AGRICULTURE IN WASHINGTON As Analyzed By Extension Service Specialists STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON EXTENSION SERVICE S. B, NELSON, Director Pullman, Washington November, 1923 630.9797 Wa7aAGRICULTURE IN WASHINGTON As Analyzed By Extension Service Specialists STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON EXTENSION SERVICE S. B. NELSON, Director Pullman, Washington November, 1923C. PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Analyzed by A. B. CRANE, Extension Specialist in Agricultural Engineering Problem 600,000 acres of land in Washington, wet cold and unproduc tive. Several thousand acres of dike land still in marsh. Many acres of seepy and alkali land forming in irrigated districts. Many farms in eastern Washington too dry to be productive. Dry gravel prairies in Western Washington unproductive. Many farm homes not supplied with running water. Many farm homes with no sanitary method of sewage disposal. Many farms with available water power could produce electricity, unused. Much liquid wasted. Many streams eroding banks and washing away sand. Value of work rep Solution Drainage Drainage Drainage Irrigation Irrigation Water Supply Septic Tank Water power plant. Liquid manure tank. Current deflection. Method orted by County Agents. By meetings, teaching subject matter of need. By farm visits, advising and planning relief. By demonstration fields laid out to show methods and note results. By farm visits, giving advice. By finding source of supply. By meetings to interest users; finding supply By demonstration fields Visit farm and determine form of supply, and advise. By meetings for subject matter. By demonstration home. By meetings, teaching the need of sanitation. By sample tanks installed for demonstration. Investigate supply and possibilities; determine kind of plant; advise as to amount and method of obtaining. By meetings to teach and encourage. By discussion of advantages and value. By demonstration tanks By inspection of place and advice as to remedy. Goal Results 1920 Plan’d Acres Done Acres 1921 Plan’d Acres 4095 None None Homes 40 35 Plants 6 None None Done Acres 803 None None Homes 14 12 Plants 3 None 1922 Plan’d Acres 2808 Done Acres 2168 1923 Plan'd Done Acres 2969 Acres 1613 2362 None Homes 41 50 Plants 19 1298 None Homes 28 None None 1 farm $407,120 57 Plants None None 1 farm $242,203.80 2417 4475 Plants 36 33 Plants 13 Homes 32 61 Plants None 2 pits 1 stream None NonePROBLEMS IN APICULTURE Analyzed by B. A. SLOCUM, Extension Specialist in Apiculture Problem Disease Control 40.2% of the colonies of the state were diseased Elimination of Box Hives 14.1% of the colonies of the state were in box hives Solution Education in disease identification and means of control Enforcement of State Bee Law the Education in modern methods of beekeep- Replacing scrub queens with pure bred Ital ian queens Educating the future generation of beekeepers Enforcemet Bee Law of State Methods Education of the beekeepers in the value of having purebred stock Educating boys and girls thru bee clubs Spray poisoning of bees Still in doubt Survey, which locates diseased hives Project leaders training class in disease identification and means of control Demonstrations in control of disease and identification of dis ease Enforcement of State Bee Law Survey, which locates the box hives Demonstration in trans ferring from a box hive to a movable frame hive Demonstration comparing the results of keeping bees in a box hive with those kept in a standard hive Enforcement of the State Bee Law Demonstration comparing scrub with purebred stock, indicating the increased revenue received by having purebreds Organizing bee clubs Definite program of study during winter months Demonstrations and work with bees thru the summer Definite 4 year plan of work to be followed Goal Reduce disease to 10% Reduce the percent age of box hives to 5 % Replace 10,000 scrub queens with purebreds Organize 30 clubs Prevent the poisoning of bees Results 1920 1921 1922 Reduced to 28.4% Reduced to 13.7% Replaced 3003 scrub queens with purebreds Organized 7 clubs 1923 Reduced toj 15.1% 1 Reduced t on ‘7.9% Replaced 1922 scrub queens with purebreds Organized 3 clubsPROBLEMS IX APICULTURE—Continued - Methods Goal Results iJroDiem solution 1920 1921 1922 1923 Reducing the number of non - progressive beekeepers Marketing Education of beekeepers thru articles, bulletins, fair exhibits, schools, and demonstrations Enforcement of State Bee Law Organizing beekeepers associations through which orders for supplies may be pooled Education in fundamentals of marketing Holding Annual State Honey Week to stimulate demand Stimulating demand thru articles and displays at fairs and in store windows Association committees which aid in distribution and study of markets Inducing beekeepers to keep cost of production records Holding bee schools and demonstrations Education thru boys and girls bee clubs Educational program through beekeepers Personal work by project leaders Organize state and county associations to assist in marketing as indicated under “solution” Organizing marketing associations wehn the opportune time presents itself Reduce the number of non-progressive beekeepers 50% Organize 16 associations Hold Annual Honey Week Reduced 10% 10 associations organized One State wide Honey Week held Reduced 13% 2 associations organized One State wide Honey Week held 14 cost of production records placed Notations:PROBLEMS IN DAIRYING Analyzed by DON G. MAGRUDER, Extension Specialist in Dairying Problem To improve quality of stock. To improve feeding methods Solution To improve dairy stock. care of To improve marketing of dairy products and dairy stock To save heifers from best cows. To buy well bred females. To use better sire? To cull out poor cows Methods To produce or buy better quality of feeds. To fed proper amounts and kinds of feeds. To feed regularly. To construct and fill silos properly. To construct better dairy barns, covered lots, bull pens and other buildings and use better equipment for care of cattle. To give cattle better care by bedding well, brushing frequently, milking regularly and handling kindly. To prevent and control disease. To improve quality of products thru better handling of milk and better methods of manufacture Showing value of dairy products as food Stock shows and sales Organizing C. T. A. Organizing bull clubs and associations Organizing breeders’ associations Demonstrations Tours Meetings Farm visits Articles Organizing C. T. A. Demonstrations Tours Meetings Farm visits Articles Demonstrations Tours Meetings Farm visits Articles Goal Demonstrations Tours Meetings Articles Farm visits Results 1920 Purebreds placed, 397 Bull clubs organized, 4 Bull Ass’ns organized, 3 Breeders’ ass’ns, 9 Active C. T. Ass’ns, 7 Silos built, 10 Active C. T. A., 7 Buildings planned other than silos, 6 8 Nothing shown in records 1921 No Record Kept No Record Kept No Record Kept No records kept except 8 milk campaigns 1922 Regist’d sires placed, 220, value, $66,000 Organized dairy bull clubs, 5, value $4,500 Organized dairy breeders ass’ns 10 Regist’d females placed, 320, value $48,000 High grade females placed, 2 3 0, value $4,600 Cows in C.T.A., 6 332, value of records, $6 3,-320 Cows fed balanced rations, 309 0, value of balancing rations, $15,450 Silos constructed, 44, value of work $17,600 Dairy barns con structed or remodeled, 7 value of work, $20,000 Cows included in applications for T. B. testing, 40,064 Dairymen assist ed with contagious abortion, 30 Milk campaigns 3 1923FARM CROPS AND SOILS Analyzed by LEONTRD HEGNAUER, Extension Specialist in Crops and Soils PROJ ECT—Wheat Production Acres in State, 1922—Winter, 1,426,000 Acres Spring, 1,000,000 Acres Total, 2,426,000 Acres Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921, 1922 1923 Unprofitable wheat pro- Early summer fallow Demonstrations com- To increase yield 2 3700 acres in- 4500 acres in- 24 demonstra- 9 9 demonstra- duction because of paring varieties bu. per acre volved volved tions tions poor summer fallow Better tillage practices 23,32S acres in- 24,340 acres in- Weed control Sweet clover for wash- Demonstration schools Get 25% of farm- volved volved ing land ers in each com- Conservation of moist- Demonstration tours munity to grow 19,440 bushels 2 72 2 farms in- ure pure seed for own of improved fluenced More liberal use of leg Boys clubs pure seed use seed Soil washing ume crops growing 34,816 acres in- Get 5 farmers in volved Loss of organic matter Better use of manure Bulletins and publicity each county to and nitrogen and straw articles produce pure seed for sale Low yielding varieties Better crop rotation Seed field examinations Get 7 5 % farmers Varieties subject to Use of best varieties ol Seed certificate of merit to use copper car- smut wheat bonate treatment Prepared list of good Large number of var- Reduction of varieties seed Get a few farmers ieties in every district in each county to sow smut proof Low milling quality Good seed treatment wheat fall of 19 2 4 Variety mixtures Grow a field for pure Secure 75% of seed farmers to grow Time and amount to smut proof wheat sow Remove all seed mix- by 1928 tures before harvest Foul seed A number of farmers Smut producing pure seed for sale Single cropping system Clean thresher before j Return of manure, straw threshing seed and stubble i Reclean and grade seed Medium late seeding i i and moderate amount FARM CROPS AND SOILS—Continued PROJECT—Oats and Barley Production Acres in State, 1922— Oats—202,000 Barley—74,000 I Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Unprofitable oat production because of low yielding varieties Variety mixtures Foul seed Crop rotation Loss of organic matter Better tillage methods Smut Fertilization of land Varieties with ability to yield Grow a field for pure seed Remove all seed mixtures before harvest Clean thresher before threshing seed Reclean and grade seed Number of farmers growing clean seed for sale Crop rotation with cultivated and legume crops Fine firm clean seed bed before seeding Return manure and mineral fertilizers Variety demonstrations To increase seed Tours Bulletin and publicity articles Demonstration schools To increase barley and oat yields at least 5 bushels per acre To get 5 farmers in each county to produce pure seed for own use To get 5 farmers in each county to produce pure seed for sale To secure 75% of oat and barley acreage in Victory oats and Hanuch-en barley Demonstrations on Victory oats Hanuchen Barley. Oats—34 demonstrations. 9 34 acres. 10,289 bushels of seed secured Barley—9 demonstrations. 100 bushels of seed secured. Oats—56 demonstrations. 928 acres. 646 farms influenced. 46 30 acres involved. Barley-17 demonstrations. 192 acres. 48 farms influenced. 2522 acres involved. PROJECT—Rye Production Acres in State, 1922—19,000 Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results ‘ 1920 1921) 1923 1922 Insufficient feed for stock. Poor money crop. Low yielding varieties. Variety mixtures. Grow rye regularly for feed and seed. From one-half to two-thirds of area in rye each year. Grow good variety like Rosen. Grow special field for seed. Demonstration. Seed selection. Publicity. Secure sample feed each year. Get 90% of farmers to use Rosen rye. Maintain an abundance of pure seed. Increase yield 2 bushels per acre. 28 20 acres 3000 acres involved 17 demonstrations. 6,066 acres. 10 demonstrations. 160 acres. 68 farms influenced. 520 acres involved.! VIl.M CHOPS—Continued PROJECT—Corn Production Arces in State 1922—67,000 Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 .Low yielding varieties. Use local grown yellow dent variety. Select seed from field before harvest of definite type Store ears in a dry airy place. Test each ear for germination. Rotation of crops in which legumes are found. Shallow frequent cultivation. Fertilize ground just ahead of crop. Demonstrations. Field selection of seed Schools with adults and boys clubs. Bulletins and publicity articles. Get 90% of corn growers to select own seed. Secure 10 men in each county to grow good seed for sale. 77 demonstrations. 9 4 acres. 20 demonstrations. 312 acres. Notations:FARM CROPS—Continued PROJECT—Alfalfa and Other Forage Production Acres in State, 1923—987,000 (Alfalfa and Other Hays) Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 19211 1922 1923 Poor drainage. Sour soil. Soils low in fertility. Poor seed bed. Weeds. Inoculation. Poor Seed. Improper time of seeding. Not maintaining stand. Good drainage and careful selection of soil Add manure and fertilizers, in some cases lime. Use seed free from weeds and high in germination. Prepare a fine, firm, clean seed bed. Use artificial inoculation. Spring sowing on fall plowing or summer-fallow Cultivate old stands after cutting. Sufficient acreage for the needs of every farm. Use Grimm and common northern grown seed. Field demonstrations and field tours. Schools. Publicity articles. Increase distribution until found on every farm. Increase production 1 ton per acre. 89 demonstrations. 322 acres. 39 2 farms influenced. 2 4 51 acres affected. 209 demonstrar tions. 1314 acres. 1254 farms im fluenced. 629 4 acres afU. fected. ' PROJECT—Ensilage Crops Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921: 1922 1923 Insufficient growing of ensilage crops. Oats—vetch, wheat— vetch. Corn. Sunflowers Alfalfa-clovers, sweet clover. Grain (alone) Oats—peas. Demonstrations. Schools. Bulletins and publicity articles. Secure all silage necessary to support livestock and increase livestock if posible. 10 demonstrations. 42 demonstrations. 172 acres. 4 3 demonstrations. 354 acres.r A KM CHOPS—Continued PROJECT—Weed Control Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Rapid spread of morning-glory, Canada thistle, etc. Foul farm seeds. Manure containing weed seeds. Timely and thorough summer fallow. Use of carbon bi-sulphide. Good tillage practices and crop rotation. Special tillage for small patches. Using only clean seed. Field demonstrations. Publicity articles. Control of noxious weeds. About 20 demonstrations on weed control. 209 farms ui>on which better tillage practices were introduced. 22,774 acres involved. Early and improved summer fallow on over 100,000 acres. Demonstrations on carbon bisulphide. Composting manure if danger from weeds. Problem Best varieties for each section. Keep free from mix tures and impurities. Secure sufficient seed of good quality Solution Demonstrate best variety for each section. Grow seed crop on clean land. Remove all mixtures before harvest Thresh with clean machine. Reclean and grade all seed. Set high standards of perfection. A sufficient number of growers producing seed for sale. PROJECT—Pure Seed Methods Field demonstrations. Field examinations. Farm schools. Publicity articles. Certificate of merit. Distribution by sections 5 yr. Goal 75% of seed produced of standard varieties. Results 1920 5425 acres. 1921 8724 acres. 1922 242 farms used i m p roved methods. 1923 844 farms used selected seed. 305 farms had pure seed for sale. 428,000 affected. acresFARM CROPS—Continued PROJECT—Pastures Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Starting pasture. Maintaining a good pasture. Legumes and grass mixtures or legumes alone. Mowing weeds before seeds mature. Harrowing, reseeding, and fertilizing with manure. Demonstrations with adults and members of livestock clubs. Field tours. Publicity. Good pastures for every section. More livestock. 8 demostrations 18 acres. 12 demonstra.’ tions. 39 9 acres. PROJECT—Soil Fertility Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921; 1922 1923 Soil blowing. Washing of soils. Soil leaching. Alkali accumulations Permanent seeding of ravines. Returning of more organic matter. Protect fields with crops and stubble. Deeper plowing. Abandon fall plowing More legume crops. Dissolve salts and drain off. Deep plowing and surface mulching. Remove surface crust. Use gypsum for black alkali. Use alkali enduring crops. Add manure or other vegetable matter. Field demonstrations. Publicity articles. Demonstration schools. Demonstration fields. Publicity articles. Reduce washing by by 80%. Reduction in area. 24 demonstrations. 92 demonstrations. 600 acres treated. 205 demonstrations. 11,337 acres treated. 9 8 demonstra tions. (1603 acres.) 15,877 acres treated. 1510 farms inj fluenced. 77,152 acres af fected. Notations: F A KM €’1101*8—Continued PROJECT—Saving Manure Annual Production of Manure in State,—9,952,244 Tons—Value, $35,714,750 ST ~ r-.r- ; Problem Results Problem Methods Goal 1920 1921 1922 1923 Loss of manure through wastage, burning and leaching. Increase efficiency of manure. Time and manner of of applying. Efficient storage facilities. Larger use of bedding. Saving liquids. Storing under cover. Packing and keeping manure moist. Reinforcing with minerals. Spreading as produced. Plowing under and spreading on surface. Disking after spreading. Building sheds and pits Demonstration. Storage. Application. Demonstration schools. Publicity articles. Bulletins. All manure applied with less than 20 per cent, loss Seed soil fertility A feed shed has been built Notations:FARM CROPS—Continued PROJECT—Commercial Fertilizers Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Economical use of fertilizers. Fertilizers for soil and climate. Manner of using and amount. Fertilizers for special crops. Fertilizers should be used with good cropping system. Apply minerals with organic matter. Phosphates are best for soils other than peat and muck Demonstration plots and fields. Field tours. Extension schools. Publicity articles. Bulletins. Reinforcement of 75% of all manure produced. Reinforcement of 40% of green manure crops. 92 demonstrations. About 600 tons About 1000 tons. Lime for sour soils. Potash usually reinforced with phosphates is best for peat and muck Nitrates and mixed fertilizers are often profitable on special crops. Standard applications per acre—potash salts 160 lbs. and superphosphate 300 lbs. The use of lime must be determined through demonstrations. Notations:PROBLEMS IX FARM MANAGEMENT Analyzed by R. N. MILLER, Extension Specialist in Farm Management Solution Methods Goal Results Problem 1920 19211 1922 1923 Poor size of business To increase the size of business Show at farm management schools, by publicity and by records on individual farms the result of having low, medium, and high size of business in all kinds of farming 2 000 farm records 1826 records 4 surveys 25 schools 41 meetings 240 books 1 survey 3 tours 29 5 schools 1702 books 2 surveys 6 tours 2 3 schools 78 meetings Poor quality of business Improve the quality Thru records kept on farms show the advantage in net farm income from a greater yield per acre from crops, greater production per cow, from hens, hogs, and sheep (included in above) (included in above) (included in above) (included in above) Poor diversity of business Greater diversity of farm products from farms At farm management schools, meetings, by publicity, demonstrate the advantage of a greater diversity of products From records kept each year show the continued advantage of good diversity of business on income, labor distribution and crop yields (included in above) (included m above) (included in above) (included in above) Too great overhead Increase the number and production of herds and flocks to reduce the cost per unit Have farmers keep records to demonstrate on their own farms the overhead costs per unit of production. Show how some men keep down the overhead costs 100 farmers to keep records 10 meetings and schools 1 survey 12 schools 5 tours 1 survey 175 farmsFARM MANAGEMENT—Continued Problem Too low incomes on farms Poor buildings make high cost Solution Show reasons for low income and how some farmers overcome the difficulty Low yields from farm units Better arranged and constructed buildings Methods Better preparation of land Rotation of crops Better use of water Better planting methods Better seed Better stock Show by means of records how some farmers keep their incomes above the average, by using the best known methods of farming, i. e. high yields per acre, per cow, per hen, etc., by means of schools, at meetings, by publicity and by furnishing county agents with the necessary information for demon strations Demonstrate by publicity and by schools the advantage of good shelter for stock and the resulting increase of production. Show the advantage of well-arranged farm layout on labor and labor costs Demonstration farms to show the effect of land preparation, ro tations, use of water, etc. These farms to show results from records kept Berries — Take farm survey of 24 farms (5 Pierce, 5 King, 5 Kitsap, 5 Snohomish, 3 Thurston, 3 Grays Harbor) to have in-formatiipn to use for berry project. From these records determine yields, prices paid for each variety, cost per acre and unit of sales, and reason for high and low incomes. Demonstrate results at schools, meetings and by publicity. Goal 100 records 10 meetings 5 schools 3 meetings 10 demonstrations 2 5 records of field crops 2 4 records of berry 2 5 demonstrations of solution Results 1920 1921 1922 134 records 2 rotation systems planned 6 farms 1923 1 survey 2 00 farms 2 farms 616 farmers in cost records 4 rotation systems planned\ 11M M V\ A(«KMKNT—Continued Problem Low yield from farm units—continued Solution Methods High production costs Too small an amount of hay grown on dairy farms Poor grading and lack of standardization Poor kind of produce Show by records how farmers keep costs down Demonstrate need of more home grown feeds, and secure as sistance of crop specialist in demonstrating best methods Organize associations to promote better grading and standardization Show results in income from growing the most desirable varieties From records now being kept show the advan tage of early hatched over late hatched pul lets From records kept and surveys taken, show by schools, meetings and by publicity the methods the best far mers are using to keep down production costs Demonstrate the percent of total cost for feed, and the amount of feed purchased Show the cost of home grown feed compared to cost of purchased feeds. Show the best varieties of feed that can be grown in each section At meetings and by publicity show the advantage of better grading and standardization on prices and income. Show how to organize to affect changes Demonstrate the yield, prices paid, and demand for the better kinds of produce. The material for demonstration will come from individuals, associations and retailers Goal 2 5 men to keep records of early & late hatched pullets 2 surveys taken in 55 farms 500 farmers to use improved methods 100 farmers to keep cost for de-monstrational figures 10 schools to show results 5 associations for better grading and standardization Results 2 surveys in 1923 4 meetings for results 1920 1921 1922 1923 2 surveys 1 survey 117 farms 67 farmers 4 schools 2 surveys 185 farms 5 tours 52 farmers 8 schools 5 associations organizedFARM MANAGEMENT—Continued Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Poor marketing facilities Demonstrate results from better marketing associations Show the results from the work done by the Washington Cooperative Egg and Poultry Association, Dairymen’s Association, and other outstanding examples of cooperative marketing Show advantage of marketing farm produce thru livestock Secure information and show at 25 meetings and by publicity the advantages of good marketing work 50 farmers to demonstrate the advantage of marketing hay and grain thru livestock 11 association organized 1386 members Many farmers persist in selling below cost of production Demonstrate the cost of production Organize farmers into groups to demonstrate the cost of production 1600 farmers t.o demonstrate the cost 141 322 1623 Better distribution of labor Better planning of crops for an even distribution of labor thru-out the year From surveys taken show the amount and distribution of labor for each crop and the most economical division of the farm for labor distribution Show by means of a survey the best types of labor saving machinery for parts of the state 1995 878 3748 Lack of suitable books for recording farm records Supply this need from the college i Have for distribution suitable records for farm, livestock, dairy poultry and association enterprizes . 1 Notations:PROBLEMS IX HORTICULTURE Analyzed by M. D. ARMSTRONG, Extension Specialist in Horticulture BERRIES Goal Results Problem Solution Method 1920 1921 1922 1928 To improve the quality Better Soil Management Pruning and Thinning Pest and Disease control Field demonstrations Method demonstrations 29 3 men assisted meetings tours were thru and 79 meetings attended by 1577 Whatcom county reports seeding of 4 00 acres of berries to cover 4 2 meetings attended by 1397 To increase the average acreage yield Better Soil Management Pruning and Thinning Pest and Disease control Field meetings Tours Schools crop 200 acres better trelllsed and pruned in same county 7 5 crates per acre added to crop by one grower To Improve the marketability of the berries produced Better Harvesting and Grading Bulletins Newspaper articles FARM GARDEN Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 To encourage a diversified home garden To Increase production To improve the quality of products Better soil management Garden plant culture Standardizing of varieties Pest and disease control Boys and girls clubs Meetings Bulletins News articles m No. of boys and girls clubs, 259 Enrolment, 2441 No. of boys and girls clubs, 173 Enrolment, 1508 No. of boys and girls clubs, 123 Enrolment, 1301 No. of boys and girls clubs, 4 5 Enrolment, 558 Xotations"HORTICULTURE—Continued HOME ORCHARD Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921: 1922 1923 To encourage planting of small diversified home orchards To increase production To improve quality of fruits Better soil management Better pruning Better variety selection Better thinning Better harvesting Better storage Better pest and disease control Boys and Girls Clubs Demonstration orchards Methods demonstrations Field meetings Tours Spray rings Schools Bulletins Newspaper articles LANDSCAPE GARDENING Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 To beautify homes To beautify community grounds Arouse interest Secure adapted plants Execute attractive arrangements Give information on care and cultivation of plants Demonstrations Meetings Field meetings Schools Bulletins Printed articles The following groups were assisted with plans for beautification : 9 schools, 2 homes, 1 courthouse, 1 hospital, 15 public parks or community plots Assistance was given to 135 homes, 11 parks, 21 schools, 3 churches, 1 fairground, 2 athletic fields 42 meetings attended by 1180 people in 29 communities Notations:SOKTICtXTL’llK—Continued TREK FRUITS Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 To increase the percentage of extra fancy fruit To increase the percentage of large sizes To increase the average acre yield To improve the marketability of fruit already produced Better soil management Better pruning Better thinning Better pest control Better harvesting methods Better soil management Better pruning Better thinning Better pest control Better soil management Better pruning Better thinning Better pest control Better frost protection Better harvesting methods Orchard demonstrations Method demonstrations Field meetings Tours Schools Bulletins Printed articles 1920 was the first year that a state program was carried out by a specialist Much of the work was in organizing program 52 meetings were held attended by 2300 Soil management demonstrations in 26 communities 60% of orchard in cover crop 3 pruning demonstrations 29 demonstrations in 4 counties Thinning showed an added value of $3.50 per tree in the demonstration Sizes and grades much improved 1131,650 added value of the crop due to use of fertilisers advocated by the agent in Chelan county 151 pruning meetings, 7 counties report the value of the work to be $22,637 87 thinning demonstrations 95% of Chelan county growers thinned Reported saving $42,500 Three apple packing schools 90 % of all growers now using cover crops In irrigated sections 8 9 pruning meetings held Value reported from 8 counties as $73,657 90% growers in Spokane county using approved methods $165,969 the reported value of good thinning 90% of commercial orchards thinned Codling moth damage much reduced Percentage of 5-tier Winesaps reduced from 54% in 1920 to 35% in 1922 Average production increased from 148 bu. in 1917-1918 to 2 57 bu. in 1923 Notations:HORTICULTURE—Continued NUTS Problem Solution Methods Goal = Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 To find the best adapted varieties of filberts and walnuts and the limits of their adaptation To find a few men able and willing to establish test plantings Better soil management Demonstrations Field meetings Tours To increase yields of plantings already made Better pruning Better pest control Better harvesting and grading methods Schools Bulletins Newspaper articles l'! 1 ! POTATOES Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 19211 1922 1923 To improve the quality To increase the yield per acre To improve the marketability of potatoes already produced Better soil management Better pest control Better seed Better standard varieties Better soil management Better pest control Better seed Better standard varieties Better grading Better packaging Better storing Demonstration fields Method demonstration Field demonstrations Tours Clubs Schools Newspaper articles Bulletins This work as a state project was started in 1920 30 meetings were held, attended by 525 people. No. boys and girls clubs, 49 Enrolment, 139 15 potato rogu-ing demonstrations 15 seed potato meetings 19 grading demonstrations Seed production increased materially No. of boys and girls clubs, 32 Enrolment, 116 50 demonstrations 8 acres of certified seed produced in Spokane county $50,000 added value to Stevens county Burbank, Multnomah, American Wonder, Netted Gem, and White Star established as the standard potato in Western Washington 3 8 7 growers were assisted in getting 16,9 53 bushels of improved seed 9 potato grading demonstrations Grading table introduced in many counties No. of boys and girls clubs, 12 Enrolment, 114 33 meetings attended by 2219 8 counties report value of grading, improved seed and pest control to be $31,162 Boys and Girls clubs, 8 Enrolment, 66iltTllirLTl'BE—Continued TRUCK CBOP8 Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 To improve the quality To increase the yield Better soli management Better seed production Demonstrations Field meetings Assistance given In Franklin county in establishing indus- To Improve the marketability of the truck produced Better seedling management Better field management Better pest control Better grading Better packing Tours Schools Bulletins Newspaper articles try in sweet potatoes, early Irish potatoes, cantaloupes, asparagus, lettuce and ground cherries Better storing Notations:PROBLEMS IN PLANT DISEASES Analyzed by GEORGE L. ZUNDEL, Extension Specialist in Plant Pathology CEREALS Problem Wheat Smut Control 2,494,160 A. planted 41,837,909 bu. yielding yearly 4,900,000 bu. annual loss by smut 623,540 bu. loss by seed injury Oat Smut Control 191,673 A. planted yearly, yielding 8,063,481 bushels 380,34 6 bu. annual loss by smut Solution Seed treatment (CuCo,) Early seeding Smut resistant seed Clean seed selection Use of lime dip following bluestone or for maldehyde treatment Seed treatment (CuCo3) Seed selection Methods Demonstrations Schools Bulletins Newspaper articles Field smut counts Campaign Newspaper articles Must have demonstrations To start in 1924 Demonstrations News articles Bulletin Campaign Demonstrations Bulletins News articles Field smut counts News articles Goal For goals see Extension Bui. 101 P. 14 Results 1920 633,333 limed 1921 10 A treated Nothing done Dropped for copper carbonate 1922 10,000 A treated Nothing done Dropped for copper carbonate 1923 743,000 A treated 50,000 Nothing done Dropped for copper carbonate 150 A treated 2050 A treated POTATOES Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921: 1922 1923 Control of potato Rhi-zoctonia 55,132 A or 5,866,710 bushels. 1,102,640 bu. loss. Seed treatment. Seed selection. Crop rotation. Demonstrations. News articles. Fair exhibits. Bulletins. News articles. Demonstrations. News articles. Project opened. 480 acres seed potatoes (100% seed growers treating seed.) 900 acres seed potatoes. Mosaic and related diseases: 5,500,000 bu. loss. Seed selection. Demonstrations. News articles. Fair exhibit. Bulletins. Just getting started in 1923 Scab: 10,000 bu loss. Soil treatment. Seed treatment. Demonstrations. (same as Rhizoctonia) 18 demonstra- tions in Pend Oreille County. ' L ANT DISEA SES—Con tin tied FRUIT, vegetables, etc. Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921- 1922 1923 Brown rot of stone. Fruits- -''West Side) Apple Mildew. (Yakima and Chelan) California Blight of stone fruits. (Asotin County) Peach Leaf Curl (Asotin and Whitman Counties). Fire Blight. (East Side) Apple and Pear Scab (West Side) Rhizoctonia of Vegetables. Root Rot of Cereals Apple Anthracnose (West Side) Crown Gall of Brambles Collar Rot of Fruit Trees. Raspberry Mosaic. Onion Soft Rot. Loss of $60,000 yearly. 200 carloads. Rot of Lettuce. Loss of $30,000 yearly. 100 carloads. Spraying Orchard Sanitation Spraying Orchard Sanitation Spraying Orchard Sanitation Spraying Tree Surgery Spraying Orchard Sanitation No Solution On Experimentation Spraying Orchard Sanitation Clean Plants. More experimental work. On experimentation. No Solution at Present. No Solution No Solution Demonstrations. Need more experimental work. Bulletin. Bulletins. Controlled di sease 100 per cent with either 4-4-50 Bordeaux or Lime Sulfur spray at Wawawai and Penawawa, in 1920, 1921. Notations:PROBLEMS IN POULTRY Analyzed by W. D. BUCHANAN, Extension Specialist in Poultry Problem Increased Production, a To increase egg production 20 eggs per hen. b To increase the hatchability of eggs 10 per cent. c To increase number pullets raised from chicks hatched 5 per cent. Solution Better balanced rations. Better feeding methods Better housing. Better breeding. Better chicks. More carefully selected breeders. Better care of breeders, involving more range and better feeding. Better care of hatching eggs. Improved incubators and incubator rooms. Improved methods of incubation. More vigorous breeding stock. Better brooders and and brooder methods. Balanced feeds. Sanitation. New or renewed soil. Disease treatment. Methods Feeding Demonstration. Feeding Lectures. Newspaper articles. Culling demonstrations. Pedigreed cockerels placed through an Accredited Hatchery Association. Selection demonstra tions. Lectures. Accredited Hatchery demonstrations. Newspaper articles. Mail-O-Grams. Schools. Supervision of breeding stock and hatcheries. Schools and lectures. Clean soil and demonstrations. Mail-O-Grams. Newspaper articles. Printed instruction on feeds and feeding. Goal Results 1920 19211 1922 10 feeding demonstrations. 41,989 hens culled. 12 90 cockerels placed from dams above 2 00 eggs. No check on goal. No check. 15 % more chicks raised on three yard* with new soil _______1923_______ Held 21 cullin' schools. Almofi 100 per cen£ pedigreed cocE erels in 4 coud ties, over 300 in State. No check on goals. ' Mason count]} Accredited Hatchery: Average hatch 7 2 plus pe;e cent, or 12 pels cent above estimate for the; state. i Average chicks raised per 1000 hatched, 792. Average for supervised chicks, 900.PO UIjTRY—Con tinued Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results Problem 1920 1921 1922 1923 Disease control: a Coccidiosis b Trichomoniasis. c Bacillary White Diarrhea. d Tuberculosis. For Coccidiosis: Soil sanitation treatment, crude catechu or copper sulphate For Trichomoniasis: Same. For Bacillary White Diarrhea: Blood test of breeding stock For Tuberculosis: Destruction of infected fowls Soil demonstrations Schools Lectures Treatment tests Mail-O-Grams Newspaper articles. For White Diarrhea we are doing nothing Showed improvement in 9 5 % of flocks reared on new soil Showed some improv ement from treatment No definite check on 19 23 results. Increased Profit. Higher production Lower cost Efficient marketing On east side more volume, better quality Production given under Problems 1 and 2 Costs checked by cost account books kept on the farm and analyzed in office Publicity 900 cost accou in 1922, 150 r 1200 placed in ing in. Marketing on W ficiently handl ington Coopera try Associatio nt books placed eturned 192 3. Just com- est side very ef-?,d through Wash-;iveEggand Poul-n. Encourage cooperative marketing Some local mark formed on Eas eting associations t side. Notations:CLOTHING E. BELLE ALGER, Extension Specialist in Clothing Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 To make up for lack of training in home making among rural women of State To raise dress standards To teach the following: Fundamental processes in sewing Making and use of dressform Pattern alteration Foundation pattern Making and selection of hats Textile testing An appreciation of good materials Training schools for leaders Demonstration meetings conducted by leaders, agent and specialists Girls’ clubs Bulletins Radio Mailograms Publicity articles Fairs To improve buying methods among rural women and thereby raise dress standards To develop home demonstrators in improved clothing practices To establish in Spokane, Walla Walla, Yakima, King, Pierce, Thurston, Grays Harbor, Sonhomish, Skagit and Whatcom Counties clothing information centers Y/omen exhibiting at fairs work representative of project Completed junior demonstrations— 1500 Complete outfits (junior)—100 Buying demonstrations (junior)-500 Millinery demonstrations (junior) —300 Construction demonstrations-! 2 00 Miscellaneous-50 Dressforms 1068 Garments 2606 Hats 2391 Saving $33,819.00 Dressforms 3150 Garments 3091 Hats 3263 Saving $84,811.00 Dressforms 5232 Garments 4130 Hats 3004 Saving $83,284.00 Dressforms 2329 Garments 7039 Hats 4459 Saving $58,077.00 Notations:PROBLEMS IN NUTRITION Analyzed by MARY SUTHERLAND, Extension Specialist in Nutrition Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Under-nourishment Use of proper food, proper quantities of cei'-tain foods and proper amount of sleep Hot school lunches Increase schools using ho: school lunches by 20% Decrease percent of under - nourished children 15% Work in 12 counties 32 hot school lunches installed affecting 7,749 children 41 hot school lunches installed affecting 4,937 children 158 hot school lunches installed affecting 10,586 children Interest entire family in proper use of foods Nutrition classes Decrease percent of under-weight children in community by 10% 51 children enrolled 13 children brought up to normal 32 making more than normal gains 29 5 chidren enrolled 6 5 children brought up to normal 182 making more than normal gains 2,868 children enrolled 6 2 0 children brought up to normal 6 8 5 making more than normal gains Under-nourishment preschool age Use the proper food products like milk, vegetables and whole grain cereals Nutrition classes Decrease percent of under - weight in 10 communities and 8 counties by 5 percent. 6 feeding demonstrations 346 feeding demonstrations 3 08 feeding demonstrations Family nutrition Interest entire family in proper use of foods Use meal planning calendar for food habits In 4 communities each in 12 counties secure 6 women in 10 groups 739 families adopted suggestions 3,979 families adopted suggestions 2,40 5 families adopted suggestions Milk campaign with pre and post surveys Increase daily consumption of milk 30% in counties where milk campaign was held 3 campaigns reaching 46,689 children 8 campaigns reaching 57,4 9 8 children 3 campaigns reaching 17,77 4 chidren Increase use of milk with lunch 50% increase Notations:Animals in State Swine—217,000 Sheep—520,000 Beef—253,000 Horses—278,000 PROBLEMS IN LIVESTOCK Analyzed by C. M. HUBBARD, Extension Specialist in Livestock PROJECT—Improving Quality of Livestock Problem Lack of quality in at least half of the state’s livestock One-half of sires in use in state are grades and scrubs Solution Replace grade and scrub sires with good purebreds Castrate all inferior male animals, whether purebreds, grades or scrubs U.S.D.A. figures show purebreds to be 40% more efficient than grades and scrub sires Methods Better sire publicity Meetings to discuss greater merit of purebred sires Agents and specialists to locate and help select good purebred sires Sire sales Livestock tours Judging demonstrations Better sire pledge Result demonstrations Production of better purebred sires 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 To place 22 5 or more purebred sires each year To place 383 purebred females 1921 94 purebred sires placed purebred females placed 1922 S4 purebred sires placed 357 purebred females placed 1923 18 2 purebred! sires placed 317 purebred females placed Notations:LIVESTOCK—Continued PROJECT—A Greater and More Efficient Swine Production f Jan. 1, 1920—264,747 Jan. 1, 1921—236,000 Total Hogs in State j ^ ^ 1922_197i000 ^ Jan. 1,1923—217,000 Farms in State—66,288 (1920 census) Problem Not enough hogs raised in Washington In 1922 $700,000 worth of hogs shipped into Northwest Too large a proportion of grade and scrub brood sows Many farmers do not balance rations for growing and fattening swine Poor management causes heavy losses Solution Too many hogs marketed at time of year when prices are low High point in swine market occurs during first half of Sept., followed immediately by severe drop One brood sow for each farm in state Increase use of purebred sows in pork production U.S.D.A. shows that purebred hogs are 38% more efficient than ordinary grades and scrubs Many of state’s best farmers only use purebreds for pork production Increase use of nitrogenous supplements Increase use of pasture At least 4.5 pigs must be saved from each litter in order to break even on expenditures Better hog shelter Pasture rotation Save greater per cent of pig crop More exercise for bred sow State average 5.5 pigs saved to the litter Place more hogs on market on or shortly before Sept. 15 each year Methods State wide publicity Swine lectures Publicity Swine club work Purebred sow sales Ton litter contests Judging demonstrations Swine tours State wide publicity Feeding demonstrations Feeding lectures Result tours State wide publicity Swine shelter demonstrations Management lectures State wide publicity Arrange for similar farrowing dates and fattening periods in grain communities and crowding of pigs for market 5 yr. Goal Average of 1 brood sow to the farms Increase number of purebred hogs in state from 3.8% up to 8.0 % Sub-goals 15% increase in swine club enrollment each yr. for 5 years on basis of 4 54 in 1922 Hold 6 swine sales annually Conduct Ton litter contest in 1923- 1924 One or more feeding demonstrations in 9 counties each year Secure 15% increase in pigs saved Decrease loss thru internal and external parasites Put demonstration on in one community each ten years Results 1920 1921 1922 10% increase m swine over 1921 1923 Reasonable progress being made 388 swine club members enrolled £ 4 3 members raised 16 0 8 hogs Assisted with 4 swine sales in which purebred sows were sold to farmers Held Ton litter contest Assisted in placing 242 bred sows and gilts 8 feeding demonstrations held in 4 counties Specialist wrote 13 hog articles covering breeding, feeding, and management problemsS .1VESTOCK—(’on tinned PROJECT—A Greater and More Efficient Sheen Production Total sheep in state in 1900 „ 1910 „ 1920 624,000 1921—555,000 1922—500,000 1923—520,000 Wool production in 1900— ,, 1910— ,, ,, „ 1920—5,201,000 pounds „ 1921—4,421,000 pounds ,, 19 2 3- Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Not enough sheep in state Sheep population has decreased by head, between 1910 and 1923 Not a sufficient number of good purebred rams raised in state to care for state requirements More farm flocks Climate and feeds adapted to sheep raising Necessary number of range and flock rams can be raised in state at a profit Encourage development of purebred flocks in four counties Publicity of state wide nature Lectures Sheep clubs Bring buyer and seller together Farm flock questionnaire Assist in selecting high class purebred ewes Assistance in selecting choice imported and homebred rams Sheep tours Judging demonstrations Sheep club work Material increase in farm flocks Annual increase of 10 % in sheep club members based on 43 in 1922 Decrease in club members, 18 £ enrolled Develop 1200 necessary purebred rams in state by 1926 Kittitas county had 3 purebred Hampshire flocks with 43 purebred ewes 14 purebred Hampshire flocks with 349 purebred ewes Encourage showing of sheep at fairs Fitting for show demonstrations Publicity Feeding and management .lecturesLIVESTOCK—Continued PROJECT—A Greater and More Efficient Sheep Production (Cont’d) Problem Solution Methods Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Develop lamb feeding industry in Washington Interest alfalfa growers in the irrigated sections State College experiments indicate that cutback lambs can be profitably fattened in Washington State wide publicity Lamb feeding meetings Standard rations outlined Lamb feeding to be cost accounted Have industry on its feet in 19 26 Publicity given movement thru irrigated sections 8 lamb feeder meetings were held with attendance of 440 Poor flock management causes heavy losses Poor quality of native lambs on market Better ration Good shelter Pasture rotation State wide publicity Use of purebred sires of same breed each season Assist in installing 3 dipping vats each year until 1926 2 flock culling demonstrations conducted 3 dipping vats installed Lambs marketed too late in season Too low price for lambs and wool Grade up flocks Cull out light shearing ewes Cooperative marketing of wool and lambs Dip for sheep ticks Dock and castrate market lambs Cull out ewes showing lighter than flock average Dipping vat installation demonstration Plowing of old pastures and lots Castrating and docking demonstrations Notations:LIVESTOCK—Continued PROJECT—A More Efficient Beef Production w Total beef cattle in State, Total beef cattle in State, Total beef cattle in State, Jan. 1, 1921—269,000 head Jan. 1, 1922—261,000 head Jan. 1, 1923—253,000 head Problem Solution Methods 5 yr. Goal Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Lack of proper type of •‘farmers” cattle drier part of state’s dry farming sections Indicates that highly specialized dairy cattle will not give re suits in sections where only wheat or rye can be grown Cost of fattening steers is too high Imnrove purebred herds Many small breeders do not know correct type to breed to Dual purpose type of cattle needed Cattle capable of producing family supply of milk and good beef calf needed Feed more silage and other succulence to fatten steers Indicates that the addition of succulent feeds, such as silage, mill beet pulp, etc., will increasingly gain without adding to the cost of gain, etc. Better breeding stock Better feeding management Bring in purebred dual purpose bulls Put on fattening demonstrations Publicity Demonstration meetings Beef club work Breed tours Judging demonstrations Assist in selecting high class herd sires Bring into Douglas Co. a number of purebred dual purpose bulls each year until 1926 Steer fattening demonstrations in 2 counties Meetings at demonstrations 10% increase in beef club work each year on basis of 39 enrolled in 1922 Breed tours in 4 counties Judging demonstrations in 7 counties I milking shorn horn bulls pla ced No steer fatten- l ing demonstra-i tions 21 mem'berg; enrolled Breed tours in 2 counties Judging demonstrations in 7 counties Notations:LIVESTOCK—Continued PROJECT—Greater Production of Sound, Heavy Draft Horses Total Horses in State, 1923—278,000 Problem Solution Results 1920 1921 1922 1923 Not enough of better class farm mares being bred Mares of state 8 years old and older. Materially increase breeding of farm mares Publicity Lectures a Reports indicate strong increase in the breeding of farm mares over 1922 and 1921' seasons Very few colts being raised in state Many mares becoming too old to breed Too many light boned pony built horses Not enough heavy sound drafters carrying quality Small, light boned horses cost more to produce than they are worth Use sound heavy draft stallions Sound heavy draft teams selling from $400 to $500 Publicity Lectures Judging demonstrations 4 publicity articles written on horse breeding 4 horse judging demonstrations given Notations:^ 'Vi s'- * i - r r* ~ ~ " ■R;k/kr ‘ University of Washington Library Date Due jsfr?n£k W-’. $9i M ar fmm "1 jujj 1 I ffijf 4 VS /*! IIiW 1 S 1^2 P rrfi nn« 3 v/* 0 U’» 1 | MV: 1 R M- fi. I 1 • /Vi i ■"r 5 ffia sugc EL dec ^ 919S5 lET'D 3"* fit * a - flf ^f' n p S. F. No. 3173—1937. 10M 2-37 1107-Z.39352012588174 630.9797 Wa7a