COLUMBIA BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEESpecific information contained in this report is based on compilations made in May 1952.COLUMBIA BASIN INTER-A.GENCY COMMITTEE P L A N FOR DEV E L 0 P M E N T 0 F T H E NATUR A L R E S 0 U R C E S 0 F T H E P A C I F I C N 0 R T H W E S T Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee P.O. Box 937, Boise, Idaho Harold T. Nelson, Chairman 1952-1953CORPS OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY Army-Port. Dist., Oreg.COLUMBIA BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE Department of Agriculture Department of the Army Department of Commerce Department of the Interior Federal Power Commission Federal Security Agency Bonneville Power Administration State of Idaho State of Montana State of Nevada State of Oregon State of Utah State of Washington State of Wyoming Mr, Herbert M. Peet Col, E. C. Itschner Mr. V B. Stanbery Mr, Harold T., Nelson> Chairman Mr* Lesher S■> ling Mr- Robert R„ Harris Dr.- Paul J Raver Governor Len Jordan Governor John W. Bonner Governor Charles Russell Governor Douglas McKay Governor J, Bracken Lee Governor Arthur Bo Langlie Governor Frank A. Barrett THE COLUMBIA BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE was organized in Portland, Oregon, on March 26} 19^6 pursuant to a resolution of the Federal Inter- Agency River Basin Committee of Washington, D. Co It was established to provide a means by which the field representatives of the Federal agencies might effectively interchange information, and coordinate their activities among themselves and with the states, in the planning, programming, con- struction, and operation of works for the control and use of the waters of the Columbia River and its tributaries, the streams of the coastal drain- age areas of Oregon and Washington and certain closed basins in Oregon. It consists of one representative each from the Departments of Agriculture, Army, Commerce, and Interior; the Federal Power Commission, Federal Security Agency, and Bonneville Power Administration; and the Governors of each of the seven basin states; Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming» Members of Subcommittee on Comprehensive Program Department of Agriculture Department of the Army Department of Commerce Department of the Interior Federal Power Commission Federal Security Agency Bonneville Power Administration State of Idaho State of Montana State of Oregon State of Washington State of Wyoming Mr, John L. Emerson Mr. Roy W. Soheufele Mr. V, B. Stanbery Mr. A. Mo Piper Mr., Daniel J. Fee Mr~ Robert R„ Harris Mr. Erwin C. Hannum, Chairman Mr. P. Hetherton, Secretary Mr. R. P. Parry Mr. C. H„ Raymond Mr. Ivan E Oakes Mr. George R. Thompson Mr. Earl LloydPrepared By Subcommittee on Comprehensive Program And Approved By Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee iiPLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST CONTENTS A REGION WITH A FUTURE ,. . . . WHY THIS COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ... .... Purposes and Objectives ...... How the Plan and Programs are being Evolved Planning by Private Enterprise ...... Page tr RESOURCES AND NEEDS . . . . . . . . ......... e ... . 7 Pacific Northwest Resources and Growth ............ 7 "Why Resources Development must be Speeded up ....... . . . 8 Goals for I960 .......... . . . . ........ 10 Problems of Development ....... ............. 10 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE PLAN AND PROGRAMS ... .......... 13 Program for Control and Development of Water Resources ..... 13 Flood Control ... ...... ............. 16 Navigation .............. . ........... 17 Irrigation .............. ......... . 19 Power o ....... 0 . 21 Municipal, Domestic, and Industrial Water Supplies, and Pollution Abatement ......... , . ..... ........ 23 Fish and Wildlife Program .................... 2b Program for Conservation and Development of Land Resources ... 25 Program for Protection and Improvement of Recreation Areas ... 27 Program to Aid Development of Mineral Resources ......... 31 Status of Plan Elements ...... . .......... 31 Plans for Sub-Basins ... ....... .......... 32 Basic Data ... ....................... 33 STRENGTH AND VALUE OF THE PLAN .... ... ......... 3U Investigation, Coordination, and Balance . , . ........ 3I4. A Basic Guide for Development .................. 3¿i Importance of Continuous Planning , . 35 Cumulative Benefits ... .... 36 Public Participation ... ............... 38 SUMMARY STATEMENT ......................... 39 APPENDIX I - PUBLIC WORKS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST APPENDIX II - STATUS AND PURPOSES OF THE PLAN AND PROGRAMS. iiiCONTENTS (Cont'd ) Charts, Maps, and Cuts Page Consumption of Materials (Bar Chart) « , . <> .00*0.000,,* t Grand Coulee Dam <> « 0 , * c . . . * * • * , , o . , „ 0 „ 0 „ 0 „ lU River Navigation * 0 o * « <> o o . * . . . 0 , „ 0 6 „ 0 0 „ 18 Irrigation Scene ........00 20 Map of Transmission System « , o « . o 0 0 . between 22 and 23 Forest and Grazing „ r <, « « . » . o « * . . . . „ „ * . . „ . , * 0 26 Recreation and Fish and Wildlife • * . * . ... . u ..... . e ■ 28 Mining Resources ................................ * . 30 Topographic Mapping ° o „ ° „ . . . „ . „ . between 33 and 3U ivA RIVER DESTINED FOR SERVICE More than any other In the Nation, the Columbia River sysLem has been shaped by Nature for manifold service to man« Its immense flow and great drop from moun- tain snowfields* and the predictable rhythm of its run-off* make it uniquely controllable for multiple useso Vast forests and brush lands cover its high precipitation watersheds* thereby lessening the hazards of erosion and reservoir»silting-~Nemesis of most western rivers» By harnessing its waters in their descent to the sea* they can be used again and again for navigation* power production* irrigation* and other purposes* Dams and reservoirs can regu- late the flow* reduce floods* and store water for release when needed for irrigation and for power generation at the site and downstream* By coordinating the operation of the facilities* such uses can complement and benefit one another. Nature’s goal for the Columbia River system can be fulfilled by locating and building each dam* power plant* and other works m its proper place as an integral unit of a basinwide plan for water control and development» The plans and programs described herein are founded on these concepts. vA REGION WITH A FUTURE Since the days of the Empire Builders, the Pacific Northwest has been looked upon as a land with a future This belief is well founded, for the region comprising Washington Oregon, Idaho, and Western Montana has unusual possibilities for development and growth,, The Pacific Northwest has great potentialities because it has vast, undeveloped resources of water, land, forests, and minerals<■ Topping the resource list is the power-packed flow of the Columbia River and its tributaries. This river system pours an average of 1?0 million acre-feet of water annually into the Pacific Ocean—a run-off exceeded in the United States only by the Ohio and Lower Mississippi Basins. More than 30 million kilowatts of firm power can be generated from falling water in the Columbia Basin* No other region of the Nation possesses such a huge source of perpetual, low-cost energy. To date, less than U million kilowatts of the Basin's potential hydro-power have been developed. With greater development of the regionfs power, water, and other re- sources, new opportunities could be opened up for millions of Americans» The Pacific Northwest could support three or four tines its present population with a higher plane of living than it has today™ Its contri- butions to defense production, and to national and regional economic security could be immensely increased. The following pages tell of plans under way to conserve and develop Pacific Northwest resources for maximum benefit to the region and the Nation. 1WHY THIS COMPREHENSIVE PUN How far the riches obtainable from the regions natural assets will be realized, depends largely on the manner in which they are further conserved, developed, and put to use Some of the more read- ily exploitable resources, notably forest and range cover, are being so depleted that their uses may diminish rather than increase» On the other hand, scarcely a start has been made in developing other resources. Full realization of the potential gains requires that all aspects, purposes, and possibilities of development be thoroughly explored. Gone are the days when chance, single-use developments of great multi- use resources were the most that could be expected. Large-scale, multiple-purpose projects can now be planned and built at key loca- tions, and integrated to produce benefits far surpassing those attain- able from independent, single-purpose facilities. The most effective and economical development of the varied natu- ral resources of a large region involves cooperative study, planning, and action by numerous agencies and groups. This can best be accom- plished through a comprehensive, unified plan for scientific conserva- tion and development of the resources as a whole. To achieve maximum benefits from Pacific Northwest resources, the Columbia Basin states have joined with Federal agencies in working out such a comprehensive plan for the region. In brief, this consists of a coordinated series of both long- term and immediate programs for Development of water resources for flood control, navigation, irrigation, power, domestic and industrial supplies, and pollution abatement. 2Preservation of fish and wildlife* Conservation and development of land resources, including crop, range, pasture> and forest lands, watershed protec- tion, and land drainage. Protection of scenic and recreation areas, and improvement of facilities for their enjoyment Investigation and development of mineral resourcesn The plan covers the Pacific Northwest region and the areas of Wyoming, Utah* and Nevada that are drained by the Columbia River» As with all broad plans involving many agencies and interests, widespread support and united action are necessary for full accom- plishment, So the objectives, scope, and major elements of the plan with specific proposals for action, are presented here for public re- view. It is hoped that wide understanding and discussion of the pxan will increase public participation in its evolution, and speed its fulfilmento Purposes and Objectives The primary purpose of the plan is to bring about the optimum productive use of all the region s resources. Its objective is to aid individual initiative and private enter- prise in expanding economic activity—to create larger opportunities for the farmer, manufacturer, businessman, wage earner, and others in all walks of life« It aims to distribute the benefits as widely as possible among the people, communities, and industries of the region. The ultimate goal is to provide opportunities for better livingo The plan is designed to help meet current and future needs of the Nation and the region for increased production of food, fibre, an- imal, mineral, and forest products«, It will yield untold benefits through flood control, power, navigation improvement, irrigation, and ithe greater conservation and development of land resources» It will bring additional gains in development of minerals, maintenance of fish and wildlife, improvement of recreation areas, better water supplies, and pollution abatement. How the Plan and Programs Are Being Evolved The comprehensive plan is being evolved from many years of work by Federal, State, and local agencies, private organizations, and indi- viduals. Each program and project has been, or is being, developed through the time-honored procedure of investigation, cooperation, and advice among Federal, State and local groups, submission of proposals to the Congress and state legislatures and legislative authorization and appropriation before any work is started» The function of the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee is to consider the proposed improvements in light of the broad aspects and objectives of development, and to help schedule them in proper relation- ship to their purpose and place in the plan. This is being done with the participation of the Governors of the Columbia Basin states, and with recognition of both public and private interests, and those of the states and their communities., Because the giant dams and other major improvements will serve many purposes, and directly or indirectly will benefit all the Columbia Basin states and the rest of the Nation, they are being financed mainly by the Federal government« State and local governments also play a key role by financing their own resources programs and coordinating them with the Federal projects» To grasp its full meaning and value, the plan must be considered in its entirety, as well as in detail» It represents an inspiring hmosaic of interrelated projects, each in its appointed place contri- buting its share to the development as a whole. Planning by Private Enterprise Governmental agencies, however, can do only part of the planning and work required for development of resources and economic growth of the Pacific Northwest, They plan, build, and operate the physical facilities authorized by legislative bodies for conservation* regulation, and development of natural resources in the public interest. They assist private efforts to develop resources and put them to use. They furnish information and advice that will aid expansion of agriculture, industry and business. The planning, building, and operating of farms, mines, factories, and many other service and productive enterprises, however, rests with private initiative. The expansion of employment-, production, incomes, and consumption necessary for a higher plane of living will be accom= plished by the people as individuals and in private organizations. Greater participation by the people and organizations of the region in the comprehensive plan will enable them to plan their own activities more effectively, and obtain larger benefits from the public improvements. 5HOW U.S. CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS MIGHT RISE BY 1975 (ASSUMING NO RELATIVE CHANGE IN PRICES) 1950 (100%) I 1975 ESTIMATED PERCENT INCREASE OVER 1950 ALL RAW MATERIALS (Except Gold)............................ ALL RAW MATERIALS (Except Agr. Foods & Gold)............... AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS...TOTAL................ FOODS................................. NONFOODS.............................. INSTALLED HYDROELECTRIC CAPACITY...TOTAL. PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION..................... FISHERY AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS...TOTAL... FOREST PRODUCTS...TOTAL....................... SAW LOGS.............................. PULP WOOD............................. FUEL WOOD.............................. OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS................. MINERALS...TOTAL (Except Gold)............................ IRON AND FERRO-ALLOYS.................... IRON.................................. CHROMIUM.............................. COBALT................................ MANGANESE............................. NICKEL................................ TUNGSTEN.............................. NON-FERROUS METALS...TOTAL (Except Ferro-Alloy A Cold)........... COPPER................................ LEAD.................................. ZINC.................................. ANTIMONY.............................. BAUXITE............................... MAGNESIUM............................. MERCURY............................... TITANIUM AND CADMIUM.................. OTHER NON-METALLIC MINERALS...TOTAL........... FLUORSPAR............................. PHOSPHATE ROCK AND POTASH............. SULFUR AND PYRITES.................... OTHER................................. POPULATION UNITED STATES......................... PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION.............. 515 3W ■»25 ! 1845 324 1187 1150 \ 110 1133 NOTE: For comparative purposes, figures on population and in- stalled capacity have been added to chart from Vol. 1, sources for FreQdom. p. 24, Re-RESOURCES AND NEEDS Pacific Northwest Resources and Growth The Pacific Northwest is a rich and growing region* Its 280,000 square miles contain about 9 percent of the Nation's land area, and 3 percent of the people. The region has More precipitation and stream flow than any equivalent area of the Westo The country's largest hydroelectric power output and iiO percent of all potential hydropower in the Nation., About 26 percent of all irrigated acreage in the Nation. About 100 million acres of range and grazing land; about 18 million acres of cropland, including about U million acres now irrigated, and 6 million acres that could be put to more intensive use through irrigation and drainage. More than 80 million acres of forests containing over 600 billion board feet of saw timber--U0 percent of the national total. About JUO percent of all phosphate rock in the Nation, and large deposits of lead, zinc, copper, and other stra- tegic minerals. Many and varied species of fish and wildlife« Outstanding scenic and recreational areas« The Pacific Northwest occupies a strategic geographical position. It is the gateway to Alaska and has the shortest great-circle route from the United States to Japan and the Orient. Puget Sound and Columbia River ports are important transfer points for ocean, river, rail, and air transport. For over a hundred years the population of the Pacific Northwest, through migration from other areas, has been growing more rapidly than the national population. Since 1900? the rate of population growth has exceeded that of all other large regions, except the Pacific Southwest.And since 1939s P®r capita income of the Pacific Northwest has been above the national average. The Pacific Northwest contributes its proportionate share to the total national production of goods and services. But like other re- gions, it contributes more than its share of certain products. For example, it produces about 2^ percent of the total lumber cut, U5 percent of all primary aluminum, 20 percent of the lead, 18 percent of the zinc, and 10 percent of the copper produced in the nation; 7 percent of all electric energy, but it has 22 percent of all installed hydroelectric generating capacity; 10 percent of the total value of commercial fish; 6 percent of all paper and allied products; I4 percent of the value of farm marketings. The prior development of the region's natural resources provides the base for most of its present agriculture, industry, and business„ It also made possible the large expansion of the region's employment* production, and incomes during and since the War» As m the past, the rate of economic growth in the Pacific North- west will be determined chiefly by the speed and manner in which its natural resources continue to be developed and used. Why Resources Development Must Be Speeded Up Since Pearl Harbor, shortages of manpower, materials, or funds, have retarded the building of physical facilities required for further development of the region's resources» Because of these shortages, basic improvements have lagged far behind the ever-rising demands for more water storage, electric energy, irrigated acreage, access roads to forest and mineral areas, and other facilities. 8With the greatest hydroelectric power potential, the region now has the most severe power shortage in the Nation Manufacturers and other energy consumers want a great deal more firm power than is now available or in early prospect. In addition, normal growth alone will increase the region*s power demands by 3 or U hundred thousand kilowatts each year« The need for accelerated development of water and land resources is probably more pressing in the Pacific Northwest than in any other section of the country» Reasons are its rapid population growth, lack of low-cost fuels, high dependence on irrigated agriculture and forest products industries, and relative under-development of other types of manufacturing» Two compelling forces make the speeding-up of resources develop- ment in the Pacific Northwest more urgent than ever These are (1) the demands for increased production for national defense and (2) the recent acceleration of population growth» During the next two or three years an expanded output of goods and services will be needed in both the Nation and the region, because of the defense emergency After these immediate demands have been filled, population growth and a rising plane of living will require further increases in production» The national population is now 155 million» Middle-of-the-road forecasts by the Census Bureau indicate that it will be 1Ó9 million by i960, and 190 million by 1975• Corresponding estimates by the Basin Committee for the Pacific Northwest are that its population will in- crease from U<>7 million in 1950 to 5-6 million by i960, and 7„U million by 1975. 9Goals for i960 To meet national and regional needs, a million acres of the region's potential cropland should be reclaimed by i960» Supplemental water should be provided for another million acres already irrigated, but with insufficient supply» Ten million or more acres of crop, forest, and range land should be better protected and improved for larger and more efficient produc- tion. More access roads should be built to forest and mineral areas. Destructive floods must be reduced. Barge navigation on the Columbia, Snake, and other large rivers should be improved. About 8 million kilowatts of additional power capacity should be developed, over 90 percent of which would be hydroelectric. Water supplies must be enlarged for expanding industrial and domestic uses. Stream pollution should be abated and water quality protected. Cultural assets of wilderness, fish and wildlife, scenic and re- creational areas should be preserved and enhanced. In the current defense emergency, conservation programs are being cut back, while the production of power, minerals, timber, and forage is being accelerated. A temporary let down of conservation measures may be unavoidable, but their continued postponement could be disastrous to long-term security. Problems of Development Because of the interdependence of natural resources, their conser- vation and development pose difficult problems. Development of one 10resource—-for example, dams for flood control, power, or irrigation-- may be detrimental to another, migratory fish. A proposed reservoir may drown out valuable mineral deposits, Stripping of watershed cover may raise flood crests lower down« The uses of natural resources also are closely interrelated. For example, further irrigation of agricultural lands in the Pacific North- west depends on additional water storage and power for pumping In- crease in the mining, and processing of the region s copper, lead* phos- phate, zinc, and other ores also will require more power» Moreover, questions like the following arise--In a certain reach of a river, would one high dam, or several lower run-of-river dams be more economical and beneficial?-«'Would the storage provided by the high dam create additional benefits m flood control, downstream power pro- duction, irrigation and navigation improvement? Residents of one part of the region sometimes oppose developments that they feel would be harmful to their local economy, or would be chiefly for the benefit of other areas. Upstream storage reservoirs to reduce floods in the lower river and increase power output at down- stream projects in addition to providing local benefits are examples. Upstream storage is imperative for controlling and developing the waters of the Columbia River Basin Encroachments of civilization-- farms, mines, cities, railroads, highways--have reduced the total feas- ible storage far below that available a century ago. And the present- potential capacity is being diminished through further encroachments« Only by taking into account all the problems and possibilities of development, and the effects of prospective improvements on all re- sources and on the economy of the region, can conflicts be equitablyresolved* and the all-important objectives be achieved. The comprehen- sive plan is being worked out to protect and develop each resource and interest as far as practicable? and at the same time to provide for optimum development and use of the region*s resources as a whole« With- out such broad planning^ irreplaceable opportunities may be lost as they have been in the paste 12MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE PLAN AND PROGRAMS Program for Control and Development of Water Resources The backbone of the comprehensive plan is a long-term program for control and development of the water resources of the Columbia Basin and the Pacific Northwest. This includes? 1. A Main Water Control Plan for the Columbia Basin, consisting of multiple-purpose dams and reservoirs on the Columbia River and its tributaries, levees on the lower River, and channel improvement works. Ultimately, an integral chain of projects is contemplated, extending from the headwaters in Western Montana and Western Wyoming, through Idaho, Washington, and Oregon to the Pacific Ocean. 2. Sub-bas,in water development plans, consisting of reservoirs and local flood protective works to serve the needs of the various sub- basins (including coastal streams), to supplement the Main Control Plan. 3. Associated works embodying improvement of the Lower Columbia River and its tributaries for anadromous fish; expansion of the power transmission system, and of hydrological and meteorological reporting and forecasting facilities. ii. Other dams, reservoirs, and related works for further develop^ ment when required. The entire program is being worked out in full accordance with State and Federal laws and regulations affecting water rights and water uses. * The regular and predictable pattern of stream flow in the Columbia River system is exceptionally favorable for large scale, multiple- purpose basin-wide development. Low flow occurs in the fall, winter, $jnd early ^spring; but high and sustained snow-melt flpw occurs regularly 13GRAND COULEE DAM A multiple -purpose project for irrigation, power, flood control, stream regulation for navigation and downstream power de- velopment, recreation and conservation of fish and wildlife.in late spring and early summer. Surplus water daring this period can be ..mnounded. to reduce flood peaks. This stored water is released xater for irrigation, power, navigation, and other uses during the low water season» These favorable conditions make it possible to design and build a highly efficient system of dams, control works, and power facilities» Through hydraulic and electrical integration of project operations, the ultimate program provides for the maximum practicable control and use of the huge run-off» Upstream reservoirs and power plants are being balanced with downstream run-of-river projects. The improve- ments also are being scheduled in proper- sequence to provide the great- est benefits attainable at each stage of progress» From many years of study, five stages, or levels, for progressive development of the region's water resources have been worked out, as follows: The initial, or Phase A stage, comprises the large projects at Bonneville and Grand Coulee, and is practically complete. The second, or Phase B stage, added those projects that were under construction, or had been authorized by the Congress, in 19U8. Most of this work is now under way. The third, or Phase C development, consists of those projects in the Army-Interior Agreement of April, 19U9 which at that time were deemed most feasible to meet both current and expected power demands to about 1965 and immediate flood control, navigation, irrigation, and other water needs of the region. Under phase D, the program would be enlarged to include many addi- tional projects that appear to be economically feasible and required, to satisfy the growing needs of the region for water and power development. 1?The fifth stage, Phase E* embraces a large number of other poten- tial projects* which may be needed m future decades, and which gen- erally require further investigation«, The possibilities for economical use of Pacific Northwest water resources are so extensive that several hundred projects will be required for their full development<> The projects currently included in the Phase C program* with the locations and functions of each* are listed in Appendix L The major objectives and features of the Phase C program and the Main Control Plan are $ Flood Control; Because of the lag in upstream project construction* no large storage capacity is now available for effective flood control on the Columbia River* although four years have elapsed since the disas- trous flood of 19U8o Hungry Horse and Albeni Falls dams are the only storage projects under construction in the upper Columbia Basin, When completed* these will provide only h million acre-feet of usable storage« The program therefore provides for about 27 million acre-feet of storage on the Columbia and its tributaries above the Lower River flood plain« Multiple-purpose dams are proposed on the Kootenai, Clark Fork,« Payette, and Snake Rivers * Their storage would be regulated to pro- vide maximum control of local floods immediately below the dams* as well as important flood control benefits downstream* Additional stor- age also is proposed on the main stem for further control of floods on the Lower Columbia0 Modification of the outlet valves at Grand Coulee Dam alone would provide usable flood control storage of £ million acre-feeto .6By combined operation of these reservoirs, the maximum flood of record (in 189U) would be reduced from a peak discharge of 1 2U0>000 cubic feet per second at The Dalles to 800,000 Below The Dalles, levees would be built to give full protection against this latter flow. On the Yakima, Payette, Weiser, and Crooked rivers, storage would be provided for irrigation from which incidental flood control benefits, both locally and downstream, would be obtained In the Willamette Basin, 16 storage reservoirs having a useful capacity of over two million acre-feet would control floods, improve navigation, and provide for irrigation. Five of these projects would generate power„ Navigation; The program extends economical water transportation from tidewater on the Lower Willamette and Columbia Rivers well into the interior of the Basin. Slackwater navigation for barges would be extended 135 miles up the Columbia from The Dalles to the mouth of the Snake River in the Hanford-Pasco area, then llii miles up the Snake to Lewiston, Idaho* and 30 miles farther by open channel to Lime Point, Idaho» A ship lock has been installed at Bonneville Dam to provide deep water navigation to The Dalles, Oregon. At The Dalles, John Day* and McNary dams, and at the four lower Snake River dams upstream, locks will be installed to provide a 9-foot draft (and ultimately a 12-foot draft when justified) to Lewiston, Idahon From Lewiston to Lime Point, low water restricts the draft to 6 feet. Present and prospective river commerce is largely in bulk commodi- ties, such as petroleum products, grain* ore, limestone, and heavy industrial products of canned goods, paper* and refined minerals After 17RIVER NAVIGATION The Region's rivers now transport about 20 million tons yearly. With the full development of the Columbia, Willamette and Snake rivers, about 28 to 30 million tons will be moved yearly from and to tidewater and deep-sea shipping.the proposed waterway is completed., it is estimated that more than 5 million tons annually would be transported» Practically all the up- stream and downstream movement would be to or from tidewater. The proposed dam at Priest Rapids includes provision for a lock, should navigation up the Columbia River above the Snake become justi- fiable to Wenatchee, Washington (320 miles above tidewater at Bonne- ville ). Numerous port improvements by local districts may be expected along the Columbia and Snake rivers. Through low water releases from upstream storage m the Willamette Basin, more dependable open- channel navigation for 6-foot draft is in prospect on the Willamette River for a distance of 83 miles above the locks at Oregon City, with 12 additional miles to Corvallis for 5-foot barges. Irrigations Some 3°7 million acres are irrigated i’n the Columbia River Basin» Projects under construction including the Columbia Basin Project to be supplied from the Grand Coulee reservoir, will add 1,127*000 irrigated acres and deliver supplemental water to 665*000 acres now inadequately watered. In addition, authorized projects on which construction has not yet been started would irrigate 95?000 new acres. Other, as yet unauthorized, projects in the Phase C program would irrigate about 217sOOO more acres of new land and furnish supplemental water for 90,000 acres. The long-term program proposes continued investigation of other prospective irrigation developments, and the authorization and con- struction of specific projects which such investigations show are eco- nomically justified. 19What water does to the Good EarthNearly 200 of the U00 potential projects that have been identified to date under the comprehensive plan, involve irrigation. Preliminary plans have been prepared for approximately one-half of these 200 po~ tential irrigation projects„ If all were completed, agricultural pro- duction could be increased on 2c8 million more acres in the región« Of this total5 2oh million acres are now unirrigatedo Altogether, approximately 6 million acres of new land could be irrigated in the region, and about 1*2 million other acres lacking sufficient water could be adequately supplied« Power? The Pacific Northwest Region has an installed capacity of about 1*900*000 kw including facilities of the Federal Government, private utilities and municipal and other public systems. About U,500*000 kw is hydroelectric, the remainder being in steam plants« Nearly 2*500,000 kw of the hydropower capacity is in the Federal pro- jects at Grand Coulee and Bonneville. Through the major transmission network of the Bonneville Power Administration, the various Federal and non-Federal power facilities are interconnected and operated as a pool, thus providing maximum availability of power throughout the region» Under the Phase C program, the installed capacity of the Federal system will amount to about 11 million kw having a prime power capacity of 8 million kw0 This will include the 2*5 million kw in operation, 3<>8 million in 10 projects under construction plus over 5 million kw in projects either authorized or recommended« In addition, a number of smaller non-Federal power facilities are under way and plannedo Of greatest aid to the national defense program is the immediate starting of power projects which can be completed within twc or three y. ars 21A ).i program was prepared which could have provided one million kilowatts of additional capacity by the end of 1952 had it been started m the winter of '1950-51° Under this program urgent requirements for defense power would have been met partly by the large Federal projects and partly by smaller non-Federal plants» Some steam generating capa- city was also included. Part of this immediate program is under way, but some of the plants are awaiting private and Federal action. Construction on the ten Fed- eral projects now in progress—McNary, Hungry Horse, Albeni Falls, Chief Joseph, Detroit, Big Cliff, Lookout Point5 Dexter, Palisades and The Dalles dams- should continue as rapidly as possible. Construction of the private plants currently scheduled for defense purposes should also continue as rapidly as possible. Non-Federal plants are needed to help meet the extraordinary power demands of the next few years, because their construction periods are generally shorter than for the larger Federal projects. Because the output from all of the plants under construction will be absorbed as rapidly as it becomes available, additional multi- purpose power projects should be started immediately and followed in succeeding years by others in order to keep up with the requirements for long-term economic growth and for national security. These addi- tional projects will come from the installations proposed for the C, D, and E phases of the program. The major transmission network of the Bonneville Power Administra- tion is being expanded m pace with construction of new generating facilities. This transmission grid delivers the power to load centers and interconnects the power plants of the Corps of Engineers and the 22ORI ENT BONNERS FERRY o BELLINGHAM TONASKET REPUBLIC O- FIDALGO HUNGRY HORSE DAM LIBBY DAM sandpoint! CHEWELAH ALBENI FALLS DAM PORT ANGELES LONE PINE SNOHOMISH BREWSTER I CHIEF JOSEPH DAM CHIEF JOSEPH i CABINET GORGE GRAND COULEE DAM HOT SPRINGS BREMERTON CRESTON VELOX TRENTWDOD KITSAP. SPOKANE&T VALLEY WAY % FOUR LAKES #-« ORONDO O' COULEE CITY HI SOAP LAKE COVINGTON KEOKUK SHELTON] TACOMA 'ROCKY FORD MASON ABEROEEN QUINCY MOSES LAKE S. TACOMA ELLENSBURG COSMOPOLIS COLFAX CENTRALIA SCOOTENEY KAHLOTUS CHEHAL IS LITTLE GOOSE DAM RINGOLD )) I LOWER Ä GLADE *MONUMENTAL DAM ^^PASCO ÍJZV^E HARBOR DAM MOSSYROCK NASELLF. BENTON1 SVENSON OROFINO TONGUE PT. LONGVIEW \C0WLITZ ASTORI A PROSSER1 WESTPORT HIGHLANDS 0 BUTTE SILVER BOW CLATSKANIE GILMER McNARY DAM■ TIMBER ALCOA GOLDENDALE / FOREST ■- * GROVE JT# PORTLAND|pTR0uTDALE^, MeMINNVILLE » ^ c|TY PENDLETON TILLAMOOK THE DALLES BEAVER) ^=7 HELLS CANYON DAM LA GRANDE TYGH VALLEY i BOYER SALEM MONMOUTHd TOLEDO DETROIT DAM BIG CLIFF DAM BURNT WOODS ALBANY I LEBANON HARRISBURG JUNCTION CITY ( WALTON . UPPER SCRIVER PROJECT g LOWER SCRIVER PROJECT GARDEN VALLEY DAM [SPRINGFIELD « DEXTER DAM LOOKOUT POINT DAM EUGENE FLORENCE J. P. ALVEYi BLACK CANYON DAM ’"O OAKRIDGE HILLS CREEK DAM REEDSPORT. Existing transmission line and substation DRAIN Approved or under construction BOISE DIVERSION DAM HAUSER Additional facilities approved or under construction in existing substations Nwn LOOKINGGLASS norway]Pmckihley4 , PALISADES DAM Interconnection with existing utility Existing dam and hydro development Authorized dam and hydro development ANDERSON RANCH DAM ROSEBURG BAN DON ( I PORT ORFORP AMERICAN FALLS DAM Proposed dam and hydro development Principal MINIDOKA DAM GOLD BEACH SCALE IN MILES ________25_______J ME0F0RDt>— KLAMATH FALLS jk m k | m m ■ I-"1 A M BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION BPA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBureau of Reclamation» Because of this interconnection of the genera- ting facilities, the power plants are operated as a single power sys- tem« This network makes available a much larger output and wider distribution of firm power than could be attained if each project were operated independently« The pooling of Federal and non-Federal power facilities also has been of great value to the Pacific Northwest. The continued tying-in of non-Federal power systems (private, municipal and public utility district) with the Federal grid system will enlarge the common power pool, strengthen the entire system of power generation and transmission, and distribute the benefits of power development widely throughout the region. Through the proposed program the region will realize the full po- tential gains from both hydraulic and electrical integration of gen- erating facilities. Without such integration, the ultimate firm power output would be considerably less. Municipal, Domestic, and Industrial Water Supplies, and Pollution Abatements Regulation of stream flow under the plan will provide larger and better water supplies for municipal, domestic, and indus- trial uses. It will reduce stream pollution at low-water periods, especially on the smaller streams. Pollution abatement studies have been outlined for all the princi- pal streams in the region. Means for protecting the high quality of Pacific Northwest water supplies are continually being investigated and put into effect. Certain watershed protection measures are now in operation, such as fire control, limitations on logging methods and seasons, tighterspecifications for road location and construction and sanitary instal- lations , but much remains to be done« Fish and Wildlife Program To help preserve and build up the fish resources of the Pacific Northwest, an extensive program of fish-life research, experimenta- tion, and demonstration has been outlined* In addition, several work projects* including the Lower Columbia Fisheries Program mentioned under Water Resources,, already have been started* This latter program is designed to maintain and build up present runs of salmon and other migratory fish in the lower and middle River and tributaries, and to establish new runs« Commenced in 19U8, it was originally scheduled for completion in 10 years, in view of the contemplated construction of 5 large dams on the Middle Columbia and Lower Snake rivers« Although dam construction is behind the original schedule3 the fishery program is still farther behind* and the need for it has become increasingly criticalo The transplanting of anadromous fish from one Pacific Northwest stream to another has been successfully demonstratedo By this means, fish runs that might otherwise be destroyed*, actually may be enlarged« Obstructions to fish passage, such as splash dams or natural barriers, are being removed « Hatcheries are being built, and fish runs established where previously there were none, A region-wide program for improvement of game reserves and wild« life refuges also is being developed» In the meantime, preserves for birds and for wild animals are being expanded* In this work, as well as in the fish conservation program, the state fish and game commis- sions are carrying a large share of the load* 2hProgram for Conservation and Development of Land Resources Conservation and development of land and water resources are in- separable, The great dams and related fa3ij.it les under way and piannea for the region wilx nave narked effects on j.ani use In turn, the way i which the land is used affects the location and size of storage re- servoirs and flood control works« Plans for land use must therefore be closely related to those for water development. Long-term region-wide program for conservation and development of Pacific Northwest land resources, complementary to the Water Re- sources Program, is in the making» Its objectives are to conserve cover and soils, and to sustain and increase production on the re- gion's farms, ranches, forests, and grazing lands. It will encompass a wide variety of projects for watershed protection, soil conserva- tion, reclamation of agricultural lands, preservation and improve- ment of range, forest, and recreational lands. The irrigation phase of the land program includes the million- acre Columbia Basin Project, with land being placed under irrigation at the rate of about 70s000 acres per year. In addition, water will eventually be supplied to about 200,000 acres of dry land in other parts of the region. The rate of increase in irrigated acreage is planned to keep pace with expanding national and regional needs for more farm land» The program also will aid the rehabilitation and modernization of existing private irrigation companies, and lead to improvement in farm irrigation methods. Ultimately, these measures will permit lar- ger crop production on more than a million acres of inadequately ir- rigated land. 25Cooperative investigations also are being carried forward looking toward optimum land reclamation through drainage and clearing. Special attention is being given to opportunities for sustaining and expanding the productivity of forest, range, and agricultural lands in particular localities. Work in this category includes surveys* land classification and appraisal, utilization research, access roads to forest areas, and improved land-management practices. Sustained yield management of forests for multiple-uses has long been practiced on public lands and Indian reservations. It is steadily increasing on private lands throughout the region. Range lands in the Pacific Northwest are gradually being improved through reseeding, control of noxious weeds, and soil and moisture con- servation. These measures also help to reduce erosion, protect water- sheds, and retard run-off. Over UO percent of the land area of Idaho and Oregon and over 70 percent in Washington are now in soil conserva- tion districts. In the preparation of the land program startling innovations are not expected m the conservation and utilization of resources- Rathe1', emphasis is being given to the systematic coordination and scheduling of the diverse services of the many public agencies dealing with land- use problems. The goal is an integrated plan for larger and more effi- cient land and water use in the Pacific Northwest. Program for Protection and Improvement of Recreation Areas With its snow-capped mountains, high plateaus, green forests, rushing streams, and ocean beaches, the Pacific Northwest has some of the outstanding recreation areas of the Nation. 27BMMm AN UPSTREAM RESERVOIR Provides sport fishing and re reation, wildlife habitat, and water storage for irrigation and stream regulation.Several of these areas—-for example, Glacier National Park, Mt. Rainier, and Crater Lake—'have been established as national parks or national monuments- Some, such as Mt. Hood and Mt- Jefferson, are in national forests» Some are in state parks. Many others, however, are on unprotected public lands, or in private ownership. A broad program for protection and greater use of the region's recreation areas and scenic attractions is therefore being developed and coordinated with the other programs in the comprehensive plan. The primary objective of the recreation program is greater conser- vation and development of scenic and recreational resources of national and regional importance, including those in national parks and national forests. The program also will include improvement of public and pri- vate facilities to permit greater use and enjoyment of recreation and scenic areas throughout the region. It will take into account the in- creasing needs of the rapidly growing urban population for outdoor recreation and recreation travel. A cooperative survey by State and Federal agencies is under way to 1. Provide essential data on facilities available in existing recreation areas. 2. Determine additional facilities required for various types of outdoor recreation, (hiking, picnicking, summer residence, hunting, fishing, mountain climbing, and winter sports). 3. Determine needs, opportunities, and projects for the further preservation or development of recreation resources. The proposed multiple-purpose development of river reaches and basin lands creates related problems of recreational planning. Exist- ing and future dam and reservoir sites are being studied for recrea- tional use of reservoirs and adjacent land areas. 29FMc’JZm mÊÊmËmÊm {11,11 Pigili ® ' If frali- ELEjCKRlC SMELTING PLANT _ fi':' mä T Li "n 0KSL . |SmEéì ErJS Mi il**®" " %■ . cs> » . 1\XW 4ÄV%i^ör»Program to Aid Development of Mineral Resources The continuing basic survey, exploration* and research work of Federal and State agencies has been of great value to mining and the mineral-using industries of the Pacific Northwest As part of the comprehensive plan, projects for speeding up needed geologic surveys of mineral areas,» investigations of mineral deposits, and research for economic development and use of metallic and non-metallic minerals are being given special attention„ Of particular importance are possibilities for the development of (l) sources of carbon for the regions metallurgical and chemical in- dustries; (2) western phosphate deposits for production of fertilizer and other chemical products; (3) local sources of natural gas and petroleum,, and their importation by pipeline from other arease These studies and projects are being reviewed and coordinated by a special subcommittee, The Basin Committee is also endeavoring to encourage and coordinate the development of mineral resources with that of water3 power ? and land resources„ Also under consideration are proposals for revision of obsolete mining laws in order to elimi- nate unnecessary restrictions on development of mineral resourcesc Access roads to mineral areas are continually being investigated and a number have been recommended for early construction* Status of Plan Elements The filling out of the comprehensive plan outlined here will be a gradual year by year growth0 The Water Control Plan and the Phase C program have been clearly defined but the other programs are generally in their formative stageso 31The status of the programs and projects proposed to date, with specific needs and desirable goals for I960, is shown in detail in Appendix II» The contributions of State and Federal agencies repre- sented on the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee to the comprehen- sive plan and to conservation and development of the region's resources also are summarized therein» Plans for Sub-Basms The comprehensive plan is being developed concurrently on a region- wide basis and for specific sub-basins and areas within the Pacific Northwest» For brevity, only the objectives and broader aspects of the plan and its component programs have been described here» The conditions, needs, and problems of resources development in particular sub-basins and economic areas are being thoroughly studied. Through these studies, the plan and its programs will reflect and take into account the special conditions and opportunities of each locality. The functional programs are farther advanced for some of the sub- basins than for others» For example, the principal features of the Willamette Valley Project for control and development of the water re- sources of that basin have been fairly well determined» In other areas, such as the coastal basins of Washington and Oregon, the pro- grams for water control and other resources development are not so far along. As further progress is made, the various programs and their spe- cific projects will become more clearly defined for each of the prin- cipal sub-basins and economic areas of the region. Ultimately, the comprehensive plan and its component programs will be worked out in detail for all major areas» 32Basic Data Essential for economical development of resources are the field investigations, maps, and basic information now lacking but required to determine the best location, scope$ and details for each proposed improvement a Although these surveys and basic data are inherent in and cut across all programs, they are so important and urgent that they merit special consideration* As shown in Appendix II, the assembly of basic data--land, geo- detic, topographic, geologic, météorologie, and hydrologie—is far behind current requirements « Field surveys, recording installations5 and the preparation of maps that will provide the necessary informa- tion should be expedited as rapidly as possible0 Without them, the planning, construction, and operation of needed facilities will be fur- ther delayedo 33STRENGTH AND VALUE OF THE PLAN Investigation^ Coordination and Balance The strength and value of the comprehensive plan come from the conscientious study of all phases of development and the interlocking and balance of its component parts » All aspects--engineering, economic, financial, and other—of each proposal are thoroughly investigated by the agencies directly respon- sible , The benefits and costs of each physical facility are scrupu- lously appraised. Those for which costs exceed benefits are eliminated or redesigned so they will be economical« The interrelationships of the programs and projects with one another likewise are taken into account» Programs of State agencies are considered, and approved or modified, by the Governors and leg- islatures of the respective Basin States. Projects proposed by the several agencies within Federal departments are reviewed and fitted in proper balance into broad, regional programs of the respective de- partments« In every step--investigations, design and construction, operation and management of the completed works—coordination helps to make the plan a unified whole« A Basic Guide for Development The comprehensive plan is dynamic and flexible« It can be adapted to changing conditions and needs» Within its framework projects may be added, substituted, or modified, as requirements dictate. As the plan is filled out, it will become a basic guide for con- servation and development of the region's natural resources. It will show the stages and projects by which each resource can be developed most effectively and economically. 3kIt will enable specific projects to be formulated, timed, and balanced for better accomplishment of their purposes and the basic objectives of development» To illustrates the Main Control Plan consists of a chain of pro- jects located and designed so that each 'will serve as many purposes as practicable» These projects also have been planned and correlated for optimum control and development of the waters of the Columbia River Basin» While projects may be added, or modified, within the general framework, elimination of any of the presently proposed improvements would reduce the effectiveness of the Plan, unless equivalent benefits were provided by other projects. For example, a basic objective is to provide sufficient upstream storage to reduce maximum flood flow at The Dalles to 800,000 cubic feet per second—essential for prevention of disastrous floods in the lower river. Elimination of any of the proposed upstream storage projects without providing its full equivalent for flood control would prevent achievement of this goal» Similarly, elimination of any ene of the Lower Snake dams without providing equivalent alternatives would prevent the development of slack water navigation on the Snake River to Lewiston. Other examples could be cited with respect to the irrigation and power features. Preservation of the objectives and framework of the comprehensive plan is a prerequisite for full realization of the region®s potentiali- ties. Importance of Continuous Planning Continuation of coordinated study and advance planning also is important. For large projects, this work must be started years before 35actual construction can begin« For example* to prevent future power shortages* generator installations must be planned and designed years in advance of actual demands * They must then be jointly scheduled by the construction and power marketing agencies* and the projects autho- rized, financed* and built as programmed° The demands for development are so extensive, the projects so diverse in location and capacity* and the time required for study* design* and construction are so great* that it is impossible to meet the ever-increasing needs by starting new dams and power plants after new power demands exist, Progress in filling out and carrying out the comprehensive plan will be governed largely by the timing and ade- quacy of the advance planning„ Cumulative Benefits The benefits from the comprehensive plan will be gradual* but cum- ulative o The plan is not a one-shot effort* but a continuous* long- term guide for building economic strength« It full effects will not become manifest for several decades. The cost of the combined Sta4e and Federal programs and projects proposed for the fiscal years 1951-1956 is estimated at $3*62b million« Of this, $3>U5U million would be Federal expenditures. Although not susceptible of exact monetary evaluation, the ultimate direct and in- direct gains to the Nation and the region in conserving resources and in expanding production and incomes will far outweigh the cost. In addition to these benefits s the power and irrigation works will more than repay their capital investment. As the plan is carried out, the production of electric energy will be greatly increased. With an expanding output of low-cost power, the 36Pacific Northwest may become the principal home of the new electro- process industries of the future America. These and other industries will be further induced to locate in the region, because they also will have assured and controlled water supplies, a more sustained yield of agricultural and forest products for processing, and ready access to the rapidly growing markets of the Pacific Coast. The region's agriculture, industry, trade, and services can be expanded and broadened because they will have a more developed and secure resource base» Thousands of families will live on irrigated farms where now there is nothing but sagebrush. On other lands, greater crop yields will be assured by supplemental water or by drainage. Range and forest lands will be improved, better protected, and more accessible, especially in areas where such protection and access are most needed. Mining will be aided by the findings of field surveys and laboratory work. Communities will grow as new farms; homes, factories, stores, and offices arise from the broad economic expansion induced by coor- dinated resources development. With more agriculture, mining, and industry in the region, the metropolitan areas of Seattle, Portland, Tacoma, and Spokane will have more business and can support larger populations. Destructive floods will be curbed. Hazards to public health will be removed in many localities through better water supplies, abate- ment of pollution, and improvement of sanitary facilities. The region's magnificant scenic and recreational areas will be further safeguarded, and provided with improved facilities for their use and enjoyment. 37The economic and social ties between the Pacific Northwest and Canada, California, and the rest of the Nation will be strengthened by the further development of the region, and the larger exchanges of commodities and services that will stem therefrom. Every area and community in the Pacific Northwest will benefit» Public Participation The more the people of the region share in its making, the better the comprehensive plan will serve their interests and needs. Through participation in public hearings and submission of suggestions for its improvement, the people can make the plan a more useful instru- ment for progress, and hasten its fulfilment. 38SUMMARY STATEMENT Unanimous agreement now exists in the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee on a large portion of the region-wide plan for the orderly and balanced development of the Columbia Basin, In an undertaking of such magnitude, affecting so many diverse interests, and extending over such a vast area, it is obviously not possible, or even desirable, to attempt to set forth a complete and final plan at any specific point in the continuing study. The unanimous agreement of all members, both those representing the Federal agencies and the participating governors, is as follows: a. Work now under way on the following major multiple-purpose and other projects should be brought to completion at the earliest prac Power, Navigation, and Flood Control Hungry Horse McNary Chief Joseph Albeni Falls Detroit - Big Cliff Lookout Point - Dexter The Dalles Other projects will be endorsed from time to time specifically, and receive the 'Committee’s support, as the continuing studies result in agreement on those projects which, in its opinion, best fit into the region-wide plan and the National Emergency. b„ 1. Such transmission lines and accessories should be built as are necessary for the utilization of the power produced» ticable date: Reclamation Other Columbia Basin (Irrigation Project) Palisades Lower Columbia River Fisheries Program 392* Installation of a network of hydrometeorological stations should accompany expansion of the river system to provide the necessary data for operation and management of the systemo 3° In the immediate emergency period, resource conservation and development-work needed for defense should be conducted for the preservation of our soil, forests and ranges, and water* The production of materials for national defense* including minerals* food* fiber, livestock,, timber and fishery products should be accorded high priority in this period but normal resource conservation and development required for continued economic strength should be resumed at the earliest practi- cable date, and carried forward in proper relationship to the other elements of the program« The kinds of work which should have high priority at this time include: Fishery research program* Comprehensive land program, including crop, range and forest land protection and improvement<> Access roads to permit development of resources• Mineral exploration and research. Recreation plan« Coordinated general investigations for development. Municipal and industrial water supply and pollution abatement projects0 c- The Committee has worked and expects to strive continuously for a region-wide plan, which must always be kept current and which will provide; UoFor a comprehensive, unified and balanced program for the orderly development and effective conserva tion of the natural resources of the regiono For all necessary needs for economic growth, with proper balance among all resources, and provide for optimum distribution of benefits throughout the area- For advisory consultation with representatives of the publico For a continuous appraisal of regional resources and the utilization thereof with a view both to fur thering maximum regional contribution to the na~ tional economy and to a well distributed develop- ment within the region, That regional development shall at all times pro- gress as rapidly as consistent with the desires of the people of the Northwest, having in mind the then current regional economy5 world conditions and budget limitâtions°APPENDIX I PUBLIC WORKS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Project and Location Status and Primary Purposes 2/ Power Capacity 1000 kw 2/ Usable Storage 1000 AF Remarks IN THE DEPARTMENT A - MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS OF THE ARMY - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AGREEMENT, APRIL 19U9 Bonneville Col.R., Wn-Ore Completed N-P 10 units, 518 Pondage Pool can be raised in emer- gencies for greater power production. The Dalles Col. R., Wn-Ore Under Constr. N-P ill units, 1,092 Pondage Planned installation - 16 units. Later additions - 6 units. John Day Col. R., Wn-Ore Authorized N-FC-P 13 units, 1,105 2,000 Pondage for power. Surcharge storage for flood control (2,000,000 A.F. Max). Planned installation - lU units. Later addition - U units. McNary Col. R., Wn-Ore Under Constr. N-P ill units, 980 Pondage Planned installation - lli. units. Later additions - 6 units. Initial 2 units scheduled for Dec. 1953- Priest Rapids Col. R., Wn. Authorized FC-P-N 23 units, 1,219 2,100 Pondage for power. Final installation - 30 units. Drawdown storage for flood control. Min. provisions for navigation lock. Chief Joseph Col. R., Wn. Under Constr. P-I 16 units, 1,02U Pondage Planned installation - 20 units. Later additions - 7 units. Grand Coulee. Col. R., Wn. Power completed. Irrigation under constr. I-P-FC 18 units, 1,9JUU 5,100 Storage for irrigation, power, and flood control. Modifications in outlet valves needed for flood control—-not authorized. Downstream power benefits. 1/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page. 7/ Name-plate rating.APPENDIX I (Cont'd.) Project Status and Power Capacity and Primary , 1000 kw £/ Remarks Location Purposes Usable Storage 1000 AF A - MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AGREEMENT, APRIL I9k9 (Cont'd.) Alternative(s) for Glacier View, Mont » Paradise, Mont« Recommended (Future) FC-P Recommended (Future) FC-P-I 3 units, 2,000 210 8 units, 575 U,000 (Storage comparable to 2 (million A.F, at Glacier View (needed to fulfill Main Con- (trol Plan» Alternates under (study. Downstream power bene- fits« Hungry Horse SoFoFlathead R., Mont» Albeni Falls Pend Oreille R., Ida. Libby Kootenai Ro, Mont» Palisades Snake R., Ida. Under Constr. P-FC-I Under Constr. P Authorized FC-P Under Constr» I-FC-P h units, 285 2,980 3 units, I).2o6 1,1U0 5 units, 515 Us 598 It units, 111* 1,200 Storage for power, flood con- trol, and irrigation» About 2«1 million A.F. usable stor- age for flood control» Down- stream power benefits» Storage obtained by control- ling outlet Pend Oreille Lake Increase in downstream prime power about 102,000 kw. Planned 6 units - Later ad- ditions U units» Downstream power benefits» American Falls Snake R., Ida. Snake R. Project Unit of Hells Canyon Snake R.,0re-Ida Authorized P Recommended FC-P 3 units, 30 Pondage 8 units, 800 3,880 Authorizing legislation pend- ing. Storage for flood con- trol and power. About 2»6 million A. F. of usable stor- age for flood control« Later addition - 1 unit. Downstream power benefits. 1/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page. 2/ Name-plate rating, - 2 -APPENDIX I (Cont'd.) Project and Location Status and Primary Purposes V Power Capacity 1000 kw 2/ Usable Storage 1000 AF Remarks A - MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AGREEMENT, APRIL 19li9 (Cont’d,) Anderson Ranch Completed S. F. Boise R.,Ida. I-P-FC Arrowrock Boise R., Ida. Completed I-FC 3 units, U0«5 his 280 Operation to be coordinated with Arrowrock and Lucky Peak Projects. Completed in 1916. Lucky Peak Boise R.j Ida. Under Constr. - - - FC-I 280 Possibility of power installa- tion at future date. Operation will be coordinated with Anderson Ranch and Arrowrock Reservoirs. Boise Project Payette Division Cascade Dam & Reser. Under Constr. Payette R., Ida. I-FC 650 Substantially complete in 1952. Ice Harbor ) Authorized 3 units, 195 )Development will provide N-P Pondage )slack water navigation to Lower Monumental ) Authorized 3 units, 180 )Lewiston, Idaho. Space.pro- N-P Pondage vided for 1 additional unit Little Goose ) Authorized 3 unite, 195 )t.-acn, making final installa- N-P Pondage tion U units each. Lower Granite ) Authorized 3 unite, 165 Snake R., Wn„ ) N-P - - - - Yakima Project Kennewick Div. Chandler Authorized 2 units, 12 Yakima R.,Wn. I-P Pondage Yakima Project Roza Division Roza Authorized 2 units, 10 Yakima R. ,Wn. I-P Pondage \/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page. 2/ Name-plate rating. - 3 -APPENDIX 1 (Cont'd.) Pro jeet and Location Status and Primary Purposes 2/ Power Capa city- 1000 kw £f Usable Storage 1000 AF Remarks A - MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AGREEMENT, APRIL 19k9 (Cont'd.) Snake R. Project,Ida. Upper Scriver Lower Scriver Garden Valley I-P I-P 3 units, 37»$ Pondage 2 units, 60 Recommended 3/ U units, 60 I-P Willamette Valley Projects, Oregon. Detroit N.Santiam R. Big Cliff N.Santiam R. Waldo Lake Draw- Down Tunnel M.F. Willamette R. Under Constr. FC-P Under Constr. R-P Authorized P 8U3 2 units, 100 3U0 1 units, 18 Pondage 220 Authorizing legislation pending. Authorizing legislation pending. 300,000 A.F. storage for FC. 14.0,000 A.F. storage for P. Reregulating reservoir for Detroit Dam. Cyclic power storage to be provided in Waldo Lake. Mills Creek M.F. Willamette R. Lookout Point M.F. Willamette R. Dexter M.F. Willamette R. Authorized FC-P Under Constr. FC-P Under Constr. R-P Fall Creek Reservoir Authorized Fall Creek FC Green Peter Middle Santiam Authorized FC-P 1 unit, 20 221 3 units, llii 368 1 unit, 15 Pondage 115 2 units, 8l 322 200.000 A.F. storage for FC. 21.000 A.F. storage for P. 3U0>000 A.F. storage for FC. 28.000 A.F. storage for P. Reregulating reservoir for Lookout Point Dam. Element in Middle Fork plan of development. Power installation not auth- orized. 270,000 A.F. storage for FC. 52,000 A.F. storage for P. One of three dams in lieu of Sweet Home Reservoir. 1/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page. 2/ Name-plate rating. 3/ Where the word "Recommended" is used, it signifies that the Department of the Interior has recommended construction of the project as part of the joint Army-Interior agreement. - k -APPENDIX I (Coni*do) Project and Location Status and Primary , Purposes Power Capacity 1000 kw £/ Usable Storage 1000 AF Remarks \T THE DEPARTMENT OF A - WLTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS THE ARMY - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AGREEMENT, APRIL 19U9 (Cont Willamette Valley Projects, Oregon (Cont'd.) White Bridge Middle Santiam R< Recommended , R-P 1 unit, 15 Pondage Reregulating reservoir below Green Peter. To be authorized concurrently with power at Green Peter« Holley Reservoir Calapooya R» Authorized FC 90 _ _ _ _ Cascadia Reservoir S«, Santiam R« Authorized FC H5 One of three dams in lieu of Sweet Home Reservoir. Wiley Creek Reser- voir Wiley Cr- Authorized FC U3 One of three dams in lieu of Sweet Home Reservoir Cougar S.F.McKenzie R« Authorized FC-P 1 unit, 25 182 Power installation not autho- rized. 155*000 A.F. storage f< FC. 27*000 A.F. storage for P, One of three dams in lieu of Quartz Creek Reservoir. Blue River Reser- voir Blue River Authorized FC 85 One of three dams in lieu of Quartz Creek Reservoir. Gate Creek Reser- voir Gate Creek Authorized FC 50 One of three dams in lieu of Quartz Creek Reservoir« Increase Ht. of Fern Ridge Dam Long Tom River Recommended FC ~15 Storage shown is incremental to existing usable storage of 95,000 A.F. Turn Turn Reservoir Turn Turn River Recommended FC-BWS 2k - - - - Lewisville Reser- voir Little Luckia- mute R. Recommended FC 60 1/ For explanation of abbreviations 2/ Name-plate rating« see last page. - 5 - APPENDIX I (Cont'cL ) Project Status and Power Capacity and Primary , Purposes i/ 1000 kw y Remarks Location Usable Storage 1000 AoFo A - MU LT T PTJC - PURPOSE PROJECTS IN TUE ^EPARTffEMT OF THE ARMY - DEPArilAiENT OF THE INTERIOR AGriEEMENT, APRIL 19u9 (Cont'd.) Willamette Valley Projects, Ore (Cont’d.) Willamette Falls Authorized ____ ____ Fish Ladder Fish Passage - - - - Willamette R. Willamette Falls Locks Authorized - - - - - - - Willamette R. N - - - - Supplemental Levees Recommended - - - - Along critical reaches of Willamette R. Overflow Channel Closures Willamette R. and Tribso Channel Impro. For FC and DR Willamette R. and Tribs. Bank Protection Works Willamette R. and Tribs,. Channel Clearing and Snagging Willamette R. and Tribs» 1/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page, ?/ Name-plate rating» - 6 - FC - - - - Willamette, Middle Fork of Willamette, and McKenzie Rivers. Recommended - - - - Along Willamette River and FC - - - - various of its tributaries. Authorized - - - - Incl. Mod. of Pudding R. FC-DR - - - - and Amazon Creek Project Authorized FC Authorized FCAPPENDIX I (Cont'd») Project Status and Power Capacity and Primary . 1000 kw '¿J Remarks Location Purposes Usable Storage 1000 A»F A - MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY - DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AGREEMENT, APRIL 19Ü9 (Cont'd ) Related Plans Hydrologie Report Network Columbia R. and Tribs. Willamette R» and Tribs« Transmission Facilities Lower Columbia R» Fisheries Plan Columbia R» and Tribs. ladders at natural falls; removal of log jams, old dams, or other obstruc- tions; stream pollution abatement; screening of water diversions; and prop- er management of water resources» Recommended FC-P-N-I Recommended FC-P-N-I Investment to June 30, 1951 about $19h million. Estimate for completion C-2 system is about $1.0 billion» Authorized Construction of fish hatch- eries; provision of fish l/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page, 2/ Name-plate rating» - 7 -APPENDIX I (Cont'd.) Project and Location Status and Primary , Purposes Power Capacity 1000 kw y Usable Storage 1000 A»F» Remarks B - OTHER PROJECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST Irrigation Projects Upper Star Valley Salt R»,Ida,&Wyo. Recommended ^ I 19 = 5 Storage to be provided by 3 reservoirs; Stump Creek, Crow Creek* and Elk Valley* Possible increase in stor- age to about 885000 A.Fo Mountain Home, Ida. Recommended ^ I - - - - About 372,000 acres new irri- gation 0 Missoula Valley Clark Fork, Mont» Recommended I Pondage Consists of two units; North- side, 1200 acres and Big Flat Unit, 900 acres 0 Diver- sion and pumping from Bitter- root Rivero Cambridge Bench Weiser R., Ida» Recommended I 3.3 Proposed to store water in off-stream reservoir at Horse Flato About 2*U00 acres would be served more effectively0 Baker Powder R., Ore. Recommended I 60 Storage in Mason Reservoir to be built0 About UY^OOO acres would be benefited* Possible to increase stor- age in existing Thief Valley reservoir by 100^000 A.Fo Foster Creek Col» R., Wn. Recommended I = — — — About 15,000 acres would be irrigated by pumping and gravity 0 Kalispell Flathead R., Mont-» Recommended I » - - - Project comprises about 853000 acres to be served by pumping from Flathead River« T/HFor explanation of abbreviations see last page* *2/ Name-plate rating. 3/ Where the word ^Recommended” is used, it signifies that the Department of the Interior has recommended construction of the project as part of joint Army- Interior agreement* » 8 -APPENDIX I (Coni*do) Project and Location Status and Primary Purposes 1/ Power Capacity 1000 kw y Usable Storage 1000 A.F. Remarks B - OTHER PROJECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST (Cont'd») Council Weiser R. Ida. Mann Creek Weiser R» Ida« Recommended I H9.0 Recommended il I-FC 806 About U>200 acres to be bene- fited. Plan includes enlarg- ing Lost Valley Dam to provide about U9.000 A.F. usable stor- age. Building and enlarging canals. Storage m Yoder Reservoir to furnish supplemental water to 1,000 acres and full supply to 300 acres of new land« Bitterroot Valley Bitterroot R., Mont» Vale (Bully Cro Exten.) Malheur R», Ore. Recommended I 89 Recommended I-FC 31 About 50s000 acres to receive supplemental water. Plan in- cludes additional storage and distribution systems. Present storage 80,^00 A.F« Building of dam and distribu- tion systems for about 5>000 acres. Reservoir also for flood control. Crooked River Recommended « - - = Crooked R» s Ore. I-FC 123«$ Includes rehabilitated Ochoco Res to provide U6S500 A.F„ for irrigation and construc- tion of a reservoir on Crooked R. to provide storage for ir- rigation and flood control. About 20,000 acres to be bene- fited by irrigation. The Dalles West Unit Col. R., Ore. Fort Hall-Michaud Recommended I Authorized I Pumping from Columbia River to irrigate U,500 acres. About 22}000 acres to be irri- gated by pumping from Fort Hall bottoms. l/ For explanation~of abbreviations see last page. °2/ Name-plate rating. 3/ Where the word ’’Recommended" is used, it signified that the Department of the ” Interior has recommended construction of the project as part of joint Army- Interior agreement. - 9 -APPENDIX I (Cont’do) Project and Location Status and Primary , Purposes iJ Power Capacity 1000 kw £/ Usable Storage 1000 A.F. Remarks B - OTHER PROJECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST (Cont'd.) Klickitat Klickitat R. ,Wn. Recommended I-P-M ii units, ?6 157 Irrigate about 30*000 acres of new land and provide municipal water and supple- mental water for 15*500 acres0 Warm Springs , Ore. Authorized - - - - About 8*000 acres to be watered from several small tributaries of Deschutes R* Canby Molalla R.,0re. ->/ Recommended I » _ _ ^ 3?2?0 acres of new land to be irrigated« Minidoka Project North Side Pump- ing Div., Ida. Authorized I - - - - Utilizes storage in existing reservoirs and reservoirs under construction, plus ground water. About 69^500 acres benefited» Yakima Project Kennewick Div., Wn. Authorized I « «*■ -•» —, About ll;* 000 new acres to be benefited and supplemental water to be provided to about 1|>U00 acres« 1/ For explanation of abbreviations see last page. 2/ Name-plate rating. 3/ Where the word "Recommended" is used; it signified that the Department of the Interior has recommended construction of the project as part of joint Army- Interior agreement. - 10 -APPENDIX I (Cont'd ) Project Status and Power Capacity and Primary . Purposes ÌJ 1000 kw £/ Remarks Location Usable Storage 1000 A,F OTHER WORK Lower Columbia Ro Levees and bank protection works Columbia River Open river channel improvement for navigation ColoR. & Snake Ro Authorized FC Recommended N Modification of existing levees* construction of new levees and bank protection All previously reconu work autho Additional improvement under study* Construction of navigation channel l£0 feet wide on Snake River between Lewiston and Lime point provide suitable harbors on Snake and Colum- bia r .vers. Local Flood Pro- tection Projects Colo Ro & Tribs, Authorized FC Fisheries research program Underway Fish passage Land plan - watershed protection^ soil and moi s ture c ons e rva t ion * forest«, range and agri- culture land use and management° Water supply and pollu- tion abatementc Basic datao Mineral resource piano Recreational piano 1/ Abbreviations as follows t FC ~ P - Power R - Reregulation M - Municipal Water Supply 2/ Name-plate rating* Throughout Colo Ro Basin* Small local projects showing favorable engineering and economic feasibility prior to construction under blanket authorization -- total $15,000,000 Limited fisheries engineering research program directed to passage of fish at dams under- way as cooperative study with Federal and State fisheries agencies. Major fisherie re- search program has been ap- proved by CBIACc Long range plans under study by responsible agencies0 Work carried out on annual basis within framework of comprehensive programo Flood Control N - Navigation DWS - Domestic Water Supply - 11 - I ° Irrigation DR - DrainageAPPENDIX II STATUS AND PURPOSES OF THE PLAN AND PROGRAMS Introduction - Status of plan and elements A number of the elements of a unified plan have been formulated in some de- tail, others are m process, while others merely have been outlined All plan elements are vital to the program., but under the defense emergency, some are more urgent than others„ Federal Plans The "Review Report on Columbia River and Tributaries," October 1, I9I4.8, of the Corps of Engineers details the Main Control Plan and a comprehensive plan of river development for navigation, flood control, and power for the Phase C level of development and touches on several associated plans« wThe Columbia River.,* a report of the Department of the Interior, origi- nally issued February 19i*7, sets out plans for multiple-purpose water develop- ment for irrigation* power, flood control and other purposes« By agreement between Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, Depart- ment of the Army and Department of the Interior, completed April 11, 19U9, these two plans were harmonized, and agreement reached on a division of responsibilities for further investigations, planning and construction» A pioneer water management plan prepared by a CBIAC subcommittee is in effect for study of combined operation of the major reservoirs, power plants, transmission lines, and other facilities, of the Columbia system for power devel- opment, irrigation, water supply and flood control. The Bonneville Power Administration, Department of the Interior, maintains a power transmission, and marketing plan» BPA, Corps of Engineers, and Bureau of Reclamation collaborate in the formulation and annual revision of power generation schedules to meet regional power loads» The Federal Power Commission makes independent power market surveys of the Pacific Northwest and has, along with the Corps of Engineers and Bonneville Power Administration, certain responsibilities m connection with the determination of power installations at flood control and navigation dams» It supervises licensed non-Federal power projects and contributes essential data on national and regional power production» The Federal Security Agency works with other Federal agencies and States in pollution control» In collaboration with the States of the region it has issued a '‘Report on Water Pollution, Pacific Northwest Drainage Basins, 1950" and has suggested remedies» The Department of Commerce provides basic technical and economic data and services required in planning for water control and river basin development and in the operation of completed projects These include climatological data, weather and stream flow forecasts, geodetic controls, nautical and aeronautical charts, hydrometeorological networks, and information concerning population, income payments, manufacturing, construction, transportation, distribution, 1services, foreign trade, and other economic factors» Its Bureau of Public Roads and Civil Aeronautic Administration cooperate with the Columbia Basin states and other Federal agencies in planning and building highways and airports«, A number of important aspects of a fish and wildlife program have been form- ulated by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior and cooperating state agencies and by a subcommittee of the Inter-Agency Committee and by that Committee itself«, Particularly important features are the Lower Columbia River Fishery Program designed to maintain the fishery parallel with rive r development* and a related fishery research program to find effective and economical means for the upstream and downstream passage of fish at dams and for the permanent establishment of migratory fish runs* The Department of Agriculture, through its regional field committee, is pre- paring an intensive and comprehensive plan and program for the conservation and development of agricultural* range and forest lands. A land subcommittee of the Inter-Agency Committee is developing the general framework of an inclusive land plan and program« The Department of the Interior* through its regional field committee main- tains a unified* Department-wide* 6-year program covering its responsibilities* including basic data* land improvement and management (of forest, range and other lands), water control, power, mineral, fish and wildlife, recreational, and Indian elements <> A plan and program are maintained by the Corps of Engineers covering its responsibilities in the fields of flood control, navigation, and related work«, The preparation of a region-wide recreation plan has been considered and recommended by the recreation planning subcommittee of CBIAC* An investigation of needs and resources in this field has been initiated by the National Park Ser- vice, with interagency cooperation Means for full-scale prosecution of this study are not yet available« Plans for basic data and for mineral requirements are under preliminary con- sideration by other subcommittees of the CBIACo State Plans0 Agencies of the Columbia Basin states have long been carrying on programs to conserve and develop natural resources within their boundaries« Many of these programs are going forward in cooperation with similar work of the Federal government* As far as possible, these state programs have been incor- porated in their proper places in the comprehensive piano Although the efforts of the several states differ somewhat in scope and na- ture ? they all include programs for conservation and development of agricultural and forest resources. These are carried on largely through research at experi- ment stations, and by the extensive work of the land grant colleges» Soil con- servation work is an important feature in each state« All the Columbia Basin states have fish and wildlife commissions and agencies dealing with recreation areas and state parks, topographic and geologic mapping, and the exploration and development of minerals<> Each of the states has a com- mission or agency to administer water laws* protect and conserve water resources*and promote irrigation. Washington also has a State Department of Conservation and Development, while Montana and Oregon have Resources Development Councils. Acceptance, authorization and financing of plans. The general approval or acceptance of the various plan elements throughout the region is substantial. The Army and Interior plans have had a critical review by the Federal agencies and the States concerned. The Army plan has Congressional approval and author- ization. But similar approval and authorization of Interior's plan, although recommended by the President to be concurrent with that of the Army plan^ is still pending in Congress. Authorization of both of these basic river development plans, when enacted, will provide an important common basis for major river development programs and projects, and for other resource conservation and development acti- vities associated with or dependent upon them. Authorizations of many resource management features and phases of a compre- hensive program are included on the general authorities of the several Federal departments, agencies and bureaus. Examples are the continuing programs of land and water management agencies. A significant authorization is that for the Lower Columbia River Fishery Program, but, unfortunately, appropriations are not forthcoming to maintain its schedule. Authorizations are required from time to time, for special projects of various kinds fitting into the larger plan. Good pace and balance in the progress of execution of Federal responsibili- ties in the comprehensive program are largely dependent upon Federal appropria- tions for the general and preliminary investigations required, the major develop- ment projects, and the continuing regular and special resource program of the larger Federal program. This programming-budgeting phase of the problem of pro- gram unity and balance is a continuous one. Some arrangement whereby there can be a pooling of power revenues from pro- jects and of charges against such revenues is important to the program for two reasons: (l) it would permit a uniform power rate among the several Federal plants, and (2) under existing law it would permit the construction of irriga- tion projects (subject to Congressional authorizations and appropriations) which are economically justified but which have costs beyond the ability of water users to repay. Tabulation of program elements--situation, goals and relationships. For general informational and reference purposes, the major program elements with their status and goals are tabulated below. The tabulation is intended to give in broad terms and compact form the situation with respect to each such ele- ment, and further to bring out the broad relationships of the various elements in a unified and balanced plan of development. The tabulation is of preliminary as well as general nature. The elements of a comprehensive plan are in various stages of formulation—some have clearly defined goals and measures of accomplishment and others do not. In the long run-- as the unified plan and its elements assume increasingly concrete form--such a tabulation should be expanded to show goals and progress more specifically. 3MAJOR ELEMENTS, SITUATIONS, GOALS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF A UNIFIED AND BALANCED PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ELEMENTS Basic data, surveys and maps Cadastral Topographic Hydrologie Meteorologie Geologic SITUATION 1951 Needs for surveys> for land management and other purposes5 are great. Pre- sent program limited, and several decades required to remove backlog at pre~ vailing rate of progress„ Maps basic to all resource conservation and develop- ment« Only 7*5 percent of region has modern maps* 50 percent usable or obsolete and J-i.2 c 5 percent no mapsc Present progress limited« Basic station nets and ap- praisals covering surface and ground waters incom- plete, Expansion required for river system develop- ment and management and other purposes. Limited progress being made0 Surveys completed showing requirements for reporting from meteorologic and snow course stations and weather and river forecasting ser- vice based on C 2 system« Reporting network being pro- gressively expanded to meet growing needso Only small special areas adequately covered. Map- ping urgent for many min- eral and development pro- ject areas. Important m national defense situation. DESIRABLE SITUATION I960 Program should be inten- sified, backlog practi- cally removed, and work placed on current basis <> Program for completion in 20 years should be in effect soon, and approaching half-way mark in I96O0 Program for completion in 20 years soon should be in effect and half completed in I960« Unified reporting net- work completed to se- cure operating efficiency and cconomy Extension of hydrometeorological network to the Upper Snake and Kootenai bs^ins, and addition of stations to reporting network» Program for completion in 30 years should be in effect More promi- sing mineral areas9 river basins, and ur- ban areas should be coveredo hPROGRAM ELEMENTS Basic data, surveys and maps (Cont'doj Soils General investigations and planning Land General* coordinated land and watershed plan and program Public and Indian land improvement Forest land SITUATION DESIRABLE SITUATION 1951 I960 Adequate soil and land Program should be great- capability surveys avail* ly expanded« able for only a small part of the region* Adequate and well-coordi- nated general investiga- tions and planning required for fully effective* bal- anced and economical devel- opment* River development investigations lagging be- hind need in some areas and some respects; other re- source investigations more SOo Work should be proceed ing on coordinated basis* programmed as necessary to precede resource developmento Various programs under way* but not on comprehensive? coordinated basis. Prepara- tion of comprehensive agri- cultural land plan under way. CBIAC preparing skeleton of over-all plan for all landso Agricultural land and watershed plan completed (in 1953)o Plans and programs for land devel- opme nt * impr ovement a nd use should be strongly in effect and half way to substantial comple- tion. Private land re- quirements should be widely understood* and cooperative programs effectiveo Gaps and lags exist m com- prehensive program affect- ing about 80 million acres of public -and private land --including restocking of cut-over and burned-over lands* reforestation* stand- improvement* access roads to ripe timber not now avail- able 5 surveys and appraisals for mangement and sales* etc. Operations should be ap- proaching full sustained yield basis in all major economic areas* with view of substantial achievement by 1970o Ba- sic access road system should be complete; sur= veys and appraisals current* 5PROGRAM ELEMENTS SITUATION 1951 DESIRABLE SITUATION I960 Public and Indian land improvement (contf d•) Range land Wildlife land Recreation land Cropland improvements and development Irrigation Soil conservation districts Preserves and management are inadequate for needs under an expanding econo- my, with increasing pressures on resourceso Preserves and management are inadequate for needs under an expanding economy, with increasing pressures on resourceso Needs growing with economy and at somewhat more rapid pace. Cooperative survey and plan an immediate re- quirement, Improvements re- quired at development pro- jects, particularly reser- voirs . Development of cropland area, now about 18 million acres, required with expansion of regional and national econ- omy c Present irrigated acreage about U million, of which over 1 million needs sup- plemental water* About 33 percent of region in districts, organized under State law0 A basic program of im- provement for deterio- rated public range should have been carried out, and carrying capa- city greatly improvedo Management for sustained high production in effect« A basic program, in- volving acquisition of needed reservations, im- provements and manage- ment should have been formulated and put into effect® Survey and plan should be complete (1953), and in effect on cooperative basis. Establishment of facilities at develop- ment projects should be currents Area should be increased to about 20 million acres> through new irri- gation, land clearing and drainage of suitable landse Irrigation should have added about 1 million acres and supplied sup- plemental water to 1 million0 Concurrently? production should have been enhanced through rehabilitation of sys= terns, and improved ef- ficiencies in use of water and in farming0 Entire region should be under soil conservation districts by 1970. 6PROGRAM ELEMENTS Fertilizer production and use Water Coordinated water in- vestigations and plan- ning. Main control system im- provements Tlood control SITUATION 1951 Needs are large and growing in west and middle west. Regional production, from largest national reserves located in Northwest, and use are limited. Multiple-purpose programs reasonably current, except as to certain sub-basins; some sub-basins, and other elements, and general co- ordination lagging mater- ially. Some units completed and several main stem and tributary projects under way; others scheduled. Development of upstream storage (with only Hungry Horse and Albeni Falls under way) is far behind schedule to meet power needs. No additional flood control storage achieved since 19U8 flood. Hungry Horse (3 million), Albeni Falls (l.l million) under construction and Lucky Peak for Boise flood control. Additional projects on Snake (Clear- water), Clark Fork, and main stem in Canada and U.S., should be developed. About 2\\ million AF, stra- tegically placed, required to reduce an 189U flood (1.2 million c.f.s.) to 800s000 c.f.So, or nominal damage, stage. DESIRABLE SITUATION I960 Phosphate resources should be extensively developed, with produc- tion greatly expanded. Basic plan should be rounded out by 1953 and coordinated pro- gram in -effect. Key elements of first phase of system, in- cluding 25-30 million acre-feet of storage capacity, should be about U/5 complete, with balance between upstream storage and run-of-river develop- ment achieved. Dependent upon the main control system flood control program should be at least U/5 complete. 7PROGRAM ELEMENTS Navigation Power (See Menergy” below) Operating management of reservoir system Watershed improvement (See also l(landff above) Fishery and wildlife improvement Basic fishery research and experimentation SITUATION 1951 Main trunk system improve- ment in progresso Princi- pal gaps in modernized sys» tem are in middle Columbia* lower Snake and parts of the Willamette. The Dalles under way and lower Snake dams proposed Construction in progress but lagging behind load growth. Basic hydrologie studies under way. Needed report- ing system developinge Water management organiza- tion formed on interim cooperative basis for study. Comprehensive upstream flood control and watershed im- provement and management program required. Additional basic studies needed for such a programo Programs lagging behind general pace* Acceleration and coordination needed• Program inadequate in re- lation to values and costs involved in fishery and river program« Comprehensive research program, in passage at dams and perpetuation of runs, proposed« DESIRABLE SITUATION i960 Substantial completion to modem standard should be in sight, with The Dalles complete5 lower Snake improvment in progrèss, and John Day scheduled Substantial completion should coin- cide with that of main control system in which it is includedo Main control system con- struction depended upon for bulk of new power capacity required- Non- Federal program* impor- tant for immediate de- fense needs, should be substantially complétée Forecasting and report- ing systems should be refined ; mana gement- organization adapted to increasingly complex main control system« Cooperative program should be formulated by 195U and under broad acceptance in I960« Accelerated3 coopera« tive conservation pro- gram should be in effect, Basic program should be completed, important determinations made<, and applied in design of river and fishery works « 8PROGRAM ELEMENTS SITUATION 1951 DESIRABLE SITUATION I960 Columbia River Fishery Improvement (nLower River Program**) Recreation improvement General water supplies Pollution abatement Energy Coordinated power inves- tigations and plans Program* including obstruc- tion removal* propagation facilities* etc,* underway since 19U8* but progress less than half that required to keep pace with river improvement program. Plans and improvements lag- ging* particularly at reser- voirs* not in pace with river development progress* General survey and coopera» tive plan needed* Requirements for industry and general use increasing at high rate; survey* study and plans needed* Pollution extensive in a number of areas and reaches; preliminary survey completed. A number of treatment plants completed or under construc- tion* Basic fishery improve- ment program must be complete by 1958 to in- sure continuation of runs at optimum* Recreation improvements should be current with river development« General plan should be completed and effective0 Programs for supply, coordinated with river programs* should be in effect* Pollution abatement for critical areas* includ- ing Snake* Yakima* Willamette* lower Colum- bia and coastal areas* should have been effected* through about UOO muni- cipal and industrial treatment plants* with preventive measures in general effect* Requirements increasing ra- pidly in nation* more so in region, Basic plans almost currento Additional plan- ning required to keep pace with river and general eco- nomic development and for long-range power utiliza- tion« Investigations should be current with growth and prospective needs; plans should necessarily cover a period of years in advance* 9PROGRAM ELEMENTS SITUATION 1901 DESIRABLE SITUATION I960 Power system development Generation Transmission Power markets and utilization Fuels exploration* -research and experi- mentation Minerals and other raw materials Coordinated investiga- tions and plans. Present regional capacity, million kilowatts, not in accord with normal and emergency needs. No re- serves available, ohortar-e faced in' median water ■ cysr, seriouu-shortage if lov water year, Pomer rev.vJ.- tion scheiulos, rleyi^r c ,J. to meet load gr.owth, not being met. Basic, regional network, interconnecting plants and load centers, in effective operation. Expansion not in pace with generation or load growth in some areas» In current power shortage situation, long-range devel- opmental needs recornizod but not- met. Little intensive work done in development of regional fuel sources of heat and energy. Plentiful, low-cost gas fuel lacking. Requirement, probably in order of 10-12 million kw, should be met prin- cipally through main control plan (see above). Program should be cur- rent, with reserves available for use in regional development and production, and national defense. Program should be on current basis through- out. Reirur al power require- ment?-- should be fully :ne t. Additional fuel sources should be in use or under development— including regional coals, and gas and petroleum pipelines. Requirements increasing as rapidly as Gross National Product or faster. l ‘ No broad plans yet available. General plan, coordi- nated with other re- . sources development plans, should be established long be- fore I960. 10PROGRAM ELEMENTS SITUATION 1951 DESIRABLE SITUATION I960 Mineral exploration, re- search and experimenta- tion Organic raw materials Indian resource programs Sub-basin plans and programs' Surveys, exploration, re- search, experimentation, in- adequate in relation to needs and resources (especially as augmented by defense situa- tion). Only few selected areas covered. General re- gional appraisal of needs and resources required * Work in critical and essential minerals required (e.g. for aluminum, titanium, phos- phates, and sulphur) includ- ing mining, production, processing and use« General situation similar to that for minerals» Region- al appraisals and augmented research and experimentation required* In view of region- al resources, use of pro- ducts of forest, range and agriculture particularly important * Indian program elements cover most of these noted above* However, special at- tention to them is required so that the Indian people may progress more rapidly to parity with the general population* In general^ Indian resource projects lag behind their counter- pa rtSo Plans and programs in var- ious stages of formulation and accomplishment in var- ious sub-Lasiri. None fully formulated, but relatively well-developed for Willa- tle and upper Snake; co- ordinated investigations in progress for Rogue; plans lagging for other important basins such as Clark Fork. Program, including public and private aspects and cooperation, should have been stepped up in accord with expanding general needs, current and pros- oective Program^, also cooperative publie-private, should be stepped up to accord with needs. Progress on Indian pro- grams should have accel- erated greatly, placing them on a par with other projects in the general programo Comprehensive program for progressive removal of Federal supervision should be in effect, Coordinated subbasin plans should be formu- lated and in effect for all significant sub- basins, in the interest of well-distrimted 2nd balanced development and benefits 113 52 57 503