a aea:

a .

A SareePCS PR a Sea Roan oR om;

SESSA ABAD ALN Ue iP A LO i el 0 ARUN Nu i

PCARRD SOARS

mt nonsiete et

Ar
ss

o

nancegrneey

i
a
=
3
x

nln alpanpeianictiinin taps inatl

NimaBbess
f
;
eae
E
.
e-
tSS 2 i

= = = - ss :

oe >

i 4
eee lei
ais sis Saat Tacs ale ah scott ahs si

|

|

|

{

|

if

|

}

}
wa
&
j
Li

on aT ; 7 na ys a
: . a
Aid SA 41 rah Y i 4 ‘ Wr ’
% " t ert 3 he 2 Seb tS7

ES RES,

 

 

eae ReaaAee POR DRE ht AED Bi ec Sieg sj TA eee

And Outlines for Four
Years’ Reading in the
-“Qriginal Documents’’
Prepared for =

The Library of

Original Sources

   

University Research Extension Co.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin |

 

 

a EEE

 

 

PIN ES

SNE

ee ee
Na,EXPLANATORY
YL lA BR US

 

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH

EXTENSION COMPANY
cMilwaukee, Wisconsin

as apes
os SPOON

Kuck

 

4
tjKHE PURPOSE of this Syilabus is to facilitate the
use of the Original Source Documents as a sys-
tematic course of reading or study in religion,

science, philosophy, sociology, history, education and
other fundamental subjects. By explanatory questions
and supplementary statements it is designed to conduct
the reader to the analytical unfolding of these subjects
in such a manner that the ideas that have influenced
and shaped the world’s civilization may be clearly appre-
hended. The Syllabus has been carefully prepared by
the Research Extension editors, and care has been taken
to accomodate the outlines equally to those not accus-
tomed to special investigation and to those advanced
students doing graduate or research work.

The Editors have also prepared suggestive outlines
for four years reading or study in the “original docu-
ments.” These outlines will be found on the last ten pages.

In order that the contemporaneous movement of
thought in the various fields may be observed, a fre-
quent reference to the Chronological Index is advised.
It will be noted that civilization moves in great currents,
sometimes religion dominating, at other times science,
philosophy or sociology.RELIGION:

_ “Religion essentially consists of man’s apprehension of his rela-
tion to an invisible power or powers, able to influence his destiny,
to which he is necessarily subject, together with the feelings, desires
and actions which this apprehension calls forth.”

SECTION I: THE EARLY RELIGIONS—TO THE GRECIAN
PERTOD:

l. THE ERA, OF ASSYRIA-

I. Babylonian Account of Creation.

1. In what respects does this account resemble the Jewish
idea? Vol. I: 9-15.

What are the essential differences?

Respecting the idea of God—in the earliest period of
Babylonia, there is no such suggestion of monotheism
as is found in the religions of Egypt and India. To the
time of 3750 B. C. nothing is shown but superstitious
animism, many spirits being recognized, conceived to be
apart from the objects they generated. These finally
were regarded as creative gods. Trace these facts in
this account of creation.

II. The Chaldean Story of the Flood.

1. In what respects does this resemble the Biblical? Voi.
1: Jo-21.

2 How account for this resemblance on the ground of
Shemitic influence?

 

III. The Legend of Sargon.
What Jewish elements enter into this legend? Vol. I: 21.

IV. Ishtar’s Decent into Hades. Vol. Pe 22-25.
1. What deities are here specified?

2 What is to be gathered from this as to the Chaldean
idea of the future life? |

rg Seg Re SRI 7 eS REEL ay PES A SSE yz Toys SER 7 Ey - ae — — ie
eee ee a vemnipgade Ueto es aa PRES Gey TRIER Se Eee NS Pars PRB CT EAE TORY PR a RTE oT cm Mes
or an a : Ss si Cee - a aes : Eee eraeee aT re ; . ms as oes ee
24 : <
y 4
; a :

|
: :
;.

a
Ff

4

%

 

 

 

SE LSAT YSIS SE EE I

<I

ASTOR TS ASE TT

V. The Penitential Psalms. Vol. I: 25-27.

Appearing about 3500 B. C., this literature strongly expressed
certain religious ideas, but does not give clear expression to
monotheistic conceptions.

1.
a

Note the special development of the sense of sin.

Observe the manner in which the goddess is associated
with the god, and her favor and pardon entreated. |

In what manner is Shemitic influence to be traced in
this? Note that this religious form persisted to the
time of the fall of Babylon.

2) EEE EG YR TANG ea

At this point the question arises whether the religious develop-
ment exhibits a movement from the lower to the higher, i. e., from
the polytheistic to the monotheistic, as certain evolutionists have
contended. The study of this literature shows that co-existing with
polytheism is a high type of monotheism, and that the latter existed
at the earliest dates of which we have record; while polytheism
develops subsequently. In the study of religion this is a matter of
importance.

i ibhe Book of the Dead; Voli te 29279,

I.

Facts regarding the literature. This ““Funereal Ritual’
is very ancient. It is sacerdotal in €haracter and im
structure exhibits the marks of growth through various
states in its theological unfolding. It has been called
the Apocalypse of Egypt, the final volume of her fin-
ished theology.

Note how it opens with a grand dialogue which takes
place at the moment when the soul parts from the
body—the deceased addressing the god of Hades, seek-
ing admittance to his kingdom.

In what manner do the glorified ones appeal to the
divine one in support of the entreaty of the deceased?

How is the deceased aided by the earthly priest in his
supplication for divine mercy?

In what manner does Osiris, the god of the lower re-
gions, reply to these supplications? After the deceased
is admitted to Hades, how is he described as passing
through the dwelling of Thoth? How does the exami-
nation to which he is subjected satisfy the requirements
for sharing the lot of the glorified?

In what manner is the character of God as the Supreme
Ruler of heaven and earth set forth in this literature?
Do we find here proof that “the first characteristic of
Egyptian religion is the unity of God’?If. Hyman to the Nile. Vol, I: 79-83.

As a chief deity, in what forms are his attributes set
forth? Is the unity of God in any sense indicated?
Does the idea of human immortality inhere in the hymn?

3. ERA OF THE BRAHMANS.

An intelligent appreciation of the religious literature of this
period requires a careful observation of the theological movement,
i. e., the manner in which the idea of God appears. Is there evi-
dence of a distinct monotheism? If so, at what period is it most

clearly expressed, and is the movement from monotheism to poly-
theism, or the reverse?

I. The Vedas in Hindoo Religion and Philosophy. Vol. 1: 108.
1, In what manner do these hymns express religious ideas?
2. How was the philosophic system built upon them?

IJ. The Vedic Hymns. Vol. 1: 109-115.

What has been said regarding the religious development of
Egypt may be repeated with reference to India. Dyaus-pitar,
the original form of Jupiter, and the most ancient deity of the
Indo-Aryans, fades away in the Vedas and other deities appear
representing various ideals. These, representing natural phe-
nomena, greatly increase.

t. Yo the Unknown God. Vol Te 109:

Does this hymn express the eternity of God? Is
it designed to express his infinity, supremacy
and sovereignty over his creatures, and their en-
tire subjection to him as the only God?

2. Yo Vata, Agni, Naruts; Rudra. TiG-115.

These and other deities appear in this literature while
Dyaus-pitar (Heavenly Father) disappears.

 

om

(1) What relation do these deities bear to the nat-
ural order; or, what natural forces are deified by
them?

ai
fl
i

(2) But while the Vedic Hymns mention several
deities, there is to be noted the particular fact:
that in the form of address each is regarded as
the sole Supreme Being, that is, the different
deities are regarded as expressions of One Be-
ing. In what sense, then, does there appear in
this an essential monotheism? Does it not pre-
cede the polytheism brought out in the later lit-
erature? What does this signify regarding the
growth of religion?

schspee any. SO

Si a at trainer

— =e PRG Ta ER SE PE 2 ge OCT ERE Bona RS = F
Fea US MET PN fe ee : Ea
in ae on es = pee ‘(3) Instead of a progress towards a monotheism,
did the system emerge into a decided pan-
theism?

Ifl. The Upanishads. Vol. I: 116-218.

Upanishads were philosophic-theological treatises. The word
is said to mean “to set ignorance at rest by revealing the knowl-
edge of the supreme spirit.” The first attempts to answer such
questions as, What am [? “Whence have [ come?” ete,
were made in the Upanishads.

These belong to the period immediately succeeding the sixth
century B. C. The Brahmans now reduced their many deities
to one.

1, Katha Upanishad. 116-126.
What is the secret unfolded to Nakiketas by Death? Is
the deification of man affirmed in this Upanishad?

2. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. 127-161.

In this Upanishad there is a steady unfolding of the
Brahman idea through the teachings of Yagnavalkya.
Note that pantheism is not always consistently ex-
pressed. How does this appear in the relation of the
universe to the Supreme Being in the statement: ‘“‘As
the web issues from the spider, so from the one Soul
proceed all worlds, and all beings’?

How is pantheism set forth? 135: 23.

&. Khandogya Upanishad, Voll: 162-217
(1) Note how the secret is still more fully unfolded.
162-195,

(2) How is the doctrine of Transmigration of Souls
set forth? 208-217.

Is this transmigration the root of all evil? Does
it explain the misery, inequality, and diversity
of character in the world?

(3) In the pantheism of this Upanishad, observe how
the whole system is expressed in one phrase:
“one only without a second,” or as more fully
stated: “Brahma is real, the world is unreal ;
the soul is very Brahma, and no other.” Thus
“on this pantheistic foundation has been raised
the whole immense structure of modern Puranic
Hindooism.”

 

s saat ws algal Se : ae
SPLOT LENOIR LES, (OE Tt ARE a aay Jom
y 5 ae x

f

oer ON
=
.

PEL PNA TLE THT I ALOT LES IL TOT IE SET ANI

rr og A

4, BUDDHA AND THE BUDDHIST BIBLE.

Because of its threefold division the sacred canon of the Bud-
dhist was called the Tripitaka, that is, the Three Baskets, and to

him “The Tripitaka” signifies what “the Testaments” do to the
Christian.I. Buddha and his system.
1. What is known of Buddha’s lifer Vol. 1: 219.

2. How did he come to renounce Brahmanism, and what is
the difference between that system and the teachings of
Buddha? 219.

II. Foundation of the Kingdom of Righteousness.
1. What was this sermon designed to explain? 219.
2. How does it describe the “eight-fold path”? 220-224.

III. On the Knowledge of the Vedas.

Buddha’s renunciation of Brahmanism meant the breaking
away from its theism and its ideal pantheism. As depicted in
the oldest class of monuments, there is no trace of a Supreme
Being found in Brahmanism.

Trace the argument against Brahmanism. 225-245.

IV. All the Asavas.
What are the rules of conduct in cherishing certain
ideals and abandoning others? 245-253. Would Bud-
dhism as thus stated be a religious or an ethical system?

V. The Last Days of Buddha. 253-321.

1. In this Buddhist Gospel what rules are laid down for
the conduct of life, for happiness and prosperity?

2 How are these to act as teacher for the disciples when
the living teacher has gone? 308-309.

3. Note the doctrine of Jife and deet®- 309-321.

VI. Cheicest Buddhist Thoughts. 322-353.

How do these principles compare with modern stand-
ards of life and action?

5 THE PERSIAN ERA.

The Zend-Avesta consists of the five Gathas, namely: songs and
prayers, the Vendidad, a code of laws; the Yashts, hymns to the
deities. The Parsis attribute the Avesta to Zoroaster himself, but
in the texts no such claim is made. “They profess only to be a
record of the revelations made to the prophet, and the doctrines
promulgated by him.” “Of all the religions of Indo-European ori-
gin and of the ancient Gentile world, it may be fairly claimed to
have been the most noble and worthy of admiration for the depth
of its philosophy, the spirituality of its views and doctrines, and the

purity of its morality.”

 

ran I EE ST a ea ilAICTE LE RTL ET PN

SRE ET

SEL

ESSE RR ee

I. Gatha Ahunavaiti. Vol. I: 354-370.

In the study of this system, the question is again encountered
as to whether in its original form it was monotheistic or dual-
istic. In the Gathas, the most ancient portion of the Zend-
avesta, are statements which positively negate the idea of two
creators, the one good, the other evil.

1. The Call for Zarathustra. 354-358.
Taking the ground that Zoroaster was a monotheist, is
there anything in this section to set aside the position?

2. The Doctrine of Dualism. 358-360.

It is evident that in the days when the Gathas were
written, the Iranians did not abide by the monotheism
of Zoroaster, for the Gathas constantly denounce the
worship of the devas. But even in the midst of early
monotheistic utterances are those that hold the germ of
the dualism afterwards so fully developed.

Throughout this section trace the dualism as seen. 359 :3.

3. The Progress and Struggle of the Cause. 360-366.
For centuries the doctrine of dualism is maintained by
this system, together with an idolatrous reverence for
the elements, especially that of fire. How distinctly
does it appear in this section?

Te Gatha Wistavants, Vol. b: S71-381:
1. What is the subject of this Gatha? 371.
2. Are more deities than one addressed? 371-373.

3. Questivus asked of Ahura. 373-376.
What attributes of deity appear in the qnestions? Ts
the section wholly monotheistic? In what way dees the
last stanza show the existence of polytheistic worship +

4. The Doctrine of Dualism. 377, 378.

Darmesteter, a worthy authority, declares there is no
evidence that dualism was generally adopted before 330
B. C. Also according to ancient authorities this poly-
theism did not exist in the beginning of the religion,
showing that the movement was not from the lower to
the higher.

In what passages of this section is dualism distinct?

6. DHE ERA OF CHINA. CONFUCIUS.

For four thousand years the Chinese have been worshippers of
the heaven, the earth, and of ancestral spirits. Certain high authori-
ties hold that at the beginning “Heaven” denoted the Supreme God.

 

 

ett ER eee ae a he ee
2 ais euayesre: & Sao CRU Peas ae RET
xe "IAW UREG En ag ee es ay Re yasIn opposition to the view that nature worship was the earliest form,
Dr. Legge submits the declaration of Confucius that by their sacri-
fices “they worship God.” Also that the “Rain Master” and others
to whom they pray are but ministers in the service of the Supreme
God. But however that may be, the fact remains, that not only did
Confucius refrain from teaching anything about a Supreme God, as
also did Lao-Tsz, who appeared later, but that in all the centuries
there has been no development to monotheism.

I. What are the facts regarding the life and work of Confucius?
Noli: 382.

II. Are any strictly religious ideas expressed in these “Sayings?”
Does theism in any form appear in them?

ITT. What is the leading character of these Sayings?
IV. In what various ways is virtue defined?

SECTION II: PHE GRECIAN RELIGION.

Greece developed her own religion. Every foreign element of
religion which she received was transformed and made her own
independent possession. “If we transport ourselves as far as pos-
sible into the earliest period of her history, we shall find the kernel
of that development in the relation in which the Greek stood to
nature. He communed with nature as one who was at ease, and
who heard her voices with pleasure rather than alarm.”

l; THE PRE-SOCKATIC PERIOD.

i.) Hesiod: Volk fh: 3-32

The works of Homer and Hesiod may be called the Bible of
the Greeks.

1. Origin of the world and the gods. 4-26.

(1) Observe that Hesiod as a prophet was the
mouthpiece of the Delphian Apollo.

(2) Note the forms put into the picture of Greek
religion. First, that they are symbolic; second,
that they are symbols of the powers behind na-
ture; third, that in many instances they are some
form of the power above nature and man.

(3) Observe how in Hesiod the gods stand in a
connected scheme or theogony. How many of
the twelve gods and goddesses of Olympus are
given?

(4) In the conquest of Cronos by Zeus, note the
character of the latter—that to every creature
who had a prayer to offer, he was the great God-
Father.LSI RTL: me i ARTE LAS

E
‘b
:
ae

Seer

 

 

SERED A TRE IOE

ee

 

 

 

 

I],

2. Outline the story of Prometheus, his act and punish-
ment: [5, 17.

3. What explanation is given of the entrance of evil? 16, 27.
4. What four ages are described by Hesiod? 28, 29.

Homer: Ideas of the Future Life. Vol. Tf: 35-49.

Both Hesiod and Homer in reflecting the religious thought of
the Greeks give it a power and fixity until it is dissipated by
the Christian religion. This result was secured particularly by
the Illiad and Odyssey of Homer. Thus for a dozen centuries
was the Grecian religion established by the poems of Homer.
In these verses lay the Bible of the Greeks—the poet, the inter-
preter of the gods who gave the words. “It was from Homer
that ‘moralists drew their ideals. All the varying theories of
physics and metaphysics were made to find a support in
Homer.”

1. What are the leading facts of the Descent of Odysseus
into Hades and his description of that state?

2. The nature of the gods. Note the anthropomorphism of
Homer—the gods human beings with enlarged powers.
Where do they dwell, and what about their immortality ?

3. Their relations to men. As promoters of justice, rulers
of nations. Who is supreme? How do they communi-
cate with men and make known their will?

4. Propitiating the gods. Note the offerings to the gods.
In Hades the dead are as flitting shadows.

Pa Pindar. “Viol Ih: \ 50-52.

Lyric poetry reached a grand climax in Pindar. Note the

fervor, sublimity and ethical conceptions which characterize
his lines.

2. THE PERTOD OF SOCRATES, PLATO AND ARISTOTLE.
I.

Socrates—Plato. Vol. Il: 249-311.

With Socrates appears a new order in Grecian religion and
philosophy. The founder of moral philosophy, his teaching
was in opposition to the Sophists who devoted themselves to
exposing the fallacies of existing ideas, but made no real
substitution. Socrates wrote nothing. It is to Plato and

Xenophon we must turn for our knowledge of the Socratic
system.

1. What was the charge brought against Socrates for
which he was condemned to death? What were the

circumstances of his imprisonment as given in the
dialogue? 249-352.

 

 

oer er
t at }2. By what peculiar method did Socrates impart his knowl-
edge? What is meant by Socratic irony?

3. Trace the manner in which he set forth the moral im-
provement of the soul. What is his doctrine of God,
and of universal Providence?

4. Is any doubt expressed by Socrates regarding Immor-
tality?
IJ. Aristotle. Vol. II: 352-363.

Less poetic than Plato, Aristotle has never been excelled in
the intellectuality and clearness of his grasp of speculative sub-
jects. His powers of observation, reasoning and systematizing
of facts place him in the forefront of the world’s great thinkers.

Note the biographical sketch. 344.

1. What does Aristotle declare to be the subject of Specu-
lative Science? What is the fundamental constituent of
the universe? 352,

2. What is his doctrine of change and generation? 354, 355.

3. State his doctrine of first principles and efficient caus-
ation. 355-361.

4. How now does he state his doctrine of Final Cause,
the First Mover, God and His attributes? 361-363.

5. What does he distinguish as the fundamental ground of
ethics? 364.

SECTION Ill: THE ROMAN RELIGION:

The religions of Rome and Greece were closely related. Rome
gradually absorbed and finally adopted the Grecian religion.
I. Cicero on Immortality. Vol. His 233-2672,

In Cicero we have a reproduction of the ideas and speculations
of the Greek sages in the manner of a cultivated and apprecia-
tive student.

1. Scipio's Dream. 233-241.

(1) Describe the view of the universe as presented
to Scipio by Africanus.

 

(2) Note the manner in which Africanus seeks to
divert attention from the earthly and its limita-
tions to the heavenly and its boundless char-
acter.

(3) What distinction is made between the body and
the soul, the mortal and immortal?

(4) What are the conditions to immortality, the en-
joyment of the celestial?

- SEE EIS ER EEE Re eee ae DEK Se OE Ee a PET SIREN LT AR Ess QBS
eon EEE ee ene ra ea = a yas e Bie ete Be oa ay ee se SS ee ee SCN PR ee ie oe
7 mg oe on: —2. The Contempt of Death. Vol. III: 241-262.
(1) How is stated, from general belief, the argument
for immortality? 241-245.

(2) What is the argument from nature? 245-248.

(3) Opportunities and engagements of the disem-
bodied soul. 250-252.

(4) Treatment of objections to the existence and
immortality of the soul, 252-254.

(5) How is the origin and divinity of the soul set
forth? 254-258.
(6) Where is the soul located? 258-260.

(7) What constitutes death a happy event? 260.

II. Lucretius on Immortality. Vol. III: 275-285.

In order to appreciate fully the views of Lucretius on this sub-
ject, it is necessary to be familiar with his “Atomic Theory.”
: For this'see Vol. 111: 262.

He accounted for the world through the movement and con-
: cussion of atoms, declaring that the gods were wholly indiffer-
ent to the world and its affairs.

 

1, The soul being essentially related to the body, what
happens to it when the body dies and comes to disso-
lution? 275-279.

What is the argument against the separate existence of
the soul, breathed into us at birth, i. e., how account for
the want of any recollection of that pre-existence? 279-
280.

3. If, on the other hand, the body is coextensive with the
soul, what would be the necessary result when the body
suffered death? 280-281.

4. How does the view that the soul changes with a change
of body affect the immortality of the soul? 281-282.

5. In what manner, then, the soul being mortal, should we
be concerned by the event known as death? 284-285.

IIT. Philo-Judaeus. Vol. III: 355-369.
1. Note especially the historical statement. 355.
2. The Creation of the World. 355-363.

(1) In what terms is the Mosaic account of creation
supported: S59; 1.

(2) In what manner does he contend for the theism
of Moses, and oppose atheism from the fact of
creation? 356: II.

(3) How does he explain that God took time, six
days, in which to create the world? 357: III.

&S

SEILER OE EAD ER IEE

 

a a ee eee(4) In what manner does he show that the world,
the expression of a divine intelligence, required
for its appreciation, a created intelligence after
the image of the Creator, and hence the creation

of man? 358: fV-Vi1.

(5) Note his distinction of “time” in creation. How

does he distinguish between the incorporeal and
the corporeal? 360: VII-XI.

3. Pre-Christian Ascetics. 364369.
Description and criticism of Egyptian Asceticism.

SECTION IV: CHRISTIANITY @7O THE MIDDLE AGES:
l; PERSECUTION OF Tee CHRISTIANS.

For the cause of these persecutions by the Roman State, see
Introduction, Vol. IV: 6.
I. The Neronian Persecution. Vol. IV: 6, 7.

1. The account of Tacitus. 6. How does he state the
feeling of the people towards Nero’s action?

2. How does Suetonius describe the reign of Nero? 7.

II. Attitude of Trajan and Hadrian. Vol. IV: 7-9.

1. How does Pliny’s letter describe the conditions and his
method of procedure? Note his solicitude on account
of the spread of Christianity.

In Trajan’s reply what directions are given?

3. The Rescript of Hadrian. What commendable com-
mands were issued by him?

III. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius. Vol. IV: 9-13.
As described by an eye-witness, how did the Christians
endure their sufferings?

IV. Persecution under Valerian. Vol. IV: 13, 14.

What description of the persecution is given in Cyp-
rian’s letter? Note his entreaty.

 

V. Persecution under Diocletian and Galerius. Vol. EV: 1419

1. How did Diocletian attempt to exterminate Christianity?
What edict was issued? 14, 15.

2. How did Galerius increase the persecutions?

3. In what way did Diocletian give expression to his rage?
16.

4, Edict of Toleration by Galerius. 17-19.
What calamity led him to issue this edict? What con-
ditions did it lay upon the Christians?

pres oF se EE SEL TES SLT 5
So amit oe = a it 8 a BS pm <= 2 =Nap Sel - ‘ Bate 37

§
a

SO

 

 

 

RE SP NESTE SR EE ND

come TEAS

NIN ROTC

 

 

VI. Edict of Milan. Vol. IV: 19-21.
What provisions were made in behalf of the Christians
by this edict? Under what emperors?

2 EARLY CHURCH HATERS,

I. Tertullian. Vol. IV: 21-29. Note the biographical sketch.

1. Rejecting the declarations of men, note how he calls
upon the Soul to render its testimony to itself. 21, 22.

2. How does he make the Soul testify to the Being of
God?) 23, 24.

3. Testimony of the Soul to immortality and its state after
death, arising from the nature of the soul and not trom
external instructions. 25-29.

II. Origen. Vol. IV: 29-34. Note the biographical sketch.

1. The source of Christian belief, and the teachings of the
Apostles. 30-31.

2. The agreement of the Apostles in their doctrine of the
Trinity., 31, 32.

3. Doctrine of the Apostles regarding the soul, its freedom
and immortality.

4. The doctrine of demonology. 33.

5. Doctrine of Angels. 34.

6. Inspiration of the Scriptures. 33-34.

III. Cyprian. Plea for the Unity of the Church. Vol. IV: 35-51.

1. The word of warning to the Church, the point of dan-
Sen. d0-3/.
2. The argument for the unity of the Church.
(1) The nature of unity and the Scriptural ground
for it. 38-40.

(2) The sin of separation from the Church and re-
fusal to maintain its unity. 41.

(3) Misinterpretation of Scripture regarding this
unity, and consequent misapprehension of what
constituted a true Christian. 42-44.

(4) The growing mischief in that early Church, and
earnest appeal to ccrrect the error. 45-51.

oA SOR TICTS NM:

From the account of the origin of Asceticism by Sozomen, and
the sketch by Simeon the Stylite by Eusebius, gather up the im-
portant facts of this period relating to Asceticism. Vol. IV: 51-52.4, SUPPRESSION OF HERESY AND HEATHENISM.

I. Letter of St. Ambrose to Valentinian. Vol. IV 8 © 62-69.
1. What was the occasion of the letter?
2. How does the writer describe the religious tendencies?

3. The appeal to the emperor regarding the memorial
placed in the senate.

II. The Codex Theodocianus. Vol. IV: 69-71.
1. The enactment regarding the Lord’s Day and worship.
2. The enactment regarding the doctrines of Christianity.

3. The enactment regarding the making of wills by those
renouncing Christianity.

5. The enactment relative to pagan temples.

5. ST. ATHANASIUS—EXPOSITION OF THE FAITH.

1. The Doctrine of God the Father: Vol. lV: 71.
What attributes are here ascribed to God?

If. Doctrine of the Divinity of Christ. 71-74.
III. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit. 72.

How does he warn against the mistake of thinking of
three persons as distinct from each other, and thus
establishing a plurality of Gods, or tritheism instead of
Trinity?

6, ST. AUGUSTINE.

I. The biographical sketch. Vol. IV: 74. Note the character
of his work as there outlined.

II. God’s fore-knowledge and Man’s Free Will. Vol. IV: 75-90.

1. How does he refute the idea of fortuity, and the action
of the stars in the things that depend upon the will of
God? 75-76.

2. In opposition to Cicero’s definition, how does he estab-
lish the fore-knowledge of God and the freedom of the
human will? How does he show the consistency be-
tween this fore-knowledge and this freedom? 78-82.

3. How does he define the nature of will and of willing so
as to show that we do not will by necessity? 82-84.

4. How is the universal providence of God related to
universal laws of all things controlled by them? 84.
5. Explanation of the extension of Pagan Rome. 85-90.

we
7

/
ons Pte oar

 

bay
|
> ‘ be
i
Z
a:
Hj
3
i
if

Se EOE TENE Se eT RE iy eng ae eS SF
eee a tae a a a Fete ad Se aaa sitet aeanicediamPEPER EER

SITET Sato rR eT

i
i
i
{
'

 

fh

IV.

TT

Ut:

I,

ne

ITT.

IV.

1 GS vas Ns ia Ee eb

Original Sin. Vol. IV: 90-97.

1. In what manner does sin produce death both of body
and soul? Can sin cause an immortal soul to cease to

exist? 90, 91.

2. Is Adam’s posterity responsible for Adam’s sin? In
what sense do we bear the punishment laid upon the
sin of the federal head of the race? 92-93.

3. How comes it that death, the punishment of sin, is not
overcome by grace in regeneration? 93-96.
4. The manner in which saints suffering the one death are
freed from the other. 96.
Redemption. Vol. IV: 97-102.
1. How account for the failure-of Porphyry to find spiritual
deliverance?
2. The universal way of the soul’s deliverance.
Faith, Hope, Love. 102-110.
Note the distinction and exposition of the three graces.

ZY PICAL SYNODS AND CREPES:
Synod of Elvira. Vol. IV: tit-122:

These rules and requirements illustrate the problems before
the church at that time, concerning which these laws and regu-
lations were laid down.
The Nicene Creed. Vol. [V: 122.
In what respects does this differ from the Apostle’s
Creed of today?
The Athanasian Creed. Vol. IV: 122-124.
1. Note the care bestowed upon the distinction of the
Wrinity, 122:°1-28.
2. The Incarnation of Christ, His divinity not affected by

His humanity; not a mixture of essences but a unity of
person. 123; 29-37,

3. The humiliation and exaltation of Christ. 124: 38-40.
4. Rewards and punishment. 124: 41-44.

oii PRURINE THEORY @F THE PAPACY.

Peter the foundation of the Church. Vol. IV: 125. What
Scriptural proof is adduced for this position?

In what manner was Hilary declared to be antagonistic to these
high claims? 126.

What rule was laid down by which differences of opinion
among the bishops should be adjusted, and the unity of the
Church maintained? 126, 127.

To what body of bishops does Leo I refer? 127.aS ae, Leena

SECTION V: CHRISTIANITY DURING THE MIDDLE
AGES.

1. FROM THE CONVERSION OF KENT TO KARL THE
GREAT.

I, Conversion of Kent. sVol. TV = 190-104.

1. Whom did Gregory send to evangelize the English
nation?

2. Who was the king in Britain and how did he receive
the missionaries? 192.

&. What manner of life was adopted by these missionaries?
What influence did their life and preaching have upon
the king, and how did he extend the evangelization of
the nation? 193, 194,
IT. Conversion of the East Angles. Vol. IV: 194-196.
1. Who preached the Gospel to these people?

2. How were his doctrines received? How had the priests
come to regard their own religion?

3. What followed the adoption of Christianity by the king
and some of his chief men?

ITI. Victory of the Roman Church in England. Vol. IV: 196-202.
1. What great controversy arose in the Church?

2. Note the points involved in conducting this controversy
regarding Easter.

3. How did the Synod decide the matter?

TV. Monasticism. St. Benedict’s Monastic Rule. Vol. IV: 128-165.

1. Respecting the character and responsibility of monks
and abbots. 128-134.

2. Respecting certain fundamental Christian graces. 135-
oo.

3. Respecting religious observances. 140-145.
4. Respecting discipline and rules. 145-164.

V. Mohammed and the Koran. Vol. IV: 241-277.
[. Yhe Historical Sketch. 240; 241:
(1) Mohammedanism as a missionary religion, its
remarkable conquests.
(2) The type of civilization it established.
(3) Its intense monotheism.

2. The Koran—The Mohammedan Bible. Vol. IV: 241-277.
(1) Trace throughout these chapters representations
of the natural and moral attributes of God; His
eternity, omnipotence, justice, mercy and love.
Do these differ in any essential respect from
Biblical representations?

eee ee Pie ae aS?
os

 

zi ss : ATT WEE SSS eR GEE st i
J ss 5 ee ee RRR 07 WS SSA SETS EE ES SETA SRT
PETG Te Fe en ee oe ee Forgot , te ss -
Sint et a a ae eee iit(2) Trace the references to misbelievers’ as to
what constitutes their misbelief, and the special
stress laid upon “God the Messiah the son of
Mary.”

(3) What is declared to be the attitude of God to all
misbelievers ?

(4) What directions are given as to how believers
should treat unbelievers? Does this account for
the measures of Mohammedanism in its con-
quests?

(5) What does the Koran have to say regarding the
ititure life? 265, 268,;\272, 273:

VI. The Donations of Pippin and Karl the Great. Vol. IV : 203-205.

L.

Donation of Pippin. Who was Pippin? When were
the Franks converted to Christianity? 202. What was
ceded to St. Peter in this donation?

Donation of Karl. Who was Karl the Great? What
cities and territories were given over to the pope?

2 PROM, GREGORY Vil TO WYCGRIPEE:

J. Gregory VII. Vol. IV: 318-334.

L:

Zs

The Church Empire. 318, 319. Historical sketch set-
ting forth the temporal power of the Papacy.
The Programme of Gregory. 320, 321.
How does it define the power and functions of
the pope?
Declarations of the Church. 321-323.
What regulations does it lay down regarding lay
investiture, celibacy, simony, confession? How
does it define Transubstantiation and the cele-
bration of the sacrament?
Struggle between Gregory and Henry IV. Vol. IV:
323-334.
(1) Gregory’s letter to Henry. 323-327.
With what is the king charged, and what de-
mands are made of him?
(2) Elenry's answer. $27-328.
With what does he charge the pope, and what
does he demand?

(3) Letter of the Bishops to Gregory. 328-330.
With what do they charge the pope as the
ground of renunciation of obedience?

(4) Deposition of Henry by the pope. 331.

(5) The king’s penance and promise of obedience,

the canceling of the sentence against Gregory,
and reinstatement of the king. 332-335

* 3 ei Tee SAR ve ESE OT FF
; a S oa pa a
emer tet OS uot Ni Sabie TASERnee. Sg fee ABs
ae ee i im . “oa
Ra ea SS Pr he i BRE ~ Vie. “Si
ee Rar TIE Alo eaten shes 2 z y
A ¥

II. The Crusades. Vol. IV: 335-350.

1. What was the occasion of the movement? Was it an
ardor characterized by rational procedure or religious
impetuosity? What effect did it have upon Europe?

D05, O50.
2. Tyre’s account of Peter the Hermit. 337, 338.
Who was Peter the Hermit, and what was his
relation to the crusades?
3. Speech of Urban II. 338-341.

(1) What law did it demand should be re-enacted?
(2) What was the special occasion of the speech?

4. The Truce of God. 341-345.

(1) What were the character and requirements of
this law?

(2) What were the penalties of its violation?

on

Privileges granted to the crusaders. 345-348.
(1) What four great things were assured to them?

(2) What was granted to those who should not join
the crusaders but should aid others in going?

6. The account of the start. 348, 349,

III. John Wycliffe. Vol. IV: 377-382.

1. The man and his work. 377.
(1) What great work did he do in connection with
the Bible?
(2) To what special end did he direct his reforma-
tion?
(3) In what way did his work affect the future
Reformation?

2. Wrycliffe’s Conclusions. 378, 379.
(1) What were his conclusions regarding the Lord’s
Supper, Confession and Mass?
(2) What were his conclusions regarding excom-
munication?
(3) What were his conclusions respecting preaching,
prayers and possessions?

 

3. The Pope’s Bull against Wycliffe. 379-381.
(1) To whom was it sent?
(2) With what did it charge Wycliffe, and what did
it demand?

4. What was Wycliffe’s reply to the pope’s summons to
come to Rome? 381, 382.

is : eee rien PI SOLES TRENT Ee SIS Ne £ FE ee WRN 0 Pau) ye ee ae |SECTION VI: THE MODERN ERA.
1. THE REFORMATION.

The general statement concerning the Reformation should be
carefully noted. Vol. V: 102, 103.

I. Erasmus. Vol. V: 103-110.

1. Biographical. 103.
(1) What peculiar service did he render which gave
an impulse to the Reformation?

(2) What was his attitude to Luther?
(3) Why did he remain a Catholic?

/ 2. Benefice Hunting. 104-107.

Against what vice is this satire directed?

: 3. The Penitent Virgin. 108-110.

(1) What is this production designed to satirize?

(2) What kind of a view did Erasmus take of relig-
ion, as reflected in this satire?

! Mi Martin Luther, Vol. V: 11ts4,

1. Biographical. 111. It should be observed here that
: Catholic authorities deny Luther’s accusation that the
pope authorized the sale of indulgences.

(1) What effect did his visit to Rome have upon him?
(2) Against what things did he direct his attack?

2. Luther’s Theses. 112-119.
to remit sins, and the canonical laws relative to
purgatory?

(1) What position is set forth regarding the power

(2) How does Luther state that the people were
deceived by indulgences, and in what terms did
he condemn the practice?

(3) In what measure do the theses sustain the func-
tions of the pope, and how do they define their
true meaning, especially with reference to par-
don? |

(4) What is stated as the only ground and condition
of pardon?

3. Against Catholicism. Vol. V: 119-127.

(1) What does Luther state as the chief cause cf his
rupture with the pope? 119.

(2) How does he describe the actions and assump-
tions of the pope as the sin of antichrist? 120.

(3) How does he characterize the pope’s pardons,
decrees, mass, etc.? 124.

(4) Condemnation of celibacy. 127.

 

 

 

mabe

ad

a
;

Sree
gs
‘
re4. Justification by Faith. 127-134,
(1) The Scriptural text, John vi: 44-51. 127.

(2) The Sermon. The reading of this sermon will
show how it became the fundamental principle of
the Reformation.

III. The Peasants. Their Revolt and Demands. Vol. V: 134-139.
1. What was the attitude of the peasants to Luther’s posi-

tion? 134.
(1) What was the nature and extent of their revo-
lution?
(2) What effect did it have upon the Lutheran move-
ment?

2. The Twelve Articles of the Peasants. 135-139.
What were the demands expressed in these arti-
cles regarding the choosing of pastors, paying
tithes, personal freedom, temporal possessions,
oppression, legal measures, particular dues?

IV. John Calvin. Vol. V: 140-150.
The Reformation needed men who were constructionists as
well as those who were destroyers of existing forms and insti-
tutions. Calvin was the great constructionist of the new order,
and in his theological institutes laid a foundation that was des-
tined to abide.

1. Biographical. 140.
(1) What was the form of society established in
Geneva?
(2) What was the attitude of the time to heresy?
(3) Who was the great father of the reformers whose

theological influence was especially exerted upon
Calvin?

2. Doctrine of Eternal Election. 141-150.

(1) How does he show the doctrine to be perplexing
to some? 141.

(2) How does he make it clear that any knowledge
of the doctrine is limited to the Scriptures? 143.
This being a Biblical doctrine, how does he show
the mistake of evading it or any other subject
which the Scriptures have presented for our in-
struction? 143.

(3) Regarding the impious ridiculing of the doc-
trine: he shows that predestination is no more
subject to ridicule than any other doctrine at the
hands of those disposed to cavil. For example,
the doctrine of the Trinity. 144.

How does he treat the timid concealment of
this doctrine as a reproach to God? 145.

Ieee a oS PRET So ase ees ae oe
pate oy aaa Fo a a ~ Oe ee
— :r
os
©
)

Seeeeae

 

 

 

TR ar RR

srewncns

a

(4)
(5)

(6)

The doctrine stated. What is the distinction
between fore-knowledge and predestination? 145.
Scriptural proof of predestination. In the elec-
tion of the Jews. 146. Again in the selection of
individuals, as Isaac, showing that God is free
to act consistently with gracious purposes. 148.
How does he show that the choice of the Jewish
nation is illustrative of the choice of the Church,
and the selection of particular Jews illustrative
of the permanent election of individuals as dis-
tinct from the mass? 149.

V. The Augsburg Confession. Vol. V: 151-179.
I. Tistorical Sketch. 151.

(1)
(2)

(3)

When and to whom presented?
What is its distinction in relation to the Pro-
testantism of northern Europe?

To whom do the ideas belong? By whom was
it drawn up?

2.) Pirst Part, Articles of Baith, Vol We 152-161.

(1)
(2)

Note the statements of belief in these various
articles.

Note the views from which they dissent in many
of the Articles. Thus, what was the belief of the
Manicheans, Pelasgians, Anabaptists, the Dona-
tists, in connection with these various doctrines?

3. Second Part. Relative to abuses already corrected.
161-179.

(1)

(2)

What is the nature of the appeal in behalf of the

liberty of the people regarding certain matters?
161.

In what manner does the Confession sustain

certain appointments, and what modifications or
rejections are declared?

VI. Loyola and the Jesuit Constitution. Vol. V: 179-188.

ie” Elistorical sketch, 179.

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

 

At the time of the Reformation, what was the
condition of the Catholic Church as a missionary
force?

What order was formed by Loyola, and what
was its basis?

What has that order been to the Catholic Church
as a missionary enterprise?

How has it been regarded by Protestants and
often by the Catholic Church itself?2. The Jesuit Constitution. 180-188.

(1) What is the meaning of the name “Jesuit” and
what was the object of the movement? 180.

(2) What sort of organization was proposed, and
what special injunctions were laid down? 180-
182.

(3) In what manner should the organization have
under its control colleges and the training of
students? 182.

(4) Note the Papal confirmation of the order. 183.

(5) What concessions and decrees were made to this
order by the Papal Bull? 184-188.

VII. Revolt of the Protestant Netherlands. Vol. V: 189.

1. What attempt was made to root out Protestantism by
an inquisition?

2. In the revolt which followed, who was chosen as the
leader of the people? How long did the war last?

3. What powers came to the rescue of the low countries,
and how far did the war spread?

By what treaty was the Dutch independence recognized?

5. What great fact appeared for the first time in this
treaty?

Zz. THE WESLEYAN MOVEMENT.

Since the Reformation, modern philosophy had already made
headway from Descartes to Berkeley, during which period large
advance had also been made in social and natural science. It is in
the midst of great intellectual activities that this last religious
movement appears.

1. Blistorical sketch. Vols Viz: (362.

1. What were the characteristics of the early society?

2. What new religious experience did Wesley have?

3. What was the attitude of the Established Episcopal
Church to the new order?

4. When were the societies organized as a Church in
America?

II. The Early Methodists. Vol. VI: 363-365.
Wesley’s questions and answers make up an excellent history
of the early Methodists, both regarding their ecclesiastical and
doctrinal position, and the manner in which they were gen-
erally regarded.

From this statement, what fact is especially prominent?

ea Rew ee per eesepwrae eae <a
ee ae ee al

Fags SERPRET PRED A A EA TT ERPs were seek oe
Se Seas

ea

 

   
 

eeIII. General Rules of the Society. 365-367.

1. What was the general design in this simple organiza-
tion? What two things were required of its members?

2. What was the one condition of admission? 366.
3. As evidence that this condition was met, what three
things should be maintained?

IV. The Doctrine of Justification. 367-377.

The questions and answers are arranged under three heads.

1. What is the order of Christian doctrines and experience
as set forth under the first head? 367-370.

2. In what way do the questions under the second head
seek to enlarge the doctrine? 371-374.

3. What new elements. are entered under the third head
of the discussion? 374-377.

& VOLTAIRE ON, TOLER ATION.

© Pactorical sketch. Vol. VI:  377-
1. Through what checkered experiences did he pass?
2. What two subjects occupied much of his attention?
3. In matters of religion how should he be classed: Be-
liever, Atheist, Agnostic, or Deist?
i: On Poleration, Vol. VI: 378-390.

1, Whether toleration is dangerous, and where practiced.
378-384.

(1) How does he show that the altered conditions of
the world render toleration both safe and de-
sirable?

(2) From many examples it is designed to prove that
toleration and a higher state of society coexist.
(3) That so far from being unsafe, toleration has
never excited war.
2. If non-toleration is agreeable to the law of nature and
of society. 387,
(1) What is the law of nature?
(2) How is the law of nature the foundation of so-
ciety?
(3) How is it that non-toleration is not agreeable to
universal law?
3. Of Universal Toleration. 388-390,

(1) That universal toleration is based on
brotherhood. 388. universal

(2) The reply to intoleration by illustrations of its
absurdities and inconsistencies, 388.(3) The absurdity of assuming to judge others and
the ways of God. 389.

(4) Religious toleration based on the Biblical in-
junction, “Love your neighbor.” 390.

4. An Address to the Deity. 390, 391.

Note how this prayer for toleration, love and
brotherhood condenses the whole discussion on
the subject.

PHILOSOPEY..

“The problem of philosophy is to investigate scientifically the
ultimate basis of Knowledge and Being, and to comprehend all
Reality in its interconnection with them. The history of philosophy
must point out by what causes the human spirit was led to philo-
sophic inquiry; in what form men first became conscious of its
problems, and how they undertook to solve them.” From this
statement it will be seen that philosophy lies fundamental to every
other inquiry.

SECTION T: GREEK PHILOSOPHY.

For the philosophical disquisitions of the ancients up to this
period, the student is directed to the outlines on Religion. Phi-
losophizing was so intermingled with religious interests and in-
quiries that it is difficult to separate them, and hence they are
considered together.

In the Upanishads, the student will observe the manner in which
the universe was identified with the self, hence the pantheistic
system of the Brahmans. Note similarly the section devoted to
Buddha.

Hinks! PERIOD: THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPE
I, THE EARLIEST SCHOOES.

I. The Ancient Ionians.

The first step in Greek philosophy was made by asking what is
the permanent unchanging reality behind the shifting changes
of nature.

Historical sketch. Vol. II: 136-138. This will give a general

view of the early Greek thinkers. Note why these thinkers are
important. 136.

1. Thales of Miletus.

(1) What is his relation to Greek philosophy? 138.
(2) In what other fields did he labor? 139.

oe rs APES RAT Ree ee eee BRAREY ship ee rk ee cone oe _
SE eee ee aii od
oi ee

 

A
#

4

- AF

Wl
ai
u
|
aS
4
‘ 3
oe
: #

/i
Bo.

5 Be.
th N
5 rE
ian
: ¥
Ta

a a

 

 

 

 

aay oy 2 <n se oO <
iapihuy SALT aas ger ie ai Siena wucaaen

(3) What was his idea of the soul and its immor-
tality (139.

(4) What did he declare to be the world-ground, the
essential principle of all things? 139.

2. ‘Anaximander of Miletus. Vol. Il: 140-143.

3.

(1) In rising from the particular to the general, how
did he express the theory that back of all things
was an infinite but indeterminate substance?
Did he regard the world as infinite or finite? 141.

(2) How were things produced by being separated
into their opposites? 141.

(3) What is his theory of the origin of life? 142.

Anaximenes of Miletus. Vol. Il: 143-144.

(1) How did his association with Anaximander de-
termine his philosophical views? 143.

(2) In what way did he differ from Anaximander,
and to what did he ascribe the world-substance?
143.

(3) How did he set forth his principle in its world-
action? 143, 144.

Il. Pythagoras. The Pythagoreans.

1.
2.
3.

4.

Historical, Vol, fl: 145:

Note his precepts and practices. 145-146.

In what did he consider the fundamental reality to
consist: 13/.

The Pythagoreans. Aristotle’s account of their theory.
146.

III. The Eleatics.

1.

Xenophanes. Vol. II: 146-147.

(1) In what way did he regard the world as one
unchangeable God?

(2) How did this lead him to satirize the Greek idea
of many human-like gods?

(3) con what did he declare all things to proceed?

2. Parmenides. Vol. II: 156-160.

 

 

(1) In “The Way of Truth” how does he show the
universe to be without beginning or end, im-
movable and unchangeable? 157, 158.

(2) In the working out of his idea of unity note his
denial of any real change in the existing order.3. Zeno and Melissus. Vol. Il: 180-184.

(1) How does Zeno carry out the idea of Parmenides
against the notion of plurality as held by Em-
pedocles and Anaxagoras? 181.

(2) What is his theory of space and motion? 181,
182.

(3) How does Melissus state his paradoxical unity
of all things? 182-184.

Z, tie PHYSICISTS Of THE Pib@th CENTURY:

1 Heracleittus. Vol. II: 148-155.
1. How does he show that the world-substance is a con-
tinual flux from opposite to opposite? 150, 151.
2. By what element do all things originate? 149.
3. Note carefully the statement regarding his opinion on

particular points. In this is a condensation of his sys-
tem, 154, £55.

II. Empedocles. Vol. II: 160-175.

1. What is his conception of the method and result of
coming into being? 161, 162.

2. How does he state the idea of change and plurality in
line with the idea of Heracleitus and as opposed to the
theory of Zeno? 162.

3. How does he combine the theories, and find in the four
elements the ground of this change? 163.

4. In what way do love and hate operate to bring about
this result?’ 165, 179:

III. The Atomistic School. Vol. II: 187-189.
Leucippos, the founder of the school.
Democritos. His method and results were those of Leucippos.
1. How is the permanent reality of the world accounted
for by numberless atoms? 187.
2. How had previous thinkers regarded space? 188.
3. How did the Atomists consider that things came into
existence by the collection of atoms? 189. What is
meant by “a fortuitous concourse of atoms”?

TY. Anaxacoras. Vol il: 17a 180.
1. How does he explain that there are as many elements
as there are qualities? 176.
2. How does Nous (Mind) control the whole mixture, re-
solving it into the whole? 1/7.
3. Is this entrance of Mind as a determining force a great
advance in philosophical thought?

. rs SET YLANG FETE eae a See SE ee " Sh
—- peered ra =

pepe aT reer len3. THE SOPHISTS. PROTAGORAS.

Sophists (wise men) offered their instructions to those seeking
knowledge, wandering from city to city, and contrary to custom,
receiving large fees. In the main they confined themselves to
practical affairs, taking the ground “that objectively true science
is impossible, and that our knowledge cannot pass beyond sub
jective phenomena.” This scepticism led to what was most super-
ficial, unsound, and dangerous, against which Socrates directed his

dialectic.

1. How did Protagoras and his school regard knowledge?
Vol Ti: 166.

2. For a statement of this sophism the student is referred
to Plato’s dialogue on the Possibility of Knowledge.
191-239.

SECOND PERIOD: SOCRATES—PLATO—ARISTOTLE.

“The investigation of the Sophists had merely ended in the con-
clusion that a scientific foundation of ethics was as utterly hopeless
as a scientific knowledge of the world; and with the surrender of
the belief in man’s power of knowledge must be given up also the
effort after the knowledge of truth.” The new form of the scientific
life was founded by Socrates “by demanding knowledge through
concepts, by introducing men to the formation of concepts by dia-
lectic, and by applying the process to ethical and religious ques-
tions.”

i Socrates: | Vol: Il: 187-239.

1. Eistorical sketch. . 187.
What are the sources of the Socratic philosophy?

2. What was the Socratic method of teaching, the “So-
cratic Irony,” as shown by the dialogue?

3: en what question does Socrates open the discussion ?
195:

4. How does he show the end of science to be classification
and definition—that things may be grouped into classes,
and hence the formation of concepts? 196-201.

In what way does he advance his inquiries by
the means of common subjects? In what way
does he make himself clear by exposing either
the ignorance or knowledge of those with whom
he discussed? 200.

5. In what manner does Socrates state the doctrine of
Perception? 202-239,

(1) What distinction is made between sensation and
knowledge?(2) How does he deal with the maxim of Protagoras
that “man is the measure of all things”?

(3) How, in closing, is the distinction between per-
ception and knowledge stated?

iT, . Plato. Vol. Il: 196-438
1. Historical sketch. 190.

(1) In opposition to Protagoras, what did Plato be-
lieve was possible regarding reality and the con-
cept, and the consequent distinction of the indi-
vidual?

(2) What is this famous doctrine called?

(3) What three things do three of his dialogues set
forth?
2. Plato’s Theory of Knowledge—the possibility of science.

This has been already examined in his Theaetetus. 191-
Zt.

3. The Doctrine of Ideas—Parmenides. 239-249,

(1) What philosophers figure in the dialogue, and
what does that signify in the discussion of the
principles?

(2) Note how Plato indirectly contradicts both the
assumption that there is only plurality without
unity, and the assumption that there is only
unity without plurality. 241-245.

(3) Note the statements in which Plato expresses a
fundamental principle of his doctrine, that that
only can be lasting and consistent which is in-
accessible to the senses, and known by thought
only.

(4) Observe the statements that suggest that ideas
present to us Being in which alone Plato found
the real object of science. This Plato held in
common with Parmenides.

(5) Socrates has shown that the guarantee of true
knowledge consisted in the knowledge of con-
cepts alone. Wherein did Plato go further in
maintaining that it is only by reflection in the
concepts, or ideas, that true and original Being
can be discovered?

4. The Ideas as final causes and the question of immortal-
ity. 249-311.
This section has been fully outlined under Religion in
the Greek section, to which the student is directed.

IfI. Aristotle. Vol. II: 345-363.

1. Historical sketch. S44.
(1) In what way was his system distinct from the
Platonic?

Fees OSS ae(2) Note the manner in which he agrees with and

: differs from Plato. He sharply contested the
central point of the doctrine of ideas. While he
limits philosophy more to the realm of science,
yet, “like Plato, he places the peculiar mission of
philosophy in the knowledge of unchangeable
Being and the ultimate basis of things, the gen-
eral and necessary.”

(3) How did he argue for the Being of God? 344.

2. The Categories. 345.
How many categories does he name? ‘There is
no concept that comprehends them as a class,
but they signify the points of view from which
things may be considered.

3. Substance. 345-350.

The most important categories are the first four, and of

these, that of substance to which all the rest are related,

as that which is derived to that which is first, or primary.

(1) How does he define substance in its chief sense,

and as secondary? 345, 346.

| (2) How does he discriminate species and genera?

346-348.

(3) How does he regard the individual as the real
in the full sense, as a substance? 348.

(4) What does he show to be the truth regarding

contraries? When do contraries exist relative

to the same genus, and when are concepts in

contradictory opposition? 348-350.

4. Proposition, Term, Syllogism. 350, 351.
(1) What is his definition of a proposition? 350.
What is the distinction between a universal and
a particular proposition? What is a syllogistic
proposition? 351.
(2) How does he define a term? 351.

(3) How does he define a syllogism? 351. “Aris-
totle was the first to discover in the syllogism
the radical form in which all advance of thought
moves, and he also gave the name to it.” The
doctrine of the syllogism holds the chief place in
his Logic.

5, Existence, and the ‘Proof of Gad. ‘Volu Th: 3452-963.
This subject has been analyzed under Religion.

6, The Basis of Ethics. Vol. II: 364-382.

(1) How does Aristotle distinguish the chief or final
good? 364-365.

(2) In what manner is moral action accompanied by
reason? 365.

 

: My
F \

 

 

 

Bi DRL ral Bee (ot i a SN(3) Note how his definition of virtue with which true
happiness is to accord. 366-368. How does he
distinguish the soul as rational and irrational for
the purpose of classifying the virtues?

(4) What are the two kinds of virtue? How are the
moral virtues acquired? 369-370.

(5) How, then, are we to determine our acts that
form our habits? How does he illustrate excess
and defect in this situation, and what is the place
of pleasure and pain in all actions? 370-371.

(6) What are the three things that determine the
pursuit and the avoidance of a course of action?
S72.

(7) What are the three conditions of virtuous action?
These require special notice. 373. Note how
Aristotle treats virtue as having its seat in the
will. It was this fact that Socrates overlooked
when he referred it to knowledge, and missed the
fact that in virtue the free decision of the will is
involved, “not with the knowledge of moral
rules, but with their application, with the gov-
ernment of the passions by the reason.”

(8) Habit being the genus of virtue, the question
arises, the particular kind of habit. How does
he illustrate the mean between excess and de-
fect? Wherein lies the mean in moral action?

374-381.

(9) How now are we to strike the mean? What
rule is given in declining towards excess or de-
fect?) (301,, 3ec.

THIRD PERIOD: STOICISM—EPICUREANISM.
I. Zeno the Stoic. Vol. II: 418, 425.

f.

He interpreted virtue and the highest good in terms ofa
serene resignation to natural law, and the discharge of
duty ; and in so doing to rise above all considerations of
pleasure, trouble, desire or fear.

What are the important facts and characteristics of
Zeno? 418, 425.

II. Epicurus. Vol. II: 426-430. His Letter on Happiness.

2.

The duty of seeking happiness; keeping in mind that
that is the state of God. 427. Epicurus held that good
and evil are to be measured by feeling. To him the only
absolute evil is pain; hence pleasure, the repose of the
spirit, is the final object of action.

Fe SEE NT AE Ne SPT TINS LSS EST EE A: SIE SS Sa3. How are we to think of death, since all good and evil
lie in sensation? 427, 428.

4. Pleasure estimated and distinguished. 428, 429.

(1) As the beginning and end of living, and good on
account of its own nature.

(2) But does this mean that every pleasure is worthy
of being chosen?

(3) The thing to be sought—not to have much but
to need little.

(4) What pleasure constitutes the chief good? 429.

5. Virtue essential to happiness. 429. Is virtue as here
defined much more than a condition of a repose of mind,
and how much independent value does it possess?

SECTION Il: ROMAN PHILOSORnY:

I. Philo-Judaeus. A full outline of his work has been given under
Religion. The same is true of Cicero.

II. Seneca. The Stoic Philosophy of Peace of Mind. Vol. III:
327-354.

1. | Tistorical sketch. 327.
(1) Under what conditions did he live?

(2) What two Greek schools of philosophy took
root in Roman life?

2. Peace of Mind.

(1) Serenus. 328-331. What fears does he express
to Seneca regarding evils that disturb his peace
of mind? What examples does he give, and
what help does he seek?

(2) Seneca. 331-354.

a. In his reply to Serenus, note the descrip-
tion of the unrest of soul. 331-334.

b. Remedy for this disturbance and for the
restoration of peace. What does he say of
definite occupation? What notable ex-
ample does he give, acting under appar-
ently hopeless conditions? 334-337.

c. What are the three things to be observed
in order to avoid the evils that disturb our
peace? 338, 339.

d. The consideration of worldly possessions

as bringing peace or disturbance. 340-342.
What class is the more cheerfu]?e. How are disturbing influences to be treat

ed? The use of good sense. 343-346, La-
boring to advantage, plan, system. 347.
Change of action without becoming capri-
cious. 348-350.
The evidence of a pessimistic attitude in-
duced by surrounding evils. 350. Avoid-
ing an artificial, a disguised life. 352, 353.
Under what special forms does Stoicism
appear in these considerations?

ait. Epictetus the Stoic. Vol, 111:) 392-407.

1. The things that are and are not in our power. 392-395.
What one thing have the gods put in our power? How
should we treat those things not under our control?

2. How a man on every occasion can maintain his proper
character. 395-398.

3. From the principle of God, being the Father of all men,
how should one proceed to the rest? 398. What effect
does having kinship with God have upon life as con-
trasted with having kinship with an emperor?

4. Progress or improvement. 398-401. In what do these
things consist?

5. The nature of the Good. 401, 403.

What is the relation of God to the Good, and
is it necessary to know the nature of the one in
order to know that of the other?

6. The beginning of philosophy. 404-4006.

(1) A consciousness of personal weakness and limi-
tation.

(2) Again, how does it consist in a perception of the
disagreement of men and the reason for that
disagreement? 405.

IV. Marcus Aurelius. Thoughts. Vol. III: 406-417.

1. What was his distinction as a Stoic philosopher? 406.

2. What were some of the great things of life he learned,
and from whom did he learn them? 407-412.

3. What are the great principles for the government of
life? 413-417. Note how these illustrate the influence
that stoicism was capable of exerting upon the most
upright characters from the days of Cato to the triumph
of Christianity.

 

SECTION Lil:. PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDER nar s

1, Historical sketch. Vol. IVy 277-279. |
i. From when, until when, and by whom was science
limited in its operations? 277,

PE LAT LO LO a MT

   

=

‘ ianeamee FORE aE ees Wa ran eee Tee
ae SEF ROE ee ee ee ee ee oS 0S Se eae —— nee — re

eee ee PSE ee ees Neve a ane ae Sa ee a a ee )

Bie

17Kaa agetetnane Pin Y r > ng
y. ae u

(i
: :

sneha Ro ts
'

 

 

 

 

 

Mons ape toes

igi
by sis shies:

 

2. What was the influence of the Arabian schools upon
civilization? 2/7.

3. What was the starting-point of the Arabians in philos-
ophy? 279.
Il’ Avicenna. 279:

As a neo-Platonist, what did he hold respecting the
eternity of the universe, and the identity of human in-
telligence with the universal order?

III. Avicebron. 280.

What was the new idea introduced by him relative to
the final cause of the universe? In what way does
Aristotleian influence appear in his statement?

TV. Averroes. Zol:.

In what respect is his philosophy identical with that of
Avicebron?

V. Moses Maimonides. 281-299.

1. What were the two important ideas added by Arabian
civilization?
(1) What was the new thing attempted by Moses
Maimonides? 281.
(2) Of what did his great work consist? 282.
2. Method fur proving God’s existence. 282-284.

(1) How might God’s existence be proved whether
we regard the universe created or external? 282, 283.
(2) How does he regard the work of the philoso-
phers in tespect to the subject: 283,

(3) How does the universe, and that only, prove the
existence of God? 284.

3. A parallel between the universe and man. 284-293.

(1) The unity of the universe. 284-286.
(2) The parallel between this unity and the unity of
man. 286-291.

a. In what way does this illustrate the unity

of Gedr: 287.

b. Does the unity of man warrant the idea
that man iS a microcosm: How did that
idea arise? 290-291.

(3) A discrepancy in the parallel in three respects.

291-293.
a. In what does it appear in the first respect?
291,

b. In what does it appear in the second re-
specu, 291;

c. In what does it appear im the third re
Sspeetn) 292.4. Propositions admitted. 293-299,

(1) Note the manner in which these propositions
are designed to have a vital bearing upon the
proof of God’s existence.

(2) What proposition is not accepted, but is ad-
mitted for the sake of demonstrating the point
under discussion? 293.

(3) What proposition, not conclusive to Aristotle, is
admissible to Maimonides? 298.

(4) What is the point of these propositions? 298.

5. St. Thomas Aquinas. . Wol) 1V. 358-267.
(1) Historteal sketch. Soc:

a.
b.
Ce

d.

What was his interest in religious affairs?
What was the type of his philosophy?

In what respect was his aim the same as
that of Moses Maimonides?

What did he hold to be the two sources of
knowledge?

(2) On the existence of God. 359-363.

a.

Whether the existence of God is demon-
strable. 359, 360.

What are the three objections to the dem-
onstrability of God’s existence? 359. What
are the three replies to these objections?
360.

Whether God exists. 360-363.

Note the two objections. 360-363.

Note the replies. 363.

First prooi—that from motion.

Second proof—from the nature of the ef-
ficient cause. 361.

Third proof—from the possible and neces-
Sdiyin O02;

Fourth proof—from the degrees found in
things. 362.

Fifth proof—from the ordering of things.
305.

(3) Theory of Knowledge. Vol. IV: 363-367.

a.

b.

What is the character and rank of imma-
terial substances? 363, 364.

What is the lowest of intellectual sub-
stances? 304:

What is the characteristic of the intellect,
and how does Aquinas distinguish a pos-
sible intellect? 365.

What is the relation of the sensory to the
intellect, in coming to knowledge? 366.

P75 SPS aaa ag Bane ee ere ae. In what way does he distinguish an active
intellect as necessary to knowledge? 366,
367.

In this how does he object to Plato?
Hence in the process of knowing, what
are the two intellects?

SECTION IV: MODERN PEIE@SOUrY.
TRANSITION TO MODERN PHILOSOPHY.

From scholasticism to modern philosophy the transition was
gradual. Scholasticism, notwithstanding its beneficial results, fell
into decay. The study of the Greeks had fallen away during the
Middle Ages. The revival of class literature was bound to bring
about a change. Thus various forces combined to inaugurate a
new era. Another great force was about to enter into this transi-
tional movement. “All the elements of the new age, the struggle
against Scholasticism, the revival of letters and the more enlarged
culture thus secured, the striving after national independence, the
attempts of the state to free itself from the Church and the hier-
archy, and above all, the desire of the thinking self-consciousness
for autonomy, for freedom from the fetters of authority—all these
elements found their focus and point of union in the German Refor-
mation. ‘Though having its root at first in practical, religious and
national interests, and falling very early into erroneous courses,
issuing in a dogmatic ecclesiastical one-sidedness, yet was the
Reformation in principle and in its true consequences a rupture of
the thinking spirit with authority, a protest against the fetters of
the positive, a return of the mind from its self-government to itself.”
It was this period that became so fruitful in discovery and science.
It is only necessary to refer to the discovery of America, and speak
such names as Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Bacon, Boehme.

SECDION Is BEGINNING OF MODERN PHIVOsS@riny.
1 DESCARTES.

Tt Glisterical sketch. Vol. VI: | 38, 4h
1. What is the difference between Greek and modern
philosophy?
2. What was it Descartes attempted for philosophy by his
“Meditations”?
II. Meditation I. The things of which we may doubt. 42-47.
1, What did he discover relative to many opinions upon
which he had depended? 42.
2. What was his conclusion regarding the firm establish-
ment of science as to basic principles? 42.
3. What are the things of which we may doubt, and in
what manner is the action justified? 42-47.Ill. Meditation II. The Nature of the Human Mind—more easily

So.

4,

known than the body. 47-55.

In the midst of all this doubting, may there not be
something that it is impossible to doubt? Does doubt-
ing the body and the senses preclude the possibility of
any other definite belief? 47.

How does this writer show that while we may posit
everything else as false, yet one thing cannot be denied,
viz: that a thinking being does exist—“cogito ergo
sum’? 48,

What are the things we imagine are best and most
easily known? What illustration is used? 52-53.

How from the proposition, “I think, therefore I am,”
may the whole nature of the mind be determined? 54-55.

IV. Meditation III. Of God. 55-60.

From the fundamental proposition that is laid down follows
the general rule of all certainty. But as to the truth itself, this
rule or principle furnishes no knowledge.

i;

Zz,

How does Descartes distinguish the being of God, 1. e.,

what are the necessary characteristics of such a Being?
20.

The Idea and Proof of God’s existence. 57-60.

(1) The perfection of God, and hence God, might be
deduced from human imperfection.

(2) The fundamental proof—it is received from God
and the idea is innate in the soul. 60,61. Note
particularly this basal doctrine of innateness
which was to have such far-reaching conse-
quences in modern philosophy. Note how is
shown that the idea of God could not exist if
not implanted by God himself, and hence that
this innate conception is the highest proof of
God.

V. Meditation IV. Of Truth and Error. Truth Dependent on
God. 61-63.
The doctrine of the two substances, matter and mind, rest upon
the idea and proof of God.

1.

2,

a.

Note that this idea becomes the clearest truth. 62. This
fact requires the idea of God to be equally clear in order
to be accepted. 38.

On what ground is it now possible for man to trust his
senses? 38, 62.

How, then, are we to account for error, while the senses
and faculties are trustworthy? 62, 64.

From these presentations the student may note two defects of
the Cartesian system: First, that the content of his system,
and especially the substances, was secured empirically ; second,

eo 5b os eee Sei San’ Pe ree es RE ar a

a

seeder st ane es

ig EE LE HO TOE CTT A

Shitce mages sets ssp tla
a a

 

ena aes

APIO

meee,
eaeIf.

Il.

a.

ATT:

the absolute separation of thought and being. Matter and
mind “stand over against each other as centrifugal and cen-
tripetal. This defect of the Cartesian system operated as an
impelling motive to the systems which follow.

2, GEULINCX AND MALEBRANCHE.

From the Cartesian idea of duality of the universe, what ques-
tion arose? Vol. VI: 38.

How did Geulincx conceive of the two substances? Is inter-
action possible? What illustration expresses his solution of

the problem? 38.
Thus Geulincx carried to its fullest extent the essential dualism
of Descartes.

In what manner does Malebranche conceive of the relation of
the human mind to God as the ground of knowledge? Vol. VI:
38-39. How does he express his principle?

Thus Malebranche, who began with the Cartesian idea of the
relation of matter and mind, made an attempt to set aside
dualism by the means of its own basic assumption.

3) SPINOZA:

What was the ruling philosophy of the time, and what was its
interpretation of the world? Vol. VI: 63.

This system being the starting-point for Spinoza, in what way
did he radically depart from it, and what system did he estab-
lish in distinction from dualism? 64.

Spinozism. Concerning God. 64, 78.

1. Observe the three fundamental conceptions upon which
the system is based and from which the rest, in the form
of mathematical certainty, may be derived. 64.

2. What are the axioms and fundamental principles of the
system? 65.

3. Spinoza’s doctrine of substance and attribute. 65-72.

(1) Observe that he starts from the Cartesian idea
of substance—its self-existence.

(2) What is the difference between Spinoza and
Descartes as to the plurality of substances?
How many does Spinoza declare to be possible?
65-67. Is this substance which he calls God, the
Christian idea of God, i. e., a particular spiritual
personality or being?(3) Regarding the relation of Substance to Attri-
bute. Descartes had assumed two other sub-
Stances besides that of God.

a. How are these in the Spinozistic system
conceived as forms or modifications of the
one substance? 68-72.

b. But do these modes or attributes exhaust
the essence of the one substance? Is it
necessary that they should do so to render
the pantheism consistent? If there is in-
consistency between the finitude of the
attributes and the infinite character of the
substance, in what situation does it leave
the system?

c. Does Spinoza fail to succeed in establish-
ing a mediation between substance and
the two attributes in which the substance
is exhibited, or which it regards as its
modifications?

The defects of the system in sinking all into one are clearly
seen. “It comprehends the manifold in God as an impersonal
unity, it sacrifices all individual existence to the negative
thought of unity, instead of allowing this unity to negate its
empty negativity by means of a living development into the
concrete manifold. The system of Spinoza is the most abstract
Monotheism that can be thought.”

4. Against Misconceptions of God’s Nature. 72-78.
(1) What are the misconceptions declared to be?
(2) Note the procedure of the argument against
them.

4A. LEIBNIZ,

“As empiricism sprang from the attempt to subordinate the
intellectual to the material, to materialize the spiritual; so, on the
other hand, idealism had its source in the effort to spiritualize the
material, or so to construct the conception of mind that matter
could be subsumed under it.”

I. Historical sketch. Vol. VI: 39, 79.
1. What was it that Leibnitz sought to overcome?
2. In this what was his interpretation of the universe?
3. What is meant by “monad” and “pre-established har-
mony”?
II. The Doctrine of Monadology. 79-92.
1. In what manner does Leibnitz set forth the idea of

substance in strict opposition to that of Spinoza, espe-
cially with reference to the activities of the substance:

TEES NRT OR

   

Ai LE TEE ELTA CT TCT IER AT PPT res - bar
i : : ey Fs aah > Ds‘ SS ath h ce as tes Pe te haa hea Or Cena ac SE ek 2 oie oe
RES, SA ie cere ete ome eee oe um ea actus

2. How as opposed to Spinozism does Leibnitz state sub-
stance in terms both of the individual monad, and the

multiplicity of monads?
3. In what manner are monads to be distinguished from
atoms, as a living soul?
(1) Asa living activity and not mere extended sub-
stance?
(2) Asamirror of the universe, and as a microcosm?

III. The Doctrine of Pre-established Harmony.

The universe being the sum-total of the monads, the ques-
tion arises as to how their relation is to be conceived.

1. In specifying this, what is his theory of representation?

2. In showing the difference in representation, how does
he illustrate this difference by a swoon or dreamless
sleep, as applied to the inorganic? What is the next
higher form? What is the next highest in which sensa-
tion and memory play their part? What is the highest
representation?

3. Observe that each monad mirrors the whole universe.
But with the difference between them how is harmony
secured?

 

IV. The Place and Significance of God in this system.

1. Does the idea of God play much more than an idle part?
Should not the harmony of the universe have taken the
place of the Deity?

2. Are God and the final cause identical? Note the ob-
servation. “If he held fast to the substantiality of the
monads, he was in danger of making them independent
of the Deity, and if he did not, he could hardly escape
falling back into Spinozism.”

3. God and the present world. How does Leibnitz show
that out of the possible worlds that might have been
created, the present world is the best possible?

SO ASRS PPS RE

 

“Next to Aristotle, Leibnitz was the most highly gifted scholar
that ever lived.”

}) HORERES.

It was in the realm of political science that the influence of
Hobbes was most plainly felt. In him we have the beginning of
materialistic psychology, that consciousness is but a mode of
motion.

I. Hobbes’ Treatment of Sense. Vol. VI: 94-95.

Note his theory of body the ground of sense, and sense
the ground of thought.cas ee

IT. Hobbes’ Treatment of Imagination. 95-98.
1. What is his definition of imagination? 96.

é. What is the relation of imagination, so defined, to
memory? 97,

3. What is the relation of memory to experience? 97.

4. What is his explanation of dreams in terms of body
under conditions of motion? 97.

iif, ae Treatment of Motions, commonly called Passions.

Pie

1. What are the two forms of motions in animals? 98.

2. How does he distinguish the genesis and nature of
appetites and the conditions of their action? 99-101.

6. LOCKE:

t Historical sketch. Vol, Vi: 39; 40:
1. How did he agree and disagree with Descartes?
2. What did his analysis of ideas mark the beginning of?
3. What is the relation of Locke’s system to Berkeley’s?

II. Ideas. 102-106.
There are two leading contentions in the Lockean system, i. e.,
regarding innate ideas, and the grounds of knowledge.
1. Note his denial of the Cartesian principle of innate
ideas. 102.
1. The origin of knowledge. 102-106.
(1) From what two sources does all knowledge
comer 102.
(2) How does he explain the manner by which this
gives us our ideas, and the forms of ideas they
produce? 102-104.
(3) How does he explain the conditions under which
different ideas are formed? 105.

III. Ideas and Things. 106-113.

1. Are the ideas of a thing the same as its qualities? 106.

2. What does Locke distinguish as primary qualities of a
body? 106.

3. What are secondary qualities? 107.

4. How do primary and secondary qualities produce their
ideas? 107, 108.

5 What does he declare the ideas of primary qualities to
be? Is the same true of the secondary? 108-11.

6. How does he distinguish and explain the three sorts of
qualities in bodies? 111-113.

salad St ENP SEI ET OEE Se Eh See ee
as PL NTT TST
—_ ’

rw

 

(rng
I
t
r

GEE EME LEE TTT TnIV. Substance—Complex Ideas of Substance. 114-116.

Locke divided ideas into simple and complex. The first class
is given above. The complex are divided into three classes;
ideas of mode, of substance and of relation.

1. How from simple ideas are those of substance formed?

2. Is substance itself known, or is it simply conceived as
possessing those qualities which are necessary to fur-
nish us with simple ideas? 114.

3. In what manner do we form ideas of different sorts of
substances? 115.

4. How does he show that our idea of spirit is just as clear
as our idea of body? 116.

From these notices of the Lockean system it will be readily
seen that by this interpretation our knowledge does not pass
beyond the compass of our ideas, and hence is bounded and
conditioned wholly by experience; and “that the road which
will be taken in the farther development of this direction, will
result in a thorough denial of the ideal factor.”

SECTION Tl: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PaleOSOPEY.
Ll. BERKEEBY:

“Leibnitz had not carried out the standpoint of idealism to its
extreme. He had not wholly denied the existence of the corporeal
world, but had recognized as a reality lying at its basis the world of
monads. ‘The phenomenal or corporeal world has its fixed and
substantial foundation in the monads. Thus Leibnitz, though an
idealist, did not wholly break with realism.” It was left for Berke-
ley to deny the reality of the sensible world, and explain corporeal
objects as simply phenomena, as nothing but subjective notions
without any objective reality as a basis.

I > Historical sketch, Vol. Vin 172.

1, Who were the best known philosophers at that time?

2. In what way does Berkeley go farther than Locke re-
garding substance, and what is substance in the Berke-
leyan system?

II. Principles of Human Knowledge. 173-184.
1. The relation of things to the perception of them. 174, 175.
2. Substance, 1/5, 179.

(1) What is the only substance? 175.
(2) How does he reply to Locke’s idea of qualities?
175-178.
~ (3) How does he admit an independent reality of
5 things, but deny their existence in any other
way than in the understanding? 178.(4) How now would it be possible to have a knowl-
edge of substance? 178, 179.

3. Proof against the existence of matter. 179-182.

(1) Note his treatment of the doctrine of the mate-
Tialists. 179,

(2) Note his appeal to self-consciousness in support
of his doctrine. 180, 182.

4. Fundamental cause of ideas.

(1) What is his definition of substance? Note par-
ticular terms. 182.
(2) Ideas that come by volition, and that do not.

What does it prove regarding substance the
cause of ideas? 183.

This thorough-going subjective idealism, this complete denial
of matter, Berkeley considered as the surest way to oppose
materialism and atheism.

Z.. HOME:

On Lock’s pure empirical standpoint, “it was illogical to allow
the conception of substance to remain possessed of objective
validity. If the understanding is essentially a bare and empty
space, an unwritten tablet, then must the conception of substance
also be explained as a mere subjective notion, a union of ideas
joined together at the mind’s pleasure, and the subject itself, thus
deprived of everything on which it could base a claim to superiority,
must become wholly subordinated to the material world. This stride
to a logical expiricism Hume made in his criticism of the conception
of casuality.”

i. @istorical sketch. Vol. VI: . 40.
1. What is the starting point of Hume’s philosophy?

2. In what did his philosophy issue as to the possibility of
science and knowledge?

II. Against the Principle of Cause and Effect. 185-189. His
criticism of this principle is the center and soul of the system.

1. How does he show that we cannot know of two things
standing in the relation of cause and effect a priori, the
two things being different, while a priori knowledge can
have regard only to what is identical? But if we have
a knowledge of actual causation must it not be a priori?

2. How, then, does he explain our notion of causation, as
to how it arises? By this explanation is the idea of
necessary connection set aside?

PUNE eer nn ee eee ore

eae Tr ST TRIE SE Eee er a LESSH a C a eh “¥ orIII. Against Personal Identity. 189-201.

1. How does he argue, that if the idea of identity exists it
must be from some impression, and since no impression
is capable of producing it, hence there can be no such
idea? 189.

Note the declaration, that in looking for the self he
stumbles only upon notions and impressions. Is this
analagous to looking for woods aside from trees?

2. What does he claim that an observation of daily experti-
ence will prove? 192. In this is. there a confusion of
numerical and specific identity? 194.

3. How does he set forth the nature of identity? 195. Is

such identity possible as long as various perceptions are

held distinct, with no real bond between them?

By what three relations do we get the idea of identity?

196-198.

(1) How it comes by resemblance.
(2) How by causation?
(3) Continuity is set aside.

| 5. Memory as the ground of the idea. 197.

(1) Against this is the amount we have forgotten,
and the fact that memory relates only to the
past.

6. Hume’s note on his observations. 198-201.
(1) What did he find impossible to render con-
sistent?
(2) What seemed satisfactory?
(3) Of what does the self consist?

Pedimpen.capitantepieste hat en . a
Poe u

-

55

 

o : .
k

ae pI

From this line of reasoning it will be seen at once that the self
is an illusion, and that no ideas on immortality can be enter-
tained. Hume's positions “show that his skepticism is only a
logical carrying out of Locke’s empiricism. The determina-
tions, universality and necessity must fall away, if we derive
our knowledge only from perceptions through the sense, for
these determinations cannot be contained in sensation.”

 

 

Oo KANG.

Kant is the great renovator of philisophy. “The idealistic and
realistic developments up to this point ended with a one-sided
result. Instead of reconciling thought and being, they both issued
in denying the one or the other. Kant reduced once more to unity
and totality the one-sided efforts of those who had preceded him.”

I. Historical sketch. Vol. VI: 201, 202. ©
1. What did Kant see?
2. What did he set out to do?

 

 

 

is; ag TC , ee Sea EET Bees SRA ES e Dame ean
Li Mas tote aad is i MS PD ag neyo Ficceg Neate2. His solution of the problem.

At the beginning it may aid the student to note the
three leading principles of Kant’s theory of knowledge.

(1) Only phenomena and not things-in-themselves
are capable of being known.

(2) There is no science of the unconditioned: experi-
ence is the only province of our knowledge.

3) When human knowledge attempts to become
transcendent, to rise above experience, it be-
comes involved in hopeless contradictions.

IT. Critique of the Pure Reason. Vol. VI: 209-239.

1. The Transcendental Aesthetic. 209-220,

Under this head Kant attempts to answer the question,
What does sense or the faculty of intuition possess

a priori?”
(1) Metaphysical Exposition of Space and Time.
210-214.
a. What space and time are not as concep-
tions?
b. What space and time are as pure concep-
tions?

(2) Transcendental Exposition of Space and Time.
212-217.
a. Under this presentation how are space and
time conveived?
b. From the foregoing positions, what infer-
ences are drawn which still more fully
explain the nature of space and time?

2. Transcendental Logic. 220-223.

(1) How does Kant distinguish General and Tran-
scendental Logic?

(2) Note the divisions of General and Transcenden-
tal Logic into Analytic and Dialetic, with expla-
nation of terms.

3. Transcendental Analytic. 224-239.
It is under this head that Kant aims principally to an-
swer the question, “What is the a priori possession of
our understanding?”

(1) What does Kant distinguish by the Logical use
of the Understanding? 224.

(2) The Logical Function of Understanding in Judg-
ment. 225. What are the four kinds of judg-
ment set forth by Logic?

 

4ST GARE I REE TIS FP) SIS NDT ae IE ER eh Oe ~~ ee a
Fs I SCPC aa San tag ga he a ee — eenrR Tt , Pew
a .NR anibetugtle o paic wrieitsinsroh Sa hed dere ta

(3) The Categories. 225-228.

a. What are Kant’s definitions of synthesis
and analysis?

b. Table of Categories. Observe how that
: from the four kinds of judgments are ob-
tained the same number of categories.

(4) Deduction of the Categories. 228-234.

a. What are the principles of a Transcenden-
tal Deduction? 228... How does he define
such a deduction and show that the tran-
scendental deduction of all a priori concep-
tions must be guided by the principle,
that these conceptions must be the a priori
conditions of all possible experience?

b. The A Priori Conditions of Experience.
230-234.

Ist. Synthesis of Apprehension in Per-
ception. How does he define such a syn-
thesis?

2nd. Synthesis of Reproduction in Imagi-
nation. What is the relation of reproduc-
: tion to apprehension in the unity of con-
sciousness ?

 

| 3rd. Synthesis of Recognition in Concep-
tions. What is meant by an object of con-
sciousness? The unity of apperception?

 

4th. Note the manner in which these a
priori conditions are more fully set forth.
How that the Synthetic Unity of Apper-
ception is the Supreme Principle of the
Understanding, etc. 234-239,

 

SECTION III. POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY.
hOB Ee

 

L Mstotical sketch. Vol, VIII: 816, 317.

1. What were the results of the Kantian system? In what
shape did Kant leave the facts of our knowledge?

2. What was the great characteristic of the Post-Kantian
systems?

3. What was Fichte’s attempt regarding Kant’s dualism,

and his establishment of the fundamental fact of the
Tego eII. Outlines of the Doctrine of Knowledge. 319-329,

From the Kantian position how is Fichte compelled to take the
high ground that all experience is the product of consciousness?
318. It was wholly unavoidable that Fichte should entirely
reject the Kantian thing-in-itself, which Kant himself declared
to be incognizable though real. That the Ego alone is, and
that what we regard as a limitation of the Ego by external
objects, is rather the proper self-limitation of the Kgo—this is
the grand feature of the Fichtian idealism.”

1. What is the question raised at the outset? 319.

Z. The Being of God.

(1) How does Fichte state the comprehensiveness of
that Being? 319,

(2) What is his distinction of a Manifestitation of
God? 319.

(3) How may God, who is Life and Power, be deter-
mined? 320.

3. eal is the fundamental law of the form of knowledge?

4. What are the two modes of knowledge distinct from
each other? 322.
5. In what manner does he set forth instinctive Causality
and Activity? 323, 324.
6. By what process may knowledge stand forth in its
primitive unity and become Pure Thought?
(1) In this Thought is Knowledge perceived imme-
diately?
(2) How are Thought and Intuition distinguished
and connected? 324-328.

7. What now is the true Being, the Ego, and how is it
realized? 328, 329.

2. SCHELLING AND HEGEL,

i Wistoricai sketch, Vol. Vill 330.
1. How had Fichte tried to conceive of the universe?
2. While Schelling sprang from Fichte, in what opposite
way did he interpret the universe?
II. Hegel. The Development of Spirit. 230-237.
1. In breaking away from Schelling, what direction did his
system take? 330.
2. The history of philosophical development. 331-337.
(1) What is the ultimate aim of philosophy:
(2) In pursuing this aim, how has Spirit been trying
to realize itself?

 

as
oe
a
fh
hy
4

{

j
iy
:

—_— rT SrA DARL Ie See Ki Sy = - . E
ae SES RoE SDS a a Ee 3

RSP
Teese rec
—_—

 

(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

= - 2 he Se <2 -
ps Ss Pett a CST ee
5st AaB eh ni ce RON ohpe Greene
Sener aS HE aes

Ancient Philosophy. 333. What was the move-
ment to the time of the Neo-Platonists?

Modern Philosophy. 333-335. What is its dis-
tinguishing characteristic as traced through
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz, Kant, Fichte,
Schelling?

The New Epoch. 335. How has the World-
Spirit at last come to apprehend itself?

a. In the processes through which it has
passed?

b. In its own distinction?

What is the general result of the history of
philosophy?

a SCHOPENR AUER:

The history of philosophy properly closes with Schelling and

Hegel.

“The philosophical developments which have succeeded

them, and which are partly a carrying out of their systems, and
partly the attempt to lay a new basis for philosophy, belong to the
present, and not yet to history.”

I. What are the peculiarities of Schopenhauer and his work?
Vol. Vill:

338.

II. The Will in Nature. 338-344.
Fundamental assumptions. 339.

(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Respecting the Will and Knowledge.
Respecting the thing-in-itself as the Will.
Respecting the Will and Knowledge.
Respecting the Will as absolute cause.

Respecting the unity of Will, its phenomena and
their distinction.

Relation of philosophy and natural science. Their rec-
onciliation. 340, 341.

Pessimistic view of philosophers and their work, 342,

343.

Schopenhauer’s philosophy is a union of the transcendentalism
of Kant and Fichte, Locke’s empiricism, Spinoza’s pantheism,
Plato’s idealism and the pessimism of the Buddhist. “The
only point in which he has a claim to marked originality is the
identification of substance and will. But in the development
of this principle he falls into open self-contradiction.”SECTION IV: COMTE—THE POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY.

“Considered in itself, as a system of special doctrines, Comte’s
philosophy has little significance; that in it which is of value is
borrowed from preceding thinkers, and that which is original is, for
the most part, whether viewed from the standpoint of empirical
science or of philosophy, both inaccurate and unimportant. In its
general standpoint, however, it is now recognized as the exponent
of an important, widespread, and aggressive movement of specu-

lative thought, and as such it merits a place in the history of
philosophy.”

I. The Law of Human Development. Vol. VIII: 345-348.

I.

What is the fundamental law as set forth in historical
experience? 345. Through what three stages does our
knowledge pass?
What is the attitude of the mind?
(1) Inthe theological state? 345.
(2) In the metaphysical state? 346.
(3) In the positive state? 346.

What is the relation of theory and facts in explanation
of these attitudes of the mind? 347, 348.

What is the relation of the metaphysical to the other
two attitudes? 348.

II. The proper nature of the Positive Philosophy. 348-353.

i

bv

That all phenomena are subjected to invariable natural
law. 349, 350. Note the manner in which progress is
made in the various fields.

The secondary and general aim of the systems to set
forth the unity of the sciences. 351.

III. The chief advantages of the Positive Philosophy. 353-359.

L.
2,
3.

4.

As exhibiting the logical laws of the mind. 353-355.
As a regeneration of Education. 355.

The leading advantages—the progress and unity of the
sciences. 356.

As the only solid foundation for Social Reorganization-

357-359. |
How account for the existing order on the ground of
the theological, metaphysical, and the positive?

Comte’s “historical law of the three stages and his classification:
of the sciences, which constituted, in his own opinion, his chiet
claim to originality, are now generally rejected as hasty and
inaccurate generalizations.”ts RERE
ae

 

 

SOCTAL, SCIENCES | (SOCIOEROGYs

Social development, as distinctive as the religious and philo-
sophical, has proceeded under the impulse of the social instincts of
the race. While Greece represented the philosophical, Rome rep-
resented the social. Thus one of the universal empires was de-
signed, through all its great history, not only to bring into fullest
expression this fundamental characteristic of the race, but at the
same time to furnish it with the permanent principles of legislation
and jurisprudence. Throughout these social studies it should be a
matter of interest to the student to trace the development of the
relation of the individual to society, and of society to the individual.

SEOTION TIT: PROM CHALDEA iO Ivar:
Ll. | BABYLON:

i Ancient Babylonian’ Laws. Vol. 7: 27; 26
Relating especially to domestic and slave regulations.

IT. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Babylonian Society. Vol.
Ko NSZ. 207,

1. Historical sketch. 182, 183.
(1) What was the beginning of Archaeology?

(2) What countries have furnished special fields for
research?

(3) What about the antiquity of the things discov-
ered in Chaldea?

Z. The Babylonian Society.

(1) What explanation is given of the consolidation
of the Babylonian state? 187-190.

(2) The relation of the king to the subject. 190.

(3) Regarding the religious, domestic and industrial
life. 190-207.

20. HGY Pal aN,
“First Hand Observations,” by Herodotus. Vol. I: 83, 106.

I. How does this writer describe the religious customs of the
Egyptians and the things they regarded sacred? 84-101.

II. What are his observations of Egyptian domestic life? 103.

III. Certain perculiar customs and industrial interests. 104-107.

Observe the light that these observations throw upon the relig-
ious literature of the Egyptians.3. ERA OF THE BRAHMANS.

Concerning the Laws and Life of the Castes. Vol. I: 203-208.

I. What distinction did the Brahman enjoy? 202, 203.
Il. What are the six acts for the government of his life? 203.
III. From what things was he exempt? 205.

Ase Paes and duties were laid upon the Castes?

4. ERA OF CHINA.
The “Sayings” of Confucius. Vol. I: 382-411.

The student is directed to the analysis of this section under

Religion. Many of these rules and proprieties obtain in China at
the present time.

3. ERA OF BUDDHA.

For the Rules, Customs and Proverbs of Buddha see the section
under Religion where they are fully outlined and discussed.

6. ERA OF GREECE:

I. Aristotle on the Athenian Constitution. Vol. II: 54-105.
1. The ancient constitution prior to the time of Draco,
50, 30.
2. Draco’s legislation. 56, 57.

3. Legislation of Solon. 57-63. What was the design of
Solon? How does Aristotle regard his legislation?

4. Pisistratus at the head of the popular party. What
about his tyranny? How were the affairs of the state
controlled by his sons? 63-68.

5. The Athenian Democracy—Cleisthenes.
The Council of Five Hundred. 70-75.

6. Pericles. Effect of Democracy, patriotism and pros-
Beri, Ad 2o.

7. Altered conditions, and the general procedure in the
affairs of the state. 76, 105.

II. Life and Institutions of the Spartans. Vol. II: 105-135.
1. How does Plutarch describe the life and Constitution
of Lycurgus?
2. What was the form of Lycurgus’ government?
Hil Plato. The Origin of Political Science.
The fdeal State. Vol, Il: 311-3523.
Community in the State. 328-338.

1. Note that the Platonic State is the Grecian idea of a
state, presented in the form of a narrative.

 

eSATA S TT SN a

OLE SERB BEE EPR. SEER SES beea5 Seeiee ae ee 7 — seageere, er > ae "
{mei ES Fn PP oe ada hates os ;
ig 2 ‘ : ¥ x “
; . : 4

3
|
es:
%
eyes
ay x
;

 

 

 

Se

 

ui
fA ie gre a es aie
Lf CS es
b aaa

{V.

1.

?- Can such a state be found? How did Plato indicate
that it was a heavenly archetype adapted to the instruc-
tion of the philosopher, to be realized by every possible
means?

3. Describe the leading feature of the Platonic State—the
subordination of the individual to the state.

4. How does Plato show that “private property and do-
mestic life, education and instruction, choice of rank
and profession, the arts and sciences, all must be sub-
jected and placed under the exclusive and absolute con-
trol of the state’’?

5, Are the political institutions of the Platonic State aristo-
cratic, with philosophers its rulers?

Aristotle. Origin of the State. The Ideal State. Vol. II:
383-418.

1. How does he show that man being a political animal,
life and ethical development are only possible in a
community?

2. Does he follow Plato’s view that the state is superior to
the individual and the family, and that its fundamental
object is to secure a perfect human life?

3. What form of government did Aristotle favor?

5. Is Aristotle’s state an ideal one regardless of attending
conditions; or one adapted in the best manner to exist-
ing conditions, climatic, economic, etc.?

6. In what manner should education be under the direction
and control of the state?

SECTION Il; THE ROMAN Ba
PRE-JUSTINIAN LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT.

Note the Origin of Roman Law as given in the Digest of Jus-

tinian, Voto tlt: «9.

I.

Rome Under Patricians, B. C. 509-304.

To appreciate this development it will be well to connect these
legal documents with the historic periods.

I. The Valerian Law, B.C, 509. Moh aie “h2-Ic.
The Questor, B, C. 509. : 52,
The Tribunes, B. C. 494. 30-33.
The Publilian Law, B.C. 471, 47,

(1) The Period—that of rivalry of classes.
The abolition of royalty left Rome as a divided
household. The Plebeian body was extending
its rights and claims. The internal conflict ofthe patricians against the plebeians proceeded,
until finally the Decemvirs, ten men from both
classes, were chosen to frame a code and operate
the government for the time being.

(2) The Documents.
Under these conditions the student may now
read more intelligently the laws and declarations.
Ist. The Valerian Law. The right of appeal
and the acquisition by the Plebs of legislative
authority.
2nd. The Questor.

This was established during the monarchy. As
early as B. C. 410 three out of the four treasurers
were plebeians. By the Licinian Laws they
secured political equality.

3rd. The Tribunes.

The plebeians had to bear the entire burden of
military service. They finally rose in a body and
threatened to found another town. This secured
an agreement. They were granted the right to
elect magistrates from their number to be called
Tribunes of the People, who should have the
right to veto any legal measure. Special protec-
tion was secured to them, and finally they be-
came the controlling power in the state.

Ath. The Publilian Law.

This law was passed to fully establish the rights
of the plebeians alone to elect their tribunes or
to exclude the patricians from their comitia.

Z. The Twelve Fables, Bi C. 451-445 Voll ltl: 9.
The Valerian and Horatian Laws, B. C. 449. 16.
The Canuleian Law, B. C. 445. 17.

The Censors, B. C. 443. 34.
The Praetorship, B. C. 367. 46.
The Licinian Law, 5. C. Spi. 35.

(1) The Period. In Rome this was the period of
political equality... During the same time Rome
was at war with the Etruscans and the Gauls.

(2) The Documents:

Ist. The Twelve Tables.

These lay at the basis of all subsequent legisla-
tion in Rome, and were held in greatest rever-
ence. Note the opinion expressed by Cicero
(11). Long afterwards children memorized these
laws.

2nd. The Valerian and Horatian Laws.
Still larger concessions were made to the plebe-
ians. Under these two consuls it was ordained

 

t
ys
ie
is
é.
BE.that the plebeian assembly should be sovereign,
whose legislations should apply to the whole
Roman people.

3rd. The Canuleian Law.

It was this law that legalized marriage between
patricians and plebeians, thus abolishing distinc-
tions and securing a closer union of the two
classes.

4th. The Censors.

A new office, that of military tribunes having
consular power, chosen from the plebeians, was
established. To counterbalance this the new
patrician office of censor was created. Placed
in their hands was the work of taking the census,
to collect taxes, to appoint senators and super-
vise the manners and morals of the people. Un-
der the Licinian law it was provided that one
censor should be a plebeian. These facts will
throw light upon the Document.

5th. The Praetorship.

The patricians sought to retain the leading
power in the state. This was a patrician office,
whose function was to govern in the absence of
consuls.

6th. The Licinian Law.

This arose in the midst of an agitation for politi-
cal reform. These laws constitute an epoch in
this period of controversy among the classes. It
set forth measures for the relief of debtors, the
limiting of land possessions, the abolition of
military tribuneship and the choosing of one of
two consuls from the plebeians.

II. Conquest of Latins and Union of Italy, B. C. 304-264.

Lt)

nd

The Period. It was a time of war and of vital changes
in the Roman state—war with the Gauls, the two Sam-
nite wars, wars with the Latins, war with Pyrrhus and
the union of Italy, and the Latin franchise.

The Documents. Two belong to this period.

(t). The Opuliian Law BNC. SOG iol PIL. seao
(2) Uhe Hortensian Law, B. GC. 287. 53.

Ill. Era of War and Revolution, B. C. 260-31.

hy

The Period. The three Punic wars were waged follow-
ing which Rome was plunged into revolution and civil
wars almost to the time of the Christian era. It was
during this time of civil strife that Gracchus came upon
the state of action with his Agrarian Laws, the passage
of which involved additional strife, and that with other
things issued in his death. It was a period of luxury,
wanton dissipation and vice.2. The Documents.

(1) see ee Revelers Repressed, B. C. 186.
9-6/7.

(2) The Gracchi, Bes 121: 77-90) Bhe hic
torical circumstances will add clearness to the
document,

(3) The Julian Law, B. C.90. 90.

(4) Etruscans and Umbrians Admitted to Roman
Citizenship, B. C. 90. 91.

IV. The Christian Era from Tiberius to Diocletian, A. D. 14. 284.
1. The Period of Tiberius.

(1) The emperor might use the Praetorian Guard
against the people, and in turn it might cast
down the emperor. Popular assemblies now
ceased to exist. The Senate became a slavish
instrument for carrying out the will of the despot.

(2) The Document. Elections given to the Senate.
97.
2. The Reign of Vespasian.
(1) The first of the good emperors; restored disci-
pline and created a reform in finances.
(2) The Document. Vespasian’s Law Concerning

the Empire. 93. This sets forth the growth of
imperial power.

3. The Reign of Caracalla.

(1) This was a period of military license. The rulers
came to their death when no longer in the favor
of the soldiers. Caracalla was a tyrant. Dur-
ing his reign the edict was issued which gave
the rights of citizenship to all the free inhabi-
tants of the empire.

(2) The Document. Caracalla extends citizenship
to all free inhabitants. 95.

4. The Reign of Diocletian.

(1) Diocletian converted the imperial office into an
absolute monarchy. He took from the Senate
all political jurisdiction. Other cities besides
Rome were made seats of government. The new
system secured a peaceful succession to the
throne, but the government came to rseemble an
Oriental despotism.

(2) The Document. Diocletian’s changes and Re-
forms. 95.

 

2 . THE INSTIPULES, OF PUSTINIAR:

This extends into mediaeval history, but it is desirable that thishy foe
‘
\
mi ly
&
3

7
&
a
i
;
tye

Bac

BS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ba ioa aaa AR ET a RAE oS
Lert: eo i. x got 2

document be placed here as following the legal and constitutional
development of Rome, as in case of the other documents.

I. Justinian’s Reign.
“Justinian’s reign was the most brilliant period in the Byzan-
tine history after the time of Constantine. Under his despotic
rule the last vestiges of republican administration were obliter-
ated. His love of pomp and extravagant expenditure, in con-
nection with his costly wars, subjected the people to a crushing
weight of taxation.”

II, Justinian’s special distinction. This consisted in his relation
to legislation and the study of law. By the means of a famous
lawyer and a body of jurists he made collections of ancient law
which are still in force in many countries. The Code, consist-
ing of twelve books, was followed by the Institutes, embracing
the principles of Roman jurisprudence, which was to be studied
in the schools of Constantinople and Rome. These, with other
books, taken together form the Civil Law. ‘They are the legacy
of Rome to later times. “Humane principles are incorporated
into the civil law, but, likewise, the despotic power of im-
perialism.”

III. The Institutes of Justinian. Vol. III: 100-166.
Many sections of four books are here given. The books treat

respectively: 1. Of persons; 2. Of things; 3. Of intestate suc-
cession; 4. Of obligations.

3. ROME AT THE END OF THE PUNIC WARS.

I. An analysis of the Roman Government. Vol. III: 166-172.
1. What three forms of government existed in Rome?
2. What was the distinction of the consuls in public affairs?

167.
3. What were the functions of the Roman Senate? 167, 168.
4. What part did the people have in the Roman State?
168-172.
IT. The Military Institutions of the Romans. 172-186.

1. With respect to the establishment of their armies. 172-
178.

With respect to the manner of their encampment. 178-

186.

III. Rome and Carthage. A comparison. 186-193.

1. In what sense was Carthage superior in the management
of a naval war? 187.

2. In what way does the superiority of Rome appear in
strength and courage? 187-189.

3. Note the claims for Roman superiority in wealth, man-
ners, and customs. 189.

2.4. Among all the Roman institutions, to what attaches
Superior excellence? 190-191.
5. By what historic illustration are these contentions for
Roman greatness established? 191, 192.
& THE GROW OF LUSURY.
I. The Public Grounds for the Overthrow of the Republic. Vol.
base 193° 194.
What was the nature and results of luxury?
If. Luxury in the time of Tiberius. 194-197,
Ill. Extravagance in the time of Nero.
1. Description of Nero’s defilements. 197.
2. Description of the burning of Rome. 187-200.
3. Description of the persecution of the Christians charged
with the deed. 201.
4. Description of the plundering of Italy for money. 201-
202.
IV. Rome in the Fourth Century. The description of luxury and
immorality as given by Marcellinus. 202-214.
5: CICERO.
i Historical sketch, Vol..11t; 215,
1. Under what political conditions did he live?
2. Under what political conditions did he die?
IT. Principles of Law. 216-228.
What is his argument for the natural basis of all law?
III. The Best form of Government. 228-233.
What is his aralysis of Roman religious and civil law:
6. EDUCATION.
f Ouineian. Vol, Til? 311-20.
1. Historical sketch. 311.
(1) Of what did education consist in the time of
Quintilian?
(2) How was oratory the highway through politics,
and what distinction did it have as a matter of
education?
2. The Ideal Education. 312-326.
What does he set forth as the ideal Roman education
preliminary to the education of the orator.one Rotem: Oa

 

I elutanch: (Wel Wi 370-391,

What rules does he lay down for the training of chil-
dren beginning with procreation, the studies they should
follow, and methods to be adopted?

SECTION TL: THE MIDDEE) AGEs.

Guizot emphasizes an important fact: “Is it not true that we
find at the fall of the Roman empire nearly all the elements which
are met with in the progressive career of our civilization? We have
found at this epoch three societies all different: first, municipal
society, the last remains of the Roman empire; secondly, Christian
society; and lastly, barbarian society. We find three societies very
differently organized ; founded upon principles totally opposite; in-
spiring men with sentiments altogether different.”

tL Toe NEW PEOPERS:

The introductory statement, 165, should be carefully noted in
setting forth the simultaneous development of the Church and that
of the new peoples.

I. Tacitus on the Germans. Vol. 1V:-> 165-177.
1. The Germans free from intermixture. 166, 167.
In what two respects is this true?
2. The natural resources of the country.167.
Their military tactics. 168.

4. Regarding the king, the priest, and the place of woman
in German society. 168, 169.

German religious ideas and customs? 169, 170.

6. eae ance of justice and the military spirit. 170-
12;

Social and domestic conditions. 172-177.

ee

on

NI

I, he Satie Waa. Vol TVs 01772188

Of aes general matters does this law of the Franks
treat:

III. The Anglo-Saxons.

lL. Conquest of Britain. Vol, TV: 1882190.
(1) Note the description of the conquest.

(2) Note the description and historical explanation
of the races.

For what intervenes between this and the Anglo-Saxon Laws
and Customs, the student is directed to the section of Religion.

 

_
72. Anglo-Saxon Laws and Customs. Vol. IV: 209-239,

(1) The Laws of King Aethelbriht. 211-215.

“In England by the Saxon conquest, a purely
Teutonic kingdom was built up. The Saxons
were heathen, who had never felt the civilizing
influence of Rome. The traces of the earlier
state of things in the province which had long
been sundered from the empire, they swept away
in the progress of their conquest.”

(2) The Laws of Hlothhaere and Eadric. 215-216.

(3) The Laws of Alfred the Great. 216-221.
Here begins the period of the Danes in England.
Alfred gained advantages over them. He com-
piled a body of laws called “dooms,” founded
monasteries and fostered learning. Note the va-
rious interests set forth in these laws; religious,
moral, national, domestic.

(4) The Laws of Edward. 221-224.
Laws of Guthrum. 224231.
Note the subjects indicated, especially the form
of the oath.

(5) The Laws of Aethelstan. 231-237.
What new forms of legislation are brought
forth in these ordinances?

(6) The Laws of Edmund. 237, 238.
He professed Christianity and was a good ruler.
He recognized so truly the sovereignty of God
that he ceased to wear his crown, and left it on
the image of Jesus on the cross.
Note his Ecclesiastical Institutes.

(7) The Laws of Edgar. 238, 239.
Under Edgar the power of England was at its
height.

 

2, PEUDALISM.

I. Historical sketch. Vol. IV: 279.
1. When and under what conditions did Europe come to
disintegration?
2. What was the relation of the vassal to the lord, and the
general organization of the feudal society ?

II. The Feudal Society. 300-307.
In the constitution of this society note:
1. The Forms of Dependence. 300, 301.
2. Private Jurisdictions. Grants of Immunity.
(1) Immunity for the lands of Bishopric.
(2) Immunity to a layman.
(3) Grant of a Fiet.3. The Ceremony of Homage and Fealty. 303-306.
(1) What was the form of rendering homage?
(2) Note the Charter of Homage and Fealty.
What are the mutual duties of vassals and lords? 306.

5. What authority did the lord exercise over the marriage
of vassals? 30/7.

III. Feudal Jurisprudence. 308-317.
1. On compurgation. 308, 309.
(1) What were the two forms of compurgatorial

oath?
(2) Note the particular instance of compurgation.

(3) What was the punishment for perjury? 309.
(4) The Reform of Innocent III.

2. Judgments of God—Ordeals. 309-315.

(1) What was the formula for conducting the ordeal
of boiling water? 309.

(2) The ordeal of hot water to confute a heretic. 312.

(3) Note Hincman’s description of the cold water
ordeal.
(4) The ordeal undergone by Queen Emma. 314.

(5) Note the law of Frederick II against the ordeal.
3. Judgment of God—Wager of Battle. 315-317.

(1) The example of judicial duel in Germany.

(2) Law of Frederick II abolishing Wager of Battle
in Sicily.

Oe) ae been a ee

I... Historical sketch. Vol. IV: 383.

1. What was the most important movement at the close of
the middle ages in Europe?

2. What were the two forces at work?

3. What was the relation of Feudalism and the Crusades to
unification?

4. Under what conditions did the nationalizing tendency
increase?

5. What great thing marked its beginning in England?

Tl. Saxons and Normans. Vol. [V: (384-389.
Note the description of the battle of Hastings.

Ill. English City Institutions. 390-396.
1. City Customs. 390-393.

(1) What was one of the most significant move-
ments during the close of the Middle Ages?
Historical sketch. 390.

 

 

 

 

Te SaaS Ee RAT een OEE RS Sy Sets Re

‘ ey ye iene ee ayy eee aie FI:

BC i aia eae ao ER ag
bt 5(2) How did cities obtain their local freedom?
(3) Under these conditions note the Document on
City Customs.

2. Typical Charters. Charters of Henry II. 393-395.

ae forthcoming Magna Charta lends importance to
ese.

3. ‘A Typical Gild. 395, 396.
What was the relation of the gild to local affairs,
industry and trades unions? 390. Note this
particular instance.

IV. Norman Judicial Customs. 397-400. Illustrated by the “As-
size of Clarendon.”

1, In what manner does this recognize the decree of
Henry?
2. Note the terms of the judicial measure.

V. The Magna Charta. 401-412.

1. What became of the existing condition of things under
Norman rule, and what marked the climax? 401.

2. What was the cause of John’s quarrel with the pope?
401.

3. Under what conditions was the Magna Charta drawn
up, and what were its peculiar merits? 401.

4. What were the first two great movements toward Eng-
lish liberty? 401.

5. This Charter, the basis of the English constitution, calls
for special notice. 402-412.

VI. The Popular Uprising Under Ball and Tyler. 413-422.

The insurrection of the peasants occurred under Richard II
(1377-1399) on account of the pressure of taxes. Tyler was
one of the most aggressive leaders. The Document gives the
account of the populace of England in its rebellion against the

nobility.

 

VII. The Beginning of the Modern Theory of the State—Marsilius
of Padua. 423-430.
1. What new attitude of the relation of State and Church
was taken by Marsilius?
2 What is the significance of his work relative to our con-
stitution ?
3. What did he suffer by his reform?
4. Since the fifth century what thought dominated Europe,
and what great change had now begun?
5 From these facts note the arguments set forth in the
Document, from the Scriptural standpoint. 424-430.

MOY FLAS PER SWS AES TET PO “a a r or 5% Te ae x enemas aye i
FONE Par set mee ss aes aS Ie Ei see wns te ah oe OTE ae sacar Ae teen wae ee Pie wee 5 tlle 7)
as cs oe - ra —— a i ee ae) —— SA ‘ — Bi aSECTION TIT: THE MODERN ERA.
l, PIFTEENTE AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES.

For the ushering in of Modern Times see Historical Sketch.

Vol. Ve
I. Machiaevelli. Mediaeval and Early Modern Political Ideas.
Vol. V: 58-94,

1. Historical sketch. 58.
(1) What is the problem and how does he treat it?
(2) What did he attempt to do regarding the militia?
(3) What did he look forward to regarding Italy?

2. The Government of a Prince. 59-94,

The “Prince” is a discussion of political methods, an
application of which Machiavelli believed would accom-
plish the union of Italy. His ideas are important not
only from the point of view of political science, but be-
cause they typify the methods and thought of the time.
Keeping in mind these facts, the movement of his dis-
cussion will be clear.

II. Period of the Reformation.

For the tremendous influence of the Reformation along all
lines, see the introduction to Modern Philosophy in this
Syllabus.

For the Peasant Revolt in Germany and the Dutch Independ-
ence, see the analysis of these subjects under Religion.

III. Montaigne. On the Education of Children. Vol. V: 198-232.

1. Historical sketch. 198.

(1) What was his early training, and how would it
be calculated to affect his views on this subject?

(2) Of what are his works the forerunner?

(3) What effect do his views have upon educational
ideas of today, and how are his principles char-
acterized?

2. On the education of children. 199-232. The principles
here laid down being living forces in the training of
children today, note what these principles are, and the
manner in which they are proposed and supported.

2. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
I. The New Countries. Vol. V: 316-377.

1. The Aztec Civilization. 317-326.
Spain found in Mexico and Peru highly developed but
effete civilizations, and destroyed them by religious big-
otry and lust for gain. Note the account of this civili-
zation and the city of Mexico by Cortez.1:

2. The First Settlement in the United States. The Found-
ing of St. Augustine. 327-341.
The description of the founding of the oldest town in
America. Observe the strong Christian sentiment that
pervades the account, and how at the close it inciden-
tally sets forth the intolerance of the time.

3. The Founding of Quebec. The account given by Cham-
plain. 242-354,

The first permanent settlement in Canada.

4. The First Written Constitution. 354-359.

(1) What importance attaches to “The Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut” in its relation to the
movement in England toward a representative
government?

(2) What do these form the constitution of?

(3) In what sense is it the first written constitution?
joo:

(4) What is its importance with reference to the
present Constitution of the United States? 355.

(5) What are the ten decrees of this constitution?
355-359.

5. Morton’s Customs of the Indians in 1637. Vol. V: 360
a7.
Of the many things noted in this account, observe espe-
cially their reverence, maintenance of their reputation,
traffic, keenness of sense, subtilty, religion, their idea of
immortality, their drunkenness and contentment.

The English Revolution. Vol. V: 391-428. 1628-1649.

“During the course of the sixteenth century, all the elements,
all the facts of ancient European society had merged in two
essential facts, the right of free examination, and centralization
of power; one prevailing in religious society, the other in civil
society. The emancipation of the human mind and absolute
monarchy triumphed at the same moment over Europe in

general.”

1. Historical sketch. 391, 392.
(1) What was the situation in England under Eliza-
beth and James relative to custom-duties and the Epis-
copal Church?
(2) What were the circumstances of the dismissal of
the two Parliaments by Charles I?
(3) To what petition did the third Parliament com-
pel Charles to agree?
(4) What religious difficulties did he create. and
what was the result in Scotland? 392.

 

oH
a

1
H
{
H

sie shuns eee: 5 5 a rt
rae eg eer re LRN ial ee Sh ee Bed
pus Nuon nel aah el aR MRR 8 ee aR SS ho ec AR

(5) What was the distinction of the long Parlia-
ment?

(6) Whom did Cromwell represent, and what hap-
pened to Charles?

(7) Following the death of Cromwell what dynasty
was recalled? What was chiefly accomplished
by the revolution?

2. The Petition of Right. 393-396. The Document illus-
trates the new ideas of the time.

(1) This being the petition Charles was compelled
to accept, note the appeal to the Magna Charta.
(2) What are the provisions of the Petition?

3. Specimen of the first Writ of Ship-Money. 396-398.
In 1634 Charles levied a direct tax for ship-
money. What did this demand of the people?

4. Pym’s Speech Against Strafford. 399-403. Pym was
one of the five members of Parliament whom Charles
attempted to seize.

(1) What was the occasion of the speech?
(2) How does it illustrate the ideas of the time?

5. The Grand Remonstrance. 403-428.

(1) By whom was it laid before the House of Com-
mons? 403.

(2) To whom was the appeal really made? 405.

(3) In what manner does it express the ideas behind
the Puritan Revolution more fully than any
other document?

ITI. Seventeenth Century Political Economy. Vol. VI: 155-171.
1. Historical sketch. 155-156.

(1) What attention was given to the science of
economics in ancient times?

(2) In what manner did Bodin contribute to the
science?

(3) Of what was Mun the greatest English advocate?

(4) What was the extreme reaction of the Mercan-
tile Theory?

(5S) What was Locke’s theory of property?

 

2. Thomas Mun. The Mercantile Theory. 157-163.
(1) What is the merit and importance of his work
as bearing upon the protective theory? 157.

(2) In what twelve ways may the kingdom be en-
riched and the English treasure increased? 157-

163.3. Locke. Labor the Basis of Property, Vol. Viv 164174.
How does he set forth the three principles of his theory?
(1) That the world is given to all men in common.

(2) That the gift grounds the obligation of labor.

(3) That property is therefore measured by labor.

& THE BIGHTEENTE CENTURY:

I. Eighteenth Century Political Economy. Vol. VI: 392-427.

{ Quesnay. 392-398:
(1) Of what school of political economy did he be-
come the center? 392.

(2) General Maxims of the Economical Government
in an Agricultural Kingdom. In these maxims
how does he express his central ideas?

ist. That raw materials are the only production
of wealth.

2nd. That there should be freedom in trade.

2. Adam Smith. 399-427,
(1) Historical sketch. 399,

Ist. What is the “Wealth of Nations” in some
respects a compromise between?
2nd. How did he regard the nation and wealth?
3rd. How did his labors operate against the
restrictive theories?
4th. Of what did he make a minute analysis?
sth. What was the influence of his political
ideas in England?

(2) The Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile
Theory. 399-409.
Ist. How does he describe and state the conse-
quences of certain popular notions regarding
wealth as the measure of value?
2nd. How does he characterize the arguments.
made in support of these ideas?
3rd. What is his own statement of the case?

 

(3) Of Restraints upon the Importation from For-
eign Countries of such Goods as can be Pro-
duced at Home. 409-427.
lst. How does he state the case respecting in-
dividual employment of capital?
2nd. What are the two considerations in the
freedom of trade? 418-427.

se - 2 Tay pe: we a a ee ee
SETHE S ea ee eas seeecee eae

A SSE ERR OES a Ss sa Sere: tains”

* ity 3II. Political Philosophers. Vol. VII: 17-54.
1. Historical sketch. 17-19.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

What was the idea of the state and royalty to
the time of the seventeenth century?

What was the origin of representative govern-
ment?

What new movement arose for individual
liberty?

What were the theories of Society by political
philosophers, and what were the watchwords at
the close of this century?

2, ‘Hobbes! Vol. VIL: 19:25.

(1)

(2)

3: ‘Locke.

Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of
Contracts. 19-21.

Hobbes argued that to secure peace and protec-
tion, the people, under what he called a social
contract, had irrevocably surrendered to the king
their right of governing. How now does he set
forth the right of nature and the law of nature,
and the manner in which personal right is laid
aside by the transference?

Of the Causes, Generation and Definition of a
Commonwealth. 21-25.

How does he answer the question why mankind
cannot get along together as well as bees?
What is a commonwealth by institution, and a
commonwealth by acquisition?

Political Societies. 25-35.

Locke admitted that society is formed practically on a
social contract, but declared that such rights as liberty,
property, labor, are natural and can never be alienated.
The king is but the representative of the people and can
be deposed.

(1)

(2)

(3)

The beginnings of political societies. In what
way and on what kind of a basis are they
formed? 27-30.

The Ends of Political Society and Government.
27-30.

What is the chief end of men’s uniting into Com-
monwealths? What three things are wanting
in a state of nature?

The Dissolution of Government. 30-35.

Ist. What is the distinction between the disso-

lution of society and the dissolution of govern-
ment?

2nd. In what five respects may the legislative
be altered, or the government dissolved?4. Montesquieu. 35-46.

(1) What doctrine of his is a cornerstone of the
American Constitution, and what influence did

aS have with those who founded our republic?

(2) The separation of the Legislative, Executive and
Judicial Power. 36-46.
Favoring a representative government, how does

he argue the case for the separation of these
powers?

39. Rousseau. 46-54.

(1) What influence have his ideas had in politics,
and into what great event did they expand? 47.

(2) The Social Compact. 47-49.

What is the fundamental problem of which the
Social Compact gives the solution?

(3) The Sovereign. 49, 50.

What is the interrelation between sovereign and
subject?

(4) The Civil State. 51.

What man loses and gains by the Social Con-
tract.

(5) Sovereignty Inalienable and Indivisible. 51-54.
What is the relation of sovereignty to the gen-
eral will that makes it inalienable and indivisible?

III. English Colonial System. Vol. VI: 55-117.

1. Historical sketch. 55-59.

(1) Among the new lands what were the first efforts
of the English to push trade, and how was it
done?

(2) What about the East India Company?

(3) What part did France take in these interests?

(4) What did Clive do in India for England, and
what was England’s colonial policy in the be-
ginning?

(5) What great change took place in England’s
colonial policy?

2. Robert Clive. 59-65.
(1) The facts of his life.

(2) On his conduct in India. How did he appear
before the Senate, and what was his defense?

3. Chatham and Grenville. 65-77.
(1) Historical sketch. 65-6/7.
What different positions were taken by them on
the Stamp Act?

 

su

preg ot AIST YFG ARTI ATi
pe BY,

— eet Ie NE NT
7 Frames nc NNR RIS
ey pita Ai ASE ee ere

cate aay

 

Preemie(2)

(3)

(4)

Chatham on the Right to Tax America. 67-70.
How does he lay emphasis upon the right in the
matter?

Grenville’s Speech. 70-72.

In support of the right to tax, what does he say
he did when he proposed the tax?

Chatham’s Second Speech. 72-77.

How does he frame his reply on the ground that
there must be no contradiction of fundamental
principles common to both countries?

5. Mansfield. 77-86.

4. Burke.
(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(6)

5. Adam
Vik:

(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
(7)

In favor of the right to tax America, how does
he answer the other side, and what arguments
does he advance?

Conciliation with America. 86-116.
What were the two leading questions before
that body as stated by him? 92.
What did he set forth as the three ways of pro-
ceeding in reference to the colonies? 92.
The necessity of concord and repeal of the tax
law. 100-102.
How does he bring forward three historic ex-
amples in support of his plea? 103-107.
What were his five resolutions by which was
designed to establish the equity and justice of a
taxation of America by grant and not by impo-
sition? 108-111.
What is the summing up of this matter? 114.

omuth. The Colonies ahd Free Trade. Vol.
OWT GSS

What are the advantages, both general and
particular, which Europe has derived from
Americal Li7-12%

What are the bad effects of England’s monopoly
of colonial trade? 122-141.

That the natural good effects of the colony trade
more than counterbalance to Great Britain the
bad effects of the monopoly.

That under the present system of management
Great Britain derives nothing but loss from the
ee which she assumes over her colonies.
The relations and obligations of the colonies to
the Empire. 141-148.

The rights of representation. 148-154.

The advantageous distribution of stock.{V. The American Revolution. Vol. VII: 166-245.
1. Historical sketch. 166-17.
(1) What were the two parties in England?
(2) What was the ambition of George II]?
(3) What was the prevailing political economy of
Europe? What was the difference between
Whigs and Tories regarding taxation?
(4) How was the Stamp Act repealed?
(5) What was the new Act and what troubles arose?
(6) vee was the growth of the idea of independ-
ence!
2 james Ous, 1725178:
(1) What was the first trumpet of the Revolution?

(2) Adams’ account of the speech by Otis on the
Writs of Assistance. 172-173.

(3) Vhe Speech. 175-177:
What writs may be legal? 175. The senses in
which this writ is not legal. 175-177.

(4) Rights of the British Colonies. 177, 178.
What are his fundamental propositions?

3. Samuel Adams. 178-179.

(1) What was his relation to the Declaration of

Independence and new national constitution?

(2) Instructions to the Boston delegates. What are
these a sample of?

4. Patrick Henry. 178-184.

(1) What was his great work?

(2) Account of the Virginia Resolutions.
On what did Henry’s election rest?
What is Wirt’s estimate of his resolutions?
What are the five resolutions on the Stamp Act?

5. Franklin. Examination of the Stamp Act. 185-198.

(1) Note the catechetical form in which this exami-
nation is presented.

(2) What is the value of this examination; first, for
its historical matter, and second, as a logical
presentation of the subject?

6. John Dickinson. 199-208.

(1) Historical sketch
lst. What distinction is due to him?
2nd. What about the rights and taxation of
Parliament?
3rd. What was his attitude to the Declaration
of Independence?

 

ior

4
4
3 iF
iy
a

Sdgeein ete

: ips
ot

= CE CT me AR ey me VEER ns
“

SPIIW PTT IN SFR My OS RE Ee Ser ae ee TOSS,
Roe MAIC ree bas Da we
Sais parla ea aa aes Bes = 5(2)

(3)

Pi eB Fe Sc vis CE SR a

Letter I. Against the Suspension of the New
York Legislature. ;

Ist. How docs he state the nature and injury of
that act of Parliament’? 199-201.

2nd. What regarding the necessity of the act?
202.

Letter II. Against Direct Taxation. 203-208.
Ist. What are the legal rights of Britain regard-
ing her colonies?

2nd. In what respect was the Stamp Act not
such a right?

3rd. What is the single question respecting the
rights of Parliament?

7. ‘Thomas Paine. 209-229.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Historical sketch. 209.

What was his influence in England?

What were his experiences in France and what
work was written in prison? What is his dis-
tinction as an American pamphleteer?

Common Sense. Regarding the Present State
of American affairs.

Ist. How does he characterize the conduct of
Britain towards America? 210-214.

2nd. What was bound to be the issue? 214-217.
3rd. Setting this aside, from what two reasons
does he show the ruination of the continent?

Appendix. 222-229. What reasons does he ad-
vance for the immediate separation from Britain?

8. Thomas Jefferson. 229-241.

(1)

(2)

(3)

Historical. Of what principle was the Declara-
tion of Independence, written by him, the logical
result?

What was the most important act of his adminis-
tration?

A Summary View of the Rights of British Amer-
fea.) 250-250.

Ist. What was the resolution to be presented to
the king?

2nd. How does he enlarge its scope?

The Passing of the Declaration of Independ-
ence. 235-241.

What was the history of this great Document?
What one member refused to sign it, and why?9. John Adams. 242-245.

(1) Historical sketch.
What was his first step in politics?
What memorable patriotic words did he utter?
What was his position during England’s war
with France?

(2) On the Declaration of Independence.
Ist. How does he estimate the act of passing
the Declaration?
2nd. The timeliness of the Declaration.
3rd. Regarding Canada.
4th. Advantages of its delay.

oth, The Declaration of epochal importance,
and his prophecy.

V. The forming of the Constitution of the United States. Vol.
WViEs 246-367.

1. What is its historical distinction? 246. What did it
conter upon mankind that had not been given before?

2. What convention was appointed and who were some of
its leading members?
3. The new constitution proposed. 246.
(1) By whom?
(2) its provisions.
4. The second plan proposed. 247.
(1) By whom?
(2) How did it differ from the first?
9. The consideration of the Virginia plan by the Conven-
tion. 247-248.
(1) What were the propositions to which it finally
agreed?
(2) Who refused to sign it?
6. The Constitution before the Continental Congress for
Approval. 248-249.
7. Referred to the states for ratification.
(1) How was its presentation received?
(2) How many states ratified it? Note the struggle
in the various states.

8. Who prepared the journal of the Federal Convention?
With these facts at hand the debates may be read.

VI. The French Revolution. Vol. VII: 368-430.
1. Historical sketch, 368-374:

(1) What is necessary to an understanding of the
French Revolution?

(2) When did the ideas that led to it begin to be
operative? | What were those ideas, and by
whom set forth? What was the first result?(3)

(4)
(5)
(6)

(7)
(8)

 

Vol. VIII:

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

 

(5)

 

(6)

(7)
(8)

(9)
(10)

 

 

 

What was the condition of France, and what
was the part taken by the States-General? What
was the result?

What was now attempted by the queen’s party,
and what was the issue?

What position was taken by Austria and Prus-
sia, and what new revolution was brought about?
Who were the leading spirits?

What great mistake was made by France?
What was the new order under Robespierre?

What were the great results of the French Rev-
olution?

With this survey the Documents may be read—“The Condi-
tion of the French People,” by Young, etc.

* THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

I. Development of Political Ideas in the United States, 1787-1833.
25-291.

1. Historical sketch. 26-29.

What was the critical situation after the adop-
tion of the new constitution?

Who was the organizer in Washington’s cabi-
net, to what did he direct his measures, and how
did some of them provoke a protest?

How did the situation between France and Eng-
land affect America?

What was the Alien Act, and what influence
did it have upon framing the Kentucky Resolu-
tions? What idea of the Union became after-
wards the center of the doctrine of Nullification ?
What conspired to bring Jefferson into the presi-
dency, and of what important thing does it mark
the beginning?

What were the cause and results of the war of
1812?

What was Monroe’s notice to the world?

What happened to the Republican Party, and
what question became prominent?

What were the leading interests of Jackson’s
presidency?

What was the ground of the Nullification ordi-
nance; what political ideas did it bring forward,
and what finally happened to the ordinance?2. Alexander Hamilton. 31-96.

(1) The Powers of the Supreme Court. 31-36.
In this statement how is set forth his belief in
the strongest possible national government, and
the strengthening of the central power?

(2) The Policy of Protection. 37-96.
ist. On what grounds does he encourage and
defend the establishment of manufacturing in-
dustry? What seven considerations does he

urge? 44-54.

2nd. How does he state the situation in Amer-
ica against certain conclusions? What two
arguments are presented? 54-73,
3rd. What now should be the policy of the
country in respect to its best interests? What
ten provisions does he set forth? 81-96.

3. The Idea of State Sovereignty. 96-108.

(1) Historical. 96. What gave rise to these reso-
tions? What great influence have they exerted
on United States history?

(2) The Kentucky Resolutions. 97-103.

Ist. What is the position of these resolutions
regarding the relation of the states to the central
government?

2nd. What do they demand regarding the pro-
tection of aliens?

3rd. As to the powers in the matter of taxation?

(3) The Virginia Resolutions. 103-106.

What position is taken by these resolutions as
to the Constitution?

(4) Kentucky Resolutions of 1799. 106-108.

What is the spirit of these resolutions?

4. Expansion. 108-121.

(1) Treaty between the United States and France.
109-112.
What are the ten articles of the treaty in the
cession of Louisiana?

(2) Jefferson on the Louisiana Purchase.
Note the three letters on the subject. 112-118.

(3) Marshall on the Constitutionality of Expansion.
118-121.

5. Northern Tendencies Toward Secession. 121-147.
(1) What is the truth regarding the spirit of seces-
sion both in the north and the south?
(2) Josiah Quiney. (W72ot ce
To what length did he go in his opposition to
the admission of Louisiana?

 

a cre

eae 2 ae =

ERG or ane
Yemey(3) The Hartford Convention. 134-147,

lst. What were the circumstances of the con-
vention?
2nd. What was its attitude to the Constitution ?

3rd. What is the outline of the policy that has
produced existing conditions?

Ath. What resolutions were submitted?

6. Henry Clay. 147-160. The American Policy of Inter-
nal Improvement.

In his speech on “a bill authorizing the President
to cause certain surveys and estimates to be
made on the subjects of roads and canals” how
does he state the principles of the constitution
in the case?

7. John Marshall. 160-196.
Note his influence upon the position of the Supreme

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

Court. 160,

The Supreme Court Superior to State Legisla-
tures. 161-163.

In the case of the United States vs. Judge Peters,
what was Marshall’s decision as to the superior-
ity of the federal laws?

National Law Superior to State Law, and the
Doctrine of Implied Powers. 163-185.

In the case of M’Culloch vs. the State of Mary-
land.

Ist. How did this jurist develop the doctrine of
implied powers?

2nd. How did he support the constitutionality
of the National Bank?

3rd. How did he support his denial of the right
of a state to interfere with the execution of na-
tional laws?

The Supreme Court the Final Judge of the Con-
struction of the Constitution. 186-196. Note
the manner in which he established this princi-
ple in the case of Cohen vs. State of Virginia.

8. The Doctrine of Nullification. 196-288.

Thomas Benton. The Revision of the Tariff
and the Rise of the Doctrine of Nullification.
196-209.

Ist. What is the Doctrine of Nullification?
2nd. What are the facts regarding the revision
of the tariff in 1828?

3rd. What is the connection between the two?(2) John Calhoun. The Relation Which the States

(3)

(4)

and General Government Bear to Each Other.
209-236.

Ist. Under what circumstances did Calhoun
bring out his doctrine of Nullification first de-
veloped in 1828? 209, 210.

2nd. While the doctrine is given the best expo-
sition in other addresses, yet note his treatment
of the fundamental principles in this address.
3rd. Note how his love for his state rather than
the nation is given expression, leading him to
throw his influence in direct opposition to the
onward sweep of history.

4th. From these and other things it is plain
that he, probably more than any one man, forced
the issues that brought on the Civil War.

Robert Hayne. The Doctrine of Nullification.
237-246.

Ist. Historical. 237. How, with Calhoun, did
he lead the attempt to introduce the doctrine?
Upon what grounds did he base it? What great
debate is the most memorable in the annals of
the Senate? What principles were developed in
this debate?

2nd. The Statement and Support of the Doc-
trine.

How does he set forth the principle that each
individual state is its own judge as to the con-
stitutionality of an act of Congress?

Daniel Webster. The Supreme Court the Final
Arbiter. 246-270.

Note that Webster did more than any other
statesman to strengthen the foundations of the
union.

lst. At the opening what does he state to be
his grave duty? 247.

2nd. In what manner, following the lead of
Marshall, does he establish the principle that
the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of the
constitutionality of a law? 247-270.

The Nullification Ordinance. 270-273.

ist. What was the great issue in the presiden-
tial canvass of 1832, and what was its gravity
with reference to the American system? 270.
2nd. What was the attitude of South Carolina
in respect to the election, and what did she issue
immediately after the election?
3rd. What importance is attached to that ordi-
nance in the history of the union?

ti

aA AI irra
reali LES = wad

me
‘sects palin tein
7 menos Es

opens

 

   

cif CN
ee hee

wo

i aren alAk oe ee 28 ae PN

4th. What is the declaration of the ordinance
rendering null and void certain acts of Congress?
2/1-273.

5th. In what attitude to the laws of the nation
did it place the state?

6th. How did President Jackson dispose of it?

(6) Andrew Jackson. Proclamation Against Nullifi-
cation. 274-285.
Ist. Histotical. 2745275.
While not a believer in protective tariffs, what
was his attitude to the Nullification ordinance,
and what effect did it have upon states in rela-
tion to national law.
2nd. Proclamation Against Nullification. 275-
285.
After stating the declarations of the ordinance,
what does he state to be his duty to the powers
vested in him?
Upon what does he declare the ordinance to be
founded?
What is his general argument against the ordi-
nance?
How much is the Union involved in the decision
of the question? 285.

(7) Henry Clay. The Compromise of 1833.
Ist. With what does the compromise deal and
hence how related to the foregoing?
2nd. What was the danger as seen by Clay?
3rd. Note the other reason for his bill, relative
to the separation of the tariff from politics, and
why.

4th. What reductions did the bill propose?

 

9. James Monroe and The Monroe Doctrine. Vol. VII:
288-291.

(1) Under what European conditions was the Mon-
roe Doctrine issued? 288, 289.
(2) What is the substance of the doctrine? 289.

(3) What would be considered a violation of it, and
what would be the consequences? 290, 291.

 

II. Political Ideas in the United States, 1833-1860. Vol. IX : 42-213.
Historical sketch. 42-46.

1. What was the general situation in the time of Van
Buren?

2. What followed the rapid settlement of the west?

3. What were the circumstances of the admission of Texas
with respect to slavery?

 

aad = RNWRe gene SPEER LEE oRTSeEEE
ie ee Peete ee ay ee

Seasne were the significant features of the campaign of
The admission of California. What influence did this
have upon the question of slavery?

What was the death blow to the old Whig party?
Question of slavery reopened.

The new Republican party.

The Dred Scott decision.

What were the resolutions introduced in the Senate by
Jefferson Davis?

11. Preparations for secession.

Oe Na

A. SLAVE CONDITIONS—FROM HALL TO CLAY.

® fasil Hall. 46-62

(1) Note his description of slave conditions.

2) Observe the manner in which he deplored the
evils of slavery, but declared how the question
should be treated, and how he looked upon slav-
ery as a student rather than as a reformer.

2. Harriet Martineau. 62-83.

(1) Note her vivid description of the evils of slavery.

(2) What is her arraignment of it in setting forth
the inherent injustice of the system vs. its false
claims and pretensions? 65.

(3) What is the greatest vice? 6/7.

(4) Bad comparisons of south and north as to vice.
69,

(5) Creation of immorality by slavery, and the deg-
radation of woman. 75,

(6) Disregard of human rights. 76-78.

3. George McDuffie. The Rights of Slavery. 83-94.
(1) Observe that he was one of the first to advance
the theory that slavery was established by God,
and the only thing suited to the negro. 86.
(2) How does he argue that slavery, instead of being
a political evil, is the cornerstone of our repub-
lican edifice? 91.

4, William Lloyd Garrison. The Liberator. 94-104.

(1) What were the circumstances of the issuing of
the “Liberator”?

(2) How does he base his anti-slavery argument
on the Declaration of Independence? 96.

(3) The Constitution a “Covenant with Death and
an Agreement with Hell.”

(4) No union with Slave Holders. 98-99. Note the
resolutions.

(5) In Support of the American Anti-Slavery 5o-
ciety. 99-104. What were the objections to the
society, and how answered?

 

 

PEE a ae ee RSE ae eee ee ee eee ae
pees z OM ener re Se os arenes Seas ese eS Bese ye et ae te ey oe ee _ i
at —- -* = ya ee %Ri cae cepitaneee St
; mai §

9 aI aR I TM TRONS Se io A
. =

 

 

 

Pip Shes Be
PS er

 

aa ar RN NE

   
 
   
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
    
  
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
  

  

5. Wendell Phillips. The Murder of Lovejoy. 104-111.
(1) Observe the circumstances of the reply. 104.

(2) Note his treatment of the comparison drawn be-
tween events of the Revolution and the murder

of Lovejoy. 105.
(3) What is his defense of Lovejoy? 107-111.

6. John Calhoun. Texas and Slavery. 111-116.
Note his contention for the admission of Texas.

What arguments does he advance?

7, Henry Clay. The Compromise of 1850. 117-122.
(1) What were the resolutions respecting California,
Texas, District of Columbia, and the power of
Congress?

(2) Clay’s speech on the resolutions. How does the
speech call for an adjustment of difficulties ¢

B. THE QUESTION REOPENED—FROM SEWARD TO
THE PARTY PLATFORMS OF 1860.

1. William Seward. The Higher Law. 122-130.

(1) His influence as compared with Lincoln’s, 123.

(2) The Perversion of the Constitution. 123-124.

(3) How does he treat the principle that all laws
should be brought to the standard of the law of
God@ 125.

(4) How does he object to the principle on which
the demand for compromise rests? 126-130.

(6) What is the “higher law,’ above that of the
Constitution? 130, 131.

2. Stephen A. Douglas. ‘“Squatter Sovereignty.” 132-143.
CL) Historical, 132) 035
How did he startle the North, and what were the
objects of his bill?
What was the Dred Scott Decision?
What was his attitude when the war started?

(2) In presenting his bill, note his criticism of oppo-

nents. | 135.
(3) ee is the principle of Squatter Sovereignty?

(4) How does he clear the bill of legal obstacles?

(5) Note his argument from the Declaration of
Independence. 138.

(6) What is his high claim for the recognition of his
principle? 141.3. Crystallization of Senti
t
co ie Gee

(1)

(2)

Historical. 144.

What opposition did the Douglas bill create?
The birth of the Republican Party.

Appeal of the Independent Democrats.

Ist. How does it answer the question, “Shail
Slavery Be Permitted in Nebraska?”

2nd. Note the closing appeal for organized op-
position. 152.

4. Chief Justice Taney. The Dred Scott Decision. 153-157.

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(3)

What was his most noted decision?

What were the facts regarding the plaintiff,
Dred Scott?

What was Taney’s interpretation of the Consti-
tution regarding the rights of the individual?
What was his interpretation of the powers of
Congress?

What was his decision on the Dred Scott case?
175-177.

5. Abraham Lincoln. Against Squatter Sovereignty and
the Dred Scott Decision. 177-196.

(1)

(3)

Historical sketch. 178-179.

What event brought Lincoln forward?

In what debates did he and Douglas meet?
How did these debates make him the logical
candidate against Douglas?

His reply to Douglas on Squatter Sovereignty.
lst. What is his definition of Squatter Sov-
eignty?

2nd. How does he set forth the inconsistency
of Douglas’ position?

3rd. How does he state the right of the people
to form a state constitution.

4th. Douglas and the Lecompton Constitution.
Sth. Issues of the campaign. 185-187.

What does Lincoln declare the framers of the
Constitution believed as to the extinction of
slavery?

6th. The Right of Self-Government. 187-189.
What does he say regarding rights and the in-
terferences of rights?

His Reply on the Dred Scott Decision. 189-196.
ist. How does he explain his attitude to that
decision? 189.

2nd. What about obeying a court decision? 190.ee ee ee |
puter waaO gO ye Ses |

3rd. The argument from the Declaration of
Independence as to the discrimination of human
beings. 192-196.

6. Jefferson Davis. That the Territories Cannot Keep
Out Slavery. 196-198.

(1) What did his resolutions call for? 196.

(2) What did they do to the Democratic Party?

(3) How do the seven resolutions state and establish
his doctrine?

7. The Platforms of 1860. 199-207.

(1) The Democratic Convention. 199. What hap-
pened at the convention, and how was the feel-
ing reflected by the speech of Glenn?

(2) The Douglas Democratic Platform. 201-202.
What were its resolutions?

(3) Southern Democratic Platform. 202, 203. What
were its resolutions?

(4) Republican Platform. 203-206. What were its
resolutions.

(5) The Constitutional Union Platform. 207. How
was the party constituted? What part did it
take in the war? What were its resolutions?

C. SECESSION,

1. What was the Ordinance of Secession? 208.

What is stated as the immediate cause of secession, and
how supported from the Declaration of Independence
and the Constitution? 208-213.

TIT, Secial Movements. Vol. X: 5-123:

1. Historical sketch. 5-9.
(1) From what conception does the most important
social movement of the present time spring?
(2) What were the trade conditions in ancient
times?
(3) During the Middle Ages?
(4) When and by whom did nineteenth century so-

cialism arise? What has been its development
to the present time?

2. Karl Marx. Manifesto of the Communist Party. 10-30.
On whose principle does this theory start and how is it
worked out? 10.

What is the socialistic idea of society? 10.

Under what conditions was the Manifesto sketched and
published? 11.

Bo) Re i ae

Ne S| sake(1)

Borgeois and Proletarians. 11-22.

How does Marx describe these two classes, and
the history of industrial development from earli-
est to the present time, showing that the history
of all hitherto existing society is the history of
class struggles?

Proletarians and Communists. 22-30.

Ist. How does he distinguish the relation of
these two classes?

2nd. What is the communistic theory? 23.
3rd. How does he set forth the theory, and re
ply to accusations and objections? 23-30.

3. Friedrich Engels. Scientific Socialism. 31-52.

4.

2.

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

(7)

How does he characterize the Hegelian Philoso-
phy, and why does he refer to it? 31, 32.

Of what struggle was Socialism the outcome? 33.
How did Mark bring Socialism to a science? 34.
What is the position of modern Socialism in
relation to the existing system of production? 35.
In what does the conflict between classes con-
sist? 36.

What is the solution of the conflict?

Does it consist in state ownership of productive
forces? In what?

Summary of his sketch of historical evolution.
50.

Interstate Commerce Commission. The Public Control
of Railroads. Vol. X: 52-75.

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

(5)

What was the Interstate Commerce Act? 52.
What advance has England made over us in the
legislative regulation of railroads? 55.

What is the cause of legislation in England and
the working of their commission? 55-67.
Concerning the necessity of national regulation
of interstate commerce, what have been the two
propositions before the committee? 6/7.

Vhat five reasons are advanced why Congress
should regulate interstate transportation? 67-73.
The causes of complaints against the railroad
system. What is the essence of these eighteen
complaints? 74-75.

Municipal Government. 76-98.

The Commission Plan. 80-81.
The City Manager Plan. 81-83.3. The Federal Plan. 83-88.

(1) What officers are elected, who are appointed
and what is the scope of their duties and re-
sponsibilities ?

(2) How do these plans of city government compare
in this regard with the present system of govern-
ment.

4. The Initiative, Referendum and Recall. 96-98.

(1) Are they obligatory or optional under these sys-

tems?

6. The Single Tax. 98-114.
1. Land must be common property.
(1) Private property in land is an injustice and is
the cause of poverty and its evils. 98-101.
2. Taxation of “land values” is only solution. 102-114.
(1) How may this best be applied and put into
practice?

7. Rural Credits and Co-operation. 115-144.
1. What are the fundamental ideas and principal func-
tions? 116.
2. How are loans made, safeguarded, and repaid. 116-120,
3 vWhat are. the benefits of combining for co- operative
purchasing and selling? 120-125.
4. Egg Selling Society. 126-128.

(1) How is the public protected and how does this
react on the name and the standing of the
society?

5. Co-operative Mortgage Bank. 129-144.

(1) What are the important points to be noted th

its operations?

8. Modern Educational Movements. 145-207.
1. University Extension. 145-160.
(1) What specific service is its object and how does
it accomplish its purpose?
(2) What are the limitations of the various forms
of extension methods?
2. The Gary System of Vocational Training. 163-180.
(1) What change is there in the theory of the scope
and duty of the school and how is this met?
163-169.
(2) What is the practical working of the “produc-
tive shop” system? 173-180.
3. The Cincinnati Co-operative System. 180-207.
(1) How has modern industrialism changed the
methods and the conditions under which work
is done? 180-190.
(2) How is the co-operative planned to meet the
changes and under what fundamental arrange-
ments does it operate? 193-201.
(3) What is the purpose of the Continuation plan?
195, 201-203.

gic a ee eae? OER ee eaeNATURAL SCIENCES.
SECTION I: ANCIENT SCIENCE,
1. SCIENCE OF THE GREEKS.

I. Empedocles. Vol. II: 168, 174.
I fhe Pores. 168:

2. The Senses. 174. Observe Empedocles’ explanation of
the nature of sight and sound.

II. Leukippos and Demokritos. Vol. II: 187-189.
1. Observe how these men decided about all things prac-
tically by the same method and on the same theory.
2. How was the idea of reality stated by the ancients?
3. Note the theory of Leukippos that he considered to be

in harmony with sense-perception. What was his theory
of atoms?

ITI. Hippocrates and Eudoxos. Vol. III: 286, 287.

1. Note the beginning of medicine by Hippocrates.

2. Observe how he accounts for disease on natural grounds
and not by the anger of the gods.

Z. SCIENCE OF THE ROMAN PERIOL).

d) Aeiseacenus, Vol, Til: 288.
How did he anticipate the Copernican Theory?

1. Euclid. 288.
What did he do for mathematics?

111. Archimides. 288, 289.
Note his founding of mechanics in the discovery of the
principle of the lever, specific gravity, the water screw,
etc. Observe some of his most important theorems.

IV. Erastosthenes. Vol. III: 290.
By what method did he measure the earth’s circumfer-
ence?

V. Hipparchus and Ptolemy. 290.
1. What two things did Hipparchus do for astronomy?
2. What was Ptolemy’s theory of the heavens?

Vi. Lucretius. Vol. I1l: 262-275.
1. What is the atomic theory? 262.
2. What arguments does Lucretius advance in support of
this theory?

VII. Pliny the Elder. 294-310.
1. Scientific Ideas of the Times.
His account of the world and the planets.
2. His account of inventions. 305-310.

= 4s
a6

;
f

a
|
a
|

 

 

oe 3 ee ee TSS ve a eee
- Te ee OR OR eT Ry ey oy eee oe fire gers oe ae eee 4 vi
Pere Ue ee ee TER Te OT ee me CRA erg Gee eer Ca ee Cy oe SS i Rie al 4
eee Mee atten a Ra ; ies pes a ab 4 es See Le) 7 =
i ae Serge ote

 

OPT ieee

5G Rea cane taaiee TE oe: ae i
Sees Ohare: its EIR a eS aaeeres a

VIII. Galen. 291, 292. As the greatest of the Graeco-Romans in
medicine, observe how he greatly increased the knowledge
of the body.

SECTION II; MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE.

rT Geber “Vol. IV: 278. Note the penod:

1. What were the essentials of his discovery?
2. What may he be said to be the founder of?

II. Ben Musa. 278.
What was his great contribution to mathematics?

III. Alhazen. 278.

1. In optics what was he the first to teach?
2. What was his full contribution to the science?

IV. Roger Bacon. Vol. IV: 368-376.

1. Historical sketch. 368. What were the authorities in
science at the time? What was the result? What was
Bacon’s great work?

2. On Experimental Science.

(1) What are the two ways of acquiring knowledge,
and as applied to mathematics? 369.

(2) What are the two kinds of experience? How
many degrees of inner experience? 370-372.

(3) What is the method in experimentation? 373,
374.

(4) Science and Philosophy. How is experimental
science the mistress of the speculative?

(5) What is the third value of science in the investi-
gation of the secrets of nature? 375,

SECTION TIE: MODERN SCIENGE.
1; ‘(GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES.

to tetorioal. Vol. Vie 5.

1. What ushered in modern times?

2. What effect did these discoveries have on science and
general intelligence?

TH. Colpinbus: (Volo Ve 26:

1. What were the circumstances, and what invention aided
hes work? 5.6,
2. What are the main facts brought out in his journal? 7-26.
III. Vasco da Gama. 26-40,

1 What were the leading results of his expedition?
2. What is his account of the expedition?IV. Magellan’s Voyage Around the World. Vol. V: 41-57.

1. What great fact was proven by this voyage? 41,
2. What is his account of the voyage? 42-57.

2. SIXTEENTH CENTURY SCIENCE.

Copernicus and the Copernican Theory. Vol. V: 95-101.
1. What was his reason for his epoch-making belief? 95.
De Why did he conclude that the universe and earth are
spherical? 96.
3. What arguments does he advance for the circular motion
of the earth? 97.

4. How does he refute the arguments for the world-central
position of the earth? 98-101.

S SeVENTEENIT CENTURY SCIENCE,

i Pranem Bacon, Vol V: 233-289,

1. In opposing the prevailing science, for what did he
contend? What is the importance of this new depart-
five! 250:

2. The Novum Organum. 234-289.

(1) What are the two ways of discovering truth?
236.

(2) What are the idols and false notions that have
hindered science? 238-257.

(3) Causes of errors, and why science has not been
more developed. 257-273.

(4) The methods of procedure in experimental sci-
ence. 273-279.

(5) What is the rule for the interpretation of nature?
ZT?

II. Galileo. Vol. V: 290-307.

1. Letters to Kepler. 292-303.
(1) Of what system had he been an adherent?
(2) What is his account of the telescope?
2. The Dialogues of Galileo. 294-302.
What is the course of the discussion, and what
are its three main principles? Note how these
are distinguished in the dialogue.
3. What were the circumstances of his condemnation by
the Church?
4. In what terms did he recant?

 

|

 

Sct:

iste
sre act

ss aseciegiert etBC rad

soln oe aaiead Cura BAe oe oe 2S So

III, Kepler. Vol. V: 308-315.

1. Historical sketch. 309, 310.

(1) What did he do with the Copernican Theory, and
what resulted from his methods and experi-
ments?

(2) What was his “sacred ecstasy’?

(3) What had he demonstrated?

2. The Principles of Astronomy. 311-315.
(1) Statement of notions regarding the universe.
(2) His views of the universe with explanations of
the same.

IV. The beginning of modern medicine. Harvey. Vol. VI: 5-22.

1. Historical. 5,6. What were the first attempts? What
was the contribution of Vesalius. What was the Ga-
lenic doctrine of the heart and blood?

2. What was the process by which Harvey’s ideas were
formed? What did he do for modern physiology?

3. How does he describe the motion, action and office of
the heart? 7-10.

4. How does he describe the course by which the blood is
carried? 11-16.

5. How does he describe the percolation of the blood in
regard to the lungs? 16-20.

6. How does he describe the quantity of blood passing
through the heart. 20-22.

V. Seventeenth Century Natural Science. Vol. VI: 117-154.

1. Von Leeuwenhoeck. 119-123. His account of obser-
vations on animalcula.

2. Newton. 123-141.
(1) His account of the discovery of the diffusion of
light. 124-134.
(2) His geometrical propositions of the theory of
gravitation. 135-141.

3. Huyghens. The Wave Theory of Light. Vol. VI:
141-150.

(1) Proof founded on experimentation. 142.

(2) What are the things he proposes to put in clearer
light? 142.

(3) Light the motion of a certain material, and from
the spread of light how objects are seen. 143.

(4) His illustration of the transmission of light.
144-147,

(5) Ether as a medium of vibration. 148.4. The Beginning of Chemistry. Vol. VI: 150-154.
(i) Historical sketch. 150, 151.
What was the theory of Alchemy?
What was the movement from Boyle to Black?
(2) Boyle. 1525154.

What was the most definite result reached by
hime 152.

Note his account of the discovery of his law.

# PIGH TEEN TH CENTURY SCIPNCE.

i. Historical sketch. Vol. VI: 240, 241.
1. What was accomplished during the seventeenth cen-
tury?
2. How did the eighteenth open?

3. What progress was made in physics, geology, astronomy
and chemistry.

II. Boerhaave. Physiological Conceptions. 242-247,
1. What is requisite in order to discover the truth? 242.
2. Upon what do the universal laws of nature depend?
3. The course to be taken with the study of the body. 243.
4. The nine things to be considered regarding the body
and the mind. 243, 244.
5. In what does the life of body and mind consist? 245-247.

III. Linnaeus. On the Sexes of Plants. Vol. VI: 247-261.
He found botany a chaos and left it a unity.

1. Note his historical statement. 248-250.

2. What are the four organs of plants? 250-251.

3. Note his criticism of the theories regarding pollen and
Stainitia, 202;

4. How does he describe his experiments and observations
as to the mating of plants? 253-261.

IV. Franklin. Vol. VI: 261-272.
1. What is his account to Collinson of the wonderful effect
of points? 262-266.
2. Identity of lightning and electricity. The lightning rod.

266-269. oe
(1) What were his doubts as to his views of the
power and operation of points?
By what experiments does he show the power
of points? 267, 268. :
(2) How did his experiments attempt to identify
electricity with lightning? 269.

a

4
ee!

1 ck lanes BRO3. The kite experiment. 270-272.
(1) His discoveries.
(2) What were the features of his kite experiment?
(3) How did the idea of the lightning rod occur to
him, and how did he experiment?

We Black. Vol. Vie 272-278.
How did he discover carbonic acid gas?

VI. Priestly. The Discovery of Oxygen. Vol. VI: 279-283.

1. What were the surprises he met with in his experiments,
and of what did he become convinced as to the constitu-
tion of the air? 279.

2. What did his experiments with the mouse prove as a
valuable discovery? 281-283.

VII. Scheele. Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire. Vol. VI: 284-
290.

1. His attempts to discover the number of elements that
compose all substances. 284.

2. What was it that had given philosophers so much
trouble? 285.

What are the general properties of ordinary air?

4. What were the eight experiments in getting at the

composition of air and what did they prove regarding
phlogiston? 287.

S

VIII. Cavendish. The Combination of Hydrogen and Oxygen into
Water. Vol. VI: 290-297.

1, What experiments suggested this combination and re-
suler 201.

2. What methods were adopted in getting the full demon-
strations? 292-296,

3. How was Lavoisier convinced? 297.

TX, luavotsiern, Vol, VI: 297-305.

1. Historical. 297. What were his contributions to sci-
ence?

2. The Permanence of Matter. 298, 299. By what experi-
ment was this proven?

3. The Nature of Combustion. 300-303.
(1) What are the four constant phenomena in the
combustion of bodies?
(2) What examples are given for the elucidation of
his theory?

4, Respiration a Combustion. 304. How is this ex-
plained?x. Watt. Invention of the Steam Engine. Vol. VI: 305-312.
L, Historical. 305. What did he learn from Black that
aided him in his discovery?

2. What were his various experiments in finally producing
the new engine? 306-309.

3. a did he remedy the defect in Newcomen’s engine?

XI. Hutton. Theory of the Phenomena Common to Stratified and
Unstratified Bodies. Vol. VI: 312-334.

1. How did he oppose the prevalent idea regarding the
Garth? 312.

2. What are the causes of mineral decomposition? 314.

3. How does he show the system of universal decay and
eens traced over the surface of the earth? 315-

4, What is the means of repairing this waste? 323.

In the natural history of the earth are there any data

from which the commencement of the present order can

be ascertained? 325.

6. What is the objection based on Scripture against Hut-
ton’s theory of the antiquity of the earth? 327.

7. What is it that makes this theory superior to others?
aoe,

XII. Herschel. Vol. VI: 335-349.
1. The Discovery of Uranus. 335-337.
2. Nebulous Stars. 337-346.
(1) By what methods and researches did Herschel
make his discoveries? 337-341.
(2) What special phenomena are of peculiar signifi-
cance? 341-346.
3. On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System.
347-349,
(1) What has been ascertained relative to several
fixed stars?
(2) What follows from the motion of the solar sys-
tem? 347.
(3) What follows from the motion of the sun? 349,

XIII. Laplace. The Nebular Hypothesis. Vol. VI: 349-358.

1. What are the five phenomena relating to the cause of
the primitive motions of the planetary system? 350.

2. What was the exclusive work of Buffon? What are the
difficulties of his hypothesis?

3. What is his conclusion as to the sun’s heat?

4. The hypothesis regarding the primitive state of the sun
and diffusion of nebulosity. 351, 352. How then were

planets formed? ; oe 2
5. What are the leading results of investigations? 352-358.

wm

 

4 TS aaa 5 wea
Sa FER TT re Weer at Dee) elena Pe eee
ee ee es ete Mii Oa on paar i
Pores Sra eae Arig EB ES cece nee ee ea Sees i

 

at
‘

ey
“ga
3

x4

eS
a
-

4

ey

‘ i

4

4
§ a
s
a

SPs naam Te

Y : is
sen Bans oon'

Se
'
;
‘
he

 

 

 

 

 

arn? : vie nd - a — a i 2
— Pe sass ea ama Tt a mn Batata eee esac NT
Sib iad oh soageraeek Crh ERLE LY PE Ue PTY SOR eh eee PSPS :

XIV. Volta. New Galvanic Instrument. Vol. VI: 358-361.
1. How does he describe the construction and character of
his apparatus? 359, 360.
2 What are the merits of the instrument? 361.

5. NINETEENTH CENTURY SCIENCE.

I. Chemistry.
1. Historical sketch. Vol. VIII: 360, 361.

(1) What had the eighteenth century done for
chemistry?

(2) What was the first great step in the first third
of the Nineteenth Century? How was the the-
ory developed?

By whom was the next step in the theory made?
What discoveries were made by Gay-Lussac?
(3) What have these great laws led to?

2. Davy. The Bakerian Lecture. Vol. VIII: 362-367.
(1) What were the methods and results for the de-
composition of the fixed alkalies? 363-365.
(2) What is this theory and how established by ex-
periment? 365-367.

3. Dalton. 368-374.

(1) On the Constitution of Bodies. 368, 369.
What are the three states of bodies?
Are ultimate particles of bodies of same figure,
weight, etc.?

(2) On Chemical Synthesis. 370-374.
What is chemical analysis and synthesis?
What are the conclusions drawn from the appli-
cation of Dalton’s rules?

4. Gay-Lussac. Combination of Gaseous Substances with
Bach Other, ‘Vol. VILI: ($73-383.
(1) The properties of substances.
(2) ay new properties of gases did he discover?
376.
(3) How did he conduct his experiments and what
conclusions did he reach? 377-383.

5. Avogadra. Molecules in Gases Proportional to the Vol-
umes. Vol. VII: 384-389.

(1) In setting forth this proposition, what hypothe-
sis presented itself? 386, 386.

(2) What is it that appears in opposition to this
hypothesis? 386.

(3) Dalton’s results confirmed by the hypothesis.
388.6. Faraday. On Fluid Chlorine. Vol. VIII: 390-302.

What great result followed his investigations?
How did his experiments break down the hard distinc-
tion between gases and liquids, and liquids and solids?

7. Mendeleef. The Periodic Law of the Chemical Ele-
ments, Vol. X= 254270.

(1) What is meant by Periodic Law?

(2) How was it discovered and what theories did it
displace? 260.

(3) What hope has been revived by this law? 264-
268.

(4) How does periodic law enlarge our range of
vision? 269,

%. Wockyer. The Chemistry of the Stary /Vol. X: 276-
283.

(1) What is his hypothesis? 270.

(2) The results of recent years relative to the atmos-
pheres of the stars. 282.

(3) What are the general results regarding the ab-
sorption in stellar atmosphere? 279.

(4) What is the new view of stars and nebulae? 280.

(5) Respecting celestial evolution, what follows as
to the evolution of all cosmical bodies from me-
teorites? 281.

(6) What is meant by celestial dissociation, and
what do the facts prove concerning it? 282, 283.

II. Biology.

1. Historical. Vol. VIII: 393-395. How was the biology
of the first third of the Nineteenth Century connected
with the other sciences? Note the history of its devel-
opment during the century. ..

 

2 #ichat. The Doctrine of Tissues. Vol. Vill: 396-403:

(1) What is the object of this study? 396, 397.

(2) Regarding the organization of animals, what are
the textures of anatomy?
What are the facts regarding the form, organiza-
tion and properties of textures? 397-400.

(3) How does Bichat illustrate how one texture
might be diseased and others remain sound,
illustrated by the brain, eye, stomach, etc.? 401-
403.a oe Pe ee
iaraceumaammcgge 20. ac amy eget aera cements Pe UTNTYE CSS an
fttect aS ace SS ee NS ee oe. ea TESS en eat Sak

_—

3. Jenner. An Inquiry. Theory of Vaccination. Vol.
VIII: 404-412
(1) What was his discovery regarding milk-maids
and smallpox? 404.
(2) How disease might be communicated by animals.
Examples and symptoms.

4. Lamarck. Evolution by “Use.” 412-418.

(1) Why Lamarck’s system should be of interest to
the student of biology. 412.

(2) The system of great interest aside from biolog-
ical problems. 413.

(3) What is process of adaptation in the race? 414.

(4) How does he show that no particular of the or-
ganism is changed except through the unity of
the organism? 415.

(5) How is Lamarck’s central thought set forth in
his summary of the theory? 416.

5. Cuvier. The Mutual Relations of Forms in Organized
Beings. Vol. VII: 418-424.
(1) Principle by which this determination is effected.
419,
(2) What are the endowments which nature imposes
in line with this principle?

6. Bell. On the Nervous Circle. Vol. VIII: 424-431.
(1) What does he hope to demonstrate? 425.
(2) By what processes did he discover the truth of
his theory? 426.
(3) What is the question raised regarding muscles
and how is it solved? 427-430.
(4) What does he show as to a circle of nerves? 430.

 

 

 

7. Weismann. The Continuity of the Germ-plasm as the
Foundation of a Theory of Heredity. Vol. X: 343-367.
(1) What was his theory as to heredity and charac-
ter? 343.
(2) What is the most important step in biology in
the last part of the century? 343.
(3) Introduction.
Ist. How the question bearing on structural
peculiarities is usually answered. 345.
2nd. What is the fundamental question to be
presented? 346.
3rd. What are the theories of germ-cells and
their powers? Which does Weismann accept?

347.(4) The Germ-Plasm. 352-355.

Ist. To what views does he give his assent?
2nd. How does he show that hardly any objec-
tion can be raised against the view that the nuc-
lear substance of somatic cells may contain un-
changed germ-plasm?

(5S) The significance of the polar bodies. 355.
What follows from his conclusion regarding the
cell depending upon the molecular structure of
its nucleus.

(6) The Nature of Parthenogenesis. 357-367.
What opinions is he unable to support and how
does he present the facts?

© hoch. Theory of Bactema. Vol X: 368-378.

(1) What is his claim respecting disease? 368.
(2) What conclusions have resulted from researches?

369.
(3) What did all experiments disclose? 375.

me Pasteur, Vol &: 378-595.

(1) On Fermentation. 379-382. What do experi-
ments establish respecting fermentation. Com-
ments on Tyndall’s work.

(2) Inoculation for Hydrophobia. 382-395.
Ist. What is said relative to the spontaneity of
disease? © 387.
2nd. What is the difficulty in treating human
disease? 383.
3rd. In what way does the virus of rabies de-
velop? 384.
Ath. Note the experiments on animals in setting
forth his methods and results. 385-395.

 

Til; Physics:

1. What has been the history of physical development of
the Nineteenth Century? Vol. VIII: 432.
2. Rumford. The Nature of Heat. 434-441.
(1) Of what great doctrine did his theory become

the basis? 434. oe
(2) Upon what argument did he base his experi- ed

ments? 435. a
(3) What were the objections to Bertholet, and 4

  

how answered? 438-441. =

ig AE LATE TOC OTT
+ * x
os ;3. Young. Production of Colors not Hitherto Described.
442-446.

(1) What is the law of optics established by his
theory of light? 442.

(2) What experiments were used for the produc-
tion of colors? 443.

(3) In the application of the general law what other
supposition arose, i. e., that the velocity of light
is the greater the rarer the medium? 446.

4. QOersted. Effect of the Electrical Conflict on the Mag-
netic Needle. Vol. IX: 5-10.

(1) What was his discovery and its utility? 5.

(2) How does he describe the particulars of his ex-
periments? 6-10.

5. Henry. Production of Currents and Sparks of Electric-
ity from Magnetism.
(1) What did his principle do for telegraphy? 10.
(2) What thing remained to be proved after the
work of Oersted and others?
(3) What substitute did he conceive to be better?
(4) What different electric effects did he produce,

and what principle did his experiments illus-
trate?) 2-16,

6. Faraday. Electricity From Magnetism. 17-20.

(1) How results have been obtained from the labors
of others. 17.

(2) His description of these results in the evolution
of electricity from magnetism. 18.

 

7. Helmholtz. The Conservation of Energy. Vol. IX:
361-388.

(1) The new conquest of natural philosophy. 361.

(2) Note his examples for showing that machinery
and apparatus generate no force. 367.

(3) How these examples place heat, etc., in imme-
diate connection with mechanical forces. 369.

(4) What now became the mechanical problem in
getting at perpetual motion? 370.

(6) What conclusion is reached regarding the forces
of nature being neither increased nor dimin-
ished? 373.

(7) What questions are involved relative to the fu-
ture of the planetary system? 385.

 

eRe Fi if
a sae a a noes TR Sees

Se ‘Sy ee igen tt ie Nae 1 ge ee SRS So ete SLT Nay aay SE ere er urea

pe NS Bee ae nas a Noe Ra RM A Nh ace8. Kirchoff and Bunsen. Chemical Analysis by Means of
the Spectroscope. Vol. IX: 389-400.

What results were reached regarding sodium,
potassium, etc., by spectral analysis?

9. Maxwell. Electricity a Wave in the Ether. Vol. X:
267-273.

(1) What have been the most important advances
in physics during the past thirty years? 267.

(2) What has resulted from advanced theories of
electricity? 268.

(3) What did Maxwell propose to show? What are
the things to be discovered regarding the me-
dium? 268.

(4) What forms of energy are recognized by Max-
well in his theory of electricity? 269.

(5) By what experiments does he set forth his
theory? 270.

10. Poincare. The Maxwell and Hertz Theory of Electric-
ity and Light. 274-285.

(1) What one step was needed to show that ether
was the vehicle of electrical action? 274.

(2) How are displacement currents distinguished?
274-277.

(3) The nature of light. 277.

(4) How are obtained and verified by experiments
the results of the wave theory? 278. What are
the exact results? 282.

11. Rontgen. The X-Rays. Vol. X: 286-301.

(1) What examples are given of the transmission of
electric agency by all substances? 286.

(2) What were his experiments with the prism, and
the results of experiments as to the source of
the X-rays? 289.

(3) What is his most satisfactory hypothesis as to
the nature of the X-rays?

(4) What new results were secured by experiments?
293.

(5) Additional observations on the properties of X-
rays. 296-301.

 

12. Preece. Wireless Telegraphy. Preece and the Marconi
Systems. Vol. X: 302-311.
(1) What is the new sense supplied by science? 302.
(2) Note Preece’s definitions in order to state the
facts. 304.(3) Note how experiments in transmission explain
the principles of the system. 304-311.
(4) The merit that attaches to Marconi’s work.

IV. Evolution. Vol. IX: 214359.

1. Lyell. Uniformity in the Series of Past Changes in the
Animate and Inanimate World. 214-233.

(1) Origin of the doctrine of alternate periods of
repose and disorder. 214-216.
The views not borne out by a fair interpretation
of geological monuments.

(2) Uniformity of change. 216-219.
Ist. Variations in the site of sedimentary depo-
sition brought about independently of subterra-
nean movements. 217.
2nd. Uniformity of change in reference to the
living creation. 219-221.
3rd. In reference to subterranean movements.

222.

2 Schwann. Cell Theory. Vol. IX: 233-259.

(1) The two opinions held as to the fundamental
powers of an organized body. 234.

(2) By what terms are these two views described?
230.

(3) In physics what has happened to the teleological
view, and what are the objections to it? 236.

(4) In what manner must the teleological view
be maintained? 237.

Ist. With what supposition does Schwann
start out to set aside teleology?

2nd. What two ideas may be formed as to the
cause of organic phenomena? How are we to

determine which of the two views is the correct
one? 238,

(5) Into what does the question resolve itself as to
individual cells? 240.

Ist. What is his position as to the attractive
power of cells, and how does he show that this

power is an attribute of the cells themselves?
241-247,

2nd. Flow does he set forth the phenomena in
the formation of cells and crystals? 247-259.% spencer, Progress, Its Law. and) Cadse. Vol Lx
259-300.

(1) What is the current conception of progress? 260.

(2) What does he propose to show as to the law of
organic progress? 261.
Pst. _How does the nebular hypothesis supply
one illustration?
énd. What is the more certain evidence of this
law? 262-264.
3rd. What difficulties are presented by plants
and animals? 264-266.
4th. What evidence comes from the human
face? | 200, 2o7-
Sth. How is the law still more exemplified in
the social aspects of the race? 268-271.
6th. In what respects is the law still better ex-
hibited? 271-280.

(3) To what, now, is all this uniformity to be re-
ferred? How does Spencer present the question
of cause and effect? 280-298.

(4) What are the ontological bearings of the argu-
ment? 298-300.

4. Darwin. Natural Selection. Vol. IX: 300-344.

(1) The question upon which he proceeds. 301.

(2) What sort of a case can best illustrate the prob-
able course of natural selection? 302.

(3) How is it rendered possible for the sexes to be
modified through natural selection? 307-309.

(4) What illustrations does he give of the survival
of the fittest? 309-315.

(5) What do his facts and experiments prove bearing

on the intercrossing of individuals? 315-319.

(6) What circumstances are not favorable for the

production of new forms and what are the most
favorable conditions? 319-324.

(7) In what way through Natural Selection do spe-
cies become rarer and finally extinct? 324, 325.

(8) How does he treat the principle that the greatest
amount of life can be supported by great di-
vergence of structure? 325-329.

(9) As the result of Natural Selection, how is it that
each creature tends to advance? 336-340.

 

5. Haeckel. The Fundamental Law of the Evolution of
Organisms. Vol. IX: 344-359. |
(1) The importance of the subject, and the ignor-
ance that prevails regarding it. 345.(2) What is understood by Ontogeny and Phy-
logeny, and what do these terms signify in the
History of the Evolution of Man? 347-350.
Ist. How are they intimately connected?
2nd. In what proposition is the fundamental
law expressed?
3rd. The parallelism between the two series of
evolution.

(3) The critical distinction between primary palinge-
netic and secondary kenogenetic processes. How
illustrated? 351-355.

(4) What has been the attitude of teleology to on-
togeny? 355.

 

V. (Psychology. Vol. X: 396-425.
1. Ferrier. Localization of the Functions in the Brain.
397-417. |
(1) What was his chief scientific work? 397.
(2) The brain objectively considered. The conclu-
sion reached. In what way can the phenomena
of consciousness be explained? 398.
(3) The interrelation of brain and mental operations.
How explained? 398. Are the two co-exten-
sive: 399:
(4) What is the fundamental basis of knowledge?

How illustrated? 401-402.

(5) How are many of the principles set forth exem-
plified by aphasia? 402-408.
(6) What is the conclusion regarding volitional con-

trol? 408.

(7) As regards inhibition of action, direct or indirect.

410-415.

 

 

 

 

Z. Crookes, Telepathy, Vol Xi. 4l7-425.
(1) What is telepathy? 418.
(2) Regarding vibrations. 419-422.

(3) What are the objections to transference of
thought on the basis of brain waves. The uni-
verse as the result of molecular motion. How
applied to the subject? 422-425.OUTLINES FOR FOUR
YEARS READING

IN THE

ORIGINAL
DOCUMENTS

PREPARED FOR

THE LIBRARY
OF ORIGINAL
SOURCES

ee ee ee Les ee! EMEA Se Ce Nee Se ell a :
are J oe et Kee i Firion eo ~ ot ea ane ear wae V5 5 eae "

flies gee”, + ge De om SR NG
See 4 aa "De ba
iccaett Ns tS rINTRODUCTION

The Original Documents that have been gathered together with
infinite toil by one hundred and twenty-five leading scholars of the
world, invaluable as they are, yet would fail to render their real service
to the great body of the people unless reduced to a systematic plan of
study. These Documents furnish for the first time the opportunity
of studying the advancing civilization of the world from epoch to
epoch by collating the investigations in all fields of the ages past, and
arranging all in systematic form. But a work of such immense pro-
portions to be rendered most serviceable as a systematic course of
study on something like the Chautauqua basis requires an arrangement
of the material suitable for such a purpose. By this means study-
centers can be easily formed, or the plan pursued by the individual
student. The following plan of a four years’ course of study gives
the necessary direction for daily study in original research, an oppor-
tunity which has never existed until this library of the world’s thought
brought these original resources to the hand of the professional and
non-professional man alike. As an individual study this course can
be followed with ease, but the formation of a class would necessarily
increase the interest, enthusiasm, and helpfulness of the study. In
this respect no such opportunity has heretofore been afforded for an
investigation of the world’s intellectual development. The following
plan of a four-fold study facilitates a true appreciation of the ideas that
have influenced civilization from the earliest to the present time both for
the student and those not ordinarily engaged in intellectual work. An
examination of the plan will show that the student works through the
volumes each year in pursuing the particular development of the world’s
thought, whether Religious, Philosophical, Scientific or Political. With
such a perfect analysis and every page of the student’s work indicated
all things are made ready to his hand, and to settle down to the business
of his self-education. These pages present on a large scale the solu-
tion of the problem, What course of study to pursue for the largest
intellectual returns.r.

i}.

 

FIRST YEAR Bil IGION,

Pagan. From Egypt to Rome.

-.

2,

me

uw  &

a

Chaldea, 1. 1-25,

Egypt. The Book of the Dead. Doctrine of Imortality.

I. 29-70.

The Brahmans.

(1) Personification and worship of the forces of nature.
I. 109-115.

(2) The later philosophical development of the religion. The
gradual reduction of many gods to one and identified
with the self of the individual, I. 116-195. Doctrine of
Transmigration of Souls, I. 208-217.

Persia. Zoroaster. Principles, Good and Evil. I. 354-381.

China. Confucius. Combination of the ethical and religious.

I. 384-386, 391, 399, 409.

Budd — The advance upon the Brahmans. The future life

depenuent on right conduct rather than on mere knowledge.

I. 220-253.

Greece.

tr) he Creation, tiesiod, Th aan

(2) %ddeas of the future life. [1. 35-52.

(3) Doctrine of Immortality. Socrates. II. 249-311.

(4) Aristotle. Proof of God’s existence. Basis of Ethics,

Rome. Close relation of the Greek and Roman religions.

(1) Immortality. Cicero, IJ] 233-241 ‘Lucretius, II] 275-
285.

(2) Creation and Pre-Christian Ascetics. Philo-Judaeus, III.
355-369.

(3) Seneca. Peace of Mind, IL 328-354

Early Church.

ARR o

Tertullian. The Witness of the Soul, IV. 21-29.

Origen. Principles of Faith, IV. 29-35.

Cyprian. Unity of the Church, IV. 35-51.

Origin of Asceticism, IV. 51-62.

Suppression of heathenism and heresy, IV. 62-71.

St. Augustine. Foreknowledge, Free Will, Sin, Redemption,

ly, 79s go, Q7> 102.

DGD SLAM ew Ae sa aaa

 

sas sisi ie

cd cahaacotiig ER

    

ere ase remem tera ree rye nen
a: %

\
sei

 

  

4 e
ie.III. Middle Ages.

1. Monasticism, IV. 128-165.

2. Victory of the Roman Church in Britain, IV. 196.

3. Era of Mohammedanism. The Koran, IV. 247-277.

4. The Crusaders, IV. 335-350.

s, The Philosophy of the Church. Thomas Aquinas. IV. 359-
363.

6. Wycliffe, IV. 379-383.

IV. Modern Times.

1. Erasmus, V. 103-110.

2. Luther. Theses. Justification by faith, V. 111-134.

3. The Peasant Revolt, V. 134-135.

4. Calvin. Doctrine of Eternal Election, V. 141-150.

5, The Augusburg Confession giving the whole case of the
Protestants, V. 151-179.

6. The Jesuit Constitution, V. 180-188.

7, Wesley, VI. 362-377.

8. Voltaire. The struggle against intollerance in religion and

 

government, VI. 377-391.

SECOND YEAR—PHILOSOPHICAL.

The philosophy of the Brahmans, Confucius and Buddha has been
unfolded in the main in their religious systems with which it was
closely identified.

I. Ancient.

I. Greece. The dominant thought in early Greek philosophy, the
question of the permanent reality back of the shifting changes of
nature.

1. First Period. The Pre-Socratic Philosophy.

(1) Whe ancient Ionians. (a) Thales. Wir the’ source of
things, I]. 138-140. (b) Amaximander. The infinite
mass of matter the cause of all, II. 140-143. (c) Anaxi-
menes. Air the fundamental, II. 143-145.

(2) The Pythagoreans. Pythagoras. Number the funda-
mental, II. 145, 146.

(3) The Eleatics. (a) Xenophanes, the founder of the school.
Identified the world with the One Divine Being, II.
146-148. (b) Parmenides. The world eternal and un-
changing, II. 156-160. (c) Zeno and Melissos. De-

 

 

 

at Bae Wi Seder UR aR CPs a amos ora eNerrs
TG ache ee NAS RN ee awe Taree ee uefended the view of Parmenides against the theory of the
plurality of things, IT. 180-185.

(4) The Physicists. (a) Heracleitus. The world-substance
a flux, with fire the world-ground, II. 148-156. (b) Em-
pedocles. Combined the theories by combining the ele-
ments as the world-ground, II. 160-175. (c) The
atomistic school—Leukippos and Demokritos. Believed
in plurality but not in genesis and decay. Atoms indi-
visable and separated by the Void, II. 187. (d) Anaxa-
goras, the last of the Physicists. The nous, Mind, the
ground of matter. Mind simple, while matter is com-
pound, II. 175-180.

2. Second Period.

(1) Socrates. The new era. The reaction from Sophistic
scepticism declaring the impossibility of an _ ethical
foundation, as also a scientific knowledge of the world.
Confined himself to ethical inquiries, II. 187, 191-239.

(2) Plato. The doctrine of Ideas, Il. 239-249. The Ideas
as final causes and the question of immortality, II. 249-
311. The philosophy of the State, I]. 311-388.

(3) Aristotle. The relation of the general to the particular,
II. 350. The interrelations of things, II. 345-350. The
fact of Existence and proof of God, II. 352-363. The
basis of Ethics—the Highest Good, II. 364-382. Philos-
ophy of the State, II. 383-418.

3. Third Period. Stoicism and Epicureanism.

(1) Zeno the Stoic. The Summum Bonum consisting in
doing one’s duty independent of all considerations of
pleasure or pain, desire or fear, I]. 418-425.

(2) Epicurus. The highest good the highest form of pleas-
ure, II. 426-430.

Il. Roman Philosophy.
1. Cicero, III. 233-262.
2, Philo Judaeus. (1) Neo-Platonism; (2) The creation of the

world; (3) Pre-Christian Ascetics, IV. 355-309.

3. Seneca. Stoic philosophy of Peace of Mind, ITI. 328-354.
A, tEpictetus. Stoic, Philosopher, III. 392-407.
II. Modern.
I. The Cartesian System. Seventeenth Century Philosophy.
1. Descartes. Beginning of Modern Philosophy. The new start-

 

 

 

 

 

ee : 7 wa er SS Pe ea ee eer ee ye .
TT ee Th ne a RR :ing point—“I think, therefore Lam Vi Abs:

2. Geulincx. Harmony of matter and mind through a sing’
creator, VI. 38.

3° Malepranche, All things seen through God the universal
medium, VI. 38, 39.

II. Spinoza the Pantheist. The philosophical transition from tke
dualism of Descartes to monism. God the All, the only substance,
VI. 63-78.

III. English Empiricism and Materialism.

1. Locke the father of modern Empiricism and Materialism. De-
parture from Descartes in the denial of Innate Ideas. Sensa-
tion and reflection the ground of all knowledge, VI. 39, IorI-
116.

2. Hume. The logical conclusion of Locke’s principles. Scep-
ticism directed against the principle of Cause and Effect, and
against Personal Identity, V1. 185-189.

3. Hobbes. The beginning of materialistic philosophy: All
thought a mode of motion. VI. 93-101.

IV. Idealism.

1. Berkeley. Beginning of modern Idealism. Principles of
Human Knowledge, VI. 172-184.

2. The German School.

(1) Leibnitz, the precursor of Kant. The doctrine of
Monodology and Pre-existing Harmony, V1. 78-93.

(2) Kant. The beginning of the movement from Kant to
Hegel. The answer to the scepticism of Hume, and
grounding of a priori truth. Knowledge limited to the
phenomenal, VI. 201-239.

(3) Fichte. His Ethical Idealism and doctrine of knowledge,
VIII. 318-330.

(4) Hegel. The world Spirit realizing itself in the Universe,
WE 330,

(5) Schopenhauer. His doctrine of the will. Pessimism,

VIL. 337, 338.
V. The Positive Philosophy. Comte, VIII. 344, 345.

 

THIRD YEAR—SCIENCE.

I. Ancient Scientific Ideas.
1. Astronomy.

(1) Chaldea. The zodiac. Cycle of lunar months andeclipses, IT. 138.
(2) Egypt. Miarked the length of the year, I. 28.
(3) Greece. Thales, II, 138. Anaxagoras, II. 175-180.
Pythagoreans, II. 18s.
2. Zoology. Anaximander, II. 140-143. Aristotle. Made great
zoological collections, II. 344.
3. Medicine, Anatomy, and Biology. Empedocles, II. 168-173.
Hippocrates, III. 286-288.
Il. Graeco-Roman Science.
I. Astronomy.
Aristarchus held the Copernican theory, III. 288.
Erastosthenes measured the circumference of the earth, IIT.
290.
Hipparchus catalogued the stars, III. 2go.
Ptolemy’s theory of the heavens, III. 290.
2. Mathematics. Euclid founded geometry, III. 288.
Physics. Archimedes discovered the principle of the lever,
specific gravity, thus founding mechanics, III. 288-290.
4. Medicine and Anatomy. Galen distinguished and studied veins
and arteries, III. 291; VI. 9.
III. Arabian.
I. Chemistry. Geber made nitric and sulphuric acid, IV. 278.
2. Mathematics. Ben Musa introduced Algebra, IV. 278.
3. Physics. Optics, retraction of light, convex lenses, IV. 279.
IV. Modern Science.
1. Invention and discovery. Printing, V.5. Discovery of Ameri-
ca. Columbus’ Journal of his first voyage, V. 7-26. Vasco de
Gama rounds Africa to India, V. 26-41.
2. Astronomical development.
(1) Sixteenth Century. Magellan settled the question of
the rotundity of the earth, V. 41-58. Copernicus. Theory
of the earth’s movement around the sun, V. 95.

Ww

 

 

esr EN eH apicet "

coro

(2) Seventeenth Century. Galileo. Mountains of the moon, |
the moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus, V. 290-308.
Tycho Brahe compiled the Rudolphian Tables, V. 308.

Kepler: Movements of Planets; Cubes of Distances ; the
Principles of Astronomy, V. 308-315.

(3) Eighteenth Century. Discoveries of Herschel, VI. 335-
349. Laplace worked out the movements of the solar
system, and the Nebular Hypothesis, VI. 349-358.

Bi
hg ies bans

  

pee rae enero ener pS aT ES
RMR IE meen - : Wes % aN
per ; rie i ; .

 

 

 

 

- or ENGI Te PLS Soa le 2 as a pacity ip
t SEE ee he ee er om 2 5 al an Sie
Rea Te oe ry ny FEDS Sey = Be ; e ow Re Pre ‘ vs ee sai i Se ep rod . a ae “es sie a Sie i cathe ae r
= pt alee = bas “ ‘ . RRLe

t.
ii
i

¥
5
:
oy
if

 

 

 

 

3. Physics.

(T)

(2)

(3)

Seventeenth Century. General theory. Francis Bacon:
All science based on experiment. The Novum Organum,
V. 234-289. Discoveries and inventions: Cellular, VI.
118. Red corpuscles, animalculae, capillary circulation,
VI. 119-123. The barometer, VI. ¥27. The air-pump,
V. 118. The rise of mercury, VI. 118. Differential
Calculus, VI. 79. The method of fluxions, VI. 123.
Composition of light, VI. 124-134. Theory of
Gravitation, VI. 135-141. Velocity of light, VI. 118,
146-148. The pendulum clock and wave theory otf light,
VI. 141-150.

Eighteenth Century. (a) Franklin’s electrical experi-
ments, VI. 261-272. (b) Black’s discoveries of “fixed
air’ and latent heat, VI. 272-278.

Watt’s invention of the separate condenser, VI. 305.
Nineteenth Century. Liquidation of Chlorine, VIII. 390.
Identity of electricity and magnetism, IX. 5. The Con-
servation of Energy, IX. 360-389. Electricity and light
vibrations, X. 268. Wireless telegraphy, X. 302-312.
The X-Ray, X. 286-302.

4. Chemistry.

(1) Seventeenth Century. The beginning of Chemistry, V1.
150-151. Compressibility of gases, VI. 152-154. The
phlogiston theory of combustion, VI. 151.

(2) Eighteenth Century. Oxygen, VI. 279, 284-290. Com-
position of water, VI. 290-297. Overthrow of the
phlogiston theory and beginning of scientific Chemistry,
VI. 297-305.

(3) Nineteenth Century. Constitution of bodies and chem-
ical synthesis. VIII. 368, 370. Law of multiple pro-
portions, VIII. 375. Discovery of alkalies, VIII. 362.
Spectrum Analysis, IX. 389-400. Chemistry of the
stars, X. 313-320.

5. Biology.

(1) Eighteenth Century. Absorption by plants and physio-
logical conceptions, VI. 240-247. New system in botany ;
the sex system in plants, VI. 247-265.

(2) Nineteenth Century. Lamarck, Evolution by “Use,”

VILL. 412-418. ° Cuvier, Permanence of Species, V 11.418. Mutual relations of organized beings, VIII. 410-.
424. Bell, Relation between motor and sensofy nerves.
The nervous circle, VIII. 425. Ferrier, Localization
of brain functions, X. 397-417. Weismann, Theory of
heredity, X. 344-368. Pasteur, Inoculation for hydro-
phobia, X. 368-395. Koch, Theory of Bacteria, X. 308-
378.
6. Geology. Eighteenth Century.
Werner and the “Neptunist” theory in geology, VI. 313.
Hutton and the “Volcanist” theory in geology, VI. 312-334.
7. Medicine.
(1) Sixteenth Century. Paracelsus, Introduction of anatomy,
VI. 5. Servetus, Vesalius, VI. 5, 6. Fabricius discov-
ered valves in veins. Led to Harvey’s discovery, VI. 7.
(2) Seventeenth Century. Harvey, Circulation of the blood,
VI. 7. Asellius discovers lacteal circulation, VI. 117.
(3) Eighteenth Century. Jenner, Theory of Small Pox Vac-
cination, VIII, 404-412. Bichat, Doctrine of Tissues,

VIII. 396-404.

FOURTH YEAR—POLITICAL AND SOCIAL.

We present this course under two heads; First, The Science of Gov-
ernment or Political Science. Second, Institutions and Political Ideas.
I. The Science of Government, or Political Science Proper.
i Ancient Political Science.

a. Phe Grecian.
(1) The beginning of political science, Plato. Origin of the

State, II. 311-320. Education in the State, II. 320-328.
Community in the State, II. 328-338.

¢2) Aristotle’s Political Science. Origin of the State, II.
383-386. The Ideal State, IT. 386-418. Education in
the State, II. 411-418. History and description of the
Athenian Constitution, II. 54-105.

2. Roman Political Science.
(1) Analysis of the Roman Government, Polybius, TIT. 166-

193.
(2) Cicero on Law and Government. The Principles of Law,

Ill. 216-228. The Best Forms of Government, III. 228-
a3.We Aah ee eee
Bie ie a4 a bile oe

ee ee ee er eS Gran NU PRS NC? TRAN Sn 08S SR PS

eos aw
& # d

II. Modern Political Science.
1. The beginning of the modern theory of the State, IV. 423.
2. Mediaeval and early modern political ideas. Machiavelli, V.

28-95.

3. English political ideas. (1) Hobbes, Social Contract Idea of

Society, VII. 19-25. (2) Supremacy of Parliament, VII. 5.

(3) The Habeas Corpus Act, VII. 8. (4) The Bill of Rights,

Vil 10-16, (5) Locke, Labor’4he Basis’ of Property, V1.

164-171. Origin of Political Society and the Right to Revolt,

VII. 25-35.

4. French political ideas.

(1) The principle of the separation of powers, VII. 35-46.

(2) The physiocratic school, VI. 392-400.

(3) Rousseau: The Social Contract. The sovereignty of
the people. The ruler merely the instrument of the
people. VII. 47-55.

5. Revolutionary Ideas.

(1) American revolutionary ideas and forming of the Con-
stitution, VII. 166-367. Development of the American
political ideas, VIII. 25-291; IX. 42-213.

(2) French revolutionary ideas, VII. 368-432.

II. Institutions and Political Ideas.
I. Ancient. From Chaldea to Rome.
1. Babylonian Laws, I. 27, and recent archeological discoveries

in Babylonian society, X. 184.

2. Egyptian life described by Herodotus, I. 80-108.

Greece.

(1) Life and Institutions of the Spartans, Il. 105-135.

(2) Life and Institutions of the Athenians, Il. 54-105.

(3) Draco, II. 56; Solon’s Laws, II. 57-63; Peistratus, II.
63-67; Pericles, II. 75.

II. Rome.
1. The Republic.

(1) Origin of Roman Law, III. 9.

(2) Conflict of two centuries and the plebeian conquest. (a)
The right of appeal to the people, III. 12. (b) The Tri-
bunes, III. 3, 30. (c) The people’s laws binding on all.
(d) Right of intermarriage, III. 17-25. (e) The Li-
cinian law—compromising the land question, III. 35-46.

(f) All offices opened to the plebeians, I]. 47, 48. (g)Supremacy of plebeian laws, III. 53.

(3) Wars of the Republic. Punic and Macedonian wars,
Destruction of Carthage and Corinth, III. 166. Rome
after the Punic wars, III. 166-193. The social war—
Allies admitted to citizenship, III. go, OI.

2. The Empire.

(1) Established under the guise of a republic, ILI. 92.

(2) Growth of luxury and extravagance, III. 193, 194.

(3) Growth of royal power, III. 93.

(4) Christianity and the Roman State. Persecutions, (a)
Under Nero. (b) Under Trajan. The empire at its
widest extent, IV. 7. (c) Under Aurelius, IV. 9. (d)
Under Valerian, TV. 13. (e) Under Diocletian, III. gs-
99. (f) Constantine. Overthrow. of Paganism and
founding of Constantinople.

(5) Overthrow of the Empire, 475 A. D.

III. Middle Ages.

1. Monasticism, IV. 128-165.

2. Conversions. The Franks, IV. 202. Of Kent, IV. 190. Of
East Angles, IV. 194.
The rise of Mohammed, IV. 240-2098.

4. Christian Europe. (1) Laws of the Anglo-Saxons, IV. 211-

240. (2) Charlemagne, IV. 204. (3) Feudalism, IV. 300-315.

(4) Conflict between Church and State, IV. 318-323. (5)

The Crusaders, IV. 335-350. (6) Rise of the Cities, IV.

390-397. (7) The Magna Charta, IV. 4o1,

IV. Modern Institutions and Political Ideas.
I. Sixteenth Century. The Reformation—From Erasmus to the
Revolt of the Protestant Netherlands, V. 102-189.
2. Seventeenth Century.

(1) New countries, V. 342-378.

(2) The English Revolution, V. 391-399.
3. Ejighteenth Century.

(1) English colonial system, VII. 55-165.

(2) Colonial Times.

(a) Stamp Actand Taxation. Adams. VII.178, 179, Henry,
VII. 179-184. Franklin, VII. 185-198. Chatham, VII.
65-77. Grenville, VII. 70-72. Mansfield, VII. 77-8.
Dickensen, VII. 199-208.

(b) Conciliation with America. VII. 87-111; 209-229;
230-421.

-7 a = : co - ; ST So eS Fe ‘isyia SPT, ek eee | y ,
Fe ee ME ot aoe 6s LCs 9 GSAT Ce a EN eae Sit epee mE as ee
ae _ Le ee es aa 5 phage ie

(c) Declaration of Independence, Adams, VII. 243.

(d) The Federal Constitution, VI. 246-367.

(3) The French Revolution. From 1689 to 1789. The fol-
lowing references indicate the general situation in
France in chronological order, and mark off each dis-
tinctive section: VII. 35-46; VI. 392-399; VII. 47-55;
374-390; 394-398; 370; 371; 3908-411; 371, 411-414;
415-417; 428-430; 417-428.

(4) The French Republic.

(a) Execution of the King, VII. 372.

(b) War against the Republic, VII. 373.

(c) Reign of Terror, Vil. 373.

(d) Supremacy of Robespierre. Worship of Divine Being
re-established, VII. 373.

(e) Napoleon, VII. 373.

(5) The development of political ideas in the United States,

1789-1833.

(a) Respecting the Supreme Court, VIII. 31.

(b) Ideas of state sovereignty expressed in the resolutions
of Kentucky and Virginia, VIII. 96; 97; 103; 106.

(c) Ideas of Expansion, VIII. 108, tog; Ere; 118.

(d) Northern tendencies toward Secession, VIII. 112; 122;
134.

(e) The “American Policy” and compromises of Henry
Clay, VIII. 148-160.

(f) The Monroe Doctrine, VIII. 288.

(zg) The General Government and the State. Superiority
of the Supreme Court, VIII. 151. Superiority of Na-
tional Law, VIII. 163. The Supreme Court the Final
Judge of the Constitution, VIII. 186.

(6) Political Ideas in the United States, 1833-1860. IX. 42.

(a) Slave conditions, IX. 46-62.

(b) Morals of Slavery, IX. 63-83.

{c) Rights of Slavery, EX. 82.

(d) Garrison’s anti-slavery attitude, IX. 95; 97-104.

te) Phe Highér Law, IX. 1234732.

(f) “Squatter Sovereignty” and the Dirred Scott Decision,
EX. 153. Stephen Ac Douglas, IX. 132. Abraham
Lincoln, TX. 177;

(g) The Platforms of 1860, IX. 199.he .- = a - = ee ene
Be ss ee . - mg e
re aye ee * > ree Siwae
a) ee
y PORTE ay
: 2 oh ei
soe —

 

*

 

 

aaah snippet it IIeee

PreUl
i .
H
oo = aE , . 1 —_ : — ™
5 4 . i
H ’ 3 o ‘ wie i isl ate y. si i n.
— rin ae ,%. wh a sits So * Ss ; ;
TANS eo var TIT Ee
LA Ee ey : = ;
oy i694 cF ‘ io £
ehh a a os —— - i i yySOF

 

 

 

 

Doe Chr Ne mR RID 970 ellSRR OLS LOCA ROLLE GE, 8 ce

Nee a SII 5 7 et .

;
‘

Sanaa

Seeienerae

Po aeienine

 

_ cogs ip reripeay p  aeR  ee
nitro .

 

= ey ie ar ee 2 ee
S = “ 7p ae. ya a
bea:

 

 

 

 

ALDERMAN LIBRARY

The return of this book is due on the date
indicated below

DUE | DUE

|

 

Usually books are len
there are exceptions and the borro
note carefully the date stamped a
are charged for over-due books at
five cents a day;
special rates and regulations.
presented at the desk if renew

t out for two weeks, but
wer should
bove. Fines
the rate of
for reserved books there are
Books must be
al is desired.rs

semi end nag

id

i
;
4
;
é
4
o
3
5
:
i}
:

AMA Whe Hos