THE

IIISTORt^ftaMlMONT;

DESCRIPTIONS,

PHYSICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL.

REV. HOSEA BECKLEY, A. M.

BRATTLEBORO :
GEORGE H. SALISBURY.
1846.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by
George H. Salisbury,
in the Clerk's office of the District Court for the District of Vermont.

MERRIAM AND MIRICK, PRINTERS,
GREENFIELD, MASS.

PUBLISHER'S NOTE.

The Rev. Hosea Beckley, for many years a distinguished
clergyman of this state, was the author of the following work,
which he had nearly prepared for the press, some two years
since, and had obtained a large list of subscribers for the book,
when he was suddenly arrested by death — leaving no other patri
mony to his bereaved family but this work in manuscript, upon
which he had bestowed years of labor, and which is now pub
lished for the benefit of his widow.
The work is given entire as it was left by Mr. Beckley, the
publisher not deeming himself authorized to alter the manuscript
from the condition in which it was left by tbe author.
The only thing done, except copying for the press, has been
in one or two instances, to bring the narrative down to the close
of the last year ; and to arrange the chapters in the order, in
which the subjects treated of in them seemed to require, as they
were left by Mr. Beckley, owing probably to his sudden demise,
without being numbered, or placed in their proper order. »
GEO. H. SALISBURY.
Brattleboro, March 7, 1846.

PREFACE.

In offering the following work to the public, an apology
perhaps is due from the author.
Dr. Williams's History of Vermont is good, but fifty
years have elapsed since its publication. Great changes
have since taken place ; and some things relative to its
early settlement were omitted by him, deeming them too
well known, perhaps, even to incur the danger of being
forgotten. Others were omitted by him, as if more proper
for the statute book, and secretary and town clerk's office,
than for common libraries. But the late changes in the
manner of detailing historical events, have proved that
many facts and transactions, long buried in the lumber
rooms of records, are highly interesting to readers in
general. Besides, this work has become scarce, and diffi
cult to be obtained. It is an able work on the " natural
and civil history" of the state ; and the writer has relied
on him as the best authority, relative to the difficulties in
the way of its being admitted into the union.
A work has recently been published by the Rev. Zadock
Thompson, bringing the narrative of events down to this
time, combining the details of history and the statistics of
a gazetteer. It is a meritorious work, and well deserving
of patronage. And the writer here acknowledges with
pleasure, valuable hints derived from it, especially the
historical part first printed in a small volume. This late
publication is voluminous and expensive ; and on that
account many, it is apprehended, will think themselves
unable to avail themselves of it, who would wish to own a
work giving some general description of the state.

v; PREFACE.
This then is the apology for the following volume, occu
pying ground left between Dr. Williams and Mr. Thomp
son, infringing on neither, but taking a way of its own,
differing from both. It wishes their works a prosperous
course ; and only asks the privilege of sliding around
among the hills, defiles, and valleys of Vermont, visiting
now and then the neighboring states, where its predeces
sors, either on account of age, or more bulky dimensions
might meet with obstructions.
It declines being called a compilation, because it is a
work essentially original. Transcriptions are credited to
the authors from whom they are taken ; or by marks of
quotation. To one of the judges of the supreme court,
the writer here acknowledges his indebtedness for several
pages of valuable communications. Endeavoring to con
sult the best authority, he has generally, for the sake of
brevity, preferred abridging and translating to copying.
But this composes but a small part of the work ; the great
body of " the descriptions" being from personal observa
tion and reflection.
They claim in their behalf truth and conformity to fact ;
but not exemption from mistakes ; for what work of this
nature can plead undeviating accuracy. They disclaim an
intermixture of reality and fiction. A medium they would
hold between the dryness of mere statistics, and the light
ness of the journalist, selecting the most important circum
stances, and combining the connexion and attractiveness of
history without its formality and minuteness.
May the volume meet with a kind reception in this cold
world, to which it is reluctantly, and not without ill fore
boding, dismissed to take its chance with other similar
adventurers. With a Roman poet the author would rather
see it wearing the marks of hard usage, than snugly
perched upon the shelf for ornament, or food for worms
and moths.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Introduction, addressed to the youth of Vermont.— The natural
conduct of children, often deviated from in youth and middle
age. — The natural order to be pursued by them in the pursuit
of knowledge. — The examination of things around them, and
the scenery of their own State, claim their first attention. — The
peculiar circumstances of their state in its establishment. — Its
early history. — Its early fathers and magistrates subjects of
study to them and veneration. — Its remembrance of the founders
of their state, and gratitude for the blessings and privileges
left them to be cultivated. — Past records of their state place
before them the strongest incentives to mental cultivation. —
The diffusion of knowledge, to the fear and love of God. —
To preserve and enhance their heritage ; cherish the love of
liberty. — Imbibe manly sentiments, and exhibit a manly deport
ment, cultivate physical energy and mental independence.—
They place before them motives of the strongest kind to pre
serve hardihood of character. — To keep possession of and not
desert the hills cleared by their fathers. To render their state
reputable and honorable in the view of other communities.
— -To cherish and encourage literature and literary men, and
those of their own countries, rather than those of foreign coun
tries  17
CHAPTER II.
General description of the state. — Its name. — Surface.— Exterior
appearance. — Its shape, and boundaries. — Road from Brattle-
boro to Albany. — Scenery near Bennington and Manchester. —
Former and present stage route across the mountain. — Road on
the banks of the Battenkill, through Arlington. — Deceptive
appearance of the distant prospects. — Variegated appearance
in Rutland county and Addison. — Chimney Point. — The coun
try along Lake Champlain to Burlington and St. Albans. —

vjjj CONTENTS.
Franklin County. — Prospect from Westford. — Soil on the Con
necticut river. — On the hills and vallies east side ; and on the
west side of the mountain. — How enriched. — Interval. — Hills. —
Soil near Rutland, Middlebury and other places. — Gardens and
productions of Burlington. — Franklin county compared with
other counties. — Crops produced, how abundantly. — Agricul
tural fair at Sheldon. — Cattle, beef and pork. — Dairies. — Butter,
Cheese. — How put up for market. — Wool. — Extensive flocks.
— How kept. — Honey Bee. — Patent Hive. — Sugar ... 45
CHAPTER III.
First settlement. — Remains of forts. — Claimed by Massachusetts,
and New Hampshire. — Limits. — Orders of the crown to the
Governor of New Hampshire to take direction of its settle
ment. — Wentworth's grant for the settlement of Bennington. —
Previous commencement by the French on Champlain. — Claimed
by New York. — Collision and violence threatened. — Courts in
terrupted. — Systematic opposition to the claims of New York,
headed by Ethan Allen. — His character, associated with Seth
Warner. — Deputation to Great Britain. — Royal interdict, dis
regarded by New York. — Measures to arrest Allen and his
associates. — The progress of things hastened by the home
government. — Under sanction of the first Congress, the royal
courts interrupted. — Court house at Westminster seized, blood
shed and death. — Excitement. — Battle of Lexington. — War of
the Revolution. — Contest suspended between New York and
these settlers. — Their singular position, without regular govern
ment. — Convention. — Constitution adopted. — Petition to Con
gress. — Claiming independence. — Opposed by New York. —
Perplexing to Congress. — Their evasive and dilatory policy. —
Leave given to withdraw their petition. — Burgoyne on their
frontier. — Their independence admitted by New Hampshire. —
Proposed state in the valley of the Connecticut. — Claimed by
Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York at the same
time. — Disturbances in the southeastern section. — The decision
of the question claimed by Congress  65

CHAPTER IV.
Rendered persevering by circumstances. — The justice of their
cause. — Spirited reply to Congress. — Claiming the same
grounds as did Congress with the mother country. — Appeal of
Gov. Chittenden and his council. — Intimations of terms with

CONTENTS. •
Great Britain. — Their justification. — Abandoned by the Union.
— A frontier district. — A powerful enemy on their border. —
Self-preservation led them to this. — Their last resort. — New
York and New Hampshire persisting. — Vermont claimed juris
diction over a part of their territory. — This measure favorable.
— Strengthened their hands and encouraged to renew to Con
gress their petition. — The enemy's proposals ; communicated to
Congress by E. Allen. — His celebrated appeal. — Their only
overt\act. — Exchange of prisoners. — This offer of the British
known to a few only. — Interrupted letter of Lord Germain. —
The ^yes of Congress opened by it. — Washington. — Commu
nication to Gov. Chittenden. — Delegates sent to Philadelphia. —
Action of Congress. — Their repeated deferring of the subject.
— Vermont raised troops to defend herself. — Censured by
Congress. — Influenced by New York. — Censures and threats
repelled  80

CHAPTER V.
Vermont little affected by the strong resolves of congress.^-
Peace with Great Britain. — Placed Vermont in new circum
stances. — Favorable. — Taking the place of spectator to the other
colonies. — Encouraging the settlement of her lands. — Reforming
evils. — Relieved from some evils of the other states. — The state
of the country improving, she again seeks alliance with it. —
Intrinsic difficulties. — The question where the Capital of the
nation should be, produces an alteration in New York towards
her. — Commissioners appointed by New York. — Terms of recon
ciliation proposed. — Controversy ended. — Her admission into the
Union. — Remarks on this controversy. — Its moderation. — The
subject manifested. — Worthy of Imitation. — The instance, one,
of bloodshed. — Family connexions of him killed ... 94

CHAPTER. VI.
Constitution adopted. — Features of its government. — Representa
tives. — Governor and council. — How chosen. — Council of
censors. — Its power and objects. — The government demo
cratic. — Original counties. — Judicial department. — Salaries of
public officers, and compensation of the general assembly, and
others in authority — Contrast between the early and present
times. — Reflections on the first courts and the changes in
them, and the place of holding them. — Customs of first set
tlers. — Choosing elevated situations. — Inconvenient often. —

x CONTENTS.
Alterations and improvements. — Changes. — Their evils. —
Benefits  105
CHAPTER VII.
In Windham county such changes seen. — Black mountain. — Road
on West river. — Cascade. — Defile. — Newfane hill. — Its former
appearance. — Deserted state. — Contrast. — Judges and Lawyers.
— New county seat. — Fayetteville. — Changes. — Their advan
tages. — Evils. — Uplands. — Their use. — Northern positions and
exposure. — A family burnt in Newfane. — Hardy occupiers of
exposed northern positions. — Hardihood a general trai;. — Con
tributing to it, their early troubles. — Their aversion to effemi
nacy. — Illustrated by examples. — The character of the first
settlers. — Settled principally from Connecticut. — Reproaches
answered. — Testimony of Hillhouse to this trait of character 120
CHAPTER VIII.
Character of its inhabitants continued. — Hardy. — Their position. —
Climate and employments unite in making them so. — Bo
dily structure. — Exercise. — Exceptions. — Dissipation. — Diet. —
Wrong management. — Frankness another trait. — Enterprising.
— Seen in the improvements. — In new sources of profit. — In
their vallies, rivers, lakes ; quarries ; factories ; potatoes. —
Starch factories.: — Found over the union in responsible trusts. —
Intelligent. — Comparative number who cannot read ot write. —
Jurymen. — A comparison. — Prejudices. — Apology for speaking
of them by comparison. — Formerly stigmatized. — Unfounded
as persons. — Griswold and Lyon. — Rencountre between them. —
How treated in Connecticut. — Its influence. — Hospitality. — •
Southern. — In Vermont to. strangers  134

CHAPTER IX.
Character continued. — Originality. — Illustrated. — Baptist clergy
man. — Constable. — The taking down a house of Divine wor
ship. — Building another. — Prosecution. — Court of experi
ence. — The bible cited as authoritiy. — The sign of the Green
mountain tavern.— Singular punishment inflicted. — An instance
of mischief making. — The false alarm. — Its consequences. —
Breaking roads after drifting snow storms. — Assault and
battery. — A lawsuit. — Freemen's meeting. — Town meeting. 
The Vermont originality seen.— Freedom of their elections.—

CONTENTS. •
Exteuding to all classes. — Clergymen not excluded. — Baptist
clergymen in several instances governors. — Anecdote of one. —
A singular character  149
CHAPTER X.
Characteristics of Vermonters closed. — Some deductions from the
foregoing. — Too often subservient to selfish office-seekers. —
Discouraged sometimes under difficulties. — Want of perseve
rance in carrying to the end promising beginnings. — Family
rivalries. — Their consequences. — Winter employments and
recreations. — Friendly annual visiting. — Social inteicourse 161
CHAPTER XI.
Changes in the executive department, from 1797 to 1842. — Changes
in parties. — Governors. — Their characters. — Incidents under
their administrations. — English and French party. — How origi
nated. — Difficulties with France and the general government. —
1816, cold summer. — A railer at Providence. — Free-masonry
becomes a political question. — Excitement. — No choice of
governor by the people. — Many trials in the House. — Anti-
masonry in politics succeeds. — Arrival in Vermont of the Mar
quis de La Fayette. — Proceedings at Windsor. — Some character
of him. — From 1842 looking back, and reflections on the list of
chief magistrates. — The variety jn their characters, pursuits,
and religious belief. — The abolition of capital punishment 167
CHAPTER XII.
Senate of Vermont. — How constituted. — Members. — Their age.
— Its operation and results. — New organization in the courts.
— Changes in the Superior court. — Chief Justices. — Remarks
on annual appointments of Judges. — United States senators of
Vermont.— Their character. — Character of that body. — Popu
lation. — Rapid increase. — Additional towns. — Changes of fifty
years in the exterior. — Surface. — Buildings. — Cultivation. —
Retrospection. — Contrast  182
CHAPTER XIII.
Villages. — Increase of their numbers. — Growth. — Exemplified. —
Brattleboro. — Contrast of thirty or forty years. — Its situation. —
Public buildings. — View of it from the burying-ground. —
Typographic Co. — Early settlers. — First bridge over the Con
necticut. — Members of congress. — Its first clergyman. — Dum-

xj[ CONTENTS.
merston. — Putney. — Westminster. — Some account of it. — Its
part in the early history of the state. — Members of congress. —
Rev. Lemuel Haynes. — Monument. — Bellows Falls. — Contrast
between it and Westminster. — Curiosity of the falls. — Crossing
the mountain. — Bennington. — Some particulars of it. — Its early
history. — Antiquity. — Head quarters. — Its founders. — Centre.
— Burying-ground. — East village. — Furnace. — Hinsdale vil
lage. — General improvement and prosperity. — Pleasantness. —
Gov. Tichener  ' . 191
CHAPTER XIV.
Further account of villages. — Manchester. — Its situation and ap
pearance. — Burr seminary. — Marble quarries. — Factories. —
Quality, and abundance. — Market for it. — Supposed murder. —
Castleton. — Road to Rutland. — Clarendon springs. — Walling
ford. — East Rutland. — Its common. — Judge Williams. — Wood
stock. — Its situation. — Judge Hutchinson. — Charles Marsh. —
Windsor. — Springfield. — Its appearance. — Self-taught mecha
nic. — A curiosity. — Derby. — Danville. — Montpelier. — Its situ
ation. — Population. — Associations of its name. — State house.
— Particular description of it. — Middlebury. — Its exterior. —
Vergennes. — Decline. — Its prosperity. — Villages of less ex
tent.^ — Their number. — The first class.' — In order relative to
Montpelier. — Viewed at once. — Retrospection. — Contrast. —
Reflections  207
CHAPTER XV.
Military exploits and measures in and near Vermont. — Names of
leaders, and places of fame. — Discovery of North America and
settlement in Canada. — Lake Champlain. — Lake George. —
Iroquois Indians. — Strife between the English and French. —
Col. Schuyler. — Attack on Deerfield. — Capture of Quebec. —
Abercrombie. — Wolf. — His character. — Settlement at Crown
Point. — Chimney Point. — Surprise of Bridgman's fort. — Cap
ture of Mrs. Howe and other women. — Attack on Royalton. —
Brandon. — The justification of Vermont, thus exposed, in
admitting overtures from the English  . 221
CHAPTER XVI.
Warlike movements in Windham. — Adherents of New York. —
Guilford. — Ethan Allen's proclamation. — General Bradley. —
Instrumentality in quelling the disturbances. — Arnold. — Strife
between him and Allen. — Campaign against Ticonderoga

CONTENTS. XJJJ
planned in Connecticut — Capt. Phelps exploring the enemy's
works. — Ethan Allen a prisoner. — At Halifax. — At Cork. —
On Long Island. — In New York. — The old jail.— Prisoners in
it. — Capt. Travis. — Maj. Van Zandt.— Col. Allen crying for
quarters.— His death. — His grave and epitaph. — Col. Seth
Warner. — His burial place  234
CHAPTER XVII.
War events continued. — Contest for the supremacy on the lake. —
The Americans defeated. — Gallant conduct of Waterbury and
Arnold. — Arrival, and progress of Burgoyne. — Excitement. —
Mounts Defiance, Hope, Independence. — Cannon mounted by
the British on Defiance. — Reflections on the past events. — The
battle of Hubbardston. — Gen. Fraser. — Battle of Bennington. —
Gen. Stark. — His policy at that battle as related by Col. Hum
phrey. — Letter to Gov. Trumbull of Connecticut. — The war of
1812. — Generals Hampton and Wilkinson. — The army of the
North. — The invasion of New York from Canada. — The naval
battle on Champlain. — Its effects, and impression on the coun
try. — Commodores McDonough and Downie .... 246
CHAPTER XVIII.
Readiness of the government to foster public benevolent Institu
tions. — Asylum of deaf and dumb at Hartford. — Asylum for
the insane at Brattleboro. — Mrs. Marsh, its founder. — Dr.
Rockwell, superintendent. — Its location and scenery around it. —
Buildings. — Patients. — Success. — An object worthy of public
patronage. — Provision for the indigent insane. — Causes increas
ing of this malady. — Other ways of suffering. — By flood and
cold. — Inundations of 1828-30. — Catastrophe at New Haven. —
A man perished by cold near the summit of the mountain. —
A man, wife and infant impeded by the drifting snow. — Over
taken by night in an uninhabited part of the road. — Their suffer
ings. — Death of the wife. — Sudden changes in the weather. —
Great contrast. — Cold days. — The freezing of a rum drinker. —
The circumstances. — His body long buried under the snow ' 256
CHAPTER XIX.
Literature. — Colleges. — Vermont university. — Presidents. — Dan
iel Haskell.— Middlebury College.— Presidents.— Academies
and high schools.— Primary schools. — Improvements.— Literary
men.— Authors.— Daniel Chipman.— Royal Tyler.— Martin

x;v CONTENTS.
Field.— Wilbur Fisk.— Jeremiah Evarts.— William Chamber
lain  269
CHAPTER XX.
Literature and learned men continued. — The learned professions. —
Clergymen. — Difficulties encountered by them in the early set
tlements. — Their characters. — Names of some of them. — The
fruit of their labors. — Dr. Burton. — His authorship. — Lemuel
Haynes. — Bunker Gay. — Attorriies at law. — Of some who are
dead, their character.— Civilians and statesmen. — Courts. — Their
appearance.— Dispatch in business. — Physicians. — Difficulties
in their way in the first settlement of the state. — Their charac
ter. — Medical college at Castleton. — Vermont poets. — Self-
taught one. — Putney hill.— Stanzas of poetry made by a bard
living at its foot  282
CHAPTER XXI.
Religion. — The three principal denominations. —Congregational
ists. — Some account of them. — Baptists. — Their peculiarities. —
Anecdote of an Elder. — Methodists. — Their rules and support
of preachers. — Episcopalians. — Universalists. — Unitarians 293
CHAPTER XXII.
Miscellaneous. — Birds. — Partridge. — Quail. — Snow-bird. — Wild
pigeons.— Their abundance formerly. — Swallows. — Their varie
ties. — Swallow trees at Middlebury and Bridport. — The Bobo
link. — Robin. — Quadrupeds, wild. — Wolf. — Bear. — Squirrel,
Gray and other kinds. — Fox.
Dendrology. — Evergreen trees. — Hardwood trees — Sugar maple.
— Its beauty. — Changes in its foliage. --The beech. — The beau
tiful form and appearance of trees. — The spruce. — The elm. —
Trees mentioned by ancient writers. — Homer. — Virgil. — In the
sacred Scriptures. — Classical and venerable. — The Wellington
tree. — Various shapes of the elm. — Two in Berlin, Ct. — Con
trasted. — A venerable pine  301
CHAPTER XXIII.
Vermont well watered. — Water power. — Little subject to drought.
— Torrents. — Floods in the spring. — Devastations by water. — On
the banks of the Connecticut. — Passage between cakes of ice.
Droughts. — Rivers. — Otter creek. — Onion. — Lamoille. — West
river. — Valley through which it passes. — Its channel in sum-

CONTENTS.
mer. — In the spring and in floods. — Snow in different seasons
and places. — Travel over drifts. — Snow bridges. — Seasons of
plunging and slumping. — Funerals, and tombs for winter accom
modations. — The winter of 1842-3 remarkable. —March and
April. — A great flood. — Its ravages. — Prevalence of the ery
sipelas in some parts of the state. — A season of suffering. —
A young man perishing in the snow near Windsor . . . 318
CHAPTER XXIV.
Earliest records. — State papers. — Council of Safety. — Its origin
lost. — How chosen. — Its jurisdiction and power. — Tories. —
Their families. — Examples from the records of the governor
and council. — The first public execution. — Excitement. — Anec
dote of Ethan Allen. — Treason, how defined. — Journal of the
House of Representatives. — First constitution. — Some of its
principles. — The custom of giving titles. — Origin of the supe
rior court. — The judges. — How chosen. — Its early proceedings.
— Places of holding the general assembly  331
CHAPTER XXV.
Crossing the mountain in 1843. — Newfane Hill. — Stratton con
vention of 1840. — Scene among the mountains. — Sunderland.
— House built by Ethan Allen. — Birth place of Jeremiah
Evarts. — Manchester. — Session of the court there. — Going to
College. — Manchester mountain. — Spruce timber. — Peru turn
pike. — Prospect. — School children. — Their salutations. — Ches
ter. — Convention of presbyterian and congregational ministers.
— Tract society. — Morning prayer meeting. — Narrative of the
state of religion. — Sabbath School Union. — Rev. Mr. Munger.
— Hindoo girl. — Indians. — Puritans. — Temperance. — Education
society.— Domestic Missions. — Lord's supper. — Crossing the
mountain to Bennington in 1843. — Marlboro. — Wilmington. —
Bennington furnace. — Reflections  346
CHAPTER XXVI.
Improvements in manners and morals. — Dandyism. — Mutual
sympathy. — First settlers characterized by a distinguished tra
veler. — Early prejudices against evangelical doctrines and their
advocates. — Law repealed relative to local societies. — Ministers
of the gospel set afloat. — Their trials. — A sceptic preparing
his own tomb. — Lock and key on a coffin. — Green mountain
Farrier. — Roughness of deportment wearing away. — Evidence

XVI CONTENTS.
of it. — Manner of its progress. — Urbane and polished manners.
— Increasing respect for religion. — In the young especially-—
Disturbance of public worship at New Haven, Ct. — Capital
punishment.— Crimes. — Profaneness.— Gambling. — Other vices.
— Temperance  362
CHAPTER XXVII.
Spirit of innovation. — Changes not always improvements. —
Evils. — Multiplying out of proportion. — Churches. — Changing
the site often and building new ones. — Slightly built. — Sanctity
of time. — The proper materials for building them. — Stone
and brick. — Frequent changes in the pastoral relation. —
Consequences. — Contrast between the clerical and other
professions. — Neglect of grave-yards. — North burying-ground
in Hartford, Ct. and new one in New Haven. — Their location
proper near churches. —Their influence on the living. — West
minster Abbey. — Lord Nelson. — Incentives and examples
placed before Vermonters. — Conclusion  377

HISTORY OE YEEMONT.

CHAPTER I.

Introduction, addressed to the youth of Vermont. — The natural
conduct of children, often deviated from in youth and middle
age. — The natural order to be pursued by them in the pursuit
of knowledge. — The examination of things around them, and
the scenery of th'eir own State, claim their first attention. — The
peculiar circumstances of their state in its establishment. — Its
early history. — Its early fathers and magistrates subjects of
study to them and veneration. — Its remembrance of the
founders of their state, and gratitude for the blessings and privi
leges left them to be cultivated. — Past records of their state place
before them the strongest incentives to mental cultivation. —
The diffusion of knowledge, to the fear and love of God. —
To preserve and enhance their heritage ; cherish the love of
liberty. — Imbibe manly sentiments, and exhibit a manly deport
ment, cultivate physical energy and mental independence. —
They place before them motives of the strongest kind to pre
serve hardihood of character. — To keep possession of and not
desert the hills cleared by their fathers. — To render their state
reputable and honorable in the view of other communities. —
To cherish and encourage literature and literary men, and those
of their own countries, rather than those of foreign countries.
Children seek an acquaintance first with the things
immediately around them. They look at the candle
2

18 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
which gives them light, — the fire which warms them,
and the vessel from which they receive their food and
drink. Domestic animals early attract their attention ;
the dog, the cat, the barn-yard fowls ; the crowing of
the cock, the lowing of the kine, and the bleating of the
flocks. Their parents, and all the members of the
family interest them ; and they imperceptibly become
familiar with their looks and gestures, and the tones of
their voices. As they increase in years and stature, they
extend their views to objects more distant ; to the green
hills and vallies around them ; to the woodland and
forests. The singing of the birds, and whistling of the
wind catch their ears, and fill their minds. They look
attentively at the lofty house ; and at the spires and
turrets, which adorn churches. They begin to eye with
emotion the distant horizon ; the blue hills which limit
their sight ; the setting sun ; the rising moon and twink
ling stars.
This is natural ; and by such gradations their views are
imperceptibly extended, and their minds enlarged. The
contrary would be unnatural. That is, it would be a
transgression of order, for them to close their eyes and
stop their ears on the objects, and to the sounds near
and around them ; and strive to look first at things far
distant : to view the fountain prospect, and scan the
wonders of the sky ; to measure the other bodies of the
solar system before taking a view of the one on which
they were born ; and listen to the murmurs and thunders
of heaven, before heeding the songs of their mothers •
and understanding the accents and motions of their
fathers and kindred.

HISTORY OF VERMONT, 19
Equally natural and becoming would it be for the
youth of a community to become acquainted first with
the history of their native State ; the "time and circum
stances of its settlement ; by whom, and the difficulties
encountered and overcome in doing it. They should
take pleasure in making themselves acquainted with the
progress in subduing the forests, and rendering the soil
feasible and productive, with the increase of its popula
tion ; and the improvements in the arts and sciences.
The melioration of society in manners and morals ; in
accommodations and refinements, in morality and religion,
should not be overlooked by them. With important
early events, either of a physical or moral nature ; either
of a civil or military character, they should be familiar.
With the features of its primitive government ; the
ehanges and modifications through which it may have
passed, with the principal legal requisitions and prohi
bitions, and of the character of its chief magistrates they
should not be ignorant. The leading traits of character
in its inhabitants, their predecessors ; their virtues and
chief excellencies and ruling passions, not omitting their
foibles and defects, as incentives to amendment, should
be looked out and well scanned by them.
Having done this, they may extend their researches
and inquiries to other states, and to the* nation. A
general knowledge of the history of the states composing
this great Republic, and of the republic itself as a whole
is an object very desirable ; and the youth of Vermont
should feel emulous to acquire it. Indeed they need
not stop here, but circumstances permitting, can continue

20 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
their researches, till a general comprehensive view of
the world be gained by them. With the aid of science
they can look at the other planets of the solar system,
and at the heavenly bodies, " which rule by day, and
mve light by night." This would be the natural course
of things. But should they shut their eyes on the
objects immediately before them, and neglect to examine
the records of their own state, and monuments on which
are written the names and deeds of their progenitors ;
and cultivate an acquaintance first with the events of
other states and nations ; the transactions of other gene
rations and deeds of past ages and remote antiquity ;
and with regions separated from them by seas and
oceans, their course would be preposterous and unnatural.
But this doing violence to nature and congruity, is often
witnessed : many neglecting what "is of easy access and
most valuable, for that wbich is difficult and remote, and
less useful when reached. In estimating the value and
excellence of a thing, many are prone to inquire first, if
it is of foreign production, from what quarter brought,
and at what expense and hazard ! Whatever is of
native growth and production, they hastily conclude to
be of little value and neglect to examine ; and turn their
pursuit after that which is far distant, and associated
with names of greater celebrity. This is somewhat
characteristic of Americans ; particularly as it regards
the productions of the mind, works of literature and
science. In some measure also, it is the case relative
to history. The history of other countries and ages
must be read first, and our own historians and writers

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 21
last, and reluctantly, as we submit to wear home-spun
clothesjvhen we can afford no other. This anti-patriotic
spirit will, it is hoped, be of short duration ; and coun
teracted, especially by the youth of the green mountain
state. What would you say of a man placed providentially
in the midst of beautiful scenery, but who should close
his eyesrupon it, and fatigue himself in vain to find
better views and landscapes in some far distant and
unknown regions ? Who from a hasty glance at what
was around him, should conclude that the Maker of
these things had done better in some other place ; and
therefore pay no regard to what he saw, till he had made
thorough search for something more excellent, some
where to be seen ? Who should neglect to gaze at the
lofty mountains and beautiful vales before him ; overlook
the rivers and streams, flowing majestically along their
channels, or dashing down in torrents from the neighbor
ing hills ; blink at the variegated hues of the forest ;
and stop his ears against the music of birds flitting
through woodlands and across his path ? Who should
spend his early and best days in search for more elevated
mountains ; mightier rivers, more pleasant meadows and
vallies ; and sweeter notes from nature's songsters in
some other parts of the earth ? Would he not seem to
you infatuated ; running counter to the order of nature,
and making himself anxious to little purpose, seek
ing far for that which was near and within his
reach ?
Would it not be equally incongruous for you to neg-

22 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
leet and undervalue the rural scenery of your native
state ; its variegated, endlessly diversified views and pros
pects, its majestic mountains and beautiful rivers, and its
forests cheered with the notes of their own songsters ;
and seek an acquaintance with familiar things in other
Countries, or study first the writings of foreigners, and
those, whose opportunities have enabled them, to write
of far distant places from personal knowledge T
The peculiar circumstances attending the establishment
of Vermont, as an independent state, claim the- early
attention, and should excite the interest and curiosity of
her children.
The acquisition of American Independence is a noble
and perpetual theme for the orator and patriot. Ver
mont state sovereignty was an achievement little less
glorious ; and ought by her citizens to be viewed as
such, and cherished by her latest posterity as an honor
able distinction. She can show on her banner what no
other state in the union can : not only freedom from
oppression in common with her sister states ; but the
badge of her own Independence, established against the
conflicting claims of neighboring Republics, and the
long interference and interdiction of the national coun
cils. Vermont is indeed small compared with the whole
Union, and the measures which resulted in her maintain
ing a place in the Republic; and the circumstances
attending them may be forgotten, or unknown by the
citizens generally of the nation. Their interest in them
was always comparatively small, and has been growing
less and less since the settlement of the difficulties.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 23
Her success, or failure in her struggles for justice periled
the welfare of few, compared with the issue of the war
of the Revolution. But the principle was the same, and
numbers can never effect the principles of right and
justice. In common with their countrymen, Vermonters
rejoice in freedom from foreign tyranny as a nation ; and
for the smiles of Providence on their own cause in ren
dering them a free and sovereign state. This fact, then,
that of her individual State-Independence should be
kept in perpetual memory. Her youth should be emulous
to make themselves early and well acquainted with the
singular complexion of their origin and being ; the
manner of their gaining a name and standing on a
level with the other republics which form this great
empire. It is always an interesting inquiry relative to any state,
nation or important enterprise, what was the character of
its origin 1 What was the cause which gave rise to it ;
what circumstances had a controlling influence on its
subsequent destiny ? Battles the most bloody, and
events the most important have resulted from trifling
incidents that the hand of God in them might be more
visible. The wife of Marshal Ney in a thoughtless
moment was reproached by the wives of the ancient
Bourbon peers of France as upstart nobility. She com
plained of it to her husband. He vowed revenge. He
prepared the way for the return of Napoleon from Elba ;
and this led to the flight of the Bourbons : and the re-
ascending of the throne of France by the exile ; the
mustering of a powerful army, and the celebrated battle

24 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
of Waterloo ; the dethroning of Bonaparte and confine
ment on St. Helena ; the condemnation of Ney, and
his being shot down by a file of his own men, and «his
wife distracted. The most loathsome reptile must be
the instrument of our parents' fall : and the eating of the
forbidden tree the origin of the knowledge of good and
evil, and of the overwhelming ills which have deluged
the earth. The flooded, ruined, depopulated earth was
to be re-peopled with man, animal, and insects of
every kind, from an ark prepared by Noah. The hollow,
defective trunk of an oak in Hartford, was the place af
deposit for the Royal Charter of Connecticut liberty,
and which thus escaped the searching eye of tyranny,
to blot out the articles of her rights and privileges. The
cupidity of a Dutch Sea Captain led to the settlement
of New England ; being bribed to land the pilgrims from
Holland at a point northeast from that stipulated ;
leaving the mouth of the Hudson for the Hollanders to
occupy. Thus in causes apparently trivial, the founda
tion was laid for New England's greatness and glory.
A hardy, intelligent, and enterprising people, and
many of them devoted to the fear of the Lord, sprung
from the small band of persecuted pilgrims, who came
from England by the way of Holland, and more than
two hundred years ago commenced the settlement of
New England.
The -cupidity of a few land-jobbers over-persuading
the government of New York to give permission to
demand of the first settlers of this territory, either to
re-purchase, or quit their farms, gave rise to Vermont as

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 25
a separate, independent jurisdiction. The first is a
matter of curiosity to all ; and ought to be especially so
to the youth of this state, and not only of interest and
curiosity to them, but they should regard it as a duty to
make themselves familiar with the long train of events
which followed this unhappy effort to annul the New
Hampshire grants ; the measures taken, ; the parties con
cerned ; and the difficulties and the evils encountered
and suffered.
They should also cultivate an affectionate remem
brance and veneration of the early patriots of their
native state. In common with their fellow youth
throughout the union, Washington and the signers of
the Declaration of Independence should hold the -first
place in their hearts. But to give them this place, some
knowledge of them is necessary : their names, residence,
distinctive characters, and their public deeds. A gene
ral knowledge of these pioneers of our country's liberty
every youth ought to have. So also with regard to
those, who stood forward, the champions of Vermont
Independence ; and by self denial and perseverance ;
by forbearance and wisdom, with the divine blessing on
their efforts succeeded in securing it. Their children,
descendants, ought to cherish a remembrance of these
men for their deeds and patriotic virtues. They can
indeed find none among them who signed the Declara
tion of July 4th, '76, because they were not then- known
and acknowledged as a state. But they will find
among them those, who signed the declaration of the
independence of their own state, claiming the same

26 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
privileges and rights as those enjoyed by the rest of the
Union. These are the men to be venerated by you not
less than those, who proclaimed separation from the
mother country, and ordained a government of their
Own. To do this you must have some knowledge of
them, and their deeds ; some account of their origin,
and characters, and of the incidents through which they
passed. Grecian youth, even of the present day, hold
in affectionate remembrance Leonidus, who with his
three hundred companions fell for his country at the
straits of Thermopolae ; and the Jews still venerate
David, who slew the boasting Goliah the defier of Israel
and the blasphemer of Israel's God. Those then who
enlkted their powers of body and mind, and periled
every thing dear to them to ward off oppression, and
shed their blood in defence of freedom and justice ; that
the country you occupy, the hills, vallies and mountains
now trod by the feet of freemen, should not be parti
tioned, and their farms taken from them, ought not to be
forgotten by you. You ought not suffer their names to
sink into oblivion. But you should feel emulous to
perpetuate them, and be able to inform the inquiring
traveler or foreigner, whence came the Allens, the
Chittendens, the Chipmans, the Fays, the Bkadleys,
the Robinsons, and others ; where they lived ; what the
manly sentiments and resolves which fell from their
pens ; the deeds of their hands, and where are their
sepulchres. Important transactions and events of a public nature
in which they and their associates bore a part, should be

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 27
interesting to you. Incidents, which in themselves
might seem trivial, yet as illustrating their characters,
become attractive and should be preserved. A new
fact relative to them ; or public action of theirs ; or
patriotic, manly sentiment uttered by them ; or a single
instance of personal sacrifice for the cause of justice and
human right, sought out by you and reserved from
the rust of time, and accumulations of subsequent
events, would be more valuable than volumes of future
story. You ought also to be grateful for the heritage left
you by these pioneers who have gone to their rest.
Youth of Vermont ! Young men of the Green Moun
tains ! have you not abundant reasons for gratitude in
view of the inheritance handed down to you by their
labors and sacrifices ! You inhabit a goodly land, rich
and productive, ample ; affording room for a great people.
You have a land of green hills and vallies ; a land of
endless variety ; the home of farmers and artisans ;
abounding in flocks and herds, and in the noble horse ;
the nursery of a hardy race, the birth-place of freemen ;
a soil subdued by the hands of the owners ; a country
of schools and sanctuaries. Preserve it as a precious
boon made ready to your hand by the virtue, hardi
hood, endurance and wisdom of your fathers, grateful
that so rich a portion has been meted out to you. Your
form of government ; your constitution and laws ; your
courts of justice and rights of suffrage, are they not
perpetual blessings which should interest the affections of
your hearts ; and inspire you with a grateful sense of the

28 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Divine smiles, which have given you so goodly a heritage,
and made you to differ from so many youth of the
human family ? Where is the people to whom a greater
portion of worldly happiness falls, than to you ? In
what place do the youth go forth to the ordinary em
ployments of life with less anxiety, more cheerfulness,
and a stronger feeling of security ? Where is the frame
work of society more sound ; and will you not see that
the structure shall be carried forward with correspond
ing strength, comeliness and durability ? Holding the
medium between overbearing wealth, and abject, servile
poverty, you are comparatively a community of equals ;
and thus free from the envies and strifes engendered in
places of great relative inequalities. The fruits of your
industry and enterprise are your own; and you feel
little apprehensions of being made the victims of rapine
and violence, or of oppression and fraud.
Are not your blessings signal ; and will you not honor
the instruments through whom you enjoy them, by
estimating their value, and making of them a wise and
grateful use? Do they not involve strong obligations
on your part, to preserve these distinguished favors
unimpaired ?
Surely you cannot deny these obligations. They are
as evident as the sun at noon-day ; and it is hoped you
feel no desire to evade them; and never will manifest a
disposition to disown them, or lessen their force.
A strong motive to the discharge of these obligations,
will be a correct understanding of past facts as seen in
the records of history ; and history too of the Provi-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 29
dences of the past, which through the alternations of
hope and fear, of despondency and confidence, enabled
your forefathers, in the face of many difficulties, and
powerful opposition, to secure you the privilege of being
called Vermonters, " Green Mountain Boys." You
should read and ponder the narrative of sober realities,
not fictions, which the first generation of your state
experienced in conflict with several powerful states, her
neighbors, and with the national government ; brandish
ing if not the weapons of war, the instruments of argu
ment and law, and justice, affixing now and then to
their measures the "Beech Seal." These events and
facts should be known and retained by you as a matter
of history, and belonging to your own state, a distinctive,
verdant badge of her coat of arms. You should engage
in this business of tracing your way back to the early
footsteps of your Commonwealth, not with a view of
uncovering the embers of strife, and reviving contention
long since hushed in peace. Of the facts you may pos
sess yourselves, without imbibing prejudices against the
parties. You are thus invited to turn your attention to
this subject, that you may gain a knowledge of these
things relative to the early settlement of your state and the
establishment of a distinct government, to be ignorant
of which would not be reputable, especially to Ver
monters. i
Thus the knowledge of the price at which your bles
sings and privileges have been obtained, should operate
as a motive to appreciate them duly, and to do all in
your power to preserve them and to extend them to the

30 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
generations that shall come after you. Let your coun
try — let your native state be as dear to you as life itself.
You will thus be solicitous to exert all your powers,
that her standard of excellence may rise higher and
higher. You may do this by mental cultivation, by storing
your mind with useful knowledge ; diligently improving
your leisure hours, and all favorable opportunities to
become qualified for the parts, which may fall to you in
the drama of life. A small portion of time separated
daily to salutary reading and study, will gradually and
in a few years furnish you with a fund of knowledge
and information, which may prepare you for the most
important trusts and employments of society. By the
acquisition of learning and science then, and advance
ment in the liberal arts, you may extend the name and
praise of your state ; and secure for it a glory more
durable than that of arms and victory.
The general diffusion of knowledge in a state will be
followed with warmer attachments to her institutions and
privileges. This will be effected by your efforts ; the
united efforts of the young ; by the union of mind with
mind ; the generous collision of intellect with intellect,
thus eliciting the fire of energetic thought, and the force
of eloquent expression. Such means will increase your
love to your state ; and have a tendency to lead you to
measures and deeds, rendering it reputable and honor
able in the eyes of the people.
A community is made more truly honorable by science
and learning, than by the deeds of war and extent of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 31
her dominions ; or by the ostentation of wealth and
luxury. This is evinced by the histories of all past
nations. They are remembered with more veneration
for the men of learning and useful knowledge, to whom
they gave birth, than for their heroes or even magistrates.
The honor of giving birth to Homer has been claimed
by several cities ; but what city or province has con
tended for the honor of producing Alexander or Caesar?
Relative to the first Alexander, the only contention
about his birth, was whether he was the son of Philip,
or of Jupiter in the form of a serpent, which was said
to have been seen in his mother's bed-chamber. Is the
birth-place of Napoleon an object of more curiosity,
than that of Shakespeare, or John Milton, the author of
Paradise Lost.
If then even a few literary men have procured lasting
renown to their country, how great the honor of the
land, whose entire youthful population should be well
educated ? This is a glory left, it is hoped, to our
country, and your beloved state ; the glory of the dis
trict school system, and tbe public provision for the
instruction of all, the children of the poor as well as of
the rich.
In this way also, by your united efforts in the pursuit
of learning, you may be instrumental in the formation of
a national literature. Foreigners have reproached us
with making up a patch-work of letters, borrowed from
various sources and destitute of national traits. Before
pleading guilty to this charge, the question [what consti
tutes a national literature ?] ought first to be decided.

32 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
If it be a literature corresponding with the civil and
religious institutions of a country, and producing an
enthusiastic attachment to them, have we not such a
literature ? Is it not guided yet by the same spirit,
which moved the pen of Dwight and others during the
Revolution in the patriotic writings and songs, which
animated the soul, and strengthened the arm of the
soldier in that glorious struggle for liberty and indepen
dence ? The battle field and council chamber of that
period are consecrated spots, to which the youth of our
country turn with enthusiasm ; and a succinct record of
the events, which marked those times of trial, and the
parts taken in the contest by the several states, would
aid in inspiring the youthful mind with veneration for the
heroes and statesmen of our Independence. The his
tories and writings which duly delineate the past events
of our country, and of the state to which we belong ;
and give a correct account of our government and laws,
our liberties and religious institutions, the manners, cus
toms, and characters of the people, inspiring a strong
love of our native land, are conversant with national
literature. It is absurd to call any other national, but
the literature which has reference to our country's
institutions; the character and pursuits of its inhabi
tants ; the nature of its government and laws, its religion,
and the transactions which have resulted from its con
nexion with other nations of the earth.
But by the fear and love of God, you must seek
above all things else, to perpetuate and extend the praise
of your state ; thus rendering stable her blessings and

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 33
institutions. " Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin
is a reproach to any people." " Wisdom is the pearl
of great price ; and the fear of the Lord is the begin
ning of wisdom, and to depart from evil is understand
ing." Attentively study the bible. Its literature, as
such, excels that of every other book in the world. It
stands unrivaled in sublimity and beauty ; in tenderness ;
in narrative and in poetry. Milton read • it daily and
drank deeply of its spirit. Hence it was in a measure
that he produced an Epic Poem, which according to
Johnson " is the second in the world only because it
was not the first." Let it be made one of your classics ;
a book not to be read only; but studied and recited,
and explained by teachers in its comparative literary
excellences. You may thus have a strong hope, not
only of promoting genuine learning and sound morals,
but the honor of your state. What is far more impor
tant, you may have hope that the Spirit will accompany
the word and inspire that knowledge, which will stand
by you at the judgment when the secrets of all hearts
will be revealed : that Spirit to whom Milton devoutly
prayed — " Thou, O spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for thou know'st ;
* # # # What in me is dark,
Illumine :
That I may assert eternal Providence
And justify the ways of God to men."
You are not qualified for the duties of life till your
3

34 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
minds are imbued with the fear and love of God. You
are not prepared for its vicissitudes without them. These
are your only security for your persevering fidelity to the
trust confided to you ; the only assurance that your
whole course will reflect credit on your native state ;
sustain and increase her reputation in the Republic.
They are the only safeguard of your own reputation,
and perseverance to the end in well doing.
This goodly heritage you may preserve, and increase
the praise of your state by the cultivation of manly
sentiments. Such were the sentiments pre-eminently
of your early predecessors. A good example in this
respect have they left you ; noble sentiments animated
their bosoms, and were breathed forth in their words and
actions. Imitate tlieir example, and let the same spirit
of freedom and independence inspire your hearts and
govern your conducts. The children of freemen in a
sense somewhat peculiar, a corresponding obligation rests
on you to maintain the character untarnished. Discrimi
nate between genuine freedom and licentiousness. The
reign of salutary law, is the reign of circumscribed
liberty. Submit to such restraint, for without it, liberty
loses her safeguard ; and having little or no assurance
of security in your rights and enjoyments, you would
be only nominally free. You would draw towards the
borders of slavery. Cultivate then a knowledge of the
true principles of liberty ; the rights of man, and frown
on tyranny in all its forms ; the usurpation of power
and oppression. Assert and maintain the claims of
justice and equity. Free in your spirits as the moun-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 35
tain air you breathe, your sentiments will be manly, and
lead to manly conduct. You will not cower before the
menacing eye of the tyrant ; but bid defiance to his
denunciations, and rise superior to the intimidations and
the feelings of servitude.
This feeling of freedom will also guard you against
the servile influence, growing too often from the love of
money ; the absorhing pursuit of the times. Great is
the homage claimed by overgrown wealth ; and jts attend
ant ^ower, and advantages, and ostentations hold many
minds in obsequiousness. > They control in a measure
public opinion, and establish a kind of tyranny to which
you may find it difficult not to succumb. But to yield
entirely to its sway is debasing, and an impediment to
mental culture and independence. While then you duly
estimate the use of money, and encourage the acquisi
tion of a competence ; be not awe-struck at its tinsel
flattery, and bow not to Mammon, " the least erected
spirit that fell from heaven." There are other things
more excellent ; and which cannot be purchased with
silver and gold ; a mind endowed with a free and manly
spirit ; well cultivated, and a heart stayed by the anchor
of faith.
Equally inconsistent tyith such a character would be
yielding to effeminacy and the allurements of ease and
pleasure. The youth of Vermont should be the last to
be captivated with the blandishments of refinement and
self-indulgence ; the last to relinquish an elastic, hardy
temperament. The example of your predecessors for
bids such a retrograde ; the whole line of the mountain

36 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
population forbids it ; your own situation and comfort
forbid it. The fathers of your state scorned the syren
song of indolence and self-enjoyment. Supineness and
ease marked not their course. They cowered not before
the mountain tempest, or the whirlwind of political com
motion, or the storm of war. Shall the blessings and
privileges thus secured to you, be lost or perverted by
the want of self-denial or vigilance ? Will you suffer
your comparatively favorable circumstances to enervate
your energy and resolution and make you a puny r5ce,
afraid to ascend and overlook the summits of your moun
tains ; turn your backs upon the winds that roar among
your forests ; and cover your faces and hide from the
driving snow storm ? Shall the healthful, blooming
complexion once so common on your hills and along
your rivers and vallies, become pale and wan like the
victims of the ague and fever on the fens and marshes
of the south and west ? You will feel keenly the vigors
of your northern climate, in proportion as you render
your bodies tender and delicate by wrong training and
nursing. Through mistaken notions of gentility and
exquisite appearance you may become too susceptible,
and shiver before the keen winds of the north, which
would only fan the early fathers8 and mothers of your
state. Cultivate then physical energy; bodily health, for
mental vigor and elasticity depend much on this. At
any rate, the mind cannot be long and profitably
exercised, unless the faculties of the body are in a
healthful tone. As dwarfs and pigmies are formed by

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 37
early subjecting the bodily frame to narrow, straitened
chests and boxes ; so the mind by yielding to the pres
sure of tyranny, to the love of money, the arrogance of
ostentatious, overbearing wealth, and the fascinations -of
ease and pleasure, may be reduced to Lilliputian dimen
sions. In such circumstances you would find yourselves
illy prepared for the changes of a Vermont winter ; and
in some of its sudden gales might lose your foot-hold.
By the union then of mental and bodily resoluteness
and vigor, you may with the Divine blessing, pass your
time pleasantly, and not only keep the vantage ground
given you, but rise higher.
In this way you would be qualified, and feel disposed
to keep the possession of the hills cleared and made
ready to your hands by those who have gone before you.
In this the writer uses not figurative language ; but it is
true to the letter, that many of the hilly and exposed
parts of Vermont, as it is related in the sequel, are in
danger after having been subdued, fenced, and occupied
by buildings and cultivators, of being deserted, and going
back to a state of nature, regained by the bear and
wolf. Have you not observed one and another of your
acquaintance retreating from elevated, windy positions
into the lowlands ; and taking shelter in the vallies and
cavities; behind projecting mounds and clumps of trees?
Have you not seen and known one building after another
taken down and rebuilt in a more retired, quiet place ?
Now is there not somewhat of retrograde in this ? May
it not go too far? But you will say, may we not choose
our own situation, and meliorate our circumstances ?

38 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Must we live on ground so exposed, that both hands
sometimes are scarcely enough to keep our heads cover
ed, because our fathers lived there before us ? Was it
not enough that they encountered the winds of these
unprotected ridges for half a century till their heads
were assimilated to the frosts and snows around them ?
Do we not hear it said by one and another, and our
elders too, " I have lived on this hill long enough ?"
" I mean to move down to the foot of it." — " The snow
drifts have burrowed me up here often enough ; I intend
going to a warmer country." " Must we stay, till all
leave us but such as are unable to make good their
retreat." Choice of situation in which to live, is indeed free to
all in itself considered ; and exchange of place is often
desirable and advantageous ; and many mutations have
been happily made. The writer could not but admire
the filial affection of the young man, who had made
provision to move his aged father to the flat, at the foot
of the lofty bleak hill, on which he had long toiled and
buffeted the storm of many a winter. But age had
now crippled him, and he could do little more than listen
to the howling of the tempest and look at the drifting
snow. The son was disappointed in his intentions ; for
death removed the father to another world, before he
had time to carry them into execution. In relating it,
he was grieved that his purpose had been frustrated.
Motives like these would surely justify you in doing
what you can to accommodate the aged and infirm in
retired and quiet situations, many of which are to be of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 39
found in your own state. But frequent as they are,
they are insufficient to contain all, young and old. All
cannot live upon the banks of the rivers ; or in the
ravines and openings between the mountains ; or in the
village, and centre of business. Some must dwell on
the sides and summits of the hills. As well might all
pursue similar employments, as claim like situations' as
places of residence. Agriculture is your principal pur
suit ; and the hills often present superior advantages to
the farmer. If these are to be deserted, where will be
your means of sustaining the increasing inhabitants of
the Green Mountains ? In the beauty and grandeur of
prospects, the advantage is almost exclusively on your
side as occupiers of these overlooking elevations. They
furnish summer abodes most delightful ; and enjoying
the cool and reviving breezes undulating around the
uplands and hill tops, you may commiserate those pent
up between the hills, sweltering under the scorching rays
of mid-summer's sun. Do not these advantages in a
measure compensate for the inconveniences of winter ;
and reconcile you to a hill residence even if it shall
have a northern bleak exposure ? Surely you must feel
reluctant at relinquishing entirely the high ground occu
pied by your fathers ; and give up conquests made upon
the dominions of the forests. The pride of ancestry,
and the fear of deterioration, one would think must not
only stimulate you to keep the ground already wrested
from nature ; but to make further inroads upon her terri
tories. Raise still higher the standard of subjugation ;
and let the rays of the sun into some other yet untouched

40 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
" contiguity of shade." " Green Mountain Boys," de
scendants of those, who held fast the " New Hampshire
grants," surrendering the cleared hills back to the beasts
of the forest ; and chased by the catamount, wolf and
bear to the rivers, into the lowlands and cavities of the
mountains ! Instead of following the eagle to the " clefts
of the rock," turned back by the hootings of the screech-
owl ! The stranger, perhaps the friend of your father,
from a distant state, calls on you, at your residence on
the flat, or in the valley ; perhaps a traveler from abroad.
He eyes with silent emotion the neighboring eminence.
He wishes to ascend it and view the surrounding scenery.
Your hospitable reception of him, gives him confidence
to ask you to accompany him. You cannot refuse, but
conceal your aversion to the effort. He admires the
prospect, but observes the marks of former residences ;
footsteps of an old settlement ; evidences that the hill
top on which he stands had been trod by human feet
before in the ordinary pursuits of life.
In answer to his inquiries, you have to confess the
truth ; that your predecessors cleared that hill and lived
and died upon it ; living to a good old age, robust and
hale. But say you " we could not stand it. It was too
cold, windy and snowy. We had to give it up and go
down to the flat, and valley, shielded by the surrounding
hills from the piercing northern blasts. We are more tender
and delicate than our fathers and mothers. We cannot
endure such hardships as they encountered." A compli
ment this indeed would be to them ; but a confession
from you, one would think accompanied with blushing.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 41
The following stanzas taken from the Knickerbocker,
may not be inappropriate in this place.

" THE HILLS."
" The hills ! — the " everlasting hills !"
How peerlessly they rise,
Like Earth's gigantic sentinels
Discoursing in the skies.
Hail ! Nature's storm-proof fortresses,
By freedom's children trod ;
Hail ! ye invulnerable walls,
The masonry of God !
When the dismantled pyramids
Shall blend with desert dust,
When every temple made with hands
Is faithless to its trust,
Ye shall not stoop your Titan crests,
Magnificent as now !
Till your Almighty Architect
In thunder bids you bow !
I love the torrents, strong and fierce,
That to the plain ye fling,
Which gentle flowers drink at their goal,
And eagles at their spring ;
And when arrested at their speed
By winter's wand of frost,
The brilliant and fantastic forms
In which their waves are tossed.
Glorious ye are, when noon's fierce beams
Your naked summits smite,
As o'er ye day's great lamp hangs pois'd
In cloudless chrysolite ;

42 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Glorious, when o'er ye sunset clouds
Like broidered curtains lie :
Sublime, when, through dim-moonlight, looms
Your special majesty.
I love your iron-sinewed race —
Have shared their rugged fare —
The thresholds of whose eyrie homes
Look out on boundless air :
Bold hunters, who from highest cliffs
The wild goat's trophies bring,
And crest their bonnets with the plumes
Of your aerial king !
I love the mountain maidens —
Their step's elastic spring
Is light as if some viewless bird
Upbuoyed them with its wing ;
Theirs is the wild, unfettered grace
That art hath never spoiled,
And theirs the healthful purity
That fashion hath not coiled.
Mountains ! I dwell not with ye now,
To climb ye and rejoice —
And round me boometh, as I write
A crowded city's voice ;
But oft in watches of the night,
When sleep the turmoil stills,
My spirit seems to walk abroad
Among ye, mighty hills !
Cherishing such an attachment to your native state ;
its founders and institutions, you will encourage the
literary and scientific productions of your countrymen,
rather than those of foreigners. Works of merit you will of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 43
course honor, from what quarter soever coming. But you
will not surely approve every thing of this kind because
it is foreign, nor reject it because it is American : other
things being equal, the latter should claim your prefer
ence. Even agricultural societies in awarding pre
miums, give a preference to animals of a native growth
and pure American breed. Why not do so with regard to
mental productions? Would it not be patriotic ; and a
merited frown on those publishers, who are flooding the
country with foreign reprints at a rate so cheap as to
discourage native writers ? Well may we be reproached
for the want of a national literature, so long as our
Belle-lettres, and works of science and history come
principally from abroad. Being reprinted here without
the purchasing of the copyright, Wealthy and indepen
dent book establishments can afford them cheaper than
they could similar works of our own countrymen.
For the authors must of course be paid something for
their labor, and the publication made out from manu
scripts. These reprints will continue to inundate the
reading world, so long as they are demanded and wel
comed by the public.
If your school books for improvement in reading are
filled with selections of foreign composition, will not the
rising generation be imbued with a foreign, rather than a
national literature ? Is it not time that the taste and
habit in this respect were corrected ? If we have no
writings suitable for schools, let it be known and
confessed, and the aid of foreigners humbly craved.
Besides if your school books are always, as they now

44 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
are, to be mere compilations ; consisting of as many
different subjects as chapters, what permanent effect can
they have on children and youth ? They may improve
in enunciation by the use of them ; and is not this all ?
But if works on some connected and important subject,
one of an historical narrative were placed in their hands,
they might be treasuring valuable information while
making improvement in reading. They might be laying
up facts relative to their own country, of which they
should not be ignorant.
Lend your influence and example then to patronize
meritorious scholars of your state and nation. Let the
books read in your primary schools, be those which
describe things around you ; events and historical facts,
worthy of remembrance. Let them be such as will
inspire the young with a love of their own country ;
and furnish them with the outlines of its history ; the
features of its government and institutions. See that
they are such as will imperceptibly imprint on their
minds, the very knowledge which will be wanted in
subsequent life ; and while in the pursuit of elementary
studies, furnish them with facts and illustrations not
easily forgotten. If the following pages should be found
conducive to this ; a suitable reading book for schools ;
the design of the writer will be accomplished ; and
therefore while bespeaking their candor, and favorable
regard as far as deserved, it affectionately dedicates
itself to the youth of Vermont.

45

CHAPTER II.
General description of the state. — Its name. — Surface. — Exterior
appearance. — Its shape, and boundaries. — Road from Brattle-
boro to Albany. — Scenery near Bennington and Manchester. —
Former and present stage route across the mountain. — Road on
the banks of the Battenkill, through Arlington. — Deceptive
appearance of the distant prospects. — Variegated appearance
in Rutland county and Addison. — Chimney Point. — The coun
try along Lake Champlain to Burlington and St. Albans. —
Franklin County. — Prospect from Westford. — Soil on the Con
necticut river. — On the hills and vallies east side ; and on the
westside of the mountain. — How enriched. — Interval. — Hills. —
Soil near Rutland, Middlebury and other pjaces. — Gardens and
productions of Burlington. — Franklin county compared with
other counties. — Crops produced, how abundantly. — Agricul
tural fair at Sheldon. — Cattle, beef and pork. — Dairies. — Butter,
Cheese. — How put up for market. — Wool. — Extensive flocks.
— How kept. — Honey Bee. — Patent Hive. — Sugar.
Vermont was the last settled of the New England
States ; and admitted into the Union not till after the
Revolutionary war. It is divided by the Green Moun
tains, which run from north east to south west, its
whole length ; the eastern border being washed by the
Connecticut river, and the greater part of the western
by Lake Champlain.
Its name is descriptive of the mountain which passes

46 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
through it, and was probably suggested by the evergreens
which adorn it. It is composed of two words, which
signify verdant and mountain. No state is more appro
priately named. No one in the Union has more beauti
ful and sublime mountain scenery. It presents many
interesting and magnificent prospects.
That portion of it, which is situated on the east side
of the mountain is uneven and hilly, especially in the
south eastern part, the interval on the Connecticut being
narrow. In the northern part, the surface is less un
even ; the margin on the river wide, affording rich
meadows and arable land, which are highly cultivated,
and divided into beautiful farms.
It presents on the map a figure of four unequal sides.
Theeastern line follows the winding and irregular course
of the Connecticut, and is somewhat the longer side ;
being about one hundred and ninety miles. The northern
line is that which separates it from Canada, and is more
regular, running from north east to south west, and is
about ninety miles long. The western border is also
very irregular, particularly that part washed by the waters
of Champlain, which indents it with numerous bays,
coves and inlets, forming beautiful Islands ; and a large
one called Grand Isle, and which of itself makes a
county. The southern part of this line, separating it
from New York, is more regular. On the south it is
divided from Massachusetts by a comparatively straight
line of about forty miles in length.
The southern part of the state is very uneven the
hills approaching to the very bank of the Connecticut

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 47
and almost to the line of New York. For a number of
years, the stage road from Brattleboro to Albany went
directly over the highest ridges, and in many places is
fearfully steep. The route is now more circuitous and
less arduous, following the course of streams, winding
round the hills, and leading you unexpectedly by a
gentle declivity into Bennington or Manchester, if you
wish to visit Saratoga Springs. If the present route is
less difficult and laborious, a desirable relief to the
horse, it affords fewer points of extensive and beautiful
prospects to the traveler. The original direction of the
road for twenty miles was mostly through the forest,
over steep hills, and through deep vallies, with here and
there a clearing, and a dwelling with its hospitable sign,
surmounted by a rudely carved mountaineer, brandishing
in the whistling wind, some implement of husbandry.
On its summit, the lofty beeches and birches, bear the
initials of many a traveler, which now like many other
records of this world, are overgrown with moss, and will
soon become illegible. But this route presents very
extensive and interesting prospects to the east, south,
and particularly to the west.
From the summit near Bennington the prospect at a
clear rising sun is majestic beyond description. The
rays of the sun lead your view distinctly to, and even
beyond the Helderberg, some forty miles beyond the
Hudson, and down that river below the Catskill moun
tains. The mind is filled and elated with the contem
plation, and an early ride of ten or fifteen miles to reach
this point with the rising sun, is richly rewarded by the

48 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
pleasure of the scene. It is one calculated to impress
the mind with reverential and grateful thoughts of God,
and through his works let it run up to his throne in
thanksgiving and praise.
In passing this twenty miles of steep hills, and deep
vallies, the stage required no more time than in going
over the same distance on a level road. The time lost
in going slowly up the steeps, was regained in going
rapidly down the declivities. So rapid was the descent,
that one needed steady nerves to abide it ; and yet no
instance of being upset on this most difficult place of
crossing the Green Mountains has been known, while on
the level road from Bennington to Troy it has often
been overturned. This mountain turnpike had become
so proverbial, that a gentleman from Boston, passing it
with his horse and chaise, said, " that if he had found
it no more than perpendicular, he would have been
satisfied ; but coming to the places where it leaned the
other way, it was hard scratching." But this is now
one of the deserted ways of this w6rld, and the new
way runs a more easy course, and none need hesitate
encountering it.
The scenery around Manchester is delightful ; and
to a stranger, very impressive. Indeed on visiting it for
the first time, one is surprised that the inhabitants are
apparently so unconscious of the unusual delineations of
nature with which they are surrounded. One sees not
how they can pursue their ordinary occupations and
keep their eyes from becoming fixed on the interesting
scenes, which the Spring, and Summer and Autumn

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 49
present them. But Winter too, has its attractions in her
snows and frosts which cover these lofty eminences,
rendering them in appearance still more elevated and
grand, overhanging the shrubbery and evergreens with
their white drapery.
In the sultry season of July and August, the traveler,
returning from Saratoga Springs, crossing the Hudson
near the battle ground at Stillwater ; and passing through
Unionville, has a delightful entrance into Vermont. The
road running on the banks of Battenkill, and it seems
difficult for art, having ample means at command, to
contrive a route more engaging, or better calculated to
please and animate the mind through the medium of the
eye. The interchange of sun and shade ; of gentle
rising hills ; and of pleasant vallies ; of water flowing
smoothly along in one place ; and in another, murmuring
over the rocks and precipices, becomes more and more
interesting as you leave the borders of New York. In
passing through Arlington, the road on the margin of
the river is nearly level, but skirted by gradually ascend
ing hills and mountains ; and in the sultry sun of Au
gust, the scenery around you will animate and cheer
you, leaving impressions on your mind not easily effaced.
You will remember a ride through Arlington during the
fiery reign of Sirius, as long as you live. In some
places the ascent from the stream and road seem so
gradual and regular, that one would think them the
work of art; in another, so abrupt and disjointed and
irregular are the eminences and ridges, that the spectator
regards them as the works of nature in one of her wild-
4

50 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
est freaks. Here you see a gradual mounting up into
the atmosphere at an angle of 45°, and as regular as the
roof of a building. , Then again you behold ragged,
conical mounds running up into the upper regions, sepa
rated from one another by deep ravines, and dark gulfs.
On the one hand, hills are covered with evergreens,
intermingled with beech and maple ; on the other, the
bold cliffs of granite and limestone glisten in the sun.
These prominences shoot up before and around each
other without the least regard to courtesy or deference ;
for the more lofty and bulky ones obtrude their bodies
athwart the smaller, raising their menacing heads above
them, intercepting the rays of the sun, and casting them
into the shade. But this uncourtliness of nature affords
not the less enjoyment to the spectator, for it gives him
a pleasing interchange of light and shade, as far as the
eye can reach, and constantly varying as the sun appears
to move from east to west. Now and then your eye
lights upon a vast, deep, circular concavity ; one half of
it bright wiih the sun's rays, and the other dark by the
shade of the interposing trees and rocks.
The traveler moves leisurely forward on a compara
tively smooth and level road, running alternately both
sides of the Battenkill, the scenery on either hand
beguiling his fatigue, and the heat of the summer sun.
The prospects around are enchanting, but somewhat
delusive like those of human life to the inexperienced
youth. He sees before him a representation of the
difference between anticipation and reality ; between
viewing objects in the distance, and actually approaching

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 51
them. For should the traveler undertake to ascend
these eminences, which skirt his way, and seem so gently
rising and so uniform, he would find how deceitful is
the appearance. Steep and arduous will he find the
ascent, which seems so gradual and easy of access ; rug
ged and broken too, instead of smooth and continuous.
His way will be often unexpectedly entangled by under
brush and briars ; obstructed by ravines and fallen trees,
and projecting rocks. The circular cavities, which
appear to exclude the burning rays of the sun, inviting
him to the cool, shady retreat to rest his limbs, he may
find the lurking places of wild beasts, and the venomous
reptiles. Such is the difference between human life in
the prospect and in the sober reality ; and many a youth
has experienced it in his contact with scenes and events
of meridian and declining life.
But such reflections improved, enable the civic trav
eler to hold on his way rejoicing ; and looking forward
to the end of his pilgrimage when he shall see no more;
as through a glass darkly, but as face to face.
He is grateful for a sight now and then of the beauty
and grandeur of the world which God has made ; and'
waits with patience for the prospects and landscapes of
that better country ; that heavenly inheritance, which is
incorruptibh, undefiled, andfadeth not away.
As you proceed through Dorsett and Paulett, simi
lar high ridges and deep broad vallies attract your atten
tion. Your eye is riveted ; and your mind can ascend
in gratitude and reverence to the Maker of this world
with all its varied beauty and magnificence. Indeed

52 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the west side of the mountain is more bold and striking
than the eastern, especially in Bennington county and
the south part of Rutland.
Leaving this interesting region, as you go north, you
approach the head of Champlain. The scenery now
somewhat changes, but continues to inspire the mind
with pleasing and elevating sensations. Deep ravines,
or rather gulfs, in many places make their way from the
sides of the mountain to the borders of the Lake. They
seem like passages for the waters which fill its bed, and"
once gushed out, as it were, from the fountains, which
abound in the everlasting hills of this state.
Passing through Rutland you enter Addison county ;
and taking the road on the borders of the Lake, you have
delightful views on either hand. On your right, the
distant mountains, with their diversified appearance
of hills and vallies, of pines and firs, and maple and
beech, with all their various intermingling forest trees
and shrubbery. On your left, the surface of the Lake
presents itself to you in a great variety of shapes and
dimensions, winding its way between this and the state
of New York. Its waters alternately expanding and
contracting ; widening in one place as far as the eye
can reach ; and in another apparently narrow enough
for a rifle to throw a ball over it, you are presented- with
its endlessly diversified shores, and numerous islands,
which dot its surface. — Many of these have traditionary
and significant names ; and the various points and pro
jections ; and inlets and bays are known distinctly to the
mariner and steam boat captain, as the mile stones of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 53
the turnpike to the mail carrier ; or the Railroad Depot
to the conductors of the cars.
Going in this direction you reach the town of Addi
son ; and on the shore a bold irregular projection, called
Chimney Point; a brick tenement with its hospitable
sign, an interesting spot on which to pass a rainy day.
The opposite shore is classic ground ; and the sun
coming out of the clouds, you can almost see the remains
of the forts of Crown Point. This is a spot to run the
mind into sober and salutary contemplation ; and delay
the traveler a day or two, to visit the opposite shore ; and
look at the works of martial bands long since disbanded
and motionless in the grave.
The late Br. Griffin, a short time before his death, spent
several days here unattended, viewing the scenery, and
the mementos of past and interesting events and trans
actions. This significant Point and the opposite shore,
have been honored also by the footsteps' and pen of Dr.
Dwight.
Pursuing your course northward, you enter Chittenden
county ; and enjoy the pictured scenery of Charlotte,
and other places, keeping your eye on the waters of
Champlain, enlivened by the passing and repassing of
sail boats ; and of the dark, smoking steamer. You are
now drawing near Burlington bay, the road curving
round this beautiful basin, so to speak, of water, and
leading you abruptly and unexpectedly to the brow of
the hill overlooking the pleasant town of Burlington ;
one of the most pleasant in New England. It is about

54 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
a mile square, situated on a declivity, descending gradu
ally to the shore of the Lake, westward. The view of
the Lake from the summit of this declivity is very im
pressive. With the advantage of the morning sun, the
naked eye can see the shores, and white buildings of
Keysville, twenty miles distant, and almost to the place
of M'Donough's victory over the British fleet near
Plattsburg. Leaving Burlington, you soon come within the limits
of Franklin county, which borders on Canada. The
prospect south and west from the town of Westford, is
one of the finest, even in this state ; abounding as it does,
in situations the most enchanting and romantic. " Bur
lington, fourteen miles distant, and a large portion of the
Lake, appear to the naked eye from the elevation in the
south part of this town [Westford] ; and the expanse
beyond to the horizon fills the mind with emotions
bordering on the sublime. You are fixed in the contem
plation ; and reluctantly leave the ground, affording such
a display of unusual beauty and grandeur. But your
way is to St. Albans, the principal town in this county.
You find it situated on a level plat; and the ground
around it even, excepting a gradual slope four miles to
the Lake shore. The view of Champlain from it, is far
less distinct and commanding than at Burlington. But
the place is pleasant ; the main street long, regular,
broad, and the buildings on it compact. Instead of a
stinted, frozen village, which its Hyperborean situation
would lead you to apprehend, you might think yourself

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 55
in the main street of some large place or city. But
having passed through this street, you have seen most of
the village.
Shelden and Enosburgh are towns in this part of the.
state, which afford great variety of appearance, many
interesting points of view, and much attractive scenery.
Missisquai river passes through this county. — Its cur
rent, and banks and adjacent meadows and hills are ob
jects of much curiosity to the traveler. Indeed one is
ready to give the preference to this northern county, to
any one in the state, in an agricultural point of view.
The land is warm and rich ; and as early in producing
many crops, and more so than the southern part.
The land in Vermont, taken together, is good. In
some parts it is rich and very productive. On the east
side of the mountain, bordering immediately the Con
necticut, the soil is either a loam, or alluvial. At a dis
tance from the river, particularly in the south eastern
part, it becomes what is called hard-pan. But this is a
soil deep and strong, retaining long the manure applied
to it. Extensive intervals, affording beautiful and pro
ductive farms, are found in Putney, Windsor, Newbury,
Bradford, and other places. The vallies and hollows
interspersed among the mountains and hills, are gene
rally very fertile, and of easy cultivation. The soil is
a vegetable mould ; and kept in good heart, by the
wash of the surrounding hills. Indeed nature seems to
have provided a kind of compensation to this state for
this inland position. The low lands are constantly more
or less watered and enriched from the neighboring emi-

56 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
nences and ridges. Leaves falling annually and decay
ing, and trees broken down by storms, or yielding to
age, decomposing, form a mould, which being washed
down by the rains, and the dissolving of the snow iu the
spring, affords a yearly coat of good manure. In the
absence of floodings by large rivers, this is no inconsider
able annual recruiting of the soil.
On the west side of the mountain the soil in many
places is argillaceous ; in others a mixture of clay and
loam, particularly in Bennington, Rutland, and Addison
counties. Here in the spring, and after heavy rains, the
traveling is bad, particularly on what is called the Lake
road. But the soil is very rich and productive. Fine
tracts of land are seen in Rutland, Middlebury, Shore
ham, Bridport, Addison, Vergennes, and other places.
In Chittenden county the soil is more loamy ; and iff
some parts of it sandy. But on the hanks on Onion
river is found some first rate land. In Burlington the
soil is warm and early, producing most kinds of vegeta
bles and fruits that grow and come to maturity in any
part of New England. In the village itself, the soil is
somewhat various, but generally of a dark rich color
mellow and very productive, resembling that of Weth-
ersfield, Ct. Going there in- autumn you may see,
and the writer has witnessed it more than once the
gardens full of the richest kinds of vegetables for the
table; and flowers to light the eye and regale the
senses ; and the fruit trees bending with the pressure of
the choicest fruit. You will see cauliflowers, and Lima
beans growing to as great perfection as in New Haven

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 57
Ct. ; and melons like those of Long Island. The
apples, so large, and of such flavor ; the peach and pear
and plum, so sound and full and delicious, you will find,
that you may almost forget your northern position, and
think yourself as far south as Newport, R. I.
Franklin is the last county in this direction, but not
the least fertile of soil. On the contrary for the pur
poses of agriculture, it is probably the best in the state.
The soil is a mixture of loam, and marl, and clay slightly,
forming ground pleasant to till ; and yielding rich and
abundant crops. Excellent farms are found in St.
Albans, Swanton, Shelden, Enosburg, and Montgomery.
Indeed no town here can be named without them ; and
the great business of the inhabitants of this county is
agriculture ; and what is connected immediately with
it. The writer witnessed at a fair in Shelden, October,
1838, a collection of horned cattle, and other domestic
animals, and many specimens of home manufacture, and
productions of the soil, which would do no discredit to
the most favored parts of New England.
With regard to rocks and stones, aside from numerous
ridges and mounds, and caverns of the Green Mountains
strictly, which, to the end of time never will be tilled ;
it may be said that no more are found generally through
out the state than are wanted for fences, and building ;
and other similar purposes. They impede tillage but in
very few places.
The land on the Connecticut, and for several miles
back, produces large crops of corn ; and thence to the
summit of the mountain, potatoes and oats in abundance ;

58 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and summer wheat moderately. Far less winter wheat
is raised now than formerly, in the whole eastern range
of the state. Considerable winter wheat is raised on the
west side of the mountain where corn and the other
grains grow luxuriantly. The grass crops are abundant
in almost every part of the state. No country produces
grass more abundantly or of a better quality of hay than
Vermont. Thus it is, and by their fine grazing upland
pastures ; and esculent roots, that the farmers are ena
bled to fatten so much beef and pork, which is one great
source, perhaps the principal one, of their sustenance and
profit. These are of good quality, and do not come be
hind, in market, those of other states. Their beef in
Boston generally has the preference.
Butter and cheese also are sources of income to the
husbandmen. Great quantities of both go to the New
York market by water conveyance and thence to the
south. This is a business pursued extensively on both
sides of the mountain ; and to Boston is carried gene
rally what is made in the eastern, -and some of that in
the western part of the state. But the largest dairies are
found south of the mountain, particularly in Addison,
Chittenden and Franklin counties ; and the cheese
mongers from New York make their appearance in those
quarters in the Autumn with more smiling countenances
than the Yorkers formerly did ; claiming farms and tene
ments, which would not come at their bidding. You
will see at this season, great quantities of these articles,
carried from every part of these counties, and from
Lamoille, in casks made on purpose. The casks for the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 59
cheese resemble somewhat the cider barrel, but of less
dimensions ; and more tapering at the ends. The largest
cheeses are placed in the centre, and those of less cir
cumference gradually each way to the ends ; and thus in
a close, compact state, they are easily handled and pre
served from damage in carrying them to the remote parts
of the country.
Some of the dairy establishments in these counties are
extensive ; forty, fifty, and sometimes sixty cows being
kept by one farmer ; with great conveniences for the
business, every thing connected with them, neat, cleanly
and in good order. The articles of this kind going from
these places, are of excellent flavor ; and being stamped,
find a favorable reception wherever they go.
The rearing of sheep, and wool growing, as it is called,
is also an increasing business and affording at times no
small income and profit. Great facilities exist here for
the keeping of large flocks of this useful animal. The
grass growing on the elevated places, is the very food
on which they best thrive ; and much land may be thus
possessed, which could not be in any other way. It is
inaccessible to man for the purposes of culture, plowing
and sowing. For if the owners occasionally and par
tially ascend them so as to call their flocks into the lower
parts, for the purpose of salting them, it is as much as
can be expected. Having in the spring surmounted
their wall fence with branches of the hemlock, so handy
and effectual to enclose them safely in their own pre
cincts, they permit them to ramble at leisure over the
precipices and high lands, till the winter drives them to

60 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
seek quarters in the barn-yard. If the winters should
be hard and long, a thing not unknown in these regions,
these boughs of the hemlock, and the tender branches
of other trees, help to prolong the forage, sometimes
scanty and failing ; the former of which affords the sheep
occasionally a welcome and nourishing sustenance. If
spring sometimes comes late, it comes doubly dear to
man and beast ; and the long lowing of the herds and
bleating of the flocks around their stalls and folds, wel
come " the time of the singing of birds and the voice of
the turtle."
Some flocks of several hundreds, and in a few in
stances of thousands, are owned by individuals ; and those
yielding fine and substantial wool. Such large flocks
are found, it is believed, more often on the east side of
the mountain. Wool growing however is much attend
ed to on the other side ; and if its price should be estab
lished at a fair rate, it would become a source of great
and increasing income to the state. For the income and
prosperity of individuals, is the wealth of the community,
of whom it is composed.
The honey bee is not forgotten by many judicious
farmers ; whole yards and orchards are sometimes adorn
ed with Weeks's patent hive, with its brass rings and
knobs ; its slides and drawers ; with lock and key, so
contrived that honey may be taken out any time with
out destroying the busy makers of it. Since the inven
tion of that hive considerable quantities of excellent
honey are carried to market ; and it commands a quick
sale ; so clear and transparent the comb, and so rich its

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 61
flavor. The enterprising inventor still lives and resides
in Salisbury. In 1838, the writer had the pleasure of
seeing his Apiary ; some twenty or thirty beautiful patent
hives of his own construction, neatly ornamented ; and
placed singly over a surface of two or three acres, and
under fruit, or ornamental shade trees. The appearance
was beautiful. Nor was the eye alone gratified ; but
substantial profit derived to the owner ; and in melting
strains regaled the taste of his visitors and customers.
It was a sight to be coveted by the Mantuan Bard, who
so sweetly sung the praises of bees ; their habits and
customs and wars ; their position and judicious manage
ment. But he would have seen, if not additional traits
and political science in these mimic nations, the triumph
of modern, and Yankee invention in constructing their
habitations, and dispossessing them bloodlessly of the
labors of their hands. The example of this enterprising
man is extensively followed in this vicinity. Indeed the
procuring of honey by the multiplication of bees is be
coming more and more a business throughout the state ;
particularly, the north western part. The flavor of the
honey here made is mellow and delicious. Nothing can
be more palatable. The flower of buck wheat has not
yet become so accessible lo the bees as to injure their
honey by giving it an unpleasant, heated taste. The
sweet extracted from clover is doubtlessly the most deli
cious ; and a second crop might be raised so as to accom
modate the honeybee the latter part of the season ; and
at the same time to promote agricultural improvements.

62 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
The flowers and foliage of the various forest trees afford
ample room for this far traveling, and inquisitive little
busy body. That he finds sources of storing his cells in
the forest, is evident from his so often visiting them, and
finding there his home. From the Knickerbocker.
THE BEES OF ST. SIMONS. ,
For several years the bees have deposited their honey in the tower of the
Church on Saint Simon's Island, off the coast of Georgia. The Rector, Rev.
Mr. Walker, has regularly sold the honey, and sent the proceeds to the Mis
sionary Funds. There lies far in the bosom of the seas,
An Island fair ;
All summer long the patient little bees
Are busy there.
The honey which they gather in their rounds,
Buzzing from flower to flower,
They hoard it in a quaint bee hive they 've found
In the old church tower.
Their store is taken every year, nor do
The bees complain ;
They know that God will send, next spring, a new
Supply again.
The produce of their careful gatherings goes
To men in lands abroad,
Who preach " glad tidings of great joy" to those
Who know not God.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 63
Like Jonathan, when panting he did roam
The hungry waste,
How was he quickened when an honey comb
He did but taste ;
So to those weary laborers on lone shores,
This humble hive supplies
The luscious droppings of its annual stores
To light their eyes.
Poor Christian ! e'en in such small flock as these,
A lesson see !
Doth God take such good care for tiny bees,
Yet none for thee ?
Then say not Little-Faith, thou hast no power
To gather honey too ;
All round thee bloom the flowers, and every flower
Is filled with dew.

The making of sugar, also, from the maple so abundant
in this state, is a business of considerable extent. It is
becoming more and more an object with the farmers
here not only to supply themselves with this article of
domestic use and comfort, but a portion to spare to their
neighbors. The expense of fuel to boil away the sap
has prevented many from engaging in this business.
But the sheet iron boilers lately invented and now exten
sively used, have in a measure, removed this objection ;
and, in future, the beautiful maple trees of Vermont will
be better husbanded and less carelessly reduced to ashes.
This sugar is becoming better and better manufactured ;
and when made in the best manner must take the prece-

64 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
dence of all common brown sugars in use. The maple
molasses is decidedly the best flavored.
As early as 1794, according to Dr. Williams, was
made in Cavendish, by eighty-three families, 14,080'
pounds of maple sugar.
It is now stated on good authority ; (the census of
the United States) ; " that next to Louisiana, the state
of Vermont is the greatest sugar-producing state in the
Union ! The amount of maple sugar produced in 1840,
was over 2,559 tons, being over 17| pounds to each in
habitant, allowing a population of 291,948. At five
cents a pound this is worth $253,963 20. This quan
tity is far below that produced this year, (1842,) and
it may be safely estimated, that the sugar produced this
season, will, at the low price of five cents a pound, be
worth a million of dollars."

65

CHAPTER III.
First settlement. — Remains of forts. — Claimed hy Massachusetts,
and New Hampshire. — Limits. — Orders of the crown to the
Governor of New .Hampshire to take direction of its settle
ment. — Wentworth's grant for the settlement of Bennington. —
Previous commencement by the French on Champlain. — Claimed
by New York. — Collision and violence threatened. — Courts in
terrupted. — Systematic opposition to the claims of New York,
headed by Ethan Aljen. — His character, associated with Seth
Warner. — Deputation to Great Britain. — Royal interdict, dis
regarded by New York. — Measures to arrest Allen and his
associates. — The progress of things hastened by the home
government. — Under sanction of the first Congress, the royal
courts interrupted. — Court house at Westminster seized, blood
shed and death. — Excitement. — Battle of Lexington. — War of
the Revolution. — Contest suspended between New York and
these settlers. — Their singular position, without regular govern
ment. — Convention. — Constitution adopted. — Petition to Con
gress. — Claiming independence. — Opposed by New York. —
Perplexing to Congress. — Their evasive and dilatory policy. —
Leave given to withdraw their petition. — Burgoyne on their
frontier. — Their independence admitted by New Hampshire. —
Proposed state in the valley of the Connecticut. — Claimed by
Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York at the same
time. — Disturbances in the southeastern sectidn. — The decision
of the question claimed by Congress. ,i.
In that portion of the United States called Vermont,.
settlements were commenced in the south eastern part]

66 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
on Connecticut river, about a mile below Brattleboro.
; A fort was erected, which was called Dummer ; from
which the town of Dummerston probably derived its
name. Remains of this fortification are yet visible. It
was built, and the clearing of the ground in the vicinity
undertaken by the government of Massachusetts, in 1724.
But the claim of this state to this territory was soon con
tested by New Hampshire, whose government insisted
that her jurisdiction went as far west as that of her sister
state ; that is, within twenty miles of the river Hudson.
This was the boundary between Massachusetts and New
York, as determined in the reign of George II. 1740.
Indeed by the orders of the home government, the
Governor of New Hampshire was authorized to take
charge of this fortification. His name was Benning
Wentworth. He soon after, in 1749, caused a township
to be settled on the west side of the mountain, which is
now Bennington. Under his dictation many other town
ships were surveyed and settled, not only on the west
side of the Connecticut ; but westward within twenty
miles of the Hudson, and along the shores of Lake
Champlain. A fort at Crown Point had been previously
built by the French from Montreal ; and a settlement
commenced on the opposite side of the Lake, as early
as 1631.
The title to these lands was disputed by the govern
ment of New York, which claimed the whole of this
territory, even to the Connecticut, by a previous grant
from the Crown of Great Britain. She claimed not only
jurisdiction, but the right. of making void the doings of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 67
New Hampshire ; and turning off the clearers of the
ground and cultivators of the soil. This produced very
unhappy consequences. New York established courts
of justice over the disputed district ; and decisions were
obtained in favor of the new claimants. But it was
almost impossible to execute them. Opposition, violence
and bloodshed threatened the confusion and ruin of this
hardy and enterprising population. In many instances,
the proceedings of the courts were interrupted and the
doors closed.
No serious opposition would have been made to the
government of New York if the title to their lands had
been acknowledged. It was a mistake that such a policy
was not pursued. Cupidity it is feared was the strong
motive, controlling the considerations of prudence and
experience, and in the end defeating its own object.
New Hampshire, it seems, had as good a right to make
the grants, which she did, as New York. Indeed her
right was more plausible.
Having paid a fair price for their farms ; erected
dwellings for their families, and made improvements on
their lands, these husbandmen could not brook the idea
of purchasing them a second time, or being driven from
them. The authorities of New York might have fore
seen that resistance and conflict would result from per
severance in executing ejectments. Had they been con
firmed in their possessions as they expected ; and had
reason to expect from the language in which the New
York claim was first announced, Vermont as an inde
pendent Sovereignty might nevef have existed.

68 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
But Providence, who directs infinitely better than the
utmost sagacity and wisdom of man, called from retire
ment men of the stamp required by the times. Among
others was conspicuous Ethan Allen, who took a decided
stand against the encroachments of New York. He
was a man of athletic frame ; and of mind naturally
vigorous and energetic. Rough indeed, like the face of
nature around hira, but a friend to the oppressed ; bid
ding defiance to the oppressor and tyrant ; resolute and
unyielding in his purposes. He had looked at the
threatening posture, which affairs were assuming ; and
deliberately made up his mind in favor of the claimants,
under New Hampshire. He offered himself to their
service ; and they accepted him as a leader ; and a more
suitable one they could not have selected. In his plain,
unadorned style, he wrote and disseminated pamphlets
on the injustice and cupidity of the New York measures.
Without mental culture he expressed his sentiments and
feelings in bold, severe, not to say rough language ; but
it was in a manner suited to the undisciplined minds, to
whom it was addressed ; and best calculated to have an
abiding influence on them — He was frank and open-
hearted, scorning meanness, resorting to the spilling of
blood when all other expedients failed. His energetic
writings produced a powerful effect on his fellow-suf
ferers of the mountain regions. He soon found in Seth
Warner a suitable coadjutor ; whose calmness and deli
beration and forecast came in opportunely to temper his
vehemence, and impetuosity. Equally hostile to the
measures of New York, they soon organized a syste-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 69
matic opposition to them. Being beset by an officer as
a rioter, Warner acted on the defensive, and soon brought
the assailant to his feet, but took not his life. '
So serious and critical was the state of things at this
period, that Samuel Robinson, James Brackenbridge, and
a Mr. Hawley were sent to England to lay the matter
before the king. In 1763, an interdict was sent to the
Governor of New York, " to stay all legal proceedings
on the disputed ground till his majesty's farther pleasure
shall be known concerning the same. The authorities
of New York did not yield obedience to this order ; but
pursued their former course of turning the possessors
from their tenements. The state of things soon became
as bad as it was, if not worse, than before this royal in
terposition. Indeed a hasty, not to say oppressive law
was passed by New York, " requiring submission to
their orders in seventy days on penalty of death !" and
offering fifty pounds for the heads of Ethan Allen, Seth
Warner, and six others. This placed them under the
ban of proscription.
It led to a general meeting by delegates of the inha
bitants on the west side of the mountain, who parsed
spirited resolutions, and adopted measures of self-defence.
If the tone taken was a high one, they thought that cir
cumstances required it; and. that the measure of their
sufferings and indigrtities was full, and called for the
language of menace. They yet confined their opposi
tion to the grievance of being deprived of their lands.
In all civil and criminal transactions, they were willing
that the laws of New York should prevail. The pro-

70 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
scribed ones, however, took higher grounds, and said
publicly ; " we will kill and destroy any person, or per
sons whomsoever, that shall presume to be accessory, or
aiding in taking any of us."
The oppressive acts of the home government, about
this time, relative to the American Colonies, increased
the difficulties attending this controversy. The first
Congress, called by the colonies sanctioned the resist
ance of court edicts when inconsistent with the freedom
and rights of the people. The royal courts thus met
with much interruption and delay in their business;
The court house in Westminster on the day of the
court's opening, was found occupied by a number of
men, who prevented the judges and their attendants
from taking their seats. The sheriff and his associates,
however, took with them soldiers, and in the dead of
night went again to the house ; and during the contest
at the doors, the men within were fired upon by the
soldiers. William French, a young man belonging to
Brattleboro, was killed on the spot ; and several others
wounded. This rash act irritated the people very much ;
and a large assemblage soon after convened at West
minster, and under a high state of excitement, as might
be expected, passed indignant resolutions ; and even
arrested some of the court party, and caused them to be
imprisoned at Northampton, Mass.
The mind shudders at the thought of what mio-ht have
been the consequences of this state of affairs between
New York and this people. For as a body they were
arrayed against her; and the horrors of civil war seemed

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 71
inevitable. But Providence interposed, and turned
aside the impending evil by calling both parties to look
at a common enemy, to unite their efforts to oppose
him. The 19th of April, 1775, came ; and the bloodshed
at Lexington aroused the Americans, and called away
their attention from minor difficulties to the all-absorbing
question of war with the mother country, and indepen
dence from her oppressive yoke. The bold spirit of
Allen, with Warner and others, now suspended his
pursuit of the Yorkers ; and sought contact with the
British regulars. As early as May, he raised a body of
men in this insulated district, and surrounded the Eng
lish fortresses at Crown Point and Ticonderoga ; and, as
it is said, "in the name of God almighty, and by
authority of the Continental congress," demanded their
surrendry. He accompanied Montgomery to St. Johns
and Montreal; was taken and held a prisoner a long
time, enduring much hardship and suffering. Warner
engaged with all his heart in this struggle and had the
command offered him by congress of a regiment to be
raised on this territory.
This people now presented a singular spectacle. New
York had relinquished, or rather relaxed her hold on
them ; and New Hampshire withdrawn her jurisdiction
from them ; and they were left, each one, to do what
seemed right in his own eyes.
The whole tract from the north line of Massachusetts,
west of Connecticut river to the borders of Canada ;
and from the west bank of that river to Champlain, and

72 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
within twenty miles of the Hudson on the south west,
was without any form of civil government. The whole
country at the same time was engaged in a war with
Great Britain ; and its inhabitants termed rebels. They
had confidence in one another ; but distrusted their
neighbors, those especially, who wished them to pay
twice for their lands ; or give them up with all their
improvements to strangers, and seek another home. For
a considerable period they lived in this state of pure'
democracy, or rather of untrammeled nature. But there
was no complaint of treachery and violence and murder,
and rapine and conflagration among them. They seemed
to follow tbe suggestions of conscience, and the principles
of justice and equity derived from education and habit ;
and especially from the word of God. The persecutions
which they suffered, or thought they suffered externally;
or from beyond their own limits, made them more
attached to their hills and vallies, and the more love to
each other. By tacit consent they submitted to the
directions of the aged and experienced ; and to a kind
of government by common acquiescence. Their magis
trates were such only in name ; being unable " to show
by what authority they did those things."
Let the question be repeated, what outbreaking dis
orders took place among themselves in this state of
interregnum or rather of no rule ? Can history present a
similar example of so large a body of people without a
form of government, and going on so long, and with so
little internal jealousy, and so few flagrant disorders?
It was like a school forsaken of their proper teacher-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 73
and the attention of the one, who had usurped his place,
and was disannulling his doings, being called off by
some great and menacing evil, and which called for the
undivided exercise of his mind, and exertion of his body.
They keep each one his place ; and follow the cause to
which they had been accustomed ; and gladly and
kindly condescend to teach each other, and patiently
endure some inconvenience in consideration of enjoying
a respite from the ferule and rod of the usurper.
But it is not meant by these remarks that such a state
of things could be safely trusted for any considerable
period. The evils of anarchy would soon show their
name Legion. Nor is it intended that civil government
is not -indispensable ; and a good one an inestimable
blessing. Far be the thought of conveying any such
sentiment. As far be the thought that a school would
long go on profitably and happily without the govern
ment of a lawful teacher ; or even after having obtained
a temporary relief from the perplexities of arbitrary and
contradictory rules.
So this people themselves viewed the subject ; and
took early means to shun the vortex, to which the
current of affairs was rapidly hurrying them. They
place before Congress their situation ; express their
readiness to take a part in the war against Great Britain,
and bear their proportion of the expense. They ask to
be called upon as the inhabitants of the New Hampshire
grants, and not as under the jurisdiction of New York.
A decisive answer to this petition was waved by Con
gress ; but the communication served to wake up the

74 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
slumbering jealousy of New York ; and a revival of the
controversy was threatened. This condition of things
induced the more resolute and determined of the inhabi
tants of this province to attempt the establishment of a
government. They took measures to hold, and suc
ceeded in holding a convention of fifty-one delegates
at Dorsett, July 24th, 1776. In January, 1777, another
was called and assembled at Westminster, consisting of
delegates from both the east and west side of the moun
tain. Here it was resolved to form themselves into a
distinct state, to be called New Connecticut, alias Ver
mont; discarding all connexion with New York; and
all who favored her claims. The principles of the con
stitution were to be equally free and democratic with
those of the other states of the Union.
Of this their intention to become a free and indepen
dent state, they respectfully advised Congress in a
suitable manifesto, and a petition that they might be
received into the number of the states, and on equal
grounds. Thomas .Crittenden, Heman Allen, and Reu
ben Jones were the bearers of this petition. This was
the right step, and taken at the right time. They had
the same right to assume a place among the other states
that Congress, in behalf of the nation, had among the
nations of the earth. New Hampshire, their rightful
parent, had deserted them; and New York in their
opinion interloped into a relation, which they could not
acknowledge. It was becoming in them to let the gene
ral government know their object, and to ask their
interposition in their behalf. Freedom from oppression

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 75
and the sweets of liberty were the watchword throughout
these colonies ; and it would have been too invidious to
deny these borders on the green mountains the opportu
nity of urging their claims to such a blessing.
It was a perplexing question to Congress to know
what to do for, or say to them. They did not wish to
disaffect New York ; a powerful state, and exerting great
influence in the councils of the nation. The contest
with Great Britain called for the united strength of the
country. Hence their cautious, evasive and delaying
policy relative to these petitioners. New York remon
strated in strong language against their independence ;
claimed them as a part of their state, and represented
them as in a state of rebellion against lawful authority.
They seemed desirous to prejudice Congress against the
leaders in those measures, particularly Col. Warner,
whose commission they would have taken from him, and
that of tbe officers under him.
This state of things in this province attracted atten
tion more or less in the whole country, and called forth
the sympathy of many in their behalf. Addresses were
sent them by distinguished individuals in various places.
In this way they were assured that many leading men
in Congress were friendly to their cause. These public
communications sent to them, but increased the more
opposition in the government of New York. The one
from Philadelphia signed by Thomas Young, particu
larly attracted their attention, and was commented upon
severely before Congress. So determined and persever-

76 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
ing appeared this state, that the national councils were
induced to yield to their solicitations ; and give leave to
Vermont to withdraw their petition ; and directed them
to submit to their claimants. But they still adhered to
their resolution of being an independent state, and
imputed the proceedings of Congress on this subject to
the influence of New York.
About this time. Burgoyne made his appearance on
the northern border, producing great consternation in the
towns on the west side of the mountain. The provincial
government of Vermont made application to New
Hampshire for assistance, which was readily granted ;
and a communication addressed to Ira Allen, Secretary
of State, recognizing them as an independent community.
This was noble ; and encouraged them to hope that it
would operate as an inducement to other states to
acknowledge their independence. But it prepared the
way for new difficulties ; for New Hampshire herself
revived her slumbering claim to this territory. Indeed
the project soon came up of having a state organized in
the Connecticut river valley, consisting of the eastern
part of Vermont and the western of New Hampshire.
So far was this measure pursued that sixteen towns on
the east side of the river were represented in convention*
at Cornish, N. H., Dec. 9th, 1778. This plan was frus
trated by the prudence and seasonable action of the
Vermont government ; withdrawing, as they did, all
connexion with it, and making known immediately this
resolution to the New Hampshire authorities. But this

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 77
very generous deed of the Green Mountaineers was not
met with a corresponding spirit on the part of her
neighbor. For she soon after set up her claim to this
whole territory ; and even urged it before Congress ;
New York at the same time renewing her demands so
often made. So simultaneous were these movements on
the part of these two states, that the yankee trait of
conjecture was awakened in the Vermonters ; and they
began to think that a scheme was plotting between the
granite boys and their Dutch neighbors, to divide their
territory between them, making the summit of the moun
tain the line of division.
Here Massachusetts, who had been a silent spectator,
interposed, and urged her claim to this disputed ground.
She found it not difficult to make out a plausible story
in her behalf, especially as the boundary between her
and New York had never been fixed. These mountain
eers then found their claim to these lands confronted by
those of three others, New York, Massachusetts, and
New Hampshire. The shades of uncertainty and doubt
seemed to thicken around them.
The measures of New York in the southern part of
the state, now Windham county, were assuming a dis
play of military coercion, a body of five hundred men,
being in readiness to execute the orders of the court.
But the freemen of this county, as a body, were not the
men to be easily intimidated; or to give up their rights
at the brandishing of the sword, or the array of bay
onets. Col. E. Allen at the head of a body of Ver-

78 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
monters soon captured the commanding officer of thia
force and his associates, and dispersed their men.
Clinton, the governor of New York, soon brought the
affair before the councils of the nation and demanded
their interposition. Commissioners were appointed to
visit the ground ; and two out of the five designated,.
one of whom was Dr. Witherspoon, went to Benning
ton. But their efforts to effect a settlement were
ineffectual. Congress now began to see that this business required
their attention in earnest.
They asked the parties, New York, New Hampshire,
and Massachusetts, who were for appropriating, or dis
membering this district, to submit the dispute to their deci
sion, and suspend enforcing there the execution of their
laws. They recommended it to the people, who styled
themselves Vermonters, not to molest the adherents to
either of the other states in peacebly pursuing their
respective callings and duties. The critical position of
the colonies relative to the mother country was the
cause of this undecided, dilatory, congressional policy.
The course recommended was impracticable, especially
on the ground in dispute. It was like establishing four
distinct, independent jurisdictions in the same territory,
and over the same people. The Vermenter, the Yorker,
the adherent to Massachusetts and that of the granite
state might be found neighbors locally; but were for
eigners and sojourners in their political sympathies and
relations. It might have been more than Ishmaelitish ;

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 79
for not only every man's hand would have been against
all around him ; and all around against him ; but against
one another at the same time. The assumptions of
New York, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts not
only clashed with each other, but each and all three
with those of Vermont.

80

CHAPTER IV.
Rendered persevering by circumstances. — The justice of their
cause. — Spirited reply to Congress. — Claiming the same
grounds as did Congress with the mother country. — Appeal of
Gov. Chittenden and his council. — Intimations of terms with
Great Britain. — Their justification. — Abandoned by the Union.
— A frontier district. — A powerful enemy on their border. —
Self-preservation led them to this. — Their last resort. — New
York and New Hampshire persisting. — Vermont claimed juris
diction over a part of their territory. — This measure favorable.
— Strengthened their hands and encouraged to renew to Con
gress their petition. — The enemy's proposals ; communicated to
Congress by E. Allen. — His celebrated appeal. — Their only
overt act. — Exchange of prisoners. — This offer of the British
known to a few only. — Interrupted letter of Lord Germain. —
The eyes of Congress opened by it. — Washington. — Commu
nication to Gov. Chittenden. — Delegates sent to Philadelphia. —
Action of Congress. — Their repeated deferring of the subject.
— Vermont raised troops to defend herself. — Censured by
Congress. — Influenced by New York. — Censures and threats
repelled.

In their struggle for a standing among the states, this
people experienced more sympathy from the Bay State
than any of her neighbors. Her claim to jurisdiction
over them seemed to be brought forward, more to loosen
the hold of other claimants, than to cherish any serious

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 81
hopes of having it admitted. But the consciousness of
being engaged in a righteous cause, the cause of free
dom, that in which their country was engaged, animated
and inspired them with invincible fortitude to persevere
till the objects of their own were secured. Men of the
right spirit were constantly making their appearance i
public as the exigencies of the times required.
It is said truly, that the American Revolution, was " a
time which tried men's souls." It may be said also, as
a general truth, that times of great perplexity and dan
ger, are those which so form and discipline the souls of
men as to enable them to bear trials. The trying and
searching Providences of God bring to light the hidden
resources of the mind. While they expose those, who
have nothing but the appearance of virtue ; courageous
only when dangers are distant, and the self-dependent ;
they reveal the hidden strength of the soul well disci
plined, and trusting in the arm of Omnipotence. Lono-
familiarity with difficulties and dangers in securing praise
worthy objects, gives to men sometimes an elevation of
character as unexpectedly extraordinary.
The rough exterior of the Province now under con
sideration ; and which has well been termed the Swit
zerland of America, has served perhaps to give its popu
lation a corresponding external deportment. The windy
storm and tempest of these mountains ; and familiarity
with their snows and frosts ; and bodily efforts necessary
to clear and subdue their soil and secure the means of
sustenance may, perhaps, have impressed them with pro
portional strength and elasticity of character. The cir-
6

82 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
cumstances of the times, through which they were now
passing, were such as to produce a similar influence in
the formation of their minds. They may have helped
to give them strength ; and fertility in finding expedients,
and perseverance equal to the unusual scenes, which
they were called to experience.
A spirited and able reply was made to this counsel
ajjd direction of congress, written, it is said, by the
Hon. Stephen R. Bradley, of Westminster ; and subse
quently, long a United States' senator from Vermont.
In this reply, and it was an appeal to the world, the
same ground is taken as that by the colonies in their
separation from the mother country : " That the state
of Vermont was not represented in congress, and could
not submit to resolutions passed without their consent,
or even knowledge ; and put every thing that was valu
able to them at stake ; that they were, and ever had been,
ready to bear their proportion of the burden and expense
of the war with Great Britain, from its first commence
ment, whenever they were admitted into the union with
the other states : But they were not so lost to all sense
and honor, that after four years war with Britain, in
which they had expended so much blood and treasure,
that they should now give up every thing worth fighting
for, the right of making their own laws, and choosing
their own form of government, to the arbitrament
and determination of any man or body of men under
heaven." Congress still delayed acting definitely on this subject ;
perplexed as they were by its bearing on their struggle

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 83
for independence. The resolutions passed by them of
one delay after another, called forth an energetic appeal
from Gov. Chittenden and his council, in which they felt
constrained to give the matter a more serious turn, and,
to the national councils, somewhat unexpected as well as
alarming. Among other things, they say, " That Ver
mont being a free and independent state, had denied the
authority of congress to judge of their jurisdiction ; that
as they were not included in the thirteen states, if neces
sitated to it, they are at liberty to offer, or except terms
of cessation of hostilities with Great Britain without the
approbation of any other man, or body of men ; for an
priviso. that neither congress, nor the legislatures of those
states, which they represent will support Vermont in her
independence, but devote her to the usurped government
of any other power, she had not the most distant motive
to continue hostilities with Great Britain, and maintain
an important frontier for the benefit of the United States,
and for no other reward than the ungrateful one of being
enslaved by them : but from a principle of virtue, and
close attachment to the cause of liberty, they were
induced once more to offer union with the United States
of America, of which congress were the legal represen
tative body." This was in a letter to congress, July
25th, 1780, and signed by Gov. Chittenden. It was
taking bold, and perhaps some will say, doubtful ground.
In their very critical circumstances, the question here
comes up, were they not justifiable in making use of the
most efficient argument, to obtain, as they viewed it, their

84 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
rights ? — The government of Great Britain was disowned
over the whole union ; the Vermonters had bought and
paid for the soil on which they lived, of those, who, by
the English government had been authorized to take
possession of it. They were now required to purchase
it a second time and pay for their own improvements, or
desert them at the option of those claiming the land
under New York. The right to their soil was a question
never submitted by them to congress. They claimed it
on the same grounds as did the other states. The right
to the soil, in their circumstances, gave a right to a gov
ernment of their own choice. In their circumstances ; that
is, not being represented in congress, they took no part in
the declaration of independence; and consequently were
at liberty to choose their allies ; to say with whom they
would connect themselves, the better to secure the objects
of their organization, ' liberty and the pursuit of happi
ness.' They had hitherto acted with the colonies in
opposition to the demands of the British government ;
and they now merely intimated that they might if the
course of things was not changed, be under the necessity
of conciliating the friendship of a foreign power. They
might be driven to this as the least of two evils. Would
it have been inconsistent with honor and integrity, to
avail themselves of such a motive on the councils of the
nation? Congress must see that they could do this;
and that their reasons for doing it might be justified by
the world ; and the doing it by an alliance defensive and
offensive might have a serious influence on the issue of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 85
the contest, in which they were engaged. Had they
been represented in that body, and pledged their sacred
honor to be faithful to their fellow states, come what
might ; and then gone over to the enemy through fear,
or mercenary motives ; or to escape hardships and dan
gers, being a border state, and more exposed to the
inroads of the enemy ; or if they had been corrupted
by gold, and betrayed the confidence reposed in them,
the case would have been different. But in their cir
cumstances had they actually placed themselves under
the protection of the British, according to their intima
tions, would impartial history have justified them ? But
this .they did not do ; and no evidence exists that they
ever made any direct and serious advances of this nature
to the English cabinet. The most then that can be
made out against these isolated mountaineers is, that they
used this as their strongest argument to open the eyes of
congress ; to let them see the sword, which Providence
had placed in their hands as an inducement to award
them justice.
They did not resort to this alternative as the sequel
shows ; but they took their full share in the war of the
Revolution. " The Green Mountain Boys," were dis
tinguished as brave, faithful soldiers. They shed their
blood freely at Hubbardton, Bennington, Crown Point,
Stillwater, Saratoga, and many other places. The lead
ing officers of the army of independence have borne
honorable testimony to their bravery and good conduct.
The record of their deeds is in the history of their
country. Ethan Alkn, as it has been stated in another

86 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
place, suffered long imprisonment, being taken jeoparding
his life on the high places of duty and danger.
As further evidence that they did not wish, unless
absolutely neeessary, to defend themselves behind British
cannon, might be named, their readiness to try other
expedients; and to wait patiently the result of their
measures. Although this was the most likely motive to
have influence with congress ; yet with New Hampshire
and New York it might have little, or no effect to recon
cile them to their independence as a state. Indeed they
became more clamorous ; and urged with redoubled zeal
their respective claims in the hall of congress.
But Vermont now met them in their own way. On
application, the government entered into negotiation
with the western towns of New Hampshire, bordering
on the Connecticut ; and the adjacent part of New York,
bordering on the Hudson. She indeed extended her
claim over most of New Hampshire ; and a considerable
tract in New York. In the winter of 1781, thirty-five
towns in the former state ; and ten or twelve districts in
the latter placed themselves under her government for
protection against British aggressions. The claim to
these towns was set up, but the actual government over
them was for the present delayed.
This measure had the effect to reconcile all parties
within the limits of Vermont ; the adherents of New
York, and of New Hampshire ; and even those friendly
to the mother country. Indeed it served to strengthen
the hands of the Vermonters very much. It was to
them the harbinger of a brighter day. The war had

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 87
been so long waged with the usurpers, that they had
learned from their enemies ; and with their weapons
turned the tide of success in their favor.
This favorable change in their circumstances gave
them fresh courage in their application to the Continental
congress. Some of the leading men in this state did indeed
receive proposals of terms from British officers and adhe
rents, making them flattering offers to unite the state
under' the auspices of the English crown. But it is not
known that these offers were accepted ; or, even in a
single instance, encouraged. They were indeed unan
swered ; and this might perhaps be construed as a tacit
encouragement of such advances. But no obligations
Were imposed on those, who received such communica
tions, to answer them ; and repel any further approaches
of this kind. They were justified in silently discovering
how good terms might be expected if an alliance should
become necessary. The fact that these propositions and
advances were made known to the United States govern
ment, is evidence of the honest intentions of the leading
men in this district. The sincere desire was to become
a part of the nation, who had declared themselves free
and independent. They were willing to follow their
standard, on no other terms but. as making one of the
stars on its banners. Thus E. Allen, enclosing the
letters received from British officers, to congress ; and
stating to them the circumstances of their reception, uses
this language : "lam confident that congress will not
dispute my sincere attachment to the cause of my coun-

88 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
try ; though I do not hesitate to say, I am fully grounded
in opinion, that Vermont has an indubitable right to agree
on terms of cessation of hostilities with Great Britain,
provided the United States persist in rejecting her appli
cation for a union with them. For Vermont of all
people would be most miserable were she obliged to
defend the independence of the united, claiming states,
and they at the same time at full liberty to overturn and
ruin the independence of Vermont. I am persuaded
when congress consider the circumstances of this state,
they will be more surprised that I have transmitted to
them the enclosed letters, than that I have kept them in
custody so long ; for I am as resolutely determined to
defend the independence of Vermont as congress are, that
of the United States ; and rather than fail will retire
with the hardy Green Mountain Boys into the desolate
caverns of the mountains, and wage war with human
nature at large."
The only overt act on the part of Vermont with the
British authorities, separate from the national councils,
was, a proposition for exchange of prisoners, taken at
Royalton in the spring of 1780. Col. Ira Allen repaired
to Canada, and managed the business of making the
exchange. He succeeded in obtaining favorable terms ;
for the king's officers now had high expectations of secur
ing the state in their favor. This hope was kept on the
increase by policy and circumlocution. While the direct
question was evaded the advances were seemingly
admitted for consideration, and without any definite
pledge being given. In this way the wary negotiator

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 89
secured Vermont from invasion by the English troops ;
and thus turned away many evils, which its inhabitants
might otherwise have suffered. This was diplomatic
policy ; and is regarded justifiable by the practice and
usages of national intercourse. But it will hardly bear
examination on the principles of strict morality. It was
raising expectations, it may be said, with an intention
under certain hoped for circumstances of not fulfilling.
This in ordinary intercourse of individuals, is at variance
with the principles of honesty and truth. But if one is
overcredulous, and takes for granted too much, neither
morality, nor honor requires that such gratuitous assump
tions should be fulfilled. Nor would it seem wrong for
one to avail himself of advantages which might flow
from incredulousness- and unfounded expectations. How
far this was the case with the British authorities in
Canada and the agents of Vermont, the impartial and
uninterested spectator, and examiner must decide. Cer
tainly the agency of Vermont had a right to demand
time for the full consideration of a question of such
importance ; and to enjoy the advantages incident to
this period of examination. On the other hand, the
acquisition of Vermont as a British Province, was an
object very desirable to the magistrates of Canada, and
the officers of the army. They thus might have become
the dupes of their own strong desires, and magnified the
grounds of their hopes.
Eight individuals only in Vermont, it is said, knew the
particulars of this proposal by the British authorities of
Canada ; and Cornwallis surrendering about this time,

90 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the further consideration of it was suspended. Thus
eight men, husbandmen, Vermonters, were successful in
gaining the ascendency over the artful policy, and wily,
gold corrupting efforts of the English to win the state to
their interest. To such a game, so long, and against
such antagonists, and so successfully ended, no ordinary
talents must have been brought. The dwellers on these
mountains and in these vallies have much cause to hold
them in honorable remembrance.
About this time, a letter of Lord George Germain,
minister of state for the American department, to Sir
Henry Clinton, fell into the hands of the Americans ;
and was published and which served very much the
cause of Vermont. It convinced congress that some
thing must be done in their behalf; for in that letter the
plan of the campaign in the spring was portrayed. The
upper parts of the Hudson and Connecticut rivers were
to be seized, and the communication between Albany
and the Mohawk country was to be cut off. The lead
ing members in congress, and men throughout the
country were anxious that this long controversy should,
if possible, be settled.
Washington himself saw the dangers with which it
was fraught ; and wrote Gov. Chittenden to know what
were the real wishes and intentions of the Vermonters.
Being assured that they were strongly attached to .the
cause of their country, on condition of making a com
ponent part of it, he intimated to the Governor that on
condition, and only on that condition, of relinquishing
claims to all lands east of Connecticut river, and con-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 91
fining her limits west by the waters of the Champlainj
and within twenty miles of the Hudson, could Vermont
have any hope of attaining her wishes. Respecting
highly the character of Washington, his advice was
received kindly and maturely weighed. It was at length,
after much reluctance on the part of the towns border
ing on the banks of the Connecticut, complied with ; and
the limits of the state confined to the old jurisdictional
lines. It was now thought that the way was clear for
their reception into the union.
Delegates were accordingly chosen, and commissioned
by the Governor ; and repaired to Philadelphia as rep
resentatives to complete the business of being recognized
as a free and sovereign state. The subject coming
before congress, the committee appointed for the pur
pose, reported favorably ; and presented a resolution,
distinctly granting their request. But the house, on
motion, three different days being named, refused to
appoint a time for acting on that report. Thus were
overshadowed the prospects of this community. They
had been encouraged to believe that these protracted
difficulties were drawing to a close. In accordance with
this requirement of congress, they had reduced their
strength ; and were exposed to the inroads of the ene
my ; and with little prospect of aid from the general
government. This, conduct on the part of congress
was flagrantly inconsistent ; and little savoring of good
faith ; and not respectful toward their illustrious
leader. The Vermonters were a little chagrined that
the leaders of their government should have been cir-

92 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
cumvented and become the victims of a congressional
stratagem. But their sober second thought was that of
indignation ; and a fixed purpose to ask no more favors
in that quarter.
In this condition of things the state found it neces
sary to raise troops by detachments from the towns, to
defend their own frontiers, now deserted fey' the conti
nental army. In doing this, some opposition was mani
fested in Windham county, through the New York in
fluence, which was restrained by a military interposition.
Little or no blood was shed ; but several individuals
were banished, and others fined. This occasioned the
New York authorities to carry up a complaint to con
gress ; who were induced, after considerable agitation of
the subject, to pass severe censures on the conduct of
Vermont. The banished persons were required to be
recalled ; and amends made for all the loss sustained by
them ; and other individuals of fines and confiscations ;
and this on penalty of being coerced to it by the power
(military,) of the United States. These censures and
threats were met and answered by the Governor and
council in a cool, augmentative manner, but resolute and
determined. If menace in return was not resorted to,
somewhat of defiance was indirectly used. In this
answer we find the following language : " That the
state would appeal to the justice of his excellency, Gen.
Washington ; and as the General, and most of the in
habitants of the contiguous states were in favor of the
independence of Vermont, it would be more prudent to
refer the settlement of the dispute to the states of New

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 93
York and Vermont, than to embroil the confederacy
with it. But supposing congress had judicial authority
to control the internal police of the state, the state had
a right to be heard in its defence ; that the proceedings
of congress were wholly unjustifiable upon their own
principles ; and that coming to a decision of so impor
tant a matter, ex parte, and without any notice to the
state was illegal and contrary to the law of nature and

94

CHAPTER V.
Vermont little affected by the strong resolves of congress. —
Peace with Great Britain. — Placed Vermont in new circum
stances. — Favorable. — Taking the place of spectator tothe other
colonies .—Encouraging the settlement of her lands. — Reforming
evils. — Relieved from some evils of the other states. — The state
of the country improving, she again seeks alliance with it. —
Intrinsic difficulties. — The question where the Capital of the
nation should be, produces an alteration in New York towards
her. — Commissioners appointed by New York. — Terms of recon
ciliation proposed. — Controversy ended. — Her admission into the
Union. — Remarks on this controversy. — Its moderation. — The
subject manifested. — Worthy of Imitation. — The instance, one,
of bloodshed. — Family connexions of him killed.
The measures of the general government, especially
their menacing resolves, had very little effect to awe the
Vermonters into submission. They were viewed by
them as the result more or less of the influence exerted
in the national councils by New York ; and the peculiar
posture of public affairs relative to Great Britain. But
the war was now drawing to a close. About this time,
January, 1783, the preliminaries of peace were signed.
The prospects of the whole country now brightened,
giving a new and sudden and favorable turn to the rela
tions of Vermont with the other states. Being refused

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 95
admittance as one of the component parts of the union ;
she could not of course be taxed for the expenses of
the war. She was relieved from this and other burdens,
to which the colonies were liable. The independence
of the country was indeed acknowledged ; but the bond
of union between the states was frail and inadequate.
The jurisdiction of congress was undefined; and their
authority little more than advisory and nominal. The
paper currency failing, the debts of the nation and of
individuals, already burdensome, became now almost
insupportable. In such circumstances of the country, Vermont was
not very solicitous to become a partner in a confederation
by whom her application had been so long delayed and
neglected. She chose to avail herself of past experi
ence to strengthen her own government ; and reform ber
internal policy ; and take measures to remedy evils ; and
to encourage immigration, and the settlement of her
unoccupied lands. She chose for the present to take the
position of spectator ; and watch the course of events,
and govern herself as Providence might indicate the
path of duty and safety. She had valuable lands at
disposal ; and her present condition and prospects being
by Divine interposition more favorable in some respects
than those of any of her neighbors ; her population was
rapidly increasing by respectable and enterprizing citizens
from the New England states.
But the present constitution bf the United States was
$xm adopted ; and the smiles of Providence seemed to

96 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
attend the efforts made to lay the foundation of a perma
nent and flourishing republic. Measures were taken to
sustain the credit of the nation ; and to administer equal
justice and privileges to all its constituent parts. This
state of things was calculated to revive the desires of
Vermont to become a copartner in this confederacy.
But New York, her old and steadfast enemy, stood in
the way. Intrinsic difficulties indeed attended this
controversy and delayed a reconciliation. While under
the crown of Britain, the government of New York
had granted to her citizens lands in this district ; but
Vermont had always strenuously denied these grants.
The government of New York subsequently to the
independence of the country, could not feel the obliga
tion to remunerate the individuals for losses occasioned
by an authority which no longer existed.
But a rivalry soon after arose between the city of
New York and Philadelphia, relative to the seat of gov
ernment. This question was to be decided by southern
and northern votes. The influence of the south prepon
derated ; and Philadelphia was selected as the head
quarters of the Federal government. That part of
Virginia called Kentucky, was expected also soon to
increase the influence of the south by being formed into
a state. To counteract this, the New England States
expressed a strong wish that Vermont might be admitted
into the union ; and New York saw that it had been
good policy to have had the aid of her votes in deciding
on the place for the seat of government. To have her

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 97
help in future, she thought it best to abandon the claim,
which she had lost all hope of compelling her neighbors
of the hill country to acknowledge.
Accordingly, in July, .1789, New York appointed
commissioners with full powers to treat with those of
Vermont ; and to withdraw her claims and acknowledge
her independence. In October, of the next year, these
commissioners " declared the consent of the legislature of
New York that the state of Vermont be admitted into
the union of the United States of America ; and that
immediately upon such admission, all claims of jurisdic
tion of the state of New York shall cease, and thence
forth the perpetual boundary line between the two states
shall be as was then holden by the state of Vermont ;
that is, the west line of the most western towns, which
had been granted by New Hampshire, and the middle
channel of Lake Champlain." Thirty thousand dollars
were to be paid New York as a compensation to indi
viduals, who, purchasing under her former authority had
lost their lands. Thus happily ended this controversy,
which had perplexed the two states and congress for
twenty-six years.
The way now seemed prepared for Vermont becom
ing a member of the Federal union. The question was
agitated among the people ; and some opposition being
manifested, it was thought advisable to call a convention
which met at Bennington, January 6, 1791 ; and after
having discussed the question two or three days,. passed
the vote in the affirmative, with only two nays out of
one hundred and seven members. Nathaniel Chipman
7

98 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and Lewis R. Roberts, Esqrs. were charged with the
accomplishment of the business in behalf of the state at
Philadelphia. The act of admission passed in congress
unanimously, February 18, 1791.
The example exhibited by the parties to this contro
versy, and the whole United States, were directly or
indirectly concerned in it, of moderation and forbear
ance, cannot be too highly commended. It ought to be
often looked at and pondered well by the members of
the separate local jurisdictions of this great common
wealth. In all their clashing interests and occasional
irritation, they should remember those far more difficult
and trying times and their favorable termination. The
soothing and healing influence of time and delay ; of
wisdom and prudence in the leading actors in this poli
tical drama were remarkably manifested. If applied in
the removal and healing of internal, local evils in the
nation, they will always be found lenient and efficacious.
Surely the lapse of time should not render the sisterhood
of the states less but more enduring ; the family attach
ment stronger and stronger. This with the light of his
tory, and the warning of experience which accompany
it, should serve to awaken vigilance to guard against
baneful antipathies and divisions. These should be our
safe-guard in all the vicissitudes of political manceuver-
ing and strife, bearing the ships of state over the waves
of popular agitation, rescuing her from the insidious
rocks and quicksands of office-seeking and secret combi
nations. In all the tumults of the times through which
Vermont passed till she became a member of the union

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 99
only one man was killed on the spot. This took place
at Westminster, in 1775, as it has been previously stated.
His name was William French, of Brattleboro ; where
and in Dummerston, branches of his family have since
resided in respectable standing ; and from which several
enterprising individuals have gone forth into the union ;
and one a missionary under the American Board to Asia.
Prodigal of their own in defence of their rights against
the oppression of Britain, they were sparing of each
others blood in their internal variances ; and seemed
anxious to avoid the horrors of civil war ; and the fear
ful consequences of commencing such a tragedy. A
few instances of executive collision and retaliatory im
prisonment of civil officers took place.
• Chesterfield, N. H., as a town joined Vermont, but a
number of families adhered to their own state. In
serving a civil process, in 1781, the Vermont constable
was resisted by the officer of New Hampshire, and the
latter imprisoned. The posse comitatus was raised, and
the officer liberated by orders of the New Hampshire
governor. Three agents were then despatched to Exe
ter by the Governor of Vermont to bring the affair to a
settlement. In 1784, the Secretary of Vermont was seized and
imprisoned while pursuing the calls of duty in the city
of New York, in consequence of his official relation to
the state, to which he belonged. In retaliation, the
general assembly of the state, ordered lands to be sold
belonging to citizens of New York, to raise money to

100 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
indemnify the secretary for damages sustained by his
imprisonment and delay.
These are specimens of the kind of warfare carried
on by these parties ; and of the state of society at that
perplexing period. In such circumstances the rapid
settlement of the district could not be, expected; and
this may account for the slow progress made for several
years in the arts, and in agricultural improvements ; in
education, and in manners ; and in securing religious
instruction and privileges.
But this period of uncertainty and fluctuation was a
school in which to acquire political knowledge ; and to
make proficiency in the science of man and cf human
government. It led the people to a thorough acquaint
ance with the early settlement of the country. They
had motives for examining the records of grants by the
crown of England to the colonies, and to individual
proprietors. To examine the foundation of their own
claims and those of their opponents, to tbe lands in
question, they had the strongest inducements. To study
the rights of man, and the principles of civil liberty,
and the different forms of government, their peculiar
circumstances particularly called them. They have
proved themselves apt to learn in these branches of
science ; and proficients in the study of the laws and
usages which prevail between different nations and
states. Many of the leading and early statesmen of
this commonwealth were distinguished for deep research
and penetration ; and for political sagacity and diplo-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 101
matic dexterity. They found themselves amply ade
quate to enter the lists with the most distinguished offi
cers and secretaries of the British government ; men
well versed in finesse and dissimulation. Although they
did not adopt the maxim, and act accordingly, of Talley
rand, the French Diplomatist, of " several reigns," " that
language was given man to conceal his thoughts," they
gave evidence of their philological skill ; and the ability
to hunt out the subterfuges of cunning and equivocation.
Proof of this is seen in their management of the ofteH
repeated and artfully pressed propositions by the British
authorities, to induce them to become a province of that
empire. Considered in all its bearings and relations, it
was one of the most distinguished political games, so to
speak, and adroitly managed on the part of the moun
taineers on record. That the stratagem was kept up so
long, in a kind of running skirmish from one part to
another ; and from one mountain citadel to another ;
through many a valley and defile ; without exhausting
the patience of their pursuers, was wonderful. That
the eyes of these were not opened to see the hopeless
chase on which they had been set, and their indigna
tion aroused before the opportunity of gratifying it was
gone, is matter of thankfulness to Divine Providence,
who interposed and sheathed the sword before the hope
of succeeding had been relinquished.
So also in their intercourse with congress, their com
munications will bear examination. Some of them are
as sound and able state papers as any of the kind in our
country. The ground taken by them is defended with

102 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
ability ; the principles assumed sustained and illustrated
with unanswerable arguments. It is no disparagement
to the national councils, to say, that in this correspond
ence, the side taken by this state does not suffer, but
decidedly gains by the comparison.
This appears particularly in the answer by Gov. Chit
tenden and his council to what are called the menacing
resolves of congress. The principles involved in them
are scanned with great care and candor ; and answered
with skill and irrefragable argument. It is done also
with respectful deference. The forbearance and deli
cacy with which those resolutions are answered, smart
ing as they must under their lashing severity, evince a
nobleness of mind, and consciousness of the rectitude of
their cause. As easily may be overthrown the solid hills
of their state, as are broken the chain of reasoning by
which their rights are fortified.
These things also served to give a character to this
whole population. By the things suffered, they became
habituated to look at public measures and examine for
themselves their tendency. Having to make their way
amid clashing interests ; and the mazes of contradictory
laws, and different penalties for transgression, it became
them to be circumspect, and vigilant in all their move
ments. For the Vermonter, strictly so, might have on
his right hand, a Yorker with his written rules for his
guidance ; and on his left, his neighbor might be of the
granite state, with his code of laws differing from both.
Would it be strange then, that this whole people " should
be more or less versed in jurisprudence ; the forms and

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 103
customs of courts, and the glorious uncertainty of the
law 2 " The condition of tilings around them was such
as to make them cautious and somewhat distrustful.
They became slow to believe on mere assertion and
report ; but took time to reflect and weigh the reasons
on both sides, before takmg their stand. The laws of
New York; those of New Hampshire, and of Massa
chusetts, they had occasion to examine, and speak of
them often as of their own. The proceedings of con
gress, as they were intimately concerned in them, did
not escape their notice ; but came under their critical
examination. In this way, they became well acquainted
with public affairs ; and were led to take more interest
in them than perhaps the people of any other state.
Being more often called directly or indirectly into courts
of justice than was customary in other circumstances, they
perhaps insensibly contracted the habit of going as specta
tors to the sessions of their courts, when not personally
concerned. This practice is more or less still continued ;
and the Vermont courts are more fully attended from
the neighboring towns by persons not drawn by the
compulsory arm of the law, than is usual in other places.
They go and with fixed attention give heed to all the
variety of proceedings there witnessed ; the charge to
the jury, the examinations of the witnesses ; the plead
ings, the verdict and the judgment. Retiring they make
their remarks and criticisms on the bench, and bar ; and
talk over the affairs of their neighbors, who may have
been so unhappy as to have been brought under a pub
lic legal scrutiny. The early difficulties protracted as

104 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
they were, of this people, then, gave them an investi
gating turn of mind ; interested in public affairs, ready
to avail themselves of the means of knowing what those
intrusted with their rights were doing.
This is still characteristic of Vermonters. The
Press receives as much encouragement comparatively
among them, perhaps, as from the inhabitants of any state
in the union. Most of the families take and read at
least one newspaper. From their infancy they have been
schooled in the principles of a representative, free
government. They know their rights, and study the
best means of preserving them. While watchful of
their own liberties and privileges, they respect the rights
of others; and would-be the last to trample on the
defenceless, or connive at oppression. Such they were
in a measure made by early circumstances ; and reflec
tion and habit have more or less kept them so.

105

CHAPTER VI.
Constitution adopted. — Features of its government. — Representa
tives. — Governor and council. — How chosen. — Council of
censors. — Its power and objects. — The government demo
cratic. — Original counties. — Judicial department. — Salaries of
public officers, and compensation of the general assembly, and
others in authority. — Contrast between the early and present
times. — Reflections on the first courts and the changes in
them, and the place of holding them. — Customs of first set
tlers. — Choosing elevated situations. — Inconvenient often. —
Alterations and improvements. — Changes. — Their evils. —
Benefits. The government of Vermont, like all those of the
other states, is representative. The constitution was
established in 1778; remodeled in 1786, and 1792.
The house of assembly consists of delegates, one from
each town, chosen annually on the first Tuesday of
September. This assembly hold one session only, yearly, com
mencing on the second Thursday of October. It is
styled, the general assembly of Vermont. " They have
power to choose their own officers ; propose bills and enact
them into laws ; may expel members, but not for causes
known to their constituents antecedent to their election ;
impeach state criminals ; grant charters of incorporation ;

106 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
constitute towns, buroughs, cities, counties ; in conjunc
tion with the council, they are annually to elect judges
of the supreme, county and probate courts, sheriffs and
justices of the peace ; and also with the council may
elect major generals, and brigadier generals, as often as
there shall be occasion. They have all power necessary
for the legislature of a free and sovereign state ; but
have no power to add to, alter, abolish, or infringe any
part of the constitution.
" The supreme executive power is vested in a governor,
lieutenant governor, and a council of twelve persons,
chosen by the freemen, at the same time they choose
their representatives. The governor, lieutenant gov
ernor, and council are to commission all officers ; prepare
such business as may appear to them necessary to lay
before the general assembly. They are to sit as judges
to hear and determine on impeachment, taking to their
assistance for advice only, the judges of the supreme
court. They have power to grant pardons and remit
fines in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder,
to which they have power to grant reprieves ; but not
to pardon until after the end of the next session of the
general assembly, and in cases of impeachment, in which
there is no remission or mitigation of punishment, but by
act of legislation. They may also lay embargoes, or
prohibit the importation of any commodity for any time
not exceeding thirty days in the recess of the house
only. "The governor is captain-general, and commander-
in-chief of the forces of the state ; but shall not com-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 107
mand in person except advised thereto by the council,
and then only so long as they shall approve ; and the
lieutenant governor, by virtue of his office, is lieutenant
general of all the forces of the state."*
The governor and council had no negative on the
proceedings of the house ; but the power of suspending
bills for one year. Bills are presented to them by the
house for their approval, or amendment; proposing
amendments in writing for the consideration of the house,
if they are not adopted, they are postponed till the next
session. The Vermont constitution has one feature somewhat
dissimilar to those of all the other states. It is the
provision for a council of censors, once in seven years.
Its duty is, to review the measures of government during
that period, and see if its provisions have been main
tained. This body have power to pass censures on any
measures deemed by them unconstitutional and illegal ',
and recommend to the subsequent legislature, their
repeal, or modification. They have power to order
impeachment of defaulters ; to pass judgment, if in their
opinion the laws have not been duly executed and the
public money has been misapplied. They hold their
office one year ; are to be chosen the last Wednesday
in March and meet in June following first Wednesday.
It consists of thirteen members, chosen by the freemen
of the state. They have power to call a convention ,
w Williams's History.

103 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
within two years after their session ; to consider and
recommend alterations in the constitution.
After what has been said relative to the early state of
affairs in this commonwealth it will be easily seen, that
at the beginning, its government approached very near
a pure democracy. They met by towns, and made
laws ; or rather adopted rules of conduct. They then
held mass conventions ; and passed resolutions ; and
recommended measures for the general good. They
next met by representatives most contiguous. After
awhile, delegates from all the settlements one side of the
mountain come together ; and finally from all parts of
the grants in general assembly. '
If the government is not now as democratic as that of
any one in the union, surely it was so in the beginning.
As the state of things improved, and circumstances
seemed to require it, the powers of the house of repre
sentatives were enlarged ; and the frame of government
braced and strengthened. Thus the council of censors
afford a very convenient medium of making such
improvements in the government as the increase of
population, and advancement in arts and refinement
seemed to require. The progress of government in the
alteration of laws, and in making of new ones ought to
keep pacei with the meliorations of society, and the
multiplicity of human pursuits; and the increase of
human enterprise. Without some such agent or inter
posing power as is this council, such advantages could
not be gained but at the hazard of convulsions, or even
a revolution.

HISTORY OF VERMONT.
The number of counties originally was eleven .

Windham, Windsor,Orange,Caledonia, Essex,
Orleans,

East of the
mountain.*

109

Bennington, Rutland,
Addison, Chittenden,Franklin,

West of the
mountain.

Three counties have since been constituted, Grand Isle,
in Lake Champlain ; Lamoille, and Washington. The
latter is situated on the mountain near the centre^f the
state ; in which is Montpelier, the capital and seat of
government. The judicature of* Vermont consisted originally of
justices of the peace, county courts, the supreme court,
and a court of chancery. The justices in the several
towns are appointed by the general assembly, being pre
viously nominated in county convention. County nomi
nations are merely advisory, the representatives of each
county, during the session of the general assembly,
meeting by themselves, select by ballot such persons as
the majority wish to have fill the respective offices in

HO HISTORY OF VERMONT.
their county; such as judges, justices, sheriffs, and
judges of probate. These being reported to the legisla
ture, are generally confirmed, a usage and custom of
legislation, expeditious ; and generally safe as it is cer
tainly democratic. It is really submitting to the people
of the several counties the choice of their own officers.
The county courts consisted of three judges, as did
also the supreme court for several years in the early
days of this commonwealth. These, as well as justices,
sheriffs, and probate judges, are chosen annually by joint
ballot of the two houses of assembly. Justices of the
peace have cognizance of minor offences ; and civil
questions to a certain extent, and amount of property
specified by law ; the right of appeal in most cases,
being reserved to those against whom judgment is
passed. Causes of greater magnitude and involving
higher pecuniary liabilities come before the county
courts^ Most actions of a civil nature in which the
rights of property are concerned must be commenced
in the county court. The supreme court decides on
such causes as are carried up from the county courts :
and such as come within its own jurisdiction ; as capital
offences, involving the loss of life, and severe punish
ments ; and on crimes and misdemeanors, the forfeitures
of which go into the state treasury.
The court of chancery was composed of the judges
of the supreme court, and held in the same manner as
to time and place as was that court. Its business was
to decide legal questions without a jury, and rectify
errors, which may have occurred in previous decisions

HISTORY OF VERMONT. HI
and in the lower courts. It is now what is understood
by the law term of the supreme court, of which more
will be said, in treating of tbe new organization of the
Vermont courts.
The governor's salary and those of other executive
officers in the early period of this republic were small.
Indeed the whole expense of government for one year,
October 1791, to October 1792, according to Dr.
Williams, was only ten thousand seven hundred and
fifty dollars. This sum divided by the number of
inhabitants at that period, which was about eighty-six
thousand, gives ninepence for each individual. One
eighth of a dollar for each individual in Vermont, paid
the whole annual expense of her government fifty -onet
years since.
The original yearly salary of the governor, was five
hundred dollars. The compensation of lieutenant gov
ernor was $2,50 a day for attending the council over
which he presided. The compensation of councilors
was $1,17; that of representatives $1,00 per day.
The secretary of state had $2,00 a day while attending
the general, assembly. The chief justice received four
dollars and a half a day while on the circuit ; and the
assistant judges three dollars and two thirds. These
were indeed days of economy and republican simplicity !
There was no need of retrenchment then, or rather
retrenchment was impossible, as salaries and outgoes
were at the lowest point ; at the starting point ! Justice
was as well administered then perhaps as now ; and the
community as contented and tranquil and prosperous.

112 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
The judges could ride the circuits of the state over hills
and through the valleys, in plain, equestrian style ; and
find means from their small income to sustain themselves
and families in a manner becoming their station. Per
forming their duties faithfully, without fear or favor,
they were regarded with as much respect and veneration,
perhaps, by their fellow citizens as those whose stipends
may have been ten fold greater; and their equipage
increased proportionally in splendor and magnificence.
In the sultry heat of August, the writer saw a judge of
the supreme court in this state, on the bench in a cool,
calico morning gown ; and this convenient dress, though
plain, impeded not his readiness of mind ; or the recti
tude of his decisions ; and was consistent with purity of
motive as the costly robes of official dignity.
But those who then occupied the high places of
judgment in this commonwealth have descended to the
grave ; and many of the plain lowly seats of justice, in
which they gave sentence after hearing the complaint
and defence eloquently made have disappeared, leaving
scarcely a vestige of their having been. The lofty and
commanding eminences where some of them stood, have
been deserted for situations less exposed to the " windy
storm and tempest." Many of those whose feet once.
stood on these slippery places, seeking justice, have
finished their search here and gone to find it, or receive
mercy, in another world. Prouder halls of justice have
arisen in more mild and protected situations. In level,
winding vales, loftier edifices have reared their domes,
surmounted with the balance of even handed justice.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 113
But although her seat may, in many instances, have been
changed from the hill to the adjacent valley, it is not
intended that justice, herself, has been driven from the
high places of Vermont, to the sequestered, hiding places
among her mountains. On the contrary, it is hoped,
that her footsteps have taken deep hold in her soil, like
the eagk that dweUeth in the clefts of the rock ; and
that her sceptre, like the rod of Aaron, will blossom
with perpetual verdure.
In this connexion it may be well, perhaps, to remark,
that the 'first settlers of this state seemed inclined to
select for the centre of their towns, the highest situations.
This has been die case also, more or less, with the early
settlement of other mountainous districts. Indeed it is
a common trait in man, that he needs do a work once,
in order to know how to do it in the best manner. He
wants tbe advantages of seeing where he was mistaken ;
and where, doing differently, he might have done better.
They are like children in this, as in some other respects,
who think their way best, until trial convinces them to
the contrary. But youth should keep in mind, that they
have the very privilege and advantage, which the first
settlers of a country need, but cannot enjoy. They have
this in the experience and counsel of their parents and
elders, who have been over that part of- the journey of
life on which they are entering. In going into a wilder
ness it is difficult to judge of the most eligible and safe
situations. Those who do it are under the necessity of
planting themselves down somewhere, and clearing up
8

114 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
a spot around them before they can make their observa
tions to much advantage.
It is not strange then, in a dense, dark forest, that they
should select an eminence, from which they may extend
their view, and mark the local and relative bearings of
the circumjacent country. Especially may we suppose,
that a situation upon which the cheering sun would look
in his morning and evening visitations, would be chosen.
For the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is to
behold the sun. In the solitude of an extended wilder
ness, that the eminences overlooking the scenery around,
should be lighted upon first, was natural. Thus it was
in the settlement of this state ; the elevations and swells
were first cleared, and a foothold estahlished on them.
These also, were more suitable for immediate cultivation,
the avails of which they needed as the means of sub
sistence. For in the interior especially, that is, interior
as regards the rivers and lakes, the low lands needed
draining before they could be cultivated to much advan
tage. The first roads also, were laid out under similar
impressions and mistakes. They were run so as to
enable the neighborhoods to hold intercourse as directly
as possible; and also to reach the centre of the town
and county, and public buildings and mills in the most
direct route. Thus they were opened and constructed,
in many instances, over the steep ascent and ridges ;
and then descending into the deep vallies, apparently for
the pleasure of mounting the corresponding hill. The

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 115
travel of a few miles was but alternate ascending and
descending, like the mariner over the ridges and across
the troughs of the highly swollen sea.
But as the inhabitants increased, and the lands became
more cleared, these injudicious locations and inconvenient
routes of roads, were more and more apparent. They
began to see the difficulties, to which the present local
arrangements subjected them ; and how a different pro
cedure might have afforded them many facilities, and
much enhanced their enjoyments. Even the first winter,
after having planted himself down and felled the trees
for a small circuit; and erected a log dwelling, was
enough to show many a first settler his mistake in choos
ing the site of his home. For this choice was generally
made, and the first blow struck in the spring, or summer,
or during the mild sun of autumn. But the cold,
piercing winds came ; and the drifting snow, raking and
sifting through his frail and hasty tenement, led him
to look out for a lower situation, and more secured from
the northwester, by an interposing hill, or clump of
trees, or a south sloping exposure to the sun.
This original and frequent practice of choosing
elevated spots for settlement, increased the hardships of
the occupiers, more or less unavoidable in a new coun
try ; especially, one so uneven and hard to be subdued,
and severe in its winters as Vermont. It placed them
of course some distance from mill seats, and obliged
them often to carry up steep and long hills, their breadstuffs
and other necessaries of living. One of the first settlers

116 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
in a town on the Connecticut, and who subsequently
held offices of high trust, more than once, as he informed
the writer, carried on his back two bushels of meal two
or three miles, and most of the way up arduous hills.
This was done by him too, in the dead of winter, going
on the surface of the pathless snow with snow-shoes.
The love of family ; of wife and children, nerved him to
the task, and made him forget the toil in the gratification
of seeing their wants supplied. In some instances, their
fuel, after a few years clearing and burning over the
ground, was to be hauled up hill to their houses ; and
to the centre of their towns ; and whither to market to
pay the merchant's bill, or to furnish the pastor with his
yearly supply. Then the weekly toiling up these steeps,
year after year, in compliance with the benign command
of inspiration : " Forsake not the assembling yourselves
together on the Sabbath ;" and with the frequent calls of
business and duty, was a heavy tax on the physical
powers of both man and beast.
Is it strange then, that such things should cause
exterior changes in many parts of this state. As expe
rience has taught how to benefit by past errors and
defects, this observing people have been led to avail
themselves of its lessons. Attached, as is natural, to
the place of their early footsteps ; and the ways so often
walked ; and to the dwellings so familiar ; and the
sanctuary visited so frequent; and the hall of justice,
associated with many an interesting and impressive
transaction, and even the prison-house looked at as a

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 117
beacon of salutary warning, they have consented (reluct
antly indeed) to let go their hold on them ; and in other
directions and places, seek anew objects dear to their
hearts. Thus in many parts of the state the centre of
business has changed. The hills have been deserted ;
and the public buildings erected in- vallies and on the
margin of rivers. Even on single farms the buildings
have been removed from the higher to the lower parts ;
a position being thus secured not only less exposed to
wintry winds; but to which their fruits and products
flow with much less toil.
Many also of the first roads have been given up and
new ones opened ; running not over the almost inacces
sible heights ; but curving round the hills, and winding
along the vallies and on the banks of the streams.
Delightful situations are thus presented for dwelling
houses, which are being rapidly occupied with neat
farmer-like establishments. These routes render the
traveling in this state, particularly in the summer sea
son, exhilarating, and, to the valetudinarian, salutary.
Not a district of the state, not a county, or even a town
without some of these alterations for the better ; and
presenting some attracting views, or objects of interest
ing contemplations, if not of curiosity.
These remarks do indeed apply more particularly to
the parts first settled. For those portions more recently
occupied have been with the advantages of previous
experience. The new township* being settled often
by families removing from the older settlements, were,

118 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
in most instances, judiciously laid out in the first place ;
and thus avoiding the necessity of losing much of their
labor, before making their circumstances conform to their
wishes. These facts relative to the early settlement and subse
quent alterations in various portions of the state, show
as the limited foresight of man ; and the slow and often
painful process in securing the objects of human enter
prise. If this was exemplified more often here, than in
some other parts of the union ; it was owing to intrinsic
difficulties, and not to any particular deficiency, or dis
cernment and forecast in the men, to whose lot it fell to
layout the ground-work of political society in this moun
tain district.
lt is yet one of the instances of melancholy imper
fection in man, that so much of what he does, is to be
undone ; that so much of what he has accomplished is
to be deserted, and something else to take its place.
Vermont indeed shows many proofs of this, in the
deserted settlements on many of its hills and eminences,
and buildings taken down and removed. Many such
situations here, built and modeled with skill and taste ;
and where was once heard the busy hum of business ;
and all the enjoyments of life were participated, have
disappeared and become wastes, as if no human foot
steps had been near them. Many roads built with great
effort and expense ; and often traveled over by all
classes in the various pursuits of life, have been discon
tinued, deserted ; the turnpike abandoned ; it gates and

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 119
toll-houses broken down, and in ruins ; overgrown with
underbrush, places once well known, but soon to lie for
ever forgotten.

120

CHAPTER VII.
In Windham county such changes seen. — Black mountain. — Road
on West river. — Cascade. — Defile. — Newfane hill. — Its former
appearance. — Deserted state. — Contrast. — Judges and Lawyers.
— New county seat. — Fayetteville. — Changes. — Their advan
tages. — Evils. — Uplands. — Their use. — Northern positions and
exposure. — A family burnt in Newfane. — Hardy occupiers of
exposed .northern positions. — Hardihood a general trait. — Con
tributing to it, their early troubles. — Their aversion to effemi
nacy. — Illustrated by examples. — The character of the first
settlers. — Settled principally from Connecticut. — Reproaches
answered. — Testimony of Hillhouse to this trait of character.
This course of things is seen, among other places in
Windham county. Newfane has long been the shire town.
In the early period of the jurisdiction proper of Vermont,
and for several years, the courts were held alternately at
Westminster and Marlboro. It is about fourteen miles
from Brattleboro ; and the road runs along the right
bank of West river. Passing by several interval farms
near the mouth of that river ; rich by being overflowed ;
in a high state of cultivation ; and presenting a fine
appearance, you come into the neighborhood of Black
mountain, in Dummerston, on the left bank. The river
washes the base of this mountain, which rises from the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 121
water almost perpendicularly several hundred feet, and
opens to the south in the form of a ' horse shoe,' and
thus the cavity has borne the appellation, time immemo
rial, ' the shoe ofthe mountain.' Its appearance as you
pass along on the opposite bank, is bold and .majestic ;
granite rocks piled one upon another ; with ewergreens
and stinted shrubbery but poorly covering its surface,
give it a dark and sombre hue. It seems like one of
nature's castles ; from which writers of fiction have tried
to copy ; and make the strong hold of some fair one to
be hunted out and carried off by her lover, some knight
errant. But the river is too fleet to admit of escape by
water craft, his prize being let down poetically from the
lofty eminence ; and success if at all, must come by the
way of ' the heel.'
But it serves a more substantial purpose, abounding
as it does in durable and everlasting, so to speak, mate
rials for the purposes of building, and fences and canal
locks. It stands yet proof against the purpose of the
energetic Hillhouse of Connecticut, who, with DeWitt
Clinton, making his exploring tour, to extend the. New
Haven and Northampton canal to Vermont, said " he
wanted to prepare the way for the removal of Black
mountain to New Orleans." On the other hand also,
opposite this, skirting the road, is a corresponding hill
of less altitude, somewhat cleared and improved as graz
ing ground, and remarkable for a beautiful cascade ; a
small stream of water rushing from its summit, and
descending over the rocks and precipices ; and threaten
ing to dash into the traveler's face, glides under his feet

12.2 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
through an aqueduct into the river. So lightly does it
make its way, and so hard its bed, that little, or no
channel has it cut, but seems to dart down upon the
surface, its waters foaming and glittering in the fall
ing rays of the sun, it becomes a striking and pleasing
spectacle. Passing along to the northwest part of the town, you
come to the narrow defile, made by the river on the
north ; and an almost inaccessible mound on the south,
leaving only a very narrow passway, which by one of
the leaders in the early difficulties of this state, was
called " the valley of the shadow of death." So steep
and high is the hill ; and the road so narrow, that for
two or three months of the winter, the rays of the sun
scarcely fall upon you for a mile, any part of the day.
This luminary so bountiful of his beams, and exhaustless,
deals them out here so sparingly, and lets you have light
by measure of small dimensions.
You now leave the river ; and after going three miles
on ascending ground, come to tbe former seat of the
county, a lofty, conical summit, overlooking not a small
part of the surrounding country. Here was once the
strong hold, the citadel of justice and judgment for Wind
ham county. Here once stood the court-house and jail ;
surrounded by hotels, and stores ; and mechanic's shops ;
attorney's offices, and neat, hospitable dwellings. Here
stood also, the sanctuary on the very pinnacle ; and near
it the county academy and parsonage house. But
these are now gone ; the court-house, the jail, the mer
chants' establishments, the business shops ; the hotel ;

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 123
the commodious houses and the house of God itself; and
you see a mere desolation and waste compared with what
it once was. The academic building stands, but
deserted, dilapidated ; the old tavern stand is there ; but
no longer clustered with the shivering crowds of Decem
ber court. The winds whistle unheeded ; the northern
blast finds few dwellings there to rack ; and fewer occu
pants to waken from their midnight slumbers, clinging to
their bed posts. The clear ice can glisten in the wintry
sun unmolested by calks and ashes ; and without wit
nessing the prostration of many a human frame ; and the
falling of "justice in the streets."
No longer do crowds repair hither to enjoy the beauties
and refreshing breezes of this spot, as they used to do,
at the June and August courts. Its surface pressed by
the feet of the substantial yeomanry of the country ; and
fashionable visitants ; the supreme judges of Vermont,
and members of the bar with their wives often ; and
various other spectators, in the sultry month of August,
enjoying the delightful scenery and cooling winds from
the neighboring hills, is felt by them no longer. Here
as the sun was declining, the business of the day finished,
in the shade of their houses, on the green grass, were
often tea parties, indulging in social conversation ; in
glee and merriment. The stern, inflexible judge, and
eloquent lawyer relaxed their brows ; and related many
a transaction of past times ; gave and received many a
stroke of wit and humor. Here once stood a Robinson,
a Tyler and a Harrington, of the supreme court ; and a
Knowlton and a Duncan of the county. Here in elo-

124 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
quent strains were as advocates, a Bradley, an Elliot,
Blake, Stark, Hall, Hunt, Field and others, whose
tongues are silent, and who heed not the changes that
have come over this hill of justice. Others live, orna
ments of their profession, who can recall to mind past
scenes here witnessed, " like the music of carol, phasant
but mournful to the soul."
But this was a desertion of choice, and not necessity ;
not. to a condition of less, but more eligibility, if to a
lower station ; not to one less protected and safe, but of
more easy access. In a northeasterly direction, two miles
down the declivity in a beautiful vale, you find the
county seat revived Phoenix-like, much improved. Seve
ral of the most valuable buildings were taken down and
rebuilt on this ground, and retain almost their former
appearance. The public buildings have indeed been much enlarged
and are of more elegant structure. Two neat houses of
worship ; and other public buildings, with many elegant
private dwelling houses ; stores, offices, and shops of
mechanics, cluster round the public edifices, and form a
beautiful situation protected by adjacent hills from the
piercing winds of winter. In the summer, its fertile,
well cultivated fields ; and its level even surface, and
spacious common on which you can plant your foot with
the horizon and stand perpendicularly to it without
bracing, you find one of the pleasantest villages in Ver
mont. You thus become not only reconciled, but pleased
with the change. In Fayetteville you have a fair speci
men of the villages which now abound in this state in

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 125
the sequestered vallies, and on the margins of rivers,
rendered by their relative situations more convenient and
pleasant even in winter, than those of states several
degrees south of it, but of surface more level.
These facts and statements have been so particularly
stated and made, as affording illustrations and specimens
both of the scenery with which one is presented in
traveling over the state ; and also of the alterations,
which have taken place since its early settlement.
These have been greater in some parts than in others ;
the greatest where the ground was first cleared ; and is
the most uneven. In the northern part of the state, the
surface on both sides of the mountain heing more level,
inconvenient and exposed, beginnings have not been so
frequent. The mountain also in the northern section is
not so high and precipitous.
Some evils and inconveniences have resulted from
these changes, and suspension of original purposes.
The centre of business has often fallen on the borders
and not in the middle of towns ; the local limits of
religious parishes have been blended and lost. Members
of churches have sometimes been separated from their
brethren ; and Ions: habits of association sundered.
Houses of worship have been abandoned ; and expense
incurred in building others ; in some instances the pasto
ral relation dissolved. You will see too, many houses of
divine worship, on lonely and deserted hills, unoccupied,
or used for some other purpose.
But the convenience and comfort of the inhabitants
and even the value of property have been increased

126 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and enhanced greatly by them. They have generally
been judicious, leading to, immediate and permanent
advantages. One great benefit by th§m, is the securing
of numerous situations of water privileges. Numerous
mill seats both for breadstuffs and the sawing of lumber,
and situations for manufacturing establishments, have
been discovered and occupied. The hills and moun
tainous parts, though in many instances abandoned as
places of residence, are by no means useless, but serve
as sheep pastures, for which, they are excellent, and for
young cattle. To this use of them the farmers are
more or less resorting. Dwelling themselves on the flats
and in the vallies and near the streams, they plow the more
feasible portions of their farms, and let these useful,
nimble animals overrun and clip the steep sides of the
hill ; and they return their owners the increase, and
profitable clippings to their shearers. Thus the facility
of milling is great compared with what it once was ; ^and
the spectacle of a wind-mill, formerly not unfrequent, is
now rarely visible ; one such structure in Vermont the
writer, has seen, but the place that knew it, knows it
no more, and only retains the name of wind-mill hill.
It cannot be avoided, however, that many settlements
and establishments should have a northern and a west
ern situation and exposure. So innumerable are the
hills ; and so diversified their shapes and dimensions ;
circular, conical, and angular, from the lowest to the
highest form of the term, it cannot be expected that
habitations should be found only in the vallies. Clearing
the south and east side of the hills ; and forming settle-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 127
ments there, and erecting houses, is not all that could be
expected. It is not all that is actually done. Some
excellent land has a northern inclination, and is occupied
and cleared into productive farms. The owners must
place their dwellings on the sides of the north ; with no
intervening object to break off the wind at a distance
often of many miles. They have the opportunity
indeed of founding them on a rock ; and giving them a
broad foundation. ; an unambitious elevation ; digging
deep and laying it strong, and building compact, they do
not very often find them subverted by the descending
rains and falling winds. The impression on them is
startling at times, so sudden are the changes, and power
ful blasts from the northwest. So penetrating and
inquisitive is the wind, that the utmost care and circum
spection cannot prevent its making its way through the
crevices into the most retired apartments. Shivering
with the cold, the occupants find the application of more
clothing to their persons convenient and comfortable.
For sometimes, when the cold is most severe, and the wind
highest, the fire on the hearths cannot be safely increas
ed in proportion. It might be driven into their rooms
in contact with the facing and woodwork around the
fire place. Painful experience has taught them more
danger is to be apprehended by fire in such positions, than
by the winds overthrowing their buildings. Disasters in
this way have taken place.
In the early settlement of Newfane, a log tenement
in a northern exposure was consumed by fire, and the
whole family, eight in number, perished with it. As the

128 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
family retired to rest, the fire was plentifully supplied
with wood, as a defence against the severity of the
weather ; and the flame was blown probably into the
room kindling the combustible matter within its reach.
Thus by the smoke,- their slumbers were rendered
heavier and heavier, till they slept the sleep of death.
The morning came, and the smouldering ruins and the
naked bones revealed to the neighbors, the painful
calamity. At the funeral for the burial of these bones,
the theme ofthe pioneer pastor's discourse was : "Suppose
ye, that they were sinners above all men, because they
suffered such things ! "
But even in these western and northern positions, the
occupiers can often contrive somewhat to ward off .the
intruding winds and storms. In the construction of their
buildings ; in the high breast works ; and breakers ; and
outposts theyJiave exhibited genuine traits of yankee
invention, to keep at bay the elements warring around
them. Thus they can employ their indoor hours in quiet
and calm reading and conversation, secure against the
furious onsets without ; and smiling at the snow driving
against their window casements.
But when the worst comes, the green mountain boys
will not turn their backs, but be found at their posts
facing the enemy. They soon become habituated to
these vanguard posts, so to speak ; these hyperborean
positions. The husbandmen occupying these prominent
situations are among the most respectable ; and of in
dependent secular circumstances of any in the state.
They are hale and robust ; no dough-faces ; nor Dos-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 129
faces : but can bear the motion of the air when the
mercury in the thermometer is far below zero. Their
faces become tough by exposure ; and they can breast
the driving snow storm ; and at the call of duty go
where man can go amid the strife of the elements. In
short they become conformed to their circumstances ;
and manifest some of the most praise-worthy traits in
the human character.
Having thus alluded to a characteristic of this portion
of the Vermonters, it may be said here in addition, that
it is somewhat descriptive of the whole population.
Several circumstances may have contributed to this.
The circumstances in which the state was originally
settled may have had influence. These have been
before explained ; the protracted controversies with New
York, and New Hampshire ; and with the continental
congress. These trials had an influence in strengthening
their minds ; their resolutions and even their physical
powers. They rendered them watchful ; and circum
spect ; and although sparing of blood, they had some
times to exercise their courage and even bodily powers.
Their titles to their farms were sealed by the seal, called
" the Beech Seal." In allusion to this emblem, they
sometimes had to renew their titles to their farms by
applying anew the seal ; that is, the beech rod to the
backs of those, who came upon their premises with a
writ of ejectment. They used various kinds of missives
to keep off whom they could not but view as intruders ;
and though they were not fatal in their application, they
were often serious, and at any rate, served to nerve the
9

130 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
arm which sent them. In some cases even the house
wives dashed hot water out at the windows upon suspi
cious claimants about the premises. Honorable scars of
this kind, by here and there an advocate of the Yorkers,
were worn long after the difficulties ceased — a memento
to their neighbors of past warfare. Thus then this
people were formed originally to an energy of character,
which is retained, more or less, to the present time.
Then again they seem to have an aversion, a strong
loathing to effeminacy ; a withered, pale, sickly, shady
growth, to deprecate ; and shudder at the thought of
falling into it. Their soil, they think, is uncongenial
to dandyism, and will not sustain such a class of oc
cupants. The writer knew a sober farmer, who returning from
Boston, whither he had been with the surplus produce
of his farm, to provide stores for the year, fell as he was
walking beside his team, and he knew not how, broke
one of his legs. Being detained a week or two, by the
way, it was the most mortifying part of his disaster, he
said, " to tell his host and attendants, that he belonged
to Vermont ; as they must think it strange, that any one
should be reared so in the shade and cellar as to have
his bones snap like a pipe-stem." One of the first
settlers of a ' river town,' he also knew, of whom it was
said, that scorning effeminacy, he was ashamed to be
seen wearing a new beaver hat, until " it had lain in the
barn-yard two or three nights."
The character of the first settlers themselves may have
had an influence in forming and continuing this trait.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 131
The original inhabitants of the state were mostly from
the New England states. The south eastern part, was
taken possession of by emigrants from Massachusetts ;
and many of them were from the county of Worcester.
Many families and adventurers came from Connecticut,
and took up their residence in various parts of <the state ;
in Bennington county, particularly in the town of Paw
let ; in Addison county ; and in Windsor and Orange.
Indeed the great body of the early settlers came from
Connecticut ; among whom was the Allen family, and
several of her governors. Thus in the* first formation
of its government, it was styled New Connecticut, other
wise Vermont. But New Hampshire and Rhode Island
furnished some of the original inhabitants. A few fami
lies of Dutch descent, as their names indicate, settled in
the -western part of the state, particularly in Bennington
and its vicinity.
The first explorers and occupiers of this district were
themselves hardy. For few, but bold and daring men ;
capable of enduring hardships, could at that period, be
induced to go to Vermont. It was then thought a more
daring undertaking to go to the new state, or Vermont
state, as it was named, than a journey now is to Illinois ;
or beyond the Mississippi. It is indeed true, that some
who wish to speak reproachfully of this state, say, " that
it was settled by fugitives from justice, and abettors of
Shay's rebellion." But it is not believed that more
persons of this description removed to this state, than is
common now to new countries, particularly those em
barrassed with debt. Of the adherents to Shay's, not

132 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
more came to this state, than probably went to New
Hampshire, or New York. Some, who did come, it is
well known, proved good inhabitants. Through inex
perience and misrepresentation, they were perhaps be
guiled into an action which on reflection, their judgment
disapproved ; and the fact had, probably a salutary in
fluence on them through life. Surely it is no reproach,
but an honor to a man to repudiate his errors and faults,
when convinced of them. Those embarrassed with
pecuniary liabilities have been so, in many instances,
without crime ; as many at that period became so with
out the loss of character for honesty. Surely fewer
came branded with crimes, than were found in many
other states ; or than now go from the older to new
settlements. Adventurers indeed came ; but such as were
made of stern and enduring temperament, and not easily
discouraged at difficulties. If all that is alleged should
be granted, it would still be true, that they were men
not given to inglorious ease and supineness ; but' of a
bold, go-ahead character. It must then even be admit
ted, that the first generation of this flourishing state were
men capable of enduring trials and encountering diffi
culties ; that its primitive materials were far less dis
cordant than those of Imperial Rome, mistress of the
world. This original trait of character has been infused more
or less into all classes ; and handed down to the present
generation. They are still a hardy people. They carry
evidence of it in their appearance ; and of this trait in
a measure the tender sex partakes.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 133
Of this, the lamented Hillhouse bore testimony, who,
in his tour, to which reference has been made, going to
a house in Guilford to borrow an axe to clear away
bushes, which obstructed his survey, was told by the
woman, " that the axe was so dull he could not use it,
and that her husband was gone ; but if he would hold
it on, she could turn the grind-stone." " If such are
the women of Vermont," said he, " there is no difficulty
in extending the canal into it."

134

CHAPTER VIII.
Character of its inhabitants continued. — Hardy. — 'Their position.—
Climate and employments unite in making them so.- — Bo-
dilystructure. — Exercise. — Exceptions. — Dissipation. — Diet. —
Wrong management. — Frankness another trait. — Enterprising.
— Seen in the improvements. — In new sources of profit. — In
their vallies, rivers, lakes ; quarries ; factories ; potatoes. —
Starch factories. — Found over the union in responsible trusts. —
Intelligent. — Comparative number who cannot read or write. —
Jurymen. — A comparison. — Prejudices. — Apology for speaking
of them by comparison. — Formerly stigmatized. — Unfounded
as persons. — Griswold and Lyon. — Rencountre between them. —
How treated in Connecticut. — Its influence. — Hospitality. —
Southern. — In Vermont to strangers.
The northern position of this people ; their climate
and employments have also contributed to the formation
of this characteristic trait. Familiarity with the bracing
winds of their mountains and protracted winters have,
given a healthful color to their countenances ; and served
to render their bodily structure compact and firm.
Going up and down the ridges and uplands of their
mountains in the discharge of duty ; or in the pursuit of
game, or in rambles for curiosity, and prospective views ;
or in making scientific researches in natural history, or
geology or mineralogy, serves to give elasticity and vigor

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 135
to their limbs. In this way they become capable of
making great bodily efforts, and enduring much fatigue.
In some instances, athletic, robust, and somewhat ele
vated bodily structures are seen like that of Ethan Allen,
which made his English captors doubt the strength of
their prisons to hold him. Three or four of such frames
a little mofe than ordinary, happened to go in company
from the same town, with pork and poultry to Boston.
The attention of the Bostonians was arrested at their
formidable appearance ; and after buying their ' notions,'
wanted to know if they were not the biggest men in
Vermont ? " No," said they, " compared with some
there, we are babies."
Their ordinary employments also unite in rendering
them hardy. They are mostly husbandmen. Culti
vating the soil is the great business of Vermonters.
Much was done formerly in lumbering; and to some
extent, this is now a business pursued by them. The
pines bordering on the Connecticut are becoming scarce ;
and the making of shingles, sawing of boards, and haul
ing of logs, are being confined to the interior. There is
indeed a boundless source of hemlock and spruce, in
working of which many are engaged.
These are employments, which strengthen the physical
faculties. In subduing the soil, naturally tough and
stuborn at first, particularly on the hills, and in the
southern parts of the state, bodily efforts, and mental
resources are necessary. In converting the lumber of
their mountains into articles for transportation and sale,
and forwarding them to market, by skddijig, carting,

136 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
rafting and boating, energy, resolution and perseverance
are requisite. The making of sugar from the maple ; a
business pursued to a considerable extent in the spring,
is laborious, and calls into exercise mental and bodily
resources ; and aids in strengthening the human consti
tution. These things have contributed to make the mhabitants
of Vermont, and to keep them a hardy population.
Generally speaking, they have this one important part of
temporal happiness, the union of bodily and mental
elasticity and vigor ; " sound minds in sound bodies."
Generally, for it would be strange if there were no
exceptions ; none afflicted with feeble constitutions ;
none rendered inactive and irresolute by wrong treatment
in their youth ; and by self-indulgence and dissipation ;
none unable through the want of exercise and fortitude
and self-denial to ascend the high ridges and lofty
mountains by which they are surrounded. Vice and
intemperance have disabled many, otherwise hale and
strong in mind, and benevolent of heart ; making them
cower and shiver beneath an October breeze, who once
could face unmoved the tempest and drifting snows of
mid-winter. What is meant to be said, is, that although
Vermont is not a soil and climate which produces natu
rally dwarfs and pigmies, in either body or mind ; it is
not denied that sometimes those of dwarfish dimensions
are found among its inhabitants. Distant may be the
day, and never arrive, when the vices and luxuries of
older, or more spontaneous districts, shall render them a
degenerate and sickly race ; effeminate and irresolute.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 137
Another trait of character in the Vermonters, is frank
ness. In their deportment at home, and abroad ; in
their intercourse with one another, and with strangers,
you generally find them open and explicit. If they
cannot carry their purposes without equivocation and
duplicity, they feel better satisfied with failure than suc
cess by such unworthy means. This, it is believed, has
been found true, more or less by strangers, who have
resided temporarily among them. They would scorn to
take the advantage of the ignorance of such, and make
them the dupes of their artifice. Should residents
among them of this description be imposed upon by
some unworthy individuals, they would find ready and
warm advocates to redress their wrongs. Vermont is a
poor place for deceivers and imposters to find favor when
their true characters are once known. This open-heart-
edness may indeed encourage the approaches of villains,
who may for a while conceal their purposes, and be suc
cessful. But when once understood ; and they will
sooner or later come in contact with such as are not slow
to understand, retributive justice will follow them with
no doubtful 'pace. When accosted by travelers civilly
and directly, they will answer directly and with corres
ponding seriousness. But if they have reason to believe
that no serious object is in view by the parlance, they
will be found at home in such manoeuvering. They will
be ready at indistinctness and circumlocution, to the
heart's content of any who wish to make the trial.
Thus they disclose their minds Unreservedly, relative
to their public agents, and the measures of government ;

133 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and without reserve, say of " all who.act in the public
eye, or speak to the public ear," what they think.
What they approve, they do it cordially ; and as heartily,
what they disapprove. This is also done face to faee,
and not clandestinely by detraction and insinuation.
In short, it is a frankness, which is warm-hearted ; and
not cold and distant ; but often making those who come
within its influence either cordial friends, or cordial ene
mies. This is the state of the case as it is often, and
the lines of distinction are clear as the noon-day sun.
There is no possibility of blending them.
They are also enterprising. This is implied in what
has already been said in the alterations and improve
ments in their public roads, and buildings ; and on their
farms, draining their lowlands ; filling up the vallies, and
leveling down the hills. These are not the works of
those, who are satisfied to endure evils rather than exer
cise self-denial and fortitude in removing them, and
trying the means of melioration. Not content with
securing or even enhancing their present privileges, they
are constantly seeking new means of improvement, new
sources of gain ; and of enjoyment. New vallies are
explored by the husbandmen among the mountains,
made rich by the decomposition of vegetable matter,
washed down from the surrounding hills by the rains of
centuries. Inventions are constantly making to facilitate
the clearing of land, and eradicating the stumps and
roots from the soil ; and rendering the surface smooth
and easy to pass and repass upon it. Their swamps and
sloughs, before neglected, and esteemed nuisances, are

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 139
now becoming invaluable as furnishing exhaustless
sources of manure for their uplands. To more valuable
purposes are turned their streams and ponds of water, as
means of irrigating their meadows in times of drought.
Thus the products of their farms in some instances are
doubled. The rivers, creeks, bays, and inlets of
their lakes are traced and explored with untiring zeal
for water power; and new places for mill-seats, fac
tories and machine shops of various descriptions.
Thus extensive establishments of this kind are becom
ing more and more flourishing by the enterprise of
individuals and companies. These you may see particu
larly at Springfield, Perkinsville, Bennington, Brattleboro,
Middlebury, Winooski, Manchester, Bellows Falls, and
other places. New uses are sought and made of their
woodlands and forests ; making them sources of profit
by transporting fuel to the neighboring villages, and
factories and shops ; and timber and lumber for the
puposes of building, and furniture, and implements of
husbandry ; and for machinery. Increased attention is
also paying to the quarries, and beds of granite, marble
and free stone, and lime and slate ; and additional
profits derived from them by the more frequent use made
in buildings and fences. Even the caverns and bowels
of the mountains are more and more ¦* ransacked ' for
sources of gain ; and in some instances, perhaps, " for
treasures better hid." Thus there are extensive beds of
iron ore at Bennington and Plymouth, where furnaces
have kept their livid fires kindled day and night for
years in succession. In Somerset and Chittenden are

140 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
also extensive mines ; at the latter place also are mines
of manganese, used much in book establishments ; and
of a better quality than is often found. But in visiting
the mines in Chittenden, the excavations and works
connected with them, your attention will be unavoidably
attracted by the extensive and majestic prospects at the
south, which are here presented to you.
In ways similar to these, is Vermont shown to be an
enterprising state ; and this is becoming more and more
a trait in her character. This is seen also in the con
stant improvements made here in agriculture. This, as
a science, both in theory and practice, is better under
stood than in many of her sister states. The farmers
are much in the habit of reading agricultural publica
tions ; and willing to make experiments in husbandry.
They plow and hoe but little ground, but do it well,
and have good crops. They obtain more by the acre,
it is believed, than the farmers of Connecticut, and
some other states, where the custom is to plow and hoe
double the quantity of ground. They are attentive to
their seed grains ; selecting and exchanging them to the
best advantage in securing good crops ; and is of the
first quality: introducing from abroad often the most
approved kinds. In their potatoes, which in variety
and richness and*abundance are unrivaled, they are con
stantly making trials to improve and perfect the yield.
This is a product of their farms more and more used as
food for both man and beast. Indeed several starch
factories in the north part of the state, work up vast
quantities of them ; and thus encourage the enterprising

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 141
spirit of the neighboring farmers. In some seasons,
thousands and tens of thousands of bushels, are trans
ported to New York; and other cities farther south,
through the water conveyances of lakes, canals and
rivers. Loads, after loads ; team after team from the
interior and eastern parts of Chittenden and Franklin
counties, crowding to the landing places at Burlington,
St. Albans, and other lake ports, you may see, as you
travel through this delightful region, during a mild autum^
nai Indian summer.
Further proof of this, is in the fact, that so many of
her sons and daughters are scattered more or less over
the union, engaged in the various pursuits of life. In
mechanic arts, in husbandry ; in mercantile pursuits ; in
the various professions ; in engineering and surveying,
you will find employed enterprising Vermonters success
fully, one or more in almost every town and district oj"
this extensive country. Their character for this active,
business spirit, secures them employment wherever they
go ; and they do not often betray the confidence
reposed in them.
The people in Vermont are intelligent. This is
another characteristic trait. It is indeed true by the last
census, that the number of those who cannot read is
comparatively greater than of some other states, particu
larly Connecticut. But this is owing probably to the
disadvantages of schooling in the early settlement of the
state. So unsettled and disturbed the condition of things
then was, that the district system did not for sometime
acquire much regularity. But it is not believed that of

142 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
those under sixteen years, there are more here who
cannot read, than in the same number in any section in
the country. The schools are now under good regula
tions ; as much spirit and animation and interest mani
fested by the scholars ; and the instruction is as thorough,
and extending to, as many branches. The annual
duration of the district schools may be less than in some
other commonwealths ; but it is not believed that the
scholars, as a body, in the elementary branches, will be
found behind those of the same age and class in whatever
direction you go.
But the ability to read ; and the habit and love of
reading to acquire knowledge and information are two
distinct things. The extensive school funds possessed
by some states ; the number of local districts, and com
parative easy access to them, summer and winter, may
have happily conferred the ability to read and write on
the entire population. But unhappily, this is as far as
some go in these places. They make little, or no use
of this ability, farther than to be able to prove that they
have not lost it by reading in large letters the commission
of the officer taking the census. Such there are, more
or less, in all communities. But the inhabitants of this
state generally, seem to avail themselves of this privilege
conferred upon them in childhood. They are thus
distinguished for general information ; extending their
knowledge beyond the mountains, which surround them ;
and often limiting to a narrow compass their prospect.
They seem emulous to enlarge their views of things,
and to extend them over the globe, to know what the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 143
world at large is doing, and to keep up with the times.
While their first attention and efforts are directed to the
duties of their several callings and employments, they
do not neglect to acquaint themselves with the condition
of their fellow men in different parts of the world.
They employ their leisure moments in acquiring a gene
ral acquaintance with science and literature, and with
the history of the world. In conversation you will find
them ready on subjects of common interest and concern.
You will often be delighted, as well as surprised, at the
knowledge discovered by many, in ordinary occupations
of life, on various topics, history, biography, chemistry,
belle-lettres, geography and national policy.
From such citizens to select an enlightened and inde
pendent jury for any cause, one well versed in the forms
and ceremonies of courts of justice, would not be a diffi
cult task. The Vermont tribunals would not suffer in
this, nor in any other respect, be it said with due defe
rence, in comparison with her sister states. To such
hands, the interests, the property and lives of her citi
zens may be safely entrusted. The writer once witness
ed a jury in Connecticut being charged by a district
judge of the United States court, keep their seats, till
told by the judge himself to ' rise.' That a Vermont
jury would have waited till thus instructed, or admon
ished, he does not believe ; but is confident that the
judge rising and addressing, " gentlemen of the jury,"
would have been instantly followed by a simultaneous
rising, on the part of those receiving the charge. These
things are not named for invidious comparisons. Far

144 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
be it from such design. That state was named, because
it is called, and deservedly so, ' the Athens of the union,'
and if Vermont comes nearly even sides with her in
intelligence, she will not in this respect fall behind the
other states. It is too, to counteract the prejudices and
hasty assumptions prevailing in some parts unfavorable
to Vermont ; that it is a place ' fit only for bears and
owls ;' and that its inhabitants shun the light, and are
buried in ignorance; and, as to all improvements in
civilization and the refinements of society, bound fast in
the frosts of apathy. The writer has opportunity of
knowing somewhat of both Connecticut and Vermont ;
and, loving as the apple of the eye, and venerating the
institutions and habits and customs of the former ; in
justice to the latter, he is constrained to say, that in
general information and intelligence she is in advance
of her ; and in the state of society, not much in the
rear. Here, lest it should be thought by some that some
what of the foregoing has the appearance of a defence
and encomium, it may be said, that such is the design,
so far as to repel unfounded aspersions and unprovoked
attacks ; and to commend where commendation is de
served. It is fashionable in many places, to stigmatize
Vermont, as ' the land of Hemlocks,' and her people as
a cold, phlegmatic, frost-bitten race, half civilized and
half barbarian. The writer remembers seeing when very
young, printed caricatures of the rencountre in congress
between Roger Griswold of Connecticut, and Matthew
Lyon of Vermont, at the expense of the latter, of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 145
course, as he was probably most in fault. But that was
not enough ; Vermont itself must be caricatured as a
land of bears, wolves and catamounts ; that is, settled
by a people, resembling these animals in their temper,
and manners and customs. Prints of this kind were
about that time, and in consequence truly of that affray,
circulated in Connecticut ; and even found their way
into her schools, leading the young to imbibe strong pre
judices against the state thus portrayed. Thus, as they
increased in years, they increased in antipathy towards
the new state ; and seemed to look suspiciously at the
green mountains north of the bay state. They felt
some as a worthy clergyman did, who lived long and
died at the foot of the mountain in that state : He was
willing to settle in any place where the Providence of
God might' call him, " if it might not be in Vermont."
But if that same Providence, contrary to their wishes
sent them to that land of ' fugitives ;' they perchance
began to let go their hasty, early impressions. On a
thorough acquaintance with them, they saw not why the
great body of Vermonters should be stigmatized ; be
cause Roger Griswold threw upon Matthew Lyon, the
reproach of the wooden sword ; and because the latter
should spit in his face for it ; and because the former
belabored his shoulders with the hickory, in the hall of
congress. But from that time, strong prejudices have been
retained in many parts of our land against this state ;
and editors of newspapers now, if they wish to amuse
their readers with a tale of outlandish manners and
10

146 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
occurrences, would be very likely to make Vermont the
seat of the drama, and Vermonters leading actors in it.
It is then to counteract these mistakes and antipathies,
that the foregoing remarks have taken a turn, which
might be perverted without, and with it, may perhaps
by some, this explanation. A long and intimate ac
quaintance with them, and personal knowledge of facts
on the ground, authorize, it is thought, what has been
said in their favor. It is regretted that it had not been
done by an abler hand, and in a better manner. It will
only be added in this digression, that hickory grows in
Vermont too, as well as in the land of steady habits ;
and New York ; and not hemlock alone ; but Beech and
maple ; hard maple ; rock maple ; curled maple ; an
article when wrought and polished, as comely and beau
tiful, as it is tough and enduring, and that the ' king of
birds' sometimes hovers around their tops, and lights
upon their trunks, and the cliffs of her mountains.
In further proof of the intelligence of Vermonters, it
may be said, that the district schools receive a certain
sum from the government of the state ; (a cent on a
dollar of the grand list ;) on condition of each district
raising an equal amount ; and keeping a school in
operation so many months of the year. By this public
provision, a healthful tone is given to common educa
tion ; and most of the children and youth are brought
within its influence ; and they seem to prize the privi
lege put into their hands more than some others, pro
vided with more ample funds. It is believed that Ver
mont has furnished her proportion of good teachers of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 147
primary schools ; and that they stand on vantage ground
at the west and south, whither many of them go, both
male and female.
Hospitality is another trait in the character of the
green mountains. The writer has resided at the south ;
and known somewhat of the manners and customs o£t
the Marylanders, bordering on Virginia, famed for its
hospitality. Report speaks short of the truth with
regard to the Gordial welcome and entertainment of
those, who, with credentials clear, go among them at
the calls of duty, and for the purposes of information.
The sparse population of farmers and planters on the
banks of tbe rivers and creeks, isolated from one another,
knowing little of taverns and hotels, except in their
villages, open their doors with great kindness to the stran
ger and wayward traveler. They make him feel at
home j^and urge his stay as long as suits his conve
nience ; and if he should happen to be an associate for
merly at school, the tarrying must be measured not by
days, but by weeks. In traveling in Vermont, he has
been reminded of those kindly customs, by meeting some
what similar tokens of good will in faces never before
seefl. Convenient public houses indeed abound in the
vallies on the hill roads of Vermont ; and therefore the
reasons to the same extent for the rites of private hospi
tality here, as at the south, do not exist. But if night
overtake you in some sequestered spot, short of the vil
lage inn, and you enter the first dwelling, perchance
you will witness the kindly countenances, and hear the
unaffected salutation, " Take a chair, friend," — " Tarry

148 HISTORY OF VERMONT
with us to night, you shall be made welcome." A plen
tiful repast, the produce of your host's farm ; with the
clear honeycomb from the drawer of Weeks's patent
hive refreshes your spirit. If an honest heart shines in
your countenance, it well bespeak for you confidence
and kindness in every part of the state ; but not less
warm will be the reception as you go north over the
hills and through the vallies of Lamoille, Franklin and
Caledonia. It may be blunt and abrupt at times ; but
the hospitality will be unaffected, and most of those,
who, as visitors have traveled up and down its hills, will
speak well of Vermont kindness to strangers ; and with
pleasure, remember instances of it felt.

149

CHAPTER IX.
Character continued. — Originality. — Illustrated. — Baptist clergy
man. — Constable. — The taking down a house of Divine wor
ship. — Building another. — Prosecution. — Court of experi
ence. — The bible cited as authoritiy. — The sign of the Green
mountain tavern. — Singular punishment inflicted. — An instance
of mischief making. — The false alarm. — Its consequences. —
Breaking roads after drifting snow storms. — Assault and
battery. — A lawsuit. — Freemen's meeting. — Town meeting. —
The Vermont origiuality seen. — Freedom of their elections. —
Extending to all classes. — Clergymen not excluded. — Baptist
clergymen in several instances governors. — Anecdote of one. —
A singular character.
Somewhat of originality is also found in the character
of the Vermonters. They have in a measure, their own
way of doing things. They are not mere copyists,
inquiring, what are the customs and practices of the bay
state, and in Connecticut, or New York, her neighbor,
and now the empire state, and making them the rule of
their conduct. While they claim the right to transact
their concerns in their own way, adopt their own customs
and manner of address and intercommunication ; wear
their own habiliments, and in their own style, they yield
to others the same freedom. They will, not trouble
themselves greatly about the costume, or the visage, or

150 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
broken accents of strangers and foreigners, whom Provi
dence may throw in their way ; nor put themselves to
great inconvenience to view all the particulars of their
mode of appearance so different from others. Unsparing
to singularity, for the sake of singularity, they are not
ashamed to be seen going to Boston in caps made of their
own mountain fur ; in striped woolens manufactured in
their own dwellings ; in vehicles constructed by them
selves 5 and drawn by horses of their own raising. Num
bers going in company, as farmers often did, to market,
before railroads were so frequent, they Were known by the
way as Vermonters. Their appearance made known the
place of their sojourn before " any sound escaped from
their faces." But all doubts would vanish, hearing as
the dwellers by the way might, "flank and flumux," and
other similar idiomatic expressions, descriptive of their
aversion to " backing out and eating up their own
words." The writer knew a venerable baptist clergyman,
who having scruples against receiving wages from his
flock, fed them gratuitously with spiritual food, and his
own family with the produce of his farm with temporal ;
go to Boston latb in the season, with three yoke of oxen
drawing on runners a kind of ark of his own construc
tion, loaded With dressed hogs of no puny dimensions.
The spectacle was no every day's one. The snoW
leaving him unexpectedly, his triple yoke carried him
through the mud safely home in his own way ' spite the
gaze and wonderment' of bay state boys. A constable also
of early times, he knew on a cold November's morning,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 151
go two or three miles, bareheaded, on some hasty, catch-
pole errand, doing the business in his own way.
Two or three individuals, disaffected with the ecclesi
astical society in a town on the Connecticut, who had
taken down their house of worship and built another in a
different place, sued for damages. They caused the
writ to be served on one of the deacons, as he was
going with his brethren to dedicate the new house ; and
on the other, as he was leaving it at the close of the
services. This was their way of commencing opera
tions, and maintaining the rights of minorities. This
business was decided on the ground by a reference ; in
which was spent a leisurely winter's week of some
concern to the parties, and of curiosity and entertain
ment of the spectators from that and the neighboring
towns. It was a time for searching for old records, and
the bringing to light important documents of the long
past, which might else have gone to the irrecoverable.
The place of deposit was required whenever slips of
yellow smoky manuscripts were produced ; and messen
gers sent back to the garret of a first settler, whence
they brought an old bee-hive, and emptied its various
contents before the court, and the eager eyes of the
assembly. But a certain record could not be found after
the utmost scrutiny ; and one too, which proved the
hinge of the whole case, another proof of the neglect of
giving beginnings a fixed habitation.
But one of the counsel for the defence, somewhat deaf,
venerable in a green November of life, with a full
round eye, and of undiminished keenness, walking up

152 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and down the hall, seemed little noticing what was going
forward. He was observed however, occasionally turning
over the leaves of another ancient Book of records, and
one not duly and often enough relied on as authority in such
cases. It was evident to a close observer, that some
scheme was on foot in his mind. So it came out. For
in his defence, making out the prosecution, an insidious
and vexatious case, he opened the Bible, for illustration
and authority. He cited the guileful and malicious
invitation of Sanballat and Tobiah to Nehemiah to
meet them in the 'plain of Ono,' and hold parlance
with them ; commenting with great force and propriety
on that interesting portion of sacred history. Making it
an apt and striking illustration of the case before the
public, the effect was powerful. He showed clearly that
it was an attempt like that of old, to impede and
obstruct the work of the Lord. But when he named
the two leading prosecutors, and said that this, 
is Sanballat ; and this  is Tobiah, the effect
was irresistable ; thus affixing to their names a cognomen,
a memorial of- the transaction as easily washed out as
the spots of the leopard.
In the early days of this state, the sign of the Green
Mountain Tavern, at Bennington was significant, and
characteristic of the times. It was a catamount's skin
stuffed, and sitting upon the sign-post, twenty feet from
the ground with large teeth grinning towards New
York ! To keep company for two hours with this
representation, a gentleman of Arlington was compelled,
being raised in an arm chair, suspended by a rope.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 153
This was the sentence of the committee of safety,
before whom he had been brought, charged with favoring
New York, and persuading the people to resist the laws
of Vermont. This sentence was executed, to the no
small amusement of a large concourse of people, arid
was undoubtedly corrective in its influence.
In their ordinary intercouse, as well as in their civil
and religious transactions, they often manifest this spirit
of independence. Stopping not to inquire ' what others
will say,' as to the manner and wherefore of doing their
own business, they do it to suit themselves chiefly,
taking care, as they ought, to do it rightly and from right
motives. Keeping clear of trespassing on the rights of
others, they claim to themselves exemption from being
called to an account why their fancy and, taste may
happen to run in this or that particular direction. When
called upon to give an account of themselves ip such
circumstances, as they sometimes are by those who
exalt themselves into the chair of universal inspection,
they take the liberty of doing it, if at all, in a way
suiting their own humor.
This turn of mind may sometimes lead to the indul
gence in amusement and stratagems, which assume a
serious aspect. But it is with good temper, and not
through a spirit of mischief making for the sake of it.
As early as 1780, several individuals of a party, survey
ing land in Brookline, Windham county, took it into
their heads to mimic the Indian war-whoop. Their
effort was so successful, that the good people of Athens,
a neighboring town, hearing it, and supposing it real,

154 HISTORYOFVERMONT.
gave the alarm, the Indians are coming ! and it set the
whole county in an uproar. To increase the alarm and
apprehension, the farmers in Newfane unconsciously
contributed, by setting fire the same day to heaps of
brush and bushes, the time being favorable, as a storm
appeared to be gathering. The flames from these, loom
ing up in the darkness of the night, carried clear convic
tion to the inhabitants of the neighboring towns, of
houses and barns burning. They fled from all directions
towards Brattleboro and fort Dummer. A severe snow
storm coming on, increased the difficulties of flight.
Orders were immediately sent by Col. Sergeant, of
Brattleboro for the militia of the neighboring towns to
assemble forthwith, as the Indians were laying waste the
country. The' troops marched with alacrity towards
the lurid lights, but found in the deserted towns nothing
but snqw to impede their progress. The cause of the
alarm being soon known, they returned to their quarters
without the loss of a man. The fugitives, with a sig
nificant look at each other, prepared to return to their
homes, each in his own way, ruminating with mixed
emotions on the war sport of their own kindred, and
' the great effect from' so ' small a cause flowing.'
It was the custom, before the temperance reformation,
for the taverners and merchants, to treat with strong
drink, those, who with teams, plows and shovels, vol
unteered to open the roads after a severe, drifting snow
storm. Collisions, as was natural from the influence of
ardent spirits, sometimes took place. An athletic, sinewy -
rm smith, for assaulting rather heavily one of his com-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 155
panions at the inn after a bout through the Snow drifts,
was arraigned before a justice of the peace. He made
bis own defence, appearing before the court, in his
uniform light infantry coat ; either through a whim of
his oWn, or because he had noother; and drawing in
close order the rows of bullet buttons, he began by
asking leave of the justice to speak ; and a chew of
tobacco. Being accommodated by him in both, and
taking the leaf and holding it up, and looking at it, ' this,'
he said, ' is what you call cow-yard.' Then hiding a
bulky portion of it in the spare room of his mouth, he
began his plea. " May it please the court, this man,"
(naming the plainthT) " in the sport of pitching one
another into the snow-banks, as we were breaking roads,
got mad; and not only insulted me, but knocked me
down with a sled stake. Recovering myself, and regain
ing the tavern, I thought but little of it at first. But as
I began to get warm, I thought more and more of it;
and the more I thought of it, the madder I grew.
Keeping my eye upon him, and. availing myself of a
good chance, I let drive at him, and knocked him down
with my fist ; and, may it please your honor, I think it
was no more than justice to him." But the justice, guid
ed by his oath, fined him a dollar or two. In arrest of
judgment, the defendant dislodging his borrowed quid
into the fire, said, " I appeal to the court of heaven."
The freemen's meeting in September, and the town
meetings in March, are days of great interest, and some
times of high excitement to Vermonters. On these

156 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
occasions of choosing their state and town officers, the
freemen are mostly together in their respective towns,
and this originality of character is exhibited in a variety
of ways. The feelings of freedom and independence
spontaneously burst forth on these occasions, in ebulitions
more commonly of wit and merriment, than of wrath
and indignation. Party spirit indeed sometimes rises so
high, as to produce bitter altercations on the spot, drawing
most of the voters in a town to the sides, partaking in a
measure of the spirit of the leaders. But more com
monly the apparent wrath and fury are confined princi
pally to the expectants of office and their immediate
connexions and abettors. The great body of each party
are not so absorbed in the contest as to interrupt their
sociability and good humor, and love of glee and fun.
The character of Vermont freemen you may see undis
guised at these meetings. In free remark on the candi
dates for office ; on the past management of the public
concerns ; and on the presiding officer ; and the
' speech-making ' of the aspirants to popular favor often
affords matter of amusement and cause of self-denial to
the uninterested bystanders ; so original and sudden and
unexpected their turns and flights of humor and imagi
nation. These assemblies are more orderly and tranquil since
the prevalence ofthe temperance reformation ; but give
not less evidence, or fewer specimens of this original
way of doing things, and of commenting on what others
say and do. Indeed they now afford matter for enter-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 157
tainment and instruction without so much annoyance of
profaneness, and idle, driveling talk ; without so much
dross intermixed with the original, sterling ore.
In selecting their officers and public functionaries, they
take their own way ; choosing them from all classes and
occupations. In other words, as they own no privileged
orders, by their free constitution ; so they would dis
franchise no class on account of his calling or profession,
provided it be a lawful and useful one. This is more
than can be said of every state in the union ; for in some
of them, clergymen are constitutionally excluded from all
civil officrs ; that so, they are by law ineligible, and
thus disfranchised. This is done merely on account of
their employment; and is directly in the face of the
national constitution. However proper in prdctice ; and
how little soever objection there might be to public senti
ment excluding them ; it is wrong and oppressive in
principle. Thus the constitution of Vermont makes no such
distinction ; but opens the door of office to all classes,
and excludes not him even whose office it is to place
highest the freedom of the truth ; and the glorious liberty
of the sons of God. Not only this, Vermonters have
been in the habit of carrying out in practice this prin
ciple ; and clergymen have often been members of the
general assembly. In several instances, baptist clergy
men, (a respectable and extensive denomination of
christians, the baptists are in this state,) have been
chosen to the highest office, that of governor. The
same freedom of remark, by which their performances in

158 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the pulpit were scrutinized by some of their wayward,
eccentric hearers, has pursued them when exalted to the
chair of state. Of one it is said, Who in the ministra
tions of the sanctuary, being much assisted at times, and
impressed, was in the habit at the close of his sermon, to
request his favorite tune "Mear" to be sung: on the
delivery of his first speech as governor, at Montpelier, a
•wag in the gallery, in accordance as he supposed with
his excellency's feelings, exclaimed, " sing Mear."
As a warning against the waywardness sometimes of
this spirit of independence and originality ; and its
dangers when not restrained within proper bounds, a few
particulars in the life of one Vermonter will be here
given.^-He lived in a town on the Connecticut, was a
man of strong mind, but destitute of mental culture ;
and under the agitating influence of master passions, of
which he was assisted to gain the ascendency before he
died. But he took his own way in living and dying.
In tbe walls of his cellar (for avarice was one of the
passions of his soul), he was in the habit of secreting
considerable sums of money, in gold and silver. Once
be hired men to take down a part of his cellar wall ;
and stood by them while they did it, to be sure of
seeing when they might fall upon the treasure, which he
knew he had deposited there, but had forgotten the
ejcact spot. Sums of money in different places were
found after his death, which he secreted, and as is sup
posed, forgot himself where he had placed them.
To mortify and perplex his family, (for licentiousness
was another of his strong passions), seemed to be an

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 159
object near his heart ; and he manifested great ingenuity
in devising the means to do it. He would sometimes
rise from his bed in the night, and roll himself in the
mud, and covering himself with dirt, in that state return
to his couch. Instead of washing himself in pure water,
like other people, he would for a considerable period in
succession, wash himself in fish brine.
Every body in the vicinity knew well his unlawful
and cruel treatment of his family ; and his unwarranta
ble deportment. But no one seemed willing to incur
his displeasure by resisting his wayward and cruel course.
Nobody appeared to come forward, and, by bringing him
to justice, hazard the lash of his tongue, and his means
of hurting his foes. The selectmen of the town once
waited on him, with the design of taking measures to
restrain his cruel conduct, and ' bind him over to good
behavior.' But after spending most of the day in distant
and various conversation, separated doing nothing, except '
it might be that one of them borrowing money of him,
and tbe others, signing their names with his as security.
This was his state when the temperance reformation
commenced ; for the love of strong drink was an addi
tional passion, to which he was a victim. The watch
word of total abstinence seemed to arouse him, and
inspire him with faint hopes of life, like the shouts of
victory in the ears of the prostrate and dying soldier,
surrounded by heaps of dead and wounded companions.
He at length adopted it. But he was like the weather-
beaten mariner, and- the righted hull over which the
sea had often made a clear breach. The return of

160 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
serenity left him leisure to look back on what he had
escaped ; the storms and whirlwinds ; the shoals and
quicksands, through and near which he had run his
course. Unlike the man awaked by a sudden clap of
thunder from a profound reverie, the stillness after the
tempest, seemed to open his eyes to the dangers over
which he had been walking blindfold. The point of
safety, after the indulgence of strong passions, was to
him that of sinking down exhausted. Nature sometimes
gives way and death follows, when the occasion for mak
ing arduous struggles under the pressure of warring
elements, or the pursuit of venomous serpents, is
removed. Thus having, reached the shore after such a shipwreck,
he was unable to walk or stand. Gathering himself up
once for all, he rose from his bed in the stillness of night,
and went to his barn ; and, on a ladder, mounted to
what is called the great-beam, and with a nail-hammer
beat out his own brains, and fell upon a scaffold ; and
from that to the floor. In this situation he was found
with blood and brains upon the floor; and the hammer
by his side with hair, and gore and brains sticking to it;
with marks also upon the scaffold, where he struck in
falling from the beam. Living a few days, he employed
them, in relating and expressing contrition for what he
hatd done ; and, cherishing a hope of reconciliation with
God and man, ' his last end was peace.'

161

CHAPTER X.
Characteristics of Vermonters closed. — Some deductions from the
foregoing. — Too often subservient to selfish office-seekers.—
Discouraged sometimes under difficulties. — Want of perseve
rance in carrying to the end promising beginnings.— Family
rivalries. — Their consequences. — Winter employments and
recreations. — Friendly annual visiting. — Social intercourse.
In closing the characteristics of Vermonters, it should
be added, that the foregoing remarks are to be under
stood, not only in a general sense, but with some coun
tervailing deductions.
The industrious farmers and mechanics are sometimes
too easily rendered subservient to the designs and arti
fices of demagogues and office-seekers. They are the
stamina of a commonwealth ; and have the power to
appoint the makers of the laws, and the administrators
of justice ; and doing it understanding^, conscientiously,
and without bias, the result would generally be safe and
salutary. But instead of being always guided by the
light of experience, and the dictates of plain, common
sense, they too often follow the counsels of the cunning
and ambitious and aspiring. Dazzled by the fascina
tions of brilliant parts ; and the professions of disinter-
11

162 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
ested concern for their welfare, they are often made the
dupes of flattering words, " swallowing without pause
or choice, the total grist, unsifted, husks and all."
Too easily discouraged, they often give up the direc
tion of affairs to those who make the greatest bluster,
and the show of unyielding and everlasting opposition ;
and for the sake of peace, often a false one, permit
things to go on in a wayward course, contrary to their
own convictions. The ample means to arrest wrong
measures, and remedy evils and cripple the arm of the
oppressor, they are sometimes deterred from using,
through fear of making difficulty and stirring up oppo
sition. Even in this state of bold, energetic, indepen
dent actors, in times which tried men's souls ; some are
found of timid, Lilliputian spirits, who, in emergencies,
so afraid of doing wrong, have not the courage to do
right. .
A'wide contrast between beginnings and results, is
also sometimes here witnessed. Objects of public utility
and importance find approving hearts among the Ver
monters. With such union and cordiality do they enter
upon the pursuits of praise-worthy undertakings, that
the most favorable results are anticipated. But zeal
and ardor in some instances grow cold ; and the pursuit
is suspended or followed up languidly. Promising be
ginnings are too often left unfinished, and for the want
of perseverance and a patient continuance in well doing,
desirable objects lost, or much delayed. The work of
preparation and planning is to be repeated, or antici
pated good relinquished. New enterprises and ways of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 163
securing important ends are set on foot and pursued ;
and the old ones left to find new abettors, or to fall
midway, like too many works of human device and
wisdom. The harmony of society is also sometimes broken by
secret, local feuds, which foment for a time, and then
break out into lingering, incurable ulcers. These are so
managed now and then, as to attract kindred matter from
various parts ; and thus affect more or less, the entire
social body. They have arisen from time immemorial
wounds inflicted; and kept alive by unskillful treatment ;
and rendered rancorous by the hasty prescriptions of
quacks ; in other words, from insults and wrongs real or
fancied, received, and more or less aggravated by the
Highland chieftains, to whose care they have fallen.
Unlike the border wars of England and Scotland, of
Walter Scott, they are internal strifes between leaders of
rival families. Each has his circle of kindred, engaging
cordially in his interests ; and each attaching to his
party all whom persuasion can win or power compel.
This system of clan-warfare has led to separate, oppos
ing encampments, so to speak, in the same town ; from
which the arrows of bitter words and other missiles have
been interchanged, sometimes to the annoyance and at
others the amusement of the passengers and spectators.
But war it has been, if not to the hilt ; yes to the hands ;
if not open, yet secret, persevering and unyielding ; a
war of carnal weapons ; and if not of death ; yet some
times of bloody deeds, and lasting scars. It has been

164 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
a war, as in most cases of actual warfare, of alternate
victory and defeat on either side ; a war, if, not period
ical, yet more obstinate at some particular seasons ; and
affording many memorials of past achievements and dis
comfitures ; and much matter for conversation to survi
vors and posterity ; and presenting many a battle field
for retrospection and caution. In a word, petty divisions
and strifes have too often lessened the enjoyments of
social intercourse ; and rendered those residing in the
same vicinity, comparative strangers to one another.
But these jars to the harmony of the social system are,
it is believed, becoming less and less felt ; and time will
by degrees wear out the impressions made by them.
These things to the contrary ; and what state of
society is perfect in this world ! The habits of this
people in their domestic intercourse are interesting ; and
instances of them will be remembered with pleasure, by
all who have been familiar with them. They have not
yet forgotten the friendly and warm attachment created
by common difficulties, and evils encountered in a new
and wilderness country ; and left as they were to estab
lish their own independence in the face of formidable
opposition. As winter closes in upon them, as is the case generally
in December, they kill their pork and beef for the year.
Part of it, especially the latter, they put in snow, placing
it in a cool part of their dwellings, to keep it to use fresh
as occasion may require. In this state it will keep in
good order through the changes of the winter till spring.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 165
In the course of the winter, in earnest the farmers
procure fuel for the year ; thrash out their grain and dis
pose of their surplus produce. The fruits of the dairy
are also disposed of, and the heavy articles of family
consumption procured for the season. As they used to
say , it was laying in stores for the year. One costly item
in this bill of expense is omitted since the glorious era
of temperance. The balance after this ; and paying off
hired help, the bills of merchants, physicians and the
salary of the minister, is laid aside for the calls of the
unknown future, the purposes of education and improve
ments on their premises.
They are now prepared for the whistling winds and
drifting snows of February. They can enjoy the pleasures
of a comfortable fireside, employing their time in select
reading and conversation, unconscious of the desolations
abroad, (' Uiemo informis.')
As the ' heart of winter breaks ; ' and the sunny, last
days of February come, the neighbors, in the circuit of
three or four miles, begin to make and pay each other the
friendly, annual visit. Families, husband, wife and little
ones, in sleighs or on sleds, meet several other families
at an appointed place, and spend the afternoon and
evening in social converse. The flow of friendship and
good humor, enlivens the eye and cheers the heart.
Freedom of speech is indulged ; the recent events if
interested are reviewed ; and remarks made in frankness
without the fear of treachery. The innocent joke goes
round, and the brow of care, and the wrinkles of anxiety

166 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
are smoothed. Then comes the hospitable repast ; the
grafted apples ; . specimens of the beef preserved in snow ;
the choice uncostly viands ; and the evening closing in
harmony and sober hilarity.

167

CHAPTER XI.
Changes inthe executive department, from 1797 to 1842. — Changes
in parties. — Governors. — Their characters. — Incidents under
their administrations. — English and French party. — How origi
nated. — Difficulties with France and the general government. —
1816, cold summer. — A railer at Providence. — Free-masonry
becomes a political question. — Excitement. — No choice of
governor by the people. — Many trials in the House. — Anti-
masonry in politics succeeds. — Arrival in Vermont of the Mar
quis de LaFayette. — Proceedings at Windsor. — Some character
of him. — From 1842 looking back, and reflections on the list of
chief magistrates. — The variety in their characters, pursuits,
and religious belief. — The abolition of capital punishment.
In giving the history ef Vermont from the period of
its being received into the union, to this time, 1842, the
object will be to give briefly the changes in the executive
and judicial departments ; the most important measures
adopted by the government ; the increase of population ;
the progress made in towns and villages ; and with con
veniences and refinements of society. This part of the
work will be attempted in a general succinct manner,
both that the patience of the reader may be relieved,
and because some of the topics have been incidentally
illustrated in giving the character of the inhabitants.
The military transactions also, it is intended, are to be

168 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
arranged in a part by itself; being presented in one point
of view.
In 1797, Thomas Chittenden died. He had been the
governor of the state from its first organization ; and was
highly respected and much beloved. While he lived,
little was said or known here comparatively of opposing
political parties. Their own struggle for a separate,
independent existence bad kept the inhabitants united.
But when this question was decided in their favor, and
the rod, as it were, no longer suspended in a menacing
attitude over their heads, they began, like the other states
to find ground of discord among themselves* They
were soon split into two great political parties, called
federal and republican ; general terms, which leave
doubtful the grounds of this division. The origin of
these names was the adoption of the United States con
stitution, by which the separate states became united in
one general, or federal government. Those friendly to
this union or league, were called federalists ; and those
opposed to it, democrats, believing that too much power
Was taken by it out of the people's hands. They after
wards took to themselves the appellation Republican.
Subsequently the republicans bestowed on the federalists
the title of British partisans, and they in turn were
complimented as the French party. The French nation
had thrown off the shackles of royalty, and proclaimed
liberty and equaMty ; " the republic one and indivisible."
They then in this country, who in addition to the obli
gations which they deservedly cherished towards that
nation for their noble interposition in our behalf against

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 169
the encroachments of Britain, and regarding the federal
compact as leaning too much towards monarchy and
aristocracy, might very naturally incur the suspicion of
undue bias aud influence. The strenuous advocates for
the provisions of the constitution might also as easily
and naturally fall under the odium of undue admiration
of the English form of government. Both were proba
bly misjudged ; and misjudged and wronged each other,
equally seeking the best good of their country ; but dif
fering as to the means of accomplishing it. But these
were terms of reproach and created no little acrimony
in the country.
It reached Vermont ; and on the death of Gov. Chit
tenden, there was no choice of governor by the people.
Isaac Tichener, of Bennington, was subsequently chosen
by the general assembly. He was a man of talents ;
and distinguished personal accomplishments ; and set the
example of opening the business of the assembly by a
formal speech, 1797 ; and subsequently characterized
as " the governor's speech."
In 1798, Tichener was re-elected. This year a colli
sion took place between the national government and
that of France. The tone of the French Directory
was insolent ; requiring this country to take side with
them in the war with England. President Adams firmly
resisted their demands, and a kind of retaliatory war on
the ocean was the consequence. The legislature of
Vermont sustained the president in a warm and patriotic
address ; which was very gratifying to him as appeared
from his reply.

170 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
The question of foreigners being candidates for the
high office of government was discussed this year ; and
an amendment to the constitution proposed by Massa
chusetts, excluding from the presidency, senate and house
of representatives, all who were not of this country when
its independence was declared. But it met with opposi
tion at the south ; and could not pass the test.
In 1799, Tichener was re-elected governor. This
year decided against them the claims of certain tribes of
Indians then in Canada ; and who once resided on the
banks of the rivers and in the vallies of Vermont. They
had made repeated application for remuneration for losses
sustained in leaving them. Their state, as is that of all
the tribes now, more or less, was pitiable. But they
had voluntarily left their lands and tenements at the
solicitation of the British ; and taken arms with them
against these colonies. Their redress, then, if sought in
the right place, would seem requiring to be so from those
whose cause they had espoused.
In this year also, the doctrines of nullification were
broached in Virginia and Kentucky. Resolutions were
passed, which carried out in practice, would approach
the confines of South Carolina state-right principles.
These were in consequence of certain laws in congress ;
such as the sedition and alien acts which were unpopu
lar in that quarter. But Vermont formally disowned
these principles; and acknowledged the paramount
authority of congress in such cases.
Mr. Tichener was successively re-elected the nine
following years, making twelve years without interrup-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 171
tion ; evidence of his popularity ; especially with his party.
He is said to have been a man of unusually statesman
like qualifications ; gentlemanly and courteous in his
demeanor.. As a senator in congress he was highly
respected, and supported well the reputation of the state
which he represented. He was a native of .New Jersey ;
of tall and commanding figure ; the initials of his name
were once to be seen carved high on one of the beeches
on the summit of the green mountains, by the way side
of the now abandoned turnpike.
In 1 809, the republican party succeeded and chose
Jonas Galusha, of Shaftsbury, governor ; a baptist clergy
man of good standing; and of strong mind, and wise
by observation and experience. He was re-elected the
three following years in succession. Nothing worthy
of particular record took place in Vermont during this
period. The course of events and civil transactions
moved placidly along in the channels marked out for it
by the current of Divine Providence.
In 1813, there was no choice by the people. In the
assembly the parties were exactly balanced between
Galusha and Martin Chittenden, son of the first governor ;
and of the same political sentiments. The latter was
finally elected ; and also the six following years without
interruption. The military events which took place in
and near this state under his administration, are recorded
in another place. The summer of 1816 was remarka
bly cold ; and corn in this and the other New England
states was cut off by frost. It was , a gloomy season ;
snow and frost in June, and drying winds shortening

172 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
much the crop of hay. It was so cold about the tenth
or twelfth of September, that the water in ponds and
rivers froze to some thickness. The following year,
(1817,) was cold, but not so destructive to the fruits of
the earth. The apprehensions of worldly men were
excited ; and the fall crops were somewhat shortened.
An impious railer at Divine Providence, a hill-side
dweller, placed his bible in his corn-field in an October
evening threatening frost. It came, and cut down his
corn ; and he with an oath, committed his bible to the
flames ; as if the leather, and paper, and ink, and
materials in which its sacred truths were encased, would
change the course of nature, and the operation of the
elements. In 1820, Richard Skinner, of Manchester, was chosen
governor; a man in the profession of the law, and
distinguished as a jurist and advocate. He was re-elected
the two years next following after which he declined
being a candidate. The measures proposed by him
were judicious, and his administration popular. He
was born in Litchfield, Ct.
In 1823, C. P. Van Ness, of Burlington, was placed
in the gubernatorial chair. The chief magistrates of
this state previous to Mr. Van Ness are dead; and
their characters and deeds belong to history. This
gentleman has subsequently to his retirement from the
appointments which were conferred upon him in Vermont,
been sent by the national councils to Spain, .as ambassa
dor, at which court he represented this government
several years. The two next years he was re-elected ;

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 173
the first of which (1824) was distinguished for the jour
ney of the Marquis de La Fayette through the country.
He entered Windsor in this state on the fourth of July,
the day of our nation's independence, in securing which
he had been no little subservient, some forty or fifty years
previous. He was met and made welcome by tbe gov
ernor ; and a large concourse of Vermonters ; and
memorable were the proceedings of that day ; the long
procession of freemen and their children ; the remnant
of revolutionary soldiers ; the Divine goodness acknowl
edged and blessing sought ; the nation's guest ; the
congratulatory address, and reply ; the right hand given
and received between long parted comrades and fellow
sufferers. The coincidence of circumstances must have
rendered it an interesting spectacle. The recollections
of events long since transpired ; the intermediate scenes
witnessed ; the recognizing of countenances once familiar,
but now changed ; inquiries after the dead and the mis
sing ; the blithesome appearance ofthe youth and children
born on the soil, made free and consecrated to freedom
by the blood of their forefathers, conspired to excite
emotions of gratitude and sympathy not easily effaced.
The Marquis was deeply affected ; and manifested
much sensibility. Indeed the whole period of his visit
to this country must have been a source of much enjoy
ment and absorbing reflection. To retrace the footsteps
of youth after a long, intervening absence, is always
inconceivably attractive and impressive to the sensitive
mind. How intense then must have been his sensations,

174 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
enjoying this privilege as he did in such peculiar cir
cumstances !
He has been called the martyr of liberty. So far
as sacrificing his youthful ease and prospects ; so far as
he subsequently exercised self-denial and disinterested
zeal and effort, and suffered much in her cause, and that
of humanity, the appellation may be proper. But he
foil not untimely and midway in his career ; but in a
green flourishing fullness of years and honors; in the
very lap, so to speak, of freedom herself. May he not
be called an example of the final triumph of virtue.
Thus illustrating the truth and equity of a superintending
Providence 1
The struggles and clouds under which good men often
make their way through this world, failing to accomplish
the important purposes at which they aim ; seeing the
guilty go unpunished, and the innocent suffer, have led
many to doubt the reality of a Divine Providence.
They have looked upon this world as a mystery, in
which fraud and oppression more often prevail than
integrity and philanthropy. Thus Moreau, a celebrated
French marshal, said when dying of his wounds, at the
battle of Dresden, both legs being shot off by a cannon
ball, " the scoundrel Bonaparte is always lucky."
But La Fayette, having enlisted in the cause of
sound, rational liberty in his early days, he undertook
after the close of the war of independence, to reform
the encroachments and abuses of the French govern
ment. His benevolent plans and counsels exciting the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 175
jealousy of the Bourbon court, were rejected, and the
volcanic eruption which overspread Europe took place.
He was driven into exile, and wandered over the conti
nent of Europe in obscurity and much misery. When
the mighty arm of Napoleon swayed the sceptre of
France, he was hunted down with still greater vigilance
and perseverance. He was missing ; no where to be
seen or heard of for a number of years in succession.
His family and friends supposed that he had indeed
fallen a martyr to liberty. The cruelties inflicted on
him, incarcerated as he was in the heart of Germany,
were great, and his sufferings intense. But his spirit
was unbroken ; and after the downfall of the Emperor
of the French, his fetters were knocked off, and he
emerged from his prison ; and in the hands of Divine
Providence, was eminently instrumental in the establish
ing of the present comparatively free government in that
country ; the Citizen King ; the House of Peers ; and
the Home of Deputies. Thus the desires of his heart
were accomplished ; the guarded liberty of his country.
Having united this land of his early footsteps and love ;
and seen the healthful operation for half a century, of
a free government, he returned to his beloved France
and quietly died in the bosom of his family, admired
and honored by the world. Here is an example of
virtue, after long delay, and much eclipsed, shining
brightly at last ; in the end triumphant. He had seen
tod, the mighty man of war, long successful, rising to an
eagle-eminence, fallen suddenly and low, dashed upon
a rock in the ocean, an example of retributive justice,

176 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
sure, though sometimes lingering, the end of guilty,
blood-stained ambition.
Gen. Isaac Fletcher, late member of congress from
[the fifth district, being adjutant and inspector general
jof the Vermont militia at the time, " was in attendance
upon his Excellency, C. P. Van Ness, during the visit
of La Fayette, and was by that worthy patriot made
the dispenser of his bounty, by which the aged Gen.
Barton was relieved from his imprisonment for debt in
(the common jail in Danville." So characteristic is this
deed of the Marquis, exemplifying the benevolence of
his disposition toward a fellow soldier in distress, that
it deserves being recorded, although the occasion for it
might seem to reflect on the slumbering sympathy of
somebody ; and if that of the state, she has made
amends by abolishing subsequently imprisonment for
debt. In 1826, and 7, Ezra Buthr, a baptist clergyman,
was governor of Vermont, who discharged the duties of
this responsible trust to the satisfaction of those who
deputed him^ to it ; with honor to himself, and without
justly incurring reproach from any.
^\ Samuel C. Crafts was elected governor in 1828, and
thejjbllowing year. He originated from Derby in Con
necticut. During his administration Gen. Jackson was
chosen President of the United States ; taking the chair
March 4th, 1829. The vote of this state was given
for John Q. Adams. The Masonic question also about
this time became much agitated in this state. It had
previously been discussed with warmth in the western

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 177
part of New York. It had become a political question
in consequence of the supposed murder of a man by the
name of Morgan, who had revealed and published the
arcana of his fraternity. He was said to have been
taken forcibly and carried into Canada, and put to
death in the most cruel manner. This was in the north
western part of New York. This was denied by ma
sons ; and much was published on both sides ; and in
some places a very great excitement produced. The
oaths were published, which, it was said, candidates
must take on becoming members of the brotherhood ;
and which were alleged to be incompatible with the
rights and privileges of those not belonging to it ; and
dangerous to the community. It is certain that the
subject took strong hold of the feelings of many 'Ver
monters. In 1830, three gubernatorial candidates were started ;
Crafts, called the national republican, and masonic.
Palmer, the anti-masonic ; and Meach, the administration
candidate. The first had 13,486 votes ; the second
10,925 ; and the last 6,285. After thirty-two ballot-
ings in the general assembly, Crafts was chosen. The
next year, 1831, the same three candidates were in the
field ; and after nine trials in the house, for there was
no choice by the people, William A. Palmer, of Dan
ville, the anti-masonic candidate was chosen by a
majority of one vote.
In 1832, no choice of governor was made by the
people. Palmer was re-elected in the assembly at the
forty-third trial. These things show the state of feeling
12

178 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
in Vermont in consequence of the masonic agitation.
The enemies to this institution were persevering in their
opposition to it ; and many of its lodges were about
this time disbanded ; particularly the grand lodge of
the state of Vermont. In the presidential contest which
took place this year, this state had her anti-masonic
candidate; and gave her vote for William Wirt,
standing before the union, alone and single-handed.
Setting aside all party considerations, looking only at
the man; his character and qualifications. Vermont
need not blush to the end of time for that vote, solitary
as it was.
This year a vote was passed to build a new state-
house at Montpelier; appropriating thirty thousand
dollars for the purpose. A more particular account of it
will be given hereafter.
The two subsequent years, Palmer was re-elected
governor; that is in 1833-4. In 1835, no governor
was chosen ; but Silas H. Jennison, of Shoreham, being
elected lieutenant governor, was the acting chief magis
trate. He was successively re-elected to this the highest
office in the state, till 1840. In the national canvass
for president which took place when Mr. VanBurenwzs
successful, the vote of this state was given for Henry
Clay; and in the one of 1840, for William H. Har*
rison. The successor of Jennison was Charles Paine, who
still, 1842, occupies the Vermont chair of state. In
1843, John Mattocks, of Peacham, was elected gov
ernor. Declining a re-election in 1844, William Slade,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 179
of Middlebury, was chosen governor, and at this time,
1846, occupies the gubernatorial chair.
In looking back on this line of supreme executive
officers and their administrations, we see much to admire
and venerate in them ; and somewhat of the way and
manner of Vermont freemen. In that line few 'weak,
or dim, or uncertain points are seen, or deviations. It is
clear and distinct ; direct and full. They adhered to
the course pointed out to them in the chart under which
the direction of the political ship was entrusted to them.
By the Divine blessing on their skill and experience in
the nautical science of state, she has been carried safely
over the fluctuating and treacherous sea of civil and
military life. Through their agency and the orderly
conduct of the ship's company, she has been kept from
foundering in the storm and tempest ; from being strand
ed by the sudden changes of wind and current ; from
the dangers of the calm, and the inroads of worms and
other vermin, lying in ordinary, or in the dry dock,. A
large portion of this band of state pilots have ceased
struggling with the waves of political comnlotion, and
gone to the award of the Great Pilot, whose word can
silence the winds and still the tumults of the Qceafl-
May the survivors, and those who shall follow ; and
may the line continue unbroken, so finish their course as
to enter the peaceful haven of eternity.
You see among them, men of almost all occupations
and professions in life ; and of great variety in their
mental culture, and habits of study. Thus you will
find the governor of Vermont, at one time a farmer;

180 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
unaided by a high state of discipline; but of plain,
sound, common sense ; at another, the eloquent lawyer,
well versed in letters and science ; at one time, the
merchant, or mechanic, or physician ; at another a clergy
man. You see them also of almost all religious deno
minations ; the congregationalist, the baptist, the me-
thodist, and the universalist. Of the latter class is Jen
nison, who held this office several years. Meach is a
methodist, and was placed in the gubernatorial canvass ;
if none of that branch of the church have been actually
called to the chair of state. This variety is seen and
perhaps more extensively in those raised to the second
post of honor in the state, that of lieutenant governors.
These facts are proof that Vermont freemen confer
their honors in their own way ; without respect of per
sons ; as it regards occupation, employment, pursuit,
profession, or religious belief.
At the session of the general assembly this year,
October, 1842, the question of abolishing capital punish
ment came up ; and after a full discussion, the law
requiring death for certain crimes was repealed. Per
petual confinement now, solitary ; and more or less rigid
and gloomy according to the aggravations of crime, is
the highest punishment which the courts can inflict on
the murderer. The infliction of death in certain cases
is reserved for the governor, according to his discretion.
This is an experiment in which Vermont takes the
lead, no other state having yet assumed this ground.
It is a question lately much discussed ; and is in agita
tion in several legislative assemblies. It is surely a

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 181
deviation from the law of the Jews, ordained and sanc
tioned by the Supreme Lawgiver. Time will test its
expediency. The murderer, as the law was, had hope
of escaping detection. This was his only chance of
escape. Now the chance is doubled ; for to the hope
of escaping conviction, is added that sooner or later, of
escaping from the dungeon of solitary confinement.

182

CHAPTER XII.
Senate of Vermont. — How constituted. — Members. — Their age.
— Its operation and results. — New organization in the courts.
— Changes in the Superior court. — Chief Justices. — Remarks
on annual appointments of Judges. — United States senators of
Vermont. — Their character. — Character of that body. — Popu
lation. — Rapid increase. — Additional towns. — Changes of fifty
years in the exterior. — Surface. — Buildings. — Cultivation. —
Retrospection. — Contrast.
The constitution of Vermont was so amended in
January, 1836, as to substitute in the place of "the
Council," a Senate. It consists of thirty members, cho
sen annually, and each one having arrived at least to the
age of thirty years. Each county is entitled to one sen
ator ; and after that, to additional members in propor
tion to its inhabitants. The first apportionment was : for
Windham county, three ; Rutland, three ; Windsor,
four ; Addison, three ; Orange, three ; Washington,
two; Chittenden, two; Caledonia, two; Franklin,
three ; Orleans, one ; Essex, one ; Grand Isle, one ;
Lamoille, two.
A new apportionment is to be made after each census
taken of the United States. It possesses the same
power to regulate and control its members as is enjoyed

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 183
by the house of representatives. The trial of its mem
bers by impeachment is conferred on tbem. Every bill
must pass both senate and house of representatives, and
be signed by the governor. But if a bill be returned, it
requires only the re-passing of it by a majority of both
houses to become a law.
The following statements are from one high in office
in the state, and enjoying the best means of knowing
the facts and the operation of that body. " The first
senate was elected in September, 1834, and organized
in October of that year, David M. Camp, being the
first president by virtue of his office, being lieutenant
governor. He continued to hold that office till October,
1841, when he was succeeded by Waitstill R. Ranney.
Lieut, governor Ranney was succeeded in 1843, by the
Hon. Horace Eaton, who yet, 1846, retains that office.
The entire body of the senate has been changed almost
every two years ; and it has happened that many more
young men have found their way into that body than
could have been reasonably anticipated. The average
ages of the senators, notwithstanding the constitutional
requisition, that no one shall be less than thirty years,
has, since the erection of that body, been less than that
of the members of the house of representatives. There
is a proposition now pending, to amend the constitution
so as to require their term of office to be three years,
one third of the number being elected annually. — It
is questionable whether it will be ratified. If so, it
will tend to give permanency and importance to the
body."

181 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Relative to the alterations in the judicial department,
the same writer remarks : " Our present judiciary system
came into operation in October, 1825. The first court
consisted of Richard Skinner, chief justice; Samuel
Prentiss, Titus Hutchinson and Stephen Royce, Jr.
assistant justices. Since that time, chief justice Skinner
has been succeeded by Charles K. Williams, who is the
.present (1846) chief justice. Samuel Prentiss was
made chief justice on the retirement of chief justice
Skinner ; and on his retirement, Titus Hutchinson was
called to that office, who was succeeded in 1839 by the
present chief justice. Those persons who have held the
office of assistant justices since the present system came
in force, and have retired, are Bates Turner, Ephraim
Paddock, Nicholas. Baylies, Samuel S. Phelps, John
Mattocks. The present assistant justices, (1842,) are
Stephen Royce, Jacob Collamer, Isaac F. Redfield,
Milo L. Bennett. In 1846, are Stephen Royce, Isaac
F. Redfield, Milo L. Bennett, Daniel Kellogg.
The system has approved itself to the satisfaction of
most of our people. It is a plan which imposes great
labor on the court, but operates better under our plan of
annual elections, I think, than any other."
Nothing more need be added to what has been said in
another part of this work respecting the high standing of
the courts of justice in Vermont. For more than thirty
years the writer has enjoyed the privilege of occasionally
witnessing their proceedings ; and a great one, as a
spectator, he has esteemed it. What then must be the
sensations of those, who have had their dearest rights

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 185
and enjoyments, attacked and periled by the lawless,
here protected ; and the oppressor restrained and rebuked.
It is difficult to separate the able and upright judge from
the philanthropist ; the friend and lover of his fellow
man. Of such a justice, and judge, Job has given a
description, for strength and beauty unrivaled. " I
delivered the poor that cried, and the fatherless, and him
that had none to help him. The blessing of him that
was ready to perish came upon me, and I caused the
widow's heart to sing for joy. I put on righteousness,
and it clothed me ; my judgment was as a robe and a
diadem. I was eyes to the blind, and feet was I to the
lame. I was a father to the poor ; and the cause which
I knew not, I searched out ; and I brake the jaws of the
wicked, and plucked the spoil out of his teeth."
To the names of United States senators already given
may be added those of Smith, Seymour, Chase and
Swift, in whose hands the interests and honor of the
state and nation were safe, and advanced. The present
occupants of that distinguished and responsible post are
Samuel Prentiss and Samuel S. Phelps. In 1846,
Samuel S. Phelps and William Upham. To speak
particularly of their claims to the respect and honor of
the country would be premature and improper, as their
course is yet to be finished ; and at a day, it is hoped,
not soon to come. But to say that their standing in that
body is high, as was that of their predecessors would be
as just as it is reputable to themselves and the state,
which they represent.
For Americans look with pleasure and feelings, so to

186 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
speak, of self-gratulation to the senate of the United
States. The scenes witnessed in it ; the character of
its members ; the wisdom manifested ; the talents and
acquirements exhibited ; the eloquence heard and the
vehemence of debate and discussion displayed have
rendered it a favorite branch of our government ; an
object of veneration and cherished regard to the great
body of our citizens. In a civil and national point of
view, they regard it as the pride and glory of their land ;
and to reach it by meritorious qualifications is the height
of ambition, and tbe summit of political distinction.
Nothing in the annals of Carthagenian and Roman
history is examined with more interest than the deeds
done in their senate chambers ; the measure of high
purpose there originated and matured ; the breathings
of patriotism ; the beating pulse of liberty and independ
ence ; the defiance of tyranny and the resistance of
oppression, and the blood-shed of proud usurpers. These
also have the advantage which time long passed sheds
around the deeds and men of antiquity, by increasing
the interest and veneration which we feel for them.
But time is also tending her softening and sacred influence
to enshrine in our hearts, the place where stood the lead
ing actors in the drama of a nation's struggle for being
and freedom. Soon three score years and ten will count
their days since the period, which paved the way for
that senate chamber, which has always been filled with
the strong minds of the nation; but latterly has rivaled
if not eclipsed, in her Clay, and Webster, and Calhoun,
and others, the best days of Grecian and Roman and

HISTORY ®F VERMONT. 187
Britain's oratory. No small credit then to Vermont
that her senators have sustained the high standing of
that august body, and tarnished not the evergreens,
which, so to speak, adorn the coat df arms of their own
state. The light of Christianity ; its elevating and
restraining and warming influence now give a eharm and
pathos to senatorial eloquence and the proceedings of
legislative assemblies, which the ancients did not enjoy.
It is indeed to be lamented that its rules and spirit do
riot have a more extensive and general conservative effect
and sway in such places !
The population of Vermont has increased rapidly.
From 1790 to 1800, the increase was sixty-nine thousand ;
the number at the former period being about eighty-five
and at. the latter one hundred and fifty-four thousand.
In 1840, the inhabitants numbered 291,948 ; being an
increase in fifty years of 206,532 ; far greater than that
of any other of the New England States except Maine.
It is almost five times faster progress in this way than that
made by her flourishing neighbors of the granite state
from whom she purchased her lands. The number of
inhabitants in the latter in 1790 was 141,899; and now
is 284,754 ; making a difference of only 42,855 in fifty
years. Looking at the census of the United States, you
see the difference in the population of Connecticut, the
same period, only 71,807 ; about one third of that of
Vermont. These facts speak favorably in behalf of her
soil and institutions and general prosperity ; and of the
good report she is gaining in the estimation of her sister
states and neighbors.

188 HISTORY OF «ERMONT.
Within this period many new townships have been
granted and settled ; and some large towns divided into
two. From seventy, the number of towns has run up
to about two hundred and fifty.
In looking back from 1842 to 1790, the eye sees
many marks of improvement and general, progressive
prosperity. The dark forest has given way, and let in
the rays of the sun. The reign of the wilderness has
been turned back from the rivers and vallies and lakes
to the mountains. The dead trunks " with singed tops,"
standing frequent on the lawn or hill-side, like the naked
masts of ships and water craft at anchor have disappeared
in many parts ; and are fast going out of sight. The
stumps and far spreading roots, have been drawn up and
the surface smoothed over. The eye is no more pained
at the sight of the lofty sugar maple, girdled and wither
ing in the sun ; or of fallen timber and logs of the first
growth ; decaying, and disfiguring your prospect ; imped
ing and turning aside your feet. The underbrush and
the windfalls are cleared away ; and the hillocks leveled
down, and cavities filled. The plow and the roller ;
the scythe and the sickle have followed the axe and the
fire. Undulating the surface is of course ; and often
gradually rising into large swells, but now made smooth
by the hand of man ; it presents the fruits of cultivation
and industry, beautiful to the eye, and cheering to the
heart. Where growled the bear and howled the wolf
and gnashed the catamount, are seen the gambols of
domestic flocks and herds. The sugar orchard, and
wood-lot, near the premises, sufficient for fuel and the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 189
purposes of buildings, and fences being reserved, all else
around wears the appearance of old settlements. Orna
mented trees ; the mountain ash and fir are beginning to
adorn the front yards ; and the elm and spruce the road
side ; and the public greens and squares of villages.
You see the signs of youth and vigor approaching
maturity ; the improvements of time without his rust and
the inroads of his envious tooth.
So it is in a measure with regard to their buildings,
and the improvements of their villages. The log and
hasty tenements of early days ; the hovels and barracks
for the wintering of their herds and flocks have given
place .to neat, substantial, convenient, well-finished
houses and barns. The Vermonters manifest good taste
in their dwellings, and arrangements around their premises ;
shaping them for use, rather than for appearance ;
making them correspond with place and climate, and
their own circumstances. They finish as far as they go,
if in a plain, yet, a manner strong and comfortable.
Perhaps the burlesque picture of a young married
New Englander's beginning life in a huge unfinished
" shell " of a house, published by some merry writer at
the south, was a hint wisely improved by them. Cer
tain it is, that you seldom see over-grown, half-finished
tenements among them. Simplicity and symmetry
characterize their domestic establishments. A large
house with one side of the roof running almost down to
the ground, and the other stopping at the garret floor
of the second story, would be as great a novelty in
Vermont, as an ancient Connecticut sleigh, which is

190 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
sometimes seen straying up country, attracting a crowd
around it at the inn.
Such is the contrast between the appearance of things
in this respect in this state now, and in the days of its
early settlement. It is great and striking. It has been
the result of time ; and tbe judicious persevering efforts
of its inhabitants. The Divine blessing has been
eminently bestowed on this people, preserving them
comparatively from the ravages of war, the devastations
of fires, and the visitations of epidemic, and mortal
distempers. This difference is seen fully by those only whose
memory can go back to the days of Gov. Chittenden
and his compatriots. Some such survive ; but their
number is small. It is a privilege to hear them point
out the great changes which have taken place; but
one that cannot long be enjoyed. They have been
gradual, but imperceptible, like the ravages of time ;
and seen after stated intervals,-and to the best advantage
after a lapse of half a century. It is then like a prospect
from the summit of the green mountains, impressive
and absorbing.

191

CHAPTER £111.
Villages. — Increase of their numbers. — Growth. — Exemplified. —
Brattleboro. — Contrast of thirty or forty years. — Its situation.—
Public buildings. — View of it from the burying ground.—
Typographic Co. — Early settlers. — First bridge over the Con
necticut. — Members of congress. — Its first clergyman. — Dum-
merston. — Putney. — Westminster. — Some account of it. — Its
part in the early history of the state. — Members of congress. —
Rev. Lemuel Haynes. — Monument. — Bellows Falls. — Contrast
between it and Westminster. — Curiosity of the falls.— Crossing
the mountain. — Bennington. — Some particulars of it. — Its early
history. — Antiquity. — Head quarters. — Its founders. — Centre.
— Burying-ground. — East village. — Furnace.— Hinsdale vil
lage. — General improvement and prosperity. — Pleasantness. —
Gov. Tichener.
In the multiplication and growth of villages, changes
and improvements are visible and striking. Their
number has been greatly augmented in the lapse of
fifty or sixty years. Hamlets and small clusters of
buildings were all that could then be seen in the most
favored portions of the state. Now neat, thriving villa
ges, and groups of buildings are interspersed its whole
length and breadth, along the margin of its rivers and
streams ; in many a valley and on some of its hill-sides
and tops. In those which were commenced at that period,

192 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the increase and alterations in many instances have been
such, that little resemblance now can be traced back to
their origin.
As an exemplification of this remark, Brattle
boro might be named. The writer remembers when
one tavern, a plain, upright^ ordinary dwelling ; two
stores ; a printing office, here and there a mechanic
shop, and a few houses along the level flat, now the
principal street, were the most that could be seen, or
made of it, as to its exterior. Now one splendid stage-
tavern, and two ample hotels ; about fifteen stores ; four
houses of public Divine worship ; one bank, a high
school ; extensive printing establishment ; numerous
machine shops and factories are found in it. The main
street has been thickly set with houses, some of them
highly elegant and tasteful. The current of business
flowing south to ' the creek ;' along its banks and up the
adjacent hill, has crowded the uneven ground so com
pactly with buildings that they appear at a distance to
be thrown one upon another, like the lime stone rocks
sometimes seen on the sides of the green mountains.
But this irregularity renders the appearance not less,
but more interesting. Southerly and westerly also its limits
have been extended far with tenements in close order ;
and on the rising ground toward West Brattleboro,
making a fine appearance, having doubled ten times,
perhaps, the space occupied thirty-five years since,
and twenty times the number of buildings, and propor
tionally its population.
Having thus named this village for the illustration of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 193
a remark relative to the villages of the state generally,
it may be permitted, it is hoped, here to add, that the
best view of it at one glance is from the burying ground,
on the summit of the hill south. The main travel used
formerly to go directly by it ; but improvements have
turned it to the right. If then you would enjoy the en
chanting prospect from it ; so highly commended by
Professor Silliman, in his tour to Canada, you must
ascend the hill. It is a consecrated spot, and you will
be richly repaid for the toil ; and in self-communion
amid the mementos of your predecessors to eternity,
and emblems of mortality, your spirit may be benefited.
The next most eligible direction from which to view it,
is the New Hampshire side of the river, as you come
down the stage road from Chesterfield. Indeed here is
presented the most comprehensive view of it, if less
distinct, not the less attractive ; mellowed, and enriched,
so to speak, by the distance and by its alternate coming
to and going from your eyes, as you pass the hills and
vallies ; the openings and thickets of West mountain
river road. If along this sequestered route, your ride
should be in November, after the frost had changed the
leafy honors of the forest, into ten thousand various
hues and tinges of color, inimitable to art and indiscri-
bable ; contrasting with the hum of business and busy
abodes of men, the beautiful and significant scenery
around you must interest your feelings, if not penetrate
your heart.
The approach to this village by the three great roads
13

194 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
on the Vermont side ; north, south and west, is so over
shadowed by hills and woodlands, and windings of the
road, that it breaks upon your view at once. The
stranger from the south especially, might begin to think
he had missed his way. He saw no suburbs, and no
appearance of the expected village, till his doubts were
removed by the white spire of the church running up
alone amid the green foliage, and glittering in the sun, a
harbinger of rest to the weary, and pointing homeward
the pilgrim.
Brattleboro has not the advantage of overlooking the
surrounding country, and of extensive prospects enjoyed
by elevated situations. Between it and Burlington the
contrast in this respect is almost perfect. Both afford
the highest pleasure in contemplation ; but in a different
way. This is the great secret of the unfailing enjoy
ment experienced in visiting such regions as Vermont ;
the almost endless variety and contrariety of scenery ;
ever varying and diversified prospects. If one place
more than another is better adapted to satisfy Cowper's
character of man, it is such a district :
" Various that the mind
Of desultory man, studious of change,
And pleased with novelty, may be indulged."
Burlington has been described in another place as
unrivaled in its prospects, elevated and majestic. Brat
tleboro in the other transverse extreme of the state, is
almost concealed by the surrounding mountains and hills,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 195
in a sequestered, winding valley, lying in part on the very
bank of the Connecticut ; beautiful and far-famed river,
of which it has been said in poetry,
" Nor drinks the sea a lovelier wave than thine."
Leaving that bank, it winds it way up one upland ridge
and level after another, and between the hills , and the
creek passing through it, it spreads over a surface of
almost boundless variety of shapes and picturesque as
pects. On its northwest border, runs along toward the
very centre, a beautiful white oak ridge, whose trees
afford a cool retreat from the heat of summer ; and a
protection from the blasts of winter. West mountain
overhangs the opposite bank of the river ; an impressive
spectacle as the night-fall throws her shades, and as the
moon sheds her mellowed light around it. These and
many other similar things, which need seeing to be enjoy
ed ; the walks and scenery up and down the Connecticut,
and the contiguous West river, render it a place pecu
liarly attractive. Such is the testimony, it is believed,
of candid travelers who visit it.
Its situation is also favorable in a business point of
view, being facile of approach to the surrounding coun
try, heavy articles of produce flowing easily down the
valley of West river ; and the adjoining, fertile hills.
Much profitable intercourse comes readily to it along
both banks, and on the surface of the river. It is thus
a business, flourishing place ; presaging still greater
future prosperity and distinction ; and affords a speci-

196 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
men, not inadequate at any rate, of the first class of
Vermont villages. The inhabitants also furnish a fair
sample, as in other respects, so of the enterprise and
resources found in them.
Here justice requires a passing notice of the printing
establishment in this place. Its most extensive opera
tions were under the direction and supervision of four
individuals of this village ; two by the name of Fessen-
den, father and son; and two by that of Holbrook,
brothers. Their works were extensive, complicated,
and costly. They manufactured their own paper; and
by steam engines when in drouth, water failed them;
worked their printing presses by water, and had their own
bindery. They projected the works to be published,
selected their own writers and compilers, and took their
own way in the publication and sale of them. The
founts of type and stereotype ; of plates and engravings,
emblems and maps were devised and looked up by
themselves. They chose their own artists, mechanics and
laborers. In short, their works were on a scale more
extensive, and important in their effects and results than
those of any other similar establishment in the country.
Their publications are of the first order ; standard works,
heavy and expensive.
The most extensive of their works is the Comprehen
sive Commentary on the Holy Scriptures; edited by
William Jenks, D. D. ; compiled principally from
Henry, Scott, and Doddridge ; consisting of six volumes,
including the supplement, of about eight hundred pages
each, large royal octavo, of closely printed matter;

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 197
with plates and engravings. The original plan of pub
lishing it was one volume a year by subscription. Be
fore this plan was wholly effected, a company was incor
porated by act of legislature, called " The Brattleboro
Typographic Company." This was accomplished in a
measure through the instrumentality of John C. Hol-
brook, who was the first president of the company. In
this way, the contemplated work has been happily
completed. The other large works published at this establishment
are the Polyglott Bible ; and the Encyclopaedia of
Religious Knowledge, and Bush's Scripture Illustrations.
These all are of the same sized page with the Commen
tary ; the first two containing about thirteen hundred
closely printed pages, each with many plates and engrav
ings. The Encyclopaedia was projected by the above
named gentleman ; and as a book of reference, contain
ing a measureless source of useful knowledge, and
religious biography, is unrivaled, and more popular as a
religious work, with the exception of the Bible, than any
one perhaps in the world. As an assistant in Sabbath
schools, to teachers and scholars, it is beyond all price ;
and the want of something like it, experienced by the
publisher, in preparing himself for his class, suggested
the plan of the work. But under the pressure of their
heavy and complicated undertakings, embarrassed in
their operations by the changes and difficulties of the
times, he with his companions failed in their means and
resources. His is the consolation however, of failing in
a good cause. It is moreover true that they failed in an

198 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
enterprise, in which every one cannot ; nay, in which
few can fail; for few can project and mature and carry
through, for they have seen them through ; operations
requiring such comprehensive vigor of piind, and perse
verance and devotion of heart. On whatever current of
life, then, their bark may have been subsequently tossed,
whatever inroads sickness and death may have made in
the domestic sanctuary, they may reflect that their labors,
by the Divine blessing, may long confer gifts, which
cannot be purchased with money. It is no small com
mendation, that Professor Silliman should say, as he did
to the writer, " that the mechanical execution of their
works was an honor to their country." Improvements
even, in this department have since been made, and are
still making.
A substantial bridge here connects Vermont with New
Hampshire. In the early construction of bridges over
the Connecticut, the completion of one was thought a
feat, as it was, of sufficient importance for a public meet
ing upon it as a kind of trial, if no more, of its strength
and examination of its workmanship. This example
was followed here when the first bridge, some fifty or
sixty years ago was erected ; and a distinguished barrister
of the village was requested to deliver an oration on the
occasion. He made preparation and had so well pos
sessed himself of his subject as he thought that he
omitted to take with him his manuscript. The villagers,
and the inhabitants from the neighborhood assembled.
A new cart, decorated, was drawn by a pair of sturdy
oxen to the centre of the bridge as the speaker's plat-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 199
form. The orator mounted the cart. All was silence
and expectation. But whether from the sight of the water
far below him, or some other cause, and what, is unknown,
and probably like other similar occurrences, will remain
unaccountable, he seemed to hesitate, stammer ; lose his
self-possession and recollection. The oxen becoming
somewhat restive added to his embarrassment. After
two or three abortive attempts to get under-way, with,
" gentlemen, hem ! fellow citizens ! — hem ! — hem !
twenty years ago, hem ! just twenty years ago — these
two — two empires, pointing to New Hampshire and
Vermont ; states he could not think of. — By this time,
some wag cried out, { she cracks,' which produced as
much confusion to compare small things with great, as
the celebrated panic at Waterloo, sauve qui peut ; save
himself who can ; and the orator was said to have been
among the first to clear himself from the bridge. When
reminded of that transaction by his brethren of the bar,
his only answer was ; " All I know about it is, I had a
good oration, but could not remember a word of it."
Rev. Abner Reeve was the first minister of the town
of Brattleboro, whose house of worship was two miles
west of the river. He was from Connecticut, and the
father of the celebrated judge Reeve, of Litchfield, in that
state. Sargent, Arms, Church, Stewart, and Knight,
are among the names of the first settlers. James Elliott,
John Noyes, and Jonathan Hunt, while inhabitants of
the town, were representatives in congress from this state.
They are dead ; the latter of whom died at Washington,

200 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
but his body was brought home for burial. Tyler,
Knowlton, and Knight, were judges ofthe superior court.
Going up the river in this county, in Dummerston,
you find Kathan and Miller; in Putney, Sabin and
Keyes ; in Westminster, Bradley, Spooner, and Richards,
among the names of the first settlers in those towns.
The last named place was one of the most conspicuous
in the early history of the state ; and must have made
rapid progress in population and improvements. Indeed
for those fond of agricultural and rural pursuits, free from
the noise and bustle of factories ; the whirl of machinery ;
the grating of files and saws, few situations can be found
more eligible and delightful. It has no water privileges ;
but is a town almost exclusively of farmers. The land on
the river is level and fertile, easy of cultivation. The
main street, more than a mile long, broad and pleasant,
crossed midway by a steep ridge, dividing the village into
two plats, upper and lower, is adorned at considerable
intervals between, with neat, comely residences. It
has furnished three members of congress, the elder and
younger Bradley, and Mark Richards, the last two of
whom survive ; the last at a great age, having been hon
ored also with the lieutenancy of the state. Of senator
Bradley, past events have called elsewhere for a more
particular account. He was a native of Connecticut, as
also lieutenant Gov. Richards. A plain tomb stone stands
in the grave yard here, commemorative of the death of
William French, the circumstances of which have been
before narrated. The following is a literal copy of the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 201
inscription ; given as a specimen of such early epitaphs,
and as showing the spirit of the times.
In Memory of
WILLIAM FRENCH,
Son to Mr. Nathaniel French,
who was shot at Westminster,
March ya 13th, 1775,
by the hands of Cruel Ministerial teols of
Georg ya 3d, in the Court-house,
at a 11 a clock at night,
in the
22d year of his age.
Here William French his Body lies
For murder his blood for Vengeance cries
King Georg the third his Tory crew
tha with a bawl his head Shot threw
For Liberty & his Country's Good
he Lost his Life his Dearest blood
At the meeting of the general convention of ministers
in this place, 1813, Rev. Lemuel Haynes, the colored
preacher of Vermont, a very worthy, able, and devoted
servant of Christ, was present and treated with great
kindness by Gen. Bradley, who entertained him at his
house and attended his ministration of the word with
pleasure, and respect.
Bellows Falls has had a rapid growth but healthful ;
being now of the first class of Vermont villages. It
will be visited by every traveler to these parts, and
whose attention will be long riveted, and curiosity
awakened by the operations of nature and the pictured,

202 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
sublime scenery contiguous. It is but four miles from
Westminster ; to which, in exterior, it is a perfect con
trast. If then the quiet, still pursuits ; and uniformity,
and sameness of the latter, should cloy and make the
spirits flag, and the eyes drowsy, a short ride horth will
kindle up the one, and raise the tone of the other. A
ramble of an hour or two at the foot and around the
borders of the 'cataract ; amid the dashings, and whirling
and foaming, and roaring of the waters, sprinkled by the
spray and mist, and regaled by the distant views of coun
try seats, of uplands and mountains, of forest and orna
mental trees ; and beginning to hecome somewhat excited
by the harsh grating of machinery, and the discordant
hum of a busy, crowded centre, you may cherish anew
some such peaceful retreat as you had left. Among the
curiosities witnessed at this spot are the circular cavities
worn in the rocks by the incessant whirl given to pebbles
by the agitation of the water. They are smooth and
regular, as metal castings of pots and kettles ; and of
all dimensions from the smallest article of this sort on a
rotary, up to cauldrons large enough* to cook in for
all the Hessians taken at the battle of Bennington.
Crossing the mountain from this place, whether by
Saxton village and Grafton, or Chester and Windham,
your route beside rivers and rivulets ; by hill and dale ;
through openings and shades will occupy your eyes and
mind, and refresh your spirits. Passing through Man
chester and Shaftsbury, you will soon find yourself at
* See record of the Council of Safety, Chapter xiv.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 203
the ancient head quarters of the state. The coincidence
of several things render Bennington the most interesting
spot of the green mountains. The date of its organiza
tion is the earliest. The celebrated battle and victory,
which bears its name ; its frontier and exposed position
in the early difficulties with New York ; and unflinching
loyalty to the cause of the New Hampshire gtants,
amid the strong temptations whether of flattery or
menace ; its bearing the date of many of the first acts
of civil and military authority ; those of " the council
of safety" particularly ; the superiority of its growth
and population ; the venerable names of its founders,
and which stand conspicuously in the annals of our state
and country; and the monumental ground fast by the
house of God, comely to the eye ; and impressive in
its aspects and associations, and the adjacent prospects,
all unite to give it a commanding and irresistible influence
on our hearts. Feelings of patriotism are revived ;
veneration and sympathy inspired for those long gone
and yielding life at the calls of duty ; reflections 6n the
far past, crowd thick in the mind ; imagination goes
back to 1749, and paints " the vast contiguity of shade ;"
which overhung these hills and valleys ; and the judg
ment tries to estimate the difference between the state
of things then, and the present ; and to mark the changes
and improvements of ninety-three years, and retrace the
footsteps of Divine Providence.
Bennington centre, situated on and near a moderate
eminence, extensive and circular ; ornamented with trees
and public buildings, contains many elegant and costly

204 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
individual establishments, and commands interesting
views in every direction. But East Bennington, having
the advantage of abundant water power, is a place of
far greater business. At the very foot of the green
mountains at one of its highest elevations and boldest
aspects, it is shielded from the easterly piercing winds of
spring,, has increased rapidly within a few years ; and
the great objects of human pursuit are sought in nume
rous channels.
' Bennington furnace' is about a mile from this village,
in a northeasterly direction ; a very extensive iron
establishment, employing several hundred hands, and
affording much employment and income to the surround
ing inhabitants by transporting the pig and castings to
Troy, and other places on the Hudson. The two
buildings in which the perpetual fires are kept, are large,
four story, and brick. The roaring, and white, livid
color of the flames, and the sooty appearance of the
attendants ; and the surrounding heaps of coal, and
masses of iron and ore, and machinery, and utensils,
remind one of the black Erebus of the ancients. Since
the temperance reformation ; as none but temperance
men are employed ; the fires burn much more regularly
and safely. The overseeing of the establishment is
now not half so laborious as when intoxicating drinks
were used.
Hinsdale Ville, another village in this town, two miles
west of the centre, is a flourishing manufacturing place.
Numerous establishments of cotton and woolen fabrics
were in active operation a few years since, with a cluster

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 205
of neat dwellings near them in a beautiful vale on the
banks of a romantic stream. These, and the compact,
rich, and well cultivated farms, with six or seven houses
for public, divine worship, academies and other public
buildings render it a delightful place of residence;
furnishing a boundless source of refined enjoyment to
those fond of the beauties of nature, and works of art.
The hunter found game in the woods and fields, and the
angler trout in the streams. Of such sports and
exercises, Gov. Tichener was fond even in extreme old
age, after his retirement from public business, going in
his carriage, often with his fishing utensils several miles
to the sides of the mountains, and leaving it, when
nearer approach to the stream was obstructed. In this
way helping to beguile the infirmities and loneliness of
age, and sharpen his relish for social intercouse, he fin
ished life's span calmly in the society of a younger
generation. Time, and other causes have happily very much
softened, if not worn off the asperity, which was for
merly here felt towards their neighbors, the Yorkers.
Frequent and constant intercourse between the Benning-
tonians, and Albanians and Trojans, have produced
mutual feelings of respect and confidence. Indeed they
seem somewhat tinged in their manners and habits with
those of the descendants of the Knickerbockers, a
characteristic improvement rather than the contrary.
This is seen also more or less along the western line and
borders of the Lake. It is a spirit, so to speak, more

206 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
simple, and less formal in social, ordinary intercourse ;
and not so ready on the look out for treachery and
informers. It may include also a little more of the
steam power, in business pursuits and recreations.

207

CHAPTER XIV.
Further account of villages. — Manchester. — Its situation and ap
pearance. — Burr seminary. — Marble quarries. — Factories. —
Quality, and abundance. — Market for it. — Supposed murder. —
Castleton. — Road to Rutland. — Clarendon springs. — Walling
ford. — East Rutland. — Its common. — Judge Williams. — Wood
stock. — Its situation. — Judge Hutchinson. — Charles Marsh. —
Windsor. — Springfield. — Its appearance. — Self-taught mecha
nic. — A curiosity. — Derby. — Danville. — Montpelier. — Its situ
ation. — Population. — Associations of its name. — State house.
— Particular description of it. — Middlebury. — Its exterior. —
Vergennes. — Decline. — Its prosperity. — Villages of less ex
tent. — Their number. — The first class. — In order relative to
Montpelier. — Viewed at once. — Retrospection. — Contrast. —
Reflections. Some account has, in the first chapter, been given of
Manchester. Situated in the cavity of the surrounding
mountains, it has been called, " The Punch Bowl."
The principal street is wide and extends nearly a mile ;
lined with well built houses, and adorned with rows of
shade trees. The view of it, in descending the moun
tain from Winhall, is clear and striking for several miles
before reaching it. Burr seminary, situated in the rear
of the main street on a gently rising eminence, appears
to good advantage ; and has delightful prospects of the

208 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
majestic mountains in front ; and to the right and left.
The academic building is large and commodious ; ad
joining which are several neat dwellings for the prin
cipal, and teachers, and assistants. It was founded and
endowed by a citizen of this place, whose name it bears,
and is a flourishing institution. East Manchester is a
flourishing, manufacturing village, three miles distant at
the foot of the mountain, on the stage road to the Con
necticut river.
Here the light colored dust and sharp pointed stones
of the path, begin to remind you of the marble quarries
in the vicinity ; and point your eyes to the factories, in
which by hands and instruments and machinery and
water power, the bars and fragments are wrought and
polished for monumental records of the dead.
White marble, clear and fine grained, is found abun
dantly in the vicinity of Manchester, including several
neighboring towns. The manufacturing of it into tomb
. stones, and other articles of use and ornament, is a busi
ness of considerable extent, and no small income. The
quarries in Dorset have been regarded as the first in
point of quality and abundance. But new beds of it
are discovered from time to time ; and the mountains
and hills in this and other sections of the state, are
thought to contain an exhaustless store of it, some of
which may rival the most admired specimens of foreign
countries. It is transported to the other side of the
mountain and to neighboring states ; and, in the winter,
sleighs are often seen loaded with the melancholy freight,
for sale to bereaved mourners. But those who dig ; and

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 209
who polish, and who transport it, find the sudden need
sometimes of their own wares where so ready a market is
opened by the painful necessity of others. For those whose
adamantine hearts can rob the widow and the fatherless,
will not be moved to pity and forbearance by marble
mementos of death, and white gateways into the grave.*
Another village of the first class in this vicinity is
Castleton ; distinguished for its regularity, and the rich
ness of its soil ; and its ample common and public
walks. Nature seems to have opened through the moun
tains a romantic passage from it to Rutland ; the road
running most of the way along a narrow defile on the
banks of a stream.
Rutland has three villages, which may be denomi
nated East and West and Middle Rutland. At the

* Recently one of these subtle roamers entered into the house
of a widow who was absent at a sick neighbor's ; but whose art
less children he beguiled by shewing them money ; thus leading
them to do the same, and disclosing the few dollars of their
mother ; a sum small, but great in their view. As they left for
school, he left, but marked the way of their placing the nail over
the latch, stealthily returned and rifled the drawer so artlessly
opened to his sight. He then wound himself into the confidence
of a youth, and mounted his wagon by his side, carrying from
this region a load of marble slabs to a neighboring state, and col
lecting debts of his father's former customers ; leading him un
suspectingly to disclose his business and his money. He was
missing, murdered by this callous hearted wretch ; and his father
was searching for his body to record the melancholy tale on one
of these monuments, which in carrying them to others he found
occasion for himself. 14

210 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
West village, you are within three miles of Clarendon
springs ; waters of increasing celebrity for their efficacy
in cutaneous disorders especially. In a winding recess
among the hills you will find a large brick establishment
for the accommodation of visitors, with several other
minor boarding houses. Here if time permitted, you
might be conducted to Wallingford, the next town south,
lying along a valley the most magnificient ; and contain
ing rich and beautiful farms. The hills on either hand
being so high that you would think in ascending, the
top, and in descending, the bottom, would never come.
If named after Wallingford in Connecticut, rich and
pleasant as it is, it would not suffer in the comparison,
dissimilar as it is in exterior. But duty calls us to East
Rutland, famed in the early history of the state ; and
since, as the occasional seat of government. The spa
cious common, enclosed by a neat railing, adds much to
the beauty of the place ; which by its external situation
overhung, as it were, by Killington peak ; by the rich
ness of its soil ; by the taste and elegance exhibited in
many of its buildings, is surpassed by few villages in
New England. Among the edifices of individuals,
stands distinguished that of the late Robert Temple.
Chief Justice Williams also, a native of this place, of
whose father honorable mention is made by Dr. Dwight
in his journal, has here an elegant seat. He unites in
divine worship with the Episcopal church, which to
gether with three other flourishing churches, congrega
tional, baptist and methodist, share between them chiefly
this christain community.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 211
A ride of twenty-eight miles across the mountain
will bring you to Woodstock, the shire town of Windsor
county. The streams running through and near it afford
considerable interval, rich, handsome land. The village
itself, if visited, first, you would think could not in
appearance be surpassed. Few villages in Vermont are
more populous and compact or better planned and
built; or whose business advantages more judiciously
occupied and improved. The churches, congregational^
episcopal, baptist, methodist, and universalist, are neat,
well-finished edifices. The public green in the south
part of the place, in shape and surface, and intersecting
walks and shrubbery, and fence, will catch the eye of
the traveler, and strongly attract his attention. Titus
Hutchinson, a former chief justice of the state resides in
this place. Hon. Charles Marsh, once from the green
mountain state a representative in congress, has his resi
dence near the village, on an eminence commanding an
extensive view of it and beautiful and variegated land
scapes in the vicinity.
The roads running from this place pass through a
fertile tract of land in every direction ; and to Windsor,
you go in the neighborhood of Ascutney, a lofty,
irregular fragment, cut off by some operation of nature
from the main mountain range, and left on the bank of
the Connecticut, as a way-mark, it would seem, for
those who travel its borders. In Windsor you will see
in the large elms, and other shade trees which adorn it ;
in the garden and door-yard arrangements and orna
ments; and in its general appearance, evidences of a.

212 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
mature, long established village. In the pleasantness
and compactness of its centre, and the rich alluvial land
on the river, it suffers not in comparison with the
admired and celebrated town in Connecticut, whose name
it bears.
• In our curiosity to look at the north-east part of the
state, Springfield was in danger of being passed unno
ticed, so huddled together as it is, in a deep ravine, and
overhung by steep hills. It may be called the Birming
ham of Vermont. A gulph runs through the centre of
it, or rather it is built on the sides and ridges and cliffs
of a gulph, at the bottom of which runs a strong perma
nent current of water, which with dams and falls and
the art of man, furnishes abundant situations for factories,
and machinery and machine shops of every description.
For the variety and extent of these establishments, it
stands first in the state. The bridge connecting the two
sides of this gulph in the centre of business, is a spot of
little less interest, and attraction than that of Bellows
Falls. It is over a profound chasm, the sides of which
are regular walls, in some places, like the work of
masonry, and through which and over rocks and falls,
dashes a foaming current of water. From this point as
a centre, the village appears in the form of a beautiful
amphitheatre. The ridges and rows of houses with here
and there steps of ascent cut in the ground, mounting
on either hand to the summit of the corresponding hills,
and buildings above and below crowded thickly to the
very verge of this deep and narrow water passage,, and
seen at a distance, give it a circular appearance. It takes

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 213
the shape of some vast concave filled with seats, rising
one above another, of spectators intent on some
fascinating spectacle, or exhibition in the centre. One
of the most ingenious, self-taught mechanics, Vermont-
born resides in this place. His name is Porter, whose
improvements on the machinery for cutting and setting
card teeth, is matter of curiosity, affording samples of
curious workmanship, and sought after from distant parts
of our country.
Of the three towns, whose names follow, the follow
ing particulars are given in the language of another.
"Derby is one of the most fertile townships of land in
the state. There is not a single lot of land in the whole
town, that is not occupied for farming purposes. The
village at the centre of the town extends from Clyde
river along a single street northerly more than a mile.
It contains about fifty houses, and two hundred and fifty
or three hundred inhabitants. In the village there are
two meeting-houses, a congregational and baptist ; an
extensive seminary for academical instruction of both
sexes, which is under the control of the baptist associa
tion ; five stores, extensive mills and manufactories.
The collector's office for this port of entry is kept at
this place ; and the post office which bears the name of
the town. There are two other post offices in the town,
one at Derby Line, and one at West Derby. At Derby
Line there is a flourishing village and an episcopal
church under the rectorship of Rev. Norman W.
Camp." " Danville is a flourishing village ; has a court house

214 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and jail ; an academy, a congregational, methodist and
baptist meeting house. The population of the village,
and the amount of business may be about the same as at
Derby. It has a bank also. It is a good township of
land, and more extensive than Derby ; and was settled
somewhat earlier."
" The village of Montpelier, including a small portion
of Berlin, which lies on the opposite side of the river,
cannot number less than two thousand ; it is said, some
what more. Its population is rapidly increasing. The
public buildings, except the state house, are not remarka-
able. There are two congregational churches, and one
methodist ; a court house, jail and an academy.
It was a happy suggestion, however it may have
originated, that of selecting this spot as the capital of
Vermont, and of giving it the name which it bears. Its
central position, a level surface on the summit of the
Green Mountains at a point where it is of comparative
easy access ; tbe richness of the soil in the vicinity ;
and the landscape and scenery ; and its business advan
tages render it not only a suitable place for the seat of
government, but of great allurement to tbe traveler and
spectator. The name is characteristic, and significant ;
and venerable also for its associations with the eminence
in France, of great antiquity and notoriety, and from
which it is derived. In this way also, it may bear a
complimentary allusion to that ancient ally in the revo
lutionary struggle. It will be perpetual, it is hoped, on
the mountains which uphold it ; and as unfading as the
foliage, which adorns them. Here stands the Vermont

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 215
State House ; its foundation an excavation of a solid
rock ; and its superstructure, of noble and comely pro
portions, corresponding with the place ; its purpose and
uses, and the people over whom its lofty dome unfurls
the banner of freedom and justice and equal laws,
* The following description of this house was published
in the American Magazine of Useful Knowledge, vol.
3d, March, 1837. It is somewhat minute and technical ;
but does not admit of abridgment ; and to many this
particularity may render it more interesting.
" The building is in the form of a cross, showing in
front a centre seventy-two feet broad, and two wings,
each extending thirty-nine feet, making the whole length
150 feet. The centre, (including the portico of eighteen
feet) is 100 feet deep, and the wings (of which the
front of each stands 20 feet back of that of the portico)
are fifty feet deep. The centre is ornamented with a
portico, extending its whole width, consisting of six
granite columns, six feet in diameter at the base, four feet
eight inches at the top, and thirty-six feet high, support
ing a massive entablature and a pediment of classic
proportion. The tympanum of which is intended to be
ornamented with the arms of the state in basso relievo
having a cistern at the ridge and eaves. The whole is
crowned with a dome of elegant proportions, rising
thirty-six feet above the ridge, and making the whole
height from ground to top of the dome 100 feet. The
order of architecture used on the outside is the purest
doric, made to conform to the arrangement necessary in
the building. The wings are distinguished by antae at

216 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the corners, which are surmounted by an entablature and
balustrade, of bold and simple parts, continued quite
around without openings or breaks ; the wings to the
top of the balustrade are forty-six feet high, the exterior
walls and portico are of a beautifully colored dark
granite, quarried about nine miles from the state house,.
in the town of Barre, and wrought in a very superior
manner. The roof and dome are covered with copper.
The interior is entered in front from the portico, through
a door eight feet wide, opening into an entrance hall
thirty-two by thirty-eight feet, fourteen feet high, the
ceiling of which is supported by six granite columns,
eighteen inches in diameter at the base, of the Grecian
Ionic order, and is paneled after the manner of the
ceilings in the porticos of ancient temples. — There are
three other entrances, one from each end of the house,
through doors five feet wide, into passages ten feet wide,
which communicate with the entrance hall by corridors
eight feet wide, and are in the rear of the centre, six
feet wide, opening into a passage twelve feet wide,
leading to* the entrance hall. In the lower story
is a room twenty by sixteen feet, for the secretary
of state, with a fire proof safe ten by sixteen feet, for
records ; adjoining a room for state's treasurer, fourteen
by twenty-two feet, with a fire proof vault, a room for
the au'ditor of accounts of the same size, twelve rooms
for legislative committees — six of them very large and
spacious, and two rooms for furnaces to heat the principal
halls and rooms in the second story. From the entrance
hall there are two stair cases, leading to the second or

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 217
principal story — one being on the right hand and the
other on the left as you enter from the portico. These
land in the circular halls or landings, twenty feet in
diameter, from which there are communications with the
rooms adjoining — and a flight of stairs to the gallery
of the representatives' hall and the senate chamber, and
also to committee rooms in the third story. From these
landings you pass into the vestibule of the representa
tives' hall, eighteen by thirty-six feet and eighteen feet
high, — the ceiling paneled after the Grecian style, and
the whole room finished in a very neat and elegant
manner, having niches for statues and panels for paint
ings ; from this you enter the representatives' ball through
a door five feet wide and ten feet high. — This hall is
sixty-seven feet in length, by fifty-seven in width and
thirty-one feet high. It is unequaled in simplicity and
elegance of design, as well as for convenience in doing
business. For the ease with which a person can speak
and readily be heard, this room is not surpassed by any
of its size.
The senate chamber is forty-four feet in length by
thirty in width, and twenty-two feet high, of an oval form,
and finished in the Ionic order of architecture. It is a
most elegant and symmetrical specimen of architecture,
uniting in an eminent degree the " useful and ornamental."
This is entered from the east landing.
From the west landing you enter the governor's room,
twenty by twenty-two feet, eighteen feet high, through
an ante-room, about fifteen feet square. Adjoining the
ante-room is also a room for the office of the governor's

218 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
secretary of civil and military affairs. From this same
landing too you enter the library. It is a room thirty-
six by eighteen feet, and twenty feet high, having a
gallery and shelves capable of holding 10,000 volumes.
Ammi B. Young, of Boston, is the architect who designed
and constructed the building. The building cost about
$140,000." Middlebury and Vergennes are villages also of the
first class. Some account of the former has been given
in connection with that of the college bearing the name.
The ground on which it stands is more irregular, perhaps,
than that of any other in the state ; and affords a great
variety of views and prospects, and business privileges
and sites for factories and mechanic establishments.
Hon. William Slade, and senator Phelps have here their
residences ; and the state of religious society and social
and literary enjoyments is high and inviting.
Vergennes is the only place, which has reached the
dignity of an incorporated city ; alone in the interior
enjoying the advantages of a sea port ; that of being
visited by shipping. Its increase and progress did not
keep pace with its early promise. But the opening of
the canal from Troy to Whitehall, has had a favorable
influence on its prospects. It is pleasantly situated on
the right bank of Otter Creek ; and its compactness ;
its stone stores and the distant' sounds of business at the
water side, give it a city-like aspect and presage its
prosperity and growth.
But time would fail, to tell of all the villages in the
state ; the number of places coming within the appella-

HISTORY OF VERMONT.

219

tion, being perhaps from five to seven hundred. Some
of them too approach very near, if not to the limits of
those particularly named ; and afford points of view, and
objects of contemplation of great interest and attractive
ness. But the reader must visit them ; or wait another
opportunity ; or avail himself of a more skilful guide to
lead him along their highways, and green walks and
shady retreats.
Beginning then at the north end of the state ; and tak
ing the villages of the first class as particularly named ;
and in order to the right and left of Montpelier, they
will stand thus : —

St. Albans,
Burlington, Vergennes,Middlebury,Rutland,Castleton,
Manchester,Bennington,

> Montpelier. <

Derby,
Danville, Woodstock,
Windsor, Springfield,
Bellows Falls,
Brattleboro.

Now if one like the lawgiver of Israel, who from
Pisgah viewed the length and breadth of Canaan, from
the highest point of the green mountains, could at once
view more than the half thousand villages up and down the
state, the privilege would be great and the spectacle ani
mating. If he could go back nearly a century when all this
region was a dense wilderness except here and there a
bald peak of granite or lime stone ; and mark the present

220 history of Vermont.
contrast of the white dotted openings of towns and settle
ments and hamlets and villages, the changes would seem
great and impressive. Or if like Charron of old, assisted
by Mercury in viewing the curiosities of this upper world
with poetic license, " piling Pelion upon Ossa ;" and
gifted with far distant vision of minute objects even to
the " hard wax" in the ear, he could see the inhabit
ants of these villages, like bees from their hives, in their
various pursuits ; some in courts of justice ; others culti
vating the ground; some in merchandise; others on
military parade grounds with the instruments of death ;
some sailing upon the rivers and lakes, or endowed with
the power of quick hearing, could hear their conversation
in the field and in the house, like him who heard not a
word about his boat, he might lament to hear so little
said of death, yet he could not but admire the flocks
and herds on ten thousand hills, and works of man ; the
traces and progress of human skill and industry.

221

CHAPTER XV.
Military exploits and measures in and near Vermont. — Names of
leaders, and places of fame. — Discovery of North America and
settlement in Canada. — Lake Champlain. — Lake George. —
Iroquois Indians. — Strife between the English and French. —
Col. Schuyler. — Attack on Deerfield. — Capture of Quebec. —
Abercrombie. — Wolf. — His character. — Settlement at Crown
Point. — Chimney Point. — Surprise of Bridgman's fort. — Cap
ture of Mrs. Howe and other women. — Attack on Royalton. —
Brandon. — The justification of Vermont, thus exposed, in
admitting overtures from the English.
Vermont is classic ground, the theatre of warlike
operations, whose soil has often witnessed the passing
and re-passing of armies, the munitions of war, and
the shedding of blood. On her western and northern
frontier, the din of arms, and the savage yell and the
war-whoop have been often heard. Ticonderoga and
Crown Point ; Montreal and Quebec ; Stillwater and
Saratoga and Plattsburg have been seats of distinguished
military operations. They are fields of renown, retain
ing the footsteps of leaders and generals, whose names
stand high on the pages of history and the record of
fame. They indeed exhibit colors faint and indistinct
compared with some sanguinary fields in Europe, and of

222 history of Vermont.
ancient times. But they are places where European
noblemen and names of much repute have led warriors
of the old countries to the conflict ; and by their deeds
and deaths giving them a deathless name. Lord Howe ;
generals Amherst, Abercrombie and Wolf; and their
associates and their actions and achievements have ren
dered the region contiguous to Vermont known to fame.
On her very soil also, and the waters pf Champlain,
Allen and Stark and McDonough ; and in her immediate
vicinity, Burgoyne, Baume, Gates and Montgomery,
have more recently added to the interest which is felt
in human exploi.ts and glory. Hubbardston, Bennington
and Bemis Heights ; Saratoga and Plattsburgh and the
Champlain waters near Burlington are consecrated spots,
to which the patriotic youths of Vermont, and of our
country burn with enthusiasm. As time recedes from
the period of their renown, they become more and more
places of curiosity and veneration, at the mention of
which patriotism will be enkindled and a love of country
increased. The plains of Marathon and Platea, and
the straits of Thermopolae will as soon be forgotten as
they and the leaders on those fields of glory be driven
into oblivion by the progress of time and the revolution
of ages. The French made the first settlement in North
America, 1534. James Cartier entered the gulph which
he named, and the river St. Lawrence, in honor of the
day, (it being St. Lawrence,) on which they were
discovered. The navigator who followed him was
Samuel Champlain, who in 1608, with a small fleet

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 223
sailed up the St. Lawrence to a place called by the
Indians Quebec, where he made a clearing and built a
town. The next year, at the suggestion of the Indians he
made an exploring tour south in search of lakes.
Ascending the river now called Sorel, he came to the
lake which bears his name. Thence he went to the
lake now called George, which he named St. Sacrament.
On the shores of the latter lake he encountered the
Iroquois, a powerful tribe of Indians. It was here that
the natives of North America were permitted, (or
doomed shall it be said ?) to hear for the first time the
report of a musket. Great was the impression made on
them ; and it disposed them favorably towards their
white (pale) European visitors. This was a powerful
confederacy of different tribes of Indians ; and long
before and subsequently waged bloody wars with the
tribes in the vicinity of Quebec, to which place fifty
of their scalps were now carried.
Thus as early as 1609, discoveries and the foot steps
of civilized men were made in the vicinity of Ver
mont. A considerable period did indeed elapse, (more
than a century,) before these parts were permanently
settled. They were, however, the theatre of bloody wars
between the French and their Indian allies on the one
side, and the Iroquois and their associates on the other.
In 1664 the Dutch settlement at New Amsterdam
became an English province, after which, the territory
now called Vermont was often passed and re-passed in
various directions by English and French troops, and

224 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
their Indian allies in the wars of Canada, and their
ravages along the shores of the lakes and rivers. The
English thought themselves justified in the part which
they took in them, as the French held forts and were
constantly making settlements on the shores of Lake
Champlain within the limits by them claimed. On the
other hand, the French founded their right to this
district on the ground of discovery and occupation.
It was contended again by the English that mere discov
ery gave no sufficient title without actual occupation ;
and that it was deserted when Massachusetts and New
York extended their jurisdiction over it, under the
direction and sanction of the British crown. But the
question, as in most such cases at that period, was
finally decided by the sword. It was a long and
arduous struggle ; and victory and defeat were alternately
experienced by each nation.
It was the settled conviction ofthe English government,
particularly in that of their colonies, that these perplex
ing wars of inroads and rapine, would never cease so
long as Canada belonged to the French. Two expedi
tions were accordingly planned against it ; one under
Sir William Phips against Quebec; and which was
given up on account of the season being so far
advanced. The other under John Winthrop was unsuc
cessful. Col. Schuyler of. New York distinguished himself
about this period on the part of the English ; making a
successful onset on the French settlements near the
banks of the Sorel, destroying about three hundred of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 225
the enemy. Two or three years after this, in 1695,
several hundreds, French and Indians, invaded the
country of the Mohawks ; but were promptly met by
Schuyler and two hundred volunteers, and driven back
with loss into Canada.
The Indian attack on Deerfield, (Mass.) and its
circumstances and consequences are well known, being
on the records of our country's history. But the route
pursued by these Indians may not be so familiar. It is
said, on good credit, that in 1704, about three hundred
Indians under De Rauville, went up Lake Champlain
to the mouth of Onion river, and crossed over to the
Connecticut ; and going on ice, reached the neighbor
hood of Deerfield, on the 29th of February. Con
cealing themselves till the dead of night, the guard being
dispersed, and the inhabitants in a sound sleep, they
fell upon the town in different parts at the same time ;
and made indiscriminate slaughter of old and young;
of male and female, setting fire to the buildings and
rending the air with their yells and warhoops. Forty-
seven were slain, and the remainder of the inhabitants
carried away prisoners. Their bloody track on their
return, was along the rivers and vallies, and over the
hills of Vermont, the whole course of which they
marked, so to speak, with acts of barbarity. For they
dispatched with the tomahawk and scalping knife, the
exhausted female and helpless child ; the sick^man, and
all, who through infirmity were unable to keep pace
with them. The monuments of death in peculiar
circumstances are yet found at unequal intervals the
15

226 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
whole route of this melancholy incursion. That they
should undertake, such a journey of two or three hundred
miles in the winter, for the sake of plunder and murder,
and making prisoners, is no very flattering evidence of
Indian kindness and mercy ; but is proof strong, of the
barbarity of the civilized man who led them ; and his
name has been given, that it may go down to posterity
with an everlasting stigma. It is melancholy proof of
the mutual cruelties and depredations of the times ; the
inhuman custom of both English and French of insti
gating the savage to the most revolting deeds of inhu
manity. But as these events took place most of them, before
many settlements had been made in Vermont, it is not
necessary in a history of this state, particularly to relate
.them. This is the case especially in relation to the wars
between France and England, previous to the reduction
of Canada. It is sufficient to say, in general terms, that
Amherst, Abercrombie, and Wolf, were the principal
leaders on the part of the English ; and that Crown
Point, Ticonderoga, and Montreal and Quebec are the
places where the greatest military feats were performed.
Wolf was so happy as to give the finishing stroke to
their efforts on the part of Great Britain. The impor
tant battle which decided this contest took place, 13th
of September, 1759. This was an arduous enterprise ;
and the British ministry knew that the greatest military
talents were ' requisite in accomplishing it. No small
honor was it then to Wolf, that he should have been
selected for this difficult service. He was in the morn-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 227
ing of life ; and his example of self-devotion to his coun
try, has probably fired many a seldier to follow him in
the high places of the field, in behalf of his country.
His lieutenants in that enterprise were Moniton, Towns
hend, and Murray, sons of noblemen ; and, like their
leaders in the flower of youth. " They were students in
the art of war ; and though young in years, old in ex
perience."* The taking of such a city ; so well defended by nature
aud art ; so strongly garrisoned ; and under the direc
tion of an able general ; the taking of which being fol
lowed with so important consequences, has made the
name of the general who fell in doing it, dear to the
British nation. Few generals have ever won so un
divided applause at so early an age ; or fallen in the
field of battle more sincerely lamented. Few names
stand on the pages of history, in a light better adapted
to win and retain the favor of succeeding ages as long
as talents, and bravery, and accomplishments and
generosity and love of country, shall be admired and
venerated. In 1731, the French made a lodgment in what is now
Addison ; near what has since been named Chimney
Point, and opposite Crown Point. A point of land
projects into the lake here on both sides, rendering the
channel narrow, and affording a favorable spot for forts
and redouts ; and great facilities for intercepting the
passage of an enemy up and down its waters. This
* Trumbull.

228 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
celebrated ground then was settled from the Vermont
side of the lake ; and. named St. Frederick. It is now
a place of great interest and curiosity to the traveler.
That part of Addison where the settlement was com
menced, is, as it has been said in another place, a
delightful and enchanting spot. Let the reader go and
see for himself.
In the frontier towns, during the wars between France
and England, for the supremacy in Canada, much em
barrassment and suffering was experienced. The in
habitants had to leave their homes, or were massacred,
or kept themselves protected by forts, and by going in
bodies armed. Two or three irruptions were made on
the inhabitants and fortresses of Vernon. Three men
by the names of Howe, Grout, and Gaflield, returning
from their labor in the field, were surprised and fired
upon by the Indians. The first was killed on the spot;
the last lost his life in attempting to swim the river.
Grout was uninjured and escaped. Their families were
in Bridgman's fort, their wives and eleven children, who
were made prisoners, the fort having been taken. This
was in July, 1755. These unhappy persons were taken
to Canada ; and saw much hardship, and many a gloomy
day before the time of their redemption came.
Some suitable and permanent memorial, (if there is
none,) ought to be secured, pointing out the place of
this fort ; and that of Dummer ; and descriptive of
these events, and the early scenes there witnessed. If
the spot of the first grave in that neighborhood could be
certainly fixed upon, it would be an object of interest

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 229
and curiosity, as it would probably be that of the first
burial in the state. If none is there, surely a suitable
monument, with a brief record, should be erected.
The same may be said of the ground in Newfane,
(the shire town of Windham county,) where a small
company of white men were attacked by a large party
of Indians, and part of them killed. This was in 1756.
The number in the company is said to have been twenty,
going from Charlestown, N. H., to Hoosic, under the
direction of Capt. Melvin. The conflict was severe ;
but ended in the discomfiture of the whites, the survivors
retreating to fort Dummer. The captain returning the
next day to the place, found no enemy, but buried the
dead. This is said to have been " in the southerly part
of Newfane, then uninhabited." Does any one know
the exact spot ; the number slain, and their names ? Is
there any memorial of this event ? Such ought to be
consecrated places. There are many such in our land ;
but going fast into oblivion for want of timely me
mentos ; and some of them probably have gone beyond
the reach of human scrutiny and curiosity. Is such
neglect kind to the memory of those who periled their
lives in the early settlement of our country, that we
their posterity might have a goodly inheritance, sitting
under our own vines and fig trees, having none to hurt
or make afraid.
Since penning the above the writer has been informed
that tradition is, that Capt. Melvin was attacked by the
Indians near the branch bridge at the mouth of a stream
running from Dover and emptying into West river in the

230 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
southeast part of Newfane. A son of Judge Knowl
ton, residing there, once observed a stranger, thought
fully examining the ground near this bridge. After
being accosted, the stranger informed him, that he once
was engaged in battle with the Indians near this spot.
Although the surface had been cleared of trees, yet from
the junction of the streams, he was confident the conflict
took place near where they stood, which was a short
distance north of the bridge.
It is to be regretted that Mr. Knowlton was not more
particular in his inquiries relative to that event. But
the facts thus derived from one of the parties are, that
an attack was then made ; that several of Melvin's men
were killed ; that he retreated to fort Dummer ; and
that returning next day with additional men, buried his
slain near the spot on the left bank of the branch, on
land now owned by Aaron Robinson, the very graves
being, as is supposed, yet visible.
There is also a tradition, that at another time a scout
ing party from fort Dummer, having shot salmon with
their guns in a deep hole near the mouth of this branch
Of West river, while engaged in broiling them for a
repast, were attacked by the Indians, attracted by the
report of their muskets. Two of their number were so
badly wounded that they died ; one of them by the name
of Allen, near the pond in the northeastern part of Marl
boro ; and which bears his name ; the other on " New
fane hill " near the old court house.
Further up West river in what is now Jamaica,
three men were fired upon by sculking Indians. One

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 231
of them was killed ; another shot through the body,
and rendered unable to walk. He importuned his sur
viving and uninjured companion not to leave him. So
great was his anxiety, as was natural, to have him stay
by him, that his associate had not a heart to break from him
openly ; but stole from him guilefully ; under a pretence
that he would return to him after a short absence. He
Went to the fort on the Connecticut, and taking with
him several men, did return ; but only to perform the
melancholy office of burying his body. Life had left it.
With regard to the attack on Royalton by the Indians,
the above inquiries are answered, as it appears in Thom
son's history of Vermont. A minute account is given
of this depredation. The names of those, whose houses
were burnt are given ; and also of the slain and captured.
It was in 1780. The town contained three hundred
inhabitants. Two persons were killed, Thomas Pem-
ber, and Elias Button. The number of prisoners made
by them was twenty-five; more than twenty houses,
and as many barns were burnt ; and most of the flocks
and herds falling in their way, were slaughtered.
The object of this expedition was to capture a lieu
tenant Whitcomb ; who, a few years previous, had killed
and robbed of his sword and watch, a British general
by the name of Gordon. This was the pretence ; but it
was not established as a fact ; that of the robbery. The
party was led on by Horton, a British lieutenant ; and
they expected to surprise their object of pursuit at
Newbury on the Connecticut. But learning from
hunters whom they fell in with near Winooski, that

232 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the inhabitants of that town, expecting an assault, had
taken measures to repel it, they turned their course to
Royalton. Recovering from the consternation, the
remaining inhabitants of the place, and others collected
from neighboring towns organized under a man by the
name of House to pursue the depredators. Guided by
a few marked trees in the darkness of the night ;
" amidst logs, and rocks and hills with which the wilder
ness abounded, as they were passing over a stream,
which was crossed upon a large log, they were fired
upon by the enemy's rear guard, and one man was
wounded." Coming up with their camp the Indians
sent an aged prisoner, threatening to put to instant death
all their prisoners, if an attack was made upon them.
Hosee and his party hesitated and delayed so long in
consequence of this message, that the enemy escaped
with impunity.
In 1776, the frontier towns of this state on the north ;
or rather those served as places of frontier military posts ;
were Castleton and Pittsford on the west side of the
mountain ; Barnard, Corinth, Newbury, and Peacham,
on the east. Two or three years afterwards, two men
were killed in Brandon, and several persons made
prisoners by the Indians. In 1780, two more were made
prisoners in Barnard and carried into Canada.
These are specimens of Indian massacres and depre
dations in these difficult times in the history of Vermont.
Many other occurrences of similar character took place ;
and some undoubtedly, of which unhappily no record
has been preserved. But it is owing to the hopes of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 233
t
the British government that this district might be disen
gaged from the union, as it has been related in another
part of this work, that so few Indian inroads and cruel
ties were experienced. Their situation as a frontier
state, bordering on the lake, at command of the enemy,
afforded facilities to commit the greatest depredations
and perpetrate deeds of barbarity. In this condition
they were left unprotected by the continental congress.
It is evident that the savages were not only not instigated
by the English against this defenceless region, but that
they were restrained by them. It was indeed through
selfish motives on the part of Great Britain, as too much
evidence exists of " Utting loose their hell-hounds of
war" on other portions of our country.
Should this people then ; the Vermonters, left in such
perilous circumstances, be condemned for resorting to
the strongest arguments to open the eyes of their coun
trymen, to do them justice ? Were they wrong in
suffering the British to expect what they hoped would
not be realized.

234

CHAPTER XVI.
Warlike movements in Windham.— Adherents of New York.—
Guilford.— Ethan Allen's proclamation. — General Bradley.—
Instrumentality in quelling the disturbances. — Arnold. — Strife
Tietween him and Allen. — Campaign against Ticonderoga
- planned in Connecticut — Capt. Phelps exploring the enemy's
works. — Ethan Allen a prisoner. — At Halifax. — At Cork. —
On Long Island.— In New York. — The old jail.— Prisoners in
it. — Capt. Travis.— Maj. Van Zandt«— Col. Allen crying for
quarters. — His death. — His grave and epitaph. — Col. Seth
Warner. — His burial place.
The greatest demonstrations of battle and bloodshed
in the controversy with New York, were made in Wind
ham county. Guilford, containing a population then of
three thousand inhabitants was the strong hold of the
York party ; a majority of the inhabitants inclining to
that side ofthe question. In th"is and some other towns,
in their civil officers, each party had its distinct organi
zation. Collisions ensued ; and sometimes conflicts not
without bloodshed. Such a state of things was extremely
unhappy and perplexing; social intercourse between
neighbors ; and even between branches of the same
families was in a measure at an end. So trying was it
to the leaders on the side of the New Hampshire grants,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 235
that they became impatient ; particularly Ethan billen,
who had the county assigned him as his province.
Crossing the mountain from Bennington with one
hundred soldiers, he issued his proclamation. " I, Ethan
Allen, declare that unless the people of Guilford peace
ably submit to the laws of Vermont, the town shall be
made as desolate as were the cities of Sodom and
Gomorrah." This manifesto being followed by corres
ponding action, the blocks before the wheels of govern
ment were removed. But the winter following witnessed
similar obstructions, the wrath of this Green Mountain-
Achilles, being defied, or forgotten. The Guilford boys,
dissentient from the adherents of Vermont, attacked and
fired into the inn at Brattleboro, kept by Josiah Arms ;
the head quarters of General Farnsworth ; and wounded
Major Boyden and a traveler, sojourning there for the
night. Constable Waters, the object of their pursuit,
voluntarily surrendering himself, was carried into Massa
chusetts. But he was soon released by the Vermonters
and returned home. It was not till Col. S. R. Bradley,
at the head of two hundred men, ordered out by the
general assembly, repaired to the ground ; and scouring
that corner of the state, taking some prisoners, and
driving others beyond tbe line, that the Vermont juris
diction became established and peace restored in that
quarter. With regard to military events on and near the soil of
Vermont, they may be related in few words. Most of
them are too well known to need recapitulation. The
enterprise and intrepidity and bluntness of Ethan Allen

236 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
will never be forgotten as long as patriotism shall be
honored as a virtue. The character of. Arnold, who
engaged in behalf of his country, the moment he heard
of the battle of Lexington ; and was associated with
Allen in the meditated attack on Ticonderoga, appears
so far interesting. We cannot but regret that he had
not fallen in subsequent life, into different circumstances. •
Most sincerely must every patriot wish that he had stood
fast for his country in spite of every neglect and mis-
usage, if such he received. The strife between him and
Allen for the precedence in going into the fort, is truly
chivalrous and romantic.
The thought and plan of rescuing those positions,
(Crown Point and Ticonderoga,) at the commencement
of the revolutionary war, originated in Connecticut.
This is clearly established in " the historical collection"
lately published by Royal Hinman, recently Connec
ticut secretary of state. Several gentlemen repaired to
Vermont from that state ; the expenses of the expedition
were advanced by individual responsibility ; and finally
liquidated by the authority of Connecticut. Names are
there given of persons and places ; acts and records ;
definite sums granted, and for specified objects. „ Among
other things of interest related on this subject, the fol
lowing account js given of the part in these transactions
taken by Capt. Noah Phelps, of Simsbury in that state.
" He was selected to proceed to the fort, examine its
situation and condition ; and make report to his asso
ciates. He proceeded from the southern part of Lake
Champlain in a boat, and stopped for the night at a

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 237
tavern near the fort. The officers of the garrison occu
pied a room adjoining that in which he slept, for a sup
per party ; and as usual on such occasions, protracted
their entertainment to a very late hour. They spoke of
the commotion in the colonies and the condition of their
fort. Very early in the morning, Capt. Phelps gained
admission into the fort for the purpose of being shaved.
While retiring through it, the commandant walked with
him, and conversed about the rebels, their movements,
and their objects. Capt. Phelps seeing a portion of the
wall of the fort in a dilapidated condition, remarked that
it would afford but a feeble defence against the rebels if
they should attack it. The commandant replied " yes,
but that is not our greatest misfortune, for all our powder
is damaged ; and before we can use it, we are obliged to
sift and dry it." He left the fort, and soon after pro
ceeded to the lake shore, and employed a boatman to
transport him in a small boat down the lake. He enter
ed the boat in plain view from the fort and under her
guns. He had not proceeded a great distance before
he urged the boatman to exert himself, and terminate
the voyage as soon as possible. The boatman requested
Capt. Phelps to take an oar and assist ; this was de
clined — being in full view of the fort, by replying that
he was not a boatman. After rounding a point of land,
projecting into the lake and intercepting the view from
the fort, he proposed taking the oar, and did so. Being
a strong and active man, he excited the surprise of the
boatman by the velocity of the boat, who with an oath
replied, you have seen a boat before now, sir. This

238 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
circumstance, at the time, excited the boatman's suspi
cion that his passenger was not a loyal subject, but fear
of superior strength prevented an attempt to carry him
back to the fort, as he told Capt. Phelps after the sur
render. Capt. Phelps reached his place of destination,
met his associates, and told them what he had dis
covered." Arnold and some other gentlemen came and met
Allen at Castleton. The number collected for this
enterprise was two hundred and seventy, of whom two
hundred and thirty were green mountain boys. But
Allen landed near the fort with only eighty-three men ;
and as the night was far advanced, he determined to
make the assault before the rest of the men arrived.
After a sharp contest in words between him and Arnold,
which should go first, it was decided by their attendants
that they should go abreast, but Allen on the right.
The sequel is well known, and has been related in
another place. Col. Warner soon came up, and had
the honor of capturing Crown Point. A most impor
tant object was thus secured early ; the enemy being
dispossessed of their forts situated within the colonies.
In the language of the above named historian, (Hin
man,) " The cannon, small arms, and ball contained in
it, rendered this achievement more important in the
success of the revolutionary war than posterity can
appreciate." The plan concerted between Allen and Brown for
the assault on Montreal, would also probably have been
successful, if the latter had kept his engagement and

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 239
performed his part of the service. The manly courage
of Allen in keeping his position with a handful of men ;
and on the enemy's ground, in the sight of a powerful
force, cannot but command admiration. The confine
ment of him and the survivors in irons was cowardly
and inhuman.
But this same Gen. Carlton, who treated Allen so
basely, was afterwards chastised in a measure for it by
Col. Warner, who gave him battle after having crossed
the St. Lawrence, and drove him back with considerable
loss. The failure of the American arms in Canada about
this time, changed the seat of war ; and no event of a
warlike nature took place in, or near Vermont, till
Burgoyne made his appearance on the northern frontier.
Here it may be proper to suspend the narrative of
military events, and look for a moment at Col. E. Allen.
We left him prisoner, taken near Montreal and put in
irons. That his successes in the early season of tbe
revolutionary war prepared the way for the capture of
Burgoyne cannot be denied. Here one cannot but
regret that he was so soon taken and held so long a
prisoner. His services would have been inestimable in
the warfare on the borders of Champlain, No man in
the union could have been more at home in this region ;
or more devoted to the cause of his country.
The first information concerning him after being
taken, was from Halifax. Letters were received from
him by the general assembly of Connecticut. The
following, records on the subject are transcribed from

240 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Hin man's work on the part taken by that state in the
war of the revolution. "The assembly appointed a
committee, October, 1776, to examine the subject matter
of the letters, &c, who reported that Col. Allen, with
about eighteen others, natives or inhabitants of this
state, had been captured in the service of the United
States, near Montreal, in the province of Quebec, on
the 25th day of September, 1775, by a party of armed
men of the King of Great Britain, and appeared to
have suffered great hardships during their captivity ;
and were then confined, in a suffering condition in the
common jail in Halifax." They also reported, that " Levi
Allen of Salisbury, a brother of Col. Allen, was about
attempting to visit his brother in Halifax, and advised
the assembly to send by said Levi Allen £60 lawful
money to the prisoners, as part payment of their wages
due from the state, for their relief. Also to request the
governor to write to Gen. Washington, or the continental
congress, (or both,) and strongly recommend and
earnestly request such s&asonable and friendly interposi
tion as would be most likely to procure a speedy
exchange of prisoners." Then follow the names of
the persons taken with Allen, and the places of their
residence. Conclusive evidence is here afforded of the
part taken by Connecticut in the seasonabk seizure of
Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
We hear from him next in Cork, Ireland. Letters
were sent by individuals there friendly to the American
cause, giving an account of the kindness shown him in
that place, and of his sufferings on his pas§age from

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 241
Quebec. " His treatment on board the Salway," says
one of the letters, " was far different from the barbarous
and cruel usage he experienced in his passage from
Quebec, being there hand-cuffed, and ironed in the most
dreary part of the vessel, and basely insulted with cruel
and unmanly reflections by some of the officers of the
ship, whom he challenged at Cornwall without obtaining
satisfaction. I enclose you a rough copy of his answer
to our letter to him. Should he have permission to
come on shore, he will be entertained by some of the
first gentlemen of this city."
" Gentlemen, I received your generous present this
day with a joyful heart. Thanks to God, there are still
the feelings of humanity in the worthy citizens of Cork,
towards those of your bone and flesh, who, through
misfortune from the present broils in the empire are
needy prisoners."
Dated, Cove, January 24, 1776.
He was not long detained in Great Britain, it seems,
as we hear from him on Long Island the April following.
Whether he had been sent to this country for the purpose
of being exchanged ; or for the better confining of him
here in jail and prison ships, is left to conjecture. Certain
it is, that he was a prisoner in and near New York, a
considerable period. He seemed to scorn the thought
of being a prisoner on parole ; to stand an idle spectator
of his country's wrongs, and the blood flowing of his
countrymen. Thus it is stated in the above named
history: "A letter was received, dated Long Island,
April 30, 1777, signed by E. Allen, and directed to the
16

242 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
general assembly or committee of war, of this state,
(Connecticut,) in which he stated he did not distrust the
wisdom of the country, that an exchange of prisoners
had not taken place, and that those who had the
management of the affair, undoubtedly had their political
reasons for the delay ; that the mode of existence as a
prisoner, though it was irksome was not deplorable, by
reason of hope ; and the officers on parole seemed to
him, as mere ciphers, exempted from danger and honor ;
and though man was never easy, that it was painful to a
generous and enterprising mind, to be debarred in
sharing the glories that would be revealed during the
campaign. He stated that General Washington had
written to Gen. Howe upon the subject of his exchange,
and had styled him colonel instead of lieutenant colonel;
he also acknowledged the receipt of £35, which he
received by his brother Levi Allen, in which letter he
urges his exchange as a prisoner of war."
He was afterwards confined in the jail in the city of
New York, occupied by the enemy. This jail subse
quently bore the name of the old jail. It was taken
down several years since ; and the following anecdote
relative to Allen and other prisoners there confined, was
related and published in " the New York Mirror," by
John Pintard, Esq. of that place ; and who seemed to
have been personally acquainted with the circumstances ;
and who till his death occupied a high standing in society.
Of his talents as a writer the reader can judge. Capt.
Travis, a Virginian privateer, and Maj. Van Zandt
were confined, with Col. Allen, who slept together in

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 243
one cell on planks. " After a trial with mellowed hearts
they turned in each man on his own plank. Col. Allen
and Capt. Travis were accustomed to banter each other
on the superiority of the Green Mountain Boys, and
Virginia Buckskins. It so happened on this occasion
that Major Van Zandt was the middle man between
Allen and Travis, who from words fell to blows about
the prowess of their respective countrymen ; and between
them almost kneaded to a jelly the Major's fat sides.
Travis feeling the blows of Allen's enormous fists,
accustomed to fell oaks and split rails, falling on him like
sledge-hammers, and his dead lights almost stove in,
sprung with the agility of a deer across the Major ; and
planting his knees in Allen's bread basket, twisted his
fore fingers in the colonel's locks, and began in the true
Virginian back-woods style with his thumbs to gouge
out his peepers. The colonel with his stentorian voice,
to save his eyes, cried out for quarters, ceding the palm
of victory to Capt. Travis. Major Van Zandt, indeed
all the prisoners chimed in full chorus. The unusual
uproar soon called in sergeant Keef, with a file of his
myrmidons to quell the riot ; and the ball was cleared
by locking up its inmates to fight it out, as he said, in
the dungeons. Next morning Capt. Cunningham
paraded the whole squad, half naked as they were, to
learn the particulars. Irishman-like, dearly fond of a
row, regarding the black ring that encircled Allen's eyes,
and Travis's battered sconce, with a broad laugh dis
missed them to their hall, with an injunction not to
quarrel over their cups in future." Capt. Cunningham,

214 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
an Irishman, was provost to this prison ; Keef was a
subaltern under him, also an Irishman, who, different
from many of his countrymen, was elated by a little
brief authority ; and was insolent in his demeanor towards
these unhappy prisoners. So closely were they packed,
(on the same authority,*) that it was customary for them
to turn on their planks by word of command, right and
left. Melancholy is the reflection that such men should be
brought into such circumstances ; and compelled to
submit to such indignities ! That they should have been
made prisoners is no more than might be expected as
one of the chances of war. But that they should have
been treated so harshly and cruelly and insultingly, as
prisoners of war, and of respectable, not to say high
standing, is what ought not to have been apprehended
in the eighteenth century, and by the authorities of a
christian nation, and claiming the precedence in civil and
military courtesy. "Half naked;" sleeping upon
planks ; crowded so closely as to be unable to turn only as
by platoons by word of command ; and at the mercy of a
petty, unfeeling, rough subaltern, surely are humiliating
particulars in the lives of freemen, not'to say in that of
the hero of Ticonderoga ! That the latter in such a
predicament should vindicate the character and claims of
his associates of the mountain state, surely is evidence
that her rights and prosperity were dearer to him than
life itself. Surely the fact must penetrate every real
* Pintard.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 245
Vermonter with the deepest sympathy, and cherish in
his bosom unfading remembrance of devotion to her
honor so signal and affecting. If, according to Homer,
the servile day takes away half of virtue, may we not
fear that this submission extorted by physical force,
broke down the constitution of Allen, and shortened his
days. This domineering over his generous spirit, though
indomitable and unyielding as the adamant, might yet
prey upon it, and compel his bodily system to yield to
the oppression of brute power. Thus he felt in the
meridian of life ; and was not permitted to see established
the independence of his country, and the admission of
his beloved Vermont into the union. " In the grave
yard of Burlington are the remains of the old hero. A
neat iron railing surrounds the Allen family, with a plain
slab stone at the head of the general, on which are
engraved these words,"
"The corporeal part of Gen. Ethan Allen rests
beneath this stone the 12th day of February, 1779, aged
50 years. His spirit tried the mercies of his God, in
whom he believed and strongly trusted."
" After the close of the war, Col. Seth Warner," the
companion of Allen, " returned to his farm in Roxbury "
(Connecticut) "on which he remained until his death.
He was interred at Roxbury over whose remains was
erected a marble table on which is inscribed a short
history of his valorous deeds in the revolution."

246

CHAPTER XVII.
War events continued. — Contest for the supremacy on the lake. —
The Americans defeated. — Gallant conduct of Waterbury and
Arnold. — Arrival, and progress of Burgoyne. — Excitement. —
Mounts Defiance, Hope, Independence.— Cannon mounted by
the British on Defiance. — Reflections on the past events. — The
battle of Hubbardston. — Gen. Fraser. — Battle of Bennington. —
Gen. Stark. — His policy at that battle as related by Col. Hum
phrey. — Letter to Gov. Trumbull of Connecticut. — The war of
1812. — Generals Hampton and Wilkinson. — The army bf the
North. — The invasion of New York from Canada. — The naval
battle on Champlain. — Its effects, and impression on the coun
try. — Commodores McDonough and Downie.
In 1776, a severe contest took place for the command
of Lake Champlain. The British ministry saw the im
portance of securing the supremacy on that water com
munication ; and sent over from England water craft
with skillful mariners to effect their designs. Arnold
and Waterbury were the principal actors on the side of
the colonies ; and they nobly defended that important
water passway. Their boats were far inferior to those
of the enemy ; but managed to the best advantage.
The following account of that conflict was given at the
time in the Connecticut Courant, as it appears in Hin-
man's history. " At the naval action on Lake Cham-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 247
plain on tbe 11th day of October, 1776, when the
American fleet was defeated ; and left in a shattered
and ruined condition, by the superior force of the British
in ships, guns and men ; though the action lasted five
hours within musket shot of each other, only one galley,
sloop Enterprise, two small schooners, and one gondola,
escaped ; the remainder of the fleet was taken and
burnt. Gen. Arnold fought in the galley Congress, as
long as possible, then ran her ashore, burnt her, and
escaped by land to Ticonderoga, with a loss of twenty
men. Gen. Waterbury, in the Washington galley, fought
till the galley was sinking under him, and was obliged
to strike to the enemy." These officers were both from
Connecticut. Waterbury had only one lieutenant, and
a captain of marines unwounded. What remained were
run on shore at the mouth of Otter creek, the remains
of which were recently, if not now visible.
On the 6th of May, Burgoyne reached Quebec, and
took command of the British army destined for the inva
sion of America. It consisted of between seven and
eight thousand regular troops, British and German ;
with skillful and experienced officers to assist him. He
divided his army, advanced up the lake with one division
on either side; the fleet and boats accompanying them
in the centre.
Three lofty, conical mountains near Ticonderoga have
received significant names and become celebrated places
from the warlike deeds which they witnessed at this
period. They are called, mounts Independence, Hope,
and Defiance; the first on the Vermont side, and the

243 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
two last on the New York side of the lake. Surely that
on the Vermont side is appropriately named ; she has a
right to claim the appellation of Independence, both on
account of her peculiar early position, and her freedom
in common with her sister states. They are all three
of them specimens of the majestic scenery abounding in
this vicinity. Mount Defiance may have answered the
import of its name for a short time. The British did in
deed manifest great energy and perseverance in convey
ing by night cannon to the summit of this mountain,
commanding the fort and whole territory around for
some distance. It was a grand spectacle. The Yan
kees were out manoeuvered, in thinking it a labor beyond
the imagination of the courtly, and as they supposed
delicate Burgoyne. The question was discussed whe
ther they should take possession of that commanding
eminence. The principal reason, which decided them
against it was ; the improbability that the British would
even conceive the idea of mounting it with cannon.
Great was their surprise and even consternation, when
they rose in the morning, and saw the engines of death
over their heads, ready to pour destruction down upon
them. For that aerial position gave the British the
complete command over the American fortress, and on
both sides of the lake in the vicinity.
The reflection that these lofty and majestic hills, some
seventy years ago, felt the pressure of heavy ordnance,
rending the air with their deadly discharges ; and wit
nessed the array of opposing armies with all their ap
pendages and accompaniments, fills the mind with emo-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 249
tions of solemnity, impressed deeply with the changes
of time, the frustration of worldly plans, and the vanity
of human glory. Looking at these steep and rugged
and elevated mountains, covered with evergreens and
trees of various descriptions, the mind tries to imagine
how this rural and sublime scenery was heightened and
rendered more impressive by " the pomp and circum
stance of war." It looks at the pageantry of European
warfare, suddenly removed to the wilderness and wilds of
one of the most sequestered spots in America ; the ranks
of bayonets gleaming through the underbrush ; the hel
met and nodding plume, contrasting with the foliage and
flowers of the forest. It goes back to those parade
grounds on nature's castles, and views the evolutions and
manoeuvres of regiments and divisions, and the scarlet
colored uniforms, and seems to hear the spirit-stirring^
sounds of martial instruments ; the orders of chiefs and
chieftains ; and the shouts of victors. But all this show
of power and splendor ; of youth and courage ; of dar
ing and defiance ; the roar of musketry and thunder of
cannon has passed away like a vision of the night, and
a tale that is told. Nature pursues her way as usual, as
if no such occurrences had ever been there ; the beasts
rove and the birds wing their flight over those hills and
through those shades, unconscious of events long since
passed ; the deadly strife of man with his brother man ;
the dying youth of high and noble standing far from
parents and friends. The occupiers of the vallies, and
passers on the waters of the lake, pursue their callings
and pass by the consecrated high lands as if the sons of

250 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
another generation, and a far distant land had never
visited them ; in many instances finding their graves in
these lonely recesses of the earth.
The Americans abode not a shower of artillery from
mount Defiance. The very next night they left entrench
ments and retreated to Whitehall at the head of the
lake. The rear guard under Col. Warner, was over
taken at Hubbardston by Gen. Fraser. A severe con
flict ensued, Cols. Francis and Hale were with Warner,
but the former was soon killed, and the latter run away.
But Col. Warner ordered a charge with his usual deter
mination ; and success for a time accompanied his efforts ;
but was at last overcome by numbers and compelled to
retreat. This was the battle of Hubbardston on Ver
mont soil, and fought by Vermont men ; and against one
pf the best generals in the British army. Fraser after
wards found his grave at Saratoga.
To the bravery and fidelity of Vermonters, Burgoyne
himself bore honorable testimony. His language is,
" the -Hampshire grants in particular, a country unpeopled
and almost unknown in the last war, now abounds in the
most active and most rebellious race on the continent ;
and hangs like a gathering storm on my left."
The next warlike feat in Vermont was at Bennington ;
and Bennington battle stands fair and with honor in the
history of the revolution. It prepared the way for the
capture of Burgoyne and his army. It was a victory
of no small consequence. The British General had
despatched Baume with a part of his army to take by
surprise the military stores collected at Bennington.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 251
His vanguard of Indians was met ; and, being beaten,
fell back upon the main body, which after a few day's
manoeuvering were brought to action, and defeated with
great loss. Baume himself, a German officer of great
merit, survived but a short time the wounds received in
the battle.
Col. Breyman, another German officer, soon after the
action, coining up with a reinforcement, was met by Col.
Warner with his regiment of Vermonters, who had also
now arrived. Another conflict ensued, severe and
bloody. But it was decided before dark in favor of the
Americans. This was the 16th of August, 1777 ; and
the ground is about six miles from the centre of Benning
ton, near a branch of the Hoosic river.
Of Gen. Stark, Humphrey, one of Washington's aids,
in his life of Putnam, remarks : " He will be recognized.
as the hero of Bennington, but it is not generally known
that he employed an ingenious and successful expedient
to strike a panic into the enemy and assist him in achiev
ing the glorious victory. He had one iron cannon, but
neither powder sufficient to employ it, nor balls ; he
ordered an officer, however, to charge it, who objected,
the want of balls ; "no matter," said the General, " load
it with blank cartridge, and let the discharge be the
signal for all the troops to rush on the enemy." " The
Hessians were panic struck at the thundering report ;
his troops rushed on with loud huzzas, and the victory
was complete."
"The following is a letter sent by express to Gov.

252 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Trumbull," (Ct.) "dated" "In Council of Safety,
Bennington, August 16th, 1777. Brig. Gen. Stark, of
New Hampshire, with his brigade, together with the
militia, two companies of rangers, raised by this state,
with part of Col. Simon's regiment of militia, are now
in action with a number of the enemy's troops, assembled
near this place, which for some time' has been very
severe. We have in possession, taken from the enemy
this day, four brass field pieces, ordnance, stores, &c,
and this minute five hundred prisoners have arrived.
We have taken the ground, although fortified by entrench
ments. They were reinforced, made a second stand,
and still continue the action. The loss on each side
is doubtless considerable — number not known.
P. S. The second action took place about a mile from
Jhe first ; many of the enemy were killed ; took two
hundred more prisoners ; being in all seven hundred ;
and in all five pieces."
HINMAN.
In the war with Great Britain of 1812, a few military
events may be cursorily reviewed in a history of Ver
mont. Some transactions of a military character passed
in and near her limits. The naval engagement particu
larly on Lake Champlain near Plattsburg, was one of
the most decisive and important American victories of
that war. It revived the spirits of tbe people throughout
the country, who, by mortifying disasters and failures,
had become dissatisfied and querulous. The efforts by

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 253
our armies and generals on land had, previous to this
event, been mostly unsuccessful. The army of the
North, as it was called, assembled at Burlington under
the command of Gen. Wade Hampton, had done little
or nothing toward the invasion of Canada. Its object
was to enter Canada by the lake. It made an attempt,
but was driven back; and Hampton, desirous of escap
ing from his windy position, left the frontiers, and went
south to his home and warmer climate.
Gen. Wilkinson took the place of Hampton, and
made some two or three proclamations, that appeared
well on paper. But they were not followed up with
very decisive advantages by action.
Gov. Chittenden withdrew a brigade of militia, who
had been drafted and taken to Plattsburg. This was in
consequence of a difference of opinion on the constitu
tionality (and the same collision took place between
some other of the New England states and the general
government ;) of giving up the militia to United States
officers to be employed out of the state. In such
circumstances of embarrassment, the governor of Canada
was threatening the invasion of Ne\v York and Vermont
with a large army. His naval force on the lake was
superior to that of the Americans under Com. Mc
Donough. His design was to make a simultaneous
onset by land and water.
In September, of 1814, Gov. Provost entered the
northern part of New York with 14,000 men; and
moved towards Plattsburg, where McDonough lay at

254 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
anchor with his fleet. The alarm spread rapidly through
Vermont; and. the green mountain boys repaired in
great numbers to Burlington ; and crossed the lake to
the immediate scene of action. They sustained their
character for bravery and discipline ; and under Gen.
Strong, as volunteers, were of great service in repelling
the assailants.
The action on the lake between McDonough and
Downie, was severe and bloody. It was in plain view
of Plattsburg, and the adjacent towns, the cannonading
being distinctly heard at Burlington. The British fought
with unyielding perseverance; and gave up not until
every vestige of hope disappeared. Commodore Downie
was slain with three lieutenants, and eighty others, and
one hundred and ten wounded. The slain on our part
was fifty ; and the wounded, fifty-eight.
The conduct of McDonough in all his services on
the lake, and at the mouth of Otter creek, gained him
great respect and favor with the whole country. The
people of Vermont and New York especially expressed
obligations to him, and bestowed on him distinguished
honors. He was a man of plain, unaffected manners;
modest and retiring ; and of great moral worth. His quick
discernment and his fortitude were heightened by his
filial fear of God, which in his last days made him
lament the horrors and disavow the practice of war.
Indeed soon after his splendid victory, he expressed a
wish that the expense of the ball given in his honor by
his fellow citizens of Middletown, Ct., had been

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 255
bestowed on those made widows and orphans by it.
This was noble ; and it was commendable in Vermont,
honoring and rewarding him, as she did with a vote of
thanks, and a farm at Cumberland Head, in full view of
his glorious scene of action.

256

CHAPTER XVIII.
Readiness of the government to foster public benevolent Institu
tions. — Asylum of deaf and dumb at Hartford. — Asylum for
the insane at Brattleboro. — Mrs. Marsh, its founder. — Dr.
Rockwell, superintendent. — Its location and scenery around it. —
Buildings. — Patients. — Success. — An object worthy of public
patronage. — Provision for the indigent insane. — Causes increas
ing of this malady. — Other ways of suffering. — By flood and
cold. — Inundations of 1828-30. — Catastrophe at New Haven. —
A man perished by cold near the summit of the mountain. —
A man, wife and infant impeded by the drifting snow. — Over
taken by night in an uninhabited part of the road. — Their suffer
ings. — Death of the wife. — Sudden changes in the weather. —
Great contrast. — Cold days. — The freezing of a rum drinker. —
The circumstances. — His body long buried under the snow.
The state has manifested a commendable spirit in
encouraging and fostering humane and benevolent institu
tions. The asylum for the education of the deaf and
dumb, established at Hartford, Ct. and originally under
the care of the Rev. Thomas H. Gualladet, was pat
ronized by the Vermont legislature. They voted the
institution, under certain conditions, two thousand dollars -
annually. They continue to pay that sum ; and many
of her unhappy youth, in this respect, have there been
taught the rudiments of education ; and made acquainted

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 257
with the principles of the gospel ; in some instances
giving evidence of having experienced its benign and
saving influences. They have all been thus rendered
capable in a measure of transacting ordinary business,
and participating in human pursuits, and enjoying the
pleasures of society. Great credit is due the gentleman
above named for his disinterested zeal in preparing him
self for the oversight of this establishment ; and for his
self-denial and judicious and successful efforts to render
it eminently useful ; and an honor to our country. He
has proved himself the fast friend of an extensive class
of sufferers. Nor is it without praiseworthiness in the
government, that they so early and promptly seconded
the benevolence and sympathy of those who originated
and matured this plan of doing good. Nor does it speak
less ih their favor that they have for more than a quarter
of a century remained steadfast in the work to which
they so readily set their hands.
An institution was founded in this state several years
since, by an act of the general assembly, called the
Vermont Asylum for the Insane ; established at Brat
tleboro. A benevolent lady of Hinsdale, New Hampshire, by
the name of Marsh, gave rise to it by bequeathing ten
thousand dollars for the founding of it, on certain
conditions ; one of which was that it should be located
in or near Brattleboro, she being a native of Vernon in
this state.
It is under the superintendence of Dr. William H.
17

258 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Rockwell, a gentleman well qualified for the responsible
station, and its arduous duties.
The elegant seat of the late Joseph Fessenden, was
purchased by the trustees, and fitted up for the reception
of patients. It stands about a quarter of a mile from
the village on a beautiful upland flat, connected with
alluvial meadows near the mouth of West river. It has
a farm attached to it of about fifty acres of good land ;
on which the male patients in the right stages of their
disorder, labor for exercise and recreation. A large
flower and fruit garden, arranged by .the late owner,
with much taste, in various figures and departments, has
been even improved under the direction of the superin
tendent. It has thus become a very attractive spot;
and is well calculated to sooth the feelings, and beguile
the maladies of the afflicted inmates of the houses
contiguous. In the rear of the original building, is a
spherical mound, regular by nature, and adorned by art
with circular walks, and beautiful shrubbery ; and on its
summit a reservoir of water. Farther in the rear still,
is a park ; a high woodland ridge of oaks. These
afford delightful retreats for the stricken deer; to shun
the inquisitive gaze of those, ' whose heads never ache,'
and whose hearts feel little for the miseries of others.
The scenery around and the attentions of sympathizing
attendants, must have an healing influence on theirs, the
worst of human maladies. Surely it would be difficult
to find a spot, better designed in its exterior to aid
moral and medicinal and professional means of effecting
a cure than this.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 259
So soon and deservedly went forth a good report of
the operations of this institution, that an additional
building became necessary. Accordingly on application,
the government of the state granted money for the
purpose. A large and commodious brick building has
been erected on the opposite side of the road, fronting
south, consisting of a centre dome, and two wings, resem
bling somewhat the ' Connecticut Retreat,' at Hartford.
The legislature of Vermont have done honor to the
state in so readily and bountifully patronizing this insti
tution ; and their grants have, it is believed, received the
cordial approbation of the people, the late provision
made of two thousand dollars annually, expressly for
the benefit of the indigent insane persons of the state,
is a noble example of paternal care for this neglected
class of sufferers. History ought to record such acts
of public beneficence and liberality in the cause of
humanity. To restore to themselves and their friends, and the
enjoyments of social intercourse, the wanderers from
reason's guide, bewildered in frenzy's maze, are worthy
objects in christian communities of legislative provision.
If the causes of this malady increase as the objects of
human enterprise, and incentives to mental improvement
and means of social enjoyment multiply, surely they
ought to be followed by counteracting influences, and
corresponding remedial provisions. Institutions of this
kind, multiplying as they are in our land, make an era
in the history of philanthropy, and christian enterprise.
This state is going forward in this cause, if not as fast

260 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
as any of her sister states, she is outrunning some of her
neighbors. As all are liable to visitations of this kind, all should
manifest sympathy in behalf of the sufferers, and a
readiness to forward the means of their relief. He who
formed the mind, can change it, and suspend the
operation of its faculties. He it is that makes us to
differ ; confirming to one the exercise of reason, and
-taking it from another.
You have seen a clump of green flourishing trees,
clustering around the dwelling of the husbandman, like
children round the fireside of their home, affording
ornament and shade. You saw them yesterday, and
there was no difference in them. They alike lifted
their heads to the winds, and the sunbeams. To day
one of them is despoiled of its grace and foliage. It
stands, but how changed! It stands a naked trunk.
The fire of heaven has been there ; the lightning chain
has hit it, and shivered and stript it of its branches, and
strewed them around in wild confusion ; leaving but a
solitary bough, scorched and withering with the heat.
It stands, but different — changed ; and seems to say to
its fellows, who maketh you to differ 1 You may have
seen the family circle yesterday, rejoicing in health and
unbroken vigor, the children comforting their parents,
standing around, their crown and ornament. A simi
larity of features marks and groups a family likeness. To
day one of them may be but a faint resemblance of
what he was yesterday. He stands, but how changed !
The fire of frenzy has been there, burning the stays

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 261
and props of the soul ; confusing and intermingling her
faculties till she parts anchor into a shoreless, and
unknown sea. He stands, but a difference has been
made. He seems to look at his kindred, and in accents
which might shiver the heart of Pharaoh, to say, who
maketh thee to differ! His associates he views, and
seems to address the same piercing interrogatory to
them. Surely his brethren ; his fellows and companions,
while reflecting on the change, may bring home the
question, who maketh thee to differ 1
" As when heaven's fire
Hath scath'd the forest oaks, or mountain pines,
With singed top their stately growth, though bare,
Stands on the blasted heath."
The number of patients in this asylum is about two
hundred ; and the recoveries from insanity, are as many
comparatively as those of any establishment in the coun
try. It is melancholy to witness the wreck of mind in
many promising individuals, who were visited in this
way before the benefits of these institutions were ex
perienced. You may see those who once belonged to
the first class in talents and acquirements ; scattered up
and down the country, hopeless wrecks. The writer
has in mind two of this description, who received some
thirty years since, the honors of Yale college. You
may see them perchance, in a pleasant town on the
Connecticut, at the close of day, by cross roads, with
heads uncovered, watching the setting sun ; unconscious
of the light of reason long gone down in their darkened

262 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
minds, shrouded in their ruins. If you accost them,
they may, in the language of the poet :
" Turn a scornful eye,
Shake their proud head, and deign you no reply."
The sympathy and liberality of the inhabitants have
been awakened and called upon now and then by more
than usual personal suffering, and devastations of pro
perty by flood, and cold, and casualties. The autumn
of 1828, and also that of 1830, were remarkable for
the destruction of lives and property by sudden inunda
tions. The writer having occasion in the former of
those years, to go from the southeastern part of the
state to Burlington, immediately after the rain ceased,
witnessed the destruction of bridges, and factories, and
the fruits of the earth. The havoc in many places was
fearful. The inhabitants of the village from which he
started, were called from their beds in the dead of night,
to witness the sweeping away of their property. They
could do little more than witness it. The pouring down
of water from the clouds in torrents ; the roaring of the
river and neighboring streams, the rapid passing and re
passing of lighted lanterns amid the thick darkness ;
and the intermingling of human voices in earnest and
animated devises and efforts to help one another, and
to rescue factories, and mills and their contents from the
overwhelming element, formed a night scene of sleep
less anxiety. But it was one experienced that night,
more or less the whole length and breadth of the state.
The morning disclosed the ravages made. Groups of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 263
countenances were seen here and there marked with
care and solicitude ; some in deep consultation on what
was to be done ; and others with their teams and imple
ments seemed resolved to do something ; and forthwith
commenced making repairs. Some were "ready to aid
the traveler on his way amid the ruins with which his
course was beset ; in crossing the swollen, and bridgeless
streams ; in avoiding the avalanches ; or slides of masses
of matter; with rocks and trees from the hills and
mountains into the path ; pointing out the crossway to
be taken ; the hills to be ascended, the field to be enter
ed, and the circuitous route pursued. When he seemed
brought to a stand, his way foreclosed ; the bridge gone;
the river rapid with rocky bottom and steep banks,
others were found ready to stem the current, and draw
his vehicle through it, ride his horse over and con
duct him across upon a plank. Thus escaping safely
to land, by the divine favor he accomplished his journey
as contemplated and intended, while others may have
turned back or suspended their course for the waters to
subside. But he could not but recall to mind incidents
in the life of the apostle to the Gentiles ; " in perils by
water ; in perils by land."
But the floods of 1830, were still more disastrous,
particularly in the loss of lives. Among other places, a
small village in New Haven, suffered severely in this
way. It was a cluster of factories and mills, with dwell
ing houses situated on a branch of Otter creek, which
affords great water privileges, with falls and high, rocky
banks ; so much so that they were deemed perfectly

264 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
safe ; and the buildings were placed upon this very
verge ; and in some instances from one to the other, that
is, over the chasm. But they were suddenly and unex
pectedly swept away in the night with a tremendous
crash and uproar. Great was the consternation and
terror of that night. The roar and resistless power of
the water, the falling and dashing of the buildings one
upon another ; the sudden transition from tranquility and
security to the most appalling and inevitable danger ;
the cries of distress and despair ; and the shrieks of the
drowning and helpless, together formed a scene to be
comprehended by those only who witnessed it. Four
teen were awakened from sleep in circumstances the
most fearful ; and hurried into the sleep of death ; four
teen individuals in a small village containing from one
to two hundred inhabitants. How great the breach 1
How many hearts bled at the sudden separation and its
circumstances ! So great was the disaster, that the civil
authority issued circulars very properly in behalf of the
surviving sufferers, and collections were cheerfully taken
up in many of the religious congregations of the state.
Soon after the road from Brattleboro to Bennington
was opened as a turnpike, a man crossing the mountain
perished by frost ; and was found near the summit. A
tree is marked at the foot of which he expired ; and
many a traveler has since left the initials of his name
carved on it and the adjacent trees.
Since then a man by the name of Blake, with his
wife and infant, crossing the mountain from Manchester,
was impeded by the drifting snow. The path was S3

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 265
blocked up that his horse, struggling slowly awhile, at
length gave out, and night overtook them with no dwell
ing in sight. To avoid perishing in the cold, piercing
wind, the only alternative seemed to him to go forward
himself, and find help to rescue them from their perilous
condition. But his wife remonstrated against it; fearing
that fatigue and discouragement, and cold might over
come him, and he sink down exhausted ; and she and
her child lose even his assistance. She finally consented
to his going forward, but not beyond the hearing of each
other's voices. Their voices often responded to each
other in melancholy tones, but fainter and fainter till his
no longer reached her ears. He made the woods resound
with the cry of distress, but no human voice answered
the signal. That cry indeed fell upon the ears of one,
who was returning from his barn about the time of
retiring to rest ; and who yet could sleep till morning
before he sought the cause. But not so with the wife
of the traveler ; for she rose with her child and followed
the footsteps of her husband, whose voice she could no
more hear. She went till fatigued ; and could carry no
longer her precious burden, but enfolding the little one
in the thickest clothing about her, deposited it carefully
in the snow bank. To overtake her husband she made
her last, but feeble effort. She went but a short dis
tance before nature gave way and she breathed her last ;
her heart reaching forward, so to speak, toward her hus
band, and drawn back to her child, unable to reach
either of them. The husband unable to catch a glimpse
of light, or obtain an answer to his calls, the chillness

266 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
of death coming over him, lay down in the snow ; but
lingered till he was found in the morning, frost-bitten
and crippled for life. Retracing his track, the man who
heard the night before the lamentation of the traveler,
whose feet had stumbled on the dark mountains, found
the stiffened corpse of bis wife, and guided by faint
footsteps he finds the child. It had slept sweetly and
soundly amid the desolations of that wintry night ; and
smiled, as it was uncovered, and its eyes met the light
of morning, unconscious of the throbbing anguish of
which it had been the occasion.
It is a matter of thankfulness that so few lives are
lost by the severely cold winter weather, which some
times prevails in this state. It is generally the case,
that when the air is most frosty ; when the mercury in
the thermometer is lowest, the atmosphere is tranquil.
If it were not ; if it were strongly agitated with winds
at the same time, it would be dangerous to be long
exposed to it. But as it is, so biting is the cold some
days, that the inhabitants keep as much within doors as
possible. The most robust, and resolute sometimes find
it difficult to stand before this enemy; and exhibit
evidence of his inroads upon their persons. Some days
gain the appellation of being pre-eminently cold ; such
as the cold Friday ; the cold Sabbath ; and retain this
distinction a long time. One of this description of
thirty years' standing is still remembered as the cold
Friday ; a very sudden and great change taking place
in the weather from the moderate and mild the night
previous to the intensely cold and windy ; and many

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 267
being frozen in their hands, or feet, or faces, who were
out doors only a few minutes, particularly school children.
These sudden changes from calm to boisterous weather
render traveling uncertain and precarious, the snow
drifting into the roads and rendering them impassable
for days in succession. Saturday may be serene ; the
sleighing good, the paths being weU trod ; but Sabbath
may find them full of snow, driven in and crowded' so
closely, as to prevent most of the congregation from
leaving their own premises. THus in the hilly and
mountainous towns, it sometimes so happens that
churches find within them no worshippers on the Sabbath.
Access is cut off even to those, who long for the courts
of the Lord.
But the rum-drinker would make trial of buffeting the
driving snow, to gratify his appetite, when none else was
found to incur the danger. His life was sometimes the
price of his temerity. A melancholy instance of this
occurred a few years since in a town in this state at the
foot of the green mountain.* A man on the Sabbath
went three miles, and purchased a jug of rum of a
retailer of this poison. It was in the early part of the
winter, but the snow was uncommonly deep for the time.
It was one of those days, of which many such come up
in a Vermont winter, when the air is thick and dark, so
to speak, with flying, whirling snow, not so much from
the clouds, as by the setting in motion of that already on
the ground. He undertook to return home in the face
* Wardsboro.

268 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
of such fearful impediments ; through the pathless snow
banks, bewildered by the flakes thickly driving into his
face, but more so by the fumes from his jug. He toiled,
but made slow progress of course. As he proceeded
his strength decreased, both by his struggling efforts, and
by the action of his treacherous companion. He fell and
rose many a time ; but rising with more and more diffi
culty. Night overtakes him as he draws toward his
home. Darkness, uncertainty, the benumbing cold, the
howling tempest withbut, and the raging torrent within,
throw in his way obstacles no longer to be surmounted.
He falls for the last time. He had almost reached his
habitation ; he lacks but little of it ; and this lacking
only a little, seems the bitterest ingredient in his cup of
sorrow ; and it drifts, and drifts over him months in suc
cession. The search for him by his neighbors and
townsmen is given over. He is buried deep beneath
the surface ; ancfbleaches, and bleaches in the snow, till
the return of spring gradually wastes it, and his body
appears above it like a drowned man rising to the surface.
The moans of his dog call his friends to the spot to
behold the melancholy spectacle. The jug was under
his arm, hugged closely, so to speak, to his heart. His
face had become pale by the action of the sun and snow,
and the rum-stains were washed from his cheek. But —
we can no longer follow him.

269

CHAPTER XIX.
Literature. — Colleges. — Vermont university. — Presidents. — Dan
iel Haskell. — Middlebury College. — Presidents. — Academies
and high schools. — Primary schools. — Improvements. — Literary
men. — Authors. — Daniel Chipman. — Royal Tyler. — Martin
Field. — Wilbur Fisk. — Jeremiah Evarts. — William Chamber
lain. The government and citizens of Vermont have mani
fested a laudable spirit relative to literature and science.
Two colleges are established in this state ; one at
Middlebury, and the other at Burlington, called the
' Vermont University.' The latter is more particularly
the foster child of the government ; being founded,
(1791) and liberally endowed by legislative enactments.
The buildings are situated on the eminence a little east
of the village and make a very handsome appearance.
Their situation is pleasant, commanding a very extensive
view of the lake and the adjacent country. For a
summer's residence to students, it is difficult to imagine
one more inviting. The academic groves of Plato may
have the advantage of remote antiquity; and of the
charms of eloquence, and the romance of description
associated with them. But here you have the matter of

270 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
fact, and sober reality ; present, visible and palpable ;
the elegant buildings, the beautiful yard ; the ornamental
trees and shrubbery with prospects before you to fill your
mind with elevating sensations.
This institution has struggled with difficulties, rising
and falling till you would have apprehended that it had
fallen for the last time. The number of students for a
long time was inconsiderable. Its operation was sus
pended in the late war with England, and the buildings
occupied by soldiery and the instruments of war. Under
the presidency of Daniel Haskell it was rising fast into
notice ; but sunk as fast when his sudden indisposition
left him midway his course of usefulness and honor.
At Yale in the days of Dwight, the writer knew him,
amiable, gifted, elevated, the scholar and the christian ;
and in subsequent life fulfilling the early promise of
eminent usefulness.
This university had interruptions in another of its
heads ; but of a different kind; and not now to be par
ticularized. But to counterbalance these obstructions,
Austin, and Marsh and Wheeler are more than sufficient.
The fi/st two of these have been presidents, and the last
now presides with great success over that institution. It
is prosperous and flourishing, promising to become what
the Edinburgh university is to the ' north country ' of
Great Britain, a light shining far around, clear and safe.
Middlebury college, founded in 1800, has been
endowed and sustained chiefly by private liberality and
munificence. The buildings are pleasant and well
protected by the surrounding hills from the cold of the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 271
north. It ha£ been, and still is a flourishing institution,
having sent forth a great number of good scholars to
occupy the responsible stations in our land. It is
remarkable that the first three presidents of this college
are still living. They maintain a high standing in
society. Davis and Bates, by their indefatigable labors
raised high the character of this institution ; and, in the
cause of .letters have done much ; and in that of pure
religion more, rendering their names dear to the christian
public. The fourth president is the Rev. Dr. Labaree,
who now occupies the chair with indications of success
and usefulness. The officers and teachers of this
college have been distinguished for their high literary
attainments ; and for their systematic and successful
course of instruction ; and raised to elevated standing its
scientific and religious character. Its graduates have
reflected honor on the management and discipline by
which they have been furnished to the various duties and
posts, to which they may have been called.
Academies also have been established in various parts
of the state ; and the government have always mani
fested a readiness to foster them. In the early days of
this commonwealth, one academy at least in each county,
received the patronage of the government, and a
charter of incorporation. But as the population
increased and private means, these seminaries have been
greatly multiplied. You will find one, or a high school
in almost every town and village.
This system of education ; that is, by academies and
high schools, is now in a measure self-supported and

272 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
conducted. It leans not on the government; but the
government in a sense, on that. For connected with
christian principles, it furnishes a solid foundation for
the political fabric with substantial columns and pillars
to support and ornament the superstructure. Private
munificence has endowed some of these institutions;
individual enterprise put others in operation ; and
associations and temporary efforts have brought more
of them into a sphere, of greater or less usefulness.
It may be found soon, if not experienced already, that
these schools are becoming too numerous to command
the best teachers, and insure the highest objects of
education. It is undesirable to have them of short
duration ; coming up in the day, and, so to speak, disap
pearing in the night. But in many places, you will find
very flourishing and well regulated and useful seminaries
of this description.
Of the common school system of instruction, some
what has been said in another part of this work. It is
matter of rejoicing that efforts are now making to im
prove it. Conventions have been held in different parts
of the state on the subject ; and a spirit of inquiry into
the existing evils and defects in primary schools and
instruction ; and for the proper remedies and means of
improvement, is prevalent. The Normal school-regula
tions have received much attention ; and excellent
lectures on the principles and benefits of elementary
instruction in that way, have been given by several
gentlemen, whose benevolent services are highly com
mendable.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 273
As it regards literary men among them, the green
mountain boys, if they have slender grounds for boast
ing, have no cause for shame. Few comparatively have
leisure and means to engage in literary and scientific
pursuits as the business of life. But some individuals
have emerged from the mountains and woods of Ver
mont, who have entered the field of letters, and suc
cessfully cultivated a portion of it.
Nathaniel Chipman, well known in the early history
of this state, as a distinguished advocate, and stedfast
friend of her rights, was also a classical scholar. He
was well versed in the literature of the ancients. On
the question", " Had the ancients the knowledge and use
of glass ? " the writer remembers his published quotation
from Aristophanes's Comedy of the clouds, in proof of
the affirmative. It was the devise of one of Socrates's
pupils for evading his bond. " Between the clock and
the sun, (the court being in the open air,) I would
stand," said he, "and with my burning glass melt the
letters ; (made of wax,) so that he could not read it ;"
this might have been diamond, it may be said ; it was
certainly a transparent substance, drawing like the glass
lens, the rays of the sun to a focus. At any rate, it is
evidence, and not the only evidence of his familiar"
acquaintance with the Greek writers in their own lan
guage. His character, that of an excellent scholar,
though poor in worldly wealth, of great usefulness and
moral worth, was given him by his contemporaries.
Royal Tyler, also, though not a native of the state,
yet strictly a Vermonter, as most of his days were spent
18

274 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
here, was a literary man. His ' Algerine Captive' is one
of the best works of the kind, (fictitious,) which our
country has produced ; and is evidence of great inven
tion and versatility of talents in the writer. He was
one of the most frequent and able contributors to the
Port Folio ; a periodical of high standing, established
at Philadelphia, under the direction of the celebrated
Dennie. He was long a judge of the supreme court ;
and several years chief justice. Several of his charges
to juries and condemned criminals were published ;
and are specimens of elegant composition as well as
evidence of his professional knowledge. He was a man
of ready wit, and great facetiousness ; so innate was his
vein of humor, that in his last days, under the painful
and melancholy inroads of a cancer, scintillations from
it occasionally burst forth. His pen was often applied
to correct and polish manuscripts designed for the press.
Wilbur Fisk, a native of Brattleboro, was distinguished
for science and literature. His course was short, but
brilliant and salutary ; and his death too early for the
cause of letters, virtue and religion. He was persuaded
to act as pioneer in the commencement of operations in
a Wesleyan college at Middletown, Ct. He was the first
president of that institution ; and his efforts and superior
literary qualifications gave it a favorable outset ; winning
fast the public attention and patronage. His instructions
and example were instrumental of great good in this
way, raising the standard of education, and giving it a
high rank among similar institutions in New England.
It was rising rapidly in the estimation of the surrounding

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 275
country when his death in the meridian of life cast a
shade over its prospects. In the pulpit he was eloquent ;
an ornament to the church at large ; standing at the
head of his own denomination in the graces and power
of oratory. He published a journal of his tour in
Europe ; which with other occasional publications of
his have placed him high as a writer. His biography in
full by one of his fellow teachers is expected soon from
the press. The character of the first president of the
Wesleyan college reflects no discredit to the state of his
nativity, being a star of no dim lustre in the constellation
of New England college-departed presidents.
Martin Field, a lawyer of Newfane, was a gentleman
of high scientific attainments ; particularly in chemistry
and mineralogy, and geology. The circumstances in
which he made this proficiency and his manner of pur
suing them were somewhat remarkable. At the time of
his college education, these branches were not taught
systematically in but few if any American colleges. Of
course he graduated, almost entirely ignorant of them.
But when subsequently called to educate his two sons
at Middlebury, these sciences were professionally taught ;
and they became adepts in them. Hearing these studies
mentioned often by his sons at vacations and seeing their
engagedness in them, excited his curiosity to examine
them even at his period of life. The result was that he
went far in advance of them ; and became very distin
guished for his attention to these interesting and profitable
sciences. Not satisfied with a theoretical examination
of them, he more especially carried out practically his

-276 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
knowledge. His subsequent life even to old age, what
leisure he could find from domestic cares and the labors
of his profession, was devoted to these pursuits. It
was matter of admiration to see with what interest and
pleasure he endured fatigue, and severe and patient
exercise in collecting minerals, and entomological spe
cimens. With his hammer and picks he explored the hills and
vallies in every direction ; and made more geological
surveys ; and discovered a greater variety of rare min
erals than perhaps any other man in Vermont. Large
pieces of ore, and other substances found in places
inaccessible to his carriage, he would carry some distance
by personal effort.
In this way he collected a cabinet of choice specimens
in these sciences ; not only of what the mountains and
the fields of this state have hitherto afforded, such as it is
in the curiosities of nature ; but made valuable additions
from various and far distant parts of the earth. He
devoted a building of two large rooms to this collection ;
and it is still in the state in which it was when he died ;
a place of great interest to the connoisseurs in these
branches. Indeed the different articles, and the variety
is almost endless, are arranged and labelled with such
order and distinctness ; with such neatness and taste ;
so striking the symmetry and beauty ofthe whole appear
ance, that it is an object of general attraction and
curiosity. No one can be so indifferent to these things
as not to spend pleasantly an hour or two in viewing
them. No cabinet of minerals and entomological speci-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 277
mens equals this in Vermont ; certainly none collected
by individual enterprise ; and Gen. Field has deserved
well of his state in the cause of science, as he gained
credit and honor to himself in this way as well as the
profession to which he belonged. He was a subscriber
from the commencement of it, to Silliman's journal of
science ; and was a frequent contributor to its pages,
having furnished several valuable articles for that excel
lent periodical.
James Marsh, D. D., who recently died, a professor of
natural and moral philosophy in the Vermont Univer
sity at Burlington, was highly distinguished for science
and literature. He was several years president of that
institution ; and gave good satisfaction, it is believed, to
the public and to the students. But his modesty and
love of study induced him to relinquish so conspicuous
and responsible a post, and take the more retired one
of a professor ; being enabled thus to follow his favorite
pursuit to better advantage. He was a close and inde
fatigable student ; and one of the best scholars accord
ing to his age, not only in Vermont, but in New Eng
land. He excelled perhaps in metaphysics. But the
whole circle of science was more or less traversed by
him. His strong mind and rich mental acquisitions
were devoted especially to the cause of virtue and reli
gion. He was a great admirer of Coleridge ; and did
more perhaps, than any other man in the country has
done, to exhibit his claims and merits as a scholar and
able writer ; and to call the attention of the American
public to his works. He republished some of his best

278 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
writings ; especially his " Aids to Reflection," accom
panying it with an extensive and learned and critical
introduction written by himself.
Jeremiah Evarts, a native of Sunderland in this state,
was a man of elevated character as a scholar ; as well
as a philanthropist and christian. He indeed spent
most of his days in Connecticut and Massachusetts ;
being a long time editor of the Christian Panoplist ;
and afterwards secretary of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and editor of the
Missionary Herald. He was an extraordinary man ; an
energetic and powerful mind in a slender, feeble bodily
frame. Few men, it might perhaps be added, not any
in our country have left at his age more indelible ves
tiges of a great good man than he has. With the whole
circle of literature and science he was familiar. Discri
minating, and acute in his examination of every subject
that came before him, no fallacy or subterfuge escaped
his penetrating eye. As a writer he was strong, clear,
impressive, and methodical ; accurate and interesting.
But the boldness of his conceptions often arrest the
mind, producing strong emotion, and leading captive the
will and fixing fast the purpose. He seemed to have
commenced study in his youth with the fixed purpose
of being prepared for usefulness and of being useful.
On the blank page of his classic books at college,
(Yale,) the phrase from Horace, the writer has seen,
" Nil sine magno
Vita labore dedit mortalibus."

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 279
" Life gives nothing without great labor to mortals."
On this principle he commenced life ; a life of incessant
labor ; the vigor of his mind, and the consuming desires
of his heart to do good, exhausted at mid-day the slender
powers of his body. But he accomplished much in a
short time ; wrote and published much as editor of the
Panoplist and Herald, which if collected and bound
would make several volumes. Some of it, of course
would be temporary and local ; but every page would
bear the impress of a strong hand.'
Mr. Evarts wrote a long series of papers, signed Wil
liam. Penn ; and which were published originally in the
National Intelligencer ; papers in behalf of the natives
of this country. They appeared during the early part
of President Jackson's administration ; and were copied
into almost all the standard prints in the country. This
fact is evidence of the respect with which they were
received ; and the strong, commanding spirit which per
vaded them. Having studied the law and being ad
mitted to the bar, (although he soon relinquished the
practice on account of his health,) he was enabled to
examine professionally, the grounds and claims by which
the Indians within our territory were entitled to the
lands, which they occupied. He thus placed their case
in a clear and strong view. Certainly these papers ex
hibit the author to us as a man of letters ; a learned
civilian ; a close reasoner ; candid ; independent, fear
less and philanthropic. They are an everlasting monu
ment of his talents, scholarship and benevolence.
But the most masterly production of his pen, is the

280 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
conclusion of a report to the " American Board," written
by him several years before his death ; and since pub
lished in a pamphlet form. It is a paper well worthy
the attentive perusal of every patriot as well as christian.
He takes the reader with him fifty or a hundred years in
advance ; and, as it were, from some lofty eminence
points out the state of our country on a supposition that
the increase of its population goes on its present ratio,
but the means of restraint and moral and religious
culture, remain, first stationary; or secondly, become
less ; or thirdly, keep pace with the augmentation of its
inhabitants and the progress of society. The conse
quences and the aspect of affairs in each of these
contingencies are described and illustrated with the hand
of a master, and with intense interest. Indeed few
human productions contain in so small a compass, more
passages of the sublime, than are found in this. This is
saying much. But appeal is made to fact. Let the
reader peruse it. Let the claims of this writer be
examined with a spirit of candor, and it will be found
that this tribute is underwrought ; and that not only
Vermont, but the nation may boast of Jeremiah Evarts
as one of her noblest sons.
Others might be named as examples of literary and
scientific distinction. William Chamberlain, ' Greek
Professor' in Dartmouth college, who was a native of
Vermont; and died at twenty-five years of age, lived
long enough only to let us know in some measure what
the cause of letters and virtue lost by his early death.
Many living scholars and writers are found in the state,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 281
whom to characterize particularly, might be improper
and indelicate. To say that some of them are of the
very first class would be no more than justice.

282

CHAPTER XX.
Literature and learned men continued. — The learned professions. —
Clergymen. — Difficulties encountered by them in the early set
tlements. — Their characters. — Names °f some of them. — The
fruit of their labors. — Dr. Burton. — His authorship. — Lemuel
Haynes. — Bunker Gay. — Attornies at law. — Of some who are
dead, their character. — Civilians and statesmen. — Courts. — Their
appearance. — Dispatch in business. — Physicians. — Difficulties
in their way in the first settlement of the state. — Their charac
ter. — Medical college at Castleton. — Vermont poets. — Self-
taught one. — Putney hill. — Stanzas of poetry made by a bard
living at its foot.
The learned professions, as they are termed, stand
comparatively well in this state. They who came here
as pioneers in the cause of the gospel, were men gene
rally of great moral excellence, and self-denial. They
were of the right stamp ; and founded churches on the
right principles, digging deep and laying strong the foun
dation guided by the unerring word of prophecy. The
hardships incident to a new and rough country, and cold
climate, they endured in common with their parishioners.
They were under the necessity of dividing their time
between study and parochial duties on the one hand ;
and secular callings on the other. To the field in the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 283
summer and woods in winter, they were compelled more
or less to go ; and often to endure privations ; and the
dangers of fording rivers and traversing the wilderness,
to fulfil the many and distant calls for ministerial service.
They often had to receive ordination in the open air ; or
under the shade of the forest trees, and celebrate the
ordinances of the gospel on the Sabbath in dwelling
houses, and in barns.
But these were days of union and brotherly love ; and
praise and prayer ascending amid these wilds of nature,
entered no less acceptably the ears of Him, who " pre-
ferreth to all temples, the upright and pure."
The truths of the gospel were circulated in their
native simplicity and power; and these truths found
reverential hearers. For among the early settlers of
Vermont were Bible, Sabbath-loving men, and church-
going ; respecting the heralds of the cross for their works'
sake. This is evident from the records of some of their
public proceedings, and acts of the rulers in those times.
The language of reverence to God and his word is seen
in many of their political acts and resolutions. The
first meeting of the general assembly was opened by
Divine worship, and a sermon by the Rev. Mr. Powers,
of Windsor ; in favor of paying whom, a resolution was
passed, permitting any, who pleased, to contribute. A
committee was appointed to receive those contributions,
who reported the sum contributed, ten pounds lawful
money ; which was ordered to be paid over to him.
This gentleman and Mr. Dewey, of Bennington, are the
first clergymen named in the journal of the general

284 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
assembly, officiating as such in the earliest proceedings
of that body. The latter was requested by a vote to
open with prayer the daily sessions of the assembly at
their June meeting at Bennington, 1778. The vote is
in these words : " voted that the Rev. Mr. Dewey be
presented with the compliments of this house, to desire
him to pray with this assembly, at the opening in the
morning,. for this session." In these records the christian
names of these clergymen are not given. In addition
to these, may be named Jackson, of Dorset ; Burton, of
Thetford ; Worcester, of Peacham ; Lyman, of Marlboro ;
Goodhue, of Putney ; Tufts, of Wardsboro ; Reeve, of
Brattleboro ; Kent, of Benson ; Lyon, of North-Hero ;
and Gay, of Vernon ; as fathers in the churches of Ver
mont. Bushnel, of Cornwall, although living, ought
not to be omitted. Others were associated with them
who endured hardships in those times of self-denial and
difficulty. Their names appear to advantage in the
history of the progress of divine truth ; and the estab
lishment of gospel ordinances and the diffusion of light
and love. In a double sense was it true, that they were
breakers up of the fallow ground, and sowers of the seed.
They cleared away the ground with their hands for the
meat that perishes ; and the moral wastes, for the meat
that endureth to everlasting life. Of Lyon and Gay, it
ought, perhaps, to be said, that the former was one of
the representatives in congress from this state from 1815
to 1817; and that the latter wrote and published a par
ticular account of the attack by the Indians on fort
Bridgman, and its melancholy consequences. Painfu]

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 285
incidents relative to the captives are given, particularly
Mrs. Howe and her children, some of which may be
seen in the graphic style of Col. Humphrey in his life
of Putnam.
The indefatigable labors of these men, and their
successors have produced a salutary influence on the
religious and moral aspect of Vermont. In these
romantic wilds, they were blessed in their efforts to
transplant branches from the tree of life, more verdant
and perennial than her evergreens. They have taken
deep root, and yielded much precious fruit. The result
of their labors and judicious culture is seen in the neat
houses of divine worship, which abound in these vallies
and on these hills ; and in the sobriety, and christian
exemplariness, and warm devotion of many of its inhabi
tants. Pure Christianity, and sound morals have thus a
foothold here, presaging better times ; times, it is hoped,
when all these shall be hills of Zion, and mountains of
Israel. The moral and religious feelings and habits and acts
of this people, is the brightest trait in their character.
In this respect much indeed remains to be done ; many
' crooked paths to be made straight and rough places
smooth.' But many heralds of divine messages and
knowledge have ' run to and fro' these hills and vallies
and on these mountains, publishing peace and salvation,
carrying glad tidings of good. Many of them have
finished their course, and their bodies in the congrega
tion of the dead, fill ' the narrow house' beside those of
their brethren and fellow travelers to eternity. Some

286 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
have gone to other fields and new scenes, ' bound in the
spirit, not knowing what shall befall them, counting not
their lives dear to themselves, that they may finish their
course with joy.' Many remain, and others are coming
forward to fill the breaches and mount the walls of de
fence against the inroads of vice and irreverence. Gird
ed with the armor of light may they long continue to be
polished shafts in the quiver of the Lord, till this whole
state become ' a mountain of holiness and a dwelling
place of righteousness.'
Dr. Burton published several theological works, which
rendered him well known and somewhat distinguished
throughout New England. His writings certainly exhi
bited him as a man of clear thought and discrimination,
as well as of mental cultivation and ardent piety. He
was somewhat original in some of his religious views ;
particularly with regard to the faculties of the soul ;
dividing it into three parts ; the understanding ; the
heart, or affections ; and the taste.
Lemuel Haynes, so well known in this part of the
United States, as a black preacher, labored in the minis
try chiefly in this state, though he died at Granville, a
border town of New York. He has left specimens of
his original and ingenious mind, particularly that short
and celebrated sermon, " Universal salvation an ancient
doctrine." He has also left, under his own hand, an
account of the reappearance of the man, by the name
of Russel Colvin, supposed to have been murdered ; and
the conviction, and sentence, and final rescue of his
supposed murderers.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 287
The writer has named, in another place, several dis
tinguished counsellors at law, who had finished an honor
able, earthly course ; and whose eloquence he had wit
nessed often in the southern part of the state. Fame
and true report have given a high character of others in
the middle and northern sections ; and such names as
Spooner, Skinner, Mallory, and Chipman, and Smith,
and Chase, and others might be added, who have run
an honorable career in this profession. Their standing
was distinguished for legal science and powers of elo
quence at the bar ; on the bench ; and in the national
councils. Indeed the early circumstances of this com
monwealth led almost as a matter of course to the gene
ral diffusion of the common principles of law. Farmers
needed to have some insight into them, to know when
they were going safely in buying and selling land ; per
plexed as they once were by contradictory claims and
titles. The science of law has been studied with great
care by the professional student ; and the bar and bench
of Vermont have been, and still are an ornament to the
state. It is not believed that any other so large a por
tion of the union, takes precedence in this respect.
Many now live, whom to name might be indecorous ;
but to hear unfolded the mazes of an intricate course and
make it clear, would be a privilege. Clear, in head ;
courteous ; scorning meanness ; studious of high charac
ter as men ; of easy address, and strong in reasoning,
you may find many such here. It would be strange if
all were of this description.
A stranger will find as much to approve and admire in

288 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
a Vermont court house ; in its order and stillness ; the
dispatch of business ; the eloquence heard from the bar ;
and the discrimination and solemnity witnessed from
the bench ; the intelligence of the jury, and the becom
ing deportment of the spectators, as in similar circum
stances in most places where he may travel.
In the councils of the nation, Vermont has been
reputably, and even ably represented. Bold, energetic
and fearless, the voice of freedom and independence has
been put forth on the floor of congress by many a green
mountain representative. Some of them have been
conspicuous actors in the political drama of our country,
and honored the high stations of trust to which they
were called. To quail in the hour of trial and danger;
or be swerved from duty by menace and denunciation ;
or hoodwinked by bribery and flattery, was not their
turn of mind, or habit of action. The spirit of Ethan
Allen and his associates, in this respect, yet animates
many, who are now the elite of the civil and political
corps of the state.
Of that extraordinary man, a native of Vermont has
furnished the writer the following anecdote. " The
British government through one of its officers in the coun
try, offered to give him any quantity of land he desired,
besides conferring on him a high military command, and
the title of Duke of Vermont, if he would forsake the
rebels, and exert his influence in favor of the royal
cause." To these proposals, Allen replied, " Tell
your master that his offers make me think of one that
I have read of in an old Book, made by a certain per-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 289
sonage to Jesus Christ ; that he would give him all the
Kingdoms of the world if he would only worship him,
when the old rascal knew that he did not own a foot of
land on earth, any more than King George does in
Vermont." The regular bred physicians of Vermont have sus
tained a good reputation, doing credit to their profession ;
and reflecting honor on the medical art. The practical
part of their profession, laborious in almost any place, is
particularly so in this region of so uneven surface, and
so cold and snowy in its winters.
This was the case especially with the pioneers in this
employment. To go at all seasons of the year ; and at
all times of day and night ; and in all directions ; through
the wilderness ; over roads almost impassable ; and ford
ing rivers ; through snow and rain storms, during the
first twenty or thirty years after breaking ground here,
was no trifling business. It required great self-denial
and devotedness to the care of the sick and afflicted.
Thus they became strong in body ; familiar with extremes
and hardships; of iron nerves, capable of standing frost,
and bearing heat. It was interesting to hear them
recount the scenes encountered in fulfilling the calls of
their profession ; the hardships endured, and their nar
row escapes from danger. But they maintained good
humor and great cheerfulness to the very last ; and their
fund of anecdote, and quaint way often of narrative,
were enlivening and cheering to the valetudinarian and
hypochondriac. In Castleton is a medical college, which has sustained
19

290 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
a high reputation. Courses of lectures on the different
branches of the healing art are given by able and experi
enced professors ; and ample opportunities and prepara
tions are furnished and made to enable tbe pupils,
respectable in numbers, to employ their time to the best
advantage. If Vermont has not yet produced any very celebrated
poets ; who have proved themselves such by some mas
terly and extensive work of imagination in harmonious
and splendid versification, she is not without sons and
daughters of the lyre, whose notes have resounded amid
her hills and valleys. ' Green mountain bards' is not a
mere flourish of words. Such have been ; such stilj
are; self-taught; retired, and distrustful; yielding with
reluctance their sweetly flowing strains to the public
gaze. The writer has known some such, imbued with
the true spirit of poetry ; sought them out ; and solicited
and sometimes obtained .specimens of their pens for the
public journals. One such lived and died on Putney
West-hill; who spoke many pieces of original and
interesting poetry ; but committed very little to writing.
The writer rode some fifteen or twenty miles to pen
down a few particular stanzas from the lips of his grand
son, who was known to have repeated them often with
other similar effusions. But his lips had been sealed in
death a few days previous ; and the opportunity of
giving them a fixed visible being was forever gone.
For his son, a venerable pilgrim sojourner on that hill,
ninety-two years, of age, could awaken no traces of them
in his memory. Another admonition was this of the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 291
wisdom of doing quickly what you have to do ; and of
going without delay to him from whose lips you would
rescue w°rQ,s and things from oblivion. If you linger,
he may die before you reach him, or you may fall before
he meets you.
The importance also is seen impressively in the light
of such facts, of committing to writing whatever is
Worthy of being remembered. For if it be true, as said
the Roman poet, ' vox missa nescit reverti' a word sent
forth from the lips ' knows not the way back ;' it is also
true ; if you keep no ¦ record of it ; have no controling
rein upon it, you may not know where to find it, however
much you might wish to show it the way of return.
But the ride was not wholly lost ; for another oppor
tunity was afforded him of viewing the surrounding
country from the summit of this hill.
The view from this eminence is rich and variegated
and majestic. Few portions are more enchanting. As
you face the south, you have on your right the narrow
and deep valley of West river ; and on your left the
somewhat broader one of the Connecticut, some two
thousand feet below you. Then the whole compass of
the horizon to a great extent opens to your view, except
ing a few degrees on the north being intercepted by a
clump of trees. A large portion of the southwest part
of New Hampshire ; and the northwestern of Massachu
setts; and the southern section of Vermont is before
you. From the Connecticut valley, your eye goes over
hill and dale ; clearings and woodlands ; villages, and
hamlets and cottages, till it reaches the summit of

292 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Monadnock, and thence north on the blue highlands
towards the White Hills. The silvery surface of the
Connecticut, below Brattleboro, distant ten or fifteen
miles, and the irregular and broken ridges of southern
Vermont, and Franklin county in Massachusetts, come in
sight ; and the summit of the green mountains far to
the north, with their endless variety of shapes ; with the
haystack and saddle back, and the Stratton cliffs ; limits
your view on the right, but fixes your attention in silent
admiration.

293

CHAPTER XXI.
Religion. — The three principal denominations. — Congregational
ists. — Some account of them. — Baptists. — Their peculiarities. —
Anecdote of an Elder. — Methodists. — Their rules and support
of preachers. — Episcopalians. — Universalists. — Unitarians.
The three largest denominations of christians in Ver
mont, are the Congregational, Baptist, and Methodist.
These do not greatly vary from each other in point of
numbers. The early churches were formed principally by Congre
gationalists. By this is intended the very first churches
organized ; though mention is made, in the early records,
of a baptist clergyman officiating in the religious services
at a session of the general assembly. As the leaders in
reducing this rough surface, and rougher political exterior,
to a comparative smoothness and regularity and order,
were mostly from Connecticut ; so were the early heralds
of the cross. They were sent by the missionary society
of that state ; and Bushnell, and Mills and Hallock and
Williston, and others of this denomination came early,
extending the borders of that kingdom, which is not of
this world. Their labors were blessed ; and the rules
of that kingdom clearly stated and explained ; and the
qualifications of citizenship pointed out, and the securing

294 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
of the inheritance recommended and urged. Many,
who were aliens and foreigners, have, it is hoped, become"
fellow-citizens of this commonwealth, whose verdure
shall be as perpetual as that of the tree of life. The
doctrines taught were those of the Bible as explained
by " the assembly's catechism." The system of church
government of this denomination is in their apprehension
that of the church militant as established by Christ and
his apostles ; the pastor moderator ; and the male mem
bers as a body, voters.
Each church is independent in its jurisdiction and in
matters of discipline. Their decision is final with regard
to its members, whose walk is inconsistent with the rules
of Christ ; unless the church should be consociated ;
that is, connected with several other churches on certain
conditions; relinquishing its right of deciding without
appeal ; and giving an aggrieved member the privilege
of appealing to the " Committee of Consociation."
Candidates for admission into the church are examined
by the pastor, generally assisted by a committee, but
often before the whole body, any of whom may propose
what questions they please. Assent is given to "the
articles of faith " adopted by the church, and so the
covenant. The pastors and ministers have, for their mutual
improvement and benefit, formed themselves into associa
tions, consisting of ten or twelve members most con
veniently situated, who meet two or three times annually.
Delegates from these bodies meet annually on the second
Tuesday in September, in convention ; called " The

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 295
General Convention of Presbyterian and Congregational
ministers of Vermont." To this convention reports are
made from the several district associations ; of the num
ber of members added ; the alterations in the pastoral
and other relations ; and of the state of religion and
morals. Most of the benevolent societies hold their
anniversaries during its sessions. The preaching of
sermons and addresses by representatives from abroad
with other exercises and transactions of this body, render
it a season of great interest and benefit to those, who
love the gates of Zion. The present number of com
municants in this branch of the church in Vermont is
about twenty thousand.
The baptists have many large and flourishing churches
in this state. Indeed for a long time this has been a
strong denomination of christians ; and as before inti
mated, has furnished a member of distinguished civilians.
This, as well as the methodist branch of the church, have
been more in the habit of placing their preachers in civil
offices and trusts, perhaps, than that of the congrega
tional. So true is this, that a considerable portion of
the members of the general assembly at some sessions,
has been composed of baptist and methodist clergymen;
more especially of the former. Men of strong powers
of mind naturally ; and of original turn of thinking and
expressing their thoughts and conscientious opinions.
The public interests have been safe in their hands. If
'they manifested less culture and polish in some instances ;
and the gift of parlance than do others, they may have
been as expeditious and safe in action. Their purpose

296 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
taken, and they did it circumspectly, they were not easily
moved from it. Knowing how to say less and think
more and act steadfastly and independently, they
exhibited an example, which others in high places might
follow to advantage. It is an important part of know
ledge to know what one can, and what he cannot do, and
of wisdom, not to try that for which he is unqualified.
Thus one of these worthy elders, who was more in
the habit while a member, of keeping his seat, than of
his standing on his feet, on some important measure in
which the house was nearly balanced, sent word to his
constituents that he would wear out one pair of breeches,
before, with his permission it should go contrary to his
convictions of right. It might be well, perhaps, if in
legislative halls in other and more exposed places,
some of the members were in this habit ; that of wear
ing their breeches more, and their lungs less. Their
constituents would more readily defray the expense of
repairing the former, than suffer the inroads made by
the latter, on the harmony and good feeling of the
country. The baptists differ from the congregationalists in
sentiment, only on the subject of baptism ; its subjects
and the mode. Their form of church government is
the same. Those of this denomination in this state,
are principally what are called close communion baptists.
Believing baptism an indispensable pre-requisite to
intercommunion by participating the sacred emblems ;
and that immersion is the only way of rightly perform
ing this ordinance, they think it a duty to decline going

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 297
to the Lord's table with all, who do not enter
through this door into the fold. In their associations the
churches are represented by lay delegates in connexion
with clerical. A good degree of harmony exists between
them and the other denominations ; meeting together
as they often do ; and assisting in the expense of the
institutions of the gospel, where they live intermixed
and in too weak a state to do it separately. They are
the most numerous in the north part of the state,
exhibiting a kind, liberal, and christian spirit towards
strangers of other evangelical churches. Their preju
dices gradually wearing away against education, and
literary accomplishments in their preachers, they have
under their direction, flourishing academies in Towns
hend, Brandon and Derby, in which the languages and
sciences and other college branches are taught, and
good scholarship often adorns the ministrations of the
word, rendering it more efficacious. Elder Leland of
Chester, who presided several sessions as speaker in the
house of representatives ; and with great readiness and
acceptance; and was subsequently lieutenant governor,
sustained the character of an able and eloquent preacher.
They have for a number of years sustained in the state
a religious newspaper, published at Brandon, called the
Telegraph. The denomination of christians struck out by John
Wesley, claims a numerous and respectable class in
Vermont. They have some resemblance in their church
government and their doctrines, to the episcopal church
from which they originally sprung. They have their

298 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
bishops and presiding elders; their circuit and local
preachers. Their sentiments correspond somewhat,
relative to the native , depravity of the heart, and the
nature of regeneration. The government of the church
is in both in the clergy.
The presiding elder has the churches of a certain
district (defined) assigned him to visit quarterly ; and
the circuit preachers have smaller portions of ground to
go over weekly, or in a longer period according to their
extent. These preachers are removed to new circuits
once in two years ; and their salaries are paid from 'a
fund under the direction of " the conference ; " and is
one hundred dollars for himself, and if married the same
sum for his wife, and a certain amount for each child.
When the fund enables the conference to make full
allowance to the preachers, they are better provided for,
than those of any other denomination. The provision
made for the support of superannuated and disabled
preachers is worthy of high commendation. In short,
many things in the methodist internal policy are
admirable. The episcopal is a large and flourishing church ; and
Vermont constitutes one diocese, over which a bishop pre
sides. Her faith is the protestant; her thirty-nine articles
being strictly evangelical and orthodox. She denies all
ordination but that by her bishops ; of course, preachers
of all other denominations, in her estimation, are inter
lopers, climbing up some other way. She seems to be
lengthening her cords and strengthening her stakes in
Vermont, embracing some of the most respectable part

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 299
of her inhabitants. Indeed in point of respectability
and fashion, if not of numbers, she probably deems
herself as holding comparatively the first rank, if the
terms rank and fashion may be used in speaking of
religion and our relations to God^ before whom we are
in a sense all on a level, and " less than the small dust
of the balance." There is something impressive and
affecting in the services of the church of England,
especially her funeral services; venerable in her great
crowd of witnesses ; whose names adorn the pages of
her history, and in the moss covered and ivy clad
towers and temples of the " fast anchored isle." May
the branch transplanted to the hills and vallies of Ver
mont, pruned of useless and hurtful incumbrances,
be as perennial as her fountains, and as perpetual in the
flourishing of righteousness in her paths, as the verdure
of her "mountain pines." — An Episcopal Theological
school was planned and set in operation at Burlington,
under the superintendence of Bishop Hopkins, promis
ing usefulness.
Not an inconsiderable number of individuals, profess
the faith of the final salvation of all men. They have
a number of houses of worship up and down the state ;
and preachers to unfold their doctrines ; and in some
instances to administer the ordinances of baptism and
the Lord's supper. The infinite benevolence of God is
their bulwark against the apprehension of endless pun
ishment. Unitarian churches are found, one at Burlington,
and another at Brattleboro ; and no where else in

300 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
Vermont ; unless there may be a small one at Vernon,
and one at Windsor. The denial of the three-fold
distinction of the Godhead, Father, Son and Holy
Ghost, is the principal peculiarity in their faith.

301

CHAPTER XXII.
Miscellaneous. — Birds. — Partridge. — Quail.— Snow-bird. — Wild
pigeons. — Their abundance formerly. — Swallows. — Their varie
ties. — Swallow trees at Middlebury and Bridport. — The Bobo
link. — Robin. — Quadrupeds, wild. — Wolf. — Bear. — Squirrel,
Gray and other kinds. — Fox.
Dendrology. — Evergreen trees. — Hardwood trees — Sugar maple.
— Its beauty. — Changes in its foliage. — The beech. — The beau
tiful form and appearance of trees. — The spruce. — The elm. —
Trees mentioned by ancient writers. — Homer. — Virgil. — In the
sacred Scriptures. — Classical and venerable. — The Wellington
tree. — Various shapes of the elm. — Two in Berlin, Ct. — Con
trasted. — A venerable pine.
Most of the birds found in the United States are met
with in Vermont. The black-bird is not seen so often
as in Connecticut, and places farther south. The part
ridge is more abundant here than* in almost any other
state. The mountains and forests afford them not only
food plentifully, but more ample range to escape the
pursuit of their enemies, and evade the snare of the
fowler. This bird, so untamable ; and whose young
so instinctively and even as soon as clear of its shell
avoids human footsteps, and the voice and face of man ;
and whose flesh is so rich and delicate, is a rare inhabit-

302 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
ant of the southern states. It goes there by the name
of pheasant; and what we call the quail takes the name
of partridge.
The quail of Connecticut, and the southern part of
Massachusetts, is rarely if ever seen in Vermont. Dur
ing a residence of thirty years in this state, the writer
has not heard the notes of this beautiful bird, so familiar
to his ears in early days. The long and severe winters
experienced, probably forbid its sojourn here, and it
seems to prefer spending its summers where the winters
are mild enough to give it a chance of seeing the return
of spring. The winters are so severe sometimes even
in Connecticut, as to make fearful havoc among them ;
driving them in search of food to farm yards, where
they too often meet with cold hospitality ; and huddled
together in the hedges and under the fences, become
the sport and prey of school-boys in that highly civilized
state. This season, 1843, and since writing the above, the
author heard for the first time in this state, the notes of
the quail. It was in the vicinity of the south village in
Chester. His ears could hardly be persuaded that it
was real, until the well known sounds of " more wet !"
" more wet !" became too distinct to admit of doubt.
Welcome his approach to the vallies of this state, and
margins of its rivulets ; and long may he sojourn among
its husbandmen. If driven from Connecticut and Mas
sachusetts, by incessant inroads upon his retreats ; if
resolved to venture among the Vermonters, and try the
perils of the green mountains, may his reception from

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 303
the reapers and cradlers of their harvest fields be hos
pitable. But how this quiet, home-loving bird survived the
long, and severe, and snowy winter just ended, 'seems
mysterious. Indeed wonderful is the contrast between
the present summer and the past winter, each being
almost unprecedented in its appearance. Vegetation
now is remarkably luxuriant ; the forests are more ver
dant than usual ; and animated by a greater number
and variety of songsters ; and an impulse seems to have
been given to the liveliness and loveliness of nature ;
and an increase to her power of enchantment and regal
ing of the senses.
Described as an enemy to emigration, his aversion it
would seem, is giving way, compelled by persecution to
leave the sunny meadows settled by the Pilgrims, and
take up his abode with their descendants in the moun
tain state. In these glens and sequestered regions, may
he continue to whistle unseen and unmolested, cheering
the laborer in the field, and secure not only against the
mimic voice of the Ethiopian, but the snares and mus
kets of the pale faced boy, and hunter.
But the snow-bird seems to love Vermont above all
other parts of New England. You may see large flocks
of them a short time before a snow storm ; and some
times in the midst of a driving northeaster, they come
near buildings ; and appear to revel in the dreary deso
lations around them. It is a small bird, of a light gray ;
and sometimes almost white ; nimble and lighting on
the fences and tops of the weeds and corn stalks, rising

304 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
above the snow, heedless of the whistling wind and the
biting frost. They seem little disturbed by the approach
of man, regarding them rather as friends and neighbors
than otherwise. The Vermonters in turn give them a
kind reception, paying little attention to their flocking,
flirting gambols, permitting them to pursue their course,
thinking their little bodies, fat as they are, unworthy of
powder and shot. They die some other way than by
the hands of man, for they are small game for the
green mountain boys; and rather privileged by them
too, as their only winged winter visiter during the reign
of snow ; happy and cheerful, but disappearing in the
spring, and evading the utmost search of human eye.
In the early settlement of the state, wild pigeons
were wonderfully plenty. So few are now found in the
forests and on the mountains, that the account given by
first settlers of their numbers and multiplication seems
almost incredible.
The surveyor, Richard Hazen, who run the line
between Massachusetts and this state in 1741, gave this
account of the appearances which he met with to the
westward of Connecticut river. " For three -miles
together, the pigeons' nests were so thick, that five
hundred might have been told on the beech trees at one
time ; and could they have been counted on the hem
locks as well, I doubt not but five thousand might have
been found at one turn round."*
" The following account was given me," says Dr. Wil-
* Williams.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 305
liams, " by one of the earliest settlers of Clarendon."
" The number of pigeons was immense. Twenty-five
nests were frequently to be found on one beech tree.
The earth was covered with those trees ; and with hem
locks, thus loaded with the nests of pigeons. For an
hundred acres together, the ground was covered with
their dung to the depth of two inches. Their noise in
the evening was extremely troublesome ; and so great
that the traveler, where their nests were thick, could
not get any sleep. ' About an hour after sunrise, they
rose in such numbers as to darken the air.' When the
young pigeons are grown to considerable bigness, before
they can readily fly, it was common for the settlers to
cut down the trees, and gather a horse load in a few
minutes." The progress of civilization and refinement ; and the
clearing of the hills and vallies have much lessened the
number of these birds, or driven them to other regions.
Three or four species of the swallow are found in this
part of the country ; the chimney swallow ; the barn,
the ground, and the martin. The latter is the largest,
and builds its nests under the eaves of barns and sheds ;
seventy, and even a hundred are sometimes counted on
the buildings of a single farmer. The ground swallow
is the smallest ; and burrows into sand banks and the
banks of rivers two or three feet, and there forms its
nests. The swallow is a social and musical little bird ; and
its gyrations and evolutions over a level meadow in hay-
20

306 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
season, twittering and chirping, would afford a gratifying
spectacle, if he were not somewhat insulting to the hay
maker, foretelling with too much truth the forthcoming
rain ; gracefully curving and rolling from side to side ;
now in a straight line ; now turning at angles of various
degrees, darting by within arm's length of the laborer.
The house, or chimney swallow is found, it is said,
sometimes to take up its winter residence in hollow trees.
Two of these swallow trees are particularly noticed by
Dr. Williams ; one at Middlebury, and the other at
Bridport. They were large, hollow and decayed elms.
Relative to the one at the former place, he had the in
formation from a man, who lived within twenty rods of
it. His language is : " About the first of May, the
swallows came out of it in large numbers about the mid
dle of the day, and soon returned. As the weather
grew warmer they came out in the morning with a loud
noise or roar ; and were soon dispersed. About half an
hour before sundown, they returned in millions, circu
lating and circling" two or three times round the tree ;
and then descending like a stream, into a hole sixty feet
from the ground. It was customary for persons in the
vicinity to visit this tree, to observe the motions of these
birds ; and when any person disturbed their operations
by striking violently against the tree with their axes, the
swallows would rush out in millions, and with a great
noise. In November, 1791, the top of the tree was
blown down twenty feet below where the swallows
entered. They have since disappeared. Upon cutting

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 307
down the remainder an immense quantity of excrements,
quills and feathers were found ; but no appearance of
any nests."
Relative to the one at Bridport, the language of a
man who lived near it, is : " The swallows were first ob
served to come out of the tree in the spring, about the
time the leaves began to appear on the trees. From
that season they came out in the morning, about half an
hour after sunrise. They rushed out, like a stream, as
big as the hole in the tree would admit ; and ascended
in a perpendicular line until they were in height above
the adjacent trees ; then assumed a circular motion, per
forming their revolutions two or three times ; but always
(every time,) in a larger circle ; and then disappeared
in every direction. A little before sundown, they return
ed in immense numbers, forming several circular motions,
and then descending like a stream into the hole whence
they came out in the morning. About the middle of
September, they were seen entering the tree for the last
time. These birds were all of the species called the
house, or chimney swallow. The hole in the tree at
which they entered was about forty feet from the ground,
and nine inches in diameter. The swallows made their
first appearance in the spring; and last appearance in
the autumn in the vicinity of this tree, and the neighbor
ing inhabitants had no doubt but that they continued in
it during the winter."
From these interesting facts, it is probable that the
house swallow in this part of our country sojourns
generally during winter in hollow trees. There is

308 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
evidence also that the ground swallow passes his winter
quarters at the bottom of lakes, rivers and ponds.
The above named historian places the bobolink among
the birds of Vermont. But its notes, it is believed, are
rarely heard now in the meadows and fields.
The blue bird, the wren, the phebe, and robin, are
the earliest summer birds of Vermont ; and the welcome
harbingers of the return of spring. If they come to
stay, and let their notes be heard day after day by the
first of April, it is as much as the most ardent looker
out for bare hills and vallies ; and to feel the balmy
gales can anticipate, or flatter himself with being visited
and greeted by such familiar and long absent acquaint
ance. If they alight upon his dwelling, and by their
melody rouse him from his morning slumbers, how
delightful the sounds ! How animating the reflection
thus raised that the reign of winter is closing ; and that
the free going to the fields is to be again enjoyed.
The howl of the wolf, once so familiar on these hills,
is fast dying away ; and his prowling footsteps disappear
ing from the sheep-fold and barn-yard ; and the wasting
of the cornfields by the growling bear now almost
unknown. Many were the depredations committed by
these ancient occupiers of the dark caverns of the green
mountains, on the premises of the pioneer settlers. Here
and there one lingers and by pinching hunger driven
to madness, comes down to the cultivated fields and
takes a peep at the threshhold of the husbandman. But
the unexpected uproar created by his presumption puts him
to flight with the precipitancy of the timid deer. A thou-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 309
sand dogs and as many men and boys with guns give
him chase, and surrounding his retreat, analyze his lurking
place, examining step by step every nook and corner,
and subterfuge till he can no longer elude the search ;
but stands forth in clear demonstration. The writer saw
the skins of two or three bears thus pursued and killed
in Ludlow, in the fall of 1841. In short the time
will soon come when in Vermont wolves, bears, and
deer will ' be among the things that were, but now have
passed away.'
The fox and weasel and different kinds of squirrels
continue to occupy their ground here, and make inroads
on the labors of the husbandman ; the two first often
visiting nightly his premises and making prey of such
barn-yard animals as they can master. But the frequent
hunting-matches of the young men and boys are gradu
ally diminishing their number and rendering them less
bold in their depredations. The beautiful grayer, to use
a hunter's phrase, is still often seen by the way side,
playing his pranks, leaping from branch to branch, and
from tree to tree, with his broad tail curved over his
back ; his acorn-like eye looking sharply, and uttering
squeaking sounds as if he would frighten the traveler.
Cowper's description of this little forester comes into the
mind of every one who has read it, whenever the display
of his features and nimble sportiveness are witnessed.
But pursued unrelentingly by the sportsman, he has
become comparatively scarce and coy ; being no more
seen on the ridge and roof of the barn, or house of the
farmer. Even the robin once so plenty and tame, and

310 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
familiar about the orchards and dwellings, delighting the
ear with his inimitable notes, and the eyes with his
brilliant plumage, has become unfrequent and shy,
retreating beyond the range and noise of the rifle, and
the hands of the children of civilization and humanity.
In some instances leaving the rural villages, and the
premises of the husbandman, so dear to him, he seeks
protection from the wary, licensed fowler in the crowded
city with more humane and liberal regulations.*
The dendrology ; or technical description of the trees
of Vermont, was not designed, nor will it be attempted
in this work. In addition to what has been said on this
subject, a few pages only will be added relative to the
most common trees of the state. Evergreens are more
or less the trees of the mountain range dividing the state ;
and they are found to some extent, intermixed with
other trees in all the towns. Pine, hemlock, spruce, fir
and hacmatack with all their varieties. The greatest
measure of a pine given by Dr. Williams is six feet
diameter, and two hundred and seventy in height. It
would be difficult to find many of this class now in Ver
mont. Indeed the first growth of pines is mostly gone.
Some provident farmers have preserved a few such for
their own use ; old standards ; first settlers ; noble trees,
towering far above their fellows of the forest. Hemlock
* At the dawn of a pleasant morning in April, the writer was
surprised at the songs of robins on the houses in Hartford, Ct.
which he had in vain listened for in the surrounding country.
The cause was the high fine by the city authorities for killing
that bird.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 311
trees grow faster than pine; and such quantities are
found as to preclude the fear of their failing. For
frames of buildings and other substantial purposes they
furnish materials as valuable as the pine.
The maple, and beech, and birch with all their dif
ferent kinds are the principal hard-wood trees of the
state. Chestnut, and oak, and walnut, and ash, and elm
in their common varieties, are found chiefly on the banks
of the rivers, and on the lake shore. The red cedar is
not very often seen ; but the white cedar grows abun
dantly in the northwest part of the state ; and is much
used for fences, being straight grained, and freely rifting.
The sugar maple is the glory of the Vermont forests,
so rich and beautiful in their great variety of trees and
shrubbery, and to the different heights to which they
grow, and shapes which they assume. The color of
their bark and lines and tinges of their foliage are almost
endless in their diversities. The form of the maple and
the intenseness of its foliage, the first to bud and leave
out in the spring, and the first to fade in autumn, renders
it a pleasing object of contemplation in itself. But the
increasing use made of it for sugar and molasses, must
greatly enhance its value and comeliness in the eyes of
the Vermonters, on whose soil it stands pre-eminent and
most frequent.
Pre-eminent and most frequent, this is true as a state ;
although in some parts of New York, particularly the
high-lands of Schoharie county, this noble tree is found
in magnitude and height and frequency equal to any
part of this state. Such significant names of neighbor-

312 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
hoods and villages are found there as sap-bush-hill, and
sap-hollow, where and on dutch-hill, the writer has seen
as noble specimens of this tree as those given by Dr.
Williams in the early periods of green mountain history ;
five feet in diameter and from one to two hundred feet
high. The changes witnessed in the foliage of this tree are
striking and admonitory, not to say melancholy. Its
beautiful green becoming indigent, somewhat faded,
approaches the brown ; and before the close of the
month, you may see here and there sprigs and branches
of pale purple, indicative of the drawing to a close of
the year, the end of life, and the winter of death. As
the season advances, the days shortening, these purple
spots, so to speak, become deeper and larger, contrasting
with the green and brown, and forming a picture, which
mocks the art of the painter to copy. Sometimes you
may see the extremities of the branches tinged with a
deep red, having the appearance, at a distance, of fire
without the smoke, like Moses's bush burning but not
consuming. Looking at a large collection of maples
under this invisible and mysterious process of change ;
at some of the sugar orchards, or long line of such trees
by the roadside, sometimes witnessed in this state, must
arrest you to pleasing if not to sober and salutary reflec
tions. Forest trees are among the most beautiful objects of
nature. They have so been viewed in all ages of the
world. Hence the frequent allusions to them by writers
of various descriptions. By ancient writers especially

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 313
they have been so often and in such circumstances
named, that certain species of them may be regarded as
classical. Homer goes often to the forests for images
and illustrations ; comparing the armies mustering round
Troy, to the leaves of the trees in the spring, and the
cutting off of nations and armies, to their falling in the
autumn ; the falling of a renowned warrior in battle,
to the uprooting and overturning of a mountain oak or
pine. It was near a beech tree that the contest was
most violent on the plains of Troy ; and to which Ajax
and his associates pursued Hector and his followers.
Mentioned in such circumstances ; and as a limit to
which the Greeks carried their triumphs and set bounds
to their enemies ; it becomes an object interesting in
itself. The beech is also mentioned by Virgil, as. are
the oak, and elm, and ash. The Book of Inspiration
speaks often of trees ; and many kinds are named ; but
most frequently, the locust and cypress, and the cedars
of Lebanon. The latter being very durable and solid,
is made an emblem of immortality. The locust tree is
cultivated in Vermont ; and in some parts is found in
abundance. In modern times, also, the most celebrated spot in
Europe, in a military point of view, and to be classic
ground in all future time, had its tree, the Wellington
tree, marking his post in the carnage of battle, being
scathed and perforated with balls. But it is no longer
that tree. It has been cut down ; and a royal chair
made of it for the sovereign of England. But it was

314 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
bad taste which led to this metamorphosis and transpo
sition. Better had it been to have suffered to stand on
the spot where it gained its name, an object of curiosity
and veneration to the visitor of that field, as long as the
soil made rich by the blood of the brave might nourish
its roots. It is to be regretted that the kind of tree,
thus designated, has not been preserved. Of what kind
was the tree near which Wellington took his stand in
front of his army at Waterloo and gave his orders ?
In traveling through Vermont, over her hills and
mountains, and by the margin of her rivers, the eye is
delighted with the beauty and variety of shapes, which
different trees take. You will see the spruce and fir
often going up by a gradual diminishing of its branches
to a point, an almost perfect cone. Then again you
will see them bulging; that is, the boughs increasing
gradually upwards half-way, and thence decreasing to
the top, taking the form of a circular oblong, and seeming
like the work of art. The branches and twigs of these
trees and their kindred hemlocks and pine are sometimes
so closely interwoven that at a distance they appear a solid
impervious mass, standing frequent on the snow clad hills,
like green pointed spires and turrets on the white summit
and towers of some magnificent edifice. Near trees of
such symmetry and comely proportions, you may see
those of great irregularity ; and yet by the contrast and
variety increasing the interest of the scene and landscape.
You may see the huge hemlock with disconnected
branches and broken tops ; the stately birch with here
and there a stinted bough, and crowded out of its upright

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 315
posture by some shock or infringing of its neighbor
felled by the axeman.
Sometimes you see this diversity in trees of the same
species. The elm here stands erect and shoots up high
without branches, its summit only being surmounted by
a few, gracefully curving and pendant in the form of an
umbrella. By its side stands another, or rather leans ;
its body short and making a sharp angle with the
surface ; its branches low and thick, and far spreading.
Near this a third sends forth from a short but erect
trunk, a score of slender, graceful branches, running up
to a great height and gradually diverging like an
inverted cone.
In Berlin, Ct. near the first tavern site on the old New
Haven and Hartford road stand two venerable elms,
whose branches have waved in the winds of two centu
ries, but very dissimilar in their form and appearance.
The body of one of them is short ; between five and
six feet through, containing buried under its surface some
two dozen bridle hooks for the weary horse of the
traveler, or of the tavern lounger ; but remarkable par
ticularly for its enormous top under the pressure of
which it stands inclined. It consists (the top) of twelve
or fifteen huge branches, fantastically interwoven,
crossing, wooing and shunning each other in such
various ways as to bewilder the eye to trace them,
letting down their low boughs almost to the ground, and
covering an area of about eight rods in diameter. It is
an object of curiosity to the now and then singular
traveler in this good old way in which his fathers walk-

316 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
ed ; long since deserted for the turnpike, and that now
for the cars of the railroad, hurrying the dozing, nod
ding through swamps and gulfs ; and over cow-
traps, and quagmires, entertained by whizzing, boiling
water, the nose and eyes being accommodated with
smoke and embers.
The other is remarkable for the symmetry and comeli
ness of its parts ; and the beauty of its appearance as a
whole, and its lofty height ; its stock being erect ; and
limbs commencing near the ground and shooting up
circularly to a great height ; gradually spreading and
then converging to a point.
Near them also once stood a majestic pine, such as
is rarely seen even now in the green mountains, or in
the granite state, planted for ornament, and having
weathered the storms of nearly two centuries ; the
admiration of the stranger passenger, affording ample
room for a score of blackbirds in its lofty branches to
build their nests within the sight, but beyond the tres
passing hand of the truant school boy, it fell at last a
prey to the tyrant alcohol. Cut down and converted
into building materials, it went to repair the buildings of
the rum-drinking and prescribing physician for his
ineffectual, and even aggravating efforts to repair the
rum-broken constitution and health of the owner, his
patient! What then would that pestilential destroyer
spare ? Shade and ornamental tree, it is hoped now in
the prevalence of temperance, you will no longer be
subverted by the stream, " whose waves of torrent fire
inflame with rage."

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 317
The beech is perhaps moresabundant in Vermont than
any other tree. It grows fast and becomes a large and
often a beautiful tree ; but as timber,, rots soon if
exposed to the weather. As it regards the United
States, this tree seems to be a lover of a northern, cold
climate ; being seen not very often as far south as Con
necticut, and less frequent in lower latitudes. It is
found in every nook and corner of the state ; and the
same may be said of New Hampshire ; but not of any
other entire state, being confined to the northern and
hilly portions of Massachusetts and New York. But it
was found, it seems, in Italy, in what abundance, Virgil
has not informed us, although he has so described it as
to leave little doubt of its identity even with that
growing on the green mountains (potulse) with wide
spreading branches.

318

CHAPTER XXIII.
Vermont well watered. — Water power. — Little subject to drought.
— Torrents. — Floods in the spring. — Devastations by water. — On
the banks of the Connecticut. — Passage between cakes of ice.
Dr ou ghts . — Rivers . — Otter creek, — Onion . — Lamoille . — West
river. — Valley through which it passes. — Its channel in sum
mer. — In the spring and in floods. — Snow in different seasons
and places. — Travel over drifts. — Snow bridges. — Seasons of
plunging and slumping. — Funerals, and tombs for winter accom
modations. — The winter of 1842-3 remarkable. —March and
April. — A great flood. — Its ravages. — Prevalence of the ery
sipelas in some parts of the state. — A season of suffering. —
A young man perishing in the snow near Windsor.
Vermont is well watered. The innumerable foun
tains in her mountains and hills send forth streams and
rivulets and rivers in almost every direction, affording
water power and the means of irrigating the soil. It is
thus less subject to the diminution of its crops by the
influence of droughts. The channels of the streams
and rivers are filled in the spring as the snow dissolves
and the water descends from the mountains. Innumera
ble are the torrents rushing down from the mountains as
the warm sun of April, and the showers overcome the
frost, and accumulated snows of almost half a year.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 319
The sound of many and sometimes mighty waters is
heard a great distance, and the travelers way is fore
closed. The bridges are swept away, and the vallies and
causeways filled with water and large fragments of ice.
Many a cascade is thus presented him ; on either hand
water falls foaming and sparkling as the rays of the sun
fall upon them. The scene around him is often impres
sive, fixing his eyes attentively, and absorbing the soul.
But this breaking up of winter, and the commencement
of spring, with their attendant circumstances of deep
toned sounds to the ear, and beauty and grandeur to the
eye, are of short duration. For such uproar of the
elements ; so violent is it at times, nature could not
long endure ; and man could less abide its protracted
continuance. The dwellers on the banks of the Con
necticut are sometimes overtaken suddenly by green
mountain visitors, coming without ceremony ; but with
urgent demands, and requiring immediate attention.
The rains and warm gales washing down, and scouring
the sides of the mountains, innumerable streams carry
each its signals of victory in uprooted evergreens ; in
lofty pines, and spruce ; and beech and maples ; and
timbers and plank ; the subversion of man ; and art and
labor. These crowd their way through the numerous
outlets into the Connecticut; and with masses and
fragments of ice ; with spreading, and deepening and
fast rising flood arrest the ears and eyes of those sojourn
ing along its margin, even through the land of its name.
Corresponding work also for their hands and feet they

320 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
will require, that a suitable reception may be given
them ; that cellars and stores, and chambers, and streets
may be cleared for a temporary residence with their old
acquaintance and neighbors.
The power exhibited sometimes, in breaking up fast-
frozen rivers by a sudden thaw and heavy rain is aston
ishing. An example of it was witnessed in 1840. It
took place in January, after three or four weeks of
severe cold weather ; the streams in Vermont and its
vicinity were overspread with a thick and hard crust of
ice. In forty-eight hours after the rain commenced, this
solid, impenetrable crust was broken into fragments like
window glass before the explosion of a magazine of gun
powder. The rise of the water was so rapid ; and its
pressure so irresistible, that the ice-bound channels were
cleared of their incumbrance. Innumerable masses of
ice were driven violently upon the banks, prostrating
trees and shrubbery, and impeding the road. These
fragments were wedged in the narrow places of the
river ; and forced so closely together as to make a dam,
and impede the water, causing it to overflow.
The Connecticut exhibited a singular appearance after
the water had somewhat subsided. A sudden change in
the weather taking place ; the high winds and severe
cold sunk the current almost as rapidly as it rose. Hav
ing occasion to go some eighty or ninety miles on its
banks in March following, the writer witnessed the as
pect of things after the strife of the waters had ceased.
A crust of ice marked the rising and falling of the
water as distinctly as the ridge of cream does the space

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 321
between the full and waning milk vessel. The saplings
and underbrush were prostrated ; and large trees scath
ed, some of them being forced far out of their perpen^
dicular position. In some places its surface presented
the appearance of a level plat recently cleared ; trees,
logs, and bushes, and roots were strewed in every direc-*
tion. The masses of ice were wedged and frozen to
gether like granite blocks cemented. They were of
every dimension and in all positions ; some lying level ;
others edgewise, and some at greater or less angles of
inclination. Logs and pieces of timber were made
fast between cakes of ice, some partly imbedded, lying
on the surface ; others obliquely set on end in various
ways. •
In one place for nearly a mile, the road was filled
several feet high with solid masses of ice, which required
much labor and expense to remove them. A narrow
passway being cleared, it was like going through a cave
with walls on either hand of transparent marble blocks.
But the reign of spring torrents in Vermont is of
short duration. As summer advances, the warm sun
dries up many of the sources of the flood waters ; and
reveals the channels of many a temporary stream. Even
drouths are sometimes so severe as to give a brown sun
burnt hue to the hills of the evergreen state. But these
are not very extensive and of serious duration. So many
are the fountains, and permanent rivers and streams ; so
well adapted to retain moisture is the soil, that the sub
stantial crops less often fail on this account than in many
other states. Travelers passing through other places in
21

322 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
time of drouth, and dust, and the absence of green grass
and herbage, have often admired the unexpected verdure
meeting the eyes as they approached the banks of Ver
mont rivers, and adjacent hills and vallies.
Of the rivers in this state, about thirty-five run into
the Connecticut; and twenty-five westerly into Lake
Champlain. Otter creek, Onion and Missisque, are the
largest. Otter creek is ninety miles long ; and has considerable
falls at Rutland, Pittsford, Middlebury and Vergennes.
But generally its current, so level its route, is slow and
sluggish like the creeks at the south and west. So long
is it after heavy rains before it rises toward its mouth,
that you begin to think that the waters have found a
new direction ; and that it will escape the threatened
flow and overflow. But its channel at last fills and
deepens and spreads, and the turbid waters rush with
impetuosity over the falls in its course after the other
rivers, those especially on the east side of the mountain
have subsided and become peaceful.
Onion is a fine river and passes through a rich and
beautiful part of the state. It was along the delightful
banks of this river, that the Indians from Canada, passed
and repassed in making their murderous inroads upon the
first settlers on the Connecticut. One of its branches
rises within ten miles of that river (Connecticut) and
uniting with another at Washington, it flows in a north
westerly direction seventy-five miles and empties into
Champlain a little north of Burlington. Its channel for
fifteen rods near its mouth is a solid rock ; being at this

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 323
place fifty rods wide and seventy feet deep. Considerable
falls are found in this river ; those at Waterbury espe
cially are romantic. Lofty ranges of mountains crowd
the channel into a narrow compass; and an enormous,
shapeless rock has, in some past time been precipitated ;
and forms a bridge under which the whole river runs.
But so unshapen is it ; and so steep and ragged the
cliffs on either side, that no use can be made of it. You
may stand upon it; and view the wild and sublime
scenery around, and hear the rushing of the waters.
Lamoille is perhaps as beautiful a river as can be
found in the state. Its current is gentle and tranquil
for almost its whole course of seventy-five miles. It
passes through a rich and delightful region. It is remarka
ble that two rivers of the size of Onion and Lamoille
should be discharged within five miles of each other.
The rivers on the east side of the mountain are com
paratively small. One of the largest is West river ; the
Indian name of which was Wantastiquet. Its length is
about forty miles ; and it passes through a romantic val
ley, some account of which has been given from its
mouth in Brattleboro to Newfane. A ride along its
banks, through Townshend, Jamaica and Londonderry,
till its stream disappears is delightful ; affording a great
variety of views and prospects. Several excellent farms
are found on its margin, particularly in Newfane and
Townshend. Its bed in many places is rocky ; and in
midsummer the water fleet and scant. But in the spring-
freshet and times of high floods, its current is rapid and
strong ; laughing, so to speak, at the effort of man to

324 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
resist its force, and urge their frail bark upwards against
its waves. Some of the dwellers on its borders have
been called to try its strength, who have sunk beneath
its surface, and been borne by its resistless tide into the
ocean of eternity.
The quantity of snow by which these streams are
swollen in the spring varies in different winters ; and is
greater in some parts of the state than in others. The
summit of the mountain and its sides for several miles
down are generally covered from the first of December
till the first of May. But it is not uncommon, to see
from the highlands near the Connecticut, snow-banks
some twenty miles west as late as the middle of June.
Snow storms are more frequent on the eastern side of the
mountain than on the western ; and it is often good
wheeling on this, while sleighs are running on that side.
The same is true in a measure, with regard to tbe towns
on the Connecticut, and those at the foot of the moun
tain. In the latter, winter may reign with ruthless sway,
while in the former autumn struggles to keep, or spring
to gain her mild dominion. Leaving the third tier of
towns from the river amid whirling snow and unflinching
frost ; not even an icicle formed by the meridian sun at
the eaves of the south side of buildings ; and going
directly east to the first range of towns, and you see the
difference of the same day, in the bare spots and the
snow thawed and running in the road. The writer once
went from a river town about the tenth of April, to a
singing concert in one at the foot of the mountain, fifteen
miles distant, with good wheeling to begin his ride, he

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 325
found sleighing at the end of it ; and a passage shoveled
through the snow for the choir to walk in procession to
the church.
On some roads the travel for weeks and even months
is on the top of drifts six or seven feet high. You will
here sometimes see frequent way-marks placed to guide
you when fresh accumulations of snow shall- have covered
your track. These drifts are made by hard winds in the
first place ; and by passing over them often with horses
and teams, and by the action of thawing and freezing,
are rendered more and more safe.
But this bridge of crusted snow is narrow, and a slight
deviation at either hand will give the passenger a plunge ;
that is, his horse will sink and flounder, and sometimes
must be ungeared before he can gain a foothold. As
the warm weather and rains of spring weaken this crust,
these become treacherous, not to say dangerous passways.
What are here called times of slumping and plunging
now come ; and disasters sometimes follow ; and if some
of the frailer craft navigating these straits should be
foundered and wrecked, it would not be strange. Ped
lars, from the lower states, eager to renew their business,
and reach the new state in season, sometimes run their
carts aground in these snow-banks ; and after many vain
struggles ; and some fretting ; and severe reflections on
the tardiness of the inhabitants in rendering the roads
passable for spring travel, apply for help to lighten their
wares over these impediments.
When sickness and death, in such seasons invade the
dwellings, as they do, remote from the main road, the

326 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
aid of a whole neighborhood is sometimes needed. It
is cheerfully given. Some twenty or thirty men dig a
passage to the house of mourning ; and for half a mile
your way may be like going down into the sides of the
grave. In this northern region you sometimes see by the road
side a tomb ; a public tomb ; in which the dead of the
winter are placed ; and removed to the grave-yard in the
spring ; so difficult is it at times to reach those conse
crated spots during the reign of snow and winds.
Vegetation is rapid after these snow drifts are dis
solved ; and where they linger till the last of May
near the barns of farmers, by the last of June you may
sometimes find grass fit for the scythe.
The winter of 1842—3, was remarkable throughout
the country for the quantity of snow and the continuance
of the cold. The northern position of Vermont would
of course make her a partaker of these visitations.
She felt their impressions, through all her borders, not a
hill or valley escaping. The snow was four feet deep
at Brattleboro, the first week in April ; and in the
mountain towns from five to seven. The sleighing
continued about six months. March was unprecedently
cold ; the mercury in the thermometer going down often
several degrees below zero. A young man, who had
been to visit a sick acquaintance, returning was impeded
by the drifting snow ; and after long struggling in the
accumulating banks sunk down exhausted, and perished
within two miles of Windsor. The appearance over
the state the whole of this month, and nearly half of

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 327
April was that of mid winter. The sun made little
impression upon the vast masses of snow ; the wind
being fearfully high most of the time, driving it into
enormous banks, and rendering the roads almost impas
sable. Teams meeting on the mountains passed each
other with difficulty, the drivers having to scoop out with
shovels a place in the snow in which to turn out. The
rivers were encrusted with thick ice early in December ;
but a thaw in January, broke up and cleared it out.
Early in February, they were again frozen and remained
so till the middle of April. At this time a warm rain
coming, dissolved the snow so rapidly as to produce in
tbe Connecticut a very great flood. Indeed the water
rose at Northampton, Springfield and Hartford, as high
within a few inches as it did in March 1801, when was
experienced the greatest freshet since 1692, and has
been called the " Jefferson flood," leaving even monthly
date, and perhaps commemorative of the event, with his
taking the presidential chair. The expanse of water
in the vicinity of the above named places was vast,
producing confusion and consternation. Between Hart
ford and East Hartford was one unbroken sheet of
water four miles wide. The lower parts of the city
were completely inundated ; and much property dam
aged, and much swept away.
In the Springfield Gazette of April 19th it is said:
" The rise of water commenced on Friday last, and
continued gradually until about 8 o'clock A. M., yester
day, at which time it had attained as we are informed,
within about four inches of the Jefferson flood mark ;

328 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the great mass of water having been supplied from the
mountain rivulets of Vermont and New Hampshire.
The meadows opposite this town, so far as the sight
extends, are a perfect sea of waters, extending north
beyond the railroad embankments to the elevated ground
near the centre of West Springfield, and south to the
banks of the Agawam. The road for nearly a mile
from the west end of Springfield bridge is impassable,
except by boats."
The Northampton Gazette of the same date thus
commences an account of the catastrophe. " We are in
the midst of a flood ; such as has no parallel within the
range of forty-two years, if it has in any period within
the memory of any man now living. Maple and Fruit
streets are covered with water; all the houses are inac
cessible, except by boats and horses and carriages."
Then follow particulars of individual sufferers ; of one
we are sorry to see it added : " Col. Dickinson, our
eminent Washingtonian, has more cold water than his
most ardent desires could crave. The water is within a
few inches of the floor of his house at the lower part of
Maple street. He has been obliged to remove all his
animals. These worthy and watchful journalists were appre
hensive, one would think, that all the subterranean
springs of the green mountains and granite states were
let loose to deluge the dwellers on the banks of the
Connecticut. But surely the immense snowy fleece on
the green mountains must have been taken off in some
way. It could not be worn through summer, and

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 329
what outlet so natural ; or prospect of disposal so
favorable as down the valley of the Connecticut ? But
being buried during the winter in these upper regions,
they think that their acquaintance in those lower, would
like perhaps, to hear from them in the spring. They
would not willingly suffer their old companions to take
such hasty leave of them, and intrude so uncerimoni-
ously into the premises of others. But if such
spring-tides must come and overflow the dams and locks,
and give their early customers, the favorite fish of the
old Connecticut, an opportunity of again exploring its
sources and branches, they think themselves justified in
taking advantage of such rain falls. They think it no
more than a return for the pines, and timber, and lumber
washed away from them, and crowded into the posses
sion of the river-borderers below. There with plenty of
ice for their summer consumption, they continue to send
down the river, though long since precluded a share in
the fisheries of its waters ; and their nets hung drying
and rotting upon its banks.
This winter was also memorable in this state for the
prevalence of erysipelas. It commenced its ravages in
the northern parts ; and in many towns proved mortal.
Many valuable members of ^society fell victims to it.
The increase of cold aggravated this disorder, and
rendered it more virulent, augmenting the number of
cases. A complaint this is, one would think, the very
last to attack the inhabitants of such northern regions,
and especially in so extremely a cold season. "But
God's ways are not man's." His messengers and pre-

330 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
cursors of death are habituated to all climates and
seasons ; have no local and separate jurisdiction ; but
intermingling and promiscuously doing their work. The
shivering ague lays his cold hands on the dwellers under
a southern sun ; and the scorching rays of the torrid
zone cannot warm the blood and give color to the face
of his victims. Fever and cataneous inflammation seek
their prey among the inhabitants of the north ; selecting
for their season of sojourn a winter of the greatest
severity, heating the blood and burning the bodies of
those surrounded by the snows of Canada and the green
mountains, laughing at the cooling influence of frost
and ice.
These things combined ; the protracted coldness ; the
deluge, so to speak, of snow, the high and piercing north
winds, weeks in succession, the obstructions in the way
of procuring fuel ; and of going from house to house,
together with the inroads of this appalling disorder,
rendered it a season of suffering and dismay. But by
the blessing of God, this sickness went off with the
return of spring ; and the hills and vallies were again
clothed in cheerful green, and enlivened by the music of
the groves.

331

CHAPTER XXIV.
Earliest records. —State papers. — Council of Safety. — Its origin
lost. — How chosen. — Its jurisdiction and power. — Tories. —
Their families. — Examples from the records of the governor
and council. — The first public execution. — Excitement. — Anec
dote of Ethan Allen. — Treason, how defined. — Journal of the
House of Representatives. — First constitution. — Some of its
principles. — The custom of giving titles. — Origin of the supe
rior court. — The judges. — How chosen. — Its early proceedings.
— Places of holding the general assembly.
According to " the Vermont State Papers," compiled
by His Excellency William Slade, now (1846,) governor
of the state, the first form of government was a Council
of Safety. The origin of this council is lost ; the efforts
of the above named gentleman to find any record of its
commencement being unavailing. It is much to be
regretted that this desirable document cannot be recover
ed. The journal of this body commences August 15,
1777, the day previous to Bennington battle. From that
time till the 17th of June, 1778, extracts are given from
that journal ; a curious document. The presidents and
secretaries are named, but who composed the council,
and how elected, it does not appear. Bennington is
the only place named at which their proceedings are
dated, although many of the acts by them have no place

332 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
specified, but the day of the month and the year signed
by order of the council, sometimes by the president, and
at others by the secretary, or deputy secretary. It does
not appear that they had stated times of meeting, but
met as occasion required. Its jurisdiction, judging from
its doings and acts, was very general and extensive ;
civil, judicial, legislative, military, advisory, supplicatory,
dictatorial, minatory and final. There seemed to be no
appeal from it. Its object was, what its name indicates,
safely to keep the people of Vermont from the encroach
ments of her external enemies, and from injuries, one from
another. Its head quarters were in a frontier town as a
bulwark against the incursions of New York, as well as
those of the British army. The form of its first act,
extant, is as follows :
" STATE OF VERMONT.
Bennington — In Council of Safety,
August 15th, 1777.
Sir : You are hereby desired to forward to this place,
by express, all the lead you can possibly collect in your
vicinity ; as it is expected every minute, an action will
commence between our troops and the enemies within
four or five miles of this place, and the lead will be
positively wanted. By order of the Council,
PAUL SPOONER, D. Sec'y.
The chairman of the Committee )
of Safety, Williamstown." J

HISTORY OFi VERMONT. 333
This must have been Williamstown, Mass. Commit
tees of safety it seems, were common in these times of
trial ; and the practice of Massachusetts, and other New
England states, probably suggested to the people of
Vermont this mode of government.
The distinguished compiler of the work above-named
has done good service in the cause of the early history
of our country, in publishing so much of this journal'.
They who wish to see the early and original mode of
doing business in the state, both civil and military, are
referred to that work. A few more specimens are here
transcribed. " In Council, )
Oct. 8, 1777. 5
Gentlemen: This council earnestly recommend to
the town of Bennington, to warn a town meeting, to fill
up the committee of safety for said town.
By order of Council,
JOSEPH FAY, Sec'y.
To the Selectmen of Bennington."
Here some light is thrown on this unique body of
legislators. The members were chosen by the freemen
of the town. The selectmen called meetings to fill va
cancies. Towns then were entitled to a certain number.
But what that number was, — how many towns were
represented, and what the names of the members of this
council at any given session, are questions too late

334 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
to ask? Are any individuals of that council now
living ?
" In Council of Safety, )
Bennington, Aug. 12, 1777. )
To Capt. Joseph Fassett,
Sir: You are hereby requested to take a potash
kettle, for the Hessian troops to cook in. Give your
receipt for the same, and bring the same to the meeting
house in this place. By order of Council,
IRA ALLEN, Sec'y."
" In Council of Safety,
Aug. 27, 1777.
To Capt. Joseph Farnsworth,
Commissary, Bennington.
Sir : If you please to give Lieut. Benjamin Cham
berlain and three men with him, three day's provision, as
they are bold volunteers, this council will settle with you
for the same. By order of Council,
IRA ALLEN, Sec'y."
" In Council of Safety,
30*A Sept. 1777.
 * is permitted to return home, and remain on his
father's home farm ; (and if found off to expect thirty-
nine lashes of the Beech Seal) until further orders from
this council." * Name suppressed.

history of vermont. 335
" In Council of Safety, )
Sept. 8, 1777. $
Whereas complaint has been made to this council
against you for disposing of cattle and horses belonging
to this state, you are therefore hereby summoned to
appear before this council, to answer the complaint
immediately. Per Order,
THOMAS CHITTENDEN, President."
"  * is permitted to go to Arlington, to see his wife
as she is sick, and return again in thirty-six hours."
" In Council of Safety, )
19th Sept. 1777. 5
To Capt. William Fitch,
Sir : Whereas Mr. Timothy Mead has, some days
past, made application to this council, to take thirteen
sheep out of the. tory flock in Arlington, in lieu of that
number which he lost — this council positively orders
that none be delivered until further evidence can be had.
I am, Sir, your humble servant,
By order of Council,
JOSEPH FAY, Sec'y."
" To Capt. Nathan Smith,
Sir : You are hereby required to march, with the men
under your command, to Paulet, on horseback, where
* Name suppressed.

336 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
you will apply to Col. Simonds for a horse load of flour
to each man and horse. You will furnish bags sufficient
for such purpose.
By order of Council,
THOMAS CHITTENDEN, President."
" Mary Reynolds is permitted to send for her gray
horse, and keep him in her possession until further orders
from this council. By order of Council,
JOSEPH FAY, .Sec'y."
Those called tories in the war of the revolution some
times went over to the enemy, leaving their families
behind them. Their wives as was natural, made appli
cation to the Council of Safety for leave to join their
husbands. It seems that they were frequently accom
modated under certain restrictions. Of tories, grades
existed, as we find the first class often referred to ; but
what was the ground of this distinction does not ap
pear.
" In Council,
Bennington, Jan. 28
This day passed an order and directed the same to
Capt. Samuel Robinson, overseer of tories ; or either of
his assistants, to take under their direction and imme
diately employ  * and enter him in their first class,
* Name suppressed.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 337
agreeable to the direction of the committee of Cla
rendon. THOMAS CHITTENDEN, President."

"In Council, )
Bennington, March, 1778. J
Mrs.  * is permitted to carry with her two feather
beds and bedding for the same, five pewter plates, two
platters, two baisins ; one V pot ; one tea kettle ; one
small brass skillet ; the bedding to consist of three cover
lids, one bed quilt, four blankets and eight sheets ; — one
chest, her wearing apparel, and her children's ; and
knives and forks.
By order, THOMAS CHITTENDEN, Prest."

Mr. Slade has also given specimens of the doings of
the Governor and council after the adoption 13th March,
1778, of the constitution. It is an interesting record ;
but our limits will not admit of but a few examples.
They are dated at Arlington, the residence of the
Governor, having removed from Williston, on account
of its greater exposure to the depredations of the
enemy. This situation is represented as very delight
ful ; and it is easily credited as many such are seen in
that town. * Name suppressed.
22

338 history of vermont. " In Council, )
Arlington, 2Ath April, 1778. >
To Abraham Mathison, Pownal.
Whereas, it has been represented to this council by
Austin Sealy, that you have taken from him a cow and
calf, which is either the property of this State, or his
son ; this is therefore to request and order you to deliver
the cow and calf to said Sealy, or appear before this
council to give the reason why you withhold said cow
and calf, forthwith.
By order of Governor and Council,
MATTHEW LYON, D. Sec'y."

" Whereas, it has been represented to this council that
the wife of  late of Manchester, (now in arms
with the enemy,) is very turbulent and troublesome,
where she now is, and refuses to obey orders ; —
To Stephen Washburn,
Sir : You are hereby commanded to take said woman
and her children and transport and guard them to some
convenient place on the east side of Lake Champlain,
where she can go to the enemy in order to get to her
husband. — ¦ By order of Governor and Council,
M. LYON, D. Sec'y."
"In Council, )
June 5th, 1778. J

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 339
Col. Samuel Herrick,
Sir : Yours of this day's date have received. In
answer thereto would inform you that Redding did peti
tion the General Assembly of this state for a rehearing,
inasmuch as he was tried by a jury of six men only.
The members of the assembly not being come so fully
before the time of his execution, so as to determine the
matter ; therefore the council have reprieved said Redding
from being executed until Thursday next, two o'clock in
the afternoon. This council do not doubt in the least,
but that the said Redding will have justice done him, to
the satisfaction of the public.
By order of Governor and Council,
THOMAS CHANDLER, Jr. Prest."
The execution of the unhappy Redding named above,
is thus detailed in a note by Mr. Slade.
"The curiosity which, not much to the honor of
human nature, has ever been manifested on such occa
sions, was on this greatly heightened by the fact, that a
public execution had never been witnessed in Vermont.
To this curiosity was added the strong feeling of indig
nation which such a crime was calculated to excite at
that period. Under the influence of these feelings a
vast multitude assembled to witness the execution. In
the meantime the learned council had discovered an
important defect in the proceedings. Redding had been
tried by a jury of six only ; and it was very unfortunately

340 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
discovered that this was contrary to the common law of
Great Britain, which required the verdict of twelve.
Application was immediately made to the Governor and
council for a reprieve, until a new trial could be had.
The reprieve was granted at the moment the anxious
throng were collecting to witness the execution.
But with such a multitude, and on such an occasion,
it was in vain to reason or talk of the rights of English
men. They had all pronounced the culprit guilty, and
were not in a condition to understand upon what princi
ples the verdict of the whole, community could be set
aside with so little ceremony. While they were agitated
with mingled emotions of disappointment and indigna
tion, Ethan Allen, suddenly pressing through the
crowd, ascended a stump and waiving his hat, exclaimed :
' Attention the whole !' and proceeded to announce the
reasons which produced the reprieve ; advised the multi
tude to depart peaceably to their habitations and return
on the day fixed for the execution in the act of the
Governor and council; adding with an oath, "you shall
see somebody hung at all events, for if Redding is not
hung, I will be hung myself."
Upon this assurance the uproar ceased and the mul
titude dispersed.
The foregoing anecdote has been often related to the
editor by those who were eye witnesses of the scene ;
and accords too well with the spirit of the times, and
the well known character of Ethan Allen, to leave a
doubt of its authenticity.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 341
The crime for which he was condemned and which
was familiarly known in these times by the phrase
"enemical conduct against the United States," was
treasonable practice towards the country. Those guilty
of it belonged to the first class of tories ; they, who
not only did not act with their country but with the
enemy. Mr. Slade has also given specimens of the original
proceedings of the general assembly, and the superior
court of Vermont. The first session at Windsor com
menced March 12th, 1778 ; and the introductory par
agraph in the journal reads thus : " The representatives
of the freemen of the several towns in the state met at
the court house in Windsor agreeable to the constitution
and formed themselves into a house."
The roll of representatives is not given ; and it is
said, the names of those, who composed the body,
cannot be ascertained. Capt. Joseph Bowker was
chosen speaker; and Major Thomas Chandler, clerk-
After the body was thus organized, Divine service was
attended, and a sermon preached (by the Rev. Mr.
Powers) from these words : " And Jesus came and
spake unto them, saying, all power is given unto me in
heayen and on earth."
The votes for governor, deputy governor, twelve
councilors and other officers were given on the first
Tuesday of the month, (September,) by direction of a
convention of delegates from all the towns, called by
the council of safety. This convention formed the

342 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
written constitution of the state ; and which is to be
seen in compilations so often alluded to, as originally
adopted. It is worthy of perusal and re-perusal for the
sound political principles and salutary sentiments con
tained in it. It is too long to be transcribed into this
work ; and yet one or two paragraphs cannot be
omitted. If they contain principles too often departed
from, a speedy return and a steadfast adherence to them
cannot be too strongly desired. The spirit of freedom
manifested will remain, it is hoped, till the everlasting
hills of Vermont shall, so to speak, become as level as a
western prairie.
They begin by " confessing the goodness of the great
Governor of the universe, who alone knows to what
degree of earthly happiness mankind may attain by
perfecting the acts of government."
Section seventh, chapter second, contains an important
principle and rule, not always recognized and followed.
" The house of representatives of the freemen of
this state shall consist of persons most noted for their
wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by the freemen of
every town in this state respectively."
Section 8th. — " The members of the house of
representatives shall be chosen annually, by ballot, by
the freemen of this state on the first Tuesday of
September, forever, and shall meet on the second
Thursday of the succeeding October ; and shall be
styled the general assembly of the representatives of
the freemen of Vermont."

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 343
The first notice of a superior court seen, is dated
October 21, 1778, in the journal of the general
assembly. "Resolved, That there be a superior court appointed
in this state, consisting of five judges."
The appointment was by resolution ; adopted as it is
presumed by hand vote, and not by ballot. The record is :
" Resolved, that the Hon. Moses Robinson, Esq. be, and
he is hereby appointed chief judge of the superior
court ; and Maj. John Shepherdson, second ; John
Fassett, Jun. third ; Maj. Thomas Chandler, fourth ;
and John Throop, Esq. fifth ; judges of said court.
"Resolved, That the superior court do not sit
longer, at one sitting, than one week.
In these times of war and controversy ; of military
and civil proceedings intermingled, a very common
custom prevailed of prefixing, and affixing titles to
names. Indeed this was customary throughout the
country. In Connecticut the records of early times
give military titles in their civil and legislative transac
tions, as low as sergeant. Lieutenant is the lowest seen in
the journals of this state; but from that upward they
are plentifully interspersed. In the roll of the house of
representatives in one instance counting seventy, you
will see Mr. prefixed to names only seventeen times.
The remaining fifty-three names, have some foregoing,
or consequent titles, honorary or professional. Thus
you will see ; " Voted, that Capt. Thomas Rowley,
Nathaniel Robinson, Esq., and Col. Jacob Kent, be a

344 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
committee to prepare a bill for the purpose of prevent
ing some individuals, catching all the fish that pass and
re-pass up and down White river, so called."
" Resolved, That the wages of councilors and repre
sentatives for the present session be seven shillings per
day, and a horse one shilling per mile."
The number of judges of the superior court, was
originally, as it appears by the above resolution, five. It
subsequently was three ; and then again five, as at the
present time. The county courts have been remodeled ;
and somewhat changed from the original arrangement.
They are now constituted of one superior court judge,
and two assistant judges of each county. All the
judicial officers are yet chosen annually ; a practice
liable to serious objections, as it has a tendency to render
judges less independent, and more subservient to the
ascendant political party. The subject has of late
been before the public in various forms ; and it is thought
the time is near, when a law will be adopted to have
the judges of the superior court at least hold their
office seven years, if not during good behavior.
The general assembly had no fixed place of meeting
for a number of years after the adoption of the
constitution. Thus we find by the record of their
proceedings, the sessions alternately on the east and west
side of the mountain ; and at several different places.
Bennington, Rutland, Middlebury and Burlington, on the
west side ; Westminster, Windsor, Woodstock, New
bury, and Danville on the east, are named in the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 345
journal as places of holding the general court. Rut
land and Windsor for a number of years shared between
them the alternate meetings of that body. At length it
was decided to make Montpelier the seat of govern
ment; and this, since 1812, has been the capital of
Vermont.

346

CHAPTER XXV.
Crossing the mountain in 1843. — Newfane Hill. — Stratton con
vention of 1840. — Scene among the mountains. — Sunderland.
— House built by Ethan Allen. — Birth place of Jeremiah
Evarts. — Manchester. — Session of the court there. — Going to
College. — Manchester mountain. — Spruce timber. — Peru turn
pike. — Prospect. — School children. — Their salutations. — Ches
ter. — Convention of presbyterian and congregational ministers.
— Tract society. — Morning prayer meeting. — Narrative of the
state of religion. — Sabbath School Union. — Rev. Mr. Munger.
— Hindoo girl. — Indians. — Puritans. — Temperance. — Education
society.— Domestic Missions. — Lord's supper. — Crossing the
mountain to Bennington in 1843. — Marlboro. — Wilmington.—
Bennington furnace. — Reflections.
" Crossing the mountain," in June, 1843, from Brat
tleboro to Manchester, the writer viewed again the de
serted, desolate, ancient county seat of Windham, " New-
ane Hill." Passing through Wardsboro centre, another
eminence of early settlement, but beginning to be de
serted for the vallies and flats, its house of divine wor
ship standing unoccupied, and two others built as its
substitute. Near the summit of the mountain you come
to the ground trod by the feet of the thousands, marshal-
e d under political banners, in the presidential campaign

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 347
of 1840. The log-cabin stands yet, near which stood
Daniel Webster, having before him the substantial part
of one political party, middle aged fathers, and even
some gray with years, and young men dwellers in the
vallies and on the hills of Bennington and Windham
counties. The lofty, conical peaks of Stratton, and the
distant variegated views here to be enjoyed, probably
.induced many to take a part in this political drama, as
well as the celebrity of the orator, and the excitement
of the occasion. Surely the grandeur and beauties of
nature around must have softened the asperities of party
strife. Descendants of the Knickerbockers met green moun
tain boys ; and they eyed each other with more friendly
countenances than once marked the intercourse of their
fathers ; and Albanians and Trojans came to see the
country once expected as a frontier bulwark of the
" Empire State."
Leaving this spot you soon enter Sunderland, the
road running on the bank of the Roaring Branch,
through a narrow and irregular channel. On each hand
the mountains rise -bold and majestic, to a great height,
almost perpendicularly, and taking the irregular and
winding course of the stream. On the left bank espe
cially, the towering summit seems struggling and almost
succeeding to hide from the traveler the ascending June
sun. The sides of these mountains on each band are
covered with trees rising one above another ; and the
foliage is now tender and rapidly growing. The pre-

348 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
vailing color of the whole forest is green of course ; but
the shades are endless and indiscribable. The spruce,
and fir, and hemlock of a deep, dark green, form the
ground work, which is filled up with various hues, that
distinguish, with slight difference, some thirty or forty
kinds of trees with all their distinctive sorts. The
leaves, some in a forming ; some half, and others in a
formed state, diversify the scene, interspersed more or
less with dead, leafless, and branchless trunks ; some
broken midway ; and here and there one like a naked
mast towering above its fellows, flourishing in life and
vigor, a watch tower, for the hawk or eagle from which
to descry and seize his prey. The tops and branches
of the lofty beech and birch standing opposite sides of
the stream, their roots weakened by the united action of
wind and water, inclining, often become entangled mid
way, bracing each other and forming an arch over the
water. The way in one instance, was directly under
the menacing top of a large maple, its foothold being
loosened by the recent heavy rains, prone and almost
parallel with the horizon, it seemed ready to fall and
impede the traveler, or crush him under its weight.
But this danger escaped, he passed down the declivities,
his way skirted by the flowers and blossoms of the
forest, fresh and fragrant of beautiful tints, the colors of
nature. The putting forth of the foliage in the spring at the
base of these steep and high ridges is several days
in advance of its summit. While the former is putting

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 349
on the dress of summer ; the latter at the actual dis
tance of no more than a thousand feet exhibits the
nakedness of winter ; and your eye can mark the daily
progress of ascending life, and the re-assuming of the
vernal drapery.
The notes of the various birds which visit these
woodlands were heard on either side. It would be
strange not to heed them, wending your way alone amid
these works of God, who made these tenants of the
air to cheer the wilderness with their songs, " hymning
his praise." They seemed conscious of the shortness
of the summer here, and were in earnest to accomplish
the work assigned them. The snows of October had
but just left these highlands, and the intenseness of June
vegetation, and the kindly rays of the sun rendered
them full of animation. Some of them were sending
forth tune after tune, and song after song ; but no two
of them alike. Others again were heard in notes
similar but with shades of difference. One was heard,
whose tones were singular and new to the writer;
peculiarly distinct and striking ; and repeated at intervals
with undeviating exactness.
Reaching the banks of the Battenkill, the western
border of Sunderland, a strip of land level and thickly
settled, he found himself in the house built originally
by Ethan Allen ; now a public house ; saw the office of
the first treasurer of the state, on the opposite side of
the road, now used for a corn barn, and was in sight of
the house in which was born Jeremiah Evarts. The

350 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
father of the present keeper of the inn, was his
early school-fellow. Although this town is mostly
unsettled and in its native state, mountainous and
irregular, this distinguished son of Vermont began his
earthly pilgrimage in one of its most pleasant and
romantic vallies on the banks of the Battenkill. Nur
tured in the bosom of its parent state, his soul was
alive to the beauties and wonders of nature as seen in
these sequestered regions where he drew his breath,
but more so to those of redemption. After nobly
running the race set before him, his " path being as the
shining light, shining more and more unto the perfect
day," at the other extremity of the union on the banks
of the Savannah, he finished his course with joy, cheered
by " wonderful " views of coming glory.
At Manchester, the county court was in session,
attended as usual, by grand and petit juries ; anxious
clients and witnesses, and company-loving spectators.
The strength of Bennington bar was here ; active,
faithful, vigilant, sharpsighted, eloquent lawyers ; thor
ough business men. In one of the offices attached to
the court-house, an early settler was relating to some of
his associates, incidents of his boyhood. He was
relating the discussion of his parents relative to his
future course in life ; the arguments in favor of agricul
tural pursuits as placed before his ardent mind by his
father ; and those of learning by his mother. It was
not in the style of Lucian's dream, and yet one might
be reminded of the consultation of his friends on a

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 351
similar subject ; and of the marks from the club, for he
claimed to have more scars than any other man in
Vermont could show.* His mother he said, was for
having him go to college ; and 'follow learning for a

* At a family consultation, it was decided that Lucian,
yet a boy, on account of his father's slender means, should
learn some art, and follow some handicraft ; and he was
placed accordingly with his uncle to work at statuary. With
chisel and mallet he went reluctantly to the employment;
but inadvertently let fall and broke a block of marble,
which had been given him for sculpture. His uncle was en
raged at him for it, and with a club lying near, inflicted on him
an unexpected blow, which brought tears from him as the first
fruit of his trade. At this'Ae runaway; and whimpering, with
his eyes full of tears, went directly to his mother with a bitter
complaint against her brother, insinuating, that the violence suf
fered was the result of his uncle's envy at his early promise of
excelling him in his art. His mother was indignant of course ;
and let fly a volly of heavy epithets at her absent brother. Retir
ing to bed, sobbing and intent on what had happened, he at
length fell asleep ; and in his dream, saw two female figures
approach him, one representing ' Labor' and the other ' Learn
ing. ' Each of them was appropriately attired ; and urged on
his choice in the most winning manner, her claims to his confi
dence ; persuading him to become her follower ; and as is usual,
endeavoring to secure him by undervaluing and discrediting each
others persons aud pursuits. While the latter was speaking, and
before she had finished her argument, he signified to her that his
choice was made, and his purpose taken to become her follower ;
especially as he remembered the cane, and the wounds inflicted
as the result of yesterday's employment with her opponent ; and
in some way, he seemed not to know how, become a distinguished
follower in her train.

352 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
livelihood,' representing to my wakeful imagination the
advantages of such a course ; " white hands ; silk
gloves and stockings ; fine clothes, honor, being a
gentleman ; a doctor, or lawyer, or minister with a
horse and carriage." His father on the other hand
urged the claims of farming pursuits, " a farm with a
hundred and twenty dollars ; raising calves and colts ;
good crops of grass and grain ; flocks and herds, butter
and cheese." His mind was long ruminating on these
two courses, ' going to college, or to work on a farm.'
The gloves, pleading law, preaching, and renown on the
one hand, and the colts and calves on the other, filled
his imagination and divided his mind. Entering on
the latter course, he pursued it till it was too late
to return like Lucian to the former. But in after life
occurrences often reminded him of the opportunity of
taking in early life a different course ; and sometimes
made him regret that he had not done it. When he
sometimes witnessed, he said, a preacher in the pulpit
bothered, making hard work of it, hesitating and stam
mering, and running on bare ground ; then he wished
he had gone to college, and made a preacher ; he
would have taken hold, and hoed out his row for
him. When he saw a lawyer at the bar, finding it difficult
to make it go ; handling book after book, and looking
in vain whether at home or abroad for the right author
ity ; or a physician perspiring over a limb to be ampu
tated, mangling the flesh and missing the arteries

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 353
running his instruments misdirected ; then said he
to himself, O that I had gone to college ; I might have
helped them and putting them in the right way hoed
out their row for them.
Manchester mountain west of this village, is the
third in altitude in the state ; a most magnificent
spectacle. It is often ascended by parties ; from whose
summit the white hills in New Hampshire are visible to
the naked eye.
The green mountain range on the east, marked with
numerous slides, made for the purpose of letting down
spruce timber to the banks of the Battenkill, which
flows here near its base. These slides, or inclined
planes are made with care. If left in a rough uneven
state, the logs sliding down with great force, striking
rocks, rebound violently, and are thrown across the
track stopping the progress ofthe logs following them,
and requiring great labor to remove them.
These logs are marked and thrown loose into the
•river, and go down without much trouble where the
channel is no more than full. But when the water
overflows the banks, many of them stray from the
current over the meadows and lodge among the bushes,
requiring time and labor to find and tow them back.
Drawing near the mills in the state of New York where
they are sawed, they are separated, each owner collect
ing those bearing his mark, passes them under a boom,
thrown across the river for the purpose, and secures
them by the shore. This business is a source of con-
23

354 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
siderable income to the dwellers on the banks of this
river in Vermont, especially where it runs so near the
mountain, that its timber may be launched from its side,
so to speak, upon its very surface.
Returning to the east side of the mountain by the
Pern turnpike, a delightful prospect in a southeasterly
direction is afforded. A vast concave opens before you,
and your eye runs over the tops of the forest trees;
along the fields and vallies rescued from the wilderness
by tbe progress of settlement, ascends with the
gradually rising of the distant hills; extending its
scrutiny over the Connecticut till its sight is limited
by the far distant uplands of New Hampshire.
In company with several ministerial brethren, going
to the annual, representative meeting of the churches in
the state ; passing a school house, pleasing remembrances
of the land of " steady habits," were called up by the
parading by the roadside of some thirty little girls to
drop their respectful courtesy, enjoying the bi-daily
license of these miniature kingdoms, ' the girls may go ¦
out,' proving to the passing stranger, they had not yet
lost their manners, even in these sequestered wilds of
nature. Their eyes and ears were arrested by the
coming of half a dozen carriages in succession, and their
line was formed in one order ; the larger ones at the
head and the smaller ones at the foot. The salutation
commenced at the head and went down the line like
the running fire of a military company ; each repeating
it for each carriage, and some of them repeating it two

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 355
or three times to be sure of being noticed. May this
comely custom be perpetual as the fountains and
evergreens of this region ; and even make its way
back to the land whence it came ; and where it has
become, there is reason to fear, almost extinct. To.see
exemplified then, one distinctive, and not unmeaning
trait of Connecticut early manners, the traveler must
ascend the green mountains. Retreating as it is, we
fear from the shores to the lake and banks of the river,
washing its eastern border to the highlands and citadels
of nature, may its influence be conservative on the
vaulting spirit of the age, too often seen in the rising
generation. Reaching the village of Chester, situated in a delight
ful valley, protected by the surrounding hills ; the main
street wide and adorned with shady trees ; with two
houses of public worship ; an academy flourishing and
well sustained ; the soil rich, and some farming estab
lishments seen in the vicinity of uncommon excellence
and productiveness, the church bell summoned us to
the house of God. It was the annual meeting of " the
Congregational and Presbyterian ministers," held now
for the first time on the third Tuesday of June, changed
from the second Tuesday in September. Its business
was opened by an appropriate and able sermon from
the president of Middlebury college : " Honor the Lord
with thy substance." The convention appeared unusu
ally full; delegates and visiting brethren from several

356 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
associations and New Hampshire, to the aggregate of
about one hundred and fifty clergymen being present.
In the evening was held the anniversary of the Tract
Society. Resolutions on the sanctification of the Sab
bath were passed ; an interesting communication being
read from an eminent physician in England, setting
forth the benefits of resting one day in seven as it
regards health.
The second day of the convention was commenced
by a prayer meeting at five o'clock A. M., at the
church. At nine o'clock a public meeting was held ;
and " the narrative of the state of religion" throughout
the state was given. Reports also on the same subject
throughout the union and from parts of Canada, were
made. The rise and progress ; and prospects of
Millerism were alluded to in several of these communi
cations. At eleven o'clock was held the anniversary of the
Foreign Missionary Society. The meeting was address
ed by Mr. Green one of the secretaries of the Board ;
and by others. The wants and claims of this society
were urged in an eloquent manner.
The Sabbath School Union, auxiliary to that of
Massachusetts, was held at half past one P. M. It
was an interesting meeting ; schools from several neigh
boring towns were present ; the scholars coming in
wagons ; business wagons ; Dutch wagons, drawn in
some instances by four horses, loaded down with boys

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 357
and girls, twenty or thirty in one ; forming a procession
at the academy, and following a band of music with
their teachers and banner inscribed, " Feed my Lambs,"
filled the lower part of the house, five or six hundred
in number, and presented an animating spectacle.
The Secretary's report was replete with interesting
facts and details ; the progress made during the year ;
the number of teachers and pupils ; the amount of
money contributed by the children, and hopeful con
versions in the schools. The whole number of scholars
organized in the different Sabbath schools in the state
was estimated at fifteen thousand. The attention of
the children was kept up by the manner of communica
tion pursued by the speaker ; enlivened especially at
the sight of an Hindoo girl, seven years old, brought
from Asia by the Rev. Mr. Munger, a missionary of
the 'Board.' Her countenance is intelligent ; and she
understands English, as is evident from her turning her
head, and showing the whites of her eyes as the speaker
alluded to the { heathen child present.' She was a found
ling, having fallen into the hands of a benevolent Eng
lish lady, who provided for its maintenance in the
family of Mr. Munger. Returning to England to see
her own children, having furnished the means needed
during her short intended absence, she died leaving this
little outcast in the hands of this missionary with whom
she had remained five years. On account of his wife's
health, coming back to his native land, he brought her
with him. She 'begins to feel that she is an object of

358 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
curiosity and sympathy, and therefore to give her guar
dians some trouble to keep ber in her proper place.
Indeed this is the rock against which the ship Reforma
tion is in danger of impugning and retarding, to say no
more ; children not keeping their proper place.
It was then with pleasure that the speakers on this
occasion were. heard alluding to the training of the
ancient Greek and Roman youth ; and even to the
customs of the native Indians in this respect ; the means
used to give them physical energy, hardihood, and manli
ness of conduct ; and habits^ of due subordination.
Surely means must be taken to guard against effeminacy,
and too great forwardness in youth, elated somewhat by
the attentions paid them at Sabbath school and Temper
ance celebrations. Nothing but early restraints and
Divine grace will secure them against the flattering
attentions thus shown them. They may be in danger
of overleaping their province, becoming vain and losing
the goodly puritan customs, and of disregarding the
Scriptural directions of rendering subordinate respect to
superiors, and to all their dues.
Invaluable blessings have resulted from Sabbath
schools ; and these public exhibitions by the pupils and
their teachers are calculated to forward and secure the
objects of this institution. The suggestions of " The
cold water army," with its banners and devises and
accompaniments, was a happy thought, and a merciful
Divine interposition in favor of temperance. It has
formed an era in the celebration by her children of our

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 359
country's birth-day which encourages us to hope for
great and permanent blessings. The name of the man
who was the instrument of thus leading the way in mar
shaling " the host " of the rising generation for the con
flict with the powers of alcohol, ought to be known and
held in grateful remembrance. Bat evils sometimes
lurk in the neighborhood of great blessings.
To guide safely and happily the operations of this
rising and increasing army, the coming up of sobriety's
last reserve, and the world's life guard ; to see that
" every one does his duty," and keeps his place and
obeys orders, requires untiring vigilance, and circumspec
tion and wisdom. It is the mustering of the Waterloo
battle of sentiment; and demonstrations point to the
great valley of the west as th© field of decision.
In the evening ' the North Western Branch ' of the
Education Society held its anniversary. Allusion was
made by Mr. Nash, in his address, as agent of this
society, to Dr. E. Porter, late president of Andover
Theological Institution, who had called the Education,
the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Societies a three
fold cord to draw in the milknial car ; and as having
bequeathed to the first named of these institutions one
third of his property, fifteen thousand dollars.
The third and last day of this assembly, was com
menced like the second with an early prayer meeting.
The anniversary of the state Domestic Missionary
Society was attended at half past ten o'clock A. M.
The first speaker, to give variety to the exercises for a

360 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
moment, struck into a vein of irony and humor.
" There is " said he, " no romance in domestic missions.
All about them is matter of fact and sober reality. If
one of the laborers in this great department of christian
enterprise rises in these great and genteel assemblies, a
bald headed man, perhaps, his hands hard, his dress and
manner plain, he may meet with little favor and sympa
thy compared with him, who has been over the mighty
deep to far distant places, and bearing names of sounding
notoriety. The imagination lends her aid to give color
ing and zest to his representations ; and heighten them
in proportion to the remoteness of the scene and the
unknown language and strange dress of the actors.
Sympathy and liberality seem to be in accordance with
the distance at which the objects of charity are placed,
and the hopelessness of reaching them. But to show
compassion towards those suffering so near to us, that we
can hear their groans and see their tears, would be too
vulgar and savor too little of the romantic." If he had
stopped here it would have been well enough, for contrast
and variety. But when he added : " if money were to
be raised to convert the man in the moon, if there be one
there, he was ready to believe the enterprise would
secure the greatest number of abettors," it seemed to be
over action and in bad taste.
In the afternoon these interesting solemnities were
closed by the administration of the "Lord's supper."
An excellent action sermon on the tests of true conver
sion, preceded the ministration of the sacred symbols,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 361
delivered by the Rev. Mr. Plumb, of Paulet. It was
a fitting and becoming conclusion of the very interesting
business transactions ; and reports of secretaries of
benevolent societies; and resolutions adopted and
addresses made, which marked this annual meeting of
Zion's heralds, giving an impulse to religion and virtue.
By public meetings, in the above sketch, such are
intended as are of general interest in distinction to the
business transactions of this body ; and not that any of
its sessions were with ' closed doors.' It is here inserted
as a sample of what is generally done at the anniversa
ries of this and similar associations of our country ; and
as an answer to the inquiries sometimes made, 'what is
the object of these ministers gathering together in this
way from all quarters ? ' And also to remove the grounds
of suspicion, now and then whispered in times of politi
cal party excitement, that they are cabals plotting harm
to the state.

362

CHAPTER XXVI.
Improvements in manners and morals. — Dandyism. — Mutual
sympathy. — First settlers characterized by a distinguished tra
veler. — Early prejudices against evangelical doctrines and their
advocates. — Law repealed relative to local societies. — Ministers
of the gospel set afloat. — Their trials. — A sceptic preparing
his own tomb. — Lock and key on a coffin. — Green mountain
Farrier. — Roughness of deportment wearing away. — Evidence
of it. — Manner of its progress. — Urbane and polished manners.
— Increasing respect for religion. — In the young especially. —
Disturbance of public worship at New Haven, Ct. — Capital
punishment .—Crimes . — Profaneness .—Gambling . — Other vices .
— Temperance.
To trace the progress and improvements in manners
and morals ; in the elegancies and refinements of society,
is a task still more difficult and delicate. — For although
the prevalence of dandyism ; the enrobing, so to speak,
of man's muscular limbs, and the adorning of the male
features in woman's attire, and with female embellish
ments is to be deprecated ; although a pale sickly sen-
timentalism ; and a shrinking, shrieking sensitiveness,
and a spindling delicacy of form, are to be dreaded as
inconsonant with the rough exterior of this world's sur-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 363
face, yet an unaffected sympathy, and inoffensive way
of manifesting it, are desirable and do much to mitigate
the ills and lighten the burdens of life. Whatever in
creases human happiness, and multiplies the means of
innocent enjoyment may be encouraged and cultivated.
But the mental and physical faculties, should be pro-
portionably and correspondingly fostered ; and strength
ened and polished. One part should not be cherished
to the injury and ruin of another ; one affection may
not be kindled into a fluctuating flame, while another
equally important to the system lies buried in the ashes.
We should be neither all feeling, nor all apathy ;
all heart nor mind ; but mind and heart united,
mutually strengthening, and controling and aiding each
other. As the body should be exercised and braced to a
tone for all the changes of a green mountain winter,
so the soul by a suitable discipline should be fortified
to meet the vicissitudes of joy and sorrow; and go
safely through ' this vale of tears.' Its powers should
be consumed neither by the anguish of feelings and
apprehension ; nor by ecstasy of anticipation and
fruition. On this point the golden rule of the gospel, and the
apostolic direction of rejoicing with those that rejoice,
and weeping with those that weep ; in patience possess
ing your souls ; and in honor preferring one another ;
give safe and infallible counsel.
It has been said not only by respectable, but by high

3jS4 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
authority, that " the first settlers of Vermont were
mostly universalists and infidels." The statement was
somewhat startling ; and viewed at first as severe ; and
gained admittance reluctantly. For it would seem to
carry with it the impression that morals were low, and
manners uncultivated. One of the chief magistrates in
late years, as it has been said, is a universalist. But
the same was true not many years since, if any prece
dent was required, of Connecticut, if not in her supreme
executive ; yet in him holding tbe second office. The
early governors of Vermont were congregationalists, or
baptists. Time was, it will be granted, when prejudice
to a considerable extent was here indulged against what
are called evangelical sentiments, and those whose duty
it was to illustrate and enforce them. Their relations
to congregations as pastors, was fluctuating and often of
short duration ; and their temporal support sometimes
short and inadequate. In allusion to this and as afore-
warning, one of the early fathers, in the south part of
the state, called to preach at the ordination of a younger
brother took this text : " Death in the pot." The
dread was so great now and then, of the union of church
and state ; of any thing like a religious establishment,
that the law of the state on which the settlement of
gospel ministers was based and their salaries secured to
them, was forthwith repealed, and they ' set afloat.'
Their frail bark was indeed at the mercy of wind and
wave ; and as the one did not always ' blow softly ;'
nor the other roll gently, they had to ' let her drive,'

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 365
and reach what haven soever she might. In this pre
dicament, they had in some cases, to meet the taunts of
some, who seemed to regard their feelings as they would
those of a marble statue, and the apathy of others from
whom they expected better things. " We've got 'em
now ; if they won't comply with our terms, we can
try some other herb." Bitter herbs of this sort grew
in Vermont rather too plentifully some seasons.* But
the soil has been subdued, and meliorated ; and more
wholesome plants cultivated. The seed and the fruit
have been improved. The support of the gospel is a
free will offering, and what was dreaded as a frown has
proved perhaps a favor.
Examples of daring scoffers were indeed found on
these hills and vallies. One of this description in a
town on the lake-side of the mountain, had his tomb
(cut out of the solid rock) prepared under his own eye';
for said he " I don't want the dirt and gravel rattling
down into my eyes at the resurrection ; at the shaking
of the earth and the opening of the graves." Strange
concern this in a sceptic for the safety of his body after

* As an illustration, the writer was informed by a pioneer
clergyman, that a brother minister of his in a neighboring town
being dangerously sick, his wife visited him with whom she
found his deacon ; and while his good deacon was praying for
him, and his wife weeping by the bed-side ; some of the rude
parishioners, returning home from the tavern, run their horses
past the house exclaiming: " The old priest is dying and we
are glad."

366 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
death ! In some quarters it will seem awful as it is ;
and unprecedented. But is it any more so than that of
the man worth half a million, who died recently not a
thousand miles from Dutch Point on the Connecticut ;
and whose body by his direction was buried in a
mahogany coffin, and that enclosed in one of oak plank, to
which was fitted a strong lock and key ; the key to be
kept at his calling ; ah ! the key. What disposal he
ordered of that is not so well understood ?
It is no small evidence of the truth and excellence of
the gospel, that inveterate hostility to it is so often
accompanied with some obliquity of the intellect, or
temper ; or bluntness of the moral sense. Indeed these
sometimes give rise to it. For it has been known not
to come up ; or at any rate not to display its bitterness
till one or more of these faculties had received a provi
dential jar. Some casualty ; as a sudden blow, or fall
on the head ; or failure of an organ of perception, and
sensation has entirely changed, their views, and feelings
and habits, relative to the saered doctrines and duties,
and institutions.
A first settler on the Connecticut side of the state,
and who may be called the green mountain farrier,
lived almost a century ; and had often traveled its hills
and vallies, and much in the neighboring states. He
was tall and commanding in his figure ; wore a broad
brim ; and in summer a white linen frock, running down
to his boots and spurs ; his hair cued down in eel, and
hands in deer skin, and tin trumpet belted to his side,

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 367
which sounding loud and long, a terror to colts,
announced to the villagers his arrival and readiness for
business. Thus accoutred like Van Twilkr the trum
peter, and mounted on a prime Vermont bred steed,
with saddle bags, large and well stuffed with surgical
instruments, and various other necessary articles of
professional use and personal convenience, he had faced
many a storm, encountered struggles often, seen much
services ; won many laurels ; rescued not seldom from
suffering and threatening death, and raised to their feet
fallen quadrupeds not a few. In the winter his buffalo
robe was the skin of a bullock, " tanned with the hair
on ; " with the tail and hind quarters suspended
from the back part of his sleigh. But he has twanged
his trumpet for the last time, and , his like you will not
again soon see.
Exemplary in the observance of religious duties the
former part of his life, a sudden and unconscionable
change in this respect came over him, and clave to him
with increasing tenacity the last half century of his
days. Towards evangelical doctrines and institutions,
he seemed to feel an increasing, and scoffing repug
nance, seldom if ever going on the Sabbath to the
ordinary ministrations of the word. On funeral occa
sions, he was indeed, sometimes seen in the sanctuary
with God's people on the Sabbath, accompanying his
wife, a devoted, unaffected christian. But on these
occasions he used often to go and return from the house

368 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
of God, wearing on his head a large three cornered,
cocked beaver ; the only poll, thus surmounted in such
circumstances ever seen by the writer in the green
mountain state. Being visited by the minister of the
place and his partner by the invitation of his wife, he
treated them hospitably. But at the supper table,
without waiting for the customary blessing craved, or
requesting it done, took his seat with his head covered ;
and persisting to wear his low crowned rimer ; and his
mortified wife reminding him of the impropriety, the
only answer, or relief obtained by her, was, " my hat
is paid for." The above particulars came under
the eye and personal observation of the writer himself.
But for the truth of the reports, relative to some
wonderful cures performed by him in his early practice ;
such as mending the broken backs of an ox with an axe
helve, and which afterwards went to Boston under the
yoke, he does not vouch.
But such roughness of exterior deportment and man
ners are gradually wearing away. Civility and gentle
manly manners are keeping pace with improvements in
Vermont villages and dwellings, and in the face of the
country. A kindly feeling is felt for, and a respectful
reception given to them who demean themselves circum
spectly and consistently, in the various professions. To
find what in cities goes by the name of genteel and
fashionable society, is not impossible even in Vermont.
You may find those whose manners are easy and grace-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 369
fill, and who understand the etiquette of polished
society and can go through the ceremonies, in good
style of social intercourse in all its relations.
In the early settlement of the state, as in other simi
lar circumstances, their immediate wants were the subject
of conversation when neighbors met. They had little
or no leisure to meet in mixed parties for the purpose
of social conversation ; to indulge in free expression
and interchange of sentiments on topics of general
interest ; and such as the spur of the occasion might
suggest. Their manners then like their external circum
stances were plain and straightened. But as they
obtained relief and freedom from the " bayonet of sharp
necessity," they found leisure for the pleasures and
benefits of social intercourse. As they tasted the sweets
of confidential and mutual unbosoming of feelings and
opinions ; their attachment to such sources of enjoyment
increased. Suavity of manners then would be cultivated
with mutual emulation for the happiness derived from
good society.
Thus the Vermonters have made some advances from
the rustic in manners towards the civil ; and from the
civil towards the elegant ; and from the elegant towards
the urbane and polished. You see-evidence of this in
the furniture of their dwellings ; their wardrobes and
their parlor accommodations. The gourd, so to speak,
has given place to the brown earthen pitcher ; and this
to the plain white glazed, and this again to porcelain
24

370 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and china. In the place of the hemlock floor, has
come the spruce and white pine ; to the husk foot-brush
has been added the rag and homespun carpet ; to this
the Brussels ; and to the Brussels, the Turkish. The
tripod has been followed by the splintered and flag bottom
ed ; and these again by the spring cushioned chair and sofa,
on which for indolence and apathy to stretch their limbs.
The bedstead of curled maple, native growth, and pol
ished, they have added to the matress and hammock.
Where they might once have been seen dining over a
barrel head, a board placed across it ; or on a rough four-
legged stool ; you may find them at a polished cherry, or
mahogany, rolling table.
The circular cupboard may yet occupy and fill up
one corner of their best apartment ; but near it stands
the splended side-board furnished with silver spoons and
plate, where once were used pewter and wooden dishes,
the trencher.
You may see evidence of it in their neat and tasteful
equipage and accommodations for pleasure riding and
journeying. The barouche and buggy ; the light and pol
ished wagon and coach drawn by elegantly harnessed Ver
mont-raised horses, transport here and there those, who
might once have Strode the haltered, raw-bone, bare
backed beast ; or jolted along in the ox, or dobbin
horse-cart. In the winter they glide swiftly along in
varnished and beautiful sleighs, where their fathers and
mothers might have been proud of a jumper, or a pung ;

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 371
and instead -of buffalo robes and the dressed bear skin,
glad to defend their limbs by a blanket or sheet.
You may see it also, in the increasing (it it believed)
respect for the teachers of religion and the institutions
of the gospel by all classes, and particularly the rising
generation. The expense necessary to the maintenance
of divine worship and religious order and instruction,
is no longer regarded as a necessary evil ; and thus a
burden, but as a privilege and blessing, so rich the fruits
in this way produced. The order of worship and
the decorum belonging to the house of God, are more
generally observed by the youth than formerly ; and
this is a characteristic of this class which betokens
much good. It is owing probably in some degree to
the influence of Sabbath schools.
The serious disturbance of religious worship either on
the Sabbath, or other day, or in the evening, is not
a common occurrence, but a rare one in this state ; and
the children of the green mountains will not come
behind their neighbors in becoming deportment in such
places and on such occasions.* The internal appear
ance of churches ; the construction and finish of

* Sabbath evening recently, the writer attended a very
crowded and interesting missionary meeting in one of the
churches in New Haven, Ct. where Mar Yohannan the Nestorian
bishop from Persia, and his interpreter, Rev. J. Perkins were
present. While one of the pastors was giving the annual report of

372 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
the buildings themselves in modern and good style,
render inviting the Sabbath exercises and appropriate
employments of that day. The personal aspect of the
the monies collected in the several congregational churches, the
audience was thrown into a panic by a sudden and tremendous
out-cry at and near the doors ; as if some terrible danger was
imminent. The house was scarcely restrained and quieted
by being reminded by the speaker that it was only a repetition of
what took place the Sabbath evening previous, a false and
disorderly alarm. Whether it was the belchings of envious
venom at the happiness within from the throat of Beelzebub
himself; or the woolfish howlings around the barriers of the
flock ; or the mischief making of idle, disorderly boys, to enjoy a
fright, the stranger was at a loss. For it seemed each. It was
certainly a specimen of ill manners, not often surpassed or
equalled in Vermont. Indeed were all the bears and catamounts
and wolves now left in the dens and caverns of the mountains
congregated around some lonely church on some one of her
deserted hills, and should put forth their loudest and most dis
cordant notes, they could hardly produce such an uproar. This
fact ought not to detract from the general pre-eminent character
of that community for civility and urbane manners. It would be
difficult to find in the union another place more distinguished for
the general prevalence of unaffected piety ; for the richness of
the means of grace and christian liberality. Few spots have
greater attractions to detain the weary pilgrim a Sabbath, or two,
to strengthen his faith and cheer his spirits on his way to the
celestial city.
According to the report above alluded to, more than six
thousand dollars were contributed for the single object of Foreign
missions, by the congregational churches in that place during the
year ending in October, 1842.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 373
attendants on divine worship is not the least pleasing
aspect of a Vermont Sabbath. It is interesting to
strangers, as it often has been to those who have
witnessed it, to see so large a proportion of the wor
shipers, youth and children ; and of such complexion
and neatness of exterior as to leave favorable im
pressions of the internal regulations of families. Such
would be found the fact on visiting the domestic sanctu
ary; marking the progressive advancement of manners
and morals in this state. Nor will woman's manage
ment and example ; gentleness of conduct, comeliness
of attire and manner of presiding at the fire-side and
table, be found inefficacious in rendering this meliora
tion apparent and striking. Much has been effected in
this way by intercourse with the right class of society in
other states ; and by the influence of many enlightened
and exemplary travelers and temporary sojourners
on these hills and in these vallies. Much salutary
efficacy also has been put forth by Vermont mothers
in rendering her sons strong, and "her daughters
polished after the similitude of a palace."
In common with others, this state has shared in the
benign results of the Temperance enterprise. It has
been productive of great, incidental, or collateral good;
particularly to the rising generation. Some amuse
ments, which if not sinful in themselves, lead to that
which is, have been discontinued, or rendered less
common. Card playing ; gambling, and the using

374 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
of the name of God in vain ; unseasonable and
nocturnal carousals, and mischief doing, less often
annoy and offend the eye and ear of good breeding
and morals. Many evils and blemishes of this kind
still exist ; and call for untiring exertions to render
complete the temperance reformation, on which much
depends both in morals and religion.
Some evidence of the morals of a people may
be derived from the capital punishments inflicted, and
the number of state convicts, or those confined in the
state prison. Few comparatively have died in
Vermont, under the hand of the public executioner.
The same is true also with regard to those confined
in the prison at Windsor. Crimes are indeed multiply
ing ; and convictions becoming more common, as the
population increases, and as foreigners of little or
no character here take up their abode. During a
residence of about thirty years in the county of
Windham, no one was publicly executed ; and no one
ever was ; and the same is true of other counties. Petty
pilfering and marauding are not common ; at least
they have not hitherto been frequent ; dwellings are
left unlocked over night without anxiety for the safety
of their contents. A distinguished foreigner, having
taken up his abode in the state for life, writing to
his friends in England, could hardly gain credit, that
his doors stood with impunity unlocked nights, for years
in succession.

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 375
Morals then have gradually meliorated here ; and the
elegancies and refinements of society advanced rapidly
enough. Going faster, the danger would be that of fall
ing into effeminacy ; and a shrinking from the trials of
life. But the crowning glory of the state is the cheering
prospect that the principles of the gospel, and that
righteousness which exalteth a nation, are gradually per
vading all classes of the community. The leaven of
righteousness and virtue is penetrating the mass. The
good seed sown, and sowing, is springing up, and will,
bearing in some parts thirty, in others sixty ; and in most
favored spots an hundred fold. What then was predic
tion in the late Dr. Dwight, relative to this state has in a
measure become reality ; the distinguished individual
whose caustic language is quoted near the beginning of
this chapter ; and with whose words on her future des
tiny, uttered some fifty or sixty years ago, shall be
closed. " Upon tbe whole, the state of Vermont, from the
richness of its soil, the variety and richness of its pro
ductions ; the salubrity of its climate ; the rapid increase
of its population ; the hardihood, industry, and enterprise
of its inhabitants ; the melioration which they have
begun; and the more extensive improvements rationally
promised by the influence of New England institutions
on the present and succeeding generations ; cannot but
be regarded as one important nursery ofthe human race ;

376 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
and as a country where a great mass of happiness and
virtue may be fairly expected in future ages. Many of
the evils which I have mentioned, will naturally furnish
their own cure. Others the wisdom and moderation of
enlightened men will in all probability remove.

377

CHAPTER XXVII.
Spirit of innovation. — Changes not always improvements. —
Evils. — Multiplying out of proportion. — Churches. — Changing
the site often and building new ones. — Slightly built. — Sanctity
of time. — The proper materials for building them. — Stone
and brick. — Frequent changes in the pastoral relation. —
Consequences. — Contrast between the clerical and other
professions. — Neglect of grave yards. — North burying ground
in Hartford, Ct. and new one in New Haven. — Their location
proper near churches.— Their influence on the living. — West
minster Abbey. — Lord Nelson. — Incentives and examples
placed before Vermonters. — Conclusion.
A few additional remarks may, perhaps, be allowed
on tbe spirit of change, or innovation. Allusion to this
has been made in another place, as seen in secular
interests. It is a spirit prevalent in Vermont ; owing
in some measure probably to the circumstances in which
its early settlement took place ; and also to her uneven
and rough surface. Thus it may have been imper
ceptibly led into the department of virtue and religion.
What was improvement and going forward in the
one case, may in the other become deterioration, and

378 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
retrograding. For change and improvement ought
not to be blended. Their import is not necessarily
synonymous ; as every one knows that the former is
alteration ; and may be to that which is worse as well
as to what is better. But improvement means always
progress in a more excellent way, toward what is
more valuable and permanent. Of the improvements
made in this state in various commendable ways,
the writer has endeavored to speak with candor and
fidelity. He ought also if it be true that sometimes
changes are seen without melioration, to do it with
the same freedom and impartiality.
Multiplying houses of Divine worship beyond what
is necessary to accommodate a community, is a change
without an improvement. It was not so formerly.
Time was when these sacred tabernacles were com
paratively less numerous, and yet there was room.
Comparatively, that is, they have more than kept pace
with the increase of the population. It was more
pleasant when all went together up to the house of
God. It was an animating spectacle to see it full
of attentive listeners to divine instruction. More
union prevailed ; and sojourners together on these
hills and along these rivers and vallies appeared more
like brethren of the same family. The face of society
in this respect was sound and healthful.; but now
disfigured with spots and blemishes. Divisions with
real differences indeed prevail ; but imaginary ones
more with mere shades of variation, and shadowy

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 379
grounds for separation one from another. Many of
these houses are only partially filled on the Sabbath ;
and some of them stand desolate and unoccupied.
Being so common ; and in some instances unfrequented
and deserted, they are liable to become a bye-word
and hissing, thus diminishing the respect and veneration
which ought to be cherished towards "the gates of
heaven." It may be said, perhaps, that difference of opinion is
the cause of these supernumerary temples of Zion. But
that it is chiefly a difference of religious opinion ; of
faith is doubtful ; or rather reason is to fear that some
what else produces this spirit of change. They are
monuments in some instances, there is ground to appre
hend, of super-abundant self-esteem and self-will, which
if a hasty temper had not cherished in an evil hour±
might never have been erected. At any rate they
afford facilities for continuing and increasing tbe evils
of a trifling difference in religious faith ; and throw
obstacles in the way of adjustment of minor difficulties ;
becoming not only habitations for the bird of night ;
but refuges for the screech owls of mankind. In the
prevalence of local jealousies, or a malignant spirit they
have become marks now and then, there is reason to
suspect, for the torch of the nightly incendiary.
Nothing here is intended against the rights of con
science, and the liberty of each denomination to have
its own place of worship. But it would be more pro-

380 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
motive of the peace and prosperity of the community,
if so many various routes were not taken to reach the
same point, — the Kingdom of heaven. These different
ways of seeking the same object seem to be increasing ;
and the condition of things in this respect in this com
monwealth, is so changed, that the contrast is forbidding
and unpromising. It is also difficult to comprehend
what necessity there is for such an alteration ; why
the people may not see eye to eye, and go together
to the place where their fathers went to keep holy
time. It is melancholy to see in the centre of some
farming towns, sparsely settled, almost as many churches
as dwelling houses, and the spirit of rivalry between
the different societies each to gain the ascendency to
his side over the other. The number of religious
teachers enlarges as the hearers in each separate con
gregation compared with the whole assembled as for
merly in one place diminish. The expense augments
accordingly ; or rather the compensation rendered, is
so divided, — is divided and subdivided between these
public teachers that it becomes inadequate to their sup
port. The consequence is that the means of grace
are less rich and affluent than they otherwise might
be, and the people themselves become in the end losers.
The conditions then of a happy society, a happy village,
as given by Dr. Belknap in his history of New Hamp
shire, remain still ; and are as particularly applicable
to Vermont, where agriculture is the principal employ-

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 381
ment ; " one meeting house, (in the centre,) one clergy
man, one physician, one merchant, one lawyer (if any)
and one tavern only."
Changing the site and form of churches may also
sometimes be a change without improvement. Some
times : for it cannot be denied but that such changes
are often and desirable. But the spirit of pulling down
and building over ; if not of remodeling may be too
far extended. It was a remark of a systematic and
sagacious merchant : " This world is old enough to have
shelves for every thing to have its own place' and be
in it." So it is time one would think to dp things right
first, without the necessity and mortification of undoing
what has but just been done, and doing it over again.
The instructions of the past, and the records of expe^
rience are, in most cases, sufficient to secure this to
attentive and wise observers. This is so much " the
fashion of this world that passeth away," that is, to
do and undo, that it seems desirable to find one depart
ment in the pursuits of beings of immortal spirits, an
exception. Where should it be looked for, if not in
those connected with scenes and employments, which
are never to end ? Should not then the utmost per
manency and durability be given to the medium and
instrumentalities through which these everlasting interests
are to be reached ?
Thus it seems becoming and appropriate that
churches, which are emphatically styled in the sacred
volume, " the gate of heaven," should be built in the

382 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
first place with a view particularly to their permanency.
The materials should be of 'the most durable kind, and
put together in the best manner. Hence the practice
in many places of building them with brick and stone ;
a practice very commendable and which ought to be
encouraged. Were it universally prevalent, or even
generally, the evil alluded to, that of changing the place
and building over, would not so often exist'. For
few would think of removing, or pulling down stone
churches. Other public buildings ; such as exchanges ; prisons,
hotels, court and state houses, are often and very
properly built of the most solid and durable granite
and marble. Such is the case with the Vermont state
house at Montpelier, as it has been described in another
place. Shall the courts of the Lord's house be built of
less permanent and substantial materials ; of stones less
wrought and polished ? Edifices which point to ever
lasting habitations, and a city that hath foundations,
deserve, if any, to be founded on a rock, and to have
their superstructure of the cedars of Lebanon, and
the stones of the mountain, capable of resisting long the
ravages of time. But how few in Vermont thus
lay the foundations and adorn and beautify with comely
stones these palaces of the Most High ? Having the
means in great abundance in her mountains of granite
and quarries of marble, and other precious substances,
she is compelled to see most of her sanctuaries of common
and perishable materials; and put together often by

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 383
the lowest bidder, and in a light and superficial manner.
Thus after the winds and storms of a few years, she
has to endure the mortification of witnessing too many
of them either dilapidated, or deserted, or demolished ;
and built anew ; and handled over with as little
ceremony as the most common buildings, and reverence
for them in danger of being in a measure lost. The
means of preserving any memorial of the spot where
they stood ; and of their structure, she will soon look
for in vain. But others coming up, Hydra-like, in new
numbers out of proportion, her ears are stunned with
the noise of the undertakers and lumber dealers,, as
if engaged in the barter and traffic of works of ordinary
interest. Many exceptions to this remark are indeed to be
found in this state. A number of churches are built
of stone and brick. Indeed Episcopal houses of
worship are generally thus constructed ; and in a manner
of outward and internal appearance calculated to
impress the mind with reverence and respect for the
objects to which they are devoted.
To the American, a stranger in England, one of the
first objects of curiosity shall it be said, or of interest
and minute examination, an object too, worth a voy
age across the Atlantic, if consistent with duty, must be
the churches of several centuries standing ; and of in
destructible materials; and adorned with evergreen, and
covered with moss, indicative of their age, and per
manency, and of the everlasting purpose of their erec-

384 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
tion. Can the eye behold them ; look at them atten
tively, without serious and salutary impressions being
made on the heart ? The sanctity of time, so to speak,
is stamped on them; and on the long line of the
generations which have worshiped the God of heaven
in these sacred enclosures, and passing away one after
another like a vision of the night, crowd into the im
agination, and affect the heart with the solemnities of
death and eternity.
But, say some, the business of taking down churches
and building new ones, keeps the subject of religion
before the minds of the people ; and thus promotes the
cause of virtue and morality, by producing a salutary
excitement. Excitement is generally the consequence
of such a course of things ; but it is not sure always to
be salutary. Unpleasant feelings and unhappy divisions
are too often engendered. This is an evil so generally
following the business of changing the site, and of
building a new house of worship, and demolishing the
old ; and apt to take such deep root, that wisdom and
prudence recommend a recourse to it only when it can
not consistently be avoided.
This too would be losing the veneration and interest
which time imparts to such consecrated edifices. If
every ten or twenty years a change of place, and either
a new house, or a thorough transformation of the old
one must be the process of keeping alive religion, then
it is no longer to receive incidental aid by the lapse of
ages, and the stability of the good old way ; but by

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 385
novelty and flustration. But is not interest in some
events and objects often heightened by antiquity ? In
other words, are there no events and objects to which
time adds sanctity ? Transactions of yesterday, or
even those within the period of several years, are
often viewed in a light different from those far back
in the gray of departed years. Even the same events
seem to acquire additional zest as time recedes from
and leaves them far off; as flavor is added to condi
ments, and to the fruit of the grape by preservation.
But this may be the case more particularly of objects
seen by the eye. Who does not look at the oak, or
pine, which has felt the suns and winds of centuries
with more interest and emotion, than at the tender sap
ling springing up by its side ?
Events too, interesting in themselves ; and important
in their consequences acquire additional influence over
the mind, as the period in which they took place
recedes from us. Do not the writings of Homer and
Virgil ; of Cicero and Demosthenes gain somewhat on
the mind by their antiquity ? Intrinsic excellence has
preserved them and handed them down to us. But
the long lapse of years since they were penned, sheds
additional lustre and sacredness around them. We
examine with more and more interest, the marble busts,
which are said to represent the bodily features, which
long since were animated with those gifted minds.
Much more do the writings of Moses and the prophets ;
of Jesus Christ and his apostles, acquire weight and
25

386 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
influence by the lapse of time. Being stamped with
inspiration, and conveying eternal truth, in which our
souls are deeply concerned, the sublimity of their lan
guage is heightened by the period of its date. We
go back in our thoughts to the beginning, when God
created the heavens and the earth. In imagination we
strive to light on the period in past time, when " the
morning stars sang together and all the sons of God
shouted for joy."
So also, the place where God has recorded his name
acquires additional veneration by the great number
of years since its foundation and corner stones were
laid. If centuries have passed from its dedication
to Divine worship, the eye looks at it with admiration ;
and the worshiper is inspired with stronger emotions of
love and godly fear by past associations ; and by
the knowledge of interesting transactions often repeated
within those sacred walls. He recalls to mind the
great cloud of witnesses going before; whose feet
had so often passed and re-passed those entrances into
the courts of the Lord. The innumerable songs
of praise, and voices of prayer there sent upward ; the
sacred symbols of baptismal rites so long and so
often displayed and celebrated, conspire to admonish
him to " take off his shoes from his feet for the place
whereon he stands is holy ground."
A French writer has recorded the impressions made
on the minds of a ship's company, returning to Paris ;
and after an absence of several years, coming in

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 387
Sight of objects with which they had previously been
familiar. The seamen were so elated when they
beheld the scenery on the banks of the Seine, and
the places where they were born ; and the churches
where they had been instructed, that they were unable
to keep their posts and manage the ship. "There
is the church," said one, " where I was baptized," and
"there" said another, "the one in which I vowed
to the Lord ;" pointing to the spires and towers of the
sacred edifice. Beholding their friends on the shore
waiting to welcome their return, they became insensible
to every thing immediately around them and pertaining
to their vessel ; and the captain bad to call a pilot from
the shore to work her to her moorings.
These and such like things, show us that time
and place, to which some say they have no particular
attachment ; have yet much to do with our associations ;
our puisest pleasures and severest sorrows. Many
objects become doubly interesting and revered as
time has stamped on them bis mighty revolutions of
years and ages and centuries. Places also on which
our eyes first opened,, and our feet were set, which
impressed their lineaments on our young hearts, hold,. so
to speak, the mainspring of our affections through life.
How desirable then that these way-marks through this
vale of tears., these gateways into eternity, be uniform
and stable ; maintaining their position amid the changes
around them ina measure unchanged ; that the youth
born and nursed in them ; and by Divine Providence

388 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
far removed from them during the vigor and busy
pursuits of manhood, may in the decline of life, return
ing, find them where and what he left them.

" His wandering past
Return and die at home at last."

Changes thus made in them every few years with
rude and hasty hands, rendering them more unstable
and short-lived than ordinary dwelling houses, is an
evil; detracting from the sacredness of their design
and use. Vermont surely has a poor apology into this
evil, abounding as she does in the most suitable materials
for the bulwarks of Zion ; encampments for the church
militant; whose defence is the Rock of ages, and
Captain of salvation. But are the outward strength
and comeliness and stability of her palaces for the
Lord of Hosts, in accordance with such ample
facilities ?
Here it might be mentioned as another evil, the
too frequent change in the heralds of salvation. Time
was when it was different in this respect ; when
the pastoral relation was deemed more sacred, because
less often dissolved, and for causes more serious and
urgent. Ordination services were once in Vermont occa
sions of interest to all classes. The places where they
were solemnized, if churches, were filled to overflowing ;
and if beneath the shade of forest trees, great was
the circle of interested spectators. But now little

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 389
interest is felt in such solemnities beyond the parties
immediately concerned. They go off still and silently,
like the death of some poor and obscure man, whose
fall is from an elevation so slight, and attended with
so little noise as scarcely to be perceived by his nearest
neighbor. Their commonness is the reason ; too great
familiarity, breeding as it sometimes does, indifference ;
and indifference disrespect, not to say contempt.
The same is true also more or less of the pastoral rela
tion ; frequent changes lessen veneration and respect for
it. The tendency to such innovations seems strong and
increasing in this state as well as in others. It is
fostered too by the love of novelty, if not of extrava
gance ; thus encouraging a spirit of unnatural show
and excitement. The sacred enclosures of the Lord's
vineyard become in some instances a sort of race-ground
in which the swift-footed and loudest-tongued and
tbe versatile youth become the most successful competi
tors. Manner and impulse are more regarded than
matter, and consistency and perseverance. This impor
tant connection, that of a spiritual watchman with a
church and people ; and which formerly was dissolved,
in ordinary cases, only by the death of the former, is
now sundered very often after a few years, and some
times months. In short those who officiate in this
profession, (clerical,) seem doomed to become early
superannuated ; much sooner than in the other pro
fessions. It is so viewed by public opinion ; and some
of the leading brethren in the church lend their

390 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
influence to cherish this sentiment. The lawyer and
physician ; the magistrate and statesman are considered
most capable of being useful, having reached the
autumn of life, ripe in knowledge and experience, their
gray heads an ornament to them, and emblematical
of wisdom. But it is not so with the herald of the
cross; the autumn of his days, far from being the
maturity of his life and his usefulness, is deemed the
chilling, benumbing winter of his barrenness and
unprofitableness. It is high time for him to retire ; or
to go to the west, and let some young man who has
been there return and take his plaice. Thus many find
themselves unemployed, and with no means, or very
slender ones to sustain them in the evening of life ;
reproached perhaps because they are not what they
once were in the Master's household ; and even by
those Who have mainly contributed to render them what
they now are. In this Way the world's coldness and
disrespect fall on the ministry of reconciliation ; and
injury results to the best of all causes. But there is
no disposition to extend remarks in this particular.
The good sense of enlightened Vermonters will, it is
presumed, seeing the evil, lead them to the right mea
sures to remedy it.
Another evil owing to neglect rather than innovation,
is the little attention paid to public cemeteries or
burial places of the dead. This is an evil not peculiar
to Vermont, but certainly prevalent enough here for
animadversion. She is behind Connecticut in this

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 391
respect, particularly Hartford and New Haven, in which
are grave-yards of unrivaled interest. Nothing can
be more pleasant to the eye of the traveler as he passes
by, than the north burying-ground in the former place,
more pleasant and beautiful; that is, more becoming
and appropriate to its object; the dwelling place of
the dead. The white fence, neat and comely in front ;
with a fine hedge of hawthorn within ; the convex
shape of the ground ; divided into distinct family apart
ments and named ; the marble and stone monuments
and tombs of various dimensions and figures in thick
but regular array ; the emblematical evergreen trees
and weeping willows and beautiful shrubbery ; the
verdant mounds and hillocks ; the graveled walks and
pathways, render it as a whole an object of contempla
tion very attractive. The eye lingers upon it, and reluc
tantly lets go her hold. Expense has not been spared
in ornamenting it ; but thousands of dollars have been
expended by an individual to adorn and beautify his
family enclosure. Great taste is certainly displayed in
the exterior of this hallowed spot ; but what is more
interesting to the stranger, a tender regard is betokened
for departed friends, and solicitude to cherish a remem
brance of their virtues.
The new burying-ground in New Haven is known
by report through the country, and many a traveler
and stranger has visited and lingered around its sacred
walks, eyeing the records of the mighty dead, and
reflecting on their deeds. The place, the plan and the

392 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
family lots enclosed by railing, were the selections,
device and work of the late Senator Hillhouse of that
place, and to him belongs the honor of laying out
burial grounds into regular and distinct apartments,
this being the first so arranged it is believed in Connec
ticut. It has recently been enclosed by a wall and
high iron railing in part of nearly eight hundred feet in
extent, and at a cost of about fourteen thousand dollars.
It is now a spot of great interest ; an example of the
manner of laying out grave-yards. You cannot pass
it without a strong desire to enter within its enclosures ;
and having turned aside to visit it you will know not
when to leave it.
These places of depositing the remains of man, are
thus noticed as examples and incentives to others, par
ticularly Vermonters, to go and do likewise. They mark
the progress somewhat of taste and refinement. The
promiscuous manner in which the dead are huddled
together generally ; and of course their monuments par
taking of the same confusion, are unpleasant and forbid
ding. Many such grounds of interment are seen even
in the vicinity of Hartford and New Haven, the tomb
stones being put up without pedestals, the ground freez
ing and thawing, have been turned from their upright
position into angles of various inclination. The appear
ance is disagreeable, not to say painful. But in Ver
mont where suitable stones for foot-blocks and founda
tions may so easily be obtained, no such disfigurino- of
these places need here be seen. Indeed it is not the

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 393
case ; grave-stones are seldom seen crowded from an
erect position. But the usual irregularity exists in the
manner of burying the dead ; and great improvements
may be made in the appearance of their sepulchres ;
in their location and external adornment. It is desira
ble that these melancholy depositories be contiguous,
when convenient, to the house of God. They both
speak a common language to the living, silent but signifi
cant and impressive.
They mutually illustrate and confirm each other's
instructions and warnings ; the vanity of worldly
pleasures, and end of human schemes, preparation for
death, and the resurrection and judgment. The monumen
tal records may with profit be committed by those, who
attend the services of the sanctuary. They will thus
remind them of the way by which the temple not made
by hands, must be entered. They stand as witnesses
before the whole congregation of the truth of one
important part of the preacher's message ; and afford
him at hand, illustration and proof as strong and clear
as holy writ of man's depravity and helplessness ; and
the justice of his sentence of condemnation.
Some worshiping assemblies in Vermont are thus
closely connected with these silent, but emphatic repre
sentatives of the assembly of the dead ; and the
windows of their churches open upon the narrow houses
appointed for all the living. This is the case particu
larly at Bennington centre, and West-Westminster,
Chester, and other places.

394 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
It becomes weak and dying man to show respect
to the memory of those, who have acted well their
part in the drama of human life ; and to mark the
spot where fell his predecessor, as he would hope for the
same from those who follow him. The watchword
of Nelson to his comrades on going into action often
was " Remember Westminster Abbey !" The departed
worthies of England had there placed the memorials of
their deeds in splendid style ; and the hope of having
a monument in such society, impressed her officers and
soldiers with invincible courage and perseverance to
deserve well of their country.
This hope cheered not the soldier only, not tbe
naval commander alone ; nor the statesman, but
the scholar, the author, and the man of scientific
pursuits. In company with princes and generals, and
admirals, you may find the graves and monuments
of Addison, and Shakespeare, and Johnson, and
Goldsmith, and Newton, and Herschel.
A spirit then, it is hoped, will be waked up in
Vermonters ; a spirit to repair, to speak in this
manner, the habitations of the dead ; to erect and
strengthen the leaning and falling tomb-stones ; to
take up and cement the broken ones ; and remove
the moss and retrace the inscriptions. You must
do quickly what you thus do ; for some marble
inscriptions will soon be illegible; and that prostrate
stone ; that stone broken midway will soon sink
below the surface. You may soon be unable to

HISTORY OF VERMONT. 395
tell your inquiring child and the traveler, where
lie the first settlers of your state and town ; and
where was the first grave. Names may be con
spicuous in the history of your state, exciting the
interest and sympathy of the foreigner, but whose
curiosity you may soon be unable to satisfy. You may
not be able to point him to the place where
recline their bones.
Many facts respecting the early settlement of
your state and town are going fast beyond your
reach. The fugitive papers which contain their record
are disappearing ; the aged and early settlers will
soon one after another be unable to tell what they
have seen and known themselves ; and what has
been told them by their fathers. These may be
facts interesting and instructive to the young and
to posterity. Many scraps of biography describing
originality and traits of character, are now floating,
as it were, on the current of time, and will soon forever
disappear. Who feel more interested in giving stability
to such things than you ? Who possess better means
of doing it ?
These suggestions in the conclusion of this work are
respectfully offered to your consideration by the writer,
who has known somewhat of Vermont ; her sublime
and beautiful scenery ; somewhat of the general intel
ligence and enterprise ; the hospitality and urbanity of
her inhabitants. With all her faults she has many
things still to command his love ; and, how remote so-

396 HISTORY OF VERMONT.
ever the Providence of God may call him from her, he
cannot cease to remember the birth-place of his children ;
and the burying-place of one of them ; and, when
called upon, defend her in some respects, in compa
rison with any other state in the union. Now his
parting aspiration for them and every reader who has
patiently continued with him to the end, is, that their
course may secure them the Divine protection and
favor; and that they may hereafter be filled with joy
and rejoicing in viewing the works of him, who said
in the beginning, ' let there be light,' and in survey
ing from the heights of heaven the landscapes of
eternity.

END.

YALE UNIVERSITY

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