Y • ■ REPORT OF CONDITIONS AT THE STATE TRAINING SCHOOL AND THE STATE REFORMATORY TOGETHER WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEEDED CHANGES IN ADMINISTRATION AND LEGISLATION SUBMITTED BY MAY B. GOLDSMITH, ANNA Y. REED, Ph. D. J. A. REED, M. A. OLYMPIA, WASH.: E. L. BOARDMAN PUBLIC PRINTER 1911 3 L, -3Report on State Training School at Chehalis. To Governor M. E. Hay, Olympia, Washington, and The Members of the Juvenile Aid Association, Seattle, Washington. Gentlemen : In accordance with your request we submit to you the following report of our investigation of conditions at the State Training School, Chehalis, Washington. The report is based upon, (1) personal interviews with about forty boys and girls who have been paroled from the institution, (2) personal interviews with about the same number who are still within the institution, and (3) a visit to the institution, during which we met each employee, visited each activity and made as complete a study of existing conditions as time allowed. During our visit every possible courtesy was shown us by Superintendent Aspinwall and his corps of assistants, and every opportunity was afforded us to study the life of the institution. z BUILDINGS. There are five buildings on the grounds: (1) Larger boys’ building, (2) smaller boys’ building, (3) administration building in which the girls live and have all their activities, (4) industrial building, (5) barn. No. 1 is occupied by 140 older boys. All sleep in one large dormitory which is in charge of a night watchman. A small playroom in the basement is the only room provided for any kind of social life, or for recreation in stormy weather. Under such a system it is impossible to segregate better boys from those who are farther advanced in wrongdoing. No. 2 is occupied by 72 younger boys. Conditions are less crowded, and hence are somewhat better. No. 3 is occupied by the superintendent’s family, five officials4 and 59 girls. The building is wooden, the girls occupy one large dormitory on the fourth floor. There are no fire escapes, no fire drills and no system of alarm. Girls are locked in the dormitory at 8 p. m. and the doors are unlocked at 6 :30 a. m. No matron is in charge during the night and hence for ten hours out of the twenty-four there is grave danger that many girls will not only carry on immoral practices themselves, but also that they will school others in vice.* Girls’ washrooms and “pigeon holes,” in which personal belongings are kept, are on the ground floor which, to say the least, is most unsatisfactory and inconvenient. From the day of entrance to the day of parole no girl has an hour of privacy and hence that refining influence, which is so important a factor in the upbuilding of character and self-respect among delinquent girls, is almost entirely lost. The girls have one general assembly room. Here they sew and iron during the day; here they play, or dance, in the evening, and here also they spend their entire Sunday leisure. There are no sitting rooms, or reading rooms, and no opportunity to segregate the different classes according to moral or intellectual standards. Because of the fact that the school shelters both sexes, the girls have no opportunity for outdoor exercise. LIBRARY. The institution has a carefully selected library, but no read-ing room, and no librarian, hence the great value which might be secured from the use of good books is wholly lost. GYMNASIUM. None for either boys or girls. HOSPITAL. The last legislature made provision for a hospital for boys, which is to be built at once. The girls have one room which is set aside for contagious * A matron was employed and placed in charge of this dormitory on .Tune 24. 1911. a5 disease, or serious illness. In other instances the patient occupies her own bed in the general dormitory. During our visit we saw one of the Seattle girls who had been ill under such conditions for three weeks. CLOTHING. Both sexes are neatly and well clothed. We failed to see, or hear, any cause for complaint. FOOD. Complaint as to the quality and the preparation of food is general. We offer for your consideration the menu for one week which was given us by Mr. Aspinwall; and also the statement of the cost of maintenance per pupil. This, for the past two years, has been 51 cents per day for entire support of the child, and 3 1-3 cents per meal. It was not possible for us to make a thorough investigation of this complaint in so short a time. A few facts are worthy of consideration. (1) Coffee and tea are a regular part of the daily menu. (2) Milk is scarce—so much so that often mush is eaten without milk. (3) The institution does not raise its own poultry, and hence fresh eggs and chickens are rare. (4) There is practically no fruit raised on the grounds, and hence fresh fruit, even an apple, is a luxury. SCHOOL WORK. There are four school rooms, three for boys and one for girls. In the boys’ department the work appeared to be in the hands of trained workers; in the girls’ room there was a teacher of less experience. It might be well to inquire what supervision the State Department of Education is giving to the certification and employment of our institutional teachers, or whether they come under this jurisdiction at all.6 INDUSTRIAL WORK. Both the farm work and all forms of shop work are greatly enjoyed by the boys. The girls have the ordinary housework with sewing and embroidery. REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS. There is no system of rewards for good behavior in the institution, and hence officials rely entirely upon the punishment of offenders in cases of disobedience, insubordination and immorality. Your investigators have, without doubt, secured the truth regarding the matter of corporal punishment. Every child interviewed has given us practically the same story, and the officials have confirmed their statements. Corporal punishment is administered to both sexes. Concensus of opinion supports the claim that there have been three cases of unusually severe punishment among the girls under the present administration. Only a small per cent, of the inmates of either sex have been exempt in the past. This per cent, is steadily increasing and we have consulted with Mr. Aspinwall as to the desirability of keeping a written report on every case of corporal punishment as to cause, by whom administered, etc. This, in itself, would have a tendency to minimize such punishment and might be of value to the institution and its officials. A form of corporal punishment known as 6'face box” is to be condemned from every point of view. RECOMMENDATIONS. (1) That more care be used in committing children to the State Training School, so that only such as absolutely require institutional life shall be sent. The mingling of immoral and wayward children is bad for the institution, and is a great injustice to boys who might have been handled by probation. (2) An inquiry into the desirability of our present law regarding release.7 (3) Segregation of the sexes. This is the greatest and most imperative demand, and every effort should be made to accomplish it at the earliest opportunity. It would be most desirable to place the girls near some city where many advantages could be secured, and several serious disadvantages overcome. (4) That a system of fire alarms and fire escapes be installed on all buildings having dormitories, and that regular fire drills be inaugurated the same as in all public schools. Failure to have such drill would seem to us to be a violation of Chapter 106, Session Laws of 1909. (5) That a gymnasium and reading room be provided for boys. (6) That a more detailed investigation be made regarding the quality, preparation, and expense of food. Mr. Aspinwall will be glad to respond to any public demand of this kind if it can be accompanied by financial support. (7) That corporal punishment be discouraged, and that every effort be made to substitute such intellectual and moral influence as can be secured only from strong personality and high personal ideals, together with a thorough understanding of, and sympathy for, each individual weakness. (8) That a regular parole system be established throughout the state. (9) That a board of women visitors representing the different sections of the state be appointed to visit this and other institutions, to aid the superintendent and children in securing public support and sympathy, and to report to the Governor and legislature upon the needs and progress of the institution in such matters as would naturally escape the notice of the Board of Control. CONCLUSIONS. In conclusion we desire to call your attention to the fact that the remedy for most of the points in which our State Training School falls short of what we would wish it to be, or what we expect it to become, lies with our legislature.8 The superintendent is most desirous of doing everything possible for the good of the children. He is a young, energetic man who has both the strength and ability to make a success of this work. It was his misfortune, and the misfortune of the state, that he entered upon his duties at the Training School with no previous training for the difficult and delicate task of handling delinquent children, and in many ways he has had much to learn. That he is capable of learning, and anxious to progress, is a strong hope for the future. Mr. Aspinwall fully realizes the seriousness of the question of corporal punishment. He is carefully considering his own problem, and carefully studying the methods of other institutions with a view to minimizing it until it shall gradually cease to exist. Were it possible, it would hardly be advisable to abolish it suddenly, and absolutely, and especially just at this time when the children are so thoroughly aroused that it would be apt to cause insubordination and rebellion. We believe, however, that in time a study of such institutions as the Hudson Training School will reveal the methods which we are looking for, and which we need, and we know that any effective substitute will be gladly welcomed by Mr. Aspinwall. In view of these facts, we desire to suggest that the best interests of the children demand that no press publicity be given to that portion of our report which relates to corporal punishment. We desire also to ask that you familiarize yourselves, and aid in familiarizing the public, with the needs of our Training School and with the best methods employed in other similar institutions. Respectfully submitted, May B. Goldsmith, Anna Y. Reed. June 20, 1911, Seattle, Washington.9 Report on State Reformatory at Monroe. To the Honorable M. E. Hay, Governor of the State of Washington : Sir: The following report of our study of conditions at the Washington State Reformatory, Monroe, Washington, is herewith submitted: SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION. Our findings in this investigation, together with the recommendations which we desire to offer, are based upon the following sources of information: (1) Two personal visits to the institution, Sept. 22 to 27, and Nov. 4 to 6; (2) conferences with various business and professional men residing in Monroe, or other parts of the state; (3) conferences with 24 employees of the institution; (4) with 57 inmates; (5) with a number of paroled and released men; (6‘) with several employees, or guards, who have resigned or been discharged; (7) the records of the institution; (8) a detailed study of each complaint regarding the conduct of the institution, or its management. A total of 114 private interviews have been held. A record of all evidence has been preserved, and is considered strictly confidential except where permission to use it was given voluntarily. In our interviews with inmates every precaution was taken to avoid the two great dangers which are apt to result from utilization of such sources of information; (1) the acceptance, as fact, of the personal opinion of individuals upon whom the effects of loss of liberty are such as to lead them to interpret every official duty as indicative of personal superiority, cruelty, or lack of sympathy; and (2) the creation of insurrection, or insubordination, based upon questionings which might be interpreted as expressions of sympathy for, or endorsement of10 complaints, whether real or imaginary. On the other hand, we have not been unmindful of the fact that, in order to know the full truth, we must secure a free expression of inmate opinion. With this in view we have chosen our conferees at random, from the records of the institution, care being taken to secure equal representation from all classes; those who have been recently committed, and those awaiting parole; those who have been refused parole, or have attempted escape, and those who have violated parole and are serving second terms. Every part of the institution has been carefully inspected. We have been greatly assisted in our study by the attitude of Superintendent Roe, who has placed at our disposal the records of the institution, and who has afforded us especial conveniences for private conferences. The records of the institution are carefully kept and in many instances were invaluable in verifying, or disproving, individual complaints. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. So far as the material conditions of the Reformatory are concerned, the institution is in the making. Plans for a completed institution are open to the public and are worthy of inspection. One of the most desirable features is the cell house, which will contain 640 individual rooms. Each room will be well lighted and will contain a private lavatory and toilet. Inasmuch as this phase of the work, as well as the financial statement of the institution, is to be found in the Report of the Board of Managers, we shall avoid its repetition. Dormitories are fireproof and are equipped with fire escapes. OFFICIAL CORPS. Superintendent. No matter what general system may be adopted for any given state institution, its individual tone, and its final success, are bound to be dependent upon the character and ability of its supervising official. The State of Washington has been particularly fortunate in securing as the superintendent of its Reformatory one who is thoroughly informed upon every topicX 11 connected with delinquency, or criminology; one who allows no new thought or experimient to escape his notice, selecting for his own institution only that which promises to fill some recognized need. Keenly alive to his responsibility, both to the state and to the individual committed to his care, he combines business efficiency with a thorough understanding of the reformatory spirit; the good of the individual with the benefit of the state. In dealing with his charges he is sympathetic but without sentimentality, firm but not harsh, far-seeing and patient with each individual, and optimistic and enthusiastic for the success of his work. Owing to the great variety of responsibilities placed upon the superintendent, and the pressure of administrative functions, there is grave danger that his personal influence upon the inmates will be seriously weakened unless relief of some kind be given him. Requests for personal interviews are not receiving the ready response which they should, and the average inmate is misinterpreting the cause of delay. Assistants. The superintendent is assisted in the discharge of his duties by 36 employees, including the guards, industrial overseers, the physician, chaplain and parole officer. Of the entire corps only a small per cent, has been trained for reformatory work. Officials are dependent largely upon the superintendent for example, instructions, and ideals. A study club has recently been organized, and a library selected, with a view to encouraging a spirit of professionalism in the corps. Hours are long,* salaries low, the work exacting and qualifications many. Several who have received appointments as guards have utterly failed to qualify, and have finally been discharged. At the present time the majority of the official corps is making satisfactory progress in the adaptation of institutional methods. A few have failed, thus far, to qualify for handling reformatory work upon the basis required by the superintendent. Having ascertained that the superintendent is thoroughly * Inquiry into this matter revealed the fact that the Governor had taken up the desirability of shorter hours several weeks ago.12 conversant with the individual strength and weakness of each official, it would seem to be without our province to make any detailed suggestion or criticism. COMMITMENT. The criminal courts of our state are daily committing to our State Reformatory men of two classes, who are in no sense of the word reformatory material; (1) the habitual criminal, who dpes not desire reformation, and who is a serious handicap to the management in perfecting a genuine reformatory system; and (2) accidental criminals who are in need of neither reformatory methods, nor of institutional life, and who could be handled under an Adult Probation Law. Before this condition can be effectively altered it will be necessary for our judges handling criminal calendars to have a more definite knowledge of our reformatory methods and purpose; a more definite knowledge of the individual offender upon whom they pass sentence, and the legal assistance of an Adult Probation Law. A detailed state investigation as to the class, age, character, etc., of the various offenders appearing in our courts, and sentenced to our institutions, would furnish the basis for intelligent legislative enactment. DISCIPLINE. The main forms of discipline are loss of privileges, reduction in rank, increase in time, and confinement in correction cells. Punishment is never imposed without the advice and consent of the captain. No corporal punishment is allowed, and it is a rule of the institution that no guard shall strike an inmate except in self-defense, or to prevent escape. The correction cells are light, and are in steam-heated buildings. A record of each punishment is kept showing date and cause. Ninety-five per cent, of all officials, inmates, or others interviewed declare that punishments are so light tliat they are not worth naming. HEALTH. The physical well-being of the inmates is a matter of careful attention. At entrance many are victims of drug, cigarette,13 or liquor habits. Others are suffering from venereal diseases. In the latter case every precaution is taken to protect others from contagion. All clothing is handled in a separate laundry and men so afflicted are given the best of medical attention. Hospital facilities are good and an excellent physician is in charge. We desire especially to commend the establishment of the tubercular ward, which is well equipped for caring for patients of this class. PAROLE. The general parole system is explained in the Report of the Board of Managers. A parole agent has recently been added to the official corps. CLOTHING. Clothing is furnished by the institution. Inmates of the first and second grade are provided with blue suits, those in the third grade with gray. Change in underwear and socks is made weekly. Inmates sleep in their underwear, as no night clothing is provided. There are some features of the present dormitory system which would appear to justify this apparent neglect. The completion of the cell block will remove any legitimate objection to the use of special sleeping garments and it is the purpose of the Board to include them in the necessary articles of clothing. Handkerchiefs have not, as yet, been furnished the inmates, but have been included in the requisition. Prior to parole each inmate is permitted to select his own suit pattern and style, and his suit is made in the shops of the institution. Guarantee of honorable employment is secured for him, and he is furnished with transportation to his place of employment, and $5.00 in cash. FOOD. Knowing that “food” is a constant cause for complaint in almost every institution, an especial effort was made to visit the kitchen and dining-room each day of our stay. We were present while the food was being prepared in the kitchen, saw it served in the dining-room, and visited the kitchen at the com-14 pletion of the meal to ascertain what had remained uncalled for. The kitchen is scrupulously clean, the best steam cookers are in use, and .there would seem to be a sufficiency of food. Vegetables are raised on the grounds and are abundant, and unusually nice. Meat is provided once a day, usually in the form of stew. Fish is the regular Friday dinner, but is not relished by the inmates because of the method of cooking. The coffee compares favorably with that of the ordinary logging or railroad camp. Milk and sugar are allowed in small quantities. Oatmeal and farina are the breakfast cereals. Butter is not often provided. General oversight of the quality and quantity of food is one of the regular duties of the institutional physician. Cooking is done entirely by the inmates. This would seem to us to be a mistaken economy. While we have reason to believe that occasionally the quality of the food may not have been what it should be, still we believe that the greatest defect in the culinary department is the lack of an experienced cook, who knows how to make the best use of such material as is provided. EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. Industrial. No inmate of the institution is idle. So far as possible inmate labor has been utilized in clearing the land and constructing the buildings. When the immediate necessity for practical industrial occupations ceases to be furnished by the demands of the state, industrial shops will be maintained to fill this need. Agriculture in all its departments is taught. A tailor shop, barber shop, and bakery are in operation, and all the routine housework of the institution is done by the inmates. Physical. A gymnasium is included in the plans for a completed institution. It is not yet built. Military drill is in use to some extent. It is the intention of the superintendent to make this a regular feature of the physical training department.15 Moral and Intellectual. Since the reformatory features are derived largely from the moral and intellectual opportunities, the chaplain occupies the most important position in the institution in this respect. All intellectual and moral and, to a considerable extent, the social life of the inmates is directly under his supervision. The school work for the current year has just been organized, and is intended to benefit all who have not completed the eighth grade of the public school system. It is most desirable that at least one thoroughly trained, efficient, citizen teacher be placed in charge of this important part of the reformatory work. The hours from 5 :30 to 8 p. m. are a valuable part of the day for the cultivation of individual talents, the enjoyment of intellectual recreations, and character building, by means of the various influences at command. These hours are not utilized as well as one would wish them to be. The superintendent has asked for a literary program at least once each week for the comjng season, and it is to be hoped that other means of making these hours more profitable will also be found. RECOMMENDATIONS. 1. That more effort be made to inform the public regarding the character of reformatory work in general, the needs of the Reformatory at Monroe, and the public support necessary in order to carry out the purpose of the institution, and to realize its greatest efficiency. 2. That the legislature be encouraged to pursue a more liberal financial policy with reference to this institution. The number and qualifications of officials should be increased and salaries must correspond to the ability and efficiency of the corps. 3. That more care be used in commitment, and that some definite study, such as has been suggested in the findings, be undertaken. 4. That the intellectual and social opportunities offered to inmates be extended as rapidly as is consistent with the progress of the institution.I % 16 5. That the educational work be placed under the supervision of the State Department of Education, and that a trained citizen teacher be placed in charge of the same. 6. That an assistant superintendent be employed. 7. That a professional cook be employed. Respectfully submitted, Seattle, Washington, Anna Y. Reed, Ph. D., Nov. 7, 1911. J. A. Reed, M. A.17 ADDENDA. Complaints Investigated. MORAL. Complaint 1. That the congregate system is affording a school of crime for younger and better men. Findings. In any penal or correctional institution there is bound to be more or less depravity and vice, with the constant tendency to drag men of keener abilities and purer minds to its level. The inmates at Monroe are handled as carefully as is possible in this respect. The new cell house will be a great help in counteracting this tendency. Complaint 2. That the dormitory system as now handled encourages the practice of vice. Findings. There is no evidence to warrant such a charge. At Monroe no dormitory, except the honor room, is ever relieved of guard supervision. The practice of vice is closely watched, and is practically impossible except in such individual cases as are bound to occur occasionally in any institution. SANITARY CONDITIONS. Complaint 3. That open toilets should not be permitted in the dormitories. Findings. Reasons for such arrangement are obvious, and undoubtedly are well understood by the complainants.18 TOBACCO. Complaint If.. That the men are not permitted to have tobacco. Findings. Nearly every man in the institution, who has been addicted to the use of tobacco, regards it a personal grievance that the rules of the institution prohibit its use. The desirability of the non-tobacco rule is so apparent that the complaint could not be regarded as legitimate. CLOTHING. Complaint 5. That men who work outside in the rainy season have no change of footwear and suffer from sitting indoors with wet feet. Findings. All men who work in the wet are provided with rubber boots which are removed when the work is completed. DISCIPLINE. Complaint 6. That punishments are severe and unreasonable; that they are imposed for minor offenses, often at the pleasure of the individual guard; that inmates are brutally beaten and kicked by guards. Findings. We have received a number of statements regarding the brutal treatment of inmates. Among the complainants, none has been an eye-witness, nor has he been able to direct us to one who was. We have been unable to secure the name of a single individual victim, to obtain the name of an official involved, or even a date to aid us in verifying such statements. Therefore, with second-hand evidence as our only source of information, and with no definite proof as to the accuracy of the statements, we are forced to assume that they are without foundation in fact, and are disproved by the rules and conduct of the institution.19 Complaint 7. That one certain boy is habitually punished by certain guards because of physical defects which prevent prompt obedience. Findings. The records of the institution show this boy’s punishments to be the results of acts in no way connected with his physical condition. He is reported by so many different guards that it would be impossible to assume prejudice upon the part of any. Complaint 8. That correction cells are dark, the floors are cement and at times coated with ice. Men are confined in these cells barefooted and insufficiently clothed. That six or seven men were so confined for seven or eight days each, for making complaint to the Governor regarding their treatment. Findings. There are no dark cells in the institution, none with cement floors, and all are in steam-heated buildings. An inmate is occasionally placed in a cell partially clothed, if apprehended in that condition. His clothing is supplied as soon as possible after confinement. It was not possible to secure the name of a single man alleged to have been punished for reporting to the Governor, nor was there anything to prove that such an incident ever occurred. OFFICERS. Complaint 9. That the superintendent is incompetent; brutal in his methods of handling the men; and not in sympathy with true reformatory methods. Findings. Our conclusions regarding the ability and character of the superintendent have been expressed in the findings. Complaint 10. That the official who social life of the inmates > » i > > .> > 3 3 3 3 3 <3 ' ’ ? 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 .33)33 J J» 3 3 1 3i I » > 3 > > » , 3 )• ' 3 3 3 3 > ' 3 l > ) is charged with the intellectual and is not meeting the needs of the insti- 3 3 ) 3 3 3,) 33 V 1 3 3 3 , •3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 > > 3 ) 3 3 J 3 3 .3 ? 3 3 3 .3 3 (3 3 i 3 3 3 3 3 > 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 >3 3 3 3 •» 3)3 3 ■ 3 J > 3 3 > 3 * 3 > 3 3 320 tution. That he absented himself from the institution during the quarantine for scarlet fever when his opportunities for association with the men were unexcelled. That fifty to sixty inmates have expressed a desire for an evening Bible class, which has not yet been organizd. That it is his privilege, and should be his pleasure, to make the evening hours more profitable to the inmates in an intellectual and social way. Findings, These statements are found to be true, and are supported by the testimony secured in interviews. Complaint 11. That certain guards are unpopular alike with inmates and fellow guards. Findings. There is considerable, but by no means universal support for this statement. The superintendent realizes both the justice and injustice in this complaint. EDUCATIONAL WORK. Complaint 12. That the school work of the reformatory is sacrificed to pushing building construction. Findings. Undoubtedly the educational work has, at times, been subordinated to the material needs of the institution. This is being remedied as rapidly as conditions permit. It must be remembered, moreover, that the institution is yet in a formative stage, and that it is also the duty of the superintendent to consider the man who is taxed to support this institution, as well as the inmate wTho is confined within it. SOCIAL AND LITERARY OPPORTUNITIES. Complaint 13. That the inmates have no debates, lectures, social games or clubs. • ♦ • • • c < • • • • * • • 9 < ( • < • I < ♦ * < < < < < < r « < < f. '. < < < c ( * < f‘ c ( v ( < < < / * * ( c * A < < t ? f <. f t < < < ( 4 • • ’ • • < ♦ ♦ • • • * • • • e » • « w • o b • •• • * * • • • • * * • <» • t . • * « » • » » » • • • • • • • • >» • 1 t >» < • * » » • • • c t ■ < S < < < ‘ « < «* ‘ ♦ t « t c < « w < « t < < < ( < « • * < « t <21 Findings. This subject has been mentioned in the findings. The defect might be remedied in one of two ways: (1) By the official who now combines this responsibility with other duties, coming into closer touch with the inmates during the freedom of the evening hours, studying their individual tendencies and talents, and organizing such evening classes, reading clubs, etc., as would make these hours more profitable; or (2), and possibly a better method, by employing a strong educational man who could combine this responsibility with actual school supervision. FOOD. Complaint Ilf,. That the food is unsatisfactory both as to quality and quantity. Fish and beef are frequently tainted. The men receive no sugar or butter. Vegetables are unclean, and the coffee poor. Meat should be provided twice each day. Findings. There is no evidence to prove that the food is uniformly unsatisfactory. We have noted in the findings that occasionally the quality may have been inferior, but such an occurrence is an exception and is carefully guarded against. The quantity of food is also ordinarily sufficient. The requisition records of the institution show an allowance of four to five pounds of sugar per month per inmate. The physician of the institution expressed his entire satisfaction with the quality and quantity of food. Comparison of the menu provided by the Washington Reformatory, with that offered by other similar institutions, is favorable. Sameness in the menu of institutions of this character is common, and is difficult to overcome, especially when it is remembered that plenty of plain, wholesome food is all that should be expected by the inmates, or provided by the public. It would seem to us that a professional cook might easily remedy any legitimate complaint regarding this department. * IPhotomour pamphlet n . Binder Gaylord Bros. I Makers Cali pAT. JAN. 21, 19QR oibaasso fl UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES All overdue materials are subject to fines. DATE DUE HV9475.W22 G65 Suzzallo/All en Stacks /???!’*•' RSSIO4N 'OCT . 3 W art: hp t < > a iqoi 1»F T' 1 J ’ » * 2 j u l““w 1 1 1AR 21 lrM\ 1 2D.;, ’Lib. 65 • 1-84-2500