CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN RECEIVING SERVICE FRON 'PUBLIC WELFARE AGENCIES, JANUARY A recent report of the National Commission on Children in Wartime, BuildinG_tho Future for Children and Youth, 2/ calls for the extension and , improvempnt of the Federal-State program of child-welfare services. The limitations of existing programs cited in the report of the Commission are documented in terms of staff shortages, in a recent Children's Bureau analysis of personnel providing welfare services to children. 3./ Additional light on the current program is provided by the present report on the childrpn receiving these services. This analysis is based on an annual report on the characteristids of children receiving service from workers attached to State or local departments of welfare on January 1, 1945. 4/ Of the 45 States j submitting reports on the characteristics of children receiving service, 32 States reported on all, or substantially all, of the children receiving service from public welfare agencies. (See appendix table 1.) The data for all but 2 of the States relate to January 1, 1945; for Indiana and. Vermont they relate to February 1, 1945. The report for Minnesota is based on a 10-percent sample study, the results of which have been adjusted to provide the requested data for all the children receiving service. The text of the report is limited to an analysis of the data for the 32 States reporting completely, but the appendix tables include data for all 45 States participating in the study. The 32 States represent all sections of the country as indicated by the regional breakdown shown in appendix table 1. g The number of children under the age of 21 years in these States constituted 52 1/ Report prepared by Jimmy S. Fuerst, Division of Statistical Research. 2/ Childre'n's Bureau Publication 310, Washington, April 1945. I/ Personnel in Public rielfa.re Afencies 'Providing Noninstitutional Services to Children in the United States, July 31, 19411. Children's Bureau, Washington, June 19-45. '4/ Data on children receiving service from private agencies or from public agencies under administrative auspices other than departments of elf are e.g., juvenile courts,. departments of probation or parole, and children's institutions) are not included in this report. Alaska, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico are referred to as States for the purpose of this report. 6/ The Bureau of the Census regional and. divisional groupings have been used in this report, except that Delaware and. the District of Columbia have been considered. as Middle Atlantic rather than South Atlantic States. 2. percent of the 1940 child population of the United States and Territories. 7/ The, reports for thpse States included 115,343 children, or 52 percent of the estimated total of 220,000 children receiving service from public welfare agencies throughout the country on January 1, 1945. The sex and age distribution of the child population in the 32 States did, not vary appreciably from that of the total chill population. In terms of .' the child population, the representation of the Southern States was greater than that of States in other regions0 One effect of this is that Negro children constituted 14.7 percent of the child population in the 32 States in contrast with 11.6 percent of the 1940 child population of the 'United States. Although the proportion of all children served in the 32 States who were in foster-family homes was somewhat\lower than in the country as a whole, slit is believed that the characteristics of the 'children served in the 32 States provide a reasonably good indication of the characteristics of children receiving service from public welfare agencies throughout the country. On the basis of the l940 child population more than 4 out of every 1,000 children in the 32 States were receiving service from State and local public welfare agencies on January 1, 1945. The extremo variation among the States in public provision for specialized services to children is indicated by the following data showing the number of children served in each State per 1,000 children in the 1940 child population: Total, 32 States... ••• NL)w Jersey 8.7 .17.9 1:lest Virginia.. Washington.. .7.8 Delaware ....6.2 Yontana.... . . .. . 5.7 Nebraska... 5.6 Alabama 5)4 North Dakota.,. Puerto Rico.. • —4.1 North Carolina...2.8 Wyoming. . . 2,4 Kentucky.. c.2.3 ohio.c.... . Arkansas.. .... 2.2 • 1.8 Florida... ...1.8 Oklahoma.. ...1.6 Texas 1.1 • l.0 4 5 Minnesota District of Columbia...17.1 Indiana• . . • • • ....... . .13,4 New Haurpshire••• • • • * •••13.1 Vermont•wes00,•••••••]3.1 Alaska-- .......... .12.2 TevadaArizona.. ..... somelp.o.905 Maine 9.2 South Dakota....3.2 Mississippi... South Carolina..3.0 Tennessee.... Illinois...... 7/ In.this report children'under the age of 21 years are referred to as the child population. Geographical shifts in child populatioh since 1940 undoubtedly have altered the racial composition of tiechild population in many States. However, inasmuch as more recent population data are not available by State, age, sex, and race, 1940 population figures have been used throughout the study. Si A significant portion of the Nation's children who are receiving foster-family care are in New York, for which complete data more not available for this report. This marked variation in the relative nunber of children served cannot be exp4.ained entirely on the basis of inter-State differences in provisions for services to children under private auspices, in institutions, and under other public programs not covered by this report. For example, in only a few of the lowest 16 States (e.g., Illinois and Ohio) are the private-agency or other public programs for children sufficiently extensive to materially change this picture.. Although there may be some differences among the States in the number of children needing service, it cannot be assumed that these differences are of the magnitude indicated by the above data. It is inescapably clear, therefore, that services to all children needing them are not available in the States. An analysis of ,the services that are available is presented in the two sections of this report. The first section deals with data indicative of the service provided—wherec...buts of the child, length of time service has been provided, and the receipt of public assistance. The second section deals with data relatinct primarily to the children receiving service—ace, race, sex, and marital status of their parents when service was initiated. I. SERVICES PROVIDM TO CHILD.P.EIT IN 32 STATES, JANUARY 1, 1945 Whereabouts of children receiving service. The nature of the services available and provided are "suggested by the -hereabouts of the children served. Over half of the children in the 32 States were receiving service in the homes of parents (44 percent) or relatives Oa percent). Less than one-third were receiving service in foster-family homes. (Table 1.) Services varied considerably by region. In 17 States, larely,in the • Southern and. Mountain regions, more than Go percent of all children receiving service were in their own homes. (Appendix table 2.) In South Carolina, Mississippi, Montana, and Puerto Rico, more than SO percent, and in Illinois and Ohio only 23 .and 26 percent, respectively, of all children served. were in their :D :n. homes. Comments from several States suggest • that he high proportion of children served in the homes of parents or relatives is due to the inadequacy of, funds provided for foster-family care, the difficulty of f inding foster-family laomes, and the lack of provisions for institutional care, as 77e1.1 as to the emphasis on providing service to children in their own homes. In several States, also, children needing foster-family care are referred to-private agencies. Thirty percent of nil children received service in foster-family homes. In the New England, the Middle Atlantic, and to some extent the East North Central States, where the philosophy •and practice of child placing was most extensively develo:Oed, programs of service to children are focused on foster care, and a • larger proportion of the children served than in other regions (except the Pacific 4. Table l.--Whereabouts of children receiving service on Jarruarr? 1, 1.945; 32 States Whereabouts Children receiving service Number Percent Total... .......... . f115,34S Whereabouts rep or ted: Total. ...... 114 6s3 100 In home. of parents ..... ... ........ .. 50, '13 44 In home of relatives................ 12,375 11 ii fotter-family home: Total...-. a/ 4 414 Boarding... ..... ....... .. . .. ... 24,S Free... ..... .... ............ ... g,o4s Work or, wage-. ..... ..... In institution: Total............... Public........ Private.. .... ......... . Elsewhere... Whereabouts not reported.. ..... . ....... 665 ] • • • • • • • • • ..... 1,516 10,02 5,7 8 4,092 7)456 0 22 7 1 9 6 a/ Includes 5 children for whom type of foster-family home was not rep- orted. bi Includes 185 children for whom auspices of institution was not rep- orted. States) are in foster-family homes. (Table 2.) In a n-araber of communities practically no children receive service in their own horqes from public child-welfare agencies, and in many of these, parti.culaxly in rural areas, private welfare agencies do not exist. In each of several Hew England and Middle - Atlantic States the only services available throughout the State to children in the homes of -parents or relatives are those for children either awaiting placement or termination of service after having been returned, to the home of parents or relatives. In these States there are also a few workers paid in whole or in part from Federal C1.7S funds in several rural areas or areas of special need who provide a rounded program of service to all children. . 5. Table 2. ...-Whereabouts .of children receiving service on January 1, 194 by geographic region and division; 32 States "Percent of children served in Region, division or Territory All rtereabouts i Home. ' I Foster- I Other of parents I family whereabouts / or relatives I liome _/ •,.., Total.• • • • • • • • • • • • 100 55 30 15 1 _ I , 100 6g 1 1 20 100 . 59 100 46 1 3 1 36 I , 1 100 71 i 1 1S 100 70 I 23 100 6g 1 ! 17 100 6s 1 I 23 100 66. 22 I 45 100 11-9 100 42 1 39 100 33 1 49 100 ° 29 44 i 1 ioo 90 100 43 i 37T 100 37 , 31 i I , Regions: The South.-- .• • • .• • • • • The • .• • • • • • .• • • The North... ... . i••••• Divisions: West South . Central.. Montain. .. . ...... East South Central...„. South Atlantic 1:7est North Central...- Pacific.-- ......... East North Central...- New England.... ....... Middle Atlanti c.. Territories: Puerto Rico.. ..... ....... Hawaii... .. ............. . Alaska............ ....... 12 7 is 11 7. 15 9 19 27 3 20 32 a/ Includes children receiving service in institutions. Of all children in foster-family homes, 72 percent were in boarding homes, 23 percent in free homes, and 5 percent in work or rage homes. The proportion of all children receiving foster-family care who were in boarding homes was consistently high throughout the country except in the South Atlantic and East South Central States, and in Puerto Rico where the proportion was less than one-half. (Table 3.) In Mississippi, with the smallest number of children in foster-family homes of any of the 32 States, most of the children in foster-family homes were in free homes. Lack of funds for foster-home care is a most important factor in the small volume of boardin-home care in this State, as well as in most of the other States with limited boarding-home programs. In Florida the low proportion(22 perc-en Table: --Types of foster-family hones in which children were receiving service on January 1, 1945, by geographic region and division; 32 States Region, division, • or Territory Total.. • • 4 • • 4 • • • • • • • Regi on s: The West. . . The North......... The South.- Divisions: Pacific.... ............1.0•.0o0o•o0d00es0o6 Middle tlantic. NewEngland ..e•s .4 .. . East North Central.......... Mountain• • • • • ••••••• ii.••••••• Wea North Central.......... West South Central.. ........ South Atlantic...... mOS4,00 East South Central.. . Territories: . .. . •••••••ese Alaska... Puerto Rico.. 04114,•••• Percent of children in-- All foster- Boardingi family homes homes wage homes i homes'1 Work or Free 100 72 23 1 100 1 86 1 100 77 )49 100 1 loo 1 93 100 1 66 100 I i 83 100 i 7)4 100 1 696 loo 100 , 14.96o 10o loo )42 I 100 1 71 100 1 63 loo H 42 . •• • • •••••• • • • • • • • • ... • • • • . •• •••• 11 18 11 11 23 26 22 3 3 2 .3 6 9 14. 14. 5 1 13 of children served in foster-family homes who were in boarding homes reflects in part the emphasis of the program on providing service to children involved in adoption investigations; these children usually are living with stepparents or other relatives or in free foster-famil76houes. "Jashington and. Illinois bad the largest proportions of children receiving foster-fanily care in boarding homes-93 and 91 percent, respectively. The proportion of children in work or wage homes was about the same throughout the country. About 5 percent of all children served in foster-family homes in most States were in work or wage homes, and only in Montana, Nebraska, and, Alaska were more than 10 percent of the children served in work or wage homes. 30 )47 55 2g 24 '54 The data on children receivini*; service' in institutions for depen_ent, neglected, and delinquent children included in this analysis apply to only a small proportion of the total number of children in such public and private institutions. These data are useful only in indicating the extent to which workers attached to public welfare agencies provide service to children in institutions. In the 32 States combined, 9 percent of the children served were in institutions. In g States; more than 15 percept of the children reported were in institutions. In Indiana, after placing children in institutions, the workers are responsible for providing service to them directed toward their ultimate adjustment, and all children so -placed are counted as receivin,::.:; service. In Kentucky, a large local institution and a State institution hnve developed programs of foster-family care that arc not limited to children who are in,• or had been in, the instItutions, and all children served both in and outside these - institutions are included in this report. In the-District of Colur.bia and in Oklahoma the department of welfare is responsible for providing service to children in public institutions. A wide divergence exists between the living arrangenents of children served in rural and in urban areas. In urban areas, Kthere private child-placing agencies have in the past been a guiding influence, the main dovelopr-p3nt of the public child---welfare agencies 1-,L.s been fllong the -lines of foster-family care. As a result, in many cities the largest proportion .of children served by public agencies are in foster-family homes. For cxanple, in Cleveland and ,Cincinnati larger proportions of children who receive service from 'yorkers attach:3d to public welfare agencies are in foster-family homes than in other parts of .0hio. Similes, ly, the proportion of children served -un:'er public .auspices who are in foster-family homes is much greater in Chicago than in other -parts of Illinois. Thus,- in many urban areas, even though large numbers of children are served, a wall-rounded public child-welfare program, including services to childrel. in their own homes, is not available. Thereabouts in relation to race. Differences in the nature of services provided to write and Negro children and those of "other" races are indicated by the followini; drAa. showing the percentage distribution of the children serve according to their living; arrangemonts: All races IThite Negro Other Total. 100 100 100. 100 . In home of parents or rell-rtives... 55 56 149 51 In foster-family homes............ -4.0 , 29 36 2 All other living arrangements 15 15 15 21 These differences are' related to regional differences in the types of services provided to white and Negro 'children. In the North, ,:there foster-fa -ily care is emphasized, a much larger proportion of the ITee_ro children 'than of the .. $. white children served received this type of care, and 'more than half of all ia children reported in this study' lived in the North. The proportion of Negro children served in the North who received foster-family care is large en ugh to raise the percentage of all Negro children receivin,z such care significantly hi,lher than the =parable percentage for all white children. This is inrlicated by the following data showing the percentage of children served rho were in foster-family homes or in their own homes: In foster-family home In home of parents or relatives t• Whi te Negro \Mite Negro All regions.. ..... 29 36 56 /49 The North.• • • • • • . • • • • • • 34 5o 4g 30 The South . • • . • . • .. • • • 20 18 67 The 'Jest...—. 7): 25 59 64 In Illinois a sharp difference in the comparative distribution of white and Negro children in their own homes and in foster-fardly homes is attributable to the child-'welfare program in Chica;o which was directed particularly to children in families receiving public assistance. (Ye-roes constitute a large proportion of the Chicago assistance population.) In Northern States the greater proportion of Negro than of white children receiving service who were in foster-family homes reflects the lack of institutional and other services for Negro children.. In the South, where there is little provision of foster-family care, a smaller proportion of the Negro children than of the white children were in foster-family homes. In 7 of the 11 States included in this region, a smaller proportion of the Negro than of the white children served received foster-family care. One explanation for the inadequate provision of foster-family care for Necroes in the South is the same lack of funds that results in inaeLeguate provisions,for white children. It was pointed out by one State; for example, that Southern communities that are reluctant to spend money for foster-family care for Waite children are even more reluctant to spend it for such care for Negro children. • Some differences in type of foter-family care for Negro an02 for white children also were reported. In the 32 States, 50 percent 6f the Zegro children in foster-family homes 7ere in boarding homes, as compared to 71 percent of the white. children. The regional differnces in type of foster-family care also were marked, as is indicated by the following data showing the percentage of children served in each type of home: --Type of foster -family All regions The North The South: hone White -CeEro Wlite Negro White - Negro Total. • . . • . • • • , • • • • • Boarding.••••••••••••••••••••• Free..•—• ..... ••••••••••••••• Work or wage • • • • • 100 100 100 100 71 so 75 59 24 ls 20 9 5 2 5 2 loo loo 51 3, 46 59 3 3 9• Just as a, greater proportion of the Negro than of the white children served in the North were in foster-family homes, so proportionately more of the Negroes than of the whites who received this type of care in the North were in boarding homes. Because of the small number of children of "other" rides served it is • difficult to make comparisons between this .group and the other racial groups. In the 32 States combined there was generally less difference between the place of care of white children and that of children of "other" races than between the place of care of white children.and that of Negro children. ..Llieroabauts in rolation to ago. The living arrangements of children served are only slightly related to their age. The median age of children served in the homes of parents or relatives (10.7 years) was a little higher than that of children served in foster-family homes (10.4;years). In. Oklahoma, Texas, and Tennessee this is attributed to the fact that foster parents prefer to take younger children into their homes, that it is more diftbicult for foster parents to accept older children -rith strong affectional ties to their own families, and that many of the younger children can be placed for adoption. Most (65 percent) of the children in boarding-homes were from 6 through 15 years of age as compared with 42 percent of the children in free homes and 24 percent of those in work or wage homes. The majority of the children in free homes i7ere in the age groups undeir 6 and over 15 years of age, and af those in work or wage homes, in the age group over 15 years of age. (Table 4.) Among the children under 6 years of age in free homes, the largest of the age groups by single years comprised those under 1 year of age, and frequently these were in homes where they had been placed for adoption. In the group 16 years and over, many of the children may have been in hones which were designated as "free" but in which they helped around the house or farm. Some of these may have been children for whom boarding payments had. previously been made which were stopped even though the children remained in the hones when they started to work. Whereabouts in relation to sex. The whereabouts of girls receiving service did not differ greatly from that of boys. A slightly higher proportion of the girls than of the boys were in foster-family homes. In several States, such as Wyoming, the fact that more boys than girls received foster-family care was explained on the that foster ,families were loathe to take adolescent girls into their homes. The following percentage distribution of girls and boys served in foster-family homes, by type of home, indicates the somewhat greater use of boarding homes for boys and of free homes for girls: Boirs Girls T6tal. • • • • • • 0000000 • • • 00000 • • 100 100 Boarding home....— • ,.• • • • • • • • • • • • • . 74 (0 , Free home 004140460.004•41,001.4. 22 25 Work or wa-e 5 A larger proportion of the boys than of the girls in foster-family homes wore un.jer 14 years of age. Receipt of public assistance. Only 7 percent of the children reported as receiving; child--Telfare service in the 32 States for which informr,tion was available on the receipt of public assistance were' in families receiving such assistance. (.`able 5.) These data are significant chiefly as an indication of the extent to which children receiving specialized child,..:ielfare service are also assisted through other aspects of the public welfare program. 10/ More than three-fifths of these 8,662 children were in families receiving aid to dependent children, either as the only type of assistance or in combination with other types of assistance. In 5 States 11/ more than 15 percent of the children were receivingassistance, and in 11 States less than 5 percent were receiving assistance. The children reported in this analysis as receiving; public assistance represent only a small part of the total number of children receiving assistance in the 32 States.' For example, in 31 of these States (excluding Puerto Rico) almost 335,000 children were receiving aid to dependent children in Dec,)mber. 1944. In the country as a whole more than 640,000 children were receiving aid to dependent children in December 1944. 12/ In acldition, an estimated 120,000 were in families receiving general assistance. 10/ Children in families receiving public assistance are 1included in this report dnly if they receive service from a worker other than the one administering public assistance to the family or from a worker designated as a child-welfare worker. 11/ Alabama, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Puerto Rico. 12/ Federal Security Agency, social Security Board: Social Security Bu le vol. g, No. 2, February 1945. Page 24. .ble 11.-es of children in foster-family homes on January by type of home; 32 States _ In all foster-In boarding I In I In work or. Age family homes homes free homes wae homes , (rars) Number _ Per- cent Number Per-Per- Nurber centcent cent Ialmber .6 .- , . er- Total........ 34,414 _ 2L,85 1 ,014.8 _ r -- ,510 - I Me reported: Total...... 31/1-,123 100 24,656 loo 7,93 100 1,511 100 Under 1 year........... 1,757 5 815 3 940 12 ' a/ 1-5 years.............• 7,753 23 5,502 22 2,247 28 4 a/ 6-9 years.............. 6,649 19 5,523 23 1,116 1,4 10 , 10-13 years............ 8,395 25 6,922 28 1,387 18 85 6 14-15 years....:„....... 4,573 13 3,500 l4 798 10 274 18 15-17 years............ 3,331 10 1,839 8 874 11 61g 41 1g-20 years............I 1,5E1 5 522 ' 2 562 7 497 1 33 21 years and over.... 84a/ 33 a/ 29 a/ 22 I .._ .... Age not reported.......... , 291 - 189 95 -5 1 ______ 'a/ Less than 0.5 percent. Table 5.--Trope of public nssi2tance received by families of children receiving service on January 1, 1945; 32 States a/ Less than 0.5 percent Tot al . . • ... • . • • • • Receipt of assistance reported: '000.000 ADO and other..a....... .... .. Children Type of public assistance received Nunber / Percent Total................................. No public assistance rticeived.. • • • • ... • . • . • .• Public assistance received; Total ADO only. Other assiatance. ..... • • Receipt of assistance not reported.-- ..... 115,34g 94,798 g8,134 6,662 4,161 • 2,141 360 20,552 100 95 2 i of service. One indication of the nature of the program of services to children is the length of time service has been provided. This information could best be obtained from an analysis of the records of child,en for whom service has been terminated,. Althoudi such data are not available at this time, information is available on the length of time continuous service has been provided to the children reccivin service on January 1, 1945. The reports for the 32 State., indicate that two-fifths of the children had been receiving service for a war or loss and, at the opposite extreme, one-fifth had been served for more than 5 ve.ars. (Table .6.) . L. larger proportion of the Negro children than of the other children had been receiving service for 5 years or less--g2 percont of the Negro children compared with 79 percent of the white children and 76 percent of the children of "other" races. In States in which the emphasis is on a long-time wardship program, and to a lesser, extent in those having long-existing programs, a relatiyely large proportion of children have been receiving service for longer periods of time than in other States. (See appendix table 3.) The Now England States (for exam-a°, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont) and, to 'a lesser degree, the East north Central States reported large proportions of children whiD,hr,d beeh receiving service for more than 5 years, reaching as high as 46 percent in Maine and 41 percent in New Hampshire. In the .lest South Table 6.--Length of time service bad been provided to children served on January 1, 1945; 32 States Percent Length of time service had been provided Total• • . • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • — • 1 year or More than More than More than Yore than More than More than More than leSS.000, ****** OOOOO 600,00. OOOOO 111. 1 year, up to 2 years. .. .... . . . 2 years, up to 3 years. .. . ...... . ..... 3 years, up to 4 years. .. . .. .... .. 4 years, up to 5 years. .. .• .• • • 6 • • •• • # 5 years, up to 10 years.. . ...-..... • 10 years; up to 15 years......,... . 15 years..... La ,O5 17,494 10,576 7,361 5,755 16,24g 4,414 1,o59 Length of time_raparted: Total.... • • • ** 00460•066 103,992 100 39 17 10 7 6 16 14 • • Length of time not ,356 13. central region, in which the. child--welfare program is still being developed, 65 percent of all children had been receiving service for 1 year or less. In texas a number of new county child-welfare units were established in 1944, and as a result a large majority of the children in this State had been receiving service for a year or less. In Florida, Mississippi, and. North Carolina about four-fifths of the children, had been receiving service for a year or less, In Florida this high proportion is attributable to the large volume of adoption investigations which are naturally of relatively short duration. In Mississippi the large proportion of children who had. been receiving service for a short.period of time is attributed in part to the fact that public as workers, who report children to whom they provide service only, provide short-time services almost exclusively. The median length of time that service had been provided to the children receiving- service on January 1, 19145, varied from less than 1 year in 13 States to more than 14- years in Maine. In general, prot;rame that show high concentrations of children receiving service for extremely long or short periods of time may be pro revs in which only one or two of the many possible phases of child welfare have been developed. This generalization may be useful to States in reviewing and investigating the nature and content of their own programs. II. CHILD= RECEIVIYG SERVICE IN 32 STATES, JANUARY 1, 1945 M'e of children served. The age distribution of children served is affected to a great extent by the types of services Provided under the child-,:elfare 'programs and by the legal and administrative age restrictions of these prorams. The children served in the 32 States were primarily of school age (6-17 years). (Table 7.) The children 1S-20 years of age constituted 15 percent of the child population but only 8 percent of those receiving service. The proportion of preschool-age children (23 percent) among those receiving service also was smaller than in the child population (27 percent). In the 32 States more than 25,000 children under 6 years of age were receiving service and more than g,000 of them were under 2. In 22 States less than g percent of the children receiving service were 18-20 years of age. (Appendix table 4.) Various reasons were given for the lack of service to older children--legal or administrative age restrictions of child, welfare programs; age restrictions of agencies such as assistance divisions and juvenile courts, which in a number of States refer a considerable proportion of all children served; economic independence of a large number of children over 16 years of age who call upon social aencios only when in need. Another important reason, implied in the expressed noed-of numerous States for more psychiatric services, is that many of the older children require services which workers may recognize but do not presently feel equipped to provide. • Z4. Table 7.--Distribution by ace croups of 'childrenreceivin; service on January 1, 1945, and of the 1940 child population; 32 States Age group ..............— - child (years) , Children receiving 19140 a/ service population Percent Number ' INTurabor Percent Totc.I.............. , ... .. c,_ - A.abe reported: _ Total. — — ! . . . .. _ 1 15,348 2,0D7,6 ) 5 U nder'l year................ 1-5 years..1,................ 6-9 years............,...... 10-13 years..,...... ***** ....26 14-15 years................. ' 16-17 years................. 18-20 years.• • • .• • • a • • • i •..a 21 years and over........... . Age not reported.... 0 0 0 * * 9 0 0 * 0 0 • . 100 142,553,326 100 113,915 3 25,657 61-5 4 ;4 20 1,125,367 23 3,567 19 : 5,896,907 4,657,003 14.393,480 2,569,536 18 22,557 23 3,8 61,996 20 - 21,844 , . "" j 10 , 14-30 12 10 .. 8 15 15,390 13,5P I •- 9,9,562 I .. 668 I ... , 1 1, 143 3 a/ Children under 21 years of age accprdinti; to the 1 140 Census. In 6 States 13/ more than_S percent of the children served were 18-20 years of age. The greater representation of older children in the service loads of some States and regions can be explained by the programs of individual States. In. some of ,the St...?.,tes (for example,, Indiana and New Dorsey) the larger proportion of olci.ertoe veo_ is indicative of the extensive wardship prorans.- Under these programs dependent, neglected, and some delinquent children are committed to the care of bublic agencies until the age of 21, and the agency continues to be responsible for providing service to these children although there may be only infrequent need for service, -particularly to the older children. In New Jersey almost 90 percent, and in Maine almost SO percent, of -all children receiving service had been committed to the care of the public agency. In West _Virginia child-welfare workers also act as probation officers for the juvenile courts, and consequently a -larger proportion of the children served were in the upmer age groups. In 17 of the 32 States more than 23j percent of all Ichildren served mere -uncler 6 years of age. In the Western and lest South Central States approximately a third of the children served were Of preschool age. In these States the proportion of children served who were under 6 years of age was twice as high as • 2.1/ District of Columbia, Indiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, and est Virginia. 15. in the Hiddle Atlantic States. (Table 8.) In Washington the high proportion of preschool-age children among those receiving service is explained by the predominance of problems of neglect and employment of mothers. In the same State, agencies have been asked to make early referrals of problems of young children in accordance with the emphasis on preventive services. • In Florida, because of the emphasis on the adoption program, 43 percent of th::, children, served were under 6 years of age. Although for the most part no significant differences are alTrparent in the proportions of boys and girls in the various age groups served, a some-;that larger proportion of girls (23 porcent) than of boys (19 percent) receiving .service were lb years of roze and over. This difference was especially marked in South Dakota, Oklahoma, WyNling, and Alaska. The relatively greater representation of older girls than of older boys is attributed to_ several factors--first, many boys 17 years of age and over are in the armed forces; second, the group of S.--Ago of children ryceiving service on January.1, 1945 by geographic region and division; 32 States • , . , Recjon, division, or Territory Percent-- . . , Und.ei. 6 years 6-17 years I -4.n0. over • 18 years . . 23 19lg. . 68 64 8 5 .• Total.................. 33 . , 0 • . Reions: 29 . 64 7o. ., • The We - 22. • 66 3 The South • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • 33 • . 65 5 The North•••••••••••••••••••• . 32 , 65, 12 Divisions: , - 31 . 62 , Pacific.. • • • ... %-• • • • — • • • • • • • • Mauntain.............. o . **** .. West South Central........... West North Oentral....,_—.... East South Central........... South Atlantic............... East North Central........... Yew England........ ... -. . ..... Middle Atlantic......... • — , . , 28 1 , 2 . _ . 23 23 21- 1c) 16 73 4 Territories: 2ri 71 . . _Tamil . • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 re-, 10 klaska• • • a • • • • • • 00000000 • • • • • 06 4 Puerto Rico......,........... 73 6 , 67 11 68 17. 76 7 3 16. ol'ae ciris receivinc service includes many unmarried mothers; th many juvcini13 courts refer girls• to child-wolfare workers for service in cases of misconduct but tend to either dismiss the boys, place them on probation, or commit them to institutions, or, in more serious cases, waive jurisdiction and refer them to other courts. Sex of children served. In the majority of the. ,States there were no appreciable differences in the nunber of boys and of girls receiving service. Such differences as did appear seem to be related to the content of the child-welfare proLraDs and to referral. 'practices involving specific groups of children (e.6., children dealt with by juvenile courts in delinquency proceadins). In the 32 States, 52 percent of all children served were boys as coTparea with 50 percent of the total child population. The differences between tire.proi,ortion of boys and of girls in the service load were significant, ever, in only 10 States 14/ of the 32. In S of these 10 States more boys than Girls were being served. In lost Virginia 62 percent of the children served were boys, and in the Di$trict of Columbia 59.. In Oklahoma 55 percent of those served were girls, and in Arizona 53. One of the explanations given in North .Carolina, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia for the greater number of boys than of girls served is-thr,t the juvenile courts and the police refer more boys than eitrls for service. 15/ In some of the other .States, hor!ever, older boys are more frequently sent to jails or correctional institutions while older girls are referred for service. Marital status of child's parents. Inasmuch as the early development- of child welfare was in the area of foster care, child-relfare service is all too frequently thought of as being exclusively service to children from broken homes. `chile it is true that the largest proportion of children served are from homes that are broken by death, divorce, desertion, or separation, more than one-third (36 percent) of the ch . s drenreceivinV service in the 32 States had parents who were married. and living together at the time service was initiated. (Table 9.) • 14/ Alabama, Arizona, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, and West Virginia. IV The number of boys' cases disposed of by juvenile courts usually is t least 3 or 4 the nu:lber of girls' cases.' (See "Juvenile-Court Statistics, 1943" in Social Statistics, Supplement to vol. 9, No. 12 (June 1945) of The Child. 17. Table 9.--Marital status, when service was initiated, of the parents of children receiving service on January 1, 1945; 32 States Marital status of parents Total.... ...... . , ..... • • • • • • • ••• • • l\Larital status reported: Total.. • • • • • • it • • • • • • • • • Unmarried. • a • • • • • • • • • • • • •‘• • • • • 4; • • • • Married,. marriage intact.... • • 000 • ....... • 0 0 • Divorced, separated, or deserted. • • • • • • • • • • • • Both parents dea,d............. • . . • • • • • • • • • Father dead... ... ..... . ..... ...• . • • • • • • • .• • • Mother Other.......... Marital status not raported........... • • • s • • 41. • • • • Children Number f Percen 11'),34g 102,719 16,933 36,612 24,231 3,54s 9,479 10,997 919 12,629 I 100 10 36 3 9 11 The marked inter-State variation in the proportion of children whose parents were married and living together (ranging from 17 percent in Illinois to 65 percent in North Dakota) is an indication of the different emphases in the child-welfare programs in the various States. (Appendix table 5.) The parents of 50 percent or more of the -children in each of 5 States 16/ were married and living together. 'In two of these States, Montana and North Dakota, the child,-welfare program is focused on service to children in their own homes. The marital status of parents when service to the child was initiated is extremely useful in indicating the level of development of the child,welfare programs in the various States. The low proportions of children in the service loads of Illinois, Florida, and Delaware whose parents were married and living together when service to the child was initiated reflect, in part, the limited programs of specialized service to children in their own homes.. Hovrover, a-high proportion of children in the service load of a State whose parents were married and living together wh.en service was initiated does not necessarily indicate the existence of an adequate prot,,,ram of services to children in their own homes. For example, the finding that in Vermont 62 percent, and in New England as a whole 45 percent, of the children served had parents whose marriage was intact when service was initiated, taken together with the very high proportion of children in this region. receivIna service who were in foster-family hones, suggests the limited development of preventive services to c17,ildren in their own hones as well as the inadequacy of public assistance grants. 16/ Mississippi, Montana, New Jersey, North Dakota, and Vermont. lg. In 6 States 17/ more than 30 percent of the children had parents who were either divorced, separated, or deserted. In. Washinto.n, it is speculated that the large proportion of children from such families in the group receiving; service may be related to the high incidence of displaced population in war industry. In Florida it nay be attributed to the large nuPber of children receiving service connection with adoption proceedings. In 6 States 18/ 30 percent or more of the children served wore full or half orphans at the time service was initiated. in Puerto Rico, There 5 5 percent of children were in this category, the high mortality rates and the close relationship between the development of the financial-assistance and child-welfare programs are cited as factors leading to the high proportion of orphans among the children served. In. 5. States 19/ more than 20 percent of the children receiving service had been born out of wedlock. In Minnesota the high proportion of children of unmarried, mothers reflects the traditional and. outstanding concern of the State for these mothers and their children. In Florida and the District of Columbic., the high proportion of children served. who had been born out of wedlock is indicative, in part, of the concentration on -service to children involved in adoption proceeclinf,:s (as _required by law). In Delaware end Illinois (especially in Chicago) the high proportion of children born out of wedlock is related to the high proportion If children receiving; .foster care in theSe States. Five percent or loss of all children served in each of 6 States 20/ had. been born out of wedlock. In 19143 one of these States, Mississippi, reported a higher number of illegitimate live births per 1,000 live births (91) than any other State; Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and. Vermont reported illegitimacy rates lower than that for the country as a whole; and 71yoming did not require Statement concerning legitimacy of child. 21/ .It is eviclent, therefore), that a small proportion of children of unmarried_ mothers in the service loads of the various States may represent different er4Dhases in the child-welfare programs .Te11 as lower rates of illegitimacy. 17/ Florida, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and 77ashington. 18/ Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, and Wyoming. 191 Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, and Einne sota 20/ Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Vermont, and 77,3romin4:. 21/ U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census: Illegitimate Live Birtns by Race? United States, 1943, Vital Statistics Special Reports, vol. 21, No. 15, November 15, 19115. Table 2. 19 . More than a quarter of the Negro children and of the children of other' races who rere receiving service had been born out of wedlock compared with 15 percent of the white children. (Table 10.) These differences are attributable, in part, to the higher incidence of illegitimacy among Negroes as well as to the ,:reater lack of service in their own homes for nonwhite as compared with white children. Regional differences also are evident in the proportion of childien receiving service who had boon born out of wedlock. These variations reflect, in part, different attitudes toward the problem of illegitimacy and toward the provision -of services to unmarried mothers and. their children. The proportion of children served who bad been born out of wedlock was vpproximately twice as great ih the North as in the South and in° the West. These regional differences in the proportion of children served whose parents were unmarried also are marked for the various racial groups and are particularly significant in view of the higher illegitimacy rates in the South. Race of children served. In an adequate well-rounded child-welfare prograTI, services should be available to all children needing such help. Children in the lower socioeconomic lane 10.--Mprital status, when service was initiated, of the parents of children receiving service on January 1, 1945, by geographic region and race; 32 States percent Region and race Total Unmarried of children, by marital status of parents Marri , marriage intact Other marital status All regions 100 16 White...... .4041.4p.4,0004.000.0.00 / 100. 15 .,,, • . . 6 vegro...... ... OOOOO 46•••0,0•1104,411 100 2 Other races.- ............. 100 29 , The North 1 100 20 White........ ................. 100 lg Yegro.............. O . .. . . ..... 100 32 Other races. ..... . ..... .. . .... i4, 100 44 The South 100 12 White.................. ....... 1(` 0 10 Negro. ............ .......... 100 21 Other races......... .......... 100 15 L[s 50 24 47 3g 21 I li47 26 30 .5.1 39 51 51 62 3g 2)4 The West 100 White.. ..... sios.4141104Pe.04,4"..0110 100 Negro......................... 100 Other races.................... 100 10 9 21 13 55 53 61 23 23 30 26 26 20. groups need at least as much, and usually more, service than other children. Inasmuch as the minority groivos (e.g., Negro and Indian) generally have a lower socioeconomic status than the remainder of the population, a greater proportion of the children in these groups than of white children could be expected to be in need of service. In the North and test nonwhite children do receive more child-welfare service than other groups. (Table 11.) In the North, where only 4 percent of the child population As Negro, 20 out df every 1,000 Negro children and 29 out of every 1,000 children of "othein races compared to 6 out of every 1,000 white children were receiving service. In Indiana 37r and in New Jersey 33, out of every 1,000 Negro children received service. (Table 12.) The relatively high Table 11.--Race of children receiving service on January 1, 1945, ' by geographic region and, division; 32 States Region, division, or Territory 1 Rate per 1,000 child population a/ 1 Negro White f Other Total• • • • • • • • • ••••••••••• Regions: The West.-- • • . • • • • • • • .• eeeeeeeeee e •••••• The North•-•••••••••••••• eeeee •••••••••• 000•,•••••••• Divisions: West North Central.-- .... ..... Pacific.. ...... Middle Atlantic.... .. • .. ..... • .. • • • • ... • Mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ...... • • • • • • • • . f East North Central". . .... • ..••••0•••••• South- Atlantic • . . „ - • . • • ..... ;••••••••• East South Central... • • • . • • .. • . . . • • • • .. i.. . West South Central.... • . • • • ..... • • • • • • • • • • • New England.• • • • !, • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Territories:. Puerto Rico. • • • • • •••••••••••••• ....... ••• Alaska• . • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Hawaiia•••••••••••••-••••••••••••••••••••• 4.5 I 6.5 4.4 29.0 3.1 55.0 10.5 51.3 7.5 29.3 7.4 24.5 7.2 14.o 3.4 2.3 4.4 1.7 2.5 0.9 1.4 11.0 The South..... 7.3 5.9 2.g 4.1 16.1 5.9 31.5 12.7 4.s 1.9 10.3 4.3 0.5 2.5 b/ b/ 10.2 3.4 2j Children under 21 years of aye according to the 1940 Census. b/ Rate not computed; 1940 child population less than 1,000. 21, rates of Negro children receiving service occur particularly in the Middle Atlantic and East North Central States such as-District of Columbia, Indiana, and New Jersey. • In these States, also, Negroes are congregated in the urban areas where the public child-welfare services are concentrated. Several of the States in the East North Central region reported differences within the States in the provisions for service to Negro children. Illinois pointed out that in the southern sections of the State the proportion of Negro children receiving service was lower than elsewhere. In none of the Yew England or -Jest North Central States, which have relatively few Negro children in their population, did more than 100 Negro children receive service, except in Minnesota where 320 Negro children were served (116 per 1,000 Negro children, which is significantly higher than the rate of 17 per 1,000 white children receiving service in this State). In the Western States, where the proportion of white children in the population is the highest in the country, 31 of every 1,000 Negro children compared to 7 of every 1,000 white children received, service. In the South, which has 80 percent of all Negro children in the United States and where the needs .of the Negro children may be as6umed to be greater than in other regions because of their lower socioeconomic status, only 2 per 1,000 Negro children compared with 3 per 1,000 white children received service. (Table 11.) In Mississimpi less than 1 nut of every 2,000 Negro children compared with 4 out of every 2,000. white children received service. All the Southern States except Nest Virginia and Kentucky served a lower proportion of Negro than of white children. In eonsidering comparative rates of children receiving service in the -South it must be recognized that the lower rate of IT:o:ro children receivinc, service is in part a reflection of the inadequate provisions for services to all children in this region—white as well as Negro. In several Southern States it is emphasized that the differences in the proportions of Negro and of white children served stem from inadequate community interpretation of available services. In Mississippi, .it is statod.that other persons, not being aware of the. 1?roblems of the Negroes-, have not referred them for service; and that Negroes, being unaware of the availability of service, had not requested it. One State reported that problems such as illegitimacy and certain types of delinquency are not considered social problems by the community when they occur among Negores and that such situations, therefore, are not referred to the .agencies. i`..number of States indicate that, with better interpretation of what services are available for Negro children, the number of children receiving service is increasing. Negro children comprised a slightly smaller proportion of all children served (14 percent) than of the 1940 child no.)ulation (15 percent) in all 32 States combined. Even this slight difference is significant in view of the probable greater need for service among Negro children. Ten of the 32 States contain 95 percent of the child population of "other' races in this grip of States. For the continental United States the d(Aa on 22. 'other" races refer chiefly to Ina an children. The rates of children receiving service shown in table 12 indicate that in 9 of the 16 States having at least 1,000 children of "othee races proportionately more of these children than of the white children received service. In the other States the relative numbers of children of "other" races served were lower than those for white children, but other factors such as special provisions for Indian children may have supplemented to some degree the services provided. Oklahoma and .Arizona, with the largest concentrations of Indian children, had the lowest rates of Indian children receiving service (exclusive of Mississippi and Wyoming, which reported no children in this group receiving service). That the facilities and services for Indian children in Arizona are completely inadequate is confirmed by the findings of other studies. 22/ The differences found: in the age distribution of white and Negro children served are indicative of basic differences in State programs. In Florida, because of the volume of investigati'ons relating to adoption proceedings, a large proportion of the children served were under 1 year of age, and. inasmuch as only a small number of Negro children were concerned in such, proceedings, the proportion of white children served who were under 1 year of age was higher than that of Negro children. In Illinois a larger proportion of the Negro than of the white children served were receiving foster-family care. fn.asinuch as the ages of children receiving such care generally are lower than those of children in other whereabouts, a larger proportion of the Negro than of the white children served were 6-15 years of age. In Minnesota services for unmarried. mothers are emphasized, and the larger proportion of Negro than of white children under 6 years of age in the service load is attributed to the higher incidence of illegitimacy among Negroes and to the higher proportion of broken homes among Negroes resulting in the neglect of young children. 22/ See, for example, Families Receiving Aid to Dependent Children, October 197.2 (Part I). Federal Security Agency, Social Security Board, liashington, Page 5. 23. Table 12.--Race of children receiving seriico on J nuary 1, 19 45 by State; 29 States a Children served State lj NuLt White Rate per 1,000 chi population c/ White Ne,7aio , Other Negro Other 116.2 37.2 28.2 88.9 10.2 7 02 21.3 51.3 32.7 3.3 (1/ 19.7 12.9 3.5 2.0 J 2.5 el 5.1 1.0 1.1 0.3 10.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 9.5 0.8 3.14 a/ 12.7 a/ d/ 476 15.0 a 3.4 4.6 0 0 2.8 3.4 3.3 Minnesota.. • • 0. • • •• • • • • • • • • a Alaska. • • • , • • • . • • • • • 000001100 Indiana.• • • • .• • • • • • 00046400.41 District of Columbia........ Nevada, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Arizona•fs • • • • • • • • • • • • $ • • Hagan • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ost Virginia....... ttfge • Washington. • • .•4646.. • • • • • Neu Jersey. • • • • • • • Al• • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • Montana... • • • • • • • . • • • . • • Nebraska.. •••00004••••••• Puerto Rico..., South Carolina. .••• •• • • • • •.• North Dzicota... South Dakota.:.••••••••••-• 'North Carolina. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Wyoming--- • • • • # • • • • • • • • Kentucky.* • O. • • Flor ida. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Arkansas., • • • • • .• • • • • . • • • • • • •••••••• • • • • • Ohio..••••••••• •-•••••••••• Oklahoma.• . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Texas... . • ..• • it • • • • • • • e • • • • Tennessee• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Illi noi s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16,883 139 14,326 1,347 353 1,865 355 6,497 3,961 8,833 5,234 1,100 2,572 381 3,139 1,903 1,042 768 3,284 220 2,415 1,017 1,262 856 3,816 1,396 , 2,540 1,099 1,261 320 623 189 1,543 6 1,69s 6 17 107 25 2 505 402 63 168 2,727 5 1,545 1 13 1 44 89 32 167 865 1 650 1 1, 21Q 10 390 186 a 223 130 1,285 12 48 89 309 EC; 4646+ 1,172 17.1 16.1 12.4 11.4 10.9 10.7 8.9 8.2 7.5 7.1 6.5 5.7 5.4 5.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 3.6 1.2 1.1 0.5 • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .W1 56 142 6o a/ States with 1,000 or more Negro children or 1,000 or more races in 1940, b/ Listed in descending order accorOdn6 to the rate of white children served per 1,000 white child-population. sj Children under 21 years of ago according to the 1940 Census. d/ Rate not .computed; 1940 child :population less than 1,000. children of "other' 24, SUMMARY The extreme variation among the States and among different sections of the country in the provision of public noninstitutional services to children is highlighted by the data made available for this analysis. This variation in the number of children served, as well as in the type of care provided, generally is related to the level of development of the child-welfare program and the edequacy of funds for its operation rather Clan to differences among the States in the need for services. The need for more adequate public services to children is emphasized by all the information at hand. Most of the children (55 percent) in the 32 States were receiving service in the home of parents or relntives, and less than a third were served in foster-family homes. Analysis of the data on whereabouts of children served indicates the lack of adecuate resources for foster-family care of children in States that are pre dominantly rural, especially in the South. This inadequacy is related' to a number of interrelated factors, of which lack of funds, difficulty in securing and maintaining child-yelfare personnel, and difficulty in finding and maintaining foster-family homes in rural arens seem to be of utmost importance. In States with large urban areas, especially in the North, the child-Tnelfare programs generally are deficient in adequate services to children in their own homes. Almost 70 ?ercent of the children receiving service sere of school age. The proportions of children who were under 6 and over 17 years of age were smaller in the group served than in the child populntion in the 32 States. This under-representation of preschool-ago and adolescent children iA the service loads of the. reporting States is related. to age restrictions of some programs, sources of referral of children for services, and the nature of services provided. Differences in emphases of individual ,State programs (e.g., investigation of adoption petitions and commitment of children to the custody of State and local departments of welfare) are reflected in variations from the ago distribution of the children served ' in all the States. Tho-fifths of the-children had been receiving service for less than I year,--and one-fifth for more than 5 years. More than a third of the children served had. parents who were married andfliving•together when service to the child was initiatecl; 16 percent of the children had been born out of wedlock. Almost a quarter.of the children were full or part orphans, and the parents of another quarter of the children had been clivorced, separated, or deserted. Inter-State and regional differences in the length of time children had been receiving service and in the marital status cf the children's parents reflect basic differences in Sta-ee programs. In the Yew England States, for example, and to a lesser extent in the EastjTorth Central States, *here foster-family care is , elee emphasized, large proportions of children had been receiving service for more than 5 years. In the West South Central States, -,here the child-velfnee program is being developed, almost two-thirds of all children bad 'been receiving service for a year or less. "The available data clearly indicate State and regional patterns in the provision of services to children the various racial groups. In terms of the l9 ectild population, proportionately more Yegro children than white children received service in the North and in the rest but proportionately fewcr Negro than white children received service in the South. This is particularly significant in view of the large numbers of Negro 'children in the South and the generally lower socioeconomic status of their families. The differences in the provision of service to white and Negro children also are evident in the type of care provided. In the North, where, foster-family care is emphasized, a greater proportion of the Negro than of the white children served received this type of care. In the South, where the resources for such care 'are limited, a smaller proportion of the 'Negro than of the white children were served in foster-family homes. In considering rates of children receiving service, it must be recognized, that in the South the inadequacy of provisions for Negro children reflect, in part, the inadequacy of programs for services to all children. 0 ci •H 4-) (53 0. r-i Pi rd r-1 •rI C.) ' I ti 0 to 0 0 r.e. r-i to Ln‘,D C‘J to tO ..-1- in f-4 o .to to tO tO Cki t...0 ...- ..-- 0 r-1 In 0 3-4 N- 0-\ CV to -1- ,--4 r--- CVLn 0 Lc -N rrl QD ..- 0 .-.-1 .-1- tn .. - - .. - - -- 4F. •4a I. a% .. N Osi C\J r-I tr. l'r1 r-1 tO C\J .C) LC r-1 In r-1 v-1 Nr-1 r--1 0 Cr) iril O'N 1-1 LO cu ts.-N tc. 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LI) CC) .41 r4 0•stf CY) Lo Cre LO C')t0 C\3 r...4Y) C')o Lo0 tras:ti r-4 -P 01. t- 0 cv cii El 'cif r-1 0 1 1 0 1 C.) • Ord $.4*,. 0 43 .1-I 0 to (1) 0J 1-4 CO 43 al eg ci)1 ..1• 4) LO r4 C‘,2 C\1 a--1 r..-1 P0 CD In -41 - a) CD tip r-1 g c--IC') C•2 P-4 Cl) Ci-t CH 0 -r-I All races t>4 - r--4 g •1-3 '04 Pi H CO C 0 o 4 • I 4-1 co-t • 1 $.4 0 5-d 0 1 co 0 oS cia) ,51 r-I 4-) r g 4-4 g -P C\1 0• 0 t.() r-1 C.- • C\2 t() 4-•2 Lx) • CO 10 'di 10 :,1-1 10 141 CT) r-1 C) U) ‘12 La SI -r1 0 rti C..- CO r-1 1I) tr) •ri g C) of trJ 1:0 C\2 r-i 0 W 4-1 CO r--1 C') C\2 g .r4 -P -P mit 0 C•2 CO 0 0 Cr) 0 CD C\1 (7) El r-I r-{ r-1 r-1 U), 0 ci Srni ciii 0 O• 0' O4-' '0 0▪ \ O • 0 $.1 0 -P et-4 • 0 c/a • • • 0 • • • • • 0 • • • • a 0 • • . • • • • 0 CO • • • • • • 4) • • • • • * $4 • • • 0 • 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • S-4 rti • • • • 0 • 0 i .14 •rl ..,S4 • .t--1 4-7 a I-4 >4 54 • CO ir4 0054ç4 4.) o 0 p451 tr) 0 -0 ca r" 0 V2 0C.) trl 0 0 $4. .r4 /74 APPENDIX TABLE and whereabouts 0 ci 00% CH C) 5-4 0 54 Ca 54 fmt 0 0 0 '04) O 0 .r-1 4-1 P▪ i -t-1 54 COO too ci 54 r-i st-1 C) SIC) GO 54 $4 00 c.,S rt$ 4-4 -P 4.)0 •r0i '06• ° ,54 0 et-4 • C) 0 O0' 0 0 (i) r1 E-ici • E-f rt-J r-I 0 C31 0 H I CO cS O 0 r-t attached 10 • S-1 C.) /-4 CO 0 51 0 S-4 '054 r-I 0 .H 43 -P 0 .r-1 03-P O En _ED -Ca z -PC) 540 O0 5-4 P.4 I:. V r-I .ri 0 r-t • ci C. 4-) 0 co G3 '0 0) O0 $▪ 4 0 O54 P40 0 hr.,' $.4 institutions not reported. number of children for whom whereabouts Includes a 4' 54 S-I 0 P4 0 0-) nd • • rd -P CD O1.4 O03 5-1 51 O C) 40 ;-• 5-4 frril 0 O• 0 CH O0 4.) O 43 r--1 r- • 0 ° O Si O0 r-10 7;1 •r1 54 4-) d g cl4 4-) VI CO _0 tfl r--1 0 -p ci • S-1 o 0 0 children for whom race was rcs 54 ca ci S-4 0 • 0 4-) $.4 0 P4 4-) 0 SI Er% I 0 cm 0 reN to N Cu H 0 0 CrN H LO tO CO tO re1 N tr, o-N c‘a tir-N N f C31 N (31 tel 1- "11.f1 N LC1 In Ina.) H N H HHOHNH r-I rf 4) ;, to I I I 1 ,..4l D I a1 t1/40NO.... 01 I EN co in ci • H H 01 N rr1 tO 6 is-.: r-i cu 0 0 - .--i ' H Fq r\ 1• (9 riC In . ; .--C: /-1 H in -P 03 F-i _1- H i ..- I N ..zt I I rel in tO N-() H r-1 Lc\ Cl) 0 0 r-4, N ...:t Ln 0 H 0 Cr H H 0) I.-,,, -1, Q) "4 -.0 N N- tel te1 ill O 0 PA H H service had been provided' -P -P C.; 0 Pt 41 j CD 4-3 kn N- LC1 H N- Cu Cu fel H lt) 0.% 1=0 0 Cu• N- H H N-•• 2 to 0 r.,-N H N N Pr> • +3 0 N I In to 0 rrl H In to N- LC1 O Cu in re't Cu %,..0 0 0 'SO t H CU to teN re\ 0 111 CV to O'f IC \ r-1 in N1 H 0 H H LC 0 N- re1 HreN trl re1 /-4 1-1 • H tfl CT\ al LC\ teN r-1 C\.1 N... N1 re1 tO LC1‘..0 L.C1 LC1 H Cu f`el t'f1 r-i r--1 tO C 14-1 *-4 H k.0 reN 14-% H tO CU 0"1*.-- r-4 tO re1 - to to 0 in N- Cu r--1 0 1"--- \-0 0 tO Cu • . r•-- 0 k.0 teN CU LC H to ks) In CAI re1 1:0 N- cy-N '.o 1`%---k.0 CT\ r-4 0 Nl 0 r-.1 H 0,1 H CU N te1 0-\ +3 141 r-1 H H r-1 r--4 rc --••.. C1:4 ("\I C\-1 CU CM In 0 CU 'SC) H in CV kir) N- ai H O H LO N CU N-- 0 H • tr. N- CU r--1 LC1Cu C\.1 L.C1 k...0 CU 05Zt 2-1 te1 C\1 CA.) CU -CU H Pe1k-0 0 0\C.Orr1 te1 N 1.C.1 Ink-0 CU • r H 0 h- N-- 0 CU h- LC-1 r-f H 0-\ 0 Ink..0 01 reN H 41,6 9 H H CV C1.1 tO re1 CT\ 0 tr-N (N.! 0'1 IC) H to in 'So 0 'SO to L.C1 150 1%---• re\H 01 N1 N1 r--1 Cr 0 •••••••• • k.0 LC.s. r-1 If 11-1 CU CU (TN o H c1 N') H Lc% Lf CU H H H to N- cki LC1 r--1 ri C\-1 r-4 0.1 r-I oi ,01 rci „CA PP:DIP! tol PI rot rfa ci r°1 p O ig I I 1 1 1 t.r) g • Ce LC\ ei 4-) gpucir, a) 0 +)cD f $•.1 I i Pr`i re\ or more of 4.) 0 0 0 ED r-i bQ F-I • service had IJ 1.4 4.4 1 e 414.4 11# 44 P 111 tr1k13 0 H to H 0-*% ‘0 tl)tOON-O O'N r-I H H 0 H H tr“.0 0 r1Z1 0 0 c‘i CU in prN çj service had been provided .1.. • • •.• . • cn to ks) 0 0 H tO Cr\ H rt.\ PrNCU tr1 01 r-4r4 CU %..0 CU C`J C\1 CU 0.1 H H C‘J CN1 —4 r*--- r-- 1 0 Cr‘ to C\1 01- 0.1 ...-j- CU LC'\ r',0 CU H H 0-Nru H H ....- CU CU L.C.11.CN .... 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En (1), 4, • • • • 1., • (D; • a) • • 0 • • • 4,4.:: Cl in • 0 • • 0 CD .r1 0 .F.4 .ri ..W • •,-4 1---1 4-) CU ?C1 P-4 N P-1 • rn 403,. . .1-1 0 LID 0 a.) 0 0 04 E. 0 Cl) 0 *r-I 0 00 O0 ../-4 Er) (.-:-4" co kl c) 0 CD CP Cl) g 1-4 :FA • , 41) ;.4 a) p4 a) rd -41) • $:,-4 4-, P-t a) co 7.1 a) a) PD • rd H 0 • .r44.1 O0 O cii a) 0 • 4-) H4.1 •,--1 O4.-i cf-t • (11) 0 ›.o H 0 4-, TV) •ri 4., CD U) cr) O r-i ▪ FAD rd Ve r•-• C‘', 0 CD P-4 a) rd O a) 4-, •r-4 ria CH sr-I a) co 4 co E4 Ct; • 0 a) C children 0 ,J0 Cci 0 a) rot 0 0 4.1 arq classified as 1Zot r--- tr. te, k.0 0 0 QD I 1 k,c) to k.0 bo 1,-- in 0 .... re*1 11 r'..- I c\1 to 1"--- *r.0 0._‘,1... in in rc.,,ported to ... in H H cv c\J H..../* ink.f.) l'•.-V.---t 0\ -,:,0 r-i CU r"- L-3 My C1I In l'e*. H H 21 years and over 1.0 rX) 1:0 I ‘..0 0 k.0 r-I C1I tO 1-1 11,D C31 0.1, C:rN cr\ 0-Nk..0 H r-I I4r1Crs I CU r-- 14"\ 0 t..0 H CU cy\ F.() 1.0 H H r*--- H ir-I (\,1 14-1 H r-I r--4 PeN H H le-20 ‘13. in "' . 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