ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS
OF '
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OP NATURAL HISTORY
VOL. XXIII, PART I
RACIAL TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS '
BY
LOUIS R. SULLIVAN
NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES
1918
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ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOL. XXIII, PART I
RACIAL TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
LOUIS R. SULLIVAN
NEW YORK
PIJBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES
1918
RACIAL TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
By Louis R. Sullivan.
PREFACE.
This review is the result of studies made for the purpose of installing a
somatological exhibit in the Philippine Hall of the American Museum of
Natural History. No new or original data are presented. The purpose of
the paper is to bring together the scattered observations of numerous
observers in an attempt to indicate the racial affinities of the inhabitants of
the Philippine Islands.
While an interpretation which is believed to be consistent with the data
is offered, the aim has been to present the data in a form that will enable
the reader to draw independent conclusions.
Throughout the study I have enjoyed the constant cooperation of Dr.
A. L. Kroeber. I wish to acknowledge his helpful assistance in matters
of svnonymy, nomenclature, and location of tribes. Map 2 in this review
is based on a similar map shortly to appear in Dr. Kroeber’s Peoples of the
Philippines to be published by this Museum.
The text figures and maps were drawn by Mr. S. Ichikawa and are based
on Museum labels.
March, 1918.
Louis R. Sullivan.
CONTENTS.
Page.
PREFACE 3
THE LITERATURE 7
THE PROBLEM 1°
THE METHOD 12
GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION 13
THE MATERIAL 15
I. Christian Groups 15
II. Pagan Groups 23
III. Mohammedan Groups 28
IV. Negrito Groups 29
HAIR. SKIN, AND EYES 31
STATURE 31
CEPHALIC INDEX 34
NASAL INDEX 36
BODY WEIGHT AND INDEX OF ARM REACH 38
CORRELATION S 40
GENERAL DISCUSSION 43
Related Types in Malaysia ........ 47
SUMMARY 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY 57
ILLUSTRATION^
Text Figures.
1. Stature in the Philippine Islands 32
2. The Cephalic Index in the Philippine Islands 34
3. The Nasal Index in the Philippine Islands ...... 36
4. Correlation of the Cephalic and Nasal Indices 41
5. Graphic Correlation of Stature, Cephalic and Nasal Indices for Miscel¬
laneous Types ........... 42
6. Graphic Correlation of Stature, Cephalic and Nasal Indices for Philippine
Types 61
Maps.
1. Philippine Islands — Provinces and Districts 13
2. Philippine Islands — Ethnic Groups 61
5
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
THE LITERATURE.
Anthropometric investigations in the Philippine Islands may be said
to have been begun by Doctor J. Montano in 1885. Montano1 made
extended studies in the southern half of Luzon and in some of the other
islands in the southern part of the Archipelago. His researches were thor¬
oughly scientific and compare very favorably with those of modern workers.
In many localities he measured only a few individual, yet it seems certain
that future research will not materially affect his conclusions. Montano
recognized three racial types: —
I.
II.
Negrito
Negrito of Bataan
Mamanua-Mindanao
Negrito Atas of Luzon
Malay
Plus Chinese Bikol
Tagalog
Bisaya
Plus Arabian and Indonesian
III. Indonesian
Samal (Isamal)
Bagobo
Guianga
Atas
Tagakaolo
Tagbanua
Manobo
Mandaya
Bilaan
Sulu
Moro
Kalagan
In addition to his observations on the living, Montana reported on the
skeletal material collected and the results of microscopic research on the
hair.
1 Montano.
8
Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
Blumentritt’s 1 numerous papers on the Philippines did much to clear
up ethnographic confusion, as did also those of Meyer2 and Shadenberg.3
Numerous verbal and photographic descriptions have appeared by many
authors. First among these should be mentioned those of Dean C. Wor¬
cester 4 and Meyer5. More general discussions may be found in the works
of Deniker6 and Keane7.
The craniology of the Philippines has been dealt with by Virchow,8
Schadenberg,9 and Koeze10. The conclusions of Koeze agree in the main
with those of Montano and Blumentritt.
Perhaps the most extensive series of measurements on the living are
those of Folkmar .1! In his Album of Philippine Types are the averages of
the measurements on fairly large series of individual representing nearly
the whole of the Christian population on the Islands.
In 1904 Heed12 recorded the measurements on the Negrito of Zambales.
In the same year Savage Landor13 made a complete survey of the Islands,
but his anthropometric data are of a peculiar character, not comparable with
that of other observers. In 1905 Jenks14 published averages for the Bontok
Igorot and in 1906 Kroeber15 measured individuals from the same locality.
In a series of publications from 1908 to 1913 Bean16 has contributed
much valuable data on the natives of Luzon. Much of his later work is
devoted to a scheme for determining racial affinities. Bean recognizes the
following types: —
Adriatic (related to Adriatic of Deniker)
Primitive (similar to primitive of Hagen and others)
B. B. B, (big-cerebellumed, box-headed Bavarians of Ranke)
Alpine
Iberian (Mediterranean)
North European (very few on Islands)
Cro-Magnon
Australoid
1 Blumentritt, (a), (b), reviewed by Brinton.
2 Meyer, (a).
3 Meyer and Schadenberg.
4 Worcester, (a), (b), (c), (d).
5 Meyer, (c).
6 Deniker.
7 Keane, (a), (b).
8 Virchow.
9 Schadenberg, (a).
10 Koeze.
u Folkmar.
12 Reed.
43 Savage Landor.
14 Jenks.
16 Kroeber.
18 Bean, (a), (b), (c), (d).
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
9
Each of these types presents one or more modified tvpes and there are
numerous blends. There is also a type represented by one individual
designated as Homo Philippinensis, a relative of Homo Heidelbcrgensis.
Of these types Bean says: —
This scheme is utilized in the segregation of Filipino types, and although an
artificial division of the people is affected thereby, the groups segregated not only
pro ve to be true types, but may even be designated as species of man.1
One recognizes in this work an attempt to analyze the composition of
the various racial types of man, yet the results are far from convincing.
As to the source of these heretofore rather unexpected types Bean makes
the following explanation: —
There have been waves and waves of migration which have apparently come from
the south, and each succeeding wave finds the drift of the preceding one and in
receding leaves its own, sometimes penetrating farther than its predecessor, some¬
times falling short and retiring before having reached the remaining portions of the
previous waves. Three crescents might be placed across the archipelago to repre¬
sent the three European migrations.2
The crest of the first wave is represented by the Ilongot, the second by the
Kalinga and Bontok Igorot, and the third by the Sulu. The Mohammedan
wave advanced farther northward, but receded to Sulu when the Spaniards
came. The three modified Iberian forms are evidence for three European
migrations. The first came from Europe direct, the second by way of India,
and the third from northern Africa and Arabia (Mohammedans of history).
In this review we shall deal only with Bean’s original data.
Barrows3 published measurements on the Negrito of Palawan, Surigao,
and Bataan and also on the wild tribes of Luzon and Palawan. Nine years
of residence and travel in the Philippines have convinced him that there is
little evidence for an Indonesian theory and that racial diversity can be
accounted for by Negrito and Malay intermixture. Barrows strengthens
his convictions by data on the nasal index and index of arm reach. The
advantages of close contact with the natives for many years cannot be
denied; yet, when one considers the great gap between the conclusions of
Bean and Barrows it is clear that the personal element must be left out of
consideration and the concrete data taken at their face value.
In 1909 Christie4 published measurements of a group of Subanun from
1 Bean, (c), 24.
2 Bean, (d), 460.
3 Barrows, (a), (b).
4 Christie.
10 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII
Mindanao. In his The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao, Cole 1
gives averages on several heretofore little-known groups. The same author
promises more detailed measurements on these people as well as on some of
the tribes of northern Luzon. Taylor2 published the average stature of
thirty-six Bontok Igorot, but the remaining measurements have not come
to notice.
The most recent publication on the Philippines is the Population of the
Philippine Islands in 1916 by Beyer.3 In addition to the valuable statistics
on the population there is a very convenient alphabetical summary of the
ethnic groups. A brief statement is made of the culture and physical type
of each group. The following racial types are promised: —
Short Mongol
Tall Mongol
Primitive
Australoid
Negrito
Papuan
Indonesian
Ainu
Tall Caucasic
Malav blend
Numerous Chinese, Japanese, Spaniards, Americans.
The author admits that these are rather unusual types and will, doubtless,
produce convincing statistics in a promised forthcoming volume.
THE PROBLEM.
The Philippine problem is a part of the much larger Malay problem.
All through Malaysia we find an apparent stratification of the population.
In the interior of the various islands, we find tribes variously called “ wild ”,
“pagan ”, or “head hunters Surrounding these on all sides are the more
civilized tribes designated as “civilized” or “Christian.” These people,
for the most part, live near the coast of the Islands. Mingling with these
peoples, we have the Mohammedan peoples known as “historic Malay s”
or “ Moros ”. This stratification is further complicated in some instances,
notably the Philippine Islands, by the presence of a fourth element, the
pygmy Negrito, who usually occupy the mountain wilds.
This peculiar grouping has given rise to several theories as to the probable
origin and affinities of the various groups. Confining our attention to the
1 Cole, (c).
2 Taylor.
3 Beyer.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
ll
Philippines, the most generally accepted explanation is that of Blumentritt.1
The Negrito were, probably, the first inhabitants of the Islands. We had,
in turn, two prehistoric Malay invasions. The first Malay invasion,
probably from Borneo, drove the Negrito inland and the newcomers in¬
habited the coast. The second invasion, also prehistoric, drove the people
of the first invasion inland. This resulted in a threefold stratification.
Montano 2 and Meyer3 recognized these three groups, but called the first
invaders Indonesian and the second Malay. In the sixteenth century we
have the arrival of the Spaniards who were followed and, perhaps, preceded
by the Chinese and others.4
For the most part, this classification of the population into three types
has persisted, nominally at least. There has been some little disagreement
in defining the two non-Negrito types and in the classification of the indi¬
vidual tribes or ethnic groups. Deniker5 and Keane6 accept it with
modifications. Since the year 1900 much new data have been collected
and two new tendencies have appeared. Bean,7 and very recently, Beyer,8
have greatly increased the number of racial types represented on the Islands.
Barrows,9 on the other hand, has been inclined to discount the idea of
multiplieity of types altogether and believes that, apart from the true
Negrito, we have representatives of only one racial type and various blends
with Negrito.
The existence of the Negrito, as a distinct racial type, is admitted by all.
The problem remains to determine whether or not there is any justification
in assuming more than one other racial type in the Islands. Ultimately
comes the problem deciding the affinities of the inhabitants of the Philippine
Islands to the inhabitants of the neighboring islands and the Malay Penin¬
sula, and to mankind in general. This review will be restricted, for the
most part, to the first problem.
1 Blumentritt, (a), (b) and reviews of same by Brinton.
2 Montano.
3 Meyer, (d).
4 Keane, (a).
6Deniker.
6 Keane, (a), (b).
7 Bean, (a), (b), (c), (d).
8 Beyer.
9 Barrows, (b).
12 Anthropological Papers American Museuvi of Natural History. [Yol. XXIII,
THE METHOD.
The data at hand are sufficiently representative of the entire population
of the Philippines to make some sort of a preliminary summary justifiable.
The various observers have differed in their choice of measurements, yet
in nearly every case we have data on stature, head form, and form of the
nose. Our comparison will then be limited principally to these three char¬
acter. However, we have enough data on the index of arm reach to make
comparison possible. In a few instances, the absolute measurements may
be used as a check, but for the most part, only the indices are given. It is
to be regretted that the dimensions of the face were not recorded in more
instances.
With the exception of a very few smaller series we have only the averages
given. For this reason, we shall treat each series as an individual. Some
of the observations are for only a very few individuals, yet the records
of the different workers overlap sufficiently to permit us to judge fairly
accurately the characters of each group considered. In the same way we
can determine the comparability of the observations of two, and in some
instances three, observers.
For convenience, we shall refer to the ethnic groups under the headings
of Christian, Pagan, Mohammedan, and Negrito. Such a classification is
obviously inconsistent, for the Negrito are Pagan. Yet, it seemed best to
segregate them as a distinct group. Nominally, this subdivision is on the
basis of religion, yet it is probably as truly a cultural classification. The
Christians are the civilized coast peoples and the Pagans are the wild inland
tribes. In culture, the Mohammedans probably stand nearer to the Chris¬
tians and the Negrito nearer to the Pagans. The statistics on the popula¬
tion, the geographic distribution, and the cultural characterization of each
group are taken almost directly from Bever.1 Beyer does not claim the
accuracy for his census that the figures would imply, yet it is probably safe
to say that it is the most accurate that has yet appeared and the most
detailed for the ground it covers.
Works on craniometry will be used only as a check. The opinions and
general impressions of the different observers will, for the most part, be
disregarded and all conclusions will be based on the recorded measurements.
Throughout this review, “race” is used in the sense of one of the larger
1 Beyer.
Antheop. Pap. A. M. N. H.
Vot. XXIII, Map 1.
Philippine Islands — Provinces and Districts.
1.
Ilokos Norte
8.
Nueva Vizcaya
21.
Ambos Camarines
27. Occidental Negros
2.
Mountain
9.
Tayabas
22.
Albay
28. Oriental Negros
(a) Apayao
9'.
Marinduque Sub-province
22'.
Catanduanes Sub-province
Bohol
(b) Kalinga
10.
Pangasinan
23.
Sorsogon
29. Surigao
(c) Bontok
ll.
Nueva Ecija
23'.
Masbate Sub-province
30. Misamis
(d) Lepanto
12.
ZambaleSj
Mindoro
31. Department of Moro
(e) Amburayan
13.
Tarlak
Samar
(a) Lanao
(f) Ifugao
14.
Pampanga
Palawan
(b) Davao
(g) Benguet
15.
Bulakan
24.
Antique
(c) Zamboanga
1 Districts
3.
Cagayan
16.
Bataan
25.
Capiz
(d) Cotabato
4.
Ilokos Sur
17.
Bizal
25'.
Romblon Sub-province
(e) Sulu
5.
Abra
18.
Cavite
26.
Iloilo
32. Agusan
6.
7.
Isabela
La Union
19.
20.
La Laguna
Batangas
Leyte
Cebu
(a) Butuan ) „ ,
(b) BukidnonfSub-provmces
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
13
groups of mankind and refers to the three or four main divisions: Mongoloid,
Negroid, Caucasian, and Australoid. Racial type is used to designate one
of the smaller and more concrete groups of mankind and is equivalent to
sub-race. Any group differing from a racial type in a very few characters
only will be designated as a local type.
GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION.
The Philippine Islands lie southeast of Asia, nearly south of Japan and
north of Borneo and Celebes. Geographically, they belong to the same
group of islands as Borneo, Sumatra, Java, etc. and are a part of Asia rather
than Oceania. They are, for the most part, of volcanic origin and are
structurally connected with Borneo and Celebes by three isthmuses which
are partly submerged. These three isthmuses enclose the Sulu and Celebes
seas. Geologists agree that the Philippine Islands have probably been
separated from Borneo and Malaysia since some time in the middle or upper
Miocene.1
The Archipelago consists of 3,141 islands and has a total area of 115,026
square miles. The interior of most of the islands is mountainous. The
principal mountain ranges run north and south as do also the larger islands.
The interior of the islands is heavily forested. The population is, in a great
measure, distributed along the seaboard, in the great valley of Luzon, in
the valley of the Cagayan River, in the valley of the Rio Grande de Mindanao
in Mindanao, and in the valleys of smaller streams.
The most densely populated areas are in Ilokos Norte, Uokos Sur, La
Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Zambales, Bulakan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas,
Ambos Camarines, Albay and Sorsogon in Luzon, the coast of Samar, Leyte,
Panay, Negros, Bohol, northern Mindanao, and nearly all of Cebu. This
also represents the range of the Christian peoples. A wide strip in the
eastern part of northern Luzon and another in eastern Zambales have a
population of less than five persons to the square mile and are inhabited by
the Negrito. The same relative density (or sparsity) of population is found
in Palawan, the interior of Mindoro, and the greater part of Mindanao. In
the latter islands the inhabitants are mainly pagan or wild tribes.
The total population at the end of the year 1915 is given as 9,503,271.2
1 (Census 1903).
2 Beyer.
14 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Yol. XXIII,
Of these there were: —
8,413,347 Christians
700,000 Pagan
(35,926) Negrito
315,980 Mohammedan
73,366 inhabitants of the Philippine Islands are foreign bora. Of these
two-thirds were Chinese and one-sixth were Asiatics or other nationalities.
500,000 native born inhabitants, or 5.26% of the total population, have
Chinese blood. 200,000 native born inhabitants, or 2.1% of the total
population have Spanish or other European blood.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
15
THE MATERIAL.
I. Christian Groups.
There were 8,413,347 Christians, or civilized people, on the Islands
distributed in eight principal ethnic groups. These groups will be considered
approximately from north to south.
Iloko 1 (llocano): 988, 841; third largest Philippine group.
Distribution: Ilokos Norte, Ilokos Sur, La Union; also in Cagayan, Isabela,
Apayao, Pangasinan, Zambales, Tarlak, and Nueva Ecija in
Luzon.
I.2 Iloko of Ilokos Norte — Folkmar.3
37 Males
Stature
1593
Head length
180
Arm reach
1657
Head width
151
Cephalic index
84.4
Nasal height
55
Nasal index
73.1
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
103.44
Weight
51
Iloko of Ilokos Sur —
Folkmar.
59 Males
Stature
1596
Head length
177
Arm reach
1671
Head width
150
Cephalic index
85.1
Nasal height
53
Nasal index
72.9
Nasal width
39
Index of arm reach
104.7
Weight
51,
Iloko of La Union — Folkmar.
31
Males
Stature
1590
Head length
176
Arm reach
1664
Head width
151
Cephalic index
85.7
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
78.6
Nasal width
39
Index of arm reach
104.6
Weight
51
1 Statistics on population and distribution are taken from Beyer.
kg.
kg.
2 Numbers refer to approximate location on map 2 and are consistently used through
the text to refer to these specific groups.
3 Folkmar.
4 Calculated from average stature and average arm reach.
16 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
4. Iloko of Ilokos Norte and Sur and La Union — Bean.1
48 Males
Stature
1615
Head length
182
Cephalic index
83.5
Head width
152
Nasal index
81.8
Nasal height
43
Nasal width
36.5
Iloko of Pangasinan
— Folkmar.
34 Males
Stature
1621
Head length
178
Arm reach
1687
Head width
150
Cephalic index
84.3
Nasal height
52
Nasal index
76.5
Nasal width
40
Weight
52.7
6. Iloko of Tarlak — Folkmar.
8 Males
Stature
1614
Head length
179
Arm reach
1686
Head width
152
Cephalic index
84.7
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
83.6
Nasal width
42
Index of arm reach
104.0
Weight
53.3
Iloko of Zambales •— Folkmar.
24
Males
Stature
1609
Head length
178
Arm reach
1675
Head width
150
Cephalic index
84.4
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
77.5
Nasal width
39
Index of arm reach
104
Weight
53.6
Cagayan (Ibanag): 156,134; seventh largest group.
Distribution; Cagayan Valley in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela, Luzon.
8. Cagayan of Cagayan —* Folkmar.
10 Males
Stature
1637
Head length
184
Arm reach
1691
Head width
149
Cephalic index
80.8
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
81.1
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
103.3
Weight
52.9
Cagayan of Isabela — Folkmar.
5 Males
Stature
1594
Head length
184
Arm reach
1645
Head width
149
Cephalic index
80.9
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
78.9
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
103.2
Weight
58.9
i Bean, (b).
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
17
Pangasinan: 381,493; fifth largest group on the Islands.
Distribution: chiefly in Pangasinan, a few are found in the neighboring prov¬
inces of Tarlak, Nueva Ecija, and La Union, Luzon.
10. Pangasinan of Pangasinan — Folkmar.
40 Males
Stature
1629.
Head length
181
Arm reach
1683
Head width
152
Cephalic index
84.2
Nasal height
54
Nasal index
73.5
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach 103.3 Weight
Pampangan: 337,184; sixth largest group on the Islands.
Distribution: Pampanga and part of Tarlak, Luzon.
ll. Pampangan of Pampanga — Folkmar.
62 Males
52.9
Stature
1620
Head length
182
Arm reach
1658
Head width
142
Cephalic index
80.7
Nasal height
52
Nasal index
76.2
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
102.4
Weight
53.6 kg.
Sambal: 56,146.
Distribution: Province of Zambales and a portion of western Pangasinan.
12. Sambal of Zambales — Folkmar.
17 Males
Stature
1607
Head length
179
Arm reach
1673
Head width
148
Cephalic index
82.7
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
79.6
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.1
Weight
54.9
Tagalog: 1,789,049; second largest Philippine group.
Distribution: Provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Manila
City, Bataan, Bulakan, and Nueva Ecija; a few in northern
Camarines, Tarlak, and southern Zambales, Luzon. In addition
to Luzon, the island of Marinduque is wholly Tagalog, Masbate
is partly so, and the coastal region of the northern two-thirds of
Mindoro.
13. Tagalog of Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya — Bean.
17 Males
Stature
1661 Head length
183
Cephalic index
83.6 Head width
153
Nasal index
80.0 Nasal height
48
Nasal width
39
Anthropological Paper s American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII
14. Tagalog of Nueva Ecija — Folkmar.
26 Males
Stature
1610
Head length
180
Arm reach
1668
Head width
150
Cephalic index
83.3
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
80.4
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
103.6 .
Weight
52.
alog of Zambales —
Bean.
9 Males
Stature
1651
Head length
183
Cephalic index
84.1
Head width
156
Nasal index
79.6
Nasal height
48
Nasal width
38
ilog of Pangasinan -
- Bean.
18 Males
Stature
1610
Head length
181
Cephalic index
84.7
Head width
* 153.
Nasal index
85.0
Nasal height
45
Nasal width
38
17. Tagalog of Pampanga — Bean.
22 Males
Stature
1635
Head length
185
Cephalic index
•81.3
Head width
150
Nasal index
87.6
Nasal height
44
Nasal width
38
18. Tagalog of Bulakan — Folkmar.
22 Males
Stature
1597
Head length
180
Arm reach
1654
Head width
153
Cephalic index
84.7
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
82.0
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach 104.0
Weight
54.5
alog of Bulakan -
— Bean.
26 Males
Stature
1636
Head length
181
Cephalic index
84.2
Head width
152
Nasal index
83.2
Nasal height
45
Nasal width
37
alog of Tayabas
— Folkmar.
28 Males
Stature
1579
Head length
180
Arm reach
1645
Head width
148
Cephalic index
82.3
Nasal height
52
Nasal index
76.0
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach 104.2
Weight
50.7
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
21.
Tagalog of Tayabas — Bean.
15 Males
Stature
1606
Head length
180
Cephalic index
83.3
Head width
150
Nasal index
83.3
Nasal height
46
Nasal width
38
22.
Tagalog of Rizal — Folkmar.
25 Males
Stature
1579
Head length
184
Arm reach
1645
Head width
149
Cephalic index
81.2
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
80.5
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.2
Weight
53.4
23.
Tagalog of Rizal — Bean.
31 Males
Stature
1628
Head length
181
Cephalic index
83.4
Head width
151
Nasal index
83.2
Nasal height
44.7
Nasal width
37.2
24.
Tagalog of Manila — Bean.
40 Males
Stature
1638
Head length
181
Cephalic index
82.3
Head width
149
Nasal index
83.8
Nasal height
43.9
Nasal width
36.9
25.
Tagalog of Cavite — Folkmar.
20 Males
Stature
1592
Head length
180
Arm reach
1645
Head width
149
Cephalic index
83.3
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
78.3
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
103.3
Weight
52.3
26.
Tagalog of Cavite — Bean.
10 Males
Stature
1667
Head length
185
Cephalic index
82.9
Head width
154
Nasal index
81.0
Nasal height
46.4
Nasal width
37.6
27.
Tagalog of La Laguna —
- Folkmar.
20 Males
Stature
1600
Head length
179
Arm reach
1632
Head width
149
Cephalic index
83.0
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
81.9
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
102.0
Weight
54.9
19
20 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hisiory. [Vol. XXIII,
28.
Tagalog of La Laguna
— Bean
14 Males
Stature
1626
Head length
182
Cephalic index
81.3
Head width
148
Nasal index
84.3
Nasal height
43.9
Nasal width
37.0
29.
Tagalog of Batanga —
Bean.
12 Males
Stature
1642
Head length
182
Cephalic index
83.7
Head width
152
Nasal index
79.8
Nasal height
47
Nasal width
38
30.
Tagalog of Batanga —
Folkmar.
28 Males
Stature
1611
Head length
180
Arm reach
1668
Head width
150
Cephalic index
82.0
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
79.7
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach 103.5
Weight
53.2
31.
Tagalog? — Cainta, Rizal — Bean and Planta.1
38 Males
Stature
1609
Head length
184
Cephalic index
80.4
Head width
147
Facial index
85.7
Nasal height
48
Nasal index
82.8
Nasal width
39
Facial height
115
Ear height
61
Facial width
134
32.
Tagalog? — Taytay, Rizal — Bean and Planta.2
181 Males
Stature
1595
Head length
183.0
Cephalic index
81.8
Head width
149.6
Facial index
81.3
Nasal height
47.1
Nasal index
85.2
Nasal width
40.0
Facial height
112.0
Ear height
61.5
Facial width
137.7
Bikol: 685,309; fourth largest Philippine group.
Distribution: Ambos Camarines, Albay and Sorsogon on Luzon and the islands
of Catanduanes and Masbate.
33. Bikol of Ambos Camarines — Folkmar.
18 Males
Stature
1585
Head length
184
Arm reach
1663
Head width
151
Cephalic index
81.6
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
81.5
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.9
Weight
53.3
i Bean and Planta, (b).
2 Bean and Planta, (a).
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
Bikol of Sorsogon — Folkmar.
32 Males
Stature
1595
Head length
178
Arm reach
1658
Head width
151
Cephalic index
84.7
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
80.4
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.0
Weight
53.4
Bikol of Albay — Folkmar.
ll Males
Stature
1583
Head length
181
Arm reach
1672
Head width
148
Cephalic index
82.2
Nasal height
48
Nasal index
86.1
Nasal width
42
Index of arm reach
105.7
Weight
56.6
Bikol of Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon,
etc.— Bean.
14 Males
Stature
1632
Head length
182
Cephalic index
83.5
Head width
152
Nasal index
86.3
Nasal height
45
Nasal width
39
Bisaya: 3,977,210; largest group in the islands.
Distribution: Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Negros, Bohol, Panay, and the remaining
smaller Bisayan Islands; coast region of southern Mindoro, coast
of Palawan; and the north and east coasts of Mindanao.
37. Bisaya of Romblon Island — Folkmar.
3 Males
Stature
1622
Head length
180
Arm reach
1706
Head width
146
Cephalic index
80.9
Nasal height
53
Nasal index
75.0
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
105.2
Weight
56.6
Bisaya of Masbate Island — Folkmar.
7 Males
Stature
1588
Head length
179
Arm reach
1633
Head width
154
Cephalic index
86.3
Nasal height
48
Nasal index
84.4
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
102.2
Weight
53.3
Bisaya of Capiz Province, Panay Island — Folkmar.
27 Males
Stature
1590
Head length
181
Arm reach
1683
Head width
150
Cephalic index
83.0
Nasal height
49
Nasal index
85.0
Nasal width
42
Index of arm reach
105.9
Weight
53.2
Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hlstory. [Vol. XXIII
40. Bisaya of Iloilo Province, Panay Island — Folkmar.
40 Males
Stature
1586
Head length
180
Arm reach
1661
Head width
149
Cephalic index
83.1
Nasal height
49
Nasal index
84.1
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.7
Weight
51.0
Bisaya of Samar Island -
— Folknyir.
31 Males
Stature
1558
Head length
176
Arm reach
1639
Head breadth
150
Cephalic index
85.5
Nasal height
48
Nasal index
81.9
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
105.2
Weight
49.8
Bisaya of Leyte Island -
— Folkmar.
46 Males
Stature
1583
Head length
180
Arm reach
1648
Head width
152
Cephalic index
85.3
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
78.6
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
104.1
Weight
51.6
Bisaya of Cebu Island —
- Folkmar.
32 Males
Stature
1599
Head length
181
Arm reach
1666
Head width
152
Cephalic index
83.7
Nasal height
48
Nasal index
79.6
Nasal width
38
Index of arm reach
104.2
Weight
52.3
Bisaya of Oriental Negros — Folkmar.
15 Males
Stature
1607
Head length
# 180
Arm reach
1681
Head width
' 153
Cephalic index
84.9
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
80.9
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.6
Weight
56.5
45. Bisaya of Occidental Negros — Folkmar.
10 Males
Stature
1554
Head length
182
Arm reach
1618
Head width
150
Cephalic index
82.7
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
81.9
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.1
Weight
49.0
1918.] Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
46. Bisaya of Bohol Island — Folkmar.
16 Males
Stature
1594
Head length
178
Arm reach
1676
Head width
151
Cephalic index
84.7
Nasal height
49
Nasal index
80.5
Nasal width
40
Index of arm reach
105.1
Weight
48.2
Bisaya of Surigao Province, Mindanao — Folkmar.
21 Males
Stature
1594
Head length
178
Arm reach
1660
Head width
152
Cephalic index
85.8
Nasal height
49
Nasal index
83.3
Nasal width
41
Index of arm reach
104.1
Weight
48.2
Bisaya of Misamis, Mindanao — Folkmar.
ll Males
Stature
1612
Head length
179
Arm reach
1692
Head width
153
Cephalic index
85.5
Nasal height
51
Nasal index
82.6
Nasal width
42
Index of arm reach
104.9
Weight
56.3
23
There are no data for the following minor Christian groups recognized
by Beyer: —
Ivatan: 6,392;
GaddangA: 21,240;
Kalamian: 11,350;
Isinai: 2,647;
Dumagat: 352;
Batanes Islands.
Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela, Luzon.
Kalamianes and Ivuyo Islands near Palawan.
3 towns in Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon.
Ivalawat Islands.
II. Pagan Groups.
There are 700,000 pagan or uncivilized people in the Philippines. We
shall consider first the Luzon groups. The wild tribes inhabit the interior
of Luzon and in earlier literature are referred to as Igorot. Of these groups
we have no data on the following: —
Apayao: 23,000; Apayao, Ilokos Norte, and Cagayan.
Ivalinga: 67,450; Kalinga, Apayao, and Cagayan.
Tinggian: 27,648; Abra and neighboring provinces.
Gaddang B: 12,480; Kalinga and Isabela.
24 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
Bontok (Igorot); 63,258.
Distribution: sub-province of Bontok and neighboring provinces.
49. Bontok of Bontok — Kroeber.1
18 Males
Stature
1550
Head length
186
Arm reach
1572
Head width
146
Cephalic index
78.4
Face height
110
Nasal index
99.8
Face width
135
Facial index
81.0
Nasal height
41
Index of arm reach
101.6
Nasal width
40
Bontok of Lepanto — Bean.2
14 Males
Stature
1586
Head length
188
Cephalic index
77.1
Head width
145
Nasal index
97.6
Face height
108
Facial index
78.8
Face width
137
Nasal height
41
Nasal width
40
Ear height
57.2
51. Bontok of Bontok — Jenks.3
14 Males
Stature 1602 Head length 192
. Cephalic index 79.1 Head width 152
Nasal index 79.2 Nasal length 52.6
Nasal width 42.6
Kankanai (Igorot): 47,887
Distribution: Northern third of Benguet and part of Lepanto and Amburayan.
52. Kankanai of northern Benguet — Barrows.4
10 Males
Stature 1505.7
Cephalic index 81.6
Nasal index 88.7
Nabaloi (Igorot, Inibaloi, Ibalois): 13,421.
Distribution: Southern Benguet and neighboring provinces.
53. Nabaloi of Agno Valley, Benguet —• Bean.5
22 Males
Stature
1536
Head length
186.0
Cephalic index
78.5
Head width
146.0
Facial index
80.4
Nasal height
40.0
Nasal index
95.0
Nasal width
38.0
Face height
107
Ear height
56.7
Face width
133
1 Kroeber,
2 Bean, (a).
3 Jenks.
4 Barrows, (b).
3 Bean, (a).
1918.] Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
54. Nabaloi of West Benguet — Bean.
46 Males
Stature
1549
Head length
189
Cephalic index
77.8
Head width
147
Facial index
79.0
Nasal height
43
Nasal index
88.4
Nasal width
38
Face height
109
Ear height
59.3
Face width
138
Nabaloi of Baguio, Benguet — Bean.
22 Males
Stature
1491
Head length
186
Cephalic index
78.5
Head width
146
Facial index
80.4
Nasal height
40
Nasal index
95.0
Nasal width
38
Facial height
107
Ear height
56.7
Facial width
133
56.Nabaloi of Kayapa, Benguet — Barrows.
7 Males
Stature 1543
Arm reach 1590
Cephalic index 79.2
Nasal index 101.0
Index of arm reach 103.
25
57.Nabaloi of Southern Benguet — Barrows.
12 Males
Stature 1563.4 Cephalic index 76.2 Nasal index 92.1
Ifugao: 132,500; largest non-Christian group.
Distribution: mostly in Ifugao; few in neighboring provinces.
58.Ifugao of Benawi — Barrows.
10 Males
Stature 1552 Cephalic index 76.9 Nasal index 101.9
Ilongot: 6,150.
Distribution: mostly in Nueva Vizcaya about headwaters of the Cagayan River.
59. Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya — Barrows.
4 Males
Stature 1540 Cephalic index 83.3 Nasal index 86
60. Ilongot of Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija — Barrows.
12 Males
Stature 1563 Cephalic index 82.5 Nasal index 89.2
Mangyan: 12,250; interior of Mindoro Island. No data.
26 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.JXXIII,
Unclassified: 46,015. There are five main groups of Mountain people variously
called “Non-Negroid,” “Semi-Negroid,” “Hill people,” “remontados,,
scattered throughout the Archipelago. In the earlier census, they
have been called “Bukidnon.” Bukidnon is now restricted to a group
living in Mindanao. The others are distributed as follows:—
(a) Mountains of Central Luzon (4,316).
(b) Southern Luzon (4,600) Katabangan.
(c) Central part of Samar (1,420).
(d) Central part of Negros (19,258).
(e) Central part of Panay (16,421).
On Map 2 these groups are designated as “Hill People
Of these groups we have data on the following only:—
61.Katabangan? of Camarines Sur — Montano.
2 Males
Stature 1550 Cephalic index 81.3 Nasal index 93.9
Manobo: 39,600.
Distribution: Agusan River Valley, Mindanao.
62. Manobo of Davao, Mindanao — Montano.
3 Males
Stature 1616 Cephalic index 77.9 Nasal index 93.5
63. Manobo of Agusan, Mindanao — Montano.
• 5 Males
Stature 1518 Cephalic index 82.5 Nasal index 93.4
Subanun: 31,450 exclusive of numerous Christians and Mohammedans.
Distribution: The interior of the whole Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao.
64.Subanun of Zamboanga (coast), Mindanao — Christie.
20 Males
Stature
1608
Head length
177.0
Cephalic index
82.6
Head width
147.4
Nasal index
74.8
Nasal height
52.6
Nasal width
39.9
Tagakaolo: 7,100.
Distribution: Interior of Saragani Peninsula and west coast of the Gulf of
Davao, Mindanao.
65.Tagakaolo of Davao, Mindanao — Cole.1
27 Males
Stature 1574 Cephalic index 81.5
65'. Tagakaolo of Davao.
1 Cole, (c).
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
2
Nasal index 85.5
Montano measured two men:—
Stature 1594 Cephalic index 80.8
Kulaman: 3,600
Distribution: Saragani Peninsula, Mindanao.
66. Ivulaman of Davao, Mindanao —• Cole.
27 Males
Stature 1583 Cephalic index 78.1
Mandaya: 25,000.
Distribution: east and north of Davao Gulf, Mindanao.
67. Mandaya of Davao, Mindanao — Cole.
15 Males
Stature 1539 Cephalic index 84.6
Nasal index 90.8
67'. Montano measured two men:—
Stature 1578 Cephalic index 81.3
Bilaan: 10,400.
Distribution: Davao and Cotabato, Mindanao.
68. Bilaan of Davao, Mindanao — Cole.
38 Males
Stature 1547 Cephalic index 80.4
68'. Montano measured 3 females and 4 young males.
They have an average nasal index of about 90.
Bagobo: 9,350.
Distribution: Northwest coast of Davao Gulf, Mindanao.
69. Bagobo of Davao, Mindanao — Cole.
33 Males
Stature 1586 Cephalic index f8.8
69'. 1 Male (Montano)
Stature 1538 Cephalic index 81.4 Nasal index 77.8
4 Male Guingas (Bagobo?) — Montano.
Stature 1630
Cephalic index 80.7
Nasal index 79.7
Tagbanua: 19,460
Distribution: Mountainous interior of Palawan.
70.Tagbanua of Palawan — Barrows.
5 Males.
Stature 1550 Cephalic index 81.0
1 Male (Montano)
Stature 1565 Cephalic index 80
Nasal index 93.4
Nasal index 93.0
28 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Yol. XXIII,
Atd: 7,500
Distribution: Davao province, Mindanao.
71.Atd of Davao, Mindanao — Montano.
1 Male — adult.
Stature 1688 Cephalic index 82.2 Nasal index 78.4
We have no data on the following groups:—
Tirurai: 7,150; Cotabato, Mindanao.
Bukidnon: 48,500; Bukidnon, Mindanao.
Manguangan: 2,500; central Mindanao.
III. Mohammedan Groups.
There are about 315,980 Mohammedans. For the most part, they are
called “Moros.” A few of the groups have more specific names. They
are all in the southern part of the Archipelago in and around Mindanao.
72.Kalagan of Davao Gulf, Mindanao — Montano.
1 Male
Stature 166 Cephalic index 79.5 Nasal index 102.5
73. Isamal (Samal) of Samal Island, Mindanao — Montano.
2 Males
Stature 1579 Cephalic index 81.9 Nasal index 80.4
74. Moro of Davao, Mindanao — Montano.
5 Males
Stature 1573 Cephalic index 81.9 Nasal index 84.6
75. Moro of Cotabato, Mindanao — Folkmar.
2 Males
Stature 1599 Cephalic index 80.9 Nasal index 81.7
76.Moro of Zamboanga, Mindanao — Folkmar.
6 Males
Stature 1613 Cephalic index 80.8 Nasal index 81.0
Arm reach 1696 Index of arm reach 105.1 Weight 48.9
77.Moro of Basilan Island — Folkmar.
2 Males
Stature 1556 Cephalic index 83.6 Nasal index 85.1
78.Moro of Sulu Island — Folkmar.
10 Males
Stature
1596
Head length
180
Arm reach
1645
Head width
150
Cephalic index
83.1
Nasal height
50
Nasal index
83.2
Nasal width
42
Index of arm reach
103.1
Weight
51.4
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
29
79. Sulu of Sulu Island — Montano.
6 Males
Stature 1526 Index of arm reach 103.8 Cephalic index 84.7
Nasal index 86.6
We have used the names given by the observer in every case but the following
specific names are substituted for “Moro” by Beyer.1
Samal; 78,700; Sulu Archipelago.
Lanao; 58,350; Lanao — Mindanao.
Yakan; 7,290; Basilan Islands.
Palawan; 1,940; Southern Palawan.
Magindanao; 79,850; Cotabato, Mindanao.
Sanggil; 2,450; South coast of Mindanao.
Sulu; 87,400; Jolo Island, etc.
IV. Negrito Groups.
According to Beyer2 there are seven principal groups of Negrito.
The total number is approximately 35,926. They are distributed as
follows: —
(a) Apayao swamp region, Apayao and Cagayan; 4,500.
(b) Ilokos Mountains mostly in Ilokos; 415.
(c) Zambales Mountains, Zambales, Bataan, etc.; 9,186.
(d) East Luzon Mountains from Cape Engano to Lucena, Tayabas;
12,500.
(e) South Luzon Mountains, Tayabas, Camarines and Albay; 4,800.
(f) “Bataks” of Palawan; 675.
(g) “Mamanua” of Surigao — Mindanao; 3,850.
Smaller groups are mixed with some of the “hill tribes” on other islands.
We have the following data: —
80. Negrito of Bataan, Luzon — Montano.
18 Males
Stature 1485 Index of arm reach 105.3 Cephalic index 84.7
Nasal index 94.7
81. Negrito (Aeta) of Zambales, Luzon — Reed.3
31 Males (27 females also measured)
Stature
1463
Head length
177.5
Cephalic index
82.2
Head width
147.0
Nasal index
106.0
Nasal height
40.5
Nasal width
42.8
One female had a nasal index of 140.
1 Beyer.
2 Beyer.
3 Reed.
Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hisiory. [Vol. XXIII,
82. Negrito of Bataan, Luzon — Barrows.
9 Males
Stature 1454 Cephalic index 82.3 Nasal index
83. Negrito (Mamanua) of Surigao, Mindanao — Barrows.
3 Males
Stature 1590 Cephalic index 84 Nasal index
84. Negrito (Batak) of Palawan — Barrows
4 Males
Stature 1500 Cephalic index 81 Nasal index
(According to Beyer the Bataks are Papuan?)
85. Negrito-Metis of Albay — Montano.
5 Males
Cephalic index 85.8
93.7
103
97
Stature 1504
Nasal index 92.7
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
31
HAIR, SKIN, AND EYES.
In only a comparatively few instances do we have statistical records of
skin color, hair form, and eye color. Montano and Kroeber have recorded
skin color according to Broca’s color scale. Cole has evidently made careful
studies of this character, but has not yet published detailed information.
However, there are not sufficient data on these characters at the present
time to make them of any value in a minute comparative study.
The hair is almost uniformly black. The Negrito range from curly to
woolly hair. The other inhabitants of the islands have straight or wavy
hair. One gathers the impression that straight hair is most common, but
that wavy hair frequently occurs in all groups, though more frequently in
some of the pagan tribes of northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan.
As to skin color, about all there can be said is that the Negrito vary from
dark brown to black and that the other natives show varying shades of
brown. The shades most frequently reported are numbers 21 and 37 of
Broca’s standard scale. Kroeber’s Bontok were between 25 and 31 of
Broca’s scale. Montano recorded numbers 40 and 47 in several instances.
The Bikol are the only Christians for whom we have records and they are
reported as being most frequently of the shade of number 21 of Broca.
Some of the pagan people are described as being of a very light shade.
Caucasian affinities are claimed for some.
The eye color is reported as varying from a medium to a very dark
brown. The eyes of the Negrito are wide open. The eyes of many of the
other natives suggest the Mongol eye. The Mongoloid fold is reported to
be as frequent as fifty or sixty percent in some cases among the Christian
people. It is also found among the pagan and Mohammedan people.
Jenks noted it among the Bontok and Christie among the Subanun. Other
observers claim it to be of rare occurrence among the pagan tribes of Luzon.
Although the statement cannot be made with certainty, it seems that the
Mongoloid eye fold and obliquely placed eye slits are more frequent among
the Christians than among the pagan people, at least in Luzon.
STATURE.
Stature is very frequently looked upon as the direct expression of econo¬
mic well-being or the reverse. Within certain limits this is undoubtedly
true, yet it has not been sufficiently demonstrated that stature is propor-
32 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
tionately more variable than certain other accepted characters descriptive
of racial types. If we analyze the curve expressing the stature of mankind
we do not find a random distribution, but notice that the main curve is com¬
posed roughly of a series of minor curves. The average and roughly the mode
of the composite curve is at the 165 centimeter space, or five feet five inches.
The stature for the Negroid groups presents two curves with one mode at
152 and 153 centimeters and another at 167 centimeters approximately.
The Asiatic Mongols range above and below 160 and 161 centimeters. The
mode for Europeans is approximately 165 centimeters and the curve for
American Indians is almost a duplication of the curve for Europeans.
However, stature like all other anthropometric characters, is valuable
only when we have the seriation, variability, and average of a fairly large
series of observations. In only a few instances have observations been
made on a very large number of Philippine natives, yet the uniformity of
the averages of different observers convinces us that the data at hand
may be regarded as expressing approximately the range of stature on the
Islands.
For convenience in reviewing the range of this character, we have
placed each ethnic group together with its geographic location and a symbol
to designate whether it is Christian, Pagan, Mohammedan, or Negrito,
opposite the number expressing the average stature in Fig. 1. This allows
us to consider at one time the anthropometric, geographical, and ethnic
relationships of the different groups. The grouping represents roughly the
range and curve of stature in the Philippine Islands.
The first observation of significance is that the averages for nearly every
group on the Islands fall below 165 centimeters, or the average stature of
mankind. The bulk of the population of the Philippine Islands belongs to
the shorter group of men. The range is from 145 to 167 centimeters, or 23
centimeters. The curve is asymmetrical. The Negrito, for the most part,
do not fall within the main curve. Omitting the Negrito from our con¬
sideration, we still have a major and a minor mode, the first between 159
and 161 centimeters and a second at 155 centimeters. The Christian groups
are the taller and are at the top, the Negrito are the shortest and are at
the bottom of the scale, and the Pagan groups are intermediate between
the two. The Mohammedan groups are scattered throughout the range
of the Christian and Pagan groups. If we analyze the curve in greater
detail we get the seriations and averages shown in the following table.
We see that the averages of three of the classes, Christian, Pagan, and
Negrito, correspond fairly well with the major and minor modes and there is
another at 150 centimeters for the Negrito. It seems then, that to a certain
extent, stature is associated with the classification adopted for analysis.
FEET
5f5k
CM
167
166
165
164
163
162
Tagalog
Cavite (B)
Kalagart
Davao (M)
Tagalog
Zambales (B)
Cagayan
Cagayan (F)
Pangasinan
Pangasinan (F)
Bagobo
Davao (M)
Tagalog
Nueva Vizcaya (B)
AVERAGE STATURE OF MAN
STATURE
Philippine. Islands
Tagalog
Pampanga (B)
Tagalog
Rizal (B)
Manobo
Davao (M)
Tagalog
Bulakan (B)
Tagalog
Laguna(B)
lloko
Pangasinan (F)
Tagalog
Manila (B)
Bikol
S. E. Luzon (B)
Pampangan
Pampanga (F)
Tagalog
Batanga (B)
Bisaya
Romblon Is. (F)
161
Subanun
Zamboanga (Ch)
A>
Moro
Zamboanga (F)
lloko
N. W. Luzon (B)
lloko
Tarlak (F)
lloko
Zambales (F)
Sambal
Zambales (F)
Tagalog
Nueva Ecija (F)
Tagalog
Pangasinan (B)
. Tagalog
Tayabas(B)
Tagalog
Batanga (F)
Bisaya
Orient. Negros (F)
Bisaya
Misamis (F)
5f3i>
160
Bontok
Bontok (J)
Moro
Cotabato (F)
Moro
Joio Is. (F)
lloko
llokos Sur (F)
Tagalog
Bulakan (F)
Tagalog
Laguna (F)
Tagalog
Cainta-Rizal (B)
Tagalog
Taytay-Rizal (B)
Bikol
Sorsogon (F)
Bisaya
Cebu (F)
159
Bontok
Lepanto (B)
158
^ Mandaya
Davao (M)
4k.
Bagobo
Davao (C)
Negrito
Surigao (Ba)
lloko
llokos Norte (F)
lloko
La Union (F)
Cagayan
Isabela (F)
Tagalog
Cavite (F)
Bisaya
Masbate (F)
Bisaya
Capiz (F)
Bisaya
Iloilo (F)
r Kulaman ^
Davao (C)
157
Tagakaolo
Davao (C>
156
r Tagbanua
Palawan (M)
-V
Moro
Davao(M)
Isamal r
Samal (M) ^
Tagalog
Tayabas(F)
Tagalog
Rizal (F)
Bikol
Ambos Cam. (F)
Bikol
Albay (F)
Bisaya
Leyte (F)
iL
5f1i
155
^ Bontok ^
Bontok (K)
Nabaloi
S. BenguetlBaL.
Ilongot (Ba)
Pantabangan
■V
Nabaloi
W. Benguet (B)
154
Nabaloi
Agno Valley (B)
153
Sulu
Jolo Is. (M)
Nabaloi
Kayapa (Ba) ^
Ifugao
Benawi (Ba)
Ilongot
Nueva Vizcaya (Ba)
Moro ^
Basilan Is. (F)
ik
Bila-an
Davao (C)
ik.
Mandaya
Davao (C)
Bisaya
Samar (F)
Tagbanua "
Palawan (Ba)
Katabangan ? ^
Camarines Sur (M)
A
Bisaya
Occ. Negros (F)
legend:
Christian
Pagan
152
Manobo
Agusan (M)
7
^
^
L
151
Kankanay
^N. Benguet (Ba)
4f11i>
150
Negrito
Palawan (Ba)
149
Nabaloi
Baguio (B)
148
Negrito
Bataan (M)
Mohammedan
Negrito
Negrito-metis
Albay (M)
147
146
4f9k
145
Negrito
Zambales (R)
Negrito
Bataan (Ba)
OBSERVERS
(F)-Folkmar
(B) - Bean
(Ba)-Barrows
(Ch)-Christie
(K)-Kroeber
(J)-Jenks
(M)-Montano
(R)-Reed
Bisaya
Bohol (F)
Bisaya
Surigao (F)
Pig. 1. Stature in the Philippine Islands.
1918.]
Sullivan y Philippine Racial Ty pes. . 33
Average
Stature
Christian
Pagan
Mohammedan
Negrito
Total
167
1
1
166
1
1
2
165
1
1
164
5
5
163
4
4
162
3
2
5
161
10
1
1
12
160
7
1
2
10
159
9
2
0
1
12
158
5
2
1
8
157
0
1
1
2
156
1
3
1
5
155
1
6
7
154
4
4
153
0
1
1
152
1
1
151
1
1
150
0
2
2
149
1
1
148
1
1
147
0
146
1
1
145
1
1
Averages:
160.5
156.0
159.0
150.0
158.5
For some of the Christian groups, we have data by several observers from
several provinces. Let us consider the distribution of stature among these
groups in greater detail.
Seriation of Stature: Christians.
Pan*
Pam-
Tagalog
Cagayan
gasinan
panga
Bisaya
iioko
Bikol
Sambal
Total
167
1
1
166
1
1
165
1
1
164
4
1
5
163
2
1
'I
4
162
0
1
1
1
0
3
161
4
2
3
0
1
10
160
4
1
1
1
7
159
1
1
5
2
0
9
158
2
1
2
5
157
0
0
156
1
1
155
1
1
Averages:
162
161.5
163
162
159
160.5
160
161
160 A
34 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
The Tagalog varv from 158 to 167 eentimeters and are apparently taller
than the more southern Christian groups, the Bisaya and the Bikol. The
Pangasinan and the Pampanga are also tall, while the Sambal, the Iloko,
and the Cagayan are about the average. It remains to determine whether
they are divergent in more than one character.
CEPHALIC INDEX.
Head form, as expressed by the cephalic index, is recorded for nearly
all of the groups measured. There is one great source of error in this
observation which should be taken into account. Artificial deformation
of the head has been prevalent in the Philippine Islands at one time or
another as the crania, described by Koeze,1 testify. Among the crania col¬
lected in eaves, several show the fronto-occipital deformation and others an
occipital flattening. No specific reference to the practice has been noted, yet
some of the photographs of Folkmar suggest an occipital flattening. Only
recently Ten Kate2 has called attention to the practice of moulding the head
of the new-born child in Java. The effect of the process is to shorten the
head in the antero-posterior direction. Hose and McDougall3 have recorded
the practice of occipital flattening in Borneo. In view of these facts, more
attention should be paid to the detection of such deformations. Failure to
do so will seriously affect any statistical treatment of the cephalic index.
In Fig. 2, we have placed the respective ethnic groups above the number
expressing the average cephalic index for the group. We shall regard the
cephalic index as a purely descriptive character. Long and short head will
be used with reference to conditions in the Philippine Islands and not as
synonyms of brachyeephaly and dolichocephalv. The difference between
an average of 78 and one of 80 will be regarded as significant as a difference
between an average of 80 and an average of 82.
Our curve is by no means symmetrical. The mode (81-82) is approxi¬
mately the median (81), but nearly three times as many cases fall to right *
as to the left of 81. The tendency of the group as a whole is toward short-
headedness and nearly two-thirds of the cases fall within the limits of brachy¬
eephaly. The Negrito and all of the Christian groups, except one, have an
index of 81 or above. The Mohammedan range from 79 to 85. The
Pagan groups show two modes, one at 78 and another at SI, but on the whole,
1 Koeze.
2 Ten Kate, (a).
3 Hose and McDougall.
CEPHALIC INDEX
Philippine Islands
Bisaya
Romblon Is. (F)
Bikol
Albay (R
OBSERVERS
(F)-Folkmar
Tagalog
Laguna(B)
Bikol
Ambos Cam. (F)
(B) - Bean
(Ba) - Barrows
Tagalog
Rizal (F)
Tagalog
Taytay-Rizal (B)
Bisaya
Occ. Negros (F)
Bisaya
Cebu (F)
(Ch)-Christie
(K) - Kroeber
"
legend:
Christian
Pagan
Tagalog
Pampanga (F)
Tagalog
Batanga (F)
Bisaya
Iloilo (F)
Bikol
S. E. Luzon (B)
(J)-Jenks
(M)-Montano
i
L i
7 S
S^
Pampangan
Pampanga (F)
Tagalog
Manila (B)
Bisaya
Capiz (F)
Tagalog
Batanga (B)
Bisaya
Bohol (R
(R) - Reed
Cagayan
Cagayan (R
Tagalog
Tayabas (F)
Tagalog
Laguna (F)
Tagalog
Bulakan (B)
Bisaya
Orient. Negros (F)
Mohammedan
Negrito
Cagayan
Isabela (F)
Negrito
Bataan (Ba)
Tagalog
Cavite (B)
Tagalog
Zambales
Bisaya
Leyte (F)
Negrito
Palawan (Ba)
Negrito
Zambales (R)
Tagalog
Cavite (F)
Tagalog
Nueva Vizcaya (B)
Bikol
Sorsogon (F)
Moro
s. Cotabato (F) >
7 Isamal ^
v Samal (M) >
Tagalog
Rizal (B)
Pampangan
Pampangn (F)
Tagalog
Bulakan (R
Manobo
Davao (M)
.
Moro
^Zamboanga (F),
Moro
Davao(M) .
Tagalog
Tayabas(B)
lloko
Zambales (R
Tagalog
Pangasinan (B)
Bisaya
Misamis (F)
r Kulaman ^
Davao (C)
L. A
;
r Katabangan
^ Camarines Sur (M)^
Manobo
t Agusan (M)
Tagalog
Nueva Vizcaya (F)
lloko
Pangasinan (F)
lloko
; Tarlak (F)
Bisaya
Surigao (F)
r Nabaloi ^
k Baguio (B) A
^ Kalagan N
v Davao (M) y
•
r Tagbanua ^
Palawan (Ba)
k. A
f Ata
. Davao (M)
k A
Sam bal
Zambales (F)
lloko
N. W. Luzon (B)
lloko
llokos Sur (R
Bisaya
Samar (F)
Nabaloi ?
k W. Benguet (B) A
* Bagobo ^
k Davao (C) A
Tagalog
Cainta-Rizal (B)
r Tagakaolo ^
k Davao (M) ^
r Tagakaolo ^
i Davao (C) „
/ Moro N
v Jolo Is. (F) .
V /
lloko
llokos Norte (F)
Negrito
Bataan (M)
Bisaya
Masbate (R
_
r „
Ifugao ^
. Benawi (Ba) A
t A
Nabaloi ^
k Agno Valley (B) ^
Bontok ^
Bontok (J) ^
r Tagbanua ^
Palawan (M)
k A
r Bagobo ^
Davao (M)
k. A
r llongot ^
Pantabangan(Ba)
k i
r Subanun 1
Mindanao (Ch)
k A
Negrito
Surigao (Ba)
' Sulu >
Jolo Is. (M)
lloko
La Union (F)
r Nabaloi 1
JS. Benguet (Ba) j
r Bontok ^
L Lepanto (B) A
r Bontok ^
t Bontok (K)
L A
r Nabaloi ^
. Kayapa (Ba)
k A
r Bila-an ^
Davao (C
k A
V Mandaya ^
Davao (M)
k. A
r Kankanay ^
N. Benguet (Ba)
k ^
r llongot ^
Nueva Vizcaya (Ba)
k A
/ Moro 'V
Basilan Is. (F)
v ✓
^ Mandaya ^
Davao (C)
k A
Negrito-metis
Albay (M)
—
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Dolichocephalic ^——— Mesocephalic J ^ Brachycephalic
Fig. 2. The Cephalic Index in the Philippine Islands.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
35
are longer-headed than the other groups. The relationships of the various
groups are more clearly seen in the following seriation: —
Cephalic
Index
Christian
Pagan
76
1
77
2
78
6
79
3
80
1
2
81
7
5
82
6
5
83
10
2
84
ll
0
85
8
1
86
5
—
—
Averages:
83.5
80.0
Mohammedan
Negrito
Total
1
2
6
1
4
0
3
2
1
15
2
2
15
1
0
13
1
1
13
1
1
ll
1
6
—
—
82.0
83.3
82.2
The differences are small, yet the conditions are similar to those we found
for stature. There is a certain amount of overlapping, yet the overlapping
is by the Pagan groups. This may seem an arbitrary statement of the case,
yet a comparison of the data on stature and the cephalic index seems to
warrant this interpretation. The Christian peoples are less variable in
both of these characters. Below is the seriation of the cephalic index among
the various Christian groups: —
Cephalic
Index
80
Tagalog
1
Caga¬
yan
Pan-
gasinan
Pam¬
panga
81
3
2
1
82
4
83
6
84
4
1
85
2
86
Averages
: 83
81
84
81
Bisaya
Iloko
Bikol
Sambal
Total
1
1
7
2
6
3
1
10
1
4
1
ll
3
2
1
•
8
4
1
5
84.4
84.5
83.2
83
83.5
Among the Christians, the Cagayan and the Pampanga have the longest
and the Bisaya and the Iloko the shortest heads. Again, there is a fairly
large difference between the average of the Tagalog and the Bisaya.
In this character we have one of the principal objections to the explana¬
tion advanced by Barrows 1 to account for certain wild tribes, the Kankanai,
Nabaloi, Ifugao, Ilongot, etc., as being a mixture of Malay and Negrito
elements. The head of the wild tribes is almost invariably longer than the
head of the Christian Malay and the Negrito of the same region. Of the
i Barrows, (b).
36 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
sixty Negrito crania described by Koeze,1 90 percent are brachycephalic.
It is difficult to understand how a cross between two short-headed groups
would result in a long head. Of the several groups proposed by Barrows,
the Ilongot are the only ones whose characters would, in any measure,
justify this assumption. In the one instance where we have definite data
on the intermixture of Negrito and Bisavan, the Negrito-metis of Montano,
the cephalic index is very high, 86.0.
NASAL INDEX.
There are several serious objections to the nasal index as an expression
of the proportions of the nose. In the first place, the measurements of
both dimensions are very small and any error of observation seriously
affects the average. Also, there is apparently no uniformity on the part of
different observers in determining the upper limits of the nose. The point
corresponding to the nasion is very vaguely defined and hard to find in
some instances. The width of the nose is taken at the widest point on the
alae by some observers and at the point where the nose joins the face by
others. It will be readily seen that very slight differences in technique
would appreciably affect the results. Consequently, we can make only a
very general comparison of this character. A case in question is at hand.
Groups of individual, described as Bontok Igorot, have been measured by
Jenks, Bean, and Kroeber. Bean records an average nasal index of 97.6,
Kroeber one of 99.8, and Jenks an average of 79.2. It is very difficult to
determine how much of the difference is in the individual measured and
how much in the technique. It may be partly both.
Barrows 2 quotes Topinard to the effect that the nasal index is: —
.. . perhaps the most exact character for classifying raees, all white races being lepto-
rhinian, the yellow mesorhinian, and the black or negro races platyrhinian. Indeed,
the presence of a markedly platyrhinian type of nose may almost be taken as clear
proof of negro derivation.
In a loose sense, this is undoubtedly true, but we can by no means accept
it as a law. It assumes the whole question at issue. The question as to
whether or not the broad nose is necessarily always a Negroid characteristic
is one of the big stumbling blocks in a universally satisfactory classification
of the Australian natives and some of the inhabitants of southern Asia.
At present, it is better to regard the nasal index, together with other anthro¬
pometric characters, as descriptive data, and decide racial affinities on a
totality of the characters recorded.
i Koeze.
2 Barrows, (b), 360.
OBSERVERS
(F)-Folkmar
(S) -Bean
(Ba)- Barrows
(Ch)-Christie
(K)-Kroeber
(J)-Jenks
(M)-Montano
(R)-Reed
CD -O
cy¬
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Mesorhine
NASAL INDEX
Philippine Islands
legend:
C
7
^
^
7.
Christian
Pagan
Mohammedan
Negrito
ra Sr
ra ,y
</> Q.
CD ra
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Chamaerhine
• Hyperchamaerhine-
Fig. 3. The Nasal Index in the Philippine Islands.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
37
Again in Fig. 3,1 have placed each group above the numbers expressing
the nasal index of that group. This presents also an asymmetrical curve.
Even after removing the Negrito, the mode, (81-84), is far removed from
the median (90). There is a minor mode at 93. The range of the entire
group for this character is 34. Below we have summarized the seriation
in groups of 5.
Nasal Index
Christian
Pagan
Mohammedan
Negrito
Total
70-74
3
3
75-79
10
4
14
80-84
29
0
4
33
85-89
6
5
3
14
90-94
8
2
10
95-99
3
2
5
100-104
3
1
1
5
105-109
1
1
Averages:
81.0
90.5
86.0
98
85
Again, we find the Christian groups clustering about one side of the curve
confined to less than half the range for the entire groups. Each of the major
groups presents a fairly definite curve. The Christians present an average
of 81.0, the Pagans an average of 90.5, and the Negrito an average of 98.0.
The Mohammedans present an average of 86.0, slightly above the average
for the entire group and intermediate between the Christians and Pagans.
The range of this index among the Christian groups is best shown by the
following seriation: —
Nasal
Caga¬
Pan-
Pam-
Index
Tagalog
yan
gasinan
pangan
Bisaya
Iloko
Bikol
Sambal Total
73
2
2
74
1
1
75
1
1
76
1
1
2
77
1
1
78
1
1
2
79
1
1
1
1
4
80
4
1
1
1 7
81
2
1
2
5
82
2
2
1
1
6
83
5
2
7
84
1
2
1
4
85
2
1
3
86
2
2
87
0
88
1
1
Averages: 81.8 80.0 74.0 76.0
81.6 80.0 83.5 80.0 81.0
38 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
On the whole, there is more or less uniformity in the nasal index among
the Christian groups. The average for the greater number of the groups
deviates only slightly from the average for the entire group. The Pan-
gasinan and Pampangan diverge most and have the smallest nasal index.
BODY WEIGHT AND INDEX OF ARM REACH.
The data furnished by Folkmar 1 on weight are the more interesting
because this character is so rarely reported on. His observation were
mainly on the Christian groups.
Groups
Average Stature
Average Weight
(3)2
Bikol
158 #6
54.4
(12)
Bisaya
159.0
52.0
(7)
Tagalog
160.0
53.0
(5)
Iloko
160.0
52.9
(D
Sambal
161.0
54.9
(2)
Cagayan
161.5
55.9
(D.
Pampangan
162.0
53.6
(D
Pangasinan
163.0
52.9
In general, the taller groups are heavier. There are a few exceptions in
instances where only one provincial group is reported on. Stature and body
weight are seriated below.
Kilograms
No. of Cases.
Centiraeters
No. of Case?
48
2
155
1
49
1
156
1
50
1
157
0
51
2
158
5
52
8
159
9
53
7
160
5
54
3
161
6
55
2
162
2
56
3
163
1
57
2
164
1
58
• 0
165
0
59
1
166
1
Average:
53 kg.
Average:
160 cm.
1 Folkmar.
2 Numbers in ( ) refer to number of provincial groups included.
1918.] Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes. 39
Considered as one group they are slightly lighter than certain other groups
of similar stature for whom we have data.
Stature
Weight
Observer
Trumai (S. A. Indian)
160
58.2
Ranke
Polish Jews
161
55.0
Elkind
Sundanese
159
51.5
Kohlbrugge
Anamite
159
51.3
Bonifacy
It is questionable in how far this character is comparable, since Folkmar’s
subject s were conviets.
Barrows1 has placed emphasis on the value of the arm reach index in
determining racial affinities. Speaking of the Negrito he says: —
In every individual the extreme reach of the arms (Grande envergure) exceeded
the stature. In men the excess varied from 30 mm. to 139 mm. and in the women
from 23 mm. to 102 mm. This measurement shows the Negritos to have unusually
long arms. In yellow races the arm-reach is about equal to the stature and in the
white race it is usually a little above. I think we may take this excessive reach of
arms to be a truly Negrito character.
This generalization is then used to support his explanation of the origin
of the Nabaloi, Kankanai, Ifugao, and Ilongot. But this statement holds
true only as a broad generalization. Excessive reach of arms as expressed
by the index of arm reach does not necessarily express long arms. In some
instances, it rather expresses wide shoulders. Barrows’s argument may be
met in two ways; first, by showing that racial types unquestionably non-
negroid have a very high index of arm reach and secondly, by showing that
certain of these pagap tribes showing other “ Negrito-like characters” do
not have a high index of arm reach.
The range of the average of this index is approximately from 99 to 109.
The following partial list taken from Martin 2 will give some idea of its
value as a test for Negroid intermixture.
Belgians
104.8
Trumai (Indian)
105.3
French
106.0
Aueto (Indian)
106.1
Bella Coola (Indian)
106.2
Lithuanians
106.6
Esths
108.0
Examination of the more complete table shows many more divergent cases.
If we note the range of this index, as calculated from the average stature
1 Barrows, (b), 359.
2 Martin, (b).
40
Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
and average arm reach recorded by Folkmar for the Christian groups, we
see that it represents nearly the whole range of the index. In the majority
of instances, the arm reach is considerably greater than stature.
On the other hand, the eighteen male Bontok Igorot measured by
Kroeber1 have an average arm reach index of 101.6, yet their nasal index,
99.8, is decidedly “Negroid”. In the measurements recorded by Barrows
the average index of arm reach would approximate very closely 103.
CORRELATIONS.
We have seen in the preceding tables (Figs. 1, 2, 3) that the respective
curves for stature, proportions of the head, and proportions of the nose were
asymmetrical. The Christian groups constituted the main curves and
various other groups tended to cluster at the extremities. It now remains
to determine whether or not these minor curves were made up of the same
groups in each instance or, in other words, to determine whether a given
group varied appreciably from the mean in one character or in several
characters.
In Fig. 4 we have the correlation of the cephalic and nasal indices. If
we bisect the correlation graph horizontally and vertically by a dotted line,
we have four minor graphs representing equal portions of the range of these
two indices. Section A would contain all groups with a nasal index above
90 and a cephalic index below 82; Section B would contain all groups with
a corresponding range of nasal index and a cephalic index above 80; Section
C would contain all groups with a nasal index below 91 and a cephalic index
below 82; and in Section D we have all groups with a cephalic index of 81
and above, and a nasal index below 91. A glance at the graph (Fig. 4)
shows us that all the Christian groups except number 31 (Tagalog of Cainta,
Rizal) are within Section D as are also all the Mohammedan groups, except
number 72. All of the Negrito groups are in Section B. In Section A,
with the exception of number 72 (Kalagan) we have only Pagan groups.
Near the border lines of Section A, we have six other Pagan groups, 63, 52,
60, 65, 68, and 54. Of the other Pagan groups number 51 (the Bontok of
Bontok — Jenks) is isolated and numbers 69, 64, and 71 (the Bagobo, the
Subanun, and Ata) stand interspersed among the Christian groups. In
Section C, all of the groups are near the borders of Sections A and D except
* Kroeber.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
41
number 51, the Bontok of Jenks. The variability of the Christian groups
covers nearly the entire range of Section D. Of those Christian groups for
which we have measurements from several provinces, there is no tendency
for one group to segregate in any one part of the section. The various
groups overlap. Another point of interest is that besides a few Pagan groups
which stand intermediate between the Negrito and Christians in these two
108
107
106
A
i
r
i
!
/6h
B
105
104
103
i
i
i
1
102
101
100
H
ra
72;
Ml
—j—
1
i
1
99
98
97
US
—)
1
JA
96
95
94
12 12
Ml
1
I
m\
/&£\
A
93
92
. JJ _
90
89
88
m
M
c
ID,
1
HSlj
W\
1
! 17
m
m mi
D
A
87
86
85
■ i
i
i
i
£3
35 ^
32 &
(591
39
36
16
84
83
82
31
[28
,,i®
24
33
40 i®
21 23
27 45
19
4
6
18
38
47 48
44
81
80
79
m
IP 82
i9
30 @
26
12 14
43
13 29
15
44 46
34
42
3
78
77
76
i
i
!n
ED
20
25
7
5
75
74
73
137
1
1
EB
10
I
2
0
76
77
78
79
80
8|l
. i .
82
83
84
85
86
Fig. 4. Correlation of the Cephalic and Nasal Indices.
characters, there is another cluster of twelve or more groups in Section A
wThich stand distinctly apart from both of these.
The relationship of the various groups may be shown by means of
another diagram. We have data on stature, cephalic index, and nasal index
for nearly every group. If we draw three lines of equal length representing
42 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
the range of these three characters, calibrate them at convenient intervals
representing specific units of these measurements arid indices, and place
the ends in juxtaposition, we have a triangular correlation graph similar
in principle to the rectangular graph used by Thompson 1 for craniometrical
observations. When we connect the points on the three lines representing
the stature, cephalic index, and nasal index of a given group, we obtain a
second triangle within the first. Variability of the indices and measure¬
ments produce marked changes in the size, proportions of the sides, and
orientation of the inner triangles. Fig. 5 shows the form of triangle pre-
sented by several racial types.
In Fig. 6 we have represented, by means of similar graphs, stature,
cephalic index, and nasal index for all those Philippine groups on which we
have measurements. This enables us to review the entire data at a glance.
The numbers and symbols correspond to those used elsewhere in the text.
The first forty-eight triangles representing the Christian population are
very similar. The base is towards the top and the sides tend to be equal.
But numbers 49 to 58 representing the Pagan groups of Luzon present an
entirely different form with a different orientation. Again, number 51
(Bontok of Jenks) is entirely different and numbers 59 and 60 (the Ilongot)
present an intermediate form. Numbers 61, 62, and 63 approach the form
presented by Numbers 49 to 58; number 64 is similar to the first group;
numbers 65 to 70 are similar to numbers 49 to 58; numbers 71 and 73 to 79
are like the first group; while number 72 resembles numbers 49 to 58.
Numbers 80 to 85, representing the Negrito, present a distinctive form of
triangle. The triangle is much larger than those representing any of the
other groups.
Roughly then, we have three forms of triangles. The similarities may
be summarized as follows: —
Type I
Nos. 1 to 48
“ 64
« 71
“ 73 to 79
Type II
Nos. 49 to 58
“ 61 to 63
“ 65 to 70
“ 59 to 60?
Type III
Nos. 80 to 85.
Total number 57
of groups
20
6
i Thompson.
STATURE
NEGRO (Africa)
STATURE
AUSTRALIAN
STATURE
AINU (JAPAN)
STATURE
POLYNESIAN CTahiti)
NEGRITO (ANDAMANESE IS)
STATURE
BONTOK (Philippine is)
STATURE
TAGALOG (Philippine Is)
STATURE
PANGASfNAN (Philippine Is.)
148 158 168 178
STATURE
NEGRITO (phiupp/ne IS.)
Pig. 5. Graphic Correlation of Stature, Cephalic and Nasal Indices of Miscellaneous Types.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
43
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
Our eonclusions should not be confused with our method. Throughout
our review we have grouped the population of the Philippines into four
groups: Christian, Pagan, Mohammedan, and Negrito, without any con¬
sideration of racial affinities, except in the case of the Negrito. Our pur¬
pose was twofold: in the first place, it afforded a convenient method of
dealing rapidly with a fairly large series of observations, and in the second,
it served as a basis for subdividing the population in our test for homogeneity
or heterogeneity of racial type. We did not expect to find that there was
any real correlation between Christianity, Mohammedanism, or Paganism
and racial type. Assuming, however, that there were several racial types
on the Archipelago, we should not expect to find them equally distributed
among the three religious, or cultural groups. We would expect a certain
association between physical types and culture groups to the extent
that one group might contain a greater number of individual representing
one physical type and a lesser number of another. But so far as method
is concerned, we might obtain similar results by geographical subdivision.
If, on the other hand, there was a homogeneity of racial types on the Islands,
our subdivision should have shown very similar averages for stature, head
form, and nose form.
Ali our eonclusions will be drawn directly from the data reviewed, and
consequently will be far from conclusive. On several groups we have no
observations and on many the observations are meager. More extended
studies on several groups would, probably, considerably alter our conclu¬
sion. Then, too, we are dealing wholly with averages. The final con¬
clusion on racial affinities in the Philippines must be based on more detailed
and extensive studies. Finally, our characterization of racial types will de-
fine these types as they were at the time the observations were made with
no speculation as to their original characteristics.
The data at hand would seem to indicate that the bulk of the population
of the Philippine Islands may be included in three racial types each of which
presents certain distinctive characteristics. These types may be char-
acterized as follows: —
I. Malay.
Affinities: distinctly Mongoloid.
Hair: straight black.
Skin: varying shades of brown.
44
Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
II.
III.
Eyes: dark brown; Mongoloid fold common.
Head: very short; cephalic index 81 and above.
Nose: relatively narrow; nasal index below 88.
Stature: tallest groups on the islands; average about 160 cm.
Represented by:—
Iloko
Pangasinan
Tagalog
Bikol
Bisaya
Sambal
Pampanga
Cagayan
Subanun
Ata
Isamal
Moro of Davao
Moro of Cotabato
Moro of Zamboanga
Moro of Basilan Island
Moro and Sulu of Jolo Island
Bagobo?
Indonesian.
Affinities: less Mongoloid than the Malay type.
Hair: straight and wavy black or dark brown.
Skin: varying shades of brown.
Eyes: dark brown, Mongoloid fold less common than among Malay.
Head: longest on islands; cephalic index mostly below 82.
Nose: short and wide; nasal index above 87.
Stature: short, but taller than Negrito; average about 156 cm.
Represented by:—•
Bontok (Igorot)
Kankanai (Igorot)
Nabaloi (Igorot)
Ifugao
Manobo
Bilaan
Tagbanua
Kalagan
Mandaya
Katabangan
Kulaman?
Ilongot?
Bagobo?
Negrito.
Affinities: Negroid.
Hair: woolly, kinky, black.
Skin: very dark brown.
Eyes: dark brown, wide open.
Head: short; cephalic index above 81.
Nose: short, low and wide; nasal index above 93.
Stature: very short; average 150 cm.
Represented by:—
Negrito of Zambales.
Negrito of Bataan.
Negrito (Batak) of Palawan.
Negrito (Mamanua) of Surigao.
The nature of the data do not warrant further subdivision into local
groups. Future research may indeed alter the above scheme somewhat,
yet it does not seem likely that it will alter the fact that, apart from the
Negrito and Malay types, we have still a third type which we have chosen
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
45
to call Indonesian. The name Indonesian has been retained, although our
definition of the type and classification of groups does not correspond to
that of Montano,1 Deniker2 or Keane,3 differing from each in several details.
It might also be added that the three authors quoted above are not in agree¬
ment, one with the others.
It remains then to determine whether or not we are justified in regarding
these groups as distinct racial types. The first and third types as defined
need no justification. All observers are agreed that we have, in the Philip¬
pines, a group which we have called Malay although some prefer to call it
“ Malayan ” or “ Proto-Malay.” These two latter names have been avoided
for the reason that they are frequently used to designate an earlier Malay
or Mongoloid element and also at times as synonyms of Indonesian. For
the present, it seems best to use a non-committal name. All anthropologists
are also agreed on the presence of a distinct Negrito type. The second type,
or Indonesian, alone needs explanation.
It has been suggested that it may represent a very thoroughly fused
Negrito and Malay stock. It differs from the Malay in having a longer
head, slightly wavy hair, less Mongoloid eyes and in being shorter in stature.
On the other hand it is taller than the Negrito, has a longer head, the hair
is not woolly or kinky. However, it should be mentioned here that one of
Martin’s4 most important conclusions in his recent survey of the whole
Malay problem is that the Semang (Negrito) is differentiated from the Sakai
by characters of hair alone and not by cranial proportions or skin color.
But,5 even if we were to interpret this to mean that there was a possibility
of the Sakai representing a type intermediate between the Malay and the
Semang, it would not help us to solve the Philippine problem as such. The
Negrito of the Philippines do differ from the Indonesians in head form as
well as in hair form and stature.
Again we have no certain evidence for a thorough fusion of types. In
the light of our present knowledge of heredity, there are no grounds for
assuming that two racial types would ever become completely fused in the
sense of forming a new race. It most certainly is a possibility, but at the
present time cannot be regarded as a probability.
The population of the various groups has been recorded in some detail.
It would seem that the relative size of two groups would be a rather im¬
portant consideration in discussing the probable effect of one group on
* Montano.
2 Deniker.
3 Keane, (a), (b).
4 Martin, (a).
6 As suggested by Barrows, (b).
46 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History, [Yol. XXIII,
another. We have seen that the Malay type made up the greater part of
the population, about nine-tenths of the total. Next in order of size, we
have the Indonesian and lastly, the Negrito. The Negrito are almost a
negligible quantity. The census actually reeords nearly twice as many
foreign-born Chinese as Negrito. Of course, one cannot judge the past by
the present, yet it seems fair to assume that for some few eenturies, at least,
some such relative ratio has held between the various groups. On the basis
of numbers alone we should be justified in assuming that the Chinese and
other foreign-born had exerted as much influence on the Malay and In¬
donesian ty pes within recent times as did the Negrito. Again, on the basis
of numbers alone, we should expect the Malay and Indonesian types to
produce more effect on the Negrito than the reverse. Again, this statement
may seem to contradict itself, yet such an interpretation seems justifiable.
In the United States we have the various European racial types as well as
the Negroes and Indians. The two latter types are in the minority. It is
probably safe to say that the European types have affected the Negro and
Indian types to a greater degree than have these latter the European types.
This introduces another factor which should be considered in stating
the effect of one racial type or even local type upon another. There are
usually certain prejudices or social barriers which interfere with, even if
they do not wholly prevent, equal reciprocity in such matters. Such
factors do not necessarily prevent intermarriage, but usually result in
those intermarrying living more often among one group than the other.
Naturally, the results of such a practice would be to produce a greater
apparent change of type in the first group. No implication of anything
of the sort is revealed in the writings on the Philippines. Very frequently
references are made to Negrito living among the Malay and Indonesian
peoples. Yet, they are always overwhelmingly in the minority. That
the Negrito, as well as the Chinese, have had a marked effect on the popula¬
tion of the Philippines, especially in some localities, no one would doubt,
but at the present it seems extremely doubtful that they can be used as an
explanation of the racial diversity of many groups. The conclusive solution
of this problem cannot be obtained from mere averages. It would necessi-
tate a very thorough study of the suspected groups and involve a correlation
of the various characters.
Another possibility is that the Indonesian type might represent a local
type separated from the Malay stock on the spot. This also may be re-
garded as within the range of possibility. Yet it hardly seems necessary
to postulate such an hypothesis when we have a similar type occurring
nearby. Let us now consider the distribution of types in other parts of the
Malay Archipelago.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
47
Related Types in Malaysia.
It is not our purpose to review in detail the anthropometric data for the en¬
tire Malaysian Archipelago. In fact, so far as the present data permit, this
has already been done by specialists in the several separate parts of the region.
We shall simply summarize the conclusions of the later contributors and pre¬
sent some comparative data in an endeavor to show the racial affinities of the
inhabitants of the Philippines.
Borneo.
Considering the data in geographical order we turn first to Borneo.
In a brief note in “The Pagan Tribes of Borneo,” A. C. Haddon1 has very
conveniently summarized the results of the anthropometric observation of
the Cambridge Expedition to Sarawak and those of A. W. Niewenhuis in
Netherlands Borneo. Dr. Haddon finds evidence of a short-headed group
which he prefers to call Proto-Malayan in origin and a long-headed group
which he terms Indonesian in origin. Hose and McDougall2 have con-
tributed a wealth of valuable material and Dr. Hose has made a detailed
classification of the peoples of Sarawak. In the same year Garrett3 con-
tributed some valuable data on the peoples of Borneo and Java. Below
is a summary of the same characters which we employed in reviewing the
peoples of the Philippines. The hair is black or very dark brown in color.
The skin and eyes are varying shades of brown. Only the averages of the
men are given.
Borneo.
No. of
Cephalic Nasal
Cases
> Group
Hair
Skin 2
Eyes 3
Stature
Index
Index
6
Orang Balik Papan4
straight
4-5-6
2-3
1535
83.5
87.6
6
Orang Bulongan 4
straight
ornvavy
4-5-6
2-3
1577
86.1
84.5
7
Milanau 5 (8)
«
6-14-12
Mongol
fold
present
1562
84.2
83.0
14
Sibuyan5
“
—
—
1543
83.1
81.8
5
Sabop5
12-17
—
1540
75.3
83.3
42
Land Dayak (Klementan 5)
«
25
1577
78.4
86.3
8
Long Iviput5
a
14-12-17
trace of
fold
1565
80.6
92.5
1 Haddon.
2 Hose and McDougall.
3 Garrett.
4 Garrett.
6 Hose and McDougall.
6 Head deformation noted.
7 Numbers refer to von Luschan’s standard color scale.
3 Numbers refer to Martin’s standards.
48 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hisiory. [Vol. XXIII,
No. of
Cases Group
8 Long Pokun 3
10 Lerong3
33 Banjerese4
19 Punan3^
56 Iban (Sea Dayaks)3
26 Kenyah3
Hair
straight
or wavy
u
(i
a
u
Skin 1 Eyes 2
12-17 trace of
fold
12-14-6
4-5-6 2-3
14-12-17 slightly
oblique
6-14-17 fold in
20%
6-16-14 trace of
fold
Cephalic Nasal
Stature Index Index
1590 76.9 88.2
1520 78.5 86.
1569 81.5 88.
1550 80.9 88.1
1585 83.0 93.9
1608 79.9 92.7
43 Kayan3
26 Ulu A}rars (Dayaks):
14 Punan3
7 Maloh3
12 Barawan3
16 Malang3
21 Kayan3
4 Murut3
7 Kalabit3
“ brown
“ light brown
« «
wavy
17
straight
14-12-17
or wavy
wavy
12-14-17
«
14-17
“
12-14
a
12-14
no fold
1570
81.1
—
1551
74.7
—
1569
81.3
—
—
1585
76.8
97.4
trace of
1540
77.8
89.1
fold
dark
1535
76.9
88.2
brown
“
1550
79.8
91.6
«
1590
77.5
99.0
“
1565
78.5
91.5
Again, for purposes of analysis, let us treat the groups as individuals and
seriate the results on stature, the cephalic index, and the nasal index.
Stature
Groups
Cephalic
Groups
Nasal
Groups
Index
Index
152 cm.
1
75
2
82
1
153
0
76
0
83
2
154
5
77
4
84
1
155
3
78
4
85
0
156
3
79
1
86
2
157
3
80
2
87
0
158
3
81
4
88
5
159
3
82
1
89
1
160
0
83
2
90
0
161
1
84
2
91
0
85
0
92
3
86
1
93
1
94
1
95
0
96
0
97
1
98
0
99
1
1 Numbers refer to von Luschan’s standard color scale.
2 Numbers refer to Martin’s standards.
3 Hose and McDougall.
4 Garrett.
6 Head deformation noted.
O Crt
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types.
49
The groups represented are all of short stature, longer headed in the
main than the inhabitants of the Philippines and there is a tendency for
the nasal index to be high. Diligent search has revealed no Negrito element
in Borneo. There are said to be great numbers of people from China and
India and other parts of the mainland as well as from the rest of the Archi¬
pelago. According to the above table, we have again a long head corre-
lated with a broad nose and short stature. There are also combinations of
short and long heads with a lower nasal index.
Celebes Islands.
Our knowledge of the natives of Celebes is based chiefly on the researches
of Fritz and Paul Sarasin.1 Garrett’s 2 observations include a few Bugi
while Ten Kate3 has published on the Bugi and Macassar. Some of the
measurements are listed below:—
No. of
Cases
Group
Hair
Skin
Eyes
Stature Cephalic
Index
Nasal
Index
24
Bugi and Macassar4
straight
wavy
30-44
Broca
1623
82.1
85.97
6
Bugi5
straight
wavy
4-5-6
2-3
1544
83.4
87.5
9
Bugi6
—
—
1568
87.0
86.0
12
Macassar6
—
—
—
1615
86.2
84.4
12
Toala4
curly
29-30
Broca
1575
80.4
99.57
5
Tomuna (Muna)4
curly
u
1576
84.5
102.47
ll
Tokea4
curly
h
1570
83.2
99.87
10
Toradja4
straight
wavy
a
1598
81.3
97.87
6
Tomekongka4
straight
wavy
30-34
Broca
1569
81.8
90.07
As a whole, the groups are slightly taller than those of Borneo.
Sarasin8
distinguished three types: a Toala type including the Toala, the Tokea,
and the Tomuna; a Toradja type including the Toradja, the Bugi, the
Macassar, and the Tomekanga; and the Minahasser. In the Toala group
1 Sarasins.
2 Garrett.
3 Ten Kate, (a).
4 Sarasins.
6 Garrett.
• Ten Kate, (a).
7 Sarasins calculated the nasal index from photographs.
8 Sarasins.
50 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Yol. XXIII,
it seems we have a type different from any so far described and resembling
the Sakai or Senoi and certain other types which we shall discuss later.
This group is distinguished chiefly by the predominance of wavy or curly
hair. The following types of hair form are quoted from Sarasin 1:—
Flachwelliges Low waves 3.7%
Hochwelliges Deep waves 70.4%
Engwellig-lockiges Closely curled 25.9%
All of the other peoples have straight or slightly wavy hair. Yet, even
among the straight-haired groups, we have the tendency towards a long head
and a broad nose. The Bugi and Macassar have the shortest heads,
narrowest noses, and higher stature. The group with curly hair will be
referred to again. It should be stated here that no Negrito or Papuan
groups have been encountered on Celebes.
Java.
In Java we shall present only the observations of Hagen,2 Kohlbrugge,3
and Garrett4 which may be taken as representative.
No. of
Cases
Group
Hair
Skin
Eyes
Stature
Cephalic
Index
Nasal
Index
17
Javanese4
straight
4-5
2-3
1570
85.0
85.7
56
Javanese2
u
21 Broca
Mongol
fold 52%
1617
84.4
83.0
37
Sundanese 4
u
4-5-6
2-3-4
1591
85.5
86.9
17
Sundanese 2
u
21 Broca
Mongol
fold 53%
1588
86.5
81.8
105
Tenggerese 3
wavy
32-33
Broca
—
1600
79.7
100.4
10
Madurese (Madura2) straight
21 Broca
Mongol
fold 33%
1581
85.0
77.0
7
Batavian Malay4
«
4-5
3
1634
85.5
86.2
The stature is still low, yet, as a whole, the groups are slightly taller
than the groups of Borneo and more like those of Celebes. We are also
struck by the decided short-headedness of nearly every group. On the
whole, the nasal index is also much lower. Yet, there is one exception —
the Tenggerese mountaineers exhibit a longer head and a short broad nose.
The hair also is wavy. In stature they are nearly as great as the other
groups.
1 Sarasins.
2 Hagen, (b).
3 Kohlbrugge.
4 Garrett.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
51
Here we may also mention a recent publication of Kleiweg de Zwaan1
on the inhabitants of the Island of Nias near Sumatra. Some 1300 indi-
viduals were studied and measured. The mean stature was approximately
154.7, cephalic index 80.7, and nasal index 78.0. In an analysis and cor¬
relation of the measurements, it was found that the shorter individuals
had lower cephalic indices and higher nasal indices. This is not the natural
correlation we should expect according to our knowledge of growth. It is
to be hoped that more extensive studies of this nature will be made in other
parts of the Archipelago.
Sumatra.
Again, in Sumatra, Hagen2 has contributed the greater part of the
available data. His observations follow:—■
No. of
Group
Hair
Skin
Eyes
Stature
Cephalic
Nasal
Gases
Index
Index
40
Batak2
straight
21 Broca
Mongol
1599
80.3
88.5
wavy
fold 43%
23
Delimalayan 3
straight
21 Broca
Mongol
fold 80%
1622
82.3
81.0
18
Menangkabau 2
a
a
Mongol
fold 43%
1599
80.1
81.0
20
Orang Kubu 3
1587
78.5
89.0
The Batak and Orang Kubu have the higher nasal indices and longer
heads. Hagen3 distinguished two ty pes among each of these groups, a
long-headed group and a short-headed group.
Malay Peninsula.
In the Malay Peninsula we have had a score of workers. Of these we
shall consider only the more recent contributions by Annandale and Robin¬
son,4 Skeat,5 Duckworth,6 Martin,7 and Skeat and Blagden.8 These works
furnish an extensive bibliography and discussion of the whole Malay prob¬
lem.
Racial affinities in Malay have been rather obscure and may still be con-
1 Kleiweg de Zwaan.
2 Hagen, (b).
3 Hagen, (c).
4 Annandale and Robinson.
6 Skeat.
9 Duckworth, (a).
1 Martin, (a).
• Skeat and Blagden.
52 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
(Mixed race with primitive
sidered uncertain, but the recent works of Martin and Skeat have thrown
considerable light on the matter. Martin’s conclusions may be summarized
in the following classification.
I.Ulotrichi, or Woolly-haired group.
1. Semang (Mendi or Menik) in the west of northern Perak and in
Kedah.
2. Pangan in the east of Kelantan and Patani.
II.Cymotrichi, or Wavy-haired group.
Senoi (or Sakai) in southern and eastern Perak and in northwestern
Pahang.
III.Lissotrichi, or Smooth-haired group.
Malay base.)
Blandas 1 . , ~ .
Besisi m sou^ern Selangor.
Mantra in Rembau and Malacca.
Jakun in Johore.
Skeat’s 1 conclusions, based upon his own observations and to some
extent on the conclusions of Martin, are very similar. His classification is
more committal on the third group, which he calls the Jakun group, and
subdivides as follows:—
1. Tribes of Semang origin: Kenaboi? and Udai?
2. Tribes of Sakai origin: Blandas and Berembuns?
3. Jakun or Malayan aborigines:
(a) Orang Bukit (Land or Hill Jakun)
(b) Orang Laut (Sea Jakun)
Data from representative tribes are presented approximately in the same
order as the above classification presents these tribes:—
1.
2.
3.
4.
Malay
No. of
Cases
Tribes
Hair
5
Semang (Perak)2
woolly
20
Semang (Perak)3
«
9
Sakai (Jehehr) 3
wavy or
eurly
10
Sakai (Po-Klo)3
a
18
Senoi I (S. W. Perak)2
wavy
7
Senoi II (Tapah)2
«
Peninsula.
Skin
Stature
Cephalic
Index
Nasal
Index
28-29-43
1549
77.9
83.5
Broca
—
1520
77.9
97.0
1542
77.6
95.4
1545
78.1
95.7
28-29-43
1547
80.0
85.8
27-22
Broca
u
1495
76.4
84.7
* Skeat.
2 Martin, (a).
3 Annandale and Robinson.
1918.] Sullivan, Philippine Racial Types. 53
No. of
Cases
Tribes
Hair
Skin
Stature
Cephalic
Index
Nasal
Index
9
Senoi III (West Perak)1
wavy
1548
77.2
85.2
6
Eastern Senoi1
u
Broca
1543
77.6
83.3
34
Sakai (Mai Darat)2
((
—
1565
79.5
88.0
13
Orang Belanus 3
straight
or wavy
—
1562
77.7
81.5
8
Mantra (Negri
Sembilan)1
«
«
1485
78.8
76.8
10
Blandas (Selangor)1
a
u
1543
77.1
76.6
14
Besisi1
a
u
1533
82.4
78.9
15
Orang Laut Islam 2
straight
yellowish
brown
1602
83.7
86.9
36
Malay (South Perak)2
u
u
1594
82.3
80.9
135
Malay (East Coast)2
u
«
1597
82.7
82.6
The Semang is a pygmy negroid type usually classified with the Negrito
of the Philippines and the inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. The head
of the Semang is slightly longer than that of the other two groups mentioned.
Apart from the Negrito, Martin has established as a separate type the
wavy or eurly-haired Senoi or Sakai. A comparison of the measurements
of Martin and Annandale and Robinson suggests that there is a difference
in the technique in the nasal measurements. The Sakai of Annandale have
long heads and a short broad nose. The Senoi of Martin have a long head
and a slightly narrower nose. Martin sees in them certain resemblances
to the Yeddah of Ceylon and the Toala of the Celebes.
Skeat has suggested the following tentative classification:—
I.Negrito:
Andamanese
Philippine Negrito
Semang or Pangan
African Pygmy
II.Dravido-Australian:
Vedda of Ceylon
Tamil
Australian4
Sakai or Senoi
III.Malayan:
Jakun
Malay
1 Martin, (a).
2 Annandale and Robinson.
3 Knocker.
4 This assumes the Australian Blacks to be non-homogeneous and refers to the Dravidian
type.
54 Anthropological Paper s American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
These eonclusions complieate matters somewhat. They raise the ques¬
tion as to whether or not we are dealing with four, rather than three, types.
Are the Sakai or Senoi and related groups — the Vedda, Toala, and Aus¬
tralian— the same as the type which we have regarded as Indonesian?
It seems doubtful, at least it is difficult to read Vedda, Tamil, or Australian
affinities into the Bontok, Kankanai, Nabaloi and other Philippine tribes
which we have called Indonesian. Martin, Sarasin, and others prefer to
refer to this group as a pre-Dravidian type and regard them as the true
aborigines of the Archipelago.
In summarizing the findings of somatological investigations in Malaysia
the following facts should be borne in mind and the eonclusions weighted
accordingly. While we have data on a great number of widely distributed
tribes there are many less accessible tribes that have not yet been studied.
In the great major i ty of instances we have observation on only a very
small number of individual from each tribe. In even a greater number of
cases, we have only averages recorded. Differenees in technique may lead
to a faulty interpretation in specific cases. Yet the nature of the data,
as a whole, permits of some tentative eonclusions which, perhaps, should be
regarded as propositions awaiting confirmation or the reverse.
SUMMARY.
Turning first to the Philippines we found that aside from the possible
influence of Chinese, Japanese, European, and other foreign elements, there
was evidence for the existence of three fairly distinct racial types: Negrito,
Indonesian, and Malay. The Negrito type we found again in the Malay
Peninsula and in the Andamanese Islands. The two non-negroid types,
Indonesian and Malay, we found in Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, and
possibly in the Malay Peninsula. Besides these three types, there was found
evidence of another type in the Sakai or Senoi of the Malay Peninsula and
in the Toala of Celebes. This last type is regarded by investigators, who
have studied them on the peninsula, as the true aboriginal inhabitants of
the Archipelago. The data so far as published do not reveal the presence
of this pre-Dravidian type in the Philippines, at least in any significant
numbers or as a distinct group.
Racial affinities in the Malay Archipelago may be summarized in the
following order. As a basis we have a pre-Dravidian element in the Sakai,
Senoi, Toala, Vedda of . Ceylon and Tamil; second, a scattered Negrito
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
oo
group in the Negrito of the Philippines, Semang and Pangan of the Malay
Peninsula, and the Andamanese Negrito; third, an Indonesian type repre-
sented by the Bontok, Nabaloi, Kankanai, Ifugao, etc., of the Philippine
Islands, the Ulu Ay ars (Dayak), Murut, Kalabit, Kay an, Maloh, etc., of
Borneo, the Tenggerese of Java, Toradja and Tomekongka of the Celebes,
the Batak and the Kubu of Sumatra, and possibly some of the mixed tribes
of the Malay Peninsula; and finally, a fourth type in the Malay people who,
for the most part, inhabit the coast regions of the various islands and Malay
Peninsula.
No one would claim that the racial relationships in the Archipelago were
as simple as the above summary might suggest or that any one of the
tribes mentioned was purely the representative of one racial type. Assum¬
ing these racial types to exist we can only say that a given tribe listed as
Malay, Indonesian, etc., is predominatingly of that type. Individual of a
different racial type may also be present and in some instances in sufficient
numbers to obscure the racial affinities of the tribe. For the same reason,
it is impossible at present to give a more accurate definition of the various
types.
As to the broader affinities of these four types, there is some room for
differences of opinion. As a working basis, it is probably better to treat
each group separately for the present. But the ultimate purpose of anthro-
pology is to trace the phylogenetic relationships of the various racial types of
man. The real difhculties lie in defining the larger subdivisions or primary
races. Obviously, a classification of mankind which will satisfy a majority
of anthropologists cannot be made until we have gained a more thorough
knowledge of racial types and have learned how to weight the various
criteria. If we accept tentatively a classification of mankind into four main
branches: Mongoloid, Negroid, European, and Australian, the affinities
of the various groups to one another may be more clearly stated.
It has been suggested that the first type, Sakai or pre-Dravidian, is
related to the Australian type. In view of the fact that we know so little
of the Australian aborigines, it is, perhaps, better to regard this as a sug¬
gestion. Specialists have linked the Negrito with the Papuan and African
pygmies in the Negroid division of mankind. As to the Indonesian type,
I believe the totality of its characters suggest Mongoloid affinities, although
less pronounced than those of the Malay. At least it seems fair to say that
its Caucasian characteristics are in the minority and remain to be demon-
strated. The Malay type shows a majority of undoubted Mongoloid char¬
acteristics.
Finally, in regard to the theories of migration accounting for the appar¬
ent stratification of the population in the Philippines, it should be stated
56 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
that such a problem cannot be definitely solved from anthropometric data.
That we can account for the population of the Islands by two or three migra-
tions of relatively pure racial types seems hardly probable. In our consid¬
eration of the geographical relationship of the Philippines we saw that these
islands were connected by three partly submerged isthmuses with Borneo
and Celebes and in turn closely linked with Java, Sumatra, and the main¬
land of Asia. Similar racial types were found in these Islands. Groups
representing the three main types in varying degrees of purity and inter¬
mixture have probably entered the islands by different routes and at widely
separated time intervals. That such an explanation is the more plausible
is undoubtedly true, especially for those groups which we have called Malay.
It seems fairly certain that the Malay type represents a more or less contin¬
uous influx extending over a long period of time. The present apparent
stratification of the population in the Philippine Islands and elsewhere in
the Malay Archipelago may be the direct reflection of the great predomi¬
nance in numbers of the Malay type.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
57
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60 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXIII,
Ethnic Groups
The numbers in this list are the same as used on Map 2 and Fig. 6,
Christian O
1. Iloko — Ilokos Norte (F)
2. Iloko — Ilokos Sur (F)
3. Iloko — La Union (F)
4. Iloko — N. W. Luzon (B)
5. Iloko — Pangasinan (F)
6. Iloko — Tarlak (F)
7. Iloko — Zambales (F)
8. Cagayan — Cagayan (F)
9. Cagayan — Isabela (F)
10. Pangasinan — Pangasinan (F)
11. Pampangan — Pampanga (F)
12. Sambal — Zambales (F)
13. Tagalog — Nueva Vizcaya (B)
14. Tagalog—Nueva Ecija (F)
15. Tagalog — Zambales (B)
16. Tagalog — Pangasinan (B)
17. Tagalog — Pampanga (B)
18. Tagalog — Bulakan (F)
19. Tagalog — Bulakan (B)
20. Tagalog-—Tayabas (F)
21. Tagalog — Tayabas (B)
22. Tagalog — Rizal (F)
23. Tagalog—Rizal (B)
24. Tagalog — Manila (B)
25. Tagalog — Cavite (F)
26. Tagalog — Cavite (B)
27. Tagalog — La Laguna (F)
28. Tagalog — La Laguna (B)
29. Tagalog — Batangas (B)
30. Tagalog — Batangas (F)
31. Tagalog — Cainta-Rizal (B)
32. Tagalog —- Taytay-Rizal (B)
33. Bikol — Ambos Camarines (F)
34. Bikol — Sorsogon (F)
35. Bikol — Albay (F)
36. Bikol — S. E. Luzon (B)
37. Bisaya — Romblon I. (F)
38. Bisaya — Masbate (F)
39. Bisaya — Capiz (F)
40. Bisaya — Iloilo (F)
41. Bisaya — Samar (F)
42. Bisaya — Leyte (F)
43. Bisaya—Cebu (F)
44. Bisaya — Oriental Negros (F)
45. Bisaya — Occidental Negros (F)
46. Bisaya -— Bohol (F)
47. Bisaya — Surigao (F)
48. Bisaya — Misamis (F)
Pagan □
49. Bontok — Bontok (Iv)
50. Bontok — Lepanto (B)
51. Bontok — Bontok (J)
52. Ivankanai — N. Benguet (Ba)
53. Nabaloi — Agno Valley (B)
54. Nabaloi — W. Benguet (B)
55. Nabaloi — Baguio (B)
56. Nabaloi — Ivayapa (Ba)
57. Nabaloi — S. Benguet (Ba)
58. Ifugao — Benawi (Ba)
59. Ilongot — Nueva Vizcaya (Ba)
60. Ilongot — Pantabangan (Ba)
61. Ivatabangan — Camarines Sur (M)
62. Manobo — Davao (M)
63. Manobo — Agusan (M)
64. Subanun — Zamboanga (Ch)
65. Tagakaolo — Davao (C)
65'. Tagakaolo -— Davao (M)
66. Ivulaman — Davao (C)
67. Mandaya —Davao (C)
67'. Mandaya — Davao (M)
68. Bilaan — Davao (C)
68'. Bilaan — Davao (M)
69. Bagobo — Davao (C)
69'. Bagobo — Davao (M)
70. Tagbanua — Palawan (Ba)
71. Ata — Davao (M)
Mohammedan O
72. Ivalagan-—Davao (M)
73. Isamal — Samal I. (M)
74. Moro — Davao (M)
75. Moro — Cotabato (F)
76. Moro — Zamboanga (F)
77. Moro — Basilan I. (F)
Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H.
Vol. XXIII. Map 2.
Philippine Islands — Ethnic Groups.
Boundaries of Provinces. Boundaries of Ethnic Groups.
The numbers on this map indicate the position of the ethnic groups iisted on p. 60 and also correspond to the numbers
used in the text. The location of the various groups is approximate.
148 158 168 178
STATURE
Numbers In Symbols Refer
To Corresponding Number
In Text
O CHRISTIAN
Q MOHAMMEDAN
□ PAGAN
Fig. 6. Graphic Correlation of Stature, Cephalic and Nasal Indices for Philippine Types.
1918.]
Sullivan, Philippine Racial Ty pes.
61
78. Moro — Jolo I. (F)
79. Sulu — Jolo I. (M)
Negrito A
80. Negrito — Bataan (M)
81. Negrito — Zambales (R)
82. Negrito — Bataan (Ba)
83. Mamanua — Surigao (Ba)
84. Batak — Palawan (Ba)
85. Negrito — metis — Albay (M)
Observers
B = Bean
Ba = Barrows
C - Cole
Ch = Christie
F = Folkmar
J = Jenks
K = Ivroeber
M = Montano
R = Reed
{Continued, from 2d p. of cover.)
Volume XVII.
I.Riding Gear of the North American Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp,
1-38, and 27 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50.
II.Costumes of the Plains Indians. By Clark Wissler, Pp. 41-91, and 28
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III. Structural Basis to the Decoration of Costumes among the Plains Indians.
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IV. Basketry of the Papago and Pima. By Mary Lois Kissell. Pp. 115-264,
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II.Zuni Kin and Clan. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 39-204, 3 text figures, and
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III. An Outline for a Chronology of Zuni Ruins. By Leslie Spier. Pp. 207-
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IV. Notes on Some Little Colorado Ruins. By Leslie Spier. Pp. 333-362,
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II.(In preparation.)
Volume XX.
I. Tales of Yukaghir, Lamut, and Russianized Natives of Eastern Siberia.
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II. (In preparation.)
Volume XXI.
I. Notes on the Social Organization and Customs of the Mandan, Hidatsa,
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II. (In preparation.)
Volume XXII. >
I. Contributions to the Archaeology of Mammoth Cave and Vicinity, Ken¬
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II. Chronology in Florida. By N. C. Nelson. Pp. 75-103, and 7 text
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III.(In preparation.)
Volume XXIII.
I. Racial Types in the Philippine Islands. By Louis R. Sullivan. Pp. 1-61,
6 text figures, and 2 maps. 1918. Price, $.75.
II. (In preparation.)
The Cosmos Press. Cambridge. Massachusetts