CS 1.2: M 31/15/960X The Growing Demand for US. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 1960 Scientific and Technical Manpower The Federal Service inACKNOWLEDGEMENT In addition to Federal agencies which participated in the study, the following individuals contributed generously of their time and gave invaluable assistance to the Civil Service Commission in developing the methodology of this forecast: Dr. Eugene Vinogradoff, Former Executive Director, President’s Committee on Scientists and Engineers; Dr. Henry H. Armsby, United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare; Harold Goldstein, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor. UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Bureau of Programs and Standards Program Planning Division October i960 201.20/01THE GROWING DEMAND FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MANPOWER IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOREWORD i. s. DEPOSITORY COPY Manpower forecasts can provide Federal agencies with information important in the guidance and direction of personnel recruitment, selection, training, and utilization programs. Counselors at educational institutions and young people can find forecasts useful in orienting career preparation to labor market needs. Recognizing the potential values of manpower forecasting, the Civil Service Commission is conducting a project to explore problems and test techniques in the making of long-range forecasts in certain civilian manpower areas important to the nation1 s largest employer. This report is a by-product of that project. Although publication has been unavoidably delayed, the results reported are still timely enough to be of current interest. This is the Commission’s first attempt to forecast Government-wide manpower needs. It is not yet possible, therefore, to make a full evaluation of the validity of the assumptions and techniques used to make the estimates reported in this document. A forecast like this one, designed to alert readers to what may happen if conditions continue as they were when the data were collected, is published to help agencies avoid impending prdblems. This fact will tend to make evaluation difficult, therefore, because changing conditions and actions to deal with these problems may create a somewhat different picture than that forecast. The Commission recognizes, however, that the lessons learned in evaluating this report and other developments in the field will be important in designing our future forecasts. Readers interested in the techniques used to prepare these forecasts may obtain a brief technical resume, to be available shortly after the publication of this report, by writing to ’’Manpower Forecast”, Program Planning Division, Bureau of Programs and Standards, U. S. Civil Service Commission, Washington 25, D.C. 1COVERAGE OF FORECAST OCCUPATIONS This forecast covers the following professional occupations in the Federal service: o Physical Scientists o Psychologists o Engineers ° Medical Officers For ease of reference these occupations are referred to in this report as “scientific and engineering” occupations. Not all scientific occupations were covered, since this study did not include the fields of biology or mathematics. In addition all sub-professional engineering and physical science positions were included in the study. These are referred to collectively as "technicianpositions. Not covered are those positions in which trades and crafts knowledges are p-Hmary factors such as positions of laboratory machinist, laboratory electrician, glass worker, and instrument maker. Occupational definitions follow the Handbook of Occupational Groups and Series of Glasses published by the U.S. Civil •Service tommission. " " 2COVERAGE OF FORECAST AGENCIES At the time the survey which forms the basis of this report was conducted, there were over 100,000 persons employed in the Federal Government in the occupations covered. Over 9Q% of these employees, however, were working in only 10 agencies, including: o Department of Agriculture o Department of Commerce (including Civil Aeronautics Administration, now the Federal Aviation Agency) o Department of Interior o Department of the Air Force o Department of the Navy o Department of the Army o Department of Health, Education and Welfare o Atomic Energy Commission o National Aeronautics and Space Administration o Veterans Administration These agencies,therefore, were asked to assemble, estimate,and submit the data which were used in the forecast. No new primary employer is expected during the period. In some instances, especially where the number of employees in the agency was very small, agencies did not project their needs. The forecasters here assumed that no change would occur. This should have no detrimental affect on the findings, however, . since trends tend to be dominated by the primary employers of the occupations concerned. 3ASSUMPTIONS OF FORECAST Each Federal agency cooperating in this survey was asked to estimate how many employees it would need in 1963 in each of the occupations covered following these three basic assumptions: That overall economic conditions would continue o at reasonably high levels throughout the fore- cast period That the international situation would remain ° substantially the same That sufficient funds would be made available o to support these future activities which agencies were planning. In addition, the forecasters also assumed that any occupational trends identified in studying the ten agencies surveyed would be characteristic of the Federal Government as a whole. SIGNIFICANCE OF FORECAST TREND AND DIRECTION IN OCCUPATIONAL GROWTH ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE OBSERVED IN THIS 1963 PICTURE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. TO THE EXTENT THAT THIS REPORT REVEALS THOSE FACTORS WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY IT WILL SERVE ITS PURPOSE. UNDOUBTEDLY THE SPECIFIC NUMBER OF PERSONS NEEDED TO MEET REQUIREMENTS IN EACH OCCUPATIONAL AREA WILL VARY IN SOME DEGREE FROM THE ESTIMATES REFLECTED IN THE FORECAST. IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATING THE ESTIMATES WHICH AGENCIES SUBMITTED, ANY REFINEMENTS MADE BY THE FORECASTERS WERE IN THE DIRECTION OF MAKING THE COMPLETED FORECASTS EVEN MORE CONSERVATIVE. THIS FACT TENDS TO EMPHASIZE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TRENDS IDENTIFIED. '" The Gredi Trend m American Manpower A KEY TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF CERTAIN HIGHLY TRAINED GROUPS IN THE TOTAL LABOR FORCE - In 1700 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ACCOUNTED FOR WORKERS - In mo SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED 6TODAY AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL WORK FORCE REVEALS THAT SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY ONE. m everu EMPLOY workers h/hat About The Federal Idork Force FThe Federal Government ns an Employer CIVILIAN WORKERS ARE INCLUDED r IN THE TOTAL WORK FORCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 2.260,000 OR 3% OF THE TOTAL LABOR FORCE WORK FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. BUT. BECAUSE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S CENTRAL ROIE IN SO MANY PHASES OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT —ATOMIC ENERGY, DEFENSE MISSILES, SPACE SATELLITES, ANTIBIOTICS, JUST TO MENTION SOME OF THE RELATIVELY NEW AREAS OF GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY—SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN THE FEDERAL SERVICE ARE IN EVEN GREATER. DEMAND. 8§iQfiifmift{lu 7% au, //% FEDERAL EMPLOYEES ARE PERFORMING SCIENTIFIC OR ENGINEERING TASKS. THE GROUP COMPRISES OF FULL TIME FEDERAL WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYEES. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT' EMPLOYS DIRECTLY THE SERVICES OF TWICE AS MANY PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS AS IT'S SIZE RELATIONSHIP TO THE TOTAL WORK FORCE WOULD IMPLY OF THE NATION’S PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS WORK FOR FEDERAL AGENCIES. IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES* THE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYS THREE-AND-A-HALF TIMES AS MANY PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS AS ITS SIZE IN THE TOTAL WORK FORCE WOULD IMPLY - /F OF THE NATION'S PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS WORK FOR FEDERAL AGENCIES. • IN ADDITION, THE GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS WITH PRIVATE EMPLOYERS FOR WORK INVOLVING MANY OTHER SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS. GOVERNMENT IS, THEREFORE, A KEY FACTOR IN THE OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS IN THESE AREAS. ^EXCLUDES MATHEMATICS AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES INCLUDED ABOVE. 9- Trend Hiqhhqhts of Recent years • A BACKGROUND of grouth in government ~ I^5I~I75H: Relative Stability ALTHOUGH THE TOTAL FEDERAL WORKFORCE TRIFLED DURING WORLD WAR II, INCREASES AS A RESULT OF THE KOREAN CONFLICT WERE NO MORE THAN 15 OR 20$. SPECIFICALLY AS TO NET EFFECT, COMPARISON OF 1951 AND 195U SURVEYS REVEALS A SMALL DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF ENGINEERS AND CERTAIN TECHNICIANS. THIS WAS BARELY COUNTERACTED BY INCREASES IN THE OTHER FIELDS COVERED BY THIS SURVEY. ~ /75V-/757; Gr„M BETWEEN AUGUST 195U AND FEBRUARY 1957, THE PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO ’’SPUTNIK”, EMPLOYMENT IN THE SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING, AND SUPPORTING TECHNICAL FIELDS COVERED EXPERIENCED A GRADUAL RISE AVERAGING h$ PER ANNUM. ** 1757~J 5& Rapid Grouth DURING THE 18 MONTH PERIOD WHICH FOLLOWED, THE PACE OF GROWTH ACCELERATED, YIELDING A SIGNIFICANT 11.2$ INCREASE BY OCTOBER 1958. THIS WOULD BE AN ANNUAL INCREASE RATE OF 7.5$ OVER THE 1957 EMPLOYMENT OF SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS, AND TECHNICIANS. CONTINUING GROUTH ? AS A RESULT OF THIS STUDY IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE SUM OF THE FIELDS COVERED WILL AVERAGE SLIGHTLY OVER % OF 1958 EMPLOYMENT. BY THE END OF OCTOBER 1963, AT THIS RATE, THE EMPLOYMENT LEVEL OF THESE PERSONNEL IN FEDERAL AGENCIES SHOULD INCREASE ABOUT 26s OVER 1958. 10EXPERIENCE IN KEY FIELDS (charted in terms of percentage changes in the years indicated) 1751-1959 /.2% G&in 1759-1757 ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS MEDICAL OFFICERS PSYCHOLOGISTS 57.U 10.0% Gam ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS MEDICAL OFFICERS PSYCHOLOGISTS 10.6 ll.U 1*8.0 1757-1758 11.2% Gam ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS MEDICAL OFFICERS PSYCHOLOGISTS -1.1 22.2 FORECAST GROUTH nst-na IS DISCUSSED ON THE PAGES WHICH FOLLOW. 11Scientific and Encjmeerma Occupattons Groumcj JUNE 1151 OCCUPATIONS ENGINEERS A5./w TECHNICIANS JO. 172 2?,o6l PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS n.to(, MEDICAL OFFICERS 5.020 PSYCHOLOGISTS 6.-3S5 Z.52V TOTALS W60 /0CH20 m Go vernmen { 175/ ~ 776<3 OCTOBER/%3 ESTIMATE 65,550 56,050 26.500 11,500 2,600 With 1957, Data Includes The Small Number of Federal Employees in These Occupations in AreasjOutside the Continental Limits as Well. H5,Hb7 128, W F /62.200IF Acjencu Neec/s Are Mei Through /963 THE OCCUPATIONAL AREAS STUDIED, SHOJLD IN GROWTH. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS FIVE LEAD WILL • TECHNICIAN «™, INFLUENCED LARGELY BY INCREASES IN THE ELECTRONICS FIELD, SHOULD RISE TO 56,050 BE IN STRONG DEMAND, BUT OTHER SPECIALISTS WILL ALSO BE REQUIRED. BY 1963 AGENCY UP375* OVER 1958 EMPLOYMENT. PSYCHOLOGISTS SHOULD NUMBER 2,600 UP 53* OVER 1958 EMPLOYMENT. MEDICAL OFFICER POSITIONS INCLUDING RESIDENTS AND INTERNS, BY 1963 SHOULD RISE TO 11,500 UP/5.5% ABOVE 1958 EMPLOYMENT. Manp oujer Neec/s In OCCUPATION Engineering Positions Airways • ••••• Bridge •••••• Agricultural. . . . Petrol. Products. • Electronic. • • • . Aeronautical. • • . Highway........... Chemical. • • • • • Mechanical. • • • • Materials • • • • • Hydraulic ..... Civil.............. Internal Combustion Power Plant. • . . Marine • • • • • . 1958 INCREASE 1963 307 . . 95.5% . . 600 220 . . 59. % . . 350 992 . . 56. % . . 1,550 139 . . hU. % . . 200 6,358 . . UO.5% . . 9,300 3,186 . . 30. % . . U,15O 1,520 . . 28. £ . . 1,950 99h . . 25.5% . .1,250 6,958 . . 21. % . . 8,U5O 839 . . 19. % . . 1,000 1,820 . . 18. % . . 2,150 6,261* . . 15. % . . 7,250 l,o53 • • lU. % . • 1,200 621 . . 12.5% . . 700• phys/cal scientist SHOULD CONTINUE THEIR STEADILY RISING TREND REACHING 26,500 UP 25% OVER 1958 EMPLOYMENT. OVER 1958 EMPLOYMENT. • ENGINEER. POSITIONS LARGEST OCCUPATIONAL FAMILY STUDIED, SHOULD GRCW TO 65,550 UP l%* Selected Occ upo/tons OCCUPATION 1958 INCREASE 1963 OCCUPATION 1958 INCREASE 1963 Engineering (continued) Physical Science (continued) Electrical • • • • • 3,750 • • 12. % • • lj.,200 Meteorology • • • • 1,921* • • 26* % • . 2,1^21 Industrial • • • • • 1,292 • • 12. % • • 1,U5O Technology • • • • 752 • • 19.5% • • 900 Ceramic............ h5 . . H. % • . 50 Geology .............. 1,509 . . 12.5% . . 1,700 General..........9,012 • • 10. % • • 9,900 Physical Science Administration • • 1,257 • • 11.5% • • l,h00 Physical Science Positions Geodesy • . • • • • Th-9 • .135. % • • 350 Technician Positions Astronomy........... h9 • .118.5% • • 107 ~TTectronic........8,036 • .129. % • .l8,U00 Cadastral Surveying. 92 • .117. % . . 200 Cartographic Aid* • 3,778 . . 36.5% • • 5,150 Physics •••••• 3,U# • • 53*5% • • 5,300 Physical Science Geophysics.......... 196 • • 53. % . . 300 Aid.............. . 2,350 . • 30. % ♦ . 3,050 Nautical Science • • 317 • • 1|2. % . . U50 Cartographic Chemistry........... 5,606 . . 27.5% • • 7,l5O Drafting......... 1,069 . • 26. % . . 1,350 Metallurgy.......... 5lh • • 26.5% • • 650 Meteorological Aid. 2,0ljl . . 17.5% • • 2,h00 Engineering Aid • • 15,763 • • 10.5% • .17,U00 BUT Growth ts Only Pdrt Of The Problem / 15" Turnover Key Factor //? Federal Manpower Needs • NEU HIRES=TURNOVER+GROUTH ANY EMPLOYER MUST CONSIDER TWO FACTORS IN ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF NEW EMPLOYEES HE WILL NEED TO HIRE DURING A GIVEN PERIOD: GROWTH: THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS REPRESENTED WILL BE IN GREATER OR LESSER DEMAND DURING THIS PERIOD TURNOVER: THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES TO BE LOST THROUGH RESIGNATION, RETIREMENT, AND DEATH * • TURNOVER GROUTH OF ALMOST NEW SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING WORKERS AGENCIES WILL NEED BY 1963, WILL PROBABLY BE NEEDED JUST TO KEEP PACE WITH TURNOVER THAT TURNOVER WILL EXCEED GROWTH SEEMS ASSURED. THE RATIO, HOWEVER, IS LESS CERTAIN. TURNOVER RATES AND TURNOVER RATE ESTIMATES ARE SUBJECT TO MANY INFLUENCES. THE AVERAGE AGE OF WORKERS, FOR EXAMPLE, ONE OF SEVERAL FACTORS UNAVAILABLE IN THIS STUDY, MIGHT HAVE CHANGED THE TURNOVER ESTIMATE GREATLY IN PARTICULAR OCCUPATIONS WERE IT KNOWN TO VARY FAR FROM THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE TOTAL WORKFORCE. * PRCMOTICNS AND TRANSFERS WITHIN THE SAME OCCUPATION ARE NOT INCLUDED BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT THEMSELVES EITHER GAINS OR LOSSES IN THE GOVERNMEJEOTBiT^SE. 16• TURNOVER HIGHER AMONG TECHNICIANS FRCM THIS STUDY THERE APPEARS TO BE A HIGHER ANNUAL TURNOVER RATE FOR SUB-PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS AS A GROUP THAN FOR PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS. THIS AVERAGES TOs TECHNICIANS ABOUT PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS ABOUT A/eu/ Hires m Selected Occupations Through 1963 * NEW HIRES EXCEEDING lOO % OF 1958 EMPLOYMENT Psychologists • • ...........• • • 1,700 Engineers Airways Engineers • ••••••• 350 Physical Scientists Geodesists ••••• .............. • 2f>0 Cadastral Surveyors • •••••• 150 Astronomers ......................... 70 Technicians Electronic Technicians • • • • • 12,700 Cartographic Aids.................. 3,800 Physical Science Aids •••••• 2,350 NEW HIRES EXCEEDING SO 7o OF 1958 EMPLOYMENT Medical Officers .................. 6,350 Engineers Electronic Engineers............. 7 >300 Aeronautical Engineers • • • • • 2,200 Agricultural Engineers • • • • • 800 Internal Combustion Power Plant Engineers..................... 600 Bridge Engineers............... 150 Petrol. Products Engineers ... 70 Physical Scientists Chemists ........................ Physicists ...................... Metallurgists ................... Geophysicists •••••••••• 3,200 3>0f>0 350 ISO Technicians Cartographic Draftsmen • • • • • 850 -W'NEW HIRES EXCEEDING so% OF 1958 EMPLOYMENT Engineering General Engineers • ••••••• 2,900 Mechanical Engineers •••••• 2,800 Civil Engineers ••••••••• 2,U5O Electrical Engineers • ••••• l,2£0 Highway Engineers................... 700 Hydraulic Engineers • •••••• 6£0 Industrial Engineers •••••• 550 Chemical Engineers................... U50 Materials Engineers ................. hOO Automotive Engineers ................ 150 Ceramic Engineers •••••••• 20 Physical Scientists Meteorologists • •••••••« 6£0 Geologists •••••••• ... 600 Physical Science Admins • • • • . 500 Nautical Scientists ••••••• 150 Technicians Engineering Aids •••••••• 7,500 Eng. Designers and Draftsmen • • 3>3OO Meteorological Aids ••••••• 950 17c 26% More Scientific and Engineering Personnel: • IMPORTANCE OF CURRENT COLLEGE CLASSES WHILE THE 25-3b AGE GROUP IN THE POPULATION WILL DECLINE DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD, THERE WILL BE A COMPENSATING RISE IN THE 35-bb GROUP. THIS OLDER GROUP WILL PROBABLY NOT ADD MANY NEW PROFESSIONALS TO THE OCCUPATIONS COVERED BY THE FORECAST. GROWTH IN THESE FIELDS DURING THE PERIOD, THEREFORE, WILL DEPEND LARGELY ON COLLEGE CLASSES TRAINING NOW. • UHAT WILL THEY PRODUCE ? BACHELOR’S to be 6.9% 18.6% MASTER’S to be DOCTOR’S to be 26.1% 33.3% DEGREES------------ awarded in 1963* less in Engineering more in Sciences than in 1959 1959 -SCIENCE lit,500 ENGINEERING 38,13lt I960 15,000 38,500 1961 15,000 39,000 1962 15,900 36,500 1963 17,200 35,500 3.6% 18.7% DEGREES------------ awarded in 1963s more in Engineering more in Sciences than in 1959 DEGREES ----------- awarded in 1963s more in Engineering more in Sciences than in 1959 1959 3,200 6,753 I960 3,lt00 7,100 1961 3,500 7,300 1962 3,500 7,UOO 1963 3,800 7,000 1959 1,800 71b 1960 1,900 760 1961 2,000 810 1962 2,200 860 1963 2,bOO 900 18Inhere Can They Come From ? • UHL THERE BE ENOUGH ? IF FEDERAL AGENCIES MAINTAIN THEIR SHARE OF THE NATIONAL WORK FORCE THROUGH 1963, THE ANSWER IS MIXED — IMPROVEMENT IN SOME FIELDS — SERIOUS PROBLEMS REMAINING IN OTHERS. - PSYCHOLOGISTS-. DEMAND LARGELY FOR Ph.D.'S. PERSONS WITH LESSER DEGREES HOWEVER WILL BE EMPLOYED IN SOME POSITIONS. FEDERAL AGENCIES WILL BE FORTUNATE TO GET ONE-THIRD OF THE NEW Ph.D.'S THEY NEED. MEDICAL OFFICERS:™* *™ ENTIRELY FOR M.D.'S, OF COURSE. AGENCIES WILL PROBABLY FAIL TO OBTAIN ALMOST HALF OF THE NEW PHYSICIANS THEY REPORTED NEEDING BY 1963. ~ ENGINEERS : DEMAND CONCENTRATES AT THE BACHELOR'S LEVEL. COMPETITION WILL BE KEEN FOR THE RELATIVELY SMALLER PERCENTAGE WITH GRADUATE DEGREES. SHORTAGES IN SOME FIELDS EXCEPTED, THE GENERAL SUPPLY OF ENGINEERS SHOULD IMPROVE ESPECIALLY DURING THE EARLY PART CF THE FORECAST PERIOD. BY 1963, HOWEVER, FEDERAL AGENCIES MAY STILL LACK ABOUT 10^ CF THEIR JfFFngp GROWTH. * PHYSICAL SflFNTlSl&VWUMV MOSTLY AT GRADUATE LEVELS. WITH SOME EXCEPTIONS, THERE SHOULD BE AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF BACHELOR LEVEL PROFESSIONALS, BUT THE PICTURE IS LESS OPTIMISTIC AT THE MASTER'S AND DOCTOR'S LEVELS. AGENCIES WILL CONTINUE TO HOLD JOBS VACANT AWAITING MORE HIGHLY QUALIFIED CANDIDATES AND TO FILL MANY JOBS AT LOWER THAN OPTIMUM LEVELS. TRAINING PROGRAMS, IMPORTANT IN ALL FIELDS COVERED BY THIS STUDY, WILL BE VITAL HERE. TECHNICIANS: AGENCIES MUST RECRUIT AND TRAIN ACTIVELY, ESPECIALLY TO COVER 1962-63 PERIOD. 19Looking Tow arc! / 763 • ADJUSTING ITS PROGRAMS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF OUR CHANGING CIVILIZATION, THE FEDERAL GOVERMffiNT WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE EMPLOYER OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER IN THE UNITED STATES. • THROUGH THEIR CONTRACTS WITH PRIVATE INDUSTRY, FEDERAL AGENCIES WILL CONTINUE TO EXERCISE CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONAL INFLUENCE ON THE DEMAND FOR THESE OCCUPATIONS IN THE REST OF THE NATIONAL LABOR MARKET. • EDUCATIONAL AND OTHER "SUPPLY" TRENDS IMPLY CONTINUING PROBLEM AREAS IN THE NUMBER OF TRAINED WORKERS AVAILABLE IN THE LABOR FORCE IN SCME CF THESE OCCUPATIONS DURING THE PERIOD COVERED. • AGENCY PROGRAM EXPECTATIONS, ON THE OTHER HAND, SHOW A NEED TO EMPLOY SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER NUMBERS OF WORKERS TRAINED IN A VARIETY OF THESE SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES. 20• RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN RECRUITING TECHNIQUES, AND IN THE FEDERAL PAY AND BENEFITS STRUCTURE AFFECTING THESE OCCUPATIONS,WILL HELP IMPROVE THE GOVERNMENT’S COMPETITIVE POSITION. • HOWEVER, FEDERAL AGENCIES, BY NATURE LACKING SOME OF THE FLEXIBILITY OF PRIVATE INDUSTRY, WILL PROBABLY CONTINUE TO EXPERIENCE SOME DIFFICULTY IN COMPETING FOR SKILLS IN SHORTAGE CATEGORIES. • THEREFORE, SOME OF THE INCREASED MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS ANTICIPATED IN THIS FORECAST WILL NOT BE FILLED. WORKING TOGETHER, HOWEVER, FEDERAL AGENCIES AND THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION WILL BE MORE EFFECTIVE IN MEETING THE MANPOWER CHALLENGE OF THESE NEXT FEW YEARS Positive Action Is Taken Nou. 21• UTILIZE TO THE FULLEST EXTENT THE HIGH PROFESSIONAL SKILLS OF EXISTING SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING STAFFS. • UTILIZE TECHNICIANS AT THE HIGHEST SKILL LEVEL POSSIBLE. PINPOINT RECRUITMENT EFFORTS AND RECRUIT VIGOROUSLY IN FIELDS IN WHICH THE GREATEST FUTURE DEMAND WILL EXIST. INCREASE GOVERNMENT TRAINING PROGRAMS, AS NECESSARY, TO MEET MANPOWER EBQUIRBKENTS FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL. 22Scientific andEnameermc/ Manpower • EMPHASIZE RECRUITMENT OF SUB-PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL FOR TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS ARE INCREASING RAPIDLY. STEP UP PROGRAMS TO INFORM SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, AND THE PUBLIC GENERALLY OF FEDERAL MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS. • KEEP EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BRANCH POLICY MAKERS INFORMED AS TO NEEDS FOR OTHER ACTION. 23 3 5352 DSbEtfi R / z& \ 1 \ t