FORESTR7
STATE OF WASHINGTON .
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Bureau of Statistics and Immigration
I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State
Ex-Officio Commissioner
THE LOGGED-OEE LANDS
OP
WESTERN WASHINGTON
By 11. B. GILES
Deputy Commissioner
OLYMPIA, WASH.:
E. L. Boardman, Public Printer.
1911.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Office of the
Bureau of Statistics and Immigration.
Olympia, June 20, 1911.
Hon. I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio Commissioner.
Sir—Pursuant to your instructions, I have prepared and
have the honor to transmit herewith a report dealing with the
logged-off lands of the western half of this state, with a recom¬
mendation that an edition of 10,000 copies of same be published
for general distribution in connection with the work of this
department.
Respectfully,
H. F. Giles,
Deputy Commissioner.
Approved for publication, July 1, 1911.
I. M. Howell,
Ex-Officio Commissioner.
324981
Table of Contents
Page
Foreword 7
Introduction 9-18
Characteristics of region 10
Climate of Western Washington 11
Agriculture a leading industry 13
Transportation 13
Power development 13
Urban development 14
Educational advantages 15
Scenery and hunting 15
Methods of clearing land 15
Climatological table 18
County groups 19-39
Whatcom, Skagit, San Juan, and Island 19-23
Snohomish, King and Pierce 23-26
Clallam, Jefferson and Kitsap 27-31
Chehalis, Mason, Thurston, Pacific and Lewis 32-36
Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, Clarke, Skamania and Klickitat 36-39
Individual crop reports by the farmers 40-58
Individual experiences in land clearing, marketing produce, etc...59-63
County assessors’ estimates 64-65
Concluding statements 66-67
Table of livestock in Western Washington 68-69
Incorporated towns and population -. 70-71
Secretaries of commercial organizations 70-71
View of the Forest Primeval before any timber is cut.
FOREWORD.
This publication has been prepared especially for the benefit
of the outside inquirer, with the hope that it may answer many
questions concerning the western half of the great State of
Washington—a state which probably offers to the prospective
settler greater inducements than does any other equal area of
the western hemisphere.
The eastern part of the state has already been fairly well
covered by the pamphlet, entitled “The Irrigated Lands of the
State of Washington,” recently issued by this department. It
is felt that these two pamphlets will give a very good idea of
the agricultural advantages of the state, while the “Population
Statistics of the State of Washington,” just published, will
show the progress of the past twenty years as manifested by
the United States census report for 1910. Any of these pam¬
phlets will be mailed on request.
It is with considerable regret that, owing to the rather
slender appropriation given this department by the last legis¬
lature, the size of this publication, as originally planned,
has of necessity been materially diminished; and much
important data, which could easily have been collected by a
representative in the field, has had to be neglected; since the
existing force is far from sufficient to discharge the office duties
and also gather such statistical information as would be of great
value in the preparation of a work of this nature.
The prospective settler will do well to refer to the list of com¬
mercial organizations published herein, and communicate with
the secretaries in such localities that seem to attract him. Each
of these will be glad to send further information concerning
his particular section.
Due thanks is extended to all persons or organizations that
have been in any way instrumental in offering aid or courtesy
to the department in the preparation of this work.
Piling Logs and Stumps with a Donkey Engine; much more rapid than the old way of burning in small piles,
INTRODUCTION.
With the exception of certain parcels of prairie and river
bottom land inconsiderable in extent, almost the entire land area
of western Washington was once covered with a dense timber
growth. The more important varieties of forest trees repre¬
sented, include the yellow fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock.
Since the days of its early settlement, lumbering and sub¬
sidiary enterprises have constituted the leading industry of the
section, and at present Washington outranks all other states in
the Union in the value of its annual output of lumber and lumber
products.
The operations of the loggers began at tide water where the
giant tree trunks could readily be assembled in rafts and towed
to the mills. With the growth of the industry, the interior
country was penetrated, particularly along the courses of the
larger streams, upon which the logs could be floated in their
journey to market. Later on, the railroads came, and in addi¬
tion to the service supplied by the great trans-continental sys¬
tems, numerous logging railroads have been constructed for
the purpose of developing the more distant timbered areas.
Left in the wake of the timberman are tens of thousands of
acres of “logged-off” or cut over lands, which are now in process
of being converted into farms, pastures and orchards.
It is the purpose of this report to consider the agricultural
advantages offered by these lands from the standpoint of re¬
sults already accomplished, and to place in the hands of inter¬
ested homeseekers such additional information as will be of serv¬
ice to them in their quest for a location.
10
Logged-Off Lands
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION.
The chief physical features of the district under consideration
include the Olympic mountains, the Puget Sound basin, the
Cascade mountains, a portion of the Columbia river, and the
two indentations of the ocean, known respectively as Grays and
Willapa harbors.
The Olympic mountains constitute the coast range and pre¬
sent a rough, rugged series of peaks that have proven at once
the glory and despair of many an ambitious mountain climber.
These mountains extend in a general north and south line a
distance of more than one hundred miles, from near the Straits
of Juan de Fuca, until they are bisected by the valley of the
Chehalis river.
Roughly paralleling the Olympics, some 120 miles to the
eastward, lies the Cascade range, the great natural wall separat¬
ing western from eastern Washington. Numerous mountain
streams, findings their sources in the summits of the Cascades,
present remarkable opportunities for power development, as
yet only partially utilized. The timber and mineral wealth of
these mountains and their foot hills are also important agencies
that are contributing largely to the general prosperity of the
district.
Between the two mountain ranges, above described, is located
the great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore line of
this magnificent body of water is more than 2,000 miles in ex¬
tent, and on its borders are located Seattle, the metropolis
of the state; Tacoma, Everett, Bellingham, Olympia, Port
Townsend, and other growing communities. Ships of all nations
load and discharge their cargoes at the various Puget Sound
ports, and the annual volume of foreign trade registered by the
federal customs authorities at Port Townsend is in excess of
$50,000,000.00.
Willapa and Grays harbors are located on the ocean side of
the state and each is developing several important and rapidly
expanding shipping and industrial centers, chief of which are
Aberdeen, Hoquiam, South Bend and Raymond.
Western Washington
11
The Columbia river constitutes about one-third of the south¬
ern boundary of the state. It is open to the commerce of the
world at its mouth, and steamers of light draft ply its waters
for hundreds of miles in its course through the state.
The completion of the Panama canal will have an important
bearing upon the development of the commercial interests of
both the country tributary to the Columbia river and the sea¬
ports of the state. The decrease in freight rates from the At¬
lantic coast to the distributing centers of Washington, that will
follow the opening of the canal, will tend to broaden the trade
influence of this whole state and contribute largely to the de¬
velopment of all its great manufacturing and agricultural in¬
dustries.
CLIMATE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON.
In speaking of the climate of the district under consideration,
special reference is made to the valleys and lower uplands.
There is such a wide variety of altitude in western Washington,
that almost every kind of climate is represented in some section.
The highly developed districts of this portion of the state, how¬
ever, are confined largely to the shore line of the salt water and
to the lands of the river valleys, and speaking with special refer¬
ence to these more thickly inhabited portions of the district, it
may be said that the climate is uniform and equable. There
are no extremes either of heat or cold. The characteristic
feature of the winter climate is a heavy rainfall which continues
for a period of several months. The summer climate is delight¬
ful ; the days being for the most part warm and sunny, and the
nights having invariably a pleasing coolness. By reason of its
desirable summer climate, western Washington is rapidly at¬
taining a national reputation as a great summer playground.
The unusually heavy rainfall makes irrigation unnecessary, and
nearly all crops mature successfully without the aid of an arti¬
ficial water supply.
Char-Pitting on Farm of State Training School at Chehalis, Lewis County.
Western Washington
13
AGRICULTURE A LEADING INDUSTRY.
Conditions of soil and climate in western Washington have
conspired to make agriculture one of the leading and most im¬
portant industries in which the citizens engage. The abundant
rainfall mentioned in the foregoing discussion of the climate,
suggests the adaptability of the district to the dairying indus¬
try. Washington is known from its great timber growth as
the “Evergreen State,” and western Washington may easily
claim the same title by reason of its evergreen pastures. In
recent years the dairying industry has attained enormous pro¬
portions, and dairymen have been encouraged by the establish¬
ment of several large milk condensing factories which absorb all
their surplus products at very favorable prices. It follows
naturally that hay is a leading crop, and with this may be in¬
cluded potatoes and all other root crops, small and tree fruits,
and some grain. On the delta lands at the river mouths, oats
and a soft wheat, suitable for feed, are produced in enormous
quantities.
TRAN SPORT ATION.
Western Washington being the site of several seaport cities
is equally well provided with transportation both by rail and
water. The Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Milwaukee
systems, Canadian Pacific and the Oregon & Washington Rail¬
road & Navigation Co. all have terminal facilities in the cities
of Puget Sound, and from these same cities steamship lines pro¬
vide transportation to Alaska, California and to the Orient.
Huge freighters also sail regularly to and from the great marts
of Europe.
POWER DEVELOPMENT.
Numerous mountain streams, flowing into Puget Sound and
into the ocean inlets, provide an inexhaustible supply of water
powder which may be readily converted into electric energy.
The opportunities thus offered have already been seized in many
places and there is scarcely a village so small but that it is pro¬
vided with electric light and power. This same service is rapidly
14
Logged-Off Lands
being extended to the rural sections and many of the farms are
equipped with up-to-date machinery operated by electricity.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
The astonishing growth of the cities of western Washington
during the past decade, as indicated by the recent census re¬
turns, shows something of the market facilities afforded to
farmers locating in this section.
The growth of some of the more important of these cities
during the period mentioned is shown by the following table:
Population
Population
Per Cent.
City.
1910
1900
Increase
Aberdeen
13,660
3,747
261.3
Anacortes
4,168
1,476
181.7
Bellingham
24,298
11,062
119.6
Centralia
7,311
1,600
356.9
Chehalis
4,507
1,775
153.9
Everett
24,814
7,838
216.5
Hoquiam
8,171
2,608
213.3
Olympia
6,996
3,863
73.3
Port Townsend
4,181
3,443
21.4
Puyallup
4,544
1,884
141.2
Seattle
237,194
80,671
194.2
Snohomish
3,244
2,101
183.8
South Bend
3,023
711
325
Tacoma
83,743
37,714
122.4
Vancouver
9,300
3,126
197.5
By reason of this great centralization of population, the
problem of providing food stuffs for the cities of western Wash¬
ington has been forced sharply into prominence. To supply
food for one-half million city dwellers is a staggering task, and
when it is understood that a very large proportion, perhaps
more than one-half of the food consumed in the cities above
mentioned is brought in by rail and steamers from other states,
an idea may be formed of the opportunity that awaits the in¬
dustrious and thrifty farmer. In some of the cities, public
markets are maintained where the producer meets the consumer
direct and sells his product without reference to any middle
agent. In this way the farmer secures a fair price for what
he grows, and the buyer is given the advantage of purchasing
fresh products direct from the grower at reasonable rates.
Western Washington
15
EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES.
The foundation for the public school system in the State of
Washington has been laid on broad and intelligent lines. The
state received upon admission to the Union an endowment of
lands which in time will bring into the public treasury an amount
not less than fifty millions of dollars. This money constitutes
a permanent and irreducible fund, no part of the principal of
which can be expended for any purpose.
As the lands are sold, the returns are invested in interest-
bearing securities, and this revenue, which is constantly in¬
creasing, will in time contribute a very large proportion of the
annual expenditures for public school purposes. At the present
time only about one-tenth of these lands have been disposed of,
and for school purposes an annual tax is levied in the different
districts which, together with the revenue from the above men¬
tioned source, provides a total sum of $10.00 for each pupil in
attendance at the public schools. Educational experts, who
have investigated the school system of this state, are unanimous
in the verdict that no state offers better or more complete facili¬
ties for the education of its children.
SCENERY AND HUNTING.
To its other advantages, western Washington adds the at¬
tractive feature of grand and awe-inspiring scenery. The whole
section offers an ever-changing view of snow-clad mountains,
evergreen hills and mountain streams, and the arms of the ocean,
which reach into the interior, are studded and gemmed with
hundreds of beautiful islands and with scores of land-locked
bays and harbors.
The woods and mountain slopes afford all manner of sport
for hunters, while the waters of the mountain streams and the
salt water inlets abound with all kinds of fish.
METHODS OF CLEARING LAND.
As the lands of western Washington come from the hands of
the loggers, they present a forbidding and difficult problem.
Many of the giant fir and cedar stumps attain a diameter in
100 to 125 Bushels of Oats on Western Washington Land, after clearing.
Western Washington
17
excess of ten feet, and the task of removing them would appear
at first sight almost hopeless. Modern science and genius have
been successfully brought to bear upon the problem, however,
and it is now merely a question of the investment of so much
money to clear up and place under cultivation any given area
of land. Several methods are followed in doing this work.
Originally the settler attacked the stump with axe and mattock
and by dint of keeping everlastingly at it succeeded in clearing a
space sufficient for the family garden.
As the importance of the problem was realized, other methods
were devised and authorities differ as to which of these methods
is the most economical and practical, although every one of
them claims its list of ardent supporters. A great many favor
the use of giant powder with which the stump is blown from
place, the fragments being collected and burned. The donkey
engine and stump puller are also in common use, and both have
proven effective in clearing up the land. More recently what is
known as the “Char Pit System” has come into use, and under
certain conditions has proven exceptionally satisfactory. This
method was brought into prominence by Prof. H. W. Sparks,
superintendent of the Department of Farm Demonstration of
the Washington State College. In applying this method, the
bark is first removed from the stump and a ring of kindling
some six or eight inches thick is then formed around the stump;
the kindling is covered with sod and lumps of clay, with the
exception of a small opening where the fire is applied. When
the entire circle of kindling is ignited, the opening is likewise
closed over with sods and the fire is thus driven into the heart
of the stump. When properly prepared, such a fire will burn
completely through the stump, and if given some further at¬
tention, will follow the roots of the tree into the ground and
burn them entirely out—thus leaving the land ready for the
plow.
The state college authorities have experimented and compiled
data upon all of these various methods of land clearing, and
upon application to the college authorities, full descriptions of
the different methods will be given together with the cost of each.
—2
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR WESTERN WASHINGTON FOR THE YEAR 1910.
(Compiled from report of U. S. Weather Bureau.)
Temperature (degrees Fahrenheit).
STATIONS.
Western Division.
Counties.
Elevation, fee
.Length of |
Record,yrs.
Annual
mean.
Highest.
Date.
Lowest.
^ Date.
Length of
Record, yrs.
Total for
the year.
Greatest
monthly.
1
Month.
Least
monthly.
Month.
Total
snowfall.
No. rainy day
No. clear
days.
No. partly
cloudy das.
'O
3
o .
*3 OT
6 *
Prevailing dir
tion of wind.
Aberdeen.. TS
Cheh alis....
162
20
49.5
89
July 10
17
Jan. 2t
20
86.03
15.31
Nov.
0.29
July
3.0
164
44
261
60
w
60
16
49 4
86
16
17
28.21
4.66
Dee.
0.00
July
9.5
138
138
161
66
9.00
5
50.5
93
11
5
80.45
14.66
0.64
129
142
38
185
60
16
50 9
86
12
Feb. 21
16
36.97
7.35
Dec.
0.05
15.0
100
161
100
103
Blaine
Whatcom ..
67
14
48^0
86
July 10
12
Jan. 4
14
46.49
9.40
Nov.
0.00
July
24.0
156
110
148
107
sw
30
43.70
11.51
T.
July
131
535
4
59.64
10.75
Nov.
0.07
July
37.1
130
122
41
202
212
18
5.08
96
15
18
55.73
12.64
Nov.
0.00
July
1.0
146
99
155
111
s
Clearbrook
Whatcom ..
140
S
47.5
93
July 10
12
Jan. 2t
8
63.83
14.79
Nov.
0.02
July
24.0
135
81
121
163
s
135
15
IS
15
Detroit . ...T2
30
3
50.6
95
July 10
19
3
65.95
16.03
Nov.
0.00
July
4.5
147
134
110
121
s
Duckabush ..T24S22.
Jefferson...
380
3
49.0
93
July 11
13
Jan. 2
3
75.10
16.48
Nov.
0.20
Aug.
45.3
157
88
109
146
sw
KOO
16
9
16
4S0
2
98
July 10
22
Jan. 4t
397
8
58.45
9.06
1.06
July
156
84
101
179
nw
775
5
97
July 10
9
5
950
14
13
14
Lester.... T7S7
1,614
7
47.5
98
6
7
55.94
10.80
Feb.
0.10
July
161.5
148
31
179
w
14
2
77
26
2
79.38
16.61
0.06
July
0
188
45
140
180
nw
Mt. Pleasant. .T1S1..
Skamania..
650
u
51.7
96
July 10
12
Jan. 12
H
54.36
10.48
Nov.
0.00
July
144
178
57
129
w
211
9
48.9
74
21
9
52.63
10.94
0.13
July
0.1
188
48
99
218
Olga
San Juan...
50
21
48.8
77
July 10
14
Feb. 21
21
35.78
6.95
Dec.
T.
July
10.1
118
130
110
125
se
Olympia
Thurston...
200
33
50.1
91
July lot
19
Jan. 2t
33
62.96
14.41
Nov.
0.00
July
6.5
145
118
80
166
sw
Port Crescent
Clallam ....
259
16
45.3
90
July 10
16
Feb. 21
16
41.19
8.92
Nov.
T.
July
15.6
156
61
188
116
s
Port Townsend
Jefferson...
80
19
49.7
85
July 20
20
Jan. 2
21
17.40
2.47
Dec.
0.32
July
6.2
125
107
61
186
nw
Quiniault
300
4
94
16
4
123
20
50.9
86
July 10
22
20
34.20
8.47
0.01
13.2
134
51
127
187
38
14
10
14
51.04
8.43
0.59
July
156
101
129
135
510
1
103
July 20
10
1
Snohomish..T3S2 ...
Snohomish .
100
17
49.6
94
July 11
12
Jan. 2
17
39.58
7.43
Nov.
0.33
July
18.5
163
120
50
193
nw
667
10
50.5
96
14
12
59.27
11.00
0.02
July
173
193
1
171
South Bend
16
89
16
State University. ,T7
King
170
2
49.6
88
July lot
18
Jan. 2
9
36.53
8.36
Nov.
0.11
July
20.3
145
117
65
183
s
Sumner..T2
77
3
49.5
83
13
3
45.31
8.61
T.
7.0
156
115
75
175
Tacoma
213
25
50.6
91
22
25
45.42
9.65
0.01
July
9.9
150
95
96
174
Tatoosh Island
Clallam ....
86
26
47.8
72
July 10
25
Feb. 21
26
67.14
12.98
Nov.
0.13
July
2.7
196
52
'87
226
s
Vancouver
100
36
52.7
101
July 10
15
36
38.54
8.78
0.02
July
12.0
139
98
115
152
40
22
49.5
84
23
22
48.80
12.34
0.00
July
6.0
163
137
35
193
Yale
Cowlitz
375
4
50.8
96
July 10
11
Jan. 2
4
98.53
23.25
Nov.
0.00
July
59.0
146
127
126
113
sw
Precipitation (inches).
Sky.
Figures following name of station indicate number of days missing from record, and when accompanied by letters, indicate division of table to
which figures apply, e. g., four days missing from temperature record; H, highest temperature; L, lowest temperature; R, range of temperature;
P, precipitation; S, sky; W, wind, t Other dates also.
GO
Logged-Off Lands
Western Washington
19
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
The northwesterly portion of the State of Washington con¬
sists of four counties; Whatcom and Skagit, two of the largest
counties in the state; and San Juan and Island, two of the
smallest. These four counties comprise an area of about 4,453
square miles, possess a population of 86,562 people and an ag¬
gregate total value of all taxable property of $111,526,134.00.
In point of resources, climate, rainfall, soil, occupations, mar¬
kets, etc., these several counties approach a degree of great
similarity; while the common interests, due partly to location,
tend to unite the people still more in their efforts to develop the
wonderful resources that as yet have been scarcely touched.
PHYSICAL FEATURES.
The northern boundary line of Whatcom county coincides
with the boundary line of the United States, while its southern
line separates it from Skagit county just to the south. These
two counties are about the same in width, length and area, al¬
though Whatcom has a much greater population. Both have
for the western boundary the beautiful waters of Puget Sound;
while their eastern limits extend well into the Cascade moun¬
tains, which form a kind of backbone to the entire state. Skagit
is particularly fortunate in possessing the largest and longest
river in western Washington. This river, named after the
county through which it flows, drains a country extending from
the western sfope of the Cascade range clear to the sound, and
containing thousands of acres of logged-off lands close to well
developed farms that are famous for their wonderful productive¬
ness. Whatcom county possesses several smaller streams, the
largest of which is the Nooksack, flowing through quite an ex¬
panse of logged-off area.
Lying to the west and southwest of the above mentioned
counties, well out in the straits and extending southward into
Puget Sound, are many islands, large and small, part of which
A Modern Dairy Barn, Housing 120 Head of Milch Cows,
Western Washington
21
belong to Skagit and Whatcom counties but by far the greater
number of them forming the counties of Island and San Juan.
Mountain, valley, stream, and inlet combine with soil and cli¬
mate to make this region one of the most enchanting in the
world and it will no doubt increase in fame as its beauties be¬
come better known. The largest islands are San Juan, Orcas
and Lopez in San Juan county, and Whidby and Camano in
Island.
RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.
The main resources of this region consist of its vast beds of
minerals, great forests of timber, innumerable shoals of fish,
stone and lime quarries, and wonderfully rich soil; offering to
the settler, besides the splendid agricultural advantages, rare
opportunities to engage in various kinds of manufacturing,
lumbering, stock raising, dairying, poultry raising, mining, and
dozens of other minor occupations. In Skagit county is found
one of the largest Portland cement factories in the world, which
gets its supply of lime from the San Juan islands, where an in¬
exhaustible store of this is found.
LOGGED-OFF LANDS.
While most of the land in Island county has been logged-off,
there still remains in the other counties vast areas of standing
timber, made up chiefly of fir, cedar, spruce, larch and hemlock.
Many mills established in various parts are rapidly clearing
these lands of their most marketable timber, leaving them in
the so-called logged-off condition. Much of this land is among
the very best in the world and can be purchased at nominal
prices, often as low as $10 per acre. Once put into shape for
the plow they will spring into values ranging from $100 to
$200 per acre, according to location and character of soil.
Upon these lands, which are within reasonable distance of good
markets and with excellent transportation facilities, can be
raised splendid crops that include nearly all varieties of garden
and farm products known to the temperate zone, chief of which
are hay, potatoes, oats, and fruits. The fruits include apples,
Logged-Off Lands
pears, prunes, and all kinds of berries, which are in their element
here, while some of the lands in the LaConner flats have been
known to produce as high as 200 bushels of oats to the acre.
In fact all vegetation in this section is very luxuriant.
Other products that are rapidly springing into importance
are rye, wheat, grapes, nuts, honey, flax, and bulbs; the United
States government at the present time maintaining near the city
of Bellingham an experiment bulb farm of about ten acres, the
present success of which points to this region as an ideal place
for the further development of this infant industry.
Too much stress cannot be laid on the poultry and dairying
through this section and in every county. Cows and chickens
do not mind stumps, but seem to enjoy the more the jucy grass
that grows within the shade of these landmarks. For the man
taking up a farm of logged-off land this industry answers the
question of what he shall do for a living while he is clearing the
land for agriculture. Even after he has the land totally cleared
he will still be lured into the pleasant occupation of caring for
his cows and chickens, especially when he considers the natural
adaptability of all western Washington for this industry and
the splendid price that he gets for all that he can produce.
Many fortunes have been made this way.
MARKETS AND TRANSPORTATION.
The next thing that interests the outside inquirer, after the
agricultural possibilities, pertains to the marketing facilities.
One has only to look at the map and see how these large counties
are well traversed by railroads, including the Great Northern,
Northern Pacific, Puget Sound & Baker River, as well as many
spurs and logging roads. These roads bring the smaller towns
in easy reach of the larger ones, such as Bellingham, Blaine and
Sumas in Whatcom county, and Anacortes, Mt. Vernon, Sedro
Woolley and Burlington in Skagit county; besides making it
possible to reach the other great shipping centers to the south,
as Everett, Tacoma, and Seattle. Good wagon roads permeate
all parts, and both county and state are constantly endeavoring
to build more and to improve those already in existence.
Western Washington
23
Upon the islands the largest towns are Friday Harbor, the
county seat of San Juan county; and Coupeville, the county
seat of Island county. Many steamers plying in all directions
connect these towns, as well as the other smaller ports on the
islands, with the various markets on the mainland, so that the
lack of railroads is scarcely noticed; as any day the products
of one locality can be shipped to another, either on the islands or
on the mainland. As for Whidby island it is quite probable that
it will very shortly be connected by means of a bridge built over
Deception pass to Fidalgo island, which is already connected by
rail with the mainland of Skagit county. Of course the ports
on the mainlands are doubly blessed, having always a choice
between railroad service or steamboat.
Finally, there is no doubt that the most particular of man¬
kind is sure to find in this region of mild, equable climate, with
the inspiring scenery and enchanting waters, together with the
educational advantages of all kinds, suitable opportunity for
the complete enjoyment of life in all its many phases.
SNOHOMISH, KING AND PIERCE COUNTIES.
The counties of Snohomish, King and Pierce, front on the
easterly shore of Puget Sound and comprise within their com¬
bined areas one of the most thickly settled and highly developed
sections of the state. The rugged summits of the Cascade
mountains constitute their eastern borders. Between the moun¬
tain tops and tidewater, there is found a wide variety of soil
and climatic conditions, affording the homeseeker a correspond¬
ing range of choice in the matter of selecting a location.
This district is well watered by rivers and mountain streams,
including the Stillaguamish, Skykomish, Snohomish, Snoqualmie,
Cedar, White, Duwamish, Puyallup and Nisqually rivers. The
alluvial valley lands of all these streams are dotted with well
kept farms, orchards, truck gardens, and pastures, and the up¬
lands, where the timber has been removed, are also rapidly being
reduced to a state of cultivation.
Washington Hogs; a By-product of the Dairying Industry.
Western Washington
25
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY.
Dairying is a leading industry and has proven the avenue to
success for hundreds of prosperous farmers. There are more
than 30,000 milch cows in the three counties, constituting about
one-sixth of the total number in the state. Several large milk
condenseries absorb the product not otherwise disposed of.
The more fertile bottom lands are given over quite largely to
truck gardens, the growers finding a ready market in the cities
for all they can raise. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries,
loganberries, and other small fruits give exceptional results and
all of them are sure and profitable.
Of late years, many orchards of apples, pears, plums and
cherries have been developed and horticulture will come into in¬
creasing prominence as time elapses.
SOILS.
The soils of the river bottom lands is made up largely of al¬
luvial deposits and in many places is of extraordinary fertility
and productiveness.
The soil of the uplands is of glacial origin, and occurs in
varying depths and of different degrees of fertility. Speaking
of the rolling hills and ridges of this section, the report of the
United States Soil Survey, 1910, says in part:
“The soil, to an average depth of 10 to 15 inches, consists of
a light-brown to reddish-brown sandy loam, containing a large
number of small, rounded iron concretions, which weather rapidly
on being exposed on the surface, often becoming soft enough to
crush between the fingers. The presence of these small concre¬
tions has given the soil the local name of “shot clay.” The soil
also contains a large amount of rounded gravel varying in size
from coarse sand particles to pieces 4 and 5 inches in diameter.
The gravel content of the soil is always large, but there is not a
sufficient quantity to cause the soil to be classed as a gravelly
loam, but rather as a sandy loam containing enough gravel to
influence its texture to a considerable extent.
“The subsoil consists of a mass of rounded glacial gravel em¬
bedded in a medium to coarse gray sandy loam. The texture of
the subsoil frequently varies considerably over very limited areas
owing to the heterogeneous character of the deposits. Gravel,
26
Logged-Off Lands
coarse sand, fine sand, or silt, often occur in more or less exten¬
sive beds or pockets or in layers varying from 1 to 5 feet in
thickness, and sometimes the subsoil has the appearance of being
stratified. Where the topography is rolling or gently rolling,
and where small areas are cultivated very intensively, profitable
yields of potatoes, fruits, and strawberries and other small fruits
are secured. Where very intensive methods of cultivation are
practiced this soil has produced large yields of strawberries, and
on Vashon island it is considered well adapted to the growing of
this crop. Only a very limited area of this soil is under cultiva¬
tion, the greater proportion being still in the logged-off state,
while larger areas are still covered by the original forest
growth.”
POPULATION AND CITIES.
The total population of the three counties under discussion,
according to the recent United States census, is 461,659 of
which 345,751 are found in the cities of Seattle, Tacoma and
Everett.
This large urban population is engaged in a great variety of
industrial and commercial pursuits, and they readily absorb the
products of the agricultural districts. The local farmers,
however, are unable to meet the demand, and in consequence,
the market requirements are met in large part by enormous im¬
portations of vegetables, fruits, eggs, poultry, dressed meats
and dairy products.
Well developed systems of highways traverse the district in
all directions, and in addition to the great trans-continental
railroads which center in the cities, electric lines reach out into
the farming sections, affording the very best of transportation
facilities.
UNDEVELOPED LANDS.
Notwithstanding the favorable conditions just noted, there is
a vast area of undeveloped lands in each of the three counties,
which is awaiting the coming of industrious men who can ap¬
preciate the opportunity that is presented to them. On ten acres
of well selected land a family is sure of a comfortable living, anc
to those who may desire to engage in farming on a large scale,
every advantage is presented for gaining a substantial com¬
petence.
Western Washington
27
CLALLAM, JEFFERSON AND KITSAP COUNTIES.
Clallam and Jefferson counties occupy the north-half of what
is known as the Olympic peninsula. Both of these counties have
an extensive frontage on the Pacific ocean and the northern
border of Clallam county is formed by the south shore of the
Straits of Juan de Fuca.
Kitsap county lies to the east of Jefferson, being separated
from it by a long inlet known as Hood’s canal. The county is
rather triangular in shape; its eastern border fronting on
Puget Sound and lying directly west from Seattle and King
county. These three counties are as yet only partially settled,
and in their undeveloped condition offer exceptional opportuni¬
ties to the homeseeker.
INDUSTRIES.
For many years lumbering has been the chief industry of all
three counties. This district contains one of the largest and
most compact bodies of standing timber available in the entire
country; this being particularly true of Jefferson and Clallam
counties.
Kitsap county was the scene of the earliest logging and lum¬
bering operations in the state, and much of its best timber has
been already exploited. Some of its lumber mills, however, are
among the largest in operation anywhere in the countr}1'.
Clallam and Jefferson counties have developed an important
dairying industry, the logged-off lands being rapidly seeded
to pasture as the operations of the lumbermen have made them
available. In the valley of the Dungeness river in Clallam
county, there is at present one of the most highly productive
agricultural sections in the state. This particular district was
settled years ago, and along the valley for miles there is one
continuous succession of beautiful farms which are in a high
state of cultivation, indicating something of the possibilities that
are presented in other portions of this district.
Kitsap county being favorably located with reference to Seat-
28
Logged-Off Lands
tie markets, has developed an important gardening and fruit
growing industry and with this is coupled poultry raising in
which a great many of the farmers are engaged.
The soil of these three counties is particularly well adapted
to the growing of hay, grains and vegetables, and mangels and
other root crops suitable for feeding purposes; and where the
conditions are favorable, the yields of such crops are enormous.
In many places the logged-off lands are cleared of the under¬
growth and down timber left by the loggers and seeded to grass
without removing the stumps. In this way excellent pasturage
is secured at a nominal expense, and the farmers thus having a
means of living provided are enabled to take their own time in
completing the clearing of their land. Small fruits, including
all kinds of berries, are raised here in abundance and find a
ready market in the nearby cities.
TRANSPORTATION.
With the exception of a few miles of railroad extending south
from Port Townsend to Quilcene in Jefferson county, there are
no railroad lines in operation in these counties. The great store
of undeveloped timber that still remains in them, however, has
attracted the attention of all the great trans-continental lines
now having terminals in the large cities on Puget Sound.
Surveys have been run through the district, and it is a mat¬
ter of only a short time until an era of tremendous railroad build¬
ing activity will be inaugurated throughout this section. Pend¬
ing this work of railroad construction, which may be started at
any time, there are splendid opportunities offered for securing
good lands at exceptionally reasonable prices which will greatly
enhance in value when the railroads begin construction work.
For the present, the district is dependent almost entirely up¬
on steamers for its transportation facilities. Regular lines of
boats reach the various ports in the three counties, and afford
cheap and quick means of communication with all the Sound
cities. At Bremerton, in Kitsap county, is located the United
States navy yard of Puget Sound, and at that point there is a
Western Washington
29
growing and prosperous little city. On this account Kitsap
county has an advantage in the way of transportation; swift
steamers making many trips between Seattle and Bremerton
each day.
AGRICULTURAL LANDS.
Notwithstanding the fact of the great area of timber still
remaining in this district, there are thousands of acres of log¬
ged-off lands lying in an undeveloped state and ready now to
be cleared and placed under cultivation. In their raw state
these lands can be purchased from $20.00 per acre up, depend¬
ing upon the class of soil and their proximity to market. New
settlers are going on these lands continually, and while the work
of clearing and rendering them suitable for crop production
involves a great deal of labor and considerable expense, yet there
is no need for discouragement as the farmer will soon be more
than reimbursed for the outlay entailed. Ten acres of this land
properly cleared and devoted to intensive farming is sufficient
to keep a family in comfortable circumstances. Poultry raising
and dairying are two of the most profitable lines of industry in
which the people engage. The markets of the cities of Puget
Sound are always clamoring for fresh eggs and butter, and
there is no possibility for an over-production along these lines.
OTHER ADVANTAGES.
In addition to the openings offered throughout this section
for profitable farming, there is added the attraction of splendid
scenery with unsurpassed opportunities for hunting and fishing.
Kitsap county alone has the largest extent of water frontage of
any county in the state, and Clallam and Jefferson, likewise,
have scores of miles of salt water shore line. In the valleys and
uplands are grouse, pheasant and other game birds in abund¬
ance, and among the lofty peaks of the Olympic mountains will
be found all manner of big game to attract the daring hunter.
Many summer resorts are located around the lakes and on the
beaches throughout the district, and hundreds of campers and
summer residents flock to these localities from the cities. These
temporary visitors do not come exclusively from the nearby
Strawberries on Logged-Off Land at Richmond Beach; just north of Seattle.
Western Washington
31
commercial centers. The summer climate and opportunities for
out-of-door sports are widely known and appreciated in all the
Pacific coast cities and the number of summer residents from
distant points is increasing annually.
TOWNS AND CITIES.
The lack of transportation and the consequently slow de¬
velopment of the district has operated against the building of
any large commercial centers. Port Townsend, the county seat
of Jefferson county, is the largest city in the three counties and
has a population of 4,181 people. It is the official port of entry
for the Puget Sound customs district, and is a substantially
built and well-located little city. Port Angeles, the county seat
of Clallam county, is located on a well protected harbor on the
Straits of Juan de Puca. It is the center of an important fish¬
ing industry and is also the shipping point and distributing
center for a large tributary country.
Bremerton, already mentioned, is the seat of the United States
navy yard and is the largest town in Kitsap county. It is a
thriving little city with excellent prospects for future growth.
The government expenditures amount to hundreds of thousands
of dollars annually and to this source of prosperity is added the
trade of the surrounding section which is being rapidly de¬
veloped.
SCHOOLS.
As elsewhere throughout the state, excellent school facilities
are provided in all of the populated sections of the three coun¬
ties, and for higher educational purposes, the University of
Washington, located in the city of Seattle, is available.
m
Logged-Off Lands
SOUTHWEST COUNTIES.
Chehalis, Mason, Thurston, Pacific and Lewis constitute what
may be termed the upper group of southwest counties. All of
the counties named have numerous characteristics in common,
and with the exception of Lewis county, each one has a consid¬
erable length of shore line on the salt water.
Mason and Thurston counties are located along the southern
reaches of Puget Sound, which body of water terminates in a
series of inlets spread out somewhat in fan-shaped fashion. The
lower lands along these estuaries were long ago cleared of their
first timber growth, and the lumbermen are now penetrating
deep into the interior sections of the counties. Considerable
progress has been made in converting the logged-off lands into
farms, orchards and dairy ranches, but there still remains
thousands of acres of such lands ready for clearing and tillage.
Chehalis and Pacific counties front on the Pacific ocean.
Grays harbor, in Chehalis county, and Willapa harbor, in Pa¬
cific county, extend their friendly arms to receive the lumber
carrying vessels which are constantly loading with cargoes
destined, in large part, for foreign ports. Chehalis county is
drained by the river of the same name, and the lower valley
lands are rich and well adapted to every variety of farming.
The soil of the valley regions is made up of alluvial deposits,
combined with decayed vegetation, and produces abundantly of
grass crops, fruits and vegetables. There are extensive cran¬
berry marshes in the county which are being profitably developed.
The Willapa river is the chief stream of Pacific county, and
for a distance of more than 30 miles above its mouth the val¬
ley through which it flows is made up of fine farming lands.
Some of these lands have been cultivated for a great many years
and the abundant crops annually produced testify to their great
fertility and productiveness.
The uplands of recent years have begun to receive more and
more attention, and under careful management are made to
Western Washington
33
return excellent yields of potatoes, rutabagas, grains, berries
and other products.
Lewis county lies directly east of Pacific county and south of
Thurston. It is one of the few land-locked counties of western
Washington, but that fact has not operated in any particular
against its rapid development. The Cowlitz and Lewis rivers
water the county and it is along these streams that the greatest
agricultural activity has occurred. In general the lands of the
county divide themselves naturally into bottom lands and up¬
lands as is the case with other sections of western Washington.
Originally one vast forest which has rapidly been cut away by
the loggers, the county at present offers a vast and constantly
increasing area of lands adapted to a wide variety of agricul¬
tural purposes. These lands began coming on the market years
ago and in the valleys of the two rivers mentioned as also along
the lesser streams of the county, there will be found hundreds
of comfortable, well-kept farm homes.
Hay, oats, and other grains are staple crops from the logged-
off lands, while berries, orchard fruits, and all kinds of vege¬
tables are grown in abundance. The production of flax for
fiber purposes is another young industry which promises to be¬
come more important in the future. Three tons can be pro¬
duced per acre and is easily disposed of for $15 per ton to the
flax mill recently established in Chehalis.
MARKETS.
This entire group of counties is well provided with home
markets for all the various products of their land. The cities
of Aberdeen and Hoquiam, in Chehalis county, are important
lumber, milling and shipping centers, having a combined popu¬
lation of 21,831. Pacific county has two thriving towns in Ray¬
mond and South Bend; and Mason county, in addition to the
county seat, the town of Shelton, markets its produce in the nu¬
merous logging and lumber camps scattered throughout the
county. It has easy access by boat to the cities of Tacoma and
—3
Hundreds of Chickens; a Profitable Industry in Western Washington.
Western Washington
35
Olympia. The last named city is at once the county seat of
Thurston county and the capital of the state, and has a popula¬
tion of 7,000. It is a city of handsome homes, substantial busi¬
ness structures and fine public buildings. The new Temple of
Justice to house the state supreme court is in the course of con¬
struction, and a capitol building to cost several millions of dol¬
lars has been authorized by an act of the state legislature. In
Lewis county there are the bustling cities of Centralia and Che-
halis, both thriving manufacturing and industrial centers and
constantly demanding the products of the farms and ranches.
TRANSPORTATION.
With the exception of Mason county, this section is well pro¬
vided with railroad transportation, and Lewis county is par¬
ticularly well favored in this respect. Its two important cities
and many of its lesser communities are on the double-tracked
road of the Northern Pacific line, which, under traffic arrange¬
ments, also carries the trains of the Oregon & Washington and
Great Northern systems between Seattle and Portland, Oregon.
Pacific, Chehalis and Thurston counties are all served by branch
lines of the Northern Pacific system, and others of the great
trans-continental lines are building into this territory. The
Northern Pacific main line also passes through Thurston county,
reaching several of its smaller communities. Mason county has
several important logging railroads, but is dependent for gen¬
eral transportation upon steamers plying on Puget Sound.
OPPORTUNITIES.
This group of counties constitutes the heart of southwestern
Washington, and is just now undergoing unusual developments.
Its lands are being opened up and brought on the market for
settlement and it has before it every promise of future growth
and prosperity. Good schools and good roads will be found
wherever the rural districts have been settled up, and in the
cities, all the modern utilities, such as electric light and power,
gas, public water systems, street railways, etc., will be found
36
Logged-Off Lands
established. There is a wide choice open to the homeseeker who
is looking for land, and he may make his selection to suit his
own purposes and financial resources.
COLUMBIA RIVER SECTION.
Facing on the expansive Columbia river of historic fame and
with rich lands extending for over 200 miles along the north
bank of that wonderful river, lie the five most southerly counties
of western Washington, viz.: Wahkiakum and Clarke, two of
the smallest counties in the state; and Cowlitz, Skamania and
Klickitat, three of the larger. Within this area are some of the
oldest settlements in the State of Washington, besides Vancouver
barracks, situated at Vancouver, Clarke county, one of the
oldest and most beautifully located of the United States mili¬
tary posts.
Of the total valuation of all taxable property amounting to
$81,492,751, all except $13,000,000 is in the three counties of
Clarke, Cowlitz and Klickitat; which counties also contain
48,856 people, or nearly ninety per cent, of the entire popula¬
tion of 55,028.
RESOURCES.
Altogether these several counties contain a total area of 5,411
square miles, or 3,463,040 acres, including about 226,880 acres
of improved lands and the remaining 3,000,000 and more con¬
sisting chiefly of uncut timber and unimproved logged-off lands,
waiting for the energetic worker to finish clearing and awaken
its fertile soils into prosperous life-sustaining farms. Every
year the report of the tax commission shows a decrease in the
amount of timber lands, which indicates a proportionate in¬
crease in the logged-off area. It is only a matter of time when
these sparsely settled lands are going to support many times
the population located on them at present, and in a state of
prosperity and contentment.
Western Washington
37
All of this section is exceptionally well drained, as it contains
many streams which take their source in the hills and mountains
to the north and northeast; finding their way into the Columbia
and Cowlitz rivers in a southwesterly direction. There is plenty
of rainfall and the climate is diversified enough to suit all, rang¬
ing from a moist, mild climate in the western portion to a dryer
one in the eastern parts.
Besides the timber and rich soil, other resources of this sec¬
tion consist of mineral deposits and the Columbia river fishing.
The new settler who finds it necessary to work for others for a
time can take his choice of working in the fish canneries, mines,
saw mills or lumber camps; or engaging as a farm hand. The
natural resources are practically indeterminate; for denuding
the land of its forests simply means the development of its fer¬
tile soil; while the supply of fish, and output of its mines will
probably be only ended by the termination of time.
LOGGED-OFF LAND ENTERPRISES.
Within the parts of the country that have been logged-off
many different enterprises may be taken up, chief of which are
dairying and poultry raising. The logged-off lands make ideal
pasture and many thousands of pounds of butter are produced
here annually. In 1910, Clarke county alone had 9,070 milch
cows, which is the fourth largest number for any county in the
state, the other three being King, Snohomish, and Whatcom,
all in western Washington. Hogs, too, do especially well; Klick¬
itat having last year 4,719, or the second largest number for
any one county in the entire state. Many of these lands also
afford splendid opportunity for general stock raising. The
poultry value as equalized by the county boards for the year
1910 amounted to $35,447, which is only a beginning compared
with what will be probably raised here in the years to come.
Besides the agricultural products that are common to most
parts of western Washington, such as hay, potatoes, oats, etc.,
this section is particularly well adapted to the raising of fruit,
nuts, and grain. Klickitat will rank with the best in its apple
Thirty Tons of Cabbage on Western Washington Lands, after clearing.
Western Washington
39
and wheat lands, while Clarke is making quite a speciality of
prunes, English walnuts, and filberts. Cowlitz, too, raises splen¬
did fruits and the soil is very productive of grass for grazing
as well as for hay. Throughout this section will be found also
splendid crops of vegetables, berries, and hops.
TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETS.
The markets and transportation facilities are exceptionally
good. Besides having many miles of railroad track, including
the Great Northern, Northern Pacific, O. R. & N., and the Spo¬
kane, Portland & Seattle, there are about 250 miles of navigable
river, including the Cowlitz, which carries steamers for many
miles down to the Columbia, where may be seen many ocean
vessels on their way to or from the important river ports. On
the other side of the river is more railroad trackage, which can
easily be reached by ferries or other river boats plying between
the various points.
These many ways of transportation quickly carry all that can
be produced to the many towns in this section, chief of which
are Kalama, Kelso and Castle Rock, in Cowlitz county; Van¬
couver, Camas, Yacolt and Washougal, in Clarke county;,
Goldendale, White Salmon, in Klickitat county; Skamokawa,
and Cathlamet, in Wahkiakum county; and Stevenson, in Ska¬
mania county; while many trains passing in each direction on
the main lines make it very easy to ship large quantities of the
main products to the greater markets on the coast or to the
eastern states. The products are always sold at excellent prices.
Land in these counties can be purchased at very reasonable
prices and on easy terms, especially if the purchaser wishes to
make a home on his land.
In point of enterprise, educational advantages, etc., the peo¬
ple in this section are not behind the others who make their home
in western Washington and the inspiration that must surely
come from the grand scenery of the rivers and mountains makes
this section a real home for mankind.
40
Logged-Off Lands
ACTUAL CROPS PRODUCED AND VALUES AS
ESTIMATED BY THE WORKERS
THEMSELVES*
Regarding the actual crops produced and the resulting profits
from same the following reports from individual owners and
workers of logged-off lands in different parts of the state will
give the enquirer a fair and unbiased view. These reports were
sent on request from this office for conservative estimates of
what could be done with a few acres of such land. Although
answers were not received from all, nevertheless it is felt that
those responding have tried to be as fair as possible in their
estimates. Very few of these men have land for sale. They are
farmers who are content to make their living off the products
of the soil and have no other motive in reporting than a desire
to accommodate this office and to help, if possible, those on the
outside who are seeking reliable first-hand information. This
data is for the year 1910.
From a study of these experiences the following facts appear:
1. The tracts vary in size from 10 to 320 acres; in a few
cases smaller tracts being worked, sometimes even as small as
two acres.
2. The income is not always in proportion to the size of
tract but rather to intensity of farming and choice of crops, as
well as proper marketing of same.
3. The character of the soil includes, chiefly, clay and sandy
loam, as well as some beaver dam and bottom lands.
4. The chief crops consist of hay, oats, and potatoes; the
land producing from two to four tons of hay per acre, from
two to six tons of potatoes, and from 75 to 125 bushels of oats.
5. Practically all carry on a successful dairy and poultry
industry, which in many instances is the main source of income.
6. As many as one-third raise hogs successfully and obtain
quite an income therefrom.
Western Washington
41
7. Besides the main crops mentioned above the following are
important and in some sections constitute the chief crop, giv¬
ing splendid incomes to many people: Fruits, including apples,
pears, plums, prunes, cherries, strawberries, gooseberries, rasp¬
berries, loganberries, etc.; vegetables, including most of the
truck common to a temperate climate.
8. Rarer products which bid fair to become more important
in the future are flax, kale and corn, as well as honey, turkeys,
and geese.
D. Van deb Griend, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 115
acres; soil, muck.
Crop. Acreage.
Hay 30 acres
Oats 30 acres
Peas 4 acres
Amount Produced. Value.
$340 00
800 00
120 bu 130 00
Total $1,270 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 15 cows.—Value dairy products 1,320 00
Beef, hogs and veal sold 547 00
Grand total $3,137 00
B. C. Crabtree, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 200 acres;
soil, clay loam. , ,
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats
. . 75 acres...,
4,500
hu
.. . $2,250
00
Hay
100
tons
... 1,500
00
Peas
200
bu
... 275
00
Wheat
.. 9 acres...,
280
bu
300
00
Potatoes
160
bu
... 120
00
Orchard
.. 2 acres...
50
00
Garden
.. 1 acre
50
00
Total
... $4,545
00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 14 Jersey cows.-
—Value dairy products....
... 1,794
79
Keeps 100 chickens.—
-Value poultry
products...
... 207
00
Cattle sold
... 776
00
Horses sold
... 460
00
Grand total
$7,782 79
42
Logged-Off Lands
Henky Shagren, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 50 acres;
clay soil. This land has not been commercially logged-off but was
cleared by the owner for farming purposes; some of it has been farmed
for 35 years.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats
.... 14 acres
. .. 1,030 bu
$500 00
Wheat
.... 6 acres
... 207 bu
200 00
Hay
21 acres
1,000 00
Pasture
.... 4 acres
30 00
Total
$1,730 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 3 cows.—Value dairy products..
200 00
Keeps 30 chickens.—
-Value poultry products
25 00
Hogs sold
100 00
Grand total ..
$2,055 00
C. E. Flint, Blaine, Whatcom county; size of tract, 40 acres
; 20 acres
under cultivation; soil, sandy loam.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Potatoes
.... 214 acres....
... 100 bu
$90 00
Strawberries
,... % acre
... 150 crates
225 00
Blackberries
.... 1 y2 acres....
Orchard
.... 10 acres
240 00
Garden truck
100 00
Total
$655 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 75 chickens —
-Value poultry products
125 00
Grand total ..
$780 00
E. C. Hathaway,
Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract,
40 acres;
soil, clay loam.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Wheat
76 bu
$76 00
Oats
... 375 bu
180 00
Vetch hay
9 tons
162 00
Hay
300 00
Potatoes
50 00
Mangoes and carrots... % acre
8 bu
64 00
Total $832 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 2 cows.—Value dairy products 429 92
Keeps 220 chickens.—Value poultry products 490 53
Pork and veal sold 50 00
Grand total
$1,802 45
Western Washington
43
E. F. Sleeth, Burlington, Skagit county; size of tract, 27 acres;
sandy loam; part of the land is cleared and the balance is used as
pasture, the stumps not having been removed.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats for hay
... $180 00
Clover hay
75 00
Stock beets
.. 120 00
Potatoes
225 00
Apples
240 00
Total
.. $840 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 8 cows.—Value dairy products..
.. 1,000 00
Keeps 200 chickens.-
—Value of poultry products
.. 125 00
Hogs sold
.. 100 00
Honey
25 00
Miscellaneous
50 00
Grand total $2,140 00
John H. Batcheldor, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 70
acres; 50 acres river bottom; mostly sedimentary land; 20 acres bench
land, some gravel, but mostly light loam; bottom land cleared with
stumps left; 15 acres of the bench land has not been cleared.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Timothy and clover....
15 acres
.... $960 00
Potatoes and vegetables
Mixed orchard
1 acre
.... 200 00
2 acres
.... 200 00
Oats used as hay
2 acres
75 00
12 head of calves
.... 132 00
1 colt
25 00
Dairy products from 12 cows
.... 600 00
Grand total
.. .. $2,192 00
Henry Buscher, Port Orchard, Kitsap county; size of tract 80 acres;
soil, black loam and sandy clay.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Hay 30 acres 75 tons $750 00
Potatoes 1 acre 345 sacks 428 25
Total $1,178 25
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 1 cow.—Value dairy products 64 68
Keeps 56 chickens.—Value poultry products 174 57
Grand total $1,417 50
An Acre of Celery on Logged-Off Land at Olympia, Thurston County, that netted in 1910, $1,115.25.
Picture taken fur O.-IF. R. cf- .V. Co.
Western Washington
45
A. J. Schold, Silverdale, Kitsap county; size of tract, 80 acres; al¬
luvial soil.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Oats 30 acres 90 tons hay.... $1,000 00
Potatoes % acre 150 bu 75 00
Berries % acre 35 00
Apples 1 acre 50 00
Total $1,160 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 16 cows, mixed breed.—Value dairy products 2,000 00
Keeps 225 chickens.—Value poultry products 290 22
Veal sold 90 00
Hogs sold 30 00
Beef sold 25 00
Grand total
$3,595 22
H. P. Johnson, Orting, Pierce county; size of tract, —; soil,, shot
clay and sandy loam.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Wheat 1 y.2 acres $40 00
Hay 8 acres 160 00
Oats 4 acres 60 00
Potatoes % acre 30 00
Total $650 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 2 cows.—Value dairy products 75 00
Keeps 50 chickens.—Value poultry products 110 00
50 cords of bolts 160 00
2,000 posts 100 00
Grand total $1,095 00
J. D. Holden, Lebam, Pacific county; size of tract, 30 acres; soil,
black muck on heavy clay and shot loam.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced.
Oat hay 14 acres 40 tons..
Vetch hay 1 acre 3 tons..
Rye hay 1 acre
Wheat for poultry 1 acre
Clover hay 8 acres
Kale for cattle V2 acre
Cabbage % acre
Potatoes 2 acres
Orchard and garden truck
Value.
$775 00
60 00
100 00
100 00
50 00
50 00
400 00
250 00
Total
$1,880 00
46
Logged-Off Lands
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 16 cows.—Value dairy products $18 00
Keeps 35 chickens.—Value poultry products
Wood sold 250 00
Grand total $2,148 00
C. H. Nelson, New Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 40 acres;
character of soil, shot clay and loam.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Mixed grass hay
. .. 3 acres....
$96 00
Oats hay
% acre...
30 00
Vetch
30 00
Potatoes
70 00
Apples
50 00
Prunes
30 00
Kale
Vegetables, plenty for home use and to feed stock.
Total $306 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 4 cows.—Value dairy products 230 00
Keeps 50 chickens.—Value poultry products 135 00
Grand total
$671 00
W. S. Taylor, Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 100 acres, part
cleared; soil, black loam and shot clay, mostly bottom land.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats
. 16 acres
.... 1,412
bu
... $790 72
Hay
. 20 acres
,... 80
tons
.. . 1,600 00
Potatoes
. 1 acre
7
tons
210 00
Rutabagas
. 1% acres....
30
tons
300 00
Apples
. 2 acres
.... 300
bu
180 00
Total
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 16 cows.—Value
dairy products.
Keeps 30 chickens.—Value poultry products
Beef, hogs and horses
sold
Grand total
$4,618 72
Western Washington
47
Lewis Osborne, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 38 acres;
sand and clay soil.
Crop. Acreage.
Hay 12 acres..
Fruits 1*4 acres
Potatoes 1 acre...
Onions *4 acre.
Amount Produced. Value.
... 25 tons $450 00
... 100 boxes 75 00
3 tons 75 00
... 1,200 lbs 25 00
Total
$625 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 2 cows.—Value of dairy products 120 20
Keeps 50 chickens.—Value poultry products 95 00
Sold 1 pair horses 335 00
Sold 3 cows 150 00
Grand total
$1,325 20
•, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 16 acres;
shot clay soil.
Crop.
Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Clover
Potatoes
Apples and prunes
Oats
Straw from above..
Wheat
Wheat straw
4 acres 16 tons(2 crops)
3 acres 15 tons
2 acres
5 acres 3% tons
7 tons
2 acres 2 tons
3 tons
$192 00
330 00
120 00
100 00
35 00
70 00
15 00
Total $862 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 16 grade Jersey cows.—Value dairy products 700 00
Keeps 30 chickens, family use.—Value poultry products
Hogs and pork sold 200 00
Veal sold 100 00
Beef sold 120 00
Grand total
$1,982 00
Theodore Harms, Salkum, Lewis county; size of tract, 240 acres;
this is bottom land and not heavily timbered, 80 acres cleared.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Oats 1,700 bu
Potatoes 150 bu
Hay 60 tons
Artichokes 1,000 bu
Keeps 14 cows.—Value cream sold
Stock sold
$803 14
906 97
48
Logged-Off Lands
Chas. Ipe, R. F. D. 1, Centralia, Lewis county; size of tract, 16
acres; soil, sandy clay, to depth of 8 feet, underlaid with gravel. Orig¬
inally covered with vine maple, fir and cedar; some stumps 6 and 8
feet thick.
Crop. Acreage.
Timothy hay 4% acres
Oat hay 414 acres
Potatoes, garden truck.. 1 acre...
Berries and fruit 1 acre...
Amount Produced. Value.
14 tons $262 00
14 tons 224 00
300 00
150 00
Total $936 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 1 grade Jersey cow.—Value dairy products 75 00
Keeps 30 chickens.—Value poultry products 40 00
150 pounds honey 22 50
1 colt sold 100 00
Earned at carpenter work 645 00
Grand total $1,818 50
Henry Dupertuis, Jr., Adna, Lewis county; size of tract, 17 acres;
soil, shot clay.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oat hay
$37 50
Apples
20 bu
20 00
Strawberries
14 acre...
50 00
Raspberries
14 acre...
40 crates
50 00
Loganberries
50 00
Blackberries
24 hills
20 00
Kale
25 00
Potatoes
% acre...
100 bu
60 00
Wheat
35 bu
35 00
Total $347 50
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 9 cows.—Value dairy products
00
Keeps 40 chickens.—Value poultry products
00
Wood sold at $3.00 per cord
00
Mohair
00
Grand total
50
Western Washington
49
John W. McCuctheon, Adna, Lewis county; size of tract, 168 acres;
soil, clay loam.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Oats 25 acres 1,250 bu $625 00
Clover 11 acres 22 tons 320 00
Timothy hay 8 acres 16 tons 250 00
Pasture 124 acres., .enough for 50 cattle 300 00
Apples 1 acre 20 00
Vegetable garden 14 acre 20 00
Total $1,535 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 25 cows.—Value of dairy products 1,200 00
Keeps 75 chickens.—Value of eggs sold 180 00
Keeps 5 turkeys.
Beef cattle 200 00
Veal 100 00
Grand total $3,215 00
John Kilkelly, Kalama, Cowlitz county; 200 acres; dark loam.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Hay 30 acres 60 tons $720 00
Potatoes 1 acre 60 sacks 50 00
Other vegetables 30 00
Total $810 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 15 cows.—Value of dairy products 600 00
Grand total $1,410 00
D. F. Hammell, Castle Rock, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 60 acres;
clay soil; 18 acres cleared; 18 acres slashed and seeded to pasture; 24
acres brush land. General products for 1910:
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Hay 7 acres 10 tons $150 00
Potatoes 5 acres 250 sacks 450 00
Corn 1 acre Fed green 50 00
Strawberries (1st crop) 14 acre 50 crates 75 00
Tree fruits (80 trees) 50 boxes 25 00
Total $750 00
Other sources of revenue:
Dairy products (2 cows) 60 00
Poultry products (30 chickens) 15 00
Hogs (16 head sold) 150 00
Grand total
—4
$975 00
Grazing on Logged-Off Lands; an Important Industry in Washington.
Western Washington
51
S. F. Murray, Yale, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 102 acres; black
soil.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Oats 40 acres 2,400 bu $1,200 00
Hay 15 acres 30 tons 450 00
Potatoes 3 acres 600 bu 360 00
Garden 1 Vi acres 100 00
Prunes (500 trees) 10,000 lbs 600 00
Apples (50 trees) 500 bu 375 00
Total $2,005 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 4 cows, common breed.—Value of dairy products 150 00
Keeps 100 chickens, 15 geese.—Value of poultry products.... 205 00
1 cow 50 00
1 calf 35 00
Grand total $2,445 00
A. B. Newkirk, Woodland, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 131 acres;
mostly unimproved; soil, clay loam.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Oats 3 acres 180 bu $145 00
Wheat 4 acres 100 bu 120 00
Hay 11 acres 33 tons 495 00
Potatoes Vt acre 20 bu 125 00
Apples 2 acres 1,500 boxes 1,125 00
Cherries (12 trees) 500 lbs 30 00
Total $2,040 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 211 chickens.—Value of poultry products sold 46 00
16 cedar poles sold 12 00
1 hog 22 00
Grand total
$2,120 00
J. A. Polly, Ariel, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 15 acres; soil of a
shotty surface with clay subsoil. General products for 1910:
Crop.
Wheat
Oats
Hay
Potatoes ...
Green beans
Green corn
Apples \
Pears r • • •
Prunes )
Acreage. Amount Produced.
V> acre 15 bu....
3 acres 125 buj...
9 acres 16 tons..
V> acre 40 sacks.
250 lbs.. ..
55 doz...
( 200 boxes,
1 acre. -<
Value.
$12 00
50 00
240 00
40 00
12 00
6 50
100 00
4 25
2 80
Total
$467 55
m
Logged-Off Lands
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 40 chickens.—Value of poultry products sold $83 56
Employed 85 days away from home at $3.00 255 00
Grand total $806 11
Mr. Polly reports that there is plenty of work at good wages for
those who desire it.
H. Yount, Woodland, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 12 acres; soil,
heavy clay; high, hilly land and very rough.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Strawberries 1% acres 305 crates $390 40
Loganberries y± acre 52 crates 78 00
Rhubarb 1-10 acre 17 60
Total $486 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 2 cows.—Value dairy products 260 09
Plants, potatoes, etc 233 80
Grand total $979 89
Anton Geesz, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 60 acres;
40 acres of upland and 20 acres of bottom land; upland is dark, sandy
soil.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats
.... 1,050 bu
. . $480 00
Wheat
2 acres
70 bu
70 00
Corn
75 bu
45 30
Potatoes
2 acres
,. .. 300 bu
.. 187 50
Hay
900 00
Prunes (32 trees).,
, . .. 1,100 lbs
110 00
Apples
I14 acres....
Pumpkins
... .Fed to stock
Total
.. $1,792 80
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 22 cows.—Value dairy products.
.. 2,200 00
Keeps 80 chickens.-
—Value poultry products
75 00
Grand total ,
.. $4,067 80
Albert Goot, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract,
soil is sandy bottom land and very fertile.
120 acres;
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats
.... 900 bu
.. $480 00
Timothy hay
. . 1,300 00
Clover
550 00
Total
$2,330 00
Western Washington
53
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 25 cows.—Value dairy products $3,000 00
Keeps 75 chickens.—Value poultry products 165 00
5 acres prunes 1,000 00
Grand total $6,495 00
Feed Luthy, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 134 acres;
soil, clay and sand.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Potatoes
1 acre....
120 bu
$100 00
Wheat
140 bu
110 00
Oats
500 bu
200 00
Timothy hay
12 tons
100 00
Clover
320 00
Corn
40 tons silage..
200 00
Total $830 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 10 cows.—Value dairy products 600 00
Value poultry products 180 00
Hogs sold 150 00
Grand total $1,760 00
O. B. Aagaard, LaCenter, Clarke county; size of tract, 160 acres;
35 acres cleared for plow; soil, dark loamy top soil, then a lighter sub¬
soil, and underneath this a red, porus hardpan.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Oats
11 acres....
830 bu
. $398 00
Wheat
3 y> acres..
154 bu
231 00
Potatoes
1 acre
300 bu
. 150 00
Hay, clover and timothy 15 acres....
450 00
Green corn
y2 acre...
50 00
Prunes (Italian)
21/. acres..
5 tons dried.
. 400 00
Garden truck, berries..
V> acre...
50 00
Apples, pears, cherries
and plums..
50 00
Total
. $1,779 00
Otis S. Gillette, Vesta, Chehalis county; size of tract, 14 acres;
soil, 12 acres alluvial bottom land; 2 acres shot clay, mixed slightly
with sand.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Hay 3% acres 8 tons $160 00
Oats and field peas 4% acres, 4 tons grain, 2 tons straw 160 00
General garden 1 acre 100 00
Total
$420 00
54
Logged-Off Lands
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 2 Jersey cows.—Value dairy products $250 63
Keeps 125 chickens.—Value poultry products 494 25
Other products 189 00
Hauling freight -87 50
Grand total $1,441 38
I. H. Bower, Aberdeen, Chehalis county; size of tract, 2 acres,
cleared; soil, clay hill land.
Crop. Acreaye.
Potatoes y2 acre
Peas *4 acre
Berries ys acre
Vegetables
Amount Produced. Value.
... 300 bu $400 00
... 1,400 lbs 100 00
20 crates 40 00
25 00
Total $565 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 3 cows.—Value dairy products 600 00
Keeps 250 chickens.—Value poultry products 600 00
Grand total $1,765 00
Albert Grossman,
Ocosta, Chehalis
county; size of
tract, 5 city
blocks; soil, tideland
(heavy ground, highland light and easy to work.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Clover and timothy..
.. 6 acres
.... $300 00
Potatoes
... 5,000 lbs
.... 75 00
Oats
2 auras
... 6 tons....
.... 120 00
Raspberries (5 rows 10 ft. long)
30 00
Total
.... $525 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 10 cows.—Value dairy products.
500 00
2 pigs sold
.... 45 00
7 calves sold
.... 140 00
Grand total ...
.... $1,210 00
G. M. Powell, Aberdeen, Chehalis county; size of tract, 400 acres;
soil, clay.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Clover (1st crop)....
. . 2 acres...
. $120 00
Clover (2nd crop)....
60 00
Oats
10 tons hay...
. 250 00
Potatoes
. 400 00
Total
$830 00
Western Washington
55
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 7 cows.—Value dairy products $350 00
Hogs and beef sold 811 00
Grand total $1,991 00
Frank McCormick, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 120
acres; soil, black loam with sand and gravel mixed. ,
Crop.
Red clover
Oat hay ..
Potatoes .
Acreage. Amount Produced.
2 acres 7% tons
3 x/-2 acres 6% tons
1 acre 211 sacks.
Value.
$174 00
97 50
168 80
Total $440 30
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 5 cows.—Value dairy products 347 00
Grand total $787 30
J. Swartz, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 12 acres,
cleared; soil, sandy loam.
Crop. Acreage.
Potatoes 1% acres
Garden truck y2 acre.
Clover 4 acres..
Timothy 2 acres..
Amount Produced. Value.
170 sacks $250 00
160 00
8 tons 120 00
3y2 tons 42 00
Total
$572 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 3 cows.—Value dairy products 275 00
Keeps 125 chickens.—Value poultry products 240 00
Hogs sold 90 00
Fruits 75 00
Grand total
$1,252 00
James V. J. Forrest, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract,
80 acres; hill and creek bottom land; 6 acres under cultivation.
Crop.
Hay ...
Oat hay
Orchard
Garden
Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
3 acres 5 tons $60 00
1 acre 3 tons 60 00
1% acres 100 boxes 100 00
y2 acre 10 00
Total
$230 00
Farm and Orchard on Logged-Off Land, near Port Angeles, Clallam County.
Western Washmgton
57
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 2 cows.-—Value dairy products $132 42
Keeps 35 chickens.—Value poultry products 33 85
Hogs sold 41 49
Running school stage 467 70
Other team work 15 30
Grand total $920 76
C. Carpenter, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 35
acres; soil, part heaver marsh and part clay soil.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Hay 8 acres 20 tons $300 00
Rutabagas 1 acre 10 tons 125 00
Potatoes y<2 acre 2 tons 50 00
Garden truck 50 00
Total . $525 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 8 cows.—Value dairy products 1,001 98
Veal, hogs, beef and hides sold 285 87
Grand total $1,812 85
W. Milne, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 160 acres;
15 acres under cultivation; soil, bench land.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Value.
Rutabagas ...
.. . $1,875 00
Clover hay ...
2 acres
60 00
Oat hay
150 00
Garden truck
... 100 00
Total
Other sources of revenue:
... $2,185 00
Keeps 7 cows.-
—Value dairy products.
643 65
Keeps 400 chickens.—Value poultry products
600 25
Sheep sold ..
149 75
Pigs sold ....
162 19
Cattle sold ..
190 00
Grand total
$3,930 84
58
Logged-Ojf Lands
M. C. Martin, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 10
acres; soil is a sandy loam. Products for 1910:
Crop, Acreage.
Strawberries 8 acres..
Peaches IV2 acres
Apples (3, 4 and 5 yr. old) 4 acres..
Vegetables ys acre.
Gooseberries
Amount Produced. Value.
... 800 crates $2,000 00
350 boxes 400 00
... 140 boxes 350 00
40 sacks 50 00
17 00
Total $2,817 00
Keeps one cow and raises orchard and small fruits for family use in
addition to quantity sold.
John Clarkson, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 115
acres; soil, red shot.
Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value.
Strawberries 10 acres $1,500 00
Peaches (on same tract) 800 boxes 320 00
Three-year-old apple orchard, not in bearing
Grand total $1,820 00
A. E. Bartel, Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 160 acres; 40
acres in cultivation; soil, black loam and shot clay.
Crop.
Acreage.
Amount Produced.
Oats
1,200
bu
Hay
40
tons
Wheat
60
bu
Potatoes
9
tons
Carrots
30
tons
Kale
1 acre....
Apples
200
boxes
Pears (10 trees)..
150
boxes
Cherries (4 trees)
200
lbs
Plums and prunes
(8 trees)
1,000
lbs
Value.
$720 00
800 00
63 00
270 00
300 00
50 00
120 00
112 00
6 00
20 00
Total $2,461 00
Other sources of revenue:
Keeps 8 cows, Durham and Jersey.—Value of dairy products. 400 00
Keeps 100 chickens.—Value poultry products 210 00
Horses sold 265 00
Hogs sold 100 00
Grand total
$3,436 00
Western Washington
59
CLEARING LAND, MARKETING PRODUCTS, ETC
The following extracts from individual experiences will give
the reader a fair idea of the cost of land clearing, size of tracts,
marketing facilities, etc.
There are three general conditions in which unimproved lands
are found: (1) The thoroughly timbered stage, or the primeval
forest, which is the joy of the lumberman; (2) the logged or
burnt-off stage, when the marketable timber has been removed,
but with much underbrush, small trees, stumps, etc., remaining;
(3) the condition in which all is cleared, excepting the stumps.
The second stage shades off into the third, producing many
degrees of condition. Generally, it is not very difficult to clear
of everything but stumps, when most of the land makes excel¬
lent pasture.
Clearing of stumps is by far the greatest expense, but if the
char-pit system, used by several of these men, and briefly
described in the introduction, does anything like what is claimed
for it, and there is every reason to believe that it will, then the
problem of getting land ready for the plow has been wonder¬
fully simplified and the expense reduced at least 50 per cent.
Hogan Andeeson, Napavine, Lewis county; size of tract, 160 acres;
about 20 acres under cultivation:
“I consider good logged-off land as good as any land and will pro¬
duce very good crops of anything suitable for this climate. I have
raised as nice strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, etc., as I ever
saw anywhere.”
Chas. A. Frasier, Yale, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 320 acres; 60
acres under cultivation:
“A tract of ten acres will support a family. The most profitable
crops would be hay, potatoes and fruit. Stock raising is also profitable.
I believe this to be one of the richest valleys in the state and one which
is in its infancy. Some might think that $100 per acre is a big price
for land after it is cleared but I feel safe in saying that this land is
worth five times that price.”
J. E. Johnson, Monroe, Washington; size of tract, 20 acres:
“A ten-acre tract will support a family if it is well worked to grow
roots and potatoes. The raising of hogs and poultry is profitable; cat-
60
Logged-Off Lands
tie pays well. Hay grows well and any one can cut the third crop,
that is, clover hay. Oats do well, an acre yielding from 75 to 120
bushels. Strawberries produce a good crop. An easy and profitable
way to get the stumps out is to ‘chard’ them out, for I tried it myself.
Use no powder or chemical. Just put a fire around and cover up like
a coal pit.”
Fred Ferris, Matlock, Mason county; size of tract, 20 acres:
“My family consists of seven, and I make a living from 20 acres,
only half cleared. There is plenty of logged-off land to be had here
at reasonable figures. This land is burnt over and can be easily made
to produce pastures and hay for stock and dairy business; it is ac¬
cessible to creameries and slaughter houses at Shelton, Montesano,
Elma and other places. There are thousands of acres of finest bee
pasture, the honey crop here last year was immense.”
N. P. Sorensen, Bellingham, Whatcom county; size of tract 100
acres:
“In this locality the cost of clearing land is from $50 to $100 per
acre. Twenty acres, if stocked with good cows, will support any or¬
dinary family.”
A. S. Caton, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 60 acres:
“I have grown ten and one-half tons of spuds on an acre of shot
clay; ten acres can be made to support a family with everything they
need. We are especially adapted to small fruits, pears and cherries.
Western Washington will be the commercial pear district in America.
By planting the late French varieties it is possible to realize from
$500 to $2,000 per acre per crop.”
T. K. Robe, Granite Falls:
“I think I will be able to demonstrate that good wages can be made
on five acres with chickens and ten acres with cows. I have 1,500 hens
and am building an up-to-date incubator room and brooder house. One
hundred hens last year averaged $24 per month. There are good mar¬
kets, good roads, and plenty of work. Land sells from $25 to $300 per
acre, much of it requiring nothing down in payment, particularly the
cheaper lands.”
J. E. Slade, Operator, Husum, Klickitat county; size of tract, 100
acres; 53 acres in orchard:
“Since coming here I have cleared three acres, which cost me $30
per acre; four acres which cost $40 per acre, and 17 acres which cost
$85 per acre; clearing is done by powder or stump puller. Five acres
of bearing orchard should support a family in more than average
comfort. For transportation, the O.-W. R. & N. Co., the S., P. & S. Rail¬
way Co., and the Columbia river boats. Our apple growers union ship¬
ped 22 cars of first-grade apples to New York City in 1910. We have
irrigating water available for the whole valley, but do not practice
irrigation except for hay and gardens.”
Western Washington
61
J. B. Carey, White Salmon, Klickitat county; 300 acres:
“I use two Faultless stump pullers. Cost of clearing brush lands,
including slashing and plowing is about $75; cost of clearing second-
growth fir trees, including slashing, logging, plowing, $100; cost of
clearing heavy timber, including logging, plowing, slashing, $125.
Wouldn’t advise anyone trying less than 20 acres, as it would cost
practically as much to maintain 10 acres as a 20-acre tract. There
is an unlimited demand for the long-keeping qualities of non-irrigated
apples which grow to the highest perfection in the White Salmon
country.”
A. W. McCormick:
“During the summer of 1910, I had nearly 200 stumps removed
from my land, paying the man who did the work 50c per stump. He
kept tab on the time spent, and had he worked 10 hours per day and
received a salary of $2.50 per day, the work would have cost me a
fraction less than 23c per stump. Char-pitting is certainly the poor
man’s way to clear land. However, it does not work successfully in
sandy soil.”
Perry Pennoyer, Aberdeen, Chehalis county:
“For river bottom land about $50 per acre for clearing and $75 for
upland, for immediate use. But considerable less by the usual method
of use and clearing at the same time; requiring about three years to
put in good condition. Five acres in small fruits will produce income
enough to support a family comfortably; or ten acres in root crops,
which can be grown to advantage on the same ground with apples,
pears and prunes. For reaching market we have both wagon roads
and tide water; two trans-continental railroads and steam and sailing
vessels to all parts of the world. The sugar prune has been given a
thorough test here on logged-off land and is a great success, as it does
not crack open; it is a sure cropper and is certain to add another in¬
dustry to Chehalis county. The higher logged-off lands are well
adapted to the sheep and goat industry.”
J. O. Wing, R. R. 1, Washougal, Skamania county:
“As to methods of clearing stump land, wherever the soil will per¬
mit of using the charpit method this is the cheapest, as there is no
expense except the labor. On land that is not clayey enough to use
this method the best and cheapest way is to use powder and fire com¬
bined, that is, put in a small shot, just heavy enough to split the
stump, then fire it; many of them will burn almost out with their own
wood; this is very much better and cheaper than to undertake to blow
them out entirely, as this requires a large amount of powder and leaves
a hole that requires much labor to fill. I have been clearing land in
this state for 25 years and know this from practical experience.”
Peace and Contentment on Farm of Logged-Off Land,
Western Washington
6S
Wm. L. Wood, Port Orchard, Kitsap county:
“In regard to chickens and eggs, will say that 10 acres of land will
keep a big family, if properly worked. I am an old man, very near
to 70, and keep 500 chickens, one team of horses, a cow and pigs. I
am not using half of my place, have plenty of water, and do not have
to work for anybody. We can raise every kind of garden truck that
is grown.”
, Puyallup, Pierce county:
“My land was heavy timber and cost probably $150 per acre to clear.
It is rich land and will raise anything. I have raised 1% tons of fine
hops per acre. I have taken out the hops and am building up a good
dairy herd of Jerseys and Holsteins, as that is more profitable than
hops now. Some of my neighbors are making a good profit raising
berries of various kinds and shipping through the association to all
points. Markets and transportation facilities are good.”
Guy Needham, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 166
acres:
“Natural state of land is mixed brush and timber, costing on an
average of $100 per acre to bring it to thorough state of cultivation.
Ten acres of orchard land is sufficient for one family, both from the
standpoint of care and from financial returns. Markets are best in
the world, as fruit can be shipped anywhere by the excellent trans¬
portation facilities, consisting of both water and rail. My experience
has been that for quick results, the use of dynamite is the most satis¬
factory way for eliminating stumps and obstructions.”
Frank: McCormick, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 120
acres:
“Cost of clearing 5 acres of land that had been logged-off three years
before; ten hours work per day:
117 days @ $2.00 per day $234 00
16 days for one horse @ $1.00 16 00
17 days for two horses @ $2.00 34 00
150 lbs. powder @ 8c per lb 12 00
Total $296 00
Cost of one acre $59 20
“I cleared this with a stump puller made on the ground, costing
$57.63; having fourteen pounds of power to one applied, or 28 pounds
to one pound applied with one block. I shattered fir stumps with pow¬
der, burnt them to level of ground, then covered with rotten wood and
dirt mixed; this would burn the center and parts of the root; the bal¬
ance was easily pulled with the stump puller. I merely pulled the
maple, cedar and hemlock stumps.”
64
Logged-Off Lands
ESTIMATES BY COUNTY ASSESSORS.
The following table was compiled from estimates given by
the various county assessors in response to a request from this
department for such information. It must not be supposed that
absolutely correct figures can be given on the amount of logged-
off land there is in the state; for even if it were possible at
any one time to segregate this kind of land from the other;
long before such figures could be given to the public, logging
camps and forest fires, besides the ceaseless efforts of the tireless
farmer would have totally destroyed their accuracy. However,
one is safe in concluding that there is at least as much as is
estimated, since the above influences tend rather to increase
than to diminish the amount of such lands. The entire state
of Washington manufactures each year between three and four
billion feet of lumber, shingles, and lath; which would suggest
an annual increase in the logged-off area of upwards of 100,000
acres; while the average number of acres placed under cultiva¬
tion each year is about one-half of that. Undoubtedly the land
is being disrobed of its timber far more rapidly than it can be
cleared and put under the plow.
San Juan county, although it has much good timber, is
reported as having no logged-off land whatsoever. In King
county no segregation is made of this from the other unim¬
proved lands; although here as in the other counties for which
no estimate was given, many acres of such lands can be pur¬
chased, and at prices and terms that will conform very reason¬
ably with the financial ability of the average buyer.
It will be noticed that estimates of the quantity suitable for
agricultural purposes averages about 60%. The other 40%
is probably quite mountainous or rocky, and would be useful
for grazing purposes or for reforestation.
Where ten acres is suggested as the amount required to
maintain a family, it is not to be expected that dairying would
be the chief industry; as it naturally takes more land for this
Western Washington
65
line of work than for general truck farming, fruit raising,
poultry farms, etc. To make a good living off a small area,
intensive farming is absolutely necessary.
COUNTIES
Total
number
of acres,
exclusive
Acres of
improved
lands
of town
lots
Chehalis ...
Clallam
Clarke
Cowlitz
Island
Jefferson ...
King
Kitsap
Klickitat ...
Lewis
Mason
Pacific
Pierce
San Juan ..
Skagit
Skamania .
Snohomish
Thurston ..
Wahkiakum
Whatcom ..
820,646
523,219
356,212
593,083
118,856
207,878
7S4,S80
224,714
806,914
906,992
404,9S8
539,755
653,675
96,779
506,380
211,982
572,569
430,160
148,435
387,913
12,727
14,796
54,064
11,866
10,110
5,917
74.6S0
9,280
153,060
51,271
10,053
10,171
46,424
54,544
4,193.
32,118
22,913
3,697
41,839
LOGGED-OFF OR BURNT-OFF LANDS
Number
Per cent.
Acres
of
suitable
sufficient
Prices
acres
for agri-
for one
per acre
culture
family
200,000
50
10
$10 00
60,000
80
40
$10 00
240,000
70
40
$10 to $100
358,870
75
10 to 20
$10 to $25
99,942
60
20
$15 to $25
75,000
50
20
$20 00
26,000
60 to 75
10
$40 to $50
181,398
50
40
$5 to $35
15,000
50
40
$10 to $15
101,720
None
50
10 to 80
$10 to $25
235,000
50
20
$7 to $50
150,000
40
40
$7 50
35,000
40
40
$8 00
385,000
100
40
$10 to $200
NOTE—This report pertains only to western Washington. Several eastern Wash¬
ington counties are bountifully supplied with timber and a consequent proportion of
logged-off area. These counties are Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, Lincoln, Okanogan, Spo¬
kane and Stevens.
—5
66
Logged-Off Lands
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS.
A careful perusal of the foregoing experiences and estimates
must have revealed to the reader a fair idea of the cost of land,
expense of clearing, size of tracts and profits accruing there¬
from ; also, some of the problems attendant upon the work of
getting started in the enterprise.
The person who has no money must expect to work for others
until he gets a start, especially if he has a family to support.
Work of various kinds can be secured in most localities, in log¬
ging camps, lumber mills, canning factories or on the farms.
Mechanics can often get employment at their trades. The
average wages paid for unskilled labor is from $2.00 to $2.75
per day; skilled labor from $3.50 to $4.50; farm hands usually
get $40 per month and board.
Not all logged-off land in western Washington is fit for agri¬
culture. The same care should be exercised in choosing a loca¬
tion here as one would take in entering any business enterprise.
The best plan is for each homeseeker to investigate for himself.
It is very difficult for one person to choose for another. First
of all satisfy yourself that you like a certain locality. Remem¬
ber, western Washington comprises over 25,000 square miles of
territory', extending for a distance of 240 miles north and south
and an average of 150 miles east and west—twenty times the
area of the state of Rhode Island. And in spite of general sim¬
ilarity there are necessarily many differences.
Good unimproved land can be purchased at prices ranging
from $10 to $50, although in some cases land is sold at even
as low as $7 to $12, and in other cases as high as $100. Some
good companies are putting land on the market at very low
figures, as they want to get the country settled and will give
every advantage to persons who wish to build up homes.
In any particular section the land which is closest to a line
Western Washington
67
of transportation, as well as waterfront land, will generally
bring the highest prices.
After purchasing a piece of land, the best plan is to clear as
soon as possible a liberal amount of it of everything but the
stumps. Some have found hogs and goats of material assist¬
ance in accomplishing this. With a fair amount of it cleared to
this stage, cows and chickens, as well as some garden truck
raised between the stumps, will give the farmer a fair living
while he is getting it all completely cleared and ready for the
plow.
The work of subduing these unimproved lands cannot be con¬
sidered an easy task, although with proper care and sufficient
energy the best results are sure to follow their development.
One must not expect a rapid transition from the stump covered
land to a highly productive farm. Patience and industry are
necessary to accomplish that transformation. The ambitious
farmer, however, will experience a great delight and much satis¬
faction in developing one of these tracts of land, rough looking
but full of possibilities, into the prosperous productive ranches
similar to those pictured in other parts of this publication.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN WESTERN WASHINGTON AND ASSESSED VALUATION AS RETURNED BY COUNTY
BOARDS OF EQUALIZATION FOR YEAR 1910.
[To get approximate actual value, multiply valuation figures by 2%.]
Cl
oo
COUNTIES
1.—HORSES
2
3.—STOCK CATTLE
ONE YEAR
OLD
TWO TEARS
OLD
THREE TEARS
OLD AND OVER
WORK HORSES
STALLIONS
MULES AND
ASSES
TEARLINGS
TWO TEARS
OLD
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
Chehalis
149
$1,978
161
$3,365
115
$3,375
1,944
$99,496
11
$1,615
22
$1,087
1,033
739
$6,736
Clallam
157
2,442
178
4,510
282
10,983
813
43,685
11
3,480
10
245
819
'5,553
520
6,486
Clarke
313
9,290
278
11,755
438
24,130
3,766
218,595
18
5,320
19
980
1,756
10i670
1,399
18,895
Cowlitz
162
2,218
183
3,873
118
3,893
996
53,855
6
1,900
2
25
911
4,769
705
6,563
Island
55
1,330
51
1,710
237
8,590
454
28,445
3
550
4
240
426
2,672
294
Jefferson ....
29
605
43
1,480
84
3,444
506
32,945
2
550
5
240
420
3,942
256
3,607
King
336
6,741
369
10,481
2,380
94,701
11,018
703,390
50
5,390
326
16,114
1,638
13,735
1,271
22,675
Kitsap
35
370
56
1,010
741
18,320
306
18,729
?
350
4
115
352
2,537
228
9,* 494
Klickitat ....
592
9,802
592
14,270
2,095
62,527
3,006
170,052
30
7,805
183
9,520
1,500
8,248
1,128
11,423
Lewis
Mason
2Uj285>
456
18,175
804
28,558
3,260
209,145
18
5,380
58
3,935
3,693
22,933
2',032
20|342
47
976
70
2,075
127
4,875
549
28,870
3
1,135
6
132
390
2,014
279
2,695
Pacific
71
683
50
678
92
1,798
620
16,841
8
563
8
160
1,734
538
2,565
Pierce
177
3,035
180
5,110
3,467
147,780
3,066
252,544
17
5,275
76
6,025
1,381
11,438
923
11,302
San Juan ....
/4
2,470
81
4,085
51
3,080
786
51,630
3
380
3
185
440
2,176
248
9 460
Skagit
460
8,146
429
12,493
736
31,730
2,464
161,835
53
8,680
3
55
2,182
12’,148
1,086
15,190
Skamania ...
20
375
24
640
83
2,145
375
18,840
2
600
7
490
225
1,125
84
£60
Snohomish ..
278
4,960
302
9,620
1,466
65,390
3,351
225,960
16
4,450
46
2,985
2,724
15’, 985
1,872
21,545
Thurston ....
386
7,436
218
6,940
935
29,320
1,764
130,316
17
5,940
22
1,690
2,466
14’,424
912
11 39?
Wahkiakum .
24
329
27
600
34
1,100
330
12,818
2
1,600
1
50
357
2^791
237
RJoru.
Whatcom ...
306
6,320
334
10,450
605
20,790
4,306
284,623
16
4,100
39
1,675
2,725
27'310
1,712
23^390
Totals
4,393
$89,791
4,077
$123,320
14,890
$566,529
43,680
$2,762,614
288
$65,073
844
$45,948
26,093
$171,462
16,463
$196,529
Logged-Off Lands
DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN WESTERN WASHINGTON AND ASSESSED VALUATION AS RETURNED BY COUNTY
BOARDS OF EQUALIZATION FOR YEAR 1910— Concluded.
[To get approximate actual value, multiply valuation figures by 2y2.]
COUNTIES
3.—STOCK CAT¬
TLE—Continued
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total
assessed
valuation
of live ^
stock
§• CO
THREE YEARS
OLD AND OVER
MILCH COWS
BULLS, FOR
BREEDING
PURPOSES
STOCK SHEEP
AND GOATS
SHEEP—BUCKS
FOR BREEDING
HOGS
POUL¬
TRY
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
No.
Value
Value
Chehalis
Clallam
Clarke
Cowlitz
Island
Jefferson
King
Kitsap
Klickitat
Lewis
Mason
Pacific
Pierce
San Juan
Skagit
Skamania
Snohomish
Thurston
Wahkiakum
Whatcom
365
274
293
511
138
185
1,265
50
1,347
2,360
147
248
6,736
55
1,230
56
454
492
38
500
$4,658
3,911
7,325
7,904
2,169
3,417
20,247
885
19,752
34,440
2,083
1,908
142,363
980
23,054
1,050
7,480
8,473
695
9,670
3,142
3,014
9,070
2,858
1,668
1,600
17,042
2,383
2,085
7,171
1,139
1,941
3,949
1,876
5,366
648
10,301
4,772
2,070
9,792
$53,079
60,786
189,890
57,929
32,039
32,065
374,466
44,212
43,037
156,596
22,528
20,898
99,935
33,535
123,682
16,210
240,745
94,865
51,330
234,105
125
102'
226
140
50
82
547
39
107
131
66
74
216
73
266
24
306
166
85
243
$1,857
2,515
5.200
2,842
917
2,305
12,166
720
2.200
3,453
1,445
956
4,779
977
5,268
480
5,775
3,299
2,347
4,735
663
1,333
2,354
832
2.117
531
1,796
316
26,302
2,631
416
166
3,252
6,978
1,504
396
1.117
1,216
91
2,285
$1,432
3,062
5,905
1,846
5,635
1,312
4,554
739
52,970
6,591
997
196
5,183
17,278
4,053
505
3,160
2,732
214
6,065
272
14
2
14
22
12
298
4
536
6
35
201
124
263
94
12
29
$538
70
15
64
85
60
700
8
1,640
27
95
562
601
747
325
33
109
970
1,009
1,974
1,014
298
393
3,425
260
4,719
4,322
319
251
1,546
609
1,100
122
1.487
1.488
464
2,117
$3,241
3,295
12,465
3,560
1,530
2,105
21,477
980
12,726
16,392
1,598
476
7,635
2,356
4,336
645
6,470
6,948
1,887
8,905
$3,987
2,223
4,600
2,083
3.979
1,191
35,912
14,858
4,500
18,220
4.979
1,175
35,983
3,333
1,216
1,495
15,605
13,797
1,235
25,300
a r\j
$191,702 -j Jv*
153,246
525,035 iG
153,324 5* JVC
93,006 g- OJ
89,268 rS „
1,342,749 ^ *
106,257 o
430.472 §
564.472
76,497
50,631
738,949
125,526
412,573
45,460
630,455
337,536
80,109
667,438
Totals
16,744
$302,464
91,887
$1,981,932
3,068
$64,236
56,296
$124,429
1,938
$5,679
27,887
$119,027
$195,671
$6,814,704
Cl
to
INCORPORATED TOWNS AND SECRETARIES OP
CITY or TOWN
Aberdeen
Anacortes
Arlington
Auburn
Bellingham ....
Blaine
Bothel
Bremerton ....
Buckley
Burlington
Camas
Castle Rock ...
Cathlamet ....
Central!a
Charleston
Chehalis
Concrete
Cosmopolis ...
Coupeville
Eatonville
Edmonds
Elma
Everett
Ferndale
Friday Harbor
Georgetown* ..
Goldendale
Granite Falls ..
Hamilton
Hoquiam
Ilwaco
Index
Issaquah
Kalama
Kelso
Kent
Kirkland
La Conner
Little Falls ...
Lyman
Lynden
Marysville
Milton
Monroe
Montesano
Mount Vernon
Nooksaekf ....
COUNTY
Chehalis
Skagit
Snohomish..
King
Whatcom ...
Whatcom ...
King
Kitsap
Pierce
Skagit
Clarke
Cowlitz
Wahkiakum.
Lewis
Kitsap
Lewis
Skagit
Chehalis
Island
Pierce
Snohomish.
Chehalis....
Snohomish.
Whatcom ..
San Juan...
King
Klickitat ...
Snohomish.
Skagit
Chehalis....
Pacific
Snohomish.
King
Cowlitz
Cowlitz
King
King
Skagit
Lewis
Skagit
Whatcom ..
Snohomish .
Pierce
Snohomish.
Chehalis....
Skagit
Whatcom ..
t Not incorporated.
)MMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS, WESTERN WASHINGTON.
Popula¬
tion
Name of Commercial Organization
Secretary of Com¬
mercial Organization
13,600
Dudley G. Allen
W. E. Shank
4,168
1 476
L. N. Jones
957
Geo. C. Meade
24,298
2,289
599
Lester Livingston
H. E. Rufi
2,993
1,272
1,302
Wallace R. Struble
W. D. Knipe
E. R. Patton
1,125
998
352
W. H. Head
7,311
1 062
S. A. D. Eaton
4,507
945
E. R. Merrill
1,132
310
W. T. Howard
754
1 114
1,532
24,814
691
0. H. Boynton
H. W. Patton
T. W. Lowe
400
1,203
714
H. J. Clark
405
ft 171
664
J. A. Hownston
417
628
A. V. Burrows
816
2,039
1,908
532
John L. Harris, Pres.
C. E. Guberson
603
631
441
1,148
1,239
448
Chas. B. Sampley
1,552
2,488
2,381
Harry Olin
-I
O
Logged-Off Lands
INCORPORATED TOWNS AND SECRETARIES OP COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OP WESTERN WASHINGTON—Concluded.
CITY or TOWN
COUNTY
Popula¬
tion
Name of Commercial Organization
Secretary of Com¬
mercial Organization
299
Commercial Club
H. H. Dano
D. H. Phillips
127
6,996
Chamber of Commerce
Prank Towneley Watson
'799
413
Commercial Club
W. P. Welis
Pe Ell
838
Commercial Club
P. M. Watson
Vashon Island Commercial Club ....
O. F. Van Olinda
â–  2,286
Commercial Club
A. J. Cosser
682
Commercial Club
E. A. Landolt
4,181
Commercial Club
Clyde L. Peach
'364
Liberty Bay Improvement Club
V. Holm
4,544
Commercial Club
John L. Mills
2'450
Commercial Club
W. W. Hays
2 j 740
Waterway District No. 2
P. W. Houser
315
780
Commercial Club
A. P. Cook
f Chamber of Commerce
C. B. Yandell
237,194
R.-N. Sibley
[Rainier Valley Commercial Club —
E. E. Peck
2,139
A. P. Baker
1,163
Commercial Club
G. C. Angle
238
City Improvement Club
Prank E. Hoffmeier
3,244
P. G. Cook
279
3,023
P. G. McIntosh
'o(M
544
Sigurd Hall
430
387
A. R. Greene
576
W. P. Lea veil
902
R. L. Smith
892
R. R. White
83,743
A. L. Sommers
( Commercial Club
O. P. Cosper
1,038
H. J. Keithalm
'375
Harry Hurst
361
490
9,300
H. S. Barton
456
Geo. P. Larsen
682
E. M. Grenier
i Development League
Edna Cameron
899
1,140
O. A. Cook
384
435
C. R. Miller
s
O
3
—T
Part of greater Seattle, t Not incorporated.
Western
University of Washington Library
Date Due
FEB i J
Dec 19 '
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