cinna, in line 132 below, by his
walk.

42. what night, what a night! ‘A’
was often omitted after ‘what’ in
this interjectional sense.

43. very pleasing, because it shows
heaven's displeasure at those who
are not honest (i.e. upright), and
therefore honest men should be
glad.

47. Submitting me; reflexive: ‘ ex-
posing myself’.

48. unbraced. A reference to Eng-
lish costume again. A Roman wore
no braces.

49. thunder-stone, which the an-
cients believed fell with the light-
ning flash.i

  

Be. 3.]

50. cross, zigzag.

blue. The electric flash has a
bluish tint.
56. heralds. Casca continues to be-

lieve in these omens of disaster.
58. want, lack.

60. puton fear. A bold poetic ex-
aggeration for assume the signs of
fear, as a garment. See the note
on ii. 1. 83.

cast yourself in wonder. ‘In’
is used for ‘into’. The metaphor
may still be from hastily throwing
one’s self into a robe.

68. This and the following lines are
defective in grammatical construc-
tion. Understand ‘Why all these
fires (blaze), why all these gliding
ghosts (appear)’.

64. from, 7.¢. turn from, act in a con-
trary way to.

65. ‘Why old men in their dotage,
fools in their witlessness, and chil-
dren in their simplicity, are all try-
ing to foresee future events.’ The
point is: ‘old men and children,
who live much in the present, are
not in the ordinary course likely
te speculate about the future, and
fools cannot: yet they are all doing
it’. Most modern editions read
“why old men fool”’, that is, play
the fool. But while it is possible
to conceive of children being start-
led into serious ‘calculation’ by
the portents, it is difficult to see
why old men should be induced
thereby to play the fool.

86-68. ‘ Why all things change their
natures and the faculties they were
formed with at the beginning, from
what they were ordained to be, to
an unnatural condition.’ Size is
not necessarily implied in ‘mon-
strous’.

71. monstrous state, country in a
shocking condition.

75. the lion inthe Capitol. Nolions
were kept in the Capitol. The lion
that Casea met there may have
broken loose from one of the cages
where lions were kept in readiness
for public shows and games. As
Cassius here speaks of a particular
lion, Shakespeare may have been
thinking of the Tower of London,
in which lions formed one of the
eights.

NOTES.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
   
   
  
   
  
 
 
  
     
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
  
  
 
  
    
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
 
 
 
 
   
  

85

76. ne should in strict grammar be

Ci. prodigious, giving warning of
great misfortunes te the state.

78. eruptions, outbreaks.

80. Let it be... is, no matter who
it is: that is, whoever it is we can-
not help it, because “our fathers’
minds are dead”,

82. woe the while! alas for the time.
Like ‘alackaday’. (0. E. whil,
time.)

83. with, for by.

84. sufferance, the patience with
which we endure the yoke,

87. shall, is to.

90-100. In this speech Cassius rises
for a time above personal envy.
He is moved by the feelings of
the free man who will not submit
to tyranny.

91. Therein, 7.e. in giving men free
spirits.

95. retentive to, able to keep in,
hold back.

96. these worldly bars. The re-
straints of life are compared to the
bars of a dungeon.

97. See how Cassius carried out his
principle, act v. scene 8.

102. cancel, as a legal bond can
be cancelled by scoring the pen
through it. This word-play is sug-
gested by the word ‘bondman’ in
line 101.

108. trash, worthless stuff. Said to
have originally meant loppings of
trees. Connected with a Scandi-
navian word tros, leaves and twigs
picked up for fuel.

109. offal, rubbish, anything thrown
away. (Off-fall.)

114. My answer. .. made, I shall
have to answer for my words.

115. indifferent, of no importance.

116, 117. such... that. We should
now say ‘such... as’.
117. fleering, grinning, grimacing.
(Scand. lira, to giggle.)
Hold; simply an exclamation.
118. Be factious, form a faction or
party.
griefs, grievances.
120. who, any one that, the man
that. Dr. Abbott says that ‘ who’
is the relative, the antecedent hav-
ing to be supplied.86 JULIUS CAESAR.

121. moved, incited, prevailed on.

122. Some certain. Hither of these
words by itself would be sufficient.

1238. undergo, undertake.

124. honourable-dangerous. Ob-
serve the compound adjective, the
first word being an adverb to the
second.

consequence, result.

125. by this, by this time.

126. Pompey’s porch, the porch of
Pompey’ theatre in the Campus
Martius. Itcontained 100columns.

128, 129. ‘The appearance of the sky
is like the work we have in hand.’
element = sky or air; favour =
aspect.

135, 186. incorporate to, joined
closely with.

137. | am glad on't. Cinna does
not notice Cassius’ question.

138. There’s. Observe the singular
verb with plural subject. This
was common when the verb came
first.

142. Be you content, don’t distress
yourself.

143. look you lay, see that you lay.
Or we might put a comma after

 

   
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  

[Act IL

 

and and another after you; ‘‘look
you” then being interjected.

143. preetor, city magistrate.

144. Where Brutus may but find it.
Either (1) ‘ where only Brutus (and
no one else) may find it’; or (2)
‘where Brutus cannot help finding
it’. For the many uses of but see
notes on i. 1. 48; i. 2. 53, 118, 153,
c&e

146. old Brutus, Lucius Junius Bru-
tus. See note oni. 2. 159.

148. Is. See note on line 188.

150. hie, hasten. (O.E. higian.)

152. Pompey’s theatre, opened in
B.o. 55 to hold 40,000 people.

155. Is. The singular verb here is
due to the ‘three parts” being
considered as one portion.

156. yields him; reflexive: ‘giver
himself up to us’.

159. countenance, authority, sup
port.

like richest alchemy. The alche-
mists of the middle ages pretended
to be able to turn base metals into
gold. Hence the metaphor here.

162. conceited, conceived, formed
an idea of.

Act Il.—Secene I.

1. What, an exclamation of im-
patience.

2. Brutus is here soliloquizing, or
speaking to himself, breaking off
to call Lucius again.

5. When, another and a stronger
sign of impatience.

0. It, the deliverance of Rome from
Ceesar.

11. no personal cause, no cause that
affects me personally. He said in
i. 2. 82, ““I love him well”.

spurn at him, literaly, kick at
him. The idea may be of a horse
kicking against the restraint of its
master.

12. fer the general, for the people
at large, the state.

4. brings forth, either (1) from its
hiding-place (reptiles liking to bask
in the sunlight), or (2) hatches it
(see lines 82, 83).

16. craves rey walking, demands
thas one should walk carefully (to

avoid coming in the way of the

 

    

adder). The metaphor means:
‘Just as the sunlight hatches the
adder’s egg and makes it dangerous,
so prosperity and power may cause
harmful qualities, hitherto hidden,
to show themselves in Ceesar’.

15. that, suppose we do.

18. 19. ‘Great men make a wrong use
of their greatness when they use
their power without showing any
compassion.’ Remerse, not ‘self-
reproach’ for wrong done, but ‘pity’,
‘consideration’.

20. when, any occasion when.
affections, feelings, passions.
sway’d more, had more power

over him.

21. acommon proof, a thing com-
monly proved, that is, experienced.

oa The meaning is: ‘The ambi-
ious man, while struggling to rise

shows humility and other good.
qualities. But when he has at-
tained the object of his ambition,
he despises his former qualities ’.Sc. 1. |

24. upmost round, the top rung.

26. base degrees, low steps.

28. prevent, be beforehand and so
hinder. (Lat. pre, before: venire,
to come.)

quarrel, the cause of our griev-
ance.

29. ‘Cannot be justified for anything
that he actually is.’

80. Fashion it thus, state the case
in this way.

80, 31. what he is... extremities.
‘His power being now what it is
(and we have lately seen signs of it
on the day of his triumph), if it is
still further increased (as it is pro-
posed), would go such and such
lengths of tyranny.’

32. think, regard. Brutus is still
instructing himself, so to speak.
33. as his kind, like the race of rep-

tiles generally.

34. in the shell, before ‘‘the bright
day” bring him forth.

44. exhalations, meteors, shooting-
stars. They were called ‘ exhala-
tions’ because it was imagined that
the sun caused them by sucking up

vapour. (Lat. exkalare, to breathe
out.)
45. This is the letter written by
ius.

49. instigations, urgings.

50. took. See note oni. 2. 48.

51. piece it out, cemplete it; that
is, fill up what is implied in the
eteetera.

538. ancestors. See note on i. 2. 159.

56. thee, to thee.

57. If...follow. Brutus is still in
doubt whether violent means will
effect the desired end.

61. whet. The idea is of sharpening
a knife by friction.

64. motion, movement of the mind
tewards it, impulse.

interim, the time between.
Latin word.)

65. phantasma, a thing created by
the imagination, an apparition. (A
Greek word, from which we also get
‘phantom’, through the French.)

66. geniusand mortal instruments.
e geniue is the spirit or angel
which was once supposed to accom-
pany aman through life, and which
is independent of any control.

(A

NOTES.

 

87

The mortal instruments are the
bodily part of the man; that is, his
brain, &c., which carry out the will
of the ‘genius’, Perhaps the mean-
ing is that the conspirator’s mind
is disturbed by feavs for his own
safety (under the iniuence of the
protecting genius) and impulses to
an heroic deed.

66. state does not mean ‘condition’,
but is used in the sense of ‘com-
monwealth’. Man, and particularly
man’s mind, is often poetically
likened to a state. Cf. the well-
known line, ‘“‘“My mind to me a
kingdom is”.

67-69. Observe the simile.

70. The wife of Cassius was sister of
Brutus.

72. moe, more. A form of the word
used as the comparative ef ‘many’.

73. hats; another reference to Eng-
lish costume. Romans wore close-
fitting caps. These instances show
that in Shakespeare’s time there
was no attempt to dress actors in
the costume of those they repre-
sented.

75. That, so that.

76. favour, outward appearance.

78. Shamest thou, art thou ashamed.

79. evils, evil things.

free, that is, unhindered, able to

work mischief without hindrance.

81. Scan this line:
To mask’ | thy mon’ | strous vis’ge’ | Seek

none’ | conspir'cy.

Visage is slurred so as to make one
syllable, and the last three syllables
of eonspiracy are sturred to make
twe.

88. path, go on; noun used as verb.

thy native semblance on, ip

your true form; an absolute clause.
But it seems probable that path is
a misprint or a copyist’s error for
put, the eye catching sight of the
th of ‘thy’ too soon. ‘To puton
a natural look’ is not at all an un-
natural expression when it is con-
sidered that Brutus already re-
fers to the conspirators having dis-
guised themselves. He says: ‘Keep
on your disguise; don’t put it off
and put your own appearance on’.
Cf. Hamlet, iii. 1. 2, where the
King asks Rosencrantz and Guild-
enstern whether they cannot get
from Hamlet, “why he puts on
this confusion”. Here ‘‘ puts on”88

cannot mean ‘assumes as a dis-
guise’, beeause so far as the king
knows Hamlet’s madness is real.

84. Erebus, one of the divisions of
the dismal regions into which the
spirits of men were said to go, after
death.

85. prevention, being discovered and
so ruined.

86. too bold upon, too bold in break-
ing in upon.

90. no man.
no man’.

91. But honours,
henour.

98. watchful cares, cares that may
keep you awake.

100. Shall !l...aword? may I have
a word with you? as we should say.

101-111. While Brutus and Cassius
are talking, the other conspirators
pass the time in discussing the
dawn as though it were a subject
of supreme importance, whereas
their minds arereally anxious about
far more momentousconcerns. This
is another mark of Shakespeare’s
wonderful knowledge of human
nature.

104. fret, gives the edges of the
clouds a broken appearance.

107, 108. ‘Which is a good distance
towards the south, considering how
early in the year itis.’ Asa matter
of fact, at that time of year the sun
would rise a little to the northward
of the east.

112. all over, all of you, one after
another.

113. resolution; five syllables.

114. if not. The constructiqn is
afterwards changed. Brutus begins
as though he would say ‘if these
motives are not strong enough’; he
then substitutes weak for ‘not
streng’.

the face of men; that is, the
sad looks which men’s faces bear.

15: sufferance, suffering ; not
‘patience’, as ini. 3. 84.

the time’s abuse, the present
state of things contrary to law and
reason.

116. betimes, by times, 7.e. in good
time.

117. hence.
omitted.

Understand ‘there is

who does not

The verb of motion is

JULIUS CASAR.

 

    
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
  
 
    
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
   

{ Act IL

117. idle bed, either (1) ‘useless bed’;
or (2) ‘bed of idleness’, bed where
the man lies idle.

118. high-sighted. Wright suggests
that tyranny is compared to an
eagle or other bird of prey, “‘ whose
keen eye discovers its victim from
tie highest pitch of its flight”.

range, move.

119. by lottery, the tyrant marking
his victims as capriciously as though
they drew lots to decide their fate.

these, these motives.

121. steel, make hard as steel.

122. In this line spirits is a mono-
syllable, and perhaps women also.

123. What, why.

124. what other bond.
‘need we’.

125. Than secret Romans,
that of...

secret, discreet, able to keep a
secret.

spoke. The participle ending n
was frequently thus dropped.

126. palter, shift, shuffle. (A Scandi-
navian word; original meaning to
deal in rags; Swedish palta, arag.)

what other oath. Supply ‘need
we’.

127. ‘Than a mutual promise honour-
ably made.’

128. Thisisthe subject of the promise.

129. Swear, here a transitive verb.

cautelous, false, not to be
trusted. (Lat. cautela, caution.
So cautelous is (1) cautious, (2) sus-
picious, (8) deceitful.)

180. carrions, carcasses;
term of contempt.

130, 181. such...That; see note on
i. 2. 38, and compare ‘‘such... as”
in line 132.

130. suffering, 1.e.

enduring.

133. even, pure, without a blemish.

134. Nor, double negative. Weshould

expect ‘or’ after ‘not’.
insuppressive, used for ‘insup-

pressible’, ‘not to be kept down’.
Shakespeare often used adjectives
in -tve, where we should use adjec-
tives in -able. Scan this line :—

Nor th’in’ | suppress’ | ive met’ | tle of | our

spir'ts’.

‘Spirits’ is a monosyllable.

Supply
than

a strong

long - suffering,Sc. 1. |

135. To think, by thinking: the in-
finitive 1s indefinitely used, owing
to the fact that to was originally
used with the gerund.

or...or, either... or.

Our cause... performance
The ‘cause’ did not need an Oath,
because (in Brutus’s opinion) it was
strong and good enough in itself to
secure fidelity; the ‘performance’
(2.2. the carrying out of their plans
in action) did not need an oath, be-
cause they were all honourable and
courageous men.

136-138. ‘When every separate drop
of blood in a promise-breaker shows
itself to be no genuine blood.’

141. There is astrong stress on ‘ him if

142. stand very strong, take a very
firm stand.

144. The word ‘silver’, as applied to
Cicero’s white hair, suggests (be-
cause of silver money) the word
‘purchase’.

145. opinion, reputation. Pronounce
as four syllables.

147. ruled our hands, guided our
actions.

148. youths. See note oni. 2, 42.

no whit; not at all. (O.E. na
wiht, no thing.)

150. break with, disclose the matter
to. Compare ‘break the news’.
153. Observe that Casca takes his cue

from others. See line 143.

154. but only, except. ‘Only’ is
added to ‘but’ for greater em-
phasis.

155. meet, fitting that.

156. of, by.

157. of him. We should say ‘in
him’.

158. shrewd contriver, dangerous
plotter. (O.E. screawa, a shrew-
mouse, said to have a dangerous
bite.)

158, 159. his means... improve
them, his means (of injuring us), if
he makes the most of them. Com-
pare ‘improve the occasion’.

160. annoy, injure

163-165. Brutus’s opinionof Antonyis
proved by subsequent events to be
quite wrong.

164. ‘As though, not content with
slaying him in anger, we were to
show more deadly hate afterwards.’

Envy =mailice. ill-will.

  

|
|
|

|

NOTES,

|
}
| 378

 

 

204. It

  
   
   
   
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
   
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
   
   
 
   
  
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

89

167. Observe this line “the
Cesar”. See Introduction.

169. come by, get at, reach, get
hold of.

170. dismember,

spirit of

tear limb from

limb.
175-177. Brutus here plainly recom-
mendshypocrisy. He seems te say,

‘Let us work ourselves up to a pitch
of indignant anger which we do not
really feel, but which will serve as
an excuse to ourselves for our
violence’. With this Wright sug-
gests a comparison with the scene
in King John, where the King up-
braids Hubert for having killed
Arthur according to his instruc-
tions.—The ‘servants’ are the or-
gans of the body, 7.e. their hands,
Scan:
Our pur ’| pose nec’ ‘sry and‘ /not en’ jvious,
envious, malicious. See line 164.
180. purgers, purifiers of the state
from tyranny.
181. for, as for.

184. ingrafted love, love that is as
firmly fixed in him as one plant is
grafted on another. Observe the
metaphor.

187. to himself. That is, he ean
aifect no one but himself.

take thought, give way to mel-
ancholy.

188. And that... should, and that
would be a great deal for him to
do.

190. no fear, nothing to fear.

192. stricken, struck. There were
actually nostriking clocks in Rome:
an anachronism.

194. whether; one syllable.

196. from the main opinion, con-
trary to the strong opinion.

197. fantasy, imagination.

ceremonies, signs or obsery-
ances considered sacred.

198. apparent, manifest, that have
appeared.

200. augurers (properly ‘augurs’),
Roman officials who were appointed
to explain omens, such as the flight
of birds or the appearance of cer-
tain parts of sacrifices. They were
consulted by Romans before they
undertook anything of importanee.

was said that a unicorn

(fabulous animal) would pursue a

lion, which would dodge behind @96

tree, so that the unicorn stuck his

ene horn into the trunk; upon

which the lion sprang upon him
and killed him.

905. bears with glasses. The bear
was shown his reflection in amurror,
and while gazing on it was bound
by the hunter.

elephants with holes. Ele-
phants were, and are, caught by en-
ticing them to a pit upon which
was placed a light covering to re-
semble the ground.

206. toils, nets.

210. humour, disposition.

212. there, at Ceesar’s house.

213. the eighth hour. See note on
li. 4. 23.

915. bear Ceesar hard. See noteon
hi OL

218. by him, by way of his house.

219. reasons, i.e. for loving me. Or
perhaps reasons why action should
be taken against Czesar.

220. Send him but, only send him.

fashion, mould, as a potter
moulds plastic clay, for instance.

994. fresh and merrily. The ad-
verbial termination of merrily
must be supplied with fresh.

295. ‘Let not our countenances bear
signs of our purposes.’ For the
metaphor compare i. 3. 60.

296. bear it. It seems to be used
here indefinitely, as in ‘foot it’,
‘trip it’. ‘Let your bearing be
like that of our Roman actors.’

297. formal constancy, dignified
firmness of mind.

230. honey-heavy dew of slumber,
slumber refreshing like dew, heavy
and sweet like honey. Observe the
compeund adjective.

931. figures, idle fancies.

nor no, double negative.
fantasies, creatures of fancy.

236. Your weak condition, either
(1) ‘your delicate constitution’, or
(2) ‘your condition of weakness’,

resulting from the wound which
Portia had, unknown to Brutus,
given herself. See line 300.

237. Nor... neither, double nega-
tive.

ungently, unkindly.

938. Stole. The participial ending

is dropped.

JULIUS CHSAR.

 

   
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
   
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
  

[Act IL

 

240. across, folded.

245. Yet, still.

246. wafture, waving.

248. impatience, four syllables.

249, withal, besides, in addition.
250. humour, fancy, caprice, tem-

porary state of mind.
251. sometime, at some time or
other.
his. See note oni. 2. 124.

954. condition, temper, disposition.

955. Dear my lord. ‘ My lord * and
such like common terms of address
came to be treated as one word
(like the French mon-sieur, ma-
dame), and could thus be qualified
by an adjective.

259. come by it.
169 above.

2960. sol do. Brutus means that he
is using means to secure the health
of the state.

261. physical, wholesome.

262. unbraced. See note oni. 3. 48.

humours, in this case literally
‘moistures’. (Latin humor.)

263. dank, damp.

265. contagion, contagious influence,
the quality of communicating dis-
ease.

266. rheumy, causing diseases of the
mucous membrane, such as colds,
bronchitis.

2968. sick offence, harmful disorder.

271. charm, endeavour to persuade
(by her beauty, &c.), as a magiciaD
effects wonders by his charms.

272. that great vow, the marriage
vow.

275. heavy, sad, heavy-hearted.

what men. There was womanly
curiosity in Portia as well as a wish
to share her husband's trouble.
280, 281. ‘In the marriage-bond (in
which we mutually promised to
love, cherish, and honour each
other, and share each other's lot),
was an exception made as to shar-
ing secrets?’
983. in sort or limitation, to a cer-

See note on line

 

tain degree and under restrictions.

284. keep, stay. Compare ‘keep
company’.
285. in the suburbs. Portia com-

 

pares herself to one who lives out-
ide a citv.(sub. under, close to;Sc, 2. ]

urbs, a city), and not within it, as
a citizen with full rights; she asks,
‘do you make use of me asif I were
only partly belonging to you, and
not wholly?’ Wright quotes from
old authors toshow that the suburbs
of London were the resort of dis-
orderly persons.

288. good pleasure, will to doas one
pleases, power to dispose of any-
thing as one pleases. Cf. S. Luke,
xii. 32, “‘It is your Father’s good
pleasure to give you the kingdom”.

289, 290. Another way of saying ‘as
dear to me as life itself’,—because
‘the blood is the life’.

295. Cato’s daughter. Portia was
the daughter of Marcus Portius
Cato, the great Roman philosopher
and Stoic. He was famous for the
austere purity of his life, and killed
himself after a defeat in Africa
when fighting for Pompey against
Ceesar.

297. father’d, husbanded;
ciples formed from nouns
299. ‘I have proved my firmuess by

putting it to a strong test.’

305. thy bosom shall partake, I will
thoroughly share with you.

307. engagements, the pledges I
have entered into.

construe, explain. Brutus’scon-
duct had lately been like a foreign
language to Portia.

308. charactery, the lines and wrin-
kles of care which appear like en-

parti-

 

 
    
     
   
   
   
    
 
  
    
  
  
  
    
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  

NOTES. 9]

graved characters. The word ig
ty accented on the second syl-
able.

309. who’s that knocks, an instance
of omission of the relative: ‘ who
is that (who) knocks?’

312. how! anexclamation ofsurprise.
‘How’s this? What does this
mean?’

313. Wouchsafe, kindly accept.

314. chose; participial ending
dropped.

315. kerchief, head covering. (Fr.
couvre, cover ; chef, head.) It may
mean here a swathe enveloping
head and neck.

321. | here discard. As he says
this he pulls off the kerchief and
flings it to the ground.

323. exorcist. The strict meaning
is one who drives away evil spirits
(from Gk. exorkizein, to drive away
by adjuration). Shakespeare uses
it as meaning one who can raise
spirits. The accent is on the first
syllable.

324. mortified, dead: four syllables.

326. to do, a gerundial use of the
infinitive. We should now use the
passive, ‘to be done’, but compare
‘to let’.

327. whole, healthy: so used in the
Bible.

331. To whom. Whom is both rela-
tive and antecedent= him to whom,

Set on your “oot, go on,

Act IIl.—Scene 2.

1. Nor... nor, neither... nor.
have. The singular verb would
be correct.

5. present, immediate.

6. opinions, the opinion of each of
them.

10. shall, shall go: omission of verb
of motion.

13. stoed on ceremonies, attached
a high value to outward signs.

15. This line comes in sense after the
next.

16. Recounts,
omitted.

the watch. Shakespeare was

thinking of the watchmen to be
seen at night in London streets.

19. Observe the alliteration in this

relative subject

 

line:—fierce fiery... fought. The
past tense jought is used, though,
after the previous lines, we should
expect the perfect.

22. hurtled, clashed. (Derived from
hurt.)

25. use, custom.

31. blaze forth, announce, proclaim
The word in this sense is derivd
from 0O.E. ble@san, to blow ef.
blast), though here there is a hint
of the other meaning also.

32. That is, cowards, owing to their
poor-spiritedness, go through the
agonies of dying many times before
death actually comes to them.

37. augurers. See not* on ii. 1. 200.

38. to stir. In this case we should
now omitthe to. See note oni. 1.3.92

40. This would be a bad sign.

42. should. We should say ‘would’.

44. Observe the personification of
danger.

46. litter’d, brought forth.

56. humour, whim.

68. all hail! An exclamation of salu-
tation, often addressed to a king.

€0. happy, fit, just in time.

85. In line 55 Ceesar had agreed ‘that
Antony should tell a lie for him.
Now he rejects Calpurnia’s sugges-
tion that Decius should tell the
same lie. There are two possible
explanations of the change of
mind. (1) Hither lines 65-67 are
an aside, and Cesar is really de-
liberating whether he shall demean
himself to a lie; or (2), and more
probably, the words are spoken
aloud and with scornful emphasis,
Cexsar wishing Decius to believe
that he is incapable of lying. The
passage throws light on Cesar’s
relations with his wife. He has no
respect for her, and alone with her
he loses his self-respect.

87. To be, i.e. and yet be, not ‘as to
to be’.

afeard, afraid.

75. stays, intransitive verb used
transitively.

76. to-night; that is, last night.

statue; pronounce as_ three
syllables. (The word is derived
from Latin statwa through old
French statue, which was _ pro-
nounced as three syllables.)

77, 78. Which... did run, a relative
clause instead of a participle; ‘she
saw ny statue running pure blood’.

78. run, intransitive verb used tran-
sitively; compare ‘run a business’.

lusty, gallant.

80. Thisline contains twelvesyllables,
and is called an Alexandrine, either
from a French poem on Alexander
the Great, written in lines of this
length, or from a French poet
named Alexandre Paris, who used
thelinemueh. Portentsis accented
on the second syllable.

81. imminent, threatening, impend-
ing.

85. statue; here two syllables.

89. tinctures, dyes, colours. The

word isa technical term in heraldry.
cognizance, that by which some-

thing is remembered; a technical

 

 

|

JULIUS CESAR.

    
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
   
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
   

[Act IL. Se. 2.

term in heraldry for a badge or de-
vice.

The meaning of the line seems to
be that men will press forward to
dip their handkerchiefs in Ceesar’s
blood in order to keep them as
blood-stained relics of him; just as
English people used to de at the
execution of martyrs and noble
victims. This almost assumes the
fulfilment of Calpurnia’s dream,
and it seems strange that Cesar
was won over by such an interpre-
tation. Professor Craik suggests
that ‘‘we are to feel the presence
of an unseen power driving on both
the unconscious prophet and the
blinded victim”’.

93. concluded, resolved.

96. it were a mock... render’d, it
would be a fitting taunt, and one
likely to be made.

102. Pardon me, for even suggesting
that Cesar could be afraid.

102, 103. for my... proceeding, for
my affectionate concern for your
career.

104. That is, his love for Cesar urges
him to speak thus plainly, while
his reason would check his plain
speaking as unnecessary and per-
haps insulting. Liable to=sub-
ject to.

110. are you stirr’d, are you up, are
you astir. Verbs of motion were
Pega compounded with ‘to

a;

111-113. This is not the way to con-
ciliate an enemy. Invalids always
resent remarks upon their ailments
and ill appearance.

114. strucken. We had ‘stricken’ in
it. 1. 182:

119. to be thus waited for, the in-
finitive indefinitely used.

121. hours, two syllables.

122. Remember that you call, re-
member to call.

128. ‘That every thing said to be
like another thing is not always
really like it.’

129. yearns, grieves. (O. E. yrman, to
grieve, from earm, poor, wretched.
A different word from O. E. gyrnan,
to be desirous, yearn, long.)

upon. This preposition is not
followed by a neun, but we under-
stand after it the noun-clause of
line 128.Act IIL Sc. 1.] NOTES.

93
Act Il.—Scene 8.
6. you. Previously Artemidorus | 10. lover friend.
has used ‘thou’. See note on i. 1.
» Here ‘you’ may mean to in- | 14. ‘Away from the attacks of jealous
clude Cesar and his friends. rivals.’ ‘The metaphor is of an
security, the feeling of being safe, animal sticking its teeth into an-
freedom from anxiety. (Lat. se, other.
without; cura, care.) 16. contrive, plot.
Act Il.—Scene 4.
1. prithee, pray thee. the ninth hour at Rome would thus
6. constancy, firmness. be our 3 P.M.
#8, 19. Note the agitation of mind 31. harm’s, harm that is, omission
ea by these rapidly spoken of relative.
words.

18. rumour, noi 37. void, open, clear.
8. r, noise.

e : fs 41. speed. § C i :
20. Sooth, short for ‘in sooth’: ie p ee note oni. 2. 88.

in truth, truly. Lucius does not | 42. Portia has spoken aloud, forget-

 

understand Portia, and is impatient ting the presence of Lucius. She

with her strange behaviour. now says that Brutus hasa suit, in
23. the ninth hour, nine o'clock. order that the boy may not have

Shakespeare was thinking of the | Dis Suspicions aroused.

Engtish way of reckoning time. The 44. commend me. We should say,

Romans began theirday at6o’clock; | ‘give my love to’.

Act IIl.—Scene I.

1. Cesar had been impressed bythe ! cession is still advancing towards
Soothsayer’s words (i. 2. 12-24), | the Capitol.

although he scorniully ignored 22. constant, firm.

him as a ‘dreamer’. 24. change, change colour.

3. schedule, roll of paper. 25, 26. This shows that the various
4. o’er-read, read over, peruse. members of the conspiracy had had
8. served, satisfied, attended to. their parts carefully allotted to
Compare ‘to serve a customer’. them beforehand.

92 Sd
10. give place, retire, go away. 3 A A ratory
18. makes to, advances towards. 29 ee oak
Compare our ‘make for’, used in A y Tee. :
the same way, very often with a 30. that rears. Observe the third
hostile sense. _ person verb, though the antecedent
: is second person. ‘Rears his’ or
‘rear your would either be right.
88. puissant, powerful.
19. It had apparently been arranged 35. prevent, forestall. See notes on
that Casca was to strike the first ii. 1. 28 and ili. 1. 19.
blow. This was probably because aide ee
he, a blunt man of ‘‘quick mettle”, 36. coushings, aeons hil
would be less likely than some of 38, 39. turn Lt br escalget ‘. ih
the others to fail through flurry or dren, — Py de Pad from the
nervousness at the last moment. ordained an ecre e
beginning inte laws as unstable as

mark. Make two syllables by
prolonging the 7.

sudden, quick. the whims of children, who soon
prevention, measures taken be- change their minds. Omsar means
forehand to hinder the plot from that, however much influence bows
being carried out. and curtsies might have on ordinary
21. That is, one or the other of them men, his decisions areas iramevahle

 

will never return alive. The pro- as the original deerees of heaven.94

39, 40. fond to, 80 foolish as to.
Observe that ‘so’ and ‘as’ are both
omitted.

40, 41. such... that. This usage is
obsolete. In modern prose it would
be ‘blood so rebellious as to be’.

41. the true quality. We should
expect ‘its true quality’.

42. With, by.

43. Low-crooked, bent low.

48, 49. Caesar means that he did no
wrong when he banished Publius
Cimber, and that he can only be
satisfied that Publius should be
pardoned by a really good case
being made out for it; not by base
flattery. Ben Jonson after Shake-
speares death ridiculed this pas-
sage in a book of his called Timber,
or Discoveries. He quoted it thus:
“Qggar did never wrong but with
just cause”; and said that this
absurdity (we should now call it an
Trish bull) was an instance of Shake-
speare’s carelessness in compo-
sition

51. repealing, recalling.

54. freedom of repeal, liberty to
be recalled.

67. enfranchisement, restoration to
the rights of a citizen.

58. moved, induced to. alter his
decisions. Csesar means that if he
ceuld bring himself to beg others
to change their minds, he could
change his own mind.

60. constant, fixed, firm.

61. resting, remaining in one place.

62. no fellow, no equal, none like it.

63. unnumber’d, innumerable,count-
less.

35. doth, that doth; omission of rela-
tive.

67. apprehensive, endowed with rea-
son. In saying that ‘men are flesh
and blood and endowed with rea-
son’ Cesar means that they are not
unsubstantial spirits to be blown
this way and that, nor mere bodies
without minds, and so unable to
choose a course and keep to it.

69. unassailable, not capable of
being attacked.

helds on his rank, remains firm

in his dignity, or in the path of

nn he has marked out for him-

self,

JULIUS CAESAR.

    

 

 

 

  
   
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
   
  
 
 
   
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
    
 
 
  
  
 
  
   
  
 
  
 
  
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

[Act IIL

70. Unshaked of motion, not shaken
by the movement of the rest. For
the irregular participle compare
i. 86;for “ok meaning ‘by’ com-
pare ii. 1. 156.

71. it. This repeats the object, the
noun clause ‘‘ that I am he”.

72. constant, firm in my resolve.

74. Olympus, the high mountain in
the north-east of Greece. Upon it
the Greeks located their gods.

75. bootless, in vain. (A.S. bot,
profit.) Cesar means, ‘if Brutus
pleads in vain, Brutus whom I love,
how can you expect to succeed ?’

77. Ettu, Brutel ‘Thou too,O Brutus?!’
Cesar is cut to the heart when he
sees his friend Brutus stab him.
The Latin phrase, which has become
proverbial, is not to be found in any
Latin author; but it occurs 1m one
or two other plays written about
Shakespeare's time.

80. pulpits, the rostra, which were
a sort of raised platform or chair
erected in the Forum from which
to address the people. They were
called rostra because they were
decorated with the beaks of ships
(Latin rostrum, a beak).

89. good cheer, be of good cheer,
cheer up.

90. Nor to no, double negative.

92. lest that. That is redundant,

93. your age, you, being aged.

94. abide, pay for, answer for. (The
proper form of the word is wdy;
from O. BE. abyegan, to pay for;
compare lie from O. E. licgan.)

95. But we. In strict grammar it
would be ‘ but us’.

96. amazed, beside himself, in utter
confusion of mind.

97. wives, women.
wife’ = fishwoman.
‘woman’ is wif-man.)

98. As, as if.

doomsday, the day of judgment.

99, 100. tis but... stand upon, that
is, men accept the fact that they
must die: what they make much
of, set a high value on, is prolong-
ing their life (drawing their days
out) as long as they can.

104. abridged, shortened.

111. wash, i.e. wash our swords and
hands in Cessar’s blood.

Compare ‘ fish-
(0. E. wif:8c. 1.]

111-113. This is a prophecy dramati-
cally put into the mouth of Cassius
of what is actually being seen by
the spectators of this play.

113. accents, language.

115. Pompey’s basis, the base or
pedestal upon which Pempey’s
image stood.

along, at full length.

116. So oft. We should say ‘as
often’.

119. shall we forth? Observe the
omission of the verb of motion.

121. most boldest. The superlative
is doubled for greater emphasis.

125. being prostrate, when I was
prostrate. This logically comes
after ‘me’: “‘he bade me, being
prostrate, say’’.

127. royal. This would be inappro-
priate were it not that ‘royal’ was
in Shakespeare’s time a common
word for great excellence.

128. Say |. The servant is quoting
Antony’s actual words.

131. resolved, freed from uncer-
tainty, satisfied by being put in
possession of the facts.

136. ‘Through the dangers of this
new condition of things, upon
which we have entered as on an
untrodden path.’ Thorough, an-
other form of ‘ through’ (not to be
pronounced like the modern ‘tho-
rough’, but like ‘through’ made into
two syllables by syllabising the 7).
It is written thorough simply to
mark this pronunciation.

140. soplease himcome. Weshould
say, ‘If he will be kind enough to
come’.

141. satisfied, fully informed and
convinced of the rightness of their
action.

142. presently, immediately.

143. to friend, as our friend.

144. a mind, a feeling, presentiment.

145, 146. my misgiving... purpose,
my suspicions always turn out to
be justified. Still=constantly.

148. Observe how cleverly Antony
puts off his direct communication
with the conspirators by address-
ing the fallen Cesar. Observe too
that here Antony for the first time
begins to reveal his character. So
far we have only heard about him,
save for a brief moment at the

Lupercalia: now we see him.

 

 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
   
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
   
  
   
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 

NOTES. 95

152. be let blood, be bled, a euphem-
ism (that is, a pleasant name for
an ugly thing) for murdered.

rank, ill from over richness of
blood. Antony means: ‘who else is,
in your opinion, so full of greatness
that he ought to be killed’.

154. nor no, double negative.

155. that...as. See note oni. 2. 34.
157. bear me hard. See note on
Ls 23l7:

159. Live, if I were to live.
160. apt, fit, ready.
161. mean, means.

162. by Czesar corresponds to ‘place -
by you corresponds te ‘mean’, in
line 161.

169. pitiful, full of pity.

171. ‘As one fire puts another one out,
so our pity for the wrongs of Rome
has made us pitiless to Ceesar.’

172. For your part, as for you.

174. in strength of malice, either
(1) ‘in the strength of enmity
(against Ceesar); or (2) ‘as strong
as if we were animated by hate
(and not love) against you’. There
may be a misprint of some kind;
malice may be a misprint for wel-
come.

175. in, into our hearts and arms.

177. voice, vote. Cassius tries to win
Antony to his side by the promise
of an important place in the new
state.

181. deliver, relate.

184. render, give.

192. conceit, conceive, think of.

195. Observe this second reference to
Ceesar’s spirit.

196. dearer, more intensely. ‘Dear’
was used to express anything that
affeeted the feelings intensely,
whether pleasurably or painfully.

202. It would beeome me, 7.2. weep-
ing out of all those eyes would be-
come me.

close, eome te agreement.

204. bay’d, brought to bay. An ani-
mal, when, in the course of being
hunted, it was driven into a place
where it could not eseape but han
to face the dogs, was said to be
‘at bay’. (The erigin of the phrase
was the Freneh étre acse eabois, to be
at the baying of the dogs.)

hart, a play on ‘heart’96

206. Sign’d in thy spoil, stamped
with the marks of your destruction.
lethe, blood. It is not known
how the expression originated.
There appear to be two probable
explanations: (1) that Shakespeare
eoined the word from Latin letum,
death; (2) that, as Lethe was the
classical name of the river of For-
getfulness in the infernal regions,
Shakespeare here applied it to the
stream of Ozsar's blood, the shed-
ding of which carried away his
spirit into oblivion.

907, 208, hart... heart. Observe the
word-play.

209. strucken. Compare ii. 2. 114.

211. Cassius impatiently and menac-
ingly breaks in upon Antony's apos-
trophe. He is a man for business,
not sentiment.

212. Antony means that what he has
said is ne more than an enemy
might say.

218. modesty, moderation.

215. compact, aceent on second syl-
lable.

216. prick’d, marked. The reference
is to the custom of pricking a hole
against the name in a list.

217. on, go on, proceed. The verb
of motion is omitted.

918. Therefore, for that, z.e. in order
to be pricked among your friends.

921. Upon this hope, on the strength
of this hope.

924. ‘Our reasons are so capable of
being shown in a favourable light.’

928. Produce, bear forth. (Latin
pro, forward; ducere, to lead.)

229. pulpit, the rostra or speaking
platforms inthe Forum. In Shake-
eo. time sermons were some-

es preached in the open air
from pulpits: there was a pulp
outside St. Paul's Cathedral. Hence
perhaps his use of the word here.

280. in the order.. funeral, in the
erderly course of the funeral oere-

monies.

233. in his funeral, during his fu-
neral.

235. By your pardon. We might say,
‘Excuse me’.

286. will, will go.
280. permission. four syllables.
also in Ane 247.

So

JULIUS CAHSAR.

 

  
      
    
     
  
  
   
   
  
  
 
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
 
 
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
  

{Act IIL

242. advantage, be to our advan-
tage.

243. fall, happen.

255. That | am, for being.

957. in the tide of times, in the
course of the world’s history.

263-266. This prophecy was fulfilled
in the succeeding years.

264. cumber, lie heavy upon.

265. in use, usual, of comamon occur-
rence.

266. familiar, four syllables.

267. but, only.

268. with, by. So in lime 269.

hands of war, hands of warriors,
or warlike hands.

269. choked, being choked.

with custom of fell deeds, by
the frequency of cruel deeds.

270. The third reference to Cessar’s
spirit.

ranging, roaming, like a beast of
prey, or a fierce hunter.

971. Ate, the geddess cf mischief and
vengeance.

272. confines, borders.

278. cry ‘Havoc’, give the call for
no quarter te be given, no merey
to be shown. ‘To work havoe’ is
to effect terrible destruction.

let slip. Hunting dogs were heid
by leashes, thongs of leather, whi
at the proper time were slipped
from the animals’ heads.
dogs of war, fire, sword, and
famine.

274. That, so that.

275. With carrion men, t.e. with or
by reason of the decaying corpses
of men.

groaning for burial. Wright
says: “It is not an uncommon
thing in some parts of the ceuntry
to say of a corpse which begins to
show signs of decomposition that
‘i calls out loudly fer the earth’”.
Cempare the colloquial phrase ‘ to
stink aloud’ and the modern slang
‘to hum’.

982. big, swelling with sorrew.

283. Passion, violent emotion.

227. Post, used of travellingin haste:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

originally fresh horses for a rapid
traveller were held ready at certain
posts or stations along hfs road.

289. No Rome. a play on ‘no room’Be. 2.

290. Hie. See note oni. 3. 150,
291. back, go back.

295. the which. ‘The’ was placed

     
   
      
 

NOTES, 97

before
definite.

297. Lend me your hand. So we
say ‘lend a hand’,

which’ to make it more

Act Ill.—Scene 2.

l. satisfied. See note on iii. 1.
141.

4. part the numbers, hold an over-
flow meeting.

7. rendered, given.
10. severally, separately.

ll. is ascended. Observe the con-
jugation of the verb of motion with
‘to be’.

12-52. The speech of Brutus is calm,
delivered without rhetorical col-
ouring, and intended to convinee
the reason of the mob, not to work
on their feelings.

a8. Note that Brutus addresses the
crowd first as patriots, then as
fellow-citizens, and last as personal
admirers. Antony, on the other
hand (see line 78), first calls them
‘friends’.

lovers, friends.

15. censure, judge, form an opinion
of.

29. There is tears. Observe the
singular verb preceding the plural
noun.

83. so rude ... Roman, so uncul-
tured as not to wish to be a Roman.
The Romans considered themselves
far superior to any other people.

40. The question of his death, the
reason why he was put to death.

enrolled, explained and regis-
tered.

41. extenuated, lessened, made light
of (literally, beaten out thin: Latin
ex, out; tenuis, thin)

43. enforced, exaggerated, made the
most of.

51. See act v. seene 5.

56. Observe this mark of the stupidity
of the mob.

62. grace, honour.

63. Tending to, being directed to,
aiming at extolling.

66. Save |. This should strictly be.

‘save me’
spoke. See note onili. 1. 125.
70. beholding, beLolden, indebted.

 

 

71-77. The student must remember
that the mob is a large one, and
that these words of four citizens
are the only words heard distinctly
amid a babel.of sounds. Hence
Antony has to begin twice.

78-257. Antony’s speeches must be
very carefully studied. Observe
how he begins: disclaiming any
intention of praising Cesar, com-
plimenting Brutus, yet skilfully
hinting that Cesar has had hard
measure dealt out to him, and re-
peating the phrase ‘‘ honourable
men’ with more and more irony,
only half concealed, as he feels that
he has his audience well in hand.

83. ambitious, four syllables.
85. answer’d, paid the penalty for it.

94. general coffers, the state money
chests.

96. When that. ‘That’ is strictly
unnecessary. Cf. iii. 1. 92.

100. onthe Lupercal. Either Shake-
speare meant ‘on the oceasion of
the feast of the Lupercal’ (see i. L
72), or he took the Lupercal to be
a hill, whereas it was really the cave
in which Romulus and Remus,
the fabled founders of Rome, were
discovered.

108. withholds you... to mourn.
We should say ‘withholds you
(keeps you) from mourning’. The
infinite is used indefinitely, or like
agerund. See ii. 1. 135, &c.

109. judgement, ability to form
right opinions.

112. Antony here skilfully pauses, as
if overcome by emotion, to see how
the mob are taking his speech.

117,118. Observe what a leading part
the Fourth Citizen takes in influ-
encing the others.

119. dear abide it, pay dearly for it,
120. This refers to Antony.

123. But yesterday, only yesterday.
no further back than yesterday.
125. ‘ And there is none so poor as to

do him reverence.’ That is, ‘ there
ig no one here so poor in spirit, g0
es98

humble and pitiful of heart, as to |
show him respect’.

126. if | were disposed. While dis-
claiming the intention, Antony is
artfully carrying it out.

132. Than | will wrong. We should
expect ‘than to wrong E

133. Here Antony once more shows
his cleverness, by exciting their
curiosity about the will, increasing
it afterwards by delaying to read
the will, and so working up their
feelings to a high pitch of excite-
ment.

135. the commons,
people.

testament, will. (So called be-
cause it is a document which bears
witness. Latin testari, to bear wit-
ness. )

138. See the prophecy of Decius Bru-
tus in act ii. scene 2, and note
to line 89

napkins, handkerchiefs.

139. for memory, as a memorial.

147. Marullus the tribune had called
the people “‘ blocks, and stones, and
worse than senseless things”. in 1.

the common

 

1. 40.

155. o’ershot myself, defeated my
own purpose, gone too far. In
archery, a man who shot farther
than another was said to overshoot
¥m.
to tell, by telling.
hi. 130.

158. Observe that the Fourth Citizen
is alive now to the irony of the
phrase ‘‘ honourable men”,

169. from, away from.

hearse. This word, in modern
English applied to a carriage for
conveying the coffin, was in Shake-
gpeare’s time applied to any bier.
The original meaning was a trian-
gular harrow.

176, 177. Antony again shows great
cleverness in reminding the people
of one of Cesar’s most glorious
victories. The Nervii were a very
fierce tribe of Belgian: and Cesar
only conquered them, in 57 B.C.,
after a most desperate fight.

179. envious, malicious.

180. well-beloved. Observe this.

183. resol ~-' xccvred, satisfied.

185. Czesar’s angel. That is, Brutus

was as intimate with Cesar, and

See note on

JULIUS CASAR.

  
   
  
   
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
   
  
  
 
  
 
 
   
  
   

| Act III. 8c. 2.

as constantly accompanied him, as
the Spirit (the ‘Genius ’ of ii. 1. 66)
who watched over him through life.

187. most unkindest, double super-
lative.

188 saw him. Lay great stress on
him.

192. statue. See note onii. 2 76

198. dint, impression.
gracious drops, their tears.

200. Look you here. At this point
Antony lifts the mantle and shows
Ceesar’s wounded body.

208. These exclamations represent
the uproar and clamour of the
whole multitude.

217 griefs, grievances.

221 |amnoorator Antony is the
orator; Brutus isnot. The essence
of oratory is the power of working
on people’s feelings, and that Bru-
tus does not possess.

995. That is, ‘I have neither an in-
genious mind, nor persuasive lan-
guage, nor a noble nature’.

977. right on. Antony does speak
right on, easily and fluently as
though there were no art in it; but
that just is the art.

232. Would, that would: omission of
relative

241, your loves, 7.é. the love of each
of you. See note oni. 2, 42.

247. several, individual.

drachmas. The drachma was
a Greek coin, worth between 9d.
and a shilling

254. on this side Tiber. Ceesar’s
pleasure-gardens were on the hill
known as the Janiculum, which
was on the opposite side of the
Tiber from the Forum. The mis-
take occurred in the French version
of Plutarch, which North trans-
lated. See Introduction.

256. to walk abroad, to walk about
in. For the omission of the pre
position compare i. 1. 47, &c.

259. the holy place, the market-place
or Forum, in whieh there was a part
specially devoted to the burning of
dead bodies.

265 Mischief is personified.

270. will |, omission of verb of mo-
tion.

271, upon a wish, just at the mo
mien when I was wishing to see

imAct IV. Sc. i.|

271. Fortune is personified. Antony

refers te the goddess Fortune.

274. are rid. The participial ending

is dropped, and the verb of motion
conjugated with ‘to be’

275. Belike, probably.

 
  
   
  
   
  

NOTES. 99

| 275, 276. notice ef... them, infor-

mation how I had moved the
people. The words ‘the people’
are strictly redundant.

276. Bring, i.e. lead, escort.

Act Ill.—Scene 3.

This scene, founded on a hint in
Plutarch, is only included in the play
to show how well the citizens had
been ‘moved’ by Antony. It has no
bearing on the plot.

2. unluckily charge my fantasy,
load my imagination in a way that
bodes no good.

3. forth of, out of.
10. directly, straightforwardly.

18. you were best, it will be better
for you. Originally ‘you’ was the

 

dative case, but this was misunder-

stood, so that the nominative case

oe to be used, e.g. ‘I were
est’.

20. bear mea bang for that. We
might say: ‘I'll give you one for
that’. Me is the ethic dative: see
note oni. 2. 266.

33. Another mark of the unreasoning
violence of the citizens.

36. pluck but his name, just pluck
his name.

37. turn him going, send him off.

Act 1V.—Scene I.

1. These many, as many as we have
pricked.
prick’d. See iii. 1. 217.
4. Publius. This should be Lucius,
who was Antony’s uncle, not cousin.

9. ‘ How to lessen the amount to be
paid as legacies.’ Charge =ex-

pense.
10. what, an exclamation.
ii. or... . of, eifhier. .< or:
12. slight unmeritable, insignifi-

cant and worthless. The ending
-able usually marks a passive mean-
ing : here it is active.

14. The three-fold world divided,
when the three-fold world is
divided. The three men were
about to divide the Roman world
among themselves. Three-fold, i.e.
Europe, Asia, and Africa, in all of
which Rome had possessions.

16. voice, vote.

17. proscription, ‘‘ the act of doom-
ing to death without legal proceed-
ing”. The word is here to be
pronounced as four syllables.

20. That is, to free ourselves from
loads of slander. He means that
they have allowed Lepidus to share
with them in order to keep his
mouth shut.

21. Shakespeare was fond of this

 

simile of the ass.
the classics.

22. business, three syllables.

23. Either, the two syllables slurred
to make one.

6. empty, unloaded.

7. in, often used for ‘on’,

8. soldier, three syllables.

29. for that, because of that.

30. appoint, assign, arranze.

provender, provisions, food.
(From Latin prebenda, from pre-
bere, to furnish: through French
provende.)

32. wind, wheel, turn.

33. His corporal motion, the move-
ment of his body.

34. in some taste, in some sort.

36, 37. that feeds... imitations.
*‘One that is satisfied with cast-
away and broken fragments, things
which have been abandoned as
worthless, and with aping the
manners of others.” (Wright.) (Ab-
jects, from Latin abjectum, abjicere,
to throw away. Orts, remnants,
from O.E. o7, out, and etan, to eat.
Imitations, five syllables.) The
first edition had ‘“‘ objects, arts,
and imitations”; the only change
made has been the transposition of
the initial vowels in the two fir~’
words.

It occurs also in

bo bo po100 JULIUS CAESAR.

39. Begin his fashion, are the begin-
ning of a new fashion with him.
40. a property, piece of furniture.

The word is still used in the phrase,
‘stage-properties’, the things that
are required in acting on the stage.
41. Listen, listen to. The preposi-
tion is omitted.
42. powers, forces, soldiers.
straight, straightway, imme-

 

diately.
make head, get together an
armed force.

43. ‘Let the league between us be
pound still more closely.’

44. In the first edition this line was
<¢ Our best friends made, our means
gtretch’d”. Editors have proposed
several alterations in the second
part of it, in order to make up the
omitted syllables: but the first part

  
   
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
   

| Act IV.

 

equally needs emendation. It would
be too late for Antony to speak of
making friends; he must mean,
‘let us take care that our best
friends are really ours’, or possibly,
‘let us put our best friends in pos-
session of our plans’. See line 46.

44. our means stretch’d out, our
resources put to the utmost strain.

45. presently, at the present time.

46. How, 7.e. let us consult how.

covert, secret.

47. surest answered, most safely
met,

48, 49. Observe the metaphor. It is
of a bear fastened to a stake and
being worried by dogs. Bear-bait-
ing was once a favourite amuse-
ment in England.

49. bay’d. See note to iii. 1. 204.

Act IV.—Scene 2.

>, the word, the watchword.

He greets me well. Perhaps
‘he does well to greet me’

7 In his own change, by some

change of disposition in himself.

or by ill officers, or by the
fault of his officers, by officers who
serve him badly.

10. satisfied, given a satisfactory ex-
planation.

12. full of regard and honour, ¢con-
siderate and honourable.

14. reselved. See note on iii. 1. 182.

16. familiar instances, marks of
familiarity.

21. enforced ceremony, constrained
formality. What we should calla
stiff manner.

23. hollow, empty, not reliable,
greater in promise than perfor-
mance.

hot at hand, restive under re-
straint.

|
|

|

96. fall. let fall, lower. An intransi-
tive verb used transitively.

jades, worthless horses.

co. Sardis, capital of Lydia in Asia
Minor.

99. the horses in general, the main
body of cavalry.

40. That is, ‘the wrongs you do are
hidden because you have the ap-
pearance of aman too calm in tem-
perament to wrong another’.

41. be content, don’t worry, steady!

42. griefs, grievances.

46. enlarge, discuss at large, speak
out fully.

50-52. It is thought that the name of
Lucius ought to be substituted for
that of Lucilius, and vice versa, be-
cause Lucius was Brutus’s servant,
and so would be sent along with
Cassius’s servant Pindarus, while
the two officers guarded the tent
of the generals.

Act 1V.—Scene 3.

Zz neted, branded with disgrace.
(Latin neta meant a mark by which
aman was knewn.)

5. slighted off, put aside as being
insignificant.

7. ‘Thatevery trifling offence should

be remarked on. For ‘his’ as

‘its’ compare i. 2. 124, &c.

10. to have, for having. See note on
i, 1. 1385
an itching palm, a hand restless
to get money.
11. To sell , for selling.
mart, making trade with.
15,16. That is, ‘your honoured name
makes this bribery respectable, andSe. 3.

so there is no question of punish-
ment, as there would be in the case
of a lesser man’.

19. for justice sake. The ’s was
often omitted before sake in order
to avoid the harshness of two s’s
coming together. Hence we find
‘for heaven sake’, &c.

20, 21. ‘Who of those who touched
his body was such a villain as to
stab for anything else than justice?
This touches Cassius, who was
animated against Cesar by personal
spite.

23. for supporting robbers; that
is, for maintaining an immense
army, which in great part subsisted
by plunder.

24. Contaminate, soil, smirch.

25. the mighty space... honours,
the honour which is to us so great
apossession. Hecompares honour
to a large extent of land, and con-
trasts it with the small thing that
can be held in the hand. ‘Hon-
ours’ is plural, because Brutus
means his honour and that of
Cassius; see note oni. 2. 42.

26. trash. See note oni. 3. 108.

27. bay, bark at.

30. To hedge mein, to put me under
restraint.

32. Go to, go along, rubbish!

35. Urge, provoke, irritate.

36. Have mind... health, have a
care to your safety

37. slight. See iv. 1. 12.

89. choler, anger.

43. choleric, quick-tempered.

45. Lay stress on ‘I’ and ‘you’

observe, treat you with defer-
ence, fit myself to your whims.

47. ‘ You shall put up with the poison
of your anger.’ The spleen was re-
garded as the seat of the passions.

50. waspish, irritable, snappish.

51. soldier, three syllables.

52. vaunting, boasting.

68. the idle wind, the wind that
passes by, leaving no traces and
accomplishing nothing.

69. respect not, care nothing for.

72. coin my heart. The idea is of
separating his heart into round
drops of bleod like coins.

73. towring. For the omission and

NOTES.

 

 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
   
 
 
 
   
 
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
   
 
 
  

101

then insertura of to see note te
tod a

75. by any indirection, by any unfair
or crooked means.

76. legions, three syllables.

80. rascal counters, worthless coins.
‘Rascal’ is technically a hunting
term for a deer that is out of con-
dition.

85. rived. Seei. 3. 6.

92. Olympus. See iii. 1. 74.

94. alone on Cassius, on Cassius
alone.

98. conn’d by rote, learned by heart.

102. Plutus, the god of wealth.

108. it shall have scope, your anger
shall have free play.

109. dishonour shall be humour,
dishonourable conduct shall be re-
garded as proceeding from a mere
whim or peculiarity of disposition.

112. Who, referring to ‘flint’; we
should say ‘which’.

enforced, struck hard.

113. straight, straightway, instantly.

115. ill-temper’d, not well mixed.
Cassius means that his tempera-
ment contains some epposing ele-
ments.

133. cynic, rude fellow. The Cynics
were a class of philosophers, of
whom Diogenes was the mest fa-
mous. They were so ealled because
they had a churlish contempt of all
refinement. (Greek kuon, a dog.)

135. fashion, three syllables.

186. ‘I will recognize and make al-
lowance for his strange dispesition
when he tinds a fitting time to
exercise it.’

137. jigging fools, foolish makers of
doggerel verse. In Shakespeare’s
time a jig meant a ballad as well as
a dance.

138. Companion, aterm ofcontempt.

139. Lucilius and Titinius. See note
on iv. 2. 50-52.

144. of, with.

145, 146. Brutus was a Stoic; that is,
a philosopher who believed that
pleasure and pain were alike of no
account, that the wise man was
entirely free from the influence of
passion, that the only end in life
was the attainment of an inward
virtue entirely independent of out-
ward circumstances; &c.a

146. give place, give way, yield.

147. We are not told when or how
Brutus heard this. But Shake-
speare made use of the fact here
to show how Brutus could control
himself.

151. insupportable, unbearable.

152. Upon, in consequence of.

152-155. The construction is here
confused, perhaps because Shake-
speare wished to show Brutus as
overcome by emotion.

152. Impatient of, unable to bear.

155. distract, as we say, distraught,
out of her senses. The participial
ending ed is dropped.

165. call in question, examine into.

166. Cassius has been quite overcome
by the sad news, and can think of
nothing else.

169. power, army.

170. Bendin their
directing their march.

Philippi, in Macedonia, called
after its founder Philip of Macedon,
father of Alexander the Great.

z71. Myself, I too.

of the selfsame tenour, to the
same effect.

172. addition, that is, additional in-
formation.

180. proscription, four syllables.
See note on iy. 1. 17.

bills of outlawry,- papers in
which the men whose names were
written thereon were declared out-
laws.

483. Nor nothing, double negative.

writ, written, participial ending
dropped.

190. Lay stress on must.

191. once, at some time or other.

194, 195. Cassius means that as a
student of philosophy he had learnt
the same lessons of fortitude as
Brutus, but that his knowledge was
only theoretical; he could not carry
it out in practice. Cassius was an
Epicurean; see v. 1. 77.

196. to our work alive, let us set
about the work whiclk we as living
men have to do, or which concerns
living people. He means, talk no
more of the dead.

197. presently, at once.

201. offence. harm.

expedition,

JULIUS CAESAR.

 

   
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
   
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
    
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
  

| Act IV. Se. 3,

 

203. of force, of necessity.

give place. See note on line
146.

205. in a forced affection, in a state

of grudging support. Affection,
four syllables.
206. contribution, supplies; pro-

nounce as four syllables.

207. along by them, through their
country.

208. By them, by means of them, by
their help.

209. new-added, with new reinforce-
ments.

213. Under your pardon. See note
on iii. 1. 236. Observe that Brutus
will have his own way.

214. tried the utmost of, got from
them by pressure the utmost pos-
sible.

220. omitted, 7.e. the opportunity of
taking the tide being neglected.

224. ventures, what isrisked. The
word was applied especially to ships
that were gone on speculating trad-
ing voyages.

225. Scan:

We If along’ | ourselves’ | and meet’ | them

at’ | Philip’pi.

The a in ‘along’ must be slurred.

226. deep, adjective used as noun.
The deep of night means midnight.

227. That is, rest is necessary, human
nature requires it.

228. Which, nature.

niggard, treat in a sparing
niggardly way. He means that they
will not take much rest. An in-
stance of a noun used as verb.

233-235. Cassius refers to their quarrel.

239-274. Note the quiet beauty of this
ee between Brutus and the little

ad.

241. knave, lad. (This was the original
sense of the word, like German
knabe.)

o’erwatch’d, worn out with
watching, 7.e. with being awake so
long.

242. other, others.

247. raise, rouse.

251. otherwise bethink me, change
my mind.

255. much. We should say ‘very’.

258. an't, if it.

262. young bloods, young people.Act V. Sc. 1.]

265. hold, keep.

267-269. Observe this metaphor, in
which slumber is likened to a
murderer with a heavy club. It is
also an instance of personification.

270. Lucius has fallen asleep while
playing.

271. thou break’st.
‘you will break’.

272. There is a sort of melancholy

play on the word ‘good’.

Weshould say,

273. Scan:
Let me see’, | let me see’; | is’ not | the leaf’
{ turn’d down’.

The first two feet each contain two
short syllables instead of the usual
one.

the leaf. This is strictly an
anachronism, for in Rome the
books were rolls of parchment, and
not a number of bound-up sheets
as now.

274. left, left off.

The ghost of Cesar. In Plutarch
there are two accounts (in the Life
of Cesar and the Life of Brutus)
of the appearance of a spirit to
Brutus. But in neither case is it

|

NOTES.

 

|
|

  
 
  
  
 
  
   
    
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
   
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 

103

called the ghost of Cesar. Shake-
speare no doubt made it so beeause
it is the spirit of Cesar that governs
the whole play (see the Introdue-
tion and the references throughout
the notes). Brutus does not appear
to recognize ithere as Casar’s ghost,
but in v. 5. 17, 18he distinctly states
the fact.

277. apparition, five syllables.

278. Lay much stress on thing: ‘art
thou any thing?’ that is, a real
existence, or only a spectre created
by the imagination.

280. stare, stand on end.

281. speak, describe, explain.

287. Brutus was only startled out of
his calmness for a moment. In
this line lay stress on will.

292. Lucius, waking up suddenly,
speaks as though he had not been
asleep. Observe how true to nature
Shakespeare is, even in these little
points.

296. Brutus is testing Lucius to see
if he too was frightened.

308. Set on... before, early in the
morning set his troops in motion
and lead on.

Act V.—Scene I.

1. answered, realized.

3. regions, three syllables.

4. battles, lines of battle. Battle
means a force arranged in order
of battle.

5. warn, summon, challenge.

7. in their bosoms, in their secrets.

8. could be content, would be glad
enough.

10. with fearful bravery, with much
display, behind which, however,
they are full of fear. Or possibly
fearful bravery may mean ‘awe-
inspiring display’. Bravery is
probably used in the same sense as
the Scottish adjective ‘braw’, fine.

by this face, by showing this
bold front.

11. fasten in our thoughts, make
us firmly believe.

14. sign of battle.
let coat.

15. something to be, something is
to be.

16. softly, slowly.

This was a scar-

 

 

17. even, level.
19. cross, oppose.
exigent, decisive miument, press-
ing necessity.

20. ‘I don’t wish te quarrel, but I
will do asI say.’ Each word in the
second clause must be emphasized,
especially will and so.

21. parley, conference. Usually ap-
plied to a conference between op-
posing armies with a view to com-
ing to an agreement.

22. out. Observe the omission of the
verb of motion.

24. answer on their charge, meet
the attack when itis made. Antony
means to let the other side begin.
Lay stress on ‘their’.

25. Make forth, go forward.

33. ‘It is so far unknown where your
blows will succeed in finding a
place.’ He means to hint that An-
tony’s blows will not be of much
account. Observe that the verb
‘are’ is plural, while the subject
‘posture’ is singular. This is owingTE eee

104 JULIUS CASAR.

to the facet that the subject is sepa-
rated from the verb, and a plural
noun comes between. Of course
it is an error.

34. for, as for.

the Hybla bees. The bees of
Hybla in Sicily were famous In
classical times for the excellence
of their honey. Cassius means that
Antony’s words are as sweet, as
pleasant, as honey.

35. Antony retorts that if he stole
the bees’ honey perhaps he stole
their sting too.

38. threat, threaten.

39. Antony loses his temper.

45. Cassius reminds Brutus that he
had recommended the murder of

Antony.
48. the cause. We might say, ‘to
business !’

53. three and thirty; the number
in Plutarch is twenty-three.

54. another Cesar. He means him-
self.

55. added slaughter, fallen another
victim to.

66, 57. Brutus means that though he
and his party may be murderers,
they are not traitors to their coun-
try.

59. strain, race. We still keep the
word in this sense, but in relation
to animals only.

60. honourable, honourably; adjec-
tive for adverb.

61. peevish, silly, thoughtless. Oc-
tavius was twenty-one years old.

worthless, unworthy.

82. masker and a reveller, one
who delighted in entertainments
of which masques formed a part.
Masques were a very common form
of entertainment in Shakespeare’s
time. Seei. 2. 203 and 11. 2. 116.

63. Old Cassius still! the same old
scornful Cassius. See Cesar’s de-
scription of him in acti. scene 2.

66. stomachs, courage, inclination.

67. Cassius compares their enterprise
to a ship setting sail on a stormy
sea.

68. on the hazard, risked.

72. as is redundant.

75. As Pompey was. Pompey at the
disastrous battle of Pharsalia was
overruled by his officers.

 

 

   
    
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
  
   

[Act V.

 

76. Upon one battle, upon the result
of one battle.

77. held Epicurus strong, firmly held
the doctrines of the Epicurean phi-
losophy. Epicurus was born about
342 B.C. and taught that the chief
end of man was pleasure, by which
h2 meant peace of mind and a calm
undisturbed life. Another doctrine
was that the gods took no interest
in human affairs, and hence omens
and prodigies were only idle fancies.

79. do presage, foretell the future.

80. former ensign, foremost stand-
ard. The Roman standard was not
a flag, but a pole surmeunted by
the figure of an eagle.

83. consorted, accompanied.
85. in their steads, in their places.

ravens, crowsand kites. These
were all birds of ill omen.
£7. As. as 1.
sickly, diseased and therefore
about to die.
88. fatal, foreboding a dreadful fate.

90. | but believe it partly, I only
partly believe it. Observe the posi-
tion of but, and compare i. 1. 48.
ir. 1, 91, ose.

92. constantly, firmly.

98. Even so, Lucilius. Brutus and
Lucilius have been talking apart,
and now Brutus answers aloud
something that Lucilius has said.

96. rest still incertain, are always
uncertain.

97. ‘Let us discuss what our position
will be if the worst comes to the
worst.’

101-108. To Cassius’ question, ‘‘ What
are you determined to do?” Brutus
answers, ‘‘To stay the providence”,
&e. The words from ‘‘even by the
rule” to “give himself” give Brutus’s
reason and ground of his decision.
The words ‘‘I know not how” te
“time of life” area parenthesis. So
we might recast in prose as follows:
‘“‘Arming myself with patienee, I
am determined to await the deci-
sions of providence, by the rule of
the Stoic philosophy which I blamed
Cato for transgressing when he
killed himself. I am not sure why
I think so, but I do think it a
cowardly and disgraceful thing to
anticipate the natural end of life
as Cato did, for fear of what mightSe. 3. |

happen”. For Cato see note on
li. 1. 295.

111. Brutus throws his rule of philo-
sophy to the winds when Cassius

NOTES. 108

suggests the possibility of his being
led captive to Rome.

114. that work, that work which:
omission of relative,

Act V.—Scene 2.

1. hills, notes, general orders in
writing.

3. set on, attack.

4. demeanour, conduct, manner ef
acting.

Act V.—Scene 3.

1. the villains, his own soldiers.

3. ensign, standard-bearer.

4, it, his standard.

6. advantage on, advantage over.

11. far. This may possibly be the
comparative, equivalent to ‘fur-
ther’, and representing the O. E.
comparative jfarre.

19. with a thought, as quick as
thought.

21. regard, watch.

23. breathed first, first drew breath.

t was his birthday.

25. compass, circle, course. Com-
pare the Bible phrase ‘to fetch a
compass’.

29. make to him, hasten to him.

on the spur, spurring on their
horses.

81. some light, some alight, dis-
mount.

87. Parthia, country in Asia Minor,
with which the Romans were con-
stantly at war.

88. swore thee, made thee swear:
intransitive verb used transitively.

saving of, in the saving of.

41. freeman. Prisoners of war be-
came the slaves of their captors.
They were released from slavery
by the death of their masters.

42. search, pierce deep.

43. hilts, hilt.

51. change, the turn of fortune’s
wheel.

65. Mistrust of my success, fear as
to the result of my mission. ‘Suc-
cess’ meant ‘result’, whether good

or bad. Hence ‘“‘good success” in

the next line.

 

 

67-71. Observe this personification
of Error.

68. apt, ready, open to receive im-
pressions.

71. the mother, that is, the mind in
which the error was conceived.

envenomed, poisoned.

84. misconstrued, understood

wrongly.
85. hold thee. Simply an exclama-
tion.

86. bid. Shakespeare also uses the
correct past tense, ‘ bade’.

87. apace, at a good pace, rapidly.

88. how I regarded, with what re-
spect I treated.

89. this is a Roman’s part, this act
of suicide is an act becoming toa
Roman.

95. Observe again this reference to
Ceesar’s spirit.

96. own proper, very own. ‘Proper’
strictly means ‘own’.
97. whether, one syllable.

99. The last. Usually a nominative
of address has not the article.

101. fellow, match, equal.
moe, more.
103. Scan:
I shall’ | find time’ | Cas’sius| I shall’ |
find’ time’.
The second ‘shall’ has more stress
than the first.

104. Thasos, anisland in the Agean
Sea, off the coast of Thrace.

105. funerals, plural for singular.

soln 5 tha Tc 7 ea Fs106

JULIUS CZSAR.

    

[Act V. Sc. 5.

Act V.—Scene 4.

9. Cato has been cut down imme-
diately after leaving the scene.

12. only | yield to die, I yield only
to die.

18. straight, immediately.

14. It is not clear why Lueilius pre-

tended that he was Brutus.
94. or... or, whether... or.
32. is chanced, has happened.

Act V.—Scene 5.

5. Hark thee. Brutus asks Clitus

to kill him.
15. list, listen.

92. seest the world .. . how it goes,
a phrase like ‘know thee who thou
art’, the object being repeated.
‘You see what the state of affairs
is.’

93. beat, beaten. The participial
ending is dropped.
27. that our love, that love of ours.

29. office, duty.
85. ‘I have never found a man who
was not true to me.’

42. ‘Thathave laboured only to reach.
Brutus means either that his la-
pour; by which he meant to accom-
pet so much, has after all only

rought about his death, and so he

is disappointed; or that, like ali
Stoios, he has all along laboured
knowing that death will one day
inevitably come, and looking for-
ward to it with even mind.

45. of a good respect, of good re-
putation. See i. 2. 59.

46. smatch, smack. taste.

 

50. now be still, now rest in peace.
It was believed by superstitious
people in Shakespeare's time that
the spirits of murdered people rest-
lessly wandered about until they
wereavenged. Compare the ghost
in Hamlet.

59. Lucilius’ saying. See v. 4. 25.

60. entertain, receive into my ser-
vice.

61. bestow, spend.

62. prefer, recommend.

69. he, strictly, should be ‘him’.

70. that, that which, what.

71-72. in a general. .. good to all,
animated by a general honourable
motive and on behalf of the good
of all.

73. elements, the different faculties
of the body (choler, melancholy,
blood, phlegm, corresponding to
the four natural elements, eagth,
air, fire, water).

76. use, treat.

79. order’d honourably, laid out in
an honourable way.

80. the field, the army in the field.

81. part, share.CLASSIFIED INDEX,

1. ALLUSIONS.
(1) Classical,

adorning statues, i. 1. 69.
Aineas, i. 2. 112.
Anchises, i. 2. 113.
Ate, iii. 1. 271.
augurers, ii. 1. 200, and ii. 2, 37.
Cesar in Spain, i. 2. 119.
Cezsar’s gardens, iii. 2. 254,
Capitol, i. 1. 68.
Cato, ii. 1. 295; v. 1. 102,
Colossus, i. 2. 1386.
Cynics, iv. 3. 133.
drachma, iii. 2. 247.
Epicurus, v. 1. 77.
Erebus, ii. 1. 84.
great flood, i. 2. 152.
Hybla bees, v. 1. 34.
ides, i. 2. 18.
Lucius Junius Brutus, i. 2. 159; i. 3. 146; ii. 1. 58,
Lupercalia, i. 1. 72; i 2. 4; iii, 2. 100.
Olympus, iii. 1. 74; iv. 3. 92.
palm for victors, i. 2. 130.
Plutus, iv. 3. 102.
Pompey, i. 1. 42; v. 1. 75.
Pompey’s porch, i. 3, 126.
. statue, iii. 1. 115.
i theatre, i. 3. 152.
Stoic philosophy, iv. 3. 145; v. 1. 102.
Tarquin, ii. 1. 54.
triumph, i. 1. 35.
Troy, i. 2. 113.

(2) Geographieal.

Parthia, v. 3. 37. Sardis, iv. 2. 28.

Philippi, iv. 3. 170. } Thasos, v. 8. 104,108

JULIUS CASAR.

 

(8) Miscellaneous.

alchemy, i. 3. 159.

astrology, i. 2. 140. :

English customs, L 2, 266; i. 3. 48; ii. 1. 78; at 2. 165 UL 2. 89;
u. 4, 28, i 1.216.

lion in the Capitol, i. 3. 75.

snaring animals, ii. 1. 204-206.

9. FAMILIAR AND PROVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.

t.

2.
3.

10.
ie
12.
138.

14.

15.

16.

compact’, iii. 1. 215.

A friend should bear his friend’s infirmities. iv. 3. 86.
Constant as the northern star. iii. 1. 60.

Cowards die many times before their deaths,
The valiant never taste of death but once. ii. 2. 32.

rhié.bu, rove, aie 1. 7Y,
. His life was gentle, and the elements

So mix’d in him that nature might stand up
And say to all the world “This was a man”. Vv. 5. 73.

. How hard it is for women to keep counsel! ii. 4. 9.

How weak a thing
The heart of woman is. ii. 4. 39.

_ Tam constant as the northern star. iii. 1. 60.
. [had rather coin my heart,

And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wring

From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash

By any indirection. iv. 3. 72.

It was Greek to me. i. 2. 287.

Men at some time are masters of their fates. i. 2. 189.

most unkindest cut of all, ii. 2. 187.

The evil that men do lives after them,

The good is oft interred with their bones. iii. 2. 80.

The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
i. 2. 84,

There is a tide in the affairs of men

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. iv. 3. 218.

When love begins to sicken and decay

It useth an enforced ceremony:

There are no tricks in simple faith. iv. 2. 20.

3. POINTS OF GRAMMAR AND STYLE.

(1) Accent differing from Modern English.
|

portents’, ii. 2. 80.CLASSIFIED INDEX,

(2) Derivations.

abide, ii. 1. 94.
abjects, iv. 1. 36,
bay, iii. 1. 204.
blaze, ii, 2. 31.
bootless, iii. 1. 75,
prook, i. 9, 159:
cautelous, ii. 1. 129,
chafe, i. 2. 101.
cynic, iv. 3. 133.

exhalations, ii. 1. 44,

exorcist, ii. 1. 323.
extenuate, lil. 2. 41.
fain, i. 2. 239.
fleering, i. 3. 117.
handiwork, 1. 1, BG,
hearse, iii. 2. 169.

marry, i. 2. 229,
neat, L 1. 29,
noted, iv. 3. 2,

no whit, ii. 1. 148,
orts, iv. 1. 36.
palter, ii. 1. 126.
phantasma, ii. 1. 65.
prevent, ii. 1. 28.
produce, iii. 1. 228,
provender, iv. 1. 30.
replication, i. 1. 51,
scandal, i. 2. 76.
security, ii. 3. 6,
shrewd, ii. 1. 158.
testament, ili. 2. 185,
trash, i. 3. 108.

   
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
   

hie, i. 3. 150.
humour, i. 1. 362,
hurtled, ii. 2. 22.
kerchief, ii, 1.

lethe, iii. 1. 2

         
  
 
   
 

vulgar, i. 1. 75,
whilst, i. 2. 109;
wife, iii. 1. 97.
yearn, ii. 2. 129,
06. yond, i. 2, 194,

i, 3. 88

315.

 

(3) Pronunciation.

apparit:on (five syllables), iv. 3.

contribution (,, H ), IN Ss.

execution (_,, is ), 1. Zecout

resolution es ; }, 1 - bos

ambitious (four ‘ ), HZ, 8S.
impatience (,, Z ), da ae 24a. i
permission ( ,, ‘. ), Hi. 12.2389, 247 ai
proscription (,, ‘ yy V0 1. Ets ives. 180: 4
fashion (three 5 + Jy Ve Se di, a
legions (_,, a ), ivi 3.76, |
regions ( ,, ‘ ), Wi Boe:

soldier (_,, s3) 8 Dy De 28; LV, O.0 8s |
statue ( a yy eae 2G: He 2, 192.
through (two - ), an 1; 13

(4) Miscellaneous.

-able (active ending), iv. 1. 12.

absolute clause, i. 2. 101.

abstract as concrete, i. 1. 70. i ee

abstract nouns (plural of), i. 2, 42; ii. 1. 148; ii. 2. 6; ifi, 2. 2413 iy
SB. 2b.

active for passive, ii. 1. 326.110 JULIUS QGHSAR.

adjective as adverb, v. 1. 60.

adjective as noun, iv. 3. 226.

adjective ending in -ive, ii. 1. 134.

adverbial termination supplied, ii. 1. 224.

Alexandrine, ii. 2. 80.

alliteration, ii. 2. 19.

an, i. 2. 266; iv. 3. 258.

anachronism, ii. 1. 192; iv. 3. 273.

a omitted after what, 1. 3. 42.

but, different uses of, i. 1. 48; i. 2. 53; i. 2. 118; & 2. 158; 1. 3. 144s
ii. 1. 91; ii. 1. 154; iii. 1. 267; i. 2. 36; v. 1. 90.

compound adjective, i. 3. 124; u. 1. 230.

“dear my lord”, ii. 1. 255.

double negative, i. 2. 237; ii. 1. 184; ii, 1.231; 1 1. 207° i. 1. 90;
iti, 1. 54; iv. 3. 183.

double superlative, iii. 1. 121; iii. 2. 187.

ellipses, ii. 1. 90; ii. 1. 124, 125, 126.

‘ethic dative’, i. 2. 266; iii. 3. 20.

for (comparative), v. 3. 11.

for=as for, 11. 1. 181.

his antecedent, i. 1. 55.

hes for zis, 1. 2. 124; ii. 1. 251s iv. 3. 7.

infinitive indefinitely used, ii. 1. 1385; ii. 2.115; mi. 2, 108, 155; iv.

3. 10.

m for on, iv. 1. 27.

intransitive as transitive, ii. 1. 129; ii. 2. 75, 78; iv. 2. 26; v. 3. 38

intrusive d, 1. 2. 194, 250.

irregular participles, i. 3. 6; ii. 1. 192; ii, 2.114; iii. 1. 209.

it indefinitely used, ii. 1. 226.

‘many a one’, i. 1. 42.

metaphor, i, 1. 77-79; i. 2. 35, 102, 130, 313; i. 3. 60, 96; ii. 1. 15,
22-27: ii, 1. 118, 225; ii. 8. 14; iv. 1. 48; iv. 3. 72, 267-269.

miscellaneous grammatical peculiarities, i. 3. 63; ii. 1. 114; ii. 2. 1;
oe 30, 955; ti. 2. 66, 182; iv. 3. 152-155; v. 1. 101-108; v.

mor ii. 1. 72>. vy. 3. 101,

nor .:2nor, u. 2, 1.

noun as adjective, i. 1. 39, 63.

noun as verb, il. 1. 83, 121; iv. 3. 228.

of — (by, i 1, £56; ili, 1. 70.

@ = in, 1 1. 157.

omission and insertion of to, i. 1. 3; i. 2. 172; ii. 2, 38; iv. 3. 78.

ee . preposition, i. 1. 47; 1. 2. 24, 110, 181, 314; iii. 2. 286;
iv. 1. 41.

omission of prenoun in questions, i. 1. 31.

omission of relative, i. 2. 814; ii. 1. 309; ii. 2. 16; ii. 4.31; iii, 1. 65;
Hii, 2, 282; v. 1. 114.

omission of ’s, iv. 3. 19.

omission of verb, i. 2. 296, 316.CLASSIFIED INDEX. rl}

omission of verb of motion, i. 1. O85 ai L187 a 8: 10; ti 17110,
217, 236, 291; iii. 2. 270; v. 1. 22.

on for another preposition, i. 2. 71.

OF 1. OF, Th. 1.1855 ty, del y, (4. 24.

participial ending dropped, ii. 1. 125, 238, 314; iii. 2. 66, 274; iv, 8,
To,- 1833 v5, 28:

participle formed from noun, ii. 1. 297,

past tense for participle, i. 2. 48; i. 3. 6; ii. 1. 50.

personification, i. 1. 50; i, 3. 5-8; ii. 2. 44; iii, 2. 265, 271; v. 3::67—71,

pleonasm, i. 1. 42; i. 2. 153.

plural for singular, v. 3. 105.

plural verb with singular subject, v. 1. 33.

redundancy, i. 3. 122; iii. 1. 92; iii. 2. 96, 2ibe WV: THe

reflexive verb, i. 2. 324; i. 3. 47, 156.

relative combined with antecedent, ii. 1. 331.

repetition of subject, i. 2. 115, 127.

rimed couplet, i. 2. 326.

scanning, i. 1. 66, 70; i. 2. 19, 29, 114; ii, 1, 81, 122, 1384, 178; i, &
GU, 120; iv. 3. 225, 273: v3. 163;

shall for will, i. 2. 9.

shall =is to, i. 3. 87.

should for would, ii. 2. 42.

simile, ii. 1. 67-69; iv. 1. 21.

singular verb with plural subject, i. 8. 188, 148; iii. 2. 29,

baat ~.a8, 1, 2. 34, 174;

that redundant, iii. 1. 92; iii. 2. 96.

that=so that, i. 1. 50; ii. 1. 75.

thou and you, i. 1. 9; ii. 3. 6.

verb of motion with to be, iii. 2. 11.

who=any one that, i. 3. 120.

with=by, i. 3. 83; iii. 1. 42, 268.

“vou were best”’, iii. 3. 13.

4, WORD-PLAY.

ail (awl), L 1. 26. one, i. 2. 157.

cobbler, i. 1. 11. out, L 1. 19:

falling sickness, i. 2. 259. recover, i. 1. 28.
good, iv. 3. 272. Rome (room), i. 2. 156; iii. 1. 2F
hart (heart), iii. 1. 204, 207. silver, ii. 1. 144.

live (lieve), i. 2. 95. soles, i. 1. 14.

5. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS OF IMPORTAY

‘*abjects, orts, and imitations ”, iv. 1. 36.
**arms in strength of malice”’, iii. 1. 174.

-- Dear me Nard.” 1. 2. ol7: ii. 4) 216: iii. t. 187.
Cresar's spirit. 113; 1677 ii. 1. 195; 270; v.-8. 9b.Salat tt ate’ oe uttered ol eteeaeel aaa eee LE a eee ae a ¢ af EG: o aN : ‘ : ‘
Debs od ST ALT he ahah La cnbenh ead ks Boke as ka te bath aeiied kek kL be need aes eerie tl , 3
) eri tal sted et oral Gat eetiecataraeas str ett ee Te >
fa SE od

Pre anne Vote See eee ene ee eet od oe

poet

veto ew Saree

    
 
 
 
 
  
  
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
   
  

112 JULIUS CAESAR.

 

“ eternal devil”, i. 2. 159. See also Introduction

“Genius and mortal instruments”, ii. 1. 66.

“had his eyes”, i. 2. 62.

“hearts of controversy”, 1. 2. 109.

“path, thy native semblance on”, ii. 1. 83.

“ pre-ordinance and first decree”, iii. 1. 38.

“why old men, fools, and children calculate”, i 3. 68.

Ben Jonson’s criticism, iii. 1. 48.

humour, different meanings of, ii. 1. 210, 250, 262; ii. 2. 56; iv. 3. lus

6. PASSAGES TO BE LEARNT.

Act i. scene 1, 37-60. Act ii. scene 1, 223-202.
‘ » 2, 66-78. Act iii. seene 1, 58-73.
8 3 90-131. pie ae 148-275.
¢ 4 135-175. E oo (Glee
: cI, : ; 78-266.
: 1 Oy | Ope Act iv. scene 1, 18-51.
: . 103-111. 4 arog 18-97%

Act ii. scene 1, 10-34. Act iv. scene 8, 1-128.
c ‘ 63-69. ‘ , «218-224,
es ‘s 112-140. Act v. scene 1, 101-108.

162-183. ne » 5, 68-75.Y

IRVING. History or NEw York. Vot. I.
‘ History oF NEw York. Voz. II.
SKETCH Book. Part I.
SKETCH Book. Part II.
TALES OF A TRAVELLER. Parts I. and II.
TALES OF A TRAVELLER. Parts III. and IV.

JOHNSON. RassELas, THE PRINCE OF ABYSSINIA.
LIVES OF THE POETS.
ADDISON, SAVAGE, SWIFT.
Gay, THompson, YOUNG, GRAY, etc.
WALLER, Mitton, CowLey.
PRIOR, CONGREVE, BLACKMORE, POPr.
BUTLER, DENHAM, DRYDEN, ROSCOMMON,

rt tar GN he ehatecataiian Oe
NOT e Ne tim it rok Ty ed

Neer

etc.
LONGFELLOW. HIAWATHA.
EVANGELINE.

COURTSHIP OF MILES STANDISH.
TALES OF A WAYSIDE INN.

LOWELL. VISION oF SiR LAUNFAL.

LAMB. EssAys or ELIA.
‘TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. -VoOL. L
TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. VOL. II.

MACAULAY. LIFE orf JOHNSON.
LIFE OF GOLDSMITH.
Essay ON MILTON.
EssAy ON ADDISON.
FRANCIS BACON.
WARREN HASTINGS.
Lays OF ANCIENT ROME.

MULOCK. LitrLtE LAME PRINCE.

MILTON. ParRApIsE Lost. Booxs I. and II.
Minor POEMs.

MITCHELL. REVERIES OF A BACHELOR.

PLUTARCH’S LIVES.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND JULIUS CAESAR.
PERICLES, CICERO, etc.
ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS, ARISTIDES, etc,
AGESILAUS, POMPEY AND PHOCION. “

 

POE. RAVEN AND OTHER POEMS. y

TALES. wy

"WECSEECSSSSSSSSSSS ESS EESEESSESEESE

93333333393929999392322233333223322223233333d2333333F 3235332233222,

2ci AI a eee

ToANSLATION OF THE ILIAD:
POEMS:
HSSAYSON JME:

im RUSKIN: Kiya. =

wad ¢
id a he,

8

ING Se ik
mC ORTOLANUS:
=~ KING HENRY VY.
KONG MEERR:
CYMBELINE,
KiNG RICHARD TH.
OTHELLO:
ROMEO “AND Tanier
sour HY. EIRE OF 2 BLEON:
EVV DT) BAO BEAUTY.” St

Ft MEA Mtron:
AY OF THE TL ASP: “wy NPR =
LADY-OF THE La § et ise Ly '
PEELE, SSAC BICEP RSTAR _ VSICL AN AND Asmnousere.

eT ‘GUDRTES AvEES. ‘Voyage to Lilliput,

AS UPLIVER-AMONG THE GRANTS:

SER: MR FAERY QuLENE. = Book a4 Vor: i.

THEPRATRY QUEENE: SROOK ty Vou: Tf.
ny SON, Shun: PRINCESSH = ; .
BODY Esher a KING 1
IpViLS oF “tA Kin, oo
cE ONC ARDENS he
BY ATDRAL: Histor y- OF SELBORNE. AEE aR ta

URAL EHSTORY COE SELBORNE. | See

ig CER Hay, ORATIONS. ©

gee ceceeacescececececcee!)

SenadSot aad

a
<=ALDERMAN LIBRARY

The return of this book is due on the date
indicated below

DUE DUE

 

nih rf) 4

>>

 

 

Usually books are lent out for two weeks, but
there are exceptions and the borrower should
note carefully the date stamped above. Fines
are charged for over-due books at the rate of
five cents a day; for reserved books there are
special rates and regulations. Books must be
presented at the desk if renewal is desired.