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THE

patent

GREAT °B RITA IN.
In Two PARTS. <
~« Si- Gf South ?„ . .
The]ll. Of NorthS2****
Containing
An Accurate and Impartial Account of this great
and famous I S L A N D ; Of the Country, and its
Inhabitants,- the Advantages and Difadvantages
of Both, in relped to Forein Countries j and
the Curiofities both of Nature and Art.
Of the vaft, populous, and opulent City of LONDON^
the Metropolis of GREAT BRITAIN, and of the
Famous Vniverfities of the Land.
Of the Britains Original, Language, Temper, Genius, Religi
on, Morals, Trade, &c. Their Nobility, Sentry, Clergy, and
Commonalty. Their Laws and Government ; With a fuccinft
Hiftory of all the Englijb Monarch to this time. The pre
fer* Princes and Prtncejfes of the Blood Royal, and the Set
tlement of the Succefiion in the Proteftant Line.
Lailly, Of Queen JNNE's Dominions, Titles, Arms, Land
and ' Sea-Forces, Court, and Revenues. Of the Privy<!ouncil,
the High Court of Parliament, and all Coz^f 0/ Jujlice,
With the LISTS
Of the Prefent Officers in Church and Stare •, Of Both
Houfes of Parliament , and of the Convocation.

LONDON, Printed by J. k. for % Nicholfon at the Queen's
Arms in Little-Britain \ A. Bell at the Crofs-Keys and Bible
in CornbiU ; R. Smith at the Bible under the Piazza of the
Royal-Exchange ; and J. Round at Seneca's Head in Ex
change-Alley. 17O7.

To the Moft Noble
HENRY DE GREY-,
Marquis of K ENT,Scc.
Lord High Chamberlain of Her Ma-
jefty's Houlhold'. 1

MT LORD,
THE Greatnefsof Your $frth, the Cha
ir utter You bear in the World, and the
High Station You .are in, have induced me
humbly to Dedicate this Work to Your Lord-
Ihip. You have, MT LORD, the Honour
of being the Chief of the Ancient and lllu-
ftrious H 0 U S E of G R E T, fo called from
a Caftle and Honour of that Name in Picar-
dj, which was its Patrimony before the Con-
queft. A Family branched into the Barons of
Rorherfeldy Codnore, Wilton, Rut hen, Groby,
and Rougemont, the Vifcount Lip, the Earl of
Stamford, the Marquis of Dorfet, and the
Puke, of Suffolk, all of that Surname. The
Lady

The Dedication.
Lady JANE GR'ET, who was declared
next SuccelTor to EDWARD VI. by his
Will, confirmed by the Privy Council and the
Judges, was Daughter of Henry Duke of
Suffolk, by Frances his Wife, Daughter of
Mary Queen of S C 0 TS, and confequentlv of
the Blood Royal of ENGLAND.
MT LORD, 'TistheHappinefsof Great
Men to be refpe£ted and admired by their
Inferiours, and thefe count it a Happinefs to
get a Share both in their Favour and Efteem.
I therefore make this Addrefs to Your Lord-
fhip, as a publick Teftimony of the parti
cular Veneration I have for Your Honour.
And, as Your Lordfhip has always appeared
molt Zealous for the prefent Government ;
fo I flatter my felf, the Subjeft of this Work
will not be difagreeable. 1 leave it, M T
LORD, to Your Lordfhip's Judgment, and
my felf to Your Favour ; who am, with all *
due Refped,
MY LORD,
TOVR LORDSHIP's
Mofi Humble and Obedient Servant,
GUY MIEGE.

THE

THE
PREFACE.
I Need not inform the World what has been the Occa-
fion of this new Piece of WO R K $ 'tis plain ,
the Publick expected no lefs from the late com pleated
UN ION of GREAT BRITAIN. ^Uni
on fo long wijhedfor, and fo often attempted unfuccef-
fully, that it is a Matter of Amazement, how one
Tear could produce what had proved abortive for above
a Century. And therefore I look upon it as a capital
Blejfmg of this Reign, which from its Beginning has
been a Reign of Miracles.
We have now, Thanks be to Heaven, the Satisfacti
on of feeing two Kingdoms united into one, that have fo
often clashed together by their feparate Interefis. And
whereas formerly they weakned one another, by their fre
quent and defiructive Wars ', now, by their united
Strength, GREAT BRITAIN will be able to
bid Defiance to the greatefi Powers of Europe. Vis
unita fortior.
Ijhall not infifi any longer upon the great Advanta
ges this Ifland will probably reap from this happy Uni
on ', the Scots, by their joint Trade with the Englifll,
6nd thefe by the Strength of the Scots, who always
had the deferved Character of a brave and warlike People.
And God forbid but they jhould have all due Incourage-
ment, Cut able to the Terms of the Union, and the mu
tual Affection which ought to be among Fellow-Sub
jects, knit into the fame Inter efi. I

The Preface.
I- eotne now to the Performance of this Work, in
which I have omitted nothing material*, that might-
come within its Compafs. Andj if my New -State of
ENGLAND has met with fo good Succefs as to
run in few Tears through Six large Impreffions, there
is good Ground to hope3 this elaborate Piece will go far
beyond it.
Both in the New, and Prefent State of England,
all the Lifts of Officers havejbeen huddled^ uj» together,
and loo\ likp a Labyrinth. * fflerethe Reddty will find
them, where I ffeak of" their Offices -, is the' niofi- proper
and natural Methqd. Befides, that being i^terjperfed in
the Body of the Book, they are an Orpameni^ tc$t9 and
make it look plefifant to the Eye.
But, either. Way, 'tis their. Misfortune to be always
liable to the Cenfureof the World s as .imperfecta by Rea-
fon chiefly of the Reniotvftl, Rejignafion, Death3 and
SucceJJignof Officers, which no Man can, foretell. Since
this Volume, went to. the Prefs, how mapy .Alterations?
Tet the Reader will find I took Notice of as many as
came in my Way, and the rep will be found in the SUP
PLEMENT,
In my Chorographical Defcription of ~Eag^iid, I
have fet down the principal Seats of Gentlemen in
feveral Counties, till I can get the., Lijl of *em all.
This is a Subject almofi as liable to Change as the liftt
t>f Officers • Seats, as well as Offices, .being aft to
jhift Hands. Therefore fome (grains of Allowance are
alfo expected here.
In my Defcription.of LONDON, you 'ytritl find
the Old Lieutenancy, and in. th^.Suppkmmt the
New.
And, whereas the Want of a, good Table, in all
former Works of this kind, has put the Readers to great
Inconveniencies, that Defedk is here abundantly fup~

THE

( I )

The PRESENT
S T A T E

O F

#$e«t 3}iUiu.

PART I.
Of the C O U N T R Y, as Inhabited, and Di*
vided into Three Principal Parts ^ England,,
Scotland, and Wales.

CHAP. I.
Of Great Britain in general, and the Divifion thereof irtta
its Principal Parts.
GR EJ T B R IT JIN is an Ifland, the greateft iaGreatBrl«
Europe, and the moft flourishing in the TJniYerfe. t ain»
'Tis bounded Northward, with the Sea o£ Scot'
land ; Southward, with the Channel; on the Eajl, by
the German Sea ; and on the Weft, by the Irijb Sea, or St*
George's Channel.
It lies between the $ott> and 6oth Degree of Northern Lati
tude, reaching in Length from North to South near 700 Miles.
But its Breadth is very unequal, becaufe of the Inlets of the
B Sea

S The Prefent STATE*/ Part t
Sea in feveral Places. Towards the Channel 'tis broadeft, as
from Sandwich in Kent to the Lands End in Cornwal, which is
280 Miles, whereas in the moll Northern Parts its Breadth
does not exceed 60 Miles.
The ancient Romans called this Ifland Albion, from the La-
1 tin, Alius white ; and that very likely, becaufe of its white
chalky Cliffs. Thus they called Alpes, t,hat prodigious Ridge ,
of Hills which part France from' Italy, by reafon of their
Whitenefs, being never free from Snow.
The Name of Britain comes probably from its ancient In
habitants, the Britains, fo called from the-word Brit, which
in their Language fignify'd Painted. For the ancient Britains
ufed to paint their Skins in a dreadful manner, to tenifie their
Enemies. And for the fame Reafon the Northern Britains
were called PiBs, from the Latin PiSus.
We give it the Epithet of Great, to diftinguiih it (as fome
will have it) from the Province of Brittany, or Bretagne, in
France. But 'tis much more probable, it is fo called for Di-
flinftion's fake from the other Britijh Ifles, particularly from
Ireland, formerly called Britannia 'minor. For, tho this be the
greateft Ifland in Europe next to Great Britain, yet 'tis much
lefs in Extent.
As to the firft Inhabitants -of this great Ifland, Hiftory leaves
us much in the dark in this Point, Jgui Mortales initio cohte-
rintparjim comjertum eft, fays Tacitus. But as to the Britainsr
"Julius Cafar derives. 'em froth the Gauls, as b? ing ;,moft like,
unto them in their Manners, Laws and Culfoms. Horace
took 'em fdr a wild fort of People, when he fays, Vifam Bri-
tannos hofpitibus feros. >
Britain was then divided among feveral Kings. The firft
Time the Romans fet Footing in this Ifland was in the Empire
of Julius Cafar, fome" time before our Saviour's Birth. But
he was invited hither by Androgius, Son of Lud, a Britijh
Prince, who had been difpoffeffed of his Crown by his Uncle
Cajjibelan. Julius came into Britain, to reftore him to his
Dignity ; and compaffed jt, but not without much Difficulty.
However the Romans did not think of Settling here, till the
Empire of Claudius, who began the Conqueft of Britain to
wards the Middle of the firft Age. And Domitian, the feventh
Emperour after Claudius, finifhed what this had begun, carry
ing the Roman Colours as far as Edinlurg and Dwnlarton in
'Scotland. Thus lived the Britains under the Roman Empire
near 400 Years, viz. from the Empire of Claudius, the firft
Conquerour of this Ifland, to that of Honorius. When Italy
being over-run by the Goths, the Romans were fain to aban
don Britain, and take Care of their own Country.
Thus the Britains recovered their Liberty, but did not en-
joy it long ; the Pi3s on one fide, and the Saxons on the o-
ther,

«

Chap. I. GREAT BRITAIN.
ther, (who were then formidable at SeaJ ftriving hard to in
vade them. Vortiger, a Britijh Prince, had then feiz'd upon
the Government. To maintain himfelf on the Throne, he
called in the Saxons ; whofe effectual Afliftance was recom-
penfed with the Ifle of Thanet, and afterwards with the whole
County of Kent, one of the moft conilderable Counties in En
gland. But that would not ferve their Turn, and they re-
'olved to extend their Limits. In ihort, fo prodigious was
the Succefs of their Arms, as to drive the Britains out of
their own Country, and force the greateft Part of 'em to take
Sanftuary in the Mountains of Wales; While the reft fled,
fome to Cornwal, and others to Cumberland, where they kept
their Ground for fome Ages.
What thefe &*07w;were, is fcarce agreed upon, Sir Willi
am Temple is of Opinion, that they came from Friezland, Gro-
ningen, and Over-IJfel, &c. becaufe the Laws and Cuftoms of
thofe Countries have a great Affinity with ours. Others
fetch 'em, out of Holftein, counted a Part of the Lower Saxo
ny, where there is a Village near Slefwick, call'd Engolen,
Whence they derive the Name of Englijh. However 'tis high
ly probable, thefe Saxons were an aggregate Body of feveral
Nations, that came hither to try their Fortune, under their
feveral Leaders, and had very good Succefs in their firft At
tempt upon that Part of Great Britain, which is now called
England. By whom it was divided into 7 Kingdoms, com
monly called the Heptarchy.
Thofe Seven Kingdoms were,

Of Kent, Hengi&thefirftKing,
Anno 45 J.
Of the South Saxons, Ella the
firft King, 488.
Of the Weft Saxons, Cerdic
the firft King, %zz.
Of the Eaft Saxons, Erchenwin

the firft King, 527. HeptaA
Of the Eaft Angles, Offa the firft chy.
King, 527-
Of Northumberland^ Ida the
firft King, 549-
Of Mercia, Criodda the firft
King, 582.

Which Heptarchy continued for fome Ages, not without In-
croachments, till Egbert, King of the Weft Saxons, taking an
Advantage of the Divifion amongftthe other Kings, reduced
by Force of Arms the Heptarchy into a Monarchy, and was
crowned King of England at Winchefter, the Royal Seat of the
Weft Saxons, in the Year 819. The Queflion is, what made
him give it that Name. 'Tis like he was an Anglo-Saxon,
which made him call it Engel-lond, contracted afterwards in
to England, call'd by the French, V Angleterre.
Thus Britain came to be divided into Three principal Parts,
each of 'em being a Kingdom ; viz.
ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, zndWALES. ,
Eng.

4 The Prefent STATE of Part 1.
England of near 900 Years ftanding, Scotland, (the ancienteft
KingdomJ of about 1000, if we may helieve their Chronicles,
and Wales being erected into a Kingdom by Jdwallo, Son of
Cadwallader, the laft King of the Britains ; All three now
happily united into one, under the Name of GJt EAT-
BRITAIN; Wales being incorporated into the Kingdom
of England in the Reign of Henry VIII. and Scotland united
to it by a folemn Aft of the States of both Kingdoms in the
glorious Reign of Queen ANNE.

CHAP. II.
Of E N G L A N D, in particular. Of its Situation, Ex
tent, Air, and Rivets.
HAving brought down the State of Great Britain to the
Divifion of it into 3 principal Parts, viz. England,
Scotland, r.-.-d Wales, before I proceed to the Geographical
and Topographical Defcriptiorr, of England, I fhall go on
with the Hiilorical Part, from the Time it became aMonar*
chy, till the Reign of William Duke of Normandy, furnamed
the Conqueror, as a proper Introduction to the Body of this
WORK.
The Monarchy of England was no fooner fettled, but the
Danes came in with open Force to ditiurb its Tranquillity,
and get Poffeffion of it. During no lets than ij Reigns,, and
the Space of 2.00 Years, this Kingdom was cruelly h&raffed
by that Nation ; which never left off their Attempts, till at
- laft Canute their King got Poffeffion of the Crown in the Year^
1017. after the Dece:fe of Edmund, the valiant Saxon King,
furnamed Ironfidt. Then the Saxons and Danes keeping a
good Coriifp'oiM'. nee, and intermixing together by Marria
ges, made but one Nation.
But the Reign of the D.ines was of no long Continuance,
there having been but 3 Kings of England of that Nation,
who reigned but 25 Years. For iff 1042, the Saxons were re-
eftabliihed upon the Throne of England in the Per foil of Ed
ward, furnamed the ConfeJfor,\\\e. leventh Son of King Ethel-
red, and Brother of the atorefaid King Edmund.
Next to King Edward, and Harold his SucceiTor, this King
dom fell,' Anno 1066. into the Hands of the Normans, under
William Duke of Normandy, furnamed the Conqueror. Who
by one fingle Battle, in- which Harold was flain, got Pofleflion
of the Crown of England ; which had coft the Danes fo much
Blood during two whole Centuries, before they could get it
from the Hands of the Saxons.
# Thus

Chap.II. GREAT BRITAIN. %
Thus this Part of Great Britain was no lefs than four times
conquer'd by four different Nations, viz. the Romans, Saxons,
Danes, and Normansi But 'tis obfervable, that the Saxon
and Norman Blood were united afterwards, - in the Year n $4.
inthePerfonof Henry 11. from whom are defcended all thefuc-
ceeding Kings and Queens of England to thid prefent Time.
ENGLAND, the largeft, richeft, and moft fruitful Part England?
of Great fy.it (tin, and the Seat of her Monarchs, lies South
oi Scotland, North oi Fiance, Eaft oi Ireland, and Weft of the
Netherlands. The River Tweed parts it a good way from
'Scotland, the Channel from France, the Irijh Sea from Ireland,
and thei German Sea from the Netherlands. In reference to
the Globe, England lies between the 50 and 56 Degree
of North Latitude ; the longeft Day in the moll Northern
Parts being . 17, Hours 3o»Minutes, and the fhorteft Day in the,
Southern Parts, almoft Eight Hours iong.
The great Advantage of England^ arid indeed of the whole
Ifland, in point of Situation, is, 1. In refpect to its Security!.
2. In refpeift to Forein Trade. < ¦
'Tis plain, that Iflands are much fecurer from Forein In*
vafion, than Continents. To invade Great Britain, it requires
a great Fleet, ' which cannot be fitted out clandeninely, as a
Land- Army can be got together, fo that there is no fear of a
Surprize that way: That Fleet-:muft expect to meet- with the
Britijh Fleet, perhaps of a greater- Strength. And, if this
happen to be beaten, ftill the nia'in Difficulty lies in making
a Defcent in a Country that ftands upon its Guard, which
wants neither Men nor Horfes, nor the Sinews of War, and
whofe Inhabitants are.brave and Warlike.
If the frequent Conquefts made of England be objected ar
gainft this, my Anfwer is, 1. That in thofe Times England
was not what it is iii our Days. 2. That the Conquerours
got a Party here, that favoured their Conquelt.
- Another Advantage. is, in cafe of a Forein War, which is
hardly felt here, but in the Purfe. Here ah Enemy can raife
no Contributions, as they do in Continents ; and we ftand in
no fear of Military Executions, upon Non-payment of 'em. In
fhort, our Troops alone "fuffer in the Service, whofe Pay is
much better than that of other Nations.
¦ In point of Commerce, England is a Country moft advanta-
gioufly feated. Nature, it ieems, has contriv'd it for Trade,
furnifhing its Sea-Coaft with many good Ports and Havens.
Among which Falmouth, Plimoutb, Dartmouth, Weymouth,
Southampton, and Port/mouth upon the Channel, Briftol near
the Mouth of the Severn, London upon the Thames, Yarmouth
and Hull upon the German Sea, Leverpoot and WTiite-Haven
in St. George's Channel, are the principal' England has this
v - Advan-

6 , The Prefint S T A TE of Part I.
Advantage befides, that its Sea-Coaft is for the moft part fe-
cur'd with high Cliffs from the Irruptions of the oea.
Extent of As for its Extent, from Barwick upon Tweed Northward,
England, to the South Parts of the Ifle of Wight, which is perpendicu
lar, it reaches about 330 Miles. And from Sandwich Eaft, to
the Lands-End, Weft and by South, 280.
Air of En- Tis true, the Air is grofs, the Winters moft commonly
gland, rainy and foggy, and the Weather variable. Thefe are the
three grand Objections made againft England by Foreiners.
Which being almoft furrounded witti the Sea, 'tis no
Wonder, if the Air be not fo fine here, as it is in Continents.
However People live in it as long as in any Part of Europe ;
and there are many Places remote from the Sea, where one
may breath as pure an Air as he can with for, efpecially on
the Tops of Hills.
'Tis certain, that in England a Man is not counted old be
fore he is 70, nor very old before 80, and that fome live to
90 Years, and upwards. Thomas Parr, of Alderbury in Shrop-
ftiire, lived 153 Years, under ten feveral Reigns. For he was
born in 1483. in the Reign of Edward IV. and died in 163 J.
in the Reign of Charles I. He lies buried in Weftminfter-Abbey.
An Author tells us of another Man in the County of York,
whofe Name was Henry Jenkins, who died in 1671. aged
j68 Years ; and of 8 aged Men, Neighbours in tne Welt of
England, who few Years fince danced a Morris-Dance, and
whofe Age put together made up 800 Years.
But, to leffen the more the Weight of this Obje&ion,
England gets great Advantages from the Thicknefs of her
Air. 1. As it is apt to diflblve into Rain, fo it makes the Fields
look Green, almolt all trie Year round. A peculiar Advantage
both to this Ifland, and Ireland.
2. It makes England abound in Pafture, for the Cattel.
3. The Summer-heat is the iels fcorching, and the Cold in
Winter lefs fevere ; the Summer lefs fubjeft to great Droughts,
and the Winter to hard Frofts. For heie-tne Heats of Sum
mer are very temperate, by the frequent Interpofition of
Clouds, by the Rains falling now and then,, and by the refre-
ffiing Winds from the Weflern Ocean?" Likewife the Cold
|n Winter is commonly temperate by the Dampnefs of the
Air; fo that deep Snows, or hard Frofts, are nothing near fo
frequent here, as in Continents.
4. England is lefs fubject than- other Countries are to the
dreadful Meteors of Hail, Thunder, Lightning, Thunderbolts,
Earthquakes, and Hurricanes. But

Chap.IL GREATBRITAIN. f
But as Rainy a Country as England is, it has this Advantage
however, that its Rain is but fmall, and do's not pour down
as it do's in hot Climates, where violent Showers do often
drown the faireft Hopes of the Husbandman.
And, if Nature be fomewhat too prodigal of Moifture in
this Country, flie takes care to cure it. For, after a great
Glut of Rain, a Wind do's commonly rife from the Weil, to
dry it up. This is the Wind that predominates in England,
that purifies its Air, and is the wholfome%
The Eafterly Winds are commonly drier, but unwholfom,
efpecially in the Spring. There go's a certain and remarka
ble Story of a, Man, who was fo ftrangely affected with this
Wind, that without confulting the Clouds or Weather-cocks,
he could tell pofitively when the Wind blew from the
Eaft. As to the North, and North- Weft- Wind, but the laft efpe
cially, they commonly bring fair Weather. But thofe op'po-
fite to 'em, viz. South and South-Eaft,, that blow but feldom
in England, do for the moft part bring Rain.
'Tis own'd, that the Fogs in Winter are both very trou-
blefom, and unwholfom. They ferve however to feed the
Grafs, 'tis the Dew of that Seafon.
In fhort, I cannot but own, that the Winter Seafon,
which is melancholy enough in all Parts of Europe, is fo par?
ticularly in England, and indeed all over Britain. For, be-
fides that the Winters here are commonly Six Months long,
viz. from Michaelmas to Lady-Day, and fometimes longer,
the Weather is moft^ times overcaft, and the Sun appears
but feldom, except in frofty Weather. 'Tis true, there hap
pen very often comfortable Intervals, and the Winter proves
for the moft part both mild and agreeable.
As to the Cloudinefsof Winters in England, I (hall relate
a Story of a Spanifb Embaffador here in a former Reign,
who not having feen the Sun for a whole Month. together , he
refided at this Court, defired the Gentlemen of the King's
Privy-Chamber, that attended him at his Departure, to give
his moft humble Refpedts to hisMajefty, and to the Sun, when
they ftiould chance to fee it.
Tho' it freezes and fnows but feldom in England, yet the
Cold is very fenfible, when the Weather proves damp, with
a cold Wind.
But, after all, it muft be granted, that England is happy in
its mild Climate, compar'd with thofe Countries where the
Heat is fcorching, and the Cold exceeding fliarp.
Since the hard Winter in 1683. I do not remember any
very fharp and long : But that Winter was extraordinary, and
univerfal. The TJiames, notwithftanding its conftant Flowing
and Ebbing, tfas frozen up about 3 Months together, fo that
B a \t

$ ThePrefent STATE of Parti.
it bore Carts and Coaches. There was a Street built upon if
with Shops, which turned to very good Account for the
Time, moft People being fond to buy Things in a Street
built upon the Water. And a whole Ox was roafled on the
River over againft Whitehall, which made People flock thi
ther to eat of it. At laft, irpleafed God to fend a gentle
Thaw, which in few Days made the River navigable again as
before, without any Damage.
Great Droughty in Summer are no lefs extraordinary here.
Where they are more fatal to the Cattel, and a great many
Plants, than in hot Climates, which have the benefit of great
Dews in the Night, that make amends for the want of Rain.
Whereas England, being a Windy Country, has not that
Advantage in dry Weather.
As to the laft Objection, viz. the Changeablenefs of Wea
ther, 'tis to great a Truth, that I have oblerv'd my felf in
the lpace of 24 Hours, fuch Variation of Weather, as fuited
to the four Sealons of the Year. The Morning like the Spring,
Noon Summer-like, the Evening like Autumn, and the Night
as cold as Winter.
To fuch as love Variety, this Change of Weather cannot be
unpleafant. And, when all is done, there are few but love a
cool Air after a Fit of hot Weather, and fome Heat after
¦an exceffive cold Seafon.
So much as to the Conftitution or Temperature of the Air-
in England. Now let us take a View of her -Rivers.
'Tis true, there are none of a very long Courfe, as in Con-
• tinents. None that comes near the Danube, or the Rhine in
Germany, or the Volga in Mufcovy. But there is one, the
Thames, which carries more Wealth in the fpace of 2 5 Leagues,
between its Mouth and London-Bridge, than all thofe 3 great
Rivers in their utmoft Extent;
I do not intend to make a Defcription of an infinite Num
ber of Rivers England is irrigated with, and which afford ,
great Plenty of Fiftu The principal are the
Thames, ' Severn, Trent,
Medway, Httmber, Oufe.
Jlames. -^ne Thames is made up of two Rivers, Tame and Ifts, which
join together near Dorcefter \r Oxfordjhire. From whence it
iuns Eaftward, parting Buckingham/hire from Barkjhire, Middle-
fex from Surrey, and Ejfex from Kent. In its Courfe it wa
fers Reading and Wind/or in Barkjhire, Kingfton and South-
wark in Surrey, London in Middle/ex, Barking in Elfex, and
Grave/end in Kent. For Navigation, Europe do's not afford
»' more coiirnpdious River, Its Stream is eafy, its Tides eon-

Chap. II. GREAT BRITAIN. 9
convenient, and the Water wholfom. In a long Voyage,
this Water purifies it felf by Fermentation, and then 'tis
excellent to drink. The Tide comes up this River about
100 Miles, that is, 20 Miles above London. In (hort, fuch
is the Trade upon this River, that it fwarms with Seamen,
about London efpecially. And we reckon at leaft 20000, that
live by this River. To which London owes its Great-
nefs, and Wealth ; as may be obferv'd by the Anfwer of
a Lord Mayor of London to King James I. to whom
the City refufed the Loan of a great Sum. The
King relented the Refufal with fo much Indignation,
that he threatned the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, he
would not only remove his Court, but alfo his Courts of'
Judicature, and the Records of the Tower. . Sir, anfwered
the Loid Mayor, Tour Majefty may do therein -what You pleafe,
and the City of London will be always faithful to Your Ma
jefty. Her Comfort is, that Your Majefty will leave the Thames
lehindyou. The Medway, in Kent, runs through Maidftone, Rochefter, Medway.
and Chatham into the Thames, not far from the Mouth of it.
This River being very deep, is made ufe of to lay up the
greateft Ships of War in Winter, its Entrance being de
fended by a ftrong Fort called Sheernefs.
The Severn rifes in North-Wales, and runs from Montgome- Severn.
ry in that Principality, through Shropftire, Worcefter, and
Glocefter-Shires in England. In the laft of thefe Counties it does
fo expatiate it felf, that the Mouth of it is called the Severn
Sea. It waters, in its Courfe, ' Shrewsbury, ,Worcejler, and
GloceHer, and receives into its Channel feveral Rivers of
good Note, particularly the Avon, Wye, and Usk, repleniih-
ed with Salmons and T routs.
Humber is a York/hire River, but having no Spring of its Humber.
own, for 'tis but a Compound of feveral Rivers running
.into' one Channel, viz. the Trent^ Oufe, Dun, and Dar-
went. This River is of a great Breadth, and the famous
Port of Hull is feated at the Mouth of it.
The Trent fprings out in Stafford/hire, and runs through Trent.
the Counties of Darby, Nottingham, and Lincoln, where it
falls into the Humber. It waters in its Courfe, Nottingham,
Newark, and Gainsborough. By this River England is di
vided into two Parts, one called the North fide, and the other
the South fide of Trent. ¦
The Oufe is another River, which begins its Courfe in the Oufe.
South Parts of Northamptonfhire, and from thence runs through
the Counties of Buckingham, Bedford, Huntington, Cam
bridge, and Norfolk, where it empties it felf at Lyn into the
Sea. The Towns watered by it are Buckingham^ Bedford,
Huntington, and Ely.
'"•'¦¦ Rivers

lo The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Rivers of the Second Rank.
Tine. The Tine, famous for its Sea-Coal-Trade. It fevers part
of the County of Durham from Northumberland, and runs by
Newcaftle, hence called Newcafile upon Tine ; to diftinguifh
it from Newcaftle under Line in Staffordjbire. Seven Miles
below Newcaftle it falls into the German Sea, at Tinmouth.
Tweed. The Tweed, which parts England from Scotland, and falls
into the Sea near Barwick, upon the Borders of Scotland.
Oufe. The Oufe, that runs through lurk 5 and another of that
Name, which parts Norfolk from Suffolk, and falls into the
Norfolk Oufe.
Avon. The jftwi, which having crofted the Counties of War
wick, Worcefler, and Glocefter, falls into the Severn, near
Tewksbury. Another of that Name, which runs through Bath
and Briftol, and from hence into the Sea, at the Severn's
Mouth. A third Avon, that waters Salisbury, and falls into
the Sea near Chrijl-Church in Hampjhire.

CHAP. III.
Of the Natural Beauty of England, and Fertility of its
Soil. The- Advantage it has of being free from hurtful
and voracious Beafts.
Beauty ofT "TOLLAND is admired for its Artificial Beauties, but
England. X JL England is to be admired for its Natural Beauty. 'Tis
not a Country over-fpread with wild and unwholfom Forefts,
nor filled with Honours of Nature, fuch as are the Abyjfes
or deep Precipices of mountainous Countries. But it is an
open and level Country, excepting fome Hills here and
there, which ferve only to fet forth its Beauty. What is
more charming than the Sight of that large Extent of in-
clofed Country, and Green almoft all the Year lound, which
prefents it felf at one View from the Terrafs of Windfor Ca-
ftle ? An Object of the fame Nature is feen from the Top of
Chalk-hill in Surrey, and feveral Eminences in other Parts of
England.
Forefts. Tis true, there are Forefts, but fuch as are not awful by
their Thicknefs,- nor tedious by their Length. Which feem.'
to have been preferved only for the Pleafure of Variety, and
the Diverfion of Hunting. The principal of 'em are Windfor*
Foreft in Barkjhire, New-Foreft in Hampjhire, the Foreft of
Dean in the County of Glocefter, and SherwoodrForeft in Not-
tinghamjhire. William the Conquerour was fo taken with
New-Foreft, that to enlarge it, he caufed feveral Towns and
Vilr

Chap. III. GREAT BRITAIN. n
Villages , with 36 Patifh Churches, to be demolilhed.
Which Sacrilege was not left unpunilhed. For two of his
Sons, namely Richard and William, befides Robert his Grand-
fon, loft ftrangely their Lives in this very Foreft. Which is
faid to be 50 Miles in Compafs.
England moreover is to be admired for its excellent Ver- Verdure.
dure, and the Coneourfe of fo many Rivers, wherewith it is
irrigated. Through the Mildnefs of her Air, fhe continues
Green commonly nine Months together, and the great Num
ber of her Streams confpire as it were to make the Country
fruitful and agreeable. In lhort, if Italy be the Garden of
the South Parts of Europe, England may jultly be. called the
Garden of the North.
Which being fain by Conqueft under the Power of the
Romans, they were fo charmed with it, that to fecure it
from the Pitts, who then inhabited Scotland, they caufed a
Wall to be built from the German to the Irijh Sea, reaching
above 80 Miles, of which I Hull fpeak hereafter. And the
Saxons afterwards, to prevent an Invafion of the Ancient
Britains, then poffefled of Wales, made a Dike about 90
Miles long, between the Wye and the Dee.
From the Beauty of England, I come to her Fertility ; Fertility,
wherein it yields to no Country, efpecially for Corn, Cattel,
Fiih and Flefh, of which it yields great Plenty. As for its
Soil, 'tis rank in fome places, in others 'tis light and fandy,
and in other places clayiih. 'Tis true, there are many Heaths^
Downs, and Plains, that yield nothing but Grafs for Sheep.
They can't be faid however to be barren.
Inlhort, England abounds in all Things neceflary for the
Subfiftence of Man. The Corn-fields are full of Com, the
Medowsof Pafture for Cattel. The Warrens fwarm with
Rabbets, the Parks with Fallow Deer, the Sea and Rivers
with all forts of Fijh. Here is alfo abundance of Hares,
wild Fowl, and Poultry. As for Variety of Fruits, and edible
Roots, and Herbs, no Country goes beyond it. And fo con
ftant is Plenty in this Country, by the benign Influence of
the Air, that there has been fcarce any Famine in the three
laft Centuries.
To feafon the Meat, here is not only Salt made of Sea-
water, but alfo Springs of Salt in Staffordjbire, and the beft
at Nantwich in Chefhire.
As for Drink, 'tis true, we have no Wine of our own
Growth, but what is made out of Curiofity. But by Navi
gation we have the greateft Variety of Wines that can begot.
0ur common Drink is Beer and Ale, which is beft in England^
efpecially in the Northern Parts ; where they brew it in fe
veral Places to that Perfection, as to make it look charming-
... .. , „ ....... Jyj

12 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
ly, taft delitioufly, and fly up into tne Brains fooner than moft
forts of Wine. Befides this Liquor, great Quantities of Cider,
Perry, Mead, Mum, and Punch, Cherry, Goosberry, and Cur-
rans-Wines, Qfc. are made in England.
For Raiment, Englijh Wool is famous all over the World.
Of which is made the beft conditioned Cloth, and that which
does moft Service. 'Tis well .known, that in France they
cannot make good Cloth, without mixing with it a third or
fourth Part at leaft of Englijh Wool. The bell and fineft is
that of Lempfter in Herefordfoire, of Cotfwold.ia Glocefterjhire, ¦
and the Ifle of. Wight in Hampjhire :- Which is fo very fine,
that Stuffs are made of it, which come near the finenefs of
Silk. And England yields fo prodigious a- Quantity of it,
that befides the great Confumption of it in the Britijh Iftes,
an incredible Quantity of Englijh Cloths is tranfported and
fold beyond Sea.,
The Fullers Earth, fo neceffary in, the Manufacture of'
Cloth, is alfo moft excellent, and plentiful in England, which
is a great Advantage.
'Tis the Opinion of feveral Authors, That the Order of
the Golden Fleece, in fo high a Reputation in the Houfe of
Auftria, was InititutedJbyJ%i/zp the Good, Duke of Burgun
dy, in Honour of the Englijh Wool. For which the Staple
was fettled in his Dominions, to the great Benefit of his
Subjects. As to Linnen, the Soil is very fit for it in many Places,
efpecially in Laticafmre, which yields good Hemp and Flax.
But the Land is commonly improved to better Ufes. And
as for Leather, no Country yields better, nor in greater
Quantity. For Building, 'tis true here is no great Stock of Timber
for it, and 'tis moft fetched from abroad. However, England
wants neither Stones, Bricks, Tiles, Glafs, not Iron. Portland
in Dqrfetjhtie is noted for its Quarry, the Stone whereof is
almoft as hard as Marble. , Cornwal and Staffordjbire have
Quarries of Marble, and in this laft, as well as Lincolnjhire^
is to be found Alabafter. . ,
For Firing, here is Wood, Turves, and Pit-coals. But
the laft is tl*e moft common Fewel, and comes out of the
very' Bowels of the Earth. Its Heat is greater, and the
Fire more railing than either that of Wood, or Turves. For
Kitchin Ufe it is beft, becaufe its Heat is more piercing •
and even. 'Tis true, the Smoak of it is thicker, but lefs
hurtful to the Sight, whatever it is to the Lungs of fome
People. In fome InlanhCoum'ies they have afort.of Coals
that make a very clear Fire, but are fooner confumed thai)
Newcaftle or Sunderland Coals, commonly called Sea-coal, as
coming from thence by Sea to London. In fome Counties
Jfqod is the common FeweL 'For

Chap^III. GREATBRITAIN. *j
For Carriage, and other Ufes, there's no Country better
flocked with Horfes than England, either for Carts or Coa
ches, for Plough or Pack. To ride, no where better Horfes,
or greater Abundance of 'em. For Hunting, and Racing,
few can match 'em. And for Finenefs, fet afide Spain and
Barbary, no Country can ihew finer, or of a greater Mettle.
As for Riding, Geldings are moft ufed in England, becaufe
more mapageable.
Here are alfo Dogs of all forts, for Fighting, Hunting, and
Fowling, and others, ( like Bolonia Dogs ) for the Diverfi
on of Ladies. All of 'em ftrong, and full of Mettle. Our
Maftiffs, efpecially- thofe we call Bull-Dogs, are of an un-
matchable Courage. One of thefe Dogs will fight anything
alone, Bull or Bear, Tiger or Lion ; and will not quit his
hold, till he gets the Victory, or lofes his Life on the Spot.
A Lion was killed by one of thefe Dogs, in the Reign of
the late King Charles.
The fame it is with Englijh Cocks, when well matched,
and prepared fome time for fighting, by a particular Diet.
Two fuch Cocks having fought fome time together with
great Fury, one, of 'em fuddenly dropt upon the Ground,
as dead. 'But -.the other crowing over it, the Cock' on the
Ground rifes of a fudden, and falls. upon the other with fuch
Fury, that he immediately killed it upon the fpot, and
crowed upon it to fome purpofe. This memorable Action of
an Animal, which ftiews no lefs Cunning than Courage, fur-
prized all the Beholders.
But 'tis obfervable, that an Englijh Dog, or Cock, tranfpor-
ted beyond Sea, degenerates. Which is a plain Argument,
that their Greatnefs of Courage is influenced by the Climate
of England.
For Delight and Ornament, England yields abundance and
great Variety of Flowers, fome of 'em brought, over from
remote Parts, and others of Englijh Growth.
For Phyfical Ufes, here is abundance of Simples, moft excel
lent Safron and Hony, and plenty of LicoriJI), the green Root
whereof is beft for Phyfick Ufes. The London Apotheca
ries have at Chelfey a famous Garden of Simples, where the
curious Botanift may pafs fome time very agreeably. At Ox
ford there is another, no lefs famous than that.
Here are alfo Hot Baths in the Counties of Somerfet and
Darby, and abundance of Mineral Waters, up and down the
Country, which being drunk work by Stool or Urine. A-
bout London efpecially, there are feveral Places much reforted
unto for that purpofe in Summer ; particularly Hampfted,
IJtington, ABon, Dullidge, Richmond, Epfham, Barnet, and
North-hall, befides the famed Waters of Tunbridge, For

14 The Prefent ST AT E of Part. I.
For other Ufes, England is well flocked with Metals. Siif-
fex is noted for its Iron Mines, Darbyjhire for its Lead, Cum
berland and Somerfetjhire for its Copper, and Cornwal for its
Tin, the fineft in Europe, and next in Beauty to Silver. As
for Silver and Gold Mines, I know none like that of Trade.
England has alfo plenty of Alum and Cryftal of her own
Growth, Copperas and Lapis calaminaris, befides Wood for the
Ufe of Diers.
Laftly, Tho' fome Countries may exceed or excel England
in fome Things, yet it cannot be denied to be one of
the moft plentiful Parts of Europe. As it is feated.advanta-
gioufly for Trade, there's nothing in the World capable of
Tranfportation, but may be had here, to gratify the Fancy of
fome, and the Curiofity of others.
Another Thing England is happy in, is her being free from
thofe dangerous and voracious Beafts, fuch as Wolves, Bears,
and wild Boars, which are fo pernicious in many Regions of
Europe. There are alfo but a few Serpents, and other veno
mous Creatures.
England has had Wolves formerly. But Hiftory tells us,
that Hie was rid of 'em by the Welch. Whofe Prince being
Tributary to Edgar, a Saxon King of England, to whom he
paid a yearly Tribute, Edgar changed that Tribute into 3000
Wolves-skins. Upon which the Welch grew fo ftarp in
Wolf-hunting, that they cleared England from thole perni
cious Creatures. So.that the Sheep keep the Field Day and
Night without any Danger from Wolves, unlefs it be from
Men-wolves, or Sheep-ftealers.

CHAP. IV.
The principal Ornaments, and Curiofities of England.

F

*Rance may boaft of her Verfailles, Spain of her Efcurial,
_ Italy of an infinite Number of magnificent Palaces, and
curious Monuments of Roman Antiquity. In thofe Refpects
I own they furpafs England, but England on the other fide
has the Advantage of em in many Things.
I begin with. London, the greateft, mbft populous, and
richeft City in 'Europe, as will appear by my Defcription of
it.
Churches. As to Churches, fetting'afide St. Peter's at Rome,J where ihall
one fee finer Cathedrals, than St. Paul's, York, Salisbury, Win-
chefter, -Lincoln, and Glocefter ? England has alfo many fine
Collegiate Churches, particularly at Weftmivfter, Rippon in York-
fbire,

Chap. IV. GREAT BR IT A IN. 1 5
fhire,* and Manchefter in Lancafhirt. What can be Heater than
the Parifb-Clmrches of London built fince the Fire, namely S.
Bride's, S. Andrew- Holbourn, S. Clement, S.Anne, and S,
James, befides S. Paul Covent-Garden, Chrift-Church, and feve
ral others ? In the Country there are alfo many fine Parijh-
Churches, as S. Nicholas of Newcaftle in Northumberland, and
that of Kendal in Weftmorland, more like Cathedral tftan Pa
rochial-Churches. For Chappels, I fliall only name Henry the Seventh's Chap- Chappels.
pel at Weftminfter, the Chappel of Windfor-Caftle, and that Ma-
fter-piece of Work Kings-Chappel at Cambridge.
There are alfo a great many Steeples of curious Architecture, Steeples.
•particularly thofe of S. Bride, and Bow-Church at London;
Salisbury-Steeple, whofe Spire is the higheft of any in England j
thofe ot S. Nicholas it Newcaftle, and Grantham in Lincoln/hire.
Which laft is fo lofty, and artificially built, that to any Be
holder it feems to ftand awry, and ready to fall. In the
County of Northampton, one may fee 20 or 30 Steeples at
once. What Country in Europe can ihew two fuch Univerfities, as r/njvers.
Oxford and Cambridge, adorned with fo many and richly en-*. ¦'"
,dowed Colleges ? And, amongft Lawyers, where fliall one
fee fuch Colleges, as our Inns of Court at London ?
As for publick Halls, there is no Country like England. Pub\iek
Witnefs Weftminfier-Hall, a Prodigy of Art, the Middle-Tern- Halls.
pk,H4U, Lambeth-Hall, Guildhall, and fo many others belong
ing, to the feveral Companies of Tradefmen, which Handing
in By-places, are like fo many hidden Palaces.
If we come to Hofpitals, few will be found more ftately Hafpitals*
than thofe of Greenwich and Chelfey, that of S. Thomas in
Southwark, and Bedlam, the Hofpital for Lunaticks.
But England is noted befides for the vaft Number and Beau- gtone-
ty of her Stone-Bridges. Particularly that of London on the 2jnVgW.
Thames, where the Sea flows and ebbs continually ; Rochefter-
Bridge, on the Medway ; Briftol-Budge, on the Avon ; and
that of Burton, upon Trent.
At Coventry, in the County of Warwick, is to be feen the Crofs at
fineft Crofs perhaps in Europe', it being a Piece of an extraor- Coventry.
dinary, Beauty.
The Grandure of the Kings of England, in former Ages, Royal
is worth our taking notice ; when they had in moft Counties Houfes.
a Caftle, or Rpyal-Houfe, with a Park, or Foreft, to re
ceive 'em in. At this very Day the Queen has feveral
Palaces in the Country, at Kenfington 2 Miles from St.
James's Weftminfter, at Hampton-Court 10 or ri Miles, and
Windfor-Caftle 20. Miles, which are the moft remarkable.
But there are others inferiour to thofe, at Richmond in Sur
rey, Winchefter in Hampjhire, another at Greenwich in
Kent,

16 The Prefent STATE of Part t
Kent, and Audley-Inn in Ejfex. I p'afs by Newmarket-Houfe, .
built by King Charles II. only to lodge in at the Time of
Horfe-racing.
Country. I proceed now to the Country-Seats, belonging to the No-
Seats. bility and Gentry of England, and I dare aver, there is no
Country in Europe fo full of ftately Seats, confidering its
Extent. Witnefs, amongft others, Belvoir in Lincolnftjire,
Chatworth in Darbyjhire, Boughton and Burleigh-houfe in Nor-
thamptonjhire, Petworth in Sujfex, &c. But, of all the Coun
ties of England, none is fo full of 'em as York, Chejhire, and
Northampton S bites.
Amongft the CURIOSITIES of England, I reckon Sa--
Plains. lisbury-Plain in Wiltjhire, and that of Newmarket, upon the
Borders of Suffolk and Cambridge-Jhire. The firft, being of a
vaft Extent, feeds Multitudes of Sheep ; and Newmarket-
Plain is noted for its ufual Horfe-Races, at Michaelmas.
In Salisbury Plain is to be feen that remarkable Monument
Stone- of Antiquity, called the Stone-henge, Lat. Mons Ambrofii.
henge. It confiits of 3 Rows of prodigious Stones, fome of 'em 28
Foot high, and 7 broad, with others laid crofs on the Top,
and framed into 'em. According to Cambden, thefe Stones
are artificial, and were made upon the Spot. He fays, the
Ancients had the Art of making Stones with Sand, and a
ftrong fort of Lime. And that which makes it moft proba
ble, is the vaft Bignefs of thefe Stones, hardly capable of any
Land carriage; and that they ftand up in a Plain, which for
fome Miles round fcarce affords a Stone, great or fmall.
Bollrrhh- Near Witney, in Oxfordjhire, is a Trophy called Roll-rich-
ftones. Stones, not much unlike the Stone-henge.
At Boskenna in Cornwal is to be feen another Trophy, of
18 huge Stones in a Circle, at 12 Foot Diftance from eaeh o-
ther, with another Stone in the Center, over-topping them
all. In Cleer-Parijh, in the fame County, there ftand up in
a Plain 6 Sr 8 Stones of a prodigious Bignefs, but fo artifici.
ally fet together, that it is hard totind out their juft Num-1
Other Tror beT • and being told over again, they will be found either
phies. jpQje or iefs trian before. The Main Amber, near Mounts
Bay, is a main Rock, which being mounted upon leffer
Rocks with a Counterpoize, may be ftirred, but not moved
out of its place.
Near Salkeld in Cumberland is a Trophy erected, vulgarly cal
led Long-Meg and her Daughters, confiding of 77 "Stones,
Long-Meg r 5 above Ground, and the reft but 10.
In Weftmoflani, not far from the River Lowther, there
is a Row of Pyramidal Stones, 8 or 9 Foot high, pitched
directly in a Row for a. Mile together, and placed at equal
Diftances from each other.
Who

Chap. IV- GREAT BR IT A IN i7
Who. would not be amaz'd to hear of a Travelling-Hill , Marftey
si Thing averred by the moft famous Authors. This Prodigy bill in
hap'ned by an Earthquake in Herefordftire, in the lvlonth of Hereford-
February 1 574, when 26 Acres of Ground moved from their Join.
place with a roaring Noife for the fpace of 3 Days together.
By which Motion a Steeple, and feveral Trees fell down,
two Highways were turned, the Eaft Part to the Weft, and
the Weft to the Eaft, Pallurage being left in the place of
Tillage, this in the place of Pallurage. This Hill is called
Marfley-hill. <
At Badminton, in Wiltjhire, there have been found Nine Caves in)
Caves all in a Row, but of different Dimenfions, the leaft of Wiltjhire*
'em 4 Foot wide, fome 9 or 10 Foot long, two long Stones
being fet upon the Sides, and the Top covered with broad
Stones. Spurs, Pieces of Armour, and the like, have been
found in thefe Caves ; which is a fufficient Ground to believe,
that they were Tombs of fome ancient Heroes, Roman, Saxons,
or Danes.
At Rygate, in Surrey, are ftill to be feen the Ruins of an Vault at
ancient Caltle, with a long Vault under Ground, and a Room Rugate.
at the End of it, where the Barons met in Council in their
Wat againft King John.
In Darbyjhire is the Peak, famous for its Lead-Mines, ^uar'Peak of
ries, and wonderful Caves. Thefe laft are of a large Extent, Darby-
and apt to ftrike with Honour all that come into 'em. There fhire.
are 3 of the/e Caves, one of 'em called Elden-hole, very fpa-
cious, but with a low and narrow Entrance, the Infide full
of Ificles, hanging down like fo many Tapers.
In Weftmorland, not far from the River Lowther, is a Well A Well in
or Fountain, which {Euripus like,) ebbs and flows many times Weilmoi~
in a Day. land.
Near Oxenhall, in the County of Durham, there are 3 Pits,Hell-Ret*
called Hell-Kettles', occafioned fas 'tis faid) by an Earthquake ties in
in 1179. Tunftall, Bifliop of Durham, had the Curiofity to Durham.
throw • a marked Goofe into one of thefe Pits, which was
found afterwards alive in the River Tees, not far from the
faid Pits.
Oundle, in Ntrthamptonjbire, is noted for its Drumming- Drum'
Wells, fo called from a Noife of Drums comuig now and theamjngWells
from thence, which is faid to be ominous. in North-
The City of Bath, in Somerfetjbire, is noted for its Springs, %m^x.on-
of a wonderful Virtue for the Cure of many Difeafes^ and a- fbire.
mongft others the Palfy, Rhumatifm, Weaknefs of the Nerves, gatj}S jn
and Scrofular Difeafes, Sec. The Waters are of a blewifh Somerfet-
Colour, have a ftrong Sent, and fend forth thin Vapours. fljjrft>
There are 4 Hot-baths, with Stone-Seats, for fuch as ufgfche
Waters. One Triangular, being 25 Foot- long, andas^road
at one End : the Heat of it gentler than the reft, becaufe it
r>- has

18 The Pr-efent STATE of Part t
has fewer Springs. This is called the Crofs Bath, from *
Crofs that formerly ftoodin it. Another is the hot Bath, the
hotteft of all, when it was not fo large as now it is. The o-
thei two are the King's and gueen's Bath, parted only by a
Wall ; the laft having no Spring in it, but receiving the Wa
ter from the King's Bath. Which is about 60 Foot fquare,
and his feveral hot Springs in the Middle of it, which make
its Heat the greater. Each of thefe two Baths has a Pump,
for theufeof Imbrocations. The ancient Romans had a great
Value for thefe Waters, who had here a Temple dedicated to
Minerva, the Goddefs of Fountains, in the very Place where
the Cathedral now Hands.
Springs in At Ailewefton, in Hunt'ingtonftnre, there are two Springs, one
Hunting- of frefti, and the other of brackifti Water. The firft good for
tonftiire. dim Eyes, the other for curing of Scales and Leprofy.
Buxton- ' Wonderful is the Virtue of Buxton-Wells in Darbyjhire, in
Wells in the Cure of many Difeafes. Nine Springs iffue out of a Rock,
Darby- at a fmall Diftance from each other, 8 of which are warm,
fhire. and the 9th exceeding cold. About 100 Yards off is another
hot Spring, and near it a very cold one. Near Wirkfworth,
in the fame County, there are alfo 2 Springs, one warm,
and the other cold ; but fo near one another, that one may
put one Hand in the warm, and the other in the cold at the
fame time. Kedlafton-Well, is faid to be lingular in the Cure
of Ulcers, and even Leprofy it felf.
Other As for ^uarndon-Springs near Darby, Tunbridge-Wells in
Wells. Kent, Scarborough in Yorkjhhe, and Stanley-Wells in Glocefter-
Jhire, they are much of the fame Nature, ftrong of the Mi
neral, and effectual in the Operation.
jifi. -f „ At Lnftington near Glocefter, there are found certain Stones,
Star- about the Breadth of a Silver Penny, and the Thicknefs of a
Hones Half-ctown. They are flat, and five-pointed like a Star ;
' whence the Name of Aftroits, or Star-ftones. They are of a
gray-ilh Colour, and the flat Sides of 'em naturally engraven
in fine Works. At Whitby in Yorkftire, 'tis faid, there are to.
„' be found at the Foot of fome Rocks, Stones naturally as round
as a Bullet ; which being broken, Stony Serpents are found
in them, but for the moft part headlefs.
Other re- Gotham in Nottinghamjhire, yields a fort of rugged Stone,
markable hut with fuch delicate Veins as exceed the Beauty of Mar-
Stones. We- I have already obferved, that Cornwal and Stafford/bite
have Quarries of Marble, and that Alabafter is to be found in ,
Lincolnjhire. But Cornwal particularly is of fpecial note, for
its Diamond-like Stones, found in Rocks, ready fliaped, and
poliftied by Nature, and wanting nothing but Hardnefs to
beaithe Price or" Diamonds. St. Vincent's Rock, near Bri-
Jibij"ifs\fQ noted for yielding Plenty of fibryftal. The

Chap. IV. GREAT BRITAIN. 19
. The PiBsWall of old is worth our taking Notice, being a Pi8sWaJlT
Piece of Roman Antiquity, little of which is now remaining.
When tne Romans fettled here by force of Arms, they were
always haraffed by the Picls, on the fide of Scotland. To
flop their Inroads, the Emperor Hadrian caufed a Wall of
Earth to be built, extending from the German to the Lift)
Sea, the fpace of 80 Miles, or 27 French Leagues, and got
it paliflado'd, Anno 123. Severus the Empeior built it up
, of Stone, with Turrets fmya Mile to Mile, and a Garrifon
therein. But the Pills nevertnelefs broke in through this
Wall more than once. At hit jEtius, a Roman General, re-,
built it of Brick in 430, but 'twas not long before it was
pulled down by the PiBs. The fame was 8 Foot thick,
and 12 Foot high from the Ground ; fome part of which is
Hill to be. ft en, both in Northumberland and Cumberland.
At Stonar, the Chief Place of the Ifle of Thanet in Kent, Vorti-
is to be feen the Sepulchre of Vor timer. King of the Ancient xntx's Se-
Britains, Who, having vanquifhed the Saxons 'in many Bat- tuic)ne jn
ties, and at laft driven them out of the Iftand, ordered be- t/}e me 0e
fore his Death, that he ftiould be buried here, on a tbnd Thanet.
Conceit, that his Corps would flight them fiom Landing
any more upon this Coaft. In that Scipio-like, who having
had a fortunate Hand againft the Carthaginians, ordered his
Tomb to be turned towards Africk, to fright them from the
Coaft of Italy. But the Britains found at laft the Difference
there is between a King in the Field, and a King in the
Grave. Alney, in the Severn, is a famous Ifland irt Hiftory, for Alney, an
the fingle Combat fought in it betwixt the Saxon King Ed- Ifle in the
mund furnamed honfide, and Canute King of Denmark his Severn.
Competitor for the Crown of England, in the View of
their Armies. In which Canute, being over-matched by
Edmund, they fell imbracing each other, and agreed to di
vide the Kingdom between 'em, the South of England being
allotted to Edmund, and the North to Canute. Who dying
foon after, Canute feized upon the Wnole,_ and was the firlt
of the 3 Danijh Kings that wore the Crown of England.
This Royal Duel was fought in 1016, after feveral Battels,
and great Effufion of Blopd on both Sides.
The Ifle of Wight, near Portfmouth in Hampjhire, is' noted, The Ifle of'
not only for its Fruitfulnefs, and its excellent Wool, but alfo Wight
for its being advanced to the Title of a Kiqgdom, as Yvitot formerly
in Normandy was. It w ;s King Henry VI. who made it a a King-
Kingdom, in behalf of Henry Beaucbamp, Earl of Warwick, dom.
his great Favourite ; who was crowned King df Wight, and of
the Ifle s of Jerfey and Guernfey in 1445. But dying two
Years after, the Ifle of Wight loll by his Death the Title of
a Kingdom. For King^Edward IV, the next Succeffbr to
" Henry,

2© The, Prefent STATE of Parti
Henry, bellowed this Ifland upon his Father-in-law, Ricbayl
Widewille Eari Rivers, with the Title of Loriof Wighit
as the Earl of Darby is Loid of the Ifle of Man.
Abbeys. In the Times of Popery^ here were two Abbeys, among
the reft. . One called Langley- Abbey, near Watford in Hart-
fordjhire ; which I take notice, of chiefly, as being the Birth-
Place of Nicholas Breakfpear, who being elected Pope., took
the Name of Hadrian IV. The other was the Abbey of St.
Edmund-Bury in Suffolk^ which was Incomparable, either for
Magnificence or Revenues. If look'd, fays my Author, wore
like a City, than a Monaftery. So many Gates it had for Ew
trance, fome of }em Brafs, and fortify d with Towers. There
¦was befides a moft glorious Cliurch, attended by two others, in
the fame Church-jard, both of curious ArchiteBure.

CHAP. V.

Of the Populoufnels of England*
of her Lands, and Houfes.

The Yearly Revenue

Populouf- 'rT"TIS doubtlefs a great Advantage for a Conntry, to be
wfs of J_ Populous, efpecially fo plentiful a Country as England
England, island that in feveral Refpects. i. For the Confumption of
its Commodities." 2. For the Improvement of Trade.
3. To ftrengthen the State by its People, and Wealth.
The Republick of Holland, the moft populous State of
Europe, confidering its Extent, is fo well convinced of this
Truth, that fhe freely receives all Strangers that come thither
to fettle. She is fenfible, that fhe cannot fubfift, and much
lefs flourifh, without it. The Magiftrates take care of all
poor Families that take a Sanctuary there, 'till they be in a
Condition to fupport themfelves. All Religions are tolera
ted, tho' none but Proteftants have a Share in the Govern
ment. 'Tis true, England is not altogether fo populous , but
flie wants little of it. Tho' great Numbers of Men, Wr>
men, and Children tranfport themfelves yearly into forein
Parts, efpecially to her Plantations in Afia, Africk, and Ame
rica, moft of whom live and die there.
I own, their Places are foon filled up in England, by a
perpetual Concofirfe of Foreiners. Otherwife it would be
vifibly Unpeopled, in lefs than half an Age. 'Twas
happy for England, that- the Saxons and Danes agreed at laft
together, and intermarried. Next to whom the Normans
came in, who contributed to People the Country. In the
Henry III. this Nation fwarmed with Poitetins, whom

Reign of

Chap. V. GREAT BRITAIN. 2i
whom that Prince took under his Protection. In Q. Eliza-
leth's Reign, when the Low-Countries groaned under the
Perfecution of their Spanijh Governour, above 30000 Fle
mings came to take Sanctuary here. And when James I.
came from Scotland to take Poffeffion of the Crown of Eng
land, he drew after him an infinite Number of Scots in
to England. From that Time to this, London particularly
has been conftantly fupplied with Foreiners from moft Parts
of Europe, but above all with French. In thefe laft Times
we reckon at leaft 30006 French came over into England, who
fled from their Country to avoid the cruel Perlecution of
a Prince, who was fet on the Throne of France by that very
Party which he perfecutes to this Day. ,
To be convinced of the Populoufnefs of England, 'tis
but computing its Towns and Cities, particularly thofe we
call Market-Towns.. Firft there are z8 Cities 'or Bijhop's Sees,
tho' there be but %6 Diocejfes. The Reafon of it is, that
Bath and Wells are both one Bijhop's See, Lichfield and Cor
ventry another's.
Amongft thofe Cities, London alone confidered in its whole
Extent, according to the Bills of Mortality, does probably
contain one Million of Souls, as will appear in my Defcrip-
tion of London. Next (to which, York, Norwich, Salisbury,
Exeter, Canterbury, Briftol, Shrewsbury, Glocefter, Worcefter,
Oxford, and Chefter, are the moft conuderable.
Note, that all Cities are privileged to fend Memlers to
Parliament, who ate called Citizens from Cities ; and the
other Towns having that Privilege, are properly called Bo
roughs, and their Members Burgeffes.
As for Market-Towns, there are above 650. Befides many
good Towns in which no Market is kept, and an infinite
Number of Villages.)
The Yearly Rent of all the Lands in England and Wales is Nearly
computed to be Ten Millions Sterling. And that of Houfes %ent 0f
not let with the Lands, Two Millions. In all 12 Englijh t^^s and
Millions, making 156 Millions of French Livers, at 13 Mil- j{oures,
lions of Livers for an Englijh Million.
I pafs by the prodigious Wealth of England in Jewels,
Plate, Hords of Many, rich Moveables, Mprchandife, &c.

G H A P.

22

The Prefent STATE of Part I.

CHAP. VI.
England divided into 40 Counties, in a TABLE,
Jhewing the Extent of each, the Number of its Pa-
riihes, Market-Towns, and Members of Parlia
ment. The Counties afterwards divided into Mari
time, and Inland.
WHEN the Romans were pofleffed of this Country,
they did not divide it iuto Provinces or Counties, but
diltinguilhed it by the different Names they gave to its In
habitants. As that of

ATREBATII, to the Inhabi
tants of Barkftiire,
BELG'^rE, to thofe of Wiltftiire,
SomerCetlhire, and Hamp
shire.
BRIG ANTES, of Yorkfhire,
Lancaftiire, Durham, Weft-
morland, and Cumberland.
CANTIANI, of Kent.
CAT1EUCHLANI, of Buc-
. kinghamftiife, Bedfordihire,
and Hartfordlhire.
CORITANI, o/Lincolnftiire,
Leicefterfhire,»Rutland, Not
tingham, Northampton, and
Darby-Shires.

CORNAVII, o/Chefliire, Staf
ford, Warwick, Wilts, and
Worcefterlhire.
DAMMONII, of Cornwal,
and Devonfliire.
DOBUNI, of Glocefter, and
Oxfordfhire.
DUROTRIGES, of Dorfet-
(hire.
OTTADINI, of Northum
berland.
REGNI, of Suffex and Sur
rey.
TRINOBANTES, of Effex,
and Middlefex.

Alfred, one of the Saxon Kings, did firft divide England
into Counties, of which here follows a Lift, in the Alpha-r
petick Order. Lengtlf. Breadth. Parijhes. Market-T. Memh. of F*

Barkjhire. 45 m.
Bedfordfiirc. 24
Buckingbamjh. 40 -
Cambridgeft. 35 ^
Cheftire.
Cornwal.Cumberland. Darbyjhire.
Devonjhire.Dorfetfoire.Durham,

45
70 50
3° So
45
35

25 m.
M
?8
20
2540 38
2J
452$?°

I40Il6 185
163 8j
.% 106 ?94
248
118

11 9
'$ 7
12
z? 11
22 9

9 4
6 4
4J 4
26 20 4
Length,

Chap.;VI. GREAT BRITAIN. 2$
Length. Breadth. Parifies. Market-T. Memb. of P,
Ejfex. 45 36 * 4tS 27 8
Glocefterjhire. 50 26 280 27 8
Hampjhire. 46 30 250 20 26
Hartfordjhire. 30 17 120 ,18, 6
Herefordftire. 35 30 176 8 8
Huntingtonjh- 22 18 -79 6 4
jfejtf.' 50 47 408 31 10
Lancafiire. 45 32 61 "27 14
Leicefterfhire. 30 zS 192 H 04
Lincoln/hire. 60. 35 63,0 39 12
Middlesex. 29 16 200 7 8
Monmouthfbire.15 20 127 7 J
Norfolk. 50 -35 660 33 **
Northantptonfh. 4; 2.0 136 13 9
Northumberl. 40 30 460 12 8
Nottinghamjh. ' 40 20 168 , •'..'ie'- 8 8
Oxfordjhire. 40 2.0 280 12 9
Rutland. 12 9 48 2 a
Shropjhire. 34 2S 170 id 12
Somerfetjhire. 50 40 38? 35 J8
Staffordfiire. 44 27 130 19 10
•ftt/o/fe. 45 30 JS 21 i<S
Surrey. 34 22 140 11 14
Sujfex. 60 20 312 17 26
Warwickftire. 35 26 $3 14 6
Weftmorland- 32 24 26 8 4
Wiltjbire. 40 30 304 21 34
Worcefterjhire. 35 2$ i$2 12 9
Yorkjhire. 80 70 363 $8 3°
Of all which Counties the laft has the greateft Extent,
reaching in Length 80 Miles, or 27 Leagues, at 3 Miles a
League. Cornwall is 70 Miles long ; Lincolnshire and Sujfex,
60 ; Cumberland, Glocefterjhire, Kent, Norfolk, and Somer-
fetfbire, about 59 Miles each.
The Word Shire, which terminates the Names of moft
Counties, fignifies originally a Partition, or Divifion. But,
being ufed alone, 'tis a fynonymous Word with County.
To the Members of Parliament there are to be added 4S
from Scotland, and 24 from Wales, making in all 558, whjch
is the Number of the prefent Houfe of Commons, fince the
UNION.
Seven of the forefaid Counties lie upon the German Sea, viz..
Northumberland, Norfolk;
Durham, Suffolk,
Xwkfbire, Efjex.
Limolnjhire, C 4 §jx

24 The PrefeniST ATE of Parti.
Six upon the Channel, viz.
Kent, Dorfetfhire,
Suffex, Devon/hire, .
Hampftire, Cornwall
Two at the Severn's Mouth, viz.
Someifetjhire, Monmouthfbire.
And Four upon the Irijh Sea, or St. George's Channel, viz.
Cheftire, Cumberland,
Lancajhire, Weftmorland.
The Inland Counties are

Barkjhire,
Bedford, Buckingham,
Cambridge,

¦

Northampton,
Nottingham, Oxford,
Rutland,

Darby,Glocefter,Hartford,Hereford,

Shopjhire,Stafford,
Surrey,
Warwick,

Huntington, Leicefter, Middlefex,

*

Wiltftire, Worcefter.

CHAP.

VII.

A Particular and Concife Defcription of each County, in
the Alphabetic!: Order. Wherein Notice is taken efpe
cially of the Shire and Market-Towns, of fuch Places as
fend Members to Parliament, having a © prefixt *, of
thofe whence Noblemen take their Titles, and of -the Chief
Country-Seats.
TH E Advantage of England over moft Countries in Eu
rope, and her Popuhufnefs, cannot be made out bet
ter, than by a particular pefcription of her Counties. I
therefore thought it proper to give tne following concjfe
Account of 'em, for the Satisfaction of thof& who aim at a
perfect Knowledge of this Country.
BARK SHIRE, or the County of BERKS,
AN Inland County, in the Diocefs of Salisbury, and a plear
fant Country, where the Air is good, and the Soil fruit

ful.

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. s;
ful. It yields plenty of Corn, Cattel, wild Fowl, Wool,
and Wood, but Oak efpecially. The Thames, and Kennet,
are its principal Rivers.
The fame ^ives the Title of Earl to Henry Howard, ths
prefent Earl of Barkjhire. Defcended from Tho. Howard,
who was created Earl of BarkJIiire, Vifcount Andover,- and
Baron of Charleton, by King James I.
Market-Towns.
© RE AD ING, the Shire-Town,
© Abington, Newbury,
© Windfor, Faringdon,
© Wallingford, Eaft Ifley,
Maidenhead, Langbourn,
Hungerford, Ockingham.
Reading, 32 Miles Weft of London, feated "at the Fall of Reading.
the Kennet into the Thames, confifts of 3 Pariihes, and is
pretty populous. Noted for its Trade in Malt, and Manu
facture -af Cloth. Saturday is its Market-Day.
Abington, on the Thames, 5 Miles from&xford, is a neat Abington,
Town, having two Pariftes, a Grammar-School, an Hoffital,
and a Town-Houfe in the Market-place. This is one of thofe
few Borough-Towns that fend but one Member to Parliament,
whereas the greateft Part fend two, and London four. It
gives the Title of an Earl to Montague Bertie, Son of James
Bertie, who was created Earl of Abington, by King Charles II.
in 1682.
Windfor, alfo on the Thames, 20 Miles from London, Windfor*
ftands upon a Hill. On the Top of which is the Caftle of
Windfor, a Royal and Stately Palace, well fortify'd. To
which belongs a fair Chappel, wherein are Inftaled the Knights
of the moft Noble Order of the Garter ; and a magnificent
Hall, for the inftallation-Feaft. What is remarkable befides,
is the great and fpacious Terrafs on one fide of the CaSle,
yieldiug a curious Profpeclof feveral Counties. This Terrafs
was finifh'd in the Reign of the late King Charles, who kept
his. Court here, and laid out vaft Sums of Mony to beautify
this Palace. In the Chappel whereof Henry VIII. and Charles
I. are intombed.
Wallingford, alfo on the Thames, has been a Town of Walling-
great Note, the Guallena of the Ancients, and the chief ford.
Place of the Atrebatii. In the-Saxons Time it was fortify'd
with a good JPi//,, andaCaS/e, and had 12 Farilb-Churches.
Now there is but one Church, and of its Wall and Caftle
nothing to be feen but their Ruins, Mai-

26 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Maiden- Maidenhead is on the Thames, Hungerford and Newbury,
head. upon the Kennet. Hungerford noted efpecially for the Good-"
nefs of its Trouts , and plenty of Craw-fijh. Faringdon, for,
its Cloathing ; Oakingham and Newbury for the Title of Baron
they give, the firfl to H. R. H. Prince George of Denmark,
and the laft to the Duke of Southampton.
Country-Seats.

Windfor-Caftte, a Royal Palace:
Swallow-Fieldt Earl of Claren
don's.
Wigtham, Earl of Abbington's.
Hamftead-Marjhal, and ^i&fo»
Part, Lord Cr aven's.

Hurley, Sir /Ten. Johnfon's.
Aldermafon, Sir Humphrey Fo-
fter's.
Billmg-bear, Henry Nevill'i
Efq;
At Farjngdon, Sir Robert Pyes,

Note, i. JTiaf ;M fl»/ Counties, I chiefly take Notice of the
Noblemens Seats, and the Bifrops Palaces. Not but that there ,
are very fine Seats, belonging to the Gentry, of which I lhall
infert fuch as are come within the Reach of my Knowledge.
2. That moft of thofe Seats have Parks belonging to 'em, in
which great Numbers of Fallow-Deer are kept, both for Sport and
Venijon,

N

BEDFORDSHIRE.
N Inland County, in Lincoln Diocefs, is a fruitful Coun-
X try, well ftored with Corn and Cattel, efpecially the
North Parts of it. Market-lowns.
© B E D F O R D, the Shire Town.
Dunftable, Luton,
Woburn, Shefford,
Jmpthill, Biglefwade,
Leightonj Potton.
Bedford Bedford, upon the Oufe, 38 Miles North of London, con-
' tains 5 Parijbes, and has 2 Markets a Week, viz. on Tuefday
and Saturday. Anno 1548. King Edward VI. created John
Ruff el Earl of Bedford, who was then Baron of Taveftock,i
Lord Prefident of the Council, and Lord High Admiral Which
Dignity continued in a direct Line, 'till the late King Wil
liam dignify'd William Ruffel with the Title of Duke of Bed
ford, now injoy'd by Wriothefly Ruffel, his Grandfon.
DunHable. Dunftable, fuppofed to be the Ancient M/igiovinium, is
noted for its Excellent Larks ; Woburn, for its Fuller s
Earth ; and Ampthill, . an Honour belonging to the Crown,
for the Title of Vifcount it gives to the Earl of Ailesbury. Counr

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 27
Country-Seats.

Wohtrn-Abbey, the Duke of
Bedford's.
Wreft-Houfe, and Hart old, Mar
quis of Kent's.
Bletfto, and Melchborn, Earl
of Bolingbrook's.
Turvey, Earl of Peterborough's.

Ampthill, and Clop-hilly Earl
of Misbury's. i
Haynes, Lord Carteret's. ¦•;" ! ¦¦
Lidlington Park, Sir Joi» Cfe-
Baddlefden, WilliamDuncomb'st

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, or the County of BVCKS,
ANother Inland County in Lincoln Diocefs, alfo very
plentiful both in Corn and Paflure, particularly the Vale
of Ailesbury, which feeds an infinite Number of Sheep, yield
ing excellent Wool. The Bread and Beef of this County are
alfo counted very good. The Tame, Oufet and Coin are its
principal Rivers.
John -Sheffield, the prefent Duke of Buckingham and Nor
mandy, was advanced to that Dignity by Queen ANNE.
Market-Towns.
©BUCKINGHAM, the Chief,
© Ailesbury, Oulney,
0 Wickham, Amerjham,
© Marlow, t Beaconfield,
© Wendover, Chefham,
Newport Pagnel, Risborough,
Colebrook, Ivingo,
Stony-Stratford, Winftow.
Buckingham, 44 Miles from London, ftands upon the Oufe, Bucking*
over which it has 3 Stone-Bridges. Saturday is its Market- Day. }}a„h
George Villcrs was created by King James I. Earl, Marquis,
and at Taft Duke of Buckingham ; which Title lay extinct
fince the Deceafe of George Villers, the laft Duke of that
Name, who died without Iffue in the Reign of the late
King James.
Ailesbury, gives the Title of Earl to Tho. Bruce, the pre- Ailesbury.
fent Earl of Ailesbury. Which Title devolved upon him by
his Father's Death, Robert Bruce, Earl of Elgin in Scotland,
created Earl of Ailesbury by Kiiig Charles II. He died in the
Poll of Lord Chamberlain, under the Reign of the late King
James.
r There

a8 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Eaton. There is alfo in this County a Place call'd Eaton, fituate
upon the Thames, over againft Windfor. A noted Place for
its College and School, founded by King Henry VI. Tn this
School, now in great Repute, there are 70 Scholars.
maintained gratis, and fent by degrees to the UniverSty,
as Vacancies happen there.
Jfcot. Afcot, a Mannor in this Shire, gives the Title of Vifcotm
to the Earl of Carnarvon. Country-Seats.
Cheynes, the Duke of Bed- of Whar ton's.

ford's.
Latimers, the Duke of De-
vonjhire's.
AJhdridge, Earl of Bridgewa-
ter's.
Wing, and Ethorp, Earl of
v Carnarvon's.
Juarendon, Earl of Lichfield's.

Cranborn, My Lord Rani-
laugh s.
Chichely, Sir John Chefter't*.,
Stow, Sir Richard Temple's.
Wefton, Sir Robert Throckmot.
ton's.
Salden-houfe, Mr. Fortefcut's.
Waddon, Sergeant Selby's.

Woburn,- and Wincbindon, Earl I Tyringham, Mr. BlackweU's

CAMBRIDGESHIRE,
AN Inland County in the Diocefs of £/y, is a plentiful
Country of Corn and Pallme^ Fifh, wild Fowl, and
Saffron. 'Tis true the North Parts of it, called the Ifle of Ely,
are full of Marfhes, and fubject to be overflowed by the Oufe
and other Rivers, which make 'em Unhealthful, and yie.ld*
but little Corn. But this Defect is abundantly fupply'd by
their Plenty of Cattel, Filh, and wild Fowl.
In this County, not far from Cambridge, are the Hills
called Hog-magogj Hills, fortify'd by the Danes with 3 In
trenchments, part'of which is ftill to be feen.
Market-Towns.
© CAMBRIDGE, the Shire-Town,
Ely, Merche,
Caxton, Wisbich,
Linton, Soham.
Cambridge. Cambridge, upon the Cam, 44 Miles North of London, is
the Camboritum of 4he Ancients, how called Cahtabrigia. In
the Romans time, Cambridge was one of their Roman Colonies,
and of the 28 Cities of Britain. Which Roman Colonies h>?
their Schools of Learning, in which both the Roman and
Britilb Youth were taught feveral Arts and Sciences. Luc*
1 us,

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. n
us,1 3. Britijh King, aud the firft Chriftian King, was inftru-
cted in the Chriftian Faith by the Dolors of Cambridge, a-
mong which were Eluanus and Meduinus, fent by the King
to Rome, for his fuller Satisfaction in Matters of Faith.
Whether it was King Lucius, or Pope' Eleutherius, that
granted great Priviledges to this Univerfity, I fliall not de
termine. Certain it is, that it is moft Ancient, it being
counted an Univerfity from the latter end of the fecond Age,
when both Lucius and Eleutherius were living. 'Tis true, it
came to Ruin by the Invafion of the Saxons and Danes, by<
whom the Mufes were foon put to flight ; but they were af
terwards recalled. Thus we muft look upon Cambridge, I.
as a Town, and 2. as an Univerfity.
As a Town, it confiflsof 14 Parifhes, and its Market is
kept on Saturdays. In Point of Situation, and good Air,
'tis granted, that Oxford has the Advantage of Cambridge^
But 'tis governed ( as Oxford) by a Mayor, in Subjection
to the Univerfity. To which he makes a Solemn Oath,
when he enters upon his Office, that he fliall maintain the
Privileges, Liberties, and Cuftoms thereof.
As for Honourary Titles,. Cambridge has been dignify'd,
not only with the Title of an Earldom in feveral Eminent
Petfons, but alfo that of a Dukedom in three Sons of the
late King James, who died in their Infancy. But Her pre-
. fent Majefty was pleafed to revive it in the Perfon of George
Juguftus, the Electoral Prince of Hanover ; whom She'late-
ly created Baron of Tewksbury, Vifcount North-Allerton, Earl
of Milford Haven, Marquis and Duke of Cambridge.
As an Univerfity, which is the Glory of Cambridge, here
are 12 Colleges, and 4 Halls, all indowed, which the Halls
in Oxford are not. And whereas Oxford is an Univerfity
within a Town, Cambridge on the contrary is a Town with
in an Univerfity ; moft of its Colleges being feated in the
%kirtsof the Town, which afford them the more delightful
Walks and Gardens about them.
-)
The Names of the Colleges.
Peter-Houfe, ^ ("1284, by Hugh de Balfham, Bp. of

1 f 1284, by H
I I m3'
r .3 .13455, by
| -g \ f)ukeof.

Corpus Chrifti, or I .3 J. 1340, by Henry of Monmouth,
Bennct-Coilege, j "g } f)uke of Lancafter.
Gonvile and Cajus, ^ "§ «j 1348, and fo named from its
1g J Founders.
E*< | 1 441, by King Henry VI.
| 1448, by Margaret, Wife to
i {, Henry VI, Chrift's-

3°

The Prefent S TAT E of Part I

St. John's-College,
Magdalen-College,

IVim'ty-College, fiwa««e/JCollege,
Sidney-Suffex College.

3

3%/o^College^ 1 f r497, by L. L. D. Bp. of Ely.
CZir'i/r'ssCollege, i506, by Margaret Counteisof
Richmond, and Mother of
Henry VII.
1506, by the fame.
1542, by £^». Stafford, the laft
Duke of Buckingham of that
Name.
1546, by King Henry VIII.
1584, by Sir Walter Mildman,
Chancellor of the Exchequer.
1 S98, by Frances Sidney, Coun-
j L tefs of Sujfex.
Of all which Colleges, Trinity and St. John's- College are
the moft Beautiful. But King 's-College out-does 'em all by
its moft ftately Chappel, one of the fineft Pieces of Archite
cture in the World.

One-Hall,Pembroke-Hall,Trinity-Bill,
Catharine-Hill,

The Halls.
T 1 3 43 , by Richard Badew.

S I 1347, by Mary de St. Paul, Countefs
0 J . of Pembroke.
>-= «| J353> by William Bateman, Bp. of
g j Norwich.
fe I ^59, by Robert Wood, Chancellor
L of the Univerfity.

By the Foundation of the forefaid Colleges and Halls, fo
many Fellows and Scholars, in fome more, and in others
lefs, are^kept and maintained by the College or Hall. And
each of thefe is ruled, according to the Rules and Statutes
of the Founder.
Over each College and Hall there is a Head, called Ma-
flex; except the Head of .KVwg's-College, who goes " by the
Name of Provoft, and the Head of jfWew's-College, by that
of Prefident.
Over the whole Univerfity, there is firft a Chancellour, cho-
fen by the Univerfity, who is ufually one of the Prime No
bility. A new C'bancellour, may be cholen at Cambridge every
3 Years, or continue in the fame Office durante tacito Con-
Jenfu Senatus Cantabrigienfis. But the Chanceilour of Ox
ford is lo durante Vita. Under the Chancclloui tneie is a
Commiffary, who holds a Court of Record for all piiviieged
Perfons and Scholars under the Degree of Maiier of Arts,
where all Caufes are tried and determined by tie Civil and
Statute-law, a^id by the Cufloms of the Univerfity. Next

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN.
Next to the Chancellour. is the Vice-chancellour, who
actually governs in his Head the Univerfity. , He is yearly
chofen, upon the 3d of November.
,As to the ProBors, and other Officers, of the Univerfity,
wherein Oxford and Cambridge agree, I refer the Reader to
my Defcription of Oxford.
At Cambridge the Batchelours of Arts compleat their De
gree in Lent, beginning at Aft-Wednefday. And the firft
Tuefday of July is always Dies Comitiorum, or the Commence
ment, wherein the Mafters of Arts, and the DoBors of all
Faculties compleat their refpefiive Degrees. Here 6 Years
after one has taken the Degree of Batcbelour, he may take
that of Mafter of Arts, and after s Years more that of
Do&or. A LIST of the Heads of Colleges and Halls, in
Cambridge.

**

f IWr-Houfe, Dr. Richard-
I fon-
iCorpusCbrifti,'* or Bennet- CDr. Green
College, J -
| Gonvile and 'Cajus, Sir
of \ John Ellis, M. D.
*** King's-College, Dr. Rode
rick.
\ Queens-College , Dr.
I James.
Jefus-College,T)r. Aftton.
' CTnyr-College, Br.Covell.
| St. Jo/wVCollege, Di.
L Gower.

Of'!

f JW^0/eM:College , Dr.
jguadring.
Trmity-College, Dr. Bent-
ley.
Emanuel College , Dr.
Balder fton.
Sidney-Suffex-Co\lege,Dt. Fijher.
Ctoe-Hall, Dr. Blithe.
Pembroke-Hill,Dr. Brown.
Trinity-Hill, Dr. Bram-
fton.
Catharine-Hall, Sir Wil
liam Daws, Bar.

Magifirates.

Chancellour of the Univerfi
ty, Charles Duke of Somer-
fet.
Vice-Chancellour, Dr. Balder-
Bon, Mafter of Emanuel
College.
ProBors, Mr. Drury, Fellow

of ZVzBity-College , Mr.
Founds of Peter-Hpufe.
Taxers, Mr. Roberts,- Fellow
of AjB^'s-College.
Mr. Crofs, Fellow of Catha
rine-Hill.

Profeffors.
^tteen's-Profeflor of Divinity, 1 Cafuiftical-?rofef. Dr. Smoult.
Dt. James. 1 P^yfcfe-Profeflbr, Dr. Green.

Margaret-itofeSor, Dr. Go- \ Law-Profeflbr, Dr. Ayhff.

wer

Mz~

Ely.

1 2 The Prefent STATEo/' Part I.
Mathematical-ProfeSor , Mr. I Arabick-Profettot, Dr. Wrights
Wiitfon. Graijfc-Profeflbr, Dr. £ar»«,
iMrew-Profefibr, Dr. Syke. \
Publick Oratort Mr. Ayloffe.
Scarlet-Days. TheReftauration-Day, May 29.
At the two Fairs Proclaim
ing in June and September,
Michaelmas-Day , September'
29th. *
Gunpowder-Treafon-Day, Ni-
vember 5th.

All-Saints,
Chriftmas-Day, Eafter-DayiAfcenfion-Day, Whitfunday,
Trinity Sunday Commence
ment. ,

To Funerals, Clerums, and Supplications,
All Doctors go as to Congregations,
That is, in their ROBES.
Having thus done with Cambridge, I come now to Ely, a
Bifcop's See, erected by King Henry J, in 1 109, and taken
out of the Bilhoprick of Lincoln ; Harvey, Biihop of Bangor,
was the firft Biihop of this See. Whofe Bifliops had former
ly the Power and Rights of Counts Palatine, till the Reign
of Henry VlII. However the Revenue of this Biftioprick
is fo confiderable, that it is reckoned one of the beft Bi-
fliopricks. As to the Town, its Situation in an Ifle made by
feveral Rivers, makes it unhealthful. 'Tis not confiderable,
either for Extent or Beauty 5 ( and its Cathedral, the
Work of feveral Biihops, is the only Ornament it has.

Country
Thorney-AbbY, the Duke ofi
Bedford's.
Newmarket-Houfe, the Earl of
Suffolk's.
Chippenham, Earl of Orford's.
Catlidge, the Lord North and
Grey's.
Cheveleigh, Lord Dover's.
Wishch-CiUle, the Biftiop of
Ely's.
Stecher, Lord Gourge's.
Long-ftanton, Sir Chriftopher
Hatton's.
Mtdenly, and Lonbam, Sir

Seats. John Cotton's.
Eaft-Hztley; sir Geo. Do*.
ning's.
Wefi-Hztley, Sir Robert Cot-.
ton's.
Finditton, Sir Tho. Willis's.
Izeland, Sir RuJhey^Cullam's.
Snalewell, Sir Samuel Clark's.
Babraham-flice.
WJiadden, Sir Henry Pickt-^
ring's.
Horfet-HiU, Mr. Bromley's.;
Soffam, Mr- Kant's.

Cm

Chap. VII. G R EAT BRITAIN. 33
Hazelingfield, Mr. Smith's,
iVilbroham-Temple, Dr. Wat-
fon'u
And Mr. Thompfon's Seat, at
Trumpington.

Cunmngton, Mr. Cotton's.
Great- Abbington, Mr. Bennet's.
Bajfmgborn, Mr. Pickering's.
Sarfon, Mr. Hudleftoii's.
Little-Shdford, Mr. Wigmore's.

CHESHIRE, or the County of CHESTER,
A Maritime County, in the Diocefs of that Name, to*
wards Ireland. It yields more Pafture than Corn, and
is tui the molt part1 level. Its greateft Hills are thofe which
part it from Stafford and Darby Shires. There are in it feve
ral Forefts, particularly Delamere and Macclesfield Forefts.
And lo great a Number of Parks, that few Gentlemens
Country-Seats are without a Park.
There are alfo many Heaths, in which both Sheep and Hor
fes feed ; and fome mojfy Plots, the Mofs whereof ferves to
make good Turves.
Its principal Rivers are the Dee, which waters the South-
Welt Parts ; the Wever, running through the Middle ; and
the Merfey Northward. The firft has this fingular in it, that
it fwells little in a Glut of Rain ; but is moft apt to fwell and
overflow, when the Wind is a' long time South.
Laftly, Cheefe and Salt are the chief Product of this Coun
ty, and, both in great requeft all over England.
But I muft not pafs by its Privilege of being a County Pala
tine, the Earls whereof were anciently veiled with fo great a
Power, that they lived more like Princes, than Subjects.
The firft Count (or Earl) of this Order was a Nephew of
William the Conquerour, and the laft was Simon of Montfordf
Earl of Leicefter. After whofe Deceafe, in the 12th Centu
ry, this County was re-annexed to the Crown 5 fo that the
Prince of Wales is by Birth-right Earl of Chefter, as he is Duke
of Cornwal. However this County enjoys to this Day its an
cient Privileges, and the Palatine Courts are ftill kept at Che
fter, the Shire- Town, for Adminiftration of Juftice to the Peo
ple of this County. Market-Towns.
*CHESTER, the Capital,
Nantwlch, Congleton, Altringham,
Middlewich, _ Frodejham, Malpas,
Northwich, Stockport, Knotsford.
Macclesfield, Sandbich,

n

Qieftert

?4
Chefter.

Nant-wich.
Middle-
wich.
North- wi^h.
fclalpas.

The Prefent S t A T E of Part I,
Cheftet, 1 50 Miles North- Weft of London, ftands upon the
Dee, 25 Miles from its Fall into the Irijb Sea. Over that
River is a fair Stone- bridge, with 8 Arches, and one Gate at
each End of it. The Town is well inhabited, and drives a
good Trade in Ireland. It contains ten Parifties, and has two
Markets a Week, viz. on Wednefday and Satuiday. This be
ing the inoltufual Place where People t;»ke Shipping for In
land, tuere js always a great Concourfe of Stranger* going to
or coming from Ireland. The principal Streets have the
Convenient, of dry Walks, or Galleries, that ftielter one
from the Raiii. This is a defensible Place, fortifyd with
good Walls, with Towers and Battlements, and a itrong Ca
ftle on the South-fide. Upon the Diilolution of the Monaile-
ries by King Henry VIII. it became one of the Six new Bi-
fliopricks ; the other five being Oxford, Weftminfter, Briftol,
Gfocefter, and Peterborough. ¦ Amongll which Weftminfter was
made fince a Collegiate Church, by Queen Elizabeth. The Ca
thedral ftands on the North fide, with the Bifhop's Palace, and |
the Prebends Houfes. 'Twas in this City that the Saxon King
Edgar had his Barge rowed (by way of Homage) by 7 petty
Britijh Kings, himfelf as fupream Lord holding the Helm.
The Prince of Wales is by Birth-right Earl of Chefter, and
Duke of Cornwal. And in this City are kept the Palatine
Courts, Cbeftire having enjoy'd that Privilege ever fince the
Norman Conqueft, as 1 have already obferved,
Nantwich, Middlewicb, and Northwich, ire noted for their I
Salt-pits ; but the firii efpecially, which yields the beft Salt.
Macclesfield has given the Title of an Earldom to Charles Ge.
rard, created Earl of Macclesfield by the late King Gbarlefm
1679. alfo to Brandon and Fitton, his two Sons, by whofe
Death without Iliue the Tine lies extinct. Buttons are the
chief Manufacture of this Place, and Gloves that of Congletoii.
Maltas gives the Title of Vifcount, and Cholmondley that
of Earl to Hugh Cholmondley, raifed of late to this Dignity by
Queen Anne. Country-Seats.
Clifton, and Frodefiam-diMe, | Woody, Sir Richard Willi-
Earl River s's. , I rough's.
Dunbam-Majjey, Earl of War
rington s.
Gawjwortb, and Aldford, the
Lord Mo bun's.
Dutton, the Lord Gerard ot
Bromley's.
Eaton-hall, Sir Richard GroJ-
venor's.

Audeney, Sir Rowland Stan
ley's.
Norton, Sir Richard Brollks's.
Jfton, Sir Willougbby Jftonh,
Lumbetmare, S'u join Cotton's-]
Dorrivgton, Sir Tho. Delvt\\
Harding, Sir John Harding^
Sir Henry Bunbury's Seat. Udkfo

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN

Udkinton, Sir John Crews's.
Pool, Sir James Pool's.
Taft-hall, Sir Peter Leicefter's.
Ridley, Sir OrlandoBridgeman 's
Dart ford, Mr. Wilborougb's.
Wiftefton, Mr.. Walker's.
Holton, Mr. Egerton's.
Bayle-Royal, Mr. Cbolmond-
ley's.
Mare, Mr. Mareberry's.
Rensbury, Mr. Starkey's.
Ely, Mr. Lee's.
Adlington, Mr. Lee's.
Walthrop, Mr, Dflaen/wt's.
Toyton, Mr. Warren's.

Peel, Mr. Whitley's.
'Addington, Mr. Mathee's.
Hoom-hall, Mr. Sbakeley's.
Tabley, Mr. Leicefter's.
Crew, Mr. Offeley's.
AJlington, Mr. Vernon's.
Broxen-hall, Mr. ZW's.
Hatton, Mr. Duttons.
Stableford, Mr. Brewen's.
Hocknel, Mr. Hocknel's.
Darnoll, Mr. Lee's.
Spurt-ball, Mr. Spurt's.
Kinderton, Mr. Dunnable's.
Laughton, Mr. Laugbton's.
Joddrel, Mr. Joddrel's.

35

CORNWAL,
A Maritime County in the Diocefs of Exeter, is the moft
Weftern County of England ; furrounded with the Sea on
the North, South, and Weil, and parted from Devonjhhe, Eaft-
ward by the J^me, all but a ['mall Tract of Land ; fo that 'tis a
perfect Peninfule, but none of the moft fruitful Parts of Eng
land. 'Tis true its Valleys are plentiful of Corn and Pafture,
and the Hills famous for their Zz» and Copper- Mines ; that it
abounds in wild Fowl, but Woodcocks efpecially, and the Seas
thereof in Fifli. Here is the great Fifliing or Pilchards, be
tween July and November ; of which vaft Quantities are ex-
pprted into France, Spain, and Italy. It yields alfo Plenty of
Samphire, Eringo, fine Slate, and Marble.
The People of this County are counted the ftrongeft in
England, moft skilfull in Wreftling, and much addicted to
that Exercife.
In (hort, this County is full of Wonders, witnefs the 4th
Chapter, to which I refer the Reader. Here is the famous
Port of Falmouth, the Lizard Point, (being the Ocri nmn, or Dam-
monium Promontorium of the Ancients,) and the Lands-End, Bo-
lerium Promontorium. Between thefe two ftands S. Michael's
Mount, a lofty Hill, which gives its Name to Mounts-Bay.
A fandy Plain parts it from the Continent, which may be paf-
fed on Foot at low Water. There is an old Fort on the Top
of this Mount.
Of all the Counties of England, Cornwal, Cumberland, and
Monmonthjhire, have moft of Britijh Blood. The firft was a
long time governed by its own Princes, called Earls of Corn
wal, till Egbert, the firft Monarch of England, made a Con-
D 2 queft

$6 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
queft of it in 8do. Being re-annex'd to the Crown in the
Reign of Edward III. this Prince made his eldeft Son Edward,
called the Black Prince, Duke of Cornwal. And ever fince
the eldeft Son of England has bom that Title, without
Creation. Market-Towns.
© LAUNCESTON, the chief.

© Leskard,
© Leftwithiel,
© Truro,
© Bodmin,
© Helfton,
© Saltajb,
© Camelford,
© Weftlow, or Port-
Pigbam.

® Grampound,
© Eaftlow,
@ Penryn,
© Tregony,
© S. 7i«,
© Fou ay,
© CaUington,
S. A/?e/,
Bof caftle,

S. Colomb,
Falmouth,Market-Jew,Padftow,
Penzance,Redruth,War bridge,
Stratton.

But there are five Boroughs, befides the former, that fend
Members to Parliament, and are no Market- Towns j viz.
*BoJJiney, * S. Germain, * S. Michael, * Newport, and * S.
jfcftfwej.
Launce- Launcefton, or Dunhivid, is a goodly Town, 170 Miles from
fton. London, near the Tamer, which fevers this County from De-
vonjhire. Saturday is its Market-day.
Falmouth Falmouth is one of the beft Ports of England, called Fal
mouth from its Situation at the Fale's Mouth. This is the
Station, of our Packet-boats for Lisbon. The fame gives the
Title of Vifcount to the Duke of Nortlmmberland, a Natural
Son of Kiiij; Charles II. who created him Baron of PontefraS,
Vifcount Falmouth, and Duke of Northumberland.
Penden- Over againit Falmouth ftands the Caftle of Pendennis, built
ms-Caflle. ^ Henry VIII. for the Secuiity of tnis Coaft.
Truro. Truro gives the Title of Vifcount, and Bodmin that of Baron,
to the Earl of Radnor. 'Tis a pretty good Harbour, as well
as Fouay, S. Ives, and Pewza?ice.

Sow, Wolfton, St anbury, Clif
ton, and Lanow, the Earl
of Bath's.
Truro, and Lanhydrock, Earl
of Radnor's.

Boconock, the Lord MoJmn\
Trerife, the Lord Arundel's.
Mount- Edgecomb, Sir — £%«-
comb's, Sec.

IJtlS

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 37
Ifles of Scilly.
Thefe Ifles, called in Latin Silurum Infula, and fuppofed
by fome to be the CaJJiterides of the Ancients, lie about 60
Miles from the Lands-End, and are counted Part of Cornwal.
'Tis a CJufter of fmall Iliands, to the Number of 14s, one
of 'em called Scilly, which gave Name to the reft, it being
then counted the cniefelt.' But S. Mary has got fince the Pre
eminence, as the largeft and moil fruitful ; yet it is but 3
Leagues about. But it has a very good Haibour, fortify'd
with a Caftle, built by Q. Elizabeth. Thefe IJles were con-
quer'd by Ethelftan, one of the Saxon Kings of England, from
which Time to this they have been look'd upon as Part of
Cornwal.
OVMBERLAND^
A Maritime County in the North of England, and in the
Diocefs of Chefter and Carlijle, is bounded Northward
with Scotland, and Weftward with the Irifi Sea. As far
North as it lies, 'tis a fruitful County ; whofe Hills yield
good Pafture, and the Valleys Plenty of Corn. There is A-
bundance both of wild Fowl, and Fijh. For Fewel, it yield's
Pit-coal ; and for other Ufes, there are large Mines both of
Copper and Lead.
Wry-nofe, one of its higheft Hills, is remarkable for its
three Shire-Stones, one Foot from each other. One in this
County, another in Weftmorland, and the third in Lancajhire.
Befides its Rivers, of which Eden is the principal, here
are feveral Meers, or fmall Lakes ; particularly one called by
the Name of Ulles Water, bordering upon Weftmorland, and
noted for yielding a moft dainty Fifh, called Chart:
'Tis a Matter of Amazement, that in fo Northern a Coun
ty more Roman Antiquities ihould be found than in any other.
See Chapter IV.
Northward is a Tract of Land called Gilleftand, which gives
the Title of Baron to the Earl of Carlijle.
'Tis obfervable, this Count/ was poffefied by the old Bri
tain! till the Reign of the Saxon King Edmund, Ethelftan's
Son, by whom 'twas conquer'd in 946.
The fame gives the Title of a Duke to H. R. H. Prince
George of Denmark, who was .created by the late King Willi-
gm, Anno 1688. Baron of Ockinghartf, Earl of Kendal, and
Duke of Cumberland. P .3 Market?

3»

The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.

Market-Towns.

© CARLISLE, the Chief,

® Cockermouth,
Whitehaven, Kefwick,
Penreth, Brampton,

Holm, Egermont,
Alfton-Moor, Ireby,

Kirk-Ofwald,Longtown,
Ravenglas, Wigton.

Carlifle. Carlijle, upon the Eden, 23 5 Miles from London, is a Bi
ftiop "s See. The fame is a Peninfule, furronded on all
Sides, but Southward, with the River Eden, befides the Caud
and the Potterill, which fall there into the Eden. This Town
, being ruined by the Danes, continued in that St3te 'till the
Reign of William II. furnamed Rufus, who rebuilt it. Hen
ry, his next Succeffor, made it an Epifcopal See. Now it
has a good Wall, fortify 'd with a great Caftle on the Weft,
and a Cntadel Eaftward, built by Henry VIII. Saturday is
its Market day. Tru^s City gives the Title of an Earldom to a
Branch of the Duke of Norfolk's Family ; Charles Howard,
defcended fiom the Lord William Howard, third Son of Tho-
mar Duke of Norfolk, being created Earl of Carlijle by King
Charles II. in 1661. Who was fent by that King two Years
after by the Character of an Embaffador Extraordinary to Alexey
Michailovitz Czar of Mufcovy, Charles King of Sweden, ana
Frederick King of Denmark ; in which Embaffies I was one of
his Excellency's Attendants. He had a Son, Edward by
Name, who fucceeded him ; and another named Frederick,
born at Copenhagen in the laft Embafly, who was killed in the
Trenches at the Siege of Luxemburg. Charles, Son of Edward,
is now in Poffeffion of the Titles and Eltate of this Family.
Whiteha- Whitehaven is a noted Pott, efpecially for its Salt and Coal-
ver)a trade. Penreth has a great many Tanners, and Kefwick abun
dance of good Lead. Country-Seats.

Gray-Stock-CuRle, the Duke
of Norfolk's.
'Cockermoutb-Ciftle, the Duke
of Somerfet's.
Nawcrth, Earl of Carlifle's.

Kirk-Ofwald, and D' Acre-d-
file, Earl of Suffix's.
Drumbugh-Caffle , Vifcount
Lonfdale's.
&>/e-Caftle, Biihop of Carlifle's,

Thefe,

ChaptVII. GREAT BRITAIN 39
Tiide, and nany otner Seats, were built in the Form of
Caflks, becaule tnis County bordering upon Scotland, lay ex-
poled to the incurfions of the Scots, when thefe two Nations
Warred againit each other.The Ifle of Man.
The Situation of this Ifle is in the Irijh Sea, 10 Leagues
from Cumberland. It reaches about 9 Leagues in Length,
and 3 in Breadth. The Air of it is cold, and the Soil yields
abundance of Oats. Here is alfo Plenty of Cattel wild Fowl,
and Fiih. It contains 17 Pariihes, has 5 Towns, and 2 Caftles.
There is a Hill in it, of fpecial Note for yielding from thence
a Profpect of England, Scotland, and Ireland- Tne Em I of
Darby is Lord of the Ifle of Man, but he holds it in Fee of the
Crown. There is a Bijhop of Man, but he is no Peer of the
Realm, as other Bifhops, becaufe he does not hold his Bi
lhoprick immediately of the Crow^ but of tne Lord of tne
lile, by whom he is elected. He is^onrirm'd by the King of
Great Britain, and confecrated by the Archbiihop of York.

DARBXSHIRE,
AN Inland County Northward, in the Diocefs of Litchr
field and Coventry, is a plentiful Country of Pafture,
Corn, and Wood, efpeci illy on the Eaft and South fide. Here
are alfo Quarries of Free-ftone, and Mtrble, abundance of
Mill, Lime, and Whet-ftones, with Coal, Lead, and Iron- Mines.
It yields like wife both Cyyftal and Alabafter.
The River Darwent, which glides through this County
from North to South, arid falls into the Trent, divides it in
to two Parts, one Eaft, and the other Wefl.
North- Wellward is the Peak, fo famous tor its Caves, Quar
ries, and Lead-Mines. As for its Medicinal Waters^ fee
Chap. IV. Market-Towns,
0 DARBY, the Shire-Town,
Chefterfield, AJbbourn, Dronsfield,
Wirkfworth, Bakewell, Winfter,
Bolfover, Chaplin-Frith, Tiddefwall.
Sfnton, D 4 Darby,

4© The Prefent STATE of Part I.
Darby. Darby, upon the Darwent, is a good Town, populous, and
rich by its Trade. It confifts of J Parifhes, and Friday is its
Market-day. Over the. River there is a fair Stone-bridge.
The Steeple of one of its Churches is both very beautiful,
and extraordinary high. The Hall, wherein the Affizes are
kept, is a fair Building of Free-Stone. Darby Ale has been a
long time in Vogue.
In the Year i486. Thomas Lord Stanley, Lord High Con-
liable of England, was created Earl of Darby by Henry VII.
Which Title does flill continue in the fame Family, in the
Perfon of James Stanley, the prefent Earl of Darby, and Lord
of the Ifle ofrMan.
Chefter- Chefterfield gives the Title of an Earldom to Philip Stanbop,
field. Son of Henry, and this Son of Philip Lord Stanley of Shelf ord;
who was created Earl of Chefterfield by King Charles I.
Scarfdale. This Town is fituate in a Valley called Scaifdale, which
gives the Title of an Earl to Robert Leak, the prefent Earl
of Scarfdale ; devolved upon hiin from his Grandfather Fran
cis Leake, Lord Deyncoim of Sutton, created Earl of Scnfdale
by King Charles I. in 164s. To whom fucceeded Nicholas
his Son, the Father of the prefent Earl.
Wirkf- Wirkfworth is noted for its great Trade in Lead.
worth, Country-Seats.

Bolfover'Ciille, the Duke of
Newcaftle's,
Chatfworth, and Hardwick,
the Duke of Devonjhire's,
Haddon, Duke of Rutland's.
Bretby, Earl of Chefterfield 's.
Sutton, Earl of Scarfdale's.
Shirly, Lord Ferrars's.

Longford, Sir Edward Cook's.
Stavely,  —
Swarfton, ¦
Formolk, upon Trent, Sir Ro~
bert Burdet's.
Repton, upon Trent, Mr. Time-
ker's.

DEVONS HIR £, or the County ofDEVO Nt
A Maritime County, in the Diocefs of Exeter. It lies in
the Weft of England, borders upon Cornwal, and is wa
tered on two Sides with the Sea, viz. North and South.
Here the Air is very good, and the Soil for the moft part
fruitful ; Bur there are both Hills and Woods. This County
does abound chiefly in Corn, Pafture^ Wool, wild Fowl, and
Sea-Fijh, There are alfo Tin and Lead-Mines. Its chief Ma
nufactures are Kerfeys, Serges, and Lace.
The fame has given the Title of an Earldom to 3 feveral
Families, viz. the Rivers, Courtney, and Cavendifts. William, lord

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN.
Lord Cavendijb of Hardwick, was created Earl of Devon/hire by
King James I. in 1618. From whom is defcended in a direct
Line William Cavendijb, Lord Steward of the Queen's Hou-
fliold, who was created Duke of Devonfhire by the late King
William. Lahly, the People of this County are look'd upon, with
the Cornift) Men, as the ftrongeft in England.

Market-Towns.

IXETER,

the Capital,

Autrey,

Hartland,

Bampton,

Hatherly,

Bow,

Houlfworthy,
Bradwich,
Ilfarcomb,
Kingsbridge,
Brent,
Chagford,
Kirton,
Chimleigh,
Modbury, *
Chudley,
Moreton,
Columpton,
Newton,
Combmartin,
Sheepwajh,
Culliton,
Sidmouth,
Dodbrook,
S. Moulton.
© Barnftable,
© Dartmouth,
© Honiton,
© Okehampton,
© Plimpton,
© Taveftock,
© Tiverton,
Plimouth,
Totnes, Bidiford,Torrington,Topjham, Axmifter, Exeter is fo called from the River Ex, upon which it is Exeter.
fituate, with a fair Stone-bridge over it, 1 3 8 Miles from Lon
don. 'Tis one of the principal Cities of England, by its
Greatnefs, Trade, and Wealth. As to its Trade, 'tis faid
this City trades in Serges for 10000 /. a Week, ^>ne with ano
ther. It contains 1 5 Parifties, and has 2 Markets a Week,
viz. on Wednefday and Saturday. The fame is fortify'd with a
good Wall, and a Caftle. Its Cathedral, which is very fine,
ftmds near the Caftle. Ethelftan, a Saxon King, built it, and
dedicated it to S. Peter, in 914. But then 'twas not a Cathe
dral, Exeter being made an Epifcopal See but in the Reign of
Edward the Confeffor ; by whom the two Biftiopricks of S.
Germain in Cornwal, and Kirton in this County, were remo
ved to Exeter.
This City gave firft the Title of Duke, next that of Marquis,
and at laft the Title of an Earl to fijKpral Perfons of a diftin-
guifhed Character. Thomas Cee ;7, igord Burleigh, was crea
ted Earl of Exeter by King James I. in 1605. Which Title
is now enjoy'd by John Cecil.
Plimouth is one of the beft and moft famous Ports of Eng- Pli-
land, fpated at the Mouth of the Plim, whence it got the* mouth.
Name of Plimouth. There are in it three Forts, a Caftle, and a
42 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
a Cittadel, this Lft built by the late King Charles, with a
Chain for the Harbour's Safety, in time of War. 'Twas
from this Town Sir Francis Drake fet fail in 1577- to fail
round the Terreftrial Globe. It gives the Title of an Earl
dom to Other Windfor, Son of Thomas Windfor, created Earl
of Plimouth by King Charles II-
Dart- Dartmouth, fo called from the River Dart, on which it is
mouth, fituate, is alfo a very good Port, defended by two Forts. It
"contains 3 Parithes. King Charles II. created William Leg
Baron of Dartmouth, and his Son George is now pofleffed of
that Title.
Topfham. Topftam is the Port-Town for Exeter, about 4 Miles from
it. Torrington, upon the Jun idge, gives the Title of an Earl
to Arthur Herbert, created Earl of Torrington by the late King
William.
Bidiford Bidiford and Barvftable are two Inland Ports, Northward.
Barnfta- ' The firlt on the Turridge, and the laft upon the Taw, which
kle- meet together 3 Miles from the Sea, and fall in one Channel
into it. Thefe two Towns drive a pretty Trade, and have
fair Stone-bridges, particularly Bidiford, the Bridge whereof
. is of that height, that a Ship of 60 Tuns may fafely pafs un
der it.
Torbay. Some Miles North of Dartmouth is Torbay, upon the Chan
nel, the ufual Rendezvous of the Royal Navy, when failing
near this Coaft, and forced back by contrary Winds. The
Start-Point is not far from it.
Country-Seals.

Wenberry, and Potberidge, the
Duke of Montague's.
Bedford-houfe, in Exeter, the
Duke of Bedford's.

Bidiford, the Earl of Bath's.
Ugbrook, my Lord Clifford's.
Exon-Palace, the Biihop of
Exeter's.

Lundey-Ifland.
This Ifland lies 50 Miles from Devonjbire^ Northweftward,
and is much more remote from any other Continent. 'Tis
but 5 Miles long, and 2 broad. But fo furrounded with
inacceffible Ricks, that there is but one fmall Entrance into
it, where two Men cmicarce go a breaft. What is moil fur-.
prizing is, that being fjfer in the Sea, it has the Advantage
of feveral Springs of frein Water.

DOR-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 45
DORSETSHIRE,
A Maritime County, upon the Channel ; lies Eaft of De-
vonjbire, in the Diocefs of Briftol. 'Tis a pleafant and
fruitful Country, yielding Plenty of Corn, Pafture, Cattel,
wild Fowl, and Filh. It yields alfo abundance of Hemp,
and Quarries of Free-Stone and Marble.
This County has given the Title of an Earl, and Marquis,
to feveral Families. That of Marquis being extinct by the
Death of Henry Duke of Suffolk, beheaded in the bloody
Reign of Queen Mary, King James I. revived the Earldom
in the Perl'on of Tho. Sackvile, Lord Buckhurft, whom he
created Earl of Dor fet in 1603. From whom is defcended in
a direct Line Lionel Cranfield Sackvile, the prefent Earl of
Dorfet and Middlefex. Market-Towns.
© DORCHESTER, the Capital,
© Weymouth, © Cor/e-Caflle, Everftot,
0 Lyme, or Lyme Cranbom, Frampton,
Regis. Blandford, Sherborn,
© Melcomb Regis, Bemifter, Milton,
© Bridport, Abbotsbury, Stalbridge,
© Shaftsbury, Bere, Winbourn,
© Pool, Cerne, Sturmifter.
© Warham,
Dorchefter, the Ancients Durnovaria, is pleafantly featedOn Dorche-
the Frame, 10 Miles from the Mouth of it, and 85 fromfler.
London. But it has been fo ruined by the Danes, and next by
the Normans, that it feels the Effect of it to this Day. Wtit-
nefday is its Market-day. The fame was lately erected into
a Marquifate by the prefent Queen, in the Perfon of Evelyn
Pierpont, Earl of Kingfton, and Marquis of Dorchefter.
Weymouth, between Dorchefter Northward, and the Ifle of Wey-
Portland Southward, is a good Port, at the Mouth of the Ri- mouth,
ver Wey, whence the Name of Weymouth. This Town gives
the Title of a Vifcount to Thomas Thynne, the prefent Vifcount
Weymouth. Pool is another Port, ' rich and well built, almofl furroun- pool.
ded with an Arm of the Sea, called Luxford-Lzke, fo that
there is but one Entrance into it on the Lands-fide. Here
Jhe Tide ebbs and flows four times in 24 Hours, Lyme,

44 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Lyme. Lyme, on the fide of Devon/hire, is another Harbour, the
Town built on an Eminence of difficult-Accefs, and not much
retorted unto, except by Fifhermen. Here the Duke of
Monmouth landed, coming from Holland, to oppofe King
James II. But his Attempt proving unluccefsful, he loft
his Head upon a Scaffold.
Bridport. Bridport, Eaft from Lyme, was the only Place formerly
for the Twining of Ropes for the Royal Navy. And 'tis
ufed ilill for that purpofe, the neighbouring Lands yielding
plenty of Hemp, and the People being well skilled in twi
lling it.
Shaftsbu- Shaftsbury, or Shafton, has a fair Profpect, and has been
ty. formerly a Place of Importance, when if had ten Parifhes,
now reduced into three. There are in it about 500 Houfes,
all built of Stone. And it gives the Title of an Earl to
Anthony A/hley Cooper, derived to him fom his Grandfa
ther of that Name, cieated Earl of Shaftsbury, by the late
King Charles, in 1672.
Sherbprn. Sberbom, is noted for the fine Structure of its Church.
And Bindon for the Title of an Earldom, lately conferred on
the Lord Walden, Heir apparent of Henry Earl of Suffolk.
Country-Seats.

flbofc-Caftle , the Duke of
Bolton's.
Whitfield, the Duke of New
castle's.
Cranborn-Houle, and Wimborn
St. Giles, the Earl of Shafts

bury's.
Sberbom- Caftle. — —
Buckland, Earl Powlett's.
AJhley la Friery, and Winter*
born, Sir Martin Frame's.

The ISLESof PORTLAND, and PV RBECK>
Thefe Ifles I fubjoyn to Dorfetjbire, as belonging to it.
Portland, fome Miles South of Dorchester, is of no great
Extent, but very fruitful, and of chief note for. its Quar
ries of Free-Stone, almoft as durable as Marble. There is
in it a Caftle, called Portland- Caftle, built by Henry VIII ; and
on the Land-fide, another called Sanford-dftle. Thefe twp
Caitles command all the Ships that pafs into this Road,
called the Race of Portland, the Sea having a ltrong Cur
rent here. This Ifland gives the Title of an Earldom to
William Bentinck, created Ear I of Portland by the late King
William. Pur beck, Eaft of Portland, is about 10 Miles long, and 6
broad. Here is found the Marble, commonly called Pur-
beck-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 4?
fcecfe-Stone ; and excellent Oay for making Tobacco-pipes, fold
at London }Or. a Tun. In tnis Ifland is the Town of Cor/lr,
with 'a Caftle upon a Hill.

DVRHAM,
A Maritime and Northern County, commonly called the
Bijhoprick of Durham. As it lies not far from Scot
land, fo the Air of it is the colder, and the Soil lefs fruit
ful. The Eaft-fide is the beft, the South full of Maiflies,
and the Wejl-hde of Rocks. The greateft Advantage this
County has confifts in its Coal, lion, and Lead- Mines. See
its Caves called Hell-Kettles, Ch. 4.
Tnis is a County Palatine, the Biihop whereof had former-
merly a Right of Sovereignty, keeping his Courts of Juftice,
both Civil and Criminal, and all done under his Name.
But moft of thofe Rights are returned to the Crown. The
Biftiop however isltill Earl of Sadberg in this County, and
takes Place in the Epifcopal College next to the Biihop of
London. Market-Towns.
© DU R HAM, the Capital,
Aukland, Darlington, Bernard-C&ille,
Stockton, Hartlepool, Wolfingham.
Sunderland, Stainthorp,
Durham, upon the Ware, is 200 Miles from London^. It Durham,
ftands upon feveral Hills, enjoys a pure Air, and its, Provi-
fions are cheap. Here excellent Bread is made. . Its greateft
Ornaments are the Caftle, in which the Bifhop refides,5 and
the Cathedral near it, both on the Trip of a Hill. Saturday
is its Maiket-Day.-
Aukland, or Bifhop Aukland, on the j^zre, is pleafantly Auk-
iituate, in a good Air, upon the Afcent of a Hill. The Bi-land,
fliop has here a ftately Palace, and a fine Cnappel, fpife\f '
from its Rains by Dr. Cofins, late Bifhop of Durham. '^ »&«;;
Sunderland, at the Ware's Mouth, is farrounded withthegun(jer.
Sea, at high Water, whence the Name of Sunderland. Ajan(k
Town noted for its Sea-coal Trade. The fame gives the Ti
tle of an Earl to Charles Spencer, the prefent Earl of Sun-'
derland, Son of Robert the late Earl, and this Son of
Hen-

46 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Henry Lord spencer, created Earl of Sunderland, by King
Charles I. in 1643, but flain the fame Year in the firft Battle
of Newbury.
Hartle- Hartlepool, upon a narrow Neck of Land fliobting forth
pool. into the Sea, by which 'tis invironed on all fides but the
* Weft.
Bernard- Bernard-Cattle, gives the Title of a Baron to the Lord
Caftle. Chriftopher Vane, as Raby-Ca&le (alfo in this County) gives
the fame Title to Tho. Wentworth, Lord Raby.
At the Mouth of the Tine, which parts Durham from Nortlt-
Sheals. umberland, is. Sheals, the Station of the Sea-coal Fleets. Jar-
Jarrow. row, the Birth-place of Venerable Beda, ftands a little
higher on the tame River. And, over-againft Newcaftle in
Gitefheid Northumberland, Gatejhead, the Receptable of the Coal-pit
Men in thefe Parts. Between thefe two Towns there is a
Stone-bridge upon the River, with an Iron Gate in the Mid
dle, ferving as a Boundary between thefe two Counties.
Country-Seats.
Lumley-Ciille, the Earl ofj berg's.
Scarborough's. \ Durham, and Aukland Caftles,
Henckno-wl, Vifcount Faulcon- 1 the Biftiop of Durham's.

ESSEX,
A Maritime County in the Eaft Parts of England, and
the Diocefs of London, called Ejfex from the Eaft-
Saxons, by whom it was inhabited. Here the Air is tempe
rate, but near the Sea and the Thames very moilt, and the
Inhabitants in thofe Parts fubjedt to Agues. The Soil yields
plenty of Corn, Cattel, and Wood. Here is alfo abundance
of Tift, and Wild- Fowl. In the North Parts Saffron grows
to Admirajtita. '~ And there are fome Parts, the Soil of which
isfo rank, -xhat after 3 Crops of Saffron, it yields good Bar'
ley for new: 20 Years together, without Compoit.
:'•' This County Is irrigated by a great Number of Rivers.
•Befides the -Thames that parts it from, Kent, the Stoure from
¦Snffolkj'-t&e Lea from 'Middlefex, and the little Stoure from
Hartfordftire ; herd's the Coin, Cbelmer, Crouch, Roding,
amd many other Rivers, all yielding Plenty and Variety of
Fiji.* Laftly, This County has given the Title of an Earldom to
feveral Families, particularly the Mandevilles, Bohuns, and
Bourcbiers. Alfo to Thomas Lord Cromwell, to William Lord Parr,

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITA IN. 47
Parr, and the Devereux. Robert, Earl of Effex, and Vif
count Hereford, was General of the Parliament's Forces in
the Reign of Charles 1. Which Title being extinct by the
Death of that harl's Son, King Charles II. revived it in
the Perfon of Arthur Capel, Baron of Wadham, whom he
created Earl of Effex, and Vifcount Maiden. Algernon, his
Son, is now poflefied of the Title.
Market-Towns.
QCOLCHESTER, the Shire-Town,
© Harwich, Ingerftone, Halfted,
© M.ilden, Hailow,, Haverill,
Chelmsford, Bradfield, Horndon,
Barking, Bramtre, Raleigh,
Hatfield, Billericay, Mamngtrt,
Rochford, Burntwood, Waltham,
Rumford, Dunmore, Thaxted,
Walden, Cogftall, Witham.
Epping, Grayes,
Colcbefter, on the Coin, lies 43 Miles North-Eaft from Colche-
London, and 7 Miles from the Sea. This is a Town of fter« .
great Antiquity, if it be true that Coilusy a Britijh Prince,
built it, who reigned in the fecond Age. 'Tis alfo preten
ded to be the Biith-place of Lucius the firft Chriftian King,
of Conftantine the Great, the firft Chriftian Emperour, and
Helena the fint Chri/lian Emprefs. The Town is large and
populous, and drives a .good Trade in Woollen Manu
facture. Its large and excellent Oyfters, fo much in requeft
among the Ancient Romans, are to this Day counted the
beft in England. Its Walls, and Caftle, ihew it to be an
cient. This Town was very feverely ufed by the Parlia- ,
ment 's Forces in the Reign of King Chailes I. It was re
duced to great Straits by Famine, and the chief Comman
ders thereof, Sir Charles Lucas, and Sir George Life, ihot to
Death for Having held out to the laft. Saturday is its Mar
ket-Day. Laftly, 'Tis noted for giying the Title of /Vifcount
to the Earl Rivers.
Harwich, is a Sea-port Town, at the Stoure' s Mouth, up- Harwich.
on the Borders of Suffolk. This is the Station of our Pac-
quet-boats for Holland, which carry the Mail from hence to
Helvoet-Jluys^ or the Brill in Holland, and return the fame
Way with the Holland Mail. Its Situation is very advan
tageous, being almoft furrounded with the Sea j but the
Harbour is not fit for great Ships. Maiden,

48 The Prefent ST ATE of Part!
Maiden. Maiden, the Ancient's Camalodunum, ftands upon the
Chelmer, 10 or 12 Miles from Colcbefter, ~and much about
the fame Diftance from the Sea. Claudius, a Roman Empe-
rour, took this Town, made it a Roman Colony, and caufied
Mony to be coined with this Infcription, COL. C A-
M A L O DUN. The fame gives the Title of a Vifcount
to the Earl of Effex. -
Roch- Rocbford gives the Title of an Earl to William Zuleftein,
ford. created Earl of Rocbford by the late King JVilliam.
Chelmf- At Chelmsford the Aftizes ire iifually kept. Walden is
ford. noted for the Plenty of Saffron that grows in its Neigh-
Walden. bourhood, and for the Title of a Vifcount it gives to the
Earl of Suffolk.
Chefter- There is befides Cbefterford in this County, which gives
ford. the Title of a Baron to the Earl of Bindon, the Earl of
Suffolk's Son and Heir.
Tilbury- Upon the Thames, againft Gravefend in Kent, there is
Fort. a Fort called ' Tilbury-Fort, which commands the River
there.
Ithance- But Ithancefter muft not be forgotten, the Othona of the
fter. '' Ancients, long fince fain to Ruin. In which the Romans
kept a ftrong Garrifon, for the Security of thefe Parts, in-
felled by Saxon Pirats. Country-Seats.

Audley-lnn, a Royal Houfe.
.New-Hall, the Duke of Mon
tague's.
Bentley.  —
Cbefterford, the Earl of Suf
folk's.
Copt-Hill, Earl of Dorfet's.
Leei-Prrory, Earl of Man-
chefter's.
St. Ofith, Earl Rivers's.
Havering, Earl of Lindfey's.
Park-Hail, Harlof Anglefey's.
'Gosfield-Hill, and Epping-

Place, the Lord Gray's.
M0ulftam-H3.ll, Friery, and
Biftop' s-Rstll, the Lord Fitz-
- water's.
Writtle-?irk, Thorndon, In-
gerfton-Ha.ll, and Granham-
Park, the Lord Petre's.
Eafton-Lodge, and AJhdon, the
Lord Maynard's.
Tollsbury, the Lord Howard's
of Efcrick.
Lawford-HiH, the Lord Crew's.

Audley-lnn, now a Royal Houfe, was built by Tho.
Howard, Earl of Suffolk, Lord High Treafurer to King
James J.

GLO-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 49
G LOCESTERSHIRE,
AN Inland County, iu the Diocefs of Glocefter, is a
fine, fruitful, and delightful Country. There are
Hills on the Eaft-fide of it, called Cotfweld, which feed in
numerable Flocks of Sheep, the Wool whereof is very much
efteemed. The middle Parts are level, and watered by the
Severn, which contributes very much to their Fertility.
Weftward 'tis a woody Country, and there is Dean-Foreft,
which formerly was much more ftocked with Wood than
at prefent, the Iron Mines having confumed a good Part
of it.
Befides the Severn, which croffes this County from North
to South, here is the Avon that parts it from SomerfetJhhet
the Wye which partly divides it from Monmoutbjbire, befides x
the Stroud, and the Ifis. All very fifty Rivers, and the
Severn chiefly yielding great Plenty of Salmon.
Formerly the Vales of this County were full of Vineyards^
which have been fince converted into Orchards, yielding
plenty of Cider.
Inihort, this County abounds chiefly in Corn, Wool, Wood,
Iron and Steel, Cider, and Salmon. Among its ManufaBures,
the Woollen is the moft confiderable. Here is alfo very
good Cheefc made, and great Vent for it at London efpecial
Market-Towns.
© GLOCESTER, the Capital,
© Cireneefter, Marfhfield, Panfwicki
© Tewksbury, Colford, Stow,
Berkley, Dean, Stanley,
Durftey, Fairfold, Tedbury,
Campden, Hampton, Wickware,
Newnham, North-leech, Thornbury,
Stroud, Newent, JVinchcomb,
Cheltenham, Morton, Wotton.
Lecblade, Sadbury,
Glocefter, the Claudia Caftra, or Glevum of the Ancients, Glocefters
flands upon the Severn, 80 Miles from London, Weft and
by North. 'Tis a moft ancient City, large, and populous,
containing 1 2 Pariflies. Fortify'd of old with a good Wall,
and a Caftle of Free-Stone, but both fain to Ruin. Henry
VIII. made it an Epifcopal See, or rather re-eftabliflied it, for
it was a Bifhop 's See in the Time of the Ancient Britains.
E The

5©

Cirence-fler.

Tewks bury.

Stroud.

Berkley.Durfley.

Alney.

The Prefent STATE of . Part I.
The Cathedral is a ftately Church, in which- Robert eldeft
Son of William the Conquerour, andfKing Edward II. two un
fortunate Princes, lie inhumed. Here are two Markets a
Week, viz. on Wenfday and Saturday. Laftly, this City
has given the Title of a Dukedom to leveral Princes of die
Blood. The laft who injoy'd that Title was Wiltiaih,
the prefent QU E E N's only Son, who died aged ii Years,
July 29. 1700.
Cirencefter, the Corinium, or Durocomovium of the An
cients, is feated upon the Chum, 12 Miles South-eaft 01
Gloceiler. In the time of the Romans this was an important
Place, but the Saxons and Danes hive fo defaced it, that it
could never recover its ancient Luftre.
Tewksbury, the Theocicuria of the Ancients, is fituate at
the Influx of the Avon into the Severn, 9 or 10 Miles North
of Gloceiler, and drives a confiderable Trade with its Wool
len Manufacture. The fame gives the Title' of Baron to the
Electoral Prince of Hanover, lately created by Queen ANNE
Baron of Tewksbury, Vifcount of North Allerton, Earl of
Milford Haven, Marquis and Duke of Cambridge.
Stroud is a goodly Town, upon 'the River of that Name,
over which it \has a Bridge, and on the Banks of it many
Fulling Mills for Scarlet, the Stroud Water having a peculiar
Quality to give the right Tincture.
Berkley and Durjley do not lie far afunder, nor far from th«
Severn. Berkley gives the Title of an Earl, and Durjley that
of a Vifcount to Charles Earl of Berkley, Son of George, .
created Earl of Berkley by Charles II. in the Year 1679.
Alney, a fmall Iftand in the Severn, ought to be taken no
tice of, for the famous Duel fought in this Ifland by two
Kings. See p. 19.

Country'
Bodminton , and Wollajlon
Grange, the Duke of Beau
fort's.
Stowett, Earl of Stafford's.
CambdenrHoufe , Earl of
Gainsboiougb's.
Berkley-Callle, Earl of Berk
ley's.
Corfe-Court, and Cockbury,
. Earl of Coventry's.
Over-Norton , Vifcount Say

-Seats. and Seals's.
Kempsford, Vifcount Ver
mouth's.
The Lord Downe's Houfe, 10
Miles from Glocefter.
Ainsbury, Mr. Chefter's.
Sherburn-Roufe, Sir Robert
Dutton's.
Weftbury, upon the Severn,
Col. Maynard Colcbefter's.

'Twas in JSerfe/ey-Caftle King Edward II. was murderedi
after his Refignation of the Crown.

HAM?-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 51
HAMPSHIRE, or HANTSHIRE, other-
wife called the County of SOVT HA MP TO N.
THIS is a Maritime- County, upon the Channel, be-
tween Sujfex on the, Eaft, and Dorfetjhire on the Weft,
in the Diocefs of Winchefter. A pleafant and fruitful Coun
try, yielding Plenty both of Corn, and Grafs, of Wool,
Wood, and Iron ;, and noted particularly for the Excellen
cy of its Hony, and Gammons.
On the Weft-fide 'tis watered by the Avon, and the Stoure,
that meet together near the Sea ; and on the Eaft by the Teft
and the Itcbin, that joyn together near Southampton.
In this County is alfo the New-Forreft, for which, fee p.
10. Market-Towns.
© SOUTHAMPTON, the Shire-Town,
.© Winchefter, © Whitchurch, Xingwood,
© Portfmoutlx, Alton, Broding,
© Andover, ' Farnham, Odiam,
© Cbrift-church, BafingHoke,, Rumfey,
© Lemington, Ford'mgbridge, Waltbam.
© Petersfield, Havant,
© Stockbridge, Kingfclere,'
Southampton, Lat. Hantonia, the Claufentum, or Trifdn- c0-vit ham-
tonum Portus of the Ancients, is 60 Miles from London, Dton
fituate at the Mouth of the Hampton, that is, the Teft and^ *
the Itchin fo called where they run in one Channel. The
Haven is good, and has a fair Key to it; but its Trade very
much decay'd to what it has been before, when Southampton
drove a great Trade with France efpecially. Then was this
Town fiirrounded with a double Ditch, and a good Wall,
with feveral Towers, and a Caftle built by Richard II. It
has how five Pariihes, and two Markets a Week, viz. on;
Tuefday and priday. This is one of thofe Towns which are
called County-Towns, and are independent from the ' Lord
Lieutenant of the County. In 1547, Edward VI. created
Earl of Southampton, Thomas Wriothefly, Lord High Chan
cellour of England ; which Title devolved in his Family
upon three of his Succeflbrs, the laft of which ( being-
Lord High Treafurer ) died without Jflue-Male, in 1667,
and fo the Title was extinct. Now Southampton gives the
E a Title

5 2 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Title of a Duke to Charles Fitzroy, Natural Son of Charles
II. who was created by that King Baron of Newbury, Earl
of Chicbefter, ind Duke of Southampton, in 1675.
Winche- Winchefter, Lat. Wiritonia,- the Pewftf Belgarum of the
fter. Ancients, is a Bifliop's See, yielding the greateft Revenue
of any Biihop in England, viz. about 8000 I. a Year. It
ftands upon the Banks of the Itchin, in a Vale between two
Hills, 12 Miles from Southampton. In the Romans Time
Winchefter palled for one of the chief Cities of Britain, and in
the Heptarchy 'twas the Royal Seat of the Weft Sdxons. But
It fuffered much from the Danes, in the Reign of King
Stephen. This City has now 5 Pariihes, and_ is adorned with a
fair Cathedral, dedicated to the Trinity. In which lie Interred
many Saxon Kings with their Queens, two Danifi, and two
Norman "Kings. Here is alfo a fair Hall, wherein the AJJifes
and Seftions are kept, and King Arthur's round Table does
hang up, a Piece of great Antiquity. A fine College, with
a Publick School for 70 Scholars, taught here and maintained
' gratis, from whence they go to New-College in Oxford Uni
verfity. William of Wickbam is the Founder of thefe two
Colleges. This City has 2 Markets a Week, viz. on
Wenfday and Saturday. William Pawlet Earl of Wiltfiire,
Lord High Treafurer of England, was created Marquis or
Winchefter by King Edward VI. And now 'tis the fecond
Title of Charles Pawlet, Son of Charles, advanced to the
Dignity of a Duke by the late King William, by whom he
was created Duke of Bolton.
Portf- Portfmouth, Lat. Porto Magnus, is one of the moft fa-
mouth, mous Ports of the Ifland, and a Place of great Strength.
It ftands in the IJle of Portfey, which is 14 Miles about.
. Tho' its Air be unhealthful, and frelh Water fcarce, this
Port neverthelefs is much reforted unto by Mariners. 'Tis
very populous, and a Place of, good Trade. In ihort, 'tis
a Nurfery of Seamen, and Spithead in its Neighbourhood,
the Rendezvous of the Royal FLEET, failing Weftward,
or returning Eaftward. There is a Dock for building Men of
War, and Store-boufes to fit them out. This Town gives
the Title of a Dutchefs to Louife de gueroitaille, the Duke of
Richmond's Mother, who was created by King Charles II, in
1673. Baronefs of Petersfield, Countefs of Farnham, and
Dutchefs of Portfmouth, all three in this County.
Andover. Andover gives the Title of Vifcount to the Earl of Bark
jhire.

The

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN-

5?

The ISLE of WIGHT.
This Ifle, called in Latin VeBis, makes Part of [Hamp-
fbire, and lies South-weft of Portfmouth, being 60 Miles
about, and containing 36 Pariihes. 'Tis both a very de
lightful, and fruitful Ifte. jt abounds in Cprn and Failure,
wild Fowl, Filh, Hares, and Rabbets ; and the Wool of
its Sheep is counted almoft as fine as that of Lemffter in
Herefordftire. In fhort, this IJle may be called the Garden
of England.
There are two Market-Towns in it, both privileged to
fend Members to Parliament, viz. ® Newport, and © Yar
mouth. Newport, the chief of the Iftand, is a pretty large Town, Newport.
and well Peopled. Yarmouth lies North-weftward, and is
built of Free-Stone. There is a Caftle, and other Pieces
of Fortification.
At the Entrance of Newport-Hiven lies Cowes, a noted Cowes.
Place for harbouring of Ships, the Town and Haven being
defended by . a Caftle. Weft of Newport there is another
Caftle, called Carisbrook Caftle.
South-Eaft from this Ifland is Sandham, whence the neigh- Sandham.
touring Bay is called Sandbam-Biy, alfo fortify'd with a
Caftle. Between Pqrtfmouth and this Ifle is Spithead, and 2 Leagues Spithead.
from thence St. Helen. Which Road is much frequented St. Helen.
by the Royal NAVY.
Laftly, This Ifle is of that Importance, that it was for
merly erected into a Kingdom by Henry VI, as has been
already obferved, p. 19. Country-Seats.

Wmchefter-CiUle , a Royal
Houfe.
Abbot's Stone, the Duke of
Beaufort's. 1
Bafing, Atherton, Hackwood,
and New-Foreft, Duke of
Bolton's.
Farnborougb-Vhce, Earl of
Anglefey's.

Rockier n-Houfe , Earl of
Shaft sbury's.
Wborwel\, the Lord De la
Ware's.
Molteffont, the Lord Sands's.
Breamore, the Lord Brooks's.
Wolvefey-Houfe-, the Biihop
of Winchefter.

E I

HART-

54 The Prefent STATE of ! Part I.
HARTFO RDSHlRE,
AN Inland County, in the Diocefles of London and
Lincoln, is a fine and delightful County, neighbour
ing upon Middlefex. Here the Inhabitants breath a whol-
fom Air, and the Soil yields Plenty of Corn, Graf?, and
Wood. The Lea ind Coin are its principal Rivers. Wheat,
Barley, and Malt, its chief Commodities.

Market-Towns.

© HARTFORD,

the Chief,

© St. Albans,
Barnet,Ware,Serkhamfted,
Rickmanfworth,
Hatfield,

Buntingford,
Barkway,
Baldock,Hitcbin, Hodfdon,
Royfton,

Standon,
Stevenidge,
Stortford, Tring,Watford.

.artford. Hartford, upon the Lea, is but 20 Miles from London.
'Tis a very ancient, but decay'd Town, fince the High-way
was turn'd through Ware. There is a Caftle in it, and 3
Pariihes. Saturday is its Market- Day. 'Tis noted particu
larly for giving the Title of a Marquis to the Duke df
Somerfet.
• Al? St. Albans, on the Ver, was raifed out of the Ruins of
ins. Verulamium, a ftrong Place of Old, that flood on the other
fide of the River. It got the Name of St. Albans, from a
Citizen of Veru^amium of that Name, the Proto-martyr of
Britain, under the Empire of Dioc'.tian. To perpetuate the
Memory of this Saint, the Britains built a Church here, to
which they gave the Name of Sr. Albans; This Church
being deftroy'd by the Pagan Saxons, Offa King of Mercii
erected here a Monaftery in Honour of that Saint, Anno
793. whofe Abbot obtained from Pope Hadrian the Prece
dency of all other Abbots iii England. 'Twas near this Town
- that Richard, Duke of York, routed Henry VI, and took him
Prifoner ; and that Henry recovered his Liberty 4 Years after,
by theVidory he obtainedin this very Camp. Francis Bacon,
Lord High Chancellour of Eiigland, in the Reign of K. James
I, was created by that Prince, Baron of Vend am, and Vifcount
St. Albans ; whofe Learning and Penetration of Mind are
as much admir'd to this Day, as his Fall was aftonifhing,
which brought him to Poverty. There have been fince 3
Earls of Sr. Albans, the lafl of which was Henry Jermyn, Lord

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. $f
Lord Chamberlain to the late King Charles. This Town at < :
prefent gives the Title of a Duke to Charles Beauclair, a
Natural Son of that Prince, who created him firft Ear I of Bur-
ford, and afterwards Duke of St. Albans.
Barnet is noted, both for its Mineral Waters, and the Barnet.
Victory got here by the Houfe of York, over that of Lanca-
fter. Berkhamfted, for its' ancient Caftle, in which the
Duke of Cornval did formerly refide.' Hitcbin, for its
School. And Ware, upon the Lea, for its artificial River,
fupplying a good Part of London with frefh Water, tho' at
20 Miles diftance. The fame is of note befides, for the
fine Road from it to London, beiiig gravelly, large, and
fmooth, with neat Towns and Villages upon it, from
Mile to Mile, and many Country-Seats, which are plea
fant to the Eye.
Hatfield and Hodfdon are alfo feated on the Lea. The firft Hatfield.
in a moft pleafant Situation, near Hatfield-Houfe, once a Hodfdon.
Royal Palace, till King James 1. exchanged Theobald's for
it, which ftood alfo in this County, near Hodfdon.
Royfton ftands partly in this County, and partly in that of Royfton,
Cambridge. It dijiv^s a great Trade in Malt.
Neat1 Watford ftood formerly Langley- Abbey, of fpecial Langley-
Note for being the Birth-place of Nicholas Breakfpear, who Abbey. "
being advanced to the Papal Dignity, affumed the Name of
Hadrian IV. Country-Seats.

Aldenham, the Duke of New-
caftle's.
Holloway-Houfe at St, Allan's,
the Duke of Marlborough's.
.Moor-Park.  '
Hatfield-Houfe , Hartford-Ci-
file, Bygrave, Cbeftbunt,
and guickfwood, the Earl

of Salisbury's..
Cafhiobury, and Haddam-HalL
the Earl of Effex' s.
Totteridge, Earl of Anglefey's.
Bel-bar^ the Lord Snmers's.
Broxbourn-Berry, Sir Henry
Monfon's.

HEREFORDSHIRE,
AN Inland County, in Hereford Diocefs, towards Wales,
abounds in all Things necefiaty for Life, particularly
Corn, Wool, Salmon, and Cider. Its Wool and Cider
are counted the beft in Great Britain, and yet this Cider is
made of the Red-ftreak Apple, fcarce eatable, but growing
no where fo well as in this County. E 4 - This

$6 The Prefent ST ATE of Parti.
This County is noted befides for its famous Hill, called
MarfteyHill, for which fee p. 17.
Market-Towns.
® HEREFORD, the Shire-Town,
© Lempfter, Rofs, Lidbury,
© Weobly, Pembridge, Bromyard.
Kyneton,
Hereford. Hereford, ioj Miles from London, ftands upon the Wye,
in a very fruitful Soil. Hiftory tells us, that this Town was
built out of the Ruins of Ariconium, which ftood where
Kenchefter now is, not far diftant from it. It had formerly
a Caftle, built by the Normans, but fince fain to Ruin. Here
are 3 Markets a"Week, kept on Wenfday, Friday, and Sa
turday. It has been formerly honoured with the Title of
an Earldom, and afterwards with that of a Dukedom. At
prefent it gives the Title of a Vifcount to the Lord Prk$
Devereux. >
Lempfter. Lempfter is noted for the Goodnefs of its Bread and Wool,
and for the Title of a Baron it gives to the Lord Farmer,
Country-Seats.

Goodrich, Penyard, and Ec-
clefwal-Citdes, the Mar
quis of Kent's.
Wilton, Aconbury, and Dewf-
well, the Lord Chandos's.
Hampton-Court , the Lord
Coningsby's.
Hamlacy, the Lord Scuda-
ware's.

Hereford Palace, the Biihop
of Hereford's.
Stoke-Houfe, Mr. Foley's,
Brampton, and Brian- Caftle,
Mr. Secretary Harley's.
Bredwardin-dixle, Col. C01-
newall's.
Crofts-dllle , Sir Herbert
Croft's,

HV NT ING TONSHIREi
AN Inland County, in the Diocefs of Lincoln, is called
by fome in a jocular Senfe Willowjbire, for its Plenty of.
Willows. , This has been formerly a very woody Country,
and confequently moft proper for Hunting, whence the Name
of Huntingtopftire. Now 'tis an open Country, marfhy on the
North-Eait-fide, bur plentiful of Pafture. In general, 'tis a
pleafant Country, diverfify'd with Hills, and yielding Plen ty

Chap. VII, GREAT BR IT A I N. 57
ty both of Corn and Cattle. Amongft its Rivers, the Oufe
is^he principal. Market-Towns.
© HUNTINGTON, the chief,
S. Ives, S. Neots, And Yaxley.
Kimbolton, Ramfey,
Huntington, upon the Oufe, Jo Miles from London, is a Hunting-
pleafantTown, which formerly confined of ij Pariihes, nowton
reduced to four. Over the River it has a Stone-bridge, lead
ing to Godmanehefter, on the other fide of the River. There
is a good publick School, and Saturday is its Market-Day.
Anno 1529. George Haftings was created Earl of Huntington
by; King Henry VIII. which Title continues to this Day in
that Family. *
S. Ives and S. Neots are noted for their medicinal Waters. g# jve&
The firft is of Note befides, as well as Kimbolton, for the Ti- g| jfeots.
tie of Baron they give, S. Ives to the Earl of Sandwich, and
Kimbolton to the Earl of Manchefter. Ramfey was famous of
old for its rich Abbey. Country-Seats.

Kimbolton-Caftle, the Earl of
Manchefter's,
Hinchingbrook, the Earl of
Sandwich's,

Great Gidding, the Lord Roc- ,.
kingham's.
Bugden, the Bifhop of Lin
coln's.

Hinchingbrook gives the Title of Vifcount to the Earl of
Sandwich.

KE NT> Lat. Cantium,
A Maritime County, at the Eaft Part of the Channel, is
in the Diocefs of Canterbury and Rochefter. According
to the different Nature of its Soil, 'tis divided into 3 Parts,
viz. the Downs, which have Health without Wealth ; the
Marfty Parts, that have Wealth without Health ; and the
Middle, that has Health and Wealth. One part of this Coun
ty is woody, another plentiful of Corn, and the third of Pa
fture. Its Soil yields Plenty of Wheat in fome Places, in fome
Barley, and in others excellent Cherries, and Pippins.
Befides the Thames that parts it from Effex, here is the
Medway, the Stoure, and other Rivers. The Medway Salmon
is excellent, and the Trouts of Fordwich near Canterbury, are
of a prodigious Size, 'Twas

*8

The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
"If was in this County the Saxons .gbt their firft Footing
and imbraced the Chriftian Faith, by the Preaching of Aufth
the Monk. In the Time of the Heptarchy, this County a.
lone made one of the 7 Kingdoms.
When the Normans invaded England, William the Conque
rour confirmed the ancient Privileges of the Kentijh Men.
By which the Heirs Male fliare all the Lands alike, the Heii
is at 1 J at full Age to fell or alienate ; and tho the Father
be convicted of Treafon, or the like, yet the Son enjoys his
Inheritance. Whence the Proverb, The Father to the Bought
end the Son to the Plough. Which Privileges are called Gt-X
velkind. Laftly, this County has given the Title of an Earl to feve-
ral Families, before Edmund Grey, Lord Ruthen, was created
Earl of Kent by King Edward IV. in 146?. Which Title has
continued ever fince in his Family, till Her, prefent Majefty
Queen ANNE was pleafed to improve it into that of a
Marquis, in the Perfon of Henry Grey, Lord Chamberlain ;
whom fhe lately created Vifcount of Godericb in Herefordftire,,
Earl of Harrold in Bedfordjhire, and Marquis of Kent.
Market-Towns.

© C ANTE RBURYy the Capital,

© Rochefter,
© Maidftone,
0 Dover,
© Sandwich,
© Rumney,
© Hithe,
Jppledore,Aftford,
Bromley, Cranbrook,

Cray, Dartford,
Eltham,
Feverfta m,
Folkftone, Goodburft,
Gravefend, Lenham, Lid,

Sevenoke,
Tenterden,Mailing,
Milton,
Tunbridge,Weftram, '
Woolwich, Wrotham,
Wye.

yy,

Canterbu- Canterbury, Lat, Cantuaria, upon the Stoure, is 54 Miles
from London. 'Tis a very ancient, and has been a fair'and
flourifhing City; the Beauty and G-lory whereof decay'd rmicrj
ever fince the rich Shrine of Arehbifhop Becket was pulled
down, fince the Subverfion of S. Auftin's Monaftery, and the
Lofs of Calais. For the Shrine, the Monaftery, and Calais
it felf, occasioned here a great Concourfe of People.
One only Ornament remains, viz. the Cathedral Church,
in which 8 Kings of Kent lie interred, and Becket's Tomb is
to be feen. It has the Honour of being the See of the Primate
of England, as London was in theTime of. the Chriftian Brh
tains. 'Twas in s<58. the See was fettled here in the P-erfon et

£hi$Ml. GkEAf BRlfJlN. 59
of S. Ailftin the Monk, after he had converted the Kentifh
Saxons to the Chriftian Faith, which afterwards fpread it
felf among the' other Saxons of the Heptarchy. The Areh
bifhop Had a Palace here, which was ruined by the Iniquity
,of the Times. And from that time the Archbifhops of this
See have refided at Ldmbeth-houfe on the Thames, over againft
Weftminfter. Canterbury cbnfifts of about 14 Pariihes, and has
2 Markets a Week, kept on Wenfday and Saturday. Here
is a Royal School, and feveral Hofpitals. And the Town is
partly inhabited by Walloons, an induftrious People in their
Manufacture of Stuffs.
Rochefter, Lat, Roffd, on the Medway, is 27 Miles from Roche-
London. This is alfo an ancient City, and an Epifcopal See, fter.
whofe Revenue is but fmall ; therefore the Deanry of
Weftminfter is always annexed to it. Here is one of the faireft
Bridges in England, built by Sir Robert Knolls, in the Reign
of Henry IV. William the Conquerour built a Caftle in this
Town, now fain to ruin. This Town gives the Title of an
Earldom to Laurence ^Hyde, the Bad of Clarendon's Brother,
both Unkles to the Queen.
Maidftone (Lat, Madus, Vagniacum) oh the Medway, is one Maid-
of the beft Towns in Kent, in which the Aflizes are held. flbne.
Dover (Lat. Dubris, anciently Darvernum, or Durover- f)over.
mini) is a Sea-Port Town, over againft Calais in France, from
which 'tis but 7 Leagues diftant. This is the Station for the
Packet-Boats that are appointed for France in Time of
Peace, which makes Dover a great Thorough-fare. There is
a Mole, that has been long repairing. And on the Top of a
high and fteep Rock ftands Dover-Caftle, commanding this
Road, and fuppofed to have been built by the Romans. In
a fair Day one may fee it from Calais- Dover is one of the
Cinque Ports, which enjoy great Privileges, and whofe Mem
bers of Parliament are called Barons of the Cinque Ports,
To which three others have been annexed, making the Num
ber of Eight, four whereof are in this County, viz. Dover,
Sandwich, Rumney, and Hithe; and the reft in Sujfex, viz.
Haftings, Winchelfea, Rye, and Seaford. Dover has former
ly given the Title of an Earldom to Henry Carey, and John
Carey his Son. Now it gives the Title of a Baron to the Lord
Henry Jermyn.
Sandwich, one of the Cinque Ports, was built (as Hiflory Sand-
tells us) out of the Ruirts of Rbutupia, a famous Town in the wich.
, Time of the Romans. It decay'd in the Saxons Time, and
was utterly ruined by the Danes. Being raifed again from
its Ruins, it had the Misfortune to be reduced into Afhes^
in King John's Reign ; after which it was rebuilt. But in
the Reign of Queen Mary, the Mouth of its Haven was fo
chbak'd up by a Ship of great Burden which funk in it, that it

go The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I
it proved incurable. Anno 1660. the late King Charles crea
ted Edward Montague Baron of S. Neots, Vifcount Hincbiv^
Irook, and Earl of Sandwich, who was flain in 1672. in a Sea-
Fight againft the Dutch. To whom fucceeded Edward, his
eldeft Son ; and next to him, the prefent Earl of Sandwich.
Rumney. Rumney, one of the Cinque Ports, has given the Title of
an Earldom to Henry Sidney, created Earl of Rumney by the
late King William. By whofe Death the Title is extinct. In
Rumney- Mar ft), as in other Parts of England, there are found
great Timber-trees lying along under Ground, as black as Ebo
ny, and fit for Ufe, when dried in the Sun.
Fever- Feverftam gives the Title of an Earl to Lewis Duras, Mar-
fliarn. quis of Blancfort in France, naturalized in England by Aft ef
Parliament.
Gravef- Gravefend, upon the Thames, 20 Miles from London, is a j
end. Sreat Thorough-fine betwixt London and Dover.
Tun- Tunbridge is noted for its Mineral Waters, not far from it,
bridge, which Place is much reforted unto in the Summer by Perfons
of Quality and others. Bromley for its College or Hofpital,
founded by Dr. Warner, Biihop of Rochefter, for the Mainte
nance of 20 poor Minifters Widows. Here e^ach Widow has
her Apartment, and 20 /. per Annum duly t3aid. For theii
publick Devotion, there is a Chaplain, provided with fair
Lodgings, and 50 /. a Year.
Wool- -Woolwich, upon the Thames, is of Note only for it's Royal
wich. Docks. Wye, and Sevenoke, for their Grammar-Schools ; this
laft alfo, for its Hofpital.
But, befides all thofe Market-Towns, there are other Pla
ces worth taking Notice of, tho they be no Market-Towns.
Particularly,
Chatham. Chatham, on the Medway, adjoyning to Rochefter. ] In which
are feveral Docks and Store-houfes for Ships of War, and
where the biggeft of 'em are laid up in Winter. This Place
gives the Title of a Baron to the Duke of Argyle.
Deptford. Deptford, upon the Tliames, in which are alfo feveral
* Docks, and Store-houfes for the Royal Navy.
Green- Greenwich, alfo on the Thames, 3 Miles Eaft of London-
wich. bridge. A very' delightful Place, where many Perfons of
Note ufually go to pafs the Summer Seafon. Here is an old
Royql-houfe, in which Henry VIII. was born, and his Son El-
ward VI. died. This Houfe has a fine Park belonging to it,
where there is an Eminence with a Houfe on the Top of %
from whence Mr. Flamfted, the famous Aftronomer, makes
his Ailronomical Obfervations. But nothing fets off this,
Place with greater Advantage, than the ftately Hofpital built
there, and founded by the late King, for all fuch Englifh Sel'
men as ftiall be difabledfrom further Service at Sea, and not
in a Condition to maintain themfelves. By which Foundati on

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 6*
on Provifion is alfo made for their Children, and the Wi
dows and Children of fuch as fliall happen to be flain, or
drowned in Sea-feivice. Of which Hofpital I fliall fpeak
more at large in my Defcriptibn of London. Laflly, Green
wich gives the Title of an Earldom to his Grace the Duke
of Argylei, lately created by the Queen Earl of Greenwich, and
Baroti of Chdtham. , , _ ,
Deal, in the Downs, much reforted unto by Mariners, and ueiU
fbrtlfy'd with a Caftle. , , „
Sbeernefs, a ftrong Fortrefs, fituate at the Influx of thebneer-
Medway into the Thames, and commanding all Ships that go nefs.
in and out. . Country-Seats.

Greenwich-Houfe, a Royal Pa
lace.
Knowl, the Earl of Dorfet's.
Penfburft, Earl of Leicefter's.
Eaftwell, and Moat, Earl of
Wincbelfea's.
Hoathfield, and Sylom, Earl of
Thanet's.
Chevening, the Lady D' Acre's.
Lingfted-Lodge, Lord Tenham's.

Leeds-Caftle, and Greenway-
Court, Lord Colepeper's. .
Allington-Caftle, and Maid-
ftone-Palace, Lord Afthy's.
Lees-Court , Lord Rocking
ham's.
Cobbam-Hall, 
Hever-Caftle, Lord Walgrave's.
Wingham, Lord Cowper's.

The Ifles of Thanet, and Shepey.
Thefe two Ifles belong to this County, and are much of the
fame Extent ; that is 8 Miles in Length, and 6 or 7 in
Breadth. --
Thanet is plentiful both of Corn and Pafture. This is the Thanet.
Place in which the Saxons fet their firft footing in Britain.
The lame gives the Title of an Earl to Thomas Tufton, a
Fourth Son of John Tufton, Son of Nicholas Lord Tufton,
who was created Earl of Thanet by King Charles I. 1628,.
Stpnar, a Sea-Port Town, is the chief Place of it. See Stonar.
p. 19.
Sbepey, the Toliapis of the Ancients, feems to be fo called Shepey.
from 'the word Sheep, this Ifland feeding a vaft Multitude of
Sheep. © Upueenborough, on the Weft-fide of it, is its chief Queen-
Place, and is privileged to fend two Members of Parliament, borough,1

LANCA-

6* The Prefent 3 TAT E of Part. I,
LANCASHIRE, or the Dutchy of LANCA
STER,
A Maritime County in the Diocefs of CMer, bounded
Weftward with the Irijh Sea. Here the Air is Very
good, of all Maritime Counties the leaft fubiect to Fogs
arid the Inhabitants generally ftrong-bodied. The Soil is
partly upon the level, yielding for the moft part Plentyof
Wheat and Barley, and the Bottom of Hills excellent Oats.
But the Hilly Parts Eaftward are generally Stony, and barren.
Marftes. In the flat Country there are Marines, not altogether un-
profitable, for they yield very good Turves for Fewel. And,
which is furprizing, there are found fometimes whole Trees
growing under Grqund, as other Plants, as Cambden tells
us.
Rivers. The Merfey, Ribble, and Lon are its principal Rivers,
' all running from Eaft, to Weft, and emptying themfelves intq
the Irifi Sea. The flrft parts this County from Cheftirew
the South, the Ribble waters the Middle Parts of it, and the
Lon its Northern Parts.
Meers. This County, has alfo feveral Meers in it, ' of which Minan-
der and Merton are the principal. The firft is about 10 Milw
long, and 4 broad, the biggest ftanding Water in England,
1 and feparates part of Lancajhire from Weftmorland. The Wa-
\ter of it is very clear, and the Bottom full ofPibbles;'
-whence the Saying, that Minander-Meer is all paved with
Stone. The fame breeds abundance of Trouts, Pikes, and
Pearches 3 and particularly a moft dainty Filh, called Chafi,
not to be found ejfewhere, except in Utles-Water, another
Meer bordering upon Cumberland and Weftmorland.
How barren foever be fome Parts of this County, it yields,
for the moft part, Plentyof Corn and Grafs, and in general'
all forts of Proviiions. It abounds efpecially in wild Fowl
and Fifh ; and the Lancajhire Oxen, as thofe of Somerfetjbiri,
are of a prodigious Bignefs.
For Fewel,H it yields both Turves, and abundance of Pit-
Coal, of which many curious Utenfils are made, as finetp
look uporj as Jett. For Building, here are feveral Quarries.
And, to make Linnen cloth, Flax thrives here to Admi
ration. Of all the Counties in England, none has fo many Roman'
Catholicks. If we believe common Report, here are alfo
many Witches. By whom perhaps are meant the Roma
Priefts, moft diligent to poifon the People with their Do
ctrine ; or the fair Sex, this County being noted for breeding \
Women of a charming Beauty.
way,

Market-Towns.

© LANCASTER, the Chief,

Colne,

KirkhatH,

Bury,

Hornby,

Burnley,

Leigh,

Charnley,

Ormkirki

Dalton,

Poulton,

) Ecclefton,

Prefcot,

Hawkftead,

Ulverfton,

Haflingden,

Rochdale.

Garfiang,

•

Chap. VII. GRE4T BRITAIN. 6$
Laftly, this is, a County Palatine, which has given the Ti
tle of a Duke to feveral Princes of the Blood. Particularly to
Henry Plant agenet, who died of the Plague in 1362 ; to John
of Gaunt, Foutth Son of Edward IV, who married theHeirefs
of Henry; to Henry of Bullinghook his Son, afterwards
King of England, under the Name of Henry IV, who re-
annexed this Dutchy to the Crown, but left the Govern
ment of it (as before) to its proper Officers.

© Clitheroe,
© Leverpool,
© Prefton, ,
© Wigan, >
Manchefter,
Warrington,Bolton, Blackbourn, Carimil, ' ~
Lancafter, the Mediolanum, or (according to Cambden) the*
LongovicuM of the Ancients, lies 187 Miles from London,*
and 5 from the Irift Sea. 'Tis called Lancafter for Lancafter,
from the River Lon, on which it is fituate, and over which
there is a fair Stone-bridge, with S Arches. Upon a Hill
near the River ftands a fmall Caftle, which is now the Coun
ty- Jayl, and wherein are held the Affizes. The Town is not
large, for there is but one Parifh ; but the Church is fair and
fpacious. Saturday is its Market-Day.
Manchefter, Lat. Mancunium, does much excel Lancafter, Manche-
it being a fair, rich, and populous Place, feated upon the fter>
Spelden, in the Borders of Chefhire. Here is a very fair
College, and Market-place. But its Collegiate Church,
with a 'Chair of excellent Workmanfhip, are the grea
teft Ornament of this Town ; which thrives very much
by its Manufacture of Woollen, Cottons, and Linnen. The
fame is dignify'd with the Title of an Earldom in the Perfon
of Charles Montague, the prefent Earl of Manchefter ; being
defcended from Henry Lord Montague, who was created by
Charles J. Vjfcouut Majidevil\e,ir\& Earl of Manchefter, in
162 J. He was then Prefident of the Council, and Lord
High Treafurer.
Leverpool is a Sea-Port Town, at the Merfey's Mouth, andLeverj
a Place of good Trade. On the South-fide 'tis fortify 'd with ^qoI.
a Caftle, built by King John ; and on the Weft, with a fair
and uron.g Tower upon the River. Pre-

#4
Prefton.

Warrington.

Wigan.

Ribche-fter.

The Prefent STATE of Part V
Prefton, upon the Nibble, is one of the principal Towns,
both for Extent and Beauty. Therefore 'tis honoured with
the Court of Chancery, and the Offices of Juftiee fox Lancafter,
as a County Palatine.
Warrington, upon the Merfey, is a goodly Town, with a
fair Stone-bridge over the River, leading to Che/hire. It gives
the Title of an Earl to George Booth, Son of Henry Baron dt
la Mere, who was created Earl of Warrington by the late
King William.
' Wigan has a good Living, annexed to the Bilhoprick of
Chefter. And Hornby is noted for its Caftle, in which the
Lord Motley and Mounteagle did formerly refide.
To the Towns aforefaid I fhall add here Ribcheffer, not
far from Prefton, fuppofed to be the Bretenomacum of the An
cients. A Town which, in its flourifhing Time, went for
the richeft Town in Chriftendom. Certain it is, that fo many
Pieces of Roman Antiquity have been dug up in its Neighbour
hood, that it was probably a Place of great Importance among
the ancient Romans.

Country-Seats.

Clitberoe-Cafile, the Duke of
Montague's.
Knowefly, Latham-hall, Green-
halgh-Caftle, Croff-hall, Pil-
kintOn-Strand, and Btirfco-
Abbey, Earl of Darby's.
Halfal, the Lord Mohun'%.
Hornby-Caftle, ¦
Woodacre-hall, Scbrton-hall,ind
Aftton-hall, the Lord Ge
rard's.
Wigan-Palace, the Biihop of
Chefter's.
Hey, Sir Roger Brddftaw's.-
Bickerftaff, Sir Tho. Stanley's.
Duxbury, Sir Tljo. Standijh's.
Houghton, Sir Charles Hough
ton's.

Stonyhurft, Sir Nicholas Shir-
born' s.
AJbhurft, Mr. AJhurft's.
Bufey, Mr. Atherton's.
Bold, Mr. Bold's.
Warden, Mr. Fanington's.
Ruffortb, Mr. Bellingbam's, *
Bank, Penwortham, and Roffall,
Mr. Fleetwood's.
Golthrop, Mr. Shettlewnrth's.
Read, Mr. Nowell's.
Townly, Mr. Townley's.
Curedal, Mr. AJbtons.
Oftaldifton. Mr. Oftaldifton's. .,.
Extwifte, Mr. Parker's.
~€rofs-hall, Mr. Stanley's.
Dunkenball, Mr. Walmejly's.
i Charley, ,Mr . Chorley's.

LEICESTERSHIRE,
AN Inland County in the Diocefs of Lincoln, is a Coun
try that enjoys a good Air, and the Soil whereof a«
hounds in Corn and Pafture. Peafe and Beans particularly thrive

Chap. VII. GREAT B RITA IN. 6%
thrive here to Admiration. It yields alfo Plenty of Sea-
coals, and the Wool of its Sheep is the largeft ia England.
Its principal Rivers are the Stoure, Reek, and Swift.
Market-Towns.
© LEICESTER, the Shire-Town,
Aftby de la Zoucb, Hallaton, Milton,
Bilfdon, Hinkley, Mount-Sorrel,
Bolfwortb, Lutterworth, Kegworth.
Harborough, Loughborough^.
Leicefter, upon the Stoure, 80 Miles from London, is plea- Leicefter.1 '
fantly feated, and adorned with feveral fair Buildings. It
confifts of 5 Pariftes, and Saturday is its Market-day. It has
been formerly a large, rich, and populous Town.- It had a
Collegiate Church, an Abbey, and for its Defence a Caftle.
But it was difmantled by Henry II, who befieg'd and took
it, upon a Rebellion raifed againft him by Robert CrOucbt
Earl of Leicefter. Here the Nero of England, Richard III.
was interred, being flain at Bofworth Fight. The Dignity of
Earl of Leicefter is ancienter than the Conqueft of England*
by the Normans ; there having been 3 Earls of Leicefter ia
the Saxons Time, viz. Leofrike, Atgar, and Edwin. After the
Conqueft Henry I. created Robert de Bellamont Earl of Lei
cefter ; which Title paffed from him to three of his Family.
From whence it went to feveral others, before it came to the
Family now in poffeffion of it, by the Favour of King James
I. Who created R obert Sidney Baron of Penftmrft, Vifcount
Life, and Earl of Leicefter, Anno 1618. From whom is de-
fcended in a direct Line, Robert, the prefent Earl of Leice
fter. Aftby de la Zosich is noted for its fine Tower. And -So/1- Alhby de
worth for Redmore-Bittel, fought near it, Aug. 22, I486.ja2oUcj1)
between Richard III. of the Houfe of York, and his Succeffor
Henry VII. of the Houfe of Lancafter. Who having got the
Day, and killed his Rival in the Fight, extinguifhed thereby
the Civil Wars, which had continued fo long, and caufed a
greater Effufion of Englifh Blood than the Conqueft of France
by Edward IIL and Henry V.
Lutterworth, noted only for Wuliff, Parfon of this. Place, rutter
who in the r&fh Century, long before the Reformation, ~J,
preached vehemently againft the Corruptions and Errors Ofworrn«
the Church of Rome. F Country-

66 The Prefent S TATE of Part I.
Country-Seats.

Garington, the Duke of Mon- Earl of Stanford's.
Stanton-Brudenel, Earl of Car
digan's.
Stanton-Herald, and Ragdal,
the Lord Ferrars's.
Folvile, the Lord Car-
rington's.

tague's
Burbage , the Marquis of
Kent's.
Aftby de la Zoucb, and Doning-
ton-Park, Earl of Hunting
ton's.
Broadgate-ball, and Grgoby,

LINCOLNSHIRE,
A Maritime County, in the Diocefs of Lincoln, is boun
ded Eaftward with the German Sea. The North and
Weft Parts of it are moft fruitful and charming, but the
Eaft and South Parts Marlhy, by reafon the Sea now and then,
breaks into feveral Places. Therefore they yield the lefs
Plenty of Corn, but abound in Fifh and wild Fowl.
In this County, and Yorkftire, there are mote fine Horfes
to be found, than any where elfe.
The Humber that parts it from Yorkftire, and the Trent
from Nottinghamfiire, zre its principal Rivers. Befides
which, the Witbam, Nen± and Weland, water the Inland
Parts of it.
This County, being one of the largeft, is divided into
thefe 3 Parts, called Lindfey, Holland; and Kefteven. Lind-
fey takes up the North Parts,, and almoft half the County;
Holland lies South-Eaft, and Kefteven Weft from it.
Of thefe 3 Parts Lindfey gives the Title of Marquis to
Robert Bertie, Lord Great Chamberlain of England, Sonfof
Montague Bertie, and this Son of Robert Lord Willougbby.oi
Eresby, created Earl of Lindfey in 162 1. by James 1. and af
terwards flain at the Battel of Edge-hill, O&ober 26, 1641. '
'Tis but lately the prefent Great Chamberlain was made a
Maripuis by Queen ANNE.
Holland gives the Title of an Earl to Edward Henry-Rich,
Earl of Warwick and Holland. The firft of this* Family
who was poflefled of this Title was Henry Rich, Lord Ken-
Jington, created Earl of Holland by King James I. in 1624.

Market-

Chap. VII. G R EAT B R 1TAIN.
Market-Towns.

*7

® LINCOLN, the Capital,

© Bofton,
® Grantham,
© Stamford,
® Grimsby,
Ganesborough,Bullingbrook, Binbrook, Alford,Burton, Barton,

Kirton, Burgh,
Bourn,
Deeping,
Dunington, Crowland, Folkinghdm, Holbecb,
Horncaftle,
Lytcham,

Louth,
Sleaford, Saltfleet,Spalding,Spilsby,Razen,
Stanton,
Tatterjhall, Wainfieet.

Lincoln, upon the Witham, ftands upon the Afcent of a Lincoln.
Hill, 104 Miles from London. 'Tis faid to be built out of
the Ruins of Lindum, an ancient City of Importance among
the Romans. When England fell into the Hands of William
the Conquerour, this was a large, populous, and rich City.
Therefore William built a Caftle in it, to awe the Inhabi
tants ; and Remigius, Biihop of Dorchefter, removed his See
thither, where he built the Cathedral, one of the fineft Fa-
bricks in Chriftendom. Tho this City has fuffered much by
the Wars, 'tis to this Day of a confiderable Extent. Wenf-
day is its Market-Day. The fame has given the Title of
ah Earl to feveral Families, before Queen Elizabeth dignify 'd
with it irt 1565. Edward Fiennes, Lord Clinton, High Ad
miral, now devolved upon Francis, the prefent Earl of
Lincoln. Bofton, near the Witfym's Mouth, is a very good Port. Bofton.
There is a Tower, look'd upon as the fineft in England. •
Grantham, upon the fame River, is a good Town, and a
great Thorow-fare to fuch as travel' to the North, or from
thence to the South. The Steeple of its Church is fo high,
that to a Beholder it feems to ftand awry. The late King
William conferred the Title of Earl of Grantham upon my
Lord Auverquerque's eldeft Son, which he now enjoys.
Bullingbrook, an Honour of the Crown, was the Birth- Bulling-
place of Henry IV. and gives to this Day the Title of an brook.
Earldom to Paulet S. John, defcended from Oliver S. John,
who was made. Earl of Bullingbrook by King James I. in
1624. Ganesborough, upon the Trent, is one of the chief Towns Ganesbo-
of this County. It gives the Title of an Earldom to Baptift rough.
Noel, the prefent Earl of Ganesborough.

F12

Stam-

48 The Prefent STATE of ParfL
Stamford. Stamford, the Durobriv& of the Ancients, ftands upon the
Weland, and borders upon 3 Counties, viz. Lincoln/hire,-
Rutland, and Northampton/hire. It has feveral Bridges over
the River, and moft of its Buildings are of Stone. It con
tains 6 Pariihes. Henry, Lord Grey of Rooby, was made
Earl of Stamford by King Charles I. in 1628. And Tho. Grey,
his Grandfon, does now injoy the Title.
Wainfleet. Wainfieet, towards the Sea, is noted for being the Birth
place of that famous Bifhop of Winchefter, William of Wain-
fleet, the Founder of Magdalen-College in Oxford, and of a
Grammar-School here.
Grimsby. Grimsby and Kirton, of note for their fair Churches.
Kirton. Here is alfo Axbolm, an Ifle made by feveral Rivers, efpe-
AXholm. cially the. Trent and the Dun, which defer ves a Place here.
The fame is about 10 Miles long, and 4 broad j yields
Alablafter, and a fweet Shrub called Gall. \

Country-Seats.

Normanby, the Duke of Buc
kingham's.
Belvair-Caffle, Duke of Rut-
land's:
Sempringham, and Tatterfball-
Caftle, Earl of Lincoln's.
Grimfthorp, and Eresby, Earl
1 of Lindfey s.
Blankrey, the Lord Widring-
.ton's.
Worlby, the Lord Bellafis's.
Ofgodby, the Lady Bellafis's.
Lincoln-Pilace, the Biihop of
Lincoln's.
Burton, Sir Henry Monfon's.
Scamton, Sir John Bowls's.

Notion, Sir William Ellis's.
Stanfield, Sir John Tyrwbit's. ,
Cameringham, Mr. Tyrwbit's^
Glentworth, Mr. Sanderfon's.
Hartfwell, Col. Whitcbcote's.
Hemfwell, Mr. Young's.
Cleftam, Mr. Darwing's.
Horftow, Mr» Dorrel's.
Brockelsby, Mr. Charles Pel-^
barn's.
Scawbey, Mr. Nelthrop's._
Killingholm, Mr. Booth's.
Caneby, Mr. Tourney's.
Hainton, Mr. Hennidge's.
Sorfelby, Mr. Dimmock's.

MIDDLESEX,
AN Ifland County, in Lo7iio« Diocefs, is but fmall.
However 'tis pleafant, and fruitful, and has the
Honour of being the Capital County of the Realm, and
the Seat of its Monarchs. The Thames that waters it, and
feparates it from Surrey,, is its principal River. The Com-
poft ( or Dung ) of London, which ftands in this County, adds

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN.
adds much to its Fruitfulnefs, and makes' the Fruits of the
Earth ripen fooner here, than in more Southern Counties.
And fuch is the Plenty of Dung in this Place, that pne may
have what Quantity he will for fetching, and the Owners
glad to' part, with it gratis. Market-Towns.

69

© L 0 N D 0 N, the Metropolis,

© Weftminfter,
Brentford,

Stanes,
Uxbridge,

Enfield, Edgewortb.

I fhall fpeak hereafter of London and Weftminfter,
two Cities reduced into one, but not under the fame Ma-
giftracy. Brentford is 7 Miles Weft from London, and has formerly Brentford.
given the Title of an Earldom.
Stanes is upon the Thames,' and Uxbridge on the Coin. En- Stanes.
field and Edgewortb are the leaft confiderable. Uxbridge.
But there are about London, both in this County and Surrey, Enfield.
many pleafant Towns and Villages, and in them fair Coun- Edge-
try-Houfes. In this County particularly there is Iflington, worth.
Highgate, Hamfted, Kentift-Town, Cbelfey, Kenfington, Ful-
ham, Hamerfmitb, Thiftleworth, &c.

Kenfington-Palice, a
Houfe.
Hampton-Court, another Roy
al Houfe.
,fio?i-Houfe, the Duke of So-
merfet's.
Beaufort-Houfe, at Cbelfey,
the Duke of Beauforfs.
Lindfey-Houfe at Cbelfey, the
1 Marquis of Lindfey's.
Cawbden-Houk, near Ken
fington.
Holland-Houfe, Earl of War
wick's.
Canbury, Earl of Northamp
ton's.
Cranford, Earl of Berkley's.
Mofdaunt-Houfe, at Parfon's

Country-Seats. Royal

Earl of Peterbo-

Green,rough's.
Sutton-Court, and Burling-
*o?;-Houfe, Sir Stephen Fox's.
Drayton, the Lord Paget's.
At Hackney, the Lord Brooks's
Houfe.
Wlntton, the Lady Falk
land's'.
At Highgate, Sir William
AJhburft's Houfe. ,
Twickenham-?irk, Mr. Ver
non's.
Chelfey-Houfe, the Biihop of
Wi'ncbefter's.
Fulham-Houfe, the Bifhop of
London's, &c.

F3

At

7© The Prefent S T A T E of . Par* I.
At Cbelfey is the famous Hofpital for maimed and difabled
Souldiers, called Chel fey-College, or ChelfeyHofpital, of
which in my Defcriptfon of London.

MONMOVTHSHIRE,
A, County in the Diocefs of Landaff, formerly counted
Part of Wales, and now reckoned among the Counties
of England. It lies Weftward, on the Borders of Wales,
watered on the South-fide by the Severn, which falls there
into th/ Sea. Here the People fpeak both Englijh and Welch,
this being the Language of the ancient Britains, the Fore
fathers of the Welch.
As woody and hilly as this County is, 'tis neverthelefs a
very plentiful Place ; to which the Rivers Usk and Wye,
Monnow and Rumney, contribute very much. The Usk and
Wye yield plenty of Salmons, and Trouts.
. Market-Towns.
© MONMOUTH, the Shire-Town,
Abergavenny, Cbepftow} Pontpool,
Caer-leon, Newport, Usk.
Mon- Monmouth, ioo Miles from London, is a Town pleafantly
mouth, featedr between the Wye and the Monnow., with a Bridge over
each River. It was formerly fortify'd with a ftately Caftle,
in which Henry V. who conquered France, was born, whence
he was called Henry of Momrioutb. The Caftle. is fain to
Ruin, but part of the Wall, aiid 3 Gates are ftanding. King
Charles II. created James^ one of his natural Sons, Duke of
Monmouth j who loft his Life upon a Scaffold, in the Reign
of James. II, Now it gives ithe Title of an Earldom tp
Charles Mordant, created Earl of Monmouth by the late
King William ; and who fuceefeded notlong after to the Title
of Earl of Peterborough, by his Uncle's Death.
Aberga- Abergavenny, the Gobanivm of the ancient Romans, is fo
venny. called from the River Gayehny on which it is fituate, at its
fall into the Usk. This alfo is "a goodly Town, well built;
and which drives a great Trade in Flannel. 'Tis incom-
paffed with a Wall, and fortify'd with'a Caftle. The firft
Baron of England, George Nevil, bears the Title of Baton of
Abergavenny. ¦ -
Cm

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 71
Caer-leon, the Ifca Silurum of the Ancients, ftands upon Care-
the Usk, and was of old a Place of Importance, garrifoned leon.
by the fecond Roman Legion called Augufta, to keep the Si-
lures in iwe. In the Time of the Britains, this was a kind
of Univerfity, and the See of an Archbilhop, which
was afterwards removed to S. Davids.
Chepftow, Lat. Strigulia, is feated on the Wye, over which Chepftow
it has a fair Bridge, at fome Diftance from its Influx into
the Severn. It was formerly walled about, and had for its
Defence a great Caftle. To this Day 'tis one of the beft
Towns of this County.
Newport and Usk are both fituate on the River Usk. The ^^port
laft of thefe Towns was formerly fortify'd with a ftrong an" Usk-
Place, but fince fain to Ruin. .
Pont-pool is noted for its forging Mills. font-pool.

Country-Seats.

Monmouth-CiUle , Caldicot ,
Grifmond, and Skenfritb
Caftles, belonging to the.
Crown.
Chepftow, and Ragland Ca-
; ftles, the Duke of Beau
fort's.
Isk, Caftion, and Newport
Caftles, Earl of Pembroke's.
Abergavenny-Cillle, the Lord
Abergavenny's.
S. Julian, the Lord Herbert's

of Cherbury.
Mathern-Pilice, the Bifhop
of Ldndaff s.
Langilly, Sir Hopton Wil
liams's.
Tredegar, and Machen, John
Morgan's Efq;
S. Peer, Mr. Lewis's.
At L'anturnbam, another fine
Seat.
And Mr. Arnold's Seat, 3
Miles from Abergavenny.

NORFOLK,

A Maritime County, in Norwich Diocefs, is one of the
largeft Counties of England, bounded on the North
and Eaft with the German Sea. Its Soil is very diverfe, in
fome Places fat, in fome fandy, and others heavy. To
wards the Sea 'tis level, and yields plenty of Corn. In
other Parts, you will find Woods, and Heaths. Thofe
feed abundance of Cattel, and thefe infinite Numbers of
Sheep, indConies. Its principal Rivers are the Oufe, Wa-
v'eney, Tare, and Thryn. Its Commodities, Corn, Wool, Hot
ny, and Safron, the beft Saffron growing near Walfingbam.
.Its Manufactures, Stuffs, and Stockings. The neighbouring
F 4 Sea

T* The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Sea fwarms with Herrings. Jett and Amber are fometimes
found upon the Coaft.
The Inhabitants are look'd upon as a litigious People,
and 'tis faid they have amongft them no lefs than 1500
Attorneys, who cut more Work for the Judges in their
Circuit, than any three other Counties. This contentious
Spirit is fo predominant with them, that they are perpetual
ly ingaged in Law-fuits, through the Inftigation of Attor
neys, their Blood-fuckers. When they had better decide
their fmall Differences, by one eaft of the Dice.
Laftly, Norfolk gives the Title of a Duke to the eldeft
Branch of the Howard's Family. John Lord Howard, was
the firft Duke of Narfolk, being defcended from the Lady
Margaret Dutchefs of Norfolk, and Daughter of Thomas de
Brotberton, Son of Edward I. Which Title is now injoy'd
by Thomas Howard,

Market-Towns.

(ORWICH, the Chief,

Walftam,

Cromer.

Windham,

Difs,

Repeham,

Harlfton,

Snajham,

Her ling,

Swafham,

Hickling,

Fackenham,

Holt,

Foulftam,

Methwould,

Hingham,

Lodden,

Cafton,

Wotton,

Clay,

Woifted.

.© Lyn,
© Yarmouth,
© Tbetford,
© Caffle-riftng,
Attleborough,
Aleftam,
, Buckenham}
Burnham, Dereham,Downbam,
Walftngliam,
Norwich. Norwich, Lat. Norvicum, or Nordovicuni, Rands in the Mid>
die of the County, where the Winfder falls into the Tare,
90 Miles from London. 'Tis faid, this City was built by
the Saxons out of the Ruins of Venta Icenorum, now called
i Cafter, where fever.il Roman Urns were found fome Years
fince. In the Time of the Saxons, Norwich was the prime
Seat of the Eaft-Angles. The fame was afterwards reduced
to Afties by Sueno, King of the Danes. Being raifed again
from its Afties, r amine compelled it to fubmit to William
the Conquerour. The Rebellion raifed by Kett, i" fanner of
Windham, in the Reign of Edward VI, brought this Town
to Ruin again. But it was happily reftored by Q. Elizabeth^
who fent hither part of the Flemings that came over for
.She}-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 73
Shelter, from the cruel Perfeeution of the Duke of Alva in
the Netherlands. Thefe Flemings fettled here the Manufa
cture of Stuffs , of which there is a great Vent yearly, to the
Sum of i 00000 I. Sterling. Thus this City became flou-
rifhing, in which there are now reckoned 7000 Houfes,
and at leaft 30000 Souls. In fhort, 'tis one of the largeft
and faireft Cities of England. And 'tis the See of the Bi
fhop of Norwich, removed from Thetford hither in 1088.
by Herebert, Biihop of this Diocefs. Its principal Buildings
are the Cathedral, the Duke of Norfolk's Houfe, the Bi
fliop's Palace, and the Hofpital. Here are 3 Markets a
Week, kept on Wenfday, Friday, x and Saturday. Laftly,
it gives the Title of an Earldom to the Duke or Norfolk,
who is Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norwich.
Lyn, or Lyn Regis, is a Sea-Port Town, at the Mouth ofLyn.
the Oufe. 'Tis large, rich, and well inhabited ; fortify'd
with a large Ditch, and two Forts.
Yarmouth, the Gariannonum of the Ancients, is the beft Yar-
Haven in this County, feated at the Yare's Mouth, whence moutht
the Name of Yarmouth. 'Tis alfo called Great Yarmouth, in
oppofition to Yarmouth in the Ifle of Wight. The Herring-
fifhing in September makes this Town a flourifhing Place.
'Tis pretty large, well built, andforify'd both by Nature and
Art. But there is but one Church, and that's noted for its
lofty Spire. This Town gives the Title of an Earl to Wil
liam Pafton, devolved unto him from Robert his Father,
who was created Earl of Yarmouth by Charles II.
Thetford, a moft ancient. Town, ftands upon the leffer Thetford.
Oufe, which feparates Norfolk from Suffolk. This Town
was raifed from the Ruins of the ancient Sitomagus, that
was deftroy'd by the Danes. The Epifcopal See of the
Eaft-Angles was removed from North-Elmham hither, and af
terwards froni hence to Norwich. Thetford has been a great
'Lofer by tnis Change. But to make it' amends in fome
meafure, the Lent- Aftizes are ufually held here.
Caftle-rifing, is an ancient, but decay'd Town. It ftands Caftle-ri-
riear the Sea, but never the, better for 't, lor want of a good fing.
Haven. Walfingham, in the Northern Parts, was a famous Place Walfing-
in the Times of popery ; fuch was the Concourfe of People ham.
to it from all Parts, to worfhip the B. Virgin, hence called
Our Lady of Walfingham ; Who had a Chappel here near two
Wells, called to .tnis Day Virgin Mary's Wells.
Near Hickling, North-Eaftward, ftood formerly the fa
mous Abbey of S. Benhet in the Holm, founded by King
Canute, and afterwards fo fortify'd by its Monks, that it
look's^ more like a Fortrefs, than a Monaftery. Yet it was
.fcetray'd by a Monk to W'tllidm the Conquerour.

74 'The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Branca. I conclude thefe Defcriptions with Brancafter, in the
fter. North-weft Parts ; fuppofed to be the Branadunum of the
Ancients, a Town in great efteem among the Romans.

Country-Seats.

Oxnead, and Pafton, the Earl
of Yarmouth's.
Raynam,ind Stifkey, Vif
count Townfend's.
Caftle-rifing, the Lord Dud
ley's.
Norwicb-Vilice, and Ludham,
the Biihop of Norwich's:
Kimbley, Sir John Woodboufe's.
Blickling, Sir Henry Hob art's.
guidenham, Slijohn Holland's.
Attleborough, Sir Francis Bick-
ley's. , .
Eaft-Baftam, Sir Chriftopher
Colthrope's.
Melton', Sir Jacob AJhley's.
Stow, Sir Ralph Hare's.
Langford, Sir Nicholas Ge
rard's.
Eaft-Harling, Mr. John Lo-
vell's.
Weft-Harling, Sir John Gaw-
dey's.
Shotftam, Sir William Doiley's.
Henfden-hall, Sir Nicholas Le-
ftrange's.
Thuckford, Sir Francis Gib
bon's.
Beefton, Sir Ifaac Prefton's.

Sprowfton-hall, SirKo. Adams's.
Bowthorp, Sir Robert Yallop's,
Osburg, Sir Henry Bedding-
field's.
Cawfey, Sir Francis Irnegan's.
Deerham, Sir Tho. Deerham^
Mannington, Sir Roger Potts's.
Reckey, Sir Henry Pettus's.
Broom,, Sir William Cook's.
Gillingbam, and Egmore, Sit
Edmund Bacon's.
Kirbey, Sir Mo. Barney's.
Riddlefwortb, Sir jfojert 2?)a-
r)r's. ,
Martin, Mr. Gray's.-
AJbwelthorp, Mr. Knevet's.
Felbridge, Mr. Windham's.
Buckenbdm, Mr. Harvey's.
Crofwick, Mr. Legroffe's.
Tittenbam, Mr. Buckftone's.
Rifing, Mr. Redell's.
Betftborp, Mr. ^aw's.
Holkbam, Mr. Coke's.
Hindringbam, Mr. Godferrfs.,
Wighton, Mr. Beddingfield s, .
Heverland, Mr. Heme's.
Rougham, Mr. North's.
Sandringham, Mr. i/q/r's.
SwarftOn, Mr. Barney's.

NOR THA MP TO NS HIR Ex
AN Ifland County, in Peterborough Diocefs, is one pf
the beft Counties of England, -well inhabited, and
full of Nobility and Gentry. Here both the Air is health
ful, and the Soil very fruitful. It abounds in Corn and
Cattle, Wood, and Saltpeter. Its principal Rivers are the
Oufe, the Weland, and the Nen, all rifing in this County, Market-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 75
Market-Towns.
© NORTHAMPTON, the Shire-Town,
© Peterborough, Rockingham, Wellingborough,
® Brackley, Oundle, Kettering,
® Higham-Ferrers, Towcefter, Thrapfton,
Daventry, ' Rothwell, Cliff.
Northampton, upon the Nen, 5 J Miles from London, is Northam-
one of the prettieft Towns in England. Upon the 3d ofptoiv
September, 1675. it had the Misfortune to be burnt down,
and reduced into Afties ; but by a generous Contribution,
it was foon after raifed up again, much finer and more uni
form than before. Saturday is its Market-Day. Anno 1618.
William Lord Compton was created Earl of Northampton by
James I. which Title has continued ever fince in the Fa
mily, George Compton being now pofleffed of it.
Peterborough, upon the Nen, is one of the fix Bifhopricks Peterbo-
erected by Henry VIII. after the Diffolution of the Mona- rough.
fleries. In 1627, Johnhord Mordant was created Earl of
Peterborough by King Charles the I. which Title pafled
from him to his Son Henry, and from Henry to Charles Mor
dant his Nephew, the prefent Earl of Peterborough and Mon
mouth. Brackley, Higham-Ferrers, Oundle, and Wellingborough, are Brackley.
of note for their Grammar-Schools. Oundle* upon the Hen,
is of fome note befides for its fair Church, but chiefly for
its Drumming Wejls, for which fee p. 17.
Towcefter, according to Cambden, is the Triponthim of the Towce-
Ancients, fo called from its three Bridges. It has been for- fter;
merly a Place of fuch Strength as to baffle the Danes,
forced them to raife the Siege of this Place after feveral
furious and violent Affaults.
Befides thofe Towns, I fliall take notice here of Fothering- Fothe-
ftay-Caftle, in which Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded, un-ringhay-
der the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Of Nafeby, in the Caftle*
Neighbourhood of . which was fought the famous Battel,
June 14, 1645. in which King Charles I. loft the Day. And
of the Caftle of Holdenby, where the King was kept Prifo-
ner fome Months together.
At fome Diftance from Towcefter there is a Royal Mannpr
called Grafton, giving the Title of a Duke to Charles Fitz- Grafton.
roy, Son of Henry Fitz-roy, • natural Son of the late King
Charles by the Dutchefs of Cleveland, created by that Prince
Duke of Grafton, in 107 J. Country.

76

The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.

Country-Seats.

Grafton Regis, the Duke of
Grafton's.
Boughton, and Barnwell-Ci-
ftle, Duke of Montague's.
Burley-Haafe, and Wothorp,
Earl of Exeter's.
Caftle-Aftby, Earl -of Nor-
*£d»r|>*0M's.
Apethorp, and Sowlhay- Lodge,.
Earl of Weftmorland's.
Drayton, Loofwick , Thrap~
fton, and Sudborougb, Earl
of Peterborough's.
Alihrop, Earl of Sunderland's.
Dean, Earl of Cardigan's.
Holdenby, Earl of Feverfidnt's.
Great-Billing, Earl of Kq-
»WM(i's.
Eafton-Mauduit, Vifcount of
Lon^ztewi/Ze's.
/Tir^y, Vifcount Hatton's.
Winwick, the Lord Craven's.
Aftwell, the Lord Fmm's.
- .SocfeiBg/MW-Caftie, Warming-
ton, and Smkalbany, .the
Lord Rockingham's.
Stcne, the Lord jCtew's,

Dingley, the Lord Griffin's.
Eafton, the Lord Leinffter's.
PsterboroughCilMe, and Gr-
Jror, the Bifhop of Perec-
iwoagi's.
Culworth, Sir Pope DdMtierj's.
Marfum, Sir Join Blincoe's.
Upton, Sir Richard Samwel's,
Geyton, Sir Tio. Samwel's.
Corknell, Sir Samuel Jones's.
Woollafton, Sir Charles Neale\.
Gritworth, Mr. Parser's.
AW/wrf, Mr. TVa/fe's.
Ji/oB, Mr. Harvey's.
Prefton, Mr. Butler's.
Eaien, Mr. Brown's.
Eaft-Hadden, Mr. Cbefter's.
Watford, Mr. Cto&'s.
Norton, Mr. Britten's.
Charlton, Mr. Adams's.
Halfton, Mr. Andrews's.
Dallington, Mr. Ronsford's.
S?ow-Park, Mr, Arendell's.
Prefton, Mr. Edmund's.
De la prey, Mr. Titfe's.
Grimdon, • "

NORTHVMBERLAND,
A Maritime and Northern County, in Durham Diocefs,
and bordering upon Scotland. 'Tis none of the moft
fruitful, but there are fome Parts of it very good, efpecially
towards the Sea-fide, if lefs fruitful "in other Parts, its.
Bowels make amends for it with their abundance of Coal-
Mines, which, is exported from hence into moft Ports of^
England, but London efpecially. Here are alfo feveral
Lead-Mines. Wild-Fowl and Fift abound in this County,
Which has given the Title of an Earl to feveral Families,
the P/'erc/s laft of all. Jocelyn, the laft of this Family, died
at Turin, without an Heir Male, in 1670. and fo the Title
was extinct. But four Years after his Death, King Charles II.

Chap. VII. GREATBRITAIN. 77
II. created George Fitz-roy, one of his natural Sons by the
Dutchefs of Cleveland, Baron of PontefraS, Vifcount Fal
mouth, and Duke of Northumberland. Market-Towns.
© NE WCASILE, the Chief,
0 Barwick, Billingbam, . Haltwifle,
© Morpeth, Hellefdon, Rothbury,
Alnwick, Hexham, Wetter.
Beltingbam, Learmouth,
Newcaftle, upon the Tine, 7 Miles from the Sea, and 212 jjew-
from London, is built upon the Afcent of a Hill, with a caftie>
Key by the River-fide, for the Conveniency of Ships that
come up to it. 'Tis a large, populous, rich Town, and
that drives a great Trade. It may juflly be called the Briftol
of the North. ' Here the Houfes are for the moft part built
of Stone, and moft of the Streets very fteep. The Town-
Houfe not far from the Key, not this from a Stone-Bridge
over the River, with an Iron-Gate in the Middle, parting
this County from Durham. This is the great Place of Trade
for Sea-coais, it being almoft furrounded with Coal-pits,
which Commodity is fetch'd from this Place for London
efpecially, where 600000 Chaldrons are yearly fpent, at 36
Bufhels a Chaldron. Therefore here are always great Coal- i
fleets, fomerimes 3, 4, or 500 Sail, whofe Station- is at
Sheals, at the River's Mouth. By this Trade chiefly New
caftle is grown wealthy. It confifts of 4 large Pariflies, ,
each having its proper Church ; the principal of which is
thatoftSt. Nicholas,. 'having a ftately Steeple, and looking
more like a Cathedral, than a Parochial Church. This
Town was formerly fortify'd -with a great Caftle, the Walls
of which are yet ftanding. Cambden fays, its ancient Name
was Monk-Cbefter, but that it took the Name of Newcaftle,
upon the Building of the Caftle by a Son of William the
Conquerour. Laftly, this Town injoys great Privileges,
by the Favour of Queen Elizabeth. Tis one of thofe which
are called County-Towns, or Counties^ Corporate, governing
themfelves Independently from the Lord Lieutenant. Tuef-
day and Saturday are its Market-Days. Here are Plenty of all
Things, and Provifions cheap. As to Vewel, 'tis fo little a
Charge here, that they keep conftant great Fires for fix
Months of the Year, and feldom put it out Day nor Night,
from Michaelmas to Lady-Day. To keep it burning in the
Night, they recruit it with a good Parcel of Coals, about Bed-

7 8 The Prefent S TAT E of Part, f,
Bed-time, that keeps it in till next Day. Anno 1664. King
Chatles Ii. conferred the Title of Duke of Newcaftle upon
Henry Cavendijb, (Son of William, Marquis of Newcaftle) who
died without Heir Male, and his Title with him. But the
late King William revived it in the Perfon of John Holies,
the prefent Duke of Newcaftle. I conclude this Defcriptiori
with thefe Latin Verfes, to the Praife of Newcaftle.
Templum, Partus^ Caftrum, Carbo, Salina, Molaris,
Murus, Pons, Salmo, Scbola, funt Novi Gloria Caftri.
Barwick. Barwick upon Tweed, is a Frontire-Place, which formerly
belonged to Scotland. It lies 40 Miles North of Newcaftle,
fituate on an Eminence that fhoots forth into the Sea, and
watered Southward by the River, which makes it a Penin-
fule. The Town is large, well inhabited, and fortify'd.
Its Caftle was built by Henry II. to which Queen Elizabeth
added fome new Works. So that, when the_ Scots invaded
England in 1640. they took Newcaftle, but durft not venture
on Barwick. Heretofore this Town had often changed Ma
ilers, fometimes falling to the Share of the Englifi, and fome.
times to that of the Scots. When William King of Scots was
taken Prifoner in the Battel of Alnwick by the Englifh, in the
Reign of Henry II. Barwick was deliver'd up to Henry as a
Cautionary Town, till the Ranfom was paid. Which be
ing paid to King John, the Son of Henry, the Place was re.
ftor'd to the Scots. In the Reign of Edward I. it was retaken
by the Englijh, and afterwards by the Scots. In fhort, this
Town was feveral times taken and re-taken, till the Reign of
Edward IV. when Sir Tliomas Stanley re-took it the laft
time from the Scots. Barwick is a County-Town, that is, in
dependent from the Lord Lieutenant of the County. It gives
the Title of a Duke to James commonly called Duke of Bar
wick, a Natural Son of the late King 'James, who raifed
him to that Dignity.
Morpeth. Morpeth is a goodly Town, feated on the Wensbeck, vs
Miles North of Newcaftle, and giving the Title of Vifcount
to the Jiarl of Carlifle.
Hexham. Hexham, Lat. Axelodunum, 14 Miles Weft of Newcaftle,
was formerly a Bifliop's See, till Henry VIII. annexed it to
that of Durham. Its Cathedral was a ftately one, before it
came to be partly ruined by the Scots.

Counttj-

Chap. VII. GREAT BR IT A IN <f$
Country-Seats.

Alnwick , Warkworth , and
Prudhoc-caftle, the Duke of
Somerfet's.
Ogle-Cdftle, Bothal-caftle, and
* Hepple-Tower, formerly the
Duke of Newcaftle's.
Morpetli-caftle, the Earl of
Carlifle's.

Derwentwater, and Dilftone,
Earl of Derwentwater' s.
Work, Cbillingham, Dunftabu-
ry, and Horton-caftle, the
Lord Grey's.
Widrington-caftle, the Lord
Widrington's.

Of the Ifles of Northumberland, particularly Holy-
Ifland.
Near the Coaft of this County there are three Ifles, the
principal of which is called Holy-Ifland, and the two others
(Jacket, ind Farn.
Holy-Ifland is not far from Barwick, and was formerly Holy-
known by the Name of Lindisfarne, before it took the Name Ifland,
of Holy-Ifland, as a retiring Place for Bifhops, Monks, and o-
thers, who being weaned from the World, made this their
Sanctuary. S. Aidan, one of the firft Apoftles of this Coun
try, made choice of it in 63 5. for his Epifcopal See, near
400 Years before it was removed to Durham. The fame is
but a fmall Ifland, the Air of which is not wholfom, nor
the Soil fruitful. 'Tis therefore but thinly inhabited, there
being but one Town, with a Caftle, and a Church. The
Haven is pretty good, and defended with a Fort.'

NOTT ING HAMS HI R £,
AN Inland County, in the Diocefs of York, is a moft
fruitful Place, efpecially Soutft-Eaftward. The Weft-
fide is woody, and yields abundance of Pit-coals. Here is
the famous Foreft of Sherwood. Befides the Trent, which
parts this County from Lincolnfii're, here's the Iddle, 8cc
Market-Towns.
© NOTTINGHAM, the Shire-Town,
© Newark, Soutbwellt Tuxford,
© Retford, Bingham, Workfop. •
Mansfield, NottingZ

_ So , The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Notting- Nottingham, on the Lea, 96 Miles from London, is a
ham. pleafant and well built Town, confiiting of j Pariihes, arid
having one of the fineft Caftles in England. It has a fair
Market-place, and its Market-Days are Wenfday aud Satur
day. This Town has given the Title of Baron, and next
that of an Earl to feveral Families. At prefent Daniel
Finch is Earl of Nottingham, being eldeft Son of Heneagi
Finch, Lord High Chancellour of England in the Reign of the
late King Chirks, who made him Earl of Nottingham toon
after the Deceafe of Charles Howard, by which'the Title lay
extinct.
Newark. Newark, upon Trent, took that Name from a ftately Ca
ftle, erected here by Alexander, Bifhop of Lincoln, in the
Reign of King Stephen. Its Walls, ftiH to be feen, area
plain Demonftration of its former Statelinefs. There is in
this Town a fair Church, with a Steeple of curious Work-
manfhip. The fame gives the Title of Vifcount to the Mar
quis of Dorchefter.
Mansfield Mansfield is noted for its Malt-Trade, and Workfop for its
fir5 Work- ticorifh.

fop.-

Country-Seats.

Workfop, fhe Duke of Nor-\
folk's.
Nottingham-Caftle , Welbeck-
Abbey, Clare-houfe , in Not
tingham, and Houghton, the
Duke of Newcaftle's.
Holme Pierpont, the Marquis

of Dorchefter's.
Shelf or d, Earl of Chefter field't. t
Newfted- Abbey , Bulwell-ParkfJ
and Linby, Lord Byron's.
Averham, and Kelham, Lord
Lexington's.

0 XFO R D SHI R E, or the County of 0X0 N,
AN Inland County, in OayW-Diocefs, delightful, fruitj
ful, and full of Gentry. Befides the Thames, made 01
the Tame and Ifis that water this County, here's the CherweS,
Windruft, Evenlode, &c. Market-Towns.
© OXFORD, the Capital-City,

Oxt

© Woodftock,

Watlington,

Bicefter,

© Banbury,

Witney,

Bampton,

Burford,

Cbipping-Norton,

Tame.

Henley,

Deddington,

Chap. VII. GREAT B RITA IN. 81
Oxford, or Oxon, feated at the Influx of the Cberwell into Oxford,
the Ifis, is both a fair City, anda famous Univerfity. 'Tis a
City fince Henry VIII. made it a Bifliop's See, upon the Dif-
folutionofthe Monafteries, and made S. Fridefwide's Church
its, Cathedral, under the Name of Chrift-Churcb, by him en
dowed out of the Lands belonging to the diffolved Monafte
ries of Abingdon and Ofney. The Chapter confills of a Dean,
and 8 Prebendaries. Befides the Cathedral, here are 1 5 Pa-
rifh-Churches, fo that Oxford is one of the largeft Cities in
England. And in point of Situation, it has the Advantage
of Cambridge, both for Health and Pleafure. Here are 2
Markets a Week, viz. on Wenfday and Saturday. As a City,
'tis govein'd (as Cambridge) by a Mayor and Aldermen, but
in Subjection to the Chancellour, or Vice^Chancellour of the
Univerfity ; who are fuperiour to him, and whofe Orders
the Mayor mult obey in all Affairs of Moment, tho concef
ning the City it felf. In Token of this SubmiiTion, the
Mayor, ,with the principal Citizens of Oxford; and the
High Sheriff of Oxfordftire, take an Oath yearly to maintain
the Rights and Privileges of the Univerfity 5 which Oath is
given 'em by the Vice-Chancellour. And the Day of Schola-
ftica, being the 10th of February, the Mayor and 62 of the
chief Citizens, do folemnly pay each a Peny at S. Mary's
Church, in lieu of a grear Fine formerly laid upon 'em for an
Outrage committed by the Citizens in Edward the Ill's Reign,
againft the Perfons and Goods of fome Students.
In the Year 11 5 J. Aubrey de Vere was created Earl of Ox
ford by Henry II. In whofe Line the Title continued above
500 Years, till the late Reign, when Aubrey de Vere, the 20th
Earl of Oxford, died without IfTue Male, and with him -the
Title. As it is an Univerfity, this may be faid of it in general,
that (except her SitterCambridge) the World cannot fhew fuch
another Nurfery of Learning as Oxford is, nor fuch ftately, or
fo well indowed Colleges, whofe Heads, Profeffors, and
Fellows, live an eafy and plentiful Life. Nor is there any
where elfe a greater Opportunity for Scholars to improve
themfelves, by converting with Men of Learning, or the Ufe
of Libraries.
Here are 18 Indowed Colleges, and 7 Halls not indowed ;
each of 'em under a Head, called Mafter, Warden, Prefident,
ReBor, Principal, or Provoft.

G ne

Univerfity
Baliol Merton Exeter OrielQueen's New Lincoln All-Souls Magdalen

The Prefent STATE of Parti..
The Colleges are,
> f 872"! f The Saxon King Al-

1262

1274

13161337
13401375

>

Colle_
Founded in

1420 1437
ge, < r*^

Brazen-Nofe ,

Corpus Chrifti

Chrift-Cburch
Trinity S. John's

Jefus
Wadham,Pembroke

1459

I5U

1516

154915551557

15711613 1620

t

1 fred.
John Baliol, Father
of John Baliol,
King of Scots.
Walter de Merton,
Lord High Chan
cellour of ' Eng
land, and Bifhop
of Rochefttr.
Walter Stapleto»,l)i-
fhop of Exeter.
King Edward II.
Kob.Eaglesfield, B.D,
William of Wickhtm,
Bifhop of Winche
fter , and Lord
High Chancellor
of England.
Richard Fleming, Bi
fhop of Lincoln.-
Hen.Chicbeley, Arch-
Bifhop of Canter
bury.
William of Wainpet,
Bifhop of {fincfc
fter , and Lord
High Chancellor
of England. "
William Smith, Bi
fhop of Lincoln,
and Richard Sut
ton Efq;
RiebmUFox, Biihop
of Winchefter, and
Lord Privy Seal.
King Henry VIIL-
SirTTioTMiuPofe.Sir J/;o»wr #7*,
Merchant-Taylor
of London.
Queen Elizabeth.
Nicb. Wadham Hq;
Thomas Teifdalelh
and tfid. 0«>
jpirt.B.D. ft

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN 83
The Halls. m's t
/ "»g»S«> j New
I f Magdalen j

S. Edmund 1
S. -i/tei I

*s 1
Merton
Exeter

fa™ i Woll bp cxner ;
Magdalen I f Magdalen \
Glocefter J (iS. Join's j

Univerfity-College was founde^lfor 12 Fellows, and ijScho-
lats, and the reft for more or lefs, being all liberally main-
tain'd out of the Revenues of therefpective Colleges they be
long to. As for the Halls, the Students thereof live toge
ther in Society, as they do in the Innsxrf Court and Chancery
in London. As they are not indowed, their Students live up-1
on their own Means, except fome Exhibitions or yearly
Penfions annexed to one or two Students.
There are reckoned in Oxford 1000 Students, that live upon
the Revenues of the Colleges ^ and of other Students, that
have the Benefit of Learning, but pay for their Maintenance,
about twice as many. Befides, Stewards, Manciples, Butlers,
Cooks, Porters, Gardiners, &c.
Every College and Hall is tied to certain Statutes, for the
better Government thereof. And, for the Students publick
Exercifes, the Year is here divided, as by Lawyers, into
four Terms, viz.
Michaelmas-Term, beginning OBober 16, and ending
December 17.
Hilary for Lent) Term, beginning Jan. 14. and ending
the Saturday before Palm-Sunday.
Eafter-Term, "beginning 10 Days after Eafter, and ending
the Thurfday before Whitfimday.
Trinity-Term, beginning the Wenfday after Trinity-Sun
day, and ending after the AcVfooner or later, as the
Vice-Chancellour and Convocation think meet.
During theTe Terms, the Students have within their own
Walls Lectures and Difputations, and liberal Sciences read
and taught. In fome of them they have publick Lectures for
all Comers, with large Salaries for the Readers. The Times
when Profeffors read are as follows ;
. Divinity, Friday, o in thelPhyfick, Tuefday, 8 Morn.
Morning. j Margaret Prof.Divinity, Thurf-
Law, Thurfday, 10 Morn. I day, 9 Morn,
G a Savil

The Prefent S T A T E 0/ Part I.

Savil Geometry, Saturday, 8
in the Morning.
Savilian Aftronomy, Munday,
8 Morn.
Natural Pbilofopby, Saturday,
8 Morn.
Moral Pbilofopby, Friday, 8
Morn.
Hifiory, Friday i Afternoon.

Metapbyfick, Friday, 8 Morn.
Greek, Saturday, i Afterri.
Grammar, Tuefday, 8 Morn.
Logick, Munday 8 Morn.
Arabick, Weniday, io Morn.
In the Vacation.
Hebrew, Thurfday, i Aftern.
Rbetorick, Thurfda-y,^ Morn.
Mufick, Thurfday, i Aftern. '

The Degrees taken at Oxford.
The firft Degree taken here is that of Batcbelour of Arts,
and Lent is the proper Time for it. In order to which one
muft take his Lodging and Diet, and have a Tutor conftartf-
ly, in fome College or Hall, and perform all Exercifes during
the fpace of 4 Years, with a Subjection to all the Statutes
and the Head of the Houfe,- as well as to the publick Statutes
of the Univerfity. Accordingly he muft never appear out of
his Chamber, much lefs out of the College, without his
black Cap and Gown, unlets he be a Nobleman's Son.
The next Degree is that of Mafter of Ai-ts. To attain
which 3 Years more are required, before one is allowed to
praftife. Not but that one may be qualified much fooner,
hut 'tis fo ordered, becaufe Judgment and Difcretion comes
with Time and Years, and that Men of flower Parts may by
Time and Induftry qualifie themfelves for it, as well as thofe
of quicker Abilities. The proper Time for taking the_De-
gree of Mafter of Arts, is when the AH is kept, viz. On ,
Munday after the 6th of July.
For the 3 Faculties of Divinity, Law, and' Pbyfick, there
is a higher Degree, which is that of DoBor. This alfo is
taken in the AS, which at Cambridge is called the Commence
ment, After one has been 7 Years Mafter of Arts, he muft,
take the Degree of Batcbelour. of Divinity ; and after that 4
Years is requifite, before he can take the Degree of DoBor,
To become DoBor of Law, or Pbyfick, one may 3 Years after
taking the Degree of Mafter of Arts, take that of Batchelour
of Law, and in 4 Years more that of DoBor of Law. But the
moft ufual Way to take this Degree is, after 7 Years Handing
in the Univerfity, and the Performance of all Exercifes requir
redr to take the Degree of Batchelour in that Faculty, and in
5 Years more that of DoBor.
The AB, when the Degree of Mafter of Arts, and that of
DoBor in the 3 Faculties is taken, is a noted Time, not only
for publick Exercifes, but alfo for Feafting, Comedies, and a
great Concourfe of Strangers from all Parts to their Friends
and Relations taking their Degrees here. The Charge for 2

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 85
a Mafter of Arts doesufually amount to 30 /. and for a Do
ctor 100 /. if he goes out^vith Company, and if fingly,
more. ;
Of the Libraries, Theater, Mufeum, and Phyfick Gar
den, at Oxford.
FOR the publick Ufe of this Univerfity, here is firft the
famous Bodleyan Library, fo called from its Founder
Sir Thomas Bodley of Exeter, and confining of many Thoufands
of choice printed Books in feveral Languages, befides a great
Number of Oriental Manufcripts. But there are other Libra
ries veiled in the Univerfity, as the Aftmole an by the Muf&um,
and the Savilian by the Geometry School, both full of Ma
nufcripts. Amongft the private Libraries of Colleges, Baliol,
Merton, Magdalen, New College, S. John's, and Corpus Chrifti, '
ate the beft, both for. Manufcripts and printed Books.
The Theater is a curious Piece of Architecture, built for
Scholaftick Exercifes, with a fair Printing-Houfe, in the
Reign of the late King Charles. The fame is owing to the
Beneficence of Dr. Sbeiden, Archbifhop of Canterbury, who
built it at his fole Coft and Charges, which amounted at
leaft to 1 0000 /.
'The Mufmm, it the Weft-End of the Theater, is a ftately
Pile of fquared Stone, built at the Charge of the Univer
fity. 'Tis a famous Repofitory of natural Rarities, and of feve
ral Roman Antiquities. Here is alfo a Laboratory, furnifhed
with all forts of Furnaces and other Materials for Chymical
Practice, a Store-room for Preparations, and another Room /
with a Chymical Library. This Mufaum is called AJhmolea-
num, from Elias Aftmole Efq; by whom a noble Collection
of Cnriofities was prefented to the Univerfity, upon the
finifhing of it March 20, 1683. To which great Acceflions
have been made fince, of Hieroglyphicks and other Mgyptian
• Antiquities, -by Dr. Robert Huntington ; an intire Mummy,
by Mr. Aaron Goodyear ; and a large Cabinet of Natural Ra
rities, by Martin Lifter, Dr. of Phyfick.
The Phyfick-Garden, a delightful Place to walk in, is alfo
of great ule to improve Botanick Knowledge, and fupply fuch
as practife Phyfick with all true phyfical Plants. It lies on
the South-fide of St. Mary Magdalen's College, and takes up
5 Acres of Ground. Henry Ddnvers, Earl of Danby, the
Founder of this Garden, made a Donation of it in 1632. to
the Univerfity, and indowed it with a perpetual Revenue
for the well keeping of it. Which affords a wonderful Va
riety of Plants, amounting to many Thoufands.
Q 3 fhe

B6 The Prefent ST ATE of Part I.
The Privileges of flxford Vniverjity.
I have already fpoken, Page 81. of the Subjection of the
Mayor and Citizens of Oxford to the Univerfity. To which
Privilege may be added her Power of the Night-walk and
Watch, and her Overfight of Weights and Meafures. . That
no Student can be fued at Common Law for Debts, Con
tracts, Injuries, &c. but only in the Court of the Vice-
CbanceHoiir, the Proceedings whereof are according to the
Ufage of the Civil Law, with a due Regard to the Com
mon Law, and the Statutes of the Land. That, if the Par
ty be agrieved, he may appeal for Redrefs to a Court of
Delegates, which is yearly appointed by the Convocation;
and confifts of 4 °r 5 Doctors, with fome Matters
of Art ; frpm whofe Judgment he may further appeal to
Chancery. But in criminal Caufes, the Prifoner is left to
be tried by the Laws of the Land. Laftly, the Univerfity
has the Privilege of fending two of their Members to Par
liament. And all thefe Privileges are alfo injoy'd by Cam
bridge Univerfity. Magiftrates, apd other Officers.
The Magiftrates of this Univerfity are the Chancellour,
High-Steward, Vice-Cbancellour, and ProBors.
The Firft isufually one of the prime Nobility, chofen by
the Students themfelves jn Convocation, and to continue
for Life.
The High-Steward is nominated by the Chancellour, and
approved by the Univerfity. His Office is alfo for Life,
and by virtue of it he is to affift the Chancejlour, Vice-
Chancellour, and Proctors, upon their Requefts, in Matters
of Government. He is alfo to hear -and determine capital
Caufes, according to the Laws of the Land; and to give
his Judgment, when required by the Chancellour, as to
the Privileges of the Univerfity.
The Vice-Cbancellour, who is always the Head of fome
College, and in holy Orders, is yearly elected in Convoca
tion. His proper Office is to execute the Chancellour's
Power, to govern the Univerfity according to her Statutes,
and fee that all Officers and Students do their Duty. That
Courts be duly called, Law-Suits determined without delays
Books licenfed that are printed at the Theater, Hereticks
and Libertines expelled. When he takes Poffeffion of his
Office, he makes Choice of Tour Pro-Vice-Cliancellours out of

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 87
of the Heads of Colleges, to execute his Power in his Ab-
fence. The ProBors are two Matters of Arts, yearly chofen by
turns out of the feveral Colleges. Thefe alfo have a Share
in the Government of the Univerfity, being to keep the
Peace, and inflict Punifhments on fuch as are diforderly.
The Overfight of Weights and Meafures, that the Students
may not be wronged, does properly belong unto them. As
is alfo the Orderiog of Scholaftick Exercifes, and Taking of
Degrees. The other -Officers are, ift. the Publick Orator, whofe Of
fice is to write Letters, according to the Orders of the Con-,
vocation or Congregation ; and at the Reception of any
Prince or great Perfon, to make proper Harangues.
2dly. A Keeper of the . Archives, or Records. To whom
is committed the Care of the Charters, Privileges, and
Records of the Univerfity, of producing the fame when
required, and pleading the Rights of the Univerfity.
3dly. ARegifter, Whofe Office is to Regifter all Tranfacti-
ons in the Convocations, Congregations, Delegacies, gjV.
Publick Servants.
Thefe are 7 in Number, viz. Six Beadles, and one Verger,
Three of the firft are called Efyaire Beadles, fuch as carry
large Maces of Silver gilt and wrought ; and the other three
Yeomen-Beadles, whofe Maces are of Silver, but plain and '
ungilt. Their Office is always to attend the Vice-Chancellour
in publick, doing what belongs to his Place; and at his
Command to feize any Delinquent, and carry him to Prifon.
To fummon any orte, to conduct Preachers to Church, and
Lecturers to School, to publifh the Calling of Courts or
Convocation. The Vice-Cbancellour ought not to appear a-
broad, without one at leaft of the Yeomen-Beadles.
The Verger's Office is, upon Solemn Occafions, to walk
with the fix Beadles before the Vice-Cbancellour, and to ob-
ferve his Commands. Called Verger, from a Silver Rod he
carries in his Hand. Scarlet-Days.
The proper Days when all Doctors wear here their Scarlet-
Robes are,

New-Years Day,
Twelfth-Day,
Candlemas-Day,

Lady-Day^^ffihen there is a
, Sermon it New-College.
Eafter-Day.
G 4 Holy-

88

The Prefent ST ATE of Part I.

Holy-Tlmrfday, or Afcenfvon-
Day.
The zot h Day of May, being
the Reftauration of King
Charles II.
Whitfunday.Trinity-Sunday ,¦ Sermon at
New-College.
Friday, Saturday, Sunday,

Munday, and Tuefdpy Morn
ing in Act-Time, at Ser
mon and Congregation.
All-Saints Day.
"Gun-Powder-Treafon Day, No
vember 5.
All pub lick Tbankfgiving- Days.
Cbriftmas-Day.

Habit-Days.
The Day the Judges come to Town, when the Vice-Chan-'
cellour, Doctors, and Proctors meet at St. Marks, and then
go to wait on the Judges in their Formalities.
At all Latin Sermons. in Lent. v
Morning Sermons, in Term- j Congregation-Days. ¦
Time. I Scholaftica, Feb. 10.
All Sermons at St. Peter's \
And the next Day after Michaelmas, when the Mayor of
Oxford is fworn at St. Maries in the Morning by the Senior
Proctor.

A LIST
Of the prefent Heads of Colleges and Halls, Magiftrates,
and ProfelTors in Oxford.
The HEADS of
Univerfity 1 T Dr. Cbarlett, Mafter.
Baliol Dr. Barton, Mafter.
Merton Dr. Martin, Warden.
Exeter J Dr. Paynter, Rector.
Oriel 7 Dt. .%/e, Provoft.
^?<ee«'s Dr. Lancafter, Provoft.
New ' Dr. Bratbwait, Warden.
Lincoln y College, J Dr. Adams, Rector. '
All-Souls j Dr. Gardiner, Warden.
Magdalen Dr. Harwer, Prefident.
Brazen-Nofe Dr. Meat; Principal.
Corpus-Chrifti Dr. Turner, Prefident.
Chrift Church ' W$ Dr. Aldrich, Dean.
Trinity J Dr. Dobfon, Prefident.
S. John's j -L Dr. Delaune, Prefident.

Jefus

Chap. VII- GREAT BRITAIN.
• Dr. Edwards, Principal.
Dr. Dunfter, Warden.
¦ Dr. Hall, Mafter, B. of Briftoh

Jefits
Wadham
Pembroke

| College, J:

89

St. Edmund
St. Alban
Hart
St. Mary*
New-Inn Magdalen
Glocefter

Hall,

Dr. Mill,
Dr. Bouchier,
Dr. Thornton,
Mr. Wyafj
Dr. Baily,
Dr. Adams,
Dr. Woodroffe,

Principal.

MAGISTRATES.

Chancellour, James Duke of Ormond.
Vice-Chancellour, Dr. Lancafter, Provoft of Jgiieeri 's-Col-
lege. Proctors, Mr. Geprge Carter of Oriel-College, and Edward
Crank of Trinity-College.
PROFESSORS.
Queen's Profeffor in Divinity,  _
Margaret Profeffor of Divinity, Dr. John Wynne.
Queen's Profeffor of Law, Dr. Tho. Bouchier.
Queen's Profeffor of Phyfick, Dr. Tho. Hoy.
Savilian Profeffor in £ %™^ ^tvldt^ "'
Natural Philofophy-Reader, James Farra, D. D.
Anatomy Reader, Dr. Stephen Fry. ,
Botanick Profeffor, Mr. Jacob Bobart.
Clxymiftry, Mr. John Breefton, L. L. B.
Logick, Mr. Bilkley.
Metaphyficks, Mr. Crank.
Cambden Profeffor' of Hiftofy, Dr. Charles Aldworth.
Moral Pbilofopby, Mr.. Samuel Adams.
Queen's Profeffor of Greek, Mr. Humphrey Hody.
Profeffor of Hebrew, Dr. Roger Altham, of Cbrift-Cburcb.
Profeffor of Arabick, Mr. John Wallisy M. A. of Magda
len-College.
Thus I have done with Oxford, as a City and an Univerfity.
I proceed now to the other Market-Towns of Oxfordftire,
particularly Woodftock, formerly a Royal Mannor, but lately fettled, Wood-
by Aft of Parliament, upon the Duke of Marlborough, flock.
now 'in Poffeffion of it. Which Alienation has this fingu lar

9o

The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
larin it, that it is a publick Act of Acknowledgment, in
which the whole Kingdom had a Hand, with a due Res
gard to the great and fignal Service of that Duke to the
State, and the common Caufe, both by his Valour and Con
duct. Here was built a Royal Houfe by Henry I, inlarged
afterwards by Henry II, but deftroy'd by the Civil Wars in
the Reign of Charles I. And here was a Labyrinth, in
which fair Rofamond, a Concubine of Henry II. 'was poi-'
foned by Force, to fatisfie the Vengeance of a' Queen jealous
to a furious degree. She was Interred at Godftow, in a Nun-
nery, with this 'Latin Epitaph.
Hoc jacet in Tumba Rofa Mundi, non Rofa munda ;
Non redolet, fed olet, qua redolere folet.
Banbury. Banbury, upon the Cherwel, is a pleafant and rich Town,
particularly noted for the Excellency of its Cheefe. But
far more memorable for the Battels fought in its Neighbour
hood, and the Sieges it has fultained. 'Twas near this Place
that Kenrick, one of the Weft-Saxon Kings, overthrew the
Britains ; and where Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick, com- >
monly called the Mate-King, routed Edward IV, took him
Prifoner, and fo reftored King Henry VI. to the Throne.
After the Fight at Edge-Hill, in the Reign of Charles I, Ban
bury was taken, and the King put a Ganifon in it. Two
Years after, irindureda fharp Siege, and feveral Storms, till
relieved by the Earl of Northampton. In 1646. it bore, for
ten Weeks together, the Brunt of another Siege, but was
forced at laft to furrender, the King being at that time in
the hands of the Scots.
Burford. Burford, on the Windruft, is a very ancient Town, which
gives the Title of an Earl to the Duke of St. Albans. Horftz
Saddles are the chief Manufacture of this Place.
Henley. . Henley is noted for its Malt Trade, Tame for its Gramr
mar-School, Witney for its Blankets, Free-School, and Li
brary.
Porcefter, At the Confluence of the Tame and Ifis ftands Dorcefter, a
Town of note among the ancient Romans, and fince that a
Bifliop's See? till Remigius removed it to Lincoln in 1070.
Country-Seats,

Bleinbeim-Houfe, ,the Duke
of Marlborough's,
Cornbury , Earl of Claren
don's.
Bletchington, Earl of Angle-
'-' fe/s.

Ditcbley, and Leefreft, .Earl
of Lichfield's.
Rycot, and Cbefterton, Earl
of Abmgtqn's.
Cafam-Lodge, Earl of Kil-
dare's. Broughton,

Chap

iVII. 0RJEAT BRITAIN. 91

ford's.
Tame-Houfe, and Park, the
Lord Wainman's.
Water-Eaton, Sir Henry Jobn-
fon's.
Stonner-Houfe, and Wattle-
f on- Park* Mr. Stonner's.
Grayes-Houfe, Mr. Knowles's.
Fawley-Court, Mr. Freeman's.
Phillis-Court , Sir William
Whitlock's.

Broughton, North- Newton, and
Shafton, Vifcount Say and
Seal's.
Sherborn-dGie, the Lord A-
bergavenny's.
Caverftam, the Lord Cra
ven 'p.
Leadwell, the Lord Carring-
ton's.
Wroxton- Abbey, the Lord
Guilford's.
Cudfdon, the Biftiop of Ox-
Amongft which Cornbury gives the Title of a Vifcount to
the Earl of Clarendon.

RV T L A ND,
AN Inland County, in Peterborough Diocefs, is the
leaft in England, but as plentiful as any, efpecially to
wards the Valley of Cathmofs It yields Plenty both of Corn
and Cattel, and feeds an infinite Multitude of Sheep, the
Wool whereof ( like the Soil ) is reddifh. Therefore this
Country is called Rutland, q. d. Red-Land. Here is alfo
Abundance of Wood, and feveral fmall Rivers, the prin-
cipalof which are the Weland and Waft. 'Tis faid this
fmall County has more Parks in it, confidering its Extent,
than any other.
The fame has given the Title of an Earldom to thefe
three.Princes of the Blood, viz. Edward Plputagenet, eldeft
Son of Edward Duke of York in i3po. Richard his Brother
in 1426. and Edmund Plantqgenet, eldelt Son of Richard
Duke of York in 1450. Anno 1525. this Title fell to the Fa
mily of the Mannors ; Tho. Mannors Lord Rofs, defcended
by his Mother's fide from the faid Richard Duke of York,
being created Earl of Rutland by Henry V Til. Which Ti
tle has continued ever fince in that Illuftrious Family, till
Queen ANNE was pleafed to improve it into that of a
Dukedom, in the Perfon of John Mannors, the prefent Duke
of Rutland.

Market-

92 The Prefent ST ATE of Part. T.
Market-Towns.
OAKHAM, and UPPINGHAM.
Oakham. Oakham, 74 Miles from London, ftands in the fair and
rich Valley of Cathmofs. Here's a Caftle, in which the
Aflizes ate kept, an Hofpital for the Poor, and a Free-fchool
for the Education of Youth. Saturday is its Market- Day. ¦',
'Tis a Cuftom in this Town, when a Nobleman comes on
Horfeback witnin its Precincts, to make him pay the Ho
mage of i Shoe from his Horfe, or to take Money for it.
'Tis an ancient Privilege, in relation to which there are
feveral Horfe-fhoe's nailed on the Door of the Shire-hall,
and over the Judges Seat a great Horfe-fhoe curioufly.
wrought, 5 Foot and a half long, with a Breadth propor
tionable. -
Oakham is noted for giving the Title of Baronefs to the
Lady Elizabeth Cromwell, defcended from Tho. Cromwell,.
Earl of Effex, a famous Miniftef of State to King Henry
VlII. And, according to her Quality, flie appear 'd with
the Baroneffes it the Queen's Coronation. As Her Ladyfhip
has a Sonby (Mr. Southwell, her Husband, Secretary of State
in Ireland, fo I prefume he will be Baron of Oakham, if
hefurvives his Mother.
Upping- Uppingham is a neat, and well-built Town, that flands
ham. upon a Hill. There is an Hofpital, arid .a Free-fchool: , 'i
Country-Seats.

Martinflhorp, the Earl of De»z-
bigh's.
Burghley on the Hill, Earl Of
Nottingham's.

Exton, Brook, North-Luftn-
ham, Earl of Ganesbo-
rough's. • i

SH ROPS HIR £, or the County of SAL 0 P,
AN Inland County, in the,Diocefs of Hereford, and
Lichfield and Coventry, bordering upon Wales, and
called the County of Salop from its Latin Name Salopii»
Here the Inhabitants breath a good Air, and have the bene
fit of a fruitful Soil, tho' hilly on the South and Weft. If
yields plenty of Wheat and Barley, of Pit-coals,. Wood, an4

Chap. VII. GREAT BR IT A IN. 93
and Iron. Befides the Severn that runs through the Midft
of this County, here is the Roden, Teme, &c.
Market-Towns.
© SHR EWS B UR Y, the Shire-Town,

0 Bifhops Caftle, Wellington, . Cburch-Stretton,
® Bridgenorth, . Whitchurch, Hodnet,
® Ludlow, ' Newport, Clebury,
(SWenlock, Drayton, Shefnall,
Ellifmere, Wem, Ofweftry.
Shrewsbury, Lat. Salopia, ftands upon the Severn, in the Shrews-
Midft of the County. It has two Bridges over the River, bury.
which almoft furrounds the Town. 'Tis fuppofed to have
been built out of the Ruins of the ancient Uriconium, which
ftood not far from it. In the Reign of William the Con
querour, Koger Earl of Montgomery built a Caftle here on
the North-fide, and a ftately Abbey, feme Ruins of which
are ftill to be feen. Then it was an important Place, and
to this Day it makes a pretty good Figure, by its Trade with
Wales. There are few Towns in England, where the Streets
and Buildings, both publick and private, be neater. It
has 3 Markets a Week, viz. on Wenfday and Saturday for all
forts of Provifions, and Thurfday for Welch Cottons, of
which great Quantities' are bought up here for London.
Here are five Churches for publick Devotion, two of 'em
with lofty Spires. In 1442. Henry IV. created the famous
John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, from whom is defcendedin
a direct Line Thomas Talbot, advanced to the Dignity of a
Duke by the late King William.
Ludlow is alfo a Place of note, furrounded with a Wall, Ludlow.
and fortify'd with a Caftle. In which was kept the Court
of the Marches of Wales for the Trial of Caufes, till
it was fuppreffed in the late Reign by Act of Parlia
ment. '
Bridgenorth, otherwife called the Borough of Bruges, is Bridge-
feated upon the Severn, and has a fair Stone Bridge over north.
that River. It confifts of 2 Parifhes. This Town was for
merly fortify'd with a good Wall, a Ditch, and a ftrong
Caftle built upon a Rock, but fain fince to Ruin.
Wem has given the Title of a Baron to the late Lord Jef- Wem.
freys. Son to the Lord High Chancellour Jeffreys, who was
dignify 'd with that Title by the late King James. Be-

94 The Prefent ST ATE of Part. I,
Bradford. Befides the Towns aforefaid, here is Bradford, giving the
Title of an Earl to Francis Newport, raifed to the Dignity
of Earl of Bradford by the late King William.
Country-Seats.

Pepper-Hill, the Duke Xif
Shrewsbury's.
Ellifmere, Earl of Bridgewa-
ter's.
Sbef nail- Mannor, Earl of Staf
ford's.
High-Ercal, and Egton, Earl

v of Bradford's.
Batfield, and Ley, Vifcount
Weymouth's,
Stoke-Ci&le, the Lord Cra
ven's.
Cherbury, the Lord Herbert's
of Cherbury.

SOMERSETSHIRE,
A Maritime County in the Weft of England, and in the
Diocefs of Bath and Wells, is one of the largeft Coun
ties ; Plentiful of Corn and Pafture, moft pleafant in the
Summer, but very troublefom to Travellers in Winter,
Whence the Proverb, Bad for the Rider, -but good for the AM-
der. Befides the Severn, which empties it felf here into
the Sea, here is the Avon, Frome, Parret, Tor, and Tone.
The Oxen in this County are of as big a Size as thofe in
Lancafthe. This County yields alfo Lead and Copper, Lapis
c'alaminaris, Cryftal that comes near a IJiamond, and Wod
for Diets. Its chief Manufactures are' Woollen-Cloth, and
Serges. At Chadder they make the beft Cheefe, and the big-
geft Cheefes in ' England, as good as the Parmefan. The
•whole Milk of the Parifh goes for the making of it, by
Agreement among the Parifhioners.
This County has formerly given the Title of an Earldom,
and afterwards that of a Dukedom. In the Reign of Edward
VI, Edward Seymour his Uncle was created Duke of Somerfet.,
and fome Years after Beheaded, King James I. revived af
terwards the Title of an Earldom in the Perfon of Robert
Carr, Vifcount of Rochefter, which Title died with him.
At laft King Charles II. reftored the Title of a Duke to the
Seymour's Family ; William Seymour, defcended from the fore-
faid Edr.-ard who loft his Life upon a Scaffold, being made
Duke of Somerfet. To whom fucceeded William his Grand-
fon, next John Lord Seymour his Uncle, and Francis Seymour
John's Coufin, who was flain in Italy in 1678, and fucceeded
by Charles his Brother, the prefent Duke of Somerfet. Market'

Chap. VII.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Market-Towns.

BRISTOL, the

Capital,

Bruton,

Chewton,

Caneftam,

Caftle-Carey,

Crookhorn,

Jlmifter,

Dulvtrton,

Dunfter,

Glaftenbury,

Langport,

Frame,

Pensford,

Chard,

Philips-Norton,

Wincaunton,

Watcbei,

Stock-Gomer,

Wivelfcomb,

South-Petberton,

Writon,

Stowey,

Yeovil.

9S

®
© Bath,
© We1l{,
(J) Bridge-water,
© Ilchefler,
- © Minebead,
© Taunton,
Axbridge,
Porlock,Shepton- Mallet,
Somerton, Wellington, Briftol, upon the Avon, the Venta Silurum of the An- Briftol.
cients, ftands part in this County, and part in Glocefterjhire,
114 Miles from London. Next to London, this is the moft
trading, and flourifhing Place of England ; happily feated
both for the Welch and Weft-India Trade. Tis a fair, large,
'- and populous Place, which has a fair Stone-Bridge over the
River, with Houfes on both fides, making a Street, as upon
London-2>r\dge. It has alfo a moft convenient Key, for the
loading and unloading of Ships. Ten Miles from hence the
jAvon falls into the Severn's Mouth, Briftol has been for
merly a Place of ftrength, and there was a Caftle, in which
King Stephen was kept a Prifoner fome Time by Maud the
Emprefs. But it was demolifhed by Oliver Cromwel, and
now 'tis built up into Streets. Briftol is a County-Town,
and one of the fix new Bifhopricks erected by Henry VIII.
It has formerly, given the Title of an Earl to John Lord Dig-
by of Sberburn, and to John his Heir. Near this Place is
St. Vincent's Rock, that yields abundance of Cryftal.
Bath, Lat. Bathonia, Aqua. Solis, alfo upon the Avon, is3atn#
10 Miles from , Briftol. A City more famous for its Baths,
than Beauty. It ftands in a Bottom, furrounded with Hills,
out of which fpring its Mineral Waters ; an Account whereof
you have in the 4th Chapter. Which Waters are much re
forted unto in the Sumnier-Seafon, and many difeafed Peo
ple find Benefit by 'em. The great Concourfe there is of
Perfons of note draws thither many others, not fo much for
the fake of the Waters, as for the Pleafure of Converfations
or fome other private Ends. Mean while the Citizens get
by it, and their Woollen Manufacture is another Advantage
they have, a good Vent of which is made here. Wenfday and

96

Wells.

Bridge-water.

Ilchefter.Taunton.Mine-head. Bruton.
Glaften-bury.

Milburn-
Port.
Monta- cute.

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
and Saturday are its Market- Days. The fame, in Conjun-
ftion with Wells, is a Bifliop's See, fince the Year 1088.
when John of Villula, Bifhop of Wells, removed his See to
Bath, which occafioned a Difference between the Monks of
Bath and the Cannons of Wells, about the Bifhop's Election.
'Till they agreed at lafl, that the Bifhop fhould for the fu
ture be denominated from both Places, and that Precedency
in the Title fhould be given to Bath. That, in the Vacan
cy of the See, a certain Number »f Delegates ¦ from both
Churches fhould elect the Bifhop, that the Bifhop fhould be
Inftalled in both Churches, &c. This continued till the
Reign of Henry VIII, when the Monafteries being diffolved,
there paffed an Aft of Parliament for the Dean and Chap
ter of Wells to make one fole Chapter for the Bifhop. Up
on the Reftauration of King Charles, this Prince created
John Granvile Earl of Bath, which Title is now injoy'd by
his Grandfon, William Henry Granvile.
Wells, Lat. Fontanenfis Ecclefia, the Belga & Tbeonodunum
of the Ancients, is a neat, well-built, and populous Town.
Called Wells, from the many Wells and Springs that are
about it. This City, in Conjunftion with Bath, is a Bifhop's
See, and the Bifhop thereof called Bifhop of Bath and We Us.
See Bath in the foregoing Paragraph. Its Cathedral is a very
fine Pile.
Bridgewater, on the Parret, is a goodly Town, 10 or 12
Miles from the North-Channel. It gives the Title of an
Earl to Scroop Egerton, defcended from John Egerton, created
Earl of Bridgewater by King James I. A
Ilchefter is noted for its Antiquity, Taunton for its Manu
facture of woollen Cloth and Serges, Minebead for its Har
bour, Bruton for its fair Church, School, and Hofpital,
and GUftenbury ( Lat. Glafconia, Avalonia ) for having
been one of the faireft and richeft Abbeys in England. That
which moft contributed to the Greatnefs of it, was the pi
ous Cheat of its Monks, giving out that the Body of Jo-
fepb of Arimatbea lay thete Interred- Certain it is, that the
ancient. Britains had a particular Regard for this Place, be
caufe their King Arthur was buried in it. Whofe Body was
found there very deep in the Earth, in Henry the Second's
Reign, with a Latin Infcription on a leaden Crofs, expref-
fing that King Arthur lay there buried in the Ifle of Avalon..-
Which was for fome Time a Sanctuary to the Britains, when
haraffed by the Heathen Saxons.
Here is alfo Milburn-Port, that fends two Members to
Parliament, but is no Market-Town.
Mont acute, a (harp Mount, which gives the Title of a
Vifcount to Francis Brown, Vifcount Mountacuie. And Hin-
ton St. George, which gives the Title of Vifcount to Earl
Powlett. Country-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRIT A IN. 97
# Country-Seats.

Clevedon-Cottrt, formerly the
Earl of Briftol's.
Hinton St. George, Court of
Wick, Ken-Court, and Wal
ton, Earl Powlett 's.
Cannington, the Lord Clifford's.
Somerton, the Lord Stawel's.
Bruton- Court, the Lord Fi/z-

Harding's.
Welds-Palace, and Banwell, the
Biihop of Baf A and #e//j.
Briftol-Palace, the Bifhop of
£n#o/'s.
Claverton, Sir William Baffct's.
Dirham, Mr. Blathwait's.

STAFFORDSHIRE,
AN Inland County, in the Diocefs of Lichfield and Co-
Watty, is a Country whofe Soil varies much. North
ward 'tis hilly and barren, Southward it yields Plenty of
Corn and Grafs, Iron, and Pit coals; of" which laft curious
and polifhed Utenfils are made, as black as Jett. The In
land Parts are level, but woody. This County yields alfo
good Stone, Marble, and Alabafter, and Lime-ftone for
Building. Befides the Trent, that waters it Northward, here is the
Dove, Churner, Blithe, Line, Sow, and other fmall Rjvers.
The Dove, among the reft, makes the neighbo uring
Lands very fruitful, and the Sheep that feed upon 'em,
yield the beft Mutton in England.
But, befides thofe frefli Waters, here are Salt Springs,
. yielding Salt very near as good as the Salt Springs of Che-
fbire. Market-Towns.
© STAFFORD, the Shlre-Town,
© Lichfield, Ridgeleyt Kinver,
© Newcaftle, Bromley, Tudbury, ,
© Tamworth, Brewood, Stone,
Burton, Betley, Utoxeter,
Penkridge, Cbeadle, Walftall,
Eccleftall, Leek, Wolverhampton.
Stafford, upon the Sow, 106 Miles from London, is a well- Stafford.
built and agreeable Town, confifting of two Pariihes, and
having a Free-fchool. Saturday is its Market-Day. The
fame gives the Title of an Earl to Henry Stafford Howard,
H §ob

93 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Son of William Howard, fecond Son of Thomas Earl of J-
rundel and Surrey. William was made Vifcount of Stafford by
King Charles I, and beheaded in the Reign of Charles II.
Dec. 29, 1680. as Guilty of the Popift Plot, which made
fo great a Noife in thofe Days. But King James afterwards
teftored the Blood, and created Henry, the faid William's
Son, Earl of Stafford.
Lichfield. Lichfield, ana Coventry in Warwick/hire, make joynfly a
Bifhop's See, in the fame manner as Bath and Wells in St-
rnerfetftire. Lichfield gives the Title of an Earl to Edward
Henry Lee, which was conferred upon him by the late King
Charles.
' Burton. Burton, upon Treht^ is noted for its ftately Stone-bridgt,
and of late for its ftrong Ale, now much in vogue at
London.
Wolver- Wolverhampton, for its Collegiate Church, which is annex-
hampton. ed to the Deanry of Windfor.
Laflly, this County is of note for the Royal-Oak, a hoi-
lowTree in which the late King Charles took Sanctuary, after
his Defeat at Worcefter. From whence he was fecretly con-
vey'd to Mrs. Lake's Houfe, who got him over into France-

¦Country-Seats.

Blore-hall ¦ •¦¦
Alton-Caftle, the Duke of
'Shrewsbury's. •
Newborough, the Earl of
Bridgewater's.
Stafford-Caftle, Earl of Staf
ford's.
Throwley, Earl of Arglas's.
Drayton-Baffett,Vifcount Wey^
mouth's.
Chartley-Gaftle, Lord .Fen-en's.
Stourton-Caftle, Lord Stour-
ton's.
Beaudefert, Sinay-Park, and
Drayton, Lord Pagetfs.
Rollefton, Lord North ^nd
Grey's.
Gerald's Bromley, Sandon ,
and Willowbridge, Lord Ge
rard's.
Hamftall, and Ridware, Lord
Leigh's.

DudleyCaftle , and Himlej,
Lord Ward's.
Lichfield-Clofe, indEccleftalWi-
file, the Biftiop of LichfielA
Whitley-Cmirt, Sir Tho. Foltfi.
Aberley-Lodge, Sir T&o. Welch's.
Ifack-Lady, Sir William Jef-
ferton's. ¦ —
Rocbley-Hall, Sir Walter Roch-
ley's.
Perry-Hall, Sir Henry Goff's.
Stockwortb, Mr. Paul Folio's.
Prefted-Hall, Mr. Philip Folio's.
Clnllingtan-Hall, Mr. Jeffer-
ton's.
Hinghree, Mr. Chetwind's.
Sidbury-Hall, Mr. Crefwell'si
Hins, Mr. Flyer's.
Envel-Hall, Mr. Gray's.
The Meere, Mr. Mofeley's. ¦
Hamfied-Hall, Mr. Worley\
Bentley, Mr, Lane's.

SVF-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN 99
SV FFO L K,
A Maritime Province, South of Norfolk, and in Nor
wich Diocefs. The Air is wholfom here, except to
wards the Sea, but the Soil divers. Sandy and full of
Heaths, towards the Sea ; but yielding plenty of Rye, Peafe,
and Hemp, and feeding vaft Multitudes of Sheep. Further
off from the Sea are the Woodlands, otherwil'e called High
Suffolk, which feeds abundance of Cattel. But the moft
Fruitful Parts of this County are about St. Edmondsbury, and
North- well from' it; There 'tis a charming Country, and
plentiful of all forts of Corn. There are above 40 Parks in
this County. Its principal Rivers are the Stoure, Breton,
Deben, Orwell, and Blithe, &c. Here is abundance or Gheefe
made tolerably good, but Suffolk Butter is counted excellent,
Its Manufactures are woollen, and linnen Cloth.
This County has formerly given the Title of an Earl,
next that of a Marquis, and laftly of a Duke to William de
la Pole, in the Reign of. Henry VI. , He had two Succeffors,
the laft of which, Edmund de la Pole, was beheaded in the
Reign of Henry VII. The Title of Duke of Suffolk cams
afterwards into the Brandon's Family, by the Favour of
Henry VIII. Charles Brandon was the firft who bore that
Title, to whom fucceeded his Son Henry, who died young ;
and next to him Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorfet, who mar
ried Frances, Daughter of Charles Brandon, and died upon a
Soaffold. Anno 1603. James I. revived the Title of Earl
of Suffolk in the Perfon of Thomas Lord Howard of Walden,
from whom is defcended Henry Howard, the prefent Earl of
Suffolk. Market-Towns.
© IPSWICH, theCapitaL
© St. Edmondsbury, Buddefdale^ Framlingbam,
ODunwich, Hadleigh, Halefworth,
0 Orford, Lavenham, Ixwortb,
© Alborough, Mildenhall, Leftoff,
© Sudbury, Bildefton, Mendleftant,
© Eye, Brandon, Needham,
Stowmarket, Clare, Neyland,
Newmarket, Bungay, Woodbridge,
Beccles, Debenham, Soutbwold,
Ipfwich, ,upon the Stoure, is 55 Miles from London, and IpfwJch,
about 20 from the Sea. This Town has been formerly one
H 2 of

ioo The Prefent STATE 0/ Part I.
of the moft confiderable in England,' till the Danes made
themfelves Mailers of it in 991, who afterwards reduced it,
in a manner into a Heap of Ruins. In the Normans time it
began to recover it felf, fo that it confifts at this time of 14
P3rifhes. Here's a College, founded by the famous Cardinal
Wolfey in the Reign of Henry VIII. who (next to the Pope )
carried it higher than any Prelate in Chriftendom, tho' he
was but a Butcher's Son. Ipfwich has 3 Markets a Week,
kept on Wenfday, Friday, and Saturday. It gives the Title
of a Vifcount to the Duke of Grafton.
St- Ed- St. Edmondsbury, Lat. Villa Ilegia, Villa Fauftini, is a
mondsbu- Town moft pleafantly feated, and injoying a very good Air.
ry. It took its Name from Edmund the Martyr, King of the
Eaft-Angles, who for refufing to renounce the Chriftian
Faith, was fhot to Death with Arrows by the Danes; To
expiate this Crime, Canute King of England, and Son of
the Danifi King Sueno, the Author of that Murder, erected
here a ftately Abbey, which "he indowed with Revenues fuit-
able to its Magnificence.
Dunwich. Dunwich, a Sea- Town, has been of old a Town of great
note, and an Epifcopal See. Which was removed firft from
North- Ehnbam to Thetford, and afterwards from Thetford to
Norwich in the County of Norfolk, Anno 1088. At this
time Dunwich is but a mean Town. But it keeps ftill a
weekly Market, and has the Privilege of; fending two
Members to Parliament.
Orford. Orford is of fpecial note, for giving the Title of an Earl
to Edward Ruffel, raifed to that Dignity by the late King
William.
Sudbury. Sudbury, Lat. Colonia, ftands upon the Stoure, near the
Borders of Effex. This is a rich and populous Place, where
the Manufacture of Cloth does flourifh, and confifting of 3
Pariihes. It gives the Title of a Baron to the Duke of
Grafton.
Eye. Eye is a good Town, and a Peculiar of the Crown. Here
is a fair Church, fome Ruins of a Caftle, and of an ancient
¦ Abbey.
Stow- Stow- Market, upon the Orwell, is a large and beautiful
market. Town, that drives a great Trade in Stuffs, and is adorned
Newmar- with a fpacious lofty Church.
ket. Newmarketborders upon Cambridge-ftire, and is but 10 Miles
Beccles, from Cambridge. A noted Place for Horfe-racing about. Mi-
Buddef- chaelmas, in a fair Plain near iu
dale, Beccles on the Waveney, and Buddefdale, are noted for
Hadieigh, their publick Schools. Hadleigb, Mildenhall, and Lavenham,
Mil den- for their beautiful Churches.
hall,
Layen- Coun-
ham.

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN 101
~ Country-Seats.

Eufton-Hall, the Duke of
- Grafton's.
Sudburn-hall, and So ham Lodge,
Vifcount Hereford's.
Denham-hall, Vifcount Townf-

end's.
Toftock Place, Lord North and
Grey's.
Broom-ball, and Culford-hall,
the Lord Comwallis's.

SVRRET,
AN Inland County, which the Thames parts from Middle-
fex. 'Tis obferved, that the Skirts of this County are
the moft fruitful, and the middle Parts barren in compari-
fon. Therefore 'tis compared to a courfe Piece of Cloth, with
a fine Lift. However in point of Health, the middle Parts
have the Advantage ; befides the Pleafure they yield by their
Downs in Hunting, and Horfe-races. Befides the Thames,
here is the Wye which runs through Gilford, the Mole through
Darking, and the Wandle, all three emptying themfelves into
the Thames, the firft two near Hampton-Court, and the laft
near Richmond.
'Tis above 600 Years fince this County gave the Title of an
Earldom to William of Warren. Which Title paffed from
his Houfe to feveral' other Families, before that of the
Howards, which was dignify'd with it by Edward IV. in the
Perfon of Thomas Howard, Lord High Treafurer, and after
wards created Duke of Norfolk. So that the Duke of Nor
folk is Earl of 3 feveral Places, viz. Arundel, Norwich, and
Surrey. Market-Towns.
© GUILFO RD, the Shite-Town,
® Saathwark, Croydon, • Gbdalmin,
® Rygate, Darking, Ewel,
®Hafelmere, Farnbavi, • Chert fey.
Kingfton, Guilford, upon the Wye, 25 Miles from London, is a good Guilford
Town, confifting of 3 Pariihes. Saturday is its Market-day.
It gives the Title of a Baron to Francis North, Lord Guilford,
Son of Francis North, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal in the
Reign of the laje King Charles, who conferred that Title up
on him. H J South.

1 02 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
South- Southwark, againft London, on the South-fide of the
wark. Thames, is partly under the Government of the Lord Mayor of
London, but with many Privileges, particularly that of fen
ding 2 Members to Parliament. 'Tis a Suburb, if it may be
fo called, of a large Extent. But the high Street only leading
from London-bridge to S. George's Clntrcb, deferves a particular,
notice, as being the Center of Trade for this County. Befides
& George's Church, here are two or three more Churches.
And in this Borough you will find S. Thomas's Hofpital, of
which in my Defcription of London; and two Prifons for
Debt, one called the Queen's Bench Prifon, and the other the
Marfhalfea, the worft of all Prifons, noifom enough to bring
a Peftilence.
Kingfton. Kingfton, upon the Thames, 10 Miles from London, where
the Aftizes are commonly held. 'Tis but one Mile diftant
from Hampton-Court.
Croydon. Croydon, upon the Wandle, noted for its Church-Steeple,
for the Archbifhop of Canterbury's Palace, its Free-School,
and Hofpital founded by the Archbifhop Whtgift. Near
this Town are the Downs, called Banftead Downs, much fre
quented by Hunters, and famous for Horfe-Races.
Rygate* Rygate ftands in a Valley, called Holmes Dale. Where are
ftill to be feen the Ruins of a Caftle, with a long Vault, and
a Room at the End of it, in which 'tis faid the Barons met
fecretly, who were up in Arms .againft King John. Near
this Town theje is abundance of Fuller's Earth, Tent up to
London for the Ufe of Woollen Manufacture.
Epfham. I pats by the other Market-Towns, to take notice of Ep-
ftam, 14 Miles from London. A delightful Place, noted for
its Mineral Waters, and much reforted-unto in the Summer,
efpecially by the Londoners, who go thither to divert them
felves, and breath the Country Air.
Rich- Richmond, another Place in this County, 7 Miles from
mond. London, is a pretty large Town, very agreeable in the Sum-
mer-Seafon, and much frequented by the Gentry. Here are
ftill to be feen the Remains of a Royal Palace, in which King
Henry VlII. and Queen Elizabeth ended their. Days. Here is
alfo a noble Park, encompafled with a Brick- Wall, at leaft
6 Miles about. The Waters are alio drunk here.
In the Neighbourhood pf Cheam there was another Royal
Houfe, built by Henry "V III. fo magnificent, that it was na-
Nonfuch. med Nonfucb. But now there are hardly any Steps of it to
be feen.
Batterfea, Batterfea, Putney, Mareclack, Wandefworth, Clapham, Dul-
&c, wich, Micbam, Cheam, and. Stretham, are alfo delightful Pla-i
ces in the Summer-Seafon, But efpecially Stretham, which
is 5 Miles from London. ' <

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN i^
Effingham gives the Title of a Baton to < Thomas Howard, Son
of Francis late Lord of Effingham ; who fucceeded in this Ti
tle upon the Death of Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham,
and Baron of Effingham. Country-Seats.

Richmond-Palace, a Royal
Houfe.
Lambeth-Houfe, . and Croydon-
Palace, Archbifhop of Can
terbury's.
Wimbleton, the Duke of Leeds's.-
Pepper-harrow, Duke of New
caftle 's.
Durance, Earl of Berkley's.
Flancford, Earl of Plimouth 's.

Bookbam, Lord Effingham's.
Towting-Graveney, the Lord
North and Grey's.
Aldbury, Lord Guernfey's.
Weybridge, the Lady Dorchcg.
fter's.
RygatePriory,SirJobnParfons's.Roehampton, Sir Jeffrey Jefc
freys's.
Cue, Mr. Jeffreys's, Sec.

SVSSEX,
A Maritime County upon' the Channel, betwixt Kent on
the Eaft, and Hampjhire on the Weft, is in Chhhefter
Diocefs. Its Downs near the Sea are charming, una its
Valleys (called the Wild of Suffex) very plentiful, of Oats
efpecially. The Forefts are barren, but the Eaft Parts yield
abundance of Iron, which has occafioned a prodigious „oiir
fumption of Wood. Here the Roads are fo deep in Winter,
that/ in fome Places the Coaches muft be drawn with Oxen.
This County is well irrigated, but with Rivers of no long
Courfe. Arun is the principal. A Sujfex Carp, an -Arundel
Mullet, an Amerley Trout, and a Chhhefter Lobfter, are
Things much admired. And fo is the Wheat-ear, as good as
a French Ortolan. Its principal Manufaftures are Iron-Guns,
andGkyfs. This County has given the Title of an Earldom to feveral
Families, before it fell to Tho. Lennard, created Earl of Suffex
by King Charles II. in 1674. upon his Marriage with Anne,
Natural Daughter of that Prince by the Dutchefs of Cleve-
fajid. Market-Towns.
® C HIC HESTER, the Capital,
H 4 © Lwis,,

1 04 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
© Lewis, © Winchelfea, Haylfham,
© Eaft-Grinftead, Q Shoreham, Helmfton,
© Haftings, © Steyning, Cuckfield,
© Hoiefham, Petworth, Eaft-bourn,
0 Rye, Battle, Terring.
© Midlmrft,
Chiche- Chhhefter, on the Levant, 60 Miles from London, wastfor-
fter. merly the Royal Seat of the South Saxons. It now confifts of
5 or 6 Pariihes, 4 large Streets, and a fair Market-place-
Saturday is its Market-day. Its greateft Ornament is the Ca
thedral, which has been twice burnt down, and is as often
rifen from its Afhes. This Town gives the Title of an Earl
to the Duke of Southampton, a Natural Son of King Charles
II. by the Dutchefs of Cleveland.
Lewes. Lewes, Lat. Lefva, ftands upon an Eminence, and has
fix Pariihes. Here the Aftizes are moft commonly held, and
fometimes at Eaft-Grinftead.
Haftings. Haftings, one of the Cinque-Ports, is a very ancient Town,
and has 2 Parifhes. The fame was formerly fortify'd with a
Caftle, which is fal'n tp Ruin. Near this Town there was a
bloody Battel fought. in 1263. between Henry III. and the
Barons, to the Advantage of the laft, fo that the King was
,? forc'd to comply.
Rye, Rye and Winchelfea are two Limbs of the Port of Haftings.
The firft, in Time of Peace, is the.ufual landing Place for
fuch as come over from Diepe into Englaiul, thefe two Ports
being oppofite to, and 24 Leagues diftant from each other.'
Here they have excellent Herrings.
Winchel- Winchelfea, it fome Diftance from Rye, has been formerly
tea. a confiderable Town : but the Sea being gone from it, has
pontrjbuted very much to its Decay. However it gives the
Title of an Earldom to Charles Fiwh, defcended from Eliz.
Pinch, whom King Charles 1T dignify'd with that Title in
162,8.
Battel. Battel, at fome Miles Diftance from Winchelfea, took that
Name from the famous Battel fought, here, Oflober 14, 1066",
tpetween Harold King of England, and WiUfam Duke of Nor
mandy. In which Harold being flain, William took poffeffion
of the Kingdom.
Arundel, Befides the Towns aforefaid, I Ihall take notice here of
Arundel, the Caftle whereof gives the Title of an Earl to the
Owner of it, without any Creation, which is a fingular Pri
vilege in England. Thus the Caftle and the Title have paffed
together from one Family to another. In 1604. Henry How
ard, Earl Maffhalof England, took poffeffion of' both, now
in the Hands of the piefent Duke of Norfolk, his Off"
faring. Peven-

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. 105
Pevenfey, in this County, is noted for being the Haven Pevenfey,
where William the Conquerour landed for the Conqueft of Eng
land, with a Fleet fas Hiftory te)ls us) of about 900 Safl.
But then 'tis to be fuppofed, that the Ships in thofe Times
were but fmall, in comparifon to thofe we fee in our Days.
Country-Seats.

Arundel-Caftle, the Duke, of
Norfolk's.
Petworih-Place, Duke of Somer
set's.
Ifteld, Duke of Newcaftle' s.
Buckhurft, and Stoneland, Earl
of Dorfet's.
Bulbrook, Earl of Thanet's.
Herftmonceux, Earl of Suf
fex' s.
Stanftrad , Earl of Peterbo
rough's,

Battel-Abbey, Cowdrey , and
Poynings, Vifcount Monta-
cute's.
Eridge, Lord Abergavenny's.
Upp-Park, the Lord Gray's.-
Aftburnham , Lord Aftburn-
ham's.
Laughton, Lord Pelbam's.'
Cbicbefler-Palace, the Bifhop of
Chicbefter's.
Cats field, Sir Nicholas Pel-
ham's.

WARWICKSHIRE,
AN Inland County in the Diocefs of Worcefter and Lich
field, enjoys both good Air, and a plentiful Soil, efpe-:
cially on the South. Northward 'tis a woody Country. A-
mongft its Rivers, Avon is the chief, which runs through the
midft of it, and falls at laft into the Severn. Warwickfiire-
Cheefe is a Commodity, of which there is a great Vent,
as well as of Glocefterjhire.

Market-Towns.
© WAR WICK, the Shire-Town,

© Coventry,
Stretford,Atberfton,
Aulcefter,Birmingham,

Coleftill,Henley,Kyneton,
Nun-Eaton,

Polefworth, ¦
Rugby,
Soutbam, Sutton-Colefield.

Warwick, upon the Avon, 68 Miles from London, is a Warwick
well built Town, confining of two Pariihes, with a Free
School, and feveral-Hofpitals. Of which one was founded
by an Anceftor of the Earl of Leicefter, yielding to each
Mem-

%o6 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Member thereof a Yearly Income of near 39 /. befides Lodg
ing. But the Caftle of Warwhk is its greateft Ornament.
Saturday is its Market-day. This Town has given the
Title of an Earldom to feveral Families, before that of
the prefent Earl, being Robert Rich, created Earl of War
wick by James 1. in 1618. Which Title has continued
hitherto in his Family, Edward Henry Rich being the pre
fent Earl of Warwhk, and ,likewife of Holland in Lincoln
shire.
Coven- Coventry, upon the Sherburn, 74 Miles from London,
tryi took that Name from a Convent founded here by Canute, a
Danifi King of England. 'Tis a moft ancient City, fituate
upon the Afcent of a Hill, having 2 Parifhes, and the Streets
of it very large. Tho but 2 Pariihes, yet there are 3 Churches,
and 4 Steeples. One of thefe Steeples belonged to the fore-
mentioned Convent. But the greateft Ornament of Coven
try is the ftately Crofs there is in the middle of it. This City
had its Walls pull'd down, upon the Reftoration. The
Roads leading to it are kept well pay d, for about a Mile out
of Town. For the Education of Youth, here is a Free-
School, and a fair Library ; and for the Poor, an Hofpital.
- This City, and Lichfield in Staffordjbire, are both one Bifhops
See, from thence called the Bifhop of Lichfield and Coventry.
At this time it gives the Title of an Earl to Thomas Coventry,
who was dignify'd with it by the late King William. Two
Miles from hence there are two Springs, one of frefh Water,
and the other of brackilh, at lefs diftance than 4 Foot from
each other.
Birming- Birmingham is' of note for its curious Works of Steel, and
ham. Pollefwortb for its School,
.Guy-cliff. Near Warwick there's a Rock called Guy-cliff, from Guy of
Warwick, the Hercules of England. Who, after many great
Exploits, betook himfelf (as Tradition has it) to this Place,
where he led a kind of hermetical Life, and built a Chap
pel, in' which he was interred.
JBdge-hill. Near Kyneton, 7 or 8 Miles from Warwick, is Edge-hill,
famous for the firft Battel fought there, OHober z$, 1642.
between King Charles I. his Army, and the Parliament-
Forces ; the firft commanded by the Earl of Lindfey, who was
flain there, and the laft by the Earl of Effex. The Iflue of
which Battel proved to the King's Advantage.

Cowtryr

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN IP?
Country-Seats.

Milcot-houfe, Earl of Dorfe^'s.
Compton, Earl of Northamp
ton's.
Newenhan\-Paddox, Earl of
Denbigh's.
Wormleighton, Earl of Sunder
land's.
Hewel-Grange, Earl of Pli-
moutb's.

Ellington, Lord Ferrers's.
Warwick-Caftle, Knowle, and
Beaucbamp-Court, the Lord
Brooks's.
Stonely, and Fletchamftead,
Lord Leigh's.
Wotton-Waven, and AHe-Lodge^
the Lord Car* ington's.
Combe, Lord Craven's.

Westmorland.
HAving thus run over fp many fair and fruitful Coun
ties, my Method brings me now to one of a different
Character. And that is Weftmorland in the North- Weft
Parts of England, and Eaft of" Cumberland, partly in the Dior
cefs of Chefter, and partly in that of Carlifle. A hilly and
marftjy Country, but not without fruitful Spots of Ground,
efpecially Southward. The Eden, Ken, Lon, and Eamon ire
its principal Rivers. t7//e*-Water, and Menander-Mere, in
this County, are two Lakes, the firft bordering upon Cumber
land, and the laft upon Lancajhire.
This County has given the Title of an Earl for near 200
Years to the Nevil's Family, Ralph Nevil; Lord Raby, and
Earl Marfhal of England, being firft honoured with this Title
by Richard II. which died with Charles Nevil in 1584. But
James I. revived it in the Perfon of Francis Fane, eldeft Son
of Mary, defcended from Charles Nevil. Thomas Fane is the;
prefent Earl of Weftmorland.
Near the River Lowtber there is a Well or Spring, which
{Euripus like) ebbs and flows many times in a Day.
Market-Towns.
© APPLEBY, the Shire-Town,
Kendal, Amllefide, Orton,
Lonfdale, Kirby-Steven, Brough.
Burton, Apple-

»o8 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Appleby. Appleby, upon the Eden, 200 Miles from London, is the
Aballaba of the Ancients, and has been formerly a confide
rable Place. At this time there is but one Street, and that
but thinly peopled. However the Aflizes are kept here, and
this is the 6nly Town in Weftmorland which is privileged
to fend Members to Parliament. Here's a publick School,
v , and an Hofpital. And Saturday is its Market-day.
Kendal. Kendal, the Cancangium 6f the Ancients, and the befl Town
in this County, Is feated upon the Ken^ in a Dale or Valley,
whence the Name of Kendal. 'Tis built in the Form of a
Crofs, two Streets croffing each other, befides other fmall
Streets. 'Tig rich, and well inhabited, driving a good
Trade of Woollen Cloths, Druggets, Serges, Cotton, Stoc
kings and Hats. Over the River there are two Bridges of
Stone, and another of Wood. At fome fmall Diftance from
this laft, there are to be feen the Ruins of a Caftle, which
was the Birth-place of Catharine Parr, the Sixth Wife of
Henry VIII. The Church of Kendal is both fair and fpacious,
But there are two Chappels of Eafe befides. Near the
Church-yard ftands a fair publick School, from whence a
certain Number of Scholars is from time to time fent to
Queen's College in Oxford. The Title of Earl of Kendal is
gone through divers Families. Prince George of Denmark
bears now that Title* being created by the late King William
Baron of Ockingbam, Earl of Kendal, and Duke of Cumber
land.
Lonfdale. Lonfdale, or Kirby-Lonfdale, upon the Lon, is a large and
well built Town, noted befides for its Manufacture of Cloth.
Here is a fine Church, and a Stone-bridge over the River.
This Town gives the Title of a Vifcount to Richard Lowther,
devolved upon him from his Father John Lowther, who was
dignify'd with it by the late King William.
Country-Seats.

Arnftead-Tower, and Bethem-
Hall, the Earl of Dar
by's.
Appleby-Caftle, Brough-Caftle,
Brougham-Caftle, and Pen-

dragon-Caftle, Earl of Thi-
net s.
Wharton-Hall, Earl of Whta-
ton's.
Lowther, Vifcount Lonfdale's.

Amongft which Wharton-hall gives of late the Title of an
Earl to my Lorcl Wharton.
WILT-

Chap, VII. GREAT BRITAIN 109
WILTSHIRE,
AN Inland County in Salisbury Diocefs, is a healthful,
pleafant, and fruitful County. Northward 'tis fome-
what hilly,and woody; but Southward'tis pretty level. In the
Middle Parts of it is Salisbury Plain, noted for its large Ex
tent, and for feeding innumerable Flocks of Sheep. Its
principal Rivers are the Ifis, Rennet, Avon, Willy, and
Nadder. Here is in this County a great Manufacture of
Wool. As for Stone-henge, and the Caves near Badminton,
I refer the Reader to Ch. 4.
This County has given the Title of an Earldom to feveral
Families, before that of the Paulets, now in poffeffion of it.
The firft x>f this Name that bore it was William Paulet, crea
ted Earl of Wiltftire, and afterwards Marquis of Winchefter,
by Edward VI. In whofe Family the Title has continued e-
ver fince, Charles Paulet, the prefent Duke of Bolton, being
now poffeffed thereof. Market-Towns.
© SAL I SB URY, the Chief,
© Hindon, © Crecklade, Auburn,
© Chippenham, ® Downton, Lavington,
© Wilton, © Weftbury, Hiworth,
© Marlborough, © Calne, • Mere,
® Malmsbury, Warmifter, Swindon,
© Wotton-Baffet, Bradford, Troubridge.
© Devizes, Amesbury,
Salisbury, or New Sarum? the Sorviodunum of the Ancients^ Salisbury.
is a Bifhop's See, 70 Miles from London. This is one of the
fineft Cities in England, watered chiefly by the Avon, befides
feveral Streams that run through the Streets thereof. Here
are large Streets, a fair Market-place, and Town-houfe.
The Market-days are Tuefday and Saturday. But the greateft
Ornament of this City is the Cathedral, dedicated to the B.
Virgin. A Church that has as many Doors as Months,
Windows as Weeks, and Pillars as Days in the Year. Its
Steeple is the higheft of any in England. " Laftly, this City
has given the Title of an Earl to feveral Families, before it-
came to the Cecils, now pofTeffed of it ; Robert Cecil, Lord
High Treafurer of England, having been honoured with that
Title by King James I. who created him Vifcount Cranborn,
and Earl of Salisbury in 1605. From whom is defended.
James Cecil, the prefent Earl of Salisbury. ffin-

1 1 o The PrtfeM S TAT E of Part. X
Hindon. Hindon and Chippenham are noted for their great Markets,
Chippen- but the firft chiefly for the Title of Baron it gives to the
ham. Earl of clarendon. Calne, for the Provincial Synod held
Calne. here in 997. to determine the hot Difputes in thofe Times
between the Monks and the Priefts, in point of Cdiba-
Marlbo- cy. Marlborough, the CunSio of the Ancients, upon the
rough. Kennet, for the Title of a Duke it gives from the Beginning
of this Reign to John Churchill, a Prince of the Empire, a
Terrour to France, and one of the greateft Heroes of our
Malmf- Days. Malmsbury, Lit. Maldunenfe Cambium, upon the
bury. Avon, for being the Birth-place of one of the ancienteft Hi-
ftorians of England, called from hence William of Malmf-
bury.
Wilton. Wilton has been formerly the chief Town of this County,
whence the Name of Wiltfhire. It was alfo the Bifhop's See,
before it came to be removed from thence to Salisbury.
Which Removal has in a great meafure occafioned the De
cay of Wilton.
I pafs by the other Towns, to take notice of Clarendon,
a great Park 2 Miles North of Salisbury. It lies upon a Hill,
with about 20 Groves, each a Mile in compafs, and all in-
clofed. There was formerly a Royal Houfe, but fince fallen
to Ruin. ' Edward Hyde, Lord High Chancellour of England
in the Reign of the late King Charles, was dignify'd by that
Prince with the Title of Earl of Clarendon; which is now en-
joy'd by Henry, his eldeft Son.
Befides the Towns marked in the Lift with a ©, that
are Market-Towns, and have the Privilege of fending their
Reprefentatives to Parliament, there are four which enjoy
this Privilege, tho no Market-Towns, viz. * Heytesburg,^
* Bedwin, * Lugderfale, and * Old Sarum. i
Country-Seats.

Marlborough-Houfe, and All^g-
ton-houfe,the D.of Somerfet's
Eddington, Duke of Bolton's.
Dametft'am, Duke of Newca-
ftle's.
Wilton, and Falfton, Earl of
Pembroke's.
Charlton, Earl of Barkjbire's.

Long-Leet, Vifcount Wey-
moutb's.
Wardour-Ciflle, the Lord A-
1 rundel' s of Wardour.
Salisbury-Palace, the Biihop of
Salisbury's.
Hatch, Mr. Hyde's,
Fontill, Mr. Cottingtdn% Sec.

WOR'

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN in
WORCESTERSHIRE,
AN Inland County, in the Diocefs of Worcefter, yielding
Plenty of Corn, Pafture, Cattel, Fifh, and Fruit. The
Vale of Eveftam is noted efpecially for its great Fertility.
Here are alfo feveral Salt-Springs. Its Rivers, the Severn,
•Avon, Salwarp, Stoure, &c.
Market-Towns.
© WORCESTER, theCapital,
© Eveftam, Kidderminfter, Tidbury,
®,Bewdley, Dudley, Upton,
© Droitwich, Bromjgrove, Ship ton.
Sturbridge, Perftore,
Worcefter, Lat. Vigornia, upon the Severn, 86 Miles frora Worcc
London, is a large, rich, and populous City, confining of ie fter.
Parifhes. Over the River it has a fair Stone-bridge, with a
Tower, faid to be built by the Romans. In 1041. this City
was reduced to Affaes by the Danes, and in the Reign of
Henry II. it was burnt down again by Accident. In 679,
it was made a Bifhop's See, the Bilhoprick being taken out of
that of Lichfield. King John lies buried in the Cathedral in
a Tomb of white Marble ; and Prince Arthur, eldeft Son of
Henry VIII. in a Tomb of Jett. 'Twas under this City
Walls the Battle was fought in 16S1. .which proved fo fatal
to the late King Charles, as to force him to quit the King
dom, after he had abfconded for the fpace of 6 Weeks.
Worcefter drives a great Trade in Cloth, and has 5 Markets a
Week, viz, on Wenfday, Friday, Hid Saturday. It has given
the Title of an Earl to feveral Families. In 1627. Charles Ii.
made it a Marquifate in the Perfon of Henry Somerfet ; which
Title, the prefent Duke of Beaufort, his Grandfon, is now in
poffeffion of.
Eveftam, on the Avon, is a good trading Place, which Evefham.
gives the Title of Baron to the Lord Sommers.
Droitwich, on the Salwarp, is noted for its Salt-pits. Stun Droit-
bridge, for its School and Library. And Kidderminfter, for wich.
its Stuffs.

Country-

112

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.

Country-Seats.

Grafton, the Duke of Sinews-
bury's.
Crombe-Court, Alesborough, Se
vern-Stoke, and Feckenham-
Lodge, Earl of Coventry's.

Lencbwich, the Lord Craven's.
Worcefter-Palace, and Hafile-
bury-Caftle, the Bifhop of
Worcefter's.

YORKSHIRE,
A Maritime County, and the largeft of all, lies North
ward, in York Diocefs. 'Tis divided into 3 Parts, viz.
the North, Eaft, and Weft Riding, this the largeft. 'Tis
generally a moft fruitful County, and where Provifions are
cheap. A charming Country, but not without fome Places
of a different Charafter. It yields Plenty of Corn, Cattel,
Fifh, and wild Fowl. Here is alfo abundance of fine Horfes,
Lime-ftone, Jett, and Alum. Sureby is noted for its Goats,
Sheffield for Iron, Richmond/hire for its Lead, Copper, and
Pit-coals. Its principal Rivers are the Humber, Are, Calder,
Dun, Derwent, Nyd, Oufe, Swall, Youre, Warf,. and Tees.
Market-Towns.

© YORK, the Capital,

© Hull,
© Beverley,
© Heydon,
© Knaresborough,
© Rippon,
© Scarborough,
© Richmond,
© Malton,
© FontefratT,
© Nortb-Allerton,
© Thirsk,
Leeds,
Hallifax, Aberforth,
Duncafter,
Askrig,
Barnejley, Bedal, Burlington,

Bautre, Cawood,
Bradforth, Eafingwold, Gisborough;Gisborn,
Frodlingbam, Stokeftey,
Wakefield, Whitby, Selby, Sheffield, Helmftey, Hornfey,
Howdon, Hunanby,
Hutberfield, Kilham, Kirby-Morefide,

Mafham, Midlam,
Patrington, Otley,Pickering,
Pocklington, Ripley, Settle,
Sberbom, '
Skipton,.
Snathe,
Tadcafter, Thorn,
Tickhill, Weatherby,
Yarum, Wigton, Egton.

Toti,

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN. nj
York, Lat. Eboracum, ftands upon the Oufe, 156 Miles York.
from London. 'Tis the Bifhop's See of the Archbifhop of
York, and the moft confiderable City in England, next to
London. A fair, large, rich, and populous Place ; in which
are reckoned 28 Churches, and Chappels of Eafe, Its Mar
ket-Days are Thurfday, and Saturday. York was in fuch
efteem among the ancient Romans, that Severus the Empe-
rour had a Palace in it, in which he ended his Days. But
it has fuffered much by the frequent Revolutions of the
State, in the Time of the Saxons, Danes, and Normans.
In the Reign of King Charles I. his Army being routed at
Marfton-Moor,- York was forced ' to fubmit to the viftorious
Army. In 740. Egbert, Archbifhop of York, erected here a
large Library, out of which Alcuinus, Tutor to Charles the
Gieat, and Founder of the Sorbonne it Paris, got moft of
his Learning. But the greateft Ornament of this City is its
Cathedral, which deferves to be put in the firft Rank of the
Cathedrals in Europe. There are two Things more, which
raife the Glory of this City. One is, that the Mayor of
York bears the Title of Lord, as the Mayor of London does,
there being but thofe two Mayors all over England, who
have that Title given them. The other, that this City has
given the Title of a Duke to many Princes of the Blood,
particularly to the late King James, before he came to the
Crown. Hull, or Kingfton upon Hull, is a good Port, and a well Hull,
fortify'd Town. 'Tis a Place of .great Trade, and of a large
Extent, tho' there be but 2 Pariihes. But it is not of great
Antiquity, Edward I. being the Founder of it. Who made
there a Haven, and granted fuch Privileges to all that fet
tled in it, that it became flourifhing in a few Years. To
which its gainful Fifhery near the Coaft of Ifeland did very
much contribute. The Inhabitants being thus grown rich,
walled the Town, and raifed their chief Magiftrate from a
Warden to a Bayliff ; till at lilX Henry VI. made it a Mayor-
Town, and a County, of it. felf. Before the Civil Wars in the
Reign of Charles I, the King had laid up here a great Maga
zine of warlike Stores. But when he came to ufe it, Sir
John Hotham, then Governour of Hull, fhut the Gates upon
him, and the Parliament then fitting approved of it.
Beverley, 5 or 6 Miles North of Hull, is noted for being Beverley.
the Birth-place of the famous Prelate John de Beverley,
Archbifhop of York, a Man of great Erudition, and exem
plary Piety. Who in his old Age refigned his Arbifhoprick,
and retired hither, to fpend the Refidue of his Life in holy
Meditations. He died in 721. Etbelftan, one of the Sax
on Kings, had fuch a Veneration for the Memory of fo
great a Man, that for his fake he granted great Privileges to
I this

H4 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
this Place, and amongft others a SanSuary, which made the
Town grow rich in a fhort time^
Rippon. Rippon, the Rhidogunum of the Ancients, is a good Town,
feated upon the Yome. Where a great deal of Cloth is
made, and the beft Spurs in England. Here is a Collegiate
Clturch, that has 3 very lofty Spires. When Popery flourifhed
here, and the People were apt to be deluded by a falfe wor
king of Miracles, St. Wilfride's Needle -wis then in great re
pute. So was called a narrow Hole ip a Vault under the
Ground of this Collegiate Church, through which Womens
Honefty was tried. Thofe that were chaft, fays the Legend,
could eafily pats through the Hole ; but the unchaft, it feemsj
1 ftuck by the way.
Scarbo- Scarborough is a good Harbour, fortify'd with a Caftle,
rough. wherein a Garrifon is kept. This Town is almoft inacceffible
by Land, furrounded as it were with the Sea, and very keep
Rocks, except on the Weft-fide, which has a narrow Paf-
fage into it, and that fenced with a ftrong Wall. The
Town is not large, but pretty well inhabitted, and a good
Trading Place. It has a commodious Key. Formerly there
was a fine Tower, which ferved as a Land-Mark for Ships,
before it fell by our Civil Wars. On the Top of the Hill is
a fair Spot of Ground, of about 60 Acres, with a frefh-
Water Spring coming out of a Rock. This Place is alfo
noted for its famous Spaw, and for theTitle of an Earldom it
gives to Charles Lumley, who in the late Reign was made-
far/ of Scarborough.
Rich- Richmond, upon the Swale, in the North-Riding, is the
mond. chief Place of a Diftrift, hence called Richmondftme, a fpe-
cious Name for a barren and hilly Country, except fome
Places, where it yields good Pafture. Alan, Earl of Bre-
tagne, who built this Town, was created Earl of Richmond
by William the Conquerour. Which Title being extinct in
his Family, Xvas conferred upon others. Lewis, Lord Stuart,
and Duke of Lenox in Scotland, was made Earl, and after
wards Duke of Riclmond, by James I. Charles Lenox is .the
laft of that Family, who in joy 'd that Title. He died
without Iffue in the Court of Denmark, Anno 1672, where
he bore the Charafter of an Embafladour Extraordinary
from the late King Charles. Who, in lefs than 3 Years af
ter, revived this Title in the Perfon of Charles Lenox, the
prefent Duke of Richmond, a natural Son of that Prince by
the Dutchefs of Portfmouth.
Ponte- Pontefratt, or Pomfret, is a neat Town, that had formerly
frail. a ^rono anai flately Caftle, which fell ( with many others )
by the Civil Wars in the Reign of Charles I. 'Twas in this
Caftle Richard II. was barbaroufly murdered, after his Re-
fignatiortof the Crown to Henry IV: his Coufin. This
Town

Chap. VII. GREAT BRITAIN 115
Town is of fome note befides for its excellent Licorifh, but
chiefly for the Title of Baron it gives to the Duke of Nor-
Horth-Allerton is noted of late, for the Title of Vifcount North-
it gives to H. S. H. the Electoral Prince of Hanover. Allerton.
Leeds on the Are, is one of the beft Towns of this Coun- Leeds.
ty and was in the Heptarchy trie Royal Seat of the Kings of
Northumberland. Noted befides, for its great Manufafture of
Cloth, and for giving the Title of a Duke to Tho. Osborn,
raifed'to that Dignity by the late King William.
Hall'tfax, formerly called jtiarton, is a good large Town, Hallifax,
with Srone-buih-Houfes. It/ ftands upon the fteep Afcent of
a Hill, in a barren Soil. The Woollen Manufafture is the
principal heie, where they ftriftly punilh all Cloth-ftealers,
as they do Beggars and Vagabonds at Hull. To which the
Proverb alludes, From Hell, Hull, and HallifaX, good Lord,
deliver us. In the Reign of the late King Charles, George
Savil was firft made a Vifcount, afterwards an Earl, and at
laft M arquis of Hallifax. Which laft Title paffed from him
to William his eldeft Son, who did not injoy it long, and
by whofe Death the Title was extinct. But the late King
dignify'd Charles Montague with the Title of Baron of Hal
lifax, which he now inpys.
Duncafter, on the Dun, is a Town in which there was Dunca-
formerly a Caftle, whence the Name of Duncafter. Here is fter.
a fair Church, with a ftately Steeple. Its chief Manufa
ctures are Stockings, Gloves, and Knit Waftcoats. In the
Reign of King James I. this Town gave the Title of Vif
count to James Hay, Earl of Carlijle, Both which Titles ex
pired with his Son. The late King Charles made the Duke
of Monmouth, his natural Son, Earl of Duncafter, who was
beheaded in King James's Reign. And fo the Title is ex-
tinft. Wakefield, upon the Colder, is noted for the Battel fought Wake-
near it between Henry VI. and Richard Duke of York, his field.
Rival for the Crown. Richard was flain in it, but his Son
Edward fucceeded better than his Father, and got the Crown
at laft.
Sheffield is noted for Smith's Trade, Knaresborough, for Sheffield
its Licorifh, and medicinal Waters. Rotheram, for ,its 3 pj^ '
Schools, one for Writing, another for Languages, and the
third for Mufick. Ripley, for Licorifh. Sberbom, for its
Free-School. Burlington, for its Bay, and the Title of an
Earl it gives to Richard Boyle, the prefent Earl of Burling
ton 5 defcended in a direct Line from Richard Boyle, Earl of
Cork in Ireland, who was created Earl of Burlington by King
Charles 11. in 1664. 1 2 Be>

n6

Cleveland. Holder
nefs. Derwent
water. Craven.Danby.

Bolton.

Mulgrave

Cambo-dunum.

Albo-
rough. Borough-
bridge.

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Bsfides the Places aforefaid, there are four Tracts of
Land in this County, all which give Titles of Honour, viz.
Cleveland, Holdernefs, Derwentwater, and Craven.
Cleveland, gives the Title of a Dutchefs to Barbara Vil-
lers, Mother to the Dukes of Southampton and Northumber
land, and to the late Duke of Grafton by King Charles II,
Holdernefs, near the Sea, the Title of Earl to Robert Darcie,
derived unto him from his Father Conyers Darcie, created
E.arl of Holdernefs by the late King Charles. Derwentwater,
between the Oufe and Derwent, alio the Title of an Earl to
Francis Ratcliff, raifed to that Dignity by the late King
James. And William 'Craven was made Earl of Craven^ by
Chat les II. But now it gives only the Title of a Baron.
In that Part called Clevela'nd'there is an ancient Caftle with
a Park, bearing the Name of Danby, which gives the Title
of an Earl to the Duke of Leeds.
There is moreover Bolton in this County, a Caftle in a
Park upon the Youre, which gives the Title of a Duke to
Charles Paulett, which Title his Father Charles was dignify'd
with by the late King William.
, Mulgrave, another Caftle near the Sea, has given the Title
of an Earl to feveral Families, and laft to the Sheffields ;
Edmund Lord Sheffield of Butterwick being made Earl of
Mulgrave by King Charles I. in 1625. Edmund, his Grand-
fon, fucceeded to him in the Title ; and John to Edmund
his Father. Which John was in the late Reign advanced to
the Dignity of Marquis of Normanby, and in this Reign to
that of Duke of Buckingham and Normanby.
Six Miles from Hallifax, in the Weft-Riding, there was nf
old a famous Town, called Cambodunum, fome Ruins where
of are ftill to be feen near Almondbury.
Laftly, there are in this County two Boroughs, that fend
Members to Parliament, which are no Market-Towns, and
therefore not in their Lift, viz. Alborougb in the Nortl)-Ri-
ding, and Borough-bridge in the Weft-Riding. Near this laft
are to be feen four prodigious pyramidal Stones, a remark
able Monument of Antiquity.

Country

Chap. VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.

117

Country-Seats.

Sheffield-Mttnner, the Duke of
Norfolk's.
Wreffel-Cafile, Duke of So-
merfet's.
Slingsby-Caftle, ¦
Bolton-Caftle, and Bolton-hall,
Duke of Bolton's.
Kiveton, Thorp-ball, Wales-
hall, and Harthill-hall, Duke
of Leeds's.
Mulgrave-Caftle , Duke of
Buckingham's.
Snape, Earl of Exeter's.
Markinsfield, Earl of Bridge-
water's.
Skipton-Caftle, Earl of Tha-
net's.
Wentworth, Tankerfley, Tin-
fley, Harton-Robert, Frien-
Houfe, 
Henderskelf-Caftlc, and Grim-
thorp, Earl of Carlijle's.
Wharlton-Caftle, ^nd Jerve-
aux-Abbey, Earl of Ailes-
jbury's,

Launsbarough, Boulton, and
Barden-Tower, Earl of Bur
lington's.
Hornby-Cafth, Patriek-Bromp-
ton, Hackfortb, Auderby It
Meers, Afton , Aughton,
Wales-Mannor, and Hard-
wick, Earl of Holdernefs's.
Aske , and El augb- Manner ,
Earl of Wharton's.
Cockfwold-hall , Oulftone-ball,
Aldwark, Murton, and New-
borough-Abbey , Vifcount
Faulconb erg's.
Easby-hall, Lord Evre's.
Weldrake, Lord Howard of
Efcrick's.
Holm in Spalding-Moor, and
Dalton, Lord Langdale's.
Wilton-Caftle, Lord Cornwab-
lis's.
Thorn-hill, «
Biftorp's-Tborp, Archbifhop of
York's.

. CHAP. VIII.
Of the COVNTRY of WALES.
Ifubjoyn WALES to ENGLAND as Part of it, r
being concorporated in the Reign of Henry VIII. and
living under the fame Laws ; tho' the Countries differ ve
ry much, and the Welch have a very different Language from
the Englijh, as we fliall fee afterwards.
If Mountains were an Ornament, Wales ( I muft confefs )
would have in that refpeft the Advantage of England. The
Soil however is not fo Ungrateful, but that it yields where
with to fubfift its Inhabitants, And fome Parts of it are
as fruitful, as any Part of England.

I J

This

j 18 The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.
This is the Country called in Latin Cambria, or Camho-
Britannia, and by the ancient Romans, Britannia Secundi:
Who'divided Britain into 3 Parts, viz. Britannia Prima con
taining the South of England, Britannia Secunda containing
Wales, and Maxima Cafarienfis the North Parts of England.
Then Wales was Inhabitted by the Silures, Dimeta, and Or-
iovices, as the Romans called them.
A Country to which moft of the Britains fled from the
invading and victorious Saxons, and which has been hitherto
Inhabited by their Pofterity, the Welch.
Some Authors are of Opinion, the Name of Wales came
from Idwallo, Son of Cadwallader, the laft King of the Bri
tains, Its Situation is Weftward, towards Ireland, the Eaftern
Parts of it bordering upon Cbeftire, Shropftire, Hereford/hire,
and Monmoutbfiire in England ; and the Weitern, watered
by the Irift Sea.
Its Extent is about a fifth Part of England, . and does hard
ly exceed the Compafs of thefe four Eaftern and Maritime
Counties of England, viz. Norfolk, Suffolk, Effex, and Kent.
In which Compafs it contains 751 Pariftes, $8 Market-Towkx
and above 300000 People, who pay to the Land-Tax 43751I
Which fhews they are almoft equal to half the Number in
Scotland, and that they paid near as much Taxes as the
Whole ; tho' more under-rated in Taxes, and eafier in Excife
than Scotland, before the Union. All which may ferve as
an Argument againft thofe who imagine, that Wales is not
bettered by its Union with England.
As it is a hilly and mountainous Countrey, fo its Air is
fine and fharp. The Cattle fmall, but all Provifions good
and cheap. Here is particularly Abundance of Goats, which
naturally delight in hilly Places. And for Fewel, great
Plenty of Wood, Coals, and Turves.
As for Harbours, the World can hardly fhew one fafer and
more capacious than M'tford- Haven, noted of late for giving
the Title of a Marquis to H. S. H. the Eleftoral Prince of
Hanover. But there wants a good River. This Haven con-
fills of fo many Creeks, Bays, and Roads for Sips, that fome
will have it to be called Milford-Haven, becaufe a Thou\
fand Ships may fafely ride in it, and out of fight of each 0-
ther. Here landed Henry VII. when he came from the
Court 6f Bretagne in France, to Dethrone ( as he did )
Richard III.
Here are alfo many Rivers. As the Dee, Wye, Usk, Con
way, Cluyd, Tivy, and many others of lefs note ; befides
the Severn, that rifes in this Country. The

Chap. VIII. GREAT BRITAIN i%9
Ihe Divifion of WA L E S.
1 North 0
This Coaarry is divided into > and > WA L E S-
y South J
North- Wales fubdivided into thefe following" Countieis
Viz.
,Anglefey, Denbighftire, • Merionetbftire,
Carnarvanftire, Flintfiire, Montgomeryftire.
South- Wales, into
Brecknock/hire, Carmardenfiire, Pembrokeftire,
Cardigan/hire, Glamorgan/hire, Radnorfbire.
Heretofore Monmouthfiire, now an Englijh County, was
Part of Wales, and Welch is flill the vulgar Language of it.
That Part of Shropftire, which lies on the Weil-fide of the
Severn, was alfo counted Part of Wales, till it became con-
corporated with England. In fhort, South-Wales contained
formerly Monmouth and Hereford-.Shhes, now two Englijh
Counties, and all Shropftire beyond the Severn, with the
Town of Shrewsbury.
Of theforefaid 12 Counties of Wales, ill but Montgomery,
Radnor, and Brecknock Shires are watered by the Sea. As
for Fruitfulnefs, Pembroke, Carmarden, and Glamorgan Shires
in South-Wales ; Anglefey, Denbighftire, and MontgomeryJl;ire in
North-Wales, are the moft plentiful. In fhort, there are
four Bifhopricks in Wales, all belonging to the Province
of Canterbury, viz. St. David, St. Afapb, Bangor, and Laa-
daff. Upon the Whole, the Reader muft not expeft to find here
fuch Cities and Trading- Towns, fo large or beautiful, fo
rich or populous, as there are in England, where Trade
flourifhes, and Mony circulates beyond all other Countries
in Europe. Therefore I fliall proceed in the particular De-
fcription of the Counties, with all poffible Brevity. This
dons, I fhall give a fhort Account of the Inhabitants ; and
conclude the Whole with the Hifiary of Wales. I begin
with

The

120

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.

The Counties of NORT H-WA L E S.
Anglefey A NG L E SET, Lat. Mona,
AN Ifland in the North-weft Parts, about 80 Miles Eaft
of Dublin in Ireland, is called Mon, or Tir-Mon by the
Welch. But, fince King Edward I. conquered it, it got
, with us the Name of Anglefey, that is, the Englijh Ifland.
'Tis all furrounded by the Irift Sea, but South-Eaftward,
where it is parted from Carnarvanftire by an Inlet called
Menay. 'Tis about 60 Miles in Compafs, and contains 74
Pariftes. It look;* barren, and yet it yields Plenty of Corn
and Cattel, which makes fome call it the Mother of Wales.
Here is alfo Plenty of Fift and Fowl, and good Store of Mill-
Stones for the Grinding of Corn. Black Timber Trees are
likewife found here, as in Rumney-Marft in Kent,' for which
fee Page 60.
Beauma- Here are but two Towns, viz. Beaumaris 184 Miles
lis- from London, and Newborough. Wenfday is the Mar-
Newbo- ket-Dayofthe firft. But, before the Welch -were fubdued
rough. by England, Aberfraw ( Lat. Gadiva) now but a Village,'
Aberfraw. was the chief Place of the Ifland, and the Royal Seat of
Holy- North-Wales. Holy-Head, the neareft Place to Ireland, is the
Head, Station for the Pacquet-Boats appointed for that Kingdom,
Laftly, this County gives the Title of an Earl to James An-
¦nefly, the prefent Earl of Anglefey, which is devolved unto
him by the Death of his Father Arthur Annejly, who was
raifed to that Dignity by King Charles II. in 1661.
Chief Seat of this County, Lord Buckley's.
CA R NA R FANS HIR E, Lat. Arvonia,
IS in Bangor Diocefs, lies Eaft and South of Anglefey, and
is parted from it by the Menay, There are in it 68 Pa-
Tiflies, and 6 Towns, all Havens ; the chief Carnarvan, Ban
gor, and Conway. 'Tis plentiful in Cattel, Fowl, Fifh, and
Wood. The Middle Parts fo fwelled with Mountains,
thar Cambden calls 'em Alpes Britannicas, and fays they were
the beft Shelter to the Welch in Times of War. The
Weftern Parts are pretty level, and yield Abundance of Bar
ley.
Carnarr Carnarvan, the County- Town, ftands upon the Menay,
wa% which parts it from Anglefey. The Town is but fmall, and
pf a circular Form ; defended by a Caftle, in which was born

Chap. VIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 121
Edward II. Son of Edward I. hence called (according to the
Cuitom of thofe Times ) Edward of Carnarvan. King
Cbarlesl. created Robert Dormer, Baron of FiW£, and V if-
count Afcot, Earl of Carnarvan. Who being uain at the
firft New-bery-fight, was fucceeded by his Son Charles, the
prefent Earl of Carnarvan. Saturday is its Market-
Bangor, Lat. Bangoria, anciently Bonium, is an old Roman Bangor.
Town, and one of the 4 Bifhopricks of Wales. It ftands al
fo on the Menay, not far from Carnarvan. Famous of old •
for its vaft Monaftery, which entertained about 2000 Monks,
but came to Ruin before the Norman Conquefh The Bifhop-
rick of Bangor is but poor, therefore of 3 Arch-Deaconries
it contains ( viz. of Bangor, Anglefey, and Merioneth)
one is annexed to it, for the better Maintenance of the Bi
Conway, or Aberconway, Lat. Conovium, ftands at the Conway,
Mouth of the River Conway, and borders upon Denbighftire.
This Town has given the Title of Baron, Vifcount, and
Earl to a Family of that Name. The laft of which, Edward
Earl of Coawa^, dying Without iffue-Male, the Title re
mains extinct.
DENBIGHSHIRE,
FO R the moft part in St. Afaph Diocefs, lies between
Flintftire, on the Eaft, and Carnarvanftire on the Weft,
and has 57 Parifhes. The Middle Parts of it, watered by
the Cluyd, are the moft fruitful ; the Weft is improved
with the Afhes of burnt Turf. Here is Plenty of Rye,
Goats, and Sheep, - and fome Lead near Moinglath. But the
beft Part of it is that noblerV alley called Dyffryn Cluyd, of
great Length and Fertility, inhabited by feveral Gentlemen,
fome of 'em of great Eftates.
Denbigh, the County-Town, is but is Miles Weft of Denbigh.
Chefter, a Town of good Trade for Tanners and Glovers,
and having a very ftiong Caftle. But being built upon a
rocky rifing Ground, full of Lime-ftone, it has been ob-
ferved, that few of its Inhabitants live to a great Age.
Which is attributed to the Drink brewed here, which par
taking of the nature of Lime-ftone, makes it unwholfom,
tho' clear and palatable. Wenfday is its Market-Day. King
Charles I. made it an Earldom in the Perfon of William Fiel
ding, Anno 1622. Who being flain in the King's Service,
was fucceeded by Bafil his Son, this by William his Nephew,
and William by Bafil Yielding, the prefept Earl of Den
bigh. Wrex-

122 The Prefent STATE of Part I.
Wrex- Wrexham, one of the chief Market-Towns of this Coun-
ham. ty, 8 Miles from Cheftire, is a good Town, noted for its
Market, neat Church, and lofty Steeple.
Amongft this Counties Seats, Atlon-HaH belongs to the
Lady Jeffreys. Wbatftay, to Sir John Winn. Churk-Caftle,
to Sir Richard Middleton. The Earl of Darby had here a
Caftle, called Holt-Caftle, which is now demolifhed.

L'

EL I NTS HI R E
Ies between Cheftire on the Eaft, and Denbighftire on
the Weft, and has 28 Pariftes. Tis full of Hills, but
the Valleys thereof are very fruitful, and the Inhabitants
long-lived. Its chief Commodities are fmall Cattel,
Butteri Cbeefe, Heny, Pit-coal, Lead, and Mill-ftones. With
the Hony goocLftore of Metheglin is made. It has 3 Towns,
Flint. viz. Flint, St. Afapb, and Gajervis. The firft, tho' the
Shire-Town is fo very fmall, that it has not a Market. Yet
there is an old Caftle, which lhews the Ruins of its former
Statelinefs. The Prince of Wales is by Birth -right Earl
of Flint.
Sf.Afaph. St. Afapb, called by the Welch Land-Elwy, from the Ri
ver Elwy on which it is fituate, is alfo a mean Town, and
but a poor Bifhoprick : Made fo by Bifhop Parfew, who
lived in the Reign of Edward VI, and alienated for ever
from the Church four of his Epifcopal Houfes, with the
Lands thereto belonging, and let the Refidue of the Lands
into tedious Leafes. In this much like Bulkeley*
Bifhop of Bangor, who not only alienated and let out the
Lands, but alfo made Sale of the Bells. But being gone
to the Sea-fhore to fee the Bells fhipped, he was ( as Hifto-
ry tells us ) ftruck blind upon his Return. St. Afaph'i
Diocefs has but one Arch-Deaconry, called of St. Afaph;
which is united to the Bifhoprick, for the better fupport
_, . . thereof.
uaiervis. Gajervis is the only Market-Town in the County, every
w. . Village being fufficiently provided.
St. Wim- gurI muft notomit taking notice of St. Winifred's Well
w if *n tn*s County, fo famed for curing Aches and Lameneffes,
; eU" and ( as fome fay ) for Propagation. Over the Head of
this Spring is a fine free-Slfone Chappel.

&ERI-

Chap. VIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 12$
MERIONETHSHIRE
Lies South of Carnarvan and Denbigh Shires, in the
Diocel'sof Bangor, and contains 37 Pariftes. 'Tis a
very mountainous Country, however not without Sheep,
Fifh, and Fowl. Here are alfo Cottons wrought.
Harlech, the chief Town, is 168 Miles from London, and Harlech.
its Market is kept on Saturday. A Town of note heretofore
for its ftately Caftle.
MONTGOMERYSHIRE,
AN Inland County, the greateft Part in St. Afapb' s Dio-
cefs, lies Weft of Shropftire, and is a fruitful, tho'
mountainous Country. It has 47 Pariftes, and 6 Market-
Towns. Here the Severn has its Rife.
Montgomery, the Shire-Town, 120 Miles from London, isMontgo-
pleafantly feated, and has a ftrong Caftle. Roger de Mont- mery.
gomery, a noble Norman, and Earl of Shrewsbury, having
got much Land hereabouts from the Welch, firft built it,
to fecure his Conqueft. Philip Herbert, fecond Son of the-
Earl of Pembroke, was created Earl of Montgomery by James
I. in 1605. He fucceeded alfo in the Earldom of Pembroke,
after the Death of his Brother William, and was afterwards
made Lord High Chamberlain. Philip, his Son, fucceeded
him in both the Earldoms, Anno ,1640. To Philip, William
his Son, in 1669. And to William, Thomas, his half Bro
ther, the prefent Earl, of Pembroke asd Montgomery. The
Market of which laft is kept on Thurfday.
Matraval, now a poor Village, not far from Montgomery, Matraval.,
was of old a large and fair Town, and the Seat of the
Prince of Powis Land.
In this County the Lord Powis has two Seats, one called
Powis-Caftle, and the other Buttington-Hall. The Lord
Herbert of Cherbury has alfo two Seats here, called Llymote-
Lodge, and Lyffin.

The

124 rhe Frefent s TAT e °f Part* L
The Counties of SOUT H-WA L E S.
BRE CKNO C'KSHIR E,

A1

N Inland County, in Landaff Diocefs, and Weft of He
refordftire, is divided into Mountains and Valleys, the
firft barren, but the laft fruitful. Corn, Cattle, Fill), and
fome Otter-Fur, are its chief Commodities. It has 61 Pari
ftes, and 4 Market-Towns.
Sreck- Brecknock, Lit. Brecbinia, is the Shire-Town, feated at trie
nock. Confluence of the Hodney and Usk, 124 Miles from London.
'Tis a well built Town, having a good Trade for Clothing,
and being the Place where the Aflizes are kept. It has two
Markets a Week, kept on Wenfday and Saturday. And it
gives the Title of an Earl to the Duke of Ormond.
Principal Seats.
Crick-bowel, and Tretowre-Caftles, the Duke of Beaufort's;.
Guernard-boufe and Park, about 10 Miles from Brecknock,
Sir Edward Williams's ; Porubamel Houfe and Park, Mr.
Vaughan's ; Therow-Houfe and Park, 8 Miles from Brecknock,'
Mr. Morgan's of Tredegar.

Y

CARDIGANSHIRE,
JN the Diocefs of S. David, ftretches it felf along the Irifh
Sea. Here is Plenty of Corn, Cattel, Fifh, Fowl, and
Lead ; and this County is grown of fome Note lately for its
Silver, Lead, and Copper-Mines. It has 77 Paiifhes, and
4 Market-Towns.
Cardigan. Cardigan, the*Shire-Town (Tat. Ceretica) is pleafantly fea
ted upon the Tivy, near irs Fall into the Sea, 148 Miles
from London. 'Tis a good Town, walled about, and forti
fy'd with a Caftle, having a fair Church. King Charles
II. dignify'd Tho. Brudenel in 1661. with the Title of Earl
of Cardigan, now enjoy 'd by Robert his Son.
C ARM ARDENS HIRE,
ALfo in the Diocefs of S. David,' is one of the leaft M°un
tainous, and moft fruitful Counties of Wales. It
yields Plenty of Corn, Grafs, Cattle, Salmon, Wood, Pit'
coil, and the beft Lead- Here are 87 Pariftes, and 8 Mar
ket-Towns. Carmar-

Chap.

>VIII. GREAT BRITAIN. s 125
Carmarden, the Shire-Town (Lat. Maridunum) ftands up-Carmar*
on the River To wy, about 7 Miles from the Sea, pleafantly den.
feated between Woods and Meadows, 178 Miles from Loa-
don. This Town was of old the Seat of the Princes of South
Wales, till forced at laft to remove for their Safety to Dyna-
vour Oaftle, in this County, where they kept their Court to
the laft. In the Reign of William the Conquerour, the Nor
mans conquered Carmarden. The Welch indeed recovered it,
but loft it again. Henry Turbervil built here a Caftle, and
Gilbert de Clare got the Town walled about. Which gives
now the Title of Marquis to the-Duke of Leeds.
The chief Seats I know of in this County are Golden-
Grove, and Emlyn, the Earl of Carbury's. Abergilly, the
Bifhop of S. David's.
. GLAMORGANSHIRE,
EAft of Carmardenftire, is in Landaff Diocefs. The North
Part is Mountainous, but the South fo fruitful, that it
is called the Garden of Wales. Here are 118 Pariftes, and
9 Market-Towns. Amongft which,
Cardiff, the chief, ftands near the Mouth of the River Cardiff.
Tave, where it has a commodious Haven. It has 2 Mar
kets a Week, kept on Wenfday and Saturday. One Fitz-
Haimon, a great Man in thefe Parts, fortify'd this Town
with a Wall and a Caftle, in which laft Robert, Eldeft Son of
William the Conquerour, died, after a long Imprifonment.
Landaff, one of the 4 Bifhopricks of Wales, ftands alfo up- Landaff.
on the Tave, a little above Cardiff. A City, but fo fmall,
that it has not a Market. The Profufenefs of Bifhop Kitchin
(alias Dunftan) reduced this See to that Poverty, that 'tis ,
hardly able to maintain its Bifhop. '
Swanzey, in this County, is a well frequented Harbour. Swanzey.
At Newton is a Well, that fwells up when the Sea ebbs, and
finks as the Flood increafes. Principal Seats.
Swanzey-dHle, the Duke of Beaufort's ; Cardiff, and
Carphilly-Ciilles, Earl of Pembroke's ; Coity-Ciille, Earl of
Leicefter's ; Kevan Mably, Sir Charles Kemys's ; Lantril-bid,
Sir John Awlry's ; S. Deaerf's-Caftle, Sir Edward Stradling's ;
Margam, Sir Tho. Manfell's ; Ruperra, Mr. John Morgan's \
Van-bsufe, Mr. Lewis's ; Wenny, Mr, Game's. Pern-

1 2f5 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I,

PEMBRO KESHIRE
Ies Weft of Carmardenftire, in the Diocefs of S. David's,
 f and is moft part furrounded with the Sea. The whole
Country is plentiful, but the Eaft Side moft pleafant. Part
of this County was peopled by Flemings, in the Reign of
Henry I. It has 45 Pariftes, and 9 Market-Towns ; and is par
ticularly noted for its moft capacious Harbour, called Mil-
ford Haven, for which fee p. 11S. Amongft its Products, 'tis
alfo remarkable for its Fewel called Culm, which is nothing
but the Dull of Pit-coal, and has this fingular Property in it,
that it will never cake, or burn well, unlefs it be mixt with
Mud, or flimy Dirt . One third of this to two of Culm,
being made up into Balls, makes, an excellent, fwaet, and
durable Fire, almoft without any Smoak, tho wet. This is
the Fewel chiefly ufed by the Gentry here, efpecially about
Milford-haven; thebeftof Fewels, either for burning of Lime,
or drying of Malt, in which two Refpefts - 'tis ufed with
great Advantage.
As in Monmouthftire, now an Englifh County, they fpeak
both Englift and Welch, fo they do in Pembrokeshire ; and in
that part of it called Little England beyond Wales, Englifh is
the common Speech.
Pern- Pembroke, the Shire-Town, 195 Miles from London,
broke. ftands upon a long and narrow Point of Milford-Haven, the
Sea every Tide flowing up to the Town-Walls. It confiftsof
z Pariftes, is fortified with a Caftle, in which Henry VII.
was born, and its Market is kept on Saturday. This Town
was formerly a County Palatine, and continued fo till the
Reign of Henry VIII. Since which the Earls of Pembroke
have been meerly Titular. Which Title having paffed
through feveral Families, was conferred at laft by King Ed-
' -ward VI. upon William Herbert, Lord Steward of his Hou-
fliold, in 1 5 51 ; and is now enjoy'd by Tho. Herbert, the
prefent Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, half Brother to
William the late Earl.
S.Davids. ' S. Davids, Lat. Menevia, flands near the Sea, in the moft
Weftern Part of South Wales. It was once a City of good
Account, but now fo ruined, that there is not fo much as a
Market kept. However 'tis a Bifhop's See, whofe Cathedral
was eminent for its wonderful high Roof. 'Twas once the
Metropolitan of Wales, Arthur King of the Britains having
removed the Archbifhop's See from Caer-Lepn hither, for its
greater Security from the Saxons Fury. And then it had 7
Suffragan Bifhops, who received their Confecration from no
other hand thaa the Archbifhop of S. Davids. Thofc were the

Chap. VIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 1 27
the Bifliops of Landaff, Bangor, S. Afaph, Lan-Badern, Mor
gan, Worcefter, and Hereford. -- Lan-Badern was in Cardigan-
jhire, and Morgan in Glamorganfbire, both extinct long fince ;
and as for Hereford and Worcefter, they have been a long time
reckoned as Englijh Bifhopricks. But in the Reign of Henry
I. Bernard the 47th Archbifhop of S. Davids, was forced to
fubmit himfelf to the See of Canterbury.
In this Shire alfo is the Town and County of Haverford- Hiver-
Weft. ford- Weft.
RADNORSHIRE,
IN the Diocefs of Hereford, lies Weft from it, and may be
counted one of the barren Shires of Wales. It has $z Pa
riftes, and 4 Market-Towns.
Radnor, the Shire-Town, is 120 Miles from London. ItSRa(jnor,
Market is kept on Saturday. King Charles II. made it an
Earldom in the Perfon of John Lord Roberts of Truro in Corn
wal, whom he created Vifcount Bodmin, and Earl of Radnor,
in 1679. Which Title is fince devolved upon Charles, his
Grandfon, the prefent Earl of Radnor.
Among the other Market-Towns, I fhall only take notice
of Preflain, a large and well built Town, where the AffizesPreftain.
are held.
Having thus run over the Twelve Counties of Wales, I pro
ceed now to give a fhort Account of its Inhabitants, and fo
conclude with the Hiftorhal Part.
As to their Original, I have already hinted, that the Original
Welch are an Off-Spring of the ancient Britains, who fled to of the
Wales upon the Saxon Conqueft. Welch.
Their Language is the ancient Britijh, having perhaps the Language.
leaft Mixture of forein Words of any Tongue in, Europe. 'Tis
a guttural Speech, but fuch as feems to have a great Affinity
with the Hebrew, by the Refemblance of a great many
Words, bearing the fame Signification.
As to their Temper, they are counted a flout and hardy Yeo-Temper.
pie. The Britains that inhabited this Country before, 'em,
were fo uneafy under the Roman Yoke, that of 3 Legions
, the Romans kept on foot in Britain, they were fain to keep
two upon the Borders of Wales, one at Caer-Leon in Monmouth-
jbire, and the other at Chefter. The Welch Britains -were no
lefs troublefom to the Saxons *after their Conqueft of Eng
land, till they were fubdued by the Saxon King Etbelftan, in
the 10th Age. In the 12th they revolted againft Henry II.
and in the -13th againft Edward I. who at laft reduced them
intirely. In the Reign of Henry IV. they made a new At
tempt, under their notable Ring-leader, Owen Glendover, to
re-

i28 'The Prefent STATE of Parti.
recover their Liberty ; and had compafled it, but that they
had to do with too martial a Prince. In fhort, they never
were quiet, till they got- a Prince of the Britifh T51ood, King
Henry VII. upon the Throne of England, who was born in
Pembroke-Cifile.
- To this very day, the Welch ire reprefented as a cholerick
People, foon moved to Anger, but quickly appeafed ; of all
Angers the beft, and nobleft.
Famous In Point of Learning, they have had Men of good Note.
Men. Particularly Gildar furnamed Sapiens, Geofty of Monmouth,
and Giraldus Cambrenfis, Hiftorians, to fay nothing of their
Merlin. Of latter Times, William Morgan, who tranilated the
Bible into Welch, Sir John Price the Antiquary, Owen the
Epigrammatift.
Religion. The Welch profefs the fame Religion as the Clmrch of
England does, as by Law eftablifhed. But there are amongft
them, as in England, great Numbers of Dijjenters, who a-
gree with the Church' in Fundamentals, and differ from her
only in Extrinfecals.
But this I muft fay to the Praife of thefe Britains, that
when all the reft of the Ifland had relaps'd into Heathenifm,
they ftill retained the Chriftian Faith planted amongft them*
in the Time of Lucius ; not in fecret, as afraid to own it,
but in a well conftituted Church.
Another Thing very remarkable is, that when Auftin, who
converted the Heathen Saxotis to the Chriftian Faith, at
tempted to draw the feven Britijh Bifhops to own the Pope as
the Head of the Catholick Church, they rejefted that Do-
ftrine, and owned Chrift only to be the Head of the Church.*
So that they refufed to fubmit to Auftin, as Archbifhop of
Canterbury ; and to the Pope, then Gregory the Great, front
whom he came as the chief Paftor of the Church.
Thus the Britains of Wales kept themfelves from Innova
tions, or new Doftrines, in Majters of Religion, and ftood
to their own Principles, till the greateft Part of Chriften-
dom had in the Times of Ignorance ftooped to the See of
Rome. And, upon the Reformation of the Clmrch of Eng
land, they fhook off with her the Errours and Tyranny of
that See.
Hiftory of As to the Hiftorical Part, I find, that Cadwallader, the
Wales. ' laft King of Britain, went to 'Rome, there to receive the Ha
bit of a Religious Order from the Hands of Pope Sergivs,
which hapned in the 7th Age. His Son, Idwallo, fet up tor a
King of Wales, and was fucceeded in his Kingdom by Rode
rick, Conan, Mervin, and this by Roderick his Son, furnamed
the Great. This

Chap. VIII. GREAT BWTA IN: 129
This Roderick had 3 Sons, amongft whom he improvident-
ly divided hjs Kingdom. To Amaratva, the eldeft, he left
the greateft Part of North Wales ; to Cadel, his fecond Son,
moft of South Wales ; and to Mervin, the youngeft, Powis-
Land, containing Montgomery and Radnor Shires, with Part
of Denbigh and Flint Shires, and all Shropftire beyond the
Severn, with the Town of Shrewsbury. But he did it with
thisProvifo, That the two' younger Sons, and their Succeftbrs,
ihould hold their Eitates iri Fee of the Kings of North- Wales,
as being the eldeft Branch, and do them Homage for the
fame. His Succeflbrs, following his Example, fubdivided
their fmall filiates into many Parcels. Infomuch, that of 8
Tributary Princes that rowed King Edgar oh the Dee, $ of
them were of Wales,
'Tis plain by this, that Roderick was out in his Politicks,
when he divided his Kingdom, efpecially at a Time when
the Heptarchy was reduced into a Monarchy, and the Saxons
apt enough on all Occafions to take an Advantage of their
Neighbours Weaknefs. Whereas, had the Welch continued
under one fole Prince, they might have preferved their Li
berty, and kept their Country a Kingdom, as the Scots did
Scotland againft the Power of England.
But why Roderick fhould give North-Wales to his eldeft Son,
which is counted the worft Part of Wales, I cannot appre
hend, unlefs it were becaufe fecureft from the incroaching
Englijh. His Seat was at Aberfraw, in the Ifle of Anglefey.
That of the Prince of South-Wales, firft at Carmarden, and
afterwards at Dynavour-Caftle, in the fame County. The
Prince of Powis-Land kept his Seat at Matraval, in Montgome
ryshire. Thus North-Wales was injoy'd by feveral Generations of
the eldeft Branch, till the Year 1282. when Llewellen II.
loft it with his Life to King Edward I. being deluded (as
'tis faid,) by a Witch, who told him, he fhould be carried in
Triumph to London. Upon which he appear'd in a hoftile
manner upon the Borders of England* which drew upon him
the whole Power of Edward. Llewellen finding himfelf too
weak to fight Edward, and Edward on the other fide as un
willing to fight with Mountains, it was agreed at laft, by
Conimiflioners appointed on both Sides, that Llewellen fhould
enjoy Part of the Country with the Title of Prince, during
his Life ; the Reft at prefent, and the Whole after his De-
ceafe, to be furrendred over to the King of England. By
which Treaty, David, LleweUen's Brother, finding himfelf
excluded from the Succeffion, ftirred up his Brother, and the
Welch to a Revolt. The Iffue whereof prov'd fatal to the
two Princes. For David was taken, and executed by the
Sand of Juftice ; and Llewellen flain, as he was lurking (after
K the

,5o The Prefent STATfE of Parti.
the Defeat of his Forces) in the Mountains of Radnorftire.
Whofe Head being pitched upon a Stake, and fet out with a
Paper-Crown, was carried by a Trooper Triumphantly through
the Streets of London. Thus was the Witch's Prophecy un
luckily fulfilled, and in Llewellen ended the Line of the Mri-
lift Princes, after they had for feveral Ages ftruggled with
the Englifh Power.
As to the Princes of South-Wales, they loft moft part of
the Country to private Adventurers of England. Bernard, k
Newmark, a noble Norman, got Brecknock/hire for his Share.
Robert Fitz-Hayrkm, with other Adventurers, feized upon
Glamorgan/hire. A great Part of Montgomery ftire fell into the
Hands of Arnulpb of Montgomery. And fo did Part of Cardi
gan and Monmouth Shires, to the Earl of Warren and Lord
Mortimer. So that the poor Prince of South-Wales had no.
thing left entire but Carmardenlhire, too little to fupport his
Title. 'Tis true, Gryffitb, the laft of thefe Princes, recove
red a great Part of his loft Eftate. But neither he, nor his,
enjoy 'd it long ; he dying loon after, and his two Sons,
Cynunerhk and Meredith, being taken Prifoners by Henry II.
Yet did the Welch attempt, as well as poffibly they could,
to recover the Liberty left them by their Fathers, till they
were at laft fubdu'd by King Edward.
I come now to the Princes of Powis-Land, defcended from
fflervin, the youngeft, Son of Roderick the Great. Fowu-Leri,
as I faid before, contained Montgomery and Radnor Shires,
with Part of Denbigh ind Flint Shires, and all Sbropjbire'k-
yond the Severn, with the Town of Shrewsbury. A County
partaking more of the Nature and Fertility of England, thjn
moft Part of Wales ; and always lying in Harm's Vtfay, as
being upon the Borders, 'Tis like therefore, this Part was
allotted to Mervin the youngeft Son, as a brisk and valiant
Prince. In whole Line it continued a long Time together,
but much difmembred by the Earls of Chefter and Shrewsbury
who took from them a good Part of. Shropftire, Flint, m
Denbigh Shires. Nor ^as it free on the other Side from the
Attempts of the eldeft Branch, the Princes of North-Wtla,
who call many a greedy Eye upon it. Meredith' ap Blethn
was the laft that held it entire ; who following the ill Exam
ple of. Roderick the Great, divided it among his two Sons,
. Madoc and Gryffitb. Madock died at Winchefter in the Reign
of Henry II. and Gryffitb was made by the King LordFowis,
the Stile of Prince being laid afide. Which Title of Lori
continued in his Family for fome Generations, but being ex-
tinft at laft by Edward's Death, the laft Lord Powis of the
Race of Mervin by the Female fide, King Charles I. revived
it again in the Perfon of Sir William Herbert of Red-Caftk
defcended from an Earl of Pembroke. In

Chap. VIII. GREAT BRITAIN iji
In fhort, at the End of the 13 th Age, King Edward I. en
tirely fubdued Wales ; which he reduced into Counties, after
the manner of England, placing over each of 'em an Englifh
Lieutenant. But when he eXprefied his Defire to have one
over all, the King perceiving their Diflike, fent for his
Queen to Carnarvan, where fbeing great with Child,) fhe
was delivered of a Prince. Upon which the King fent for
the Britijh Lords, and offered to name them a Gover-
nour born in Wales, who could not fpeak a Word of Englijh,
and whofe Life no Man could tax. They expreffing their
Readinefs to fubmit to fuch an one, the King named Edward,
his new-born Son. Since which time the King of England's
eldeft Son has always born the Title of Prince of Wales, and
the Country that of a Principality.
But the Welch, repining at their Lofs of Liberty, could not
keep themfelves within the Bounds of true Allegiance. In
the Reign of Henry IV. they all rofe up in Arms, under their
notable Ring-leader, Owen Glendover, and were not eafily
tamed. But when they fa w Henry VII. upon the Throne of
England, they were pleafed with it, and freely fubmitted to
him ; as being of Britijh Blood, and the Prince in whom was
fulfilled Cadwallader's Prophecy, the laft King of Britain,
That the Britijh Blood Jbould reign again in Britain.
In the next Reign, being that of Henry VIII. the
Welch were, by Aft of Parliament made one Nation with
the Englijh, fubjeft to the fame Laws, capable of the fame
Preferments, and privileged with the fame Immunities. So
that, the Name and Language only excepted, there is now
no Difference between the Englijh and the Welch. Their
Noblemen fit in tffe Houfe of Peers, and thejjJeiid-24 Repre-
fehtatives to the Houfe of Commons, one for each County,
and one for each County-Town. Except Msrionetbfiire,
that fends only a Knight of the Shire. But then Pembroke-
ftire makes it up by its two BurgelTes, one for Pembroke, and
the other for Haverfot d-Weft.
The faid King Henry VIII. for the Eafe of his Welch
Subjects, let up a Court at Ludlow in Shropftire, for the Ad
miniftration of Juftice, after the way of the Courts of Weft
minfter. And, till of late, there has been a Governour Gene
ral of Wales, with the Title of Lord Prefident. The laft who
bore that Title was Charles, Earl of Macclesfield. After.
whofe Death in the late King William's Reign, his Majefty
thought fit to divide that Government among two Peers of
the Realm, with the Title of Lord Lieutenant, one of North
Wales, the other of South Wales. And fo it is to this
Day.
K a CHAP.

132 The Prefent ST ATE of Parti.
CHAP. IX.
A New and Exact Defer iption of LONDON.,
London. '.;, 0 N D 0 N, the Metropolis of Great Btitain, the
I j Seat of her Monarchs, the greateft, richeft, and moft
flourifhing City in Europe, if not in the Univerfe, is the
Subjeft 1 am now upon. A City which for Conveniencies,
Plenty of Provifions, Trade, and Wealth, is not to be
equalled by any. And, as it is a Magazine of all forts of
Commodities, either for Ufe or Pleafure, fo 'tis the great
Rendezvous of Men and Women of all Profeflions and De
grees. If the Romans gave it in their Time the Title of Ju-
gufta, it may well bear now that of Auguftiffmia.
I fhall not infill upon the Etymology of its Name, which
can be but conjeftural, nor upon its Antiquity. That it is
one of the ancienteit Cities in Europe, is a Thing unquefli-
onable. But whether it was built above iooo Years before
our Saviour's Birth ( as fome would have it, ) or in the
time of Samuel the Prophet, it may be made a Queltion.
By London 1 underftand not only the City properly fo cak
led, but alfo Weftminfter, another City adjoyning to it, both
which commonly go under the Name of. Londotu Howevei
I fhall part them, as Occafion offers.
Its Situa- This great and populous City, lies in 5 1 Degrees, ¦ 30 Mi-
tion. nutes of North Latitude, in the County of Middlefex,;iiii
on the North fide of the Thames, which is counted more
healthy than the South fide; Except the City of Weftmhj®,
properly fo called, (which lies low ) London ftands on j.
Tiling Bank, and in a wholfom Soil mixt with Gravel ana
Sand, where rhe River is call into a Crefcent. Whofe Tide
flows here 4 rfturs, and ebbs 8 ; reaching as far as King
fton, 10 Miles by Land, -and 20 by Water above London.
The Tide brings Ships of great Burden almoft as far as the
Bridge, of which there is conltantly fo great a Number, that
the River looks on that fide like a Foreft of Ships. 'Tis
to this River chiefly London owes its Greatnefs, as I have
already obferved in the Dei'cription of it, p. 8.
London is diftant about 60 Miles from the Sea, which
makes it lefs in danger of being furprized by the Fleets of
forein Enemies, and lefs annoy'd by the moift Vapours of
the Sea. On the North fide 'tis fheltered in -a great mea-
fure from the cold North Wind by Hampfted, High-Gate, *a&
the Rifing Grounds of Iflington ; but lies open to the Weft,,
_ as the kmdelt Quarter.
Vvtr-t Its Length, from Eaft to Weft, reaches about 8 Miles.
x But its Breadth from North to South is not above 2 Miles
and a half, even where 'tis broadeft, as from the end of
St, Leonard-Slioreditch, to the farther end of Blackman-
Street in Sautbwarkj, With-

ChapJX. GREAT BRITAIN. 135
Within that Compafs it contains 135 Pariftes, viz. 97 Number of
within the Walls of London, 16 without, 15 Out-Parjfhes in Pariftes.
Miidlefex and Surrey, and .7 in the City and Liberties of
Weftminfter. For whofe publick Devotion, according to the
Church of England, there are (befides S. Paul's Cathedral, the
Collegiate Church of Weftminfter, and feveral Chappels) 101
FariftClmrcbes. The Reafon why the Number of Churc hes
falls -thus fhort of the Pariftes, is, that Churches being rather
too thick before the Fire, there is now in feveral Places but
one Church for two Pariftes, and oneMinifter between them. As
for the Diffenters, 'tis reckoned they have at leaft 80 Meetings.
Here are alfo reckoned 5000 Streets,- and Lanes, Courts, Streets <gf
Tards, and Alleys. In all which we may reckon One Hun- Lanes,&c
dred and Twenty Thoufand Dwelling-houfes ; whereas Paris
has not half that Number. And allowing 8 Souls to each
Houfe, one with another, (which I think is moderate, con- <
fidering how many Cellars are inhabited by Families of Me-
chanick Trades) the Number of the Inhabitants will amount
at that Rate to 960000 ; that is, forty Thoufand lefs than a Number of
Million. But we may partly guefs at the Number by the peofle.
Burials of London, where in the Year 1681. (which was not
counted a fickly Year) 23971 died, According to the general
Bill of Mortality.
Both Lipfius aud VoJJhis, two eminent Authors, made it their
Bfifinefs to magnify Rome, in its Extent and Populoufnefs,
beyond all Credibility. But Monfieur de Souligne, a learned
and ingenious Gentleman of Quality, who lately put out a
Treatife, comparing London with Old Rome, makes it out by
plain and ftrong Arguments, that Rome was nothing near fo -
great and populous as they imagined, nor indeed fo much as
London. Note, That the Eaft Parts of it, almoft as far as the Bridge,
are chiefly inhabited by Sea-faring Men, and Tradefmen relating
to Sea-bufinefs; the main Pari of the City, by Merchants, and
Tradefmen ; the City and Liberties of Weftminfter, by the No
bility, Gentry, and retailing Traders.
The Houfes ate generally of Brick, except fuch Timber- Neatnefs
houfes as efcaped the Fire of London, and a few built fince. and Con-
And fuch has been the Improvement in Building fince the veniencies
faid Fire, both in point of Neatnefs and Conveniences, that of Lon-
no Nation comes near the Englijh. 'Tis a Matter of Amaze- don-/jo«-
ment, to fee upon fmall Spots of Ground fo neat and conve- fes.
nient Buildings, light Stan- cafes, raifed Cielings, Clofets in
moft Rooms, Saft-windows, and painted Wairifcot, with con
venient Tards backward, and many with fine Gardens. Where
as of old mqft Houfes had but a blind Stair-cafe, low Cielings,
Rooms built at random, fome with Steps from one to ano
ther, and but little Windows, with near as much Lead as
K 3 Glaft.

i}4 The Prefent S T AT E of Pa« I,
Glafs, So that one would think the Men of former Ages
were afraid of Light and good Air, or loved to play at Hide
and feek.
The Ufe of Wainfcot is certainly moft proper for fo damp
a Country as England is, to keep oft the ill Impreffionof
damp Walls. And the plaiftered Cielings, univerfally ufed,
in England, make by their Whitenefs the Room fo much
the lighter, and are excellent againft a raging Fire. They
flop befides the Pafi'age. of Duit, and lefl'en the Noife over
Head. In Summer-time, the Air of a Room is the cooler
for it.
Their In- The common Objection againft London-houfes, is the Tim-
convenien- nefs of their Walls, being commonly but a Brick and a half
cies. thick, which occafions thefe Inconvencies. i. That avio-
lent Heat in Summer, or Cold in Winter, of any long_ Conti
nuance (which indeed happens but feldom in this Country)
the Heat or Cold pierces through the very Walls, and
makes the Tenants uneafy. 2. That in cafe of Fire, the
Walls being foon heated through, make way for its further
Progrefs. 3. That Houfes being the lefs durable for (heir
Slightnefs, the Summer-Seafon is chiefly employ'd in repair
ing Houfes in one Place^ and pulling down of others in other
Places, in order to rebuild them. Which is a great NufaflW
to Paffengers, but it makes Work for Builders, and every one
muft live. ^ »
The Reafon why the London-houfes are commonly built
fo flight, is, that the Ground-Landlords never give a
longer Leafe of their Ground to build upon, than 99
Years, many not above. 60, fome under that ; which being
expired, the Houfes become their own. This makes the
Undertakers build them according to the Leafe, fo thata
Houfe is often ready to fall down, if not before, at leaft
when the Leafe is expired.
To make the moft of the Houfe-Ground, the Vaults are
commonly built under the Street, which (I confefs) isaCoti-
veniency to Houfes, but a great Obftacle to Paffengers,
while they are a building.
The new Buildings being much neater, more uniform and
; regular, than the old, have occafioned the Fall of many
great and fpacious Noblemens Houfes, which are now built
into Streets and Tenements. The Strand alone could fhew 8
of 'em, viz. Northumberland, York, Salisbury, Bedford, Bern-
fort, Exeter, Norfolk, and Effex-; Houfes, of all which none
is left Handing but the firft, In Holboum we loft Warwick-
houfe, and in the City Elgin-boufe and Barbican. They all
took up a great deal of Ground, and ("except Elgin-boufe) in
Trading Places, which Ground is much better bellowed up-
jpn Houfes for Trade. •The

Chap. IX- GREAT BRITAIN , t$%
The Nobility, and chief among the Gentry, are at this
time much better accommodated in tine Squares, or Streets 5
where they breath a good Air, and have Houfes built after
the modern Way. Such are, amongft others, Montague-
houfe in Great-Ruffel-ftreet, Buckingham-boufe in S. James's
Park, Devon/hire and Burlington Houfes in Piccadilly, Schom-
berg-Houfe in Pall-mall, Southampton- houfe in Bloomsbury,
Powis and Lindfey Houfes in Lincolns-lnn Fields, Leicefter-
houfe in Leicefter-Fields, all the gueat Houfes in S. James's
Square, and many more in Albemarle-Buildings, about the
Park, and other Places near the Court.
In fhort, London is remarkable for its Multitude of fine Fine
Squares , fuch as Lmcolns-InW-Fields, Serle's, Grays-Inn, Squares
Red Lion, and Bloomsbury Squares, King's Square in Soho,and
Golding and & James's Squares, Leicefter.-Fields, Devon/hire Streets.
Square, &c. whereby the neighbouring -Streets have a much
freer Air. Among which Lincolns-Inn-Fields is the moft
fpacious, and King's Square the moftbeautiful, being lately
adorned with a noble Garden in the Middle. And diet not
moft of the publick Buildings, as Churches, Colleges, and
Halls, . ftand (as they do) in By-places, no City perhaps in
the World Could make a greater Shew.
London has alfo many fair and fpacious Streets, as Corn-
hill, Cheapfide, Fleet ftreet, Great-Hatton-ftreet, Pall-mall, &c.
And for Length, Thames-ftreet, the Strand, and Holbourn ;
this laft a Mile in length. The new-built Streets are
beft for Foot-Paffengers, being paved a good convenient
Breadth on each fide with broad fmooth hewn Stones j and
barred with great Polls, at fome diftance from each other,
to keep off Carts and Coaches.
,1 cannot but take notice here of the Neatnefs of moft of courts
the new built Courts, fome of 'em Thorow-fares, and others
not ; but all paved with flat Stones, and none of 'em troubled
with Carts or Coaches. Thefe are the cleanneft and moft
retired Places, the moft free from the Noife and Hurry of
the Town.
Nor can I omit to obferve, that fome diftinft Parts of the
Town would make fine Towns of themfelves. Particularly
Albemarle-Buildings, Sobo, the Seven ¦ Streets near it, the Tem
ple, Spittle-fields, Goodmans-fields, &c. Amongft which So*
ho and Spittlefields do fo i'warm with French, that they far
out-number the Englifh. in thofe two Places, and in the Seven
Streets tjjgy match 'em pretty well. This laft is fd called,
becaufeA confifts of 7 Streets, all built in the late Reign,
and alrtlcing one Way a Pyramidal Pillar of Stone in the
Center, with variety of Dials at the Top of it. This is an
unufual and fingular Crofs-way, that leads into 7 Streets.
K4 I

1 36 The Prefent S TATE of Part I.
I come now to the Conveniencies of London, as to neceffa-
ry Provifions, and other Things, for Pleafure or Delight.
Preft Wa. Firft for freft Water, no Place in the World is better fup.
ter. plied than this is by the Thames and New River, befides feve
ral other Springs. For the Water comes in at fet Times, and
eafy Rates, into moft Dwelling-houfes, .by leaden Pipes, into
leaden Citterns, or fome' other great Veffels. The poorei
Sort are generally fupplied with Pump-Water at home, or near
at hand ; and the Pumps in many Places are not above 6
Foot deep in the Ground.
The New River Water is owing to the great Care, Skill,
and Colt of Sir Hugh Middlfton, a worthy Knight of Wales,
who for that piece of Service deferves a Statue in Brafs.
This River he begun in 1608. and fmifhed it in 5 Years. It
rifes from two Springs near Ware in Hartford/hire, from whence
in a winding Courle it runs 60 Miles before it reaches this
City, and has 800 Bridges over it. The Channel narrow,
but very deep in fome Places: In others 'tis carried over
Valleys more than 20 Foot high above Ground, in open
Troughs. There have been 600 Men employed in this
. great Work, which was indeed fitter for a Prince than a
Subject.
Fewel. F°r Fewel, this City is abundantly ferv'd by Water both
with Sea-coals and Wood, the firft coming from Newcaftle
and Sunderland, and the Wood from fuch Counties as lie in
its Neigbourhood, and have the Conveniency of conveying
it by Water. Of the firft, 'tis computed there are 600000
Chaldrons brought yearly into the Thames, a Chaldron contain
ing 36 Bufhels. Which comes 300 Miles by Sea, when it
npght be had near at hand from Blackheath in Kent, within
3 Miles of London-bridge. But the Government does not
think .fit to have thefe Mines broke up,' becaufe of the great
Advantage the Nation finds, by imploying fo many Hun
dreds of Ships, and Thoufands of Seamen in the Coal-Trade,
who are reputed the belt Seamen we have. For 2 Pence a
Day, in the cheapeft Times for Coals, one may keep at Lon
don a conftant moderate Fire.
Markets. F°r Butchers [ Meat, there are 12 great Markets, wonder-
, ' fully ftocked with all forts of fine Meat ; befides abundance
of private Butchers up and down, for tthe Conveniency of
Families that are at too great a diftance from any Market.
In thofe Markets are alfo fo be found wild and taira Fowl,
Hares, and Rabbets, almoft at all Times of the Ye^i
Leadenhall- Market, . amongft others, is fo ¦ prdo^ous; a
Market for Meat, that three fuch would fupply the whole
City of -Paris. Befides which there is Spittle-fields, Hon)-
lane, and Newgate Markets in London, Brooks Market in Hal-
bonrn,

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. itf
bourn, five in Weftminfter, viz- Clare, Hungerford, Newport,
S. James's, and King-ftreet Markets, and two more in South-
Wark and Roderiff. l -
For Fift, there is but one great Market, which is at Bil-
lingfgate, on the Eaft-fide of the Bridge. Where the Fifh-
moiigers of the Town buy it up by the great, and afterwards
fell it by retail, fome in the Flefh Markets, and others up
and down the Town in their Shops.
For all edible Roots and Herbs, Fruit, Flowers, and Phyft-
tal Herbs, there are two noted Markets ; one called Stocks-
Market near the Royal Exchange, and the other in Covent-
Garden, Weftminfter. From whence all Parts of the Town
are fupplied by Retailers.
For all forts of Grain, gueen-Hythe and Bear-Key are two
great Markets. For Meal, there is one near Fleet-Ditch, and
another in Bloomsbury. For Hay and Straw, one in Weft-
Smithfield, and another called Hay-Market near the Court.
Smithfield is alfo a great Market for Live-Cattle, and Horfes ;
as is Leadenhall for Hides and Leather, and Blackwell-ball
for Woollen Cloth. Laftly, all along the Thames, Timber,
Stone, Coals, and Wood are to be fold
For Refreftment and Recreation, London fwarms with pub- Publick.
lick Houfes, fuch as Taverns, Ale-houfes, Coffee and Choco- Houfes.
late Houfes. Amongft which we may reckon zoo Taverns,
jooo Ale-houfes, and iooo Coffee-houfes. There are befides
Houfes for Gaming, and Mufick ; and for the better fort,
two Play-houfes, one in Drury-lane, and the other (a ftately
one, new-built) in Hay-Market. For unlawful Pleafures,
there are but too many lewd Places, tho frequently difturbed
by the Government.
The Coffee-houfes particularly are very commodious for a Coffee-
free Cornier fation, and for reading at an eafie Rate all man-j0^/-w
ner of printed News, the Votes of Parliament when fitting, J '
and other Prints that come out Weekly, or cafually. A-
mongft which the London Gazette comes out on Mundays and
Thurfdays, the Daily Courant every day but Sunday, the
Poftman, Flying-Poft, and Poft-Boy, Tuefdays, Thurfdays,
and Saturdays, and the Englijh Poft, Mundays, Wenfdays,,
and Fridays ; befides their frequent Poftcripts._ All which
were enough, one would think, to forfeit the moft greedy
Man of News. And yet we have 3 Papers befides, relating '
to the Government. The Review, publifhed on Tuefdays,
Thurfdays, and Saturdays ; the Obfervator, on Wenfdays and
Saturdays ; and the Rebearfal, a Paper calculated for Arbitra
ry Power, on Saturdays. To which add the Weekly Bill of
Mortality, that comes out every Wenfday; and the Seffwns
Paper, giving an Account of the Trial, Condemnation, and
Execution of the Prifoners tried and condemned at the
Old Baily. - The

138 The Pufint STATE of Parti.
Clubs. The Ufe of Clubs, fo frequent in London, efpecially arnong
Traders, is a good way to improve a diverting and ufeful
Carrefpondence. The way of 'em is, for a feleft Company
, of Men to meet at a certain Hour in the Evening at a publick
Houfe, where they talk of Trade, News, &c. each paying
his Club (or Quota) as limited beforehand. The Abfent
are alfo to pay, and that is laid up till there be enough for
a Treat. For publick Recreation, as well as for Sale of fome Sorts
Fairs. °^ Commodities} there are two yearly Fairs, each lafting 14
Days. One of 'em begins May 1, and is called May-fair,
kept near Hide-Park. The other begins1 on S. Bartbolfa
mew Day, Aug. 24, and is called Bartholomew Fair. This
is kept in Weft-Smitbfield, from whence it removes to Soutb-
wark, where 'tis kept 14 Days longer. In thefe Fairs are to
be feen fine Shows, Farces, and Comedies'; alfo ftrange
Creatures, brought thither from feveral Parts of the
World. To go by Land from one Place to another expeditioufly,
Coaches. an^ witn eafe» there are 700 Hackney-Coaches, and towards
the Court many Chairs. To go by Water from any Part on
the Weft fide of the Bridge, the River fwarms daily (ex
cept Sundays) with Wlietrhs, or light Boats ; fome calledf
Scullers, rowed by one Waterman ; and others Oars, rowed:
by two ; all noted both for their fine Shape and Lightnefs.
Whofe Rates, or Fares, as well as the Coachmens, are fet
tled by Law.
To light Paffengers in the dark Nights of Winter, London
Lamps. is fingular in the Ufe of the Convex Lights, commonly cal-
• led Lamps. Which give a great and extenfive Light, and;
are very convenient to prevent Murders, and other Outra
ges, fo frequent in great and populous Cities beyond Sea.
This City ftretchirig it felf along the Thames for the Con-
The Town veniency of the Water, which makes it much longer than
¦wellaired. broad, has by it the Advantage of being fweetned on one
Side by the frefh Air of the Riverf and on the other by that of
the Fields.
Thofe that delight in taking the Air, and the walking
Exercife, for the Improvement of Health, have a fair Oppor
tunity for it in Moor-fields, Iflington, and Red-Lion Fields^
Marybon, and Tuttle-fields ; alfo by going to Cbelfey, Kenfmg-
ton, &c. For Perfons of a genteel Appearance, there are
the noble Gardens of the Inns of Court, and fome of the
Companies Halls, befides the Charter- Houfe Garden.
Parks. The Court-fide has the Advantage chiefly of two Parks,
one called .?. James's Park, and the other Hide-Park. The firft
only for Walking, and the laft moft properly for Riding on
Horfeback, or in Coaches. S..

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 139
S. James's Park is about 3 Miles in Circumference, fet out
with Variety of fine, Targe, and fpacious Walks, weir>iha-
ded and gravelled, with a durious Mall 1000 Paces long, a
fair Canal about the fame Length, and fed with Water by
the Tide running in and out under Ground. Here is alfo a
Multitude of Fallow Deer, feeding upon this Ground. But
the greateft Ornament of this Park, is its Royal Palace of S.
James's, in which Her prefent Majefty was born, and keeps
her Court when in Town.
Hide-Park is parted from it, only by the High-way 5 but
has the Advantage of a higher Situation, and of being much
larger. The fame has besen lately walled^ round at a great
Expence, and has a fine gravelled Way" for Coaches and
Horfes, as far as Kenfington-PaJace. Here in a fair Summer-
day, towards the Evening, 'tis common to fee 2 or 300
Coaches, and fometimes a great many more, going in a
Ring gently, for Gentlemen and Ladies to have a View of
each other, and at the fame time breath the Air of this
Park, which is counted as good as in moft Parts of England.
This alfo is the Place where the Queen's Gards are mu-
ftered. To walk dry in Rainy Weather? there is the Royal Ex- £w.
thange, Guildhall, the Cloyfters of the Middle-Temple, &c. the \palks.
Weft End of S. Paul's Cathedral and Weftminfter-Abbey, and
the paved Walks of Covent-Garden.
For the Conveyance of Letters, and fmall Parcels under Peny-Poft.
one Pound Weight, and 10 I. in Value, to any Part of Lon
don and Weftminfter, and fome Miles out of Town, here is ,
fuch a Conveniency as is not to be found in any other great
City. I mean the Peny-Poft, fo called from the fmall Charge
of it, which is but a fingle Peny for a Parcel, as well as a
Letter, which is paid by the Sender. If a Parcel happens to
rnifcarry, the Value thereof is to be made good by the Office,
provided the Things were fecurely enclofed, and faft fealed.
up with hard Wax, under the Impreffion of fome remarka
ble Seal. .
To manage the Peny-Poft, there is a General Office, now
in Bifbopfgate-ftreet, under the immediate Directions of a
Comptroller, whofe yearly Salary is 200 I. On which Office
there are five Out-Offices depending, called the Sorting- Hou- .
fes, viz. at Weftminfter near Charingcrofs, the Temple-Office
near Lincolns-Inn, S. Paul's Office in Faternoffer-Row, another
near S. Mary-over in Southwark, and the fifth called Tower-
hill (or Hermitage) Office. '
To all which Offices there belong about 100 Sorters ind
Meffengers, the chief Sorter being allowed 121. per Week,
and the Sub-forter 10, The Town- Meffengers, that colleft and

i4o The Prefent S TAT Eof Part. I.
and deliver Letters, 8s. each, Weekly; and the Country-
Meffengers from 10 to 12 and ij Shill. according to their
Walks. *
To receive Letters and Parcels to be fent away, there are
near 500 Shops and Coffee-houfes in City and Country, where
the Meffengers having their refpeftive Walks collect thern,
and carry 'em to the proper Office. In moll Places of London
and Weftminfter, they do it every Hour of the Day; and in
the remoteft Parts, every 2 Hours. In the Towns near Lon
don, 'twice a Day ^ and in remoter Parts, but once.
By the Cheapnefs and Quicknefs of this Conveyance, the
City and Neigbouring Parts have the Opportunity of a much
greater Inteicourfe and Correfpondence (the Soul of Trade
and Bufinefs) than formerly they had. For which the Nati
on is indebted to Mr. William Dockwra. Merchant, who firft
modelled it, and fet it up folely at his own Charge, in the
Year 1.680. . But when he hoped to reap the Fruit of his In-
duftry, he was fued by the Duke of Tork, as an Invader of
his Property, and the Peny-Poft was taken away from him ; fb
that 'tis now fettled on the Crown. And 'tis obfervable, that,
befides the yearly Income of 1800 I. this fmall Thing brings
to the Crown, it has increafed the Revenue of the General
Post to about 4000 /. per Annum. 'Tis true, King William
granted Mr. Dockwra a Penfion for fome Years, to indemnify
him. But that fell much fhort of his Charge, befides his
Trouble, Lofs of Time, and Bufinefs.
Infurance Another Conveniency peculiar to this City, is the Infurance
Offices. of any valuable Thing liable to Cafualties, and that at an
eafy Rate. For which there are feveral Infurers, Men of
good Subftance or Repute, who run the hazard of it for a
Premium, ufually 2 Guineas per Annum for the Value of 50 1.
and proportionally for greater Sums.
For the Infurance of Houfes in cafe of Fire, there are two ,
Societies, with their refpeftive Offices.. In the firft Office, the
Rate for Infuring 100V. on a Brick-houfe is 6 s. for one Year,
12 s. for two Years, i8.r. for three, 19 s. 6d. for four Years,
xl. 10s. for feven, and 2 I. 1 s. for eleven. For a Timber-
houfe, double. The Money infured to be ' paid as often as
the Houfe is burnt down, blown up, or demolifhed by Fire ;
but if damaged only, then to be repaired at the Coft of the
Office. To fecure which, the- Undertakers have fettled
Rents in London, to the value of 2100 " /. per Annum,- ih
Trufl. The Infurers are 16 in Number, who have 21 Water-
men paid by fhe Office for working at Fires, and are allowed
each of 'em to hire 5 Men in cafe of Neceffity. They wear
Silver Badges, being iPbmnix in the Flames, and have Liveries
every Year. The

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 141
The other Office, called the Friendly Society, is managed
by mutual Compaft and Agreement. Here the Premium paid
forlnfufing ioo /. is \6d.per Annum for 7 Years, which is
the ufual time for Infuring. The whole Charge for the laft
7 Years, both Pr&mium and Contribution, amounted on Lady-
day, 1704. to -about 16 s. per Cent. The Undertaker is Willi
am Spelman, Efq; who has fettled a very confiderable Fund
in Land and Houfes on feveral Truftees. This Society^
whofe Device is a ' Sheaf of Arrows, imploys ¦ alfo a great
Number of Men, with Liveries and Silver Badges.
The Number of infured Houfes in the firft Office fince the
Year 1681. is 1 0000, and odd; and in the Friendly Society
fince the Year 1684, 12500, and odd.
" But the greateft Advantage of London is its vaft Traffick or VaftTraf-
Commerce, carried on firlhby Merchants, who trade in Whole- fick.
fale, and next by Tradefmen, that is, Shop-keepers and Re
tailers. Among the firft, fome get vaft Eftates, and live ve
ry honourably. Many Tradefmen alfo grow rich, and raife ,
* eir Families. And which is obfervable, fuch is the Ex-
llivenefs and Hurry of Trade at London, that for making
fo fmall a Thing as a Watch, 20 diftinft Trades at leaft
are employ'd, beginning with the Movement.
For the Improvement of Trade, the City-Traders are
divided into 6z Companies, being fo many Bodies Poli
tick, that enjoy great Privileges, granted them by former
Kings." Of which Companies thefe are the principal, viz. Companies

( Mercers, £ Goldfmiths, (T Salters,
•pne J Grocers, j Skinners, ^Ironmongers,
f Drapers, *} Mercb.Taylors,\Vintners,
\ Fiftmongers, C.HaberdaJbers, {.Cloth-workers.

of Tradef
men.

Each Company has a Mafter, yearly chofen from among
themfelves ; and. other fubordinate Governours, called War
dens and AJJiftants. And fuch is the Credit and Reputation
of thefe 'Companies, that feveral Kings have honoured fome
of them with taking their Freedom thereof. The late King
William, amongft others, was pleafed to accept of the Free
dom of the Grocers Company, which was prefented to him in
a Golden Box.
Amongft other Privileges of the Citizens of London, which Privileges
make their Trade flourifh, one is, that they are Toll-free 0f the Ci-
throughout England. And the Lord Mayor, at the requeft of tizens.
any Citizen trading in remote Parts, does ufually grant him
his Certificate to that effeft. They are alfo privileged to
keep out all Artificers and Handier aftfmen not free of the City,
and aijy Freeman of London, imploying fuch to work within
the City or Liberties, is liable to pay 5 /. a Day. This makes the

14* The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
the City fwarm with Apprentices, brought tip to all manner
of Trades, whofe Number is computed to be Forty Thou
fand. Another great Privilege, is the City's fending four Mem
bers to Parliament, which is twice the Number of any other
City. And at the firft fitting of a Parliament thefe Mem
bers do ufually appear in their Scarlet Robes, when all others
(but the Speaker) appear in their ufual Habit. The manner
of chufing thefe Members is as follows. Four Alderrnen,
and 4 Commoners, are. put up for Candidates; and out of
thofe 8 Candidates, the four that have the Plurality of Voi
ces are declared by the Sheriffs to be; duly chofen. This is
done at the Court of Huftings, in Guildhall. And if there be
any Cornell about the Election, 'tis ufually decided by a
Poll. But the greateft Privilege of this City is, that the Citizens
chufe their own Magiftrates, keep Courts within themfelves,
and make what Laws they think fit, for the better Govern
ment of it, provided they be not repugnant to the LawsJB
the Land.
By this means Trade is encouraged, and the City grows >
populous and rich. Which plainly appears by the great
Wealth of many Citizens, by its infinite Number of Shops
for the Retailing Trade, the Abundance of Apprentices,
and the Cuftoms paid here, which amount moft commonly to
above 400000 /. a year.
Laftly, London is a Place where fuch as love a frugal
Life may live cheap enough, much cheaper than at Paris,
and the fplendid Liver want for nothing to gratify his Incli
nations. Here all Things are within Reach, all Trades in
great Perfection, and fcarce any Thing wanting the World af
fords. If one be for a private Life, he may live here more
private than in the Country. If he loves Noife, this is the
moft proper Place. For here is Noife and Hurry enough,
Carts and Coaches rattling all the Day long, a perpetual Din
of the Cries of the Town ; Hawkers running about, -and baw
ling out their News, as if they were diffracted, fome running
North, and others South ; fome Eaft, and others Weft ; Bells
ringing, Drums beating, Guns going off, Crowds of People
joftling one another, unlucky Porters hitting the Paffengers
fometimes with their Loads, the Mob in Winter-time either
throwing at Cocks, or playing at Foot-ball.
No Place can fit one better who delights in Variety of Fi-
guresfindto fee the Changes incident to human Life. , None,
where the Wheel of Fortune turns falter, fome getting up,
others tumbling down ; one rifing, another filling. H0*
many want bread here, who were formerly poffeffed of*good
Eftates? And how many make a good Figure, keep a
Coach

Chap. IX. GREAT BRI TA IN. 14$
Coach and aMifs, who not long fince were Men of nothing.
Pafjibus ambiguis Fortuna volubilh errat,
Et vianet in nulla certa tenaxque loco.
Here one learns Good "and Bad, as well as any where elfe.
But to Perfons vicioufly inclined, and fo weak as to have no
Command of themfelves, this (like all other great Cities)
is the Way to Perdition.
Having thus fet forth the Advantages of this vaft and po- ,
pulous Place, let us now take a View of its Difadvantages. . . ' e
, One is the Dirt of the Streets, chiefly in the Winter Sea- London
fon, which for the moft Part proves wet and foggy. And
yet this is the Time when the Town is fulleft, when the
Nobility and Gentry refort unto it from all Parts, when the
Parliament fits, and Trade is moft flourifhing. 'Tis true,
fubftantial People, that have Coaches and Chairs at their
Command, are hardly lenfible of the Inconvegiency. Which
might be eafily removed, if the Government thought fit to
order it, the Town being feated (as it is) uporftjii Afcent. v
As the Cafe ftands at prefent, London, not Paris, fhould be
called Lutetia.
The thick Smoak of Sea-coals, and the Jharp Pavement in
moft Parts of the Town, are two other Objections againit it.
The firft (I confefs) is pait Cure, but the laft is not. To
which add the importunate Clamours of Street Beggars, efpe*-
dally within the City and Liberties of Weftminfter. A Dif-
grace to the Nation.

H

The Publick Buildings of London.
Aving faid thus rrfuch of London in genera], I now
proceed to a particular Account of its publick Orna
ments and Buildings of chief Note. And firft
Of its WALLS, and GATES.

I Shall have little to fay on this Head, London-Wall being j(f „, ,,
now for the moft part decay'd, and little of it remaining; ,g
and its Gates not fo beautiful, as folid.
When this Wall was firft built, the City (1 mean London,
properly fo called) was but 3 Miles in Compafs, And now
the . Suburbs are almoft 5 times bigger, the Strength of it
lies moft in the vaft Number of, its Inhabitants. Howe.

144 The Prefent STATE of Part I.
However moft of the Gates of the old Wall ftill remain.
Amongft which Ludgate and Newgate were burnt down by
the Fire of Lqndon, but are now rebuilt more folid than be
fore. And thofe which efcaped the Fire, as Alderfgate,
Cripple-Gate, and Aldgate, &c. are kept in pretty good Re
pair. Moll of thefe Gates are adorned with Statues in
Niches of fome of our Kings and Queens, particulaTiy the
Gate called Temple-Bar in Fleet-ftreet, near the Middle Temple.
Now 1 proceed to
CHVRCHES.
Churches. "T» He principal Churches of this City are S. Paul's Cathe-
X dral, and the Collegiate Church of Weftminfter. The firft
dedicated to S. Paul, and the laft to S. Peter ; that Handing on
the higheft Ground of the City of London, and this on the
lowefl Ground of Weftminfter. S. Paul's, where ftood of old
in the time of Heathenifm a Temple dedicated to Diana \
and S. Peter's, where ftood another Temple dedicated to A-
• polio. S. Paul% the Mother Church of Z.osao»-Diocefs being
burnt down by the difmal Fire of London, Care was taken
few Years after for the Rebuilding of it, and a Tax of i ;.
6d. laid upon every Chaldron of Sea-coal towards it, befides
many liberal Contributions, and 30000 /. granted a few
Years fince by Aft of Parliament, for the fpeedy finifhing of
it. The Body of this great and ftately Fabrick is in a man
ner brought to Perfeftion, and the Dome (or Cupola) in great
Forwardnefs. As are alfo the two Steeples, one for a Chime
of Bells with a Clock ; and the other for a Ring of Bells.
On the Weft-end there are two preaching Chappels, and over
one of 'em is to be a Library.
Next to S. Peter's Church at Rome, none can pretend to
out-vie S. Paul's at London, either in its Dimenfions, or no
ble ArcbiteHure.
Its Length fromsEaft to Weft, the Steps included, is 570
Foot ; the Breadth from North to South, including both
Portico's, 311 Foot; and the Dome, from the Surface of the
Ground level with the Street, will be 338 Foot. Its noble
and beautiful Choir, adorned with fine carved Work, is all
paved with Marble, and all the Doors of Iron call into Fi
gures. Which Choir being finifhed at the Conclufion of the
Peace of Refwhk, was opened for Divine Service upon the
Thankfgiving-Day, Nov. 26, 1697.
The Stone-work is of Portland-Stone, next to Marble in
Durablenefs, with feveral Parts of it beautify'd with fine Mar
ble, and carved Work. All under the Direction of that f««
mous Architect, Sir Chriftopher Wren. . The

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 145
The Collegiate Church of Weftminfter was formerly an Abbey-
Church, and fince a Cathedral. Therefore Weftminfter has re
tained the Name of a City, tho Queen Elizabeth converted
this Epifcopal into a Collegiate Clmrch. In which fhe placed
a Dean, and 12 Prebendaries 5 befides Pe/ty Canons, and &'«£-
2'hj- ./Hew.
This Church lies low, as the whole City of Weftminfter
do's ; and yet is feen at a great Diftance, by reafon of its
great Height. King Edward the Confeffor was the Founder
of it in the nth Age, by whom the fame was richly en
dowed. Heitty III. rebuilt it from the Ground in the 13th
Age, with that rare Architecture it appears in to this
Day. And Henry VII. added a Chappel to the Eaft-end of
it, which is a Matter-piece of Art. In this Clmrch, dedicated
to S. Peter, the Coronation of our Kings has been ufually
performed, ever fince the Norman Conqueft. At which So
lemnity the Dean of Weftminfter - j who is always Bifhop of Ro
chefter, is entrufted with the Regalia, and honoured with a
Place of neceffary Service.
Here are alfo to be feen the ftately Tombs (or Monuments)
of moft of our Kings and Queens, and others of great Men.
In the Chappel is the Monument of Henry VII. of maffy
Brafs, moft curioufly wrought. And in the Cloyfters a fair
Library, open in Term-time to all Comers, both Forenoon
and Afternoon.
A LIST of the Deans, and Prebendaries, of
S. Paul and Weftminfter.
I. Of St. Paul.
Dean, Dr. Sherlock. Mr. Beaumont.
Dr. Godolphin, 1 Mr. Hall.
Dr. Stanley, >Refidentiaries. Mr. Halfted.
Dr. Younger, ^ Mr. Felfted.
Dr. Turner. Dr. Brabant.
Dr. Sanders. Mr. Hotchkis.
Dr. Alfton. Dr. Millington.
Dr. Norton. Mr. Pulleyn.
Dr. Beveridge, Bp. of S. Afapb. Mr. Roby.
Dr. Walls. Mr. Kidby.
Dr. Freeman. Mr. Warley.
Dr. Altbam. Mr. Barker.
Dr. Batty. Mr. Cook.
Mr. Whitfield. Dr. Lancafter.
Mr. £eau/ie«. Dr. PeW»£.
L a. 0/

1 46 The -Prefent STATER Part I.
II. Of Weftminfter.
Dr. Sprat, Bp. of Rochefter. Dr. Dent.
Dr. South. , Dr. Barton.
Dr. Onf_y- Dr. Lucas.
Dr. Breval. Dr. Linford.
Mr. De .SVir/ic. Dr. Gee.
Dr. iJ/ic/j. Mr. £tw».
Mr. Upvian.
London his alfo many fair Pari/?- Churches, elpecially fuch
as were rebuilt fince the Fire, being generally decent, neat and
beautiful. The principal are 5. Lawrence, S. Michael Cornbill,
Boa-Church, Chrift-Cburch, S.Bride, and S.Dunftan's in the City,
S. Andrew's Holbourn, and within the Precinfts of Weftminfter
S. Clement's, S. Paul CovenUGarden, S. Anne, S- James, and
S. Margaret. Amongft. which Bow-Church in Cbeapfide, and
S. Bride near Fleetflreet, are particularly remarkable for their
Steeples, being of a folid and beautiful Structure. S. Paul
Covent Garden for its Portico, and flat-Roof painted, and fug-
ported without Pillars by myfterious Workmanfhip- S- ilfar-
garet, for the Sermons ufually preach'd there on all folerruj
Occafions before the Houfe of Commons, the Parliament
fitting, while the Houfe of Lords perform theit Devotion/in
the Abbey -Clmrch hard by.
Steeples. One^ thing is obfervable concerning the Steeples, that as
numerous as they, are in the City, they all- differ iii thehStru-
fture, and there is not two.aiyce.
Meeting- Befides the Parifi-Churcbes, Chappels, and Tabernacles, be-
Houfes. longing to the Church of England, the DiJfenters have near
80 Meeting- Houfes in and about the City, fince the Aft of
Toleration.
Foreiners Here are alfo near 40 Congregations of forein Proteftants,
Cotwrega- molt of 'em French ; fome conforming to the Church of £w-
tions land, and others to Calvin's Difcipline. Among the fiat,
the French Clmrch in the Savoy is the principal ; and among
the laft, that in Threadneedfe-ftreet. Not far from which, in
iS". Auftin Friars, the Dutch have a large and fpacious Calvim-
an Church, moft like a Cathedral. In the Savoy, the Germans
have two Congregations, one called the Ptuftian Congregation,
which follows the Reformation of Calvin ; and the other
Lutheran, where the Roman Catholicks had a Chappel in the
Reign of the late King James. The Danes have two Luthe
ran Churches, one in Trinity-lane, and the other at Wapping.
The Jews have alfo, near IMe's Place, in the City of
London, a ftately Synagogue. Royal-

Chap. IX. GR EAT BRITAIN. 147
ROYAL PALACES, and STATVES.
OF all the Palaces belonging to the Crown, that ftood Royal Pa-
within the Precinfts of Weftminfter, there are but two laces.
left entire, viz. S. James's, and Somerfet-boufe.
The Situation of the firit is upon the Park of its Name, S.James'fc
which makes it very delightful, as inay be concluded from
my Defcription of that Park. 'Tis neat and convenient,
much enlarged and beautify'd fince Her Majefty (whofe Birth-
place it is) made it her Royal Seat in Town.
A Somerfet-houfe, in the Strand, is-fo called from its Founder Somerfet-
Edward Duke of Somerfet, Uncle to King Edward VI. This Houfe.
was the ufual Refidence of Catharine the Queen Dowager,
Widow of the late Mag Charles, before her Majefty returned
into Portugal, her Native Country, where fhe died lately.
- Near Weftminfter-Abbey is another Palace, part of which was Weftmin-
burnt down in- the Reign of Henry VIII. That Part which fter-Pa-
efcaped the Fire has been employ' d fince for the Ufe of the iace#
Lords and Commons affembled in Parliament, and the chief
Courts of Judicature. ' The great Hall, in which thefe
Courts meet, is called Weftminfter-Hall, of which in another
Place- Whitehall was unhappily burnt down in the late Reign, White-
Jan. qtb, 1698. and there was fcarce any Part of it left flan- hall.
ding befides the Banquettipg-Houfe, a ftately Pile, now con
verted into a' Chappel. This Palace was happy in its Situa
tion, facing, of one Side, the Thames, and on the other the
Park' of S. James; and was the ufual Refidence of the Kings
and Queens of England, ever fince Henry VIII. who took
Poffeffion of it on the Death of Cardinal Wolfey, whofe. Pa
lace it was.
In the Strand, near Somerfet-houfe, is the Savoy, once a Pa»saToy.
lace, fo called from- Peter Earl of Savoy and Richmond, Uncle
to Eleanor the Wife of Henry III. "Who purchafed it after-
wardsfor her Son Edmund, Duke of Lancafter. The fame has
gone to decay fo many Years fince, that there, is fcarce any
thing left of a Palace, a good Part of it being now built into
Tenements. Its ancient Chappel however is ftill on foot, and
now ufed as the Parifh-Church of S. Mary Savoy. Arid, a-
mongft the Houfes that have been built in it, ftands the
Print ing- Houfe for London-Gazettes, and fuch other Papers,
publifffd by Authority. As for the Forein Churches here,
tee- the foregoing Page;
Speaking of the Ofriaments of England in the fourth Chap
ter, I took that Opportunity to name the Myal Houfes the
Quesn has in the Country. Amongft . whieft Kenfington-Pa-
L 2 lace, 1

[148 The/Prefent STATE of Parti.
lace, Hampton-Court, and Windfor-Caftle, are the molt confi
derable. I hope the Reader will pardon the Digrejfion, in
my giving here a fhort Account of thofe 3 Palaces, as being
moft in ufe.
Renting- That of Kenfington is a neat and convenient Houfe, a little
ton-Pa- W(ly out 0f jown. for it ftands in Hide-Park, and is Called
lace. Kenfington from its Neighbouring Town, which is but 3 Miles
- yfrom S. James'*. The late King William, whofe Lungs iii
not agree with the Air of the Town, purchafed the Houfe from
'the Earl of Nottingham, improved it' to its prefent Greatnefs
and Beauty, and made it bis ujual Refidence in Winter-time. For
a convenient Communication with Whitehall, before its Con
flagration, be caufed a gravelled Coach-way to be made between
both, through Hide-Park and S. James'* Park, with Lamps
fix'd upon Pofls on each fide of the Way, to light all the Way in
the dark Times of the Night. 'Twas in this Palace that great
King refigned both his Life and Crown.
Hampton Hampton-Court ftands upon the Thames in MiddlefeX, n
Court. • Miles from London. 'Twas built by Cardinal Wolfey, in the
Reign o/Henry VIII. The late King William took fuch Delight
in this Place, that he. beftowedgreat Coft upon it while be lived,
to bring it to a new Model, and make it more beautiful. He
compajfed two new Fronts to it, which (together with their A-
partnients and Gardens) look very magnificent. And if ever it
comes to be brought to that Perfettion, as to be all of a Piece,
England may boaft of having one of the fineft Palaces in Europe-
The Avenue to it is ftately, and it has the Conveniency of two
Parks.
Windfor- Windfor-Caftle is alfo upon the Thames, but in the Omnty
Caftle ~°f Berks, 20 Miles from London. It ftands high upon a Ml,.
injoys a pure Air, and is both a Palace and a Fortrefs. To
¦which belongs a Foreft in its Neighbourhood, and a great ami
little Park. The late King Charles adorned it within with ex
cellent Painting and Carving, and one Side of it with a noble
and fpacious Terrafs, yielding a charming Profpetl of a fine,
champion, and inclofed Country, for many Miles together. This
Caftle is noted particularly for being the College of the Knights
of the Garter, who are inftalled here in a ftately Chappel, ant
their Inftallation-Feaft kept in a noble Hail, built here for that
-purpofe. Here the late King Charles kept his Court yearlf
in the Summer- Seafon, and fo does our prefent gueen. Henry
VIII. and Charles I., lie buried in the Chappel.
cu . As to the Royal Statues, that of King Charles I. at Charing-.
Values. crorh the beft> Tn;s is a statue in Brafs on Horfeback,
raifed on a high Pcdeftal of Marble, adorned with Trophies
of War, and compaffed about with Iron-Rails. This Sta tue,

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 149
tue done by La Seur, an excellent Artift, was pulled down
by His Majefty's prevailing Enemies, and fold by the Pound
weight, at the Rate of old Brafs, to a certain Brazier in
Holbourn, who kept it intire till the Refloration.
Of King Charles II. there are two Statues, befides thofe
in the Royal Exchange, of which I fhall fpeak when I come
to that Head ; viz. one in Stocks- Market, it the Weft-end of
Lombard-ftreet, and the other in King-fquare, Soboe.
The firft is done in white Marble, and reprefents the^King
on Horfeback, trampling upon an Enemy. It Hands' upon
a fine Marble Conduit, and was fet up at the fole Coll and
Charge of Sir Robert Viner, Alderman of London:
The other in King-fquare ftands upon a Eedeftal in the
midft of a defigned Fountain, having at his Feet the Repre-
fentation of the four principal Rivers of England, viz. the
Thames, Severn, Trent, and Humber, pouring their Waters in
to the Cittern, with Subfcriptions under each.
Among the Ruins of Whitehall ftands a King's Statue of
Brafs, who'reigned fall to ruin himfelf at laft. I mean the
late King James. It ftands in the Flight-hand Court, upon a
Pedeftal furrounded with Iron-Rails. His Habit is like that
of the late KihgC/jar/ej in the Royal Exchange, with a Wreath
of Lawrel upon his Head. ,
TO WE R of London, CVS 7 0 M-HO V SE, and
BRIDGE.
THE Tower is remarkable upon feveral Accounts, i. As Tower.
it is a Fortrefs. z- For its grand Magazine of Arms, And
Office of Ordnance. 3 • For its Mint, wherein all our Coin is
milled. 4. For its Jewel-houfe. 5. For being the Repofitory
of the ancient Records of the Nation. 6. And the ufual
Place of Confinement for Perfons of Quality charged with
Mifdemeanour, or any capital Crime.
This Fortrefs, called the Tower, from its great white fquare
Tower in the Middle, -built by William the Conquerour, ftands
near the Thames, below Bridge, on the Eaft-fide of the City.
'Tis about a Mile in compafs, furrounded with an old Wall,
and this with a very broad and deep Ditch. It commands
both the City and River ; and for its Security has a conftant
Garrifon in it, commonly of 8 Companies of Foot. But, in
cafe of Danger, there are 21 Hamlets belonging to the Tower,
and lying out in feveral Pariihes of large Extent, whofe
Trained Bands, confifting of 2 Regiments of Foot, form a Bo
dy of between 3 and 4000 Men ;' who (by Command of the
Conftable of the Tower, Lord Lieutenant of the Hamlets), are
bound to come in, and ftrengthen the Garrifon. The Artil
lery-Garden, and theljttle Minories, ire alfo wjthin theTower-
L 3 Li-

i $o The Prefent STATER Part J,
Liberty. Here are Batteries planted with Canon, and Gun
ners to look after 'em ; which Guns go off on all Days of Re-
joycing. All Ships that come before this Fortrefs falute it
with their Guns. If with 3 Guns, the Tower returns one,
and fo in proportion.
As it is the National Magazine for Arms and Ammunition,
I fhall refer the Account of it to another Place, where I am
to fpeak of the Strength of the Nation, both by Sea and
Land.
Mint in As to the Mint, there belong feveral Officers, whofe Salaries
the Tow- altogether amount to above 2000 J. yearly.
er. In the Jewel-houfe are to be feen all the Regalia, befides
Jewel- Plate, and other rich Things. 1. The Imperial Crown, which
houfe. all the Kings of England have been crowned with, ever fince
Edward the Confejjor's Time. 2. The Queen's Diadem, or
Circlet, which Her Majefty wore in the Proceeding to her
Coronation. 3. The Orb, or Globe, held in the Queen's
Left-hand at her Coronation, on the Top of which is a
Jewel near an Inch and half in height. 4. The Royal Scepter
with the, Crofs, which has another Jewel of a great Value un
der it. 5. The Scepter with the Dove, being the Emblem of
Peace. 6. S. Edward's Staff, all beaten Gold, and carried
before the Queen at her Coronation, 7. Curtana, or the
Sword of Mercy, born between the two Swords of Juftice,
the Spiritual and Temporal, at the Coronation. 8. The
Golden Spurs, and the Armilla's, that are wore at the Coro
nation. 9. The Ampulla, or Eagle of Gold, which holds the
holy Oil the Kings and Queens are anointed with, and-tk
Gdlden Spoon the Biihop pours the Oil into. 10. The rich
Crown of State Her Majefty wears on the Throne in Parlia-
ment, in which is a large Emerald 7 Inches round, the fineft
Pearl in the World, and a Ruby of ineflimable Value,
11. An Ivory Scepter with a Dove, made for the late King
James's Queen. 12. The Coronation-Crown, made for the late
Queen Mary. 13. A Globe and Sceper, made for the fame
Queen. 14. A rich Salt-feller of State, tlie Figure of the
Tower, ufed on the Queen's Table at Her Coronation. 15. A
nohle ' Silver-Font, double gilt, that the Queen and Royal
Family were chriitned in. 16. A large Silver Fountain, pre-
fented to King Charles II. by the Town of Plimouth.
Records of The Records of the Tower are a perpetual Evidence of
the Tow- the Rights of the Crown, and of the Subjefts of England).
er. Amongft other Things here are to be found the Original of
all the Laws that have been enafted and recorded. All the
Atchievetnents of this Nation in France, and Other Parts.
Leagues and Treaties with forein Princes. The eftablifhingof
Ireland in Laws, and Dominion. The Dominion of the Britiji
Seas. The Englijh Title to the Kingdom of France. The Foun-
> dation

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 151
dation of Abbeys, and other Religious Houfes. The Tenure
£>f all the Lands in England. Extents or Surveys of ' Mannors
and LflHi, and Inquifitions poft mortem, of great Advantage
upon Trials of Interetl or Dei'cent. Grants from the Crown
to the Subject, both at home and abroad Writs, Pleadings,
and Proceedings in Chancery, the Courts of Common Law, and
Exchequer Deeds, or Contracts, between Party and Party.
The jult Eftablijbments of all the Offices in the Nation. The
Bounds of all the Forefts in England, with feveral refpeftive
Rights of the Inhabitants therein to Common or Failure,
grV. The Records' are from time to time tranfmitted into the
Tower, by virtue of a Writ to that purpofe from the Chappel
of the Rolls in Chancery-lane, and the Petty-Bags Office, as (
thefe fill with Records out of other Offices. They are look'd
upon as fafer in the Tower, and 'tis the Interelt of all Men of
EJlates to have 'em fo.
When Mr. Prynn came to the Office of Keeper of the Re
cords, he found many Records ofsgreat Confequence which lay
buried under Dull, and in the greateft Confufion. Out of
thofe he found in a Place called Julius Cafar's Chappel, he ,
collected 'many of publick Ufe with indefatigable Labour, and
publifhed them in three feveral Volumes.
Except Sundays, Holydays, publick Falling, and Thankf-
giving Days, the Office of the tfeaWx is kept open, and con-
ltantly attended for all Reforters, from 7 a Clock in the
Morning to 11, and from 1 to 5 in the Afternoon. Only in
December, January, and February, the fame is open but from
8 in the Morning till rr, and from 1 till 4 in the After
noon. For publick Devotion, here's a Parochial Church, called Church.
S. Petri ad Vincula, which is in the King's Gift, and exempt
from all Jurifdiftion of the Archbifhop.
For the Government of this important Place, there is Offiters of -
a Conftable, and a Lieutenant, and under 'em a Gentleman- ^:e Tow-
Porter. The Conftable's Salary is 1000 /. per Annum, and the er-
Lieutenant's 200 I. befides Fee* and Perquifites, arifing chi*fly
from fuch as are fe^nt Prifoners to the Tower, and from his
Privilege of difpofing of the Warders Places. A Duke being
fent Prifoner to the Tower pays zoo /. as his Fee, every Peer
under the Degree of a Duke 100 /. and every Commoner 50.
Both the Conftable and Lieutenant are, by virtue of their
Office, in Commiffion for the Peace for the Counties of
Middlefex, Surrey, and Kent.
The Gentleman Porter has the Charge of the Gates, the
Keys whereof he is every Night to deliver to the Conftable,
and in his Abl'ence to the Lieutenant, and to receive them of
him in the Morning, He commands the Warders that are
L 4 upon

1 52 The Prefent STATE of Part I.
upon the Day's Wait, and at the Entrance of a Prifonei
has his Upper^G arment for his Fee, or elfe 30 I from a Peer.
and 5 1, from a Commoner. In the Court of Record kept here
every Munday for Debts, Trefpaffes grV. he has the Power
of a Sheriff.
The Warders, forty in Number, are to wait at the Gates
and admit no Stranger to come in with a Sword. When'
Prifoner comes into the Tower, he is confined in one of the
Warder's Houfes, and attended by him as a Gard. Their
Habit is like that of the Teomen of the Gard at the Queen's
Court, and they are accounted the Queen's Domeftick Ser
vants, being fworn by the Lord High Chamberlain, or by
the Clerk of the Checque.
For Ecclefiaftical Caufes, and Probate of Wills, the Tower
and Liberties thereof have a Royal JurifdiSion ; from which
there is no Appeal, but to the Queen in her Court of
Chancery.
Cuftom- jhe Cuftom-houfe, being the Place where the Cuftom is
houfe. received for all Merchandize imported to and exported
from this City, lies between the Tower and the Bridge. Tis
a ftately, uniform, and commodious Building, which coft
the late King Charles 10000 /. the former Houfe having been
deftroy'd in the great Conflagration. Here a World of
Officers, fuperiour and fubordinate, are employ'd, of which
you will find a Lift, where I fpeak of Her Majefty's Re
venue. The Bridge, over the River, confifts of 19 Stone Arches,
20 Foot between each Arch. 'Tis 800 Foot long, 30 broad,
and 60 high, and has a Draw-bridge almoft in the Middle,
Bridge. Here is on each fide a fine Row of Tradefmens Houfes,
with Shops weft ftocked, and driving a good Trade in divers
Commodities. This is a very airy Street, one fide- over
looking the vaft Number of Ships on the Eaft-iide of the
Bridge, and the other the Boats fwarming on the Welt-fide
of the Bridge.
As it ftands over a broad and deep River, with the Tide
conltantly flowing or ebbing, 'tis almoft unimaginable, how
the Building of it could be brought to Perfection. Certainly
it muft be with a vaft Expence, confidering how chargeable
it is to keep it in Repair. For which there is a large Houfe,
a great Revenue in Lands and Houfes, and feveral Officers,,
the principal of which are two Br idge-m afters, A

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN 15$
A L I S T
Of the Officers of the Tower.
COnftable of the Tower, Earl of Effex.
Lieutenant, Brigadier Genera] Cadogan.
Deputy Lieutenant, Lieut. Colonel John Farewell.
Keeper of the Records, Mr. Richard Topham.
Gentleman-Porter, Tho. Serjeant, Efq;
Gentleman-Goaler, Mr. Marmaduke Soul.
Chaplain, Dr. Francis Hawkins.
Phyfician, Mr. Gideon Harvey.
Surgeon, Mr. Tho. Blake.
Apothecary, Mr. Tho. Brown.
Scavenger, Mr: Humphreys.
As to the Officers of the Ordnance, you will find their Lift,
where I fpeak of the Queen's Forces.
A LIST
Of the Officers of the Mint, in the Tower.
WArden, Sir John Stanley, Baronet.
Mafter Worker, Sir Ifaac Newton.
Comptroller, Mr. Ellis.
Chief Clerk, Mr. Hall.
Effay-Maltef, Mr. Battle.
Surveyor of the Melting, Mr. Evans.
Ingravers, Mr. Croke, Mr. Bull, Mr. Le Clerc.
Melter, Mr. Cartlich.
Porter to the Mint, Mr. Dollar.
MO NV ME NT.
T His Mafter-piece of Building, the Monument, erected in Monu-
perpetual Memory of the Burning of London, which t "
hapned about 40 Years fince, requires a previous Account of
that difmal Fire, which take in fhort as follows. It broke
out Sept. 2. 1666. in a Baker's Houfe, near the Place where
ftands the Monument, and continued burning. 3 Days toge
ther. During which it confumed 13200 Houfes, S. Paul's
Cathedral, 87 Parift-Churches, 6 , Chappels, the Cuftom-houfe, the

154 'The Prefent STATE of Part I.
the Royal-Exchange, Guildhall, and many other ftately ffalli,
feveral Colleges, Schools, and other , publick Edifices. And
yet 'tis faid, there were but 8 Perfons burnt.
Several Reafons are given for the Prevalency of this dread-
ful Fire, which made it almoft invincible, r. The ded
Time of the Night when it began, thaj: is, between one and
two of the Clock in the Morning upon a Sunday, z. The
Clofenefs of the Buildings of the Place where it began, ant
their combuftible Matter, being generaUy wooden, and of old
Timber, very much dried by the long Drought of the pre
ceding Summer. 3. An Eafterly Wind, (the drieft of all 0-
thers) which blew then very ftrong. 4. Want of Water to
extinguifh the Fire, the Thames Water-Tower, not far off,
being prefently burnt down, and moft Water-pipes become
dry. J. The combuftible Wares, fuch as Oils, Pitch, Tar, Ra-
fin, Wax, Brimftone, ^Brandy, Sugar, Hemp, Cordage, Cheefe,
and Butter, of which the greateft Store-houfes were in thofe
Parts. 6. The general Confternation and Defpondency of Peo
ple, when the Fire had I'pread it felf far and near, which
made them chufe rather to fave their Goods than their Hou
fes. 7. Not blowing up of Houfes, which has been found e-
• ver fince the moft effectual Way to flop a raging Fire.
Incredible is the Lofs the Citizens fuftained by this Con
flagration. The moft Moderate compute it at Nine Millions
Sterling. The Monument, which has been erected in Memory of it,
flands near the fatal Place where the Fire began, on tie
North Side of the Bridge. 'Tis a round Pillar, and is per
haps one of the boldeft Pieces of Architecture that evet was
attempted, all built of folid Portland Stone, 202 Foot high
from the Ground, the Diameter 15. It ftands 011 a Veitpl
40 Foot high, and 21 Foot fquare, the Front of it being a-
domed with ingenious Emblems. Within-fide is a fair win
ding Stair-cafe, with Iron-Rails up to the Top, and this gra
ced with a fair L on-Balcony round the Pillar, yielding a plea
fant Profpeft all over the City.
The North and South-fides of the Pedeftal have each a La-
tin Infcription, one defcribing the Defolation of this City
laid in Allies, and the other its glorious Reftoration. That
on the North-fide runs thus ;
Anno Cbrifli CICDCLXVI. Die IF. Nonis Septembris, Mm
in Orientem, pedum CCII. Intervallo {qua eft hujufce Coluttn*
Altitudo) erupit de media Noiie Incendium, quod Vento ty
rant e haufit etiam longinqua, £5° partes per omnes populabun-
dum ferebatur cum impeiu & fragore incredibili ; XXClX
Tenipla, Port as, Pr&torium, Aides publicas, PtocOtropbU,
Scbolas, Bibliotbecas, Infularum magnum Ntniierum, DO"
mum

Chap/IX. GREAT BRITAIN. s5i
mum CCIqjOOQOOOCC , Vicos CD abfumpfit i De XXVI
Regionibus XV funditus delevit, alias VIII. laceras & femi-
uftas reliquit. Urbis Cadaver ad CDXXXVl. Jugera, Hinc
ab Arce, per Thamifis Ripam ad Templariorum Fanum, illinc
ah Euro Aquilotiiali Porta, fecundum Muros ad Foftk Fletans.
Caput, perrexit ; adverfus Opes Civium, & Fortunas itife-
ftum, erga Viyos innocuum, iit per omnia referret fupremam
illam Mundi Exuftionem.. Velox Clades fuit ; exiguum Tem-
ftiis eandem vidit Civilitatem fiorentiftimam, Gf nullam. Tertio
die, cum jam evicerat bumana Confilia, Q? Subftdia omnia,
\ Ctzlitus, ut par eft credere, juffus ftetit fatalis Ignis, & qua-
I quaverfum clanguit. Thus Englifiied.
[n the Year of Chrift 1666, the fecond Day of September,
Eaftward from hence, at the Diftance of Two hundred
and two F°ot (the^ Height of this Column) a terrible
Fire broke out about Midnight ; which driven on by a
high Wind, not only wafted the adjacent Parts, but alfo
very remote Places, with incredible Noife and Fury. It
confumed eighty nine Churches, the City-Gates, Guild
hall, many publick Structures, Hofpitals, Schools, Libra
ries, a vaft Number of ftately Edifices, Thirteen Thoufand
two Hundred Dwelling'houfes, four hundred Streets.
Of the fix and twenty Wards, it utterly deltroy'd fifteen,
and left eight others fhatter'd and half burnt. The Ruins
of the City were four hundred thirty fix Acres, from the
Tower, by the Thames fide, to the Temple-Church, and
from the North-Eaft Gate, along the City-Wall, to Hol-
bourn-Hridge. To the Eftates and Fortunes of the Citizens
it was mercilefs, but to their Lives very favourable, that
it might in all Things refemble the laft Conflagration of
the World. The Deltruction was fudden, for in a fmall
fpace of Time the fame City Was feen moft flourifhing,
and reduced to nothing. Three Days after, when this
fatal Fire had baffled all humane Counfels and Endea
vours, in the Opinion of all, it ftop'd, as it were, by a
Command from Heaven, and was on every Side extin-
guifhed. The South-fide Infcription thus.
Carolus II. C. Mart. F. Mag. Brit. Fran. C? Hib. Rex, Fid. D.
Vrinceps clementiffimus, miferatus luflaofam Rerum faciem,
plurima fumantibus Jam turn Ruinis, in: folatium Civium &
Urbis fua Ornamentum providit, Tributum remifit, Pieces
Ordinis

1 56 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I,
Ordinis gf Populi Londinenfis retulit ad Regni Senatum ; ju>
continuo decrevit ut publico Opera Pecunii publick, ex VeHiga-
li Carbonisfoftilis oriunda, in meliorem formam reftituerentur ;
utique Mdes Sacra. gf D. Pauli Templum i Fundamentis omni
Magnificentia extruerentur ; Pontes, Porta, Carceres nwii
fierent ; emundarentur Alvei, Vhi ad regulam refponderent,
Clivi complanarentur, aperirentur Angiportus, Fora C? Macel-
la in Areas fepofitas .eliminarentur. Cenfuit etiam utipngult
Domus Muris intergerinis concluderentur , univerfs. in fron-
tern pari altitudine confurgerent, omnefque Parietes Saxo qua-
dratoaut collo Latere folidarentur ; utique nemini liceret ultra
Septennium adificando immorari. Ad hac, Lites de Teminis
orituras Lege lata prafcidit ; adjecit quoque Supplications
annuas, gf ad aternam Pofterorum Memoriam H. C. P. C.
Feftinatur undique, Refurgit Londinum, majori celeritate m
fplendore incertum, unum Triennium abfolvit quod S&culi 0-
pus credebatur. In Englifh thus,
Charles II. Son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great Britain,
France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, a moft graci
ous Prince, commiferating the deplorable State of Things,
whilft the Ruins were yet fmoaking, provided for the Com
fort of his Citizens, and the Ornament of his City ; Re
mitted their Taxes, and referred the Petitions of the Ma
giftrates and Inhabitants to the Parliament; who immedi
ately paffed an Aft, that publick Works fhould be reftored_
to greater Beauty with publick Money, to be raifed by an
Impofition on Coals ; That Churches and the Cathedral
of S. Paul's fliall be rebuilt from their Foundations, with
all Magnificence ; That Bridges, Gates, and Prifons,
fhould be new made, the Sewers cleanfed, the Streets
made flrait and regular, fuch as were iteep levelled, and
thofe too narrow made wider, Markets and Shambles re
moved to feparate Places. They alfo enafted, That every
Houfe fhould be built with Party Walls, and all in Front
raifed of equal Height, and thofe Walls all of Square-
ftone or Brick; and that no Man fhould, delay Building be
yond the fpace of feven Years. Moreover, Care was taken
by Law, to prevent all Suits about their Bounds. Alfo an-
niverfary Prayers were injoyned ; and, to perpetuate the
Memory hereof to Pofterity, they caufed this Column to
be erefted. The Work was carried on with Diligence,
and London is reftored ; but, whether with greater Speed
or Beauty, may be made a Queftion; At three Years
time the World faw that finifhed, which was fuppofed to
be the Bufinefs of an Age. The

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN 157
The Eaft-fide of the Pedeftal has alfo an Infcription, ex
preffing the Times in which this Pillar was begun, continu
ed, and brought to Perfeftion. The Words are thefe,
Incepta
Richardo Forde Eq.
Pratore Land.
A. D. CIoDCLXXL
PerduSa altius
Geo. Waterman, Eq. Pro.
Roberto Hanfon. Eq. Pra.
Gulielmo Hooker, Eq. Pra.
Roberto Viner, Eq. Pra. '
Jofepho Sheldon, Eq. Pra.
PerfeSa
ThomH Davis Eq. Pra.
Urb.
Anno Dam.
MDCLXXVn.
That is,
This Pillar was begun,
Sir Richard Forde Knight, being Lord Mayor of
London, in the Year 1671.
Carried on,
In the Mayoralties of
Sir George Waterman, Kt.
Sir Robert Hanfon, Kt.
Sir William Hooker, Kt. ^Lord Mayors.
Sir Robert Viner, Kt.
Sir Jofeph Sheldon, Kt.
And finifhed,
Sir Thomas Davies being Lord Mayor, in the
Year 1677. And

1 58 ThePrefint S TAT E of patft j
And whereas upon Evidence it was made. out, that' Ah
dreadful Fire was contrived and carry 'd on by the p!2
Faction, the fame is expreffed in Englijh round the PedS
under the faid Infcriptions, in thefe following Words.
Jff ff ar wns ¥?? ™ le>Pet™l Remembrance of the M
dieadful Burning of this Ancient City, begun and carried oil
the Treachery and Mahceof the Pop$> Faction, in the beohjl
of September, in the Tear of our Lord 1666, in ordeftott
carrying on their horrid Plot for Extirpating the Prote/lant fo
ligion and old Englifh Liberty, and introducing Popery and Z
Which Infcription, being lazed but by Order of the late
King James, was fet up again fince the late Revolution
'Tisobfervable, this Conflagration hapned with two other
grand Calamities,^, a molt devouring Peftiknce, and a
burdenfom War. Which makes it the more wonderful
how this City came to be rebuilt in a few Years after much
more beautiful and commodious than before. But what is
moft amazing, not only the City was ( like a Pbenix) raifed
from its Afhes, but there has been fince fo vaft an Increafe of
Buildings, efpecially on the Courrfide, as amounts to atleaft
20000 Houfes. Which is an invincible Arguments of the
great Wealth and Populoufnefs of this Place.

EXCHANGES.

RoyaJ-Ex change.

NO T far from the Monument ftands the Royal Exchange
in Combill, the nobleft Building of this Kind in theUm-
verfe. Founded by Sir Tho. Grejbam, a rich Merchant, in Q.
Elizabeth's Reign, Anno 1566, jult 100 Years before it was
burnt dowii. 'Tis now rebuilt much more ftately than it
was before the Fire, of Portland Stoue within and without,
with curious Architecture. Here the' Merchants meet daily
( except Sundays, great" Holy-Days, and Fail-Days) from one
of the Clock till two.
The fame is an oblong Square, from Eaft to Weft 230
Foot, and from North to §outh 17*- The Front of it mag
nificent, with a ftately Portico, fupported with great St^ne-
Pillars'; and at the Top a high Turret, with a Clpck, and
Chime of 12 Bells. Within is a, pav'd Court, with fine
arched Galleries or Walks round about it, fupported with
Stone- Pillars, and paved with Pwbeck Stone.
Within-fide of the Court, over the Pillars of it, are to
be -feen in Niches, the Statues of the Kings and Queens of
England, fince the Norman Conqueft, in Marble and Ala-
bailer.

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITA IN. 1 59
bailer. And in the Middle of the Court, a particular Sta
tue of King Charles II, done with greaj: Beauty and Spirit,
by our famous Carver and Statuary, Mr. Grimly Gibbons. This
ftands on a Pedeftal about 7 Foot high, the King repreiented
in the ancient Habit of the Roman Emperoiirs, with a
Wreath of Laurel on the Head. On one fide of the Pedeftal
the Arms of England and France are quartered ; on another
fide the Arms of Scotland, on the third thofe of Ireland,
and each of 'em fupported by a Cupid. The fourth Side is
filled with the following Infcription, which attributes great
'Things to King Charles. Carolo II. Ca-fari Britannico,
PatriaPatri,
Regum Optimo, Clement ifiimo, Auguftiffimo,
Generis Humani Deliciis,
Utrmfque Fortune Vi&orij
Pads Europs. Arbitro,
Marium Domino ac Vindici,
Societas Mercatorum Aventur Anglia,
Jgu&per CCCC. jamprope Annas
Regia Benignit ate floret,
Fidei intemerata, gf Gratitudinis aterna
Hoc Ttftimonium
Venerabunda pofuit,
Anno Salutis Humana MDCLXXXIV.
Above Stairs there are Walks, with near 200 Shops, full
of choice Commodities, efpecially for Mens and Womens
Apparel, befides other Shops below along the Portico ; and
under Ground, great vaulted Cellars. s
The Whole Fabrick, tho' Handing upon lefs than an Acre
of Ground, colt 50000 /. building, and yields 4000 I. yearly ;
Which makes it perhaps the richeft Spot of Ground in the
World, for the Bignefs of it.
The New-Exchange, in the Strand, has been worth asNew-Ex-
rnuch to the Earls of Salisbury, when its Trade was more change.
flourifhing than it has been of late. Robert Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, and ftord High Treafurer in the Reign of King
James I. was the Founder of it. It confilts of two long
Walks even with the Street, and two more above Stairs ;
each of 'em paved with free Stone, and having two Rows of
Shop, in which Goods are fold as in the Royal-Exchange.
Many Shop-Keepers have got fair Eftates here, in their Way
of Trade. .
Not far from which, in the Strand, ftands Exeter-Change, Exeterr
of a late Ereftian, but not like to thrive in the Neighbour- Change,
hood of fo great a Rival.
HALLS.

160 . The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
HALLS.
Halls. A S no forein City can boaft of fo many Squares, fo none
X\. can fhew fo many fine Halls ; amongft which Weftmk-
fter-Hall has got the Pre-eminency, a Building not to be
equalled by any Hall in Chriftendom. 'Tis 170 Foot in
length, 47 in breadth, and the height proportionable, all
paved with Free-Stone, and ( which is the Wonder of all J
the Roof fupported without any Pillar. This Hall is the
common Thorow-fare to the Parliament, when fitting. In
Term-time, the Courts of Chancery, Queen's- Bench, and Com
mon-Pleas fit here. 'Tis in this Hall the Coronation-Feaft is
kept, and where a Court is erefted on purpofe for the So
lemn Trial of any Peer charged with a Capital Crime.
This Place wanted fome Set-off, before the Battel of Blen
heim on the Danube, which has adorned it with a vaft Num
ber of French Colours and Standards, that hang there as a
Monument of the glorious -Victory we and our Allies got
over the French there.
Cottonian Near this Hall ftands the famous Cottonian Library of
Library. Manufcripts, confifting of at leaft one Thoufand Volumes,
moft of 'em relating to the Hiftory of England.
Guild- Guild-Hall, the Town-Houfe where the City-Courts are
Hall. held, is alfo a ftately Piece, but far fhort of the fdimer.
'Tis finely adorned with Pictures, but its greateft Ornament
is the Colours and Standards lately hung up there, and taken
at the Battle of Ramillies, in which the French and Bavari
ans were utterly defeated by our Forces, in Conjunftion with
our Allies. Thus Weftminfter- Hall, and Guild-Hall triumph
with Emulation, one for our Signal Viftory at Bleinbeim,
on the Danube ; and the other, for the Defeat of our Enemies
at Ramillies in the Spanifb Netherlands.
Black Blackwell-Hall, the greateft Store-Houfe for all forts
well Hall of Woollen-Cloth, brought hither to be fold from all Parts of
the Kingdom, is a noted Place for that, and is adjoining.to
Guild-Hall.
Halls of The Traders of London being divided into 62 Companies,
Companies of fo many feveral Trades, every Company As a Hall, that
of Trades- is, a ftately Houfe fo called from the largeft Room of it,
men. where they regulate Matters relating to their Trade, Moflof
thefe#a//.r look like Palaces, with fine Frontifpieees, fpacious
Courts, and beautiful Rooms, fet oft with carved Work in
Stone or Wood, fine Piftures and Wainl'cot, fome of them
Cedar Wainfcot ; the Hall, properly fo called, being large
enough to entertain at once 2 or 300 People, and ftately
enough to receive a Crowned Head. Draper's- Hall, among
the reft, has a fair Garden well kept, and open for all Peo ple

Chap. IX. GREAT B RITA IN. 161
pie of ingenious Appearance. Mercer's-Hall has a fine Chap
pel, and Merchant-Taylors is noted for the yearly Feftivals of
great Societies kept here, particularly that of the Artillery-
Company. At Grocer's-Hall in the Poultry is kept the Bank of Eng- Bank of
land, erefted in the late Reign, to fupply, by Loans, the England
Exigencies of the State, paying 8 per Cent. Intereft. But the jn Gro-
Capital Stock was not to exceed Twelve Hundred Thoufand cer's-
Pounds. Till the Credit of the Bank finking, in 1696, up- Hall.
on the Calling of the hammered Coin to the Mint, the
Bank recover'd it felf, by Ingrafting 800000 Pounds on its
Capital Stock, and continuing the Bank ( by Aft of Parlia
ment ) till the Year 1710. The Stock being thus enlarged,
by admitting new Subfcriptions, thefe were to be made good
by Tallies, and Bank-Notes. Whereupon the Credit of the
Bank recovered apace, fo that in a fhort Time their Notes,
which bore no Intereft, were equal with Mony ; and their
Bills that bore Intereft were look'd upon as better than Mo
ny. Which quickly changed the Face of Affairs for the bet
ter, when Credit began to revive, and Mony to circulate
upon moderate Terms. This Bank is under the Direftion
of a Governour, Deputy-Governour, and 24 Directors of the
Company, being altogether a Body Corporate.
Befides the Companies Halls aforefaid, there are feveral be
longing to Colleges, among which the Middle-Temple-Hall ex
ceeds all the reft. Lambeth-Hall, in Lambetb-Houfe, his
Grace the Archbifhop of Canterbury's Palace, is alfo a fine
Hall, and deferves a Place here.
The Mifchief is, that fo many beautiful and ftately Halls
ftand in By-places, and out of the Way, fo that few Forei
ners take any notice of 'em. The Truth is, moft of the
Beauties of London are hid, to make room for Tradefmen's
Shops, where Trade is molt flourifhing. 'Tis upon the fame
Account molt of our. Churches are fo crowded with Houfes
and Shops, that one wou'd think Trade a-going to choak up
Religion. • The Pretence is, That the Rent of thofe Shops
and Houfes, of which, the Church is Landlady, is fet apart
for the Repairs of the Church, or the Maintenance of her
Poor.

COLLEGES.

N'

NO City in the World is fo ftocked with Colleges, re- Colleges,
lating to the Law, as London is. But, whether it is
a Bieffing, or a Fatality to the Nation, I leave fober Men to
i judge. M Firft;

i6 2 The Prefent STATE of Part L
Serjeants Firft, for the Common Law and Chancery, here are z
Inns. Sergeants Inns, one in Fleet-Street, and the other in Chan.
Inns of eery-Lane. Befides 4 Inns if Court, viz. the Inner, and the
Court. Middle-Temple in Fleet-Street, Grays-inn in Holbourn, and
Lincoln s-Inn in Chancery-Lane. In all which Colleges, or
Jnw, the Lawyers live in a Collegiate- manner, in Term-
time, having their Chambers there, in which they follow
their Bufinefs, free from the Noife and Difturbance of their
Families. Here they are eafily found out by their Clients ¦
and thefe are abundantly fupply'd with Men of the long
Robe, Attorneys and Sollicitors. In fhort, there are reckoned in
England, Forty Thoufand Men that live by the Profeffion of
the Law, many of 'em getting Hundreds of Pounds, and fome
Thoufands yearly. But allowing them 100 /. each yearly,
one with another, the Whole will amount to Five Millions
a Year, enough to carry on a perpetual War with Frame,
They are certainly the moft wealthy Part of the Nation, and
that which bears the greateft Sway in it. Some of 'em have
been advanced to be Peers of the Realm, as the late Lord
Keepers and Chanceilours, Coventry, Finch, North, Jefferies,
Sommers, and the prefent Lord Keeper.
Serjeants We call Sergeants at Law, fuch as being arriv'd to the
at Law. highefl Degree in the Study of the Common Law, are ad
mitted by the Sovereign as Sergeants at Law, which is a De-
gree anfwerable to that of Do3or in the Civil Law. Thefe
are the Gentlemen who wear a Black Silk Coif on the Head,
and plead with Party-coloured Gowns. At the Court of Cow
nion-Pltas they ftand without the Bar, but in all other Courts
within. But whereas Doctors of Law are allowed to be co
vered, the Sergeants are uncovered; they being Servientes ed
Legem, and Ser'uitutis appellatio eft Minifterii, DoBoris veto
Magifterii. However all the Judges of the Queens-Bench,
Common-Pleas, and Exchequer, are chofen by the Queen out of
their Number.
The Inns of Court ire the largeft, and moft beautiful, ac
commodated with a vaft Number of fair and convenient
Chambers, each Inn having a Hall to eat in together, in
Term-time ; a Clmrch or Chappel for publick Devotion, a
Garden and other convenient Places to walk in. Amongft
which the two Temples have the Conveniency of the River,
which the others have not.
The two The two Temples were heretofore the Houfe of the Englifh
Temples. Knights Templars, who being diffolved above 3 00 Years ago,
their Houfe was purchafed.by fome Profeffors of the Common-
Law. One of thefe Temples is call the Inner, and the other
the Middle-Temple, in relation to Effex- Houfe, which was
Part of the Houfe of the Knights Templars, and called the1
¦Outer-Temple, as being feated without Temple-Bar. The

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. i6$
The Inner-Temple has a noble Garden facing the Thames,
befides the King' s-Bcnch Walks, which is kept well gravelled
to walk in. The Middle-Temple, has alfo a fine Garden facing
the River, but of a leffer Compafs ; befides feveral flat Stone-
Walks. Here is alfo a fair fpouting Fountain, railed in, and
fhaded with tall Trees. For Study, a publick Library. But
the Glory of the Middle-Temple lies chiefly inks Hall, a fpa
cious and beautiful Fabrick.
To thefe 2 Temples belongs a fine Church, called the Tem-
ple-Church, and the Minilter thereof Mafter of the Temple.
In which Church are to be feen the Monuments ( or Effigies
in Stone ) of fome of the old Knights Templars, lying all in
length above Ground, with their Faces upward, in 2 Com
partments, railed round with Iron-rails.
Lincoln's-Inn and Grafs Inn ftand upon a higher Ground, Lincoln's*
and in a gravelly Soil, which makes 'em the healthfuller. j_nrli>
Thefe two were both formerly Noblemens Houfes ; the firft
belonging to the Earls of Lincoln, and the laft to the noble
Family of the Grays.
Tpe firft has two Gardens, with a fine Terrafs-Walk facing ,
the .whole Breadth of Lincolns-Inn-Fields, the greateft Square
in Town. It has been of late Years inlarged and beautify'd
with a noble Court, called Series Court ; in the midft where
of ftands a Pillar of Stone, with a Clock it the Top of it,
fhewing the Hours of the Day 3 feveral Ways. And at
the Corners of the Pedeftal ftand four Figures that fpout up
Water to an equal height, rifing and falling together in the
Form of a Semi-circle- This Fountain is railed round with
Iron-Rails. In the Outer-Garden there is alfo a fpouting
Fountain. This Inn has a fine Chappel, about 20 Steps above
Ground, which affords under it the Conveniency of a dry
Walk in wet Weather.
Gray's-Inn, in Holbourn, is particularly remarkable for Gray's-
its fine Square, commonly called Cony-Court ; and for its Inn,
ftately Garden, with a large Terrafs-Walk on the North-fide,
yielding a charming Profpeft into the Fields.
In thefe four Inns of Court are reckoned about 600 Stu
dents, who formerly were only Sons of Noblemen, or Gen
tlemen of the beft Sort, fent hither to get as much Law as
a Gentleman needs to have, to preferve his Eftate.
But there are befides 8 Inns of Chancery, belonging to the T -
forefaid Inns, viz. Clifford' s-Inn in Fleet-ftreet, Clement' s-Inn, C?S ' °^
New-Inn, and Lyons-Inn, without the Liberties, belonging ance™''
to the two Temples ; thavies and Fumival 's-Inn in Holbourn,
to Lincolns-Inn ; Bernard's and Staple-Inn, like wife in Hol~
bourn, to Gray's-Inn.
Which Inns of Chancery were formerly preparatory Colleges
for younger Students, wherein they were ufually entered, be-
M ' 2 fore

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
fore they could be admitted into any of the Inns of Court.
But now molt of 'em are taken up by Attorneys, Sollicitors,
and Clerks, who eat in a Hall together, with their Gowns
on, and black round Knit Caps.
The Inns of Court being no Corporations, are not enabled
to purchafe, and they have nothing for defraying the Char
ges of the Houfe, but what is paid at Admittances, and
Quit-rents for their Chambers. Nor have they any judicial
Power over their Members, but only certain Orders among
themfelves, which by Confent have the Force of Laws.
For light Offences, a Member of thefe Societies is only Ex-
commoned, or put out of Commons. For great Offences,
he forfeits his Chambers, is expelled the College, and ne
ver received after his Expulfion by any of the 3 other So
cieties. At Chappel, or Hall, or any Court of Juftice, the Mem
bers of thefe Societies wear a grave black Robe, At other
times they walk Gentlemen-like, moft of 'em»with a Sword
on. The whole Company of Gentlemen in each Society, con-
fifts of Benchers, Ouier-Barrifters, and Inner -Barrifters.
The Benchers, or Seniors, are commonly of the longed
Handing in the Houfe, and thofe to whom the Government
thereof is committed. Out of which Number a Treafvrer,
is chofen yearly, who receives, disburfes, and accounts for
ajl Monies belonging to the Houfe, and is chiefly intrufled
with the Government. He is chofen by a Parliament, that
is, an Affembly of Benchers aud Outer-Barrifters, who meet
Quarterly in a Room called the Parliament-Chamber, for the
good Ordering of the Houfe. In which Parliament they alfo
nominate the Readers for Lent and Summer Vacation, and
the Auditors to take the Accounts of the old Treafurer;
Here Offences committed by any of the Society are
punifhed. ,
Outer-Batrifters are thofe who being of a long Handing •
in the Houfe, and well skilled in the Law, ate called by
the Benchers to plead in the Hall, and argue upon doubtful
Cafes and Queftions. For which publick Exercifes (com
monly called Mooting ) they have two Vacations, one called
Lent-Vacation, and the other Summer-Vacation ; each con
tinuing 3 Weeks and 3 Days. The firft begins on the firft
Munday in Lent, and the other the Munday after Lammas-
T)iTV* Out of thefe Outer-Barrifters (or Moot-Men) are chofen
Readers for the Inns of Chancery, belonging to the Inns of
Court, of which they are Members. In which Inns of Chan
cery they argue Cafes, in the Prefence of Attorneys and Clerks,
both in Term-time, and long Vacations. Laft-

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN
Laftly, all the Reft are, accounted Inner-Barrifters, who
for want of Time or Learning, are not to argue in thofe
Moots.
Tin JSfAMES of the Queen's Attorney, and Solli-
• cifor General •, Her Majefty's Serjeants, and other Ser
jeants at Law -, and Her Council Learned at Law.
ATtorney General, Sir Simon Harcourt.
Sollicitor General, Sir James Montague.
The Queen's Serjeants at Law.

i£S

SIR Tho. Powis.
Sir Salathiel Lovel.
Sir Jofephjekyll.

Nicholas Hooper, Efq;
and
Sir Tho. Parker,

The other Serjeants.

SI R Robert Atkins.
Sir John Turton.
Sir Henry Haffel.
Sir Tho. Jenner.
Edwin Wyat Efq ;
Sir Edward Lutwich.
Sir Henry Selby.
Sir Charles Ingleby,
Sir John Rotheram.
Sir Henry Cbancey,
Henry Tinder Efq;
Francis Fuller Efq;
Sir William Wogan.
Sir Nathaniel Bond.
John Thirbane,
Tho. Goodwin,
Jofeph Girdle,
John Green,
Tho. Gibbons, .
Charles Wlii taker,
Philip Neve,

>Efqs;

Henry Turner,
John Hook,
John Pratt,
William Hall,
James Selby,
Laurence Agar,
Henry Chetham,
James Grove,
William Bannifler,
JofepkWebb,, Henry Lloyd,
Richard Richardfon,
John Cheftire,
John Comyns,
Sir John Br other hk.
Sir John Bennet.
Richard Wynn,
John How,
John Birch,
Tho. Webb,

^Efqs;

Efqs;

M ;

Council

166 The Prefent S T A T E oj Part I.
Council Learned.
SI R William Wliitlock. John Aglionby, ?F(.
John Farer, Z;PfnS. Edward Jennings, 5 ^s>
John Conyers, $ ^ i Sir James Montague, \
College of Near St. PawJ's Cathedral is a College of Civilians, called
Civilians. DoSors Commons, and founded by Dr. Harvey, formerly
Dean of the Arches. In which did commonly refide the
Judges of the Arches, Admiralty, and the Prerogative-Court,
with divers other eminent Civilians. From whofe former
Living and Commoning together in a Collegiate manner,
this College got the. Name of DoSors Commons. Here the
Proctors (wearing Black Robes and Hoods, lined with Fur) )
make themfelves Parties for their Clients, produce the
Witnefles, prepare the Caufes,. and attend the Advocates
< with their Proceedings.
In the Common Hall of this College are held feveral Courts,
ruled by the Civil Law. Particularly the High Court of Ad
miralty, the Court of Delegates, the Arches Court of Canter
bury, and the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. Whofe Terms,
for fitting, differ not much from thofe at Weftminfter, eveiy
one of 'em holding feveral Court-Days, moft of 'em fixt,
and known by preceding Holy-Days, and the reft appointed
by the Judge's Pleafure.
A L I S T of the College of Civilians, called
Do&ors Commons, exercent in London.
SI R John Cook, Doftor of Laws, Dean and Official Prin
cipal of the Arches Court of Canterbury, Vicar-General,
and principal Official to the Lord Archbifhop, Dean and
Commiffary of the Peculiars belonging to his Grace, the
Queen's Advocate General, and Official of the Arch-Dea-
conry of London.
Sir Charles Hedges, Dr. of Laws, Judge of the High-
Court of Admiralty, Mafter of the Faculties, and Chancel
lour of the Diocefs of Rochefter.
Sir Richard Raynes, Dr. of Laws, Judge of the Preroga
tive-Court of Canterbury.
Dr. Tho. Bourchier, Commiffary of the Diocefs of Canter-
bury.~ Dr. Henry Faulconberg, Chancellour of the Diocefs of St.
David's, Official to the Arch-Deacon ,of Suffolk, and
Regifier of the Faculties. Dr.

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN 167
Dr. Tho. Briggs, Chancellour of the Diocefs of Chhhe
fter. Dr. William Oldys, Chancellour of the Diocefs of Lincoln,
and Official to the Arch-Deacon of St. Albans.
Dr. John Edisbwy, Chancellour of the Diocefs of Exeter.
Dr. Henry Newton, Advocate to the Lord High Admiral,
Chancellour of the Diocefs of London, and Official to the
Arch-Deacon of Effex-
Dr. George Brampfton, Official to the Arch- Deacons of Mi
di ef ex ind Surrey.
Dr. Stephen Waller, Advocate for Prizes.
Dr. John Harwaod, Commiffary to the Dean and Chapter
of St. Paul's.
Dr. William King, Judge of the Court of Admiralty in
Ireland. Dr. Tho. Ayloffe, Chancellour of the Diocefs of Oxford,
Commiffary and Official" of Bucks, &c.
Dr. Henry Raines, Chancellour of the Diocefs of Lich
field and Coventry.
Dr. Robert Wood, Official to the Arch-Deacon of Colcbe'
fter. Dr. Humphrey Henchman, Commiffary of Effex and Hart-.
fordfiire. „
Dr. Charles Pinfold, Commiffary to the Dean and Chap
ter of Weftminfter.
Sir William Trumball. Dr. William Beau.
Dr. Charles D'Avemnt. Dr. Nathaniel Lloyd.
Dr. John S. John. Dr. John Exton.
Dr. Matthew Tindal. Dr. Charles Herriot.
Dr. John Conant. Dr. George Paul.
Dr. Thomas Lane. Dr. Henry Penrice.
Dr. Richard Paget. Dr. John Bettefwortb.
Dr. William Clements.

M 4 Chan-

i6S

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.

Chancellours, not admitted Advocates in Doftors-
Commons.

P,

R. Henry Watkinfon,

i- Tho. Wainright,
Dr. William Cook,
Dr. Richard Parfons,
Dr. William Hughes,
Dr. John Jones,
Dr. Join Brookbank,
Dr. William Lloyd,
Dr. Robert Wynne,
Dr. Richard Reynolds,
Dr. Penington,
Charles Baldwin,
Peter Mews,
Tho. Tully,
Robert Loggan,
Charles Sloper,
Tho. Tanner.

o

Vicar-General to the Archbifhop
of Tork. Chefter. Ely.Glocefter.
Bath and. Wells.
Landaff.
Durham.Worcefter.St. Afaph.
Peterborough.
Bangor.
Hereford.
Winchefter.
Carlijle.
Sarum. Briftol.
Norwich.

I. 'S3

3

re
U

T2w XXXIV Proctors of the Arches Court 0/ Canter
bury.

MR. Too.- Smith, the Queen's
Proftor.
Mr. Everard Exton.
Mr. John Hill.
Mr. Richard Newcourt.
Mr. Tho. Tillot.
Mr. Pefer Barret.
Mr. Godfrey Lee.
Mr. Ko. Swallow.
Mr. J/;o. JcWfe.
Mr. Samuel Wifeman.
Mr. Aeafe Waller.
Mr. Edward Shaw.
Mr. Jo/jb Low//.
Mr. #>/>» Roberts.
Mr. George Sayer.
Mr. Robert Conftable.
Mr. Robert Pierfon.
Mr, Edward Cook,

Mr. 3^8 Gtfr/e.
Mr. Jcw-tovi Sfca/Zer.
Mr. Jawer Bridges.
Mr. fe/ery G/a/fec, Proflor
to the Lord High Ad
miral.
Mt. William Jones.
Mr. TAo. J?on/e.
Mr. Z7;o. Newman.
- Mr. jlfaife Sa/er.
Mr. Samuel Bobeme.
Mf. A;ierr Wilmer.
Mr. T/;o. Willymot.
Mr. Edward Alexander.
Mr. Edward Parr.
Mr. George Smith.
Mr. William Busby.
Mr. &>£»? ££>££. Regiflers,

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 169
Regiflers, and Actuaries.
REgifter to the Court of Delegates, Mr. Richard Crawley.
Regifter of the Arches Court of Canterbury, Mr.
Henry Garrard.
Aftuary of the fame, Mr. John Bryan.
Deputy Aftuary, Mr. Tho. Tillot.
Regifter of the Court of Admiralty, Mr. Richard Craw
ley. Regifter of the Prerogative-Court, Mr. Everard Extov.
Deputy-Regifter, Mr. Tho. Welham.
Regifter of the Court-Marlhal, Mr. Henry Ferrant.
Clerks in the Prerogative-Office.
MR. Charles Pinfold. Mr. Rupert Brown-
Mr. John Cottle. Mr. William Dew.
Mr. John Holman. Mr. Tho. Giles.
General-Marfbal
Of the Court of Admiralty, Mr. Cheek.
In Warwick-Lane, near Newgate, is a College of Phyficians, College of
with a ftately Pavilion at the Entrance into it, a fpacious Phyfici-
Court within, and a fair Library of Books above Stairs. ans^
The Number of Phyficians belonging to this College ought
not to exceed 80. The chief of 'em are called Fellows, and
the next Candidates ; who fill up the Places of Fellows, as
they become vacant by Death, or other wife. Next to which
are the Honourary Fellows, yet are unwilling to come in by
way of Candidates. And laftly, the Licentiates, that is,
fuch as being found capable upon Examination to praftife
Phyfick, at leaft in fome forts of Difeafes, are by the Col
lege allowed to praftife.
For this College has many great Privileges, granted by
Charters, and Afts of Parliament. By Virtue whereof no
Man ( tho' a Graduate in Phyfick, of Oxford or Cambridge )
may, without Licence under the CoUege-Seal, praftife Phy
fick in London, or within 7 Miles of it. Nor ought any
Man, that is not a Graduate, praftife it in any Part of En
gland. All Offenders herein, and in divers other Particulars,
they may fine and imprifbn. And there is a Law ftill in
force, which forbids any one to praftife Phyfick or Surgery,
that is not qualify'd for it, or exprefly allowed to praftife ;
and

170 The Prefent STAT E of Part I.
and makes it Felony, if the Patient die under his- JHand.
They have Authority to fearch all the Apothecaries Shops in
and about London, and to fee if their Drugs and Compofi-
tions be wnolefom and well made. And, that they may
be able at all Times to attend their Patients, they are freed
from all Parifh-Offices.
However the Town fwarms with Empiricks, Mountebanks
and others that praftife Phyfick without Authority, whofe'
Bills are daily and publickly diftributed up and down the
Town. Thefe are chiefly incouraged by the meaner fort of Peo
ple, amongft whom they fometimes perform great Cures :
whether by Skill or Chance, I fhall not determine. Phy
fick however is cheapeft with them, and all People cannot
afford a CollegeJ3oftor a Guinea every Vifit, befides Apothe
cary's Bills. Such Iffues require great Incomes. And the Col-
lege-Phyficians Practice lying moft among Perfons of the
beft Subftance and Quality, ufed to pay 'em good Fees, they
are willing to wink at other Practitioners, which has given
Birth to fo many Empiricks.
But the prudent Method taken of late by the College of
Phyficians will probably conduce very much to the leffening
the Practice and Number of them. For in 1696. 42. Fellows of
the College made a Subfcription, to contribute themfelves
to the neceffary Charge of Relieving, at eafy Rates, the
Sick, Poor, and the meaner Houfe-keepers and Servants,
( after many fruitlefs Attempts upon the Apothecaries Com
pany to do it) according to the loweft Prices of Medicines
to be noted on the Bill. In order to which, the College has
fince erefted, befides the Difpenfary at the College, two other
Difpenfaries, one in St. Peter' s-Alley in Combill, and the
other in St. Martin's- Lane, Weftminfter. In which Difpen
faries the Patients are advifed every Day but Sunday, and
Medicines fold at intrinfick Value. Thus the City and Na
tion are informed of the low Prices of the moft ufeful Me
dicines, and what Proportions muft be taken in all Difeafes.
To conclude, his College is governed by a Prefident, 4
Cenfors, and ii Elefiors, who are all principal Members of
the Society. The Prefident is yearly chofen out of 'em at
Mcbaelmas. But the Honourary Fellows, and Licentiates,
have no Share in the Government, tho' they injoy the Pri
vileges of the College.
By a new Charter the late King James granted to this Col
lege, thofe who have taken their Degree in forein Univerfi-
jies are qualify'd to become Fellows.

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN.

171

A LIST
Of the Fellows, and other Members of the
College of Phyticians.
FELLOWS.

DR. Edw. Brown, Prefident.
Dr. Walter Charlton E-
left and Cenfor.
Dr. Samuel Collins, Eleft.
Dr. Jofias. Clerk, Eleft.
Dr. Rich. Torleffe, Eleft.
Dr. William Vaughan, Eleft
and Treafurer.
Dr. Charles Goodall, Eleft
and Cenfor.
Dr. Phineas Fowke.
Dr. Walter Harris, Eleft.
Dr. Walter Mills.
Dr. Edw. Ty fon.
Dr. Frederick Slare.
Dr. Richard Darnelli.
Dr. John Bateman, Regifter
and Cenfor.
Dr. William Jobnfton.
Dr. William Dawes.
Dr. Tho. Gill, Cenfor.
Dr. Richard Robinfon.
Dr. Lancelot Harrifon,
Dr. Martin Lifter.
Dr. Rob. Pitt.
Dr. Edmund Dhkenfon.
Sir Edmund King, Bar.
Dr. Edw. Eaynard.
Sir Theodore Colladon.
Dr. Rich. Blackburn.
Dr. Chriftian Hairel.
Dr. Simon Welman.
Dr. George How.

Dr. Robert Pierce.
Dr. Robert Gray.
Dr. Richard Smith.
Dr. JoJIma Le Fevre.
Dr.Thomas Walft.
Dr. John Ratcliffe.
Dr. John Harrifon.
Dr. i/aju Shane.
Sir Richard Blackmore.
Dr. Tancred Robinfon.
Dr. Richard Carr.
Dr. Jo/;« Hutton.
Dr. James Welwood.
Dr. Pefer Gelftborp.
Dr. William Mufgrave.
Dr. Humphrey Ridley.
Dr. William Gibbons.
Dr. William Gould.
Dr. JoZm Hawys.
Dr. ao&. Canny.
Dr. Samuel Garth.
Dr. .ffz/g/; Chamberlain.
Dr. William Cole.
Dr. Sahsbury Cade.
Dr. Denton Nicholas.
Dr. Humphrey Brook.
Dr. John Woodward-
Us. John Wright.
Dr. Gideon Harvey.
Dr. Jo/jh Branthwayte.
Sir David Hamilton.
Dr. Jamft Drafee.

C^l£

172

The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.

CANDIDAT ES.

Dujohn Nieholfon.
Dc Tho. Hoy.
-DV;W. Gayland.
Dr. William Adams.

Dr. Wil. Coward.
Dr. Rich. Morton.
Dr. Humphrey Calmer,
Dr. Tho. Brown.

Dr. Dajj. Cox.
Dr. Ne<&. Crem.

HONOVRARY-FE LLOWS.
Dr. T/jo. Gz'£/b«,

LICENCIATES.

Mr. I/aae Chauncy.
Dr. Chriftopher Crell.
Dr. Pfo7;> Gtt/^e.
Dr. John Groenvelt.
Dr. /o/S«fl Pa/mer.
Dr. i/eHi-v Morelli.
Mr. Join Peefe.
Dr. cftf. Sydenham.
Dr. John /ones.
Dr. Charles Nichols.
Dr. DaazW Hamilton.
Dr. JohnDifray.
Mr. JPi7. Gnmbaldfton.
Dr. Caleb Coat fworth'.
Mt- Join Tn;i/.
Mr. Fran, I/^JOtt.
Mr. Tia. Botterel.
Dr. James Maucleer.
Dr. John Charles.

Dr. Pi/ty Jfo/ff.
Dr. TAq. i?oi/e.
Dr. William Oliver.
Dr. O/r'we/ Horfemttn.
Mr. fla^i /fr'efer.
Dr. Tho. Walker.
Dr. Jodocus Crull.
Dr. Peter Sylvefter.
Dr. Charles Morton.
Dr. George Fleming.
Dr. Stephen Hunt.
Mr. JT;7. Cockburn.
Mr. T&>. Turbeville.
Dr. John Cricbton-
Dr. ¦ Short,
Mr. John Colbatch.
Dr. Abraham Cyprianus.
Dr. James Keith.
Mr. .foger JCeBVon .

r- n«m Greftam-College, in Biftopfgate-ftreet, comes next under our
p„ .Confideration. The fame is fo called from its Founder Sit
college. jJ)0mai Greji,am^ wno built the Royal Exchange, and gave W
truft one Moiety of the Revenue thereof to the Mayor ana
Commonalty of London, and their Succeffors for ever, and
the other Moiety to the Company of Mercers. The firft, V
find 4 able Perfons to read within this College, i)if/»iO,»
Aftronomy, Mufick, and Geometry ; and the laft, 3 able Men

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. i7j
;o read Rhetorick, Civil Law, and Phyfick. Which LeSurers
ire to read in Term- Time every Day in the Week
^except Sundays) in Latin in the Forenoon, and the fame
in Englifh in the Afternoon ; except the Mufick Le-
litre, to be read only in Englijh. For which Service
each LeSurer has 50 /. per Annum, befides a fair Lodging
in the College.
, This College is noted befides for being the Meeting Place Royal-So-
of the Royal Society, eftabliflied by a Charter of King Charles dety.
II. in April 1663. f°r Promoting the Knowledge of Natural
Things, and ufeful Arts, by Experiments. In which
Charter His Majefty declared himfelf to be Founder,
and Patron, Sovereign, and Companion of the Society.
Accordingly feveral Difcoveries in Nature have been
made by this Society ; fome for Ufe or Profit ; and others for
the Satisfaftion of the Curious, which may prove in time
of great Ufe and Benefit. They have very much improved
the Naval, Civil, and Military Architeilure, the Art of
Husbandry, and that of Navigation. Which has put the
whole Common-wealth of Learning in Europe upon the
fame Praftical Studies, new Inventions and Difcove
ries ; which have been always recommended by the
Authors thereof, to be examined and approved by this So
ciety. In this College is to be a Library, already begun, and to
confift only of the choiceft Books of Pbilofopby, and efpeci
ally fuch as are moft proper for the Deiign of this Socie
ty. Here is alfo a Repojitory of many Curiofities of Na
ture, as Beafts, Birds, Fifties, Serpents, Flies, Shells, Fea
thers, Mummies, Gums, Minerals, fome Things petrify'd, and
others ofjify'd, &c. 'Tis true, there are two Collections,
that rather exceed that, than fall fhort of it. One is Dr;
Sloan's ColleBion in Bloomsbury, and the other Mr. Du
Puy's in Longaker, which has more Choice and Variety
than any.
The Royal Society confifts of near zoo Fellows, moft Eng
lifh, and the reft of feveral Nations ; fome of 'em Perfons of
the higheft Rank, and many eminent Gentlemen and Do-
ftors. All generallyMen of Parts, and Lovers of Philofophi-
cal Learning.
Their Meeting-time is upon Wenfday, at 3 a Clock in the
Afternoon ; and their Bufinefs is to difcourfe upon the
Produftions and Rarities of Nature and Art, and to confider
how the lame may be improved for the Good of Mankind.
Here are alfo read Litters, and other Papers, containing Phi-
lofophy-Matters, which the Society does frequently receive
from forein Parts, and difcourfe upon them. Without affe
cting fet Speeches, they exprefs themfelves in few Words, and in -

174 f'The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
in the plaineft manner ; and laying afide all Diftinftioi],
they amicably apply themfelves to promote experimental
Knowledge. This Society is govern'd by a Council, confifting of n
Members, ten of 'em going out yearly, and others being put
in to fill up their Places. Whole Election is made, Nov. 50
in the Morning, being S. Andrew's Day ; after which they
dine together at a Venifon-feaft.
The Chief of the Council bears the Title of Prefident
whofe proper Office is to call and diffolve the Meetings, to
propofe the Matter to be debated, put Sgueftions, call for
Experiments, and admit fuch Members as fliall be elefted,
&c
To be admitted into this Society, the Candidate is propofed
at an Affembly by fome of the Members. In the next AT-
fembly he muft carry it at leaft by 21 Votes, whichis done by
Ballotting ; and then, or at the next Affembly, he is intro
duced as a Member by the Prefident. Whereupon he is to
fubfcribe, That be will indeavour to promote the Good of tk
Royal Society of London, by the Improvement of Natural
Knowledge. At his Admittance he pays 40 s. and afterwards
13 1. a Quarter, as long as he continues a Member of the
Society. ("¦
Here is alfo a Treafurer to receive and disburfe all Moneys.
Two Secretaries, to read all Letters and Informations, and re
turn Anfwers ; to regifter all Experiments, and certain In
formations, and to publifh what Tranfaftions the Societ]
thinks fit.
Laftly, this Society has Curators, or Experimentors, who
receive the Direftions of the Society, and at another Meeting
bring all to the Teft. Upon which the Society give their
Judgment of the Thing.

Chap. IX. G RE A T BRITAIN

«75

A LIST
Of the Royal Soeiety,
Meeting at Grefham-Colkge.
H. R- H. Prince GEORGE oi Denmark
The prefent Council, Eleven of which are to be continued
till S. Andrew's Day, Nov. jo, 1707.
Sir Ifaac Newton, Prefident.

John ArburtJmto, M. D.
Francis Afton Efq;
John Bembde Efq;
Sir Godfrey Copley Baronet.
Maurice Emmet Efq;
Tho. Foley Efq;
Edm. Halley, Geog. Prof. Sav.
John Harris D. D.
John Harwood L. L. D.
JohnHerbett Efq;

Abraham Hill Efq;
Edw- Laney,Prof.Theol.Grefb.
Mr. James Petiver.
Alexander Pitfield Efq; Treaf;
Francis Roberts Efq;
Hans Sloane M. D. Secretary.
William Stanley, D. D.
Rich. Waller Efq; Secretary.
JohnJVoodwardM.. D.

The Reft of the Members.

Rob. Areskine M. D.
Cyril Arthington Efq;
Arthur Baily Efq;
D' Acre Barret Lennard Efq;
Charles Bernard Efq; Serj.Sur.
Richard Bentley D. D.
William Bird Efq;
Jonathan Blackwell Efq;
James Bridges Efq;
Orlando Bridgeman Efq; of
War.
Orlando Bridgeman Efq;
J?o£. j?n^ A. M. Prof. L. L.
Edward Brown M. D.
Tho. Brown M. D.
Paul Bowes Efq;
Sir Rhh.Bulkley Baronet.

William Burnet Efq;
JOHN Earl of Carbery.
S. GEORGE, Lord Bifhop of
C/ogJer.
HENRYEarl of Clarendon.
Geo. Cbeyne M. D.
f^a/fer C/aaeZ Efq;
Mr. Detbleus Cluverus.
William Cockburn M. D.
Daniel Cox M. D.
Sir 27jo. Crifp.
Mr. 3fa?nei Cunningham.
WILLIAM Lord Archbifhop
of Dublin.
Sir Anthony Dean.
Mr. JFi/. Deriaw,
Sir Matthew Dudley. Wil.

*76 The Prefent S
Wil. Fellowes Efq;
John Flamfled Aft. Reg.
John Fryar M. D.
Sir Rob. Gordon.
David Gregory M. D. Aftr.
Pr. Sav.
Neb. Grew, M. D.
Sir Rowland Gwynne.
CHARLES Lord Halifax.
Edw. Haines Efq;
Mr. Edw. Haiftwell.
Anthony Hammond Efq;
Mr. Fran. Hawksbee.
John Henley Efq;
John Hicks Efq;
Mr. James Hodgfon.
Charles Howard of Norfolk,
Efq;
Edw. Howard of Norfolk Efq;
Hugh Howard Efq;
John Hutton M. D.
John Jackfon Efq;
Sir Charles Iffdc.
Tho. Ifted Efq;
EDWARD Lord Bifhop of
Kilmore and Ardah.
John Keill A. M.
Sir £</»/. Ain^.
Martin Lifter M. D. Med.-
Reg.
Owen Lloyd S.T.D.
Sir Berkley Lucy Baronet.
John Mapletoft M. D.
Richard Mead M. D.
Fa/fer Mills M. D.
£ew/. Middleton Efq;
£o£. Molefwort Efq;
T/jo. Molineux M. D.
Mr. Jaw. Morland.
Jofeph Morland M. D.
3W» Mortimet Efq;
Mr. John-Moult.
William Mufgrave M. D.
.ffo£<T* //e//on Efq;
^o/j» iVewe;' A. M.
, Edw. Nor r is M. D.
EARL of Orrtry.

TATEo/ . Parti.
William Oliver M. D.
THOMAS Earl of PewM,.
Sir Join Percival Baronet.
Robert Pitt M. D.
Mr .'James Pond.
Matthew Prior Efq;
THOMAS^Lord Bifhop ef
Rochefter.
LORD Reay. .
Ruffel Roberts Efq;
Tancred Robinfon M. D.
iiVA. Robinfon M. D.
Jo/ej;/; Ralphfon M. A.
GILBERT Lord Bifhop of
iSa/iifer^.
F^x?i of SeajJetf.
LO^D Vifcount Shelborn.
JOHN Lord Sommers.
CHARLES Earl of M«r.
Capt. Tho. Savery.
JohnSbadwellM.D.John Shaw Efq;
Frederick Slare M. D.
Tfo. <S»hVA D. D.
Edw. Smith, Dean of J. Pat.
Edw. Southwell Efq;
Sir John Stanley Baronet.
Geo. Stepney Efq;
Mr. Philip Stubs.
Sir Philip Sydenham,
LORD Vifcount Tarbat.
Mr. Ralph Thoteshy.
John Thorpe M. A.
Rob. Tompfon M. D.
Andrew Tooke, Geom. Prof.
Greft.
Alex. Toniano, Aftr. Prof.
Greft.
Edw. TyfonM. D.
THOMAS Lord Vifcount
Weymouth.
Henry Werftey Efq;
Sir PaulWbitcbcote Baronet.
Sir Cyril Wiche.
Sir Tho. Willoughby Baronet.
Geo. WbrthLfqi
mi.

Chap. IX.
Wil. Wotton B. D.
Sir Chriftopher Wren.

GREAT BRITAIN.
Chriftopher Wren Efq;
Mr. James Young.

177

Perfont of other Nations.

CGeo. Baglivus.
J Godefrey Bidloo M. D.
Dominicus Bottoms.
Bafnage de Bauval.
Job. Phil. Breynhts, M.D.
Paulus Bufftere.
Gulielmus Buys.
Bourdelin M. D. Paris.
Comes de Brian^on, Leg.
Extraord. Due. Sabau-
diae.
Dominicus Cafini, Aft.
Reg. Par.
Jacobus Caffini.
Johannes Chardelou.
Abrah. Cyprianus M. D.
Thomas Delbene.
Job. Dolceus M. D.
Nichol. Patio de Duillier.
JohChrift.Fatio deDuillier
Stephanus Geoffroy. v
Gulielminus.Anthon. de Guifcard.
Job. tlieod. Heinfon,
Hanov.
Urbanus Hiarne M. D.
Petrus Hotton, Med. E£
Botan. Prof. Acad.
Lugd. Batav.
Job. Phil. Jordis M. D.
Franc.
David Krieg.
Gothofr. Gul. Leibnitius,
| J.V.D.
J Michael Levaffeur.
J Anthon. LeuwenhoeckfDtl-
•\ phenfis.

T Chrift. Leyoncrone S.- M:
IS. R.
Abrah. de Moivre.
Job. Marfigli, Cone. Imp.
R.
Job. Burchardus Mencke-
nivs, J. U. D. Pr. Li.
Dionyfius Papin M. D.
Ludovicus Paul M. D.
..Job. Nich. Pechlin M. D.
Mofes Pujolas.
Aug. ^uirinus Rivinus M.
D. Lipf.
Job. Ambrofius Sarotti.
Job. Jac. Scbeuchzerus
Med. Pr. Pr. P.
Petrus^Sylveftre.
Francifcus Spoletus Med.
Pr. Pr. P.
Ez. de Spunheim, Liber
.Baro, Boruff. Reg. Mi-
nifter Status, & ad An-
nam Reg. Anglia; Le-
gatus Extr.
Otto Sperlingius.
Job. ' Adam. Stampfer.
 Timone M. D.
Francifcus Travigny Ph,
Ven.
Anthon. Valifenierius,
Pat. Prof.
Raytnundus Vieuffens, M.
Van Uryberg, Leg. Ord.
Feed. Bel.
Nicholaus Witfen, Conf.
Amft.

N

Profef-

178 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Profeffors at Grefham-College.
Divinity, Edward Laney, A. M.
Civil Law, Robert Briggs, A. M.
Alcronomy, Alex. Toriano L. L. B.
Geometry, Andrew Tooke, A. M.
Rhetorick, Edw. Martin, A. M.
Phyfick, John Woodward, M. D.
Mufick, William Sbippen, A. M.
•~,10n" Sion-College, near Cripple-Gate, deferves alfo a place here.;
College, >pwas formerly a Religious Houfe, next a Spittle or Hofpital,
and now 'tis both a College and an Hofpital, fince the Year
165 1. both founded by Dr. White of Briftol, Vicar of &
Dunftan in the Weft. The College, for the Ufe of all the
London Miniflers of the Church of England. And the Hof
pital for 10 poof Men, and 10 poor Women, the firft
within the Gates of the Houfe, and the laft without. He
purchafed the Houfe at the rate of 5000 /. fettled 40/. a
Year for necelfary Repairs, and othet common Charges,
and iio /. per Annum to maintain the Hofpital.
Here is a Hall, lately built by the Contributions of the
Fellows of this College, and other well difpofed Perfons. And
a fair Library of Divinity Books, as that of Grejbam is for
Pbilofopbers, and that in Warwick-Lane for Phyficians. Which
Library is principally for the Ufe of the City-Clergy, but
without excluding other Students, who have the free Ufeof
it, under certain Reftrictions printed and' hung up in the
Room. A LIST of the Fellows of Sion-College,
being Redors and Vicars within the City ml
its Liberties, and capable by Charter of being
¦ chofen Governours, Prefidents, Deans, or
Afllftants.
Dr.Tbo. Lynford, "1 fS. Edmund the King, Prefident,
Dr.Offpring-Blackball, ! <** j S. Mary Aldetmary, ? Deans,
Dr. Peter Birch, I \ ° I S. Bridget, 5
Geo. Martin. fg jS. Mildrid Poultry, ?>
I 3 . S. Margaret Lothbury, { 9

Dr. John Hancock, , ~- jfui,4»i ». ^.^.,^u,j, ^ ;
Dr. Rich. Roderick, J ! S. Michael Bafmgftaw, (*»
Mr. Philip Stubs, J (.S. Alf 'age, JET

Bojj

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN.

V9

Thofe who have been Prefidents.

Dr. Clement Zanchy.
Dr. 2?e»j. Woodroffe,

? Z C S. Clement Eaftcheap.
feu.-

, Barthol. Exchange.

<&

Dr. Edw. Fowler, Lord Bifhop? Vicar of S. Giles, 'Cripple-

5 £<"*•
S. Chriftopher.
S. Mar^ Friday-ftreet, &C.
S. 0/aue /wry, &c.
S. Mary Ab clmrch, &c.
Alhallows the Wall.

of Glocefter
Mr. Join #a//,
Dr. Fra. Tbompfon,
Dr. 27;o. Green,
Dr. J/jo. Whincop,
Mr. yq/fcwa Richardfon, 3 "*
Dr. /cicA. la^aj, Vicar of S. Stephen, Colemanftreet.
Mr. Join Grajtf , Vicar of S. Dunftau Weft.
Mr. Lfone/ Gatford, 7 ° CS. Dionys Backchurch.
Mr. fa*. Waple, S o JS. Sepulchre's.
Mr.Martn. Hopkyns, \ ^ )S. Teda/r, alias .Foyrer,
-> p* C
TKw/e wia may fucceed in the Prefidency.

Mr. .Roi. 7f oyjr,
Dr. Tho.Blomer,
Mr. ^jjfi. Burgefs,
Mr. Tie. Staynoe,
Mr. ifew. Halftead,
Mr. #o. Mapletoft,
Mr. Humph. Zouch,
Dr. Join Gafcarth,
Dr. Dan. Fqfg,
Dr. Fa'w. Gee,
DAr.William Stoneftreet,
Mr. Joiii Durham,
Mr. Robert Gery,
' Mr. Ja?«. Angler,
Dr. Jo. Mandevil,
Dr. Tho. Hockin,
Mr. rio. Marriot,
Dr. William Bedford,
Dr. T/;o. Nixon,
Dr. T/;o. Maningham,
Mr. Jame* Gardiner,
Mr. JPjWwbi fF&fc/eM,

/SrS. Magnus, &c.
C g jAlballows Breadftreet, &c„
( cfj jS. Bartholomew Great.
->& CChrift-Church, &c.
Vicar of S. Ben-Grace Church, Sec.
*» S. Lawrence Jewry, &c.
S K Alhallows Lombard-ftreet.
v. J Alhallows Barkin.
'c§ .Alhallows Staining.
\jg /S. Bennets Pauls-wharf.
„S- Stephen Walbroke, &c.
f S. -M7. Breadftreet, 8cc.
Alhallows the Great, Sec.
S. JUarv Wolnoth, &c.
S.Mary .Ma^i. 0/i Fiftftreet, &C
5 o i S. Botolph Alder fgato.
yZ \ S. Margaret Pottons, &c.
P< 1 S. George Botolph-lane, &c.
S. Michael <gueen-Hythe, Sec
S. Andrew Holbourn.
S. Michael Crooked Lane.
S. Martin Ludgate,
N a Mr,

i8o

i rs.

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
, Catharine Coleman.
. Alban Woodftreet, &c.
. Mary le Bow, &C.
• Anne & Agnes Alder fgate, &c,
. Antbolin, &c.
. Botolpb Biftwpjgate.
Dwiftan Eaft.
, Bennet Fink,
Mr. Sdmpfon Eftwick, Vicar of S. Helene.

Mr. Tho. Harper,
Mr. John Adams,
Mr. Sam. Bradford,
Mr. Ko. iHorer,
Mr. Rob. Lafmby,
Dr. .Soger Altham,
Mr. j^/. Strongfellow.
Mr. George Evans,'

*«1 S.s. 5.

P4

Mr. Wil. Savage,
Mr- ^/. J/jowaf,
Mr. Wil. Elftob,
Mr. Montague Wood,
Dr. ico^. Brabant,
Mr. Nie/;. Zinzano,
Mr. ra/?e>- /Te«V,
Mr. .Barojz,
Mr. ^o/'. Newton,
Mr. Turton,
Mr. i5e?2J. Hoadly,
Mr. Zati. refo,
Dr. Waugh,
Mr. Milboum,
Mr. JSaker, j
Librarian, Mr. Berdmore,

CS. Andrew Wardrobe, &&
S. yMVc/j. Woodftreet, &c.
S. Swithin, &c.
S. Michael Royal, &c.
S. Andrew Underftaft.
S. Martin Outwicb.
S. Mc/;. Coleabby, &c.
./Jfarji Somerfet, Sec.
S. Auftin, &c.
S. O/aue i%» tftreet.
S. Pe/er /e Poor.
S. Jawer Garlick Hitbe.
S. JFUer Combill.
S. Ethelburga.
|_S. Michael Cornhill
A. M. Clerk, Edward Green.

{>s^s.

College of I conclude with the College of Heralds, commonly called
Heralds. tne Heralds Office ; which ftands upon S. Beimet's Hill, near
Doctors Commons, and is fubordinate to the £ai7 Marjhal of
England. We call Heralds thofe that ate Meffengers of JFar and
Peace, that are skilful in Def cents, Pedigrees, and Coaa of
^rwi, and are imploy'd in marfhalling and ordering Corona
tions, folemn Marriages, Chriftenings, Funerals, Interviews,
Feafts of Kings and Princes, Cavalcades, &c.
They are all the Queen's Servants in ordinary, and there
are 3 Degrees of 'em in England. The firft called Kings of
Arms, the fecond Heralds, and the third Purfuivants.
There are 3 Kings of Arms, the firft called Garter, the fe
cond Clarencieux, and the third Norroy.
Garter, principal King of Arms, was inflituted by Henry
V. to attend the Knights of the Garter at their Solemnities,
to advertife thofe that are chofen of their new Election,
call on them to be inftalled at Windfor, and caufe their Arms
to be put up over their Seats in the Chappel. He alfo car
ries the Garter to forein Kings and Princes that are chofen
to be Knights of this Order, being joyned in CommifTion with

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN. iZf
with fome Peer of the Realm. He likewife marfhals.the fo-
lemn Funerals of the higher Nobility of England.
At the Time of his Creation, there is in the firft place a
Sword and Book provided, on which he takes a folemn Oath ;
next a Crown of Gold, a Collar of S's, and a Bowl of Wine ;
then a Velvet Coa* of Arms richly imbroidered, and a .Saa'ge
of Gold, enamelled in a Gold-chain. While he kneels down
before the Earl Marftal, and lays his Hand on the Book and
iSjpora", another King of Arms reads the Oath. Which being
taken, the Patent of his Office is read, and while 'tis reading
the Earl Marftal pours the Wine on his Head, gives him the
Name of Garter, puts on him the Coat of Arms, and Collar
of S's, and the Crown on his Head.
His Oath binds him to obey the Sovereign of the moft noble
Order of the Garter, and the noble Knights of the Order in
all Things belonging to his Office, to make an Inquiry of all
the noble Ails of the Order, and certify thereof the Regifter,
that he may record the fame ; and to give notice to the gueen,
and the Knights of the Order, of the Death of any of the
Society. He is alfo to have an exaft Knowledge of all the
Nobility, to inftruft Heralds and Furfuivants in all Doubts
concerning the Office of Arms, and be more ready to ex-
cufe than to blame any Nobleman, unlefs called by Autho
rity to witnefs againft him. Laftly, he is bound to fhun all
Perfons of ill Reputation.
Clarencieux and Norroy, the other two Kings of Arms, are
called Provincial Heralds, the Jurifdiftion of the one being on
the South-fide, and that of the other on the North-fide of
Trent. Both created by Letters Patents, a Book and a Sword,
&c. as Garter, and with almoft the fame Ceremonies.
Clarencieux is fo called from George Duke of Clarence,
Brother to King Edward IV, to whom he properly belonged.
Which Dukedom falling to the King by his Brother's Death,
he made this Herald a King of Arms, named him Claren
cieux in French, and Clarenciu's in Latin. His Province is to
marfhal the Funerals of all the lower Nobility, viz. Baronets,
Knights, Efquires, and Gentlemen, on the South-fide of
Trent. And Norroy is to do the like on all the North-fide
of that River. •
They are both impowred by Charter to vifit Noblemens
Families, and dillinguilh their Anns, to appoint others, what
Arms they think fit, and with Garter to direft the Heralds.
The Heralds are fix in Number, befides one extraordinary,
and are diftinguilh'd by the Names of Richmond, Lancafter,
Chefter, Windfor, Somerfet, and York. They were formerly
called Dukes at Arms, when their Office was to attend Dukes
in Martial Executions. Their Office is to wait at Court, at
tend publick Solemnities, and proclaim Peace and War, &c.
N ; The

The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.
The Turfuivants are four, called Blue-mantle, Rouge-crofs
Rouge-Dragon, and Port-cullice, probably from the Badges
they wore heretofore. But there are two befides, called Pur-
fuivants extraordinary.
Whatever concerns Honour is the chief Care and Study
of this College, being tanquam facrorum Cuftodes & Templi
Honoris ALditui. Affiftants they are to the Earl Marftalin
his Court of Chivalry, ufually held in the Common Hall of
the College of Heralds, where they fit in their rich Coats of
Her Majefties Arms.
They mull be all Gentlemen-bom, and the Six Heralds are
at their Creation, made Ef quires by the Queen.
They all have a Salary, out of the Queen's Exchequer
But Garter, King at Arms, has a double Salary, Fees at the*
Inflalments of Knights, and yearly Wages given him by all
the Knights of the Garter. He has alfo a Composition for
the uppermoft Garment of each Knight at his Instalment,
The College of Heralds.
Hereditary Earl-Marfhal of England, Tho. Duke of
Norfolk.
Hit Deputy -, Henry Earl of Bindon.
Kings of Arms.
SI R Henry S. George, Garter, Principal ~\
JiNlvt&^mkUX ^cfAim
• t  Lion j
HERALDS.
GRegory King Efq; Lancafter
Charles Mawfon Efq, Chefter
Peter Maredit Efq; Windfor 1 Herald
Samuel Stebbing Efq; Somerfet
Laurence Qromp Efq; York
John Ha™ Efg; Richmond

PUS-

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN 185
PVRSVIFANTS.
JObn Gibbon Gent. Blueniantle .
John Hesket Gent. Portcullis ( purfujvant.
John Bound Gent. Rouge-Croix f
Dudley Downs Gent. Rouge- Dragon J
Herald, and Purfuivants Extraordinary.
ROwland Frith Efq; Mowbray, Herald Extraordinary.
tfoJerf X>a/e Gent. Blancb-Lyon, ? purf Extraord,
Thomas Coote Efq; Rouge-rofe, J
Officers of the Earl Marfhal'f CWf.
QUeen's Advocate, William Oldys, Doftor of Laws.
Regifter, Mr. Farrant.
Secretary and Seal- Keeper, Mr. Negus.

Proftors.

5 Mr'.
' S Mr.
C Mr.

Mr. Exton. Mr. Shaw.
Hill. Mr. CooJL
Wifeman. Mr. Willymot.
Mr. /Fatfer.

Marfhal of the Court, Mr. Curry.
SCHOOLS.
FO R the Education of Youth, here are feveral famous Schools.
publick Schools, befides an infinite Number of private
ones. I call thofe publick ( or free) Schools, that Hand up
on a Foundation, and whofe Scholars are taught gratis, or
at afmall Charge.
Such is, r. the Royal School at Weftminfter, commonly cal
led Weftminfter-School, founded by Queen Elizabeth for 40
Scholars, taught and maintained here at the Charge of the
School, and brought up for the Univerfities. Out of which
a certain Number is yearly elefted 4 Weeks after Eafter,
fome for Clirift-Church College in Oxford, and others for Tri
nity-College in Cambridge, where they have good Allow
ances. [ Note, That there are two fuch Schools in the Country, viz.
Eaton School in Buckinghamfhire, oppofite to Windfor, be
ing a fair College, and famous School of Literature, with a
fine Chappel to it, founded and liberally indowed by King Hen-
N 4 ry

1 84 , The Prefent ST ATE of Part I.
tyVL. And Winchefter-School in Hampihire, founded ly
William of Wickham, for a Seminary to New-College in
Oxford.] z. St.PauTsScljool, which ftands near the, Eaft-end of St.
Paul's Cathedral, and is a very fair Building. This Schiol
was founded in 15 12. by Dr. Collet, Dean of St. Paul's, for
153 Children to be taught here gratis. To which end he
appointed a Mafter, an Vfoer, and a Chaplain, with large
Stipends for ever.
3. Merchant-Taylors School, near Cannon-Street, founded by
Sir Thomas Wlnte, Alderman and Merchant-Taylor of Lon
don, the noble Founder of St. John's College in Oxford. In
this School alone 300 Scholars aire taught, viz. 100 gratis,
100 for if. 6d. a Quarter each, and 100 more for 5:. a
Quarter. In order to which there is a School- Mafter, who
has a Targe Houfe here, and 3 Ujbers under him, with an
Apartment to each. One fide of this School flands upon
great Pillars of Stone, in a large Court paved with free
Stone. Here is alfo a fair Library. And to this School
belong 46 Felhwftips in St. John's College aforefaid, to which
Scholars are yearly elefted from hence, as Places become
vacant. 4. Another excellent School, it Mercers-Chappel in Cheapfide,
founded by the Company of Mercers.
To which add two other Schools, one in Chrift- Clmrch
Hofpital, the other in the Charter-boufe, of which more
hereafter. A School, with a publick Library, near the upper Gate ot
the Mews in the Liberties of Weftminfter, founded by Dr.
Tennifon, the prefent Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury.
And another at Ratcliff, founded by Nicholas Gibfon, Gro
cer of London ; who alfo built there an Alms-Houfe, for 14
poor aged People.
In and about London and Weftminfter, and within 10 Miles
of the fame, there are 64 Cbarity-Scbools ; of which all but
two have been lately fet up by charitable Perfons, within the
Compafs of r 2 Years, for the Education of poor Boys and
Girls Whofe Number, when they met laft Year at Grefbam-
College, and went orderly to St. Sepulchres Church to hear a
Sermon, amounted to 57? %', and°t5 Ghls/> befi?esfe^
ralof both Sexes, that had been put out Apprentices . Ot
which laft there were then reckoned 68$ Boys, and 280 Girls,
put out from the Beginnir/g of this charitable Underta
king-
HO S>

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 185
HO SP ITALS.
B Efides a great many Alms-Houfes, or fmall Hofpit als, Hofpitals.
founded by private Men, for the Relief of poor Peo
ple, here are Eight great Hofpitals, including Greenwich and
Cbelfey, a little Way out of Town.
I begin with Cbrift's Hofpital by Newgate-ftreet, formerly
a Convent of Gray Fryars. Which being diffolved by King
Henry VIII. was converted in 1553. by, his Son Edward VI,
into an Hofpital for poor Children, which fome call the Blfie-
Coat- Hofpital, from the Blue Coats worn by its Boys and
Girls. Whofe Number has formerly amounted to above
One Thoufand, the greateft Part maintained in the Houfe,
and others out at Nurfe, at the Charge of this Foundation.
Of which fix or feven fcore Boys were yearly put out to
Trades, and the Maidens to fomehoneft Services.
Here the Boys have a Grammar- School, from which the
apteft Scholars are lent- to the Univerfity ; and among thofe
that have been put to Trades, fome have been preferred to
the higheft Dignities in the City, and one of 'em has been
a Lord Mayor. Here is alfo a ftately Writing-School, built at
the Charge of Sir John Moor Alderman, which is faid to
have coll him upwards of 4000 I.
Befides a Mathematical School, Tounded by the late
King Charles, for 40 of the moft forward and proficient Boys
to be taught all Parts of the Matbematicks, but chiefly Navi
gation. Of whom 10 or 12 at a time are yearly fent to Sea
for the praftical Part, and fome of 'em have proved excel
lent Commanders.
St. Bartholomew' s-HoJpital, at a fmall Diftance from the
former, and facing Wefl-Smitbfield of one fide, comes next
under our Confide ration. This alfo formerly belonged to
the Gray-Fry ars, and is now a great Hofpital for lick, mai
med, or wounded Poor, who refort hither for Cure. Where
they are well accommodated, and provided with able Phyfici
ans and Surgeons, careful Nurfes to look after 'em, and all
other things fuitable to their Condition.
This Hofpital was founded firft by one Ray, in 1102. in
the Reign of Henry I, and after the Diffolution of the Mo-
nafleries, it was ref-founded by Henry VIII. in 1546. The
fame was lately beautify'd with a ftately Gate, on the fide of
Smitbfield. And in the Cloyfters there's a kind of Exchange,
with Shop/on both fides, for the Sale of fmall Ware.
There are 2 other Hofpitals at the Charge of this, one
at King/land, and the other called the Lock in Soutbwark-
And 'tis computed, thefe 3 Hofpitals hive entertained year ly

*86 The Prefent STATE if Pattl.
ly ?oo Patients for many Years laft paft, with all Things
neceffary for reftoring Sick and Wounded to their Health and
'Limbs. Inorderto which, and for the better Government of this Hof
pital, here is a Frefident,Treafurer, and feveral Governours, out
of which Committees are yearly elefted to girder theAnWs
of the Houfe. The Treafurer, and divers Governours, meet
twice a Week in the Hofpital, and order the Almoners to buy
what's fitting for the Patients.
For the Cure and Maintainance of poor Lunaticks, or di-
ftrafted Perfons, there is in Moor-Fields a ftately Hofpital
commonly called Bedlam ; which for Greatnefs, Beauty, and
Conveniencies, is not to be matched in Europe. 'Twas
built about ro Years after the Fire of London, and the
Building alone ("betides the Ground) coft 17000 1 to which ma
ny rich Citizens and others were Benefactors. It ftands in a
good Air, and has proper Accommodations. In the Compafs
of one Year 40, 50, and fometimes 60 Lunaticks havebeen
cured here.
St. Thomas's Hofpital in Southwark, on the South-fide of
the River, was few Years fince an old and ill-contriv'd
Building. But it has been pulled down, and moft part of
it rebuilt fo convenient, fo uniform, and ftately, that it de-
ferves ( as well as Bedlam ) the Curiofity.of Strangers. Sit
John Fleet, when Lord Mayor, laid the firft Stone, and has
largely contributed to it. And 'tis now carried on by other
generous and eminent Perfons, who defign to makeit a moft
compleat Building.
The Ufe of this Hofpital is for the Sick, Maimed, or
Wounded, as St. Bartholomew's ; and does not fall fhort of
it in the Number of thofe that are here yearly cured and
relieved. But the nobleft Foundation of any private Gentleman, arid
which redounds much to the Honour of England, is Sutton's
Hofpital, commonly called the Charter-boufe, as having been
a Convent of Cartbufian Fryars, in the Times of Popery. Of
which fort of Monafteries there were 8 in England, befides
this, viz. at Sheen in Surrey, Hindon in Wiltftire, Fair-Val
ley in Nottinghamftire, St. Anne near Coventry, Kingfton and
Mountgrace in Yorkftire, Eproorth in Lincolnfiire, and Wi
tham in Somerfet ftire.
When all the Monafteries in England were Diffolved by
King Henry VIII. this Charter-Houfe was given to Sir Tho
mas Audley, then Speaker of the Houfe of Commons. From
whom it devolved to Tho. Howard Duke of Norfolk, who
married Mary, the fole Daughter of Sir Thomas. In the
Reign of King James I. this Houfe was come by Defcent to
Tiomas Earl of Suffolk, and Mr. Sutton purchafed it from
r him,

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. ify
him Anno i(5ii. at the Rate of 13000 /. To fit it up for
this Ufe, it colt him about 7000 / more, in all 20000 /.
This done, he indowed it with 4000 /. per Annum, now im
proved to near 6000. The Houie is old, but large and con
venient, kept in good Repair, and having the Conveniency
of a GieeK, befides a noble Garden called the Wildernefs, for
the walking Exercife. Here is alfo a fine fquare Court, with
a large Hall at one fide of it, where the Penfioners eat to
gether at feveral Tables, befides a fair Chappel with Organs,
for publick Devotion. This Houfe ftands near Alderjgate-
Street, has a large Yard before it, graced with 3 Rows of new-
built Houfes, that make it a kind of a Square.
This noble Foundation was fettled by Mr. Sutton for 80
poor Gentlemen, commonly called Penfioners, there to be kept
and maintained with a liberal Allowance, and in a Chri
ftian Preparation for their latter end, by a regular Life, and
daily frequenting the Chappel. Alfo for 40 Boys, to be
taught Latin and Greek, with a Provifion for fome to be put
to Trades, and others qualify 'd for Learning to be fent to
Cambridge Univerfity, where they are allowed each 20 1, a
Year for 8 Years together. And whereas there are Nine
Church-Livings belonging to this Hofpital, fuch as are beft
qualify'd have an immediate Right to 'em.
By the Rules and Statutes of this Foundation, whoever
is admitted Penfioner ought to be a decay'd Gentleman, mi
litary Man, or Merchant, and not under 50 Years of Age.
Before Admittance, he muft take the Oaths of Allegiance
and Supremacy, and another Oath, that he has notpromifed
or given any Bribe, direftly or indireftly, to procure the
Warrant for his Admifiion. And by a Statute made fince
by the Governours, not by the Founder's Settlement, he
muft be Unmarried, and fo ought to be all the Officers and
Servants belonging to the Houfe. But I take their f.equent
Difpenfing with it as an Aft of Prudence, and a great piece
of Charity. For by makiag a Provifion for a difabled Gen
tleman, grown a Burden to his poor Family, not only him
felf, but a whole Family is Relieved in fome Meafure.
Thus it is plain, the Charity is more extenfive, than when
bellowed on a fingle Man. And I could with the Houfe had
nothing elfe but that to complain of.
I come now to the Governours of this famous Hofpital,
who are 16 in Number, and moft of 'em Perfons of the
greateft Quality. The Mafter of the Hofpital, who refides '
in the Houfe, is one of 'em. As Vacancies fall out, they
take their Turns in the Choice both of Penfioners and Scho
lars ; and the Election is to be fignify'd by a Warrant From
the Governour, direfted to the Mafter and Regifter of the
Cbarter-boufe. The gueen and Prince George, tho' they are
not

1 88 The Prefent S TAT Eof Part. I.
not Governours, have alfo a Right of Eleftion; and Her
Majefty alone chufes two Penfioners, and two Boys, when her
Turn comes. There are feveral Officers and Servants be.
longing to this Houfe, for which fee the Lift annext.
Mr. Sutton, the noble Founder of this Hofpital, was a
Lincolnftire Gentleman, of a good Family, and a Proteflant.
He was born in 1531, had a liberal and genteel Education;
and after his Travels abroad, returned home with great Ac-
complifhments, where his Capacity got him into feveral
publick lmployments, civil and military. Thus he laid a
Foundation for a good.Eftate, and being retired to London,
he was made a Free-man and Citizen thereof. Being a mo-
nied Man, and an induftrious and a fair Dealer, his Stock
increafed, and Wealth flowed upon him. He married the
Lady Popham, who brought him 20000 L~ but had no Iffue
by her.
He was very temperate and fober, his Garb clean and de^
cent, his /Addreffes manly and taking, his Difcourfe cleat
and full of Eloquence. All which good Qualifications, to
gether with a large Fortune, could not but confpire to make
him confiderable.
After a numerous Train of charitable and religious Ani
ons, he died at Hackney, December n, r6rr. being 79 Years
of Age. From whence his Corps was removed to Dr. Law's
Houfe (one of his Executors ) in Pater-Nofter Row, and
thence convey 'd in great Pomp' to Cbrift-Cburch ; 6000 Peo
ple attending his Funeral, which made the Proceffion laft j
or 6 Hours. There his Body lay 3 Years, tfll his Founda
tion at the Charter-boufe was finifhed, where it was decently
removed .thither, December rz, 161$. and buried on the
North-fide of the Chappel. Thus being btought to his
Place of Reft, a noble Monument was erefted, with an In
fcription in golden Letters upon a fair Marble-Stone.
On the lame Day his Commemoration has been kept yearly
ever fince, and a Sermon preached. After which the Au
ditors repair to the publick Hall, where the Founder's Be-
nificence is fet forth in a Latin Speech by a Youth of the
Foundation, as the greateft Example, and -a moll glorious
Monument of Proteflant Charity from a private Gentleman,
not to be paralelled by the Roman Church any where.
To conclude, I cannot but mention here with Honour
Mr. Edwdrd Crept, Miller of the Charter-boufe in the Time
of the Ufurpation, and a Handing Model of #Juftice and Ho
nour to his Succeffors ; who increafed the Revenue to 500 I.
and took fo provident a Care of his Family ( as he ufed to
call the Penfioners and Scholars) that they never wanted any
part of their Due. As he performed the Duties of his
Place to the Satisfaftion of all, and to the Adyantage aqd
Be.

Chap. IX. GRE AT BRITAIN.
Benefit of the Houfe, fo he took an effeftual Care to pre
vent all Abufes from the Officers. And when the Govern
ment went about to diffolve this Foundation, and feize upon
its Revenues, this worthy Gentleman laid the Storm by his
Intereft. For which he received the Thanks of the Lords
Governours, upon the Reiloration,
At Hoxton is another Hofpital, lately erefted, which looks
more like a Palace than an Hofpital. This was founded by
Alderman Ask, of the Company of Haberdafters, for the
Maintenance of 20 poor old Men of that Company, and 20
poor Boys to be there educated. For the Building and In-
dowing of which he left an Eftate, and by his laft Will
made the aforefaid Company his Truftees. Here each old
Man has an Apartment to himfelf, confifting of feveral
Rooms, fitter indeed for decay'd Courtiers than Tradefmen.
For publick Devotion here is a Chaplain, who is alfo Sebool-
1 Mafter to the Boys. And there is a Matron, to look after
the Sick.
- 1 come now to the Royal Hofpitals of Cbelfey and Green
wich, both at a fmall Diftance from London. The firft for
difabled Souldiers, the laft for difabled Seamen, and for the
Widows and Children of fuch as fhall happen to be flain at
Sea, or drowned in the Service of the Sovereign. The firft
ftands by Cbelfey, a Mile out of Town Weftward in a good
Air, and the other 3 fhort Miles from London-Bridge Eaft-
ward, both upon the Thames.
The firft, commonly called by the Name' of Cbelfey-Col-
lege, was founded by King Charles II, carried on by
his Brother James II, and perfefted by William III. 'Tis a
neat and ftately Edifice, which lies open on the River's fide,
with a convenient Landing-Place. The Front-fide, oppofite
to it, contains a very fine Ball of one fide, and Chappel on
the other, with a noble Pavilion between 'em. Here is alfo
a fine Stone-Walk or Gallery, facing the River, and fupported
with Stone-Pillars. The two other Sides, being 4 Stories
high, have two Galleries or Wards in each Story, and each
Gallery 26 neat Bed-rooms for fo many Souldiers. Each Cor
ner of this main Building is fet out with a fair Pavilion, one
containing the Governour's Lodging, and the Council-Cham
ber ; and the other, 3 fair- Lodgings for feveral Officers of
the Houfe, both civil and military. In the Middle of the
Square ftands a brazen Statue of the Founder King Charles II.
upon a Marble Pedeftal.
Befides this main Building, there are four large and uni
form Wings, or Out-buildings. One called the Infirmary for
the Sick, another for the Ufe of maimed Officers, the third
for feveral Officers of the Houfe, and the fourth for the
Servants. The

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590 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
The prefent Number of Penfioners, pr. private Souldiers,
maintained by this Hofpital, is 336. who all wear red Coats
lined with blue, and are provided with all other Cloaths,
both Linnen and Woollen ; befides their Lodging, Diet
Wafhing, and Firing, and one Day's Pay weekly for fpen-
ding Mony .
As to the Officers, their Many- Allowance is thus.

To an Adjutant
To a Captain of Foot, a Lieut, and Enfign
To a Sergeant
To a Corporal, and a Drummer
To a Captain and a Lieut, of the Light. Hor ft
To a Gentleman of the Light-Horfe
At 12 a Clock they go to Dinner in the Hall, at 6 to Sup
per, and at 9 they retire into their Lodgings. They go to
Chappel twice a Day, viz. Morning and Evening.
When they are at Table, 4 Men go to a Mefs, and each
Mefs has on Flefh-Days for Dinner, 2 Loaves one Way of
Bread, 1 5 Ounces each, 4 ' Pounds of Beef or Mutton, and
4 Wincbe{\er-Qnirts of Gile-Beer. At Supper 2 loacej of
Bread, 1 Pound of Gfoee/fe^Cheefe, and 4 Quarts of Beer>
Mutton they have on Sundays and Tuefdays, Beef on Mun
days, Tuefdays, and Saturdays. On Wenfdays and Fridays
each Mefs has a Difh of Peafe-Pottage, a Quarter of a Pound
of Butter, one Pound of Cheefe, Bread and .Seer as other
Days, and at Supper the fame as at other Days. On all ex
traordinary Fellivals, they have hot Meat both at Dinner
and Supper, and Ale inftead of 'Gile-Beer. Every Sunday
and Thurfday all the Tables have clean Linnen. The Pro
vifion for Men and Women-Servants is the fame with the Ten-
fioners. To defray the Charges of this Hofpital, there is a confi
derable Sum paid yearly out of the Poundage of the
Army, befides one Days Pay of each Officer and com-
mon-Souldier once a Year, which amounts now to above
3000/. .
To order all Things relating to the Maintenance and well
Government of this College, there are five Commiffioners,
and feveral proper Officers, for which I refer you to the
Lift. If Cbelfey- Hofpital may be called ftately, that of Green
wich deferves the Title of Magnificent. This Hofpital was
founded by the late King William of glorious Memory, for
the Incouragement of Seamen, by making Provifion for them, when

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 191
when by Age, Wounds, or other Accidents, they-fhall be
difabled from farther Service at Sea, and not in a Condition
to maintain themfelves comfortably. Alfo, for theJVtdows,
or Children of fuch difabled Seamen, and others that fhall
happen to be ftain or drowned in the King's Service.
In order to which His Majefty granted a Parcel of Ground
in this Place, containing near upon 9 Acres, with the Royal
Palace erefted thereon by King Charles II. which alone coft
that King 36000 /. And, tho King William was then inga-
ged in an expCnfive War with France, yet His Majefty was
pleafed to grant 2000 I. a Year, payable out of the Exche
quer, towards the edifying, perfefting, and indowing this
Hofpital, relying for the reit upon the voluntary Affiftance
and Contribution of his well-difpofed Subjefts. For the re
ceiving of which, as well as for the conflituting and eftabli-
fhing the Foundation of this Hofpital, and the framing of
Rules and Statutes for the Government thereof, His Majefty
did alfo appoint CommiJJioner's. Which Commifjion being rein
forced by our gracious Queen, 'tis hoped, this ufeful and
glorious Hofpital will be Ihortly finifhed by Her aufpicious
Influence. The prefent Number of Penfioners in this Hofpital is about
300. Each Hundred is allowed fix Nurfes, being Seamens
Widows, at 60 /. per Annum, and 2 s. per Week more to
them that attend in the Infirmary.
Their Commons is the fame as in Cbelfey- Hofpital ; and
their fpending Money 1 s. per Week, paid them every Mun
day Morning by the Steward.
The common Warrant -Officers entertained amongft them,
wear a Gold Edging round their Hats, have the beft Cab-
bins in the Wards, and fit at the upper End of the Tables.
Their Weekly Allowance for fpending Mony is 1 s.6d.
As to the Men and Women-Set vants, their Provifion is the
fame with the Penfioners.
To carry, on, and finifh the Building of this Hofpital,
and to regulate all Matters relating to it, the Queen, by Let
ters Patents dated at Weftminfter, April 8, 1704. has appointed
H. R. H. Prince George, and feveral others to be Commiffi-
oners, or principal Governours ; feven of whom may
make a Court, whereof the Quorum to be the Lord High Ad
miral, Lord High Treafurer, or two of the Privy Council.
The Court to be held Quarterly, or oftner, if the Lord High
Admiral thinks fit. Twenty five of the faid Commiflioners
are appointed Directors, of whom any five, or more, are
to meet once a Fortnight at leaft, attended by the Secretary. The

1 92 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
The LIST,
I. Of the Officers of Chriit-Hofpital.
PRefident, Sir -Francis Child, Alderman.
Treafurer, Mr, Francis Brerewood.
Regifter, Mr. Reeve. With two Clerks.
Steward, Mr. Jeffon. School- Mafter s.
An Upper Grammar-Mafter, and Catechift, Mr. Samuel
Mountfort. An under-Grammar Mafter, Mr. Sam. Cobb.
Mafter of the Royal Mathematical Foundation, Mr. Samu
el Newton.
Mafter. of the New Mathematical School, Mr. Humphrey
Ditton. Mafter of the Writing School, Mr. Richard Gutter.
Mafter of the Drawing School, Mr. Bernard Lens.
Mailer of the Mufick School, Mr. John Barret.
Befides 2 Mafters, that inftruft the Children nurfed at
Hartford and Ware. And a School-Miftris of the Girls, Mrs.
Sarah Parrey.
Here is alfo a Matron, Ten Nurfes, with feveral Helpers,
and one for the Infirmary. A Cook, a : Porter, and four Beadles.
For Phyfick and Surgery, Dr. Sloane is the Phyfician, and
Mr. Green the Surgeon.
II. OfS. Bartholomew'* Htf/p*W.
PRefident, Sir John Fleet, Alderman.
Treafurer, Mr. Peter Joye.
Regifter, Mr. Benjamin Edwards.
Steward, Mr. Ben). Took,
Renter, Mr. Coulon.
Phyficians, Dr. Edw. Brown, Dr. Rob. Pitt.
Apothecary, Mr. John Blakftone, who keeps a Shop in the
Hofpital. Mafter-Surgeons, Charles Bernard Efq; Mr. Salter, Mr.
Boone. Affi-

Chap. IX. GREAT B RITA IN. 193
Affiftant-Sufgeons, Mr. Greenf Mr. Gay, Mr. Haywood.
Guide and Surgeon to King/land Hofpital, Mr. Nicholas
Field. Guide and Surgeon,to the Lock Hofpital, Mr. Samuel Pal
mer. Here is alfo a Matron, and \6 Nurfes, with feveral Hel
pers, Overfeers of the Goods and Utenfils of the Hofpital; and
Almoners, to buy Provifions and Necelfaries for the Patients.
To vifit the Sick, read Prayers, and adminifter the Sacra
ment, Mr. Philip Caftle, Vicar both of the Parifh and
Hofpital. III. Of the Charter-Houfe, or Sutton's Hofpital.
GOFERNOVRS.
ARchbifhop of Canterbury. Earl of Rochefter.
Lord Chancellour. Biihop of London.
Lord Prefident. Biihop of Ely. •
Duke of Ormond. Lord Sommers.
Duke of Leeds. Lord Chief Tuftice Holt.
Duke of Shrewsbury. Lord Chief Baron Ward.
Duke of Buckingham. Sir Nathan Wright.
Earl of Clarendon. Dr.J«r»er,Mafter of the Houfe.
Officers of the Houfe.
Regifter, Wil. Hempfon Efq; Schoolmafter, Mr. Walker.
Treafurer, Rob. Pain, Efq; Ufher, Mr. Tooke.
Phyfician, Dr. Goodall. Belonging to the Chappel.
Preacher, Dr. King. Reader, Mr. Walftead. Organift,
Mr. Love. IV. Of Chelfsy-Hofpital. Yearly Salary.
/. s. d.
GOvernour, Col. John Hales. 500 00 o»
Lieut. Governour, David Crawford, Efq; 2©o 00 00
Major Rich. Betfworth Efq; 150 00 00
Treafurer, John How Efq; 36$ 00 so
Deputy Treafurer, Mr. Tho. Tryer. loo 00 00
O Secre-

i$4 The' Prefent STATE of Part!
* Yearly Salary.
l.y s. d.
Secretary and Regifter, Mr. James Frazer. ioo oo oo
Steward, Mr. Henry Powel. 50 oo oo
Comptroller, Mr. Robert Englifh. 50.00 00
Clerk of the Works, Mr. Charles Half on. 20 00 00
Deputy Clerk, Mr< Warren, no Salary. 00 00 00
Wardrobe-keeper and Comptroller of the Coal- ?
yard, Mr. Jofeph Heeler. £ 4° 00 00
Yeoman of the Coal-yard, Mr. George Holder. ' 20 00 00
Gardener, for keeping of the Gardens, Mr. »
Henry Story. f z6° 00 00
Ufher of the Hall, Mr. William Lovelace. 20 00 00
Canal-keeper, apdT urn-cock, Mr. Ralph Stephens. 20 op 00
Barber, Mr. Chriftopher Cappell. fa' 00 00
Porter, Mr. James Button. , 12 00 00
Houfekeeper, Mrs. Utrefia Aflliy1; . 230 00 00
Two Sweepers, ro/veach. 2q p0 00
Twenty four Nurfe^ at 8 /. each. rp2 Oo op
Be longing to the Kitchin.
Mafter- Cook, Mr. William Grby. 40 00 oa
Second, Cook, William Lewis'. 300000
Three Uiider-Coofc at ioi. 'each. '30 00 06
Scullery-Man, and two Servants. 40 00 00
To the Buttery.
Mafter Butler, Mr. Tho. Bromi. 25 oo- 00
Second Butler-, John Andrews. 20 00 00
Two Under-Butlers, at s /. each. 10 00 -09
To the Chappel. i _
Two Chaplains, Dr. Eman. Langford, and 7 iqq qo q0
Mr. Francis Hare, at 1,00 /. each,. i
Clerk of the Chappel, and Sexton, Hr:Sopp.- ¦ 16 os 00
Orgariift, Mr. Dumas. 200000
For Phyfick) and. Surgery.
A Phyfician, Sir Theodore Colladon. • 100 00 00
An Apothecary, Mr. Ifaac Garnier. 5© 00 00
A Surgeon, Mr. John Noades. 73 00. 00
Surgeon's Mate, Mr. Tho. Church. 20 00 00

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 195
The Five Commiflionsirs are,
Join How Efq; John Hales Efq;
Sir Chriftopher Wren, • and
Charles Fox Efq; David Crawford Efq;
V. Of Greenwich-Hofpital.
Befides the Commiffioners and Directors of this Hofpital,
the principal Officers are ,
THE Treafuret, William Draper Efq; his Salary 200'J.
^er Annum. Who is allowed a Clerk, at 50 /. per Ann.
Secretary to the Commiffioners, Mr. William Vanbrugh,
his Salary 100 /. per Ann. He is allowed a Clerk, at 40 /.
per Annum. Officers of the Houfe. >
A Lieutenant-Governour, Capt. Rob. Robinfon, who has
only his fuperahnuated Pay at the Navy-board. He is allow
ed a'Clerk at 12 I. per Annum, with Lodging and Diet at the
Servants Table. A Nurfe, the WidoV of a Seaman, at 60 /.
per Annum, with Lodging, Dtet, and Cloathing. And a
^fan-Servant, a Seaman alfo, at 60 I. per Annum, with Diet
and Cloathing.
The Lieut. Governour's Table confifts of n Perfons, viz.
Himfelf, a Captain, 3 Lieutenants, 2 Chaplains, a Steward,
Surgeon, Clerk of the Works, and Matron, each of 'em being
allowed 1 s. per Diem, with the Houfe-Allowance of Bread
and Beer.
A Captain of the Hofpital, Benj. Hoskins, who has only
his fuperannuated Pay.
Three Lieutenants, Pierce Welch, John Conftable, and Edw.
Smith, each at 100 1, per Annum, paid by the Hofpital.
A Steward, Mr.Jofepb Gafceigne, at 80 /. per Annum. He is
allowed a Labourer, at 10 s.per Week.
A Matron, Mrs, Jane Holding, whofe yearly Salary is 30 \.

Oi In

")* The Prefent ST ATE of Part I.
In the Kitchin, and Buttery.
A Cook, Mr. Tho. Bird, at zo /..>.
per Annum. J
Cook's Mate, at ro l.per An. /
HhSte^ at/ 7 Lr Jn- >With the Houre-AI-
iris Mate, at ~io /. per An. Pi j tv
Butler, Mr. Johl ctefe, at „A 1°™«* *»<* Diet.

per A.
His Mate, at io I per An.

Belonging to the Chappeh
lhaplain Rob. B.
no Salary

Two Chaplains, Mr. Philip Stubs, Ordinary of Woolwich ;
and Mr. Rob. Barry, Ordinary of Deptford. Thefe have

Ear Phyfick, and Surgery.
Dr. Salisbury Cade, no Salary.
Mr. James Criftic, Surgeon, whofe fuperannuated Pay of
3 r /. hi. is made up by the Hofpital ioo I. per Annum. He
is allowed befides for a Servant 30 l.per An.
Officers of the Works.
Surveyor, Sir Chriftopher Wren, no Salary.
Clerk of the Works, Mr. Nicb. Hawkfmore, at 5 s. per
Diem. Befides 50 /. a Year, for Affifting the Surveyor In
Drawing and Defigning. And j s. a Day allowed to his Af-
fiflant.
WORK and CORRECT 10 N-HOVSES.
iju lr T f Ere are bat two Work-houfes of any Note, one called
wonc- j_-j bridewell, which ftands near S. Brides Church, on the
nouies. back.lide of Fieetpe(t. A ftately Houfe, built by King Her
ry VIII. for the Reception of Charles V. Emperour and King
of Spain, «and afterwards converted to this Ufe by K. Edward
VI. Here are at this Time 140 Poor Boys provided for, and
brought up to Mechanick Trades, under 22 Mailers : Who
have each of 'em a convenient Houfe gratis for themfelves
and the Boys, befides the Benefit of the Boys Work. For each
of 'em is bound to his' refpeftive Mafter, for the Term of 1.

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN r$j
7 Years ; whichibeing expired, he is made a Freeman of the
- City. The Houfe finds the Boys Cloaths and Bedding, and
the Mailers find them Viftuals.
This Houfe is alfo a Houfe of CorreSion for fawcy and unruly
Servants, for Pick-pockets, Night-walkers, Strumpets, and the
like, who can give no good Account of themfelves. They
are fent thither j;o work, where they receive daily fuch >
Number of Stripes as the Prefident thinks fit. Thefe have
only Bread and Water allowed them, unlets by their Indu-
ftry and good Behaviour they will procure themfelves a bet
ter Fare.
Laftly, this Houfe is governed in chief by a Prefident,
who from time to time keeps a Court, for the puniffiment of
Offenders, according to their Offence. And in his Abfence,
the Treafurer keeps the Court.
The other Work-houfe is in Bifiopfgate-ftreet, erefted not
long fince by the City, for imploying the Poor, Old and
Young, and all grown Vagrants, fturdy Beggars, and other
£dle, deftitute, and diforderly Perfons. By which means the
City has been cleared in a great meafure of thofe ragged and
miferable Children commonly called Black-Gard, and other
Vagrants of this kind. Who being trained up, and inured
betimes to Labour, habituate themfelves to Thriftinefs and
Indullry, and fo become ufeful to their Country. Whereas
¦being brought up to nothing but Idlenefs, they become the
Bane of Mankind, apt to Ileal, and run into all manner.
of Enormities, according to the Saying, Homines nihil agendo
male agere difcunt.
Here the Boys and Girls. are provided with Lodging,
Cloaths, and Diet. They are alfo taught to fow, fpin, and
knit Stockings, to read and write, and the Catechifm, or
Principles of Religion. The grown Vagrants are imploy'd in
beating Hemp, ral'ping of Log-wood, and fuch fort of hard
Labour, having no Provifion allowed them but what they
earn by it. Therefore many of 'em, to get put of the Work-
houfe, have voluntarily entered themfelves fin the Queen's
Service by Sea and Land, and others got themfelves tranf-
portedtothe Weftern Plantations. About 3 Years fince this
Work-houfe kept 260 Boys, and 154 Girls, in all 414 Chil
dren; befides 44 Beggars, and Vagabonds.

O3 PRL

1 98 The Prefent STATE'*/ Part I.
PRISONS, and SESSIO N S-HOVS E.
Prifons. a g for prifons, we have too many for Debtors, and'too
XK few for Malefaftors, moft of 'em nafty and loathfom e-
nough to caufe a Contagion.
Newgate, the County-Jail, is both for Debtors and Malefa
ftors. Befides which there are the two Counters for Debtors,
and Ludgate particularly for fuch as are Freemen of London.
Alfo New Prifon in Clarkenwell, the Gate-boufe at Weftminfter,
and the Marftalfea in Southwark.
There are moreover two great Prifons for Debt, one called
the gueeris Bejicb in Southwark, from the Court of Queen's
Bench, to which it properly belongs. And the other the
Fleet, near Fleet-bridge, belonging to the Court of Chancery,
Common-Pleas, and Exchequer. Into either of which any
Prifoner for Debt in England may remove himfelf by a Writ
of Habeas Corpis, except in Cafe of a former Efcape from
thence. Thefe two Prifons, and that of Ludgate for Free
men, are the leaft noifom.
To avoid this miferable Confinement of Debtors, without
any Provifion for fuch as are deltitute, there were formerly
many Places, pretending to be privileged from Arrefts, par
ticularly the Savoy in the Strand, White-Friars, Ram-AUey,
and Miter -Court by Fleet-ftreet, and the Mint in Southwark;
¦where all Debtors whatfoever, efpecially fraudulent Debtors,
were protefted by Force againft Law. Which Abufe grew
fo intolerable,, that to put a flop to it, an Aft of Parliament
was made in the late Reign .againft all thofe Places, which
put an end to their pretended Privileges. Only the Mint
has ftood it out hitherto, fuffering no Officer to come there
Impune. However, the Colleges, Inns of Court, and Hofpitals, not
being named in the Aft, do not eafily fuffer the Difturbance
of Arrefts. Nor ought any Perfon to be Arretted within the
Verge of Her Majefly's Court, without Leave from the
GreenCloth.
Sefjions- The Sefjions-Houfe is the Place appointed for the Trial of
houfe. MalefaBor's. It ftands in the Old Baily, between Ludgate and
Newgate, frqm which laft the Prifoners are brought openly
in Fetters upon their Trial to this Place. Where the Lord
Mayor fits as chief Magiftrate of the City, and the Trials
are managed by three of the Twelve Judges, taking their
Turns each Seffion, and directing the Jury in point of Law.
The Jury prefent give their VerdiB according to the Evi
dence, and by their Verdict the Prifonei- is either acquitted', pr

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 199
or condemned. The Trials being over, the Recorder of the
City pronounces the Sentence to every condemned Prifoner,
as the Law direfts. Thus fome are fentenced to Death, fome
to be burnt in the Cheek, and'othersto be Whip t, Fillory'd,
or Tranfported. And fo great is their Number, that, tho the
Trials come on 8 times a Year, yet there is fcarce a Seffion
but 30 or 40 of them are tried, and fometimes as many
more. The Sefftons- Houfe has Galleries, for Lawyers and others to
hear the Trials ; and before it a large and open Court, for the
common People to fee at a Diftance.

Of the Government of London, and Weftminfter.
And I. of London.
HEre I muft part thefe two contiguous Cities, becaufe of
their diftinft Government ; the Lord Mayor of London
having nothing to do with Weftminfter, nor the High Steward
of Weftminfter with London. Except a Street called S. Martins
le Grand, near Cheapfide, which .is under the Jurifdiftion of
Weftminfter- I begin with the Civil Government, of which the Lord Tlie Civil
Mayor is Chief. A mighty Magiftrate, yearly chofen by the Govem-
Citizens out of their own Body, upon Michaelmas Day, Sept. ment of
29, and entering upon his Office with great Solemnity upon London,
the zotb of OBober following. by the
The City-Government is every way anfwerable to the Natio- Lord
nal. For as England is governed by King, Lords, and Com- Mayor,
mons, fo is the City by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Com- &c.
mon Council.
So great is the, Lord Mayor of London's Magiftracy, that Grandure
of all the Mayors in England, none but he, and of latter of the
Times the Mayor of York, bear the Title of Lord. < Lord
His Authority reaches, not only over the City, and Part of Mayor.
the Suburbs (except fome particular Places) but 'alfo on the
Thames as far as the Mouth of it, and Weflward as far as
Stanes-Bridge. He is the chief Judge of London, and has a
Power to Summon, and to Imprifon.
His Houfe is a Court, and his Tgble in open Table to all
Comers of Quality. He has under him both great and fmall
Officers, and among the firft a Swotd-bearer, who has rooo I.
allowed him yearly for his Table. For his Diverfion, he
has a Kennel of Hounds always maintained, and the Privilege
to hunt, not only in M'ddlefex, but alfo in Surrey and Suf-
P'4 fix*

200 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
fex. On the King's Coronation-Day, he claims to be the
chief Butler. And 'tis obfervable, that when King James
I. was invited to take Pofl'eflion of the Crown of England,
Robert Lee, then Mayor of London, fubfcribed in the firft
place, before all the Nobility.
When he appears abroad on Horfeback, 'tis with rich Ca-
parifon, and always in long Robes, fometimes Purple, and
fometimes Scarlet, with a great Chain of Gold, and a rich
Jewel to it, hanging from his Neck downward. He is alfo
attended by feveral Officers, walking before, and on both
Sides of him. *
But the Greatnefs of this Magiftrate, upon his Inftallati-
on Day, is beyond any Thing of this Nature elfewheie.
'Tis a noble Object for the Curiofity of Strangers, and
would be much more admired by the Englifh, if it hapned
but once in 7 Years. Whereas the Frequency of it makes it
the lefs regarded.
His Ele- Before I give an Account of this, 'tis not improper to
ction. [peak 0f his EleBion, which is made at Guildhall, on the Day
aforefaid, in the Court of Huflings.
Firft, the Livery-men, being chofen Members of the feveral
Companies of Tradefmen within the City, do ufually put up
4 Candidates, Aldermen of the City ; out of which Number
they chufe two by the Plurality of Voices. Then the Alder
men elect whom they think fit out of thefe two, but moft
times (tho free in their Choice) they have a regard for the
fenior Alderman that has not been Lord Mayor.
The Eleftion being fixV^the Lord Mayor Eleft is pro
claimed, and fworn to maintain the City-Privileges. And
upon the 29;/; of OBober following, which is his Inftallation
Day, he enters upon his Office, with great Solemnity. Tis
obfervable, that the Lord Mayor Eleft mull be free of one of
the 12 Companies of Tradefmen ; and if he be of any other
Company, he prefently removes to one of thefe.
TbeSolem- The Day he enters upon his Office is remarkable for the
-nityof Solemnity of it. Firft, he goes by Water from Black -Friars
the Day Stairs to Weftminfter in his Barge ot State, accompanied by
when be the Aldermen, in aU their Formalities. The 12 chief Corn-
enters up-P/mies, and fome others, attend him alfo in their Furred
on his 0% Gowns, in their feveral Barges, fet out with their Arms,
fice. Colours, and Streamers on both fides. In his. Way he is
faluted, both from the Shore and the Water, with the Noife
of great Guns. The landing Place is Weftminfter-Bridge,
where the faid Companies land firft, and march in order to
the Hall. After them comes the Lord Mayor, and the Alder
men, with the Sword and Mace before them, the Sword-
Bearer with his Cap of Maintenance on his Head. At their
Entrance into the Hall, a Set of Hoboys, marching in order be-

ChapTlX. GREAT BRITAIN. 201
before them, make an harmonious Mufick, and play all the
Way. They walk round the Hall, paying their Refpefts to
each Court of Judicature then fitting ; and to proceed to the
Court of Exchequer, where the Lord Mayor is fworn by the
Barons. This done, they walk again in Procefiion round the
Hall, to invite the Judges of each Court to Dinner at Guild
hall. Then the whole Procefiion returns in the fame man
ner by Water to Black-friars. From whence the Livery-men
march firft to Guildhall in good Order. Next, the Artillery-
Men in their beft Appearance, with Buff- coats and Silver
Head-pieces. And after them the Lord Mayor and Aldermen,
all mounted upon Horfes richly caparifoned. There are alfo
commonly divers Pageants in motion, one of 'em reprefenting
the Trade of the Lord Mayor, to divert the Spectators. The
Proceflion ending at Guildhall, and the Cavalcade being o-
ver, a fplendid Dinner concludes the Solemnity. To which
not only the Judges, as before faid, are invited, but alfo
many Perfons of the greateft Quality, Privy Counfellors,
forein Embaffadors, and even the King himfelf. vSuch is
the Magnificence of .the Lord Mayor of London, tho but a
Citizen and Merchant, that he appears more like a Prince,
than a Subjeft.
For the better Government of the City, it is divided in- Aldermen
to 26 Wards, and there is an Alderman affigned to every 0f Lon.
Ward. Thefe 26 Aldermen are next to the Lord Mayor in don#
Power and Dignity, and each has under him a certain Num
ber of Common- Council Men, one of them his Deputy, befides
Under-Officers. By the City-Charter, the Aldermen that have 1
been Lord Mayors, and the 3 eldeft next to 'em, are Juftices
of Peace of the City. Upon an Alderman's Deceafe, the Lord
Mayor iffues out his Precept to the Ward of which he was
Alderman, to chufe two fubftantial Men of the City, and re
turn their Names to the Court of Aldermen. Which being
done, tlie Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen eleft one of the
two, fuch as they think fitteft for that. Station.
There is alfo a Recorder, who is an Affiftant to the Lord Recorder.
Mayor, as to the Laws and Cuftoms of the City, in which
he ought to be well verfed. His Place in Councils, and in
(jourt, is before any Alderman that has not yet been Mayor.
'Tis the Recorder that delivers the Sentences of the Court.
The two Sheriffs of London and Middlefex are alfo confide- Sheriffs.
rable Magiftrates, ~ efpecially in their Power to impannel
Juries. They are yearly chofen at Guildhall on Midfummer-
Day, by the Livery-Men ; but not fworn till Michaelmas-Eve,
when they enter upon their Office. And, if either of them
refufe to hold, he is liable to a Penalty of 420 I. unlefs he
takes his Oath, that he is not worth 10000 /. Each She
riff fas under him an Vnder-Sberiff, fix Clerks, a certain Num ber

202 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
ber of Sergeants, and every Sergeant a Yeoman. The Under.
Sheriffs have alfo Clerks under them. ,_
Chamber- Laftly, there is a Chamberlain, an Officer of great Truft,
Jaiq. being intrufted with the City-Cafh, and the Orphans Money.
Therefore, when he takes his Office upon him, he muft
give good Security to the Court of Aldermen, and is accounta-
, ble to Auditors appointed to examine his Accounts. Part of
his Office does alfo relate to Apprentices, over whom he
has a great Authority. None can be bound without his
Licence, nor" can any Man fet up Shop, or follow his Trade,
without being fworn before him. If an Apprentice proves
difordeily, or has committed any great Offence, Mr. Cham
berlain, upon Complaint made thereof, and the Faft proved,
may fend him to Bridewell, or punifh him otherwife, accor
ding to the Nature of the Offence. And if a Mafter mifufe
his Apprentice, he may relieve him, or leave him to take his
Remedy againft his Mafter in the Lord Mayor's Court. Mr.
Chamberlain may alfo make an Apprentice free, if his Mafter
refufe to do it, when his Indenture is expired. But if a
Mafter combines with his Apprentice .to make him free, be
fore he has ferved him the fulLTerm of 7 Years, upon Proof
thereof, they may be both fined at the Pleafure of Mafter
Recorder, and Mr. Chamberlain will in fuch Cafe order the
Mailer's Shop to be fhut up. To turn over an Apprentice to
another Mafter of the fame Trade, it muft be done firft be
fore the Company where he was bound, and then before the
Chamberlain. Thus the fiift Mafter is difcharged, and the
fecond obliged to keep the Apprentice ; who on his part is
bound to ferve him, till his Time be up.
The Places in the Gift of the Lord Mayor, and Aldermen,,
are.
The Recorder. Three Sergeants of the Cham*
Sword-Bearer. ber.
Four City-Counfel. Sergeant of the Channel.
A City-Remembrancer. Yeomen of the Chamber.
The Common Hunt. Four Yeomen of the Water-
Water-Bayliff. fide.
, A City-Sollicitor. Yeomen of the Channel.
Comptroller of the Chamber. Under Water-Bayliff.
Four Attorneys of the Lord Clerk of the Cities Works.
Mayor's Court. Two Clerks of the Papers.
Two Secondaries. Eight Attornies in the She.
Clerk of the Chamber. riffs Courts.
Hail- Keeper. Eight Clerk-Sitters.
Three Sergeant Carvers. Two Protonotaries. Clerk

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 205
Clerk of the Bridge-houfe. A Meafurer.
Clerk of the Court of Re- Meal-weighers.
quefts. Keeper of Newgate?
Beadle of the Court of Re- Keeper of Ludgate.
quefts. Keepers of the Counters.
Thirty fix Sergearfts at Mace. Keeper of the Green-Yard.
Thirty fit Yeomen. Steward of Southwark.
AGauger. Bayliff of the Hundred of
Sealers and Searchers of Lea- Offulfton.
ther. t •
Other Places in the Gift of the Lord Mayor, Alderlhen,
and Sheriffs.
The City-Carpenter, and other Ten Corn-meters.
Artificers. Four Salt-meters.
Fifteen Coal-meters. Two Fruit-meters.
In Mr. Chamberlain.'.; Gift,
The Rent-Gatherer.
As to the City-Courts, moft of 'em held in Guildhall, Courts of
I fhall begin with the Common-Council, which is the City- London.
Parliament, confifting of two Orders, viz. the Lord Mayor Common-
and Aldermen reprefenting the Houfe of Lords, and the Council.
Common-Council Men, which reprefent the Houfe bf Com
mons. Thefe laft are in all 231, belonging ro their refpe
ftive Wards, of which fome have more, fome lefs. In this
Court all By-Laws are made, which bind all the Citizens, eve
ry one, either by himfelf or his Reprefentative, giving his
Affent thereunto. A Stranger may be made Free of London
by this Court, and not otherwise. For the Difpatch of City-
Affairs, this Court appoints Committees, who make their Re
port, as Occafion requires. Particularly a Committee of 6
Aldermen, and 12 Commoners, for letting and demifing the
Cities Lands and Tenements, who ufually meet for that pur
pofe every Wenfday in the Afternoon at Guildhall. Another "<
Committee, of 4 Aldermen and 8 Commoners, to let and.
difpofe of the Lands and Tenements given by Sir Thomas
Greftam. Thefe do ufually meet at Mercer's Hall, at fuch
Times as the Lord Mayor appoints,! who is commonly cho
fen one of this Committee. By this Court the Commif
fioners for the Sewers and Pavements, a Governour, Deputy-
Governour, and AJJiflants, for the Management of the Cities
Lands in Ulfter in Ireland, the Garbler, Coroner, Bayliff of
• Sovifc-

204 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Southwark, Common-Sergeant, Town-Clerk, and Common-Crier1,-
are Annually elefted.
Court of I proceed now to the Court of the Lord Mayor, a Court
Lord of Record, -held in the Chamber of Guildhall. Here all
Mayor. Aftions may be entered, and tried by a Jury, as in other
Courts, for Debt, Trefpafs, &c. arifing "within the Liber
ties of London, and to any Value. The Recorder is the
proper Judge of this Court, to which belong 4 Attorneys,
and 6 Sergeants at Mace ; one of thefe conftantly attending
at the Lord Mayor's Houfe, and the Reft at the Attorney's'
Offices. Tuefday is the Day for Tryals. The Charge of en.
tering an Aftion is but 4 a1. befides the Queen's Duty. It
may be brought to a Tryal for 30 s. Charge, and in 14 Days
time. An Aftion entered here remains in force for ever,
tho' no Proceedings be had thereupon. Whereas it dies in
the Counters, and may be crofted after 16 Weeks.
Court of The, Court of Aldermen, alfo a Court of Record, held in
Alder- the Inner Chamber every Tuefday and Thurfday, except
men. Holy- Days, and in the Time of Seffions of Goal-Delivery,
This Court does conftantly appoint the Affize of Bread, and
determines all Matters touching Lights, Water-courfes,
and Party-Walls. Here muft be fealed all Bonds and Leafes,
that pafs under the City-Seal. And by this Court the Ru
lers of the Company of Watermen are annually elefted, and
appointed.
Huftings. The Huftings, a moft ancient Court of Record, always
held in Guildhall, before the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, the
Recorder fitting as Judge with them. Here Deeds may be
inrolledj Recoveries pafied, Wills proved, and Outlaw-
ties fued out, Replevins, _ and Writs of Errour, &c. de
termined. In this Court a'lfo is made the Eleftion of the
four Citizens of London, to be the Reprefentatives of the
City in Parliament. The Manner of which Eleftion I have
„ already fhewn, Page 200.
Court of The Court of Goal-Delivery, ufually held 8 Times a
Goal-De- Year,- at the Old-Baily, for the Trial of Malefaftors, in the
livery. County of Middlefex. The Lord Mayor is the chief Judge
of this Court, affifted by fome of the Judges, the Recorder,
and the two Sheriffs.
Sheriffs The Two Sheriffs Courts, held in Guildhall, the one by
Courts, one Sheriff, every Wenfday and Friday, for Aftions ^ntred
at Woodftreet-Counter ; the other, by the other Sheriff, every
Thurfday and Saturday, for Aftions entred at the-Poultrp
Counter. In thefe Courts may be tried Actions of Debt,
Cafe, Trefpafs, Account and Covenants broken, Attach
ments, and Sequeftrations. And if either Party fhall have
a Witnefs that cannot flay in London till the Day of Trial, his
Teftj mony taker) in Writing will be allowed as good Evi
dence,

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 205
dence. • To thefe Courts belong 8 Attorneys, whofe Office is
only to affifl their Clients. Two Seeondaries,-who allow and re
turn all Writs brought to remove Caufes out of thefe Courts.
Two Clerks of the Papers, who draw the Subpanas, for Wit-
neffes to appear, file and copy all Declarations upon Aftions
in thefe Courts. Two Protonotaries, who draw and ingrofs
all. fuch, Declarations. |£ight Clerk- fitters, who enter Afti
ons and Attachments, and take Bails and Verdifts.
The Chamberlain's Court, or Office, kept in the Chamber Cham-
of Guildhall, where He attends commonly every Fore-noon, berlain's
to inroll and and turn over Apprentices, and to make fuch Court.
Free as have duly/ ferved the full Term of 7 Years, and
have not married, nor taken Wages in that Time, See his
Office, Page 202. /
The Court of Confidence, or Requeft, erefted by Aft of Court_ of
Parliament in the , Reign of King James I. both for the Re- Confci-
lief of poor Debtors that cannot make prefent Pay-ence.
ment of their Debts under 40 s. and of poor Perfons having
fmall Debts owing to them, but not able to fue for 'em.
This Court fits in Guildhall every Wenfday and Saturday in
the Forenoon, /and confilts of two Aldermen and four Com
moners, monthly appointed by the Lord Mayor and Court of
Aldermen, cut any 3 ^>'em make a Court. .
The Orphans Court, hem before the Lord Mayor and Al- Orphans
dermen, who are Gardians to the Children of all Freemen Court.
of London,/ that are, or fhall be under the Age of 2 1 Years,
at the Time of. their Father's Deceafe. This Court meets
but once a Year, viz. at Guildhall, on the Munday. Mor-
-nihg after Mid-Lent Sunday, which is termed,. Call-Day. In
this Court great Care is taken of the Orphans. As to the
Particulars, I refer the Reader to a Book called Lex Londi-
nenfis. To which T fhall only add, that the Chamber of Lon
don wis always counted the fafeft ' and beft Security in or
about London, till by a piece of King-Craft, in the Reign of
the late King Charles, the Orphans Mony (among others )
being lent to the King, was fhut up in the Exchequer, nei
ther Principal nor Intereft being paid in that, nor the fol
lowing Reign. Whereas, before this Mony was lent, when ,_
Orphans came to Age, or were Married with the Content '
and Approbation of the Court of Aldermen, they might
at an Hour's Notice receive their Portions, if paid into the
Chamber, tho' the Sum were rooo L or more, Mr. Cham
berlain and his Clerks attending daily for that Purpofe.
The Ufe-Mony likewife was duly paid.
At laft, fof Relief of the Orphans, and the other Creditors
of the City of London, an Aft was made in the late King>
and Queen's Reign, which fettled a Perpetual Fund to pay
unto the faid Orphans, and the other Creditors, the yearly In-

*o6 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Intereft of four per Cent principal Mony. Towards which
the City is charged with the Annual Sum of 8000/. for
ever, to be raifed and paid out of the Gities Revenue,
Every Apprentice is to pay 2 s. 6 d. at the Time of his
Binding, and $ s. when he is made a Freeman. An addi
tional Duty of 4 s. per Tun is laid upon all Wines imported
into London by way of Merchandize, and proportionably
for a greater or leffer Quantity. Four Fence additional Mee-
tage, for every Chaldron of Coals brought into London, or
the River of Thames within its Liberty ; and fix Pence matt,
from September 29th. 170a. to continue from that Day for
.1 and during the Term of 50 Years, and no longer.
Which Aft began to be in force from and after June 24th.
1694.
Court for The Court for the Confervation of the Thames, held before
the Con- the Lord Mayor at fuch Times as he appoints within the ad-
fervation jacent Counties to Lo ndon and Weftminfter. The Water-Bap
of the Hff, being the Lord Mayor's Deputy in.this Cafe, ought by
Thames, his. Office to give his Lordfhip notice of all Offences com
mitted by any Perfons, contrary to the Orders made for the
Prefervation of the Brood and Fry of Fifh ip. the faid River.
The Punijhment whereof is in the Power of the Lord Mayor,
and hasbeenfo Time out of MinrW
PierPow* xhe Pie-Powder Court, held every Hour during the firft 3
decCourt. Days of Bartholomew-Fair, by Stewards appointed by the Lord
Mayor and Court of Aldermen. Here are .tried all Suits
for petty Matters and Offences there committed, con.
trary tp the Proclamation made on Bartholomew-Eve in the
Afternoon, for the better Regulating this Fair. In this
Court Juftice ought to be fummarily adminiftred within 3
Flouds and Ebbs. *
Ward- Befides the Courts aforefaid,. every Alderman keeps a
motes. Court in his Ward, called Wardmote, for Tilings relating to
his Ward ; particularly for the Eleftion of Common-Coun
cil Men, and other Officers. For which the Lord Mayor if-
fues out yearly his Precept to every Alderman, to hold his
Wardmote. The Traders Companies have alfo their Courts, called
Hall- Hall-motes, from ,their refpeftive Halls ; where they meet
motes, once a Month, to regulate what belongs to their feveral
Trades.
*, From the Civil Government of London, I proceed to the
Military- Military. This City being by Charter a County Corporate,
Govern- and a Lieutenancy of it felf, the Power of a Lord Lieutenant
ment. is in the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, with other principal
Members of the City, consmifiioned from the Queen to
aft as Her Lieutenants in London, and order the City- Militia, with

Chap. IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 207
with the fame Power that ether Lord Lieutenants have in
their refpeftive Counties.
Which Militia confifts of 6 Regiments of Foot, making
about 9000 Men; befides 2 Regiments of the Hamlets of the
Tower, and the Regiment of Southwark. But, in cafe of
Neceffity, the Auxiliaries are raifed, confifting of Apprentices,
which make 6 Regiments more ; every Freeman that
has two Apprentices being oblig'd to find one for that pur
pofe. For a Nurfery of Commanders f" there is a Company- of 600
choice Men, commanded in chief by a Leader, appointed
by the Sovereign. This Company, called the Artillery-Corn- Artillery-
pany, is exercifed every Tuefday Fortnight in the Artillery- Men.
Ground, a fpacious Place near Moor -fields, walled about for
that purpofe. They have a Court Martial, confifting of a Pre
fident, Vice-Prefident, Colonel, andj, 24 Members of the
Company. On the Second Tuefday in Vebrudry every Year,
they chufe their Officers, vizi 2 Lieutenants, 2 Enfigns, 2.
Sergeants, a Provoft Marfhal, 3 Gentlemen of Arms, fijV.
all fubordinate to.the Leader.
Laftly, in Church-Matters, this City is govern'd in chief Church-
by the Lord Biihop of London ; to whom is committed the Govern-
Care of the whole Clergy of this Place, being for the mollment.
part able and eminent- Divines. For whofe Maintenance
there is in moft PaTifhes a Parfonage, or Vicar age-houfe, with
a competent Allowance ; befides the Profits of Chriftenings,
Marriages, and. Burials. As to thofe Parifhes, whofe
Churches were deftroy'dby thedifmal Fire in 1666. no Parfon
thereof is to have lefs than tool, and none above 200 ; but
moft have between 100. and 150 I. Which, in lieu of Tythes,
is raffed by Rating the. Houfes and Shops therein proporti-
onably to their refpeftive Rents. But where-ever there is^
either in City or Suburbs, a LeBurer and a Reader, befides
the Incumbent, they have their Maintenance by a voluntary
Contribution from the Parifhioners.
II. Of Weftminfter.
]Come now to the Government of Weftminfter, \ mean Pariftes in
'ithe City and Liberties thereof, reaching towards Londok Weftmiu-
a's far as Temple-Bar. The City it felf has but one Parifh, fter.
called St. Margaret's, which is of a large Extent. But the
Liberties confiit of 6 Parifhes, viz. St. Martin's in the Fields,
St. Clement's, St. Maries Savoy, St. Paul's Covent-Garden,
St. James's, and St. Anne's. As fot St. G;7e*'s Parifh, which
is of a vaft Extent, it belongs neither to London nor Weft
minfter. Now

208 The Prefent STATE of Parti
Now whereas the Merchants do generally refide in Lon-
don^ towards the Royal Exchange, the Lawyers in their Inns
between both the Cities, the Nobility and Gentry dwell for
the moft part near the Court, within the Precinfts of Weft.
minfter.
Its Go- For the Government whereof, here is neither Mayor, Al-
vernment dermen, nor Sheriffs. The Jfean and Chapter of Weftminfter
in civil ire veiled with aU manner of Jurifdiftion, Civil and Ec-
Matters, clefiaftical. But the Management of the Civil Part, fince
the Reformation, is left in the hands of Lay-men, chofen
for that purpofe, or confirmed by the Dean and Chapter.
By the The principal of which is the High-Steward, who is ufu-
High ally a Nobleman of the firft Degree, chofen by the Dean
Steward, and Chapter, and holds his Office during Life.
Under- ' To officiate for him in that Station, he chufes an Under
Steward. Steward, a Man verfecLin the Law, who is confirmed by the
Dean and Chapter. He, with the other Magiftrates, keeps
the Court Leet, or Town-Court, is commonly Chair-man at
the Quarter-Seffions, and holds his Office durante vita.
Head Bay- Next to whom is the Head-Bayliff, chofen by the Dean
liff. and Chapter. He is inftead of a Sheriff, for he fummons
the Juries, has aU the Bayliffs of Weftminfter fubordinate
to him, and manages the Eleftion of Members of Parlia
ment for the City of Weftminfter. In the Court-Leet, he
fits next to the Under-Steward. All Fines and Forfeitures
belong to him, which makes his Place very beneficial.
H'?h- There is alfo a High-Conftable, chofen by the Court-Leet,
P . fl" • and having aU other Conftables under his Command. He
¦ ,on " ufuahy continues many Years in his Office.
p6" Laftly, here are 14-Burgeffes, viz. 7 for the City, and 7
rWeiTe more for the Liberties, each having an Affiftant. Their Of-
s fice is much like that of the Aldermen of the City of Lon*
don, having each a proper Ward under his Jurifdiftion. A-
mong which two are elefted by the Title of Head-Burgeffes,
one for the City, and the other for the Liberties. Thefe
take Place in the Court-Leet, next to the Head-Bayliff.

Tbt

Chap. IX. G R EAT B RITA IN.
The NAMES
Of the prefent LORD MAYOR, Aldermen, Recorder,
Sheriffs, Chamberlain, and Bridge-Matters, with the
Subordinate Officers.
LORD MAYOR
Q IR Robert Beddingfield, Alderman of Dowgate

209

Ward.

Aldermen above the Chair.

Sir Robert Clayton,
Sir Tho. Stamp,
Sir John Fleet,
Sir William Jtbburfl,
Sir Tho. Lane,
Sir John Houblon,
Sir Humphrey Edwin,
Sir Francis Child,
Sir Richard Levett,
Sit Tho. Abney,
Sir William Gore,
Sir John Parfons,
Sir Owen Buckingham,
Sir Tho. Rawlinfon,

rCbeapftde-Witd. Cripplegate within and without.
Langbourn-Watd.Billingsgate-Wird.Candlewick-Vfird.Cornhilt-W ird.
_ Tower-Street-Ward.
> 2 LFarringdon without.
;J> | Bridge- Ward without.
<5 I fi'nfry-Ward.
j Coleman-ftreet-W ird.
I Baftingfoaw-Wird.
I Biftopfgate within and without.
LCa/r/e-Ba_y«aj'a*-Ward.

Aldermen fo/ow the Chair.

Sir Thomas Cook,
Sir F7«ia»i »^rJe«,
Sir Charles Duncombe,
Sir gFe/ry ?e/W«,
Sir Samuel Garrard,
Sir J?o£. Beachcroft,
Sir Gilbert Heatbcot,
Sir Richard Hoar,
Sir C£arfej Thorold,
Sir Jo/ep/; /To//,
Sir Samuel Stonier s,

^2

" Jfjween- Hytbe-Wird.
Farringdon within.
Sna^e-Ward within.
Po>t/ofee»Ward.
j Alderfgate -W ird, within and
I witnout.
?Walbrook-Wird. Limeftreet-Wird.
•Breadftreet- Ward.
Cordwayners-Wird. Broadftreet- Ward .
\_Aldgate-Witd.

RECORDER,
Sir Salathiel Lovel, one of the Queen's Sergeants at Law,
who takes Place of all the Aldermen below the Chair.

SHE-

aio ~Tbe Prefent STATE of ¦>& Parti.
S HE R I F F S. ...
Sir William Benfon, Ambrofe Crttwley, Efq;
Sir William Fa'zackerly.
Bridge-Mafters,
Mr. Sitwell, Mr. Pim.
Subordinate Officers.
Common Sergeant,-"! T Sword-bearer, £aV. "\
Duncan Dee f j Harle , 1
Town-Clerk, James j j Common Hunt, ^o- j
Gib fon ) £[¦„. J notban Barton LTrfn-
Comptroller of the.* •'' i Common Crier, i/aac f^li
Chamber , Ran- Grevill I
dolpb Stracy \ ', \ Water-Baily, Thomas \
fj f. JTiWe. J
Ofibw Officers.
Serjeant Carvers, Mr. Brown, Mr. X>eafe, Mr. Go/iR-
Serjeants of the Chamber, or Mace, Mr. Hewet, Mt.Colt,
Mr. Collins.
Serjeant of the Channel, Mr. Horton.
Yeomen of the Chamber, Mr. Walker, Mr. Hull.
Yeoman of the Channel, Mr. Pool.
Yeomen of the Water-fide, Mr. Griffith, Mr. Piggot, Mr.
Sorrel, Mr. Bancroft.
Yeomen of the Wood-wharf, Mr. Chamber, Mr. Rivers.
Marfhals, Mr. Watts, Mr. Marftal.
Forein Taker, and Clerk of Newgate- Market, Mr. Man.
Meal-weighers, Mr. Jackfon, Mr. Chambers.
Under-Water Baily, Mr. Store.
Hall-Keeper, Mr. Walker.
The Sword-bearer's ") f Mr. Aftby.
The Common Hunt's i _ j Mr. Gray.
The Common Crier's f *eoman> "5 Mr. Nix.
The Chief Carver's j t Mr. Grayftock,
The Water-Baily's Yeomen, Mr. Newington, Mr. Hitcbin:
r FAR'

ChapJX. GREAT BRITAIN 21*
FARME RS
Of Leadenhall-M&rkzt-, SYoV/fo-Market, Hony-Lanet
Newgate y and the Meal-Market at fleet- Ditch j
Mr. Richard fon, Mr. Kilner, Mr. Hutchinfon ; whofe Su>
pervifors under them are, ^Mr. Fitch, and Mr. Nichols.
Coroner, Mr. Rivers. Clerk to the Commiffioners
Auditor, Mr- Marriot. • of Sewers, Mr. Martin.
Clerk of the Chamber, Mr. Clerk of the Court of Con-
Hungerford. fcience, Mr. Clifford,
In Southwark.
Steward of the Borough, Mr. Street. Bayliff of the Bo
rough, Mr. Martin.
OFFICERS at LAW.
Judges of the Sheriffs Courts,
Richard Richardfon, Serjeant William Light foot Efqj
at Law. City Council, or Common-Pleaders."
Mr. Major, Mr. Wilfon,
Mr. Lingard, Mr. Dunning.
Attorneys in the Mayor's Court.
Mr. Smith, Mr. Jackfon,
Mr. Andrews, Mr. Wincup.
Attorneys of the Sheriff's Court.
Mr . Haws, Mr. Short,
Mr . Bbgan, Mr. Goddard,
Mr . Bellamy, Mr. Hammond,
Mr . Barrey, Mr. Palmer.
Protonotaries.
Mr.Floyer. Mr. Vaughan.
P x /»

2X2

The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.

In the Poultry-Counter.

Secondary, Mr. White.
Clerk of the Papers, Mr.
Woodyard.

Clerk-fitters, Mr. Goddard,
Normanfel, Foley, and How.

In Woodftreet-Counter.
Secondary, Mr. Foxall. Clerk-fitters , Mr. Noden,
Clerk of the Papers, Mr. Phips, Farringdon, Honi-
Horner. ' Wood.
' OFFICERS for the Military Government, in the Hands of
the Prefent Lieutenancy <?/ London, viz..
Sir Robert Bedd'mgfieU, Lord Mayor.
ALDERMEN.

SI R Robert Clayton.
Sir Tho. Stamp.
Sir John Fleet.
Sir William Aftihurft.
Sir Tho. Lane.
Sir John Houblon.
Sir Humphrey Edwin.
Sir Francis Child.
Sir Richard Levett.
Sir Tho. Abney.
Sir William Gore.
Sir John Parfons.
Sir Owen Buckingham.

Sir Tho. Rawlinfon.
Sir Salathiel Lovell, Recorder,
Sir William Withers.
Sir CharlesDuncomb.
Sir Jeffrey Jeffreys.
Sir Samuel Garrard.
Sir G;7£. Heathcote.
Sir ^?o£e>t Beachcroft.
Sir Richard Hoar.
Sir Charles Thorold.
Sir Jo/. /To//.
Sir Samuel Staniers.

KNIGHTS that are not Aldermen.

SI R ZAowaj Holton.
Sir JoAm Mordant.
Sir ,He»J7 Aftburft.
Sir JoZim Letbieullier.
Sir Perer Vanieput.
Sir Join Buckworth.
Sir Ba/?/ Firebrace.
Sir Robert Adams.
Sir Jonathan Andrews.
Sir Thomas Daval.
Sir Benjamin Ayloffe.

Sir Jawef 5VkzV^.
Sir Jamej Bateman.
Sir Gabriel Roberts.
Sir J/jo. Vernon.
Sir William Scawen.
Sir Stephen Evans.
Sir Francis Daftwood.
Sir Bartholomew Gracedieu.
Sir William Fazackerly.
Sir Gee?£e Newland. ESgUlRES,

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN.

*»*

£5

J Ames Denew.
Jofeph Scriven.
Daniel Allen.
Robert Rawotth.
Henry Hatley.
Benj. Whitchcot.
Charles Chamberlain.
Nathaniel Tench.
Tho. Weftern.
Tho. Frederick.
Tho. Coulfon.
William Faulkner.
John Rudge.
Peter Joye,.
William Hooker.
Duncan Dee.
Rich. Hichardfon.
William Strong.
John Jefferys.
Edmumd Bolter.
Richard Briflorr.
John Hammond.
Henry Cornijh.
John Morgan.
George Bowne.
Thomas Death.
John Cullum.
William Walker.
Rich. Young.
John Sherhook.
John Ward.
Rich. Winne.
Samuel Lock-
Henry Lamb.
John Coggs.
William Desboverie.
Francis Daftwood.
Francis Brerewood.

Q^V IRES.
Tho. Blackmore, Sen.
•Rich. Crawley,
George Finch.
Nathaniel Heme.
Urban Hall.
Samuel Orgley.
John Page.
James Ward.
Robert Child.
William Lewen.
Daniel Brattle.
Zachary Foxall.
Edw. Hammond.
George Buckle.
Leonard Weffel.
Frederick Heme.
Peregrine Bertie.
Paul Dominique.
George Fewterell.
James Cook.
William Beckford.
Edmund Ettrick.
Anthony. Tumey.
Tho. Powell.
John Craddock.
James Hallet.
William Ettrick.
Deputy Gardiner.
Rich. Craddock.
Tho. Blackmore, Jun.
Edward Coulfon.
Rich. Beauchamp.
Aaron Goodyer.
Henry Tate.
John Knap.
William Parrot.
Henry Daniel,

Gentlemen of the Quorum.
Sir Robert Beddinjrfield3 Lord Mayor.

4L-

214 The Prefent'-- S T A T E of Part I.
A L D E R M E N.
SI R Rob. Clayton. Sir Rich. Levetf.
bii join Fleet.. Sir JohnPmfons.
Sj.: William Aftburft. Sir Tho. Cook.
Sir John Houblon. Sir William Withers.
Sir Francis Child, Sir Charles Duncomb.
Clerk of the Lieutenancy, Mr. Andrews.
Mufter-Malter, Major Ibo. Seeley.
Meffenger, William Bird.
The NA ME S of the Principal Officers
of the Trained Bands of London;
L WHITE Regiment.
COLO NE L, Sir Thomas Rawlinfotu
Lieut. Colonel, Richard Plat.
Major, Thomas Bird,.
Captains, Richard Armory, iWilliam Knight, Charles pratteri,
Leonard pift, James Jackfon.
II. RED Regiment.'
Colonel, Sir John fleet.
Lieut. Colonel, John Howard.
Major, George Heath.
Captains, William Warren, John Lekeux, James Haynes,
Egerton Henfhaw, Daniel Irefon.
III. ORANGE Regiment.
Colonel, Sir Francis Child.
Lieut. Colonel, Robert Child.
Major, Booth Hereford.
Captains, Jeremiah Pierce, Clement Wakelin, Anthony Brad-
ftiaw, James Ju._,'ie, Tho. Weekley.
IV. TELL OW Regiment.
Colonel, Sir William Withers.
Lieut. Colonel, Sir Francis Daftwood.
Major, John Hulls. Cap-

Chap.IX. GREAT BRITAIN. 215
«
Captains, Henry Langford, William Ferrour, Samuel Robin
fon, John Partridge, Willaughby Macban.
V. BLVE Reginfnt.
Colonel, Sir Thomas Cook.
Lieut. Colonel, Robert Lancajhire.
Major, Henry Daniel.
Captains, Peter Boulton, John Silke, Gaftwick Cox; John
Woodroff, John Snart.
VI. G RE EN Regiment,
Colonel, Sir Charles Duncomb.
Lieut. Colonel, Thomas Spencer.
Major, Thomas Seeley.
Captains, Gilb. Repington, Daniel Hayes, William Pollard,
Rob. Croftaw, John Newton.
OFFICERS
For the Civil Government of Weftminfter.
Lord High Steward,
James, £>»&> o/ORMOND.
UNder-Steward, Thomas Medlycott Efq,
High-Bayliff, John Huggins Efq;
Burgeffes of St. Margaret's Weftminfter, Mr. Leonard Martin,
Mr. Robert Jeffs, Mr. William Weekes, Mr. John Duck, Mr.
William Avis, Mr. Francis Lame, Mr. Arthur Gould.
r S. Martins, Mr. North,. Mr. Rigby, Mr. Vin-
Burgeffesof< Q"»' , ,, ~ ., ., D ,
J &. James s, Mr. Territ, Mr. Ridge.
£ S. Anne's, Mr. Cook, Mr. Blake-well.
Burgefs of Covens-Garden, Mr. Cunningham. Of S.Cle
ment's, Mr. BUnkhorn. For the Military Government,
COlonel, the Duke of Bedford.
Lieut. Colonel, 'Philip Howard Efq;
Major  Crifp Efq;
P 4 CHAP,

216 The Prefent ST ATE of Parti.
CHAP. X.
Of the Englift) BRITAINS. And firft of their Original,
Language., Complexion, Conftitution, Temper, and
Genius, and their moft famous Men in former Ages.
Original A s Great Britain is divided into England, Scotland, and
of the En- -*% Wales, fo its Inhabitants (efpecially fince the late
glifh. Union) may be divided into Englift, Scotch, and Welch
Britains; the laft being properly an Off-fpring of the An
cient Britains.
By what has been faid, Page 20, and 21. of the Popu-
loufnefs of England, it plainly appears, the Englijh Britains
C as moft People in Europe) are an aggregate Body of feve
ral Nations ; but chiefly of Saxons, Danes, and Normtns,
not without fome Mixture of Roman and Britijh Bloud.
The' Their Speech accordingly is a Compound of feveral Lan-
Lam a Suages> hut chiefly the Saxon, Latin and French ; the firft
^ °^e* being properly the Stock in which the other two are
ingiafted. When the Romans were poffeffed of England, they caufed
the Latin Tongue to be generally ufed in this Country.
And 'tis made ufe of to this _Day in Court-Rolls, Records,
Charters, Patents, CommiJJwns, Writs, Bonds, and fome Sta
tutes are ftill kept in Latin.
The Saxons next introduced their Language fa Dialect of
the Teutonick ) where-ever they fettled. Such are to this
Day moft Englift Monofyllables, befides the Names of Shires,
Cities, Towns, Villages, and Men.
The Normans afterwards getting Poffeffion of England,
caufed the Norman, or French Tongue, to be learnt at
School by the Saxons. And till the j6th Year of Edward the
Third's Reign, the Statutes of England, Pleadings, Sermons,
Schools, and Writings, were in Norman. The fame has been
hitherto the Language of our Common-Law, all Moots and
Law-Exercifes, Pleadings, and Reports being made in Norman,
which puts our young Students of the Law upon the Necef-
fity of Learning it. The very Affent and Diffent to Bills in
Parliament, is expreffed in the Norman Tongue, which I
could wifh abolifhed for the Honour of England. As for
our Terms in Heraldry, Singing, Dancing, Dicing, Cooke
ry, Hunting, Hawking, and the Art of War, they are for
the molt pars: Frencj. The Learned, on the other Hand,
have introduced a great many Latin Words, by which the -
Ew.

Chap. X. GREAT BRITAIN 217
Englift Tongue is very much improved. Such is the Liber
ty taken by the Natives of borrowing out of other Langua
ges what may beft in rich it. And, if its Mixture be (as
fome would have it ) a Difparagement, I would fain know
of 'em which of the Vulgar Tongues is free from it.
However the Englift Tongue is very much refined at pre
fent, wonderful copious, expreffive, and fignificant. It
even exceeds the Latin in a peculiar Grace of making Com
pounds and Derivatives, one of the greateft Beauties of a
Language. In point of Sweetnefs, 'tis true the French and
Italian run fmoother ; but they want Sinews, the laft efpe
cially. Whereas the Englifh is both fweet and manly;
but moft agreeable to the Ear, when fpoken by the fair
Sex. Few Foreiners indeed can pretend to fpeak it to that Per
fection, as not to be diftinguilhed from the Natives. To
underfland Englift) Books, a little Time may l'erve, with
the help of a Grammar, and Dictionary. For the Englijh
Tongue is very eafie in the Variation of its Genders and
Numbers, in Comparing of Adjectives, in the Ufe of its
Pronouns, and Conjugation of Verbs, in which Refpeft s the
French is very difficult.
But, to fpeak Englift, hoc Opus, hh Labor eft. It requires
both Convetfation and Reading, and Converfation of the
two is the moft ufeful, efpecially in the beginning. 'Tis a
great Help to the reading Part, one of the greateft Difficul
ties of the Englift) Tongue ; the Vowels whereof admit of
fuch Variety of Sounds, that it is hard to give any Rule for
it, without Exceptions of almoft as great an Extent. Which
partly proceeds from this, that in many Words, the Pro
nunciation is altered, and the Orthography retained. In
fhort, I have obferved fuch Variety of Sounds given to the
fix Vowels, and the fame Sound expreffed fo many ways,
that ( as I faid before ) any Rule for it muft be liable to great
Exceptions. Thus the Vowel A is generally pronounced as the Dip-
thong ai, and fometimes as the French a, as in all, that,
what. E as in French, fometimes as the French i, Ex. be, me,
even. I, as the French would pronounce ai, as to chide;
and very often fhort as in^Frencb, as in the Word Vifible. O
as the French o, Hx.fpoke ; and often like the French a, as
in God, lock- V, as an u long, in mute, and the like ; but
often like an o, as in mud, to put.
Toinftance in thofe Sounds, which are expreffed many
ways, I fhall only take notice of the firft Vowel. Thus the
full found of the French a is expreffed in EngUft, not only
by that fingle Vowel, as in all, that, what ; but alfo by the
Vowel 0, as in God and lock aforefaid. By the Dipthongs ou

$18 The Prefect STATE of Parti.
ou and aw, as in Fraud, Law. And by the-Dipthong ou, Ex.
ought, nought.
.The Englijh Tongue has alfo fome particular Sounds, at
leaft forein to the French ; and not to be learnt by Gram
mar, but only by Rote. As that of th, the Englift Shibp-
leth, efpecialiy where it is pronounced hard, as in thaw,
cloth, thorough, think, and thought. And that of ch,- as ill
Chamber, Cbetfe, to chide, &c. -,
'Tis objected by fome, that the French don't write as they
fpeak, nor fieak as they think. To the firft Part of the Ob
jection I anl wer, that the Englift are not free from it. As
for Inftance ; Where is the Sound of the Vowel a in Crea-
• ture, Feature, and the like,# in Beauty, Cloak, and Smoak '
Of the Vowel o in People', Yeoman, &c. Of / in IJle,
Iftand, and Vifcount < Of gh in abundance of Words, fuch
as light, might, night, ought, and thought t* And fhould one
pronounce Handkerchief and Wednefday, as they are fpelt,
he would fcarce be underftood.
* But the greateft Difficulty to Foreiners, is to place the
Accent right, the Englifh .ufing no Accent in a manner, ei
ther in Print or Writing And when they fpeak, they place
it often in the firft Syllables of long Words, as in Apoplexy,
Apothecary, Methodically, £fc. fo that nothing but Time
and Practice can perfect: a Stranger in this Particular. I
break off here, to avoid the Reproach of a Grammarian,
and that of Tefta diu.
Complex- From the Englift Language, I proceed to their Compkxi-
ion. ony which anfwers to their. Climate. For they are not Sun
burnt as in hot Countries, nor Weather-beaten as in cold #e-
gions. And I dare prefume to fay, that no Country in
Europe can outvy England for Charmingnefs of Youth,
comely Stature, and graceful Countenance in Men, or
Beautiful nefs in Women. Which is to be attributed; not
only to the Clemency of theAir, but chiefly to their eafie
Lives under the belt of Governments. A Woman there.
x fore is one of the fix Things,' in which England excels,
according to the Verfe,
Aaglia, Mont, Pans, Fons, Ecclefia, Famina, Lana.
Conftitu- The Englift ire generally of a ftrong Conftitution, but it is
tion. commonly fpoiled by Education. For when they want their
ufual Food, good Bread and Meat efpecially, they are pre-
fently to feek, and cannot make fuch Shift as other Nations.
Therefore 'tis' commonly faid, that a Scotchman will foon ftarve
an Englifhrnan. And 'tis obferved, the Englijh lofe more Saul-

Chap. X. GREAT BRITAIN. 219
Souldiers in their firft Campagne, if they be put to hard
Shafts^ than any other Nation in Europe.
Their Temper is naturally futable to their Climate ; not Temper.
fo fiery as the French, nor fo cold as the Northern People .
They are for the moft part Referved, and lefs Communi
cative than the French. And as their Friendfhip is not eafi-
ly gained, fo when once got, 'tis not eafily lott.
Their Flegm is of great Ufe to relent that Fire, which
makes Men volatile, and prompts 'em to Raftmefs. It
makes 'em apt to meditate, fit for Invention, and the Lear
ned amongft them to fadom the Depth of all Arts and
Sciences. 'Tis obferved, that an ingenious Frenchman, who
has fuck'd in for fome "Years the Air of England, and im
bibed its flegmatick Quality, is an excellent Compound ; as
on the other Hand, good French Claret is excellent to dif
folve the Flegm, and difperfe the Mift of the Brain.
The Englift being generally eafie, and well 10 pafs, are '
very apt indulgere Genio, to pleafe themfelves, and gratify
their own Inclinations. And whereas Poverty is molt con
temptible amongft 'em, it makes the fober Part of 'em the
more induftrious and diligent, in keeping themfelves from
fplitting againft that Rock. It fets their Wits at work, and
-highly contributes to make all Trades and Pr.Teflions flou-
rifh. A great Striving there is amongft them to live well,
and make a good Figure, to raife their Fortunes, and make
their Families. Not but that there are many Poor amongft
them ; fome by Birth or Misfortunes, and others by their
own Idlenefs, Folly, or Luxury.
'Till the late Wars, the Englift were generally inclined
to Pr.ofufenefs, and no forein Nation lived more liberally.
But fince the Wars begun, and Taxes fell heavy, moft Fa-
. niilies have retrenched themfelves, and recoiled ( excep-
tingfome Cafes,) upon the other hxtream. I have obfer
ved many of 'em fordid in neceffary Trifles, and lavifh in
Superfluities ; who will be raking and fcraping all the
Year round, what they will lay out upon a Frolick in one
Day. Neatnefs in Houfes, Cloaths, and Victuals is an effential
Property to the singlifi, efpecially among thofe who are
above the common fort. Nay, fome Women are neat with
in a degree of Madnefs. I own, as to Houfes, the Dutch
exceed the Englift ; but 'tis the Situation of their Country,
jthat compels em to it.
So great is the Refpect and Teiidemefs of Evgliftmen, for
the fair Sex in genera], that every where they give 'em the
Precedency, and put them the leal; of any Nation to Hard
ship and Drudgery. Women are not mewed up here, as in
¦!' ¦' Italy

220 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I
Italy and Spain ; but have more Liberty allowed them, than
any where elfe. Perhaps never the worfe for it, if the fay.

ing be true,

Nitimur in vetitum femper.

In fhort, fuch is the Gomplaifance for the Sex in general,
that it is not to be paralelled, and has given birth to the Pro
verb, Thit England is the Par adife of Women. I own, Englifh
Women are generally taking, and of a fweet agreeable
Temper. If fome be vicious, vain, or extravagant, addidted
to Luxury and Libertinifm, there, are others of a difcreet,
fobsr, and model! Charafter. 'Tis a falfe Inference, to
conclude the whole Sex vicious from the Corruption of
many. 'Tis true, the Husbands themfelves love to fee their
Wives go neat, and richly dreffed ; and amongft Traders,
'tis a piece of Policy, being fenfible that a fair Out-fide
commdnly makes the^beft Impreffion, and that People of no
Figure are ufually lookt upon to be in a low Condition;
Thus a Man lofes his Credit, while others exalt themfelves
by thofe falfe Appearances.
The Englift are generally averfe to rambling and frothy
Difcourfes, to affected Eloquence, and mimical Gefticulati-
ons, fo much ufed beyond Sea. They love to hear one
keep clofe to the Subject, argue with Solidity, and exprefs
himfelf in a nervous Style. Without raifing and falling their
Voices from one Extream to another, they endeavour not
fo much to move the Hearer's Affections, as to convince
his Reafon. In fhort, as Men of Senfe, they ftand more
upon the Strength of Arguments, than upon the gaudy
Part and Pomp of Rhetorick
Valour is a peculiar Character of the Englifh, who never
draw their Sword in vain, when their Conduft anfwers to
their Courage. Witnefs their Conqueft of Wales and Ire
land, but efpecially that of France, in the Reigns of thofe
renowned Kings, Edward III. and Henry V. The Monarchy of
Spain has alfo experienced the Englim Valour to her Coft,
in Queen Elizabeth's Reign ; who brought it fo very low,
that it has not been able to recover it felf to this Day.
Nor does our Glorious Queen ANNE fall fhort of that
great Princefs, who ( in Conjunction with Her Allies J
has given fo great a Check to an afpiring Monarch, in his
full Career for an Univerfal Monarchy, as has almoft ftun-
ned him.
As to private Quarrels, 'tis owned, Engliftmen are not fo
hafly as theFrench to come to Blows ; whofe Fire is like
Straw, fooij. kindled, and foon fpent. Nullum Violentup 4

Chap.X. GREAT BRITAIN. 221
eft durabile. But, when an Engliftman gives way to hisfPaf-
fion, and lets his Bloud be heated in his Veins by the Pro
vocation, then he breaks out at laft into Fury, and nothing
can put a flop to it but a compleat Viftory, or an intire De
feat. When the Englift fight by Sea or Land, 'tis obfer-
ved, they fight moft eagerly when they fee their own
Bloud. As they love Eafe, they chufe rather to die, than to live
in Mifery. To an Engliftman under a Fit of Sicknefs, or
fome acute Pain, that Phyfician is commonly moft accepta
ble, that gives him prefent Eafe, and charms him with fine
Language. If the Cure requires a long Time, he does not
care to have the Phyfician go to the Root of the Difeafe.
A palliative Cure is more agreeable to him, than a perfect,
but long-winded one. Thus Relapfes come, which find
new Work for the Phyfician.
Rather than pine under an inward Grief, how many make
away themfelves, not only among the common fort of Peo
ple, but alfo among Perfons of a diftinguiflied Charafter ?
Which is look'd upon by fome as true Roman Valour, and
by others as the Effect of an hypocondriack Diftemper.
Whatever it is, 'tis certainly repugnant to the Law of Na
ture, which is for Self-Prefervation, and to the exprefs Law
of God, which commands us to co'mmit no Murder. True
Philofophy it felf counts it downright Pufillanimity, to give
Way to Difcontent. Fortior eft qui fe, qttdm qui fortiffima vincit
Mania, nee Virtus al tilts ire pot eft.
I cannot pafs by here the haughty Temper of many Men '
amonglt us, who cannot keep their Rank, without ftarting
from the common Rules of good Manners. Who dazled
with theirWealth or Greatnefs, admire only themfelves, and
fcornfully look upon the reft of Mankind, while the World -
laughs at them for it. This is particularly the Praftice of
Upflarts, fo contrary to the Genius of ' a true-born Gentle
man. How many have we that cannot indure Arbitrary Power on
the Throne, who love dearly to domineer and tyrannize,
•where-ever they have a Command, and do it effectually ?
'Tis fomething odd to fee, in a free Nation, Subjects fo apt s
to opprefs one another.
How many guilty of Self-Love to fuch a Degree, as to be
void of natural Affection to their Poor and decay'd Relations,
the lofty Branches over-looking the lower, and taking no
care of 'em ? When they might learn of the very Trees
themfelves to fhelter the lower Branches, and drop upon 'em

222 The Prefent S TAT E of Part ' I.
'em part of the refrefhing Showers they receive from Hea
ven. 'Tis well that Jealoufy, which occafions fo many Out
rages and Murders in hot Climates, is not a predominant
Paflion among the Englift. Wiio look upon a Jealous Man,
without a Caufe, as hypocondriack ; and upon him who
has Ground for it, as a Man who has made an unhappy
Choice of an incurable Evil.
In the Education of Children, the Indulgennce of Mothers
is exctffive among the Englijh ; which proves often fatal to
their Children, and contributes too much to the Corruption
of the Age. . If tnel'e be Heirs to great Honours and Eitat.es,
they fwell with the Thoughts of it, and at laft grow un
manageable. They run to vain Glory, before they know the
way to Virtue. Their Fathers, to prevent the Effefts of a
fatal Indulgence, fend them to Boarding-Schools, where they
often learn more Vices, than Latin. Montague, in my Judg
ment, had the belt wayof Education.
Tne French, of all Nations, are the moft favourable, the
molt kind and courteous to Strangers ; and the Magiftrates,
as well as the common People, have a particular Regard for
'em. If a Frenchman happens to wrong or abufe a Stranger,
they generally elpoufe the Quarrel of this ;*and 'tis fo com.
mon a Practice, that it is rare to fee Foreiners abufed among
the Hi. On the contrary, they ate ufed with all manner of
Civility. I wifb, I could fay the fame of England, where
the People love themfelves too weil, to be fo very obliging
and officious to Strangers. But 1 mult do 'em Juflice, and
acknowledge that they are very much reformed from their
Inbofpitality, fo agreeable to the Charafter Horace gives of
the Ancient Britains, Vifam L'titannos Hojpitibus feros. I
\ knew the Time when Strangers, freaking French as they went
along the Streets of London and Weftminfter, run a Risk of
being infulted. But now the Cafe is alter'd, and their A-
verfentfs to Strangers (particularly to the French, who were
always the molt numerous ) is very much diminifhed. The
late Fiench Perlecution has foftened their Temper, and I
mult fay tnis to their Praife, that they have abundantly con-
tributed to the Relief of the Proteftant Refugees amongft
them. Could the People of England be made fenfible of what I
faid fomewhere elfe, that the Populoufnefs of a Country is
that which makes it ftrong and rich, by the Confumption. of
its Commodities, by its Manufactures, and great Increafe
of Trade, inllead of repining at the Refort of Strangers,
they would be glad to entertain 'em. They fee with their
own Eyes, how great and powerful the Hollanders are grown
by their politick Maxim of incouraging Foreiners, tho' they
fcaice

Chap.X. GREAT BRITAIN. 22 j
fcarce have Land enough to maintain the Natives. Whereas
England is able to maintain at leaft a Million of People, be
yond the prefent Number of its Inhabitants. And I muft re
peat it here, that England loling yearly abundance of People,
that go into forein Countries, particularly to the Englift)
Plantations in America, the Decay of People in it would vi-
fibly appear in lefs than half an Age, were it not pxoportio-
nably recruited by Forejners.
Some are apt to tax this People with Cruelty, upon account
of their Prizes, Throwing at Cocks, and making Sport with
fighting Boys, inftead of parting them. As to the laft, Care
is taken By the Beholders to fee (as they call it) fair Play, and
to encourage Valour in its Bud.
Had the People of England been fo Cruel, as fome imagine,
they had a fair Opportunity to give an Inflance of it, wnen
the late King James withdrew himlelf into France, and left
the Roman Catbolhks to their- Mercy, wno expected then no
lefs than a Maffacre. But no Violence was offered to tneir
Perfons, only a few Houfes vy.ri pulled down by tne Rabble.
To the general Objection, That the Euglifh are felf -concei
ted, and think beft of themfelves, my Aiifwer is, that all Na
tions that make a great Figure in the World do the fame
with lefs Ground. The cunning Italians value themfelves
upon their ufurped Empire over all Popifh States, infatuated
by Roman Witchcraft, and feduced by Italian Jugglers. The
lofty Spaniards, for having far the greateft Share in the habi
table World, and the Riches of Peru and Mexico in their
Hands, tho little the better for't. The Germans for having a-
mongft them but a Shadow of the Roman Empire, ftript as it
is of its ancient Power and Greatnefs. The bufy projefting
French, that have fo long built Caftles in the Air, to come at
Univerfal Monarchy, value themfelves upon their State-
Craft, tho never fo difappbinted ; the Art of Fighting, efpe
cially at Bleinheim, Ramellies, and Turin ; and their grand
ProjeB of Univerfal Monarchy, which has fo beggared France,
and ilunned the Undertaker. The warlike Englift), upon
their Valour, Liberty, Wealth, and Plenty, their Strength and
Dominion at Sea, their former Conquefis, and great Acquifiti-
ons, efpecially in America. Which of 'em all has moft Reafon
to boaft, let the Reader be Judge.
I conclude with their Genius, wherein they yield to no q •
Nation in Europe. None has been more induftrious to im- !Ut'
prove the Mecbanhk Arts, and the World to this Day is ob-
lig'd to 'em for many of their ufeful Inventions artd Difcove-
ries.- Here are made the beft Clocks, Watches, Barometkrst
Thermometers, Air-pumps, and. all forts of Mathematical Inftru-
ments. Clocks, with all the Motions of the Ceieftial Bodies ;
and

224 The Prefent S T A T E of t Part I,
and various Mufical Automata, in which a very agreeable Con-
fort is perform'd by Clock-work. Watches, of jo or 60 1, a
Watch. Locks of Iron and Brafs, of 50 /. They have found
out the Way to polifh the Infides of great Iron-Guns, and to
weigh up Ships that are funk to the Bottom of the Sea. They
have invented the Ufe of Cane-Chairs, and feveral ufeful
Engines, for printing Stuffs and Linnen, Qfc. Glafs, Earthen,
and Horn-ware, they have improved to Admiration. They
make the beft woollen Cloth, Stockings, Knives, and out-do
France it felf in making all forts of rich Silks. They excel all
Nations in polifhing Iron, and making many ufeful and bright
Utenfils thereof. For Merchandizing and Navigation, the
Hollanders alone can match 'em, and their great Wealth a-
rifing from Trade, is a plain Proof and Demonstration ofit.
For building neat and convenient Houfes upon a little Spot of
Ground, they have a fingular Talent ; and in the Art of
Scaffolding, they furpafs all Nations.
As to Liberal Arts, where fhall one find a People fo general
ly knowing ? Here Experimental Pbilofopby is improved to a
Wonder, and no forein Church is better ftocked with Divines
than England\sy which makes their learned Works 10 much
in requeft beyond Sea. 'Tis well known how they baffled
and filenced the Popift Clergy, in the late King James's,
Reign.
Famous I come now to the famous Men for Learning in former J^
Men. ges, to pafs by the late and modern; which Account I took
out of Dr. Heylin's Cofmography, who gives this Lift of
'em. Viz. ' Lindwood the Canonilt ; Cofins and Cowel, both e-
' minent in the Civil Law ; Braclon, Littleton, and Coke,
f as eminent for their Knowledge in the Laws of England ;
• Sir Tho. Moor, Lord Chancellour, and one of the Reflorers
• of Learning to this Ifland; the Lord Bacon, VifcouutS.
* Albans ; Sir Henry Spelman, a learned Antiquary ; Cambden,
1 the Paufanias of the Britifb Iilands ; and Selden, a Man of
* univerfal Learning.
' Y or Poetry, Sir Philip Sidney, and the renowned Spencer;
1 Sam. Daniel, and Michael Drayton, that the Lucan, and this
' the Ovid of the Englift Nation ; Beaumont and Fletcher, not
' inferiour unto Terence ; and for dramatick Poems, Ben
* Jobnfon. ' For Divinity before the Reformation, Alcuinus one of
' the Founders of the Sorbonne Univerfity at Paris ; Beda, who
1 for his Piety and Learning was called Venerabilis ; Alexm-
1 der of Hales, Tutor to Tho. Aquinas and Bonaventure ; Wick-
* liff, and Tho. Walden his Antagonift. And fince the Refor-
• mation, John Jewel Bifhop of Salisbury, Dr. John Reynolds,
4 and Mr. Rich. Hooker, the firft a Man of infinite Reading, * and

Chap. X. G R EAT BRITAIN. 22$
4 and the fecond of as ftrong Judgment ; Dr. Wliitaker of
4 Cambridge, the Antagonift of the .famous 2?e//ai7BJKe ; Dr.
' Tho. Bilfon, and Dr. Lancelot Andrews, both Bifhops of
* Winchefter, and the Ornaments of their feveral Times ;
4 Montague, Bifhop of Norwich, a great Philofopher and Di-
1 vine ; and Dr. John Whitgift, Archbifhop of Canterbury.
4 England has alfo yielded great Captains, both by Sea and
* Land. By Land, as in the Time of the Saxons ,*King Eg-
4 bert, the firft King of England ; Alfred, his Grandfon \
4 and Edmund, furnamed Ironfide. After the Normans came
4 in, Richard and Edward I. famous in the holy Wars ; Ed-
4 ward III. and his Son Edward the Black Prince, duo Fulmi-
4 na Belli, famous in our Wars with France; Henry V. and
4 John Duke.of Bedford his Brother ; Mont acute Earl of Salif-
4 bury, and Talbot the Glory of England, in our former Wars
4 with France ; Sir John Falftaff, and Sir Jo. Hawkwood,
4 who fhewed their Valour both in France and Italy. By
4 Sea, Drake, Frobifter, Cavendift), &c
The faid Dr. Heylin tells us alfo of a notable Event of a
Conference in Matter of Religion, between Dr. John Rey
nolds aforefaid, and William his Brother, John a Papift, and
Wi'diam a Proteflant of the Church of England. William, to
convert his Brother, who had been brought up beyond Sea
in the Roman Religion, went over unto him ; and they had
a Conference, the Iffue whereof hardly to be paralelled. For
they yielded to the Arguments of each other, fo that William
of a jealous Proteflant became a violent Papift, and John of
a rank Papift became a rigid Proteflant. Upon which the
following Epigram in Latin was made by Dr. Alabafter, who
had tried both Religions.
Bella inter geminos plus quam civilia Fratres,
Traxerat ambiguus Religionis Apex.
file Reformats Fidei pro partibus Inftat,
Ifle Reformandam denegat effe Fidem.
Tropofitis Caufs. Rationibus, altei utrinque,
Concurrere pares, & cecidere pares.
Quod fuit in Votis, Frati em capit alter uterque;
Quod fuit infatis, perdit uterque Fidem.
Captivi gemini fine Captivante fuerunt,
Et ViSor vitli transfuga Caftra petit.
§uod Genus hoc Pugns. eft, ubi ViBus gaudet uterque,
Et tamen alteruter fe fuperaffe doJet ?
To have great Men in all Profeffions, England has the grea
teft Helps, viz. two famous Univerfities, not to be matched
in Europe; an infinite Number of learned Men, to improve
himfelf with in all Arts and Sciences; and World both of
Q, publick

226 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
publick, and private Libraries. And the Englift) generally
are fuch Lovers of Learning, that among People of any Sub-
ftance, a Clol'et of choice Books is a Thing commonly feen.
In fhort, there are few Perfons, in comparifon to forein Na-
llions, but what can read, if not write, and eaft Accounts.
Thus it appears, how falfe is the Charafter Scaliger gives '
of the Englift, when he calls 'em ftolidos, amentes, inertes,
that is, witlefs arid dull. But other Nations are as mucha-
bufed by him, by the unmanly Charafter he gives of them.

CHAP. XI.
Of the Religion, and Morals of the Englifh.
Religion *T"*IS the Opinion of the learned Dr Stillingfieet, late Bi-
oftheEn- A *°P °* Wr°rcefter> tnat s- Fa»l was the firft Founder
slilh. °f a Church in this Ifland. But by reafon of Perfecutions,
or for want of a' Supply of Preachers, Chriftianity did not
floui-ifh here, till the Reign of Lucius, a Britijh King, and
the firft Chriftian King, towards the End of the fecond Age.
Of whofe embracing Chriftianity the faid Bifhop gives a very
fatisfactory Account, from the Teftimony of ancient Writers,
for which I refer the Reader to his Book intituled, The Anti-
¦ quity of the Britijh Churches. Only I fhall obferve here, from
that learned Piece, r. That by the Piety of Lucius his Exam
ple, and the Diligence of the firft Preachers, Chriftianity foon
fpread over his Dominions, and fome time after over all
the Ifland. 2. That the Britains had Bifhops of their own,
without any Juridical Dependency from the See of Rome, the
Britijh Church continuing a diftinft and independent Church
from all others.
But, when the Heathen Saxons came to be poffeffed of
this Ifland, 'and the Natives forced to take Shelter amongft
the Mountains of Wales, the Chriftian Faith fled with them,
and this Country (fays the Bifhop) was again darkned with
Heathenifm. Till about the Year 596. Aujtin the Monk be
ing fent by Pope Gregory the Great, to preach the Gofpel
here, the Work prolpered fo well by his Diligence and
Zeal, that all the Saxons were by Degrees converted to the
Chriftian Faith, and Auftin made the firft Archbifhop of Can
terbury, but with a Subjeftion to the Church of Rome. Thus
the Church of England continued fubjeft to the Roman Church,
and fuckt in her Errours and Superftition, till the Reign of
Henry VIII. Who, beingjuitly difgufted at the Pope, reaf-
fumed the Power of the Chriftian Britijh Kings, his ancient Pre-

Chap. XI. GREAT BRITAIN. 227
Predeceffors, ai>d laid by that Means the Ground for a Refor
mation. In which a great progrefs was made in the next
Reign, being that of Edward VI. Son and Succeffor to Hen
ry. But the Popifh Queen Mary, fucceeding next to her
Brother Edward, overthrew the Reformation, and reftored
Popery with a Vengeance. Her Reign was bloody, but of
fhort Continuance. And her Siller, the famous Queen Eli
zabeth, coming next upon the Throne of England, re-efta-
blifh'd the Reformed Religion, by the Counfel and Advice of
able and godly Divines affembled in Convocation by the Queen's
Authority, and the Reformation fettled and ratify'd by the
Three Eflates in Parliament. So that the Ejection of the '
Pope's Authority, and Removing the forfeited Primacy of
Rome to the See of Canterbury, was not done here (a,s in other
Nations) tumultuoufly, and by the Power of the People ;
but ifi a regular Manner, and upon due Deliberation.
Thus was England reformed, and the Reformation fettled,
under the Reign of that famous Queen, in the Year 1562.
The Doftrinal Points, confifting of 39 Articles, confirmed by
the Queen and Parliament ;' the Subftance of which take as
follows, in the Words of my Author.
An Abftrafto/fk Articles of the Church o/England. .
« 1. '"T'HE Unity .of the Godhead, and Trinity of Perfons^ AbftraH of
' JL owned. the 59 Ar*
4 2. That theTecond Perfon, The Word made Fleft, being in tides.
« two diftinft Natures, and one undivided Perfon, Chrift,
« very God, and very Man, fuffered, was crucified, dead,
1 and buried, a Sacrifice to God for Original and Actual
4 Sin. ' 3. That he defcended into Hell.
' ' 4. That he rofe again from Death, and afcended into
4 Heaven, and fhall return again to Judge all Men at the
« laft Day.
4 5. That the Holy Ghofl proceedeth from the Father
4 and the Son, of the fame Subftance, Majefty and Glory, ve-
1 ry and eternal God.
' 6. That the Holy Scripture containeth all Things neceffa-
4 ry to Salvation, viz. thefe Books which are Canonical,
4 Gen. Exod. Lev'it. Numb, Deut. Joft. Judg. Ruth, t of Sam.
4 2 of Sam. 1 of Kings, 2 of Kings, 1 of Cbron. 2 of Cbroru
1 1 of Efdras, 2 of Efdras, Eftber, Job, Pfalms, Prov. Ecclef.
* Cant, four greater Prophets, twelve lefs Prophets.
*¦ The Apocryphal are to be read for Example of Life, and
* Inftruftion of Manners ; viz. third and fourth of Efdras,
1 Tobit, Judith, the reft of Eftber, Wifdom, Eeclefiafticus,
di ' Ba-

228 The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.
4 Barucb,.Song of the three Children,. Hiftory of Sufannah, of
4 Bell and the Dragon, Prayer of Manaffes, firft and fecond
4 Book of Maccabees.
k That all the Books of the New Teftament, as commonly
4 received, are Canonical.
' j. That the Old Teftament doth agree with the New, in
4 offering Eternal Life by the Mediatorfhip of Chrift. That
« the old Fathers lqok'd farther than on tranfitory Promifes;
« and altho the Ceremonial and Ritual Law doth not ftill
' bind, yet the Moral Commandments do.
* 8. That the three Creeds, viz. of the Apoftles, Nhene,
« and At banafian, ought throughly to be believed, and may
' be warranted out of Scripture.
' o. That Original Sin is the Corruption of every Man's
4 Nature, and a continual Propenfity to Evil, deferving God's
4 Wrath. 4 to. That we can do no good Works without the Grace of
' God by Chrift preventing us.
« ' 1 1, That we are Juftified only for the Merit of our Lord
• and Saviour Jefus Chrilt by Faith, and not for our own
« Works. ' 12. That good Works, acceptable to God in Chrift, do
* neceffarily lpring out of a true Faith, which is known by
' 'em as a Tree by its Fruit.
'13. That no Works done before the Grace of Chrift, and
4 Infpiration of his Holy Spirit,. are good.
' 14. That the DoBrine of Supererogation (to wir, that
' there are good Works which God hath not commanded)
' is falfe.
' 15. That Chrift alone was without Sin, and all of us 'of-
• fending in many Things.
' 16. That after Baptifm and, the Holy Ghoft received, a
' Man may fall into deadly Sin, and by the Grace of God may
1 again arife, repent, amend, and be forgiven.
' 17. That fome are Predeftinated of God to Life eternal
4 by Chrift ; fuch are called accordingly, and through Grace
' obeying the Call, are juftified freely. That as fhe Corifide-
' ration of Predeftination is comfortable and beneficial to Spi-
* ritual Men, fo it is of dangerous Concern to Carnal Men.
* And that we muft receive God's Promifes as they are re-
' vealed, and acquiefce in his WiU as it is declared in Holy
4 Writ. '
' 18. That no Man can be faved by living up to the Rules
*- of any Law or Seft, but only by the Name of Jefus
4 Chrift. ' 19. That the Vifible Clmrch of Chrift, is a Congregation
? of faithful Men, in which the pure Word of God is prea-
* ched, and the Sacraments duly adminiftred j And that the
Cbfftb

Chap.XI. GREAT BRITAIN. 229
' Church of Rome had err'd in Matters of Faith, as fome o-
4 ther ancient Clmrcbes have done.
* 20. That the Church hath Power to decree Rites and Ce-
4 remonies, and Authority in Controverftes of; fa;Vi ; yet can-
4 not lawfully ordain any Thing contrary to God's Word, or
4 expound any one Place of Scripture repugnant to another,
4 orinforce any Thing to be believed for Neceffity of Salva-
4 tion, befide what is in holy Writ.
4 21. That General Councils are not to meet without the
4 Will of Princes. That they may err, and fometimes have
4 err'd. Nor have they Authority to ordain any Thing as ne-
4 ceffary to Savlation, but out of Holy Scripture.
4 22. That the Romift Doctrines of Purgatory, Pardons,
1 Worfhip of Images, Relhks, and Invocation of Saints, cannot
4 be ^warranted by Scripture, but are rather repugnant to the
4 Word of God.
4 23 . That no Man ought to Preach publickly, or Admini-
4 fter the Sacraments, unlefs, he be lawfully called, and lent
* thereto by publick Church- Authority.
4 24. That Praying,, or Adminiflring the Sacraments in an
4 unknown Tongue, is repugnant to the Word of God, and
* the Cuftom of the Primitive Church.
4 25. That Sacraments ordain'd of Chrift, are not only
4 Badges or Tokens of Chriftianity, but rather fure Witnef-
* fes, and effectual Signs of Grace, and God's good Will to-
4 wards us. That the Two Sacraments ordain'd of Chrift, are
4 Baptifm and the Supper of the Lord ; and that Confirmation,
* Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and extream UnBion, are not
4 Gofpel Sacraments, having no vifible Sign or Ceremony in
4 the Gofpel. That the Sacraments were not ordained to be
4 gazed upon, or carried about in Pioceffion, but for a due
4 Ufe ; and that they have a wholfom Effeft only upon wor-
4 thy Receivers, and a quite contraryto others.
4 16. That the Unworthinefs of Minifters make none of
4 Chrift's Ordinances ineffeftual to worthy Receivers.
4 27. That Baptifm is a vifible Sign and Seal of.Regenera-
4 tipn ; and that the Baptifm of young1 Children is moft a-
4 greeable' withthe Inftitution of Chrift.
4 28. The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper is to worthy
4 Communicants, a Partaking of the Body and Blood of
4 Chrift. That Tranfuhftantiation cannot be proved by Holy
4 Writ, but is 'repugnant to it. That the Body of Chrift js
4 given, taken, and eaten only after an Heavenly and Spiritu-
4 al manner by Faith ; and that this Sacrament was not by
' Chrift's Ordinance referved, carried about, lifted up, or
4 wor (hipped.' '
4 29. That the Wicked are not in this Sacrament Partakers of
4 Chrift; but rather to their Condemnation, do eat and drink
4 tlie Sign of fo great a Thing. 4 Q. J p.

2$ o The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
*4 36. That the Cup is not to be denied to the Laity.
4 31. That the one Oblation of Chrift, as a Propitiation and
4 Satisfaftion for Sin, was finifhed.upon the Crofs ; and that
4 the Popift Sacrifices of Maffes are blafphemous.
• 32. That Marriage of Priefts is not unlawful.
4 3 3 . That -the Converfation of Perfons excommunicated is to
* be avoided.
4 34. That Traditions and Ceremonies are Variable, accor-
4 ding to the Authority ot every Particular and National
4 Church. '35. That 'the Second Book of Homilies contains that Do-
* ftrine which is godly and wholfom.
'36. That the Book of Confecration of Arcbliftops and Bi-
4 ftops, and Ordainjng of Priefts and Deacons, fet forth in the
4 Time of Edward the Sixth, is religious and godly ; and
4 they that are Confecrated and Ordained according to the
4 fame Rites, are rightly, orderly, and lawfully Confecrated,
4 and Ordained.
4 37. That the Sovereign Perfon in this Realm, is chief
' Governour in it, of all Eftates, in all Caufes Ecclefiaftical
4 or Civil, according to that only Prerogative which we fee
4 to have been given always to all godly Princes in Hojy
4 Scriptures by God himfelf. That the Bifiop of Rome hath
4 ho Jurifdiftion in England. That the Laws of the Realm
4 may punifh Chriflians with Death, for haiiioUs Offences.
4 That it is lawful for Chriftian Men at the Command of the
4 Magiftrates, to wear Weapons, and ferve in the Wars.
4 38. That the Goods of Clmflians are not common, yet
4 that Almf-giving is every Man's Duty, according to his
6 Ability. 4 ig. That as vain and rath Swearing is forbidden by
4 Chrift and his Apoft'e St. James, fo when the Magiftrate
4 requires, a Man may teftify upon Oath in a Caufe of Faith
4 and Charity, fo it be done in Juftice, Judgment, and
5 Truth, "'
By thofe Articles, being the Confeffion of Faith of the
Church of England, and a Summary of her Doftrine, not only
the Epifcopal Government is retained, but alfo fuch Rites aud
Ceremonies as are appointed by the Clmrch, both for Decencies
Take, and to invite the Papifts to come over, are allowable.
Such as the Ufe of the Surplice, the Bowing and Kneeling be
fore the Altar, the Sign of the Crofs it Baptifm,' and a few
others. A great Number of Papifts neverthelefs kept to their
'Religion, and thofe Extrinfecals proved fuch a Humbling
Block to others of the Reformed Party, as made at laft a
Rent in the Church, Who, rather than comply with thofe
Ceremonies, feparated themfelves from the Church) keeping her

Chap. XI. . GREAT BRITAIN 231
her Fundamentals, but renouncing both to her Difcipline and
Rites. Therefore called DiJfenters or Nonconfdrmifts, Puritans DiJfenters
or Separatifts ; fome of 'em Presbyterians, fome Independents,
and others Anabaptifts, and all of 'em making a great
Party. The moft confiderable.are the Presbyterians, fo called from Prebyteri-
their Ecclefiaftical Government by Presbyters, or Elders, ans.
Thefe come neareft, in point of Doctrine, to the Church of i
England. The Independents, or Congregationalifts, are fo called, be-Indepen-
caufe each Congregation amongft them governs it felf inde- dents.
pendently from all others.
The Baptifts, or Anabaptifts, from their , Re-baptizing as Anabap-
many as come into their Communion, who were baptized tifts.
in their Infancy. For they are againft Pedo-baptifm, or Bap
tizing of Children.
Thefe SeBs however agree in Fundamentals with all the
Proteflant Churches, but come neareft to the Calvinifts. 'Tis
true, they ufe no Liturgy, as the Calvinifts do, but only ex-
temporal Prayers ; the very Lords Prayer being difufed amongft
them, which is not fo among Calvinifts.
Among thefe SeBs, but chiefly the Independents, fome are
Millenarians, or Fifth Monarchy Men. So we call thofe who
expect Chrift's Temporal Kingdom upon Earth for a Thou
fand Years, grounding this their Opinion upon fome Places
of Scripture, which others take to be underftood in a lpiri-
tual Senfe:
Befides the SeBs aforefaid, ' there is another particular
SeB, I mean thofe we call Quakers, from their former Wiy Quakers,
of quaking and groaning in their Meetings, when they waited
for the Spirit. They are a fort of Enthufiafts, that pretend
to Infpiration. 'Tis true, they own the Trinity, and that
the Writers both of the Old and New Teftament were irifpi-
red. But they reject all Minifterial Ordinances, ufe no Sacra
ment, and pretend to a Light within that leads 'em into the
Way of Truth.
In Civil Matters they will have all Men equal, and think
all Oaths unlawful. Therefore they only ufe Yea or No, - to
affirm, or deny a Thing. They ridicule the Civility of the
Hat, and. their Way* is to Thou all Men without Diitinclion,
the Prince as well as the Cobler. The Plural Number, when.'
we fpeak to one , is to them a great Solecifm. And whereas
moft Names of Days and Months are of a Pagan Origine, they
never name 'em but thus, as the' Day called Tuefday/ the
Month called January. They affeft Plainnefs in their Garb ;
but, in the Way of Trade, they are as fubtle as any.'
The Precifenefs and Striftnefs of Difcipline ufed by all
DiJfenters is that which keeps up their Party in a gteaftmear
0.4 lure.

2J 2 The Prefent S T A T E of. Part I.
fure. And 'tis obfervable, how great is the Influence of E-
ducation upon 'People, which makes the Church Of England-
Men and the DiJfenters differ fo much as they do, not only
in their Behaviour, but even in their Countenances, fo that
one would take 'em to be of different Climates. ' The firft
have generally a free and genteel Way with them, the Dif
fenters on the contrary are much upon the Referve. One
fide is generally open-handed, and the other clofe-fifted ;
the firft moft inclined to Profufenefs and Gallantry, and the
other to Penurioufnefs. I could with the firft lefs guilty of
publick Immoralities, while the laft keep a fair and de
cent Out-fide, however it is within. Iu fhort, of all Pro
teftants, the Diffenters are the ftrifteft Obfervers of the
Lord's Day, and fall little fhort of the Jews in their Sab
bath. In their Devotions, both publick and private, they
have a Way of expreffing their Contrition, and Fervency of
Zeal, which is not very taking. But, of all Sefts, the Qua
kers are moft fingular. For I have feen fome of 'em foam
again, when they held forth.
"To prevent the Growth of Diffenters, and Lring them in
to the Pale of the Church, fevere Laws were made againft
them, that have been fometimes feverely put in Execution.
Which created a Feud among the Churchmen and Diffen
ters, that lafted till the late happy Revolution. When the
Diffenters, ioyning with the Church againft the Illegal Pro
ceedings of the late King James, obtained by her means an
Indulgence, which ftands on the Foundation of an Aft of
Parliament. I come now to the Roman-Catholhks, commonly called
Papifts, and by the Law Popift) Recufants, who grew fo for
midable in the Reign of the late King James, their Idol.
'Tis true, they might have'procured unto themfelves a firm
Settlement here, had they been wife and moderate. But
they were mas,is calidi qudm callidi. Nothing would ferve
their Turn, but Grafping at all, and it proved with them
according to the Proverb, All covet, all lofe.
There are divers Laws in force againft them, but feldom
put in Execution. If they could but keep within Bounds,
and behave themfelves peaceably, they need not fear to be
molefted by fo gentle a Government. Nor has the Go
vernment any Caufe to fear 'em, while their Party is fo
jnconfiderable, having loft a great deal of Ground fince
trie Fall of King James. For now we' reckon 200 Prote
ftants in England for .one Roman-Catbolick ; of which
Number the Church of England, as by Law eftabliflied,
makes two Thirds, and the Diffenters and Papifts the other
Third. '".-.'. Upon

caputs.

Chap. XI. GREAT BRITAIN. 2^
Upon the Whole, to fhew in few words the Difference of
their feveral Worfhip, it may be faid, the Papifts /m>e God
Gaudily, the Church of England Decently, and the Diffen
ters without Ceremony. Eft in medio Virtus.
As for Jews, we have fome in London, where they are jew
tolerated by Royal Permiffion. They were of old banifhed *
from England, but Cromwel re-admitted them. Then they
were inconfiderable, but now they. are fo increafed, that
they have built near Duke's Place, within the City, a very
fair Synagogue.
In Point of Morals, the Englift) have their ShaTe in the
Corruption of the Age, and Vices as well as Virtues. As f0rf%
they live generally at Eafe and in Pletity/o Self-love and Lux- °VIe "^
ury feem to predominate with them. 'Tis the unhappy Ef-Sllfl3"
feft of the late Kings Charles and James's Reigns, whofe ill
Example has been too much followed by their Subjects. So
true is the Saying, in refpeft to Vices,
Regis ad Exemplum totus componitur Orbis.
If good Examples could make as ftrong an Impreflion as
bad, what happy Change fhould we fee under fo great,
fo good, and religious a Queen, and our prefent Sove
reign ?
But, whatever be the Corruption of Manners in this
depraved Age, among the Englift as weU as forein Nations,
that beaftly Sin of Sodomy, fo common in hot Climates, par
ticularly in Spain, Portugal,ind Italy, is generally abhorred by
the Englift, As is alfo Poifoning and Stabbing, fo frequent
in thofe Countries.
In fhort, how great foever be the Infolence of Vice,
Virtue is not yet banifhed out of the Land. Far from it,
there are ftill Perfons of both Sexes ( and I hope, good
Numbers of 'em ) that live an unfpotted Life. Temperate
in their way of living, Tuft to their Neighbours, Kind-
hearted to their Friends, Inoffenfive to their Enemies, Cha
ritable to the Poot, and of a fervent £eal in the Praftice of
Ghriftian Duties.

CHAP.

&H 'The Prefent STATE of Parti.
CHAP. XII.
Of the Englifh Way of Living, as to Lodging, Food,
Raiment^ and Fewel, Exereifes and Recreations, FeftU
vals and Fafting-Days, and fome particular Cuftoms.
Their Computation of Time. The Difeafes they are
moft fubjefl to.
Modern i^\ ^ ^ would think the Men of former Ages were afraid
Way of V-x °f Light and good Air, when they made fmall Win-
Burldine dows to their Houfes, with little more Glafs than Lead,
s' and the Cieling very low. Their Country-Seats, moft com
monly in the Bottoms of Hills, for fear the Wind fhould
blow 'em away ; and the Rooms at random, often with Steps
from one to another. But now the Cafe is al'ter'd, and nothing
can be neater, than the modern Buildings, with lightfom
Stair-cafes, lofty Cielings,, Clofets in moft Rooms, andSafh-
windo\vs as high as theCieling ; by which means the Air
has a free Tranfpiration, very conducive to Health. And
fuch is their Compaftnefs arid Uniformity, that the fame
Quantity of Ground will afford double the Conveniencies of
an old-built Houfe.
The Ufe of Hangings, whether Tapeftry or other, is partly
laid afide, fince Wainfcotting'came intb Fafhion ; much fit
ter for a'moift Country, to keep off the dangerous Impref-
fion of damp Walls.
Englifh In P°int °f Diet, the Englift live moft upon Butchers
Diet. Meat, as the moft proper Nourifhment for this Country,
and all edible Roots and Herbs are ufed only as a Supple
ment. They are indeed great Flefi-eaiers, and that without
Kitchin Sophiftry; plain-boyled, rotted, or baked, being
the general way of drefiing it. French Soops and Kickftavt,
Venifon, Fift, and Foivl, are feldom eaten but by the better
Sort. In Paftry-w6r^L, but chiefly Venifon-Paflies, they ex
cel aU Nations. Their Variety of Puddings, and on Cbtift-
mas Holy-Days their rich Plum-Porridge, Cbriftmas-PieS, and
Brawn, ire properly Englift) Difhes, hardly known to other
Nations. 'Tis not many "fears fince a little Bread fetved their Turn,
and fome I have known, who fcarce did eat any. But they
begin now to relifh it.
Tho' Malt-Drink be their ufual Liquor, yet vaft Quantities
of Wines are confumed here, notwithftanding the Dearnefs
of 'em, by reafon of the Cuftom. And Wine is commonly
drunk here without Water. Before our Rupture with
France, upon the late Revolution, French-Claret was the
\yine

Chap. XII. GREAT BRITAIN 23$
Wine moft ufed. But we have fince turned our Palates to .
Portuguese Wines, mix'd with a Proportion oT French.
For Finenefs of Colour, Strength, and Palatablenefs, they
have Beer and Ale, not inferiour to Wine ; but rather too
quick, and malignant in their Operation. ,
Formerly they ufed to eat 3 or 4 Meals a Day, and Sup
per was the beft Meal. But the Civil Wars in the Reign of
Charles I. made them confine themfelves to a Dinner, ma
king up the reft with flight Things. Thus the lefs Time is
fpent in Eating, and the more faved for Bufinefs. Befides
that this Way is found to be more conducive to Health, at
London efpecially.
""Coffee and Tea, two fober Liquors, are of common Ufe
in England, and take off People very much from drinking of
thofe diftilled flrong Liquors, which are apt to confound
and diforder the Brain. But Punch is much ufed, efpecially
by Sea-faring Men.
The Ufe of Tobacco is very univerfal, and indeed not im
proper for fo moift a Climate.
For Raiment, the common Wear amongft Men is plain Raiment.
Cloth and Drugget, without any thing of coftly Ornament.
But the fair Sex fpares for nothing to make the beft Ap
pearance, the beft able in the richeft Silks of 8 or 10 1, a
Yard, with aU the Set-offs that Art can poffibly invent.
England is too temperate a Country to ufe Stoves, as
in cold Climates. A Chimney-Fire, of Wood or Pit-coals, Firing.
is much better, and apt to cheer up the Sight.
From thefe neceffary Things to humane Life, I proceed
to the Englift Exercifes and Recreations.
I pafs by fuch as are common with other Nations, as
Hunting, Hawking, Fowling, Fifting, Shooting with Bow Exercifes
and Arrows, Dancing, Mufick, Stage-Plays, &c. and Re-
Playing at Mall, fo frequent in France, is out of date in creations*
England ; and Playing at Tennis, much difufed.
But Bowling is very much ufed, for which there are. Bow
ling-Greens kept very neat, peculiar to the Englift. And fo
is the Recreation of Paddock-Courfes, Horfe-Races, Cock-
Fighting ; and with the common People Leaping, Wreftlingt
Bear-Baiting, Bull-baiting, Prizes, Cudgels, Foot-ball in fro-
fly Weather, and Throwing at Cocks about Lent. Amongft
which the Races fbew fhe wonderful Swiftnefs of Englift
Horfes, Cock-fighting the Courage of their Cocks, Bear and
Bull-baiting that of their Dogs, and Prizes the Dexterity and
Courage of fome Men in the Ufe of Weapons.
The Mufical way of Ringing the Bells is alfo peculiar to
the Englift, whence this Ifland is called in French I'lftefon-
ftante, the Ringing Ifland. > - >
/•' ¦'.' ''¦¦-'¦: 1

236 the Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Feftival- I come now to give an Account of the Englift) Feftival
Days. Days, particularly the Holy Days at Cbriftmas, Eafter, and
Wlntfuntide. The firft continue in a manner from Cbriftmas-
Day, December 2 5th, to Twelfth-Day, Jan. 6. being Days of
Entertainment among Friends and Relations, in which alfo
the Landlords feaft their Tenants. This was formerly done
with great Profufenefs, and is continued not without Im
moderation, which I could wifh reflrained. As for the
Holy-Days of Eafter and Whitfuntide, they are each of 3 Days
Continuance. They have alfo publick Days of Rejoycing, upon a civil
Account. Particularly Her Majefty's Birth-Day, Feb. 6.
Her Proclamation- Day, March 8, and Coronation- Day, April
23, when the Tower-Guns go off, the Bells ring, and the
Night is illuminated with Candles and Bonfires. The fifth
of November, being Gun-Powder-Treaf on-Day, is alfo a
Thankfgiving-Day for the wonderful Deliverance of King
James I. and the Parliament then fitting, at the point of
being blown up by Popifh Confpirators. Queen Elizabeth's
Birth-Day, Nov. 14th, and that of the late King William^
Nov. 4th. are alfo celebrated by well-affefted People.
The City of London has a particular Day of Rejoycing, viz.
the 29th of OBober, when the new Lord Mayor enters upon
his Office, with the ufual Solemnity.
Thofe are the fet Days for Publick Rejoycing. But when
God is gracioufly pleas'd to blefs the Nation with fome fig-
rial Providence, as he has done in the whole Courfe of this
War with France, a Day is commonly appointed by the Sove
reign, to acknowledge his Goodnefs, and return him out
Thanks with Gladnefs.
Many Societies likewife have their Feafting-Days ; but
none to be compared in this point to the Inns of Court for
State and Magnificence, when they kept their Readings.
In private Families, efpecially of the better fort, 'tis
ufual to celebrate their Birth and Wedding-Days, with their
moft intimate Friends.
Tatlincr As t0 Fttfting-Days, the Glmrch of England has indeed ap-
7) * pointed Lent, as a particular Time of Falling and Humili-
**' ation before God for our Sins, but not (as the Roman
Church ) to abftain from Flefh all that Time. A moderate
Diet is allowed.. However many JMembers of the Church
of England abftain from Flefh on Wenfdays and Fridays in
Lent. But Good-Friday particularly is obferved wifh Fatting,
till the Evening.
The 3 oth of January, being the Day when King Charles
I. was put to Death, is appointed by Law to be devoutly pb-

Chap. XII. GREAT BRITAIN. 2J7
obferved with Failing, in Deteftation of that Aft, and to
deter Poflerity from the like Attempt. The 2d of Sept. be
ing the Day when the City was burnt, in the Year 1666.
has been yearly obferved as a Paft ever fince, by the Citizens
thereof. To deprecate God's Judgments, and implore his Mercy,
the Sovereign appoints folemn Faffs, when he thinks pro
per. To fpeak of the particular Cuftoms of the Englijh Britains, Particular
I fliaUbegin with Valentine's Day, Feb. 14. when Young Men Cuftoms.
and Maidens get their feveral Names writ down upon Scrolls
of Paper rolled up, and lay 'em afunder, the Men drawing the
Maidens Names, and thefe the Mens ; upon which the Men
falute their chofen Valentines, and prefent them with Gloves,
&c. This Cuftom ( which fometimes introduces a Match )
is grounded upon the Inftinct of Animals, which about this
Time of the Year feeling a new Heat by the Approach of
the Sun, begin to couple.
Upon March rft, being St. David's Day the Patron of
Wales, the Welch wear a Leek on their Hats ; to perpetuate
( as 'tis faid ) the Memory of a fignal Viftory they got of
old on that Day, when each Souldier took up a Leek, to
know their Friends from their Foes. The common Sort '
wear Garden- Leeks on that Day, but the better Sort .
wrought ones. The King himfelf wears one, to humour the
People. November 30. being St. Andrew's Day, the Patron of Scot
land, the Scots wear a blue Crofs, on the fore-part of their
Hats. As to the Englift Computation of Time, the Natural Day Computa-
begins with them, and with molt Parts of Europe, at Mid- tion of
night ; counting n Hours from that Time to Noon, and 12 Time..
Hours more, beginning at one of the Clock, till the next
Midnight. But the Year begins with them properly on Lady-Day,
March 25th, being the Conception- Day of the B. Virgin,
and they date accordingly all their publick Writings. Tho*
they allow the Year, by the Cycles of the Sun and Moon,
to begin January 1, and commonly call it New-Years-Day.
To diftinguifh therefore that mungrel Time from the ift of
January, to the 25th of March, 'tis a common Praftice to
fet down both Years in the Date of Letters thus, as before laft
Lady-Day, 1707.
Laftly, the Englift Epoch is from the Time of our Saviour's
Birth. But they keep the Old (or Julian) Style ; whereas' all
Pqjjjfh, and fome Proteflant States, go by the New, otherwife cdled

238 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. t.
called the Gregorian Style, from Pope Gregory XIII. who a-
bove 100 Years fince, undertook to correct the Calendar, by
the Advice and Direction of Antonius Lilius, and other
great Mathematicians. By this New Style, or Gregorian Ac
count, they go now eleven Day! before us, asuiey have
done ever fince the Beginning of the prefent Age.
Difeafes. The Difeafes the Englijh are moft fubjeft, to are chiefly the
Rickets, the Scurvy, and the Confumption. The firft incident
to Children, the Scurvy to moft People more or lefs, and the
Confumption to many. All of 'em proceeding chiefly from
the Conftitution of the Air, the Rickets from its Moiftnefs,
the Scurvy from its Saltnefs, the Confumption from its Grof-
nefs. There is no Country perhaps where Rhumes and Coughs are
more predominant, efpecially in the Winter ; which are
often attended with ill Confequences, if not timely pre
vented. Agues and Rhumatifms are alfo very rife, efpecially neat
the Sea. But Feavers are not fo frequent as in hot Coun
tries. .
From the Gout, Stone, Gravel, Colick, and other Difeafes,
England is no more free than other Nations. But Surfeits
are more frequent, the Englifh being commonly too apt to
Indulge themfelves.
The Plague, formerly fo frequent in England as to return
once in 20 or 30 Years, has not afflifted it fince the Years
\66$, and 66, when it fwept away near 500000 Souls in
City and Country.
In the three fuccefliye' Reigns of Henry VIL £%nrv.VIII.
and Edward VI. this People was vilited with an odd kind of
Difeafe, called the Sweating Sicknefs, thus defcribed in my
New State of England. 4 'Twas a peflilential Feaver, but
4 without any Carbuncle, Purple, or livid Spots. A ma-
* lignant Vapour generally conceived to proceed from a Ma-
4 lignity in the Conftitution of the Air, which feizing up-
4 on the vital Spirits, Nature ftrove to fend it forth by ex-
4 tream Sweat. They that efcaped dying of it in 24 Hours,
4 were look'd upon as out of Danger. But it killed great
4 Numbers of People, before the Manner of Cure and At-
4 tendance was known . And, which is molt remarkable, it
4 wreaked it felf chiefly upon robuftious People, and fpared
4 commonly old Men, Women, and Children. Ano-
* ther Thing very ftrange of this Difeafe is, That it af-
4 fefted the Englift any where beyond Sea, without touch-
4' ing the Natives. Whence it came to be called in Latin
4 Sudor Anglhus, as being peculiar to the Englift.
CHAP.

Chap. XIII. GREAT BRITAIN. %w
CHAl>. XIII.
Of the vaft Trade of ENG LAN Dt both at Borne
and Abroad.
THe Trade of England is carried on two ways, at Home
and Abroad, in Britain and Forein Countries.
At Home, by Land and Water. By Land, all Provifions Home*
and Commodities are convey'd in Waggons, and upon Pack- Trade.
Horfes. By Water, either by Sea, or upon navigable Rivers.
This vaft Tranfport of Provifions and Commodities, both
by Land and Water, imploys a world of Waggoners,. Sea
men, and Watermen. And whereas London is in a manner
the Center of this Trade, hence comes the great Concourfe
there is of Carts and Waggons by Land, of Ships and Ligh
ters, grY. by Water. To receive what comes by Land, we
may reckon 150 Inns it London, where the Country- Waggons
come to unload, and from whence they return at fet times,
loaded with lotion-Commodities. By which means a vaft
Number of Porters are imploy'd to unload and load the Wag
gons, and to carry the Parcels where they are direfted.
But, among the Inns aforefaid, I do not reckon fuch as take
in nothing but Coaches, and others that entertain only Li-
very-Hotfes. As to the Conveyance by Water, one may judge of the
vaft Number of Ships, Mariners, and Watermen imploy'd in
England, by the Sea-coal Trade only. Which takes up 500
great Ships conftantly, that fail to and from Newcaftle almoft
all the Year round, and whofe Seamen are counted the beft
in England. This Trade therefore is kept on foot, and the •
Coals fetched 300 Miles by Sea, which might be had in the
Neighbourhood of London. 'Tis iii order to incourage Navi
gation, and to have always a conftant Supply of able Seamen
ready for the Service of the State. ¦ ,
But if the Carriage only imploys fo many People both by
Sea and Land, how great muft be the Number of fuch as are
imploy'd in Manufactures, both in' the City and Country ?
London fwarms with them, and there are many Towns in
the Country full of Manufacturers of feveral Sorts.
The Difference between the/ Trade carried on at Home and
Abroad lies in this, that the firft makes the Money circulate,
whereas the other is carried on chiefly by bartering of Com
modities. If the Home-Trade be fo prodigious, and of fo great Benefit Forein*
to the Nation, we may reasonably conclude our forein Trade Trade."
to he far beyond it. Not

240 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Not but that England may very weU fubfift without it.
For fhe wants for nothing, but yields all Things neceffary for
Life, and might make good fhift without the Help of forein
Countries. Which cannot be faid of Holland, her Rival in
point of Trade. But as forein Trade is very ufeful to imploy
Artifts, to fet the Poor to work, and improve Manufa
ctures ; fo 'tis an effeftual Means to enrich the Nation, to
ftrengthen the State, and make it formidable to forein Pow
ers. England therefore trades in all Parts of the trading
World, nor do's any Nation whatfoever drive fuch a Trade
as fhe do's with her own Commodities. This makes her
ftrong in Shipping, multiplies the Number of her Mariners,
makes the Nation rich, and procures her what the whole
World can afford to gratify the Fancy, or pleafe the Appe
tite. In fhort, 'tis by the Foreign Trade, that Britain is be-,
come the Support of her Friends, and a Terrour to her Ene
mies. By Navigation fhe makes of the Ocean a Bridge of Communi
cation with the remoteft Parts of the World. And whereas
the Dutch Trade does chiefly confift in the Tranfportation of
forein Commodities from one Country to another, the Eng-,
lift) Trade confiils principally in exporting their own Com
modities. Thus England trades with her own Merchandize, not only
all over ^ Europe, but alfo in Afia, Afrhk, and America, and
that by Way of Bartering. And tho the Englifh make a grea
ter Confumption of forein Commodities than any other Na
tion, yet they keep not only the Ballance of Trade even, by
the Excellency and Quantity of their own Commodities, but
alfo come off great Gainers by tranfporting what they cannot
confume into other Countries. With France only they be
came Lofers, which in Times of Peace laid exorbitant Cu
ftoms upon Englift Commodities, and England was fo kind to
France, as to pafs it by without any Retaliation. Infomuch
that by a modeft Computation, England remained yearly in
debted to France in above half a Million of Pounds Sterling,
and that for Gugaws and other Commodities, England his
made good lhift without, during the Courfe ot her late
Wars with France.
The principal Commodities of the Growth of England are
her Wooll, of which vaft Quantities, of Cloth and Stuffs are
made, to the Sum of Two Millions Sterling fee Annum. Her
Tin, 'Lead, Copper, Pit-coal, great Guns, Bombs, Carcajfes,
&c. for one Million. Moreover fhe exports abundance of
Com, red Herrings, Jmsaked Pilchards, and Salmon, fifhed up-
' on her Coaft ; befides abundance of Leather, and Saffron.
Many of her Manufaftares are alfo in great requeft, partial.
larly her Sattins, Damask, Velvet, Fluff), Locks, Pendulums, and

Chap. XIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 241
and Watches, Barometers, Thermometers, SpeBacles, PrafpeBive
Glaffes, Telefcopes, Microfcopes, and all forts of Mathematical
Inftruments, &c. great Quantities of which are exported;
Befides the great Confumption England makes of the Pro-
dufts of her vaft Countries in the New World, particularly
Sugar, Indigo, Coco-nuts, Tobacco, &c. fhe fpares to the
Sum of half a Million a Year for other Parts of Europe. Her
Trade with Ireland, and Fifhery in Newfoundland, is alfo
very beneficial to her. With Ireland, by exporting her
Wooll, Beef, Hides, Tallow, Butter, and Fifh.
It has been already obferved, that Holland has the Advan
tage of England, in point of Tranfportation. But Holland
being but a narrow Country, full of Water, her Merchants
find there but little Land to purchafe with their Wealth got
ten by Trade. Whereas England being a fpacious, beautiful
and' fruitful Country, her Merchants find Opportunities e-
nough to purchafe Eftates for themfelves and their Heirs ;
where they go to injoy the Fruits of their Induftry, and take
their Eafe, when tired and fatigued with the Hurry of
Trade. This forein Trade is regulated chiefly at London, by feve- Companies'
ral Companies (or Societies) of Merchants, impowered by Roy- of Mer-
al Authority to make from time to time fuch Regulations chants.
for the Improvement of their refpeftive Trade, as they fhall
think convenient. By which Companies the Poor are fet to
work, many -great Ships are built, and a vaft Number of
Seamen employ'd. Only the American Trade is free from
thofe Companies, excepting the Company trading in Hudfon's
Bay. The principal Companies, are the two Eaft-India Companies,
the Old and the New, not long fince united together, and
whofe Stock is One Million and a half. Their Trade extends
it felf from Perfia to China. In Perfia they have two Fafto-
ries, one at Ifpaban, and the other at Gambroon. In India a
great many, particularly at Fort S. George, FOrt S. David, '
Acbim and Ysrk Forts in the Ifle of Sumatra, Callicut, Surat,
and Pettipolee on the Coaft of Coromandel, Rbajama in Mala-- ,
bar, and the Ifle of Bombay, Sec. And in China, Amoy, Can
ton, and Tunqueen.
The Levant, or Turky Company, eftablifh'd by the famous
Queen Elizabeth, and whofe Privileges were increafed by her
next Succeffor James I.
The Company of Merchants Adventurers, the ancienteft of
all. Firft fettled by King Edward I. near 400 Years fince,
for the Exporting of Wooll. But now Cloths ready made is
, what they ought to export.
The Rujfia Company, eftabliflied in the Reign of Edward
VI, upon the Difcovery made by the Englift of the Way to
R Arch

242 The Prefent STATE of Parti
Archangel upon the Northern Ocean, which formerly was
counted unprafticable. Which Difcovery proved much to
the Prejudice of Narva upon the Baltick, the Trade whereof
turned to Archangel, to the great Benefit of the Czar and his
Dominions. Therefore John Bafilovitz, who reigned at that
Time, granted great Privileges to this Company, which made
it flourifh in few Years. But the late Czar, Alexey Michai-
lovitz, being difgufted at the Company, abolifhed their Privi
leges, and fet the Englilb, in point of Cuftom, on the fame
foot with other Nations.
The Company called the Eaft-land Company, whofe Trade is
upon the Baltick, in Denmark, Sweden, and Poland.
The Royal African Company, fettled by the late King
Charles. Who gave 'em full Power to trade over all the
Weftern Coaft of Africk, from Sally in the South of Barbaryf
as far as the Cape of Good Hope, forbidding all his other Sub-
jefts to interfere with them in that Trade. This Compaq/''
has built at their own Charge many Forts upon that Coaft,^
for the Security of their Trade. Namely, James Fort upon
the River Gambo, Sherborough in York-Ifland, Sierra Leona'm
1 the Ifle of Bence, Fort-Royal, &c.
I pafs by feveral other Companies, as the Greenland-Company
for Whale -fifhing, Hudfons Bay Company, and others.
To fhew the Advantages Great Britain reaps from this
forein Trade, 'tis computed, that what is brought in only by
the Eaft India Companies, as Pepper, Salt-peter, Callicoes,
Drugs, Diamonds, and Pearls, &c. after we have fupplied our
f elves, comes to 500000 /. per Annum. And what is tran-
fported hither from the BritiJI) Plantations in America, viz.
Sugar, Indigo, Tobacco, Coco-nuts, &c. befides Fifh, Pipje-
ftaves', Mafts, Beaver, Sec. from the North Parts of that
Continent, 400000 I, per Annum.
Note That fome of the forefaid Companies trade in joint
Stocks as the Eaft-India and African Companies, the Morea-"
Company being Part of the Levant, and the Greenland-Cevip-
ny. Others in feparate Stocks, but in common as to publick
Expences, keeping out Interlopers, and the like.
Cm»nl nf For promoting the Trade of Great Britain, and for infpe-
7V*X fting and improving Her Majefty's Plantations in America,
and elfewhere, there is a .Council of Trade eftabliflied, confi
fting of thefe Commiffioners. Viz.

The

Chap. XIV, GREAT BRITAIN. 241
f Lord High Admiral, "J f after fhall be.
Lord High Chancellour, j ti I The firft Commiffioner
or Lord Keeper, J •§ j of the Admiralty that
Lord High Treafurer, j -a J fliall be.

Lord Prefident of the | | j The Lord Bifhop 06
The 4 Privy Council, j, g 4 London, for the Time
Lord Privy Seal, . v } being.
The Two Principal Se- | .g J William Lord Dart-
cretaries of State, • ^ j mouth. „
The firft Commiffioner of | £ | flenrv Lord Herbert of
1, the2Vea/i»;y that here- j (_ Cherbury.
The Chancellour of the Exche- <?eo. Stepney,
quer for the Time being. John Pultney,
Sir P/Wip Meadows. Rob. Monkton,
Of which the feven laft have each rooo /. per Annum, as
Members of this Council. Any three, or more of 'em, make
a Council- Their Secretary, Mr. Popple^ his Salary 500 /. And his
Affiftant, 100.

CHAP. XIV.
Of the Coin, Weights, and Meafures, which by the
Union with Scotland, ought to be the fame all over
.. Great Britain.
rT",HE Subjeft of this Chapter has fo near a Relation to
1 Trade, and is fo fubfervient to it, that it comes here
ofcourfe- The Britifl) Coin is of two Metals, Gold and Silver. The Coin}
Gold is either a Guinea, or half Guinea ; the firft going for
21 s. 6 d. the half Guinea proportionably. 'Tis called
Ga/«eafrom a Country of that Name in Africk, whence moft
of the Gold is brought Of which this Coin is made.
But we have, befides Guinea's, two forts of old Gold,
one called a Broad Piece, and the other a Jacobus ; the firft;
going for 23 s. 6d. and the 1^ for 2 Shillings more. They ¦
are both a pure fort of Gtftd, «>ined in the Reign of King
James I. and now kept crate by the Curious, which makes
tew of 'em to be feen abroad. R 2 The

244 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
The Silver Coin now current in Grear Gritain, js of the
beft Silver called Sterling ; of which there have been for.
merly many Species , now reduced to fourj viz. Crowns
Half-crowns, Shillings, and Six-pences.
'Tis true, we have abundance of Copper-farthings, and
Half-pence, which have been allowed to be coihed for the
Conveniency of fmall Change. But no Man is bound to
receive 'em in Pay for Rent, or Debt.
What we call a Noble is 6 s. Sd. a Mark 13; s. 4 aY an An
gel 10 s. Bu| they are not to be feen in Specie. ?
Sometimes we call 20 s. a Piece; and we don't ufetheWord
Pound under 3 /. which is 60s.
'Tis prefumed, there is in England Six Millions of coined
Gold, and Ten Millions of Silver, in all Sixteen Millions. The
firft is probable, confidering how plentiful Gold was when
the hammered Silver Coin was cried down, to be milled.
Then Gold was the'current Cafh, and a Guinea went for 30;.
of which the intrinfick Value is not above 20.- This for
fome time created a brisk Trade, which made amends for
the want of Silver , and thofe who owed Mony, and had
Gold to pay, were very free to do it, before the Guineas fell.
It was as good as a Compofition. In fhort, in that golim
Age, when nothing but Gold could be feen, it circulated :to
Admiration ; till we came to be fupplied with the new Sil
ver Coin, and then the Guineas fell again, by degrees, to
their prefent Value.
The Office of the Mint, where all our Mony is coined,
and to which belong feveral Officers, is kept in the Tower of
London. But, when the hammered Coin was called in to be
milled, five other Mints were erefted, viz. at Briftol, defter,1
Exeter, Norwich, and York; both for quicker Difpatch, and
for the Conveniency of People in the Country to carry their
Bullion to the neareft Mint.
That which gave Occafion to this general Reformation of
our Coin, was the common and grofs Abufe of it by Clipping,*
tho' high Treafon by Law, for which a Multitude of Clippen
fuffered Death. The mifchievous Trade of falfe Coining,
befides grew at the fame time to that height, that no Na
tion perhaps was ever fo hard put to it by Clippers and fdfe
Coiners,- and this when we were ingaged in a burdenfom
War with France. But with God's Blefling, and to the
great Difappointment tof France (which doubtlefs had a
Hand in it) the Nation was in a fhort time fupplied^ with
New Coin, the fineft and moft beautiful of any State in Eu
rope. When you were under thjtNk DifttaBions upon the ac
count of your Coin, faid a FrajarPlenipotentiary to one of
ours at the Hague, upon the Peace of Refwick, we expeSei-
no lefs than a Convulftonin the State j but when we found lmi
von-

Chap.XIV. GREAT BRITAIN. 245
Wonderfully you overcame Difficulties that were thought infuper-
o-ble at fo critical a JunBure, we flood amazed, and concluded
nothing impofftble for England to do. Thus the Reforming of
our hammered Coin into milled, funk the Clippers Trade,
and that of falfe Coiners is very much difcouraged, milled
Money being much harder to counterfeit than hammered.
The Weights and Meafures are the fame all over England* Weights.
that is, according to the King's Standard left in the Ex"
chequer. The Weights are of two Sorts, one called Troy-weight, and
the other 'Avoir du-pois ; the firft containing 12 Ounces, and
the other 16 in the Pound. But then the Ounce Avoir du-pois
is lighter than the other by almoft a 1 2th part, 5 r Ounces
of Troy being equal to 56 of Avoir du-pois. But the Avoir
du-pois Pound is more than the Troy Pound, for 14 Pound of
that are equal to r 7 Troy.
By Troy-weight are weighed Jewels, Gold, Silver, Bread,
Corn, and Liquors ; and by the other, Mercery and Groce
ry Ware, Wooll, Metals, Tallow, and the like, of which
a Hundred Weight comes to 112 Pound, and half a Hundred
to $6 proportionably. In Troy-weight 24 Grains of Wheat
make a Peny-weight Sterling, 20 Peny-weight one Ounce, and
1 2 Ounces a Found.
The Apothecaries and Goldfmiths have the fame Pound,
Ounce, and Grain ; but they differ in their intermediate Di-
vifions. Among the firft, a Scruple ^ is 20 Grains, a Drachm
% 3 Scruples, an Ounce 5 8 Drachms, and a Pound tb 12 Oun
ces. But, tho' they make up their Medicines by Troy-weight,
- they buy their Drugs by Avoir du-pois.
Meafures are either applicative, or receptive ; that is, for Meafures.
Things meafured outwardly, or inwardly.
Of the firft fort we have a Yard, confifting of 3 Foot,
this of r 2 Inches. An Ell, being one Yard and a' Quarter.
A Geometrical Pace, reckoned at 5 Foot, a Fadom at 6, a
Rod, Pole, or Perch, it 16 Foot and a half.
Now 40 Rods make a Furlong, and 8 Furlongs an Englijh
Mile. By a Statute of Henry VII. an Englift Mile ought to
be 1760 Yards, or 5280 Foot, that is, 280 Foot more than
the Italian Mile.
An Acre of Land in England confifts of 40 Rods ( or Per
ches ) in length, and 4 in breadth. A Yard-land is com
monly 30 Acres, and an Hide 100.
The Receptive Meafure is either for liquid, or dry Things.
Of the firft we have a Pint, of which two make a J^uart,
2 Quarts a Pottle, and 2 Pottles a Gallon. Now 8 Gallons make
a Firkin of Ale, and 9 a -Firkin of Beer, 2 Firkins a Kilder
kin, and 2 Kilderkins a Barrel. A Barrel and a half of Beer,
R 3 be-

itf The Prefent S t A T E of Pitt I.
beings 4 Gallons, makes a Hogftead, 2 Hoglheads a B«ff;
and 2 Butts a Juk.
' Wine-Meafures are fhorter than thofe of Ale and Beer, 4
Gallons of thefe making five of Wine-Meafure. A Rundlet of
Wine holds 18 of thefe Gallons, a Tierce 42, a Hogftead 63,
a Punchion 84, a Pzfe or Bw« 126, a Zm» 252.
For Dry Things, fuch as Corn or Grain, the Gallon is of
a Size between the Wine and Beer-Gallon. Two of which
make a Peck, 4 Pecks a Buftel, 4 Bufhels a Cowii or Curnock,
1 Combs a Quarter, 10 Quarters a La/? or Wey.
I fhall conclude this Chapter with an ufeful Explication<of
fome Terms, in the way of, Trade, ufed for Things fold by
Tale, or Weight.
1. By Tale, asfpeakingof Paper, i Quire is 24 Sheets, a
Ream 20 Quire, and a Bale 10 Ream. Of Parchment, $
Dozen of Skins make a Roll.
Of Fifh, a Hundred of Cod-fifh, Ling, Haberdine, and
the like, contains 124 ; and of Herrings, 120. Twelve
Hundred go to one Thoufand, being a Barrel, and 12 Barrels
to a Laft. Speaking of Eels, a Strike is"2j, and a Bind 10
Strike, that is 250 Eels.
Of Hides, 10 are a Dicker, and 20 Dickers a Laft. Spea»
king of Gloves, a Dicker is 10. Pair.
Of Funs, as Sables, Filches, Martins, Grays, Minks,
$md Jennets, 40 Skins make a Timber. Of other Skins, 5
Score go to the Hundred.
2. By Weight. Jhus a, r«» is 20 Hundred Weight ; ex
cept Lead, of which i Tun, or Fodder, is but 19 Hundred
and a half.
A Stone of Beef at London is 8 Pounds, but in the Coun
try moft commonly 14, Horfe-racers do likewife reckon 14
Pounds to a Stone. A Stone of Iron, Shot, or Wool, is al
fo 14 Pounds ; and the double Quantity of Iron, or Shot, is
called a Quarter. But a Stone of Sugar, Cinnamon, Nut
megs, Peper, or Allum, is but 1 3 Pounds and a half.
A Firkin of Butter is 56 Pounds, of Soap <5o,#and a Bm<
•rel of either is 2 Firkins.
In Effex a Clove of Butter, or Cheefe, is 8 Pounds ; and
a Wey, 31 Clove, or 256 Pounds. But in Suffblk a Wey is 41
Cloves, or 336 Pounds.
A Clove of Wool is 7 Pound ; a Stone of the fame, 14;
a Tod, 28; a fTey, 182 ; a &C&, 364 ; a~La/?, 4568.
A faggor; of Steel is 120 Pounds ; a Burden of Gad'Steel,.
180. A Barrel of Gun-Powder 100 Pounds, and a Laft of the
fame is 24 Barrels.
A Seam of GjUfs 24 Stone, or 120 Pounds, at S Pounds
fche Stone, A

Chap. XV. GREAT BRITAIN. 247
A Trmfs of Hay $6 Pounds, and a Load of the fame 36
Truffes.

CHAP. XV-
Of the Conveniencies the Englifh have for Travelling.
Of the, Polly and Pacquet-Boats, for Intercourfe of
Letters.
BEf ides the Conveniency of Travelling by Sea, or on Ri- Convent-
vers, no Nation in the World is better accommodated, encies for
either with Horfes or Coaches, for Land-Travel. Travelling
The firft fo common in England, as to be ufed even by the
vulgar Sort, amongft which few will go a long Journey on
foot. Which makes the moft frequented Roads f warming
fometimes with HorfemCn, not without Frays now and then
about giving the Way. And as Englifh Horfes are the belt
for Expedition, fo 'tis rare to fee upon the Road Englift-
Men on Horfe-back, but upon the Gallop, unLefs they be
Carriers. If ones Occafioiis require the utmoft Speed, he has the
Conveniency of Poft-Horfes, to be fhifted at every Poft-Stage ;
and that for 3 Pence a Mile, befides the fame Allowance to
the Poft-boy for condufting.
The Roads are alfo much frequented with Coaches, efpe
cially in the Neighbourhood of London ; fome belonging
to Gentlemen, and others being either Hackney, or Stage-
Coaches. Thefe fet out from London at certain Times to all
the moft noted Towns in England, and return from thence
wjthfo much Speed, that fome will reach 50 Miies in a
Bummer-Day, and that at the common Rate of 13 Pence
every 5 Miles.
Since by Aft of Parliament, 40 I. are allowed to any Per
fon that fhall bring a Highway-man to the hands of Juftice,
fo as to be. convifted of Robbery upon the high Way, the
Roads have been lefs infefled than before with thole Rob
bers. However they are not fo cruel as in Germany, where
they kill firft at a venture, that^they may lirip with more
eafe. Here they never take away ones Life,- but in Cafe of
Refiftance, and then their own lies at Stake. Nay fome of
'em have beenfo generous as to return part of the Booty,
rather than leave the Travellour deftitute, and to feek for
the Reft of his Journey.
As to the Poft, for Intercourfe of Letters, there is zPoft.
General Office in Lombard-Street, London, formerly managed
R 4 in

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
in chief by one Poft- Mafter General, and now in the Hands
of two ; who have under 'em 182 Deputy Pofl-mafters in
England and Scotland, moft of 'em keeping regular Offices
in their Stages, and Sub-Poft- Mafter s in their Branches.
There is alfo a general Office in Ireland for that Kingdom
which is kept at Dublin.
And fuch is the Difpofitionof Poflages, by the good Regu
lations of the Governours of the General Foft-Office in London
that there is no confiderable Market-Town in England, but
has an eafie and certain Conveyance for all Letters to and
from the faid Office, in the due Courfe of the Mails everv
Poft. '
The Charge whereof is eafie, and the Expedition very
great and convenient. For a Letter containing a whole
Sheet of Paper is conveyed 80 Miles for 2 Pence, if a dou-
ble Letter for 4 Pence, and an Ounce of Letters for 8. If
above 80 Miles, a fingle Letter is 3 Pence, a double 6, and
an Ounce 12.
TheConveyancefo expeditious, that every 24 Hours the
Poft goes fix fcore Miles ; and in 5 or 6 Days an Anfwer
maybe had from a Place 300 Miles diftant from the Wri>;;
fer's, The Poft-Days to fend Letters from London to any Part of
England and Scotland are Tuefday, Thurfday, and Satur
day. And the Returns certain on Munday, Wenfday, and
Friday. But to Wales and Ireland, the Poft goes only twice a Week,
viz. Tuefdays and Saturdays ; and comes from Wales every
Munday and Friday. But from Ireland the Return is uncer
tain, becaufe it depends upon Winds.
When the Court is in the Country, the Poft goes every
Day to the Place where -it refides. The fame it is with
Kent, and the ufual Stations of the Royal Fleet, as the
. Downs, Spit-bead, &c. To which Places one may fend e-
very Day but Sunday, and from whence one may alfo hear
every Day but Sunday.
For forein Intelligence in Times of Peace, Mundays mi
Thurfdays are the Poft-Days for France, Spain, and Italy. .
Tuefdays and Fridays, for Holland, Germany, Denmark, and
Sweden. On Mundays and Fridays, the Poft goes alfo for Flanders,
and from thence to Germany, Denmark, and Sweden.
For the Tranfport of Letters and Pacquets over Sea there
are in Time of Peace,

Be,

Chap. XV. GREAT BRITAIN 249
r* France, 3. "}
\ Spain, 2. /
Between England and <J Flanders, 2. > Pacquet-Boats.
J Holland, 3. f
C Ireland, 3. J
The Pacquet-boats for France go from Dover in JTenr for
Calais, 7 Leagues over, on Tuefdays and Frydays in the Eve
ning, if the Wind ferves. For 4jp"iw» one goesevery Fortnight
from Falmouth in Cornwal to Corunna, or the Gcoyw. For
Flanders, from Couer to Newport, 20 Leagues over, oil
Tueldays and Saturdays in the Evening. For Holland, from
Harwich in Effex to Helvoetfluys, about 30 Leagues over, on
Wbnfdays and Saturdays in the Evening. And for Ireland,
from Holy-Head in Anglefey ( a ffe/c/; County ) to Dublin,
about 20 Leagues over, on Mundays and Thurfdays.
But, fince our Rupture with France and «S£a/», the Pac
quet-Boats for thofe 2 Kingdoms have been difcontinued,
and at the fame time thofe for Flanders. And the Pacquet-
Boats that went for Corunna were ordered to Lisbon, the Ca
pital City of Portugal 0
Since the Queen's happy Acceflloh to the Crown, Her
Majefty was pleafed, for the Incouragement of Trade and
Commerce, to appoint Boats to convey Letters and Pacquets
from England as far as the Weft Indies, ~ which never was
done before. One of thefe Boats fets out from the Thames on
the laft Thurfday of the Month, particularly for tne Ifles
of Barbadoes, Monferrat, Nevis, St. Chriftopbe% Antego, and
Jamaica. The Rate for every Letter is 9 Pence a Sheet-Let
ter, a double Letter r8 Pence, a Pacquet weighing an
Ounce 2 Shillings 6 Pence, and fo in Proportion.
The General Poft-Office in London is managed by a Deputy,'
and feveral Officers, &c. to the Number of near 80 Perfons.
Some imploy'd in the Inland-Office, for Inland Letters ; and
others in the Forein-Office, for forein Letters..
For the Conveniency of thofe who live far from the Poft-
Office, there are particular Poft-boufes appointed to take in the
Letters till 9 of the Clock at Night, to be fent from thence
in due time to the General Poft-Office. Which is done gratis
for inland Letters, and for forein Letters or Pacquets they
take for each but one Peny.
A L I S T of the Officers of the General Poft-Office.
Poft-Mafters General,
Sir Robert Cotton, 7 0,„i, ,  ,
ir Thomas Frankl and, $ S ' Re-

*$o The Prefent STATE of Part I.
Receiver-General, Mx.Lilly, 7 each h
Accomptant, Mt.Searl, J »
Officers 0/ rk Inland Office.
Comptroller, Mr. William Frahkland, 20 1.
, North ~ _ Mr. John Middleton, 60I.
Chefter J C Mr. Charles Jackfon, 100 1.
Weft f \ Mr. Francis G art at, 60 1.
Srj/roi > Road, / Mr. Daniel Bhkerton, 60 I.
' Yarmouth { j Mr. James Comber, 60 1.
JCejj* j / Mr. George Colly, 60 1.
> By-Nights J V. Mr. GSi-zyj. Jmefr, 60 1. ,
Window-Man, Mr. Breede, 20 /. \ '
Sorters, at %ol.per Annum,
John Toft. Edmund Warren.
Tho: Sawtel. Martin Buckle.
James Walker. Stephen Gere.
JVilliamGreen. Alexander Hope.
Arthur Darcey. Abraham Brookband,
Tho. Robotham. Alexander Say,
tfohn Baldocks. Evan Lewes.
Two Sorters, at 4.0 1. eaefe.
Philip Muf grave.- John Williams,
Officers of the Forein Office.
Comptroller Mr. Aftburnham Frowde, ijol.
Alphabet-Keeper, Mr. James Lawrence, 100 1,
Clerks, at jol. each per Annum,
Mr. Francis Clewet. Mr. Daniel Faretes,.
Mr. William Goftin, Mr. Charles Good. :
Mr. Adam France.
Another, at 40 1. Mr. Peter Motteux.
Secretary to thePoft-Mafter, Mr. Benjamin }
Waterboufe, v each 200 /_.
Sollicitor, Mr. Richard Swift. J
Clerk to the Poft-Mafters, Mr. Jeremiah Andrew, 50 1.
Officers of the Peny-Poft Office.
Comptroller, at 200 I. per Annum, Mr. Nath. Caftleton.
Accomptant, Mr. Daniel Darnely, ? , ,
Collector, Mr. John Green, $ each 7° '¦ Sorters,

Chap. XVI. GREAT BRITAIN. 251
Sorters, at 40/. each per Annum.
Stephen Lindon. John Worts.
Peter Hall. William Wildman.
William Martin. Robert Kempton.
Sub-Sorters, at 26 Leach.
Benjamin Sacheveril. John Boreman.
Rowland Jones. Nevil Brookes.
William Murcott. Thomas Wilfon.
William Gladwcll.
I pafs by above ioo Meffengers, that have each 20 /. a
Year allowed .them, for carrying Letters ; and above 400
Houfes, receiving Letters for the Peny-Poft.

CHAP. XVI.
Of the feveral Orders, and Degrees, among the Englifh.
And firft of the NOBILITY.
THE People of England are generaUy divided into Laity,
and Clergy ; and the firft fub-divided into Nobility, Gen
try, and Commonalty.
I begin with the Laity, not out of any Difrefpeft to the
Clergy ; but becaufe it feems moft natural, and that the
greateft Honours conferred upon the Laity are hereditary,
which is not fo with the Clergy.
I own, the Law of England makes no Diflinftion of Laity,
but that of Nobles and Commons. So that the Gentry of Eng
land are look'd upon, by the Eye of the Law, but as the
Flower of the Commonalty. However, I fhall follow my Di
vifion, in its feveral Branches, according to the Courtefy of
England, and not the Rigour of the Law.
By the NOBILITY, I mean only the Temporal Peers of the Nobility.
Realm, being Lords of Parliament. Of whom there are
five Degrees, diftinguiflied by the feveral Titles of
DUKE, VISCOUNT,
MARQUIS, and
E4RL, BARON.
There

2f 2 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Their There are now 22 Dukes, 3 Marqueffes, 67 Earls, 8 Vif-
Number. eounts, and 64 Barons. In all 164 Temporal Peers, who all
fit as Barons in the Houfe of Lords. Therefore there is
no Duke, Marquis, Earl, or Vifcount created, but he muft
be made a Baron at the fame time. And when a Duke is
created, befides the Title of Baron, he is commonly made
Vifcount, Earl, and Marquis. And when a Marquis is crea
ted, 'tis ufually with the Titles of Baron, Vifcount, and Earl;,
and the reft accordingly. *
Whence They take their Titles from a County, or Part of the
they take fame, a Town or City, a Caftle, Park, or Mannor-houfe ;
their Ti- in fhort, from Places where they have Eflates, or at leaft a
ties. good Intereft.
Some Peers are Earls of feveral Places. So the Duke of
Norfolk is Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norwich'. Thomas
Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery ; Lionel Cran
field Sackville, Earl of i?a>/e/ and Middlefex ; Edward Henry
Rich, Earl of Warwick and Holland; and Charles Mor daunt,
Earl of Peterborough and Monmouth.
There are alfo two Bar ft, one Officiary, c/z. the £a>7 yJfar-
/&a/of England ; and the other Nominal, the Far/ Rivers, fo
called from an iUuftrious Family.
Of Dukes A Uafee is created by Patent, Cinfture of Sword, Mantle of
in parti- State, Impofition of a Cap and Coronet of Gold on his Head,
eular. and a Verge of Gold put into his Hand. He is girt with
a Sword, to put him in mind , that he is bound to defend
the King and Kingdom in Time of War. And his Head is
adorned with a Crown of Gold, as a Token that he is Coun-
fellor to the King and Kingdom in Time of Peace.
A Duke's Coronet has Leaves without Pearls, and his
Mantle of State four Gards, faced with Ermine. He
is called His Grace, a Title formerly given to the Kings of
England, before they affumed the Title of Majefty.
A Duke's eldeft Son is called Lord Marquis, the younger Sons
by their Chriften-Names, with the Title of Lord prefix'd,
as Lord Thomas, Lord William, &c. and all his Daughters,
Ladies.
Mara F- ^ Marquis and an Earl are created as a Duke, by Cinfture
Tes ad °^ Sword, gfr- but with this Difference in their Coronets,
Earls11 tnat a Marq uis's has a Pearl and a Straw-berry-Leaf round,
of equal height ; and an Earl's has the Pearls raifed upon
Points, Their Mantles of State are ( as a Duke's ) faced
with Ermine ; but, whereas a Dz<fee's has four Gards, a
Marquis's Mantle has but three and a half, and an Farfs
but three.
All the Sons of a Marquis are Lords by the Courtefy of
EnglanI, and all his Daughters Ladies. And as a Duke's
eldeft Son bears the Title of a Marquis, fo an £ar/'s bears that

Chap. XVI. GREAT BRITAIN 25 j
that of a Vifcount. But the younger Sons of an Earl ate
but Efquires, tho' all his Daughters be Ladies.
Vifcounts and Barons are made by Patent, the laft fome- Vifcounts
times by Writ, when called to the Houfe of Lords. The and' Ba-
Difference in their Coronets is, that a Vifcount 's has a Circle rons.
of Pearls without Number ; and a Baron's, Six Pearls upon
the Circle. Their Mantles are both faced with plain white
Furr. None of their Sons bear the Title of Lord, nor any of
their Daughters that of Lady. Therefore the eldeft Son of
the firft Vifcount is look'd upon as the firft Gentleman, and'
his eldeft Daughter as the firft Gentlewoman without a Title
in England.
In fhort, the Title of Lord-is given to all the Sons of
Dukes and Marqueffes, and the eldeft Sons of Earls ; and the
Title of Lady, to all their Daughters.
Here follows the Rank the Noblemen, and their Sons,
keep among themfelves.
1. Dukes. 8. Eldeft Sons of Earls.
2. Marqueffes. 9. Younger Sons of Marquef-
3. Eldeft Sonsof Dukes. fes.
4. Earls. 10. Barons.
5. Eldeft Sons of Marqueffes. 11. Eldeft Sons of Vifcounts.
6. Younger Sons of Dukes. 12. Younger Sons of Earls.
7. Vifcounts. 13. Eldeft Sons of Barons.
All Peers of England keep their Rank, according to the
Date of their Patents. Their Ladies, and their Sons La
dies, keep amongft them the Rank of their Husbands.
A Scotch Nobleman takes -Place next to the Englift of his
Rank ; and an Irift Nobleman, after a Scotch Peer of his
Rank. But there are fome high Officers, who by Virtue of their
Office precede even all Dukes that aie not of the Royal
Blood, whatever be tneir Quality otherwife; viz. the Lord
Chancellour, or Lord Keeper, the Lord High Treafurer, the
Lord Prefident of the Privy Council, and the Lord Privy SeaL
And others that take Place only of all that are of their De-
- gree, particularly .the Lord Great Chamberlain of England,
the Earl Marftal, . the Lord High Admiral, and the Lord
Chamberlain of the King's Houfhold.
A Secretary of State, being a Baron, takes Place of all Barons
that are not'in any of thofe high Stations. But, if he be a-
bove i Baron, he only keeps the Rank his Quality gives him,
according to his Creation. The

254 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
The Privileges of the NOBILITT.
THE Nobility of England enjoy many great Privileges, the
principal of which are thefe.
i. That they are free from all Arrefts for Debts, as being
the King's hereditary Counfellours. Therefore a Peer cannot
be Outlawed in any civil Aftion, and no Attachment lies a-
gainft his Perfon. But Execution may be taken upon his
Lands and Goods.
For the fame B,eafon they are free from all Attendance at
Courts-Leet, or Sheriffs-Turns ; or in cafe of a Riot, from at
tending the Service of the Poffe Comitatus.
2. In Criminal Caufes, they are only tried by their Peers ;
who give in their Verdift, not upon Oath, as other Juries;
but only upon their Honour. And then a Court is built on
purpofe in the Middle of Weftminfter-Hall, at the King's
Charge ; which is pulled down again, when the Trial is
over. 3. Tofecure the Honour of, and prevent the railing of any
Scandal upon Peers, and any great Officer of the Realm, by
falfe Reports, there is an exprefs Law, by which any Man&.
convifted of a falfe and fcandalous Report againft a Peer, of
the Realm, is condemned to an arbitrary Fine, and to re- "
main in Prifon till the fame be paid.
4. Upon any great Trial in a Court of Juftice, a Peer may
come into the Court, and fit there covered.
They have other Privileges^ which I pafs by for Brevity's
fake. Yet none has that of the Grandees of Spain, to be co
vered in the King's Prefence. And, in cafe of a Poll-Tax,
they bear the greateft Burden, being taxed every one accor
ding to his Degree.
Happy were the Times when the Englift Nobility lived ac
cording to their Quality and Eflates, in great Splendour and
Magnificence. When Juftice, Honour, and Integrity were
the Rule of their Aftions ; and a Lord's Houfe was look'd
upon as a well-difciplined Court, where Servants lived in
great Plenty and Order, and were preferred or rewarded as
they deferved it. But that Golden Age is gone, when 'twill
return, 'tis not eafy to guefs.

A

Chap.XVI. GREAT BRITAIN. 2f$
A LIST oftheprefent Englifh NOBILITT.
Note, That thofe marked with a Star are under Age ;
and with a Dagger, Roman Catholicks.
DVKES.
PRince George of Denmark, Duke of Cumberland, &c. Lord
High Admiral, and Generaliflimo of all her Majefty's
Land Forces.
George Auguftus, Eleftoral Prince of Hanover, Duke of
, Cambridge, &c.
-j Tho. Howard, Duke of Norfolk, hereditary Earl Marftal
of England.
Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerfet, Mafter of the Horfe to
the Queen.
Charles Lews, Duke of Richmond.
Charles Fitz-roy, Duke of Southampton.
Charles Fitz-roy, Duke of Grafton.
James Butler, Duke of Ormond.
Henry Somerfet, Duke of Beaufort.
George Fitz-roy, Duke of Northumberland.
Charles Beauclair, Duke of S. Albans.
Charles Pawlet, Duke of Bolton.
Mainhard Schomberg, Duke of Scbomberg.
Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury.
Thomas Osborn, Duke of Leeds.
Wriotbejly Ruffel, Duke of Bedford.
William Cavendijb, Duke of Devonfbire,' Lord Steward of the
Queen's Houfhold.
John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham the County, and Nor
manby.
John Holies, Duke of Newcaftle, Lord Privy Seal.
John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, Captain General of all
Her Majefty's Land-Forces.
John Mannors, Duke of Rutland.
Ralph Montague, Duke of Montague.
MARQVISSES.
HEnry de Grey, Marquis of Kent, Lord Chamberlain of
the Queen's Houfhold.
Robert Bertie, Marquis of Lindfey, Lord Great Chamberlain
of England.
Evelyn Pierpont, Marquis of DorcUfter.
EARLS.

*5* The Prefent STATE of Parti.
EAR L S.
J Ames Stanley, Earl of Darby. *
* Tbeophilus Haftings, Earl of Huntington.
Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, Lord De
puty of Ireland.
* Henry Clinton, Earl of Lincoln.
Henry Howard, Earl of Suffolk.
Lionel Cranfield Sackville, Earl of Dorfet and Middlefex.
James Cecil, Earl of Salisbury.
* James Cecil, Earl of Exeter.
Scroop Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater.
John Sidney, Earl of Leicefter.
George Compton, Earl of Northampton.
* Edward Henry Rich, Earl of Warwick and Holland.
Bafil Fielding, Earl of Denbigh.
Paulet S. John, Earl of Bolingbroke.
* Thomas Fane, Earl of Weftmorland.
Charles Montague, Earl of Manchefter.
Henry Bowes Howard, Earl of Barkjhire.
Richard Savage', Earl Rivers.
Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough and Monmouth.
Thomas Grey, Earl of Stamford.
Charles Finch, Earl of Winchelfea.
Charles Dormer, Earl of Carnarvan.
Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chefterfield.
Thomas Tufton, Earl of Thanet.
Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland.
Robert Leake, Earl of Scarfdale.
Edward Montague, Earl of Sandwich.
Henry Hyde, Earl of Clarendon.
Algernon Capell, Earl of Effex.
f George Brudenell, Earl of Cardigan.
John Annefley, Earl of Anglefey.
* William Henry Granvile, Earl of 2?a*7;.
Charles Howard, Earl of Carlijle.
Thomas Bruce, Earl of Ailesbury.
* Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington.
Anthony A/bley Cooper, Earl of Shaftsbury.
Edward Henry Lee, Earl of Lichfield.
Thomas Lennard, Earl of Suffex.
Lewis ae Duras, Earl of Feverftam.
Charles Bodvile Roberts, Earl of Radnor.
William Pafton, Earl of Yarmouth.
Charles Berkeley, E.irl of Berkeley.
-Daniel Finch, Earl of Nottingham.
Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Rochefter. Man*

Chap.XVI. GREATBRITAIN. *tf
Montague Vendbles Bertie, Earl of Abingdon.
Baptift Noel, Earl of Gainsborough.
Robert D'Arcie, Ear] of Boh ex nefs.
Other Windfor, Earl of Plimouth.
* fames Ratcliff, Earl of Derwentwater.
j Henry Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford. •
WiViam Bentinck, Earl of Portland.
Arthur Herbert, Earl of Torrington.
Ricliard Lumley, Earl of Scarborough.
George Sooth, Earl of Warrington.
Francis Newport, Earl of Bradford.
William Zulefteyn, Earl of Rocbford.
Arnold Jooft van Keppel, Earl of Albemarle.
Thomas Coventry, Earl of Coventry.
Edward Ruffel, Earl of Orford.
Edward Villiers, Earl of Jerfey.
Henry D' Auverquerque, Earl of Grantham.
John Campbell, Earl of Greenwich.
Thomas Wharton, Earl of Wharton.
John Poulet, Earl Poulet.
Sidney Godolphin, Earl of Godolphin, Lord High Treaturei
of England-
Hugh Cholmondley, Earl of Cholmondley.
Henry Howard, Earl of Bindon.
VISCOVNTS.
PRice Devereux, Vifcount Hereford.
f Francis Brown, Vifcount Montacute.
Nathaniel Fiennes, Vifcount Say and Sele.
Charles Townfend, Vifcount T-ownfend.
Thomas Tbynne, Vifcount Weymouth.
Chriftopher Hatt on, Vifcount Hatton.
* Henry Yelverton, Vifcount Longueville.
* Richard Lowther, Vifcount Lonfdale.
BARONS.
GEorge Nevil, Lord Abergaveny.
* James Touchet, Lord Audley.
John Weft, Lord De la War.
James Berkeley, Lord Berkley.
Robert Sherley, Lord Ferrers.
Charles Mildmay, Lord Fitz-walter.
* Edward Ward, Lord Dudley and Ward.
t Edward Stourton, Lord Stourton. S Richard

The Prefent STATE of PattX
Richard Verney, Lord Willougbby of Broke.
Ralph Eure, Lord Eure.
Hugh Willougbby, LordWilloughby of Parham.
William Paget, Lord Paget.
Tho. Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham.
William North, Lord North and Gray of RoHefton.
James Brudges, Lord Chandos. ,
•\ Thomas Petre, Lord Petre.
j Tho. Arundel, Lord Arundel of Wat dour.
Henry Roper, Lord Jew^a*.
Foulk Grevil, Lord Brook.
Ralph Grey, Lord Grey 0/ S^aHfe,
John Lovelace, Lord Lovelace.
Banefler Maynard, Lord Maynard.
Charles Howard, Lord ^Howard of Ef crick.
Charles Mohun, Lord Mohun.
Thomas Wentworth, Lord .ffa^.
Thomas Leigh, Lord Leigh.
•f Henry JermynfLordJermyn and Lor&Dovsr*
William Byron^ Lord Byron.
John Vaugbarij Lord Vaughan.
T Charles Smith, Lord Carrington.
\ William Widdringtbn, Lord Widdvingtoit*
John Colepeper, Lord Colepeper.
Robert Lucas, Lord Lucas.
Lewis Watfon, Lord Rockingham.
Robert Sutton, Lord Lexington.
Marmaduke Langdale, Lord Langdale.
William Berkeley, Lord Berkeley of Sutton-
Charles Cornwallis, Lord Cornwallis.
Nathaniel Crew, Lord Crew, and Lord Bifhop of Bw&rafc
- Arundel, Lord Arundel of Trerice.
William Craven, Lord Crazier.
•j- //a^/j Clifford, Lord Clifford of Chudleigh.
Peregrine Osborn, Lord Osborn.
* John Carteret, Lord Carteret.
Charles Bennet, Lord Offulton.
William Legg, Lord Dartmouth.
Francis North, Lord Guilford.
* jF<n»M Waldegrave, Lord Waldegrave.
Edward Griffin, Lord Gn$M.
3W™ Afbburnham, Lord Alhburnham.
William Farmer, Lord Lempfter.
Charles Butler, Lord Wefton.
Henry Herbert, Lord Herbert of Cherbury*
John Tbompfon, Lord Haverjhaa.
John Somers, Lord Sonars.
Chriftopher Vane, Lord Barnard. Chttrlu

Chap. XVII. GREAT BRITAIN 259
Charles Montague, Lord Hallifax.
John Granvile, Lord Granvile.
ffeneage Finch, Lord Guernfey,
John Levefon Gower, Lord Gower.
Francis Seymour Conway, Lord Conway'.
John Harvey, Lord Harvey.
William Cowper, Lord Cowper, and Lord High Chancellor
, of Great Britain.
Thomas Pelham, Lord Pelham.
As for the Title of Baron, 'tis to be obferved, that fome
are called by that Title, who are in effeft but Commoners^
As the Barons (or Judges) of the Court of Exchequer, and
the Barons of the Cinque Ports, that is, the Members of Parlia«
ment for the Cinque Ports. Anciently the Lords of Mannors
were alfo filled Barons, whence one of their Courts. is to this
day called Court-Baron.
But I muft not omit to fpeak of what Peereffes we have
by Creation, who take place, according to their Degree.
Among which two are Dutcheffes, viz. Barbara Villiers^
Dutchefs of Cleveland, and Lou'tfe de Jgueroiiville, Dutchefs
of Portfmouth, both created Dutcheffes by the late King Charles.
One Countefs1, viz. Catharine Sidley, created Countefs of
Dorchefter by the late King James.
There are alfo 3 Baroneffes, by Right of Inheritance ; viz-,
the Lady Elizabeth Cromwell Baronets of Oakham, Lady Ca* 1 <
tharine Williamfon Baronefs Clifton, and Lady Martha John-
fon Baronefs Wentworth.

CHAP. XVII.
Of the KNIGHTS of the GARTER.
*
THE moft noble Order of the Garter being conferred on-
ly upon Princes, and fuch noble Britains as are moft in
Favour with their Sovereign, this is a proper Place to fpeak
of it.
Of all the Secular Orders in the Chriftian World, this is
the moft ancient ; for it was inflituted in 13 50. by the great
Hero of that Age, Edward 111, who conquered France and
Scotland, and brought their Kings Prifoners, John King of
France, and David King of Scotland.
'Tis called the Order of the Garter, becaufe this was the
only Part of the whole Habit of the Order worn at firft, as
a Tie of Affeftion ind Love for one another. And that none
might believe his Defign therein was any other but juft and
B % honou-

260 The Prefent STATE 0/ Parti.
honourable, this Motto was ordered to be wrought on the
Garter, Honi foit'quimal y penfe, Shame be to him that Evil
thinketh. The fame was put in French, becaufe the King being
then poffeffed of a great Part of France, the French Tongue
was become very familiar with the Cou/t of England.
This honourable Society confifts of the Sovereign, the
King or Queen of Great Britain, and 25 Companions called
Knights of the Garter. And whereas S.George is the Patron {
of England, 'tis upon S. Georgeh Day (April 23 .) they are ufu
ally inflalledin the noble Chappel of the Caftle of Windfor,
¦with great Pomp and Magnificence, fuch as deferves the Cu-
Tiofity of Strangers.
The Garter is daily worn by the Knights on the left Leg.
The fame is blue, deckt with Gold, Pearls, and precious
Stones, with .a Buckle of Gold. But, inflead of it, they
commonly wear but a large blue Ribbon. They alfo wear a
blue Ribbon, hanging over their left Shoulder, withS. George's
Pifture at the End of it, enamelled upon Gold, and befet '
with Diamonds. The left Side of their Cloaks or Coats, is '
adorned befides with the Sun in its Glory, of Silver Imbroi-
dery, commonly called the Star. And, at high Feafts, they
wear a Surcoat, a Mantle, a high Black Velvet Cap, and a
Collar of &'s, compos'd of Rofes enamelled red, within a
Garter enamelled blue, with the Motto in Letters of Gold. '
This Society is a College, or Corporation, having a great
Seal belonging to it, befides the Seal of the Sovereign of trie
Ordpr. The Bifhop of Winchefter is the Prelate of the Garter,
the Bifhop of Salisbury Chancellour, and the Dean of Windfor
Regifter. The principal King at Arms, called Garter,- is the
chief Lay-Officer of this Society. 'Tis he that marfhals the
Solemnity, at their Inftallations and Feafts. There is be
fides an lifter of the Garter, the fame who is Ufher of the
Rod.. The Feaft made at the Charge of the new inftalled Knight
is always magnificent, and the Hall built for thatfurpofe
ftately. There is in the Caftle of Windfor 16 decay'd Gentlemen,
commonly called the Poor Knights of Windfor, who have a
liberal Maintenance here at the Charge of the College. They
ought to be military and unmarried Men, that have ferved
the Crown with their Sword ; and 'tis their Duty to appear
in the Chappel at Morning and Evening Prayers, in which
the Sovereign and Companions of this moft noble Order are
pray'd for particularly.
There have been of this Order, fince its Inftitution, 8
Emperours, above 20 forein Kings, and many more inferi-
our Princes. Who formerly were placed according to their
Creations, but now according to their refpeftive Degrees.

Chap.XVIIL GREAT BRITAIN 261
J-
A LIST of the prefent Knights of the GAR TE R. '
The SOVEREIGN.
King of Prufiia. Prince George of Denmark, Eleftorof Hanover.

PRINCE Eleftoral of Ha
nover-
Duke of Buckingham.
Duke of Richmond.
Duke of Northumberland.
Earl of Feverftam.
Duke of Devon/hire.
Earl of Portland.
Earl of Pembroke.
Duke of Jgueensbery.
Duke of Marlborough.
Earl of Godolphin.

Duke of Southampton.
Duke of LeeaV.
Duke of Somerfet,
Earl of Rochefter.
Duke of Ormond.
Duke of Shrewsbury.
Duke of Newcaftle.
Earl of Albemarle.
Duke of Bedford.
Duke of Scbomberg.
Void.

CHAP. XVIII.
0/ rfo Gentry, W Inferiour Sort 0/ People.
NE X T to the Peer* of the Realm, viz. Dukes, Mar
queffes, Earls, Vifcounts, and Barons, who properly
are the Nobles of England, I come to what we call the
Gentry, confifting of Knights, Efquires, and Gentlemen with
out Title.
Befides the forefaid Knights of the Garter, here are 3 forts Knigl^K
of Knights, viz. Knights Baronets, Knights of the Bath, and
Knights ,Batcbelours, all diftinguiflied from the Reft of the
Gentry by the Title of Sir, prefix'd to their Chriften-Narries,
as Sir Gilbert Dolben.
Baronets are the firft among the Gentry, and the only
Knighthood that is heredtery. ' An Honour firft inftituted
by King James I. in the Year 161 1. By whofe Inftitution
their Number was limited, and not to exceed 200 ; but that
Rule is not obferved, and there are now reckoned 669
living. To be qualify'd for it, one muft be a Gentleman
born, of good Reputation, and have an Eftate of 1000 1. per
Annum. He mult pay to the Exchequer as much as will
maintain 30 Foot-Souldiers 3 Years, at8d. a Day, in the
Province of Ulfter in Ireland, which amounts to near rjool.
Sterling. So that, including the Fees, the whole Charge is
about 1200 1. S3 The

262 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
The Knights of the Bath are fo called from their Bathing,
ufed before they were created. Henry IV. was the Founder
of this Order, in 1399, who preparing for his Coronation,
made 46 of thefe Knights, that were bathed in the Tower.
There are now but a few left of this Order. They wear a
Scarlet Ribbon, belt-wife.
Knights Batchelours are the moft common, and therefore
the lets efteemed, Whereas formerly this Honour was be
llowed only upon Sword-men for their military Service, or
upon Noblemens Sons, to fpur 'em on to the Temple of
Glory. Then they were Knighted, being girt with a Sword.
and having gift Spurs put on, whence they came to be called
in Latin Equites Aurati. But of latter Times this Honour
has been fo frequently conferred upon Lawyers, Phyficians,
Merchants, Painters, Mathematicians, and others, that the
Kingdom fwarms with this Sort of Knights. Of whom no
lefs than 1400 are reckoned In England, which one with
another have a yearly Income of 600 1. each. The Manner
of making thefe Knights is much alter'd from what it
was formerly. The King bids the Gentleman ( calling him
by his Name as a Gentleman ) to Kneel down, upon which
He lightly touches his left Shoulder with a naked Sword,
then bids him Rife up by the ^ Title of Sir prefix'd to his
Chriilen-name. Note, that all Knights Wives bear the Title of Lady ;
which makes ambitious Women, being fond of a Title that
gives 'em a Precedency over Efquires and Gentlemens Wives,
value themfelves and their Husbands trie more.
Elaui es Efquires, from the French Efcuyers, Lat. Scutigeri, are
jzjqutes. pjQpgfiythe younger Sons of Earls, the Sons of Vifcounts
and Barons, the eldeft Sons of the younger Sons of Peers,
the eldeft Sons of Knights, and their eldeft Sons forever.
-; There are alfo Efquires created by the King, by putting
about their Necks a Collar of SS's, and beftowing on them
a pair of Silver Spurs. And, at the King's Court, there
were formerly two confiderable Officers, called Efquires of
the Body. ¦
Thofe that are in publick Offices, or in any eminent Sta
tion, fuch as Juflices of the Peace, Mayors of Towns,
Counfellors at Law, Seijeants oFthe feveral Offices in the
King's Court, and other noted Officers, are alfo reputed
Efquires, of equal to 'em.
In the Direftions of Letters, fent to Perfons that are
Efquires, or reputed to he fuch, the Way to exprefs it is
thus ; as To Thomas Wbitfeld, Efquire.
Gentle- ¦ Gentlemen (Lat. Annigerf) are thofe properly who, being
vien. defcended of a good Family, bear a Coat of Arms, with
out any particular Title.

Chap. XVIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 263
Of thefe fuch as are of an ancient Family, and have where>
withal to live like themfelves, are as much regarded as fome
Knights and Efquires, tho' of an inferiour Rank, and the
King himfelf takes as much notice of 'em. For jn England
all Noblemen are Gentlemen, tho' all Gentlemen be not
Noblemen. We reckon in England ,above 6000 Gentlemen, one with
another at 400 1. ^ei- Annum ; befides jityooo younger Bro
thers, who having but a fmall Eftate, get Perferments, fome
in the Church, others in the State. ,
In forein Countries, the Gentry keep their Rank much
better, and a Gentleman-born is always refpefted, tho' in
Want, if his Carriage anfwers to his Birth. But here 'tis
otherwife,where Poverty is almoft a Crime, and any one that
has a Competency to live on, values himfelf as much as a
Gentleman. Therefore Gentlemen that have Eflates to bear
up their Gentility, fhould be the more wary in living within
Compafs, left they fall into Poverty, which turns Men into
Ridicule, according to Juvenal.
-Nil hdbet Faupertas durius infe

gudm quod ridhulos Homines facit
This is what makes fome Men fo eager to get Eftates,
per fas Fj nefas, right or wrong ; and others make a Figure,
at the Coft'of thofe who truft them. Gentlemen fell their
Eftates, and we tradefmen buy 'em, is a common Saying a-
mong Traders. But, when the Tradefman is become a
Gentleman in Eftate, 'tis ten to one, but fome of his Off-
fpring will make the Saying good, and by his Prodigality, be
neceffitated at laft to part with an Eftate purchafed with the
Sweat of his Father^ or Grandfather's Brows.
Formerly Trading degraded a Gentleman, and now a thri
ving Tradefman becomes a Gentleman by the happy Returns
of his Trade.
As to Merchants, the Founders of Trade, and of the
Nation's Wealth, they deferve indeed to be ranked amongft
Gentlemen. By whofe means Land is improved, and
inbred Commodities exported ; who imploy a world of Ar
tificers and Seamen, and procure a good Livelyhood to a
vaft Number of Tradefmen and Retailers. Therefore many
Gentlemen born, fome of them younger Sons of Noblemen,
take upon 'em this Profeffion, without any Prejudice or Ble-
mifh to their Birth, as it has been of late the Praftice in
prance. Nay, 'tis common with us for Gentlemens and
Merchants Sons and Daughters to Intermarry.
In fhort, the Title of Gentleman is commonly given in
England to all that diitinguifh themfelves from the
p 4 com-

2<$4 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
common Sort of People, by a good Garb, genteel Air, or
good Education, by their Wealth or Learning.
As the Gentry of England is very numerous, fo their
Wealth, upon the whole, far exceeds that of the Nobility ;
tho' molt of thefe have great Eflates, and fome of 'em be
yond Sovereign Princes. Here we have many Knights, E-
fquires, and Gentlemen, that have each 2, 3 , or 4000 /. a
Year, more or lefe^ and there are fome, of 8 or iqqoo I. a
Year.

Their Rank is thuJ.

1. The Younger Sons of Vif- 4,
counts, and Barons. 5,
2. Knights Baronets. (,,
3. Knights of the Bath.

Jnferiour
fort of
People.

Teomen.

Copy- hol
ders.

Knights Batchelours.
Efquires. Gentlemen without Title.

I have obferved before, in the Rank of Peers, that certain
a Right of
fame with

great Officers ( tho' of a lower Quality ) have :
Trecedency, ,by virtue of their Office. 'Tis the
the Gentry, for the younger Sons of Vifcounts, and Barons?
are preceded by fuch Privy-Gounfellors as are but Gentlemen,
by the Chancellour of the Exchequer, the Chancellour of the
Dutchy of Lancafter, the Lord Chief Juftice of the King's
Bench, the Mafter of the Rolls, the Lord Chief Juftice 'of -
the Common Pleas, the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer,
and the other Judges.
By the Inferiour Sort of People, I mean properly fuch as get
their Livelyhood either in a mechanick, or fervile way ; as
ordinary Tradefmen, Mariners, Husbandmen, inferiour Ser
vants, Labourers, F/c.
But there is a middle Sort between the Degree of a Gen
tleman and thefe, viz. Yeomen, and Copy-holders.
Thofe are called Yeomen, or Freeholders, that have Land
of their own to a good Value, and husband it themfelves, ,
Great is their Number in England, many of 'em having
Land that brings 'em an Income of 40 or 50 /. a Year, fome
100, or 2QQ. .But, which1 is almofi incredible, there are
Yeomen in Kent efpecially, that have 1000 /. and fome more,
per Annum. A- Thing not eafie to be found, amongft Men
of this Rank, any where eli'e in Europe.
The Copy-holders are mu.,h of the fame Nature, a Copy
hold being a kind of "Inheritance. For, tho the Hold be
void at the Tenant's Death, yet the next of Blood, pay\
ing the cuftomary Fine, at 2 s. more or lefs for each Are of
Land, comes into Poffeffion of it. ' Not

Chap. XVIII. GREAT BRITAIN
Not to infill upon the meaner Sort of People, I fliall only
obferve, that they are the happieft People in Europe, and
( by the Laws of the Land ) the leaft liable to Oppreffion
from the Sovereign.
A L I S T of the Baronets, from their firft Creation,
May 22, 1611.
By King J AMES I.
Note, That thofe Baronets whofe Honour is extinB, and thofe
who have been advanced to Peerage, are left out of this Lift.

2^5

Nicholas Bacon.
Tho. Manfell.
Rich. Houghton.
Henry Hobart.
¦John Peyton.
Gervafe Clifton.
Tlio. Gerard.
John S. John.
John Shelley.
Francis Barington.
Rich. Mufgrave.
Edw. Seymour.
Anthony Cope.
Thomas Monfon.
Geo. Grefeley.
Robert Cotton.
John Molineux.
Geo. Savile.
Philip Woodboufe.
James Harrington.
Philip Tirwit.
Edward Huffey.
L'Efirange Mor
daunt.
Tho. Bendifi.
John Wynne.
Richard Worfeley.
Rich. Fleetwood.
Samuel Peyton.
Roger Appleton.
William Twifden.
Edw. Hales.
Rob. Napier.
Tho, Temple.

Tho. Penyfton.
William Goftwhk.
William Wray.
William Ayloff. ,
Mamiaduke Wivell.
John Perfiall.
Francis Englefield.
Tho. Holt.
Rowland Egerton.
Simon Clark.
Rich. Lucy.
Matth. Boynton.
Tho. Lyttleton.
Tho. Burdet.
Tho. Mackwortb.
William Villers.
William Hicks.
Erafmus Dryden.
Edw. Hartop.
John Mill,
David Foulis.
Tho. Philips.
John Chefter.
Samuel Try on.
Gilbert Gerard.
Humphrey Lee.
Rich. Berney.
Humph. Fojter.
JohnPackington.
Ralph AJbton.
Tho: Roberts.
John Hanmer.
Henry Felt on,

Tho Biftop.
Francis Vincent.
Benj. Tichbourn.
Tho. Delves.
Tho. Palmer. >
John Rivers.
Ifaac Sidley.
John Hewet.
Henry Jernegan.
John Philips.
John Stepney.
Baldwin Wake.
William Mafiam.
John Colbrand.
John Hotbam.
Francis Maunfell.
John Garrard.
Rich. GrofoenOr.
John Barker.
William Button.
John Gage. '
William Goring.
Edmund Prideaux.
Tho. Hajlerig.
Tho. Burton.
George Cbudleigh.
Francis Drake.
William Meredith.
Hugh Middleton.
Rob. Fifter.
Hardolpb Waftneys.
Nicholas Tempeft,
Tho. Pltyters, By

&66

The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.

By King CHARLES I.

JOhn Aftfield.
Henry Harpur.
Edw. Seabright.
Edw. Veering.
Tho. Stile.
Drue Drury.
Anth. Wingfield.
Henry Moor.
John Ifham.
Hervey Bagot.
Francis Ma.wg.ock.
Hugh Stewkely.
Edward Stanley.
Edw. Lyttleton.
Sackvile Crow.
Tho. Fifter.
Buts Bacon.
John Corbet.
Bafil Dixwell.
William Stonehoufe,
William Wray.
John Trelawny.
John Conyers.
John Bolles.
Tho. Aftton.
Kenelm Jenoure.
William Wifeman.
Tho. Nightingale.
Rob..Dillington. Francis Pile.
John Pole.
Will. Colepeper.
John Laurence.
Anth. Slingsby.
Tho. Vavafor.
Rob. Wolfeley.
William Ruffel.
Rich. Everard.
Tho. Powel.
William Luckin.
Nich. L'Eftrange.
John Holland.
Edw. Tin el.
Martin Lumley.

William Dalflon.
Henry Fletcher.
Nich. Cole.
Simon Every.
William Langley.
James Stonehoufe.
John Palgrave.
Gerard Naper.
Tho. Cave.
William Boteler.
Tho. Hatton.
That Abdey.
Tho. rBamfield,
John Cotton.
Simon D,Ewes.
John Burgoyne.
John Northcoit-
Tho. Rous.
Ralph Hare.
John Norwich.
William Browhloe.
John Sydenham.
Francis Nichols.
William Strickland.
Tho. Wolrich.
Tho. Mauleverer.
William Boughton.
John Chichefter.
Norton Knatcbbull.
Rich. Carew.
William Caftleton.
William Spring.
John Cur fon. '
Hugh Owen.
Morton Briggs.
Henry Heyman.
Tho. Sandford.
Francis Rhodes.
John Potts.
John Goodrick.
William Walter.
Tho. Lawley. ;
John Davie.
Tho. Pettus.

William Andrews.
Tho. Willis.
Francis Armitagt.
Rich. Halford,
Edw. Coke.
John Rayney.
John Gett.
John Kay.
Tho. Trollop.
William Cooper.
William S. £>uentin
Robert Kemp.
Geo. Wintour.
John Hamilton.
Edw. Morgan.
Nich. Keinys. •
Trevor William's.
John Reresby.
William Ingilby.
Chriftopher Dawney.
Tho. Hampfori.
Tho. WiUiamfon.
Rich. Hardies.
Tho. Alflon.
Edw. Corbet.
Mattb.WalkenlUrg.Philip Conftable.
Rob. Markham.
Philip Hungai.
Stephen Lennard.
William Thorold. .
Walter Rudfton',
Walter Wroteffey.
Tho, Bland.
Rob. Throckmorton,
William Halton.
Edw. Golding.'
Walter BJount. ¦
Adam Littleton.
Tlio. Liddett.'"
Tho. Chamberlain.
Henry Hiinloke.
Sam, Danvers.
Tbo. Haggerfton, ¦
Brian

Chap, XVIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 267
Brian 0 Neih Edw. Attorn Rich. Vivyan.
Willougbby Hick- Henry Williams.
man. Rob. Thorold.
John Butler. Francis Edwards.
Edw. Bathurft.

William VHnColfte¥.
William de Boreel.
Tho. Windibank.

ByKingCHAKLES II.

X "K JllliamCurtius.
\ V Tho, Orby.
Tho. Bond.
— Carpentier.
Henry Brown.
Jer. Whitchote.
Gualter de Raed.
Orlando Bridgeman.
Geof. Palmer.
John Langham.
Rob. Abdy.
Tho. Adams.
Rich. Atkins.
Tho. Allen.
Tho. Cullum.
Bafil Dixwell.
Geo. How.
Solomon Swale.
William Humble.
Henry Stapleton.
Gervafe Elwas.
John Robinfon.
, Rob. Holdyard,
Jacob Aftley.
William Bowyer.
Tho. Stanley.
John Slwkburgh.
William Wray.
'Nhh. Steward.
Geo. Warburton.
Oliver S. John.
Ralph De la Val.
Andrew Henley.
Tho. Ellis.
Henry Hudfon.
Th% Herbert .
Tho. Middleton.
Verny Noel.
Rob. Auften:

Rob. Hales.
John Clerk.
Will. Boothby. '
Wolffian Dixey.
Edw. Honiwood.
Rich. Brown.
Henry Vernon.
John Aubrey.
William Thomas.
Henry Conway.
MarmadukeGrefbam. William Dudley.
Hugh Smithfon.
Roger Moftyn.
Anthony Oldfield.
Peter Leicefter.
William Wheeler.
John Newton.
Thomas Lee.
Tho. Smith.
Ralph Aftton.
John Rous.
Hen- Maffingberd,
John Hales,
Evan Lloyd.
John Drake.
Oliver S. George.
John Bowyer.
Jofeph Aft.
John How.
John Swinburn.
Humphrey Miller.
Richard Franklin.
William Ruffel.
Giles Mottet.
Henry Gifford.
TliotQManwaring. John Wroth.
Geo. Wynne.

Heneage Fetherfton.
Humph. Monoux.
Edmund Anderfon.
John Fagg.
Edward Ward.
John Kept.
John Buck.
William Frankland,
William Gardener.
William Juxon.
John Legard.
Geo. Marwood.
John Jackfon.
Henry Pickering.
Henry Beddingfield.
Walter Ernly.
John Husband.
John Osborn.
Benj. Wrights
John Colleton.
Tl)o. Beaumont.
Edward Smith.
William Wilfon.
Compton Read.
Brian Broughtoit.
John Bromfield.
Tho. Rich.
Edw. Smith.
Walter Long.
John Fettiplaee.
William Parfons.
William Morrice.
Charles Gawdy. .
WiUiaiH Caley.
William Godolphin.-
Tho. Curfon.
John Cropley.
William Smith.
Geo, Cook. Charles

*F-

&6S The Prefent STATE
Charles Lloyd. Jacob Garrard.
Nath. Powel
Denny AJhburnham.
Hugh Smith.
Rob. Jenkinfon.
William Glinne.
John Charnock.
Tho. Nevil.
Henry Andrews.
Anthony Craven.
John Clavering.
Tho. Dereham.
William Stanley.
Abraham Cullen.
James Ruftout.
Godfrey Copley.
Griffith Williams.
' Clement Clark.
Chriftopher Guife.
Philip Parker,
Edw. Duke.
Charles Hujfey.
Edward Barkham.
John Dormer.
Tho. Carew.
Ralph Milbank.
Hen- Ingoldsby.
Francis Bickeley.
Rob. Jafon.
John Young.
John Fred. Freifen-
dorf.
Tho. Smith.
Edwin Sadlier.
William Windham.
Geo. Soutbcote.
Geo. Trevilian;
Richard Cocks.
John Coriton.
Edw. Moor,
Miles Stapleton.
John Witterwonge,
Philip Matthews.
' Rob. Bernard,
Edw. Gage,
_ Tho. Hooke.
Chrift. Wandesford,
Rich. Aftley.

Edw. Fuft.
Rob. Long.
Rob. Can.
William Middleton-
Tho. Tancred.
Francis Wenman.
Tho. Cobb.
Henry Brook.
Peter Pindar.
Tho. Brograve.
Tho. Barnadifton.
Sam. Barnadifton.
John Dawes.
William Cook.
John BeUot.
George Downing.
William Gawdy.
Will. D'Oyley.
John Marftam.
Francis Leke,
John S. Barbe.
James Penymnn.
Sam. Tuke.
John Tempeft.
Littleton Osbalde-
fton.
Stepb. Anderfon.
Tho. Bateman,
Tho. Lorraine.
Tlieopbilus Bidulpb,
John Woftenbolm.
John Jacob.
John Yeomans.
John Pye,
Tho. Taylour.
William Leman.
Robert Smith,
Nicholas Crifpe.
John Shaw.
John Browne.
Geo. Rawdon.
Rob: Jocelyn.
Rob. Duckenfield.
John Lawfon.
Peter Tyrrel. k
Francis Burdett.
Abel Barker.

of Part. I
William Oglander.
William Swan.
Anth. Shirley.
Peter Gleane.
John Neltbrop.
Tho. Twifden.
Anth. Aucher.
John D'Oyl[e.
Edw. Hoby.
John Tyrrel.
Gilb. Gerard.
Rob. Yeomans. .
Rich. Bettenfon.
Algernon Peyton.
Roger Martin.
William Hanham.
William Langhorn,
Edw. Moftyn.
Philip Carteret. \
Fulwar Skipwith,
John Sabin.
William Chafer. . ,
Herbert Croft.
John S. Aubin.
Rob. Eden.
John Warden.
Francis Wane.
Francis Windham.
William Blacket.
Halefwell Tint,
Martin Trump. '
Rob. Parker.
John Sberrard.
Arthur Onflow.
Walter Clargis.
Tho. W^iams.
Rob.Filmer.Rich. Tulpe. ,
Tho. SamweU..
Charles Rich.
Benj- Maddox.
William Barker.
John Brookes.
Rich. Head.
Will- Penningto^
Bennet Hoskins.
-Rich. Standift.
Alex. Robinfon. >'
po.

Chap.XVIII. GREAT BRITAIN. zfy

Tho. Dyke.
Rob. Cotton.
Fran. Willougbby.
John Barlow.
Rich. Newdigate.
Rich. Cuft.
Fran. Anderton.
James Symeon.
James Poole.
Geo.Wliarton. Henry Oxenden-
Ralph Dutton.
WiUidm Dyer.
Jofias Child.

Tho. Skipwith.
Wal. Hawkfworth.
Roger Bradftaigh.
Will. Stapleton.
Tho. Pope-Blunt.
Geo. Walker.
Gelebrand fas van
Bofcb.
Roger Beckwith.
Tho. Parkyns.
Tho. Bunbury.
Hugh Parker.
Henry Seymour.
Hugh Middleton.

Jofeph Alfton.
Tho. Robinfon.
William Maynard.
Rob. Napier.
Rob. Davers.
Cane James.
Cornelius Gans. ,
Timotljy TbornhiB.
Tho. Lear.
John Wytbam:
Rob. Daftwood.
Geo. Chute.
Rich. Sandys.
John Child.

By King] AMES II.

PAUL Jenkin-
fon.
Goe. Davies.
Nich. Sherburne.
Rob. Guldeford.
Cburles Bhys.
William Compton-

Job Charleton.
Cornelius Speelman.
James Chapman Ful
ler.
William Pynfent.
William Stych.

Wilfred Lawfon.
Will. Williams.
Henry Afthurft.
Tho. Fitch.
John Morden.
John Narborough,

ByKwgWlLLlAM III.

HEnder Molef-
worth.
John Ramfden.
William Robinfon,
James Edwards.
John Duddlefton.
John Wentworth.
Edw, Leighton.
Henry Dutton Colt.
John Smith.
John Thomas. ,
Rich. Blackham.

CHarles Sedley.
Tho. Webfter.
Gilb. Dolben.

Tho. Wlieat.
Oliver Aftcomb.
Edw. Manfell.
William Hodges.
Jobnmtckworth.
Henry Titchburn.
Tho. Tipping.
John Germain.
Tim. Powell.
Sam. Clarke.
Bafil Firebrace.
John Rogers.
By Queen ANNE.
Edw. Ireby.
Wit. Fowler. .
Will. Flemming.

John Stanley.
Edmund Denton.
Peter Vander Brand.
William Brown.
Tho. Anguis.
Richard Newman.
Martin Weftcomb.
John Chitwood.
Nich. Van Acker.
Sam. Moyer.
John Tlwnicroft.
Uo. WinforL

Tho. Miller.
Will. Holfori,

CHAP.

»y©

The Prefent S TAT E of • Part. I.

CHAP. XIX.
Of the Englifh CLERGT, and firft of BISHOP S.
S the Lazrv of England confifts of Nobility, Gentry,
X and Commonalty, fo the Clergy is divided into Biftops ,
Dignitaries, and Inferiour Clergy.
OftheBi'r England and JFafei, confifting of 26 Dioceffes, there are
fiopr, and accordingly i<5 Didcefans, or Biftops. Befides the £//% of
their Dio- Man, which was made a Bifhoprick by Pope Gregory IV,
«/«. but the Bifhop thereof is no peer of the Realm, as the other
Bifhops are.
Two of thofe Biftops having a Superintendency over the
whole Church of England, and in fome Meafure over the
other Bifhops, are therefore called Archbiftops, one of Can
terbury, and the other of York, and their Provinces accorditfy'
ly. The firft of which far exceeds the laft, for of 26 Ditb
ce'fes it takes up 22, viz. 18 in England, and 4 in Wales.
flhe Diocefes in the Province ^/'Canterbury, with th(
Extent of each, and its Value by the King's Booh,
much fhort of the prefent Income.
/sENGLAND.

fboprhk.

The Ex-
tent and Canterbury,
Value of
each Bi- London,Winchefter,Ely,
Lincoln,

I 1
c I
a I
I

Valued in the King's Books.
I. s. d<
f Moft Part of Kent, ")
with divers peculiar I „,, « ^0

s o

Churchesin other Di- f '
ocefes. \
Middle ftx and Effex,"?
withPart of Hartford- ?UI7 08 04
Surrey and Hampfiiie, ""
with the Norman Ifles
of Jer fey and Gucrnjey.
! Cambridge/hire.
. The Counties of Lis-'
este, Leicefter, Bed-t
ford, Bucks, Hunting
ton, and Part of /J«r/-(
/ori,

1 388s 03 oj

"34

1801

830 18 01

Lielr

Chap. XIX.

Lichfield and!
Coventry, Hereford, Worcefter,

BatbzndWells,Salisbury, Exeter,Chhhefter,
Norwich, Glocefter, Oxford,
Peterborough, Briftol,Rochefter,

§t. Davids,
Landaff,
St. Afapb.

GREAT BRITAIN
Valued in the King's Books.
f Darbyjhire and Stafford-1 I. s. d
Jbire,with Pittof War- > 705 oj 02
wickjhire and Shropftire. \
i Somerfetfhire. $27 14 ox
ho IWiltftire, and Barkjhire. 1367 11 08
.5 { Devonftire and Cornwal. 15661406
t* -3 4 Suffex. 677 Qi 05
S Notfolk aid Suffolk, with 9
a fmall Part of Cam-> 899 08 07
bridgeftire: j
Glocefterftire. 315 07 oz
Oxfordftire. 354 16 04
Northampton/hire, andl „_„  _
£*&£?. J 4«4 19 "
The City of J3»-#o/, and? „_ ~ „
County of Dorfet. $ ?8j 4
j_ Part of Ae«r only. 358 o }- 08 *
/» W A L E S.
f Pembroke, Cardigan, and? aQA .e _o
I v Carmarden-fttres. § ^ J 8
( Glamorgan, Monmouth,^
« B....L — .1.  J D.J

*7i

o
O

Bangor,
Tork,
Durham,

I OS.
I
'I

Brecknock, and i?ai->
I nor-ftires. j
J The greateft Part of 1
«» F/f»tf, Denbigh, andf
Montgomery-fmres, and?*
fome Part of Shropftire, j
Anglefey, Carnarvan, and?
Part of ./Wbjugowery-S

154 14 01

187 II 06

131 16 04

7fo Diocefes *» rk Province of York.
Moft Part of Yorkftire,"!
and all Nbm'B<g£a»»-/ 1000 00 00
ftire. \
Durham, Northumberland, 7
and two Parifhes in > 1811 01 05
Cumberland, 3 Car-

«7 2 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I;
Valued in the King's Books.
1 f Two Parts in three of 7 > /. s. i.
Carlifle, \ M j Cumberland and /Fe/r-V 5310411
j .g j morland. J
1 .S j Cheftire, Laneaft'tre,Rhb- «
1* S 1 wowa" in Yorkftire, and/
o one third Part of Cum-S 420 01 08
| berland and Weftmor-\
J t_ /ay. J
To which add the Bijboprhk of ilfan.
Having thus given a particular Account of the prefent
Extent, and ancient Value of each Diocefe or Bifho
prick, I fhall now fpeak of the Biftops, who are the 0-
verfeers of the Clergy and People committed to their
Charge, each of 'em within the Bounds of his Diocefe.
They have' in chief the Power of Ordination, tho' they
always perform it jointly with fome other Priefts. They
are alfo impowered to grant Inftitutions to Benefices, and to
Ijcommand InduBion to be given.
Thrice a Year each of 'erri vifits his Diocefe, to inquire
into Offenders, efpecially againft Juftice, Piety, and So
briety.
Dignity As the two Arcbbiftops have (as I faid before) a Superin.
and Power tendency over all the Church of England, and in fomeMea-
of Biftops. fure over the other Bifhops, fo the Archbiftop of Canterbury
has a kind of Super-eminency over the Archbiftop of York.
For he has Power to Summon him to a National Synod, or
Convocation. The Archbiftop of York is called Primas Anglia, Primate of
England. , But the Archbiftmp of Canterbury is Primas tortus
Anglia, Primate of fill England.
They are both ftiled Moft Reverend, in a fuperlative man
ner, and honoured ( as Dukes are ) with the Title of
Grace. The Archbiftop of Canterbury is the firft Peer of the Realm
next tt) the Royal Family, and takes Place, not only of
Dukes, but alfo of the greateft Officers of the Crown. Nor
does any of thefe, except the Lord Chancellour, or Lord
Keeper, ftep between his Grace and the Archbifhop of York.
Tho' the Archbifhop holds his, Place from the Sovereign,
yet in his Royal Writs to him he is ftiled Dei Gratia Ar-
ehiepifcopo Cantuarienfi. And, whereas other Bifhops write Divi-
71a. Permiffione Epifcopus, he writes himfelf Divina Providentii.
To him it properly belongs to Crown the King, to Con
secrate anew-made Bifhop, and to Call Provincial Synods, ac-

Chap. XIX. GREAT BRITAIN. 273
according to the King's Writ directed unto him for that
purpofe. The Bifhop of London is accounted his Provincial Dean,
the Bifhop of Winchefter his Chancellour, and the Bifhop of
Rochefter his Chaplain.
To decide all Differences in Ecclefiaftick Matters, he
holds feveral Courts, of which in its proper Place.
The Archbiftop of York has alfo many Prerogatives, and
holds feveral Courts, of which in its proper place.
Next to whom, in the Epifcopai College, the Bifhops of The Rank
London, Durham, and Winchefter, have always the Piece- of Biftops.
dence ; and all other Bifhops, according to the Priority of
their Confecration. The Bifhop of London, as being Bifhop
of the Capital City of England, -and Provincial Dean of
Canterbury. The Biftiop of Durham, as Count Palatine, and
Earl of Sadberg ; and the Bifhop of Winchefter, as formerly
Earl of Southampton. Whofe Bifhoprick is counted the
richeft in England, being yearly worth about 8000/. tho'
valued not half that in the King's Books.
But, whereas fome Bifhopricks have but a fmall Income,
the Biihop in that Cafe is ufually provided with fome good
Living befides. The Biihop of Rochefter, being Dean of
Weftminfter, has a much better' Revenue from his Deanry
than from his Bifhoprick ; this being reckon'd but 500 /. a
Year, and the Deanry 800 /. at leaft.
All the Bifhops ( except the Bifhop of Man) are Peers of ji)e-n j^.
the Realm, and fit as Barons in the Houfe of Lords. Theyf/W an£
ire called the Lords Spiritual, and being look'd upon as the Preroga-
Fathers and Gardians of the Church, they are accordingly tjves,
ftiled Fathers in God.
As the two Archbifbops are called Moft Reverend, and have
the Title of Grace given them, fo the inferiour Biftiops are
called Right Reverend, and have the Title of Lordftip given
them. In fhort, thefe have not only the fame Privileges as the
Temporal Lords, but alfo fome peculiar Prerogatives, and
thofe of a high Nature.
Tho' all Courts be held by the King's Authority, yet the
Biftops Courts are not properly counted to be the King's
Courts. For a Biihop fends forth Writs in his own Name,
Tefte the Bifhop ; and not in the King's Name, as all other
Courts do.
And, whereas in other Courts there .are feveral Judges
to each, a Biftop in his Court is the fole Judge:. Nay, he may
depute his Authority to another, as to af Suffragan Bifhop,
his Chancellour, or Commiffary ; which none of the Judges
can do. T In

274 -The Prefent STATE of Parti.
In a Trial of Baftardy, or Herefy, the Biftops Certificate
fliall be fuflicient. And, if a Clergy-man kills his Bifhop
or Ordinary, 'tis look'd upon as a Parricide, and is Petty
Treafon by Law.
Wherein Laftly, there is this Difference between an Archbiftop and
they differ a Biftop, That the Biftops Authority is confined within the
from the Bounds of his Diocefs, but' that of the Archbiftop extends
Arcbbi- it felf overall his Province; he being Ordinary to all the
ftops. Bifhops thereof. Accordingly the Biftop vifits his Diocefs
only, whereas the Archbiftop vifits the whole Province.
The Biftop can convocate only a Diocefan, but the Archbi
ftop may convocate a Provincial Synod. The Biftop, with ,
other Priefts, may Ordain a Prieft ; but the Archbiftop, with
other Bifhops, does Confecrate a Bifhop.
I pafs by here, for Brevities fake, the Formalities obfer
ved in the Election of Bifhops, and the great Solemnity both
of their Confecration and Inllallation, which would lead
.me too far.
A L I S T of the prefent BISHOPS.
I.
Of the Provinces/ CANTERBURY.
Archbifhop of Canterbury, His Grace Dr. Tho. Tennifcm.
f London, Dr. Henry Compton. -f-
Winchefter, Sir Jonathan Trelawny, Baronet.
Worcefter, Dr. William Lloyd.
Rochefter, Dr. Tho. Spratt. ¦f"
Exeter, -
Salisbury, Dr. Gilbert Burnet, -f
Hereford, D. Humphrey Humphreys. J(
i Ely, Dr. John Moor.
j Lichfield and Coventry, Dr. John Hough,
Lord-Bifhop of i p^Zrlugb, Dr. Richard Cumberland.
Glocefter, Dr. Edw. Fowler.
Briftol, Dr. John Hall. jr
Chichefter, Dr. John Williams.
Oxford, Dr. William Talbot. X
Bangor, Dr. John Evans.
Bath and Wells, Dr. John Hooper.
S. Afapb, Dr. William Beveridge. y
S. Davids, Dr. Geo. Bull. X
Lincoln, Dr. William Wake.
lLandaff, Dr. John Tyler. II

Chap. XX. GREAT BRITAIN* £7$
ii.
Of the Province of Y 6 R K.
Archbifhop of rorfc, His Grace, Dr* John Sharps
r Durham, Dr. N'athaniel Crew.
Lord-Bifhop of ¦< Chefter, Dr. Nicholas Stratford.
I Carlifle, Dr. William Nhholfon.
Bifhop of Man, Dr. Tho. Wilfon.

Chap. xX
Of the Dignify'd, and Inferiour Clergy. With an Ac*
count of the Ordination, the Method ufed to get a
Living, and the Maintenance of the Inferiour Clergy.
Alfo, of the Parilh-Church Officers.
BY the Dignify'd Clergy, I mean Deans, Arch-Deacons, Dignify^
Rural Deans, and Prebendaries or Canons ; who are af- Clergji
filtant to Bifhops, and for the moft part Men above the
eommon Capacity of the Inferiour Clergy. And, as among
the Laity, the Gentry keep a middle Rank between the No
bility and the Inferiour fort of People ; fo thefe Dignitaries
keep a middle Station between the Bifhops, and the lower
Clergy. So great is the Harmony of the Englift) Conftitution;
both in Church and State.
In all Catjiedral and Collegiate Churches ( except at St; Dedns,
Davidsind Landaff, in Wales ) there is a Dean, who' is the ani pre*
Head of the Canons, or PrebendarieSj and makes a Chapter bendariest
with fuch as are Canonhi aSu. Thefe Dignitaries^ intended
for a conftant Supply of able and fit Perfons to govern the
Church j have each a Dwelling- houfe near the Cathedral, or,
Collegiate-Church, and a plentiful Maintenance ; but the
Dean has commonly a double Portion.
, Both the Dean and Prebendaries ought to refide in their
. refpeftive Church, to frequent publick Divine Service, fo
preach by Turns upon Sundays, and all Feftival- Days, and at
due Time to'adminifter the Lord's Supper. They ought to
fhew good Example to the Inferiour Clergy, and direct the
weakeft fort of 'em how to preach, and beft profit their
Auditors* When fummoned by the BifhOp, they are to af-
fift him in feme Epifcopal Functions, as Ordination, De
privation, Condemnation of obftinate Hereticks, &c. Up
on the King's Writ of Conge d'ejlire, when the Bifhop's See is
T * - vacant;)

V6 The Prefent STATE of Part I.
vacant, they chufe their own Bifhop, who is commonly the
Perfon recommended to them by the King ; or if not, they
Ihew Caufe to the contrary. Biftops are commonly chofen
out of the Body of the Deans.
In the Cathedral of St. Davids, and that of Landaff, the
Bifhop is Head of the Chapter ; and in the Bifhop's AbfenceJ;
the Chanter at St. David's, and the Arch-Deacon at Landaff, '
The Deans of the Chappel Royal, St. George's Chappel at
Windfor, Rippon, and Guernfey, are only honourary Deans,
without any Jurifdiftion. The Deans of Croydon in Surrey,
Battel in Suffex, and a few. others, are Deans without any
Chapter, but with a kind of Jurifdiftion.
Among the Prebendaries of the old Foundation, fome are
Canonhi atln, fuch as have Right to Vote in the Chapter.
Others Canonhi in herba, having a Stall in the Choir, but
no "Vote in the Chapter.
Arch-Dea- The Areh-Deacons are fo called from their Charge over
ions. the Deacons. There are of thefe 60 in all England, each
Diocefe having in it one Arcb-Deaconry or more, for Dif-
patch of Ecclefiaftical Bufinefs. And whereas the Bifhop
makes the Vifitation of his Diocefs once in 3 Years, 'tis the
Arch-Deacon1' s Office to Vifit it the other 2 Years. And then,
he is to enquire of Reparations and Moveables belonging to
the Churches under his Jurifdiftion, to reform Abufes in
Ecclefiaftical Matters, and bring the more weighty Affairs be
fore the Bifhop. Therefore he is called alter Epifcopi Ocu-
lus, the Dean making the other. He is alfo, upon rhe Bi
fhop's Mandate, to induft Clerks into their Benefices, and
fo give 'em Poffeflion of all the Profits thereof.
Rural The Rural Deans were called of old Arcbi-Presbyteri, as
Deans, having the Overfight of a certain Number of Priefts.
Their Office now is, upon the Bifhop's Order, to convocate
the Clergy, and fignifie unto them the Bifhop's Pleafure. A
Rural Dean may alfo give Induction in the Arch-Deacon's
Place, when the Arch-Deaconlives too far off.
" Every Arch-Deaconry is fob-divided into Rural Deanries.
Inferiour By the fnferiour Clergy, I mean fuch as are not Dignify'd,
Clergy. whether ReSors, Vicars, Curates, or fimply Deacons.
We call Rector a Clergy-man poffefled of a Living, the
predial Tythe whereof is not Impropriated. Vicars, that
officiate in thofe Livings which are called Impropriations,
Curates, that attend the Service of the Church in the room
of Incumbents difabled, or of Reftors holding feveral Li
vings. And Deacons, fuch as are admitted into fome part
of the Service of the Church, till they be fit for the Prieft-
ly Office.
For the Church of England has 3 diftinft Orders, viz.
1 &¦

Chap.XX. GREAT BRITAIN. a77
Bifhops, Priefts, and Deacons. By the Canon-Law, to be ad- The 2 Or-
mitted a Deacon, one muft be 23 Years' of Age ; to be a ders of the
Prieft, 24 ; and, a Biftop, 30. ; Church.
The Office of Deacons is but minifterial to the Prieflly
Office, and to fit him for it. He may baptize, read in the
Church, and aflift the Prieft at the Lord's Supper, only by
giving the Cup.
To be admitted into Holy Orders, one muft have a Teftimo- Of the Or*
nial from the Mafter and Fellows of the College where he dination.
laft relided; or under the Hands and Seals of at leaft 3 Di
vines of good Repute, who knew him well for 3 Years laft
paft, fo as to give a good Account of hrs Virtue, Uniform
mity, and Learning.
The Ordination of Priefts and. Deacons is performed four
Times a Year, viz. upon the 4 Sundays in the Ember-
Weeks, called £>uatuor Temporary the ancient Fathers, and
of great Antiquity in the Church. Thefe 4 Weeks are, by -
the Laws of the Church, a Time of Prayer and Falling for
the whole Nation, to recommend to God aU that are to be
Ordained. The Ordination is performed in a moft folemn, grave, and
devout manner, by a Bifhop, affifted by fome of the Dig
nify'd Clergy, or others in Prieflly Orders. After Morning-
Prayer, there is a Sermon preached concerning the Duty and
Office both of Deacons and Priefts. The Sermon ended,
thofe that ftand for Deacons, being decently habited, are
prefented to the Bifhop by the Arch-Deacon, or his Deputy.
Whom the Bifhop asks, if he has made due Inquiry of
them ; and then ask the People , if they know any nota
ble Impediment or Crime in any of them. Then follow
certain Prayers, with the Colleft and Epiftle appointed for
this Solemnity. After which the Oath of Supremacy is
adminiftred to every one of 'em, and the Biihop puts to
'em divers godly Queftions. Which being anfwered, they
all kneel, and he laying his Hands upon them feverally, does
ordain 'em Deacons. Then he delivers the New Teftament
to every one of 'em, giving them Authority to read the
fame in the Church. Upon which the Bifhop appoints one
of them to read the Gofpel. This done, the Bifhop and
they proceed to the Communion ; after which they" are dif-
miffed with the Blefllng pronounced by the Bifhop.
The Priefts ire ordaiued much after the fame manner.
Only the Epiftle and Gofpel are different, and after the
Queftions and Anfwers made, the Bifhop puts up a particu
lar Prayer for them. Which ended, he defires the Congre
gation to recommend them toGod fecretly in their Prayers,
for doing of which there is a competent Time of general
T 3 Silence,,

#7$ The Prefent STATER Part I.
Silence. After which Veni Creator Spiritus isfung in Meter,
Then follows another Prayer. Which ended, the Bifhop (with '
one or two Divines prefent ) lays his Hands upon the Head
of every one of them feverally, they all kneeling ; and fo
ordains 'em in a fet Form of Words, different from that
of Deacons.
^I'j Me~ ^° get a %enefice or Living, a Clergy-man muft fairly pro-
thod ufed CUre a Prejentation from the true Patron of ' the Church
to get a wjthout any Agreement by himfelf, or any in his behalf;
ptving. for any Sum of Mony, Reward, Gift, Profit or Benefit,, di-
reftly or iridireftly in Hand paid, or yearly to be allowed,
which, is called Simony.
Now we call- Patrons of Churches thofe who, by firft
building of Churches, or firft indowing them with Lands,
have obtained for them and their Heirs a Right of Advovv
fon or Patronage. Therefore, when the Church is void,
the Patron is to propofe a fit Clerk to the Bifhop, to be by
him canonically Inftituted.
The Prefentation being in due Form, figned and fealed by
fhe Patron, the Clerk prefented muft carry it to the Bifhop
of that Diocefs in which the- Church is, or to his Vicar
General ; and if the Bifhoprick be: vacant, to the Gardian
of the Spiritualities . Together witff ft he ought to carry,
and (if required) exhibit the Teftimonial he had, before he
was admitted into Orders.
Upon which he is examined by the Bifhop, or his Chap
lain l and if he be found duly qualify'd, he muft declare
in exprefs Words* Thai Mo forein Prince, Perjon, Prelate,
State or Potentate, has or ought to have any Jurif dill ion, Pow-
$r, Superiority, Pre-eminence, or Authority, Ecclefiaftical or
Spiritual, within this Realm ; And that he will Conform to tk
Church of England, as it is now by Law eftablifi'd. Which
Declaration he muft fubfcribe unto, and have a Certificate
of it from the Rifhop,' or the Perfon deputed by him.
' Before he can be admitted into the Benefice, he muft alfo
take this folemn Oath againft Simony, viz. That he is not
'dire Sly or indiretlly privy td any fuch Agreement ; and if any .
one unknown to him has made any fuch Simonhal ContraB in
bis behalf, that be will in no wife ftand by it.
' Thefe Things being done, the Bifhop, or his Surrogate,
gives him fhe Inftitution in thefe, or the like Words ; h-
Jlituo te Rectorem Ecclefia Parocbialis de C. Fg habere' Curcm
Animarum, Accipe Curam tuam & meant.
Upon which a Mandate is jffued out under the Bifhop's
Seal to the Arch-Deacon of the Place, to give the Clerk In
duction into his Living ; which is done either by the Arch-
Deacon himfelf, 'or fome Clergy-man appointed by him, by
if- ¦¦ . u > > ¦;.- ¦••¦-. , • • . v: ¦ p€„

Chap. XX. GREAT BRITAIN. 279
Delivery of the Bell-rope. Then the new-initituted Clerk,
being left alone in the Church, tolls the Bell, and that com-
pleats the Indutlion.
Within 2 Months after, upon fome Lord's Day, he muft The Du-
read in the Church the 39 Articles, being the Confeffion of ties of a
Faith of the Church of England, and declare aloud fus un- new tn-
feigned Affent and Confent to all the Contents thereof. And cumbent.
within the fame fpace of Time he mull read alfo -the whole
Service of the Church appointed for that Day, both Fore
noon and Afternoon, and declare his Affent and Confent to
all Things contained -and prefcribed in the Book of Com
mon-Prayer and Adminiftration of the Sacraments, and
according to the Ufe of the Church of England.
. Within 3 Months after his Inftitution, ¦ he muft likewife,
upon fome Lord's Day, during Divine Service, publickly
read his Certificate from the Bifhop ( or his Deputy ) of
his Sub fcription to the Declaration aforefaid, and at thel"am%
time the Declaration it felf.
All which muft be Atteftedby fome ,of the moft intelligent
Parifhioners, under their own Hands- And, if he failed in
any of thofe Duties, he thereby forfeits his Living.
As to the Maintenance of the Inferiour Clergy, fome
have very good Livings, yielding 200, or 300 1. per Annum.
But many yield but 100 1. and too many fhort of that. Which,
befides the Glebe-Land, is raifed by way of Tytbes, and the
Duties paid for Chriftenings, Marriages, and Funerals.
The Plurality of Benefices, allowed by the Church of En
gland, for the Incouragement of worthy and eminent Di
vines, makes room for many Curates to officiate for them in
thofe Churches where they do not keep their Refidence.
For which they have fuch an Allowance as they think fit to
agree upon.
The Condition of Vicars was much the fame with that of
Curates, if not worfe -% till Her prefent Majefty parted with
a good Branch of the Revenues of the Crown, for the Re
lief of the„poor Clergy. What Return has been made fince
to Her Majefty's Bounty, is well known to the World.
The Parift-Cburcb Officers, are chofen by- the Veftry-Men, Veftry-
fo called from the Vejiry, a Room adjoyning to the Church, Men.
for the Parfon and Parifh-Officers Ufe. They are a Seleft
Number of the chief Pariftiqners in every Parifh, to whom
a great Power is by Law committed, as to the Parifh Con
cerns, both Civil and Ecclefiaftical. They yearly chufe
Officers for the Parifh, as Church-Wardens, Scavengers, Col
lectors Joy the Poor, grV- As for the Beadle, who attends
the Parifh, 'tis a ftanding Office.
T 4 The

280 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Church- The Church-Wardens are to fee the Church kept in good
Wardens. Repair, and want nothing for Divine Service. That the
- Church- Yard be well inclofed, and an exact Terrier of the
Glebe-Land be kept. They are to fue for any Thing kept'
from the Church, that of Right belongs to it ; to declare,:
and execute the Bifliop's Orders ; tocolleft the Parifhioner's
Charity ; to inquire after, and prefent to the Bifhop fcanda-
Sidefmen. lous Livers. In fome great Pariihes they are allowed Sidef
men, to affift them in this Part of their Office. Eafter-Week-
is the Time, when the two Church-Wardens are chofen,
who commonly ferve 2 Years in that Station. In fome
Parifhes the Parfon chufes one, and the Pariftioners the
other.
Clerk. The Clerk is the next Officer, whofe Bufinefs is to at
tend at Church the Parfon and the Church- Wardens to
tune the Pfalms, to anfwer audibly at Prayers, and fay Amen
tp every Colleft. He ought to be at leaft 20 Years old, and
is commonly chofen by the Parfon only.
Vergers In Cathedral and Collegiate Churches they have Vergers,
and Sex- fo called from a Silver Verge which they carry in their'
tons. Hands. Their Office is to lead the Bifhop, Dean, and. Ca-.
nons to Church, the Preacher to the Pulpit, and let the
Gentry into Pews. Which laft Part of their Office is per
formed in Parifh-Churches by Sextons.
A L I S T of the prefent Deans.
I.
In the Province of Canterbury.
J" Canterbury, Dr. Geo. Stanhope.
St. Pauf s, Dr. William Sherlock.
Weftminfter, Dr. Tho. Sprat, Bifhop of Rochefter.
Winchefter, Dr. John Wickart.
Worcefter, Dr. William Talbot, Bifhop of Oxford.
Rochefter, Dr. Samuel Prat.
Exeter, Dr. Lancelot Blackburn.
. Sarum, Dr. John Younger*
Dean of [¦$ Windfor, Dr.  Hefcart.
SEly, Di. John Lamb.
Hereford, Dr. John Tyler, Bifhop of Hereford,
. Lichfield, Dr. William Binks.
Norwich, Dr. Humphrey Prideaux.
Peterborough, Dr. iSa»we/ Freeman.
Glocefter,  •
iBath and Wells, Dr. William Grahme.
Dem

Chap. XXI. GREAT BRITAIN. 28x

Briftol, Dr. Geo. Royfe.
it.Jfaph, Dr. Daniel Price,
Lincoln, Dr. Richard Willis.
Dean of ^ Chichefter, Dr. William Hayley.
Oxford, Dr. #e»/;y Aldrich.
.Bangor, Dr.  -Jones.
II.
/» f J?e Province of York. *
r York, Mr. /fewy F?W;, A. M.
Dean of ^£%*aw'nDrr 3obn Montague.
^Chejter, Dr. Laurence Fogg.
C Carlifle, Dr. Francis Atterbury.

CHAP. XXI.
0/ the feveral PA R TIE S that are novo in England.
IF any Thing can allay the Happinefs of England's Confti
tution, 'tis its being divided into Parties, when nothing
but Peace and Union can fecure it from the unhappy Fate of
Diftraftions at Home, or of Invafions from Abroad. How
narrowly we lately efcaped returning into former Confuil-
ons, by the Heat of Parties, and trying Experiments, is what
I dread to think of.
But, Thanks to Heaven, Things are now brought into a
better Temper, and 'tis hoped all Parties will lay afide their
private Animofities, to mind the publick Good joyntly, as
they did in the late happy Revolution. The beft Way to
bring us to it is, for Judah to vex no more Epbraijn, and for
Ephraimto envy no more Judah.
'Twas the hearty Wifh of the late King William, in his laft
Immortal Speech to the Parliament ; witnefs thefe Words in
it, which deferve to be written in Letters of Gold. ' I fhould
' think it, fays be, as great a Blefiing as could befall England,
* if I could obferve you as much inclined to lay afide thofe
' unhappy fatal Animofities which divide and weaken you, as
' I am difpofed to make all my Subjects fafe and eafie, as to
' any ( even the higheft ) Offences committed againft me.
* Let me conjure you to difappoint the Hopes of your Ene-
' mies, by your Unanimity. I have fhewn, and will jal-
c ways lhew how defirous I am to be the common Father of
4 all my People. Do you in like manner lay afide Parties, and
' Divjfions. Let there be no other Diftinctiori heard of among
( us for the future, but of thofe who are for the Proteflant
*., .. Ke-

aS* The Prefent STATE of Part I,
4 Religion, and the prefent Eftabliftment ,; and of thofe who
* mean a Popift Prince, and a French Government^
4 We are all of one Blood, fays an ingenious Divine, the
' fame Hands have fafhioned us. We walk on the fame
4 Earth, breath in the fame) Air, are lighted with^the fame
* * Sun, covered with the fame Canopy, depend on the fame
4 Providence, and are all Sheep of the fame Pafture. What
* therefore God hath thus Joyned together, let neither Fol-
7' ly nor Malice, Men nor Devils, put afunder. Our Enemies
* Maxim is, Divid$& Impera, Divide and Subdue ; let ours
4 be, £>uos Deus conjunxit nemo feparet, Thofe whom God
* has joyned together, let no Man attempt to put; afunder.
As to thofe Gentlemen who are fo fond of Arbitrary
Power, if they have not taken an abfolute Refolution not to
be convinced, the following Arguments of a learned Au
thor, who writ The Enquiry into the Meafures of -Submif-
fion to the Supream Authority, cannot fail of convincing
them. ' The Meafures of Power, fays he, and con-
4 fequently of Obedience, muft be taken from the ex-
4 prefsLawsof the State, or from immemorial Cuftoms, or
4 from particular Oaths which the Subjefts fwear to their
' Princes. Andj in all Difputes between Power and Liber-'
* ty, Power muft always be proved, for Liberty proves it
- * felf •, that being founded only upon a Pofitive Law, this
1 upon the Law of Nature.
4 The Queflion is, In cafe of a Difference betwirtt the
* King and his People, Who is a competent Judge ? In this
4 Cafe, fays my Author, 'tis to be confidered,- That fome
* Points are juftl'y difputable and doubtful ; and others fo
;* hianifeft, that any Objeftions made againft them are rather
4 foreed Pretences, than fo much as plaufible Colours, if
4 the Cafe be doubtful, the Intereft of the publick Peace and
4 Order ought to carry it. s}M the Cafe is quite different,
4 when the Invafions that are made upon Liberty and Pro-
4 perty are plain and vifible to all that confider them.
4 The main Difficulty lies here, how, upon fuch an In-
4 vafion, the Subjefts of England can take up Arms againft-.!
4 their King, when the Militia1 is by feveral exprefs Laws
4 lodged fingly in the King ; and thofe Laws have been put
4 in the form of an Oath, which all that have born any
4 Imploymenr, either in Church or State, have fworn. So
4 that, tho' the Subjefts have a Right to their Property by
4 many pofitive. Laws, yet they feem now to have no Right
4 or Means left to preferve it. And here feems to be a
4 Contradiftion in the Englijh Government, viz. a publick
4 Liberty challenged by the Nation, and grounded upon
4 Law; and yet a Renouncing of all Refifiance, when that
\ 4 Liberty is invaded, and that alfo grounded upon Law.
• 4 Tp

Chap. XXI. GREAT BRITAIN. 28j
' To clear this Point, and bring it to its true Light, we
4 muft take this for a general Rule, when there feems to be
4 a Contradiction between two Articles in the Conftitu-
4 tion, that we ought to examine which of the two is the
* moft evident, and the moft important, and fo fix upon it.
4 Then'we muft give fuch an accommodating Senfe to that
4 which feems to contradift it, that we may reconcile 'em
4 together. 4 'Tis plain that our Liberty is only a Thing that we en-
4 joy at the King's Difcretion, and during his Pleafure, if
c the other againft all Refinance is to be underftood accor-
4 ding to the utmoft extent of the Words. Since therefore
.' the chief Defign of our whole Law, and of all the feve-
4 ral Rules of our Conftitution, is to fecure and maintain
4 our Liberty, we ought to lay that down for a Conclufion,
« that it is both the moft plain, and the moft important of
1 the two. And the other Article againft Refiftance ought
4 to be fo foftened, as that it do not deftroy us. .
4 If the Law never defigned to lodge the Legiflative Pow-
4 er in the King,' as it is felf-evident, 'tis plain it did not
4 intend to fecure him in it, in cafe be fhould go about to
4 affume it. Therefore the not refilling the King can on-
4 ly be applied to the Executive Power, that fo, upon no
4 Pretence of ill Adminiftrations in the Execution of the
4 Law, it fhould be lawful to refift him. Another Proof
4 that the Law only defigned to fecure the King in the Ex-
4 ecutive Power, is the Words of the Oath, which makes
4 it unlawful to bear Arms againft the King, or any Com-
1 miffionated by him. For, if the CommiiTion be not ac-
4 cording to Law, 'tis no Commiffion; and confequently
4 thofe who aft by Virtue of it, are not Commiflionated by
4 the King in the Senfe of the Law.
1 Befides, aU general Words, how comprehenfive foever,
* are ftill fuppofed to have a tacit Exception and Referve in
4 them, if the Matter feem to require it. Thus Children
1 are commanded to obey their Parents in all Things ; and
4 Wives are declared by the Scripture to be fubjeft to- their
4 Husbands in all Things, as the Church is unto Chrift. For
4 odious Things ought not to be fufpefted, and therefore not
4 named upon fuch Qccafions ; but when they faU out, they
4 carry ftill their own Force with them. So by our Form
4 of Marriage, the Parties fwear to one another, 'till Death
4 them do part ; and yet few doubt but that this Bond is
4 diffolved by Adultery, tho' it is riot named.-
4 In fhort, when a King of England ftrikes at the very
4 Foundations of the Government, as the late King did, and
4 that his Maleverfations are not only the Effeft of Humane
I Frail; y, of Ignorance, Inadvertencies, or Paffions, <¦ to
4 whicii

*84 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
4 which all Princes may be fubjeft, as well as other Men )
4 in fuch Cafes that King may fall from his Power, or at
4 leaft from the Exercife of it ; and fuch his Attempts, ( in
4 the very Judgment of the greateft Afferters of Monarchy )
4 naturally diveft him of his whole Authority. To this
4 Purpofe we have ftill frefh before us the Example of the ¦'
4 late King of Portugal; who, ft* a few Aftsof Rage fatal
* to very fe,w Perfons, was put under a Guardianfhip, and
4 kept a Prifoner 'till he died, and his Brother, the prefent
4 King made Regent in his Place. Which it feems was ( at
4 leaft fecretly ) approved by moft of the Crown 'd-Heads of
4 Europe, and even our Court gave the firft Countenance to
4 it. Tho', of all others. King Charles 11. had the leaft
4 Reafon to do it, fince it juftified a Younger Brother's- fup-
4 planting the Elder. But the Evidence of the Thing car-
4 ried it even againftlntereft.
Upon the Whole, it may be objected from 'our frequent
jpivifions, That BRITAIN is a hard Kingdom to Govern.
But the Objection, in the main, is frivolous. For, when
a Prince is wife and moderate, maintains the Laws, and
makes himfelf eafie to his Subjefts, the beft Part of 'era
think nothing too much by way of Gratitude. But when
a King tramples upon the Laws, as the late King James did,
and drives on furioufly for an Abfolute Power, 'tis no Mat
ter of Amazement, if they beftir themfelves in Defence of
their Liberty. 'Tis an unvaluable Treafure, and who can
blame 'em for being Jealous of it ?
The Favourites of Kings have very often occasioned their
Fall. When they keep a Medium betwixt the King and his
Subjefts, they make themfelves the Favourites of both.
But, when they advife the King to- Extreams, and opprefs
the People, to grow rich with their Spoils, they draw up
on themfelves an univerfal Hatred, and the Prince lofes
the Love of his Subjefts, which is his greateft Treafure.
When1 Parties fall out, it has been always the beft Way
for the Sovereign to fupport the Party which is moft con
formable to the Laws of the Land. The Court is always
ftrong enough, in fuch a Cafe, to keep the Ballance even,
Hot Men are dangerous, in trying Experiments. 'We have
had lately7, and in the laft Century, a fad Experience of
it. Therefore they are now difcarded, difcountenancedj
and left to bite upon the Bridle, but without any further
Mark of Royal Indignation; which makes many of 'em
come to themfelves again, who grow tired, at laft, with
fwimming againft the Stream. The Truth is, an utmoft.
Severity ( except in defperate Cafes ) is improper for this
mild Climate. 'Tis fitter for a French, than a Britifb Go
vernment. At the Coronation, a pointlefs Sword, called
'¦'-'- Cur-

Chap.XXI. GREAT BRITAIN. 285
Curtana, appears amongft the Regalia, as an Emblem of Mer«
cy. 'Tis by this merciful Temper the late King Charles got
the Love of his Subjefts ; and had not his Nephew, King
William, fpared the Blood of his Enemies at Home, ( tho' he
did it perhaps to a Fault ) I queftion whether his , Crown
had not been too hot for him. 'Tis plain, it was fo with
Ring James, on Account of his too great Zeal, and Mal-
adminiftration. But fome will have it, that England does beft preferve her
felf by Parties. I own, that there is a Contrariety in the
Elements, and yet a mutual Agreement ; that Fermentation
is ufeful in feveral Refpefts, and boyfterous Winds are apt
to purify the Air. Nay fome are of Opinion, that if the
~ Sea did ftagnate long, and were not toffed by the Winds,
'twould come to Putrefaftion, notwithftanding the Salt-
nefs of it. But on the other Hand it muft be granted, that
when thofe Motions are too violent, and go beyond certain
Bounds, they prove commonly fatal.
However, if Men did truly govern themfelves by Chri
ftian Principles, not by Piques, Humour, or Self-intereft,
and would promote and carry on the publick Good, I don'6
fee but that Unity of Affeilion, and Diver fity of Opinion,
might-very well cohabit. It was fo with Cicero, in his Dif
ference of Opinion with Cato, faying, He fo diffented from
him, that, tho' they were divided in Judgment, they remained-
firmly united in Love and Friendftip. 4 That there fhould be 2
4 perfeft Agreement in Opinion, as to exclude all Dif-
* ference, is neither poffible in this imperfeft State, nor ne-
4 ceffary, fays an eminent Bilbop of our Church. In Matters
4 of fmall Confequence, in Things indifferent, or in fpecu-
4 lative Subjefts, wife and good Men may differ without Pre-
4 judice to themfelves, to each other, or to the Publick.
4 But in Matters of greater Weight, wherein the publick
4 Welfare is concerned, an Union of Judgment or Opinion
4 is to be preferved. Tho' even in thofe Matters, an uni-
4 verfaj Harmony in Judgment, among all the Members of
4 any Society, is a Thing to be wifhed, rather than hoped
4 for. Scripture it felf, fore-feeing a Difagreeinent of Opi-
4 nions, even among Chriftians, gives Direftions for the
4 Behaviour of the differing Parties, both the ftrong and the
4 weak, towards one another. But there is no Difpenfatidn
4 for the Want of Union of Hearts and Afteftions. This
4 muft be had,, where the other cannot be obtained ; and
4 there can be no Reafon affigned, why it may not.

CHAP.

The Prefent S TAT E of part. H

CHAP. XXII.
Of the Government of ENGLAND. And firft of
the Laws of the Land.
TH E Laws of ENGLAND being the Foundation of its
Government, that by which a King ought to rule,
and which the People ought to fubmit to, fhall make the
Subjeft of this Chapter.
Common- I begin with the Common-Law, that is, the common Cu-
Law. ftoms of the Nation, which in procefs of Time have ob
tained the Force of Laws. 'Tis a Summary of the Laws of
the Saxons and Danes, to which William the Conquerour '
having added fome of the good Cuftoms of Normandy, he
caufed them all to be written in his own Norman. Diale3f ind
fo they have continued hitherto. "V ,
Statute- Befides the Common-Law, we have the Statute-Law, that
Law. is, the Laws made from time to time, by King and Parlia
ment, as Occafion requires, and where the Common Law is
deficient, or thought to be fo.
Martial- The Martial-Law, which concerns only Souldiers and
Law. Mariners, in Time of aftual War.
Foreft- The Foreft-Ldw, concerning Forefts. By which the Will
Law. is reputed for the Faft, fo that a Man found hunting, of a
Deer, may be Arretted, as if he had taken it.
Civil- Tha Civil-Law, made ufe of particularly in the Court
Law. of Admiralty, in the two Univerfities, in all Spiritual
Courts, in the Earl Marfhal's Court, and Treaties with
forein Princes. This is the Law of Nations, look'd upon
as the Product of the common Reafon of Mankind, and
made ufe of where Common and Statute-Law takes no Cog
nizance. The Laws of Rhodes and Oleron, concerning Maritime Af
fairs, have been long fince Incorporated into the Volumes
, of the Civil-Law. Rhodes, an Ifland in the Mediterranean,
not far from Anatolia, and now belonging to the Turks.
Whofe ancient Inhabitants, being great Traders at Sea,
made fuch Regulations in all Maritime Concerns, that the
very Romans, who excelled in making good Laws, left their
Sea- Affairs, and referred all Debates and Differences - of
that kind, to the Judgment of the Rligdian Laws.
Oleron, an Ifland of Aquitain, not far from Rachel;
where Richard!, caufed fuch excellent Laws to be made,
relating to Sea-Affairs, that they were almoft in as great
Repute, in thefe Weftern Parts of Europe, as the Rhodian
Laws were in the Mediterranean* There

Chap.XXII. GREAT BRITAIN 387
There have been Maritime Laws made by King Edward
III, at Queenborough, and by other Princes anJL States in
France; paly, and Spain. But the Rhodian Laws ftill ex
tant, have the Pre-eminence.
The Canon-Law, which takes place in Things relating Canon-
meerly to Religion, and is fo called from fuch Canons ( or Law.
Rules) of General Councils, and of Englift) Synods, grV.
as are received by the Church of England. By which fhe
proceeds in the Exercife of her. Jurifdiftion, fo far as the
faid Canons are confonant to Holy Writ, and not repug
nant to the Laws of the Land.
But there are other Laws, called Municipal, or By-Laws, By-LJxau
proper to Corporations, fuch as the Magiftrates of a Town
or City may make, by Virtue of the King's Charter, for
the Benefit of their Corporation, provided they be not re
pugnant to the Laws of the Land.
By the Laws of England, the Englift) are a Free People,
becaufe no Law can be made, or abrogated, without their
Confent by their Reprefentatives in Parliament ; fo that
their Subjeftipn to Laws is not forced, but voluntary.
By the fame Laws, no Englift) Subjeft ought to be Im-
prifoned, without Caufe fhewn ; Nor may he be denied
a Writ of. Habeas Corpus, if defired, to bring him fpeedily to
his Trial. And, if upon an Habeas Corpus no Caufe of Im-
prifonment be alledged, the Prifoner ^muft be fet at Li
berty. No Racks ufed to force a Confeffion of Guilt from the -
Prifoner ; and nothing but clear Evidence, upon Oath, can
bring him Guilty.
None can be tried but by a Jury of his Peers, nor con
demned but by the Laws of the Land, or by an Aft of Par
liament. Nor ought any to be Fined for any Offence, but
according to the Merit of it.
No Taxes, Loans, or Benevolences can be impofed upon
Englift Subjefts, but with their own Confent by their Re
prefentatives in Parliament. Nor is any one to be preffed
for a Soldier, but what is a Vagabond.
In Time of Peace, nor in Time of War ( unlefs upon an
Invafion ) no Souldiers can be Quartered in the Houfe of a
private Houfekeeper againft his Will, tho' they pay for
their Quarters.
As to Women, when a Woman marries, fhe gives her felf Laws rt-
over, and what fhe brings with her, to her Husband's Pow- lating to
er. She parts with her very Name, and affumes her Hus- Wives.
bartd's. If fhe has any Tenure, it is all in Capite, that is, fhe
holds it of, and by her Husband, who is the Head of his
Wife. She can make no Contrail, nor give away, or alie nate

a83 The Prefent S T A T E of - Part I.
nate any Thing, without her Husband's Confent. In fhort,
a married Woman can call nothing her own, and her very
Will is fubjeft to her Husband's.
If fhe offends, her Husband may correct her. But, if
fhe wrong another by her Tongue or Trefpafs, her Husband
. anfwers for the Fault,, and muft make Satisfaftion j becaufe
the Law makes her fubjeft to him. If fhe takes Things
upon Truft unknown to her Husband, and fo runs* him in
to Debt, he is liable to pay it, unlefs he has cried her down
in the Market.
A Woman that has killed her Husband is, by Law, to
be Burnt alive. For the Offence is counted Petty Treafon,
that is, as great a Crime as killing of his Father, or Ma
fter. But, if a Wife brings forth a Child begotten before Mar
riage by another Man, the Husband is bound to own it as
his Child, and the Child fhall be his Heir at Law. Parer
eft, quern Nuptia demonftrant.
If fhe brings forth a Child after a long Abfence of her
Husband, and he lived all the while inter Jjpuatuor Maria:,
he muft Father that Child. And if it be her rirft-born Son,
and the Husband's Eftate Intailed, or left without Will,
that Child fhall be Heir to it.
A Wife that has no Joynture fettled before Marriage may
challenge, after her Husband's Death, the Third Part of
his yearly Rents ( if Land ) during her Life ; and within
the City of London, a Third Part of her Husband's perfo-
nal Eftate for ever.
If a Wife, being an Heirefs, brings to her Husband
an Eftate in Land, that Land defcends to her eldeft Son ;
and if fhe has no Son, but only Daughters, it is divided a-
mongfl them. But, if fhe dies without Iffue, the Land
goes immediately to the next Heir at Law. Only the Hus
band fhall enjoy the Profits thereof during his Life, by the
Courtefy of England, provided that he had a Child alive of
her Body.
As to Contrafts or Covenants made before Marriage,
they take Place, and are of force, according to the Tenure
thereof. In fhort, as the Husband and Wife are counted but One,
fo, fhe cannot be produced as a Witnefs for, or againft him.
Nor can they be wholly feparated By Law, but upon a Nul
lity of Marriage, Pre-contraft, Confanguinity within the De
grees forbidden, Impotency, or fuch like ; in which Cafes
this is called Separation a Vinculo Matrimonii, from the
Bond of Matrimony, by which each Party is. free to Re
marry. But in Cafe of Adultery, the Law of England does
not allow of this plenary Divorce, only a Separation d
Menfa

Chap.XXIL GREATBRITAIN. 28$
Menfa gr* Thoro, that is, a Living afunder, without a Li
berty to Re-marry, while either Party is alive. Yet it has
been allowed of for good Reafons, in feveral Cafes, by Aft
of Parliament.
I come now to Noblewomen, which are fo by Defcent,
Creation, or Marriage. We call them Noble by Defcent, or
Birth-right, upon whom the Honour of Peerage is devolved
for want of Iffue-male, as it falls out fometimes, according
to the Settlement of the Title in the Patent. Others are
Nobleby Creation, fuch as by the King's Favour have been
created Dutcheffes, Counteffes, or Baroneffes.
But the greateft Part of Englift Noblewomen are fo by Mar
riage, all Women being counted Noble that, are Noblemens
Wives. Uxor fulget Radiis Mariti.
A Noblewoman by Defcent, or Creation, getting another
Husband not Noble, after the Deceafe of the firft, keeps
her Honour by Law neverthelefs, and is ftill called by her
Title. Tho' her new Husband becomes, by Marriage, Ma
fter of her Goods and Chattels, yet fhe adds no Honour to
him. But both her Honour and Eftate defcend to the next
Heir. A Noblewoman by Marriage, getting another Husband of
a lower Eftate, lofes her Honour by Law. However fhe is,
by the Courtefy of England, ftill look'd upon and refpe-
fted as Noble, and called by the Name of her former Hus
band. A Noblewoman by Birth, married to a Baron, takes place
but as Baronefs, tho' fhe be a Duke's Daughter. But, if
fhe marry one under a Nobleman, the Courtefy of England
gives her Place according to her Birth, and not her Hus
band's Condition.
A Knight's Widow, marrying below her felf, is ftill cal
led Lady by the Courtefy of England, with the Surname of
her firft Husband.
Titular Honour without Means, being but an empty
Shadow, the eldeft Son of a Family is, by the Cuftom of
England, commonly provided for beyond all other Children ,
and fucceeds both in the Title and Eftate, that he may be
the better able to bear up the Honour of the Family. He
inherits all Lands, and younger Children the perfonal Eftate,
But, if there be no Son, both the real and perfonal Eftate
are equally divided among the Daughters.
When the Eftate is not Intailed, the Father may leave it f0 Chil-
to what Child he pleafes, or give it away from his Chil- ^rjn,
dren. This keeps 'em in aw, and within the Bounds of fi
lial Obedience.
U A

290 . \7ae Prefent STATE of Parti,
A ' kiii it the Age of 14, his Father being dead, may
chufe his Gardian, confent to Marriage, and by Will diC-
pofe of Goods and Chattels. At 21 he is of Age, and then
free to pafs Contrafts.
A Daughter may confent to Marriage, at 7 Years of Age j
and at 12 may retraft, or confirm it. If fhe confirms it,
then the Marriage is good.
To Ser- As f°r Servants, they are commonly hired for one Year,
vants. at the end whereof they may leave their Mafters, after a
fair Warning. 'Tis unlawful to take .another Man's Servant
¦without his Leave, or Certificate, and the Penalty is 5 1.
The Law, considering the Condition of a Servant, how
by going to Service he lofes his Liberty, and fubjefts his
/ Will to another, has wifely provided for the Payment of
his Wages. For, if a Servant's Wages be not paid, 'tis but
his bringing his Complaint to a Juftice of Peace upon Oath
and if the Juftice be an upright Magiftrate, he will take
CaTe to fee Juftice done him.
But on the other Hand, a Mafter may by Law correct his
Servant, when he gives him juft Caufe, and Refiftance in a
Servant is liable to a fevere Penalty. If he kills his Mailer,
'tis called Petty Treafon, that is, a Crime next to High.
Treafon. In great Families, where a Perfon of Quality makes a
proper Figure, and has a futable Attendance, there is a ne-
ceffary Subordination of Servants, the inferiour Servants be
ing at the Beck of, and fome of 'em attending the fuperi-
our Officers. Thus a great Man lives like a Prince, and
keeps aCowf-* of his own.
Apprenti- Apprentices, are another fort of Servants in England,
c£* -who (to learn a Trade) are bound to ferve feven
Years, and all that Time bate-headed in open Shops.
Whereas in forein_ Countries they are bound only for three
Years, and learn their Trades as weU as in Seven. Which
way, I confefs, is not fo much for the Mailer's Advan-
tage. I
An Apprentice is bound by his Indenture, not to marry
during the Time of his Apprenticefhip. But, if a female
Apprentice do marry, fhe is ipfo facia free, and may go to
her Husband.
v- r,7 Since Chriftianity prevailed in England, a forein Sim
to btaves brought; over iS) upon Landing, free from Slavery, tho' not
from common Service.

271gland

'Tis not my Bufinefs to find Fault with the Laws of £»-
fland, which in the main, are grounded upon found Reafon.
iut I could wifh, they were more fevere than they are up on

Chap.

> XXIII. GREATBRITAIN. 291
on Perjurer/, and lefs cruel to Infolvent Prifoners. Perjury
would be lefs common, and the Jayls of England would not
be crowded as they are with Men buried alive in moft noifom
Prifons. I wifh, Taking of Oaths were lefs familiar, or more fo-
lemn, than it is in England, confidering the publick Ap
peal to Heaven. For want of that Solemnity, fome Men
too often run rafhly upon that which ought to ttrike an Awe
upon their Minds, and fhould not be undertaken without
Fear and Trembling.
On the other Hand, the Law making no Provifion for
Infolvent Prifoners, but leaving them a Sacrifice to their
mercilefs Creditors, to ftarve and perifh in a loathfom Pri-
fon, contrary to the Praftice of all other Nations, is a
Thing unaccountable. Thus Innocency and Knavery liee-
qually under the Lafh of the Law, and the poor Infolvent,
as well as fraudulent Debtor, isleftto the Mercy of his cruel
Creditor. Who, to gratify his Tyrannick Temper, keeps
him in Durance, and makes him languifh out his Life in
Mifery. A Praftice too frequent in England, unprofitable
to the Creditor, ruinous to the Debtor, pernicious to the
State, the Blemifh of a free Nation, and a Scandal to Chri
ftianity.

CHAP. XXIII.
Of the KING. His Greatnefs, tho' not Abfolute-
Jhe Inconveniencies of an Arbitrary Power.
,rT* I S undeniable, that the Prefervation, Welfare, and
J. Happinefs of the People, is the End of Govern
ment ; and 'tis for that End this Monarchy is framed ^alto-
gether. 'Tis a limited Monarchy, fuch as fecures the Peo
ple's Liberty under the Grandure of a King ; a Monarchy,
without Slavery ; a great King, and yet a free People.
'Tis an Inftrument of Three Strings, which being well forted,
yields an admirable Harmony, to the Benefit and Glory of
the Kingdom. A mix'd Government of Monarchy in the
King, Ariftocracy in the Lords, and Democracy in the Com
mons. Here the King makes the Figure of a great Mo
narch, the Lords keep up their State, and the Commdns their
Liberty. The King has all the Erifigns of Royalty, as the Crown,
Scepter, Purple-Robe, Golden-Globe, and Holy-UnSion. At
V £ his

292 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
his Acceffion to the Crowri, he is Proclaimed with great So
lemnity ; and his Coronation performed with gteat Pomp
and Magnificence.
He has likewife all the Marks of Sovereignty, as the
Power of making Treaties and Leagues with forein States,
of making Peace and War, of fending and receiving Embajfa-
dors, creating of Magiftrates ; of Calling, Adjourning, Pro
roguing, andDiffolving the Parliament; of conferring Ti
tles oi Honour, Coining, Pardoning of Criminals, &c.
To make War, the King may raife Men and Arms both
fot Sea and Land, prefs Sea-men and Ships for the Sea-Ser
vice, and Vagabonds for either. He has alone the Choice
and Nomination of the Superiour Officers, the principal Di
rection and Command of his Armies, of all Magazines and
Ammunition, Caftles, Forts, Ports, Havens, and Ships of
War1. The Militia is likewife wholly at his Command, and
the piblick Monies at his Difpofal.
Without his Royal Affent, no Bill in Parliament can pafs
into a Law. And He may increafe the Number of Peers,
by creating more Barons, or calling to their Houfe whom
He thinks fit by Writ.
All Councellors, Officers of State, and Judges are nomina
ted by Him. None but the King has th* Sovereign Power
in the Adminiftration of Juftice ; and no Subjeft has here,
as in France, high, mean, or low Jurifdiilion. The King on
ly is Judge in his own Caufe, tho' he deliver his Judg
ment by the Mouth of the Judges.
In Point of Punifhments, He may either Pardon the Of
fence, or Alleviate the Punifhment, after Sentence given ac
cording to Law.
The King is the Supream Head of the Church, as he is of
the State, and is look'd upon as her Gardian and nurfing
Father. So that there lies no Appeal from Him, as from
fome other States and Kingdoms beyond Sea, either to the
Pope of Rome, or to the Emperour.
At his Coronation he is Anointed with Oyl, as were the
Kings of Ifrael, to intimate that His Perfon is Sacred and
Spiritual; and has the Dalmatica, and other Prieflly Veftments
put upon Him.
' As He is the Lord Paramount, or fupream Landlord of
all the Lands in His Dominions; fo he has the fupream Right
of Patronage in the Church, called Patronage-Paramount,
So that if the mean Patron, or the Ordinary, or the Metropo
litan prefent not in due Time, the Right of Prefent ation
comes to the King. '
Who alone has the Patronage of all Bifhopricks, for none
can be chofen Biftop, but whom he nominates in His Conge
d'effire. Nor can a Bifhop Eleft be Confecrated, or take Pof-

Chap.XXHI. GREAT BRITAIN 293
Poffeffion of the Revenues of the Bifhoprick, without the
King's fpecial Writ or Affent. ,
Thofe are the principal Branches of the King's Preroga
tive, the' leffer I pafs by for Brevities fake. ~ Only I fhall
take notice here of the King's Claim to the Gift of Curing
that ftubborn Difeafe, called the King's Evil, which began
with King Edward the Confeffour. However it is, the; late
King William did not pretend to it. But it is taken up a-
gain by Her prefent Majefty.
In fhort, this Monarchy is Free and Independent, and ac
knowledges no Superiour upon Earth. 'Tis true, the Roman
Emperours were anciently poffefs'd of this Country ; but,
upon their quitting it, the Right ( by the Law of Nations )
returned to the former Owneis pro dereliflo, as the Civi
lians fpeak. And this Crown has been long fince de
clared in Parliament to be an Imperial Crown. There
fore its Kings have acknowledged no Precedence to any
Monarch, but only to the Emperour, on the Score of Anti
quity.
. So tender is the Law for the Prefervation of the King's
Perfon, that the very imagining or intending his Death,
without any Overt Aft, is High Treafon by Law. And tho'
a Lunatick, Idiot, or one non Compos Mentis, cannot commit
Felony, nor any Treafon by Law ; yet if, during his Idiocy
or Lunacy, he fhall kill, or go about to kill the King, he
fhall be puniflied as a Traytor.
Such is the Honour and Refpeft given him by his Sub
jefts, that they all ftand bare, not only in his Prefence, but
even in his Abfence, where he Jnas a < Chair of State. All
People at their firft Addrefs kneel to Him, and he is at , all
times ferved upon the Knee.
To fupport the Honour of the Crown, the Kings of En-
glandhive always kept a great and fplendid Court, confifting
of a noble and numerous Train of Officers and Servants of
all Ranks and Degrees, with large Salaries, beyond any Court
in Europe, France not excepted.
By what has been faid, 'tis plain, that a Britijh Monarch,
notwithftanding his limited Power, has enough to fatisfie
the Ambition of any reafonable Prince, who makes
the Happinefs of his People the End of his Govern
ment. 'Tis true, He cannot raife Mony -upon his Subjefts, re
peal Laws, or make new ones, without his Subjefts Concur
rence in Parliament. And, by His Coronation Oath, he is
bound to Govern according to the Laws of the Kingdom.
Whereas Arbitrary' Princes, who make their Will the Mea-
fure of Government, feldoin keep within any Bounds qf
Juftice or Equity ; but infte&d of beingthe Fathers of the }r
U 3 Coun-

294 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Country, become their Executioners. 'Tis therefore a vul
gar Errour among Foreiners, to have the lefs Opinion of
this Monarchy, becaufe limited, and not arbitrary, So de-
plorable is the Condition of Subjefts, that are Slaves'to the
Arbitrary Power and Will of their Sovereign, that if he
proves a Tyrant, their Lives and Fortunes lie at his Mercy,
right or wrong. And if the Frolick takes him, he may
fell his Subjefts like fo many Head of Cattle, and make Mo
ny of them when he pleafes.
To Conquer, or Rob his Neighbours, 'tis granted a De-
fpotick ( or Abfolute ) Prince is fitteft for that Purpofe.
Who, to gratjfie his covetous, or ambitious Temper, raifes
what Taxes, and what Men he pleafes. But the Britijh Mo
narchy is more honourable, than to fqueeze her Subjects for
any unlawful Attempts, or Conquefts. Her main Bufinefs
is to keep the Ballance of Europe, to preferve her felf intire,
and her injured Neighbours from open Invafion.
'Tis well known, that in all lawful and neceffary Wars,
as the prefent War is, the Parliament of England never
fails to raife fuch Subfidies, as, with good Management, may
enable the Sovereign toprofecute the War with- Succefs,
But then the Subfidies are not forced, but voluntary ; not
above the Subjefts Ability, but bearing Proportion with
it. Notwithflanding this limited Power, England has yielded
as great Princes as any Kingdom ; particularly Richard I. Ed
ward I. Edward III. Henry V. Queen Elizabeth, and our
prefent Queen. Since whofe Acceffion to the Crown, the
World has feen, with Amazement, what a Curb Her Ma
jefty has been to the excefiive Power of France. So infalli
ble is the Rule, g>ui per Mare imperat, Terra imperat, He
commands the Land that bears the Sway at Sea. .
Thofe Gentlemen who are fo fond of Arbitrary Power,
and fo much againft Limited, do not confider, that the
Power of all Popift) Princes falls much fhort of the Britijh.
Kings. If thofe have an abfolute Power over their Sub
jefts in the State, the Pope of Rome comes in with his Pow
er in the Church. Whereas the Monarch of Britain is the
Supream Head, both in Church and State, without any Sub
jection to the .See of Rome. The French King himfelf has a
Co-partner in his Monarchy, the Pope, who reigns in France
in Spiritual Matters, as the King does in Temporal.
' Divifum Imperium cum Jove Caefar habet,
I have often wondered to fee Princes of that Communion
iufTei that hiterlop er in .their Dominions, and let him fuck
the Blood and Subftance of their Subjefts, by Popifh Indul
gences^

Chap. XXIV. GREATBRITAIN 295
gences, by Taxes paid to that Bifhop, by Provifions and Dif-
fenfations in feveral Cafes to be procured from the Court of
Rome, and by Appeals thither in Ecclefiaftical Suits. 'Tis
plain, the Spiritual Power has always incroached upon the
Temporal. Yet none of 'em dares fhake off this heavy Yoak,
as did our Henry VIII. The Truth is, Popery and Arbitrary
Power go hand in hand together, and are a Support to each
other. Thus the Popift) Princes and the Pope, playing Booty
together, the Sub'jefts of the firft are double Slaves, and
have the Misfortune to ferve two Mafter s.
BRJTALN, Thanks be to God, is free both from this
Spiritual and Temporal Slavery. No Laws can bind the
People, but what they make themfelves by their Reprefen-
tatives in Parliament. No Tax can be raifed upon 'em,
without their free Confent. For the Legiftative Power is
lodged in the King, Lords, and Commons ; but the Executive
Power is lodged folely in the King. Who alone appoints the
Judges, being the Interpreters of the Law ; and 'tis in his
Name only, that all the Proceedings of the Courts of Ju
ftice run.

C H A P. XXIV.
flow the Kingdom is governed during a King's Minority,
Ablence, or Incapacity. Of the Royal Family in ge
neral, and the Succeffion to the Crown.
WHEN the King is in his Minority, that is, under 12
Years of Age, then a Regent, ProteBor, or Gardian is
appointed, either by the King his Predeceffor, or by the
Parliament, in which Cafe a Nobleman is ufually chofen,
whofe private Intereft is to preferve the King's Life and
Authority, Such was the Duke of Somerfet, Uncle to Ed
ward VI. by his Mother's fide. And when this Rule has
not been obferved, as in the Minority of Ednjard V, it has
proved of very ill Confequence. But when the King comes
to be 1 4 Years of Age, He may by Letters Patents under
the Great Seal ( according to a Statute made in the Reign
of Henry VIII. ) Revoke and utterly Null what Afts he
thinks fit, that have paffed during hjs Minority.
In the King's Abfence upon any forein Expedition, 'twas ,
ufual formerly to appoint a Vhe-gerent, by Commiffion un
der the Great Seal, with the Title of Lord-Warden, or
Lord-Keeper of the Realm, and fometimes that of Protetlor,
and a Power as great as the King's, except the wearing of a
U 4 Crown.

t96 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Crown. ~Wh'u& Henry VIII. was in France, the Queen go
verned with the Title of Regent. In the late Reign, the
Queen took upon Her the Adminiftration, by Virtue of an
Aft of Parliament made for that purpofe. But, after Her
Deceafe, the Nation was Yearly governed, during the
King!s-lAbfence, by Seven or Nine Lords Juftices, all Perfons
of eminent Quality and Worth.
In Care of Incapacity, either through Age or Weaknefs,
or by reafon of fome incurable Difeafe, a Gardian or Regent
has been conftituted to govern the Kingdom. Such was
John Duke of Lancafter, in the latter Days of Edward III,
appointed by the King himfelf, who was then much decay'd
both in Body and Mind, with Age, Weaknefs, and Grief,
for the untimelyi Death of his dear Son, the Black
Prince. I come now to the Royal Family, and begin with the Queen
Confort, that is, the Wife of a married King fitting upon
the Throne.
Her Majefty is reputed the fecond Perfon in the Kingdom,
and refpefted accordingly. She has her Court and Officers a-
part, with a, large Dower to maintain Her Greatnefs. Tho'
an Alien born, She may without Denization or Naturalizati
on purchafe Lands in Fee-fimple, make Leafes and Grants,
and fue in Her own Name ; which is not in the Power of
any other' Feme covert, or married Woman to do. To con-
fpire Her Death, or violate Her Chaftity, is High Treafon
by Law.
If She forvives the King Her Husband, She- is called
Queen Dowager, is ftill refpefted as a Queen, and keeps a
Court accordingly. If the next King be unmarried, Her
Rank is next to Him ; and if married, She is next to the
Queen, as She is alfo under a Sovereign Queen. Nor does
She lofe Her Dignity, tho' She marries a private Gentler
man , as did Q-^en Catharine, the Widow of Henry V.
As for the King's Children, I mean his lawful Iffue, they are
to be caljed the Sons and Daughters of Great Britain, becaufe
all Subjefts thereof have a fpecial Intereft in Them, tho'
their Education, and the Difpofing of Them, be only in
the King.
While Normandy continued fubjeft to England ( which
was about ioo Years, from the Reign of Henry I. till the
beginning of the fatal Reign of King John) the King's
eldeft Son was ftiled Duke of Normandy. But Edward. I,
Graijd-fon to King John, changed that Title, and made his
eldeft Son Prince of Wales, which hap'ned at the latter end of
the 13th Age. In Imitation whereof Jotm I, King of Ca-
ftile and Leon, made his Son Henry Prince of the Afturias ;

Chap. XXIV. GREAT BRITAIN. 297
a Country fo craggy and mountainous, that it may not im
properly be called the Wales of Spain. And all the Spanift)
Princes ever fince have born that Title.
The Prince of Wales is by Birth Earl of Chefter and Flint,
and Duke of Cornwal, but Prince of Wales by Creation. His
yearly Revenue is about 20000 /.
He is invefted in this Principality by the Impofition of
a Cap of State, and a Coronet on his Head ; by delivering a
Verge of Gold into his Hand, as the Emblem of Govern
ment ; by putting a Gold-Ring on his Finger, in Token that
he muft be a Husband to his Country,_and a Father to his
Children ; and by giving him a Patent, to hold the faid
Principality to Him and his Heirs, Kings of England.
The Device of his Coronet, beautify'd with 3 Oftrhb Fea
thers, is ICHDIEN, which in Welch fignifies, Here's the
Man. The Words faid to be ufed by King Edward, when
he ihewed the Welch -Lords his eldeft Son, born in Wales.
The Prince of Wales, tho' a Subjeft, is fo Sacred in the
Eye of the Law, that it is High Treafon to imagine his
Death, or violate his Wife.
The Younger Sons of England have, no Appennages, as the
Younger Sons of France, but depend altogether upon the
King's Favour, for Honour and Revenues. They are in
deed by Birth-right Councilors of State, as the Prince of
Wales, to make 'em fit to manage the weighty Affairs of the
Kingdom. The Daughters are called Frinceffes, and to violate them is
High Treafon.
The Title of Royal Higbnefs is common to all the King's
Children. All other Subjefts ought to be uncovered in
their Prefence, and to Kneel when they are admitted to kifs
their Hands. They are ferved on the Knee at Table, unlefs
the King be prefent.
Laftly, a}l Perfons of the Blood Royal, being lawful Iffue,
have the Precedency of all others in England.
I conclude with the Succeffion, which has been moft com
monly in a lineal Courfe of Defcent. Thus the Crown falls
from Father to Son, and his Heirs ; for want of Son, to
the eldeft Daughter, and her Heirs ; for want of Daugh
ter, to the Brother, and his Heirs ; and for want of Bro
ther, to the Sifter, and her Heirs.
Upon this Score the Monarchy of England is counted He
reditary, and without an Interregnum ; the next of Kin to
the deceafed Sovereign, either King or Queen ( tho' born
out of the Dominions of the King of England ) taking Pof
feffion of the Crown, before any Proclamation or Coro
nation. 'Tis

298 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
'Tis true, the Succejfion in a right Line has often been in
terrupted, not only in the Time of the Saxon, but alfo fii
the Reigns of the Norman Kings. And at this very Time
the Popift Lfwe,ftands excluded from the Crown by the 'Act
of Settlement, paffed in the late Reign upon King James his
Abdication ; and the Crown : fettled by another Aft upon the
Proteflant Line of Hanover, after the ptefent Queen's De
cease, if Her Majefty dies without Iffue.

CHAP. XXV.
Of the Nine Great Officers of State.
NEXT to the Princes of the Blood we commonly
reckon thofe great Men of the Kingdom which are
called the Great Officers of State, viz.

; f Lord High Steward.
I Lord High Chancellour, or
Lord Keeper of the

Lord High Admiral.
Lord Privy Seal.
Lord Great Chamberlain
of England.
Lord High Conftable.
Earl Marftal.
Lord High Admiral.

The \ Great Seal.
j Lord High Treafurer.
| Lord Prefident of the Coun-
L cil.
Of whjch the firft five precede all other Lay-men, and
the other four all that are of their Degree of Nobility.
Lord High The Lord High Steward, called by our common Lawyers
Steward, Magnus Anglia Senefchallus, is the firft Great Officer of the
Crown, and as it were the King's Lord Lieutenant ; whofe
Power, much like that of the ancient Mayors of the Palace iii
France, was fo great and exorbitant, that it was thought
fit at laft to truft it no longer in the Hands of any Subjeft.
Henry of Bullingbrook, Son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lan
cafter, and afterwards King of England, by the Name of
Henry IV, was the laft that had a State of Inheritance in.
this Office, which was in the 14th Age.
Since which time there has been no Lord High Steward
made, but only to officiate pro hie vice, either at a Coronation,
or for the Arraignment of a Peer or Peerefs for fome .Capi
tal Crime. At a Coronat ion he fitteth Judicially, and keeps
his Court at the King's Palace at Weftminfter ; where he re
ceives the Bills and Petitions of all Noblemen and others,
who by Reafon of their Tenure, or otherwife, claim to do
Services at the King's Coronation, and to receive the ac-
cuflomed Fees. In the folerhn Procefiion upon the Corona
tion-Day, he marches immedeately before the King, bearing in

Chap. XXV. GREATBRITAIN. 299
in his Hand St. Edward's Crown. Which Office his Grace
the Duke of Devonfbire performed at the prefent Queen's Co
ronation, marching in the middle between the Duke of Rich
mond bearing the Queen's Scepter with the Dove, and the
Duke of Somerfet bearing the Orb.
In cafe of a Trial of a Peer or Peerefs for fome Capital
Crime, he judges and gives Sentence, as the ancient High
Stewards were wont to do ; and his Commiflion is to pro
ceed, fecundum Legem Qf Confuetudinem Anglia. He is not
fworn, nor the Jury of Lords. And tho' he be fole Judge,
yet he calls all the 12 Judges of the Land to afiitt him.
During the Trial he fits under a Cloth of State, bearing a
¦white Staff in his Hand, which is prefented unto him by the
Ufherof the black Rod kneeling. The Heralds and Ser
geants it Arms, with their Maces, attend at this Solemni
ty. In fhort, he is refpefted like a King, ailed by the Ti
tle of Grace, formerly given to the Kings of England ; and
they that' fpeak to him fay, May itpleafeyour Grace, my
Lord High Steward of England. The Trial being over, he
openly breaks his white Staff, and fo ends his Office.
The Lord High Chancellour, or Keeper of the Great Seal, Lord High
now there is no Lord High Steward, is look'd upon as the Chancel-
prime Minifter of State, and the higbeft Perfon in the lour.
Kingdom in Civil Affairs, after the King and Princes of the
Blood, as the Archbifhop of Canterbury is in Ecclefiaftical
Affairs. His Place is a Place of great Truft. He keeps a Court
called the Court of Chancery, or the Court of Equity, where
in he is fole Judge, tho' the Mafter of the Rolls be his Affi
ftant. And there he is to judge according to Confcience and
Equity, and not according to the Rigour of the Law. 'Tis
he that keeps the Great Seal of England, without which,
and the Mace, he never appears abroad. All Patents, Com-
rnifiions, and Warrants coming from the King, are perufed
by him. If they be lawful, he figns them ; if not, he can
cels them. By Virtue of his Office, he is one of the King's
Privy-Council, and ought to have a tender Regard for the
Prefervation of the Rights of the Crown. He alfo befto.ws
all Benefices in the King's Gift under zo /. yearly in the
King's Books. His Office is only durante Beneplacito, and
its yearly Incomes are about 7000 /¦
The Lord Chancellour, and Lord Keeper, is the fame in Au
thority, Power, and Precedence. All the Difference is,
that the Lord Chancellour is created by Patent, which the v
Lord Keeper is not ; and that the Title of Chancellour is a
particular Mark of the King's. Favour. The

joo x The Prefent ST ATE of Part. I.
LordHigT) The Lord High Treafurer has under his Charge and Go-
Tteafurer. vernment all the King s Revenue, which is kept in the Ex
chequer ; and confequently the Check of all Officers any
way imploy'd in collefting the fame, vwhofe Offices are alfo
for the moft part in his Gift.
This Office was formerly conferred, by the Delivery of the
golden Keys of the Treafury, and now by the Delivery of
a white Staff to him by the King, His Salary is 8000 1. per
Annum, and he holds his Place but during the King's Plea-
fure.
Lord Pre- The fame it is with the Lord Ft -efident, an Officer as an-
fident. cient as King John's Time, and ufually called Confiliatius Ca-
fitalis. This Office was difcontinued after the Death of the
firft Earl of Manchefter in the Reign of King Charles I, and
fupply'd by the Lord Chancellour, till it came to be reviv'd
by King Charles II. in the Perfon of the Earl of Shaftsbury.
"Tis by the Lord Prefident that Matters are propos'd to the
Privy Council, and the Report made to the King of their
feveral Tranfaftions, when His Majefty has beenabfent from
the Council.
This Office has been always granted by Letters under the
Great Seal, and is rather a Poft of Honour than Profit.
Lord Pri- The Lord Privy Seal is the fifth great Officer, and his
vy'SeaU Place of great Truft. For all Charters and Grants of the
King, all Pardons figned by His Majefty, arid divers other
Matters of lefs Concernment; ' which do not pafs the Great
Seal, pafs through his Hands. But firft they muft pafs the
Signet in the Secretaries Office, which being direfted to the
Lord Privy Seal, is his Warrant for affixing the Privy Seal to
the Grant. And the Privy Seal is an Authority to the Lord
Chancellour ( or Lord Keeper ) to pafs the Great Seal, when
the nature of the Grant requires it.
Thus what paffes from the King, has thefe feveral Ways
of being confidered, before it can be perfected. For neither
the Lord Privy Seal, nor the Lord Chancellour ( or Lord Kee
per ) ought to affix his Seal, if the Warrant be againft Law
or Cuftom, and the King ought to be firft acquainted with
the Matter.
The Lord Privy Seal is by his Place of the Privy Council,
and therefore fworn twice, as Privy Seal, and Privy Coun-
fellour. His Salary is 3000 1. per Annum, and his Office is
alfo durante Regis Beneplacito. The

Chap. XXV- GREAT BRIT A IN. *o*
The Prefent LordPriVy Seal, and his Officers.
Lord Privy Seal, John Duke of Newcaftle.
His Secretary, Tho. Boteler Efq;
Clerks of the Privy Seal.
Tho, Gofting, Efq; George Sawyer, 7 j?r
Sir George Piers. Henry Ludlow, J
Deputies.
Mr. John Tench. Mr. Ralph Woodfon.
Clerk of the Difpatches, Mr. Richard Gregfon.
Office-Keeper, Richard Fountain.
Next is the Lord Great Chamberlain of England, an Officer £or(j
of great Antiquity, and of fpecial Service at the Coronation Qreat
of our Kings. Upon which Day, before the King rifes, he chamber-
is to bring his Shirt, Coif, and wearing Cloaths ; he dref-;aj-BOrE^_
fes the King, puts on his Royal Robes, and ferves his Ma- gianJ.
jefty that Day before and after Dinner with Water to wafh
his Hands. In the Procefiion he marches with his Coronet,
and a white Staff in his Hand.
He difpofes of the Sword of State to what Lord he pleafes,
to be carried before the King when He comes to the Parlia
ment. At which time he goes himfelf on the right Hand
pf the Sword next to the King's Perfon, and the Earl Mar-
flial on the left.
The whole Palace of Weftminfter being under his Govern
ment, heiffues out his Warrants for the fitting and furnifh-
ing of Weftminfter-ball againft Coronations, and Trials of
Peers in Parliament time. He provides all Things in the
Houfe of Lords in the Time of Parliament, and to that end
he has an Apartment near that Houfe, with the Gentleman
Ufher of the black Rod, the Yeoman Ufher, and Door
keepers under his Command. Upon all folemn Occafions,
the Keys of Weflminfter-hall, of the Court of Wards, and
the Court of eRequefts are delivered to him.
At the Coronation he has 40 Ells of Crimfon Velvet al
lowed him for his own Robes. After the King is dreffed by
him, and gone forth, his Majefty's Night Apparel, his Beds
and the Furniture of his Chamber are his Fees. The very
Bafon the King has wafhed his Hands in, and the Towels he
has wiped them with, fall likewife to his Share. There

5 02 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. L
There are alfo certain Fees due to him from all Peers of
the Realm at their Creation, or when they do their Ho
mage ; and from all Bifhops, when they do their Homage
to the King.
This Office is hereditary in the Marquis of Lindfey.
Lord High The Lord High Conftable is alfo a Great Officer, whofe
Conftable. Power and Jurifdiftion was anciently fo exorbitant, that
it was thought too great for any Subjeft. In fhort, this
Office has been discontinued ever fince the Reign of Henry
VII, Edward Bagot ( or Stafford) then Duke of Buckingham,
having been the laft High Conftable of England.
Only upon a Coronation, a Lord High Conftable is created
pro ilia vice, as was the Duke of Bedford at Queen Anne's
Coronation ; who marched in his Robes, with his Staff and
Coronet in his Hand.
In the MarftaVs Court he fat as Judge, and took Place of
the Earl Marfhal.
Earl Mar- Next to the Lord High Conftable, is the Earl Marlhal of
Jbal. England ; who takes Cognizance, as the High Conftable did,
of all Matters of War and Arms, wherein he is commonly
guided by the Civil-Law. 'Tis the Earl-Marftal, who,
with the Afliftance of the Kings at Arms and Heralds,
marlhals and orders the Proclamation and Coronation of our
Kings, their Marriages, Funerals, Cavalcades, Royal Inter
views and Feafts, £fc. The fame it is when either Peace
or War with a forein Power is proclaimed. He is alfo the
Judge of the Coats of Arms, and of the Pedigrees of the
Nobility and Gentry. He therefore keeps a Court of Chival
ry in the common Hall of the College of Heralds, London,
whofe Office is fubordinate to him, and where they fit as
his Council or Afliftants in their rich Coats of Arms. So
that whoever delires a Coat of Arms, muft firft apply him
felf to the Earl Marfhal by Petition, with a Certificate an
nexed as to his being qualified for it. Which being ap
proved of by the Earl Marftal, an Order is direfted by him
to Garter King atrArms, and another of the Kings at Arms,
being of that Province where the Petitioner refides, to de-
vife Arms for him, and prepare him a Grant, with the
Coat blazoned in Colours in the Margent thereof. In
which Grant 'tis exprefly faid, that none at his- Peril do pre-
fume to bear the fame Coat.
At the Coronation the Earl Marfhal appears in his Robes,
with his Coronet in his Hand, and the Earl MarftaVs
Staff. This Office has continued a long time Hereditary in the
Duke of Norfolk's Family, defcended by the Mother's fide*
from

Chap.XXV. GREAT BRITAIN 30*
from Tho. Mowbray Earl of Nottingham, the firft Earl Marftal
of England.
The laft Great Officer is the Lord High Admiral, who has Lord High
the Management of all Maritime Aftairs, and the Govern- Admirah
ment of the Royal Navy, with Power of Decifion in all
maritime Cafes, both civil and criminal. He judges of all
Things done upon, or beyond the Sea, in any Part of the
World, upon.the Sea-Coalis, in all Ports and Havens, and
upon all Rivers below the firft Bridge from the Sea. By
him Vice- Admirals, , Rear- Admirals, and all Sea-Captains
are commiffionated, all Deputies for paiticular Coafts, and
Coroners to view dead Bodies found on the Sea-Coafts or
at Sea. He alfo appoints the Judges for his Court of Ad
miralty, and may Imprifon, Releafe, &c.
The Sea being reckoned without the Limits of the Com
mon-Law, and under the Jurifdiftion of the Lord High Ad
miral, therefore the Civil-Law is made ufe of in the Court
of Admiralty. The Proceedings, in all Civil Matters, are
according to the Civil Law, that is, by Libel to the Afti-
on, both Parties giving Surety, that they lhaU ftand
to the Judgment of the Court, and he that fhaU fail
in the Suit, pay to the other what he fhall be condem
ned to.
But in Criminal Matters, fuch as Piracy chiefly, the Cafe
is alter'd. For, whereas the Proceeding in this Court was
of old, according to the Civil Law, there were two Sta
tutes made by Henry VIII. That Criminal Affairs fhould
be try'd in this Court by Witneffes and a Jury, and this by
a fpecial Commiffion of the King to the Lord High Admiral,
whereof fome of the Judges are to be Commiffioners. In
which Cafe the Trial is by the Common-Law, as directed by
thofe Statutes.
The Cuftoms and former Decrees of this Court are-there
of force, for deciding of Controverfies. AncTthere is a
Court of Equity under it, for determining Differences be
tween Merchants.
Tho' the Common-Law reaches as far as the Low-water
Mark, being counted intra, Corpus Comitatus adjacentis, and
Caufes thence arifing are determinable by the Common-
Law ; yet when the Sea flows over the Low- Water Mark,
the Admiral has alfo a Jurifdiftion there, over Matters
done ( while the Sea flows ) between the Low- Water Mark
and the Land.
To the Lord High Admiral belong all Penalties and Amerce
ments of all Tranfgreffors at Sea, on the Sea-Shore, in Ports
and Havens, and all Rivers below the firft Bridge from the
Sea, the Goods of Pirates or Felons condemned, or Out
lawed,

5 04 The Prefent S T A T E o/ Part I.
lawed, Sea-wrecks, Goods floating on the Sea, or eaft away
on the Shore, not granted to Lor4s of Mannors adjoyning
fothe Sea, and a Share of all lawful Prizes. Alfo all great
Fiftes, commonly called Royal Fifies, except Whales and Stur
geons. To which add a Salary of 7000 /. a Year.
In fhort, this is fo great an Office, in point of Truft,
Honour, and Profit, that it has ufually been given to Princes
of the Blood, or the moft eminent Perfons among the No
bility. The prefent Great Officers of State.

 Lord High Steward, ¦
Lord High Chancellour, William Lord Cowper.
Lord High Treafurer, Sidney, Earl of Godolpbim
 Lord Prefident, ¦  > 
Lord Privy Seal, John, Duke of Newcaftle.
Lord Great Chamberlain, Robert, Marquis of Lindfey^
 . Lord High Conftable, • 
Earl Marfhal, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk,
His Deputy, Earl of Bindon.
Lord High Admiral, Prince George of Denmark.
Note, That Prince George, tho' laft in the Lift, takes
Place of all, as Prince of the Blood.

CHAP. XXVI.
A Short Hiftory of the Kings and Queens of England.
And firft of the Saxon and Danifh Kings, till Wil
liam the Conquerour.
TH E Englift Hiftory is fo fuB of Variety, of fuch ama
zing Changes and Revolutions, that I think none can
parallel it. But the Bounds of this Volume will not allow
me to inlarge upon it. I fhall therefore only give a View
of the Succeffion of the Monarchs of England, with the
Time of their Acceffion to the Crown, their CbaraSers, and
chief Heads, or moft memorable Faff ages of their refpeftive
Reigns. 1 Their

Chap. XXVI. GREATBRITAIN $•*

Their SUCCESSION

SAXON Kings.

*SSift«5fc

924 040946955 959
975 978
1016

819 EGBERT.
836 ETHELWOLF.
855 ETHELBALD.
£_.
901 £ D WARD the Elder.
ETHELSTAN.EDMUND. EDRED. EDWIN.
EDGAR.
EDWARD the Mar
tyr.
ETHEL RED.
EDMUND IRON
SIDE.
DANISH Kings.
I017 CANUTE.
1035 HAROLD.
1040 HARDI CANUTE.
The SAXONS Re-in-
throned.
1042 EDWARD the Con
feffor.
1066 HAROLD.
NORMAN Kings.
1066 WILLIAM the Con
querour.
1087 WILLIAM II.
1 100 HENRY I.
iijj STEPHEN.
IfoSAXON^NOR-
M AN Blood Vnited.
1154 HENRXIL

1189 RICHARD L
n99 JOHN.
1216 HENRY III.
1272 E D WA R D i:
1307 ED WARD Wo
t327 EDWARD III.
1377 RICH J R Dlh
The Line 0/ L A N C A?]
STER.
1399 HENRYIV.
1412 HENRYV.
1422 HENRY VI.
The Line of YORK
1461 EDWARD IV.
T483 EDWARD V.
1483 RIC HARD III.
LANCASTER *»t
YORK 'LWrwi
1485 HENRY VII.
1509 HENRY VIII.
1547 EDWARD VI.
15,53 MARYl.
1558 ELIZABETH.
KINGS and QVEENS ef
GREAT BRITAIN.
1602 JAMES I.
1625 CHARLES I.
1648 CHARLESll.
1684 JA M ESU.
1688 WILLIAM III,
indMAR Yll.
iiot ANNE, the prefent
QU E E N.

2%/

^6 The Prefent STATE of , Part I.
The S A X O N Kings ^/ENGLAND.
8r9- l.TJ G B E RT, a warlike Prince, King of the Wefi-
Iv Saxons, and the Founder of the Englift Mo*
narchy. Who having reduced the other Heptarchy Kings,j
was crowned King of ' Engel-lond ( afterwards turned into
England ) at Winchefter, the ^Royal Seat of the Weft-
Saxon Kings ; but continued for-,-fiSia*«e Years the Ssflque(|
ed Kings, as Viceroys, or Tributaries. In his Reign,'
England was invaded by an Army of 23000 Danes. "But
he kept his Ground, and forced them, at laft, to leave
him in full Poffeffion. After a Reign of 17 Years he di
ed, and was inhumed at Winchefter.
836. II. ETHELWOLF, Egbert's Son, was Bifhop of Win
chefter, when the Crown fell to him, and was hardly pre
vailed upon to accept of it. Such was the Bigotifrri of
moft of the Saxon Kings, as to prefer a Cowl to a Crown.,
He was a. great Votary to the Papal See, a mighty Friend
to the Clergy, and a moft uxorious Prince. He went in
Pilgrimage \ to Rome, confirmed Peter-pence, and made
Part of England Tributary to the Pope.. His Reign was
alfo difturbed by .the Danes, but he gave them a great
Overthrow at( Okely. 'Twas in his Time the Kingdom -
of the Picltr wasdeftroy'djby the Scots.. He reigned 19
Years, and left four Sons, who all fucceeded to the
Crown, viz. Ethelbald, Ethelbeit, Et.bchxd, and Alfred.
, 8 J 5- HI- ETHELBALD, who married Judith, his Mo
ther-in-law. His~Reign lafied but 5 Years, but he had
the good Fortui|e to^be tof> hard for the Danes. He was
buried at jSqlisburyi l..^
860. IV. ETH£LS£fif,"bh -Brother, was a very vertuous
Prince, but" moft fadly pefiered by the Danes, tho' often
viftorious over 'em., He reigned but 6 Years, and was
buried at Sberbourn.
866. V. ETHELRED, Etbelbert's Brother, fought 9. fet Bat
tels in one Years time with the Danes, who exercifed all
manner of Cruelty, fparing neither Age nor Sex. Hea
thens they were, and like Heathens they afted. They
burnt York, and abundance of Monafteries. This King's
Reign lafted but 6 Years, and he was buried at Winburn
in Dorfetftire.
871. VI. ALFRED, his Brother, was born at Wantage in
Barkjhire. He proved a moft excellent Prince, and a great I
Lover of Learning. Being hard put to it by the Danes,
he counterfeited himfelf a Mufician, and fo went fre
quently into the Danifb Camp, When he found a pro-
( per

Chap. XXVI. GREATBRITAIN. 30S
per Time to give 'em a Blow, he got his fcattered Forces
together, fell upon them near Abington, and gave them a
great Overthrow. Hubba, one of their Generals, was
killed ; and their Banner Reafan, taken. Thus having
rid himfelf of thofe troublefom Gueijs, he made Juftice
and Learning flourifh in the Land. He divided England
into Shires, and founded the Univerfity of Oxford. He
' reigned 29 Years, and was interred at Winchefter.
901. VII. EDWARD, furnamed the Elder, was Alfred's
Son. He had a Sitter, Elfreda by Name, a martial Prin-
cefs, who was a great Help to him in all his Scuffles with
the Danes, whom he mattered at laft. He reigned 23
Years, and was inhumed at Winchefter.
924. VIII. ETHELSTAN, Son of Edward, proved a mag
nanimous King, and was courted by moft Princes of Eu
rope. He vanquifhed the Danes, and drove 'em to Nor
thumberland. He fubdued Wales, and made it Tributary.
Cornwal, and the Ifles of Scilly, were by him annexed to
the Crown. 'Twas in his Reign that Guy of Warwick
lived, who flew Colbron, the Danifh Goliah. Inhistime
alfo the Bible was, by his Command, tranflated into En
glift. He reigned 18 Years, died at Glocefter, and was bu
ried at Malmsbury.
940. IX. EDMUND, Ethelftan's Brother, in whofe Reign
the Danes grew troublefom again. But, with the Affi-
ftance of the King of Scots, they were intirely defeated.
i Edmund therefore recompenced that King with the Coun
ties of Cumberland and Weftmorland, which remained in
the Hands of the Scots till the Reign of Henry II. He
died after a Reign of 6 Years, and was interred at Glaften-
bury ; leaving two Sons in their Nonage, Edwin and Ed
gar, who were both fet afide, to make room for their
Uncle.
946. X. EDRED, King Edmund's Brother, who ufurping
the Crown from Edwin, his Nephew, made a Breach to
the Succeffion. He was governed by Dunftan, Abbot of
Glaflenbury, and oppcfed by Wolftan Archbifhop of York,
He reigned 9 Yeats, and was buried at Winchefter.
955. XI. EDWIN, King Edmund's eldeft Son, fucceeded his
Uncle Edred, but proved a bad Prince. His Hatred a-
gainft the Monks made him lofelhis Crown. He banifhed
Dunftan, and Dunftan got him depofed. This broke his
Heart, and he was buried at Winchefter, after a Reign of
4 Years.
959. XII. EDGAR, furnamed the Peaceable, was Edmund's
Son, and Edwins younger Brother. He proved the
greateft of the Saxon Monarchs, but a luflful Prince. He
recalled Dunfiarfftom his Banifhment, advanced him to
Xi the

jS The- Prefint S T A T E of Parti.
the See of Canterbury, and at his Inftigatioh turned out •
the married Priefts. He converted into a Tribute of
Wolves, the Tribute paid by the Welch in Gold, Silver,
and Cattel, ever 'fince Ethelftan's Reign ; which made
that People fo active in Wolf-hunting, that in a few
Years they cleared the Kingdom of 'e"m. This King had
the Honour to be rowed over the River Dee to Chefter',
by 8 Tributary Princes. Having reigned 16 Years, he died,
and was buried at Glaftenbury.
975. XIII. EDWARD, furnamed the Martyr, a natural
Son of Edgar, made a new Breach to the Sueceflion, by-
ufurping the Crown from his Brother Ethelred, a lawful ,
Son of Edgar, by Elfreda his Queen. The fecular Priefts,
and the Monks, fell out again in. this Reign, -but Dun
ftan fupporting the Monks, made thefe triumph, at laft,
over the Priefts. The King reigned but 3 Years, and was
affaffinated at Corfe-Caille, by the Queen's Order, his Mo- ,
ther-in-law, which' got him the Name of Martyr. This
[ was to make way for
¦ 978. XIV. Ethelred, furnamed Unready, the lawful Son of
Edgar, by Elfreda his Queert. He proved a weak and un
fortunate Prince, and was fo biraff'ed by the Danes, that
to make 'em eafie, he paid them a yearly Tribute of
40000 1. called' Danegelt. In fhort, the Danes grew it laft
fo Lordly and burdenfom, living upon free Quarter, that
Ethelred. ( to be rid of 'em ) privately ordered his Sub
ject's to Maffacre 'em in the Night ; which was done ac; '
cordingly, Nov. 13th, 1002. killing 24000 in' one Night.
This bloody Scene was fo highly refented by Sueno, King . .
of Denmark, that he came over himfelf tp revenge it.
He came with a mighty Fleet, -and "Land-Forces ^fol
lowed foon after by Canute, his fecond Son, with a great
Re-inforcement. Upon which King Ethelred fled beyond
Sea, and left his Subjefts to the Mercy of the cruel In
vader. Being returned home upon Sueno's Death, he died ,
himfelf foon after, and was buried at Glaftenbury.
1016 XV. EDMUND, for his great Strength furnamed Iron-
fide, was Etbelred's Son, but a valiant Prince. He ^on-
tended for the Crown againft Canute the Dane, Son to Sue-
' no deceas'd ; and after great fhedding of Blood on both
fides, they agreed to decide the Matter, by fingle Com
bat in the Face of their Armies, at Alney, an Ifle in the
Severn, near Glocefter, Where Canute being over-matched,
and wounded by Edmund,. they fell inibraeing each other,
and agreed the Kingdom fhould be divided between them, .
""the "South of England falling to Edmund's . Share, and_the
" North to Canute. But Edmund, being foon after affafli-
n,ated by treacherous Edrick, Canute feized upon the

Chap.XXVI. GREAT BRITAIN jot)
Whole; and Edmund,' having reigned but 7 Months,
was buried at Glaftenbury. He left two Sons, Edward and
Edmund.
Ihe DANISH iSwgj of ENGLAND.
1017. XVl.f* ANUTE, Son of Sueno King of Den-
\^j mark, having obtained the whole King
dom, upon the Death of Edmund, caufed Edrick his Mur
derer to be beheaded, and his Head to be fet up on the
higheft Tower in London. But he banifhed the Sons' of
Edmund, and married Emma, the Widow of King Ethel
red. By whom he had two Sons, viz. Sueno and
Canute ; the firft being his Succeffor in the Kingdoms of
Denmark and Norway, and the other fupplanted by
1035. XVII, HAROLD I. furnamed Harefoot, a bafe Son
. of Canute. He proved a Tyrant, and cruel to Queen Em
ma, whofe Son Alfred by Ethelred he killed treacheroufly.
He reigned but 5 Years, and was buried at Weftminfter.
1040. XVIII. HARDI-CANUTE, Canute's and Queen Em
ma's Son, fucceeded to Haroldy his Supplanter ; whofe
Corps he caufed to be dug out of the Grave, and thrown
into the Thames, He was kind to Queen. Emma, and her
Son Edward ; but was a great Epicure, and died at a Wed
ding. He reigned • but 2 Years, and was buried; at Win
chefter. Thus ended with him the Tyranny of the Danes
in England, who for above 200 Years had grievoufly op-
preffed it. Upon which the Saxons Blood being Re-in-
throned, the Danes that remained here mixed with the
Englift), and became one Nation with them.
The SAXONS Re-inthroned.
1042. XIX. TJ DJV'ARD the Confeffor, Etbelred's and Fjh,
Ilj ma's feventh Son, fucceeded to Hardi-
Canute, and ih his Perfon the Crown returned to the Saxon
Blood ; but with a Breach to the Succeffion, his Nephews
Edward and Edmund, both Sons' of Edmund Ironfide his
Brother, being laid afide, who had a precedent Right.
He made, his Mother Emma undergo the Ordeal, and de
nied his Wife Editha the Rights of the Marriage-bed-.
His Continency, and great Affection for William Duke of
Normandy, made way for the Jforman Conqueft. He bn-
-nifhed Earl Godwin, a great Man in his Reign ; but foon
recalled him, who was at laft choaked with a piece of
Bread. Harold, Godwins Son, conquered Wales. This
X 3 King

§1© The Prefent ST ATE of Part I.
King remitted the Tax called Danegelt, and firft cured of
the Kings Evil. He rebuilt Weftminfter-Abbey, died with.
out Iffue, having reigned 24 Years, and was buried in the
faid Abbey. Being afterwards canonized for a Saint, he
•was called St. Edward.
to66. XX. HAROLD II. Son of Earl Godwin by Thyra, a
bafe Daughter of Canute, the firft of that Name, fuc
ceeded to Edward, to the Prejudice of Edgar Atbeling,
Grandchild of Edmund Ironfide. But he did not long injoy
his Ufurpation, being flain 8 Months after in a Field-Bat-
tcl by William the Conquerour, Duke of Normandy. This
Nation was then infatuated with the French Language
and Fafhions, which introduced at laft French Govern
ment. Good Literature and Virtue were grown out of
Fafhion, and Caroufing modifh. The fatal Battle was
fought OSob. 14, 1066. 9 Miles from Haftings in Suffex.
When the Englijh fell upon the Normans with great I ury,
but were difordered by the Duke's feeming Retreat, and
Harold flain in the Fight. Whofe Body was Royally in
terred at Waltbam, in Effex.

CHAP. XXVII.
Of the Norman Kings of England, from William the
Conquerour to James, the firft Monarch of Great Bri
tain.
1066. XXI.TTtJILLIAM I, furnamed the Conquerour, was
V V the feventh Duke of Normandy, and Son
of Robert by Harlot, a Tanner's Daughter. He laid a
Claim to the Crown of England, as a Donation from his
Coufin Edward the Confeffor. To get Poffeffion of it, he
came over with a Land- Force, and landed at Pevenfey ill
Suffex ; where he fet his Fleet on Fire, to make his
Men defperate. He fought King Harold, flew him, de
feated his Army, and with one fingle Viftory got the
Crown of England, which had coft innumerable Battels
to the Danes. He came in a Conquerour, and reigned
like a Tyrant. He difarmed the Englifh, allowed them
mo Fire nor Candle after 8 a Clock at Night, and built
the Tower of London, with feveral other Fortreffes, to
curb the Englift. He feized upon all Offices of Honour
and Profit, and gave 'em to his Normans. Yet he confir
med the Laws of Edward the Confeffor, to which he
added fome CuSoais of Normandy, and got them all in
the

Chap,XXVII. GREAT BRITAIN. $iij
the Norman Tongue. Tho' the Englift did not underftand
it, yet they paid dear for tranfgreffing them. The Ken-
tijb Men, by a Stratagem, obtained from him fome fpecial
Privileges. He feized abundance of Church-Lands, and
levelled with the Ground 36 Towns and Villages, with as
many Churches in Hampjhire, to make the New Forreft ; in
which two of his Sons were killed, as they were Hun
ting. He built Battel-Abbey in the Place where King Ha
rold was flain, and made the Dooms-Day Book. In this
King's Reign, the Archbifhop of York was made Primate
of England, and the Archbifhop of Canterbury Primate of-
all England. The Severity of his Reign made it very
turbulent, anduneafy to him. When he was here, Nor
mandy rebelled ; when he was there, England did the
fame. Scotland had a fling at him, Ireland another.
Neither his Subjefts could love him, nor his Neighbours
endurehim. At laft he died at Caen in Normandy, after a
Reign of 21 Years ; and, after all his Buftle, was there
interred without any thing of a Funeral Pomp. He left g
Sons, Robert, William, and Henry ; Robert fucceeding his
Father in the Dukedom of Normandy, William in the
Crown of England, and Henry next to William.
1087. XXII- WILLIAM II, furnamed Rufus, feized upon the
Crown, in Prejudice of Robert, his elder Brother, who was
then beyond Sea ; and got it by the powerful Influence
of Lanfrank, Archbifhop of Canterbury. Robert came
over, and Matters were adjufled, upon Condition that
' William fhould pay him 3000 Marks per Annum, and
Robert fhould fucceed him, if he outlived him. This /
King proved milder to the Englift, than his Father. He
built Weftminfter- Hall, but did not think it big enough.
He banifhed Anfelm, Archbifhop of Canterbury, for
checking his Authority ; and kept that See vacant 4
Years together, during which he injoy'd the Revenue ot
it. He alfo banifhed Bifhop Odo, his Uncle, for ftirring
uyihis Brother Robert againft him. He made Malcolm,
King of Scots, Tributary, and quelled feveral Rebellions
in Wales. In this Reign Earl Godwin's Lands, being 5000
Acres, were overflown. In fhort, William was killed in
-New Forreft, with an Arrow levelled at a Deer, by Sir
Walter Tyrrel. His Reign lafted 13 Years, and he was
buried at Winchefter.
1 100. XXIII. HENRYl, for his Learning, furnamed Beau-
clerc, the youngeft Son of William the ConquerqUr, fuc
ceeded next, Duke Robert being in the Holy Land: Who
being come back from thence, Henry agreed with him on
William Ryfus his Terms. King Henry reftored the free
Ufe of Fire and Candle, forgave all Debts to the Crown
X 4 ber

$12 The Prefent ST ATE of Parti.
before his coming to it, confirmed the Laws of Edward
the Confeffor, and eftabliflied the Yard Meafure. To
yleafe the Clergy, he recalled Archbifhop Anfelm ; who
Tefufing to confecrate fome Bifhops he preferred, -fell into
Difgrace, and was banifhed again, the King keeping that,
and other Sees vacant. The greateft Blot to his Reign,
was his Cruelty to Robert, his eldeft Brother, whom he
ilrip'd of his Dukedom of Normandy, and brought Pri
foner over into England, confined him in Cardiff CiOle
In Wales, and kept him there Jrifoner, withhard Ufage,
the fpace of 26 Years. He married Maud, defcended,
from Edmund Ironfide ; and got by her William, his eldeft
Son, who was married to the Duke of Anjou's Daughter.
But coming over from France in great State, they had the
Misfortune to be eaft away, with two more of the King's
Children, and a great many Perfons of Quality. As Ox
ford Univeifity was reftored by Alfred, fo was Cambridge
by Henry. Some will have him alfo to be the Founder
of our High Court of Parliament. He gave the Welch a
great Overthrow , and died at laft in France ; but was
brought over, and buried in the Abbey of Reading. A-
bout the latter end of his Reign, there hapned fo great
an Eclipfe of the Sun, that the Stars were feen at Noon-
Day. He reigned 25 Years, and Maud his Daughter,
his only Iffue left alive, was laid afide by the Power of
the Clergy, to make room for.
S135. XXIV. STEPHEN, a Grandfon of the Conquerour,
by Alice his Daughter, and Stephen her Husband, Earl of
Champagne and Blois, fucceeded Henry by the Power of
the Clergy, contrary to his Oath, and in Prejudice of
Maud the Emprefs, Daughter of 'King Henry. To ob
lige the Clergy, he folemnly promifed, that he would
not feize upon Church-Dignities,x and exempted them
from the fecular Power, tho' never fo criminal. But, as
he was an Ufurper, fo his Reign proved troublefom, efpe
cially upon the Account of Maud, the right Heir to the
Crown ; who in purfuance of her Right, fpun her felf,
and King Stephen, a long Thread of Troubles. The Em- '
prefs narrowly efcaped being taken at feveral times, but
once particularly, when to fave her, fhe was put into a
Coffin. The King was taken Prifoner, butreleafed, up
on the Death of Euftace his Son, mi his adopting Henry
the Son of Maud, to fucceed him after his Deceafe.
Thus he reigned 19 Years, died at Dover, and was bu
ried at Fever ftam. He was a valiant Prince. - lbs.

Chap. XXVII. GREAT BRITAIN 313

The N O R M A N and SAXON Mood Vnited.
tt$4.XXV. T TFJOril. Grandfon of Henry I, and
JLjL Son of Maud the Emprefs his Daughter,
by Plantagenet her Husband, fucceeded next to King Ste
phen. Henry I. his Grandfather being a Norman, and
his Mother defcended from the Saxon King Edmund,- fur
named Ironfide, the Norman and Saxon Blood were uni
ted in him, and the fame Blood runs ftill in the Veins of
the prefent Queen. He was commonly called Henry
Fitz-Emprefs, his Mother Maud having been firft married
to Henry V, Emperour of Germany. And he was, by
the Mother's fide, defcended from Maud, the firft Wife of
Henry I, Daughter of Malcolm King of Scots, by Mar
garet Daughter of Edward, eldeft Son of Edmund Ironfide.
His Father, Geofry Plantagenet, was Earl of Anjou, Tou-
gaine, and Maine ; which French Provinces became, in
Tiis own Right, fubjeft to the Crown of England. To which
was added the Dukedom of Aquitain, including Poitou,
Saintonge, Guienne, and Gafcongne, in the Right of Elea
nor his Wife. He alfo recovered Cumberland and Weft
morland from the Scots, to whom thofe. two Counties had
been fubjeft above 200 Years. He fubdued the Welch, and
got Ireland by Conqueft. A great Prince, but unhappy
in his Jealous Queen, and undutiful Sons, whom fhe flir
ted up againft him. He had a Concubine, called Rofa-
mond, whom he kept in his Palace of Woodftock, in Ox
ford/hire. Henry being gone to Normandy, fhe took that
Opportunity to gratify her Jealoufy, by poifoning Rofa-
mond to Death ; for which the Queen was imprifoned,
till the King departed this Life. Tho. Becket, Archbi
fhop of Canterbury, proved alfo a great Thorn in his Side.
Several Rapes and Murders being committed by the Cler
gy, and Becket refufing to punifh 'em, he was banifhed
by the King. Being recalled from his Banifhment, but
continuing ftill refraftory, he was murdered by four
Courtiers on Chriftmas-Day. The King fubmitted to a
grievous Penance inflifted upon him for it. Which was
to walk. 3 Miles on his bare Feet, and to receive 80 Lafhes
on the Back, from the Monks of Canterbury. Thus he
cringed to Becket' s Ghoi\ and here is a Thing unaccount
able, Paffive-Obedience from an humble King, to an info-
lent Clergy. 'Twas in his Reign the famous Abbey of
Glaftenbury was burnt by Lightning, and that 30 Vau-
dois, who fled into England, wereflarved to Death. He
reigned

314 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I;
reigned JS Years, died at Chinon in Normandy, and was
buried at Font-Everard.
1 189. XXVI. RICHARD I, for his Valour furnamed Caur
de Lion, fucceeded to his Father Henry, being his eldeft
Son at the Time of his Death. He fignalized himfelf
in the holy War, and where-ever he went, Terrour was
his Fore-runner. Infomuch that the Saracens ufed his
Name, to quiet their Children, as I am credibly in
formed the French do now the Name of Marlborough, to
the fame purpofe. He took the Ifle of Cyprus ; but being
deferted by the French, he returned home, without
taking Jerufalem. Being feparated from his Fleet, and
coming home by Land, through Germany, he was taken
Prifoner in the Emperbur's Dominions, who put him to
a grievous Ranfom. Soon after his Return, a War
broke out with France, in which he got a fignal Viftory
over the French at Gifors. But foon after befieging the
Caftle of Chaluz, he was killed by an Arrow, and was
Inhumed at' Font-Everard, at his Father's Feet, after
a Reign of 10 Years. In which lived Robin Hood, and^
little John, too generous Robbers, who robbed the Rich,
and relieved the Poor.
1 199. XXVII. JOHN, furnamed Lackland, fucceeded his Bro
ther Richard, in Prejudice of Arthur his Nephew, his elder
Brother Geofry's Son, who being taken, was murdered.
After which the King never profpered, and England was
brought to the brink of Ruin. For his preferring one to
the See of Canterbury, againft the Pope's Order, he was
excommunicated, the Kingdom interdifted, and all
Subjefts abfolved from their Allegiance. So that for a-
bove 6 Years the People lived like Heathens, by his
Holinefs's Command. Mean while King Philip of France,
furnamed Auguftus, feized upon the Englijh Poffeffions in
France, Anno 1202, and prepared to invade England.
The Barons, who hated the King, rofe up in Arms a-
gainft him, and caUed in Lewis the Dauphin of France,
to be their King. But, upon fome Difguft, he was fain
to return home. King John, to extricate himfelf, did
bafely fubmit to the Pope, fubjefted the Crown of En
gland to his Holinefs, and ingaged to pay him a Tribute
for it of roooo Marks a Year. Upon this Submiffion,
the French King fell fhort of his Deiign upon England,
and King John proved too hard for. him. This unhappy
Reign however is memorable for the Magna Chart a the
King granted to his Subjefts, which has been ever fince
efteemed the Meafure of the Englift Government ; where*
in 'tis exprefly provided, That, if the King ftould violate
any Part of it, and ftould refufe to reli/fy whatihe had done
...aniifs,

Chap. XXVII. GREAT BRITAIN. 515
amifs, it ftould be lawful for the Barons, and the wholi Peo-
pleof England, to diftrefs him by all the Ways they could
think ok) fuch as the Seizing on his Caftles, Lands, and
PoffeJJions ; Provifion being only made for the Safety of the
Perfons of the King and <g>ueen, and of their Children.
This King granted London to chufe yearly" a Mayor, and
in his Reign London-Bridge was finifhed of Stone. He
reigned 17 Years, was poifoned by a Monk at Swinftead-
Abbey in Lincoln/hire, and buried at Worcefter.
12 16. XXVIII. HENRY III. King John's Son, fucceeded
to his Father, and proved but a weak Prince; Mali Cor-
vi malum Ovum. His exorbitant Kindnefs to Foreiners,
and Negleft of his own Subjefts, incenfed the Barons
againft him ; who took him, and his Brother Richard
I Prifoners at Nottingham. But the potent Earl of Leicefter,
imbracing his Intereft, procured his Liberty. Such was
this King's Lavifhnefs, that it brought him to Want,
this to Contempt. For 300000 1. he for ever renounced
his Right to Normandy, and the other French Provinces.
Four Mock-Suns appeared in this Reign, and a Famine
followed. This King reigned 56 Years, the longeft of any
King or Queen of England. He was buried at Weftmin
fter.
1272. XXIX. EDWARD I, Henry's Son, furnamed Long-
"" Jbanks, was in the Holy Land, with Eleanor his Wife,
- when his Father died. Being return'd from thence,
he awed France, fubdued Wales, and conquered Scotland,
notwithflanding the 'Pope's Inhibition. He reigned 3 s
Years, and was interred at Weftminfter.
1307. XXX. EDWARD 11. commonly called from his Birth
place Edward of Carnarvan, fucceeded next to his Father
Edward ; but proved an unfortunate Prince, hated by the
Nobles, and flighted by the Commons. Firft debauched
by Pierce Gaveflon his Favourite, and next by the Spencers,
Father and Son ; whofe intolerable Oppreffions he coun
tenanced, to the Hazard of his Crown. Gaveflon was
Beheaded, and the Spencers were cut in pieces ; the old
Smugglers againft Tyranny, the Barons, having taken up
Arms againft the King. In whofe Reign the Scots reco
vered their Liberty, and made Robert Bruce their King,
to maintain it ; which he did fo fuccefsfully, that the En
glift were forced to quit their Hold in that Kingdom.
And when Edward went himfelf in Perfon, to reduce
Scotland with a moft gallant Army, his Forces were in-
tirely defeated at Banocks-bourn, and with, great Difficulty
did he make his Efcape from the viftorious Scots. In
fhort, the Barons forced him to refign his' Crown to
Prince Edward his Son, and he was foon after murdered at

3 Id The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I,
at Braekley-Caftle, by Mortimer's Means, who was the
Queeh's Favourite. Her Name was Ifabetta, and fhe was
Sifter to Charles IV. of France. King Edward reigned 20
Years, and was buried at Glocefter.
1327. XXXI. EDWARD III. commonly called from his
Birth-place Edward of Windfor, was Son of Edward, by
Jfabella his Queen, Sifter to Charles IV. King of France.
By the prevailing Intereft of Mortimer, his Mother's Fa
vourite, he made a dilhonourable Peace with Scotland,
for which Mortimer loft his Life not long after. But
King Edward made a new Conqueft of Scotland, and ito-
lert Bruce ( its King) being dead, he forced the Scots to
receive Edward Baliol for their King, from whom he re
ceived Homage. Notwithftanding the pretended Saline
Law in France, by which all Females are excluded from
the Succeffion to that Crown, he purl'ued his Title to it
with Succefs, in his Mother's Right, upon the Death of
her Brother Charles IV. of France. Where Edward, fur
named the Black Prince, King Edward's eldeft Son, got
two fignal Viftories, one at Creffy, the other at Poitiers.
In which laft he took King John Prifoner, with Philip his
youngeft Son. The Queen, on the other . hand, routed
the Scots at Nevils Crofs, near Durham, and took Prifoner
David Bruce their King, who had trip'd down Baliolby
the Influence of a ftrong Party. Thus England had the-
¦(Glory, at the fame time, to have two forein Kings Pri
foners, a noble Subjeft of Triumph. This Reign is alfo
memorable for the Inftitution of the moft noble Order of
the Garter, and for the Title of Duke of Cornwal, firft •
conferred upon the famous Edward, the Black Prince,
and ever fince continued as a Birth-right to the eldeft Son
of England. Which Prince died in 1376, very' much
1 lamented ; and his untimely Death flattened that of his ¦
Father, who departed this Life not long after, at Shene
in Surrey, having reigned 30 Years, and was buried at
Weftminfter. In this Reign lived John Wicliff, who ftrenu-
oufly oppofed the Errours of the Rpman Church ; Peter-
pence was denied to Rome, and the ManufaSure of Cloth
firft brought into England. King Edward had 7 Sons and
5 Daughters, by his Heroick Queert Pbilippa, Daughter of
William Earl of Hainaut and Holland. His Sons were
the forefaid Edward the Black Prince, William of Hat
field, Lionel Duke of Clarence, John of Gaunt Duke of
Lancafter, Edmund of Langley Duke of York, William of
Windfor, and Thomas of Woodftock Duke of Glocefter.
1377. XXXII. RICHARD Jl, Son' to Edward the Black
Prince, who was the eldeft Son of King Edward III. in
herited his Grandfather's Crown ; but had neither his
' Wif-

Chap. XXVII. GREAT BRITA IN. 317
Wifdom, nor good Fortune. He was born at Bourdeause
in France. His Mif-managements in England made his
Reign very uneafy, and fhook off his Crown at laft from
his Head. He raifed a Tax of 4 a\ a Head, which occafi-
oned an Infurreftion by Wat Tyler ; who being ltabbed by
Sir William Walworth, the Storm was laid. The Duke
of Glocefter's being fmothered, and the Duke of Lanca-
fter's Goods unjuftly feized, with a Defign to banifh his
Son, did at laft compleat the King's Ruin. In fhort,
he was forced to refign his Crown, and was confined in
Pomfret Caftle in Yorkftire, where he was barbaroufly
murdered. So little a Diftance there is between a
Prince's Prifon, and his Death. He reigned 22 Years,
and was interred at Langley. Chaucer, the famous Poet,
flourifhed in this Reign.
The Line of Lancafter, commonly called, The RED
ROSE.
1399. XXXIII.TTFATcTIV, from his Birth-place in York-
XX ftire, called Henry .of ' Bullingbrook,
was Son of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancafter, the fourth
Son of Edward III. He came to the Crown by the
Power of the Sword, but with the Confent of the Peo
ple. Thus the Iffue of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, third
Son to -Edward III, that had a precedent Right, was fet
afide. As Henry got the Crown, fo he kept it, by the
Sword ; moft part of his Reign being fpent in f'uppreffing
Faftions, quelling the Scots, and reducing the Welch, then
up in Arms under their notable Leader, Qwen Glendover.
He reigned but 13 Years, died at London, and was buried
at Canterbury. In his Reign there paffed an Aft, for
burning the Lollards, or Wickliffites, who feparated from
the Church of Rome.
1412. XXXIV. HENRI 'V, commonly called Henry of Mon
mouth, eldeft Son of Henry IV, was a loofe Prince in his
Youth, but proved a religious and magnanimous King.
Firft, he banifhed from Court all his lewd Companions.
Then he revived the Englift Title to the Crown of Prance,
and purfued it fo effeftually, that with 13000 Men he
defeated the French at Agincourt, above 50000 ftrong.
In this Battle great Beauchamp did Wonders. Then reign
ed in France Charles VI, a weak Prince, who was pre
vailed upon, by his Queen, to dif-inherit the' 'Dauphin,
and to give Catharine his Daughter to Henry. Upon which
Henry was declared Heir to the Crown of France, and
Regent during the King's Life, which was ratified by the
States

3x8 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
States of that Kingdom ; but he did not live to fit on the
Throne of France. He reigned but ro Years, died at Vin-
cennes a Royal Palace near Paris, and was buried at
Weftminfter. He left no Iffue but a new-born Son, Henry
his Succeffor, for whofe Education he appointed the Car
dinal of Winchefter. The Government of England, till
the young Prince were of Age, he left to Humphrey Duke
of Glocefter, and the Regency of France to John Duke of
Bedford, both the King's Brothers.
1422. XXXV. HENRY VI, the only Iffue of Henry V, fuc
ceeded next. He was born at Windfor, and proved a week
and unfortunate Prince, fitter for a Cowl than a Crown.
The old King of France dying foon after Henry V, Henry
VI. was Crowned at Paris, Kingof France, Anno 1^1 ; and
Things had a good Afpeft there, till the Siege of Orleans
was raifed by Joan the Shepherdefs, after which the En
glift Intereft declined apace. Which Joan, being taken
afterwards Prifoner by the Englift), was condemned for a
Witch, and burnt alive at Roiien in Normandy. But no
thing contributed more to our Lofs of France, than our
Diftraftions in England, by Richard Duke of York's Claim
to the Crown ; being defcended from Lionel Duke of
Clarence, third Son of Edward III, and eider Brother of
John Duke of Lancafter. Which occafioned fuch Civil
Wars in England, as made her bleed many Years ; ho lefs
than 13 fet Batiks being fought upon it, but with vatious
fuccefs. Mean while the French fhook off the Englift,
and in 5 Years Time recovered their- Liberty, fetting the
Dauphin upon the Throne of France, who was then
Charles VII. At home England became a Field of
Blood, one Party being for the King in Poffeffion, and
the other for the Houfe of York ; the firft diftinguiflied by
the Name of Red Rpfe, and the laft by that of White Rofe.
Flenry had a Queen of a martial and imperious Spirit,
Marg»ret of Anjou, who to maintain him on the Throne,
and fecure the Succeflion for their Son, the young Prince
Edward, tugged very hard, and turned every Stone.
Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, and left 3
Sons, viz. Edward, Clarence, and Richard Duke of Glo
cefter. Edward laid his Claim to the Ctown, fought Hen
ry's Forces near Ludlow, came off victorious, and was
proclaimed King.

The

Chap. XXVII. GREAT BRITAIN ji9
The Line of York, commonly called The WHITE
ROSE, it being the ancient Bearing of that Houfe.
t46r. XXXVI. r? DWARD IV, eldeft Son of Richard Duke
i> of York, proved a martial Prince in
War, but effeminate in Peace. Wonderful were the
Changes and Revolutions of his Reign, before it came to
be fettled ; Queen Margaret, Henry the Sixth's Wife, be
ing refolved to dethrone him, or perifh in the Attempt.
The potent Earl of Warwick, commonly called the Make-
King, being difgufted at Edward, for under-marrying him
felf by a Frolick to the Lady Elizabeth Grey, Sir John
Grey's Widow, and Sir Richard Woodvile's Daughter,
Queen Margaret got 'him over to her Intereft. But, un
happily for her, that Earl loft his Life foon after in Glad-
more Fight. The Queen however went on, and cut ftill
more Work for Edward. Sometimes one Party prevailed,
fometimes the other, and the Parliament was always for
the ftrongeft Side. In fhort, fuch were the Revolutions of
this Reign, that Edward was forced to fly into France,
Henry depofed, and Edward re- eftabliflied ; Henry being
twice made a Prifoner to Edward, and Edward once to
Hemy. At length Tewksbury Fight decided «Jje Quarrel,
in Favour of Edward, in which Queen Margaret, and
Prince Edward her Son, were taken Prifoners. The
Prince was killed by bloody Richard Duke of Glocefter ;
and his Father, King Henry, was murdered not long after
in the Tower, by the fame cruel Hand, but the Queen was
ranfomed. This Richard, aiming at the Crown, got his el
der Brother Clarence out of the way,, and procured his
Death by an Impeachment of High Treafon. And King
Edward leaving two young Sons when he died, Rjcbard
found Means to remove thofe two ftumbling Blocks,
and clear his Way to the Throne. At laft Edward died,
having reigned 22 Years, and was buried at Windfor.
'Twas in his Reign, the ART of PRINTING jwis
brought into England; and that the King of-SpuftTwis pre-
> fented with fome Cotfwold. Sheep, from whofe Breed came
the fine Spanift Wool, to the Prejudice of England.
1483. XXXVII. EDWARD V, eldeft Son of Edward IV,
fucceeded to his Father, but was foon .cut off, with his
Brother Richard, by their Uncle Richard aforefaid, who
got them fmothered in their Beds. So that this young
King reigned only 2 Months.
1483. XXXVIII. RIQHARD III, furnamed Crook-back,
youngeft Brother of Edward IV, and Uncle to Edward Vf
fuc- I

3 20 The Prefent STATE 0/ Part 1/
fucceeded next ; having made away his Nephews, that
he might reign without Competition. Which Cruelty fo
incenfed the Duke of Buckingham, his Favourite, that he
immediately projefted his Ruin. The Crown was offered,
by his means, to Henry Earl of Richmond, of the Line of
Lancafter, then at the Court of Bretagne ,in Prance, pro
vided he would ingage to marry Elizabeth, eldeft Daugh
ter of King Edward IV, wherehy' the Houfes of York and
Lancafter inould be united into one. Of which King
Richard having Intelligence, he ordered the Duke to be
apprehended, and forthwith to be put to Death, with
out any Trial. Henry, accepting the Offer, came over
with a fmall Force, and landed at Milford Haven in
Wales, where he was foon reinforced by the Welch, he
being born in Pembrokefhire. As he advanced forward,
his Army ltill increafed, which came at laft to a Battle at
Bofworth in Lehefterftire. Sicbard fought valiantly, till
he was killed in the Fight, and fo made way for Henry to
the Crown of England.
The. Two Contending Families Vnited, in the Perfon of
1485^ XXXTX.T "tENRY VII, who fucceeded next : to
' X 1 Richard, upon his Viftory at Bofworth.
He was, by his Mother's fide, of the Houfe of Lancafter^
fhe being Great Grand-Daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke
of .Lancafter, fourth Son of Edward III. By his Accef
fion to the Crown, the Prophecy of Cadwallader, the laft
King of Britain, ¦ came to be fulfilled, That the Britijh
Blood ftould reign again in Britain, ' Henry being born iii
Pembroke Caftle, in Wales. And by his marrying Eliza-.
beth, eldeft Daughter of Edward IV, the two Houfes of
York and Lancafter became united into one ; tho' he af- _
fumed the Crown in his own Name, being crowned be
fore his Marriage. He was a Prince of great Wifdom and
Sagacity, but not without Blemifh, nor his Reign free
from Troubles. To which the Queen's own Sifter, the
Dutchefs Dowager of Burgundy, a profeffed Enemy to
the Houfe of Lancafter, , did mainly contribute, by her two
Impoltors, Perkin Wdrbeck, and Lambert Simnel, who
peifonated Edward V. and Richard his Brother, both pre
tended to be Hiding ftill. The End whereof proved comi
cal in Lambert, and tragical in Perkin. The firft, having
',,. been crowned King in the Cathedral of Dublin, was made
by King Hmry a Turn-fpit in his Kitchin ; but Perkin,
aftci great Honours done him in feveral Courts, • as a
Prince of the Blood-Royal of England, was at laft' hang ed

Chap.XXVII. GREATBRITAIN. 32c
ed at Tyburn. Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwhk,
the laft of his Race, was beheaded in this Reign, for at
tempting to make his Ef cape, after a long ImprifonmenC
in the Tower- Two notable Rebellions, one in *he North
managed by John a Chamber, and the other in the Weft,
headed by the Lord Audley, were fupprefs'd by the King.
Who, to ballance the Power of the Lords, found but a
Way to raife the Credit of the Commons. As he grew old,
he grew covetous. He coffered up the Subfidies
granted him to prevent Bretagne from falling to the
Crown of France, and did nothing in the Bufinefs. To
increafe his Treafures, he caufed all Penal Laws to be
ftriftly put in Execution ; and the chief Inftruments
therein were Empfon and Dudley, who paid deaT after
wards for their Extorfions. However he was at the
Charge of building that noble Chappel, adjoyning to the
Collegiate Church of Weftminfter, which is called to this
Day King Henry the Seventh's Chappel. In which he was
buried, having lived $z Years, and reigned 24. He died
at his Royal Palace of Richmond, and left in ready Mony
1800000 /. a fine Crop for his Succeffor. He had two
Daughters, Margaret and Mary. The firft he wifely mar
ried to James IV. of Scotland, and Mary to Lewis XII. of
France, contrary to the Advice of his Privy Council,
- who were for bellowing the eldeft upon the greater King.
But he took a' contrary Courfe, forefeeing,, that if the
Crown of England fhould fall to France by Right of In
heritance, England muft wait upon France as the greater
Kingdom of the two. But falling to Scotland, as it 'did
actually in the Perfon of King James I, Scotland muft wait
upon England, as the greater Kingdom. The 48 Gentle
men of the Privy Chamber, and the Band of Gentlemen Pen
fioners were firft eftablifh'd by this King.
1509. XL. HENRY Vlll, born at Greenwich in i^ot, was
the only furviving Son of Henry VII. He reigned for
fome Years with great Applaufe, till being vicilted by
Cardinal Wslfey, Luxury and Cruelty obfcured his Vir
tues, and ftained his former Glory. Of fix Wives he had
( viz. Catharine of Spain, Anne of BuUen, Jane Seymour,
Anne of Cleve, Catharine Howard, and Catharine Parre,) he
repudiated two, viz.- Catharine of Spain, and Anne ' of
Cleve. The firft, as an inceftuous Match, fhe being, the
Widow of Arthur his elder Brother. 'Tis true, he had
a Difpenfation from the Pope, but he queftioned after
wards the Validity of it. As for Anne of Cleve, he cart
her off for fome natural Defefts. He alfo beheaded Anne
of BiUlen for pretended, and Catharine Howard for real
Adultery. Thus he difpatcbed four Wives out of fix.
1 Y Upon"

3 22 The Prefent STATE of Partt
. Upon his Divorce from Catharine of Spain, wherein lie
had the Advice of the greateft Men for Learning in Eu
rope, he married Anne of Bullen ; for which he was Ex-
communicated by the Pope, and the Realm interdicted, '
But Henry being Proof againft the Thunderbolts of Rome,
ffiook oft the Pope's Supremacy, and re-affumed, the an
cient Power of his Predeceffors, the Britijh Kings, who'
had reigned independently from the Papal See. The
Pope's Supremacy being thus difannull'd, a Foundation
was laid for a Reformation, from the Abufes and Errours'
of" the Church of Rome, to which Tho. Cranmer did .very
much contribute, who was therefore preferred to the See
of Canterbury. Mean while all the Monafteries in Engkni'
were diffolved, and fix new Bifhopricks erefted, \ viz; at1
Weftminfter, Oxford, Peterborough, Briftol, Chefter, and*
Glocefter, all which ( except Weftminfter ) have ever fince
continued Epifcopal Sees. Before the King fell off from-
the Pope, he had wrifa Book againft Luther, in Defence' of
the Roman Church ; for which Pope Leo hdnoured him-
with the Title of Defender of the Faith, made fince He
reditary to the Kings of England, by Aft of Parliament.-
After he fhook off the Pope, he retained ftill, to the laft,
many'Errouts of the Church of Rome, and became a
two-edged Sword, that fpared neither the Oppofersof,
his Supremacy, nor. thofe who declared^thernfelves againft-1
the Belief of Tranfubftantiation, hangirigfehe frrft, andbdnv
ing the laft. The great Cardinal Wolfey, a Butcher's Son,.
who lived in the greateft State of any Prelate next to tine
Pope, fell under his Difpleafure ; and Cromwel, Earl of
Effex, his great Favourite, was beheaded. The fame:
Fate had Sir Tho. Moor Lord Chancellour of England,
end John Fiffier Bifhop of Rochefter, for difowning the
"King's Supremacy. Who happily fuppreffed two Rebel
lions, one in Lincolnftnre, the other in Yorkftire, befides
another in Ireland. Wales was in thi? Reign incorporated
to England, and JielaiA made a Kingdom. Henry was al
fo fuccefsful, both againft France and Scotland, taking '
from the firftTeroiienne, and other Places, and beating the
laft at the Battle of. Flodden-Field, in which James. IV.
(his Brother-in-law ) was flain. After which Henry's
Fiiendfhip was earneftly fought after by Charles V. Em-
perour, and Francis I. King of France, then at War one
againft another. The Emperour carried it at firft, who
came in Perfon twice over into England. But Cardinal
Wolfey, aiming at the Papal Chair, and finding the Em
perour thwarted him in his Defign, got the King over
at laft to the French Intereft. To unite Scotland with En
gland, a Match was concluded between Prince Edwari his

Chap. XXVII. GREATBRITAIN. 323
_ his Son, and Mary the young Queen of Scots ; but after
wards broke off by the Power of the Hamiltons, influ
enced by the French. Which occafioned a new War, both
with France and Scotland ; in which Henry took Bou-
longne from the French, and deftroy'd with Fire Leith and
Edenburgb in Scotland. Thus reigned Henry about 38
Years, a Prince at firft of great Virtues, and at laft of
great Vices, who being grown boyfterous and aibitrary,
became, a Terrour to all his Subjefts, and kept his Par
liament in Awe. He died January 8, 1 547. and Wind
for Chappel was the Place of his Sepulture. All the Iffue
he left alive at his Death were his three next Succeffors,
who all died without Iffue , viz. Edward by Jane Seymour,
Mary by Catharine of Spain, and Elizabeth by Anne of
Bullen.
1547. XLI. EDWARD VI. only Son of Henry VIII. by
Jane Seymour, his third Wife, was about 10 Years old
when he afcended the1 Throne of his Father ; but of a
Pregnancy of Judgment, and fuch Improvement o£
Learning, as was much above his Years. His Reign be
gun with a profperous War againft the Scots, to whom
the Duke of Somerfet fhis Uncle and Proteftor ) gave a
great Overthrow at Muffelburg. But we loft Ground in
France, by reltoring, to it le Boulonois, In this King's
Reign ( tho' butj»fliort ) great Progref's was made in the
Reformation, by the Zeal of Archbifhop Cranmer, and
that of the Proteftor ; notwithftanding the ftrong Oppo-
fition of Gardiner Bifhop of Winchefter, and Bonner Bi- >
' fhop of London. This Reign is alfo memorable for the
: Difcovery made by Richard Chancellour, of the North-Eaft
Paffage to Archangel in Mofcovy, till then unknown by
, Sea, and Tiecome fince the great Thorow-fare of Europe
for the Mofcovian Trade. Alfo for the Fall of the Lord
High Admiral^ Tho. Seymour, the Lord.Proteftor's Bro
ther, and not long after the Proteftor himfelf, by .the
great Power of the Duke of Northumberland, a Man of
great Ambition. v Who- feeing the King in a Confumpti
on, and contriving to fettle the Crown in his Family,
made firft a Match with the Lord Guilford ( his fourth
Son ; with the Lady Jane Gray, of the Royal Blood of
Englqndf by the Mother's fide. For fhe was Daughter to
Henry Gray Duke of Suffolk, by Francis his Wife, Daugh
ter of Mary Queen of Scots, Sifter to Henry VIII. Then
he got King Edward to declare her his Succeffor by Will,
to the Prejudice of his Sifter ; and this . Will was con- .
firmed by the Privy Council, and the Judges. The King
lived but 16 Years, reigned but fix, and was buried at
Weftminfter,
r • Vt IJS3-

334 The Prefent STATE ;of Parti
tjjg. XLH. MARY I, eldefl Daughter of Henry VIIL
by his firft Wife Catharine, Daughter of Ferdinand King.
of S^ain, fucceeded to her half Brother Edward. 'Ti*
true, the Lady Jane Gray, mentioned in the former
Reign, was proclaimed Queen before her, according to/
King Edward's Will. But the Will being look'd upoa
as forced upon the King, Norfolk and Suffolk were the
firft Counties that oppofed. the Eftablifhment- ef the faid
' Lady upOn the Throne of England, and flood out foe
Queen Mary, Who-having got the Crown, made it her-
Bufinefs to explode the Reformation, and to reflore Po
pery with a Vengeance ; which fhe compaffed in the fpace
of 18 Months, but with fo-much Cruelty, that the King,-
dom blazed every, where with humane Sacrifices. Amongft:
which four Bifhops, and at- laft Archbifhop Cranmer, en
ded their Lives in.'thofe Popifb Flames,, with a Fervency of?
Zeal beyond the Heat of their fiery Torments. The tvifr
Popift Bifhops committed in the late Reign, viz. Gardiner*
now the Queen's Favourite, and Lord- Chancellour ot
England, and Banner Bifhop of London, Men ef a revenge
ful Spirit, and cruelly imbittered againft Proteftantifrty
were the great Promoters of thofe extream Violences.
Upon a civil AcgouM the Lady Jane Gray, the Duke oS
Nortlmmberland her Father-in-law, the Duke of Suffolkhtt,
own Father, the Lord Guilford her Husband, and hisBro*
ther the Lord Z7;o-G)"a;<,.loft their Lives upon the Scaffold.-
The Lady Jane Gray, then about 17 Years of Age, was
beheaded in the Tower 2 Hours after her Husband, and>
died a ftanding Monumen' in Hiftory of Piety,. ConftSncy^
Wifdom, Wit, and Learnii.^ above her Agfr, and beyond
her Sex. She fell a Sacrifice to her Friends" Ambition, by
whofe Prevaleney fhe affumed the Crown with Tears.
But the Lady Elizabeth, called by the Popiffi Party, the
Mope of Hereticks, remained flilli a Humbling: Block. She
was committed, under a flight Pretsnee of Tieafon; and;
fuffered; above a Twelve-months Confinement, before her
Innocence could procure her Liberty. At laft Queen
Mary, Being near 40 Years of Age, married to King Birr
lipof Spain ; and this Marriage occafioned an. Infuriefii-
on, headed bySir Francis Wyat, but- it proved unfhccefe
ful. 'Twas in this Reign we loft Calais in France, after it
h d been in our Poffeffion above 200 Years. The Queen
died upon it, and with her Life expired a Reign begun,
continued, and ended in Blood, happy in nothing but the
Sbonnefs of iu She was buried at Weftminfter.
¦ 558. XLFII. ELIZABETH, Daughter of Henry VIII. Bjf
Anne of i3a//enhis Second Wife, bom at Gteenwich, fuc
ceeded next to Queen Mary, her half Sifter, She proved

Chap.XXVII. GREAT BRITAIN. 325
an excellent Queen, the Glory of her Sex, and Admi-
latiqn of the Age fhe, lived in. She reftored the Refor
mation, and brought it to tfiat Perfeftion, in which it
has continued ever fince inthe Church of England. For
which fhe was Excommunicated by the Pope, and her
Subjefts abfolved from their Allegiance ; which occafioned
Plot upon Plot, and Rebellion upon Rebellion. The Ro
man Party was powerful in her Time, and lirove hard to
<cut her off by, Treachery, or dethrone her by Force. But
it pleafed God to preferve her, during rhe whole Courfe ,
of her Reign, from all her Enemies, both at Home and
Abroad. Memorable is the Year 1588. for the Spanift)
invalion, attempted by King Philip witti his invincible Ar
mada, but difappointed by God's Providence. Where-
oupon Queen Elizabeth pimuing her Blow, carried on the
War with Spain fo fuccefsfully, both in Europe and America,
*that the Englijh became" every where a Terrour to the ,
.Spaniard's, and the very Names of our chief Comman
ders, Howard, Effex, Harris, Drake, and Raleigh, itruck
an Awe upon them. Who took and burnt feveral Places
In Spain, particularly Cadiz and -the Groyn, intercepted
their Plate Fleets, and brought that proud Monarchy lb
low, that it could never recover it felf from that Time to
*his. In Ireland this great Queen quelled two Rebellions,
one headed by 0- Neale, and the other by Tir-Qen. The
aiew-fprung States of Holland fhe cherifhed, and pro
tected. The whole Ocean fhe commanded, which fpread
Sier Fame all over -the World, and made it refpefted in aH
Parts. Unhappily, but with much Reluftancy, fhe con
tented to the Death of Mary Queen of Scots, charged with
high Treafon in England; where fhe was 'fled for Shelter,
from a potent Faftion in Scotland. The Queen did alfo
wery much lament the Death of the Earlvof Effex, whofe
Fall was occafioned more, by her Favour, than his Crimes.
She lived but 2 Years after, and died a Maid ( but a he-
soick ) Queen, aged 6o, and having reigned 44 Years.
Weftminfter-Abbey is the Place of her Sepulture. 'Twas in
her Reign the Inquifuion of England was fet tip, I mean
the Star-Chamber, and the High Gommiffion Court ; which
grew fo very grievous, and the Judges thereof fo arbi
trary, that they were both fuppreffed in the Reign of
Charles L
Y | CHAP.

3 26 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I
CHAP. XXVIII.
Of the Monarchs of Great Britain, from King JAMES I.
to our prefent Queen ANNE.
I Come now to the Kings and Queens of Great Britain, upon
the Union of ENGLAND and SCOTLAND under one
Head, immediately after the Deceafe of famous £>ueen Eliza-
beth. Which Union hapned in the Perfon of
1602. I. JAMES I, the firft King of Great Britain, and the fixth
of Scotland ; who fucceeded Queen Elizabeth in England,
as next Heir to the Crown, being defcended from Margaret,
eldeft Daughter of Henry V 119 For he was Son of Mary
Queen of Scots, beheaded in the late'Reign ; and fhe was
Daughter of James V. of Scotland, Son of James IV. by
the forefaid Margaret. His Father was the Lord Darnley,
eldeft Son of Matthew Earl of Lenox, defcended from Hubert
Stuart, the next Succeffor to David Bruce King of Scots:
Upon his Succeflion to the Crown of England, he quitted
the leffer Kingdom for the greater, and made London the
Royal Seat of his three Kingdoms. But, before he left Scot
land, he narrowly efcaped a Confpiracy, managed againft
him by the Earl of Gowry, and his Brothers. And foon af
ter his Arrival here he was wonderfully delivered from the
Gun-Powder Treafon, hatched by the Popift Party ; Both
Church and State being to be deftroy'd at once, by blowing
yp the King and Parliament. The Memory whereof has
fceen hitherto religioufly and folemnly kept on the 5f/;of
November. In this Rejgn was held a Conference at Hampton-
Court, upon a- Petition of the Diffenters for a further Re-
formation, but it came to nothing. A Peace was made
with Spain, and the King quitted, for a Sum of Mony, the"'
Cautionary Towns we had in Holland, viz. the Brill, Fluhing,
and others. Amongft other memorable Things of this
Reign, I reckon the two Royal Vifits his Majefty received
from Cbriftiern IV. -King of Denmark, whofe Sifter Ami
was King fames his Royal Contort ; which Franknefs, un.
ufual with crowned Heads, the King acknowledg'd with
all fenfe of Gratitude : The Creation of a "new fort of
Knights, called Baroneis, next to a Baron, and made here
ditary : The Fall of the Lord Bacon, a Man of wonderful
Parts ; who, from the high Station of Lord High Chan
cellour, was reduced to a degree of Poverty, little fhort of
Beggary. ' And that of Sir Walter Raleigh, a "great Man in
the late Reign ; who, by the Prevalency, of Gundamore the
tyanift Embaffadour, then in great Eavour at Court, loft his
Head

Chap. XXVIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 327
.Head upon a Scaffold. -The King's Iffue by Queen Anne
was Henry, his eldeft Son, and the People's Qarlirigjwho died
in his Father's Life-time, very much lamented ; Charles, his
flext Succeffor ; Elizabeth, married to the unfortunate Fre
derick Eleftor Palatine of the Rhine; Mary and Sophia,
who died young. Frederick, being chofen King of Bohemia,
and crowned with his Wife at Prague, had a Competitor,
Ferdinand the Emperour. King James, lefs concerned than
he ought to have been for his Daughter, could not he pre-
vailed'upon to engage in the Quarrel ; and for want of his
Help, not only Bohemia, but the Eleftorate was laft to the
Emperonr. Thus his Daughter's Family was ruined, and
a Proteflant Kingdom added to the Popifh Party, by the un
accountable Negleft of King James ; which might have
been prevented by iiatural Affeftion, and a proportionable
Zeal for the Proteflant Religion. The' Truth is, King
James was too much a Scholar, • and too little a Souldier.
A fcholaftick Difputation was more agreeable to him, than
the Roaring of Guns, or the Noife of Drums and Trum
pets. Apd his Motto, Beati Pacific!, was the moft of any
futable to his Temper. For he talked much of Religion,
but never cared to draw.Sword in its Quarrel. Tho' he was
bred and born in Presbytery, according to the Reformation
of the Kirk of Scotland, yet he took fo great a Fancy to
the Epifcopal Government of the Clmrch, as a great Support
of the Crown, that he often ufed this Saying, No Biftop,
•no King. The Office of Mafter of the Ceremonies, for the
Reception and Entertainment of forein Princes and Embaf-
fadours, was firft eftabliflied by this King. Who having
reigned 25 Years, died at Theobalds, his Royal Palace in
HartfordJl)ire, aged 59 Years, and was buried in Henry the
feventh's Chappel. Thus ended a peaceable, but inglorious,
a plentiful, but luxurious Reign, to make way for a turbu
lent, tragical, and bloody one. I mean that of
IL CHARLFS I. the only furyiying Son of King James, who 1625.
fucceeded next. He was born at Dumferling in Scotland,
Nov. 10, 1600. and crowned at Weftmimfter, Feb. 2, 1625.
But his Crown proved a Grown of Thorns, and Kis Reign
bloody and tragical. He had a bigotted Queen, Daughter
to King Henry IV. of France, who pufhed on very hard to
bring in Popery and Arbitrary Power ; and he had a High?
Clmrch Miniftry, ready moulded for it. His wonderful Uxor
rioufnefs made him comply with the Queen in many Things
that were not agreeable to the Laws of the Kingdom ; and"
he would fooner give Ear to his Minitters, than'follow the
Advice of his' Parliament. His unbounded Favour to the
Duke of Buckingham, an abnoxious Man to the State, in
creafed the Difguft of the People. Aftett'he fruitlefs At-
Y 4 tempts

3 28 The Prefent ST ATE of Part I.
tempts of j feveral Parliaments againft the Life 'of that
Djike, the King chofe rather to part^with them, than with
fo great a Favourite, who was afterwards affaflinated by
Felton. In fhort, the Nation was, for the fpace of 12
Years, without a Parliament ; and the King ventured, a-
gainft Law, to raife Mony by his own Authority, which.
put the whole Nation into a ferment. The cruel Maffacre
in Ireland of 200000 Englift, which the King was charged
with, by his Enemies, was a great Aggravation. The Scots,
on their fide, entered into a Covenant againft Epifcopacy,
which he forced upon them. This,drew on a Remonfttance
from the Diffenters in Englatid, and the RemonftrancB oc
cafioned the long Parliament convened by the King, for the
Redreffing of Grievances. Which proceeded therein in a
regular and Parliamentary way, till fome ill Men blowing
the Coal, Things grew to that exceflive Heat, which fet
the Nation in a Flame. The King was fain to part with his
two grand Minifters, Archbifhop Laud, and the Earl of
Strafford, Men without Moderation, who loft their Lives
upon the Scaffold. At laft the Sword was drawn; feveral
Battles fought, but the King fell at laft into the Hands of
the worft of Enemies, Who, to take away his Life by Me
thods of pretended Juftice, erefted a Judicial Court, by
which he was fentenced to Death, as the Occafion, Author,
and Contriver of the late intefline War ; and the Sentence was
executed upon him before Wbitehal-Gate, Jan. 36, 1648.
by fevering his Head from his Body. Which was done in
the Name of the whole People of England, when the better
Part lookt upon it with Horrour and Indignation. For4,
fuppofing the King had unhinged the Government, the moft
they could do with fome fhadow of Reafon, was to declare
the Government diffolved, and in a State of Anarchy. In
which State, all are equal, and none can pretend to have
a legal Power over another, therefore they could pretend
none over the King. And, to re-fettle the Government,
the whole People of England fhould have had a Hand in it ;
whereas it was done more like' by a Cabal, and an Army
which awed the Nation. The King was privately buried
at Windfor Chappel, leaving 3 Sons. and 3 Daughters in
great Affliftion. The Sons were Charles his next Succeffor,
James Duke of York'", and Henry Duke of Glocefter The
Daughters, Mary, who married William Pi ince' of Orange,
the late King William's Father; Elizabeth, who died a Pri
foner in the Iile of Wight, foon after her Father's Death ;
and Henrietta, married to the late Duke of Orleans, the
French King's only Brother.
3f«548. III. CHARLES. II. eldeft Son of Charles I, fucceeded to
his Father, - but was kept from the Crown the fpace of iz
Years,

Chap. XXVIII. GREATBRITAIN. 529
Years, before the Reftoratidn. During which Time En
gland was reduced to a Commonwealth, but moulded into va- ,
rious Shapes, till at laft Oliver Cromwel iffumed the Govern
ment, with the Title of Lord Protetlor. W no kept England
in Awe, curbed Scotland, reduced Ireland, beat tue Hollan
ders, got Dunkirk and Jamaica from Spain, and became a
Terrour to Europe in general. King Charles, yielding to
fome Kirk Conditions, was received by the Scots ; and being
crowned at Scoon,. they fent an Army with him into En-
gland^ to poffefs himfelf of it. But this Army being in»
tirely defeated at Worcefter Fight, and the King hardly efca- ,
ping, he was fain to wander about in a Difguife, for the
l'pace of 6 Weeks, till at laft he made his Efcapeinto France.
From whence he was forced to fly into the Spanift Domini
ons, upon a League concluded by Cromwel with France a-
gainft Spain. Several Attempts were made in the mean
while, by the Royal Party, but none that could take Effeft.
Nor was there any hopes of a Reftoration till Cromwel's
Death, which hapned in a Hurricane, Sep*. 3, 1658- His
Death put Life into the loyal Party, tho he left two Sons,
Richard who fucceeded him in the Proteftorfhip, and Henry
in the Government of Ireland. But Richard was foon turn
ed out by the Army, as being lukewarm in the Caufe ; and
the Rump-Parliament reftored, under the Name of Juntlo,
confifting only of fuch Members as were intirely devoted to
the Caufe,, the Reft having been fecluded. Which JunBo
was foon after diffolved, to make way for a new Model of
Government, called the Committee of Safety, and confifting
of 23 Members. During thefe Tranfiftions, general Monk,
who had an Army in Scotland to keep it under, quitted that
Kingdom, and with his Forces came up to London ; where
he was no fooner come, but a new Scene was opened in Fa
vour of the exiled King. He prefently forced open the
Gates of the City, and took Poffeffion of it. This done, he
caufed the Junflo to meet again, and made way for the fe
cluded Members to fit with them. In fhort, they came to
this Refolve, that a free Parliament fhould be called, to fit
the 20th of April, 1660; and having appointed a Council of
State to govern till the Sitting of the Parliament, they
broke up. The Parliament being met at the Day appointed,
voted the Return of King Charles, as lawful Heir to the
Crown. And he was accordingly proclaimed at
London, May 8, where he made a moft magnificent En
trance the 29th, being his Birth-Day ; and on the ' 23d of
April following ( being St. George's. Day ) was Crowned at
"Weftminfter, with greater State and Solemnity, than any
King before or after him. So univerfal was the Joy of his
Subjefts, upon the Reftoration of the Crown to the lawful Heir

I jo The Prefent STAtE of PartlJ
Heir thereof. Thus the Laws of England were revived.
the Church re-eftablifh'd, and all Things reflored to then?
proper Channel. The next Year the King married Cathai
tine, Infanta of Portugal, whofe Barrennefs made England
very uneafy. The Queen Mother came over from FranceM
but returned thither, and died few Years after. Prince Hen-
vy, Duke of Glocefter, ( a hopeful Prince, and the People's
Darling ) died foon after the Reftoration. But the Duke of
York, his Brother, was referv'd, by Providence, for a
Scourge to the Nation ; who had but too great a Share in the
Government during the Reign of King Charles, by his In
fluence upon him. The Handing Army was disbanded, but
General Monk had both Honour and Riches heaped upon
him. He was created Duke of Albemarle, and buried like a
Prince after his Death. Several of the 'late King's Judges
were brought to their Tryal as Traytofs, condemned, and
executed ; who died far from any Senfe of their Crime.
As for the King, he proved a Prince of a moft excellent
Temper, affable, and eafie of Accefs, of acute and excel
lent Parts, of great Inftght into Men and Manners, and
generally beloved of all Parties for his innate Clemency,
The fitteft Prince in the World for the Englilb Government^
had not his Over-indulgence to Eafe and Pleafure, made him"
averfe to Bufinefs. Mars had reigned long enough in the
late Reign, to make way for Venus ; and King Charles, who
had been fo great a Sufferer in his Exile, was willing to
make himfelf amends in his Reign with the Pleafures of
Love. To injoy 'em quietly, he indulged all Parties, and
fecured himfelf at Home, however Things went Abroad,
Henry Vlll. had the Art to keep his Subjefts in Awe, but
Charles II. had that of getting their Hearts. He was, faid
a great Statefman, well qualify' d to Reign, but could not beat
the Fatigue of it ; and bis Brother, the Duke of York, was
indefatigable, but wanted Capacity. Whenever King Charles
persecuted the Diffenters, he did it to be quiet ; for he
could have no Reft from the hot Party of the Church, till
he put the Penal Laws in Execution. And yet he ventured
once to put out a Declaration for Liberty of Confidence,
but it was quafhed by the infuing Parliament. Unhappi
ly his Voluptuoufnefs proved fatal tQ the Nation, for his
Subjefts following his Example, iunk to fuch a Degree of
Softnefs and Effeminacy, as if the Bufinefs of this Reign
had been only to breed Hero's for Ladies, and to melt Mens
Courage into Voluptuoufnefs. Another mifchievous Thing,
for which all Europe has fmarted fufficiently, was his
linking too far into the French Intereft, and laying the Foun
dation of the F>r 7ic 7; Greatnefs ; when he had the greateft Op
portunity upon his Reftoration, of making England formi dable

iChap. XXVIII. GfHE^T BRITAIN. w
fdable to France, and indeed to all Europe ; this Nation
fwarming with old Souldiers, flufhed by the Civil Wars,
and fuch as had improved their natural Courage to a Con
tempt almoft of all Dangers. But France prevailed with
her Gold and Promifes, offering her Affiftance againft all .
- fuch as fhould malign his Happinefs, or difturb his Tran
quillity. Amongft other memorable Things of this Reign,
we may reckon his Parting with Dunkirk to France, for a
Sum much fhort of the Worth of it, and his blowing up
Rangier in the Str eight s+ after /vaft Sums had been expended
for the Improvement and Keeping of fo important a Place.
The vaft Subfidies he received from his long Parliament,
which were ftrangely mifapply'd. His Shutting up the Ex
chequer, after it was filled with Loans, to the Ruin of feve
ral Families. Our two Dutch Wars, which ended with no
great Advantage on either fide ; but ferved fo far the French
Intereft, as to teach 'em the Way of our Sea-fights, and
|jgave 'em the Satisfaftion to fee us weaken one another.
¦The dreadful Plague this Nation was vifited with j Years
after the Reftoration, when we were ingag'd in the firft
| War with the Dutch; and the difmal Burning of London,
which hapned Sept. z, 1666. The Popift Plot, that ftartled
the Nation, and for which many fuffered Death. Where
upon the Duke of York, then ftrongly ( and not without
ground ) fufpefted of Popery, was forced by the King's
Commandto withdraw firft into Flanders, and next into
Scotland. Till this Plot growing out of date, another broke
out, called the Presbyterian Plot ; which fmother'd the for
mer, and revived the Popifh Faction. Then the Duke of
York, whom the Houfe of Commons had voted incapable of
the Crown, became more powerful than ever ; and fo dif-
pofed Things for his Succeflion to the Crown, that when
his Brother died, he fhould have nothing to do but afcend
the Throne, with all . the Benediftions and Huzzas Rome
could afford. And no fooner were all Things ready for this
fatal Change, but the King was feized with an odd kind of
Fit, which in few Days put a Period to his Life and Reign.
He died Feb. 6. 1684. in the tftb Year of his Age, and 8
; Days after was privately buried at Weftminfter. I leave the '
World to think, how great was the Grief of all true Pro
teftants, to fee a Prince take up the Crown of England,
who was known to be a fworn Enemy to their Religion,
and the Liberty of the People ; and how exceffive was the
Joy of all Papifts, to fee that Revolution come to pafs,
¦which they had waited for fo long. For, though King
Charles- was a Prince of loofe Principles, and who did not
trouble much his Head with Religion ; yet his meek Tem
per to all Men took fo much with his Proteflant Subjefts, that

J J2 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
that he died univerfally lamented ; and only thofe whofe In
tereft and Hearts were wrapt up in the Duke of York, rejoyced
at it. He had no lawful Iffue, but he left a great many Sons',
whom he owned. The firft were the Duke of Monmouth
his Favourite, who was beheaded in the next Reign ; and
Don Carlos, Earl of Plymouth, who died at Tangier. Thofe
two were the firft Fruits of his Amours, before his Reflet
ration. After which he had 3 Sons by the Countefs of Ca-
ftlemane, afterwards made Dutchefs of Cleveland, viz. the
Duke of Southampton? the Duke of Grafton, Father of the
prefent Duke, and the Duke of Northumberland. By Ma
dam Gwyn, two Sons, of which one died young, and the
other bears to this day the Title of Duke of St. Albans.
And by the Dutchefs of Portfmouth, he had the Duke%>f
Richmond. A fufficient Stock for one Reign.
*<584. IV. JAMES II. fucceeded to his Biother Charles, and
proved an unfortunate Prince. Affoon as he came to the
Crown, he fatisfy'd the World, that he was really a Roman
Catbolick, and made no longer a Myflery of it. However,
by his firft Declaration, he promifed great Matters to his
Subjefts, and his Royal Proteftion, particularly to the Church
of England, which had ftruggled fo hard in the late Reign
( efpecially in the Houfe of Peers ) to fecure his Succeffion.
But when he found the Clmrch inflexible to his Intereft, and
bent againft Popery and Slavery, then he withdrew his Fa
vour from her, and courted the Dijfentivg Patty, by gran
ting them a Liberty of Confcience, contrary to Law. 'Tis
true, the Diffenters, fearing, a Snake in the Grafs, did not
much depend upon it ; and what Addreffes were prefented
to the King, were figned but by few of 'em. Mean while
the Difputes grew hot between the Church and the Romanifts
in Matters of Religion, and the firft proved fo hard for the
laft, as to drive 'em to a Non-plus. In the Conference
held at Whitehall in the King's Prefence, the Roman fide was
fo hard put to it, that the King going off, was heard to fay,
that A good Caufe might be baffled. Who perceiving no Good
could be done that way, made ufe of Force, after he had
the Fortune to fupprefs the Infurreftion of Argile in Scot
land, and that of Monmouth in England, who were both be
headed. Incourag'd with fo great a Succefs, and having
now a brave Army on Foot, he pfefently broke loofe upon
the Laws, and made his Will the Meafure of his Govern
ment. To do it with the better Glofs, he pretended to a
Difpenfing Power, by Virtue whereof he might fuperfede any
Law, and Roman Catholhkswere admitted into publick Offices,
without taking the Oaths required by Law. The -Rights of
the Univerfities he invaded, and made St. Magdalen-College,
at Oxford, a Prey to his Violence. No lefs than 7 Bifhops were

Chap. XXVIII. GREATBRITAIN. 3^5
were fent together as Criminals to the Tower, and brought
to their Trial, for refufing to do what the Laws could not
juftify. But tney were, acquitted by Law. The Kingdom
fwarmed with Papifts from all Parts, and the Streets of Lon
don with Priefts and Jefuits. Popifh Schools, Chappels,
and Monafteries were fet up againft Law. Father Petre, a
jefuit, befides feveral Popifh Lords, fat in the Privy Coun
cil, and fome Popifh Judges on the Bench. A folemn Em-
baffywas fent to the Court of Rpme, and,a Nuncio fent
from Rome hither, who made a folemn Entrance, in De
fiance of our Lawsv In fhort, to leave tis without Hopes, a
Prince of Wales was juggled into the World, which filled
up the Meafure of Iniquity. Then 'twas high time for the
Proteflant Party to check this growing Power of the Roman
Catholhks, and to requeft the Prince of Orange to vindicate
' his Cortfort the Princefs's Right, and that of thefe 3 Nati
ons. Who being come over with a Land-Army, revived
the Hopes of all good Proteftants, and funk thofe of the Pa
pifts. King James had a gallant Army, of about 30000
Men, which marched by his Orders to Salisbury Plain,
affoon as he heard of the Prince's Landing at Torbay. But
• finding the Nation in general declared for the Prince, and
that Part of his Forces went over to HisHighnefs,he did not
think it convenient to ftand the Brunt of a Battel. Mean
while the Prince marched -up to him, and the King, upon his
. Approach, returned to London. This made his Army break
up, and march off in great Confufion, fome one Way, fome
another. Decemb. 10th, 1688, he fent away his Queen into
France, with the pretended Prince of Wales ; and on the!
nth, late at Night, he withdrew himfelf from Whitehall,
fleering his Courfe the fame Way. At Feverfltam, in Kent,
be hapned to be ftopt by fome fturdy Fellows, : then Jefuit-
hunting. But being known by fome Gentlemen, who got
him out of their Hands, he was prevailed upon to return to
Whitehall, which he did on the 16th. The next Day he
went off again, and few Days after got over into France,
where his Queen was already landed. Mean while the
Prince came up to St. James's Palace, where he kept his
Court. And, fome- time after, he had both the Civil and
Military Power lodged in him by the Convention of the
States, which being met Jan. 22d, at Weftminfter, voted
the Abdication of King James, and the Throne to be Vacant.
The King in the mean time took Sanftuary in the French)
Court, with his Queen, and the pretended Prince of Wales.
He lived there above 12 Years, a long Time to chew upon
his Misfortunes, the Refult of Popifh Counfels, and died
at St. Germain en Laye, his ufual Place of Refidence, Sept.
|, 1701. Thus ended the Life of King Jam?; in. Obfcurity, under

??4 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
under the unhappy Lofs of 3 Crowns at once ; who by fol
lowing his true Intereft, might have lived and died a great
Monarch. But, for want of Moderation, he loft himfelf,
*- and funk the Intereft of the Popifh Faftion in thefe King-
dorris, which by a wife Government might have grown up
on us. Hi's firft Wife; when Duke of York, was Anne, eldeft
Daughter to Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, and Lord
High ChanceUour of England, upon the Reftoration of the
Royal Family. By whom he had Iffue our late Queen Mary, -
and Princefs Anne now our Gracious Queen. By his fecond .
Wife» Mary, an Italian Princefs, he had feveral, butThort-
lived Children. As to the pretended Prince and Princefs
at St. Germain, they are nothing to us 5 and the firft is dead
in Law, by a late Aft of Parliament.
1688. V. WILLIAM III. and MARYll, Prince and Princefs of
Orange, fucceeded joyntly to King James her Father, upon
the Vote of the Convention, That King James had abdicated
the Government, and that the Throne was Vacant. After
which the Convention voted an Offer of the Crown to
the Prince of Orange ; and to demonftiate further their Gra
titude and Generofity, together with the great Value they
had for the Princefs of Orange, notwithftanding the Mai-
Adminiftration of her unhappy Father, they raifed Her
joyntly with the Prince to the Degree of a Sovereign ; the
publick Afts to run ir^the Name of both, but the execu
tive Power to be folely in the King. So that the Prince and
Princefs were equal in Dignity, but not in Authority. The
Princefs, upon this, fet out from Holland, and arrived at
Whitehall, Feb. nth. The next Day, being the r3th, the
Crown, with the Settlement thereof, was offered to their
Highneffes, in the Namcof both Houfes. Which being ac- n
cepted, They were both folemnly Proclaimed on that Day,
and upon the nth of April following Crowned with great
Pomp and Magnificence. The Settlement of the Crown
was thus, To be injoy'd by Them during their Lives, and the
Life of the Survivor of them, and after their Deceafes, to be
to the Heirs of the Princefs j, and for Default of fuch Iffue,
to the Princefs Anne of Denmark, and. the Heirs ofJ)er Body 5
and for Default of fuch Iffue, to the Heirs of the Body of the
faid Prince of Orange. . In Scotland the fame Courfe was
taken, for lettling the Government there. And, to pre
vent all Divifions from any pretended Title to the Crown,
and to preferve a Certainty in the Succeffion thereof, this
Settlement was confirmed by an Aft of Parliament, which
paffed Dec. 16th, 1689, with this excellent Provifo, That
all and every Perfon reconciled to, or holding Communion with'
the Clmrch of Rome,' or prof effing the Popifh Religion, or that
fhall marry a Papift, ft/all be excluded, and be for ever uncapa- ' fflt

Chap.XXVIII. GREAT BRITAIN jjj
lie to injoy the Crown of England and Ireland, or any part of
the fdme ; That in fuch a Cafe, the People ftall be abfolved of
their Allegiance ; and the Crown ftall depend to the next Per
fon being Proteflant, that ftould have inherited the fame, in
Cafe the faid Perfon or Perfons fo reconciled, &c. as aforefaid,
were naturally dead. By which A3, further confirmed and
afferted by the Alt of Recognition, paffed in the next Sef-
JTion of Parliament, the Crown is by Law for ever infured
into Proteftants Hands, and all Pretence of Popifh Succeffion
iiulled and invalidated. Mean while the Parliament voted -
a War againft France, which was carried on with various
Succefs on both Sides, the French King being at that Time
in his flourifhing Condition. Ireland was then up in Arms
for King James, powerfully affined by France, both with
Men and Money, to fecure that Kingdom for him, and
make Way by it for his Reftoration here, but all to little
purpofe. Two Campagnes made an intire Conqueft of that
Kingdom, the firft famous for King William's Signal Viftory
at the Boyne, in which fell that great General, the Duke of
Schomberg, Father to the prefent Duke. The other, for the
Englift Viftory at Aghrim, under the principal Conduft of
Lieutenant General Ginckle ; the Confequence of which
was the Taking of Limerick, and the total Reduction of
Ireland. Immediately after the Battle at the Boyne, King
James ( who faw it only at a Diftance ) not thinking him
felf fafe in Ireland, went back again into France. The
Taking of Cork and Kinfale, by the Earl of Marlborough ;
the wonderful Refinance of London-Deny, and the great
Vigour and Courage of the Inijkilling Men in the North
oi Ireland, are Things alfo that deferve to be recorded here.
Scotland- had; .alfo a Party for King James, which appealed
in open' Arms, ^under the Command of Vifcount Dundee;
while the Caftle of Edinburg-held out for the faid King,
under the Duke of Gordon. But Dundee being flain in
Fight Auguft, 1689, and his Forces routed, the Duke of
Gordon foon after furrendred the Caftle to the Govern
ment. In England King William had the moft malignant
Party to keep under ; fome plotting agalnlt his Life, others
betraying his Counfels, all of 'em indeavouring to work
the Nation 11110 a general Difguft. In fhort, he flruggled
with fuch Difficulties, that he 'fcarce knew whom to
truft ; betray'd by his Friends, undermined by his Enemies,
infomuch that his Crown proved but a Crown of Thorns.
< Whilft fome that were in Places of Truft heaped up Riches,
and made a Prey of England, the People groaned under the
Burden of Taxes, want of Trade, great Loffes at Sea, and
dearnefs of Provifions. But nothing was more like to di-
ftraft us at once, under thofe Calamities, than the Abufe of
" out

J*6 the Prefent STATE of Parti,
our hammered Coin ( the great Cafn of the Nation ) moft
part of which was dipt to half the Value ; and the Mis
management of the publick Monies, a good part whereof
went into private Purfes. All Engines were at work to caufe
a civil War at home, while we could hardly ftruggle with
our War againft France. For the profecuting whereof, King
William croffedthe Sea twice a Year, backward and forward,
going early in the Spring to the Low-Countries, and com
ing home when the Campagne Was ended. In whofe
Abfence the Regency was left to the Queen. During
this Bloody War, of 9 Years Continuance, feveral great'
Battles were fought, particularly at Fleury, Steenkirk, and
Landen, in which the French got the Advantage by their
Super iqtity, but their Victories proved exceflive dear.
The two Sieges of Namur are alfo very remarkable, the firft
fuccefsful to the French, the laft to the; Allies ; who carried
it with the utmoft Bravery, from an Army withinj com
manded by Marefchal Bouffiers, and in the Sight of a French
Army without, confifting of rooobo Men at leaft, under
the Command of Marefchal Villeroy. At Sea we had two
general Fights, and both in the Channel. In the firft the
French came off Viftorious by a Myftery, and kept the Sea,
but made no Advantage of it. In the laft, fought at the
H.igue, we got an intire Viftory, deftroy'd about one third
part of their Fleet, and the beft of their Ships, while the
reft made their Efcape. From which Time the French Roy
al Fleet never durft appear before the Englift in this Reign-,
fo that King WiOiam'i, Fleet failed Triumphantly ever fince,
both over the Ocean, and the Mediterranean. But I can
not, without a grieved Heart, call to mind our Attempt,!
upon Breft ; to baffle which, France had a timely Warning.
from her Friends in England. Queen Mary's Death, which!
hapned Dec. 28, 1694, was no fmall Addition to the Grief
both of King and People. A Princefs admired all ovet
Europe, for her Perfections both of Body and Mind. When
railed to the Dignity of a Sovereign Queen, fhe knew bell
of any Princefs howj^o match Virtue with Greatnefs, and
Majefty with a fweet Temper ; which made the Lofs of
Her inexpieffibly fenfible to the King and Nation. Her Fu
neral wis j-eiformt d with great Pomp and Solemnity, a
ihtely Maufoleum being erefted and kept up a longtime hi
Weftminfter Abbey ( t.ie Place of her Sepulture ) as a Mo-
num>:nt of the greet Love and Refpeft His Majefty had for a
Princefs who was the Glory of her Sex, and whofe Virtues
will thine in After-age--. The War with France went oa
ltill, tin at lait all Parties grew weary of it, and France het
felf fought for P<,ace ; not ( I confefs) in a precarious man
ner, but under the lofty Nation of giving Peace to Europe.
Refwick,

Chap.

>. XXVIII. GREATB RITA IN j37
Refwick, near the Hague, was the Place appointed for the
Treaty in r697, and the Peace was concluded in September,
that Year, by which France gave up moft part of her Con-
queits. To fecure- this Peace, and prevent a new Breach
upon Account of the Succeflion to the Crown of Spain,
whofe King was in a dying Condition, and without Iffue,
King William made a Partition Treaty with the French King,
Who being tied by this Treaty, to be contented with fome
Limbs of that Monarchy, and to leave the Main to the
Houfe of Auftria, broke all thofe Ties upon the Death of
the King of Spain. The Pretence was a Will made by that
King in behalf of the Duke of Anjou, one of the Frend)
King's Grandfons. To make which good, he fent his
Grandfon into Spain, with an Army ready in the Borders to
awe the Spaniards, if they offered to decline this, new-
King put upon them. Prefently after, with the Concur
rence of the then Elector of Bavaria,?. Governour of the
Spanift) Netherlands, he feiz'd upon 'em, and by this means
awed the Hollanders- into a Recognition of the new King.
He alfo took upon him to direft the Council of Spain, and
nothing muft he done there contrary to his Advice. July
29, 1 700. William Duke of Glocefter, the only furviving.
Iffue of Princefs Anne of Denmark, departed this Life at
Windfor, while the King was in the Netherlands, the Duke
being then but 11 Years of Age. His Majefty upon his Re
turn, thought It very proper to put his Parliament upon con-
fidering what further effeftual Means might be ufed for fe-
curing the Succeflion in the Proteflant Line, and extinguifh-'
ing the Hopes of all Pretenders, and their open and fecret
•Abettors. Accordingly the Parliament paffed a Bill for the
further Limitation of the Crown, &c. and with the Royal
Affent it was enacted, That After King William and the
Princefs Anne of Denmark, both dying without Iffue, the Crown
fhould fall next inSucceffion in the Proteflant Line to the Princefs
Sophia, EleSorefs and Dutchefs Dowager of Hanover, Daugh
ter of the Princefs Elizabeth, late Hpueen of Bohemia, Daugh-
ier of King James I ; and after her Deceafe, to the Heirs of
her Body, being Proteftants. Thus King William,, like a true
Hero, not only refcued thefe Kingdoms from Popifh Slave
ry, but provided as much as poffible for their future Securi
ty. Sept. 5, 1 701. King James died at St. Germain. Up
on whofe Deceafe the French King provoked thefe Kingdoms
in the higheft Manner, and drew upon him an univerfal
Refentment and Indignation, by prefuming to Proclaim the
pretended Prince of Wales, King of England, Scotland, and
^Ireland, after he had owned King William, by the Treaty of
Refwick^ as King or" Great Britain and Ireland. This falfe
Step provoked Kins William ia the higheft degree, and in-
Z deed

338 The Prefent STATE '<f Partl,
deed the whole Ifland, it being the higheft Indignity he
could offer to him, and his good Subjefts. In fhort, all
Things concurred for a new Breach with France, towards
which the Parliament voted'great Subfidies, and the King,
in the mean while, made great Alliances againft France*
'.But when the Time for Aftion drew near, it pleafed God
tp'take this Royal Hero to himfelf, March 8, 1704,. after a
Reign of 13 Years, and fome Weeks. He died at Kenfing
ton Palace, who never lived for himfelf, but for the Good of
Mankind, and his Body was buried at Weftminfter. He was
the only Iffue of William of Naffau, Prince of Orange, and the
Lady Mary, eldeft Daughter of King Charles I. The Hague]
in Holland, give him his firft Breath, m%. 4, 1650. ten Days
after his Father's Death, and two Months before his Time,
which made him weak and infirm.. The Queen was his Cou-
fin German, whom he married, Nov. 4, 1677, but had no
( Iffue by her. Thus died a Prince, who, like a true Naffau,
made it his Bufinefs to fecure Liberty and Property, and
refcue Europe from the incroaching Power of France. To
fave Holland, his native Country, he went through Fire and
Sword, and recovered at laft her Liberty. To fave us here,
he.expofed his i^fe by Sea and Land. By Sea, in the worft
Seafon of the Year, when that angry Element fcattered his
whole Fleet, by a violent Storm, at his very fetting out.
By Land, having a great Army ro oppofe, many Hardfhips
to undergo, Uncertainties to ftruggle with, the Romift con
fecrated Daggers and Poifon to prevent. Undaunted he
went through all, and without Eftufion of Blood imme.
diately reftored Great Britain. France, that laughed at the At
tempt, was amazed at the Succefs, and her great Politicians,
blufhed at the fight of it. By his Means England and HoV
land 'became United into one Intereft, which France always
indeavoured to divide, and this Union may be lookt upon
as a fufficient Barrier againft all Pretenders to Univerfal
Monarchy. He revived the martial Spirit of the Britift Na
tion, fhook the Foundation of the French King's Greatnefs,
and left it to Queen Anne to pull it down. He was our
Mofes, who brought us out of Popift Bondage, and the
Queen is our Joftma, who having pulled down the Pride of
our Enemies, willm3ke.Britain happy beyond all former Ages.
170-1. VI. ANNE, the late Queen Mary's only Sifter, and
3 fecond Daughter to the late King James, fucceeded to King
William ; whofe Death was a great Joy to France, and as great
a Trouble to England, and her Allies. But the Queen check'd
the firft immediately, and banifhed the/Fears of the laft. The
very Day of Her Acceffion to the Crown, She made a Gracious
Declaration to Her Privy Council ; in which Her Majefty
expreffed Her deep Se^fe of the unfpeakable Lofs of the
King,

Chap.XXVIII. GREATBRITAIN. 339
King, and of the great Weight and Burden it brought upon
Her felf, and declared Her own Opinion of carrying on all
the Preparations to oppofe the great Power of France, and
lofing no Time in alluring Her Allies, that nothing fhould
be wanting oil Her Part for the Support of the Common
Caufe- Her Speech to both Houfes of Parliament, which
Her -Majefty made 3 Days after, was to the fame Purpofe.
April 23d, She was crowned with the ufual Solemnity, and
the 4th of May next, the War was proclaimed at London,
Vienna, and the Hague, againft France and Spain. Some
Time after the fame was done by the Empire, the Duke of
Savoy, and the King of Portugal, who came into the Grand
Alliance. From the Empire, I except the Eleftor of Ba
varia, and the Eleftor of Cologne his Brother5 both Uncles
to the Duke of Anjou, the Ulurper of Spain ; who declared
themfelves for France and Spain, and loft themfelves by it.
What has paffed fince, is Worthy our Admiration, and al
moft incredible. The rapid Conqueft of the Spanift Guelder-
land, the Eleftorate of Cologne, and Bifhoprick of Liege.
The prodigious Viftory over the French and Bavarians, to
tally routed at Bleinbeim on the Danube, after their Lines
were forced at Schuylemburg, by the great Qpduft and Bra
very of the Duke of Marlborough. The Re-taking upon it
the ftrong Fortrefs of Landau from the French, and con
quering, from the Duke of Bavaria ( an unfortunate Friend
to Fiance ) all his Eflates in Germany. Ti».forcing the
French and Bavarians out of their Lines in Bmbant, which
was thought impracticable. And, to ctown all, the Battle
of Ramillies, fo fatal to France, and glorious to England ;
followed by an extraordinary Defertion of the French and
Spanift Troops, and the Surrender of Brabant, and moft part
of Flanders, to their lawful Sovereign. If we turn our Eyes
on the Side of Spain, how bold and i'uccefsful was our At
tempt at Vigo, where we took and deftroy'd the whole Plate-
Fleet, Men of War and others, in all 38 Sail, and not one
of 'em efcaped ? What can be greater than our Taking Gi
braltar in a trice, by a Handful of Men ; and keeping the
fame afterwards againft a whole Army of French and Spa-,
niards, who attempting to recover it, were at laft forced to
quit their Enterprife ? The fame Fate the French had be
fore Barcelona, which being taken by the Englift and Dutch'
( in which the Earl of Peterborough gave Signal Proofs of
his great Courage and Conduft ) was foon-afterbefieged by
the Duke of Anjou, at the Head of a great Army, and after
a fharp Siege, he and his Troops forced to a fhameful Re
treat into France. Upon which all Catalonia, Arragon, Va-
lentia, and|bther Parts of Spait&ihook off the French Yoak.
Andjvere the Spaniards as Zealous eyery where to'recover
Z. 2 their

3 40 The Prefent S T A T E of * Parr t
their Liberty, as the Queen has been to afllft them in it,
that Monarchy had been long before now rid of French Sla
very. In- Italy, who could have expected fuch a difmal
Turn in the Affairs of France, as hapned the laft Year, by
the powerful Influence of England? A numerous Army of
French and Spaniards dafhed in pieces againft the Walls
of Turin, by thofe two great Heroes, the Duke of Savoy
and Prince Eugene his Coufin. The Duke of Savoy, then
ftript of all his Dominion, by the Power of France, forced
to quit his Capital City, hunted from Place to Place by his
Enemies ; now beating the French much fuperiour in Num
ber, forcing them out of ftrong Intrenchments, and driving
them before him from the very Gates of Turin into Dauphini,
leaving behind them all their Artillery, Ammunition, Cafn,
Baggage, gfc. with the Lofs of 20000 Men at leaft, from
the beginning of the Siege of Turin. The French, who
but t'other Day triumphed in the Milanefe, and all over
Lombardy, glad to quit it, and fave the fad Remainder of
their Forces in that noble Country. Thus Piemont was a-
bandoned, the Milanefe, Mantuan, Modenefe, Parmefan,
and Montferrat yielded up. Sic tranfit Gloria Galli. A
happy Turn fox His Royal Highnefs, a Prince who facri-
ficed his All to^he Common Caufe, and who deferves a
Golden Statue for his unfhaken Fidelity to his Allies, and
Firmnefs againft France. At Home, by the prudent Choice
Her Majefty Jib made of the prefent Miniftry, fhe has de
feated the pejpcious Defigns of a Faftiori, that went about
to imbroil us all, and by their Tacking to untack all Europe.
To make this I/land happy beyond all former Reigns,, and'
fecure the Succeffion in a Proteftant Line, Her Majefty has
made it Her Bufinefs toUnite England and Scotland into orie
Kingdom, notwithstanding fuch Difficulties as were thought
infuperable, the fruitlefs Attempts of this kind, for above
a Century paft, and the ftrong Oppofition She expefted both
from Her Enemies, and another fort of Men that muft be
courted into their own Intereft. Under thofe great Dif-
couragements Her Majefty proceeded in the Attempt, and
God has bleffed Her with Succefs. One Year has comple.at-
ed what a wlrole Age could not bring to pafs. While Het
victorious Arms triumph abroad, Her Love to Her Sub
jects triumphs at home by a compleat Union. She has uni
ted the Rofe with the Tbifile, the Fragrancy of the firft with
the Sharpnefs of the laft ; Armat Spina Rofas. Nothing
is too great for Q^U E E N A N N F,_ and all Things
combine as it were to raife Her above the moft trium
phant Monarchs of former Ages. By this Union Her Ma
jefty has made us all but ape People, knit us 3^1 into the
fame Intereft, and has fecured the Proteftant Succeflion iu
/ this

Chap.XXIX. GREAT BRITAIN. 54i
this Ifland. An Union that has already extinguifhed, in
a great meafure, thofe unhappy Feuds which made, fooften^
both Kingdoms fwhn in Blood, and will, in all probability,
make Great Britain, by a joynt Cornmerce, roll in Wealth.
If England alone has made fo great a Figure in the World,
what may we not expeftfrom Great Britain United ? How
formidable this Ifland muft be to Foreiners, and how fafe
in it felf, with fuch an Addition of Strength, I leave
the World to judge. An Ifland, which being feparate from
the Reft of the Univerfe, feems therefore to have been' de
figned by Nature for a moft intimate Union within it felf.
Which being now brought to pafs, is like to make Great
Britain a mighty Leviathan, and fuch as may admit of this
Motto, Nemo me Impuni Iftceffet. For Two being United
into One, that One muft be ftronger than either ; nay, than
Both were before. Long therefore may live that G RE A T
QTJ E E N, who has procured fo great a Bleffing to this
Iftand. Her Majefty was born at her Royal Palace of St,
James's, Feb. 6, 1664, and having had a Princely and Pi
ous Education, She was, by the provident Care of Her
Uncle King Charles II. for the Security of the Proteftant
Religion in Great Britain, difpofed in Marriage, Anno
1683. to H. R. H. Prince George of Denmark, Uncle to
the prefent King of Denmark. He was born at Copenhagen,
in April, 1653, and Her Majefty had by Him feveral Sons
and Daughters, of which the longeft Liver was his late
Highnefs, William Duke of Glocefter. Hampton-Court gave
this young Prince his firft Breath, July 24th, 1689, and
Windfor his laft, July 29th, t7oo.

CHAP. XXIX.
Of the prefent Princes and Princefles of the Blood Roy-
alo/^ENGLANDi And the Settlement of the
Succeflion to the Crown, in the Proteftant Line.
TH O' the late King William died' without Iffue, and
the prefent Queen has none to fucceed Her, fince
the Deceafe of the hopeful young Prince, William Duke of
Glocefter ; yet there are a great many Princes and Princeffes
of the Blood Royal, but moft of 'em of the Roman Com
munion, and confequently excluded from the Crown by the
Aft of Settlement.
I fhall divide them into two feveral Branches, one of
Savoy, the neareft in Blood ; and the ether, the Palatine
Branch. 'The firft altogether of the Roman Religion, and
the laft for the moft part. Z 3 - The

342 \ . The Prefent STATEo/ Part I.
The Branch of Savoy begins with Anna Maria, Dutchefs
of Savoy, and Daughter of Henrietta Maria, Sifter to Charles
and James II. Which Princefs Henrietta was married to
Philip, late Duke of Orleans, and only Brother of the French
King. She left two Daughters, Maria, and Anna Maria.
The firft was married in Decemb. 1670. to the late Ring of
Spain, and died without Iffue. And the younger Sifter, to
Vi&or Aiwleus^ "the prefent Duke of Savoy.
Whole Iffue, by her, are two Sons, and two Daughters.
The Sons, ViSor Amadeus, Prince of Piemont, born in 1698 ;
indChar.les Emanuel Vi&or, Duke of Aoft, born in, 1701.
The Daughters, Maria Adelbeida, born in 1685 ; and 4fc-
ria Lbuifa, born in 1688. The firft married the Duke of
Burgundy 1698, and the laft to his Brother the Duke of An
jou, both Sons to the Dauphin of France, and Grandfonsto
Lewis XIV.
The Palatine Branch, if we go to the Root of it, contains .
a numerous Iffue. The Root is in the Lady Elizabeth,
Daughter of King James I, who married Frederick V.
Eleftor and Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1619. he was
crowned King of Bohemia, but loft his Crown and Palati7
nate upon the Defeat of his Forces near Prague, by Ferdi
nand the Emperour, and died it Mentz .in 1632, leaving 3
Sons and one Daughter living, viz.' Charles Lpdovick, Ru
pert, and Edward, and the Lady Sophia, the prefent Eleftc-'
refs and Dutchefs Dowager of Hanover.
Charles Lodoviek fucceeded his Father- in the Palatinate, by
the Treaty of Munfter, and left one Son and a Daughter by
Charlotte his Wife, Daughter to the Landgrave of He/Je
Caffel. Rupert fettled in England, where he died a Eatche-
lour. And Edward lived in France, where he turned Ro
man Catholick, and married Anne de Gonzague, from which
came a numerous Off-fpring, as we fhall fee prefently.
The Son of Charles Lodoviek aforefaid, fucceeded alfo by.
that Name in the Palatinate ; but dying without Iffue, the'
Palatinate fell to the Popifh Family of Newburg, now pof-
feffed of it. The Daughter, Charlotte Elizabeth by Name,
was the fecond Wife of the late Duke of Orleans ; who
had Iffue by her, the Duke of Cbartres, now Duke of Or
leans, and Mademoifelle de Cbartres. The firft married to
Mademoifelle de Blois, by whom he has got four Daughters ;
and the laft to Leopold, the prefent Duke of Lerrain, by
whom he has one Daughter living, and a Son but lately born,
I come now to Edward, the youngeft Son of the unfor
tunate Frederick, Count Palatine of the Rhine ; who mar-
lied, as I laid before, Anne de Gonzague in France'. By
whom he got 3 Daughters, Anna, Benedilla Henrietta Phi-
Uppina,' and Louifa Maria, which laft never married,
< Anna,

Chap. XXIX. GREAT BR IT A IN 345
Anna, the eldeft Daughter, married in 1663, to the now
Prince of Conde, of the Houfe of Bourbon, and confequent-
ly of the Royal BJood of France. Which Prince got Iffue
by her, one Son called Lewis de Bourbon, and four Daugh
ters, viz. 1. Maria There ft, Mademoifelle de' Bourbon;
2. Anna Louifa de Bourdon, Mademoijelle d' Enguien ;
3. Louifa BenediBa de Bourbon, Mademoifelle de Conde ;
4. Maria Anna de Bourbon, Mademoifelle de Montmox
rency. Lewis , de Bourbon, the Prince of Conde's Son, married
' Mademoifelle de Nantes, a natural Daughter of the French
King, in 1685. Who got Iffue by her, one Son and four
Daughters, viz. Lewis Henry Duke of Enguien, born in
1692. Mademoifelle de Bourbon, Mademoifelle de Cbarolois,
Mademoifelle de Sens, and Mademoifelle de Clermont.
Amongft the Prince of Conde's Daughters, the eldeft,
Maria Therefa, married to Francis Lewis, the prefent Prince
of Conti. Who, got Iffue by her 2 Sons, one called Prince
de la Rg.che fur Yon, and the otler Comte de la Marche.
Befides 2 Daughters, Mademoifelle de Conti, and Mademoi
felle d'Alais.
Louifa BenediBa de Bourbon, third Daughter of the Prince
of Conde, married to the Duke of Maine, in 1692, who got
Iffue by. her the Prince of Dombes, and Mademoifelle
d'Aumale. Edward's fecond Daughter, viz. BenediBa Henrietta Phi-
lippina, married to John Frederick, the Popifh Duke of Ha
nover, Uncle to the prefent Eleftor of that Name. By
whom he got 3 Daughters, viz. Charlotta Felicita, Anna, '
and Willielmina Amelia.
The firft married to Charles Ferdinand, the prefent Duke
of Mantua, who had no Iffue by her. The fecond married
to the prefent Duke of Modena, who have a Son and a
Daughter. And the Third to the prefentEmperour of Ger-
niany; to whom fhe has born 3 Children, of which none
furvives but Maria Amelia, born in 1701.
I conclude now with the Proteftant Branch of the RoyaJ
Family, in the Houfe of Hanover, which begins with tho
Moft Illuftrious Princefs Sophia, the youngeft Daughter of
the Lady Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia, and Sifter to Charles
Lodoviek, Rupert, and Edwaid aforefaid, whofe Off-fpiing
we have feen.
This Princefs was Grand- Daughter to King James I, Niece'
to Charles I, Coufin German to King Charles and James II.
with their Sifters, Mary Princefs of Orange, and Henrietta
Maria Dutchefs of Orleans, and is the neareft Relation now
living of the Proteftant Religion to Her prefent Majefty..
Z 4 ' ' She

344 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
She was born at the Hague, October 13 th, 1630. and in
16J8. wedded to Erneft Auguftus, Bifhop of Ofnabrug, and
Duke of Hanover, who iri 1692. was created an Eleftor of
the Empire, and died about 6 Years after. He was the-
youngeft Brother of George William, late Duke of Zefl, and
pf John Frederick aforefaid, Duke of Hanover, who turned
Roman Catholick.
Erneft had Iffue 'by this Princefs fix Sons, and one Daugh
ter, Viz.'
George Lewis, Charles Philip,
Frederick Auguftus, Chriftian,
Maximilian William, Erneft Auguftus,
And Sophia Charlotte.
The eldeft Son, George Lewis, the prefent Eleftor and
Duke of Hanover, was born May 28, 1668. and married
November 1, 1682. to his Coufin-german, Sophia Dorothea,
the only Daughter of the late Duke of Zell his Uncle. By
whom he has a Son, Gewge Auguftus, .born OBober 30,
1683 ; and a Daughter, Sophia Charlotte, born in 1685, and
lately married to her Coufin-german, the Royal Prince of
Vruffia. Of the other five Sons of Erneft, by the Princefs Sophia,
the fecond and fourth were honourably flain, one in Tran-
fylvania, the other in Hungary. The fifth was few Years
fince unfortunately drowned in the Danube. So tliat the
firft, third, and fixth, are only furviving ; Maximilian being
now in the Emperour's Service, who formerly ferved the
Venetians inthe Morea, and the French in Italy.
Their Sifter, the Princefs Sophia Charlotte, was born
OBober 20, 1668. married in 1684. to Frederick, now King
of PmJJia, and died lately, to the unfpeakable Grief of that'
Court. She left one Son living, the Prince Royal, Frede
rick William, born Aug. 4, 1688. a remarkable Year for the
Revolution, iri. Great Britain.
The Incontinence of a Popifh Head over a Proteftant
Kingdom, with the Peace and Welfare of the Nation,
which is the End of Government, has plainly appeared in
the fhort Reign of the late King James ,; when the Popifh
Party turned eyery Stone to overthrow our Conftitution, to
fet afide the Proteftant Line, and intail upon us Popery and
Slavery. The Prince of Orange being come over from Hol
land to reftoTe Things to their proper Channel, and to fee
Juftice doije both to Himfelf, and ;he People of Great Bri
tain,

Chap. XXXI. GREAT BRITAIN. 54$
tain, King James chofe rather to Abdicate the Government;
The Throrie being thus vacant, the Rights of the Ciown re
turned to the People of England ; who, being met in a
Convention by their Reprefentatives? fettled the Crown,
as is before faid, on William and , Mary, Prince and
Princefs of Orange. Thefe dying without Iffue, and
Princefs Anne, their Sifter, being left Ifluelels upon
the Deceafe of her Son the Duke of Glocefter, a further
Provifion was made for continuing the Crown in the
Proteftant Line, by an Aft of Parliament, entituled, An Aft
for the further' Limitation of the Crown, and better fecuring
the Rights and Liberties of the SubjeB. By which 'tis enacted,
* That After King William a»a" the Princefs Anne of Den-
* mark, both dying without Iffue, the Crown ftall fall next in
4 Succeffion, in the Proteftant Line, to the Princefs Sophia,
4 EleBorefs, and Dutchefs Dowager of Hanover, and after
4 her Deceafe to the Heirs of her Body being Proteftants.
* That every King or Queen of this Realm, who by Vir-
* tue of this Aft fhall fucceed to the Crown, fhall have the
4 Coronation-Oath adminiftred unto Him or Her, according
* to the Aft for eflablifhing the faid Oath ; and fhall make,
4 fubfcribe, and repeat the Declaration in the Manner and
4 Form thereby defcribed.
' That whoever fhall hereafter come to the Poffeffion of
* the Crown, fhall join in Communion with the Cnurch
4 of England, as by Law eflablifh'd.
' If the Crown fliall come to.any one not born in England,
' this Nation fhall not be obliged to ingage in any War, for
* the Defence of any Dominions not belonging to England,
4 without Confent of Parliament.
4 After the further Limitation of the Crown fhall take
' effeft, all Matters relating to the well-governing of this
* Kingdom, which are properly Cognizable in the Privy
4 Council, by the Laws and Cuftoms of this Realm, fhall
4 be tranfafted there, and all Refolutions taken thereupon,
4 fhall be figned by fuch of the Privy Council as fhall advife
4 and confent to the fame. Nor fliall any Perfon, born out
4 of the Kingdom of England, Scotland, or Ireland, or the
4 Dominions thereunto belonging, tho' naturalized, or made
4 a Denizon ( except fuch as are born of Englift Parents' )
4 be capable to be of the Privy Council, or a Member of
4 either Houfe of Parliament, or to injoy any Office or
4 Place of Truft, civil or military, or to have any Grant of
4 Lands, Tenements, or Hereditaments from the Crown to
* himfelf, or to any other or others in Truft for him.
4 No Perfon having an Office or Place under the King, or
.' receiving a Penfion from the Crown, fliall be capable of
f ferying as, a Member of the Houfe of Commons. * Judges

546 The Prefent STAT E of Parti.
4 Judges Commiflions fhaU be made gguamdiu fe benegcf-
* ferint, and their Salaries afcertained and eftabliflied ; but
4 upon the Addrefs of both Houfes of Parliament, it may
4 be lawful to remove them.
4 No Pardon under the Great Seal of England fliall be
4 pleadable to an Impeachment by the Commons in Parlia-
4 ment. 4 All the Laws and Statutes of this Realm for fecuring
« the eftabliflied Religion, and the Rights and Liberties of
* the People, and all other Laws and Statutes of the fame
4 now in force, are hereby ratify'd and confirm 'd.

CHAP. XXX.
Of the QUEENs Dominions, Titles, and Arms.
I Begin with the great Extent of the Britijh Monarchy in all
Parts of the known World, but chiefly in Europe and
America. In Europe the Queen is poffeffed of the two greateft
Iflands in this Part of the World, viz. Great Britain and
Ireland; the firft containing England, Scotland, and Wales ;
and Ireland being another Kingdom by it felf. Her Majefty
is alfo in Poffeffion of thefe four Iflands on the Coaft of Nor
mandy, -viz. Jerfey, Guernfey, Alderney, and Sark.
I have already fhe wed, p. 13 r. how Wales came to be incor
porated to England, to which I refer the Reader. As for
Scotland, it has continued a feparate Kingdom of it felf, till
the firft of May laft, when the A3 of Union paffed in both
Kingdoms took place, and the two Kingdoms became one
under the Name of Great Britain.
I come now to Ireland, lying Weft of England, the greateft,
Ifland in Europe, next to., Great Britain. Part of which
was conquered by Henry II. towards the end of the 12th
Century, and the Occafion thus. Ireland was then divided
into feveral fmall Kingdoms, and the King of Leinfter ha
ving ftript the King of Meath of his Dominions ; this King
came over to England, to crave Henry's Affiftance for his
Reftoration. Henry gave ear to his Propofal, went over to
Ireland, and fubdued a good Part of it ; which he beftowed
upon his Son John, furnamed Lackland, with the Title of
Lord of Ireland. But in 1532. it was made a Kingdom, and
King Henry VIII. declared King thereof by an lrifh Parlia
ment. Yet England never made a fuU Conqueft of it, till the
latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign ; when the Rebels, un
der the Conduft ofthe Earl of Tir-oen, yeceiv'd a total Over
throw.

Chap. XXX. GREAT BRITAIN 34^
throw. The Confequence of which proved according to
the Rule, That every Rebellion, when fuppreffed, makes the
Prince ftronger, and the SubjeBs weaker. Upon the latt Re
volution, the frifb tiding with King James, rofe up every
where in Arms againft the Englift)-; but they were happily
reduced in two Campagnes, after two bloody Bat
tles, one at the Boyne, the other at Aghrim, notwith-
Handing their own numerous Forces, and their French
Auxilia/ies. As for the Ifles of Jerfey, and Guernfey, grV. on the
Coaft of Normandy, 'tis all the Englift have to fhew of their
great Poffeflions in France in former Ages j when they had
not only the whole Dukedom of Normandy, conqijerecl by
Henry I. of England, but alfo all Aquitain, fouraine, Anjou,
Maine, &c.
But, if the Salique Law in France, which difables Women
from the Succeffion to that Crown, be a meer Chimera, Greap
Britain has alfo a juft Title to France* Which Title was chal
lenged firft by King Edward III, as Son and Heir of Ifabella,
Daughter of Philip the Fair, and Sifter of Lewis IX. Philip V.
and Charles IV. who reigned fucceflively, and died without If-
fue-male. Therefore King Edward went over into France with
an Army to fupport his Title, and got the Flower de luces
quartered in the Arms of England, which has continued ever
fince. The French oppofing his Title, under Colour of the
Salique Law, were twice defeated by his Troops, viz. in
the ramous Battles of Creffy and Poitiers. In which laft John,
the Freucb King, was taken Prifoner with Philip his Son, by
the valiant Edward the Black Prince, King Edward's eldeft
Son. But Charles V. of France proving too hard afterwards
for Richard II, one of our unfortunate Kings, the Englijh
loft all they had got in this War, Calais excepted.
'Tis true, Henry V, the next Succeffor but one to Ri
chard, recovered France, after his great Viftory at Agincourt,
which hapned in 141 j ; when France was governed by
Charles VI, a weak Prince,, and that Kingdom diftrafted by
the Faftion of Burgundy againft that of Orleans. Henry being
fought to for Peace, granted it upon thefe Terms .- That
upon his Marriage with the Lady Catharine, Daughter tp
King Charles, he fhould be Regent of France, during Charles
his Life ; and after th£ Deceafe of Charles, the Crown of
France ihould remain to King Henry, and his Heirs for ever,
which was agreed to on both Sides. But Henry did not
live to poffefs the Kingdom- His Son, Henry VI, was in
deed crowned at Paris, and reigned as King of France, du
ring the Life of his, Uncles, John Duke of Bedford, and
Huvipbrey Duke of Glocefter. After whofe Death, he not
only loft France, but England and his Life to the Yorkijh
Faction.

I48 The Prefent S TAT E of Part, f .
Faction. England however has to this Day kept her Title
to France, and bears ftill the Arms of that Crown.
In Europe Great Britain lays a Claim befides to the So
vereignty of the Britifh Seas, even to the Shores of all the
Neighbouring Nations. Therefore all Children born upon
thofe Seas are accounted natural Subjefts of Britain. And
it was the Way of old for Foreiners to ask Leave of En
gland, to pafs and fifh in thofe Seas. To this Day they lower
their Top-fails, by way of Homage to all' the Royal Ships of
War. In America, the Queen has the greateft Share, next to
Spain. In the Continent of North America, Her Majefty is
poffeffed of all its Sea-coafts, from Canada or New-France,
as far as Florida ; containing New-England, New-York, New-
Jerfey, Maty-Land, Penfylvania, Virginia, and Carolina.
The rich and famous Ifland of Jamaica, the Ifles of Barba
does, St. Chriftopher, Antego, Nevis, and Monferrat, befides
the Bahama and Bermudas Iflands, and part of Newfoundland,
are alfo under the Jurifdiftion of England.
In Africk itrdAfia there are feveral Forts and FaBeries, be
longing to the Crown of Great Britain. Near Goa iri the
Eaft-Indies, this Crown is poffeffed of the Ifle of Bombay;
and between Africk and America, the fame is in Poffeffion of
St. Helen, an Ifland about 300 Leagues from any Continent,
and too from any Ifland.
The As for the Queen's Titles, they are, in a few Words, tho'
Queen's Her Dominions reach to all Parts of the known World, yet
Titles. ( without aft'efting a Train of fwelling Titles ) Her Majefty
is only ftiled, By the Grace of God, jgueen of Great Britain,
France, and Itelind,: Defender of the Faith.
Which laft Title was given by Pope Leo X. to King Hen
ry VIII, for writing a Book againft Luther, in Defence of
fome Points of the Roman Religion. And it was afterwards
confirm'd by Aft of Parliament, the King being lookt upon as
Defender of the ancient Catholick and Apoftolick Faith, pro-
feffed in this Ifland. By the Later an Council, under Pope
Julius II, the Title of Moft Chriftian, was conferred on Hen
ry VIII. in the fifth Year of his Rejgn. But it was ufed
before by his Father Henry VII, and affumed fince by the
French King, whereas the King of Spain bears the Title of
Catholick King.
The Title of Majefty was not ufed in England till the
Reign of Henry VlII, who was firft called His HigJhefs,
and afterwards His Majefty. And from that Time the Ti
tle has been improved to Sacred Majefty, after the Cuftom
of the Eaftern Emperours, that ufed 'Ayia. Ba-e-ihim.
Whereas in former Times, as about the Reign of Henry IV, the

Chap. XXX. GREATBRITAIN 349
the King was called His Grace ; Henry VI. His Excellent
Grace ; and Henry VII. fometimes His Grate, and fome
times His Highnefs.
The Title of Madam, now fo prodigally given to Women
of any genteel Appearance, is alfo ufed to the Queen, as
that of Sir to a King, according to the Title of Sire, given
to the French King, which is probably derived from the
Greek Kwp*®-, Dominus, much ufed to the Greek Empe-
rours. Before the late happy Union of the two Kingdoms into
one, the Queen's Arms were in the firft Place Azure, Three Her Amu
Flower de Luces, Or, the Regal Arms of France, quartered
with thofe of England, which are Gules, Three Lions Paf-
fant Gardant in Pale, Or. In the fecond Place, a Lion Ram
pant Gules, within a Double Treffure Counter-Flower de lys, Or,
' for the Royal Arms of Scotland. In the third place, Azure,
an Irijb Harp, Or, ftringed Argent, for the Royal Enfigns of
Ireland. In the fourth Place, as in the firft. And all within
the Garter, the chief Enfign of the moft Noble Order of
that Name. Above it an Helmet, and upon the fame a rich
Mantle of Cloth of Gold, doubled Ermin, adorned with an
Imperial Crown, and futmounted for a Greft by a Lion Paffant
Gardant, Crowned with the fame ; fupported by a Lion Ram
pant Gardant, Or, Crowned as the former, and an Unicorn
Argent gorged with a Crown, with a Chain thereto affixt,
? paffing between his Fore-legs, and reflexed over his Back, Or,
Both ltanding upon a Compartment placed underneath, and in
the Table of the Compartment the Queen's Royal Motto in
French, Dieu & mon Droit, that is, God and my Right.
Which Motto was firft given by King Richard I, to inti
mate, that he held his> Crown of God only ; and after
wards taken up by Edward III, when he claimed the King
dom of France. Inllead of which the late King William
ufed, Je maintiendray, I will maintain ; except in the
Jjgoad Seal and elfewhere, where he ordered the former
motto to be ufed. Queen Elizabeth's Motto was Semper
Eadem, always the fame, ufed by our prefent Queen.
The Motto upon the Garter, Honi foit qui malypenfe,
that is, Shame be to him that evil thinks of it, was firft
given by Edward III, the Founder of that Order ; to fhew
he had no Defign in it, but what was juft and honoura
ble. When King Edward III. claimed the Kingdom of France,
in his Mother's Right, he caufed the Arms of France to be
placed firft, as the greater Kingdom ; or perhaps thinking,
the French might be thereby the more eafily induced to own
the Englift Title; Note,

^0 fhe Prefect S TAT E of Part. \.
Note, That by the Aft of Union it is agreed, that the
Gr'ear Seil of the United Kingdom be different frpm the
former Great Seals ufed in either Kingdom ; and that the
Quartering of Arfns, as may beft fuit the Union, be left to
Her Majefty. Alfo, That the Croffes of St. George, and
St. Andrew be cbnjoyn'd, when ufed in Flags, Banners,
Standards, and Enfigns, both at Sea and Land. ^

C H A P. XXXI.
Of the QV E E iV's^Forces, both by Sea and Land.
AS the Extent of the Britilh Monarchy is great, fo is her
Power, efpecially fince the late Union. Which is
fuch, that Britain being at Unity in it felf, is not to be di-
ftreffed ( morally fpeaking ) by the greateft Powers of Eu
rope in Combination againft it. 'Tis naturally fo well fen
ced with the Ocean, and ( upon Occafion ) fo well- garded
by its moving Caftles, about 200 Ships of War, the beft
and ftrongeft in the World. The Kingdom befides abundant
ly furnifhed with Men and Horfes, Provifions, Ammuniti
on, and Mony, the Sinews of War. To which add the Mar
tial Spirit of the Inhabitants, whofe fear of Death is fo
little, that no Nation durft ever venture to fight them on
equal Terms, either by Sea Or Land.
In the Reign of Charles L when his Subjefts deftroy'd one
another with a fatal Courage, 200000 Foot, and 50000
Horfe, were computed to be in Arms on both Sides ; which,
had they been imploy'd Abroad, might have fhaken all
Europe. In our late War with France, aud the prefent War
both with France and Spain, England alone has maintained
about 80000 Men, Horfe, Foot, and Dragoons, moft Britains,
and the reft Foreiners ; befides 40000 Sea-men, for thjL
Sea- Service. Which Forces it has pleafed God to blefs eve?
ry where, in this Reign particularly, with an amazing Suc
cefs, to the Confufion of a Prince who thought his Arms
invincible, and his Power above any Check.
To come to Particulars, I fhall begin with our own Land-
Forces, raifed in the Queen's Dominions, and under the
Command of thefe following

GENERALS.

(Jhap.XXXI. GREAT BRITAIN. tfi

GENERALS.
Generaliffimo, H. R. H. George Prince of Denmark
Captain General, John Duke of Marlborough.
General of the Horfe, James Duke of ^Ormond.
General of the Foot, Charles Clmr chill, Efq;
Genera^ of the Forces in Spain and Portugal, Earl of Galfa
way. <
Lieutenant-Generals.

William Stewart, Efq;
Tho. Erie, Efq;
David, Earl of Portmore.
Henry Lumley, Efq;
Sir Charles Hara.

George, Earl of Orkney.
Rich. Ingoldsby, Efq;
Geo. Cholmondley, Efq;
Nath. Langfton, Efqj

Major -Generals.

{?Efqs;

Charles Trelawny,
William Seymour,
Cornelius Wood,
Henry Withers.
Edmund Mayne,
Daniel Harvey,
 Richards.
William Lloyd,
Algernon, Earl of Effex.
Edmund How, -\
Hen. Mordaunt, > Efqs;
Tho. Brudenall, J

Charles Rofs, Efq;
Cbartet,m.a.x\ of Arrmu
Lord Windfor.
Lord Raby. -.
John Tidcomb, f
HattonComptortj >Efqs;
Rpb.Ecklin. j
Guft. Hamilton.
Duke of Argile.
Tho. Farrington, 2 £fnS-
John Shrimpton, J H J

Brigadier-Generals.

Lord Mountjoy,
JohnRhhm. Webb,
Sir James Jeffreys.
Nich. Lukey,
Francis Palmer,
Tho. Meredith.
William Cadogan,
Holdcroft Blood,
James Stanhope, J
Lord Vifcount Cbarlemont.
Rich. Gorge, Efqj

pfqs;

J>Efqs;

Charles, Lord Molmn.
Tho. Handafyde,
Geo. Carpenter,
Jofias Vimare,
Rob. Killegrew,
Hen. Holt,
SberringtonDavenport, j
T/;o. Pultney,
William ViUiers,
Tho. Crowther,
Barthol. Ogleby,

^Efqs;

Colonels

J5*

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.

Colonels of Horfe.
Earl of Albemarle, Colonel of the.Firft Troop of Guards.
Duke of Ormond, Colonel of the Second Troop.
Earlof Arran, Colonel of the Third Troop.
Geo. Cholmondley, Efq; Colonel of the Granadier Gards.
Duke of Northumberland, Colonel of the Royal Regiment
Henry Lumley, Efq; Colonel of the Queen's Regiment,

Next to which are Colonels.

Harvey,Wood,
Langfton,

Lord Raby,
Carpenter,Earl of Effex,

Windham, dead.
Cadogan,

Of Dragoons.
Rpfs,
La Fabrigue,
Killegrew.

Schomberg, Maffam.

Lord Cutis, dead.
Ecklin.

Of Foot.

Duke of Marlborough, Colonel of the Firft Regiment of
Guards.
Charles Clmrchill, Colonel of the Coldflream Regiment.
Earl of Orkney, Colonel of the Royal Regiment.
Next to which are Colonels.

Earl of. Portmore,
Duke of Argile,
Southwell, Peare, Hara, Colonel of
the Royal Regi
ment of Fuzi-
liers.
Webb,Stewart, Lord North and
V,tey,
Hill, Livefay,
Earl of Barrimore,

Vifcount Charlc

Brudenall,

mont,

Lord Mountjoy,

Tidcomb,

Alunt,

How,

Gorge,

Godfrey,

Mordaunt,

Blood,

Lord Mordaunt,

Newton,

Farrington,

Ingoldsby,

Wade,Hamilton,

De Laloe,

Lord Mohun,

Handafyde,

SixTho.Pendergrafs,

SaUne,

Temple,

Tation,

Sankie,

Prefton,

Meredith,

Whetham,

Jeffreys, Pal-

Chap.XXXL GREATBRITAIN

Palmer,Stanhope, Davenport,-
Pultney, Villiers,
Crowthes, Ogleby,Evans,Elliot,Caulfield,Allin,
Macarty,

Rook,

Vimare,

Lord Pafton,

Fontjulien,

Earl of Inchequin,

Bloffet,

Montandre,

Sybourg,

De Lorrain,

Naffau,

Lillingfton,

Labarthe,

Winne,

Lovelace,

Breton,

Townfend,

Soam,

Stanwix,

Watkins,

Bradftaw,

Lepel,

Lord Tunbridge,

Hotham,

Of Marine Regiments.

William Seyrnour, Efq; Colonel of the Queen's Regiment.
Lord Vifcount Shannon, Colonel of Prince George's Regi
ment.

Next to which are Colonels.

Holt,
Boor,

Wills, Churchill.

Conftables, and Governours of the Queen's Garrifon'd
Places, in England and Wales.
Barwick, and Holy Iftand,—- Edward Mayne, Efq; Gover-
nour.
Lieut. Governour, — ¦— • William Dobbyns, Efq;

Beaumaris Caftle,-
BrianeVs Caftle, 
Calfiot Caftle, 
Cardiff Caftle, 
Carlifle,  -
Lieut. Governour,.
Carnarvan Caftle, _^j

-— Richard Lord Buckley, Con
ftable.
 . Charles Earl of Berkley, Con
ftable.
 William Knapton, Efq; Go
vernour.
.— Tho. Manfell, Efq; Gover
nour.
_, — Charles Earl of Carlijle, Go-
vernour.
—» . Tho. Stanwix, Efq;
— — Charles Earl of Radnor.
A a Chefter

Hi

?54 The Prefent STATE of Paftl.
Chefter Caftle, —  ¦  ¦ Hugh Lord Cholmondley, Go
vernour.
Lieut. Governour,,  Tho. Brooks, Efq;
Dartmouth, ¦  —  '  Courtney Cro\er, Efq; Gover*
nour.
Deal Caftle,  Geo. Aylmer, Efq; Governour,
Dover Caftle,  - Prince George of Denmark,
Conftable.
Lieut. Governour,--  Tho. Earl of Weftmorland.
Flint Caftle,  ¦  Sir Geo. Moyftin, Baronet,
Governour.
Glocefter Caftle, —  John Guife, Efq; Governour.
Gravefend, and Tilbury, — — - Lieut. General Geo. Cholmond
ley, Governour.
Lieut. Governour, — — John Butler, Efq;
Guernfey, — -  ~r  ¦ — Lieut. General Clmrchill, Go
vernour.
Lieut. Governour,  Sir Edmund Andros.
Harleigh Caftle,  .  — — «— Morgan, Efq; Governour.
Holy-Ijland,  See Barwick.
Hull Caftle, indBlock- Houfe,- John Duke of Newcaftle, Go-
vernour.
Lieut. Governour, — - - Col. RJchard Sutton.
Hurft Caftle,  — - John Holmes, Efq; Captain and
Keeper.
Jerfey Ifland,—  Lieut. General Lumley, Go
vernour.
Lieut. Governour,.— ¦ ¦» Colonel Thomas Collier.
Land-Guard Fort, — >  ¦ Lieut. Col. Edward Jonel,
Governour.
Lieut. Governour, — — . Capt. Francis Hammond.
S. Maws, — —  " ¦¦ Hugh Bofcowen, Efq; Govet'
nour.
Lieut. Governour,*- f— Bartholomew Harvey, Efq;
Fendennis Caftle, - — . Geo. Granvile, Efq; Gover*

nour.
Lieut. Governour,- ¦¦ . ¦¦ Rich, Irevanian, Eftg

PB>

Chap. XXXI. GREATBRITAIN

fti

Plimouth, and St. Nicholas Major -General Charles Tre-
Ifland,  ¦¦  ^—
Lieut. Governour, —
Portland Caftle,——..—
, Portfmouth, ¦ ¦

Lieut. Governour,.

lawny, Governour.
Major Henry Hook, Efq;
William Fountain, Efq; Go.
vernour.
Lieut. General Tho. Erie, Go»
vernour.
Sir John Gibfon.

Sandgate Caftle, »
Sandown Caftle,

Scarborough Caftle, -
Stilly Iftand, » ¦ ¦ <
Sheernefs,

Lieufc Governour,

 Philip Herbert, Efqj
 Colonel Tho. Marft, Efqj Go.
vernour.
— — Anth. Duncomb, Efq; Gover
nour.
— i— Sidney Godolphin, Efq; Go*
vernour.
Major General Withers, Efqj
Governour.
Lieut. Coh Tho. King, Efq; ;

Tinmouth Caftle, and Clifford's Col. Henry Villiers, Efq; Go-?
Fort, i ..  — — — — vernour.
Tower of London, ¦ '¦ Earl of Effex, Conftable.
Lieut, of the Tower, — - Brigadier General Cadogan.
Deputy Lieutenant, — — Lieut. Col. John Farewell^
Efq;

Vpnor Caftle,
Ifle of Wight.

Lieut. Governour, —
Deputy Governour, — Horatio Moor, Efq;

Col. Edw. Haftings.
Duke of Bolton, Governour^
Anth. Morgan, Efq;

Windfor Caftle,  .<•-
' Lieut. Governour,*

George Duke of Northumberi
land, Conftable.
Queries Potts, Efq;

A a e

00*

5 56 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Governour of Her Majefty's Dominions in
AMERICA.
Bahama Iflands,  .  __ — . Hefcot, Efq;
Barbadoes,  •  .  — Milford Crow, Efq;
Bermudas,  Benj. Ben-net, Efq;
Carolina,  «  — — — ¦ Col. Moor, Efq;
Hudfon's Bay,  Capt. James Knight, Efq:
Jamaica, -  Col. Handafyde, Efq;
Leeward Iflands,  Col. Daniel Park, Efq;
Maryland,  Col. Seymour, Efq,
New-England, and New-Hamp- Col. Jo/epA Dudley, Efq;
New-York, and New-Jerfey, — Edward Lord Cornbury.
Virginia, .- ¦ .  Col. Hunter, Efq;
Officers of rk Ordnance.
Mafter General of the Ord- Jo/;?: Duke of Marlborough.
nance, ¦ . ¦ ¦¦
Lieut. General of the Ord- Lieut. General Erie.
nance, — — : 
Surveyor General,  — — William Bridges, Efq;
Clerk of the Ordnance,  . «.  .  ,
Keeper of the Stores, -—— James Lowther, Efq;,
Clerk of the Deliveries, and James Craggs, Efq;
Secretary to the Mafter Ge
neral,  ¦ ¦ .
Treafurer, pr Paymafter,  Henry Mordaunt, Efq;
Deputy-Keeper of the Ar- William Nicholas, Efq;
moury,  — —¦ »¦
Keeper of the fmall Guns, — Tho. Gardiner, Efq;
Chief Engineer, - — -- Tho. Bennet, Efq;
Second Engineer, —  Brigadier General Holdcroft
Bloud.
Third Ingineer, -.— — Captain Chriftian Lilly.
Comptroller ot the Fire- Col. Henry Hopley.
works,  —  ¦
Mafter Gunner, -. ¦ . . Cap. Thomas Silver.
His Mates, Capt. Rich. Leake, Capt. William Bousfield,
Mr. Tho. Hall. Mafter

Chap.XXXI. GREAT BRITAIN

Mafter of
Toils, ¦

the Tents, and JohnTraviUa, Efq;

Chief Fire-Mafter, -
His Mate, 
Chief Bombardier, '-
Chief Petardier, 
Proof-Mafters,
Clerk of the Cheque,
Mafter Waggoner to the Of
fice, —  .  .
Purveyor for Shipping,

MeiTenger to the Office, 

Col. James Pendlebury.
Captain John Baxter.
Major Jones Waton.
Mr. John Faucet.
Mr. Blake, Mr. Allen.
Mr. William Wright.
Capt. Charles Ball.
Mr. Bennet.
Mr. Harrifon.

Other Officers, relating to^he Army.
J'obnHow, Efq;

Pay- Mafter General of the
Guards and Garrifons, 
Pay- Mafter of the Forces a-
broad, ¦ 
CommifTary, and Mufter-Ma-
fterGeneral of all Her Maje
fty's Troops inEnglift Pay,
iflai

James Bridges, Efq;
Michael Hyde, Efq;
David Crawford, Efq;
Henry St. John, Efq;
Mr. Samuel Lynn.
Judge Advocate General, — Tbo.Byde, Efq;
Pay-Matter General of the Walter Whitfield, Efq;
Marines, ¦ 
Mufter-Mafter General of Edward Knatcbbull, Efq;
the Marines, — — .
Clerk of the Marines, •  . Mr. Francis Lynn.

Deputy Commiffary,
Secretary at War, — —
His chief Clerk, --

Comptrollers of the
counts of the Army,
Their Secretary, ¦¦

Ac-

Gregory King, Efq;

Phyfician General,
Surgeon General, 
Apothecary General, -

&-» Dr. Lawrence.
— Tho. Gardiner, Efq;
.— Mr. Ifaac Teal.

3«

The principal Magazine, or Store of Arms, is the Tower Mafter of
of London ; which contains a' noble Arfenal to arm at leafing Ord-
OOooo Men, with a Train of Artillery confifting of 50 Pieces nlnCe.
of Brafs Ordnance, ready mbunted, befides feveral Mor-
t.ars, with all neceffary Furniture. The greateft Pieces of ,
Cannon are about 7060 Weight, and 65 pound Ball each.
JE.ut there are other Magazines at Portfmouth, Plimouth,
A a 3 Windfor

$ 58 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I,
Windfor Caftle, &c. Arid they are all under the Mafttr
General of the Ordnance, who has under him fix principal
Officers, holding their Places by Patent under the Great Seal
and fitting commonly 3 Times a Week in the Office, if
Of -afion be. Which Officers are, as before in the Lift
Zieute *• ! le Lieutenant of the Ordnance, who receives, all Or.
mat- " ders from th^ Mafter> and is t0 fee tnem duly executed,
He is to infpe'ft the Train of Artillery, and fee it fitted for
Motion upon any Occafion. And from him iffue Orders
for the discharging the great Guns, when required, upon 2
folemn Day of Rejoycing,
Surveyor 2« Tne Surveyori wnofe Charge is to furvey all the Ord-
* nance and Stores, and to fee them placed to the beft Ad
vantage. He ought likewife, with the Affiftance of the reft
of the Officers and the Proof-matters, to take care that all
Provifions brought in be good and ferviceable, duly proved,
and marked with the Queen's Mark, if they ought fo to be.
He is alfo to allow all Bills of Debt, and to keep Cheque
upon all Labourers and Artificers Works, belonging to the
Ordnance.
Clerk of I- Tne Clerk °f {^e Ordnance, who records all Patents and
the Ord- Grants relating to the Otfice, and the Names of all Officers,
nance. Artificers, &c. injoying the faid Grants, or any Fees- frorn
the Queen for the fame. He alfo records all Orders given,
relating to the Office ; draws all Eftimates for Provifipns
and Supplies to be made ; all Letters, Inftruetions, Com-
miffions, Deputations, and Contracts for the Queen's Ser
vice. He makes all Bills of Impreft and Debentures for the
Payment of all Sums owing for Work done, or Provifions
received. He keeps Quarter-Books for the Salaries and Al
lowances of all Officers, and others belonging to the Office ;
alfo Journals of the Receits and Returns of all Stores, to
ferve as a Cheque between the two Accounts, pne for Mo
ny, and the other for Stores.
4. The Store-Keeper, who takes into his Cuftody all the
Ordnance and Stores; for the fafe Keeping whereof, and
giving a true Account from time to time, he muft give good
Security. He is to take care, that all the Store-houfes
be well repaired, and the Stores kept in fuch Order and
Luftre, as is fit for Her Majefties Service and Honour. He
siuft not receive any Provifions, but what are really good
and ferviceable, or before they have been furvey'd by the
Surveyor ; nor iffue any Proportion of Ordnance, Ammuni
tion and Stores, without an Order figned by the Officers,
according tp the Appointment of the Mafter of the Ord*
nance, grounded upon the Queen's Order, or fix of the Pri
vy Council, pr the Lord Admiral for the Ufe of the Navy-
i 1 .. , •• Noi

Chap. XXXI. , GRETT BRITAIN. 359
Nor is he to receive back any Stores, till they have been
viewed by the Surveyor, and Tegiflred by the Clerks of the
Ordnance in the Book of Remains.
5. The Clerk of Deliveries, whofe Office it is to draw up Clerk of
all Orders and Proportions for delivering any Stores or Pro- the Deli-
yifions at any of Her Majefty's Magazines, and to fee fheveries.
fame duly executed. He js alfo, by Indenture or Rece.it,
to charge the Receiver of the faid Stores, and to regifter
both the Warrant foj- Delivery, and the Proportions recei
ved. 6. The Treafurer, qr Pay- Mafter, who makes the Pay: Treafurer^
ment of all the Salaries, and Bills of Debt, according to
the Matter's Order under his Hand. Thus the Money of
the whole Office of Ordnance runs through the Treafuref's
hands. As for the Mafter Gunner, who hplds alfo his Place by Pa- Mafter
tent, his Office is to teach all fuch as defire to learn the Gunner.
Art of Gunnery, and certify to the Mafter of the Ordnance,
the Ability of any Perfon recommended to be one of the
Queen's Gunners. To every Scholar admitted to learn of
him the Art of Gunnery, he adminifters an Oath, which
binds him not to ferve, without Leave, any foreign Prince
or State, and not to teach any one the Aft pf Gunnery, but
what has taken the faid Oath.
To incourage the Service in Time of War, both by Sea
and Land, there are, two ftately Hofpitals erefted. One at
Cbelfey for difabled Souldiers, and the other at Greenwich
for difabled Seamen ; where a handfom Provifion is made
for 'em, for the Refidue of their Lives. Of which the Rea;
der will find a particular Account in ray Defcription of
London^ p. r8o.
Thus having done with the Queen's Regular Land-For- Militia.
ets, which ( befides many forein Troops ) have been main-
tained during the Courfe of this War, at the Charge of
England and Wales, I come now to Her Majefty's ftanding
Militia, or Trained Bands, inrolled for the Defence of En
gland, upon a Rebellion or Invafion, but not bound to ferve
beyond Sea.
Thefe Forces confift both of Horfe and Foot, and are at
prefent computed to be near Two Hundred Thoufand, only
in England and Wales. They are to' Mutter once, or twice
a Year. During the Time of the Mufler, each Horfe-man
is to be allowed, from whom he ferves, 2 s. a Day, and
each Foot-Souldier, it d. a Day.
No Perfon can be charged with a Horfe, unlefs he has
5,00 /. yearly Revenue, or 6000 /. perfonal Eftate ; nor can
any be -charged with a Foot-Souldier, unlefs he has 50 L
A a 4 • year-

Deputy-
Lieute. nants.

1 60 The Prefent S T A T E cf . Part I.
, yearly Revenue, or 600 /. perfonal Eftate. Thofe that have
meaner Eftates, are to joyn two or three together, to find a
Horfe and Horfe-man, or a Foot-Souldier .
LordLieu- To regulate thefe Forces, the Sovereign appoints Lord
tenants. Lieutenants of the feveral Counties, commonly Peers- of
the Realm, with a Power to give Commiflions to Colonels,
or other commiflionated Officers, to arm and form them
into Regiments, Troops, and Companies, to be imploy'd
where the King fhall order.
Under the Lord Lieutenants there are Deputy-Lieutenants,
who, in the Abfence of the Lord Lieutenants, have the fame
Power. Thefe Deputies, being of the principal Gentry of
the Country, are named by the Lord Lieutenants, and pre.
fented to the Queen for Confirmation.
To find Ammunition, and other Neceffaries, the Lord-
Lieutenant or Deputy- Lieutenant, may levy every Year the
foutth Part ( if he thinks fit ) of each Man's Proportion in
the Tax of 70000 I. a Month upon all England and Wales,
and" caufe every Man fo charged ( in Cafe of Marching a-
gainft an Enemy) to allow his Souldierone Month's Pay. But
he cannot be charged with another Month's Pay, without
an Aft of Parliament, before the firft Month be repaid by
the King.
Beacons. To give fpeedy Notice of an Invafion, there are Beacons
erefted upon eminent Places of all Parts of England. Thofe
Beacons are high Poles, with Pitch-Barrels faftned on the
top of 'em, to be fired by Night, one by the fight of ano
ther. This alarms the whole Country, makes the Inhabi
tants rife up in Arms, and upon the Alarm the Militia is
ordered to march againft the Enemy.
Caftles. There were of old many Caftles, in all Parts of England,
But, to prevent any lingering War in it, moft of the In
land Caftles have been demolifhed, or fuffered to decay ; as
being a Shelter to Rebels and Invaders, and a Refuge in
Flight to the Invaded.
A LIST of the Lord Lieutenants^ in England
and Wales.
In ENGLAND,-

Bedford,
Cambridge,Middlefexz
Berks, Bucks,
Chefter,

>WriotheJley, Duke of Bedford.
William, Lord Craven.
Scroop, Earl of Bridgewater.
Hugh, Earl of Cholmondley. Corn?

Chap. XXXI. GREAT BRITAIN.
Sidney, Earl of Godolphin.
Xcbarles, Earl of Carlijle.

j6l

Cornwall,Cumberland, Weftmorland,
Darby,Devon, Dor Jet,
Hartford,
Southampton, Suffex,
Durham, and Northumberland,
Effex,
Hereford, Huntington, Kent, and Deputy-Warden of ¦ ?
the Cinque Ports, 3
Lancafter,
Leicefter,Lincoln, Monmouth, and Wilts,
Norfolk,

William, Duke of Devon/hire.
John, Earl Poulett.
Algernon, Earl of Effex.
Rich. Earl of Scarborough.
Rich. Earl Rivers.
Henry, Marquifs of Kent.
Charles, Earl of Manchefter.

Northampton,
Nottingham,
Oxon,Rutland,
, Salop,Somerfet,
Stafford,
Suffolk, Surrey,

Warwick,
Worcefter,
Yorkftire, J

Eaft-

North and
Riding,
Weft-Riding, and
City of York,

Lewis, Lord Rockingham.
James, Earl of Darby,
John, Duke of Rptland.
Robert, Marquis of Lindfey.
Tho. Earl of Pembroke.
Charles, Vifcount Tounfend.
Charles, Earl of Peterborough.
*>John, Duke of Newcaftle.
Bennet, Lord Sherrard.
Richard, Lord Newport.
James, Duke of Ormond.
William, Lord Paget.
Charles, Duke of Grafton.
Geo. Duke of Northumber
land.
Geo. Earl of Northampton.
Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury.
fjohn, Duke of Newcaftle,
S /fenr? Boyle, Efq;

7» WALES.

North-Wales,South-Wales.

Hugh, Eail of Cholmondley.
Thomas, Earl of Pembroke.

I conclude with the Naraf Strength, which is beyond all, JvanaZ
and confifts of near 200 Men of War ; befides Yachts, Fire- Strength.
fbips, Bomb-Veffels, Advice-Boats, Brigantines, Sloops, Store-
Sbips, Hulks, and Hoys. The Men of War divided into Six
Rates, of which anon,
j:- So

yfe The Prefent 'STATE of Parti.
So prodigious is the Size of a Firft Rate Englifh Man of
War, that the Length of the Keel of the Royal Sovereign
( which was built at Woolwich, and launched in July, t70i.)
is faid to be 146 Foot, 6 Inches ; her Length on the lower
Gun-Deck, 1 74 Foot 6 Inches ; utmoft Breadth, 50 Foot 3
Inches and a half ; Depth in Hold, 19 Foot 10 Inches.
The Charge of Building fuch a Ship, with Guns, Tackle,
Rigging, comes to about 60000 /. befides Victualling ; and
that of lower Rates, proportionably.
The firft, fecond, and third Rates are now built fo very
ftrong and large, that a fecond Rate Ship is as good as for
merly a firft Rate, and may ingage fingly with a firft Rate
Ship of any other Nation.
Hiftoiy tells us of prodigious Fleets of old, particularly
King Edgar's, faid to confift of 3600 Sail. But certainly
thofe Ships were only fit for Tenders to our great Men of
War, which are fo many floating Caftles,
In Times of Peace, when the Royal Navy . continues in
Harbour, the very Charge of keeping it in Repair, comes
to about 130000 /, And, in Time of War, each Mariner
is always reckoned to ftand in 4 /. per Month, including all
Charges, as Victuals, Wages, Wear and Tear, &c.
In War-Time, the Manning of a Fleet of 70 Men of War,
befides Men of War for Protection of Trade, and forein
Convoys, requires 40000 Seamen. The very laft, for Pro
tection of Trade, &c. amounted in the late War to '4$
Ships, viz. 4 Third Rates, 16 Fourth Rates, 1 3 Fifth Rates,
and 10 Sixth Rate^, And by Computation, England alone
has near 80000 Seamen, which is 3 times the Number of the
Seamen of France.
For fhe Sea-Service, in Time of War, not only Seamen
may be pteffed, but alfo all Vagabonds, or vagrant Fellows,
fuch as can give no good Account of themfelves. Nay
Merchant Ships, if Occafion be, may be preffed into the Ser
vice.' Each Man of War, in aftual Service, is under the particu
lar Command of a Captain, and a Lieutenant under him. The
Pay of a Captain of a firft Rate Ship is 1 ; s. per Day ; of a fe
cond Rate, 11 ; of a third, 10 ; ' of a fourth, 7 j. 6 d ; of
a fifth, 6 s. and of a fixth Rate, ; ;.
A Seamans Wages is "1 1. 4 s, a Month, befides his Vi&uah
on Board, accounting 28 Days to the Month. Out of which,
6d. a Month has been conftantly retained towards the
Charge of Greenwich Hofpital, ever fince its Foundation.
When the Royal Fleet is compleat, the fame is ufually
, divided into 3 Squadrons, diftinguiflied by the different
. Colours of their feveral Flags, into Red, White, and Blue.
The principal Commanders whereof bear the Title of Ai
; niira}

Chap. XXXI. GREATBRITAIN 365
miral, each of his Squadron. But the Admiral of the Red
Commands in chief the whole Fleet, and Js accordingly
called Admiral of the Fleet. Each of thofe Admirals has
under him a Vice-Admiral, and a RearrAdmiral, aU called
Flag-Officers, becaufe each of 'em bears his proper, Flag on
Board. The Pay of the Admiral of the Fleet is 5 /. a Day. Of
each other Admiral, 3 /. 19 j. a Day.
A Vice- Admiral is allowed z I. ioj. a Day, and a Rear- Ad
miral 1 1. 1 S s. That is, while the Fleet is out.
But the fupream Command of the Naval Forces is, next to
the Queen, in the Lord High Admiral of England, one of
the Nine great Officers of State ; who is in a manner Hei
Majefty's Viceroy at Sea, and whofe Power is very great.
He keeps a Court, called the Court of Admiralty, of which
in its proper Place ; and has under him a world of Of
ficers, fome at Sea, others at Land. His Salary is 7000 /. a
Year. By Virtue of his Office, he appoints in feveral Parts of
the Realm Vice- Admirals, with their Judges and Marfhals,
to exercife Jurifdiftion in Maritime Aftairs, within their
feveral Limits. But from their Sentence, any Perfon ag
grieved may appeal to the High Court of Admiralty >
He is allowed a Council for the Affairs of the Admiralty,
confifting of 7 Members, and having each a Salary of
1000/. There is alfo a Vice- Admiral, and Rear-Admiral of England,
appointed by Her Majefty. The Salary of the firft 470 /.
per Annum, and of the laft 219 /.
In Crouched Friars, London, is the Navy-Office, where thepfavymQe,
whole Bufinefs concerning the Navy Royal is managed infice/
chief by thefe four principal Officers, under the Lord High
Admiral, viz. A Treafurer, Surveyor,
Comptroller, Clerk of the ASs.

vy

The Treafurer's Office is to pay the Charges of the Na- Treafurer
vy out of the Exchequer, upona Warrant obtained for the 0 f the Na-
Mony, by the Lord Treafurer, and another Warrant from vy.
the principal Officers of the Navy for the Payment of it.
His yearly Salary is 2000 1. per Annum, and 800 /. more for
his Clerks.
The Comptroller attends and comptroUs all Payments of Comptrol-
Wages, is to know the Market-rates of all Stores for Ship- ler.
ping, to examine and audit all Accounts of the Treafuier,
Victuallers, Purfers, and Storekeepers. His Salary, 500/.
per Annum.
1 - • The

$64 The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I,
Surveyor. The Surveyor is to know the State of all Stores, and fee
the Wants fupply'd ; to furvey the Hulls, Mafts, and Yards,
and eflimate the Value of Repairs ; to charge all Boat-f wains
and Carpenters, with what Stores they receive, in order
to a Voyage, and at their Return to ftate and audit their
Accounts. There are now two Joynt Surveyors, each at
500 I. per Annum.
Clerk of The Clerk of the Ails records all Orders, Contrafts, Bills,
the ABs. Warrants, and other Bufinefs tranfafted in this Office. His
Salary 500/. per Annum. And he has an Affiftant, at 3007.
per Annum.
Next to thofe principal Officers, there are fix other Of
ficers, each ?t 500 /. a Year, who are called
Commiffioners of the Navy.
Commif- Some executing that Part of the Comptroller's Office,
fioners of which relates to the Comptrolling of the Victuallers Ae-
the Navy, counts. And others, that which relates to the Comptrol
of the Store-keepers Accounts of the feveral Yards.
But there are other Commiffioners at large, their Number
more or lefs, as Occafion fervesJ
Note, That the Principal Officers and Commiffioners, hold
their Offices by Patent, under the Great Seal; and that the
Queen allows them feveral Clerks under them, with Salaries,
for the Difpatch of Bufinefs. Whereas all other Officers,
both in the Queen's Yards, and all others belonging to any
of Her Majefty's Ships, hold their Places only by Warrant
from the Lord High Admiral, durante Beneptacito.'
Other Commiffioners.
Other There are moreover Six Commiffioners for ViSualling the
Commif- Navy, each 400 /. per Annum. Three Commiffioners, for the
fioners. Tranfport-Service. And five other Commiffioners, to take
Care of the fick and wounded Seamen, and of the Exchange of
Prifoners, who have each a Salary of 300 /. per Annum.
The Commiffioners for Vi&ualling the Navy, keep their Of
fice on Tower-Hill, and have their Agents at Chatham, Portf-
rnouth, Plimouth, Hull, and other convenient Ports.

Qf

Chap. XXXI. GREATBRITAIN.
Of the Queen's Yards, for Building, Repairing, and
Cleaning of Her Majelly's Ships.

36?

For this Service there are fix great Yards, to wit at Ci&a!- Yardsi
tham, Deptford, Woolwich, Sheernefs, Portfmouth, and Pli
mouth ; which are fitted with feveral Docks, Wharfs, Lan-
ches, and Graving Places, for the Ufe aforefaid, and always
furnifhed with great Quantities of Timber, Mafts, Anchors,
and other Materials. In which Yards there arealfo divers
gteat Rope-Yards, wherein Cables, and all forts of Ropes
for the Navy are made. And convenient Store-Houfes, in
which are laid up vaft Quantities of Cables, Rigging, Sails,
Blocks, and all other forts of Stores, for the Navy.
For a Referve, in Time of a great War, there's another
Yard at Harwich.
And to eich Yard there belong feveral Officers ; particu
larly a Clerk of the Cheque, Salary 24s /. Store-keeper, 260 /.
Two Mafter- Attendants, 184/. each. Mafter Shipwright,
133 /. Two Affiftant s, 70/. each. Clerk of the Survey
z6ol.
A LIST of the prefent Royal Navy.
Firft Rates, 7.

Royal Sovereign,
Britannia", SHueen, '

Royal William,
Viiiory,

London, Anne.

Their Complement of Men, form 780 the higheft, to 580
the loweft ; of Guns, from 100 to 90.

Second Rates, 13.

Triumph,

Vangard,

Offory,

Barfieur,

S. George,

Albemarle,

Affocidtion,

Prince George,

Royal Catharine,

Neptune,

Sandwich,

S. Michael.

Namur,

Their Complement of Men, from 680 the higheft, to 430 the
loweft ; of Guns, from 96 to 80.
Third
306

The Prefent STATE of Part I,

Third Rates, 44.

Cumberland,

Devonfbire,

Effex,

Ranelaugh,

Royal Oak,

Yarmouth,

Shrewsbury,

Expedition,

Orford,

Somerfet,

Elizabeth,

Ipfwhh,

Humber,

Reftoration,

Edgar,

Newark,

Burford,

Swift fure,

Chichefter,

Eagle,

Firm,

Torbay,

Breda,

Sterling Caftle,

Lancafterj

Barwick,

Nortlmmberlani,

Cambridge, Cornwall,

Captain,

Affurance,

Bedford,

Monmouth,

Norfolk,

Lenox,

Warfpight,

Ruffel,
Dorfetfiire,

Suffolk, Kent,

Defianm*
Ruper"

Boyne,

Revenge,

Their Complement of Men, from $20 to 320 ; of Guns, from
80 to 62.

Arrogant,Auguft,Dreadnought, Exeter,
Kingfton,
Sunderland, Medway,
Windfor,
Pembroke, -
Canterbury,York,
Glocefter, Montague, Dunkirk, Monk,Moderate,
Nottingham, Mary.
Hazardous,
Wolwicb,Worcelier, Chatham,

Fourth Rates, 54.

Warwick,
Swallow,
Tilbury,
Leopard,
Greenwich,
Portland}
Oxford,
Anglefey,
Rumney,
Deptford,
Severn,
S. Albans,
Lichfield,
Centurion,
Dartmouth,
Rochefter,
Burlington,
Ruby,
Guernfey,
Southampton,
Jerfey,
Crown, .
Nonfucb,
Panther,
Weymouth,
Antelope,
Winchefter^
Referve,
Hampjhire,
Affiftance,
Colcbefter,
Dover,
Briftol,
Bonadventurep
Chefter,
Advice,
Newcaftle,
Dragon,
Norrnch,
Triton,
Faulkland,
Tiger.
Ttteit
Chap.XXXL GREAT BRITAIN. tfj
Their Complement of Men, from 36s the higheft, to 160 the
1 loweft ; of Guns, fron 64 to 42.

HeUor,
Adventure,Sorlings, Roebuck, Lark, Greyhound, Garland,
Folkftbn, Charles "7
and >
Mary 3
Bridgewater.

Galley,

Fifth Rates
Feverjbam, Milford,
Scarborough, Kinfale,
Wincbelfey,Tartar, Lyme, Rye,
Haftings,Pool, Lyn,
Arundel,

» 3J-

Bedford Galleyl
Experiment,
Sheernefs, Shoreham, Lowftoff,Faulcont,
Swallow Prized
Fouay,
Mermaid, Dolphin,
Speedwell,
Strombolo.

Their Complement of Men, fr»m 190 to 90 ; of Cunti
from 42 to 24.

Sixth Rates, 25.

Lizzard,
Margate,gueenborough ,
Solebay, Dunwich,
Maidftone,Swan,
Seaford,
Penzance,

Newport,
Deal-Caftle,Nightingale,
Triton >
Valeur V Prize,
Cruizer J
Entetprize,
Dunkirk;

Childs Play,
Medway,
Sun,Rochefter,
Worcefter, Advice,Chatham,
Poftilion.

Their Complement of Men, from 11 j to 30 ; of Guns, from
24 to 16.
Tachts, ia.
Fubbs, Soefdike,
William and Mary, Ifabella,
Charlotte, Cleveland,
Henrietta, Ifle of Wight,
Catharine, Sgwml,
Mary,

Jemmy,Jgueenborougftj,
S. Loo,
Portfmouth, Drake,

Among

3<58

the Prefent S T A TE of Part V

Among which the Fubbs carries 40 jjfe»,' and 12 Guns; the
William and Mary 30 jfe, and 10 Guns.

Firefhips, 8. Namely,

Firebrand,Griffin,Hunters,

Hawk,
Ph&nix, .
Vultur,

Vulcan
Terrible.

Which carry each 4$ Men, and 8 Guns.
Boomb-Veflels, 8.

Salamander,
Bafilisk,
Blaft,

Carcafs,
Comet,
Furnace,

Granado,
Terrour.

Carrying each 30 Men, and 4 Guns.
Advice-Boats, 2.
Exprefs, Eagle.
Brigantines, 4.

Difpatch, Diligence,

Fly,Spy.

Sloops, 8.

S . Antonio,
Bonetta,Merlin,

Suffolk Hagboat,

Chatham,
Exeter^
French Ruby,
Succefs, Jofiab,

Hound,
Wezel,Wolf, Store-ihips, 3.
Elephant Flyboat,
Hulks, 1 j.
Medway Prize,
Plimouth,Thunderbolt Prize,
S- Oeorge,
S. David,

Swift,
Drake.

Navy Tranfport.

Content,Lewis Prize-,
S. Jofepb,
Soldadoes,King-fifter.

Hoys,

Chap.XXXI. GREATBRITAIN 369
*
Hoys, 20.
Supply, Marigold, Sheernefs Water-
TranfpOrt er, . Nonfucb, boat,
Tranfport- Lighter, Sophia, Plimouth Tranfport,
Unity Horfe-boat, True-love, Hamore Tranfport,
Unity, Deptford Tranfport, Trial Sloop,
Lyon, Delight, Lighter,
Forrefter, Owners Good Will, Heyling.
A LIST of the Principal Commanders of the
Sea-Forces.
Lord High Admiral of Great Britain and Ireland,
H. R. H. Prince George of Denmark*

Vice- Admiral of England,   —
Rear- Admiral of England, Sir Cloudejly Sbovell.
The Prince's Council, for the Affairs of the Admiralty^

Sir David Mitchell, Sir Cloudejly Sbovell,
Geo. Churchill, *5 Rich. Walpole, Efq;
Rich. Hill, S Efq; Sir ^Si afford Fairborn.
Hen. Pagett, 3

Secretary, Jofias Burchett, Efq; His yearly Salary, 800 /.
Deputy to the Secretary, John Fawler, Efq; Salary, 600/.
Flag- Officers.
Admiral of the fleet, Sir Cloudejly Sliovell,
Admiral of the y CSir Cloudejly Shove!!.
Vice- Admiral of the \. Red Squadron,<Sir Stafford Fairborn.
Rear-Admiral of the J £Sir Thomas Dilks.
Admiral of the ~l r 
Vice-Admiral of the >Wbite Squadron, -s Sir John Leake.
Rear- Admiral of the ^ (Sir Wil.Wlietftone.
Admiral of the 7 C Geo. Churchill, Efq;
Vice- Admiral ot the y Blue Squadron, <Sir Geo. Byng.
Rear- Admiral of theS /Sir John Jennings.
i B b Vice-

3 70 The Prefent STATER Part I.
Vice-Admirals in England, and Wales.
Cheftire, Earl of Cholmondley.
North Parts of Cornwall, Sir John Molefwortb, Baronet,
South Parts of Cornwall, Charles Trelawny, Efq;
Cumberland, and Weftmorland, Sir Rich. Mufgrave, Baronet.
DevonfDire, and City of. Exe- Geo. Courtney, Efq;
ter,
Dorfetfiire, Tho. Strangeways, Efq;
Durham, Loid Bifhop of Durham.
Effex, ' Hiil Rivers.
Glocefterfiire, John How, Efq;
Hampjhire, and IJle of Wight, Duke of Bolton.
Kent, Lord Rockingham.
Lancafl/tre,. Earl of Darby.
Lincoln/hire, James Saunderjon, Efq;
Norfolk, and City of Noe- Lord Pafton.
wici),
Northumberland, and Town of Mark Sbaftoe, .Efq;
New<ra_/f7e,
Somerfetftire, and City of Sir Francis Warre, Baronet.
' Briftol, '
Suffex, Sir Tho. Pelham, Baronet.
Yorkfbire, and City of York, The Honourable Henry Boyle.
North-Wales. Lord Bulkeley.
South- Wales, Hurl of Carbery.
Officers of the Navy, in the Navy-Office.
Treafurer, Sir Tho. Littleton.
Comptroller, Sir Rich. Haddock.
Joynt Surveyors, Dan. Fuzzer, Will. Lee, Efqsj
Clerk of the Afts, Charles Sergifon, Efq;
Secretary, Mr. Will. Dale.
Commiffioners of the Navy.
Dennis Lyddel, <j Anth. Hammond, ¦»
Benf. Timewell, , \ Efq; 'Geo. Tollat, S, Efq;
Tho. lenninss. J Sir Will. Gifford, i \

To

Chap. XXXII. GREATBRITAIN* J7*
Td which addj
Sir Tho. Hopfon, at Deptford and Wotwich
George S. Loe, Efq; at Chatham.
Ifaac Townftend, Efq; at Portfmouth.
Henry Greenbill, Efq; at Plimouth.
Lawrence Wright, Efq; at Kinfale.
Will. Wright, Efq; at Lisbon.
Commiilioners for Victualling the Navy.
Tho. Coleby, ") Kendrick Edisbury, "|
Henry Vincent, L Efq; Thomas Bere, j» Efqj
Tho. Harlow, J Thomas Reynolds, J .
Their Secretary, Mr. Manefty, Salary 200 I.
Commiffioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded
Seamen, and for the Exchange of Prifoners.;
Philip Herbert, Efq; William Churchill, ? -pr
Dr. Rob. Adams,  Sylvefter, £ rl<«
Dr. Tho. Lawrence, Their Secretary, Mr. Lynn, Salary 200 I.
Commiffioners for the Tranfport Service.
Sam. Atkinfon, Nicholas Roope, Tho. Coleby, Efq;

CHAP. XXXII.
Of the QU E E N's Court,
TTAving fpoke hitherto of the Queen's Dominions, Titlest
JlX anci Arms, and Her Forces both by Sea and Land^
1 fhall now give an Account of Her Majefty's Court, and
next to that of Her Revenues, to bear the Charges of the
Crown. lit has been the Way of all Sovereign Princes, tofupport
their Dignity, and make themfelves the more refpefted by
their People, by keeping a Court fuitable to their Power and
Bbi Dig-

372 . The Prefent STATE of . Part V
Dignity. The Kings of England, far from falling fliort of
any on this account, have always exceeded moft crowned
•v Heads in Statelinefs and Magnificence ; and few of thefe have
furpaffed them in a liberal Allowance for that purpofe.
I own, the Civil Wars in the Reign of Charles I. obliged
him to abridge his Court, by leffening the Number of his
Servants, and putting' them to Board-Wages. Whereas for
merly the King of England kept no lefs than 86 Tables, fur-
nifhed with about 500 Difties each Meal.
Queen's Tho~ the Court is not what it has been formerly, yet it
Court. makes ftill a very good Figure, even beyond moft Courts of
Europe ; nor can any compare with it in the large Salaries,
and Perquifites of its Officers and Servants.
The lame confifts of 3 Orders, viz. Civil, Military, mi
Ecclefiafthk. The Civil Lifi alpne amounts, by Computation^ to about
600 Servants, under' thefe principal Officers, viz„
„ . . 1 Lord Steward, Duke of Devonftire* '
irmcipal )Lord Chamberlain, Marquifs of Kent.
Officers. 1 ne < Lady of the Stde> DutGh.efs of Marlborough.
., ¦ t\ Mafter of the Horfe, Duke of Somerfet.
The firft has particularly under his Charge all the Offi
cers and Servants below Stairs. The Lord Chamberlain, the
greateft Part of thofe above Stairs. The Lady of the Stole,
thofe that belong to the Queen's Bed-Chamber. The Mtt-
fter of the Horfe, all the Officers and Servants belonging to
Her Majefty's Stables.
Of the Lord Steward, and the QV E EN'S Servants
under him.
Lord nT'Hrl Loj-a" Steward is a Wlnte Staff Officer, the white Staff)
Steward A being taken for a Commiffion. Which is carried by';
" himfelf in the Queen's Prefence, and at other times going
abroad, by a Footman bare-headed.
Compting- In the Queen's Palace there is a Place called the Compting-
houfe. Houfe, from the Accounts there taken daily of all Expences
of Her Majefty's Houfhold by the Lord Steward, and theft
Officers under him ; viz.
T, : T"rer of the Houfhold, Earl of Bradford.
<Ls '¦¦ -.- ¦-- -:]>r, Charles Manfel Efq;
Cot) . . Francis Godolphin Ef^;
Mafter vj£ di, rijuOioLi Sir Tho. Felton.
¦ ' Two

Chap. XXXII. GREAT BRITAIN. 37^
Two Clerks of the Green- 7 Sir William Forefter, and
Cloth, _£ Anthony Row, Efq;
Two Clerks Comptrollers, XEdw- <fr$tb> a"d cbarlet
3 Scarborough, lilquires.
Who have under them 2 Yeomen, 2 Grooms, 1 Meffenger,
and r Chamber-Keeper.
Here they make alfo Provifion for the Houfhold, Payments
for the fame, and Orders for the well-governing of the
Queen's Servants.
The Green-Cloth, kept in this Houfe, is a Court of Ju- Green
ftice, compofed of the Lord Steward and the forefaid Offi- Cloth.
cers under him, who fit daily here. To this Court is com
mitted the Charge and Overfight of the Queen's Houfhold
in Matters of Juftice and Government, with a Power to cor
rect all the Servants therein that fhall. any way offend, and to
maintain the Peace of the Verge (or Jurifdiftion) of. the
Court Royal, which is every way within 12 Miles of the
chief Tunnel of the Court, London excepted. The fame is
called the Green-Cloth, from a green-Colour Cloth where
they fit.
Without a Warrant firft obtained from the Green-Cloth,
none .of the Queen's Servants can be arretted for Debt.
Befides this Court, there is another called the Court of Court of
Verge, held by the faid Officers, with the Steward of the Mar- Verge.
fhalfea, to hear and determine all Crimes committed within
the Royal Palace, and that by the Verdict of the Queen's
Houfhold. For the Queen's Court is exempted from all Ju
rifdiftion of any Court of Judicature, Civil or Ecclefiaflical,
but only of the Lord Steward, or of the faid Officers in his
Abfence. And the Royal Palace is accounted a Place fo fa-
cr.ed.f that if, one ftrikes another in ir, and draws Blood, he
fhall have his Right-hand cut off, and that with great Solem
nity, to make the deeper Imprefllon and Terrour in Mens
Minds. In cafe of Felony, no Benefit of the Clergy is al
lowed here.
Thus the Lord Steward, by Virtue of his Office, and with
out a fpecial Commiflion, judges of all Crimes committed
in the Court, or within the Verge. And the Law has laid
out fuch a Plot of Ground about the King's fettled Manfion-
Houfe, to be fubjeft to his fpecial Jurifdiftion, that Peace
and Order may be preferred about his Perfon, with an Aw-
fulnefs and Reverence in Mens Hearts ; that where the
King is, Juftice may not be fought, but immediately from
His Majefty's own Officers.
At the firft Sitting of a Parliament, 'tis the Lord Steward's
Office to attend the Queen's Perfon, and adminifter the
Oaths to the Members of the Houfe of Commons. At the
B b 3 End

|74 The Prefent S TATE of Part I,
End of Parliaments, he adjufts the Parliament Expences BV.
Treafurer. The Treafurer' of the Houfe, and the Comptroller, are alfo
White-ftaff Officers. The firlt may, in the Lord Steward's
Abfence, *ith the other Officers of the Green-Cloth and
with the Steward of the Marftalfea, hear and determine all
Offences committed in the Queen's Palace.
Comptrol- The Comptroller is to control the Accounts of the Green
ler. Cloth.
Cofferer. The Cofferer has a fpecial Charge and Overfight of theo-
ther Officers of the Houfe. 'Tis he that pays the Wages of
the Queen's Servants above and below Stairs, and for Provi?
fions, as directed by the Green Cloth, He has 2 Clerks, un
der him.
Mr. of the The Mafter of the Houfhold furveys the Accounts of the
Houftold. Houfe.
Ck)-ks. The Clerks of the Green Cloth fum up the Bills of Comp.
trolment, and the Clerks Comptrollers allow them.
The Yearly Wages, and Board- Wages, of the Officers of
the Board of Green Cloth. Wages. Board-Wages.
f Lord Steward's, 100 00 Oo 1360 00 00
! Treafurer" s4 123 14 08 1076 05 04
Comptroller's, 107 17 O0- IG02 oi 0g
Cofferer's, 100 00 00 40Q 00 00
Xhe<J Mr. ofthe Houfhold's, 66 13 04 433 0608
1 Clerks of the Green ? A , , „
Cloth, each £ M 06 08 45 s 13 04
Clerks Comptrol- ? . _
I lers, each' £ 44 06 08 45 5 13 04
I proceed now to the inferiour Officers and Servants below
Stairs under the Lord Steward, whofe Offices are diftin-
guifhed by feveral Names ; fome being called Serjeants, Gen
tlemen, Clerks, Yeomen, Grooms, and others Children, Pages,
&c. As in the Bake-Houfe. Wages, Board-Wages.
Clerk, John Clark, 06 13 04 73 06 08
yeoman, — — .Clark, 05 00 00 45 00 00
Two Grooms,' Edw. Ball, 7 ¦ , „
'¦Hen. Hartloe, each | 02 13 04 37 06 08

Chap. XXXIL GREAT BRITAIN. 375
Pantry. Wages. Board-Wages.
Gentleman and Yeoman, Wil-? 0 o .
Ham Lingen, J n 08 oo 481110
Grooms, Charles Juftice, Lewis ? , „
. Vandoren, each J ' j 02 13 04 37 06 1 J
Privy-Kitchin.
Firft Clerk, Mr. James Clark, 44 06 08 205 13 04
Second Clerk, Mr. Lowman, it 08 01 138 n 10
Mafter Cook, Mr. Lamb, n 08 01 138 11 10
Three other Cooks, Mr. Fe-")
verall, Mr. Hoanjlef, Mr. Dif- > n 08 or 108 n 10
fel, each J
Yeoman Mouth, John Centlivre, 05 00 00 55 00 00
Other Yeomen, Rich. Cook, Jo. 1
Linfcomb, Claude Arnauld,> 05 00 00 55 00 00
each 3 1
Grooms, Jo. Pritchard, William 1
Daniel, William Calhoure, V 02 13 04 47 06 08
each j
Children, Tho. Webb, William? n ,Q
ur n r w r -w up 02 00 00 38 00 00
Hoanjlef, James Smith, each £ >
Befides a Scourer, a Door-Keeper, and five Turn-fpits,
at 30/. Board Wages, each.
Side, or Houfhold Kitchin.

Chief, Cook, Manuel Hicks,

05 00 00

55 00 00

Second Cook, Gabriel Cooper,

02 13 04

47 06 08

Grooms, John Sell, Chriftian/
Frolling, each V

02 13 04

47 06 08

Children, Tho. Wells, Ch; Lift ?
ney, each £

02 00 00

38 00 00

Befides a Scourer, a Door-Keeper, and three Turn-
fpits, each at 30 1. Board-Wages. Larder. B b 4 Grooms,

$76 The Prefent STATED Part I.
Wages. Board-Wages.
Grooms, Rob. Gray, Geo. Minors, ? . ' „
JohnGeater, each ' £ 01 ** °4 37 °6 08
Scalding-houfe.
Yeoman, James Goodwin, 05 00 00 45 00 oq
Groom, Henry York, 02 13 04 37 06 08
Scullery.
Yeomen, Tho. Hardiman, Fran-? „-„„„„
cvForrefter, *zch £ °S 00 00 4* °\°°
Joint-Grooms, Ja. Too*/,, &«. | oi I? 04 3? o6 ^
Page, /awex -SoiM, 02 00 00 33 00 o°
Servant, Mat. Hilton, 02 00 00 33 00 20
Children, Rich. Bland, Rob. ? , „„ ^. ,,-„„.
Ciaafcw, each J 02 00 00 33 00 oo
Befides two Pan-Keepers, each at 30 /. Board-Wages.
Clerk, J/eac. Gretton, 06 13 04 73 06 08
Yeoman, Leonard Hancock, 05 00 00 45 00 00
Grooms, Somerfet Englift, Fra. ? 37 06 08
Coleman, each 5
Acatry.
Serjeant, James Halfey E.fq; n 08 01 48 11 10
Joynt Clerks, tfejiry Gafcoigne,? 6 113 06 08
Jobnjackfon, Efquires, £ uu * ^
Yeoman of the Salt-Stores, ? o5 0Q QO I0 00 00
Francis Tuckwell, i
Paftry.
Yeomen, Patrick Lamb, Tho. ? 0J 00 0O 4J 00 00
Salter, each 5 ^'
Grooms, J/;o. #w», £J. Allen, ? Q1 37 06 08
each 3
Befides a Salfary^man, and a Turner, each at 30/. Board-
Wages, Poultry.

Chap. XXXIL GREAT BRITAIN. flr
Poultry. Wages. Board-Wages.
Yeoman, Efmy Clark, 05 00 00 45 00 00
Grooms, Anth. Scarlet, David? , o
Davies, each ' £ oz ^ °4 37 06 08
Spicery.
Clerk, Rich. D* Avenant, Efq; 16 00 00 84 00 00
Confetlionary.
Mrs. Eliz. Stephens, o J 00 00 45 00 00
Yeoman, Geo. Gunthorp, 0$ 00 02 45 00 00
Groom, Tho. Drake, 02 13 04 37 06 08
Ewry.
Gentl; and Yeoman, Jofias Pulter, 1 1 08 01 48 08 10
Yeoman, Peter Berry, 05 00 00 45 00 00
Groom, Charles Calmell, 02 13 04" 37 06 08

Cellar.

•

Gentleman and Yeoman of the? n B *.o
Ice-houfe, Tbo. Hopegood, £ " °8 OI 4« « <*
Yeomen, Rhb.Dalton, Ja. Hay-? „, „„ 
mans, Fra. Furnis, each J£ °*° 00 4 J °° °°
Grooms, Sam.Towers,Cha.Price,? qi ^ ^ ^ Q& Qg
Buttery.
Gentl. and Yeoman, Roger Webb, 11 08 01 48 11 08
Yeoman, David Lloyd, 05 00 00 45 00 00
Grooms, John Murray, Tho.? 370608
Jones, John Clay, each £ 1J ^ »'
Almonry.
Yeoman, Daniel Wbitton, 05 00 00 45 00 00
Groom, William Slatter, 02 13 04 37 06 08
Laun-

37$ The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Laundry.
, Wages. Board-Wages.
Laundrefs of the Table and 7
Houfhold^Linnen, Mrs. Qun-£ 2o oo oo ioo oo oo
thorp, J
To which add
Harbingers.
Gentl. Harbinger, Peter la Roche, at 60 1, per Annum:
Four Yeomen, Era. Courant, Wil. Wall, Cba. Heyling, and
Davenant Sberbourn, $ol. each.
Porters at the Gate.
Yeomen, Rich. Miller, Aaron Kirton, Alex. Hubert, and
James Lovett, at 50 /. each per Annum.
Grooms, Philip Hancbet, Rob. Vernon, • Windham,
Rich. B'ellafis, 40 /. each. Officers of the Hall.
Marfhal, Charles Par fons, his Wages 31 1.8d.
Daily-Waiters, William Everal, John Philips, James Moo
dy, 30 1. each. Marfhalfea.
Knight Marfhal, Sir Philip Meadows, Board-Wages, 26 I
Marlhal's Men, Jo. Lefter, Theophilus Buftard, John Sai
nton, Rich. Watkins, 20 /. each, with Liveries.
Verge-
Clerk, Mr. Hardifty, and Coroner Rob. White, each 30 I,
per Annum. Cartakers.
Yeomen, Rich. Fielder, and Edw. Kilmayne, 50 I. per An.
Grooms, Wil. Arbour, Wil. Munden, each' 40 /.
I pafs by 4 Tail-Cartakers, 2 Bread-bearers, and 2 Wine-
Porters, a Turncock, and a Bell-ringer at Kenfington, a Cleaner
of the Sefs Pools, and a Watchman at St. James's. At

Chap. XXXII. GREATBRITAIN. 379
At Hampton-Court, Mr. Tho. Warner is allowed 200 /. a Year
to feed and breed Pheafants there.
Purveyors.
Butchers, John Heard, Rich. Hudfon.
Purveyor of Bacon, John Clift.
Poulterers, Jo. Huddle, Rich. Walkden, —•< . ¦ Wybird.
Grocer, Peter (a Vigne.
Oylman, Davenant Sberbourn.
Fifhmongers, Francis Tuckwell, Cba. Maddox.
Brewer, Rich. Saunders.
Tallow-Chandler, Tho. Rutter.
Linnen-Draper, Mat. Cooper.
Brafier, Jeremiah Hancock.
Pewterer, Wil. Templeman.
Ironmonger, Paul Collins.
Who are allowed no Salary.
»
Note That in each Office there is a Succeffion from one to
another. Thus one of the Children may come to be a
Groom, from a Groom a Yeoman, from that a Gentleman, and
at laft a Sergeant, if he happens to out-live them above him.

Of the Lord Chamberlain, and the Queen's Servants
tinder him.
NExt to the Lord Steward is the Lord Chamberlain of the Lord
Queen's Houftold, alfo a White Staff Officer. Who has Chamier.
the Overfight of all the Queen's Officers and Servants above lain.
Stairs, except the Precinfts of Her Majefty's Bed-Cham
ber. They are all fworr. by him, or the Gentlemen TJihers
by his Warrant. He has alfo the Charge of Coronations,
Marriages, Entries, Cavalcades, Funerals, &c. of all Furni
ture in Parliament, and in the Rooms of Addrefs to the
Queen. His Salary is 1200 /. a Year.
The prefent Lord Chamberlain is the Right Honourable
the Marquis of Kent, who has under him
A Vice-Chamberlain, Peregrine Bertie Efq; j Salary 5 59 /. /^fee-
Secretary, Sir John Stanley Baronet. His Clerk, Mr. Chamber-
John Evans. lain,
Pffice-Keeper, Mr. Charles Sbeppard. OMcers,

, |8© The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Officers, I. In the Privy-Chamber.
Gentlemen There are under the Lord Chamberlain 48 Gentlemen of the
of tbeFri-¥ri'uy-Chamber, who ferve the Queen at their own Charges,
»y Cham- f°r tf'e Honour of the Place, and are preferred as Occafion
bsy, offers. Twelve of 'em are in Quarterly Waiting, and 2 of
thefe lie a-Nights in the Privy Chamber.
No Perfon that is not privileged by his immediate Wai
ting (except Privy Counsellors) being to come near the
Queen's Perfon without Leave ; the ufual Way to be ad
mitted is by one of thefe Gentlemen, who brings the Party
to the Lord Chamberlain, or Mr.- Vice-Chamberlain, to ask
the Queen Leave. Which being granted, he is prefented to
Her Majefty.
But in the Abfence of the Lord Chamberlain, or Mr. Vice-
Chamberlain, the Gentlemen of the Privy-Chamber reprefent
either of 'em, and have place in the Queen's Barge accor
dingly. When they execute the Queen's Orders, their* Perfons are
a fufficient Warrant, and they have no need of written Or
ders. They have always Place at publick Solemnities, In
terviews, and Cavalcades, where the Honour and Glory &f
the Nation is concerned ; and their Place is next to the
Privy Counfellors that are not Peers. When the King goes
to the Parliament by Water, two of 'em wait in the lame
Bar^e, and being come to the Houfe of Lords, kneel upon
the lecond Step of the Throne, where no other Officers are-f
allowed to come before them.
At the Coronation, two of 'em perfonate the Dukes of
Aquitain and Normandy in Ducal Robes, f$c. And fix of
'em are conftantly appointed by the Lord Chamberlain, with
a Nobleman, and the Mafter of the Ceremonies, to attend
all foreign Ambaffadors from Crowned Heads in their pub
lick Entries, and to their Audiences.
In fhort, thefe Gentlemen were firft eftabliflied by Henry
VII. and ought to be Men of Birth and Parts.
The prefent Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber-
Sir Wil. Langhorn, Baronet. Sir John Wentworth, Bar.
Sir John Chefter, Bar. Sir Ben]. Thhborn.
Charles Nich. Eyre, Efq; Sir John Osborn, Bar.
Sir Charles Napier, Bar. Sir Charles Carteret, Bar.

John Wefton, Efq; Sir John Smith, Bar.
Sir Tho. Read, Bar. Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Sir

Chap. XXXIL GREAT BRITAIN. ?*»]
Sir Edw. Lawrence. Edward Leigh, Efq;
William Killegrew, Efq; Sir Philip Coote.
Sir Edm. Andrews. Edw. Proyers, Efq;
Wil. Lowther Efq; John Jeremy, ,EJq ;
Sir Jonathan Andrews. •- Sir William Wheeler.
Geo. Ifaacfon, Efq; Sir Bradwardin Jackfon, Bar.
WU-' Stevenage, Efq; Sir Dalby Thomas.
Agmondefham Vefey, Efq ; Wil. Collier, Efq;
Francis Duncomb, Efq; Z7jo. fiW/ex, Efq;
Thomas Ogle, Efq; Sir Nathaniel Napier, Bar.
Sir 27;o. Grantham. Anthony Sturt, Efo;
C/;ai-/e.r Cotterel, Efq; P/jj/if Sberrard, Efq;
Brownloe Sberrard, Efq; 7/;o. Dacres, Efq; grV,
^e/ery Pateer, Efq;
Gentlemen-llfhers e/rk Privy-Chamber.
jHenrv Sana>, ? Ej- > ;M» Anderfon, Efq;
Fa'w. Harrrifon, £ " Sir JSaV. Lawrence.
Their Salary 200 /. ^e>- Annum each.
Thefe Gentlemen may command all Officers under them
in the Pc/iiy Lodgings, the Bed-Chamber excepted. They
attend in the Clofet at the Chappel, where no other Gen
tleman Ufher waits. And, in the Abfence of the Lord
Chamberlain, and Vice-Chamberlain, they have the Honour
of leading Her Majefly. Grooms.-
Wit. Whitmore, ?vr-, John Bonine, , \vr
Rob Barkftam, £ " Rob. Hemmington, £u<&
Salary, 73 /. each.
Chamber-Keeper, Mr. Vowel.
When the Queen dines in Publick, Her Majefty's Cup-
Bearers, Carvers, and Gentlemen Sewers wait at her Ta
ble, and her Muficians play while She is at, Dinner. The
Yeomen of the Gard bring up the Dinner, and the Gentlemen
Sewers fet the Difhes in order upon the Table ; the Carvers
dive for the Queen, and the Cup-bearers ferve Her Majefty
with Drink, with one Knee on the Ground, the Cup-bearer
taking firft a Taft of the Drink in the Cover before the
Queen. Their Fee is each 33 /, 6 s. 8d. per Annum. Cup-

$U The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Cup-bearers.
Tho. Boteler, ? Ff Robert Ruffel, ? Ef
Charles Nich. Eyre, £ y> Herbottle Luckyn, £ l™
Carvers.
Jofeph Roffinston, ?-cr„. Bernard Granvile, ? v.
John Tilbury, £ Ef^ Geo. Morley, £ Efc&
Gentlemen Sewers.
Charles Chefter Eyre, ? -pr,-,. John Green, 7vrn.
Rob. Robinfon, £ 1]> John Hodges, £n*
II. In the Prefence Chamber.
Gentlemen V fliers Daily Waiters.
Sir David Mitchel, Black-Rod. Jeremiah Chaplain, Efq;
Francis Afton, Efq; William Oldes, Efq;
Their Salary, 150/. each.
Befides ah Affiftant Gentleman Ufher, Will. Saunderfon, Efq;
whofe Salary is 66 1. 13 s. 4 d.
Their Office is to wait in the Prefence Chamber, to attend
next the Queen's Perfon, and after the Lord Chamberlain
and Vice-Chamberlain to order all Affairs, all Under-of-
ficers above Stairs being to obey them.
The firft of thefe Gentlemen is called the Black-Rod,
from a black Staff he bears in his Hand. In Time of Par
liament he is to artend daily the Lords Houfe, in which he
has a Seat within the Bar ; and when the Queen fends for the
Houfe of Commons to the Houfe of Lords, he ( or his
Deputy ) is fent with the Meffage. All Delinquents com
mitted by the Lords ate left to his Cuftody. 'Tis alfo part
of his Office to fee the Lords Houfe fitted up before the
Sitting of the Parliament, and to introduce Lords afterward
into tne Houfe. He is likewife Ufher of the Garter. Gentle-

Chap. XXXIL GREAT BRITAIN. j Bf
Gentlemen Vfibers, Quarter-Waiters.
Leonard Pinkney, J Henry Godfrey,
Charles Dalton, C -,- Jeremiah Bird,
Charles Breffey, r1^5 Tobiah Humphreys,
Henry Gar dy, j JobnEdlyn.
Each 50 J.
Pages of the Prefence Chamber.
Mr. Alexander Reynolds. Mr. Arnold Walwynl
Mr. Edward Wills. Mr. Abraham Kempt.
Each 25 /.
III. In the Great Chamber, otherwife called the Guard; .
Chamber.Grooms.
Mr. Charles Shepherd. Mr. Jofepb Linfey.
Mr. Edward Cooper. Mr. Tho. Naft.
Mr- Adam Lifney.' Mr. Griffin Evans.
Mr. James Cook. Mr. Rob. Jenkinfon.
Mr. Walter Martyn. Mr. 3b/;n iStowe.
Each 40 /. per Annum.
Sewers of the Chamber.
Mr. Thomas de Critz. Mr. Will. Murray.
' Mr. Richard Savage. Mr. Anthony Meek.
Mr. Richard Baugli. Mr. Joiw Sewe/.
Mr. Timothy Cromp. Mr. Charles Winn.
Each 36/. 15*. 7 a*.
When the Great Officers had each his Table at Court, the
Lord Chamberlain had his in the Great Chamber, and the
Sewers therein waiting, fet the Difhes in order upon his
Table. But now the Cafe is alter'd, and their Bufinefs is
chiefly to attend forein Ambaffadors, when intertained by
the Queen. Coffer-

384 The Prefent STATE of PartL
Coffer-bearers: <
Mr. Woolrecb. Mr. Lovegrove.
Salary, 54/. 15 s. each.
Next to the Officers belonging to the forefaid Chambers,
take the following Lift of Her Majefty's
Houfe-keepers,
Of S. James's, John Lard Granvile.
Under-Houfe-keeper, Mr. Edw. Brown, at 60 /. per An
num.
IVhitehab1, Pearcy Kirk Efq; His Deputy, Mr. Rob. Beddow.
( Weftminfter, Mr. Engledon.
' Kenfington, Mr. Lowman.
Hampton-Court, the Duke of Northumberland.
Under-Houfe-keeper, Jofeph Engliff) Efq;
Windfor Caftle, Tho. Randue Efq;
Audley-lnn, Earl of Suffolk-
Richmond, Robert White Efq;
Newmarket, —Walker Efq;
Ludlow Caftle, Earl of Bradford.
Wardrobe-Keepers.
Of the Handing Wardrobe at Kenfington, Henry Lowman.
At Whitehall, Daniel Child, Efq;
At Hampton-Court, Rich. Marriot, Efq; His Salary 230, /.
per Annum.
At Windfor-Cii\\e, Thomas Hall, Efq;
Of the Removing Wardrobe, Yeoman, Peter Hume Efq;
200 I. per Annum.
Grooms, Mr. Jonathan Chafe, and Mr. Tho. Taylor, 130/.
each.
Pages, Kendal Heron, Roger Hallet, and Jofias Sewel,
100 /. each.
As to the Great Wardrobe, I fhall fpeak of it afterwards. Mafter

Chap.XXXII. GREATBRITAIN 385
Mafter of theJewel-Houfe,
John Charlton, Efq', His Salary 450 1, per Annum.
His Clerk, Mr. Rob. Sedgewick, 13 /. 6 s. 8 d.
Yeoman, Mr. Edw. Pauncefort, ?
Groom, Mr. Edw. Yardley, £ I0<5 l- ** s- each'
Mafter of the Ceremonies,
Sir Charles Cotter el. Salary 300 1.
Afiiftant-Mafter, Clement CotterelEfq;
Marfhal, John Inglis, Efq; Salary 100 /.
Rangers,
Of St. James's Park, Henry Wife, Efq;
Of Hide-Park,  -Seymour, Efq;
Greenwich-Park, Geo. Churchill, Efq;
Hampton-Court Park, William Young, Efq;
Windfor gteat, and little Park, the Dutchefs of Marlbo
rough.
Audley-lnn Park, David Robinfon, Efq;
Of Windfor Foreft, George Duke of Northumberland.
Of Waltham Foreft, Robert Marquis of Lindfey.
Warden of Sherwood Foreft, John Duke of Newcaftle.
Harbingers.
Knight Harbinger, John Thurflon Efq; His Salary 20 Marks
per Annum, and ioj. per Diem.
Gentlemen Hatbingers, Peter la Roche, Matt. Whitfeld, Tho.
Roe. Wages and Board-wages, each 60 /.
Yeomen Harbingers, Will. Hall, Wilt. Merrit, Francis Cou
rant, each 50 U To which add
The Groom-Porter, Tho. Archer Efq; Whofe Office is to fee
the Queen's Lodging furnifhed with Tables, Chairs, Stools,
and Firing; to provide Cards and Dice, &c. and to decide
Difputes arifing at Play. His Salary 5 50 /.
Surveyor and Keeper of the Pictures, Mr. Walton.
Gentleman of the Guns, and Keeper of the private Ar
moury, Piercy Guenon de Beaubuiffon, Efq;
C c. Mafter

l%6 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Mafter of the Revels, Oiarles Killegrew Efq; Salary 10 /.
per Annum. His Office is, to order -all Things concerning
Comedies and Mafques at Sourt.
His Yeoman, Mr, Harris. Salary 9 /. 2 s. 6 d.
>Mafler of the Tennis Court, Horatio Moor, Efq;
Mafter of the Barges, Mr. John Warner, Salary 50 /. There
are under him 48 Watermen, wearing the Queen's Badge
on their Livery- Coats.
Matter of the Tents, Toils, and Pavilions, Mr. Charles
Gorfuch.
Fowl-keeper in S. James's Park, Mr. Henry Portman.
Chief Gardener, at S. James's, Mr. Henry Wife; And 8
other Gardeners.
Bowling-Green Keeper, Mr. Henry Peacock.

Sergeants at Arms.

Mr. Tho. Chat nock.
Mr. John Templet:
Mr. Edmund Williamfon.
Mr. Jofeph Lawfon.

Mr. Benjamin Gregg.
Mr. Tho. Turft.
Mr. Daniel Gar diner.
Mr. Matthew Button.

Sergeant at Arms attending the Houfe of Commons, Mr.
Samuel Pomel.
Serjeant at Arms attending the Lord Chancellour, Mr.
Perfehoufe.
Another attending the Lord Treafurer, Mr. Ryley.

Forty Meffengers in Ordinary, Annum.

at 45 /. each per

Tho. Beake.
Rich. Hopkins.
Henry Legate.
John Bale.
Nich. Hill.
Charles Kenge.
James Kilfon.
Simon Chapman.
Will. Knight.
Tho. Newlin.
Will. Saffery.
Samuel Hill.
John Freeman.
Henry Allen.

John Tbornborougb.
John Morris.
Matt. Wilcox,
Anth. Dagley.
Jof. Chance.
Peter Brown.
Ralph Young.
Geo. Collins.
Rich. Ravel.
Sam. dice.
Francis Clark.
Edw. Gibbs.
Ralph Gibbs.

Tho. Davis. )
Pet. Morifcoe.
Pet. Newlin.
Ricb.Haward.Tho. Beake Junior.
Charles Coucbman.
Geo. Fry.
Tho. Smith.
Tho. Nightingale.
Tho. Harrifon.
Rich. Barlow.
Francis Sawyer.
Fortune Barton.

Be-

Chap. XXXIL GREATBRITAIN. 387
Befides a Meffenger of the Prefs, Rob. Stevens, whofe Sala
ry is 50 1. per Annum.
A Meffenger attending the Lord Keeper, Rob. Brifcoei
Another attending the Treafury, John Thirkettle.
Meffenger to the Great Wardrobe, William Holmes.
Clerks of the Cheque, Mr. Will. Sharp, and Mr. Tho;
Atterbury. Muftcians, Twenty four.
Mafter of Mufick, Mr. John Eccles. Salary 200/.
Mr. John Bannifter. Mr. Gilb. Abr ahull.
Mr. Rob. King. - Mr. Charles Hooton.
Mr. Henry Hele. Mr. Daniel Short.
Mr. Chriftian Steftken. Mr. John Lenton.
Mr. John Ridgely. Mr. Thomas Smith.
Mr- Rich. Bradley. Mr. Charles Powell.
Mr. Edw. Flower. Mr. Solomon Eccles.
Mr. Henry Eccles. Mr. Francis Cruys.
Mr. Geo. Hill'. Mr. Theophilus Fitz.
Mr. Charles Smith. Mr. Will. Gorton.
Mr. Francis Jones. Mr. ^o/jm 5/;ore.
Mr. T/;o. Perkinfon. Mr. ^ex. Je /a Tour.
Their Salary, 40/. each; and for Livery, 16 /.
Inftrument-keeper, Mr. John Mofeley. Salary 40 1.
Inftrument-maker, Mr. John Welft.
Trumpets, and Kettle-Drum.
Sixteen Trumpets inordinary, the firft called Sergeant Trum
peter. Their Pay, each 5 s. a Day.
A Kettle-Drum, at 5 s. a Day.
Officers of the Works. '
Surveyor General, Sir Chriftopher Wren.
Mafter of the Mechanicks, John Sympfon Efq;
Comptroller, Capt. Vanbrugb.
Clerk Ingroffer, Chriftopher Wren, Efq; ,
Paymafter, Tho. Lloyd Efq; His Deputy, Col. Tho. TayW.
Mafter Mifon, Benj. Jackfon. -
Matter Carpenter, Mr. Churchill.
Mafter Joyner, ,Mr. Alexander Fort.
Bricklayer, Mr. Richard Stacy. C c z Ser-

3 88 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Sergeant Painter, Mr. Streeter.
Sergeant Plummer, Mr. Atherfton.
Mafter Carver, Mr. Grimlin Gibbons.
Plaifterer, Mr. John Grove,
Glazier, Mr. William Ireland.
Lock-fmith, Mr- Philip Harris.
Black-fmith, Mr. Kays.
Clerks of the Works. At S. James's, Mr. Leonard Ga-
mon.
Tower, and Somerfet-houfe, Mr. John Rotberam.
Kenfington, Mr. Nhh. Hawkfmore.
Greenwich, Mr. William Dhkifon.
Hampton-Court, Mr. John Bull.
Winchefter, Mr. Tho. Bateman.
Newmarket, Mr, John-Sharp.
Her Majefty's Phyficians in Ordinary^
Sir Edward Hannes. Dr. Walter Lifter.
Dr. Thomas Lawrence. Sir David Hamilton.
The Salary of the firft 400 I. of the fecond 300. of the
third 250. and of the fourth 200.
Oculift, Sir William Read. Apothecaries.
To the Perfon, James Chafe Efq; Mr. Daniel Maltus. Their
Salary, each 275 Z. 13 s. 4 d.
To the Houfhold, Mr. Jones. Salary 200 /.
Surgeons
Sergeafit Surgeon, Charles Bernard Efq; His Salary, 396 1
13 s. 4 d.
Surgeon to the Houfhold, and Surgeon-General of all the
Land-Forces of England, Tho. Gardiner Efq; His Salary
280 /. /
Other Servants Sworn by the Lord Chamberlain.
Library-keeper, Dr. Rich. Bentley, 200 I. per Annum,
Poet Laureat, Nalium Tate Efq; 200 I.
Principal Painter, Sir Godfrey Kneller, 100 I. Latin,

Chap.XxXIL GREAT BRITAIN 280
Latin Secretary, Rich. HiU, Efq;
Hiftoriographer, Mr. Tho. Rimer,
Jeweller, Sir Stephen Evance.
Goldfmith, Mr. Charles Smethin.
Bookfellers, Major William Churchill, and Mr. Caftle.
Watchmaker and Clockmaker, Mr. Tho. Herbert.
As for the Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Purfuivants, who
are in effect the Queen's Servants, but dependent upon the
. Earl Marftal, more than the Lord Chamberlain, the Reader
will find an Account of 'em in my Defcription of Lon
don, p. 182.
Tor the Pleafure of Hunting, and Hawking, there is
A Mafter of the Hart, and Buck-hounds; who for himfelf
and Huntfmen, is allowed 234 /. per Annum.
A Mafter of the Harriers, and .a Mafter of the Beagles.
Mafter Falconer, Charles Duke of S. Albans, at Penfion.
Sergeant of the Hawks, 136/. per Ammuni,
TenJFalconerSjeach 50 /.
Thefe following Officers are Independent, both from the Mafter of
Lord Chamberlain, and any other fuperiour Officer. Viz. the Great
The Mafter of the Great Wardrobe,, wjiofe Office is kept in Wardrobe.
fork-Buildings ; to which belong feveral Officers, and di
vers Tradefmen, to the Number of at leaff 60, all fworn
Servants to the Queen.
By this Office Provifion is made for Coronations, Mar
riages, and Funerals of the Royal Family ; Beds, Hangings,
-Canopies, and Carpets fumifhed for the Court ; Cloths of
Eftate, and other Furniture, for the Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland, and all Her Majefty's EmbafTadors Abroad. This is
the Office which furnifhes Prefents for forein Princes and
EmbafTadors, all Robes, &c. for the Knights of the Gar
ter, and Officers of the Garter, Coats for Kings, Heralds,
and Purfuivants at Arms. Alfo all Livories for Her Ma
jefty's Servants, Coaches, Harnefles, Qfc. rich imbroidered
Tilts, and other Furniture for the Barges, Furniture for the
Yachts^ and the Furniture of Courts for Arraignment of
Peers. Her Majefty's Robes, Linnen, and Laces, gffc.
come .alfo out of this Office.
Which is now injoy'd by Ralph, Duke of Montague, by
Patent for Life, with the Title of Mafter of the Great War
drobe, and a Salary of 2000 L per Annum.
His Deputy, Tho, Drummer, Efq; Clerk, Mr. JohnElring-
,. ton. C c 3 I

1$ © The Prefent S T ATE of Part I.
I paTs by feveral Under-Officers, and all the Tradefmen be
longing to this Office.
Chief Ju- Lord Chief Juftice in Eyre of all HerMajefly's Forefls
fthes m &c. on the North-fide of Trent, William Duke of Devonjbirt,
Eyre. Lord Chief Juftice in Eyre of all Her Majefty's Forefts'r
Qfc. on the South-fide of Trent, Tho. Earl of Wliarton. '
Warden of Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Charles Lord Vifcount
the Stan-Rialton.
•narks. The two principal Secretaries of State, of whom I fhall
fpeak particularly, in my Account of the Privy Council.
Of the QJJ E E N's Bed-chamber, under the Lady of
the Stole.
The Lady of the Stole, fo called from the Lat. Stola, a
Robe of State, is the Queen's firft Lady of Honour, or La
dy of the Bed-chamber. Who has the Direction and Con
duft of the Bed-Chamber, and puts on Her Majefty's firft
Garment every Morning.
The other Ladies of the Bed-Chamber are Ten in Number,
whofe Office is to wait Weekly, by turns, in the Bedcham
ber, and to lie there a-nights in a Pallet-Bed. When the
Queen eats in private, they wait on Her Majefty ; and in the
Abfence of the Lady of the Stole, they do what properly be
longs to- Her Office.
A LIST of the Ladies of the • Jgueens Bed
chamber.
Sarah, Dutchefs of Marlborough, Lady of the Stole.
Dutchefs of Somerfet. ¦ Lady Marquis of Hartington.
Dutchefs of Ormond. Countefs of Scarborough.
Countefs of Sunderland. Lady Harriot Godolphin.
Countefs of , Burlington. Lady Eretchville.
Dutchefs of Queensberry. Lady Hyde.
Their Salary, iooo/. each per Annum,
Maids of Honour.

Mrs. Kingdome. Mrs. Forrefter.
Mrs. Stanhope. Mrs.. Smith.
Mrs. Collier. Mrs. Temple-
Salary, 300 I. per Annum, each.

Mi

Chap. XXXIL GREAT LTRITAIN j9±
And when a Maid of Honour marries, with the Queen's
Confent and Approbation, Her Majefty gives her a Portion
of 3000 /. Bed-Chamber Women.
Mrs. Danvers. Mrs. Fielding;
Mrs Cooper. ' Mrs. Hill.
Salary, 500Z. .each.
Pages of the Back-ftairs.
Mr. Edw. Brown. Mr. Lawrence Saxton.
Mr. John Forfter. Mr. Hamnes Kirkes:
Mr. Gilb. Abrabal. Mr. John Smith,
Salary, 80 /. per Annum, each.
Lady of the Robes, Dutchefse/ Marlborough;'
This is an Office of Confequence, . which concerns the
Ordering of 'all Her Majefty'i Robes, of Her Collar of s's,
George and Garter, befet. with Diamonds and Pearls, and
all other wearing Apparel.
The Subordinate Officers are,
The Yeoman of the Robes, Mr, Thomas.
A Groom, Mr. Hodges. His Salary 77 I. '6 s. Brf.
Waiters of the Robes, Mt. Forfter, Mr. Curtis.
Meffenger, Mr. Jones.
Laundrefs of the Body, Mrs. Elizabeth Atkinfon. Salary
200 I.
Starcher, Mrs. Eliz. Abrahall. Salary 200 I.
NecefTary Woman, Mary Eoifton. "* Salary 60 I...
Privy Purfe, Dutchefs of Marlborough.
This alfo is a great and honourable Office, which concerns
the private Gifts of the . Queen, to fuch as Her Majefty v
thinks fit to gratify out of Her own Purfe ; which is done
by her Grace, as Privy Purfe. C c 4 Trea-

392 The Prefent ST ATE of Pa^I,
Treafurer of the Chamber, the Lord Fitzharding.
His Salary 3 1 4 I. 1 j. 4 a".
His Deputy, Mr. Join Giradeau.
Comptroller of the Chamber, Hugh Chudleigh, Efq;
His Deputy, Mr, William Vanbrugb.

Of the Mafter of the Horfe, and theJsnjEEN'i
Servants under him.
'after o/'Tp' H E Mafter of the Horfe is a great Officer, that has
the Horfe. J_ the Ordering of all Her Majefty's Stables, and of all
the Officers and Servants belonging thereto. To whom he ,
gives an Oath, to be true and faithful ; or elfe the Avenet '<¦
does it by his Warrant.
He has the Charge of all Lands and Revenues appointed
for the Queen's Breed of Horfes, for the Charge of Her
Stable, for Litters, Coaches,. Sumprer-horfes, &c, ;.
.He ajone has the Privilege of being allowed, for his 6«hi
Ufe,' Horfes -and Servants belonging 'to the Queen's Stables,
in the Queen's Pay and Livery.
The Prefent Mafter of the Horfe,
Charles Duke of Somerfet, whofe Wages and Board-wages a?
rnount.to 1266 I. 13 s. ^d.
¦ The next Officers under him,
'•¦'-'-.- . Salary,
Avener, and-'Clerk-Mairfhal, Hugh Cbud-? ., ,
" high, Efq; " £ Z6oU
Equertiesj! .Hpgf) Chudleigh, Tho.. Lifter, Geo.y
Fielding,' William Duncomb', Tho. Mere-> 300/. each.
- -dit-h, Efquires, ^
An Equerry of the Crown Stable, Henry ? , .
Foubert, Efq; ' • £ ZS°1'
Gentleman of the 'Horfe, Will. Walfi, Efq; 256/.
Pages of Honour, John Gough, Rob. Blount, ? <} h!
John Egerton, Henry Berkeley, Efquires, £ IS° '• ¦'
To

Chap. XXXIL GREA T BRITAIN. W
i
To which add
A Surveyor of the Stables, Francis Negus, Efq;
Surveyor of the High-ways, Michael Stud- ?
holm, Efq; £
Riding Surveyor, John Bowen, Efq;
Clerk of the Avery, Geo. Lampen, Efq;
Clerk of the Stables, Michael Studholm, Efq;
Governour to the Pages, Mr. Brifac,
Yeoman Sadler, and Store-keeper, Mr. Rob. ?
George, £
¦ iSergeant and Marfhal Farrier, Mr. Andrew 1
Snape, £
Yeoman Farrier, Mr. Rob. Limcock,
Squire and Groom Sadler, Mr. John Rawlins,
Coach-maker, Mr. Samuel Aubery,
Purveyor and Granitor, Mr. Luke Saunders,
Mews-keeper, Mr. James Lewis,
Stable-keeper at Hampton-Court, Mr. Sturgis,
Stable-keeper at Kenfington, Mr. Fielder,
Yeoman of the Carriages, Mr.- Manning.
Five Coachmen, and one for the Mafter of ?
the Horfe, 5
Four Chair-men,
Twelve Foot-men, and four for the Mailer ?
of the Horfe, " ; £
Four Grooms, and one for the Maft?r of
the Horfe,
One Bottle-Groom,
Five Poftilions, and one for the Mafter of ?
the. Horfe, £
Four Helpers, and one for the Mafter of ?
the Horfe, 3
Two Helpers to the Chair-men,

Salary,

120 /.

82/.

30/.

125 /.

224 /.
100 /.
93/.
\il.
36 1.
10 s.
76 1.
36/.
120/.
16 1.
16 I.
36/.
3 6 1.
6s i.
each.
42 I
each.
53/.
each.
36/.
each.
36/.
3P I-
each.
30 I.
each.
30 I.
each.
18/.
is/.
Porter at the Mews, David Alexander,
Meffenger, Nath. Bridgewater,
Allowed to Tregonnel Frampton, Efq; for
keeping fix Race-Horfes, with aU Necef- ^ coo /.
faries,
°f
$94 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Of Her Majefty's Gards.
Queen's THRom the Civil Lift of the Queen's Court, I come to the
Gards. J^ Military, confifting of 3 feveral Bodies ; viz**The Bani
of Gentlemen Penfioners, the Yeomen of the Gard, and the
Troops of the Houftold. Of which the two firft gard the
Queen above Stairs.
Band of The Band of -Gentlemen Penfioners, firft inflituted by Henry
Gentle- VII, confifts of 40 Gentlemen. Whofe Office is to attend
men the Queen's Perfon, with their Pole-axes, to and from her
Penfioners. Chappel Royal, and receive her in the Prefence-Chambet,
or coming out of Her Privy-Lodgings. They ought likewife "
to attend at all great Solemnities, as Coronations, S. George's
Feaft, Publick Audiences of Ambaffadors, at the Queen's going
to Parliament, at Royal Funerals, &c.
They ufually wait half at a time Quarterly, but upon all
Solemnities they all give their Attendance.
On the Coronation-Days, and at S. George's Feaft, they
have the Honour to carry up the King's Dinner.
Their Captain is always a Nobleman, who has under him a
Lieutenant, a Standard-bearer, and Clerk of the Cheque. - There
is alfo a Secretary, Pay-mafter, and Harbinger ; the Harbin- -
ger's Office being to provide Lodgings for the Gentlemen
Penfioners, and to affift the Clerk of the Cheque when abfent,
as his Deputy.
All the Band and Officers, except the Captain, are fworn
by the Clerk, for which he has a Fee of s /. ro s.
The Captain s Pay is 1000 I., per Annum, the Lieutenant's
500, the Standard-bearer's 310, the Clerk of the Cheque's
120, and a Gentleman Penfioner's 100 /.
The LIST of the Band of Gentlemen Penfioners.
Captain, Charles Duke of & Albans.
Lieutenant, Wil. Seymour, Efq;
Standard-bearer, Charles Fane, Efq;
Clerk of the Cheque, Rob. Manley, Efq;
Secretary, Daniel Burges, Efq;
Pay-mafter, Wil. Smith, Efq;
Harbinger, Mr. Rich. Reeves.

The

Chap. XXXIL GREAT BRITAIN. 595

The Penfioners themfelves.

Charles Norton,
Tbo. Boteler,
Alex. Bar bam,
Nich. Arnold,
Paul Colton,
John Champante,
Gregory Weftcomb,
James Gray,
Henry Ryley,
Rob. Coleby,
Wil. Olds,
Tbo. Saunders,
' Wil. Weftcomb,
Nath. Brown,
John Grub,
Jofepb Whitehead,
Tho. Geary,
Wil. Lancafter,
Jeremiah Sambrook,

John Gaftone,
Wil. Parker,
Rob. London,
John Darley,
Fra- Mogfon,
James Wallis,
Wil. Smith,
Rich. Gammon,-
John Saltmafi,
J>Efq; Edw. Bedivgjield,
Wil. Thomas,
Rich. Farnborougb,
John Lecroft,
Tbo. Peirce,
Job Williams,
William Wynne,
William Weftcomb,
Col. Oldfield,
Tbo. Pope.

i>Efq;

The Yeomen of the Gard are another Body, who wait in the Yeomen of
firft Room above Stairs, called the Gard-Chamber. the Gard.
Formerly they were 250, being of larger Stature than or
dinary, forevery one of 'em was to be 6 Foot high. Now
they are but 100 in daily waiting, and 70 more not in wai
ting ; but to fucceed the former, as they die- Forty of
'em wait by Day, and 20 watch by Night, with Partizans,
and large Swords by their Sides. When the Queen's Dinner
is ready, they bring up the Difhes to Her Majefty's Table ;
and deliver 'em to the Sewers, who fet them upon the Ta
ble. And when the Queen goes abroad, by Land or Water,
they attend her Perfon.
Their Habit is a Scarlet-Coat of a peculiar make down to
the Knees, garded with black Velvet, and Badges on the
Coat before and behind. Their Breeches are alfo Scarlet,
garded with black Velvet. And, inftead of Hats, they
wear black Velvet Caps, round and broad-crowned, with
Ribbons of the Queen's Colour.
They are all Men of a large Size, commanded in chief by
a Captain. Who has under him a Lieutenant, an Enfign,
Clerk of the Cheque, and four Corporals.
The Captain's Pay is 1000 /. per Annum, the Lieutenant's
Sob, the Enfign 's 300, Clerk of the Cheque's 150, and each
Corporal's 50 U But the Yeomen themfelves have each but
( 19 h

$96 The Prefent STATE of Part. I.
39?. 11 s. id. per Annum, except 8 Yeomen Uftirs, who have
each 10 /. more. Their LIST.
Captain, William Marquis of Hartington.
Lieutenant, Wil. Fielding, Efq;
Enfign, Richard Uphill, Efq;
Clerk of the Cheque, Cha. Hanbury, Efq;
Corporals, Jo. Bigg, Geo. Davenant, Jo. Capel,
Chiverton Charlton.

Teomen-VJbers.

John Milward.
John Jinge.
John Scorer,
John Kirton-

Nich. Hawkins,
Rob. Kidwell.
John Lane.
John Holmden,

Common Yeomen.

Wil- Atlee.
Jof. Collier.
Tbo. Scot.
Jerem.Thwaites.
John Hebburn.
Rich. Palmer.
Geo. Barlow.
Era. Sbeppery.
Rob, Manning.
Adam Dunkerly.
Wil. Whaly.
Wil. Lawler.
Tho. Cooper.
Hen. Wood, Sen.
Hen. Wood, Jun.
John Dyfon.
Benj. Potter.
Tho- Robinfon.
Tobias Cox.
Allen Wootton.
Tho. Collins.
Wil. Crofs.
John Siouty.
Anth. Bedingfield.
Tbo. Pell.
Rich. Tarrant.

Fra. Bernard.
Geo. Onion.
Elias Baily.
Tbo. Werret.
Peter Waggoner.
Tbo. Farmer.
Edw. Philips.
Philip Oldis.
Mungo Brand.
James ^Marftal.
Edw. $tacey.
Anth. Harrifon.
Fawler Meaton.
Wil. Brown, Sen.
Geo. Hewfter.
John Sampfon.
John Lee.
Tho. Croskell.
Benj. Hall.
Hen. Holhway.
Wil. Brown, Jun.
James Teale.
Bryan Tilmond.
Tho. Jeffup.
Tho. Small.
Tho. Munden.

Rich. Hide.
John Bentall.
Edw. Short.
Fra. Baker.
Chrift. Crooke.
Rich. Parfons.
Charles Howland,
Geo. Tanton.
Hen- Elridge.
Tho. Griffith,
Fra. Brown.
Jo. Webfter.
Wil. Palmer.
Jo. Grifmond.
Geo. Bowes.
Adam Powel.
Sam. Claufon.
Wil Shaw.
Jo. Stanley.
Edw. Hart.
Fra. Walker.
Jof. Dodfon.
Rich. Clay.
Mich. Meffenger
Rich. Morris.
Ambrofe Gray.

John

Chap.XXXIL GREATBRITAIN m
JobnWUkinfon. John Stacey. Dan. Cole.
John NicolL " Fra. Sprigg. James Coppin.
Uriah Petty. Mofes Farley. John Alford.
Rich. Prefcott. Rich. Sampfon. Roger Cook.
Edw. Salmon. __ (
Chamber- Keepers, Roger Jackfon, Walter Herbert,
Their Salary 9 /. 2 * ., 6 d.
The Troops of the Houftold confift of Horfe, and Foot- Horfe-
•Guards, making in all about 2500 Men. Gards.
The Gards of Horfe, commonly called the Life-Gard, that
is the Gard of the Queen's Body, confift of 3 Troops, each
of 160 private Gentlemen, well mounted, armed, and e-
quipped ; fome of 'em Reformed Officers, and others young
Gentlemen, who are there made fit for Military Commands.
The firft Troop is called, for Diftinctions fake, the
Queen's Troop, and the other two bear the Name of their
refpeftive Captains.
Each of thefe Troops is divided into 4 Squadrons, two of
which commanded by one principal commiffioned Officer,
2 Brigadiers, and 2 Sub-Brigadiers, with 2 Trumpets,
mount the Gard, and are relieved iri their Turns. When
the Queen goes abroad and near Home, a Party from the
Gard attends Her Perfon ; but if out of Town, Her Majefty
is attended by a Detachment out of the feverai Troops.
There is alfo belonging to the Horfe-Gards, a Troop of
Horfe-Granadiers, confifting of 14; private Gentlemen, a
Divifion of which mounts the Gard, with a Squadron of
the Troop to which they belong. The Gentlemen of the
Gard perform Centry-Duty on Horfeback, and the Grana-
diers on Foot.
Each Troop of the Horfe-gard is commanded in chief by a
Captain, who has under him two Lieutenants, one Cornet,
one Guidon, four Exempts, four Brigadiers or Corporals, and
four Sub-Brigadiers.
In point of Precedency, the Captains .of the Horfe-Gards
always command as eldeft Colonels of Horfe, the Lieutenants
as eldeft Lieutenant Colonels of Horfe, the Cornets and
Guidons as eldeft Majors of Horfe, the Exempts as youngeft
Captains, the Brigadiers as eldeft Lieutenants. And, a-
' mongft themfelves, every Officer precedes according to the
Date of his Commiflion, when on Detachments. But when
the 3 Troops march with their Colours, the Officer of the
eldeft Troop commands thofe of equal Rank with him in
the others, tho their Commiflions be of elder Date. The

398 The Prefent S T A T E of Part. I.
The next Colonel to the Captains of the 3 Troops of Gards
is he that commands the Royal Regiment of Horfe, who has
Precedency before all other Colonels of Horfe. This Regi-
ment confifts of 9 Troops, 40 Men in each Troop. '
The Captain's Pay of the firft Troop of Gards is r /. 10 s.
a Day ; and of the other two Captains, 20 s. each. A Lieu-
tenant's 15 s.
A Cornet's Pay of the firft Troop, 14 s. of the other
two Troops, 13, a Guidon's 12, and an Exempt's 9.
A Brigadier's Pay of the firft Troop, 7 s. of the other
two Troops, 6 s.
A Sub-Brigadier's Pay is but equal to a Gentleman of the
Troop, that is, 4 s. a Day.
Note, That each Troop has a Chaplain, whofe Pay is 6 s.
Sd. a Day. A Surgeon, his Pay 6 s . and for his Cheft-horfe.
is. in-all 8 s. a Day.
The Trumpeters, and Kettle-Drummers, have each 5 s.
a Day. The Pay of the Horfe-Granadiers is as follows. The Colo
nel's ie,s. the Lieut. Colonel's 12, the Major's 9, each of the
Captain's 8, the Guidon's 6, the Corporal's 3, the Hoboy'sani
Drummer's, as a private Granadier's, zs. 6d.
Foot- I come now to the Foot-Gards, which confift of two Re-
GaraV. giments, z>iz. the Queen's, and the Cold-Stream Regiment. The
firft of 28 Companies, each of 60 private Men ; and'the
fecond of 15 Companies, 70 Men in each.
The Colonel's Pay is «;. a Day, a Lfear. Colonel's o, a
Major's 6, a Captain's J, a Lieutenant's 4, an Enfign' s 3, a
Serjeant's 1 s. 6d. i Corporal's izd. and a private Man's'
10 <f.
Now as the Captains of the Horfe-Gards command as el
deft Colonels, and confequently take place of all other Colo
nels of Horfe, fo the Colonels of the Regiments of Foot-
Gards precede all other Colonels of Foot. And all Regi
ments of Horfe or Foot, not being of the Gards, take place
according to their refpeftive Seniorities from the Time they
were firft raifed, no Regiment lofing its Precedency by the
Death or Removal of its Colonel.
As for the Lifts of the principal Commanders both of th«
Horfe and Foot-Gards, the Reader will find them amongft
Her Majefty's Forces, pag. 351.

Of

Chap. XXXIL GREAT BRITAIN 599
Of the Queen's Chappel, Her Majefty's Clofet or private
Oratory, and Her Almonry. *
FRom the Civil and Military Part of the Queen's Court, igueen's
come to the Ecclefiafthk Part. This brings me firft toCbappet.
trie Cbappel-Royal, in which Her Majefty performs Her pub
lick Devotion.
The fame is under the Conduft of a Dean, called the
Dean of the Chappel, heing ufually fome grave learned Pre
late chofen by Her Majefty, and owning no fuperiour but
the Queen in this Station, the Royal Palace and Chappel be
ing exempt from all Spiritual and Temporal Jurifdiftion
but the Queen's.
In this Chappel Prayers are read thrice a Day, Sermons
preached on Sundays and other particular Times, the Com
munion adminiftred every firft Sunday of the Month, be
fides the great Feftivals, and all Things performed with
great Decency and Order.
By the Dean are chofen all the other Officers of the Chap
pel. Particularly a Sub-Dean, 12 Gentlemen in Orders, to
perform the Divine Service in Praying and Singing, &c.
befides 8 Clerks, and 10 Children of the Chappel, joining in
Confort with them.
Of the 1 2 Gentlemen in Orders, one is chofen particularly
to read Prayers every Morning to the Queen's Houfhold, to
vifit the Sick, to examine and prepare Communicants, and
to refolve any Scruple of Confcience, or Point of Religion.
Therefore fome call him Confeffor of the Houftold.
Among the Clerks, one of the beft skilled in Mufick is
chofen Mafter of the Children, to inftruft them in the Rules
and Art of Mufick, for the Service of the Chappel ; and
two, to be Organifts.
Upon Sundays, Coilar-Days, and other Holy-Days, aCon:
fort of the Queen's Mufick is joined unto 'em, to make the
Chappel-Mufick more compleat.
The principal Feftivals, when Her Majefty makes Her Offering-
Offering at the Altar in a grave and folemn manner after Daw.
Divine Service, with her chief Nobility adorned with the
Collars of the Garter, together with the Hetalds in their
rich Coats, are
1. Chriftmas, Eafter, Whitfunday, and All-Saints, com
monly called Houftold-Diys, when Her Majefty offers a Piece
of Gold called Byzant, or Byzantine, from Byzantium, the
old Name of Conftantinople, whete this Piece of Gold was
firft coined. Which is deliver'd to the Queen by the Lord
Steward, or one of the other White-Staff Officers.

4*oo

Collar-
DayswithoutOffering.

The Prefent S T A T E of Part L
2: New-years Day, and Twelfth-Day, upon the latter of
which Gold, Ffunkincenfe, and Myrrh, are offered in feveral
Purfes by the Queen.
3. Candlemas, Annunciation, Afcenfion, Trinity-Sunday, S.
John Baptift, and Michaelmas Day, when only Gold is offe
red. All which Offerings are at the Difpofal of the Deawof
the Chappel, to be diftributed amongft the Poor, l
The Queen has alfo Collar- Days, ("that is, Days when fhe
wears the Collar of the Garter,) without Offering, viz.

The Holy-Days, and Sun
days, in the Twelve-days.
Her Majefty's Birth-Day,
Feb. 6.
S. Matthias, Feb. 24.
Her Majefty's Acceffion to
the Crown, March 8.
The Holy-Days in Eafter, and
Whitfun-'Week.
Her Majefty's Coronation,
April zt,.

S. Mark, April 25.
S. Philip and James, May 1,
S. Peter, June 29.
S. James, July 25.
S- Bartholomew, Aug. 24.
S. Matthew, Sept. 21.
S. Luke, Oft. 18.
<?. Simon indjude, Oft. 28.
Gun-powder Treafon, Nov. 5,
51. Andrew, Nov. 3 o.
S. Thomas, Dec. 21;

Communion-Days.

Formerly Cbriftmas, Eafter, and Wlntfunday were the ufu*
al Days when the King received the holy Sacrament ; and
then none but fome of the Royal Family, and two or three
of the principal Bifhops, received the Communion with
him. But the prefent Queen, being an excellent Pattern or
Piety, receives the Sacrament every firft Sunday of the
Month* befides the great_ Feftivals, and any of the Houfholi
are allowed to Communicate.
Chaplains. For tne Preaching^ part, there are 48 Chaplains in ordinary,;
' four of 'em in waiting Monthly. Befides fix Chaplains ap
pointed to preach at St. James's, and two Houftold Cbaplainf-
at Whitehall.
Lent- And, whereas Lent is a particular Time of the Year, both
Preachers, for publick and private Devotion, the Lent-Preachers are ap
pointed by the Archbifhop of Canterbury, and1 the Lord
Chamberlain, thus.
Upon Afb-Wenfday, being the firft Day of Lent, the Dean
of the Chappel is to preach of courfe ; and each Wenfday af
ter, one of the Queen's ableft Chaplains. Every Friday, a
Dean of fome Cathedral, or Collegiate Church ; and on
Good-Friday, the Dean of Weftminfter. On every Sunday in
Lent a Biihop, on Palm-Sunday an Archbifhop, and upon
Eafter-Diy the Lord High Almoner.

Be-

Chap. XXXIL G R EATBlXITA IN. 401
Befides the Chappel Royal, the Queen has a Clofet, or Queen's
private Oratory, for Her more private Devotion. Which Clofet.
ufed to be under the Direftion of a learned and reverend Di
vine, called Clerk of the Clofet ; whofe Office was to wait
on the King in his Clofet, to attend at his right Hand du
ring Divine Service, to refolve all Doubts concerning fpi-
ritual Matters, and to give Thanks at his Table* But now
this Office is in the hands of 3 Reverend Divines.
I conclude with the Almonry, which is under the Care of Lord At-
the Lord High Almoner, who is ufually a Bifhop ; by whom moner.
the Queen's Alms are diftributed, as he thinks moft conve
nient. Among which, all Deodands, and Goods of Self-
Murderers forfeited to the Queen, are always bellowed in
Alms to the Poor.
'Tis the Lord Almoner, who pays the Penfion Her Ma
jefty allows to fuch of Her Servants below Stairs^ as, thro*
Age or otherwife, are unfit for Service. Alfo to fuch Wi
dows of Her Majefty's Houfhold Servants, as left their
Wives and Children unprovided for.
'Tis the Lord Almoner, who on Maundy-Tlmrfday (being
the Thurfday in the Paffion-week ) performs the Ceremony
of Wafting the Feet of a certain Number of Poor; which has
been often done by the King himfelf, in Imitation of our Sa
viour's Pattern of Humility. The Charity beftowed upon
this Occafion to each Poor admitted to this Ceremony is,
Woollen-Cloth for one Suit, Linden for 2 Shifts, fix Peny-
loaves of Bread, Fifh in wooden Platters,* a Quart-bottle of
Wine, and 2 red leather Purfes, one with as many fingle
Pence as the Queen is Years old, the other with as many
Shillings as Years of the Queen's Reign.
Under the Lord Almoner, there is a Sub-Almoner, a Yeo
man, and 2 Grooms of the Almonry.
A L I S T of the Officers of the Queen's Chappel,
of Her Clofet, or private Oratory, and Her Al
monry.
Dean of the Chappel, Henry Lord Blfbop of London*
His Salary, 206 I.
Sub-Dean, Mn Ralph Battle^ oil. s s.
D d Gentle*

4©2

The Prefent STATE of Part I,

Gentlemen of the Chappel, in Orders.

Mr. Edw. Bradock, Clerk of
the Cheque.
Mr. Stephen Crifpion.
¦Mr. John Goodgroom.
Mr. Tho. Richardfon.
Mr. James Hart.
Mr. Andrew Trebeck<
Their Salary, 73 /.

Dr. William Turner.
Mr. John Radcliff
Mr. John Goftling.
Mr. Leonard Woodefon.
Mr. Samuel Bentham.
Mr. John Howel.
each per Annum.

Confeffor to the Houfhold, Mr. John Radcliff, 36 /. 10 r.
Clerks of the Chappel.
Mr. Charles Barnes. Mr. Tho. Linacre.
Mr. Alex. Damafcene. Mr. Tho. Jennings.
Mr. Daniel Williams. Mr. Tbo. Edwards.
Mr. John Church. , Mr. F?//. Waftbourn.
Their Salary, 73 J, tich per Annum.
Firft Organift, Mr. John Blow, 73 /. As Compofer, 73 It
And for teaching the ten Children Mufick, 240 I.
Second Organift, Mr. Francis Pigot, 73 /.
Organ-blower, Mr. Shelley, 20 /. -
The 48 Chaplains in Ordinary, as they wait in their
Months.

MARCH.

MAY.

Dr. Menard.
Dr. Bentley.
Dr. Smoult.
Dr. Waple.

Dr. Haley.
Dr. Mandevil.
Dr. Aldridge.
Mr. JSoof /;.

•AP,RIL,

JUNE.

Dr. Jfifo.
Dr. Potter.
Dr. Hammond.
Dr. Dunftar.

Dr. Sherlock.
Dr. Nur/e.
Dr. J«ef.
Dr. /few.

IULY.

Chap. XXXIL GREATBRITAIN. 4©|

JULY.

Dr. Hefcard.
Dr. -Willis.
Dr. Hesketh.
Dr. James.
AUGUST.
Dr. Gee.
Dr. Resbury.
Dr. Charlotte.
Dr. Burton.
1 SEPTEMBER.
Dr. Manningham.
Dr. Adams.
Dr. Edwards.
Di- Brabant.
OCTOBER.

NOVEMBER.
Dr. Verney.
Dr. Blackball.
Sir William Daws Baronet.,
Dr. Stanhope.
DECEMBER.
Dr. Blackbourn.
Dr. Royfe.
Dr. Freeman.
Dr. Whkart.
JANUARY.
Dr. Lamb.

Dr. Bradford.
Dr. Brady.

FEBRUARY,

Dr. Felling.
Dr. Brampfton.
Dr. Mo/i.
Dr. Atterbury,

Dr. Linford.
Mr. Whitfeld.
Dr. Ttimnell.
Mr. Fleetwood.
Thefe have no Salary.

Tfo Six Chaplains appointed to preach at Whitehall,
Mr. William Grave. Dr. Join Ovington.
Dr. Lewfi Atterbury. Mr. Francis Brown.
Mr. Jo/^j Swinfen. Mr. J/;o. Marftall.
Their Salary, 80/. each^er Annum.
Houfhold Chaplains, <zr Whitehall.
Mr. T/w. Harper, 8o/.- Mr. 5e»j". Palmer, 80/.
Chappel-keeper, at Whitehall,
Mr. SMb Richard fon, his Salary jo /. And for providing
Surplices, 50/. more.

Ddi

Bt-

4«4 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I,
Belonging to the Veftry*
Sergeant, Mr. Henry Parker, Salary and Board-wages,
73 /. per Annum. And for wafhing Surplices, 6b /.-
Yeoman, Marm. Alford, Salary and Board-wages, 45 /. 15 s.
Groom, Matthew Fairlace, Salary 45 /, 12 s.
Clerk of the Clofet, ,
Whofe Office is now executed by
Dr. John Younger, Dean of Salisbury ; Dr. William Grahme,,
Dean of Wells ; and Dr. Samuel Pratt, Dean of Rochk
fter. Their Fee, 61. 18 s. each.
Clofet-keeper, Mr. Gilb. Tliornborough. Salary 49 /. 2 s.
Lord Almoner, John Lord Archbifhop of York.- No Sa
lary, as fuch.
Sub- Almoner, Dr. Ralph Battle, ox I. 5 s.
Yeoman, Mr. Richard Bennet. Groom, Daniel Wl»tt<tnA

The Court of H. R. H. the Prince.
« . , I conclude this Chapter with the Prince's Court, the
innce s Queen-S B,oyai Confort, which confifts of
Court, ^~ ' Gentlemen of the Bed-Chamber.
John Lord de la Warr, firft Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber,
and Groom of the Stole. His yearly Fee 1200 /.
WilliamLord Byron. f
Tho. E*rl of Weftmorland. > Salary, 600 I. each.
Tho. Lord Howard of Effingham, y

priV]

Chap.XXXII. GREAT BRITAIN 401
Privy Purfe, and Mafter of the Robes, •
Deputy Privy Purfe, Conrad Walkling, Efq; Salary joo /.
Yeoman of the Robes,  - 5.0 I.
His Affiftant, Matthew Barrowy 20 /,
Secretary,
John George Hugk, Efq; Salary, 400/.
Grooms of the Bed-Chamber.
Charles Churchill, O Hugh Bofcawen,
Geo. Churchill, C-vr Henry Graham,
Tho. Maul, r-^Qi James Vernon,
John Hill, j Samuel Muftam,
Salary, 400 /. each.
Gentlemen Vjhers.
ItSertf, } *% Their Salary, 150 i. each.
Gentlemen Waiters.
John Layng, "iv(. Charles Nich. Eyre, 7vrn.
John Cbamberlayn, f^t Richard Steele, $ q'
Their Salary, 100 1, each.
Pages of the Back- Stairs.
Mr. Peter la Roche. Mr. John Cuftice.
Mr. Daniel Crobarry. Mr. Samuel Najh.
Salary, 80 I. each.
Page of the Prefence, Mr. Charles Lucas, 40 /.
D d 3 Barbers.

god The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.
Barbers.
Mr. Peter la Roche, ? , , , v •
Mr. Cary?e» AittoZr, 1 each 6o * a Year'
Laundrefs, and Semftrefs of the Body, Mrs. Cooper. Sala-,
ry 150 /.
Neceffary Women, Mrs. Mary, and Elizabeth Douglas.
Salary 46 /. each.
Yeoman of the Cellar, Mr. Tho. Hopgocd, 60 1.
Belonging to the Stables.
Mafter of the Horfe, Scroop Earl of Bridgewater.
His Salary, 1000 /. per Annum.
Equerries.
Peter Wentworth, 7 -brn. Henry Hawley, ?
Henry Durell, j Wi! Benj. Mildmay, £nclh
Their Salary, 256/. each.
Pages of Honour.
Tho. Poultney, and Jofeph Chudleigh, Efqs; Salary ije /. each,
Yeoman Rider, Mr. Sheel,- 121 /.
Captain of the Arms, Ditto, 200 /.
Purveyor of the Stables, James Herault.
Belonging to the Chappel.
Two Chaplains, Dr. Crufius, Dr. Behme, each 200 /.
Chappel-keeper, Erafmus Johnfon, 30/.

Chap. XXXIIL GREATBRITAIN. 4©7
| Efq;

Commiffioners of the Revenue.
John Lord de la Warr. Spencer Compton,
' Scroop Earl of Bridgewater. JobnGeorge Hugk,
Treafurer, Spencer Compton, Efq;

CHAP. XXXJII.
Of Her Majefty's Revenue, and the Officers belonging
to it.
TH E Charge of the Government in Times of Peace, giieen's
is computed to be Six Hundred Thoufand Pounds Revenue,
per Annum, befides extraordinary Expences. Which Sum'
was fettled upon Her prefent Majefty during Her Life,
in the firft Year of Her Reign, for the better Support of
Her Majefty's Houfhold, and of the Honour and Dignity of
the Crown. And the Revenues appropriated for it are as
follow, viz. m
Per Annum;
The Excife of z s. 6 d. per Barrel on Beer, •<
Ale, &c excluding 3700 1. a Week appro- ff
priated thereout for publick Ufes, and inclu- \ c<t*o
ding fo much of the Charges, of the Manage- S i°0I7?K
ment as is paid by the Cafhier ; which, by a ^
Medium of 3 Years, amounts to J
The further Subfidies of Tunnage and Poundage, \
and other Duties upon Wines, Goods, and /
Merchandizes imported, exclufive of Draw- \ 256841
-backs, by Debentures, and Allowances for da- f
maged Goods, by a like Medium, is J
The Revenue of the General Poft-Office, by a 9
like Medium, including Charges of Manage- p 101,101
ment paid by the Receiver, is j
The Produce of the Fines atifing in' the Aliena- \
non-Office, including all neceffary Expences (
of the Court of Chancery, and other Char- r 4°°4
ges born thereat, is by a Medium, ¦*
The paft Fines, by ajreferved Rent on a Grant ? ZZj$
thereof in being, 5
The Produce of the Revenue arifing by Wine- ~i
Licenfes, including Charges of a Manage- > 6314
ment by a Medium, J
Sheriffs Proffers, conwumbus Annis, about 1040 I
D d 4 Com-

5408 . The Prefent ST ATE of parti;
Compofitions in Exchequer, by a Medium ,of 3 ¥
Years, i 1?
Seizures of Uncuftomed and Prohibited Goods, 13005
The Revenue of the Dutchy of Cornwall, con- y
fifting of the Cuftom, Coinage, Duty of Tin, C ogg0
Rents of Lands, Fines of Leafes, and other (99
Revenues certain and cafual, about J
The Revenue of the Principality of Wales , about 6857
Other Revenues arifing by Rents of Lands, 1
and Fines of Leafes, &c. by a Medium of > 2006
what paid into the Exchequer in 3 Years, 3
So the Total of the Revenues appropriated, as is -\
aforefaid, reckoning upon a Jtfedium, and in
cluding the Charges of Railing the fame, is
about

691204

Note, That the Revenues of the Firft Fruits apd Tenths,
by an Aft of the firft of Queen Anne, were granted for
fupport of the Civil Government ; but are not computed i
here, becaufe they have been fince given in perpetuity for
the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the poor Clergy}"
And alto the Mony arifing by Prizes, with the Perquifites of
Admiralty, which have been both apply'd to the Ufes of
the War, are not inferted in this Computation ; becaufe the. -
faid Prizes ceafe with the War, and the Lord High Admiral
has relinquifhed his Droits of Admiralty for no longer
time than the War lafts.
Since the War begun, the Parliament has granted the;.
Queen fuch Aids and Subfidies, as have enabled Her Maje
fty to cany it on with Succefs. Which publick Incomes
have amounted to above Five Millions a Year, chiefly raifed
by' the Aid of 4 s. in the Pouiid on Lahd, &c. and by. the
Cuftoms, and Excife.
The Land-Tax, &c. is afcertained at near 2 Millions, the
Cuftoms at above Thirteen' Hundred Thoufand Pfiunds, and
the Excife at near one pillion.
Among the feveral Impofitions that have been enafted by
publick Authority, I fliall take particular Notice of the
yearly Produce of thefe following
Duties on Coals, Culm, and Cynders, , 113688
Duties on low Wines and Spirits of the firft Ex- ? z^j
traction, 5
On Beer and Ale, at 9 d. per Barrel, 1 5 5000
On Malt, Mum, and Cyder, 650006
On Salt, at r2 d. pe>Buihel, S^zi
Rent, of Hackney-Coaches, being 4 /. per Annum ? Z^QQ
'¦ each, for 700Coach.es,, , 3
- •' . Licences

Chap. XXXIIL GREAT BR ITAIN 4o<>
Licences to Hawkers and Pedlars, 6460
Stamp Duties on Vellum, Parchment, and Pa- ? 0 '
per,' S 9
Duties on Windows, 1 12069
For Managing the Cuftom- Revenue, there are in the firft Officers of
place seven Commiffioners, having the Charge and Overfight the Cuftom.
of all Her Majefty's Cuftoms in all Ports of England. They
hold their Places by Patent, and fit Day by Day in the Cti-
ftom-houfe, London.
Vaft is the Number of Officers and Servants imploy'd un-
der 'em, amounting to about 600 ; fome Officers holding
their Places by Patent from the Queen, and others by War-
rdnt from the Lord High Treafurer. And their due Per qui-
fites, are fo confiderable, as to exceed fometimes the Sa
lary. The Excife upon Malt, Beer, Ale, and other excifable Officers of
Liquours, is alfo managed by Seven Commiffioners, whofe theExcifei
Office is kept in the Old Jewry. Thefe have likewife feveral
Officers and Servants under 'em. In the Country there are
50 CoUetlors, and 140 Supervifors; befides a vaft Number of
inferiour Officers, commonly called Excifemen or Gangers,
whofe Salary is 20 s. each per Week. So that the whole
Number of Officers concerned in the Excife, may amount to
near 2000.
From the faid Commiffioners there lies an Appeal to
five others, called Commiffioners of Appeals.
As to the General Poft, I refer you to Page 249.
For the Salt Duty, Wine-Licences, Stampt-Paper and
Vellum, Prizes, and Hackney-Coaches, there are Five Com
miffioners for each ; and for the Duty arifing from Hawkers,
Pedlars, and petty Chapmen, Three Commiffioners.
A LIST of the Commiffioners and others belonging
to the Cufiom-Hoafe, LONDON.
The Seven Commiffioners.

Charles Godolphin, Efq;
Samuel Clarke, 'Efq;
Thomas Newport, Efq;
William Culliford, Efq;

Sir John Warden, Baronet.
Thomas Hall, Efq;
Sir Matthew Dudley, Baronet.

Each 1000 /. per Jnnum. Which

5id The Prefent STAT 'E of Parti.
Which Commiffioners hold their Places by Patent from the
Queen ; as thefe other Officers do alfo, whofe Names fol
low, Viz.
Richard Savage, Efq; Secretary,
tfobn Bridges, Efq; Sollicitor,
George Metcalfe, Afliflant to the Sollicitor,
Charles Davenant, Efq; Infpeftor General 7
of Exports and Imports, $
For his Clerks,
Arnold Sanfon, Efq; Comptroller of the 1
Iffues and Payments of the Receiver >>
General, J
For his Clerks,
WUlfalfRumtaU, }Ef* Survey°r Genera1' }
Henry Feme, Efq; Receiver General, and ?
Cafheer, 5
Rowland Holt, Efq; Comptroller General 7
of the Accompts, £
Sir John Crifp Baronet, Colleftor of the
Subfidy Outward,
Richard Miller, Efq; Cuftomer of the Cloth,
and Petty Cuftoms Outward,
Sir John Shaw, Knight and Baronet, Col- c
lector Inward, S
Daniel Lawrence, Efq; Cuftomer of the ?
Petty Cuftoms Inward, 5
"Timothy Tbornbury, Efq; Cuftomer of the ~J
' Great Cuftoms on Wool and Leathers
¦exported, 3
~ William Water fon, Efq; Surveyor of the Cu- ?
.'"¦ ftoms in the Out-Ports, 5
Edward Lane, Surveyor of the Aft of Na- ?

Vigation, "¦¦ ¦ z Watermen, each 30 /.
John Needier, Efq; Comptroller of the
Great Cuftoms of Wool and Leather
Exported, --..-' «-¦ ;'
John Backwell, Efq; Comptroller of the
Subfidy, Inward and Outward,
Richard Breton, Efq; Comptroller of the
Cloth and Petty Cuftoms, Inward and
Outward, ^ -.;¦<.!>., ¦¦¦¦ *

f

I

I.

s.

d.

400

00

00

300

00

00

150

00

00

1000

00

00

200

00 00

460

00

00

260

00

00

500

00

00

1000

00

00

1000

00

00

276

13 04

5

00

00

466

13

04

62 06 08

50

00

00

366

16 08

100

00

00

30

00

oa

155

00

00

200

00

00

Lord

Chap. XXXIIL GREAT BR I TAIN
l. s. d.
Lord Scarborough, Surveyor of the Cu-T
ftoms and Subfidies, Inward and Out- .
ward, 3
Nicholas Leckmore Efq; his Deputy,
George Hutcbinfon, Regifter of the Seizures,
Henry Tanftaw Efq; Regifter in the Queen's 7
Remembrancer's Office, 5
For Clerks, in looking after Coaft Bonds,
John Hale, Receiver of the New Import ?
on Tobacco, $
Matthew Humberfton Efq; Ufher of the Cu- ?
' ftom-Houfe, £
Sir William Fowlis, Chief Searcher,
Five Searchers, 12 1. each, Viz.

4U

s.
300 00 00
00 00 so
200 OO 00
00 00 00
00 00 0.0
00 00 00
06 00 00
120 00 0»

Rob. Jennings,
Richard Burton,
Peregrine Bertie,

Richard Peirce,
V Anthony Meeke, and
\ Cleere Windham.

Nineteen Queen's Waiters, at 521. each, Viz.

William Williams,
Roger Charnock,
John Feild,
William Tolman,
Francis Rainford,
John Dennis,
Ambrofe Moor,
Richard Warner,
Charles Weft,
Edward Hearne.
Thomas Cbiffincb.
Charles Villiers,*
John Harrifon,^

}

Daniel Crobare,
Edward Reed,
Lewis Montgomery,
Thomas Pennington,
Roth Fetermaji, '
Samuel Grice,
Benj. Johnfon,
William Nichols, --
Richard Longbottom.

Searchers of Gravefend, 12 /. each.

Officers appointed by Warrant from the Lord High
Treafurer.

William Denn, Sollicitor for Coaft-Bonds,
William Mar ft, Examiner Outwards,
Walter Cox, Copying-Clerk Outwards,

50 00 00
,30 co 00
30 00 CO
Hugh

100 00 00
200 CO CO

$fS The Prefent ST AT P. of Part.I.
1. s. d.
Hugh Granger, Examiner Inward, 6b oo oo
Three Deputies to the Colletlor Inwards, Viz.
'John Hale— -^ Receiver for the Plantation
Duties,
Chriftopher Tower ¦— for the Grand Ret V.1 40 oo oo
ceipts,
Charles Meine — — for Wine Duties, each
John Myriel, Copying-Clerk Inwards, 40 00 00
Thomas Thatcher and John Root, Wine- ? 0
Tafters, each £ 8o 00 00
Harry Roynon, Examiner of the Sufficien
cy of Officers Security,
Tliomas Hudfon, Viewer and Examiner of
Tobacco, Inwards and Outwards,
Richard Smith, Affiftant to the Clerk of ? * „„
the Ships Entries, £ *° °° °°
John Hart lib, Clerk of the .Coaft Bufinefs, 40 op op
John Prowfe, Northern Clerk, 80 00 00
Charles Carkefs, Clerk tp the Plantations, 00 00 00
Copying-Clerk, ,1 80 00 00
Thomas Andrews, J J
Horatio Mitchell, £ Examiners of the Out- > 50 00 00
Sam. GeUibrand, r PqrJ: Books, each \
William Hays, 3 4
Bedford Whiteing, "7 /
William Cooke, Merquers, each "? 100 00 00
Edward Deer, \ «j
Euclid Spidel, Clerk of the Coaft-Bufinefs, £ 50 00 00
and making Bills of Store, .*
Six Pair of Oars for the Coaft- Waiters; V 30 09 00
each <?
William Leach, Pay-Mafter of the Incidents, 40 00 00
Charles Mein, Examiner and Computer of 7 40 00 00
the Duty on Wines and Currans, g *
John Baffendine, Door-keeper, 10 00 co
William Alexander, Meffenger and Door- 7
keeper, ? 30 00 0,
Six Watchmen for the Houfe, each 06 15 00
JohnDavis, Efq; Surveyor of the Ware-Houfe, 20000 00
John Tillot fon, Affiftant, 80 00 00
Philip Par fans, additional Affiftant, 50 00 00
James

Chap. XXXIIL GREAT BRITAIN.
I. s. d.
James Dobfon, Warehoufe-keeper,
John Cole, Comptroller of the Ware- 7
houfe, ?
Seventeen Cqgft- waiters, each
Two Warehoufe-keepers for prohibited 7
Goods, each c
Two ConiptroUers of the Warehoufe for 7
prohibited Goods, each J
Samuel Moore, Surveyor of the Coaft- 7
Waiters, £
Rich. Evans, Clerk to fet the Weighing-
Porters to work,
Twenty five Weighing-Porters, each
Will. Cleburne, and James Farnolls, Gaugers, 7
each £
Rich. Green, Cooper,

4*1

John Holland,
William Bayns,
Luke Singleton,
Henry Reeve,
Thomas Hardwick,

Henry Walter,
Nicho. Rainton,
John Sheapberd,
Geo. Bromfield,

60 00 00
60 00 00
40 00 00
IOQ OO OO
So 00 00
60 00 00
60 00 00
33 00 00
00 00 00
10 00 00

Surveyors of the
Land- Waiters ,
at 200 1, each.

Thirty one Land- Waiters, So/, each, Viz.

Samuel Dale,
John Dodfon,
John -Golding,
Rich. Dent,
Will. Carpenter,
Will. Pollard,
Samuel Broughton,
John Terry,
Pet- de Langle,
Walter Ridley,
Daniel Moreau,

Philip Wliite,
William Mannings,
Andrew Dux'berry,
Rich. Ryves,
Thomas Pawlin,
Michal Wilfon,
Daniel Elwell,
Charles Farewell,
Geo. Ifaacfon,
Abraham Chambers-,
Samuel Bryan,

John Dove, Surveyor of the Searchers,

Tho. Banks,
Samuel Whaples,
John Manly,
James Davis,
John Loyd,
Will. Culliford,
Thomas Wifdom,
James Houfeman,
Junior.
Adam Browne.

i$o 00 00

Edward Le Neve,
Richard Boys,
John Man,

John Greatbeed,
Henry Canby,

?Deputy Searchers,
^ at 60 /. each.

John Berry, Regifter of the Coquets Cef- ? 6
tifkates in the Searcher's Office, 5

Two

£f 4 The Prefent STATER Part. I.
/. *. i.
"two Water- Men attending the Searchers, oo oo oo
Benj. Buckno.ll, -y
Matth.TretanC, CTid^Surveyors at
Will.Alford, T 6o7.each.
Alex. Douglafs, J

Rich. Hill,
Will. Halton,
Edward Orton,
Thomas Burfield,
Richard Walker, Regifter of Ships in the

'chard Walker, Regifter ot Ships m the l
Tide Surveyor's Office, f 5° oo oo
Erafmus Evans, Tlnfpeftors of the River ¦> ,
John Hunt, £ Thames, each j" oo oo oo.
Two Hundred Tides-Men — 79 each at 40 00 00
121 each at 35 00 00

200

Seventeen Land-Carriage Men, each - j^ oo oe
Robert Olive, Surveyor of the Land-Car- 7 o
riage Men, £ 8o 00 00
Thirty fix Watchmen, at 6 /. 1 5 s. each, 00 00 00
Eighteen Noon Tenders, who attend the j
Goods on the Keys, whilft the other Of- > 00 00 oa
ficers go to Dinner, at 16 /. each, J
» Eight for the Tid ^Surveyors, _
Eleven pair \One for the Surveyor of Navigation, f 30Z.
of Oars, ^One for the Wood-Office, Peach.
COne for the Surveyor of the Searchers, J
Thomas Carpenter,. Surveyor at Blackwall, 40 00 00
Jofeph Woollames, at Bow Creek, 40 00 00
Will. Parker, Searcher at Gravefend, 40 00 00
Two pair of Oars there, each 30 00 00
At Leigh, Charles Harwell, Surveyor, Wai- 7 ,
ter, and Searcher, £ 6oooo°
At Greenwich, John Meffenger, Surveyor, 60 00 00
One pair of Oars, 60 00 00
At Shoebery, Jofeph North, Waiter and 7 Q0 00
Searcher, £ T
At Barkin, Henry Hopkins, Surveyor, 4° 00 00
In the Receiver General, and Cajbeer's Office,
Affiftant, 100 00 00
A Clerk, So 00 00
Chief Teller, 5o 00 00
Under Teller, 40 oo 00
To

Chap. XXXIIL G R EAT ETCITAIN. ^
l. s. d.
TOaSpS,°^S!nge}T- Cle*s>each S° °° °°
Captain Henry Naft, Commander of the 7 5101600
Gravefend Smack, for himfelf and Men, V ""
jCaptain Dynes, Commander of the Wivenboe \ QQ QQ
Smack, for himfelf and 9 Men, 5 *y
Clerks imploy'd under the Honourable Charles Godolphin,'
Efq; for keeping a General Regifter of Shipping.

Alexander Trevethen,
Euclid Speidell, ^each 20 /. per Ann.
William Denn,

John Burgoine, 7  L j
Albion Thompfon, y r

100 00 00

Officers of the New Import'
Sir John Shaw, Bar. and Charles Shew, Efq;
for Clerks imploy'd under them, in the £• 300 00 00
Plantation Receipt, -
William Watt er fon, Computer of this
Duty,
For Three Clerks, each 20 00 00
S Officers of the Wood-Office.
Thomas Andrews, Clerk for making Suf- 7
ferances, £
Peter Salmon, Surveyor of the Keys,
Ambrofe Wilfon, TidevSurveyor of the Ri
ver,
Robert Archer, Waiter at the Keys for/?
Oranges and courfe Goods, £
Two Water-men, each
Thomas' Scott, Husband for the Duty of 7
four and half per Cent, £'
Charles Carcafs, Clerk of the fame Duty,
Capt. Henry Baker, Surveyor General of 2
the Riding Officers in Kent and Suffex ,\
to hinder Exportation of Wool by the C
Owlers, J
Maurice Birchfield, Commiffioners Corre-7
fpondent in Ireland, £

00

00

00

50

Oo

00

50

00

00

26

00

00

07

10

00

100

00

00

50

00

00

500

00

00

100

1° Fa;

oa

tent

$%£ The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Patent-Officers in the Out-Ports. I. s. A.
Sandwich, Richard Breton, Efq; Cuftomer, 72 08 04
-—**— William Veale, Comptroller, 15 06 08
.  Sir Hem y Parker, Searcher, lo 00 00
Chichefter, Lancelot Whitehall, Cuftomer 7 e
and Colleftor, £ 61 00 00
-  -Rob. HaJlen, Comptroller, 13 00 to
— — -.Tho. Jenkins, Searcher, 10 00 00
Southampton, Sam. Binks, Cuftomer In- 7
wards, 5 6l n °4
M. Decardonnel, Cuftomer Outward, " 62 13 04
—  Rob. Culliford, Comptroller, 45 00 00
¦ Roger Clutterbuck, Searcher, 10 00 00
Pool, Will. Swanton,C\ii\6mer and Colleftor, 48 00 00
— — Nath. Smith, Comptroller, 10 00 00
— ... Georgo Leiffe, Searcher, 08 00 00
Exon, Charles Bridemen, Cuftomer and 7 0 " , „
Colleftor, j 83 06 08
— — Tho. Arrys, Comptroller, IO 00- 0g
—  Henry Nortbcote, Searcher, ?o 00 00
Plymouth, Charles Nortbcot, Cuftornjr, 38 jt 0a
Edw. Alb, Comptroller, IO I(5 <$
 JohnLatten, Searcher, 30 00 00
Gloucefter, Arnold Aram, Cuftomer, 06 13 04
 Edw. Gibbs, Comptroller, 00 00 00
.  Jobe Dowle, Searcher, - 0g ,3 0.
Briftol, Humph. Fitzberbert, Efq; Cuftomer 7
Outward, £ 57 °° 00
.  JobnGoddard,  Inward, 570000
 Will. Taylor, Comptroller, ij n e4
b^^—WW. Clutterbuck, Searcher, 340000
Maurice Houfetown, . 7
Edw. Naft, I Queen's Waiters, <
Henry Brown, (* each ' * ** °° °°
Jofeph Wytham,
Bridgewater, Francis Webber, Efq; Cufto- 7 „
mer, 5
.  Rob. Greggs, Comptroller, 05 06 08
•>  John Silver, Seaicher, 00 0000
Milfordhaven, Walter Middleton, Efq; Cu- 7 je 05 00
ftomer and Colleftor, j
_  Will- Hall, Efq; Comptroller, 10 00 00
¦ ¦ r.Rjctard Evans, Searcher, 10 00 00
Cardiff, Rich, and Will. Gneyn, Cuftomer, 16 06 08
¦ 1 >Damel and John Man, Comptroller, 10 00 00
in 1 -X/;g.

Chap. XXXIIL GREATBRITAIN 41 7
l. s. d.
— -  Tbo. Lowther, Searcher,
Ipfwich, PaulBoyer, Cuftomer,
 —  . ditto, Comptroller,
-— James Pavey, Searcher,
Yarmouth, Rich, and Edmund Anguift,
Cuftomer, Francis Spendlove, Comptroller,
 -John Aldrid, Searcher,
Lynn Regis, John Kent, Cuftomer,
John Cox Junior, Comptroller,
~Geo. She, Searcher,
_ ,.„ S W'ill. Chriftian, 7 n n
Carlifle, £ Bmjm Q.0fSy JCuftomers,
._, — Will- Bayns, Comptroller,
L- Kv-h. Patrhkfon, Searcher,
rww. <\Cha.Northcate,l„ .
S°floll> { Sam. Oldfield, '^Cuftomers,
, Sam. Abbot, Comptroller,
 Will- Wilfpn, Searcher,
™>{%Z%?kfn,}™°™S>^
 Henry Seagar, Comptroller,
.. . i. Will. Draper, Searcher,
N-caftle.^^X'l'JCuftomers, each 2?
 —Henry Fairfax, Comptroller, 20 oo oo
 Gilb. Wliigmore, Searcher, oo oo oo
Berwick, Edward Nelfon, Cuftomer, 24 00 00
 -Chriftopher Franklin, Comptroller, 05 0000
——'Geo. Selby, Searcher, 00 00 00
Chefter, Will. Gratbwich, Cuftomer, 78 06 08
Comptroller, 0000 00

IO

00

00

55

06 08

15

00

00

08

00

00

38

00

00

10

00

00

18

00

00

62

07 04

IS. 04 04

12

00

00

3*

00

00

10

00

00

20

00

00

3i

16 08

12

09

02

21

00

00

39

00

00

16

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04

12

00

00

00 00

-John Waring, Junior, Searcher, 31 06 08

A LIST of the Commiflioners, and other Of
ficers belonging to the Excife.
Commiffioners of. the Excife.
Their Office in the Old Jury, London.
Foot Ounffow, ~) Sir Marmad. Wyvel, Bar.
William Strong, \ -pra. Edw. Noel, 7 prn.
George Townfend, f Hi Chrift. Montague, £ a^
Philip Ryley, j
Salary, 800 /. each, per Annum.
E e Au-

4l8 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Auditor, Sir Bafil Dixwell, ¦ Baronet,, for himfelf and
Clerks, 760 I.
Comptroller, Lord Vifcount How, for himfelf and Clerks,
1460 I.
Secretary, John Brougham Efq; 450 I.
Regifter, Jbo. Tarborovgb Efq; 3 Jo /. "
Sollicitor, Whitlock Bulftrode Efq; 350 /„
Cafheer^ Henry Meriton Efq; 1550 I.
Houfekeeper, Mrs. Mary Howard, 200 /.
Deputy Houfekeeper, Eliz, Gibbons, 50 /.

}Efq;

Commiflioners of Appeals.
Sir Will. Kovywood, Bar. Jofeph Addifon,
'Richard Beaker, ? £f Tho. Goodman,
Edmund Cballoner, £ q'
Salary, 200 I. each, per Annum.
Their Regifter, Mr. Chriftopher TUfon, 200 /.

A Lift of the Commiffioners for the Salt Duty, whofe
Office is kept in Villars-Street, York-Buildings-
John Danvers, "J Edw, Brereton, 7 vr
Tho. Aram, > Efq; Tho. Hopkins, £ n<K
Humph. Griffith, 3 Salary, 500 /. each.
Comptroller, Tho. Bi oderhk Efq; for himfelf and Clerks,
250/.
Cafheer, Francis Bridges Efq; 430 /.
Secietary, Michael Eaft, Efq; 100/. His Affiftant,. 40/.
Correfpondent to the Commiffioners, and Clerk of the
Securities, Matth. Greenwood, 00 1.
Sollicitor, William Johnfon, 100 /.
Chief Accomptant, William Sumpter, 100 /.
Commiffioners/or Wine-Licences.
Their Office in Wine-Court, Fleet-ftreet.
Thomas Lake, 7 Thomas Goodall, Z -pr .
John Harwood, > Efq; William Congreve, £ ^'
Rob. Lowndes, j Salary, 300/. each, Com-

Chap. XXXIIL GREATBRITAIN. 419
Commiflioners of the Stamp-Office, kept in Lincoln's-
Inn Square.
Edw. Lloyd, T Rich. Dyot, 7 r
Henry Cornift, > Efq; John Molefworth, £ tl("
Rob. Pooley, j Salary, 300 /. each.
Their Receiver, Mr. Evelyn, 7 , ,
Comptroller, Mr. Paulin, £ eacn 3°° '"
Secretary, Mr. Bridges, 200 /.
Commiffioners of the Prizes, in York-Buildings.
Anthony Dumcomb,1 Nich. Follexfen, ? ~rQ.
John Evelyn, ? Efq; Fleetwood Dormer, J y'
Thomas Baker, j
Comptroller, William Goftin.,1
Treafurer, John Brewer, f Efq;
Secretary, Anthony Burnaby, J
Sollicitor, Mr. Daniel Burges.
Commiffioners for Hackney-Coaches, in Surrey-Street,
in the Strand.
Daniel Blake, 1 Abraham Magny, 7 v(.
Edmund Clark, \* Efq; Evert Jollyvet, £ u*
Chernock Heron, J Salary, 100 /. each.
Receiver, Mr. Wharton.
Sollicitor, Mr. Tiffer.
Commiffioners for the Duty arifing from Hawkers, Ped
lars, and petty Chapmen, whofe Office is on Towet-
Hill.
Sam. Atkinfon, "1
John Henley, t* Efq; Their Salary, 80 /. each.
Michael Eaft, j E e z .. ...' Of

42© The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Of Her Majefty's Treafury, or that Part of the Exche
quer, which is for Receiving and Disburfing the Queen's
Revenue.
We havefeen the Commiffioners, and other Officers ap
pointed for Collecting the Queen's Revenue, now we come
to thofe who receive the fame in Her Majefty's Ex
chequer or Treafury, and disburfe it according to.the Queen's
Order. Among which the Principal are the Lord High Treafurer
of England, and the CbanceUonr (or Under-Treafurer ) of the
Exchequer. .. ;
LordTrea- As for the Lord High Treafurer, the Reader will find'
furer. an Account of him among the Great Officers of State,
Page 300.
Chancel- The Chancellour is the next Officer to him in the Treafu-
lourof the ry. He has the Cuftody of the Exchequer Seal, and a
Excbe- Superintendency over the Lord Treafurer'* Rolls. The Of-
quer. fices of Comptroller of the Pipe, Cleik of the Pleas, and Clerk
of the Nicbills, are in his Gift. As Under-Treafurer, he has
the Gift of the two Praifers of the Court.
Next to the Chancellour ate the two Chamberlains, the
Auditor of the Reccits, the four Tellers, and Clerk of the
Pells.
Chamber- The Chamberlains have in their Cuftody many ancient Re-
lains. cords, the Standards of Monies, Weights, and Meafures,
.and the Black Book. of the Exchequer, firft called Jfdtuhs
Winionia, and afterwards Doomfday-Book.
Doomf- This Book, in 2 Volurries, was the Tax-Book of all En-
day- Book, gland, except Cumberland, Weftmorland, Durham, and Nor
thumberland, which might be in a Volume by it felf, now
ioft. This Book was 6 Years a making, in the Reign of
William the Conquerour, containing an exact Account, not
only of all the Cities, Towns, and Villages, but alfo of
Families, and what every one poffeffed, either in Land or
Mony. And when any Difference arofe about thofe Things,
or Taxes, &c the Book cleared the Point, and the King
could not be cheated. Therefore it got the Name of Doovif-
day-Book. Which is now kept under 3 Locks and Keys, not
to be lookt into under 6 s. 8d. not any Part of it ttanferibed
under 4^., a Line.
Auditor The Auditor of the Receipts files the Bills of the Tellers,
ef the Re- by which they charge themfelves with all the Monies re-
ceipts. ceived. And, by Warrant from the Lord .Treafurer, he
draws all Orders to be figned by his Lordfhip, for iffu-
- ing forth all Monies, by Virtue of Privy-Seals, which are re-

Chap.XXXIII. GREAT BRITAIN. k 421
recorded in the Clerk of the Pells Office, entered ahd
lodged in the Auditor's Office. He alfo, by Warrant of
the Lord Treafurer, makes Debentures to fuch as haye Fees,
Annuities, or Penfions by Letters Patent from the-Queen, out
of the Exchequer, and directs them for Payment to the Tel'
lers. He daily receives the State of the Account of each
Teller, and weekly certifies the Whole to the Lord Trea'-
furer. At Michaelmas and Lady-Day, he makes a Declara
tion, that is, an Abftraft of all Accounts and Payments
made in the preceding half Year, one for the Lord Trea
furer, and the other for the Chancellour. He keeps the Re
giflers appointed for Payments in courfe, upon feveral
Branches of the Queen's Revenue ; and has 5 Clerks under
him. The four Tellers receive all Monies due to the Queen, Tellers.
therefore each of 'em muft give 20000/. Security. Each
Teller has 2 Clerks, who conftantly attend his Office.
The Clerk of the Pells h in Nature of a Comptroller. Clerk of
He is called Clerk of the Pells, from the Lat. Pellis, a Skin, the Pells.
his Office being to enter the Tellers Bill into a Parchment
Skin, and all Receits and Payments for the Queen, for
what Caufe, and by whomfoever. He has 4 Clerks, one
of 'em for Incomes, and another for Iffues.
'Tis obfervable, that no Acquittances are ufed in the. Hx-VfeofTal-
chequer, upon paying any Monies to the Queen, but only lies.
Tallies, as being the moft certain Way of avoiding all
Cheat. A Tally is a Stick, with Words written on it on
both fides, expreffing what the Monies received is for.
Which Tally being cloven afunder by the Deputy Chamber
lains, the Stock is delivered to the Party that paid the Mony,
and the Counter-ftock ( or Counter-foil) remains with them-.
Who afterwards deliver it over to the other Deputies, to be
kept till it be called for, and joyned with the Stock. Af- .
ter which they fend it by an Officer of their own to the
Pipe, to be apply'd to the Difcharge of the Accomptant.
The forefaid Deputy-Chamberlains, whofe Office is lo Deputy-
clea-ve the Tallies, and examine each Piece apart, fit in the Chamber-
Talley-Court, where the Tally-cutter attends. The Tellers, laiiis.
upon the Receipt of Moneys due to the Queen, throw down
a Bill through aPipeinto the Tally-Court, where it is recei
ved by a Clerk attending there, to write the Words, of the
Bill upon a Tally. Thjs done, he delivers it to be entred
by the Clerk of the Pdls, or one of 'his Under-Clerks, who
attends there to enter it in his Book. Then the Tally is
cloven by the Deputy-Chamberlains, having their Seals ; and
while the Senior Deputy reads one part, the Junior examines
tr^e other part, with the other two Clerks.
E e 3 What

422 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
What other Officers there are in this Part of the Exche
quer, commonly called the Lower- Exchequer, you will find
in the following Lift.
A LIST of the Officers of the Lower-Exchequer, for
Receiving and Disburfing the QUI E E N's Revenue.
Lord High Treafurer of Great Britain, Sidney Earl of
Godolphin. His Secretary, William Lowndes, Efq;
Chancellour of the Exchequer, Henry Boyle, Efq;
Secretary, Mr. Jofeph Mufgrave.
The four firft Clerks of the Treafury,
Mr.. John Taylor. Mr. Richard Powis1.
1 Mr- Chriftopher Tilfon. Mr. William Glanville.
Five Under-Clerks in the Inner Room.
Mr. Henry Bendift. Mr. Tho. Jett, Junior.
Mr. Edward Webfter. Mr. Mealy.
Mr. Miles Granger. Salary, So /. per Annum, each.
Svper-numerary Clerks, at 40 /. per Annum, each.
Mr. William Eaft. Mr. Henry Pelham.
Chamberlains.
Sir Nich- Steward, Bar. Charles Cole, Efq;
Their Deputies, Mr. John Lowe, Mr. Peter Leneve.
Tally- cutter, Mr. John Taylor.
Auditor of the Receipts.
Charles, Lord Hallifax. His Deputy, and firft Clerk,
William Clayton, Efq; •
"Under-Clerks, Mr. William Tilfon, Mr. Dove, Mr.
Choike. tellers.

Chap. XXXIIL GREAT BRITAIN. 42}
Tellers.
John, Lord Vifcount Fitz- Francis Robarts, ? Vr
harding. Tbo. Coke, £ qi
James Vernon, Efq;
Their Deputies, and firft Clerks, Mr. John Granger,
Mr. Leonel Heme, Mr. Lancelot Burton, Mr. Samuel
Edwards. Clerks of the Pells.
John Aubrey, Efq; His Deputy, Mr. Peter Wlnte.
Clerk to the Annuity Pells, Mr. Edw. Fleetwood.
Trufteesfor Managing the Exchequer-Bills.
Sir James Bateman, John Heathcote, and Henry Garner, Efqs*
Their Secretary, Mr. Lionel Heme. Cafhier, Mr. Samuel
Edwards. Clerk, Mr. Sam. Michel.
Agents for Taxes.
WiBiam Clayton, Rich. Shoreditcb, Rob. Barker, Efqs;
Their Clerks, Mr. Miller t, Mr. Sorrel, Mr. Ball.
Thefe Agents are appointed as Afliftants to the Lord Trea
furer. For the Accounts relating to the Taxes are tranf-
mitted to them from all Parts for their Examination,
and to make their Report of it to the Lord Treafurer.
They fit 3 times a Week in their Office at Weftminfter,
viz. Tuefdays, Thurfdays, and Saturdays, from 9 in
the Morning till twelve, or one.
Clerks in the Annuity-Office.
Mr. John Dyves. Mr. Henry Seagar.
Mr. Corr. Windham. Mr. Jo. Lewis Bowmer.
Mr. William Wright. Malt-Tickets.
Paymafter, Mr. Neb. Arnold. Comptroller, Mr. Sam. Wife-
man.
Clerks, Mr. John Taylor, Mr. Jof, Cooper, Mr. Henry
Coltman, Mr. Wabup. l
E e 4 Mil-

•4d4 The Prefent STATE of Part I.
Million-Lottery Tickets.
Paymafter, Sir Jo. Humble, Comptroller, Jo. Strickland,
Bar. Efq;
Clerks, Mr. Jo. Leacroft, Mr. Tho. Whitaket\.
Paymafter of the Army, and Tranfport Debentures, Mr.
Tbo. Jett, Senior.
Sollicitor to the Treafury, Henry Baker, Efq;
Examiners, Peter Hume, Efq; Mr. Tbo. Creiner.
TJfher of the Receipt, Mr. Sam. Edwin. Whofe Office is to
fecure the Exchequer by Day and by Night, and all the
Avenues leading to it, and to furnifh all Neceffaries, as
Papers, Books, gfr-
Meffengers at the Receipt, Mr. William Wicket, Mr. Jof.
Richards, Mr. Samuel Clark, Mr. John Barret.
Meffengers to the Exchequer, Mr. John Bioadhurft, Mr. Tbo.
Cbeffins.

CHAP. XXXIV.
Of Her Majefty's Moft Honourable Privy Council ;
and particularly of Her Two Principal Secretaries of
State.
Privy \ \ J E nave *-een hithertp the vaft Dominions of the Queen
Council. W of Great Britain, Her Majefty's great Power,' the
Splendour of Her Court, and the Extent of Her Revenues-
I am now come to fpeak of Her Privy Council, as bearing
part of that great Weight in the Government, which other- <
wife would lie too heavy upon Her.
The fame is compofed of eminent Perfons, fit to advife
Her Majefty upon all Emergencies; and upon whofe Wif-
dom Watchfulnefs, and Integiity depends in a great Mea
fure the Honour and Welfare of Her Majefty's Dominions
in all Parts of the World. They are bound, by Oath,- to
advife the Queen, to the beft of their Judgment, with all
the Fidelity and Secrecy that becomes their Station.
In the Multitude of Counfellors there is Safety, fays the
wifeft of Men. Therefore this Council confifts of many
Members, of feveral Capacities, that nothing may be wan
ting for good Counfel ; but moft of 'em Noblemen, as will
appear hy the Lift.
- -'¦>¦ , The

Chap. XXXIV. GREAT BRITAIN 425
The Number of 'em is at the Sovereign's Pleafure, fome
times more, fometimes lefs. But it is rare to fee one Half
meet in Council. i
The ufual Days for Council-fitting are Sundays and Wenf
day s, at the Queen's Court, in the Council Chamber ; where
they fit bare-headed, and in order, according to their Quality.
But, upon any fudden Emergency, the Council is called at any
time. And 'tis feldom or never held, without one of the
Two Principal Secretaries of State.
The Queen is often prefent to hear their Debates, the
loweft Counfellor delivering his Opinion firft, and Her
Majefty at laft declaring Her Judgment, which determines
the Matter of Debate.
To propofe Matters to the Privy Council, and in the
Sieen's Abfence to make the Report of their feveral Tranf-
ions to Her Majefty, there is a Prefident, who by his Of
fice is one of the Nine Great Officers of State.
The Queen may declare or conceal from Her Privy Coun
cilors whatever She thinks fit, and has a felect Council out
of their Number, Commonly called the Cabinet-Council;
with whom Her Majefty determines fuch Matters as are
moil important, and require the greateft Secrecy.
The Things properly cognizable in the Privy-Council, are
fuch as relate to the well-governing of the Kingdom, and
not Matters of Free-hold, which are determined by the or
dinary Courts of Juftice.
'Tis in the Power of the Privy Council to inquire into all
Trefpaffes and Crimes againft the Government, and to com
mit the Delinquents in order to their Trial.
AH ProcJamations from the King and Privy Council ought
to be grounded upon Law, otherwife they are not binding
to the Subject- For upon feveral Queftions put to the
Judges in the Reign of King James I. concerning the Force
of Royal Proclamations, they gave in their Opinion, That
the Kivg could not create any Offence by his Proclamation,
which was not an Offence before ; That no IndiBment was ever
heard of to run contra Regiam Proclamationem, againft the
King's Proclamation ; and That, where there is no Law, there
is no Tranfgreffion.
A Privy Counfellor, tho' but a Gentleman, has Precedence
of all Knights, and younger Sons of Barons and Vifcounts,
and is ftiled Right Honourable. But the Council it felf is
called Moft Honourable.
To attend the Council there are four Clerks in ordinary,
and four extraordinary. Alfo two Keepers of the Council-
Chamber. The

^26 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I.
Secretaries The Two Principal Secretaries of State are, by their Of-
of State, flee, Members of the Privy Council, ever fince the Reign of
Queen Elizabeth. Whereas before they only prepared Bufi
nefs for the Council-board, in a Room adjoyning to the
Council-Chamber ; which done, they came in, and ftood
one on the right, and the other on the King's left hand.
And till the Secretaries had gone thiough with their Propo-
fals, nothing was debated at the Council-board.
Before the latter end of Henry the Eight's Reign, there
was but one Secretary of State, when His Majefty thought
fit to have this Office difcharged by two Perfons of equal
Authority, and both called Principal Secretaries of State.
Whofe Imployment being of great Truft, makes 'em very
confiderable, both to the Eyes of the Sovereign and Peof
pie ; therefore they attend him daily, as Occafion requires.
The Requelts of the .Subject being likewife for the moft
part lodged in their hands, the fame are reprefented by the
Secretaries of State, to the King,, and the Difpatches by
them made according to. His Directions.
As for Home-Concerns, both publick and private, the
two Secretaries do equally receive and difpatch whatfoever
is brought to them, as private Grants, Pardons, Difpenfa-
tions, &c. except Ireland and the Plantations, which pro
perly belong tp the elder Secretary. But for forein Affairs,
they have each his Province, one called the Northern, and the
other the Southern Province, the laft belonging properly to
the elder Secretary. The Northern Province includes the
Low-Countries, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and
Mofcovy ; and the Southern, France, Swifter land, Italy, Spain,
Portugal, Turky, &c. According to which Divifion, each
Secretary receives Letters and Addrefles from, and makes
all Difpatches to the feveral Princes and States belonging to
his own Province.
In all the Royal Houfes, they have each his Apartment,
as well for his own Accommodation, as for his Office, and
thofe that attend upon it. They have alfo a very liberal
Diet at the King's Charge, or elfe Board-wages ; and their
fettled Allowance from the King, in Salary and Penfion, is
about 2000 /. to each, per Annum.
- They have each of 'em two Under-Secretaries, and Six
Clerks attending the Office, and wholly at his own Choice,
without any Dependance upon any other. Thefe have no
Salary, but their Perquifites are confiderable.
A Secretary of State, being a Baron, takes place of all
other Barons ; but if above the Degree of a Baron, then
he takes place only according to the Seniority of his Crea
tion. If a Knight, and has no other Qualification, he has
the Precedence of all other Knights. To

Chap. XXXIV. GREATBRITAIN. 427
To the Secretaries of State there belong two other Offices,
one called the Signet, and the other the Paper-Office.
By the Signet is meant the King's Seal, being in their Cu
ftody. In this Office, which is kept at Whitehall, there are
four Clerks ; who wait alternately 3 Months together, and
prepare fuch Things as are to pafs the Signet, in order to
the Privy Seal.
Thefe Clerks have no Salary, but only 200 /. Board-wages
per Annum. He that is in waiting attends the Court where-
foever it removes, and prepares fuch Bills or Letters for the
KinCT to fign, as he is directed by Warrant from the King,
or Secretaries of State, or Lords of the Council.
All Grants prepared by thefe Clerks, or by the King's
Council learned at Law, for the King's Hand, are returned
into this Office, when figned, and there tranfcribed again.
The Tranfcription is earned to one of the Principal Secreta
ries of State, and being lealed by him, it is called a Signet.
Which is direfted to the Lord Privy-Seal, and is his War
rant for iffuing out a Privy Seal upon it, of which more
hereafter. But Privy Seals for Mony do now always begin
in the Treafury, from whence the firft Warrant iflue£, coun
ter- figned by the Lord, Treafurer.
The Paper-Office is that wherein are kept all Papers and
Difpatches that pafs through the Offices of the Two Secre
taries of State, fuch as Matters of State and Council, Let
ters, Intelligences, and Negotiations with forein States,
which are here difpofed by way of a Library at Whitehall.
The Keeper whereof has a Fee of 160 1, per Annum, pay
able out of the Exchequer.
1 A LIST of the Lords., and Others of Her Ma
jefty's Moft Honourable Privy Council.
H. R- H. Prince George of Denmark, Lord High Admiral
of England.
Thomas Tennifon, Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury.
William Lord Cowper, Lord High Chancellour of Great Bri
tain.
John Sharp, Lord Archbifhop of York, and the Queen's Lord
Almoner.
Sidney, Earl of Godolphin, Lord High Treafurer.
John, Duke of Newcaftle, Lord Privy Seal.
Robert, Marquis of Lindfey, Lord Great Chamberlain of
England.
William, Duke of Devonftire, Lord Steward of Her Ma
jefty's Hou,fhold. Charles,

'428" The Prefent S TAT E of Part. I.
Charles, Duke of Somerfet, Mafter of the Horfe.
James, Duke of Ormond, General of the Horfe.
Charles, Duke of Bolton.
Meinhardt, Duke of Schomberg.
Thomas, Duke of Leeds.
John, Duke of Marlborough, Captain General of Her Ma
jefty's Land-Forces.
Ralph, Duke of Montague, Mafter of the Great Wardrobe.
James, Duke of gpueensberry.
James, Duke of Montrofs.
Henry, Marquifs of Kent, Lord Chamherlai.n of the
Queen's Houfhold.
James, Earl of Darby.
Charles, Earl of Manchefter.
Thomas, Earl of Stamford.
Charles, Earl of Sunderland, Principal Secretary of State.
Charles, Earl of Carlijle.
Charles-Bodvile, Earl of Radnor.
Charles, Earl of Berkley.
Montague-Venables, Earl of Abingdon.
Rhhat-d, Earl of Scarborough.
Francis, Earl of Bradford, Treafurer of the Queen's Houfhold.
Richard, Earl of Ranelagh.
Thomas, Earl of Wharton.
John, Earl Poulett.
Hugh, Earl of Cholmondley.
James, Earl of Seafield.
John, Earl of Mar.
Hugh, Earl of Loudoun.
Thomas^ Lord Vifcount Weymouth.
Henry, Lord Biftiop of London.
Robert, Lord Ferrers. ,
Robert, Lord Lexington.
William, Lord Dartmouth.
Thomas, Lord Coningsby.
John Levefon, Lord Gower.
John Smith, Efq; Speaker of the Houfe of Commons.
Peregrine Bertie, Efq; Vice-Chamberlain of the Houfhold!
Henry Boyle, Efq; Chancellour of the Exchequer.
Tbo. Manfell, Efq; Comptroller of the Houfhold.
Mob. Harley, Efq; Principal Secretary of State. ^
Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Juftice of the Queen's Bench.
Sir Tho. Trevor, Lord Chief Juftice of the Common Pleas.
Sir John Trevor, Matter of the Rolls.
James Vernon, EG);
John How, Efq;
Thomas Earl, Lieutenant General .of the Ordnance.
Sir Simon Bar court,. Attorney General. CJerks

Chap. XXXIV- GRE^T BRITA IN. 429
Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.
Sir John Nicholas, Knight of Edw. Southwell, Efq;
the Bath. John Povey, Efq;
Will. Blaithwait, Efq; Clerks Extraordinary.
Chriftopher Mufgrave,7 yr- James Vernon, \'vr
Robert Tard, £ac& Abraham Stanian, J Ll<&
Clerks of the Signet.
Sir John Nicholas aforefaid. Sir Will. TrumbaL
Nicholas Morrice, Efq; John Gauntlet, Efq;
Keeper of the Paper-Office.
John Tucker, Efq;
To the foregoing Lift, I think it not improper to fubjoin the
Lift of Her Majefty's Publick Minifters Abroad, and
That of the forein Minifters refidinghere.
I. The Queens Minifters Abroad.
Ambaffadors,
To the States General, Duke of Marlborough.
To the Port, Sir Robert Sutton.
To the King of Fruffia, Lord Raby.
To the Republick of Venice, Earl of Manchefter.
Envoys,
To the Emperour of Germany, Sir Philip Medows.
To the Czar of Mofcovy, ' Charles Wbitwortb, Efq;
To the Morocco Emperour, Captain Delaval.
To the King of Spain, James Stanbop. -^
To the King of Portugal, Paul Methwyn. A
To the King of Denmark," Daniel Poultney, %
To the King of Sweden, John Robinfon, f Efq;
To the Elecfor of Hanover, Emanuel Scroop, «&
To the Duke of Savoy, John Clietwind, Jj To

43 © The Prefent S T A T E of Part. I.
To the Duke of Tufcany, ~l
and the Republick of ^ Henry Newton,
Genoua, J K, Efq;
To the States General, George Stepney,
To the Swifs Cantons, Abraham-Stannion,

At Hamburg,
At Francfort,

At Lisbon,
Genoua, Zant,
Venice,Amfterdam,

At 5". Sebaftian,
Algiers,
Tunis,
Tripoli, Tripoli in Syria,
Smyrna,

Rcfidents.

John Wycbe, ?
Henry Davenant, £ ilfB

Confuls.

Mr. ^oin Milner,
Mr. 27w. /&Vfe.
Mr. Jamei Paa/.
Mr. /fug/; Brnugbton.
Mr. Jo/spi iCfr^y.

Agents and Confuls.

Mr. ¦¦ Frankland.
Mr. Robert Cole.
Mr. JoZw Goddard.
Mr. 2>e«7". Lodington.
Francis Haftings, Efq;
Dr. William Sberrard.

II. Forein Minifters refiding here.
Ambaffadors.
From the Czar Of Mofcovy, His Excellency, Andrew de
Matueof.
From the King of Pruffia, Baron ae Spanheim.
FromjFesfee, Seignior Cornaro.
Envoys.
From the Emperour, and Count GaUaft.
the King of 5jpaf«,
From the King of Portugal, Don Low?* a*a Cbuna.
From Sweden, Monfieur Leyoncrona.
From Denmark, Monfieur Walderfce,
From the Eleftor of Hanover, Baron Scbutz, From

Chap.XXXV. GREAT BRITAIN 43^
From the Duke of Savoy, Count Briancon.
From the Duke of Tufcany, Seignior Giraldi , Seignior
, Zefferini.
Rejidents.
From the Emperour, Monfieur Hoffman.
From the King of PruJJia, Monfieur Bonet.
From the Elector of Hanover, Monfieur de Beyerie.
From the Eleftor Palatine, Monfieur Steinghens.

CHAP. XXXV.
Of the PARLIAMENT of GREAT BRITAIN.
AS I have been always moft defirous of the happy Union jp]e q
of England and Scotland into one Kingdom, f° ftjtution
the Subject I am noW upon is very grateful to me, as it is to Qc a gr-
all Well-wifhers to this Great Ifland. I come now to fpeak, tjfh par_
not of the Englifh, but the Britijh Parliament, in which the ijamSllf
grand Concerns of the whole Britijh Nation are to be de
bated. A happy Coalition. This is a high Court, veiled
with a Legifktive Power, and making Two of the Three
Eflates of the Realm ; which Three Eflates are the King,
Lords, and Commons.
Accordingly this Auguft Affembly confifts of Two Houfes,
one called the Houfe of Lords, and the other the Houfe of
Commons. Before the Union, the firft confided of all the Spiritual v
and Temporal Peers of the Realm, qualify'd to fit in the,
Houfe, and making up about 170, But the Houfe of Com
mons confifted of 513 Commoners. Among which we call
Knights of the Shire, fuch as are chofen by the Freeholders
of the County ; Barons, that are chofen by the Cinque-
Ports ; Citizens, that ftand for Cities ; and Burgeffes, for
Towns or Boroughs privileged to fend Members to Parlia
ment. By the Union, there's an Acceffion of 16 Peers of Scot
land to the Houfe of Lords, and of 45 Commoners to the
Houfe of Commons. The firft to be chofen againft a new
Parliament, by the Peers of Scotland, out of their Body;
and the laft, being Barons and Burgeffes, by the Shires and
- Boroughs. By which i<5 Peers, and 45 Commoners, Scot-
land is to be reprefented in the Parliament of Great Britain.
And the Scots Peers fitting in the Houfe of Lords, fhall
have

43 2 The Prefent S T A T E of ; Part I,
have the fame Privileges as the Englift Peers now have, or
fhall have after the Union, and particularly the Right of
Sitting upon the Trial of Peers.
As the Houfe of Lords feems conftituted to fupport the
Rights of the Crown, fo the proper Province of the Houfe
of Commons, is to ftand for the Prefervation of the People's
Liberties. And, tho' the Commons in the laft Parliament
were for extending the Royal Prerogative, yet I find the Lords
in all Times have been the fureft and moft natural Bulwark
of the Prerogatives of the Crown. King Charles I. called
them an excellent Screen between the Prince and the People^ to
affift each againft any Incroacbments of the other. Tis not the
Lords Intereft any way to contribute to the Diminution of
the Rights of the Crown, or to fuffer it in others. For
the Prefervation of the legal Prerogative, is not only the
fureft Way to fecure their own Privileges, but of abfolute Ne-
ceflity for the happy and righful Adminiftration of the
Government. 'Tis not longTince the Houfe of Lords pro
ved the beft Defender, both of the Queen's Prerogative,
and the People's Liberties.
In fhort, the End of Parliaments is to keep up the Con
ftitution, to fupport the Honour of the Crown, and main
tain the Privileges of the People ; to raife fuch Subfidies
as Occafion requires, make neeeflary Laws, and redrefs all
publick Grievances. Therefore 'tis the Intereft of the
People to be careful and wary in the Eleftion of their Re-
prefentatives, and ( like free Agents ) not to fuffer them
felves to be biaffed againft the publick Intereft.
A Parliament ought to fit, by Law, at leaft once in three
Years ;. and 'tis no Seffion, unlets fome Law be made while
they fit.
The Power of Calling a Parliament, of Adjourning, Pro
roguing, and Diffolving the fame, is all in the Sovereign.
The Sitting of the Parliament is appointed by Royal Pro
clamation, with the Advice of the Privy Council ; a'nd the
Time appointed for the Parliament to meet5 ought ( by the
late Union- A&) to be no lefs than 50 Days after the Date
of fuch Proclamation.
Upon the ' Proclamation, Writs are iffued by the Lord
Chancellour, or Lord Keeper, to every Lord Spiritual and
Temporal, to appear at the Time and Place appointed, to
give thejr Advice on fome weighty Affairs. Alfo to all
the Sheriffs, commanding them to lummon the People- to
eleft as many Knights, Citizens, and Burgefles in their re
fpeftive Counties, as are to tit in the Houfe of Commons.
The Writ is a kind of fhort Letter, written in Law-Latin.
As for Scotland, a Writ is to be direfted to the Privy Coun'
cil there, for fummoning the 16 Peers, and for eiefting the 45

Chap. XXXV. GREATBRITAIN. 43 £
4 s Members, by whom Scotland is to be reprefented in tha
Parliament of Great Britain.
Many undue Eleftions were formerly made at an excef-
five and exorbitant Charge, fome Candidates fpending
rooo I. more or lefs, in treating the Eleftors for their Voi
ces. To prevent which Abufe, an Aft was made in the
late Reign, by which any Gift or Prefent, Rewardor Entertain
ment, given or promifed, direBly or indirettly, by any one,
from the Date* of the Writ, makes the Elefliott void. All falfe
Returns are alfo prohibited by an Aft paffed in the fame
Seflion, and the Party grieved is impowered tofue the Officers
and Perfons making or piocuring the fame, and to recover dou
ble the Damages, with his full Cofts of Suit.
And whereas it happens fometimes, that a Burgefs is
elefted for two Boroughs, when the Parliament meets, he
muft declare to the Houfe for which Place he will ferve,
that a Writ may iffue out for a new Eleftion to be made by
the other Place.
No Judge of the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, or Ex
chequer, can be chofen, becaufe they are Affiftants in the
Lords Houfe. No. Sheriff, becaufe his perfonal Attendance
is required at his Bayliwick during his Sheriffalty. No
Clergyman, becaufe he is of another Eody, vizi the Con
vocation. Nor any Man that is not of full Age, that is,
21 Years?
A Man attainted of Felony, or Treafon, is not eligible ;
but one Out-lawed, in a perfonal Caufe, may be chofen.
No Alien that is not naturalized can be a Parliament-man ;
but, if he be a Houlholder, his Voice in the Eleftion of
Members is allowed of in fome Places, particularly in the
City of Weftminfter.
Anciently, a Knight of the Shire was allowed 4 s. and a
Citizen, or Burgefs, is. a Day, a good Allowance in thofe
Days, from the refpeftive Places for which they were chofen.
Now 'tis fo inconfiderable, that it is quite laid afide, and all
Members ferve at their own Charge. But the Lords have
always born their own Charges, becaufe theyreprefent only
themfelves in Parliament.
As the Time for the Parliament Sitting lies in the Sove
reign's Breaft, fo does the Place of Meeting. Tho' the ufu
al Place is at the ancient Palace of Weftminfter ; the Lords in
a large Room by themfelves, and the Commons in a larger,
which was of old, S. Stephen's Chappel.
At the opening of the rVliament on the Day prefixt, the TheSolem-
QUEEN comes to the Houfe of Lords, in Her Royal nityofthc
Robes, with the Crown upon Her Head, and the Sword of Farlia-
State before Her. Her Majefty fits upon a Chair of State, mentis
under a Canopy, at the upper end of the Room. Meethgi
¥ f Then

434 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Then the Temporal Lords appear in their Scarlet Robes
of State, every one according to his Degree ; and the Spi
ritual Lords in their Epifcopal Habit, as they do all the
Seffions. Againft the Wall, on the Queen's right hand, the Two
Archbiftops fit by themfelves on a Form. Below them, the
Biftops of London, Durham, and" Winchefter, on another
Form. And next to 'em, upon other Forms, all the other
Biftops, according to the Priority of their Corifecration.
On the Queen's left hand, the Lord Treafurer, Lord Pre
fident of the Council, and Lord Privy Seal, fit upon Forms,
above all Dukes that are not of the Royal Blood. Then
the Dukes, Marqueffes, and Earls, according to their
Creation. Crofs the Room are the Wool-facks, continued to this Day,
to put us in mind of the great Advantages the Englift) Wool
has brought to the Nation, that the Care of it may never
be neglefted.
The Lord Chancellour, or Lord Keeper, being of courfe the
Speaker of the Houfe of Lords, fits on the firft Wool-fack,
before the Throne, with the Great Seal and Mace lying by
him. Below the Wool-facks there are Forms crofs the Room,
firft for the Vifcounts, and next for the Barons, fitting in
Order according to their Creation. Except the Lord High
Admiral, the Lord Great Chamberlain of England, the JEarJ
Marftal, the Lotd Steward, and the Lord Chamberlain of
the Queens Houft)old, who take place of all others of the
fame Degree of Nobilitywith themfelves.
But, whatever Diflinftion there be among the Peers, they
all fit as Barons in the Houfe of Lords. And the Bifhops
themfelves fit there, by Virtue of their Barony.
As to the other Wool-facks, the Judges, the Queen's Coun
cil at Law, and Mafters of Chancery, fit upon 'em, when
called to give their Advice in point of Law. But they ought
not to fit in the Queen's Prefence, without Her Leave. In
Her Majefty's Abfence, they may fit, but not be covered,
till the Speaker fignifie unto them the Leave of the Lords.
The Queen's Council Learned, and Mafters of Chancery, f&
alfo, but always uncovered.
The lowermoft Wool-fack is for the Clerk of the Crown,
and Clerk of the Parliament. The firft concerned in all Par
liamentary Writs and Pardons, the laft in keeping the Re
cords of all Things paffed in Parliament. This Clerk has
two Under-Clerks, who, kneeling behind the Wool-fack, write
upon it.
Her Majefty being come to the Houfe of Lords, where
She appears in great State, commands the UJber of the Black- Rod,

Chap. XXXV. GREATBRITAIN. 43*5
Rod to call the Houfe of Commons to the Lords Houfe.
He is in a manner the Meffenger of the Lords, and is lb
called from a Black Rod he ; carries in his hand. He fits
without the Bar of the Houfe, and what Peers the Houfe
thinks fit to commit, upon any Trefpafs, are left to his Cu
ftody. He has under him a Deputy, a Teaman Ufter that
-waits at the Door within, and a Crier without.
The Commons being come to the Houfe of Lords, ftand How the
without the Bar. And the Queen commands 'em, by the Speaker of
Lord Chancellour, or Lord Keeper, to chufe one of their the Com-
Members for their Speaker, and to prefent him fuch a Day, nans is
that is, in a Day or two. But this is done fometimes with- chofen.
out the Queen, and only by the Lord Chancellour, autho
rized for that Purpofe by Her Majefty. ,
The Commons, being returned to their Houfe, chufe a The Nd-
Speaker by the Plurality of Voices, who ought to be a Per- ture of his
fon of great Experience and Ability, efpecially in Parlia- Office.
mentary Affairs. For the Speaker is in effeft the Mouth of
the Houfe, and fo neceffary a Part thereof, that the Houfe
can do no Bufinefs without him. 'Tis the Speaker's Part
to fee the Orders of the Houfe obferved, to ftate the BiUs
that are brought in, to coUeft the Subftance of the Debates,
and the Senfe of the Houfe upon 'em.
The Choice being made, 'tis a Cuftom for the Party cho- Ceremo-
fen to decline the Office, and pray the Houfe to proceed to n{es uPon
a new Eleftion. This is a kind of Nolo Epifcofari. But he M* Choices
is commonly anfwered with a full Confent of Voices upon
his Name, upon which Two of the principal Members go
to him, and lead him to the Speaker's Chair; where being
fet, they return to their Places.
At the Day appointed for his Prefentation to the Queen,
Her Majefty being come to the Houfe of Lords, the Com
mons are called in. Then the new Speaker is brought in
between Two of their Members, with low Obeyfance to the
Bar, and there prefented to the Queen, where he makes al
fo a modett Refufal. Which not being allowed of by the
Queen, he makes a Speech to Her Majefty, the Subftance of
¦which is left to his own Thoughts. But it ends commonly
¦with thefe Petitions, That the Commons may, during their
Sitting, have free Accefs to Her Majefty, That they may have
Freedom of Speech in their Houfe, and be free from Arrefts.
His Oration being anfwered, and his Petitions allowed,
Her Majefty makes a Speech to both Houfes of Parliament,
concerning fuch Matters as fhe thinks fit to lay before 'em.
This done, fhe leave? both Houfes to their private Debates,
and the Commons return to their own Houfe, the Mace be*
ing, carried ( as ufual ) before the Speaker.
F f z After

4J6 The Prefent STATE of Parti:
After which Her Majefty never comes to the Parliament
in State, but to give Her Royal Affent to Bills paffed in
both Houfes, or to clofe the Seffion. But when there have
been extraordinary Debates in the Houfe of Lords, the
Queen has been there frequently to hear 'em, but not to
influence the Houfe one way ot other. Then Her Majefty
appears as it were Incognito, and every Peer fits and fpeaks
with the fame Freedom as if the Queen were not there.
In the Queen's Abfence, the Lords do always pay a Re
verence to- the Chair oLState, when they come into the
Houfe. The Houfe of Commons does generally confift of the
Flower of the Gentry, Gentlemen of divers Capacities, arid
moft of 'em Men of good Eftates, that have had the Ad
vantage of a liberal and genteel Education. They are an
aggregate Body from all Parts of Gi-ea* Britain, and the
Houfe a noble School for young Gentlemen that are of Age
to fit there. Five Hundred fifty eight is their full Number,
from the Time of the Union. But, if 300 are met, 'tis
counted a pretty full Houfe, many being abfent upon Bufi
nefs, or Sicknefs, &c However 40 make a Houfe.
Here they fit promifcuoufly upon Forms, except the
Speaker, who fits upon a Chair in the middle of the Room,
¦with a Table ' before him, the Clerk of the Houfe fitting
near him at the Table. Nor does any Member wear a Robe,
but the Speaker ; except the Members for London, who at
their firft Meeting appear in their Scarlet Robes.
Theit Time of Sitting in Parliament is in the Fore-noon,
commonly from 9 of the Clock till one. But, upon urgent
Occafions, they fometimes fit very late, and do Bufinefs by
Candle-light. Before the Parliament enters upon any Bufinefs, the Mem
bers of both Houfes muft take the new Oaths appointed by
Aft of Parliament, in the firft Year of William and Mary.
They are alfo to make a folemn Declaration againft the
Doftrine of Tranfubftantiation, the Invocation and Adora
tion of Saints, and the Sacrifice of the Mafs, by which
Declaration all Papifts are unqualify'd to fit in Parliament.
And they are moreover to abjure the pretended Prince of
Wales, before they can be admitted to fit in either Houfe.
Which Oath, appointed by the laft Parliament of the late
King William, was the laft Bill he figned, not above twelve
Hours before his Death.
Tho' every Member of the Houfe of Commons be cho
fen to ferve for one particular County, City, or Borough,
yet he ferves for the whole Kingdom, and his Voice is e-
qual to any other. He may Confent or Diffent, as he. thinks
fit, without confulting his Principals j which the States
Gene-

Chap. XXXV. GREAT BRITAIN. • 437
General of the United Provinces are obliged to do, in many
Cafes. However 'tis his Duty to promote, 'to his utmoft,
the Good of his Country, but particularly that of the Coun
ty, City, or Borough, by which he has been elefted.
Of the Proceedings of both Houfes, in their Debates^
andpafftng of Bills.
The Parliament of Great Britain has a partieular Me
thod in their Proceedings, for the Difpatch of Bufinefs. As
they can fit no longer than the Sovereign pleafes, which
has been five or fix Months together yearly, ever fince the
Revolution ; fo they commonly go through many Bills, both
publick and private, before they break up, and perhaps
as many are left unfinifhed,.at the Time of their Breaking up.
The firft Thing the Commons do, after the Choice of
their Speaker, is their appointing the ftanding Committees, Commit
tor Privileges and Ejections, for Grievances, for Trade, and tees.
for Religion.
The Committee for Privileges and EleSions his always harl
the Precedency^ being commonly the firft Committee appoint
ed either the fame Day the Speaker takes his Place,
or the next Day after. This Committee confifts of no
fet Number of Members, for any Member of the Houfe
is free to fit here. Whofe Bufinefs is chiefly to exa
mine ¦ EleSions and Returns complaiped of as undue, and
make Report of it to the Houfe. As for Matters of Privi
lege, they are now commonly heard in the Houfe.
The Handing Committees being fettled,' a private Committee
is appointed to draw up an Addrefs of Thanks to the Queen
, for Her Gracious Speech ; wherein they commonly exprefs
a cheerful Difpofition to concur with Her Majefty in thofe
Things She has laid before them. The fame is done in the
Houfe of Lords.
•As to the main Bufinefs of the Parliament, which is to'
make new Laws, or abrogate old ones, whatever is propo-
led for a Law, is firft put iri Writing, and called a Bill.
Any Member of the Houfe may offer a Bill, for the publick
Good. But he muft fitft open the Matter of it to the Houfe,
and offer Reafons for. admitting thereof. - Upon which the
Houfe will either admit, or deny it.
Subfidy-Bills, for Impofing of Taxes, are not to be
brought in but by Order of the Houfe. And whereas all
other Bills may begin in either Houfe, thefe do always begin
in the Houfe of Commons ; nor will the Commpns fuffer
the Houfe of Lords to make any Alteration in fiach Bills.
The Reafon is, becaufe the greateft Part of the Monies arife
from the Commons. F f 3 Jf

^3 The Prefent S TATE of Parti.
If any Member defire, that a Law in force be altered or
repealed, he muft firft move the Houfe in it, and give Rea-
fons for it. If the Houfe allows the Motion, their ufual
Way is to appoint fome of the Members to bring in a Bill
for that purpofe.
The Leave of the Houfe muft alfo be obtained to bring in
any private Bill, and the Subftance of it muft be made known
to the Houfe, either by a Motion or Petition. Now Peti
tions are,ufually prefented by Members of the fame County
the Petitioners are of. If they concern private Perfons,
they are to be fubfcribed, and the Perfons prefenting them
called to the Bar3 to ( avow the Subftance of the Petition,
efpecially if it be a Complaint againft an Offender.
Before any Bill can pafs into a Law, it muft be read three
feveral Times in each Houfe, and debated. And, tho' it
paffesinbpth Houfes, 'tis but a Body without Soul, if it
has not the Royal Affent. For, as each Houfe has the Pri
vilege of a Negative Voice, fo the Sovereign is free to Af
fent or not to the Bill. 'Tis true, there have been few Bills
paffed in both Houfes, fince the late Revolution, but what
have had the Royal Affent.
But a Bill of Indemnity, coming from the Throne, has but
one Reading in each Houfe, the Subjeft being to take it as
the Sovereign is pleafed to give it.
To come to Particulars, the Speaker, and fometimes the
Houfe, directs the Clerk what Bill to read ; who firft. reads,
with a loud and diftinft Voice, the Title of the BiU, and
after a little Paufe, the Bill it felf. The Bill being read
over, he delivers it to the Speaker; who rifing from his
Chair ftands uncovered, and holding the Bill in his hand ,
fays, This Bill is thus Intitled, and then reads the Title.
This done, he opens the Subftance of the Bill, either
trufling to his Memory, or with the help of a Breviate filed
to the Bill. Then he declares to the Houfe, That it is
the firft Time of Reading the Bill, and delivers it again to
the Clerk.
'Tis unufual tp fpeak to the Bill, at the firft Reading.
That is commonly put off till the fecond Reading,- fome
Days after, that the Members may have Time to confider
of it.
If a Bill originally begun in the Commons Houfe hap
pens, upon the firft Reading, to be debated Pro &" Can, and
that upon the Debate', the Houfe calls for the Queftion,
the Queftion is, Whether the Bill ftall be Rejected, and not
whether the Bill ftall be Read the fecond Time, which is the
ufual Way, But to a Bill coming from the Lords, fo much
Favour and Refpeft is ffiewn, that if it be fpoken againft
up on the firft Reading, and the Speaker preffed to put it to
$e'

Chap. XXXV. GRE4T BRITAIN. ^
the Queftion, he makes it firft for the fecond Reading ; and if
that be denied, then for RejeSion ; jr. being more pru
dential to confider the Bill, before it be put to fuch a ha
zard, j
If the greater Voice be to have the Bill RejeSed, the
Clerk fets it down Rejected in the Journal, and indorfes it
fo upon the back of the Bill. And then It fhall be read no
more that Seffions, unlefs it be altered in any Point material,
both in the Body and the Title. If the Voice be to have
the Bill retained, then it fhall have a fecond Reading' in
courfe. It happens feldom, that a Bill he read twice in one Day.
And, tho' it may have a fecond Reading the next Day after
the firft, yet the ufual way is to put it off for fome Days,
unlefs tn<£ Bufinefs requires the utmoft Expedition.
Upon the fecond Reading, which is performed in the
fame manner as the firft, if none fpeak againft the Bill, and
feveral fpeak for it, without excepting againft the Form of
it, the Speaker may put the Queftion for Ingroffing of it, that
is, Writing it fair in Parchment.
But Debates arife moft upon the fecond Reading. After
which the Houfe ufually calls for the Committing of the Sill,
that is, for referring it to a fele& Committee, to amend the
Bill. Which Committee confifts of feveral Members, nomi
nated by the Houfe, with the Time and Place appointed for
their Meeting. But whoever has direftly fpoken againft the
Body of the Bill, is thereby incapable of being one of the
Committee, for he that is againft the Bill cannot be thought
a proper Perfon to be imploy'd about it.
Whilft a Bill is under Debate, whoever fpeaks to it ftands
up uncovered, and direfts his Speech to the Speaker. If
Two rife at the fame Time, and fpeak both together, the
Speaker determines which fhall give Way to the other.
He that fpeaks is to be heard out, and not to be interrupted,
unlefs the Difcourfe be not ad rem, or fpins out to too great ,
a length. In which Cafes the Speaker only may check him
in his Difcourfe.
' None is allowed to fpeak Twice to a Bill in one Day, un
lefs it be by way of Explication, or when the Bill happens
.to be Read Twice. And if what he delivers be confuted by
another, yet he muft not anfwer again the fame Day ; for,
were it allowed to anfwer, the whole Time might be
fpent by twoktalkative Perfons.
If any Thing be done contrary to the Orders of the
Houfe, any Member may rife up, and fpeak to it, in the
heat of the Debates, if the Speaker do not. But, if the
Speaker ftaiids up, he Is firft to be heard ; and while he
Hands up, the other muft fit down. Whoever fpeaks to
Ff4 -the

£40 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
the Orders of the Houfe in the midft of a Debate,
' muft keep within that Line, and not fall to the Matter
it felf. For, if he do, he may be taken down by the Spea
ker, or any other Member, calling to the Orders of the
Houfe, But the Speaker is not to argue for, or againft any Side.
He is only to hear the Arguments of the Houfe, and col-
left the Subftance of 'em. Neither has he any Voice, but
when the Houfe is equally divided, and then he has the
calling Voice.
No Member in his Difcourfe ought to mention the Name
of any other then prefent, but to defcribe him by his Title
or Addition, is' That noble Lord, That worthy Knight, or
Gentleman. Or by his Office, 'as Sergeant, Gentleman of the
long Robe, &c. Or by 'his Place, as the Gentlemanenear the
Chair, near the Bar, on the other fide, or that Gentleman who
/poke laft, or laft but one, and the like.
No reviling or reflefting Expreffions muft be ufed. And,
tho' Freedom of Speech and Debates be an undoubted Pri
vilege of the Houfe, yet whatfoever is there fpoken is lia
ble to the Cenfure of the Houfe. If any fpeak offehfive
Words to the Sovereign, or the Houfe, he is called to the
Bar,"" where he receives on his Knees a Reprimand from the
Speaker. But, if the Offence be great, he is fent to the
Tower. When a Bill that has been Committed is Reported, the
Houfe does commonly agree to the Report in the whole, or
in part only. But when the Matter is of Importance, the
Bill is fometimes Re-committed, and moft ufually to the
fame Committee.
After the Debate is ended, the Speaker puts the Queftion
for Ivgroffmg. If the Plurality of Voices be againft it, theri
the Bill is dafhed. If for it, 'tis a good Omen for the pat
ling of the Bill.
' The Bill being ingroffed, the Speaker offers it fome Days
after to be read the Third time, for the Paffing thereof.
And to prevent carrying of Bills with a few Voices, it has
been ordered fometimes by the Houfe, that no Bill fhould
be put to the Paffing before 12 a Clock, when the Houfe is
commonly full. * ¦ .
' When the £;'/£ comes to a third Reading, 'tis done after
the fame manner as at the firft and fecond Reading. After
it is read, the Speaker tells the Houfe, that it has been
j-ead Thrice, 'and with their Favours he will put it to the
Paffing. But, before he- does it, he paufeth a while, that
fhe Members may fpeak to it,~ if they pleafe. For it hap
pens fometimes, that upon the third Reading the Matter
pojnes ts'afrefh Debate. But than 'tis very rare to have it

Chap. XXXV. GREAT BR IT A I N 441
it Re-committed, except for fome particular Claufe, or Pro
vifo. The Debate being over, the Speaker, holding ftill the
Bill in his hand, puts it to the Paffing thus ; As many as are
of Opinion that this Bill ftould pafs, fay Yea ; and after the
Affirmative, As many as are of the contraty Opinion, fay No.
Upon which the Speaker declares his Opinion, whether the
Tea's or No's have it; and his Opinion is tq Hand as the
Judgment of the Houfe, unlefs the Cafe be doubtful. Then
a Motion being made for the Dividing of the Houfe, the
Queftion is put, Whether the Tea's or No's are to go out of
the Houfe, which commonly falls out to be the Lot of the
Tea's, efpecially upon a new Bill. For it feems but reafon-
able, that they fhould fit ftill who are for the old Law, be-
caufe they are in Poffeffion of it. To count the Houfe,
the Speaker nominates Two of the Tea's, and Two of the
No's ; who having each a Staff in his Hand, are to count
the Members that remain fitting in the Houfe. Then they
go to the Door, Two on each fide Handing within it,
and counting them who went forth, as they come in.
While this is a-doing, no Member is to fpeak, or to re
move out of his Place, except fuch as go forth upon the
Divifion. The Houfe being thus told, the two Tellers that have
the moft Votes, Handing at the Bar on the right Hand of
the two others, make their Approaches together to the Ta
ble, with the ufual Obeyfance to the Houfe ; and he that
has the right Hand, declares to the Speaker the Number of
the Tea's and No's. Upori which they all return to their
Places, and Mr. Speaker makes the Report to the Houfe.
If it be carry'd in the Affirmative, the Clerk enters it,
'Refolved. If in the Negative, thus ; the Queftion being put,
&c. it paffed in the Negative.
If the Bill paffed be originally exhibited in the Houfe of
Commons, the Clerk writes within it on the top toward
the right Hand, Soit bailie aux Seignours, that is, Let it be
fent to the Lords. But, if begun in the Lords Houfe, he
writes underneath the Subfcription of the Lords, A ce Bill
les Communes ont affentez. And here I cannot but admire,
how thefe mouldy obfolete French Exprefiions came to be
retained fo long in our Englift) Parliaments, unlefs it were
to perpetuate the Memory of the Norman Conqueft^ to the
Glory of the Normans.
The Bill is carried up to the Lords, by Meffengers ap
pointed by the Houfe. And as they come with great Re
fpeft to the Bar of the Lords Houfe, their Lordfhips rife
From their Places, and come down to meet them. The
Title Qf the Bill being .read by the chief Meffenger, the
* . " Bill

fa* The Prefent S TAT E of. Part I.
Bill is humbly delivered to the Speaker of the Houfe of
Lords. ,
But when a Bill is fent by the Lords to the Commons,
they fend none of their Members, but only fome of the
Matters, of Chancery, or fome other Perfon whofe Place is
on the Wool-facks. Who coming up to the Speaker, and
bowing Thrice, one of 'em having read the Title, and de-
fired it may be taken into Confideration, delivers the Bill
to the Speaker. But in Meffages of great Importance, the
Lords make ufe of one or two of the Judges, to go to
the Houfe of Commons.
If either Houfe difagrees with the other upon a Bill, a
Conference is demanded. The Conference is held in the
Painted Chamber, to which both Houfes fend their refpe
ftive Deputies, to argue upon the Matter. If they cannot
agree, fometimes a new Conference is demanded. And, if
it proves ineffeftual, the Bill is ipfofa&o quaftied-
The Manner of Voting in the Houfe of Lords is thus :
They begin at the loweft Baron, and fo go on Seriatim ; eve
ry one anfwering a-part, Confent, or Not Confent. If the
Voices be eq.ual, the Negative carries it, the Speaker being
not allowed a calling Voice, unlefs he be a Peer Of the
Realm. In the Houfe of Commons, the Way is from time to
timetoc-'i the Houfe over. Every Member prefent un-
covtis hii Head, and ftands up when he is called. The Ab
fent ave either excufed, or entred accordingly ; but if none
excufe an Abfent, he is entred Deficit, and fometimes fent
for by the Sergeant at Arms. But when a Member of the
Houfe is called home into the Country, upon fome extraofr
dinary Occafion, the ufual Way is to ask Leave of the
Houfe to be abfent for fome Time, and it is readily granted.
When the Matter under Debate requires a full Houfe,
the Sergeant at Anns is commanded to go to the Court of
Requeits, Weftminfter-Hall, and other Places near the Par-
liament-Houfe, to feek for the Members there, and require
their Attendance.
Upon Notice of the Death of any Member, the Speaker
fends a Writ, by Order of the Houfe, to the Sheriff of the
County, for which the deceafed Member ferved, in order
to a new Eleftion.
Rules ob- As to the Committees, take thefe following Remarks. V$-
ferved by on the firft Meeting of a Committee in the Committee-Cham-
Commit- ber, they chufe a Chair-man amongft them, who is much
tees. like the Speaker in the Houfe. The BUI they are intrufted
with is firft read over, and then they confider it by Parts.
If there be a Preamble, they confider it after the Parts of
the Bill; becaufe, upon the Confederation of the Body of
th«

Chap. XXXV. GREAT BRTTAIN. 44?
the Bill, fuch Alterations may be made in sjt as may alfo oc
cafion an Alteration in the Preamble.
The Committee may not raze, interline, or blot the Bill
but muft fet down the Amendments in a Paper by ffcTelf \
fetting down in the Paper the Number of the Folio where
the Amendment is made, and naming particularly the
Place where the Words of the Amendment are to be inV
ferted, or thofe of the SiW omitted. The Breviate alfo an
nexed to the Bill muft be amended accordingly, and made to
agree with the Bill,
Every Amendment is voted fingly, and when they are all
perfeft, they are read, and put to the Queftion, Whether the
fame ft all be reported to the Houfe. But, before the Quetiion
is put, any Member of the Committee may move to add to
thofe Amendments, or to amend any other part of the
Bill If the Vote of the Committee pafs in the Affirmative, the
Chair-man is appointed to make the Report. Who firft ac
quaints the Houfe, that he has a Report to make from the
Committee to whom fuch a Bill was committed. Which be
ing received by the Houfe, the Chair-man flanding in his
Place, reads each of the Amendments, with the Coherence
in the Bill ; and gives the Reafons of the Committee for fuch
Amendments, until he has gone through all. This done, if
his Seat be not ftext the Floor, he comes from his Place to
the Bar, and from thence to the Speakers Table, where he
delivers both the Bill and Amendments to the Clerk.
Whereupon any Member of the Houfe may fpeak againft
all, or any of the Amendments, and defire the Coherence to
be read. But he muft make all his Objections at once to all
the Amendments.
When any great Bufinefs is in Hand, as Mony-Bills par- Committcf
ticularly, which require much Debate, the Houfe refolves 0f the
it felf into a Grand Committee, commonly caUed a Com- who le
miitee of the whole Houfe. The Defign of it is to have a Houfe.
greater Freedom of Debate, fuch as leads moft to the Truth.
For in this Committee every Member is free to fpeak to one
Queftion as often as he fhall fee Caufe, and to anfwer the
Reafons and Arguments of others.
Then the Houfe being refolved from the Rules of it to
the nature of a Committee, the Speaker leaves the Chair,
and a Chair-man is chofen by the, Houfe. Who fits in the
Clerk's Place at the Table, and writes the Votes of the
Committee, the Gathering whereof is according to the Rules
of the Houfe.
As the Bufinefs that lies under the Confideration and De
bate of this Committee does commonly require feveral Sit
tings, before they can go through it, the Chair-man muft ask

|44 The Prefent S TAT E of Part.*,
ask Leave for them to fit again. But, when the Matter
has been throughly debated, and is judged fit to be Refol-
ved in the Houfe, the Chair-man having read all the Votes,
puts the Queftion, That the fame be Reported to the Houfe.
If that be Refolved, the Speaker is called again to the
Chair ; and the Chair-man, Handing in his _ ufual Place,
reports what has been Refolvedin theCommittee, and brings
up his Report to the Table. Whereupon the Houfe pro
ceeds as a Houfe, and not a^> a Committee.
The Lords have alfo their Committees, but with this Dif
ference, That the Judges and other Affiftants there of the
Long Robe, are fometimes joyned to the Lords of the Com
mittee, tho they have no Voice in the Houfe. And where
as they fit covered in the Houfe, by Leave of the Peers,
here they fit uncovered.
But I muft not omit taking notice, That during the Sef-
fions, the Parliament may Addrefs the Q U E E N, upon
fuch Matters as they think convenient. And their . Ai-
drejfes are either from each Houfe a- part, or fometimes from
both Houfes, joyning together in one and the fame Addrefs.
Which Addrejfes are prefented at the - Time ' appointed by
Her Majefty, fometimes in a whole Body, but moft com
monly by deputed Members from each Houfe.
The Royal When Bills ire ready for the Royal Affent,' the Queen
Affent to comes to the Houfe of Lords in the fame State as before,
Bills. cloathed with Her Royal Robes, and the Crown upon Her.
Head, the Lords alfo in their Robes. Being feated upon'
Her Throne, and the Commons fent for up by the Black Rod,
the Clerk of the Crown reads the Title of eich Bill; and
as he reads, the Clerk of the Parliament, according to In-
flruftion, pronounces the Royal Affent in thefe Words, bor
rowed of the French.
If a publick Bill, the Anfwer is, la Reine le veut. If
private, Soit fait comme Heft defire. If a Mony- Bill, la R,ei-
tie remercie fes loyaux Sujets, accepte leur Benevolence, & auf-
fi le veut. If a Bill of Inileilinity, the Return is from the
Lords and Commons to Her Majefty in thefe Words, Let
Prelats, Seigneurs, & Communes en ce Parlement affemblez, 'ait
Nom de tons vos autres Sujets, remercient tres bumblement VUrt ,
Majefte, & prient Dieu vous donner en Sante bonne Vie &
longue. If a Bill which the Queen does not think fit to
pafs into a Law, la. Reine.s'avifera, the Queen will confider
of it ; which is lookt upon as a civil Denial.
But 'tis obfervable, that the Queen may, by Comrnif-
fion granted to fome of the Peers, give Her Royal Affent,
without Her perfonal Prefence, to any Bill that requires
hafte„ ¦¦,.,. At

Chap.XXXV- GREATBRITAIN. 44$
As each Houfe has an undoubted Privilege to Adjourn The Mec£
themfelves for fome Days, fo the Queen may Adjourn 'em, ning of
in order to a Recefs for fome Time. And then all Bills al- Adjourn-
ready read and debated, in one or both Houfes, remain in ing, Pro-
Statu quo, ^nd at the next Meeting may be brought to an roguing,
Iffue. theParlii-
'Tis otherwife with a Prorogation, which makes a Seffion. ment%
For iii this Cafe ill Bills that paffed either Houfe, or both
Houfes, and had not the Royal Affent, muft begin a-new
at the next Meeting, before they can be brought to Per
feftion. Laftly, the Parliament is faid to be Diffolved, when the
Houfe of Commons is disbanded, in order to a new Electi
on. Both the Diffolution, and the Calling a new Parlia
ment, are commonly done by Proclamation, after the laft
Sitting of the Parliament.
And, whereas fome of our Kings formerly called noOftheTrfc-
Parliament, but when they thought fit, or continued the ennial
fame Parliament too long to be true to their Truft, by axparlia-
Aft paffed in the late King's Reign, there ought to be anient.
Parliament fitting at leaft once in 3 Tears. And if a Parlia
ment Sitting be Diffolved, without an Aft paffed, or Judg
ment given, 'tis no Seffion of Parliament, but a Conven
tion. By the lame Aft it is ordered, That no Parliament
ftall continue longer than 3 Tears at the fartbeft, to be accoun
ted from the Day on which the faid Parliament ftall be appoin
ted to meet, hy the Writs of Summons. Therefore 'tis called
a Triennial Parliament.
Upon the King's Deceafe, if there was a Parliament Sit
ting, or in Being, 'twas ipfo fatto Diffolved, the King be
ing look'd upon as the Head of Parliament. But, to pre
vent the Mifchiefs and Confufions-that maybe occafioned in
fuch a Cafe for want of a Parliament, a providential Aft
was made in the late Reign. By which the Parliament then
Sittirfg, or in Being, ftall in that Cafe continue, and imme
diately meet, for arid during the Time of Six Months, unlefs the
fame fl)all be fooner Prorogued or Diffolved by the next Heir to
the Crswn in Succeffion. But, in cafe there fhall be no Par
liament in Being, then the laft preceding Parliament ftall im
mediately Meet, Sit, and A3, to all Intents and Purpofes, as
if the faid Parliament bad never been Diffolved.
'Twas a Cuftom of Old for the Sheriff to proclaim, by
the King's Command, after every Seffion of Parliament,
the feveral Afts paffed in that Seffion, that none might pre
tend Ignorance. But that Cuftom has been laid afide, fince
Printing came into Ufe ; all publick Afts of Parliament, be
ing now publifhed in Print, foon after the fame are paffed. 91

446 The Prefent S T AT E of Part. I.
Qf the Privileges, and Power of the PARLIAMENT.
There are Three Things in England, faid an eminent Law
yer, the Bounds of which are unknown, viz. the Royal
Prerogative, the People's Liberties, and the Privileges of
Parliament. As for the laft, the Houfe of Lords are undoubtedly the
hereditary Counfellors of the Crown, and have a Judicial.
Power lodged in them by the Conftitution. They are the
Supream Court of Judicature, and from them there lies no
Appeal. In the laft Parliament there hapned a great Contention,
in Point of Right, between the Two Houfes, as to the
Ailesbury Men, committed by the Houfe of Commons in
to Cuftody, for Breach of Privilege. The Houfe of Lords
took upon them to inquire into the Matter, and juftify'd
their Proceeding as follows, by their Reprefentation to the
Queen, Jan. 18, 170^.
That by the known Laws and Cuftom of Parliaments, the
Houfe of Peers has an undoubted-Right, when they conceive it
to be for the Good and Safety of the King and Kingdom, to
take Examinations of Perfons charged with criminal Matters,
whether fuch Perfons be then in Cuftody or not, and alfo to or
der the Perfons fo to be examined, to be taken into Cuftody of
the King's fworn Officers attending the Houfe, during fuch Ex
aminations, or to Commit them to any other fafe Cuftody that
they ftall think proper, and to Refrain others ( if they fee
Caufe ) from having Accefs to, or Communication with them.
The Houfe of Lords have exercifed this Right from time to time,
as Occafions have required, without Objeilion. The Records are
filled with Precedents, which warrant their Claim in every Part
of it. And Page 5. they urge, That, if Perfons in Cuftody
are out of the Reach of the Houfe of Lords, 'tis not to be
imagined, that the Commons can pretend to a greater Power of
examining, committing, or reftraining them, which Power they
have affumed feveral times. They further alledged, That
when the Peers order Perfons to be examined in their Houfe,
they canngt be faid to take the Examination of them folely to
themfelves, exclufive from the King, the King being always
lookt upon as prefent in that Great Council, in Confideration ,0/
Law, where He may be prefent in bis Royal Perfon as often as
He pleafes.
The Houfe of Commons, infilling upon the Nullity of that
Right of the Houfe of Lords, addreffed the Queen about
it, and ufed fuch Expreffions as were highly refented by
their Lordfhips. As to their Addreffing the Queen, the
Lords

Chap. XXXV. GREAT BRITAIN 447
Lords reprefented, That, if at any Time either Houfe con
ceived, they bad a reafonable Ground to object againft the Pror
ceedings of the other, it has been a common PraBhe to defire
Conferences, fairly to difcufs the Matter in Debate between
them, whereby Miftakes have been cleared for the moft part, a
good Underftanding cultivated, and a mutual RefpeSt pefervei.
They faid further, That, if it be juftifiable in the Houfe of
Commons, to be appealing to the Crown againft the Lords, the
fame Method may be taken by the Lords. And that 'tis eafie to
forefee how fatal the Confequences may be in the 'Reign of an
ill-defgning Prince, and what Advantages may be taken from
it, for utterly fubverting the Conftitution. There are Examples
Abroad, where Proceedings of this kind have ended in the Over
throw of the Liberties of the People.
In fhort, the Commons refolved in their Votes, That they
have an undoubted Right to commit for Breach of Privilege,
and that the Commitments of the Houfe are not examinable in
tiny other Court whatfoever.
The Lords on the contrary refolved, i. That neither
Houfe has any Power to create new Privileges, 2. That the
Commons in Committing the five Perfons, have affumid a new
Privilege they canfhew no Right to. 3 . That every Englifhman
has a Right to apply for, and obtain a Habeas Corpus.
4. That the Commons cenfuring Perfons for aiding a Prifoner
to procure a Habeas Corpus, is of dangerous Confequence.
5. That a Writ of Errour is not aWrit of Grace, but a Writ
of Right.
One of the fundamental and principal Ends of Parlia
ments being to redrefs Grievances, and eafe the People of
Oppreflions, the chief Care thereof lies in the Houfe of
Commons. Which is the grand Inqueft of the Realm, fum-
moned from all Parts to prefent publick Grievances to be
Redreffed, and publick Delinquents punifhed, fuch as cor
rupted Counfellors, Judges, and Magiftrates. Which makes
Parliaments to be a great Check to ill Men, and therefore
abhorred by fuch Men in Authority.
In this Cafe, when the Parliament fits, the Commons Im
peach, and the Lords are the Judges. The Commons inform,
prefent, and manage the Evidence; and the Lords, when
the Trial is over, give Judgment upon it. In fhort, fuch is
the Privilege of the Houfe of Commons, that they may Im
peach the higheft Lord in the Kingdom, either Spiritual or
Temporal. But the Lords cannot proceed againft a Com
moner, except upon a Complaint of the Commons.
In a Cafe of Mifdemeanour, both the Lords Spiritual and
Temporal are Judges. But, if the Crime be Capital, the
Lotfls Spiritual abfent themfelves during the Trial. For,
by an Ordinance made at the Council at Weftminfter, in
Hen-

£4& The Prefent STATE of PartL
Henry the Second's Reign, all Clergymen were forbidden agt-
tare Judicium Sanguinis, upon Pain of being deprived both of
Dignities and Orders.
Formerly all Members of Parliament were free from Suits,
Arrefts, or Imprifonment (except in Cafe of Treafon, or Fe
lony ) not only during the Sitting, but alfo 40 Days before,
and 40 Days after the Seffion. Which Privilege did like-
wife extend to their neceffary Servants, and the Officers at
tending the Houfe. But by an Aft paffed in the late Reign,
the faid Privilege ceafes {immediately after the Prorogation
or Diffolution of any Parliament, till the prorogued Par
liament be re-affembled, or anew Parliament meet. It cea
fes alfo immediately after any Adjournment of both Houfes
of Parliament, for above 14 Days, until both Houfes meet
again. And, upon the Rifing of the Parliament, the Plain
tiff fhall be at Liberty to proceed to Judgment and Executi
on. Nor. fhall any Aftion for the Recovery, or obtaining of
any Debt or Duty due to the Crown be Impeach'd, Stay'd,
or Delay'd, under the Colour, or Pretence of Privilege of
Parliament. But the Perfon of the Debtor, or Accomptant,
whether a Peer of the Realm, or a Member of the Houfe
of Commons, fliall be free from Arreft or Imprifonment
during the Continuance of the Privilege of Parliament.
The Lords Spiritual and Temporal, qualify'd to fit in the
Houfe, have this Privilege, That if they cannot appear in
Parliament, by reafon of Sicknefs, &c. they make their
Proxies to Vote in their Stead. But then fuch Lords as
would make their Proxies, muft enter 'em in Perfon, at the
beginning of every Parliament.
While the Parliament fits, all Members of the Houfe of
Commons are free from Attendance on Trials in Inferiour
Courts of Judicature, from ferving on Juries, and the like.
In Time of Parliament, whoever offers to fpeak irreve
rently of that Court, to threaten, or abufe any Member of
the Houfe of Commons, is liable (upon Complaint there
of ) to anfwer it to the Houfe, and be committed to the
Cuftody of the Sergeant at Arms.
'Tis a common Saying, That a Parliament can do any
Thing. 'Tis true, the Parliament of Great Britain can, with
the Royal Affent, do any Thing that is not repugnant to
common Juftice. They may abrogate old Laws, and make
new, fettle the Succeflion to the Crown, define of doubtful
Rights whereof no Law is made, appoint Taxes, eltablifh
Forms of Religion, naturalize Aliens, legitimate Baftards,
adjudge an Infant ( or Minor ) to be of full Age, attaint a
Man of Treafon after his Death, condemnor acquit them
-who are upon their Trial, give the moft fiee Pardons,
teftore in Blood and Name, &c. And the Confent of
the

£hap. XXXV. GREATBRITAIN.
the Parliament is taken to be the Confent of every Englift
man. •¦';....
But, how great foever be the Power of King and Parlia
ment, yet they 'cannot reilrain or confine future Parliaments.
Gpubd Leges pofteriores priores contrarias abrogant, is a Maxim
in the Law of Parliament. And a fubfequent Parliament
has ftill a Power to abrogate, fufpend, qualify, explain, or
make void the Afts of the former in the Whole, or any
Part thereof; notwithftanding any Words of Reftraint,
Prohibition, or Penalty in the former.
A LIST of 'the prefent PARLIAMENT 'of
GREAT BRITAIN.
* Houfe of Lords.
I need not repeat here the Lift of the' Houfe of Lords, the
Reader having that of the Temporal Lords in the Lift of the
Nobility, Page 155, and that of the Spiritual Lords in the
Lift of the Bifhops, Page 2.74. Only the Noblemen that are
under Age, and fuch as are of the Roman Communion, > muft
be excepted from the Lift, as being unqualify'd to fit in Par
liament. But their Number is filled up in a great : meafure
by the Sixteen Peers of Scotland, that are now to fit in the
auguft Parliament of Great Britain. Viz;
Duke of gueensberry .

449

t Mohtrofs.
' Marquis of < Trvedale.
C Lothian.
f.Seafield.
„ . c \Marr.
Earl of <Crawford. CSoutherland.

HOUSE r
HBcafo^fijirc, 4.
Sir Pynfent Cbarnock, ? R
Sit Will. Gofi wick, £asT-
Bedford.
Will. Farrer, Efq;
Sir Philip Monoux, Bar.

f Weems.
Roxburgh.Leven.
EidQ{iRofeberry. I Glafgow.
\ Iflay.
{^Loudoun. .-.
OM MO NS.
IBetKS, 9.
Richard Nevil, Efq;
Sir John Stonehoufe, Bar.
New Windfor.
Lord Vifcount Pitibarding,
Rich. Topham, Efq;
G g Reading,

4$°

The Prefent STATE of Parti

Reading.
Sir Owen Buckingham.
Sir Will. Rich, Bar.
Wallingford.
Will Jennens, 7 £fc].

Clement Kent,

Abingdon.
Grey Nevil, Efq;
2BucR0, 14-
The Hon. Will. Egerton, Efq:
Sir Rich. Temple, Bar.
Buckingham.
Sir Edmund Denton, Bar.
BrownrWillis, Efq;

Chipping- Wicomb.
les Godfrey,
Fleetwood-Dormet

Charles Godfrey, 7,-pr .

Ailesbury.
Sir John Witterong, Bar.
Simon Mayne, Efq;
Agmondefham.
Lord Cheyne, Vifcount New-
haven.
Sir Samuel Garrard, Bar.
Wendover.
Rich. Hampden, Efq;
Sir Roger Hill.
Great Marlow.
Sir James Etheridge, ? vr
James Chafe, ¦= $"4

CamMagefhite, ff.
Sir Ruftout Cullen, Bar.
t^oin Bromley, Senior, Efq;

Univerfity of Cambridge.
on. Artlmr Annefty,
Hon. Dixey Windfor,

Hon. Artlmr Annefty, Zvr
' r, 5 *

Town of Cambridge.
Sir Join Cotton, Bar.
Anthony Tbompfoh, Efq;
Chctfnte, 4-
Hon. Langham Booth,! Fr
Jo«. Crew Otfiey, J1^
Chefter.
Sir /Jewry Bunbury, Bar.
Pe?er Sbakerly, Elq;
CojBtoall, 44.
/fag/j Bofcawen, Efq ;
Sir AVA. Vivyan, Bar.
Lanceftom
//ewry Lord //ya'e.
fPfff. Carji, Efq;

Leskard.

'ill. Bridges, ?Ef
bo.Dodfon, 5 q'

Z7;o.

Leflwithiel.
Hon. ifa/eZ Robarts, 7vrn
James Kendal, £n%

Truro.

Chap. XXXV. GREATBRITAIN.
j-Efq;

4$*

Truro.
Right Hon. Peregrine
Bertie,
Henry Vincent,

Bodmin.
John Hoblyn, ?vr
Hon. Fra. Robarts, S^l*
Helfton.
Sidney Godolphin, Efq;
Francis Vifcount of Rialton.
Saltafh.
James Buller, ? _.
Jofeph Moyle, }EI<1J
Camelford.
Will Pole, 7vr
Hen. Pinnel, £a(&
Weftlow.
Sir Charles Hedges.

Grampo'und
Scobe
James Craggs.

Francis Scobell, 7 „r
. *JEfq;

^aftlow.
Sir Henry Seymour, Bar.
George Clark, Efq;
Penryn.
Samuel Trefufis, 7
Right Hon. Jo. Vernon, £t[<ii
Tregony.
John Trevenion, Efq;
Sir Philip Meadows.

Boffiney.
Sir Simon Harcourt.
John Manley, Efq;

S. Ives.
Sir Bartbol. Gracedieu.
JobnBorlace, Efq;
Fouay.
Geo. Granvile, ? T?r
John Hicks, 5"®
S. German.
Edward Elliot, 7-gr
Hen. Flemming, £ "'
S. Michael.
Sir Will. Hodges, Bar.
Hugh Fortefcue, Efq;
Newport.
Sir Nich. Morrice, Bar*
Sir John Pole. S. Maws.

Francis Godfrey, Efq;
Kellington.
Sir Will. Cordon, Bar.
Samuel Rolle, Efq;
Cumberland, 6,
George Fletcher, 1 __
Rich. Mufgrave, ft[cli
Carlifle.
Tbo. Stanwix, Efq5
Sir James Mountague.

Ggz

Cocker-

4*2 The Prefent STATE of
Cockermouth.
James Stanhope, 1 , vr
Tho. Lamplugb, £ hXc&
ffitecbftytce, 4.

PartL

John Curzon,
Tbo. Coke,

Darby.
James Lord Cavendijb.
Sir 27;o. Paiier.
SD&ontyke, act.
Sir JP?//. Courtenay, Bar.
Robert Rolle, Efq;
Exeter.
Sir £/v. Seymour, Bar.
Jo/;w ^"jie/Z, Efq;
Totnefs.
Sir Humphrey Mack-worth.
Tbo. Coulfon, Efq;
Plimouth.
Charles Trelawny, Efq;
Sir George Bing.
Oakham pton.
Tho. Northmore, 7-pr
John Dibble, £Uo*
Barnftaple.
Nich. Hooper, ^£,
Sam. Rolle, Junior, ^ "
Plympton.
Sir John Cope-
Rich. Edgecomb, Efq;

Honi ton.
Sir Will. Drake, 1
Sir Walter Tonge, £
Taviflock

Bar.

Hen. Manaton,
James Bulteel.

¦: K

Afhburton.
Rich. -Reynell, ?„
Gilb. Yard, £MK
Clifton, Dartmouth, and
Hardnefs..
Nathaniel Heme, 7 Vf. .. .
Fredeihk Heme, 1 lf!i
Boralfton.
Spencer Cowper, 7 _r
Peter King, : £E[(Ii
Tiverton.
Thomas Berc, 7 „.
Rob. Burridge, .£M1i
Wotfettyits, 20.
Tbo. Strangiways, 7 _,,.
Tbo. Cbagn, J i;
Poole.
Sir #?//. PAi>arrf.
Saw;. Wefton, Efq;
Dorchefter.
Naf/j. Napier,
Awnftam Churchill.

', }&*

Lyme.
77;o. Freke, ? -et
7o/;n Aorofe*, Jw*

Wey-

Chap. XXXV. GREAT BRITAIN. ,45?
Weymouth.
Hon. Henry Tbynne, %,vra,
Hon. Charles Churchill, £ ^'
Melcomb Regis.
Hon. Maurice Aftley, 1 .p, ^
Anthony Henley, J "

Bridport.
Alexander Pit field, ?p(-
Tho. Strangeways, Jun. £ tul'
Shaftsbury.
Edw. Nicholas, Efq;
Sir John Cropley, Bar.
Ware ham.

Maiden.
William Fytcbe, ?v(.
Jo. Comyns, ir,ll»
Harwich.
Sir Tho. Davall. '•
John Ellis, Efq;
©loeetterflj.re, 8.
Sir John Guife, Bar.
Maynard Colcbefter, Efq;
Glocefter.
Cirencefler.

^Efq^iSS^^

George Pitt, Corfe -Caftle.
John Bankes, ?„r
Rhb.Fownes, $fel$
2Ducijam, 4.
Sir Rob. Eden,
JobnTempeft, Efq;
CjVv of Durham.
Thomas Conyers, Efq;
Sir Hen. Bellafyfe.

CUeF, 8.
Sir Francis Mafiam, Bar.
TZio. Middleton, Efq;
Colchefler.
Sir //aa<r Rebow.
Sir' Wo. re^/?er, Bar.

Tewksbury.
Rich. Dowdefwell, 7vr
Edmund Bray, £U^
^attfomfyitz, 6.
Sir John Spencer, Bar.
Ralph Freeman, Efq;
S. Albans. ,
Hon. Geo. Churchill, 7Vrn.
Henry Killigrew, £ *
Hartford.
Charles C&far, ? ,,'„
TAo. Clark, £W1>
Jamej Lord Vifcount iSW/aV
?«o>e. t
Henry Gorges, Efq;

G gg

/

Here-

454 The Prefent STATE*/ Part I.
Hereford.-
Hon. James Bridges, Zjtq.
Thomas Foley, £ ""'
Lempfter.
Thomas Lord Coningsby;
Edward Harley, Efq;

Weobly.
Henry Cornwall,
John Birch,

$Efq;
l^antingtonflEjitc, 4.
John Dry den, ?v(.
John Pocklington, £nc& ¦
Huntington.
John Pedley, ? _r
Edw. Worthy, Su<3'
Kent, 10.
Will. Lord ViUiers.
Sir Cholmley Deering, Bar.
Canterbury.
ATenry Zee, 7 _r
Joi» Hardnefs, 5^5
Rochefter.
Sir Cloudejly Sbovell
Sir Stafford Fairborn.
Maidftone.
Sir Tbo. Colepepper, Bar.
Tho. Bliffe, Efq; "
Queenborough.
Sir John Jennings, ^ f
Thomas King, j *>
iLanfofljite, 14.
Hon. Charles Stanley, »_.
^)V/;. Slmttleworth, fUQ'>

Preflon.
Francis Annefley, - ?
Artlmr Manwaring, 3 Efq;
Lancafter.
Robert Heyftam, 7 r
Will. Heyftam, 5 EL^5
Newton.
T/jo. Lezgi, of Ly»ie, » rr
Jo. Faraf, of Capefthorn, f tl<5
Wigan.
Sir J?qger Bradjbaw, Bar.
Emanuel How, Efq;
Clitheroe.

Edward Harvey, Efq;
Leverpool.
Will. Clayton, ?_r
T/w. Johnfon,T Elci'
jteicefterfltfre, 4.
Hon. Jo/;m Vemey, \ Fr
JobnWilkins, J*"^
Lejcefter.
Sir Geo. Beaumont, Bar,
3awe.r Winftanley, Efq;
Iltncolnfl}tt;e, 12.
<?eo. Whicbcot, 1^ _
Hon. Albemarle Bertie, j, *K
Lincoln.
77jo. Lifter, Efq;
Sir T/;o. Meers f
Bofton.
Sir £aWa" JrJy, Bar.
Richard Wynn, Efq;
^"T'"" ''" Great

Chap. XXXV- GREATBRITAIN 455

Great Grimsby.
Arthur Moore, 7_
Will. Cobeswortb, 5iI(J»
Stamford.
-Hon. Charles Cecil, 7
Hon.Charles Bertie, £^1i
Grantham.
John Lord Marquis of Gran-
Sir Will. Ellis, Bar.
^foDlefep, 8.
Scorie Barker, Efq;
Sir John Wolftenholme, Bar.
Weftminfter.
Right Hon. Henry Boyl, Efq;
Sir Henry Dutton Colt, Bar.
London.

Sir Witt. Ajburft.
Sir Gilb. 'Heathcote.
Samuel Shepherd, Efq,
^onmoatiitytte, 3.
John Morgan of Tredegar, Efq;
Sir ATopfcm Williams, Bar.
Monmouth.
Sir Zfto Poire/, Bar.
$0?f0l&, 12.
Hon. Ajg'er Townfend, Efq;
Sit John Holland, Bar. t
Norwich.
Walter Bac9n, 7 i;r_.
John Chambers, J^»

Bar.

Lyn.
Sir Charles Turner.
Rob. Walpole, Efq;
Great Yarmouth.
JSewj. England, ? vr
Join Nhbolfon, 5 q;
Thetford.
Sir Tfio. Hanmer, ?
Sir 3^" Woodhoufe, £
Caftlerifing.
Hon. Jfitf. Fie/i/wO
//bj-ario /Ta/po/e. J ^'
jpotfijamptonfljtce, 9.
Sir Juftinian Ifiam, Bar.
77>o. Cartwright, Efq;
Peterborough.
Hon. i?7Wney Worthy, aliis
Mountague, Efq;
Sir Gz7£ert Dolben, Bar.
Northampton.
Hon. George Montague, 7™-
Francis Arundel, f^Qi

Hon. Charles Egerton, 7_,

Brackley.
fr/ei £^err«
Hon. ATew. Mordaunt,
Higham-Ferrars.
Hon. T/;o. Wentworth,' Efqj
^lojtfjutitbcilanr), 3.
Thomas Forfter, Efq;
Sir Jo/jb Delaval, Bar.
G g 4 New-

456

The Prefent STATE of

Parti.

Newcaftle.
Sir Henry Liddel, Bar.
WilliamCarr', Efq;
Morpeth.
Sir Rich. Savford, Bar,
Edmund Maine, Efq;
Barwick-
Samuel Ogle, ?>Ffn-
Jonathan Hutchinfon, £L"'>
$otttnghamfhtte, 8-
Sir rZ-o. Willougbby, Bar. _ |
JoZim Thornhagh, Efq;
J Nottingham.
icoJ. Sacbeverel, Efq.

Eait-Retford.
Sir Hardolph Waftneys, Bar.
jjok Molefwortb, Efq;
Newark.
Hon. Ja?»e.r Saunderfon, 7-p,-
Jo/;» Dfcty, 5 *
j©;con, 9.
Sir ifoJ. Jenkinfon, Bar.
Sir Edward Noneys.
Univerfity of Oxford.
Sir Will. Wlntlock.
Will. Bromley, Efq;
City. of Oxford,
Thomas Rowney, Etc;
Sir JoZim Walters, Bar.

Woodflock.
Hon. Charles Bertie,
Will. Cadogan,

\rlfq;

Banbury.
Hon. Charles North, Efq;
l&ntlattD, 2.
Sir Tbo. Mackworth, Bar.
AVA. Halford, Efq;
&alop, 12.
Sir Robert Corbet, Bar.
Robert Lloyd, Efq;
Shrewsbury.
Jo/;?; Kynafton, ^Tr
Rhh.Mytton, $ ^'
Bridgenorth.
PTi//. Whitmore, Efq;
Sir Humphrey Briggs, Bar.
Ludlow.
Sir 7^0. rojp/j-.
^<f?on Baldwin, Efq;
Great Wenlock.
Sir W^'//. Forrefler.
George Weld, Efq;
Bifhop's Caftle.
Henry Brett. 7
Hon. Afew. Newport, £^i
^omccfffOjitc, 18.
Nathaniel Palmer, 7vr
John Pigott, £tl*
. ,** Briflol,

Chap. XXXV. GREATBRITAIN. 457

Briftol.
Rob. Tate, Efq;
Sir Will. Da'ines. Bath.
Will. Blatbwait, ?
Alex. Popham, £ticb
Wells.
Maurice Berkley, ?pr..
Henry Portman, £ ^''
Taunton.
Sir Francis Warre, Bar.
Edward Clark, Efq;
Bridge water.
Sir 27jo. J^ro^, Bar.
George Balch, Efq;
Minehead.
^/eaf. Rattterell, Efq;
Sir Jacoi Banks.

Ilcefter.
Edward Strode,
John Webb,

\n&

Milburn Port.
Sir Tbo. Travell.
Tbo. Medlycott, Efq;
Southampton, 26.
Tbo. Jervoife, 7
Rich. Cbaundler, £ElQ.;
Winchefter.
Lord Will. Powlett.
Geo. Rodney Bridges, Efq,
Town of Southampton.
Henry Lord Vifcount Wood
ftock.
Adam de fardonnel, Jun. Efq;

Portfmouth.
Sir George Rook.
Sir William Gifford,
Yarmouth.
Henry Holmes, ?_-
Anth. Morgan, £nc&

}Efq;

Petersfield.
Hon. Norton Paulet,
Leonard Bilfon, Newport.
Triftrum Dillington, ?„-
Will. Stephens, £M(Ji ¦
Stockbridge.
Sir John Hawles.
Sir Edw, Lawrence. Newton.
James Worfley, 7 vc
Henry Worftey, £Ll<&
Chriftchurch.
Francis Gwyn, ? „,.
Will. Ettrhke,£tic& Lymington.
Charles Marquis of Winchefter.
Paul Burr aid, Efq;
Whitchurch.
John Shritnpton, \vr
Rich. Woolaftov, £tlc£
Andover.
Right Honourable' JOHN
SMITH, Efq; Speaker.
Francis Shepherd, Efq;

Staf-

4*8 The Prefent S TAT E of Part I
S>faffojfjf^tre, 10.

lofeph Girdle, 1
y> £ "

Hon. Henry Pagett, Efq;-
Sir Edw. Bagott, Bar.
Lichfield.
Rich. Dyott, Efq;
Sir Henry Gougb.Stafford.
Walter Cbetwind, 7 _
Thomas Foley, £ ^»
Newcaftle.
CrewOfftey, ?Ff
Jo/;?j Law/on, i^'
Tamworth.
GfraV
Thomas Guy,
Suffolk., I<5".
Sir ^oJerf Davers, Bar.

Ipfwich.
iiewj Pooley, 1 _r
^oin Bence, J^i
Dunwich.
Sir Charles Blois, Ear.
John Rous, Efq;
Orford.
Sir Edmund Bacon, Bar.
Sir Edward Turner.
Aldborough.
Sir Jo/j?i Jobnfon.
Witt. Jobnjon, Efq;

Sudbury.
Sir Gervas Elwes, Bar.
Philip Skippon, Efq;
Eye.
Hon. Spencer Compton, Efq;
Sir Jofeph Jtkyll.
S. Edmondsbury.
Sir77;o. Fefrow, Bar.
-itfu&rv Porter, Efq;
£>ucievj, 14.
Sir Ac/;- OmJ7o», Bar.
Sir /Fz7/. ¦Seawejj.
Southwark.
Jo/;?? Cholmley, ? ¦Pr
CiaWex Co*, 5 ^
Blechingly.
Jo/;?j #W, 7 pr
Geo. Evelyn, 5^'
. Rygate.
.Sir Joi?; Parfons.

Guilford.

Denz.il Onflow,
Rob. Wt

Onflow, 7vr,
'roth, JEf*

Gatton.
Sir Geo. Newland.
Paul Dominique, Efq;
Haflemere.
Geo. Woodroffe,
John Fulham.

^Efq;

Chap. XXXV. GREAT BRITAIN. 459
Suffer;, 20.

John Morley Trevor, "Efq;
Sir Geo. Parker, Bar.
Chichefter.
Sir Tho. Littleton, Bar.
Tbo. Onflow, Efq;
Horfham.
Charles Eversfield, 7 vr
Henry Cowper, f^i

Midhurft.

Robert Orme,
Lawrence Alcock

, \^

Lewes.
Tho. Pelham, 7 Tjf
Aei. Payne, 5n<35
New Shoreham.
Nathaniel Gould, 7 Pr
sfoA» rzefeer, 5^5
Bramber.
Lord Vifcount Windfor.
JobnAfgyll, Efq;
Steyning.
HP}//. (Fa/to, ?-r
Charles Goring, SUq'
Eaft-Grinfted.
JoZ-jj Cowyerj, ?Er
John Take, J^'

Arundel.

Jawej Butler,
Edmund Dummer

, fEfq;

,6.

Sir JoJm Mordaunt, Bar.
Andrew tfrcber, Efq;
Coventry.
Sir Orlando Bridgeman, Bar.
Edward Hopkins, Efq;
Warwick.
Hon. Francis Grevile, ?.,,- >
Hon.DoaVwg^ifJrew'/e, 5 ^»
Weffmojlano, 4.
.So J. Lowther, ?„.
 F/eTO?^, J^
Appleby.
Ja??iei Grahme, "?vr
Witt. Harvey, S ^
WtUUJttC, 34-
Sir Ae/;. ATpw, Bar.
Rob. Hyde, Efq;
New Sarum.
Robert Eyre, ?Ef
Charles Fox, £ "
Wilton:
Joi?! Gauntlet, 7 pr
^i//. N?e*o/aj, 5 ^5
Downeton.
Sir Charles Duncomb.
John Eyre, Efq;

Hindon.

4<5o

The Prefent S TAT E 0/ Part. I.

Hindon.
Geo. Morley, 7_r
Reynolds Calthorp, £tlcli
Heytesbury.
Edward Afbe, 7vr
Will. Monfon, J ^i
Weftbury.
Hon. Robert Ber tie, 7 vr
Hon. Henry Berth, £u1>
Devizes.
Sir Francis Child.
Jofiab Difton, Efq;
Calne.
Edw. Baynton,
Geo. Ducketf.

j}K,

Chippenham.
Sir James Long, Bar.
John Lord Mordaunt.
Malmesbury.
Tho. Farrington, 7 -r.r
«?». Mordaunt, £na^
Cricklade.

EdmundSam.

nd Dunch, ?_„
Barker, $E1^

.Great Bedwin.
Charles Lord Bruce.
Nich. Pollexfen, Efq;
Luflgrfhall.
Walter Kent, ?Tjr
Jo/;?i JT.M, J111^

I

Old Sarum.
Robert Pitt, 7vr
Charles Mompeffon, £ lc&
Marlborough.
Algernon Earl of Hartford.
JohrOJJeffereys, Efq;
Qffio;cefterQtEe, p.
Sir John Packington, Bar.
/FiV/. Bromley, Efq;
Worcefter.
Thomas Wylde, 7 r
Samuel Swift, 5Ell3»
Droitwich.
Charles Cox, 7 _r
Edw. Foley, J^S
Evefham.
JobnRudge, ?-,
/fi^/; Parser, J ^j
¦Bewdley.
Salway Winnington, Efq;
go?feu)irc, 30.
^7Z/. Marquis of Hartington.
York.
Sir JFjT/. Robinfon, Bar.
^o£erf Benfon, Efq;

King-

Chap.XXXV. GREAT BRITAIN. A6l

Kingfton Upon Hull.
Sir Will. S. ^uintin, Bar.
Will. Maifterf~Lfq; Knaresborough.
Chriftopher Stockdale. 7 ,.
Robert Byerly, %uc&
Scarborough.
Rob. Squire, ?Ff
Will.Thompfon,£c'1™ Rippon.
John Aiflaby,lVr
John Sharp, £ q'
Richmond.
Thomas Fork, ?•-,-
Will. Walft, 5 qj
Heydon.
Anthony Duncomb, 2-cr
Will. Pulteney, S*1^
Boroughbridge.
Joijj Stapleton, ?jy.
Craven Peyton, £ **
MaltOn.
Sir WHLStrhkland, .Bar.
Will. Palmes, Efq;.
Thirsk.
Sir Tbo. Frankland,7
Sir Godfrey Copley,- £a*T-

Rob. Will.

Alborough.
. Monckton, 2vr
i- J'fih. 5 *

Beverly.
Sir Charles Hotbam, Bar.
Jo/;m Moyfer, Efq;
North- Allerton.
Sir Will.- Huffier.
Robert Gale, Efq;
1 mtefract.
Sir John Thud, Bar. -
Will. Lowther, Efq;

Wattns of the Cinque-
pO^0, itf.
Fort of Haftings.
Hon. Will. Aftburnham, 7_r
John Pulteney, £u%
Port of Dover.
Matthew Aylmer, 7 r
Philip Papitton, £Elc&
Port of Sandwich.
Sir Henry Furnefa
Jofias Burcbett, Efq;
Port of Hyeth.
.Sir Philip Boteler, Efq; ^ .
John Boieler, Efq;
Port of New Rumney.
John Brewer, \-cr
Walter Whitfeild^^ Rye.
Edward Southwell, 7
Philip Herbert, jEfo>

Win-

4$a

The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.

Winchelfea.
Geo. Dodington, ? ,-
James Hayes, £ h1'

Seaford.
nd
Geo. Naylor.

Will. Loundes, 7 „„

batons and ffiucgeffw,
^Batons, 5°-
William Nisbet, 7 .
John Cockburne, £t[^
Sir John Sainton.
Sir William Kerr.

Archibald Douglas, 7-pr
William Bennet, J lq>
Sir Robert,Dickfoii, Bs
John Murray, )
John Pringh, J>Efq;
Will- Morrifon,}

Sir Rgberr,Dickfon, Bar.
John Murray,
Jo'
WilSir John Johnfon.
Sir Rob. Pollock.
Sir Tho. Burnet.
Sir David Ramfey.
Sir Kennet Mackenzie.
Sir Jawej Campbell.
George Bayly,
John Stewart,. .
Fra. Montgomery,
Will. Dalrymple,
John Hadden,
Mungo Graham,
Will. Seaton,

returned from Scotland.
Alexander Grant,
Hugh Rofs,
John Campbell,
Alex. Abercromby, ^Efq;,
John Halyburton,
William Douglas,
John Bruce,HBucgcffes, i$.
Sir Patrick Jobnfton.
Sir John Erskine.
Sir David Dalrymple.
Sir Ja??ze.r Smollet.
Sir Andrew Hume.
Sir Peter Hacket.
John Erskins, ~\
Hugh Montgomery, I
Patrick Moncrhff, 7
Patrick Ogilvy, j
James Scot, {?Efq;
John Clark,
Geo. Allerdice,
Alex. Maitland,
Dan. Campbell,

Knights and HBucgeflto, returned from Wales, 24.

From Anglefey.
Lord Vifcount Bulkeley.
Beaumaris; Hon. Henry Ber
tie, Efq; Brecon.
Sir Edw. Williams.
Town of Brecon, Sir Jeffrey
Jeffreys.

Cardigan.
John Pugbe, Efq;
Town of Cardigan,
Price, Efq;

Lewis

Carmarden.
Griffin Rice, Efq;
Town of Carmarden, Rich.
Vaughan, Efq; Car-

Chap. XXXVI. GREAT BRITAIN. 463

Carnarvan.
Sir John Wynne, Bar.
Town of Carnarvan, Hon.
Tho. Bulkeley, Efq;
Denbigh.
Sir Rich. Middleton, Bar.
Town of Denbigh, William
Robinfon, Efq;
Flint.
Sir John Conway, Bar.
Town of Flint, Sir Roger
Moftyn, Bar.
Glamorgan.
Sir Tho. Manfell, Bar.
Town of Cardiffe, Sir Jo.
Aubrey, Bar.

Merioneth.
Rich. Vaughan, Efq;
Montgomery.
Edw. Vaughan, Efq;
Town of- Montgomery, Cha.
Mafon, Efq;
Pembroke.
Wiriot Owen, Efq;
Town of Pembroke, join
Meyrick, Efq;
Haverford-welt, Jo. Lang-
borne, Efq;
Radnor.
J/;o. Harley, Efq;
Town of New Radnor, the
Right Honourable Bffb.
Harley, Efq;

CHAP. XXXVI.
0/ the Courts of Judicature, and firft of the Superiour
Courts.
FR O M the High Court of Parliament, that great Wheel Courts of
which moves all the reft, and has in Times of War fo jumm
great an Influence upon the Affairs of Europe, I proceed to
the Courts of Juft ice, fitting at Weftminfter, and opened four
Times a Year, called the Four -Terms, viz. Eafter, Trinity,
Michaelmas, and Hilary Term.
Eafter-Term begins the 17th Day after Eafter, and lafteth Terms.
27 Days. Trinity-Term, the fifth Day after Trinity- Sunday,
and lafteth 20 Days. Michaelmas Term, the 13 d of OHober,
and lafteth 37 Days. Hilary-Term, the 2}dof January, and
lafteth 21 Days.
% So that the Four Terms take up in all iqj Days, from
which muft be deducted about 20 Sundays and 'Holy-Days,
in which the Courts do not fit.
' The feveral Courts fitting at Weftminfter are the Court of
Chancery, ghieen's Bench, and Common-Pleas ; and thefe two con-

464 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I,
concerning the Queen's Revenue, viz. the Court of Exchc
quer, and-that of the Dutchy of Lancafter.
The principal whereof are the High Court of Chancery,
and the Court of Queen's Bench, both fitting at the upper
End of Weftminfter Hall ; the laft being a Court of Juftice,
that obferves nothing but the ftrict Letter of the Law, and
the firft a Court of Mercy, in which Caufes are try'd, not
according to the Strictnefs of Law, but by the Rules of
Equity. And, £s the Queen's Bench is a Court in which the Pleas
are between the King and Subject, fo in the Court of Com
mon Pleas are debated the ufual Pleas between Subject and
Subject.
Of the C O U R T 0/ C H A N C E R Y.
Chancery I begin with the Court of Chancery, otherwife called the
Court. Court of Equity, which is the moft ancient, and has the
Pre-eminence. Here the. Proceedings are in Latin, or EngUft). In Latin,
when the Court proceeds according to the known La* and
Cuftoms of the Land ; and by Englift Bill, when according
to Equity and Confcience. For the Chancery has two Courts
in one ; the equitable Part being in iiituted for the Relief
of the Subjeft againft Cheats, Breaches of Truft, and unfo»-
tunate Accidents, to temper the Rigour of the Law, and
refcue Men from Oppreffion. But the Remedy has proved
too often as bad as the ©ifeafe, by the endlefs Windings
and Turnings of this Court, which make it a Labyrinth.
'Tis hoped however, the late Parliamentary Bill for preven- 1
ting Delays and Expences in Suits of Law and Equity, which
drop'd by Prorogation, will find a proper Time to pafs into
an Acf.
The Form of Pleading in this Court is much after the
Manner of the Civil Law, by Bill, Examination of Wit-
neffes, and a Subpttna, by which the Defendant is fummon-
ed to appear, and anfwer the Complainant's Bill. Upon
neglecting whereof, there ifl'ues out an Attachment, to com
pel him. Which being not obey'd, then goes out an At
tachment with Proclamation. And, if the Defendant con
tinue ftill contumacious, the Court will award againft him
a Proclamation of Rebellion, upon which he is fent P«f oner
¦ to the Fleet.
In this Court all Patents, moft forts of Commiffions,,
Deeds between Parties, touching Lands and Eflates, Ttea-
ties with forein Princes, £fc. are fealed and inrolled. Out
of it are iffued Writs to convene the Parliament, and Con
vocation, Proclamations, and Charters, &c. For

Chap, XXXVI. GREATBRITAIN. 46$
For the Latin Part of this Court, there are 24 Curfitors ;
and for the Englift, fix Clerks.
The Judge hereof, is the Lord High Chancellour, or Lord Lord
Keeper of the Great Seal ; who, fince the happy Union of Chancel-
England and Scotland, bears the Title of Lord High Chan- lour.
cetlour of GREAT BRITAIN. He is the chief Magiftrate
in the Kingdom, and the prime Minifter of State. HisOffice
reckoned to be worth 7000 J. a Year ; which he holds only
durante Beneplacito, or during the Queen's Pleafure. When
he goes abroad, the Mace and Great Seal go conftantly with
him. In the other Courts aforenamed there are four Judges to
each, but in Chancery the Lord Chancellour is the fole Judge.
And, whereas the firft are tied to the Striftnefs of the Law,
here the Law is tempered with Equity and Confcience,
therefore the Chancellour is faid to be the Keeper of the King's
Confcience. If ^he Judges of the other Courts had a Power to judge
according to Equity, in equitable Cafes, 'twould be a much
fhorter Method for the publick Adminiftration of Juftice,
and a great Eafe to the Subject. But then the Queftion is,
how the Grandure of this Court would be kept up.
The other Courts fit only in Term-time, and have no
Power to aft as Courts of Juftice out of Term, whereas the
Chancery-Court is always open. So that, if any Man be
¦wrongfully imprifoned in the Vacation-time, the' Lord
Chancellour may grant his Writ of Habeas Corpus, and do
him Juftice according to Law. He may alfo-ih Vacation-
time grant Prohibitions, as well is in_T.eFm-time.
Tho' the Lord Chancellour, or Lord Keeper, be the fole ]\fafters 0f
Judge here, yet he has Twelve Affiftants, called Mafters of Qbancerv.
Chancery ; who were all anciently Doctors of the Civil Law, '*
and whofe Bufinefs was to inform the Lord Chancellour of
the equitable Part of the Civil Law. Now their main Bu-»-
finefs is to take Affidavits, or Depofitions upon Oath, or any
other Matter to which an Oath is required by the Rules of '
the Court, for which end they have an Office in Chancery-
Lane. The Chancellour does alfo refer unto them the Exa
mination of Accounts, depending on this Court, of which
they make'their Report in Writing. In Term-time three
of 'em fit at Court with the Lord Chancellour, at fome
Diftance from him ; and two out of Term, when he hears
Caufes at his own Houfe.
Thefe are Mafters in ordinary, whofe Salary is too /.
each, paid out of the Exchequer, befides Fees and Robe-
Money. But there is befides a great Number of Mrfters exy
traordinary, difperfed all over the Kingdom, to take Affi
davits.' 1
H h The

A66 The Prefent ST ATE of Parti.
Mafter of The firft of the forefaid Twelve "Mafters is called Mafter
the Rolls.of the Rolls, as having the Cuftody of all Charters, Patents,
Comniiffions, Deeds, and Recognizances ; which being
made up in Rolls of Parchment, gave Occafion for that
Name. And the Houfe "it felf, where the faid Rolls are
kept; is called the Rolls. In which are kept all the Rolls
fince the beginning of the Reign of Richard III, the former
being kept in the Tower of London.
Tiiis is a great Officer, and his Place of great Profit, tho'
much fhort of what it has been. He is fo far an Affiftant
to the Lord Chancellour, as to hear Caufes in his Abfence,
but does not go fo far as to make a Decree.
By Virtue of his Office, he keeps a Court >t the Xglls,
•with two Affiftant Mafters of Chancery, where he hears and
determines Caufes that come there before him. But his
Decrees are appealable to the Court of Chancery.
His Place is in the King's Gift, either for Life, or du
rante Beneplacito. And he has the Gift of the Six Clerks
Offices, of the Examiners Offices, three Clerks of the Petty-
Bag, and the fix Cletks of the Rolls Chappel. . He has un-
der him a Secretary, two Regiflers, and an lifter.
In Parliament, when he fits in the Houfe of Lords, his
Place is next to the Lord Chief Juftice of England, upon
the fecond Wool-fack.
$jx This Court fwarms with Officers. Amongft which the Six
Clerks. Clerks are next in Degree to the Mafters of Chancery, and
their Bufinefs is to Inroll all Patents, Commiflions, Licences,
Pardons, and other Inftruments that pafs the great Seal,
They have under them no lefs than 90 Clerks, having each
a Seat in the Office, and fome of 'em getting 4 or 500/. 'a
Year. In the laft Seffion of Parliament, a Bill was brought in
for giving the Six Clerks in Chancery a Recompence upon
taking their Offices away, and for appointing Attorneys for
the better keeping the Records of this Court. But the Bill
dropt, for want of Time to bring it to Perfection.
Clerk of Next, is the Cletkof the Crown, who by himfelf, or De-
*/;eOow72.puty, is always to attend the Lord Chancellour, or Lord
Keeper; for fpecial Matters of State. He makes all Writs
for Eleftion of Members of Parliament, Commiflions for
diftributing Juftice, general and fpecial Pardons.
Protonota- The Protonotary, whofedDffiee is chiefly to expedite, Com-
ry. millions for Emballies.
Regifter., Regifter, whofe Office is executed by Deputies, giving
conftant Attendance in .Court, and taking fhort Notes called
Minutes, which they after wards draw out at length into Or-
' inn

Chap. XXXVI. GREAT BRITAIN 467
ders, containing the Opinion of the Court in the Matter
. therein debated. 'Tis their Bufinefs alfo to ingrofs, file, and
keep the Decrees, Orders, and; Injunctions iffuing out of
this Court.
Two Examiners, who examine Witneffes upon Oath, ac- Exami-
cording to the Interrogatories delivered unto them to exa- rters.
.mine the Parties thereupon, and put their Anfwers and De-
pofitions into writing.
Here is alfo belonging to this Court a Clerk, and a Comp- Clerk, and
troller of the Hanaper, vulgarly called the Hamper. The Comptrol-
Clerk's Office is to receive all Money due to the King for the hr of the
Seals of Charters, Patents, Commiflions, and Writs. He Hanaper.
attends daily in Term-time, and at all Times of Sealing,
with Leather-bags, in which are put all fealed Charters, i
Patents, &cf And then thofe Bags are delivered to the
Comptroller of the Hamper.
Three Clerks of the Petty Bag, under the Mafter of the Clerks of
. Rolls. Whofe Office is to make all Patents for Cuftomers, the Petty
&c. all Conge d'ejlires, all Commiflions for Afleffing of Bag.
Taxes, and Writs for Nomination of Collectors.
Two Mafters of the Subpoena Office, who make out all other Of-
Subpoena's. A Mafter of the Affidavit-Office, who files aft Af-ficers.
fidavits, fworn before a Mafter in Chancery. A Clerk ef the
Patents, who prepares, ingroffes, and exemplifies all Pa
tents or Grants from the Queen, for any new Invention or
Difcovery. Befides feveral other Clerks.- '
Twenty four Curfitors, who make out original Writs. Curfitors.
Therefore each of . 5em has certain Counties allotted to him^
into which he makes out fuch original Writs as are .re
quired. !
The Alienation-Office, . where -. Fines are fet, and Monies Alienati-
teceived upon Writs of Covenant for alienating any Eftate on-Office.
in the Kingdom, as due to the Queen, for Her Licence or
Confent, is likewife a Branch of this Court. To which
Office there belong three Commiffioners, . a Mafter in Chan
cery, a Receiver, a Clerk of the Inrollments, and a Clerk
of the Entries.
Laftly, here is the Warden of the Fleet, or Keeper of the Warden of
Fleet Prifon, who takes into his Cuftody all Prifoners fent thi^ibe Fleet.
ther from this Court. And a Sergeant at Arms, who bears a Sergeant
gilt Mace before the Lord Chancellour, or Keeper. at Arms.

H h x Jhe

468 The Prefent STATE of Partly
The N A ME S of the prefent Officers of the Court
of Chancery.
Lord Chancellour, William Lord Cowper..
His Secretary, Tbo. Marftall, Efq;
The Twelve Mafters in Chancery.
Sir John Trevor, Mafter of Samuel Keck, Efq;
the Rolls. Sir Rich. Holford.
Sir Lacon William Child. Thomas Fin,
..  Thomas Grey, ,-,„
Sir Robert Legard. William Rogers, f Waf
John Edisbury, L. L. D. John Hiccocks, _
John Metbwin, Efq; The Six Clerks.
Bafil Heme, "J Nath. Barnadifton, 7
John Suffield, >Efq; William Lamb, £Elc&
John Highlord, j Sir John Meets,
Clerk of. the Crown, Thomas Edwards, Efq;
Protonotary, Goftelow Snow, Efq;
Principal Regifter, Charles Duke of St. Albans.
His Deputies, Geo. Edwards, and Carew Guidot, Efquires.
-Regiflers for the Rolls, Mr. Edw. Goldsborough, Mr. Rich. Price.
Examiners, Will. Emerton, Arthur Trevor, Efquires.
Clerk of the Hanaper, Henry Seymour, Efq;
His Deputy, Mr. Whitehead.
Clerks of the Petty Bag, John Dawling, Daniel Bland, and
Edw. Bulftrode, Efquires.
Mafters ot the Subpcena Office, Lyonel Vane, Tho. Lyddal,
Efquires. Their Deputy, Mr. Nich. Hookes.
Mafter of the Affidavit Office, John Poyntor, Efq;
His Deputies, Mr. Morris Williams, Mr. Rob. Stanhope,
Clerk of the Patents, Charles Cox, Efq;
His Deputy, Will. Armitage, Efq;
Clerk of the Reports, and Keeper of the Old Book, Mr.
James Oades.
Keepers of other Entry Books, Mr. Rob. Devenift, Mr. Hen:
, Devenift. Cuf

Chap. XXXVI. GREATBRITAIN. tf$
Curfitors-Office.
Mr. Michael Terry, Principal for Nottingham and Northampton,
Affiftants, Mr. Abraham Skinner, for Effex and Berks.
Mr. John Sbortbofe, for Devon and Kent.
Mr. Samuel Layton, Mr. William Fift, Mr. /fewi-jr C&far, and
Mr. Stephen Barnes, for London and Middlefex.
Mr. Francis King, for Cambridge and Glocefter.
Mr. ^o/;n Reynolds, for Southampton and Warwhk.
Mr. Charles Pickering, for Norfolk and Cumberland.
Mr. Jo/;b Pa^e/f Principal, and Mr. Humphrey Miller, for
Lincoln and Somerfet.
Mr. Stephen Terry, for Surrey and i?a/op.
Mr. A)i. #arp, for 0#o?j and Rutland.
Mr. Jeremy Hale, for Stafford and JPiVrr.
Mr. William Wickliffe, for Suffex and Worcefter.
Mr. Ae/;. Taylor, for Hereford and Monmouth.
Mr. A'cZ>. NelJ'on, for &/o/fe and Huntington.
Mr. Jawej 'Sedgwick, for Ae»r and Devon.
Mr. William Rhbardfon, for Bwcfer and Bedford.
Mr. T/w. Barnes, for Leicefter and Cornwall.
Mr. Ar/p/; Per/ey, for Dpr/e? and Northumberland.
Mr. ¦tfepiry Tbornycroft, for Hartford and Darby.
Mr. Join Hungerford, for Torkftiye and Weftmorland.
Alienation-Office.
C James Sanderfon, 2
The Commiffioners, 2 Chriftopher Stqckdale,> Efq;

Mailer in Chancery, ¦ . . ¦ Freeman, Efq;
Receiver, Mr. N;c/;. Wbitacre.
Clerk of the Inrollments, Mr. Bernard Hajfpeny.
Clerk of the Entries, Mr. JAo. jTeW.
Warden of the Fleet, William Weeden Ford, Efq;
Clerk of the Papers there, Mr. Dhkfon.
Sergeant at Arms, Pefer Pi.erceboufe, Efq; ,
gjy E EN'S- BE NCH CO V R %
When a King reigns, this Coarf is called the JRm^.'j &!«£/;,
but now 'tis the Queen's Bench. It got the Name of JrTfMgV
.SewA. becaufe anciently the King fat there fometimes in
H h | Per7

470 The PrefewST ATE of; ; Parti.
Perfon on a high Bench, and the Judges on a low Bench at
his Feet.
This is the higheft Court in England at Common Law, after
the Houfe of Lords in Parliament. Here the Pleas are be
tween the King and the .Subject, all Treafons, Felonies,
Breach of Peace, Oppreffion, and Mifgovernment, being
commonly brought before this Court. As are alfo all Er
rours of the Judges and Juftices of England in their Judg
ments and Proceedings, not only in Pleas of the Crowri, but
in all other Pleas, the Exchequer excepted.
In this Court all young Lawyers, that have been called to
the Bar, are allowed to plead and praftife.
There are four Judges belonging to this Court, who hold
their Office by Writ, not by Patent, and have each, a Salary
bf iooo /. per Annum. But none may be Judge in this
Court, except a Sergeant at Law, who ( upon taking this
Degree ) is obliged to wear always a Lawn Coif under his
Cap at the Bar.
The firft of thefe Judges is called Lord Chief Juftice of the
JJpueens Bench, or elfe Lord Chief Juftice of England, becaufe
his Jurifdiftion extends over all England, and a Warrant
from him may fetch one from any Part of it.
As the Court of Chancery has, abundance of Officers, fo
has this Court, as will appear by 'the following Lift.
The prefent Judges of this Court.
Sit JOHN HOLT, Lord Chief Juftice.
Sir John Powel, 1
Sir Littleton Powis, > Juftices.
Sir Henry Gould, j
Crown-Office.
Clerk of the Crown, Simon Harcourt, Efq;
His Secondary Rob. Seykard, Efq;
Entring-Clerh.
Mr. Rob. Celyard, Clerk of the Rules.
Mr. BenediB Brown. Mr. Henry Maifterman.
Mr. Rice Foulke. Mr. R^cb. Harcourt.
Mr. Rob. Wintour. Mr. Rich. Horton.
Mr. Will. Le'-ghton. Mr. Francis Peinber. Clerks

Chap. XXXVI. GREATBRITAIN. 471
Clerks of Amercements, of Iffues.
Mr. John Davies. Mr. Francis Thacker.
Trotonotaries Office.
Protonotaries, or Chief 7 Mr. Rowland Holt.
Clerks, y Mr. Rob. Coleman,
Their Secondary, Mr. Giles Clark.
Deputy for Signing Writs, 7
and Clerk for Filing of > Mr. Tbo. Bromfield.
the Declarations, 3
Clerk of the Remiembran- 7 ,, ,, , 7„
ces, or Doggets, £ Mr. John Waiter.
Clerk of the Bails and Pofteas, Mr. Fra. Thacker.

Cuftos Brevium, & Nifi Prius Office.
Tbo. Gooding?, Sergeant at Law, Tho. Goodall, Efq;
They are the Keepers of the Writs and Records of this
Court, and Mafters of the Office for making up, examining,
and fealing all the Records of Affize and Nifi Prius, where-
foever triable. They are alfo Clerks of the Effoins and
Warrants of Attorney, and Clerks of the Treafury.
The Clerks under 'em, for making up the Records through
out England.
Mr. James Hooton. Mr. Tbo. Goodinge.
Mr. John Hollyman. Mr. John Sedgwick.
Mr. Will. Tully.
Duputy Clerk of the Inner-Treafury, Mr. William Tally.
Deputy Clerk of the Outwafd-Treafury, Mr. Parker.
Clerics of thePapers on thePlea-fide, } {Jr. ™J^
Clerk of the Rules, Mr. Will. Simmons. His Deputy, Mr.
Pickering-
Clerk of the Errours, Mr. Sylvefter Petit.
Filazer and Exigenter, for London and Middlefex, Mr. Hen.
Dean. Who being the Perfon chiefly made ufe of for Su
ing to an Outlawry, I therefore pafs by the Reft.
H h 4 Mar*

47 2 The Prefent STATEfl/ Part I.
Marfhal of the gtieen's Bench Prif on, Will. Broughtpn, Efq;
His Deputy, Mr. Cooke.
Clerks of the Papers there, Mr. Jo/;?2 Marfon, Mr. Ellis
Stephens,
COMMON PLEAS.
This Court js fo called, becaufe the Pleas ufually here de
bated are between Subject and Subjeft, and that according
to the Striftnefs of Law.
None but Sergeant at Law may plead in this Court, and
yetthey have the Privilege of pleading in all other Courts.
Here all civil Caufes, real and perfonal, are ufually tried ;
and real Aftions are pleadable in no other Court. Nor are
Fines levied, or Recoveries fuffered, but only at this Court,
at Weftminfter, at a Judge's Chamber, at the Aftizes, or by
fpecial Commiffion out of Chancery.
Judges. This Court has alfo four Judges, with the fame Salary as *
thofe of the Queen's Bench,- each holding his Place by Pa
tent, quaitidiu febene gefferit. The firft is called Lord Chief
Juftice of -the Common Flea:.
The chief Officers belonging to this Court, next tp the
Judges, are the CuftOs Brevium, three Protonotaries, arid a
pbirographei; all fitting in the Court, with black round .
Caps on, fuch as were worn before the Invention of Hats,
in Queen Elizabeth's Reign. Thefe Officers are all Sworn,
and have their Offices for Life, as a Freehold.
CuflosBre- The Cuftos Brevium is the firft Clerk of this Court, whofe
pium. Office is to receive and keep all Writs returnable here, and
all Records of Nifi Prius, called Pofteas. He has the Gift
of the fecond Protonotaries Place, and of the Clerk pf the
Juries.
Protono- The Protonotaiies are to enter and inroll all Declarations,
taries. Pleadings, Aftizes, Judgments, and Actions ; and to make
put Judicial Writs for all Counties, but Monmouth. 'Tis in
their Offices all the Attorneys of this Coiirt enter their Caufe?,
and each of 'em has a Secondary, who draws up the Rules
of Court, F^c. Thofe Secondaries are commonly the ableft
Clerks, or Attorneys of the Court.
Omagra- The Cbirograpber is to Ingrofs Fines acknowledged, ISc.
pher. He has fix Clerks in his Office under him, who have their
feveral Counties allotted them, and for whicli they are to
Ingrofs the Fines levied of Lands in their refpeftive Divi-
fions.
Xfpfter. i-rere is aif0 t^t Reg]fiey 0f tne pine-Office, and a Clerk of
the Bioclaifiations. Which Office is the only proper Place for
fearching

Chap. XXXVI. GREATBRITAIN 473
fearching of Fines, they not being peifect-titt they are
brought thither and recorded.
There are in this Court 3 Officers unfworn, arid hoi ding
their Places durante Beneplacito, Viz.
r. A Clerk of the Treafury, who keeps the, Records of Clerk.
this Court, and makes out all Records Of Nifi prius, befides
feveral other Things. This Office is in the Gift of the Lord
Chief Juftice.
2. A Clerk of the Enrollments of Fines and Recoveries.
This Officer is, by Statute, under the three Puifne Judges
of this Court, and removable at their Pleafure.
3. A Clerk of the Outlawries, who ( after a Party is re
turned Outlawed) makes out the Writ of Capias Utlagatum,
in the Name of the Queen's Attorney, whofe Deputy he is
pro tempore.
To the forefaid Officers add, 1 . A Clerk of the Queen's
Silver, to whom every Fine ( or final Agreement ) upon
Sale of Land is brought from the Cuftos Brevium, and who
makes an Entry of what Money is to be paid for the Queen's
Ufe. 2. Clerk of the Warrants, who enters all Warrants of At
torney for Plaintiff and Defendant, and inrolls all Deeds
acknowledged before any Judge of this Court.
3 . Clerk of the Habeas Corpus, who makes Writs for Ap
pearance of the Jury in this Court, or at the Aftizes in the
Country. 4. Clerk of the Effoins, or Excufes, for lawful Caufe of
Abfence. 5. Clerk of the Errours.
6. Clerk of the Superfedeas, who makes out the Writs of
Superfedeas. Thereare alfo in this Court 14 Filazers, and 4 Exigenters.
The Filazers, having their feveral Counties allotted them, Filazers.
make out all Procefs upon original Writs, befides feveral
other Things. The laft of 'em is, by Patent, Protonotary,
Filazer, and Exigenter, for the County of Monmouth.. The
reft hold alfo for Life, and are in the Lord Chief Juftice's
Gift. The Office of the Exigenters is, to make, all Writs called Exigtn-
Exigents, and Proclamations, in all Aftions where Procefs rerj.
of Outlawry does lie. The Writ lies againft a Tranfgreffor
of the Law that cannot be found, nor any of his Goods,
within the County. And if he appears not, after Summons
by the Sheriff, at five feveral County-Courts, he is Outlawed.
The Writ is called Exigent, becaufe it exacts ( or requires )
the Parties Appearance, to anfwer the Law. The Exigen
ters, as well as Filazers Offices, are all in the Gift of the
Lord Chief Juftice, and hold for Life.

£74 The Prefent STATE of Parti/
The Names of the prefent Officers, in the Coiwt of
Common-Pleas.
The Judges.
Sir THO MAS TRE VOR, Lord Chief Juftice.

encoe, "7
wys, S.
r, Efq; >

Sir John Blencoe,
Sir Tho. PowysJL_ J» Juftices.
Rob. Dormer,

Cuftos Brevium Office.
This Office belongs to the Earl of Lichfield.
Sworn Mafter, Sir Walter S. John.
His Secondary, Mr- Jofeph Fates,
Firft Protonotary, John Cook, Efq;
His Secondary, Mr. Rich. Derby.
Second Protonotary, Rich. Foley, Efq;
His Secondary, Mr. Rich. Hall.
Third Protonotary, John Borret, Efq;
His Secondary, Mr. Geo. Cook.
ChirographerV Office.
Mafter in Truft for Montague Drake, Efq; Rob. Bird, Efqj
His Secondary, Mr. Jo/;?j Storer.
Clerks, Tho . Newman, Peter Storer, Mich. Clyde, Jofeph Brif-
coe, Nath. Herbert, — — -~— . Woodward, Rich, tampion,
Gent.
Regifter, John Drake, Efq;
Clerk of the Treafury, Mr. Ed\n Mills.
Under-Clerks, Mr. Maidftone, Mr. Perkins, Mr. Duncumb,
Clerk of the InroUments of Fines and Recoveries, Mr. ' Edw.
Mills.
His Deputy, Mr. William Gandy.
Clerk of the Outlawries, Roderick Lloyd, Efq;
Clerk of the Queen's Silver, Mr. Cock.
Clerk of the, Warrants, Mr. Will. Eaft.
His Deputy, Mr. Courthope. Clerk

Chap, XXXVI. GRE^T BRITAIN
Clerk of the Habefls Corpus, Mr. Windham.
His Deputy, Mr. Hambden.
Clerk of the Effoins, Mr. Rhh. Owen.
Clerk of the Errours, Mr. Edmund Dummer.
Clerk of the Superfedeas, Mr. Norris.

47$

I

For i

Eilazjers.
f London and Middhfex,
Bedford, Berks, Bucks, and Oxon,
Warwhk, Leicefter, Notting-*"
ham, and Darby, the City (
of Coventry, and Town of f
Nottingham,
Salop, Staffordjbire, Northamp- 7
tonftire, Rutland, and theW
Town of Lichfield, J
Wiltftire, Hampftire, and the 7
Town of Southampton, £
Monmouth,
Somerfet, Dorfet, the City of 7
and Town of Pool, £

I

Briftol,
Devonjbire, and the City of t
Exeter, £
Cornwall, Herefordftire, Gloce-
fterfiire, and City of Glo
cefter, Worcefterftire and City
of Worcefter,
Effex, and Hartford,
Kent, Suffex, and Surrey,
Huntington, and Cambridge,
Suffolk, Norfolk, and City of Norwich,
Lincolnfiire, and City of Lincoln,
Torkftire, City of Fork, and")
Town of Kingfton upon {>
Hull, J
Northumberland, Westmorland, ~)
and Town of Newcaftle up- J»
on Tine, J

Mr. Busfield.
Mr. Stone.

Mr. John Cook.

Charles ShepherdEfqf
Mr. Letchmere.
Mr. Jofeph Fates.
Mr. Beftland.
Mr. Davifon.
Mr. Jo/;» Holmden.
Mr. AVA. Boy cutt.
Mr. A>£. Bit JW.
Mr. Sew/'. £y0ojb .
Mr. Frederick Alp.
Mr. Denton.
Mr. i/aac Jackfon.
Will. Tempefl, Efq;
Mr. JobnFaringdon.

Exigenters.

Mr. Avery.
Mr. Co/tan.

Mr. Norcliff.
Mr. Farrington.

COURT

47<*

fhe Prefent S TAT E of Part ti

COURT of EXCHEQUER.
There are two Courts held in the Exchequer, one that tries
Caufes according to Law, and the other according to Equi
ty. The Court of Equity, held in the- Exchequer-Chamber,
is held before the Lord Treafurer, the Chancellour of the
Exchequer, and the Barons aforefaid. But the judicial- Pro
ceedings according to Law are only before the Barons of the
Exchequer. Here are tried all Caufes relating to the Queen's Revenue,
fuch as ate concerning Accounts, Difburfments, Cuftoms,
Judges, and Fines impofed. For which there are four Judges ap-
, pointed, called Barons of the Exchequer, none but Barons
- fitting here as Judges in former times. And, tho Men lear
ned in the Law have been in latter times imploy'd in this
Station, the Title of Baron is ftill continued unto them, and
that of Lord Chief Baron to the firft of 'em. Who being the
principal Judge of this Court, the Barrifters direct their
Speech to him, and he anfwers the Bar.
'Tis true, there is another Baron called Curfitor-Baron,
who fits in the Court with them, but is none of the Judges.
His Office is only toadminifter the Oath to the Sheriffs, Un
der-sheriffs, Bayliffs, Searchers, Surveyors, and other Officers
of the Cuftom-houfe»
Queen's The next Officers are, t. The Queen's Remembrancer,
Remem- whofe Office is in the Queen's Gift, and who has under him
brancsr. Eight Attomies or fworn Clerks, two of which are diftinguifli
ed by the Title of Secondaries.
In this Office the State of all Accounts, except Sheriffs
and Bayliffs Accounts, concerning the Queen's Revenue, is
enter'd, all Securities for the faithful exercifing of Offices
taken, and all Proceedings thereupon made. In fhort, from
hence iffues forth Procefs, to caufe all Accomptants to come
in and accompt. TMe Exchequer being alfo a Court of Equi
ty^ as is before faid, all Proceedings touching the fame are
in this Office.
Treafu- z. The Lord Treafurer's Remembrancer, whofe Office is to
rer's Re- make Procefs againft all She riffs, Receivers, &c. for their
membran- Accompts, and many other Things of Moment. This Of
fer, fice is in the Queen's Gift, and here are Six Attomies or fworn
Clerks, of which the firft two are called Secondaries.
Clerk of 3. The Clerk of the Pipe, into whofe Office all Accounts
the Pipe, which pafs the Remembrancer's Office are brought. All Ac
counts of Sheriffs and Bayliffs a»e made up by him, and he
give*

Chap.XXXVI. GREAT BRITAIN ^77
gives them (as he do's other Accomptants) their Quietus eft,
when their Accompts are even. 'Tis this Clerk of the Pipe,
who makes Leafes of the Queen's Lands and extended Lands,
by Warrant from the Lord Treafurer. He has Eight Attor-
¦nies or fworn Clerks under him, whereof the two firft are &»
condaries. 4. Comptroller of the Pipe, who writes in his Roll all that Comptrol-
is drawn down from the Remembrancer's Office into the hr of the
great Roll of the Pipe, and makes Procefs for the Recovery Pipe.
of any Debt due to the Crown by a Writ called the Summons
of the Pipe.
5. Clerk of the Pleas, in whofe Office all the Officers of Clerks.
the Exchequer, and other privileged Perfons, fuch as Deb
tors to the Queen, &c. have the Privilege to plead, and be
impleaded, in all Matters at Common Law. The Reafon of
this Privilege, as to the Officers, is, that they fhould not be
drawn out of their own Court, where their Attendance is
required. There are in this Office Five fworn Attorneys, and
a forein Oppofer.
There is moreover a Clerk of the Eftreats, who receives
every Term the Eftreats (or Extrafts) out of the Lord Trea
furer's Remembrancer's Office, and writes 'em out to be le-
vy'd for the Queen. He alfo makes Schedules for Sums that
are to be difcharged.
Two Auditors of the Impreft, who audit the great Accounts Auditors.
of Her Majefty's Moneys imprelt, Mint, Cuftoms, Ward
robe, Firft-fruits and Tenths, Naval and Military Expences,
&e.
Four Auditors of the Revenue, who audit all Accompts of
the Revenue, and Subfidies granted by the Parliament.
Remembrancer of the Firft-fruits, who takes all Compofiti- Remem-
ons for Firft-fruits and Tenths, and makes Procefs againft brancer of
fuch as are backward to pay. There are feveral Officers be- 1 he Firft-
longing to this Office. fruits*
I pafs by feveral other Officers belonging to this Court, as
the Clerk of the Parcels, Clerk of the Nicbils, and Marllial of
the Court.
Here is alfo a chief Ufher, who has under him Four Ulbers,
and Six Meffengers, whofe Offices are all in his Gift. His
Office is hereditary, and he is alio by Inheritance Proclama-
tor of the Court of Common Pleas.

m

47^ The Prefent S TAT E of Part, t
The Names of the prefent Officers in the Court o/Exchequer.
The Judges.
Sit EDWARD WARD, Lord Chief Baron,
Sir Thomas Berry, f
Robert Price, ^Barons.
John Smith, 3
Curfitor Baron, Sir William Sympfon.
Queen's Remembrancer's Office,
Queen's Remembrancer, Hen. Ayloffe, Efq;
His Deputy, Rob. Barker, Efq;
Attorneys, or Sworn Clerks.
Mr. Geo. Watts, 2Seconfiar!p<. Mr. William Walker.
Mr. Fra. Butler, Jiecondanes. Mu ^^ ^&
Mr. Gabriel Armigen Mr. Jo. Thompfon,
Mr. Willitm Bathurft. Mr. Tho. Harris.
Treafurer's Remembrancer's Office.
Remembrancer, Leonard Thompfon, Efq;
Attorneys.
Mr. John Tayleure, 2<5emnHar,v<: Mt. William Allandfon.
Mr. Cha. Batteley, £^cona^es- Mr. Hen. Thompfon.
Mr. John Hammond. Mr. Tho. Maddox.
Pipe-Office.
Clerk of the Pipe, Sir John. Cook,
His Deputy, Philip Tully, Efq;
Attorneys, or Sworn Clerks.
Mt. Jof. Cranmer, 7 ~ ,„.,„ Mr. Cha. Hornby.
Mr. Cha. Milbourn, £^co^aanes- Ml Wil. Wrightforu
Mr. William Wroth. Mr. Thomas King.
Mr. Peter Frowde. Mr. ¦¦— — .
Comptroller of the Pipe, JoZw Pottinger, Efq;

Chap. XXXVL G REAT BR ITAIN. 479
Office of Pleas.
Clerk of the Pleas, Tho. Marriot, Efq;
Attorneysl
Mr. Tho. Arden, Secondary. ' Mr. Rich. Lloyd.
Mr. David Fielder. Mr. Dan. Wogan.
Mr. Tbo. Owen.

Forein Oppofer, Mr. Serjeant TVlntacre.
Clerk of the Eftreats, John Cook, Efq;
Auditors of the Impreft, Arth.Manwaring, Edw. HarIey,sZfq9>
Auditors of the Revenue, Anth. Parfons;Tbo. Jett, Efqs.
Auditor for the Principality of Wales, the Honourable Sid
ney Godolphin, Efq;
Auditor for the Dutchy of Cornwall, the Honourable
Charles Bertie, Efq; Firft-Fruits Office.
Remembrancer of the Firft-Fruits and Tenths, JohnFenn, Efq;
His Deputy, Rob. Butler, Efq;
Clerks of the Office, Mr. Dan. Pigeon, Mr. John Allon.
Receiver of the Firft-fruits, .William Granville, Efq;
Comptroller, JohnBaber, Efq;
Chief Ufher, Sir Michael Her.eage.
As for the Officers of the Lower Exchequer, J mean that part
of the Exchequer which is for Receiving and Difturftng the
Queen's Revenue, fee Page 422.
COURT of the DUTCHY of Lancafter.
This Court, which is kept at Weftminfter by the Lower Ex
chequer, takes Cognizance of all Caufes that concern the Re
venue of this Dutchy, which has been long fince annexed to
the Crown.
The chief Judge of this Court is the Chancellour of the
Dutchy, who is affifted by the Attorney thereof. The other
Officers you will find in the following Lift.
Chancellour, JAMES Earl of Darby.
Attorney General, Sir Edw. Northey.
Receiver General Jo. Chetwind, Efq; \
Auditor of the North, William Bellamy, Efq;
Auditor of the South, Tho. Gore, Efq;
His Deputy, Sir John Bennet. Clerk

'$& The Prefent S T A T E of Part, h
Clerk of the Dutchy, Sir Cheek Gerard, Bar.
Queen's Serjeant, Nich. Starkie, Efq;
Deputy-Clerk, and Keeper of the Records, Mr. 2?e?j. Aylojfc.
Deputy-Clerk, and Regifter, Mr. Wolfe.
Attorneys, Mr. Rich. Husband, Mr. Tho. Afiton.
Ufher, Mr. Tho. Buftem.
Deputy-Ufher, Mr. Tho. Deftorough.
Officers in the Court of Chancery, held dt Prefton, in
the County Palatine of Lancafter.
Chancellour, JAMES Earl of Darby.
Vice-Chancellour, and Attorney General, Nhh.Starkey^fc^
Chief Clerk, Regifter, and Examiner, Mr. Tho. Winckley.
Attorneys, Mr. James AJheton, Mr. William Patten, Mr. Ja-
fias Gregfon, Mr. Nich. Riftton, Mr. Ralph Afteton.
Protonotary for the Court of Common Pleas, Tho. King, Efq;
His Deputy, Tho. Forfter, Efq;
Clerk of the Crown, Sir Alex. Rigby.
His Deputy, John Thornton, Efq;
Clerk of the Peace, John Kenyon, Efq;

CHAP. XXXVII.
Of the Affixes and Seiiions. And therein of Conftables,
Coroners, Juftices of Peace, and Juries-, with a parti
cular Account of the Englifh Way of Trying Male
factors.
AHizes. 'T'HE Affizes are Courts kept twice a Year in every
¦" ' " JL County of Eng land, for the Eafe of the People in the
Diflribution of Juftice ; the Twelve Judges going for that
purpofe by Cominiffion from the Queen, to do Juftice all o-
ver England. And this is called Going the Circuit.
Circuits. For, in relation to this, England is divided into Six Cir
cuits ; viz. , Home-Circuit, containing Effex, Hartford, Suffex
Surrey, Kent. Norfolk-Citcuit, Buckingham, Bedford, Hun
tington, Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk. Midland-Circuit, War
wick, Leicefter, Darby, Nottingham, Lincoln, Jutland, Nor
thampton. Oxford-Circuit, Berks, Oxford, Glocefter, Mbn-
moutb, Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcefter. Weflern-Circuit,
Southampton, Wilts, Dorfet, Somerfet, Cornwall, Devon. Nor
thern-Circuit, Fork, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland,
Weftmorland, and Lancafter. Wales

Chap. XXXVH. GREAT BRITAIN. 481
Wales is divided into four Circuits. And as two Judges
are appointed to each Circuit in England, fo there are two
Perfons learned in the Law, for each Circuit in Wales.
The Courts thus kept by thefe Itinerant Judges are called The Time
the Aftizes, in which they judge both Civil ,and Criminal for the Af
Caufes. Which Aftizes are diftinguiflied into Lent and Sum-fizes.
vier-Affizes, the firft falling out prefently after Hilary-Term,
the laft after Trinity-Term. They are ufually held at the
County-Town, and that with great Attendance and Feaft-
When the Judges are coming into a County, the Sheriff TheRectp-
thereof is bound to attend in Perfon, with his Under-Officers, tion of the
Clerks, Stewards of Courts, Bayliffs of Hundreds, Confta- Judges g0'4
bles, Jaylors, &c. all riding on Horfeback. If the Sheriff ing their
cannot come himfelf, he muft fend one in his place, to be Circuit.
allowed of by the Judges. The Juftices of Peace in that
County are alfo to attend. And if either the Sheriff, or
they, fail therein, they mayjje fined at the Difcretion of
the Judges.
'Tis obfervable, that in each County all Caufes grown to their Dif-
an Iffue in the Courts at Weftminfter, are commonly deter- patch in
mined here in two or three Days. Which is done, not by the determin-
fole Arbitrement of the Judges (as in forein Countries) but ingCaufeti
by a Jury of Twelve Men.
This Jury is chofen by the Sheriff of the County, and on- JUry.
ly direfted in point of Law by the Judges. For every Trial
by Affize, (whether the Aftion be civil or criminal, publick
or private, perfonal or real; is referred for the Fact to a Ju
ry, as in moft Courts of the Common Law ; and as they find
it, fo pafleth the Judgment.
By a Commiffion of Oyer and Terminer, direfted to the Commiffion
Judges, and others of the beft account in their Circuits, they 0f Qyer
are impow'red to judge, of Treafons, Murders, Felonies/fl72j j^,,,;*
and Mifdemeanours. And, by a Commiffion of Goal-Deli- ner an£ '
very, direfted only to themfelves and the Cleik of the Af- 0f 'Qoa[.
fize affociate, they are to try every Prifoner for the Offence Delivery*
he ftands committed for.
The Commitment is commonly made by fome Juftice of the ]i{aiefa.
Peace, who examines "the Faft upon Oath ; and, if the Evi- ptors cont„
dence be found plain againft the Malefaftor, he fends him by n\tted by
a Mittimus to the County-Goal : Where he is kept Prifoner, juftices of
till his Cafe be brought before the Juftices of Peace at the peace,
next Quarter-Seffions, or refer'd to the AiTizes.
The common Officers appointed to feize upon Malefactors, QgnftaM(s
are thofe we call Conftables, in fome Places Headboroughs, or
Tything-Men, whofe Power was anciently much greater than
at prefent. Tis a fmall Stream of that gteat Power which was
I i lodged

482 The Prefent S T AT E of Paris I.
lodged in the Lord High Conftable. By the Statute of Win
chefter, 13 Edw. I. two Conftables were appointed in every
Hundred, to keep the Peace, whom we call High-Conftables.
And as both People and Offences increafed; others were
made under the ftame of Petty Conftables, being much of
the fame Nature, but inferiour to the others.
Their Of- Their Office is to apprehend, upon Information given,
fice. fuch as break the Peace, and common Malefactors, and to
carry 'em before a Juftice of Peace. Upon a Charge given
him by a Juftice, or a Warrant from him, he may feize
one upon Sufpicion of a Crime. If the Juftice fee Caufe,
he commits the Patty brought before him to Jayl. The
Conftable being charged with him, delivers him up to the
]laylor-'s Cuftody, with the ]uftice's Mittimus (or Warrant)
co the Jaylor. And the Prifoner muft lie there, till he
comes to his Trial ; when he is either condemned, or ac
quitted by Law.
Badge of ' A Conftable at London and Weftminfter has, for a Badge of
Authority. his Authority, a long Staff painted, with the Queen's Arms';
, and« fometimes a fhort one, which he keeps out of Sight for
a Surprize. When he is upon Duty, to apprehend an Of-
ThekPow- fender, or a Perfon upon Sufpicion, he may call his Neigh-
er. bours to his Affiftance ; and, if they do not affift him, they
may be fined.
In Cafe of Theft, Robbery, or Murder, in a Country-
Town, or Village, if the Malefactor be upon Flight, the
Conftable having Notice of it, is to raife the Parifh in Pur-
fuitof him. And a Juftice of Peace may fend his Warrant,.
called Hue and Cry, from Conftable to Conftable, through
the whole County, to apprehend the Offender. If in fuch
a Cafe a Conftable fail in his Duty, and makes Way by his
Negleft for the Malefactor's Efcape, he is to pay a Fine to
the Queen, and the Hundred muft makegood the Robbery.
Wh«n tne Malefaftor is taken, the Conftable keeps him
in his Cuftody, till he can bring him before a Juftice. of
Peace. To whom it belongs to examine the Malefaftor and<
Witneffes, but the laft only upon Oath, for in England no
Man is obliged by the Common Law, to f wear againft him
felf. The, Examination is taken in Writing, and fo is the
Offender's Confeffion, if he owns the Faft. Then the Par
ty robbed,, and the Witneffes for him, are bound in a Re
cognizance of to, 20, 40, onoo/. more or lefs, to appear
at the next Seffions of Goal- Delivery.
Thus Conftables, who formerly had much the fame Au
thority as Juftices of the Peace have at this time, are now
fubfervient to 'em upon all Occafions. Each Parifh has two
or more, according to its Extent, being chofen by the Ve- ftry

Chap. XXXVII. GREAT BRITAIN 483
flry for one Yeaf1. At London and Weftminfter particularly,
they command the Night-Watch ; and becaufe a greater Pow
er feldom appears abroad in the dead time of the Night,
therefore iConftable is faid to be the King of the Night.
In Cafe of Murder, there are 3 or 4 Coroners in every Coroners,
County, except Cheftire, and the Welch Counties, that have
each but 2 Coroners ; whofe Office is, upon Sufpicion of
Murder, to fu'mmon a Jury, in order to inquire into "the
Party's Death, upon View of the Body. Which Inquifition
the Coroner is to deliver at the next Goal-Delivery, or
certifie the fame to the Queen's Bench. Therefore he puts
in Writing the Effeft of the Evidence given to the Jury be
fore him, and has Power to bind over Witneffes to the
next Goal-Delivery in that County. For doing his Office, he
is not to take any Thing. But, upon an Indiftmentof Mur
der, he is allowed 131. /sd. out of the Goods of the Mur
derer. 'Tis obfervable, that in Cafe of Self-Murder, the Jury do
commonly bring in the Self-murderer Non compos Mentis,
that Aft being look'd upon as the natural Effeft of an hypo-
condriack Diftemper.
This Officer, by Virtue of a Writ of Chancery, is chofen
by the Freeholders of the County. He may, by a Writ,
arreft the Sheriff of the County. Formerly none could be a
Coroner, under the Degree of a Knight.
I come now to fpeak of the gpuarter-Seffions, a Court kept
four Times a Year in each County, by the Juftices of Peace. '
But firft let us fay fomething of thefe Juftices.
They are a fort of Magiftrates, appointed by Commiffion Jufthesof
to keep the Peace of the County they live in ; to examine, j>eace
and commit to Prifon, upon good Evidence, all Rioters, Va- '
gabonds, Thieves, Murderers, and almoft all Delinquents,
and to fee them brought forth in due time to their .Trial.
Their Number is not limited, but as the Queen thinks fit.
A Commiffion is, in fome Cafes, direfted to Seven or any
Three of them, with thefe Words in the Commiffipn,
, Quorum A. B. Ftf C. D. e^e volumus. From the Word
Quorum thefe are ailed Juftices of the Quorum, without whom
the other Juftices cannot proceed.
If one, being threatned by another, will fwear before a
Juftice of Peace, that he thinks himfelf in Danger of his
Life, from the threatning Party, the Juftice has Power to
fend him a Summons, and bind him over to his good Beha
viour, that is, to make him give good Security for)his good
Behaviour during a Year and a Day, or commit him to
Jajfl. I i 2 The

484 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
The Juftices have alfo a great Power for the Relief of
Servants, who cannot get their Wages from their Mafters,
as I have already obferved, p. 290. ,
Quarter- As to their Quarter- Seffions, 'tis a Court held quarterly,
Seffions. therefore called giiarter-Seffions. At which the Grand In-
queft (or Jury) of the County is fummoned to appear, who
are (upon Oath) to inquire of publick Offenders.
Grand Ju- This Jury, commonly called Grand Juty, confifts of 24
ry. Men, fome Gentlemen of Eflates, and others fubitantial Yeo
men, chofen by the Sheriff out of the whole County,, to
confider of all Bills of Indictment that fliall be brought into
Court. The Court being met, and Bills brought, into it,
thefe are either found, or not found, that is, either allow
ed by the Jury, or not, according to the Evidence. If the
Bill be found, 'tis brought in Billa Vera ; if not found, 'tis
brought in Ignoramus.
Upon the finding of the Bill, the Party is indicted, and
committed to Jayl. And, if it touches Lifeand Death,
'tis referred to another Jury. But Things of lefs Impor
tance are proceeded upon, by fining the Delinquents ; unlefs
the Party traverfe the Indiftment, or remove the Caufe tp a
higher Court, by a Writ of Certiorari. The Trial is ufual
ly referred to the next Affizes, when the Judges go their Cir
cuits ; London excepted, where great Offenders being moft
numerous, as they are in all great Cities, the Seffions are
held 8 Times a Year, in the Old Baily.
T- f I fhall jiow conclude with the Trial of MalefaBors in £»-.
Uric0* eland, trie Method whereof is very fingular, and different
falefa- from other Nations.
itors- The Court being met, the Prifoners are brought into Court,
one, two, or three at a Time. The Clerk commands one of
'em to the Bar, and to hold up his Hand. Then he charges
him with his Crime, and asks" him, Whether he is Guilty,
or Not Guilty. If he anfwers Guilty, his Trial is over, and
nothing left but the Sentence to be pronounced againft him.
If he flands Mute, and will not anfwer (which happens but
feldom) his Punifhment is to be Preffed to Death.
But the ufual Way is to anfwer NotGuilty,tho' the Prifo-
wr's Guilt be never fo apparent, and he has confefled the
paft before his Trial. For the Law of England takes no no
tice of fuch Confeffion, and the Judges proceed only upon
Evidence ; fo that, unlefs the Witneffes, who are upon
their Oaths, be pofitive and clear againft the Prifoner, the
Jury will acquit him.
The Prifoner having pleaded Not Guilty, the Clerk asks
him this Queftion, Wilt thou be tried by God and the Country ?
The

Chap. XXXVII. GREAT BRITAIN. 485
The Anfwer is Pes, and then the Clerk tells him the Crime
he has been indifted for, that he has pleaded Not Guilty to
it ; and being asked how he would be tried, he has anfwered,
By God and the Country. Next, he fhews him the Jury,
that reprefent the Country, bids him take a View of 'em,
and to fpeak if he has any Thing to object againft them,
for that he ftands upon Life and Death.
The Jury confifts of 12 Men, at leaft. And, if the Pri
foner be a Foreiner, 'tis a Party-Jury, half Englift, and half
Foreiners. If the Prifoner makes then no Exception againft
any of 'em, Twelve are fworn to give in their Verdift, af
ter the Trial is over.
Whereupon the Crier calls in the Evidence againft the
Prifoner. If a Robbery, for Example, be the Crime in
Queftion, firft the Juftice's Examination is read. Then the v
Party robbed, the Conftable, thofe who were with him at
the Taking of the Prifoner, and in fhort, as many as are in
Court to give Evidence, are fworn ; and fet in a con
venient Place to fee the Judges and Juftices, the Jury and
Prifoners, to hear 'em, and be heard of them.
The Party robbed is firft ask'd by the Judge, if he knows
the Prifoner, and bids him look upon him. Upon his fay
ing Tes, the Judge commands him to relate the Robbery,
when and where it was committed, with other Circum-
ftances. If the Prifoner ftands ftill upon the Negative, all
the Evidences are heard one after another. But the Prifoner
is free to make what Defence he can, tho' the Queen be
Party againft him, as one that has broke Her Peace ; and,
provided he keep within Bounds, the Judges do freely hear
what he can fay for himfelf. Tis true, no Council is al
lowed him.
When the Evidence is over, the Judge direfts the Jury,
and bids 'em difcharge their Confcience. If the Cafe be_
plain, they agree upon the Verdift, without going from the
Bar. Then the Foreman of the Jury, in the Name of all,
brings in the Prifoner Guilty. But, if the Cafe requires a De
bate, they withdraw into a Room, only with a Copy of the
Indictment ; where they are all lock'd in, without Bread or
Drink, &c- till they are unanimoufly agreed on the Ver
dift, and an Officer without does watch 'em. If any one
of the Jury fhould die in the mean time, the Prifoner would
be ipfo facto acquitted.
The Jury being agreed on the Verdift, they- fend Notice
of it to the Court, by the aforefaid Officer, and pray to be
heard. Then the Prifoner is fent for again to the Bar, and
bidden to hold up his Hand, and hear the Verdift, which
is in one Word Guilty, or in two Not Gujlty. Thus the
I i 3 Pri-

486 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Prifoner is either Condemned, or Acquitted, for the Ver
dift is unalterable.
Then the Clerk asketh, what Lands or Chattels the con-
vifted Prifoner had at the Time of the Felony committed,
as forfeited to the Queen. To which the Jury does com
monly anfwer, None to our Knowledge. But the Sheriff, and
Efcheator, are diligent enough to find out what is left, for
their own Advantage.
Next, the Prifoner is asked by the Judge, what he can
fay for himfelf, why Sentence of Death fhould not pafs upon
him. If it be the firft Fault, and the Crime be within the
Statute, he may demand the Benefit of the Clergy, which
faves his Life, and makes him liable to be burnt only in the
Hand. The Times of grofs Ignorance, when Priefts could hard
ly read Mafs, occafioned this indulgence, in behalf of the
Clergy, as an Incouragement to Learning. The Law
ftretched it at laft to Laymen in feveral Cafes, fo that ma
ny Offenders take the Benefit of it. To which purpofe the
Biihop fends a Clergyman to the Court, at every Goal De
livery. And, if the Prifoner demands the Benefit, the
Judge gives him a Pf alter in Latin, turning to what place he
pleafes, and the Prifoner reads as well as he can. The Cler
gyman is asked, Legit ut Clericus ? And his ufual Anfwer is,
Legit. Upon which the Prifoner is burnt in the Hand , in
open Court, with a hot Iron marked with T for a Thief,
or M for Manflayer.
Sentence But where the Benefit of the Clergy is not allowed of, the
of Death. Sentence of Death to the convicted Ptifoner, runs in thefe
Words, after a fummary Account of the Trial. The Law is,
That thoufiialt return to the Place from whence thou cameft, and
from thence to the Place of Execution, where thou Jhalt Hang
¦by the Neck, til! thy Body be dead. Whereupon the Sheriff is
charged with the Execution.
On the contrary, all Prifoners brought in Not Guilty, by
the Jury, are forthwith acquitted and difcharged, paying
each of them his Fees. And they have their Recourfe in
Law againft their Profecutors.
If no Evidence comes in againft the Prifoner, when
brought to his Trial, he is likewife acquitted. And the Jur
ftice of Peace, who committed him, delivers up the Exami
nation he took of him, fubfcribed by thofe whom he has
bound to give Evidence, who are fued upon their Recogni
zance. As to Prifoners that ftand not indicted, but were only fent
to Prifon upon Sufpicion, they are proclaimed in this man
ner j A. B Prifoner, ftands here at the Bar. If any Man can M

Chap. XXXVIII. GREATBRITAIN $7
fay any thing againft him, lefbim fpeak, for the Prifoner ftands
at bis Deliverance. If, upon this, no Evidence appears a-
gainft him, be is acquitted ; and this is called Deliverance
by Proclamation.
The QU E E N's Juftices of Afllze, and General Goal-
Delivery, for the feveral Counties in W4 L E S.
Charles Cox, Efq; 7 For Brecknock, Glamorgan, and
Sergeant Bannifter, £ Radnor Shires.
Sergeant Neve, 7 For Carmat'den, Pembroke, and
Sergeant Webb, £ Cardigan Shires.
Sir Jofeph Jekyl, 7 For Montgomery, Flint, and
Je/;» Pocklington, EfqJ £ Denbigh Shires.
Sergeant Hook, 7 For Carnarvan, Merioneth, and
 — 5 Anglefey.

CHAP. XXXVIII.
Of the Courts of Sheriffs, Mayors and Aldermen,
Court-Leers, Court- Barons, and Courts of Confidence.
Alfo, of the Court of Admiralty, Court-Marfhal,
and the Foreft-Courts.
A Sheriff is a Magiftrate, whofe Power reaches all over Sheriffs.
the County, except fuch Cities and Towns as are
Counties of themfelves.
All Sheriffs are thus appointed by the Sovereign. Firft,
the Judges nominate Six fit Men of each County, and com
monly Gentlemen of good Eflates, out of which the Queen
chufes whom Her Majefty thinks fit. Formerly a Sherif
ferved many Years together, and now 'tis like that of a
Mayor, but a yearly Office. Except the Sheriff of Weftinor-
land, whofe Office is hereditary by Charter from King Jo/;?i,
the Earl of Thanet being now in Poffeffion of it.
The Office of Sheriff is both Minifterial, and Judicial. Their Of-
As it is Minifterial, the Sheriff is to execute the Queen's fice.
Mandates, and all Writs direfted to him out of the Queen's
Courts of Juftice. He is to impannel Juries, to bring Caufes
and Malefactors to Trial, and to fee the Sentences executed.
In fhort, all Execution of the Law is by the Sheriff, all Suits
I i .4 be-

4?8 The Prefent STATE of Part I.
beginning, jnd Procefs being ferved by him. 'Tis alfo part
of hjs Office to collect aft publick Fines," Diftrefles, and A-
merciaments into the Exchequer, or where the Queen fhall
appoint ; and to make fuch Payments out of 'em, as Her
Majefty fliall command him to do. At the Affizes he is to
attend the Itinerant Judges, and gard them all the Time
they are in the County.
Courts, As" his Office is Judicial, he keeps two feveral Courts,
viz.Co«H-one called the County-Qourt, and the other the Sheriffs Turn.
ty-Court, The firft is held Monthly by the Sheriff himfelf, or his
and She- Under-Sheriff, in which he hears and determines civil
riffs Turn. Caufes of the County, under 40 s. But this is no Court of
Record. The Sheriff's Turn is one, and the Queen 's Leet
through all the County. Here Inquiry is made of all' cri
minal Offences againft the Common Law, in which he is not
reftrained by Statute-Law. This Court is held twice a
Year. But all Peers of fhe Realm, Clergymen, and fuch as "
keep Courts of their own, are exempted from its Jurif.
aiftioni Laftly, all thofe Officers commonly called Bayliffs, and in
the City of London^ Sergeants, are appointed by the Sheriffs
to ferve Writs, to diftrain Goods, and to fummon the
County-Seffions and Affizes.
Mayors. As the Sheriff's Power reaches, as I faid before, over the
whole County, fo does a Mayor's Power, over the Corpo
ration of which he is Mayor.
The Mayor is the prime Magiftrate of a Corporation,
whether a City or Town, is theQue^en's Lieutenant, ' and
ieprefents her Perfon. He is chofen out of the Body of
Aldermen, but holds only for one Year.
In fome Places this Magiftrate is called by the Name of
Bayliff, chofen out of a certain Number of Burgeffes, and has
the fame Power as a Mayor. 'Tis like the Normans brougfij
in the Title of Mayor, which comes from the French
Word Main.
Mayors The Mayor, with his Brethren the Aldermen, keeps a
Court. Court. And theyj with the Common-Council, have a Power
to make By-Laws, for the better Government of the City or
Corporation, provided they be not repugnant to the Laws
of the Land. So that the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-
Council reprefent in a manner the Queen, Lords, and Com
mons affembled in Parliament •- fuch is the Uniformity of the
Englift) Government.
If the Citizens be taxed, 'tis by themfelves, or their Re-
prefentatives ; every Trade having fome of their own
Members always of the Council, to fee that nothing be done
to their Prejudice. Court-

Chap. XXXVIII. GREATBRITAIN. 489
Court-Leets, and Court-Barons, aTe-prbperly belonging to Court-
Lords of Mannors, who appoint Stewards^ to hold them in Leets, and
their Names. \ Court-
The firft, otherwife called View of Frank-Pledge, is a Barons.
Court of Record, and the Word Leet fignifies a Law-Day.
But all Mannors have not the Credit of this Court, no Sub
jefts t>ejng intrufted with this Power, but fuch as were in
Favour with the King, or whom he had great Confidence
in. For, where-ever this Court is kept, 'tis reputed to be
the King's Court, becaufe its Authority is derived from the
Crown. To this Court all are called to fwear Fidelity to the Kipg,
who live within the Homage. Here Inquiry is made of
Riots, Blood-flied, and privy Confpiracies, to which the
Overfight of Meaftires has been added. And what Offen
ces are found, efpecially great ones, ought to be certify'd to
the Juftices of Affize. This Court is kept twice a Year,
and that at certain Times.
A Court-Baron is incident to every Mannor, and is fo
called from the Lord of the Mannor, who was anciently
ftiled Baron.
AH the Tenants belonging to-the Mannor are fummoned
to this Court, where Part of 'em are fworn for a Jury,
which is called the Homage, not the Inqueft. Here the
Steward fits as Judge, and direfts the Jury to inquire prin
cipally of Copy-holders and Freeholders deceas'd fince the
laft Court, and bring in their next Heirs ; alfo of any In-
croachment, or Intrufion of any Tenant. Here they make
likewife Orders and Laws among themfelves, with a Penal
ty for Tranfgrefibrs5 payable to the Lord of the Mannor.
Thefe Courts, in fhort, are of great Ufe for Men who pre
fer their Quiet and Advantage in Husbandry, to the Trou
ble and extravagant Expences of Law-fuits. Otherwife ei
ther Party may get a Writ out of a higher Court, to remove
the Plea to Weftminfter.
As for the Courts of Confcience, there are many fettled by Courts ef
Parliament in feveral Parts of England, for the Relief of Confci-
poor People, that cannot fpare Mony to go to Law with ence.
their Debtors, or to pay their Creditors in the Striftnefs of
Law. Thefe Courts are eftabliflied for their Relief, fo far as
to recover their Debts, and pay their own upon eafie Terms,
fuitable to their Circumitances. But then the Debt muft be
under 40 Shillings.
From the Courts aforefaid, moft of 'em guided by the Court of
Common Law, I come now to a Court, which is ruled by the Admiral-
Civil Law. I mean the Court of Admiralty, concerned in ty.
'¦' ' Man-

tyo The Prefent ST KTE of Parti,
Maritime Affairs, whofe Judge is commonly"1 "a Doftor of
the Civil Law. See its Jurifdiftion, and what is faid of the
Laws of Rhodes and Oleron, Page 286.
The Writs and Degrees of this Court run in the Name
.of the Lord High Admiral, who has here his Advocate and
Proftor, by whom all others are prefented, and admitted by
.the Judge. All the Places and Offices belonging to this
Court, are in the Gift of the Lord High Admiral. .
Here is particularly a Regifter, and a Marftal. The Mar
fhal attends the Court, carrying a Silver Oar before the Judge,
on which are the J^Kee?j'j Arms, and the Lord High Admi
ral's, The Court is held in the Afternoon in the Common-Hall,
1 at Doftors-Commons.
Court The Court Marftal judges of any Suit concerning the
Marftal. Arms of Nobility, or Gentry, and the Earl Marftal of En-
gland (or his Deputy) is the proper Judge thereof. For the
Earl Marftal is veiled with a Power of ordering, judging, ,
and determining all Matters concerning Arms, Crefts, Sup
porters, Cognizances, Pedigrees, Devices, and Enfigns Armo
rial ; alfo of making and prefcribing Rules, Ordinances,
and Decrees for granting, controlling, and Regulation
thereof, and the putting in Execution the Laws and Ordi
nances relating thereunto.
This Court is kept in the Hall of the Heralds Office, and
fometimes in the Court of Requefls. Where any Noble
man or Gentleman, abufed in Point of Honour or Arms,
may find Relief.
Foreft- The Foreft-Courts are eftabliflied for the Confervation of
Courts, the Queen's Forefts, and preventing all Abufes therein.
To which end there are 3 Courts, one called the Juftice of
Eyres Seat, another the Swainmote, and the Third is the
Court of Attachment.
The Firft, by ancient Cuftom, fhould be held every third
Year by the Juftice in Eyre of the Foreft, in his Curcuit for
for that purpofe.
Swainmote is as incident to a Foreft, as a Pie-powder Court
to a Fair. By the Charter of the Forefts, this Court is held
twice a Year before the Verderors of the Forefts, as Judges.
In the Court of Attachment, the Verderors have only a
Power to receive the Attachment of Offenders againft Vert
and Venifon, and to inroll them, in order to be prefented
and punifhed at the next Juftice-feat.
CHAP.

Chap. XXXIX. GREAT BRITAIN. 491
CHAP. XXXIX.
Of the Spiritual Courts.
I Begin with the Convocation, which is a general Affembly Convocati-
of the Clergy, to confult of Church Matters. The fame on.
is either National, or Provincial, that is, of the Clergy of
hoth Provinces, or only of one ; and never meets, but in
Time of Parliament.
'Tis like the Parliament, divided into two Houfes, the
Upper and the Lower. And all Members thereof have, by
Statute, the fame Privileges for themfelves and menial Ser
vants, as the Members of Parliament have.
The Upper Houfe, in the Province of Canterbury, con
fifts of 22 Bifhops. The Archbifhop is the Prefident there
of, who fits in a Chair at the upper end of the Table, and
the Bifhops on each Side, all in their Scarlet Robes and
Hoods, the Archbifhop's Hood being furred with Ermine,
and the Bifhops with Minever.
The Lower Houfe confifts of the Deans and Arch-Deacons,
one Proctor for every Chapter, and two Proftors for the In
feriour Clergy of the Diocefs.
Henry the Seventh's Chappel, at Weftminfter, is the ufual
Meeting Place for the Province of Canterbury; and Fork, the
Place for the Province of Fork.
The firft Bufinefs of the Lower Houfe is to chufe a Prolo
cutor, or Speaker. Who, being chofen, is prefented to the
Upper Houfe by two of the Members ; one of them making
a Speech in Latin, and the Prolocutor Eleft another. To
which the Archbifhop anfwers in the fame Language, and
approves the Perfon in the Name of all the Bifhops.
The Matters debated by both Houfes, are properly Church
and Religious Matters ; firft propofed in the Upper, and
then communicated to the Lower Houfe, the major Vote
prevailing in each Houfe. But whatever is tranfafted there,
can be of no Force, without the Concurrence of both
Houfes of Parliament, and the Royal Affent.
The executive Power of Ecclefiaftical Laws is lodged inprgper
feveral Courts, provided for that purpofe. Whofe proper Matters
Matters are Ordinations, Inftitution of Clerks to Benefices, t0Y £g:v.
Celebration of Divine Service, Tithes, Oblations, Obvea-rjtuaf
tions. Mortuaries, Dilapidations, Reparation of Churches, Courts.
Matrimonial Rights, Divorces, general Baftardy, Probate of
Wills, Adminiftrations, Penfions, Procurations, Commuta
tion of Penance, Apoftacy, Simony, Herefy, Sehjfm, Blaf-
phemy, Fornications, Adulteries, Incefts, c2JV. The

'492 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
Theirman- The manner of Trials in thefe Courts differs from thofe at
Tier ofTri- Common Law. The firft flep here is a Citation, then a Bill
ttls. and Anfwer. Next they proceed to Proofs, Witneffes, and
Prefumption, the Matter being argued Pro and Co?2, and the
Canon and Civil Law quoted. Whereupon the Judges deci-
five Sentence paffeth without any Jury, and then Execution
follows. In Criminal Caufes, the Trial is by Accufation, the Accu-
fer taking upon him to prove the Crime. Or elfe by De
nunciation, when the Church-wardens prefent upon common
Fame, and are not bound to prove, the Crime being notori
ous, and it being prefumed they do it without Malice.
The Ai chbifhop of Canterbury has no lefs than three feve
ral Courts, viz. the Court of Arches, the Court of Audience,
and the Court of Peculiars.
Court pf The Cowrr of Arches is the moft ancient Confiftory of the
Jrches. Province of Canterbury, for the Debate of Spirirual Caufes ;
and is fo called from the arched Church of St. Mary le Bow,
where this Court is wont to be held.
All Appeals in Church-Matters within the Province afore
faid, are direfted to this Court, and all Procefs of it runs in
the Name of the Judge. Who is called Official of the Court
of Arches, otherwife Dean of the Arches ; becaufe a peculiar ,
Jurifdiftion of 1.3 Pariihes in London, called a Deanry, is
commonly joyned to his Officiality. Which Deanry is out
of the Bifhop of London's Jurifdiftion, and belongs to the
Archbifhop. The Advocates that plead in this Court muft be Doctors of
the Civil Law. Upon whofe Petition to the Archbifhop,
and his Fiat obtained, they are admitted by the Judge, but
not allowed to praftife the firft Year.
Both the Judge and Advocates wear S,carlet-Robes} with
Hoods lined with Taffety if they be of Oxford, or white
Minever Fur if of Cambridge, and round black Veivet Caps.
Here are alfo /en Prollors, to manage Caufes. Who wear
Hoods lined with Lamb-fkin, if not Graduates ; but if Gra
duates, Hoods proper to their Degree.
By the Statutes of this Court, all Arguments made by the
Advocates, and Petitions by the Proftors, are in the Latin
Tongue. Here are two principal Officers, viz, a Regifter, who re
ceives all Libels, Allegations, and exhibits of Witneffes,
files all Sentences, and keeps the Records of the Court. And
an Actuary, who lets down the Judges Decrees, regiflers the
Court- Afts, and fends them in Books to the Regiftry. Here
is alfo a Beadle, who carries a Mace before the Judge, and
' calls the Perfons that are cited to appear. All

Chap.XXXIX. GREAT BRITAIN 49}
All Places and Offices belonging to this Court are in the
Archbifhop's Gift.
The next Court to that, and of equal Authority with it, Court of
is the Ceurt of Audience, whofe Original is thus. When the Audience.
Archbifhop heard Caufes in his own Palace, he would not
finally determine 'em himfelf, but left them to be difcufled
by certain Men learned in the Civil and Canon-Law, hence
called his Auditors, till at laft thofe Caufes were committed
to one.
To whofe Office the Archbifhops Chancery was joyned
heretofore, medling only with Matter of Office, as granting
the Cuftody of the Spiritualities, Inftitution to Benefices,
difpenfing with Banes of Matrimony, &c. Things which are
now diftinguiflied from the Audience. The Archbifhop of
Fork has alfo a Court of Audience.
The Prerogative-Court is that in which Writs are proved, Ptgyoga-
and all Adminiftrations taken, that belong to the Archbifhop tiveCowtt
by his Prerogative ; that is, where the Deceafed had Goods
of any confiderable Value out of the Diocefs wherein he died.
That Value is ufually $1. but in the Diocefs of London^ lol.
Upon any Conteft about fuch Will or Adminiftration, the
Caufe is properly debated and decided in this Court, to which
there belongs a Judge. Who is attended^ in the Court by a
Regifter, to fet down the Decrees and Afts of the Court, to
keep the Records, all Original Wills and Teftaments of Par
ties deceas'd, thit hive left Bona notabilia, &c.
There are fix Clerks under the Regifter, feverally appointed
for fuch and fuch Counties. And his Office, commonly
called the Prerogative-Office, is now kept in Deans-Court, near
St. Paul's Churchyard, where for a moderate Fee one may
have a Copy of any Will.
The Court, formerly held in the Confiftory of St. Paul's, is
now kept in the Common- Hall at Doctors-Commons, next Day
after the Arches, in the Afternoon.
The Archbifhop of Torkhis alfo fuch another Court, which
is called his Exchequer, but far inferior to this, as to Power
and Profit.
The Court of Peculiars is about certain Parifhes, that havtffa, „„. /
Jurifdiftion withintheinfelves for Probate of Wills, grY. andn";-/
therefore exempt from the Bifhops Courts. The See of Can- ecuaaru
terbury has no lefs than 57 fuch Peculiars, it being an anci
ent Privilege of that See, that where-ever any Mannor or
Advowfon do's belong to it, the Parifh becomes exempt
from the ordinary, and is reputed Peculiar. So the Queen's
Chappel is a Royal Peculiar, exempt from all fpiritual Jurif*
diction, and referved to the Vifitation and immediate Go
vernment of Het Majefty. I

494 The Prefent S TAT E of Paft. t
Court of I muft not omit to fpeak here of the Court of Delegates, fo
Delegates, called, as confifting of Commoners delegated or appointed
by Royal Commiffion, to fit upon an Appeal to the Queen
in the Court of Chancery.
But this is no Handing Court, the Judges being appointed
by the Lord Chancellour (or Lord Keeper) under the Great
Seal of England, only pro ilia. vice. So that, upon every
Caufe or Bufinefs, there is a new Commiffion, and new
Judges, according to the Nature of the Caufe. Sometimes
Bifhops, Common-Law- Judges, Noblemen, Knights, and Ci
vilians ; fometimes Bifhops, and fometimes Civilians only.
In this Court the Citations and Decrees run in the Queen's
Name, and here is a ftanding Regifter. From hence there
lies no Appealin common Courfe, but the Queen may grant
a Commiffion of Review, under the Great Seal.

Biftops '
Courts.

Arch-dea
cons and
DeansCourts.

Befides the Courts aforefaid, every Bifhop has a Court of
his own, which is held in the Cathedral of his Diocefs, and
is called Confiftory Court. Over which he has a Chancellour,
who being learned in the Civil and Canon Law, fits as
Judge. And, if his Diocefs be large, he has befides a Com
miffary in fome remote Place, who judges certain Caufes li
mited to him by the Bifhop in his Commiffion.
Laftly, every Arch-Deacon has his Court, in which fmall
Differences arifing within his Jurifdiftion are determined.
The Dean and Chapter of every Cathedral or Collegiate-
Church, have alfo a Court, wherein they take Cognizance of
Caufes depending upon the faid Churches.

A LIST of the Convocation, for the Province of
Canterbury.
The Vpper-Houfe.
His Grace Dr. Tho. Tennifon, Lord Archbifhop of Can
terbury, Prefident.
Dr. Henry Compton, Lord Bifhop of London.
Sir Jonathan Trelawny Bar. Lord Bifhop of Winchefter:
Dr. William Lloyd, Lord Bifhop of Worcefter.
Dr. Thomas Spratt, Lord Biihop of Rochefter.
• • • • ' ' Lord Bhhog of Exeter.
Dr. Gilbert Burnet, Lord Biftiop of Sarum.
Dr. Humphrey Humphreys, Lord Bifhop of Hereford.
Dr. John Moore, Lord Bifhop of Ely.
Dr. John Hough, Lord Bifhop of Lichfield and Coventry.
•••¦!• Lord Bifhop of Norwich. Dr.

Chap. XXXIX. GREAT BRITAIN 49$
Dr. Richard Cumberland, Lord Bifhop of Peterborough.
Da Edward Fowler, Lord Bifhop of Glocefter.
Dr. John-Hall, Lord Bifhop of Briftol.
Dr. John Williams, Lord Bifhop of Chhhefter.
Dr. William Talbot, Lord Bifhop of Oxford.
Dr. JoZw Evans, Lord Bifhop of Bttngor.
Dr. Geo. Hooper, Lord Bifhop of JSa*/; and JPe/fr.
Dr. William. Beveridge, Lord Bifhop of St. Afaph.
Dt. George Bull, Lord Bifhop of St. Davids.
Dr. William Wake, Lord Bifhop of Lincoln.
Dr. John Tyler, Lord Bifhop of Landaff.
The Lower-Houfe.
CANTERBVRr.
Dr. Geo. Stanhope, Dean of Canterbury.
Dr. JoZiw Battely, Arch-Deacon.
Dr. C/;ar/e* £//»£, Proftor for the Chapter.
Src2M.'}p^-fortheci^ £ 0 N D O N.
Dt. Hen. Godolphin, Dean of St. Pauls.
Dr. Will. Stanley, "\ <% f London.
Dt. Will. Lancafter, l-rfj Middle fex- .
Dr. Ciar/ej Alfton, f-g T £/e*.
Jowa* Varley A. M. J ^ '(. Colcbefter.
John Cole, A. M. Archdeacon of St. Albans.
Proftor for the Chapter.
ErigrrSi?!^- for the Clergy.
WE ST M I NSTE R.
Dr. Tho. Sprat, Dean of Weftminfter, Lord Bifhop of Ro
chefter.
Dr. Peter Birch, Archdeacon of Weftminfter.
Dr. MfA. 0?!//, Proftor for the Chapter.
WINCHESTER.
Dr. Join Wickart, Dean of Winchefter.
Dr. Ralph Bridioke, 7 . .. c 5 Winchefter.
Dulhlsajer, ' j Archdeacon of J ^^ Dr.

496 The Prefent STATE*/ Part. I.
Dr. WW. Delaune, Proftor for the Chapter^
Will: Needham, B. D. 7 proAor, for the rierev. V
Dr. Will. Bernard £ rrocrors ror tne uersy-
LANDAFF.
Dr. Geo. Bull, Archdeacon of Landaff, Lord Biihop of
St. Davids.
Dt. Jonathan Edwards, Proftor for the Chapter.
mjrmuA? u- } Prodtors for the Clersy-
WORCESTER.
Dr. Will. Talbot, Dean of Worcefter, Lord Bifhop of Ox
ford.
Jo. Fleetwood, A. M. Archdeacon of Worcefter.
Dr. Jo. Jephcott, Proftor for the Chapter.
Ja^mlgfieet, } A^{ *»*» for <he Clergy.
ROCHESTER.
Dt. Sam. Pratt, Dem of Rochefter.
Tho. Sprat. A. M. Archdeacon of Rochefter.
Dr. Breval, Proftor for the Chapter.
?amSodfsaj!k. } *"** *» the Clergy.
EXETER.
Dr. Lancelot Blackburn, Dean of Exeter.
— — ——Archdeacon of Exeter.
Edw. Drewe, A. M. Archdeacon of Cornwall.
riiXft^lArchdeaconof {££
Rob. Burfcough, A. M. Proftor for the Chapter.
Dr. John Hocks | proaorsfortneClergy,

St

Chap. XXXIX. GREAT BRITAIN. 497
St. DAVIDS.
Hugh Powel, A. M. Praecentor.
Dr. Roger Griffith, J ( Brecknock."
 Medley, A. M. VArchd. of W St. Davids.
Tho.. Stainoe, B. D. J iCarmarden.
Jo. Sliore, A- M. Archdeacon of Cardigan.
None returned for the Chapter.
William Powell, 7 . A , 7 * n
Edmund Meyrhk, £ A> M" £ Proftors for the Clergy.
SALISBVRT.
Dr. Jol?z Tounger, Dean of Sarum.
Jofeph Keif ey, B. D.7 CSarMzs.
Jo?iaj Proa./?, A. M. >t\ichd.ofc\Berks.
Cornel. Teat, A. M- ^ (JVilts.
Dr. Peter Allix, Proftor for, the Chapter.
Tho. Coker, A. M, 7 D „ .
Jte». P;e,ee. L. B. J Pjoftors for the Clergy.
IF / N D S 0 R.
Dr. Hefcart, Dean of Windfor.
E LT.
Dr. Jo/;n Law&, Dean of Ely.
Dr. Jfie/;. Bentley, Archd. of Efy.
Dr. Cba. Aftion, Proftor for the Chapter.
John Cory, B. D. 7 Proaors for the Clergy.
^;//. Iujm, A. M. £
HEREFORD.
Dr. John Tyler, Dean of Hereford, Lord Bifhop of Lanfaff.
Dr. Adam Otley, 1 XrrhA c,fZSal°^ ,
Tho. Fox,A.M. £ Archd-ot| Hereford.
Dr. Cfor. Wlnting, Proftor for the Chapter.
Dr. Jo.-P»Ve 7>proftors for the Clergy.
Ja. Pool, A. M. £ K k L I C if-

498 The Prefent STATE of Parti.
L ICHFIELD and CO VE NTR X.
Dr. Will. Binks, Dean of Lichfield, Prolocutor.
Tbo. Goodwin, A.M. f C Darby.
Dr. Nath. Ellifon, > Archd. of '2 Stafford.
Griffith Vaughan, A.M. 3 CSalop.
Rich. Davis, A. M. Arend'. of Coventry.
Dr. Geo. Smattridge, Proftor for the Chapter.
JoZTKiinberley, A. M. } Proftors for the Clergy-
NORWICH.
Dr. Humph. Prideaux, Dean of Norwich.
Dr. Jo. Jeffrey, 1 C Norwich.
Dr. Cha. Trinell, L Archd. of^- Norfolk.
Dr. Nich. Clagett, j i_ Sudbury.
Dr. Humph. Prideaux, Archd. of Suffolk.
Geo. Martin, B. D. Proftor for the Chapter.
Jo. Wbitefoot, A. M. 7 D n r ., ~,
Hen. AlftU, B- D. £ Pr°a°rs for the ClerSy-
PETERBOROVGH.
Dr. Samuel Freeman, Dean of Peterborough.
Dr. Tbo. Woolfey, Archdeacon of Northampton.
Tho. Ball, A. M. Proftor for the Chapter.
Dr. Matt. Hutton, 7
Matt. Mafon, A. M. £ Pr°a°ts for the Cler^
GLOCESTER.

Dean of Glocefter.

Dr. Rob. Parfons, Archdeacon of Glocefter.
Luke Beaulieu, B. D. Proftor for the Chapter.
fohn q£T\ A" M" { Pr0ft0rS fol the Clel^
BATH and WELLS.
Dr. FiW. Gra/;we, Dean of Wells.
Sam. Hill, A. M. i \ Wells.
Edw. Waple, B. D. > Archd. of< Taunton.
Will. Clement, Cler. ^ (.Bath.

Tho,

Chap, XXXIX. GREAT BRITAIN 499
Tho. Leffey, A. M. Proftor for the Chapter.
I/?^aK;}A'M-lP-a-fc"heCUrgy. BRISTOL.
Dr. Geo. Royfe, Dean of Briftol.
Robert Cooper, A. M. Archdeacon of Dorfet.
Dr. Nath. Lye, Proftor for the Chapter.
J^Sutnfon, } A" -M' } Pr°^ ^ the Clergy,
S. A SAP H.
Dt. Dan. Price, Dean of St. Afaph.
Dr. Will. Beveridge, Archdeacon of St. Afaph, and Bifhop
of the fame.
Jo. Davies, B. D- Proftor for the Chapter.
Dr. Rob. Wynne, 7 _ „ - , „,
Maurice Vaughan, A. M. £ Pr°a°rs for the C^gy.
LINCOLN.
Dr. Rich. Willis, Dean of Lincoln. -
Dr. John Cauley, ¦) *- Lincoln;
Jo. Rogers, A. M. ^8 ^. Leicefter.
Dr. Wl)ite Kennet, C-d J» Huntington.
Dr. Jo. Gery. f -g N&e/b.
Z7;o.Pra?zfe,A.M. \% J Bedford.
Jo. Hut ton, A. M. J t«S7o#.
Dr:^£^|P-^^the Chapter,
i^S^M:!^-^^ Clergy.
C H I C HE S TE R.
Dr. Will. Haley, Dean of Chhhefter.
Jofias Pleydel, A. M. 7 ATrVlIj nf5" Chhhefter i
Rich. Bouchier, B. D. $Arctia'otiLe*e,.
Dr. £Jwuwi G/*/b», Proftor for the Chapter.
Wktlntt"' iA-MiProaorS fw th6 Clergy'
X k z OX*

Soo ; The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
OXFORD.
Dr. Hen. Aldricb, Dean of Chrift-church.
Dr. Hump. Hody, Archd. of Oxford.
D Jo. Hammond, Proftor for the Chapter.
?J-),WmL ^^ Wtors for the Clergy.
Will. Moore, A. M- j b1'
BANGOR.
Dr. WW- Jones, Dean of Bangor.
Dr. Jo. Evans, A.rchd. of Bangor, and Anglefey, and Lord
Biftiop of Bangor.
pra. Lloyd, A. M- Archd. of Merioneth.
Rob. Foulk, A, M. Praecentor for the Chapter.
Hugh Wynne, 7 A M- ^Proftors for the Clergy.
Rob. Wynne, £ i
C/er. Dom. Super. Convoc. Thomas Tillot^ Gent.

K

CHAP. XL.
Of the Punifhments inflicted vpon Offenders.
S the Ufe of Racks, to extort Confeffion from the
Mouth of Delinquents, is banifhed from England ; fo
the capital Puniffiment of Breaking upon the Wheel, ufed in
moft Countries of Europe, or Impaling the Criminal, fre
quent among the Turks, are lookt upon here as too cruel and
barbarous for Chriflians to ufe.
'Tis true, the Punifhrnent of Traytors againft the King
had a Face of Cruelty, when their Entrals were pulled out
of their Bellies, and burnt before their Faces, before they
were quite dead. But of late Years no Traytor has been cut
down alive.
Preffhig to For fuch as ftand Mute at their Trial, and refufe to an-
Deatb. fwer Guilty, or Not - Guilty, Preffmg to Death is the proper
Puniffiment. Then the Prifoner is laid in a low dark Room
in the Prifon, all naked but his privy .Members, his Back
upon the-bare Ground, his Arms and Legs flretched with
Cords, and faftned to the feveral Quarters of the Room.
This done, he has a great Weight of Iron and Stone laid
upon

Chap. XL. GREATBRITAIN 501
upon him. His Diet, till he die, is only 3 Morfels of Bar
ley-bread without Drink the next Day ; and if he lives be
yond it, he has nothing daily, but as much -foul Water as
he can drink ^feveral times, and that without any Bread.
Which grievous Death fome refolute Offenders have chofen,
to fave their Eflates to their Children. But, in Cafe of
High Treafon, the Criminals's Eftate is forfeited to the So
vereign, a"s in all capital Crimes, notwithftanding his being
preffed to death.
The moft ufual Puniffiment in England for capital Crimes Hanging.
is Hanging. In order to which the condemned Prifoner is
convey'd in a Cart from the Pril'onto the Place of Execution,
and hang'd till he be dead ; being met at the Gallows by a
Clergyman, to prepare him for Death. But, in cafe of
Robbery and Murder, the Malefaftor is hanged in Chains,
in Terror em, till his Body be wafted, or devoured by the
Fowls of the Air.
Tho' counterfeiting and clipping the Coin be High Trea
fon by Law, yet Offenders therein are only hanged. But
they are drawn, as Traytors, in a Sledge, to the Place of
Execution. And, if Women, they are burnt alive.
For Burning alive is what the Law inflifts upon Women Burning
guilty of high, or petty Treafon, and upon Witches. But, alive.
inltead of fuffering the utmoft Rigour of the Law, the
Criminal is ufually ftrangled, before the Fire takes hold of
her at the Stake.
Beheading is only ufed for Perfons of Quality, convicted Behead-
of any capital Crime. Tis true, the Sentence is the fame ing.
with that of common Perfons •, but by the Sovereign's Fa
vour, they are commonly beheaded. Which is done upon
a Scaffold erefted for that purpofe, the Criminal's Head be
ing ftruck off with an Ax, not kneeling (as beyond Sea) bi\t
lying down upon a Block.
Now, whereas in forein Countries a Malelaftor executed
is denied Chriftian Burial, 'tis otherwife in England, and
her Praftice in this Cafe is vindicated by thefe Arguments.
That the Criminal, by fuffering Death, has anfwered the
Law ; and if he died penitent, we ought to look upon him
as reconciled to God. If reconciled to God, there's no Reafon
for Men to ftand off, and deny him a Chriftian Burial.
Therefore 'tis a, common Thing, upon Execution-Days,
at London efpecially, to fee Coffins convey'd to the Place of
Execution ; in which the Corps is laid after Execution, by
the Care pf Friends, and brought back to be burkd.
Traytors indeed muft be excepted ; a Traytor's Head being
commonly' expos 'd to publick View, over a Gate of the
Town. '
Kkj Be.

5©2 The Prefent S T A T E of Part I.
Before I proceed any further, I muft inform fome Rea
ders, that the Law of England includes all capital Crimes
in thefe Three, viz. High-Treafon, Petty-Treafon, and Pe-
lony. The firft is a Crime of State, which confifts in Plotting,
Confpiring, or Rifing up in Arms againft the Sovereign,
and endeavouring to fubvert the Government. Counter
feiting, and clipping the Coin, is alfo High-Treafon by
Law. Petty-Treafon is, when a Child kills his Father, a Ser
vant his Maftet or Miftris, a Wife her Husbandj or a Cler
gyman his Prelate.
And by Felony are meant Thefts, Robberies, Murders,
&<¦
I come now to fuch Punifbments as are not Capital, or do
not reach to Death.
Burning As, t. Burning in the Hand, a Puniffiment inflifted upon
in the fuch as are found guilty of Manflaughter, or Chance-medley;
Hand. which are diftinguiflied from Murder.
For Manflaughter, in the Senfe of the Law, is the unlaw
ful killing of one, without prepenfed Malice. As when
two, that formerly meant no harm to one another, meet,
and fuddenl" falling out, the one kills the other. 'Tis Fe
lony, becaufe here is a prefent Intent to kill ; but is allow
ed the Benefit of the Clergy, for the firft Time.
Chance-medley, or Manflaughter by Mifadventure, is the
cafual killing of a Man, not altogether without the Killer's
Fault, tho' without an evil Intent ; for which the Offender
ihall have his Pardon of courfe, unlefs he were doing an un
lawful Aft.
As when Two are fighting together, a Third Man comes
to part them, who is killed by one of the two. Tho' the
Offender did it without an evil Intent, or any Malice fore
thought, yet he fhall be brought in Guilty of Murder, be
caufe figliting -With another, he was doing ansinlawful Aft.
¦And, if they were met with prepenfed Malice, the one in
tending to kill the other, then it is Murder in them borh.
' As for Thieves and Robbers admitted to their Clergy,
they are burnt in the Band, and put to fix Months hard La
bour, with Bread and Water. Which is worfe to many of
?em, than Hanging.
Whiff >-.ig, ' Whipping, . and Tranfportation, are proper Punifhments.
'andl] anf-fy? fetty. Larceny, or fmall Theft, under the ancient
portation. 'Value oi- Twelve- pence. The Tranfportation is into the
Weft-Indies,' fat Term of Years, during which they are ufed
as Slaves, ... ,- . . , ; ., , :•-.'
The

Chap.

XL. GREATBRITAIN. $oj
The Pillory is properly 'ufed for Cheats, Perjurers, Libel- Pillory and
lets, and Blafphemers. And the Stocks, for vagrant idle Stocks. ,
Fellows, who can give no good Account of themfelves.
There are alfo pecuniary Mulfts, called Fines, inflifted Fines, and
upon fome Offenders, who muft remain in Prifon, till the Imprifon-
fame be paid. ment.
In cafe of a Premunire, and Mifprifion (or Concealing) of
Treafon, the Offender forfeits the Profits of his Lands du
ring his Life, and all his Goods, befides Imprifonment for
Life. The Spiritual Courts have alfo their Punifiments. Somepunjft.
peculiar to the Clergy, and fome common to the Clergy mentsfrom
»nd Laity. the Spiri-
Of the firft fort is, r. Sufpenfio ab Officio, when a Clergy- tuai
man is, for fome fcandalous Offence, fufpended for a Time Courts.
from his Office, z. Sufpenfio a Beneficio, when he is for fome
Time deprived of the Profits of his Benefice. 3 . Depriva-
tio'ab Officio & Beneficio, whereby he lofes both, his Office
and Benefice, which is cdmmonly for fome hainous or
capital Crime. Then he is folemnly flript by the Bifhop of
his Prieflly Habit, and delivered up to the Civil Power, to
be punifhed as Lay-man.
I come now to the Spiritual Punifiments, inflifted both
upon the Clergy and Laity.
One is Excommunication, or an Exclufion from the Church; Excommu-
which is of two forts, Minor and Major, the- leffer and the nication.
greater. The firft is an Exclufion from the Communion of the
Lord's Supper, upon Contempt of the Court. Which
Power the Biftop may delegate to any grave Prieft, with the
Chancellour of his Court ; and then the Party excommuni
cated is, by Law, difabled from being a Plaintiff in any Suit.
The fecond is for enormous Crimes, as Herefy, Inceft, A-
dultery. This is pronounced by the Bifhop himfelf, and is
not only an Exclufion from the Company of Chriftians in
Spiritual Duties, but alfo in Temporal Concerns ; a Perfon
fo excommunicated being difabled from being Plaintiff, or
Witnefs, in any Court, Civil, or Ecclefiaftical. And, if ,
he continue 40 Days excommunicated, without acknow
ledging and giving Satisfaftion for his Offence, a Writ
comes againft him out of Chancery, De Excommunicato ca
piendo, to eaft him into Prifon without Bail, and there to
lye till he has fully fatisfy'd for his Offence.
Another Puniffiment is that called Anathema, ufed only jnatj.e.
for obflinate Hereticks. Whereby the Offender is declared ma
a publick Enemy of God, curled, and delivered over to
K k 4 eternal

504 The. Prefent ST ATE of Part L
eternal Damnation. This is done by the Bifhop himfelf
affifted by the Dean and Chapter, or tz other grave and be
neficed Clergymen.
Publick The third is a publick Penance, when the Delinquent is
Penance, compelled to make a publick Confeffion of his Fault in the
Church, which is done after this manner. .Upon a Sunday
he flands firft in the Church-porch, in a white Sheet, bare
footed, and with a white Rod in his Hand. Thus he be
wails his Crime, and begs of every one that pafles by to
pray for him. This done, he enters the Church, falls down
upon his Knees, and kiffes the Ground. Then he is plaped
in the Middle of the Church, over againft the Minifter ¦
who makes a Difcourfe upon the foulnel's of his Crime, and'
pronounces the Abfolution, upon his humble Acknowledg
ment of it, and his folemn Promife ( with God's Help)
to watch more carefully for the Time to come againft
the Temptations of the World, the Flefh, and the Devil.
The Penitent on his Side, humbly befeeches the Congrega
tion to pardon him, and receive him into their holy Com
munion ; and in Teftimony thereof, to fay with him aloud
the Lord's Prayer.
But, if the Crime be not very notorious, the faid Penance
may be commuted, at the Delinquent's Requeft, into a Pe
cuniary MulB, for the Poor of the Parifh, or fome other
pious Ufe ; provided this appears to be the more probable
Way, to reclaim the Offender.

An APPENDIX,
Shewing in what Places are kept the feveral Offices before-
mentioned, and where are the feveral Colleges, and
Hofpitals of London.

TH E Treafury-Office, in
the Cock-Pit.
Cuftom-Houfe, in Thames-
ftreet.
Excife-Office , in the Old-
Jury.
Wine-Licence Office, in Fleet-
ftreet.
Stamp-Office, in Serle's-Court,
Lincolns-Inn,

Salt-Duty Office, in Villars-
flreet, Tork-Buildings.
Petty- Chapmens  Tower-
hill.
Hackney-Coaches. ¦¦ Sur-
rey-ftreet, in the Strand.
Admiralty-Office,— oppo-
fite to Scotland Yard, White
hall.

Prize-

Chap. XL. GREAT
Prize-Office, in York-Build
ings-
Navy-Office, in Croucbed-Fri-
ars.
Pay-mafters-Office of the Na
vy, in Broadrftreet.
Victualling-Office, on Little
Tower-bill.
Tranfport-Office, on Great
Tower-bill.
Office for Regiflring Seamen,
Ibid.
Sick and wounded Office, in
Prince' s-Court, Weftminfter.
Office of Trade, and Planta
tions, in the Cock-pit.
Office of the Bank of En
gland, in Grocers-Hall, Poul
try.
Board of Green-Cloth , in
WhiteHall.
Lord Chamberlain's Office
in St. James's Park, near
the Cock-pit.
Mailer of the Horfe's Office,
in Northumberland Houfe.
Mafter of the Wardrobes Of
fice, in York-Buildings.
Commiffary General's Office,
at the Horfe-Gard.
Court-Martial, or the Judge-
AdvOcate's Office, lb.
Pay-mafter General's Office
of the Gards and Garri
fon 's, lb.
Pay-mafter General's Office
of the Forces abroad, in
Gold'vng-Square.
Pay-mafter General of the
Marines Office, near St.
James's.
Secretary of War's Office, at
White-Hall.
Office of the Comptrollers
of the Army-Accounts, in
Spring-Garden.
Office of Ordnance, jn the
Tower.

BRITAIN.
Office of the Mint, lb.
General Poft-Office, in Lom
bard ftreet.
Peny-Poft General Office, in
Biftopfgate- ftreet.
Offices of the Court of
Chancery.
Chancery-Office, in Chance
ry-Lane.
Office of the Rolls, lb.
Office of the Mafters in
Chancery, lb. in Five-Bells
Court. \
Six Clerks Office, in C/;a?j-
cery-Lane, againft the Rolls
Chappel.
The Two Examiners-Office,
near it.
Protonotary's Office, in Mid-
dle-Teinple-Lane.
Regiffer's Office,* at Symonds
Inn in Chancery-Lane.
Petty-Bag Office, next to the
Rolls Chappel, in Chance
ry-Lane.
Curfitors-Office, againft Lin-
colns-Inn, in Chancery-Lane.
Alienation-Office, at the fur
ther End 'of Miter -Court,
in the Inner-Temple.
Subpoena- Office, in Cbhhefter-
Rents, in Chancery-Lane.
Affidavit.Office, in Chancery-
Lane, a little above the
Pump.
Patent-Office, in Lincolns-Inn.
Of the Queen's Bench.
Crown-Office, in the Temple,
near the Arch, by "the
Water-Stairs.
Chief Clerk's Office, in the
King's Bench Walks, In
ner-Temple, by the Water-
fide. Cuftot

5°S

fo6

The Prefent STATEo/ Part L

Cuftos Brevium, Nifi Prius,
and the Paper-Offices, in
the Queen's-Bench Office,
in the Temple.
Clerk of the Eails, and Po-
ftea's Office, in Furnival's
Inn, Holbourn.
Of the Common Pleas.
Cuftos Brevium Office, in Old
Effex-Court, near the Mid
dle Temple.
Protonotaries Office, one in
'*' Hare-Court, in the Middle-
Temple, another in Miter-
Court, Inner-Temple, the
Third in Serle's Court, Lin-
colnslnn.
Chirographer's Office , in
Middle-Temple Lane.
Clerk of theTreafury's Office,
and the *Clerk of the In
roUments of Fines and Re
coveries , in the Paper-
Buildings, Inner-Temple.
Clerk of the Outlawries-
Office, in Two-Crane Court,'
Fleet-jlreet.
Clerk of the Warrants, in
Hare- Court, in the Inner-
Temple.
Office of the Clerk- of the
Queen's Silver, in Symonds-
Inn, Chancery-Lane.
Of the Clerk of the Juries,
and Habeas Corpus's, in Mi
ter-Court , in the Inner-
Temple.
Of the Effoins, in Hare-
Court, Inner-Temple.
The Superfedeas Office, in
the Poultry-Counter, Lon
don.

Of the Court of Ex
chequer.
Office of the Clerks of the
Pleas, in Lincolns-Inn, near
the Walks.
Queen's Remembrancer's Of
fice, in Miter-Court, Inner-
Temple.
Clerk of the Pipe's Office,
in Cony -Court, Grays-Inn.
Forein Oppofers Office, in
Grays-Inn.
Firft-Fruits Office, near the
Water-Gate, in the Mid
dle Temple.
Of the Court of the Dutchy
of Lancafter.
The Court it felf is kept near
the Lower Exchequer, at
Weftminfter.
The Offices belonging to it
are in the Old Buildings,
in the firft Court in Greys-
Inn. Colleges.
DoBors-Commons, in the Pa
rifh of St. Bennet, Paul's
Wharf Where are held
the Court of Admiralty,
the Arches Court of Can
terbury, the Prerogative-
Court, and fometimes the
High- Court of Delegates.
Greft)am-College,' where the
Royal Society meets, in
Biftopfgate-ftreet.
College of Phyficians, in War-
' wick-Lane.
Sion-College, in the Parifh pf
St. Alpbage, within Crjp-
plegate.

Col-

Chap. XL. G R EAT BRITAIN.
College of Heralds, upon St.
2Je»!?»e*'sHill, near Doftors-
Commons.

Hofpitals.
. Cbrift-Church Hofpital ,
tween Newgate-fir eet
Smithfield.

be-
and

St. Bartholomew's Hofpital, in
Weft-fmithfield.
St. Thomas's Hofpital, inSouth-
wark.
The Chart er-houfe, or Sut
ton's Hofpital, in Charter-
boufe Tard, in the Parifh of
St. Sepulchre.

507

FINIS.

ERRATA.
PAge jo. laft Line but one, for Berkley read Brackley. P.
no, before the Country-Seats, f. Heytefturg r. Heytef-
bury. P. 162. 1. 5. f.j5W r.four. P. 166. 1. 4. f. &> James
Montague r. .ffoJ. .Eyre, Efq; P. I9r. 1. 24. f. do r. 6. P.
192. laft Line but four, f. Dr. Pitt r. Dr. Levet. P. 208.
laft Line but feven, f. many r. two. P. 250. 1. 4. f. 20 r.
200. P. 2.33. 3 lines after the Latin Verfe, f. and r. as. P.
284. 1. 9. f. prefent r. late. P. 298. dele Lord High Admiral,
before Lord Privy Seal. P. 307. 1. 5. f. Guefs r. Gueffes. P.
565. add Ramellies to the Second-Rate Ships. P. 441. 1. 27.
2. or r. and.

The T A B L E for the Firft Part, relating to
England and Wales.

Page
A B B E Y of St. Rennet, 73
Of Langley, 20
Of S. Edmondbury, 20
Abbot sbury, 43
¦Aberforth, - 112
Aberfraw, 1 20
Abergavenny, 70
Abington, zs
Acatry, at Court, 376
Addreffes of Parlianient, 444
Adjourning of Pari. 44$
Admiral, V. Lord
Admiral of the Fleet, 369
Agents for Taxes, 423
Ailesbury, 27
Air of England, 6
Of London, 138
Alborough, 00, rr6
Aldermen of London, 201
Aleftam, 72
Alford, 67
ALFRED, K. 306
Alfreton, 39
Alienation Office, 467, 469
Almonry, at Court, 377
Alney, 29, so
Alnwick, 77
Alfton-Moor, 38
Alton, 5 1
Altringliam, 3 3
Amblefide, 107
Amerftam, 27
Amesbury, 1 09
Jmpthill, Z(5
Anabaptifts, 23 r
Anathema, 503
Andover, jI} $2r
Anglefey, -Ilo
ANNEQ.. ?3g
Apothecarks, at Cou rt, 3 88 |

Appleby, 107, ro8
Appledore, 58
Apprentices, 290
^/aa« <Sb//j, pj
Archbifnops, 272, 274, 27 J
Archdeacons, 276
Anns of the Queen, 349
Articles of the Church of
England. 227
Artillery-rnen, 207
Arundel, 1 04
Arvonia, 120
AJbburn, 39
Aftby de la Zoucb, 65
-#>•</, j8
Askrig, 112
Affent Royal to Bills, 444
Affizes, 480
Aftroits, , 18
Atherfton, 105
Atrebatii, 22
Attleborough, jz
Attorney General, r6j
Of the Duke of Lancafter, 479, 48°
Attomies in the Excheq. 476,
478
Other Attomies, 480
Avalonia, 06
Auburn, 109
Auditors in the Exeh. 477, 479
Of the Receipts, 420, 422
Of the Duke of Lancafter, 479
Avener, 392
Aukland, 45
Aulcefter, ' ioj
^dok, 10
Autrey, 41
Axbridge, 05
Axmifter, 41
Bake-

The T A B L E.

B.

Bake- houfe, at Court, 374
Bakewell, 39
Baldock, 54
Bampton, 41, 80
Banbury, 80, 90
Bangor, 12 l
Bank of Evgland, 161
Barking, 47
Barkfbire, 24
Barkway, 54
Barnftey, 1 12
Barnet, 54, 55
Barnftaple, 41, 42
Barons, 253
Barton, 67
Barwick, 77, 78
Bafingftoke, 5 1
£a//;, 17.95, 96
Batterfea, 102
Battle, 104
Bautrey, 112
Bayliff of Weftminfter, 208
Beaconfield, 27
Beacons, 360
Beaumaris, 12c
Beauty of England, 10
Beccles, 99, 100
Berfa/, 112
Bed- Chamber Women, 390
Bedford, 26
Bedlam, _ 186
Bedwin, 1 10
Beheading, 501
Belga, 22
Bellingham, 77
Bemifier, 43
^ere, 43
Berkhamfied, 54
Berkley, 49, 50
ierfej, V. Barkjhire.
Bernard-Ciftle, 45, 46
Bez/ey, 97
Beverley, Hz, ill
Bewdley, 1 1 1
Bicafter, 80

Bidiford, 41; 4*
Biglefwade, 26
Bildeftoti, 99
Billerhay, 47
Billingham, 77
Bills in Parliament, 437, £?e.
Bimbrook, 6j
Bingham, . 79
Birmingham, IOJ, 106
Bifhops, 270, 273,65^-
7?z>ofJ CajWe, 93
Blackburn, 63
Blackwell-Hall, 160
Blanford, 43
Bodmin, 36
Bolerium Prom. 6$
Bo If over, 39
Bolf worth, 6$
Bolton, 63, 116
Bonium, I2t
Bookfellers to the Qu. 389
Boroughbridge, j 16
Bof caftle, , 36
Boffiney, 36
Bofton, 6j
Bourn, 67
Bow, 41
Bowling-Green Keeper, at
Court, 386
Brackley, 75
Bradfield, 47
Bradford, 94, 104, HZ,
Bradwich, 41
Braintre, 47
Brampton, 38
Brancafter, 74
Brandon, 99
Branadunum, 74
Brethinia, 1 24
Brecknock, 124
Brent, 41
Brentford, 69
Brewood, 97 '
Bridewell, 196
Bridges, 1 j
Bridge of London, 152
Bridge-

the T A B L E.

Bridgenorth, 9$
Bridgewater, o$, 9<5
Bridport, 43, 44
Brigadier Generals, 351
Brigantes, 22
Briftol, 95
Britain, See Great Britain.
Broding, 5 1
Bromley, 58, 97
Bromfgrove, 1 r 1
Bromyard, 56
Brought 107
Bruton, 95, 9<5
Buckenham, 72
Buckingham, 27
Buddefdale, 99, 10 1
building, 12, 234
Bullingbrook, 67
Bungay, 99
Buntingford, 54
Burford, 80, 90
Burgeffes of Weftminfter, 208
Burgh, 67
Burlington, 112, 115
Burnham, 72
Burning alive, 501
Burning in the Hand, 502
Burnley, 63
Burntwood, 47
Burton, 67, 97, 98, 107
Ifwry, 63
Buttery, at Court, 377
C.
Caer-leon, 70, 71
Cattington, 36
Ca/?ae, . 109, no
Cambodnnum, 116
Cambria, Cambro-Britania, 118
Cambridge, 28
Camelford, 36
Campden, 49
Caneftam, 95
Canterbury, 58
Cantium, 57
Cantuaria, 58
CANUTE K. 309
Capt. of the Penfioners, 324
Of the Yeomen, 395, 396

Of the Horfe-Gards, 352
Cardigan, 124
Carhjle, 38
Carmaiden, 12J
Carnarvan, 120
Cartakers, at Court 378
Cartmel, 63
Carvers, at Court, 381,382
.Caffit erides , 37
Caftles, 360
Cafile-carey, 9J
Caftle-rifing, 72, 73
Cafton, 72
Catieucblani, 22
Caces in Wiltjhire, 17
Cawood, 112

Caatfo??,

28

Cellar, at Court,

388

Ceretica,

124

Cerne,

43

Cbagford,

4i

Circuits,

480

Cirencefter, 49, 50
Chamberlain. F. Lord.
Chamb. of the Exchequer, 420, 422
Of London, 202
Chancellour. ^ Lord.
Chancell. of the Exchequer, 420, 422
Of the Dutchy and Court of
Lancafter, 479, 480
Chancery, 464
Chaplains to the Q. 400, 402
Chaplin-Frith, 39
Chappels, 15
Chappel Royal^ 399
C/;ara', 95
CHARLES I. K. 327
II. 328
Cbarnley, 63
Chair, 62
Charter-boufe, 186
Chatham, 60
Cheadle, Of
Cheam, 102
Chelmsford, 47, 48
CM/ej, 69
C^oj*-,'

The TABL E.

70, 71
ior 17 33 34 424895
104
289

33, 39,

103,

Chepftow,Chert fey,
Cbefbarh, Cheftire, Chefter, Chefterfield,
Cbefterford, Cbevoton, Chichefter, Children, , In the Offices at the Queen's
Court, 374, &c.
Of tne Chappel, 399
Chiltenbam, 49
Chimleigb, 41
Clnppenbam, tog, no
Cbipping-Norton, 80
Chirographer, in the Court of
Common Pleas, 472, 474
Chriftchurch, 5 1
Cbudley, 41
Churches, 14, 144
Church- Stretton, 93
Church-Wardens, 280
Clapbam, 102
Clare, 99
Clarendon, 1 10
Claudia Caftra, 49
Claufentum, 102
C/ay, 72
Clebury, 93
Clergy, 270
C/erjfer ar Cowrr.
Clerks of the Council, 429
Of the Signet, 429
Of the Secretaries, 426
Of the Chappel, 399, 402
Of the Clofet, 401, 404
Of the Green Cloth, 373, 374
Comptrollers, 373, 374
In the Offices below Stairs,
374, &'•
Of the Avery, 393
Of the Stables, 393
Of the Works, 388

In Chancery.
Six Clerks, 466, 468
Clerk of the Crown, 466, 468
Of the Hanaper, 468
Of the Petty- Bag, 468
Of the Patents, 468
Of the Reports, 468
Of the InroUments, 469
Of the Entries, 469
Of the Papers in the Fleet, 469
In the J§>. Bench.
Clerk of the Crown, 470
Entring Clerks, 470
Clerks of the Amercements, 471
Of the Remembrances, 47 r
Of the Bails and Pofteas, 471
Of the Cuftos Brevium, 471
Of the Papers, 47 1
Of the Rules, 471
Of the Errours, 471
In the Common Pleas.
Clerks of the Chirographer» 472, 474
Of the Treafury, 473, 474
Of the Inrollments ot
Fines and Recoveries,
_. . . , .473, 474
Of the Outlawries, 473, 474
Of the Q. Silver, 473, 374
Of the Warrants, 473, 474
Of the Habeas Corpus, 473, 47 J
Of the Effoins, 473,475
Of the Errours, 473, 47*
Of the Superfedeas, 473,
, 47?

In

The T A B L E.

In the Court of Exchequer.
Clerk of the Pipe, 476, 478
" Of the Pleas, 477, 479
Of the Eftreats, 477, 479
Of the firft Fruits Office, 479
Of the Parcels, 477
Of the Nichils, 477
In the Court of Lancafter.
Clerk of the Dutchy, 480
Of the Crown, 480
Of the Peace, 480
In the Treafury.
Clerks of the Treafury, 422
Clerks of the Auditor, 422
Of the Tellers, 423
Of the Pells, 423
Other Clerks, lb.
In the Ordnance Office.
Clerk of the Ordnance, 3 $6",
358
Clerk of the Deliveries, 3 $6,
In the Navy Office.
Clerk of the Afts, 354,370
Other Clerks, 365
In Clmrches.

Pariffi-Clerks,

280

Cleveland, 116
Cliff, ' 75
Clitberoe, °"3
Clofet of the Queen, 401
£lubs, 138
Cockermoutb, 3^
Cocks, Englift), 13
Coffee-houfes, London^ 137
Coffer-bearers, at Court, 384
Cofferer, 37^ 374
Cogftall, 47
Coin, 243
Colcbefter, 47

Colebrook, 2 7
Coleftnll, 105
, Colford, 49
Collar-Days, 400
Colleges at London, 161
Of Civilians, , 166
Of Phyficians, 169
Of Heralds, 180
Of Greftam, 172
And Sion College, 178
Coin, 63
Colonels, 352
Columpton, 41
Combmartin, 41
Commiffioners of the Cu-
ftom-Houfe, 409
Of the Excife, 417
Of Appeals, 418
For Salt Duty, 418
For Wine-Licences, 418
Of the Stamp-Office, 419
For Hackney-Coaches, 419
For the Duty arifing from
Hawkers, &c. 419
Of the Navy, 364, 370
For Victualling the Navy,
3°4, 371
For the Sick and Wound
ed Seamen, &c. ^6^,nt
For the Tranfport Service,
3°4> 37*
Of the Prizes, 419
Committees, 43 7, 442
Of the whole Houfe, 443
Common Council of London, 203
Communion-Days in the Q.
Chappel, 400
Companies of Merchants, 241
Of Tradefmen, 141
Complexion of the Englifh,
• 21S
Compting-Houfe, 372
Comptroller of the Queen's
Houfhold, 372, 374.
Of the Chamber, 392
Of the Pipe, 4/6, 478
Of the firft Fruits, 479
Of the Navy, 363, 370
Com-

The TABLE.

Computatibn of Time, 23 7
Confectionary at Court, 377
Conferences in Parliam. 412
Congleton, 33, 34
Congregations of Foreiners,
at London, 146
Conovium, 121
Conftables, 481
High Conftable of Weftmin
fter, 208
Conftable of the Tower, 1,51
Conftitution of the Englijh, 218
Confuls, 430
Conveniencies for Travelling,
M7
Convocation, 491, 494
Conway, 121
Copy-holders, 264
Corf e- caftle, 43
Coritani, 22
Cornavii, 22
Cornwall, 3 5
Coroners, 483
Coventry j 105,106
Council of Trade, 242
Council Learned, 166
Counties Inland, 24
Maritime, 23, 24
Courts
Of the Queen, 371
Of the Prince, , 404
Of Green Cloth, ' 383
Verge, 373
Chancery, 464
Queen's Bench, 469
Common-Pleas, 472
Exchequer, 476
Dutchy of Lancafter 479
Of London, 203
Mayor's Court, 488
Sheriffs Courts, 488
Cotirt- Leets, 489
Court-Barons, 489
Courts of Confcience, 489
Court of Admiralty, 489
Court-Marfhal, 490
Foreft-Courts, 490

Spirituals-Courts,Court of Arches,
Of Audience,
Of Peculiars,
Of Delegates,
Audience Court,
Bifhops Courts,

491 492493
49?494493 494

Arch-Deacons, and Deans
Courts, 494
Cowes, $3
Cranborn, 43
Cranhrook, $8
Craven, 1 16
Cray, $8
Crecklade, 109
Cromer, 72
Crookborn, 9 J
Crofs, at Coventry, 1 $
Crowland, 67
Croydon, 101, 102
Cuckfield, , 104
Culliton, 4c
Cumberland, 37
Cup-bearers, at Court, 381, 382
Curates, 276
Curfitor Baron, 476
Curfitors in Chancery, 467, 469
Cuftoms Englift, 237
Cuftom-houfe, London, 152
Cuftos Bregium, in the Qu.
Bench, 471
In the Common-Pleas, 472,. 474
D.
Dalton, 6}
Dammonii, z%
D ammonium Prom. 3 $
Danby, 116
Darby, 39,4°
Darking, iot
Darlington, * 45
Dartford, 58
Dartmouth, 4t, 42
Dorwent, ' 39
Darwentwater. V. Derwent
water.
Diventry, 75
L 1 Dea-

The TABLE.

Deacons, 276,

277

Dunfter,

95

DeaJ,

61

TJunwieh,

99, 100

Deatii,

49

Durham,

45

Deans,

2-75

Durobriges,

22

Rural Deans,

276

Durjley,

49, 5o

Dean of the Chappel

399,

E.

401.

Ear-Is,

252

Debenham,

99

Earl Marfhal-,

302

Ded'dhigton,

80

Eafingwold,

112

Deeping,

67

Eaft-bourn,

104

Denbigh,

121

Eaft-Gr.infiead,

104

Deptford,

60

Eaft-lfley, '

25

Deputy Chamberlains,

4".

Eaftlow,

3<5

422

Eaton,

28

Lieutenants,

360

Eboracum,

113

Derby, V. Darby.

Ecclefiiall,
97
Dereham,
72-
Ecclcfton,
63
Derwentw.ater,
116
EDGAR, K.
307
¦ Devizes,
109
Edge-bill,
106
Devonfbire,
40
Edgewortb,
e%
Diet, Englijh,
2-34
'EDMUND, K.
307, 30&
Difeafes, Englift,
2-38
EDRED, K.
307
Difs,
71
EDWARD the Elder, K. 307
Diffenters,
231
The Martyr,
30&
T^iffolving of the Pari.
445
The Confeffor,
3°9
Dobuni,
22
EDWARD I. K.
3*5
Dodbrook,
41
II.
3*5
Dogs, Englift),
i3
III.
jr-6
Dominions of the Qu.
346
IV.
3 19
Doom f day-Baok,
420
V.
319
Dorcefter, .. 80, 90
VI.
3*3
Dorcbefte\-r
43
EDWIN, K.
EffingWam,
307
Dorjetfbire;
43
103
Dover, 58, ',y . »£/(•'-
306
Downbam,
72-
Jtgermont,
38
Downton,
109
Egton,
112
Drayton,
93
ELIZABETH, Qu
324
Dunk, Englift i
11
Ellifmere,
93
Droitwich,
in
Eltham,
58
Dronsfield,
39
Ely,
28, 32
Dudley, _
Dukes,
in
EmbafTadors ,
429, 430
252
Enfield,
6>
Dttlverton,
95
ENGLAND,
4*
Dulwich,
102
Englift) Britains,
2I6-'
Dura after, 112,
"5
Envoys,
429, 430
Dunington,
-67
Epping,
47
Dunmore,
47
Epftam,
102
Dunftable,
26
Egaterries,
392
Efquires,
The Table*

262 46
306 306
306, 308
307

306 43
lir 101
377

Efquires, Bffex','
ETHELBALD, k.
ETHELBERT, K.
ETHELRED, K.
ETHELSTAN, K.
ETHELWOLF, K
EVbrftot,Eveftam,Ewel,
Ewry, at Court,
Examiners iu Chancery, 467* 468
Exchanges, 158
Exchequer, 420
Excife- Officers, 409
Excommunication, 503
Exercifes and Recreations,
Exeter, 41
Exigenters in the Qu. Bench, 471
Extent of England,
Of London,

99.

6
132 100

F.

Fackenbam, < 72
Fairfold, 49
Fairs, 138
' Falmouth, 3 5
Famous Men, among the En
gtifb, 224
Among the* Welch, 128
Farringdon, 25, z6
Farnham, 101
Faffing Days, 236
Fertility of England, n
Feftival Days, 236
Fever ft) am, 56, 60
Fewel, Englift, 136
Filazers, in the Qu. Bench, 47'i
In the Common Pleas', 473,
475
Fines, 502
firing* t2, 23 5
Flint, JC22

Flowers, li
Foikingbanti 67,
Mkftone, J8
Forces of the' Queen j 350
Fordingbridgej 5 1
Forefts, to
Fdtberinghay Caftle^ 75
Fouay, 0
Foulftam, 7%
Fowl-keeper, at Court, 38S
Framlinghani, 9$
Frampton, 4}
Frefh Water, 136
Frodeftami ^ 33
Frodlingbanij ilz
Frame, 9 J
Fulham, 69
Fullers-Earth, iz
G.
Gadiva, 120
Gajervis^ izz
Ganefborougbi 67
Gardeners, at Court, 3 8<J>
Gards of the Queen, 397^398
Garflang, 6£
Gatefteadj 46"
Generals, 351
Genius of the Englift), 223
Gentlemen, 26a
Gentl; Penfioners, 394, 39$
Gentl. of the Horfe, , 39a
Gentl. of the Privy Cham
ber, 380
Gentl. Ufhers of the Privjr
Chamber, 381
Gentl. Ufhers in thePrefence-
Chamber, 382, 383
Gentl. Sewers, 381, 382.
Gentl. in the Offices below
Stairs, 375, grV.
Gentl. of the Chappel, 399, 402
Gentl j of the Guns, 385
Gentl. Porter,- in the Tower t
*'*
Gilleffand,. 37
Giftorn, t ia
L 1 i Gifboroug.ht.

The TABLE.

Gisborough, "*
Glamorgan, "5
Glafconia, 9?
Glaftenbury, 9?, 96
Glevum, 49
Glocefter, 49
Gobanium, 7°
Godalmin, i01
Golden Fleece, 12
QoOdhurft, 58
Governours of Garrifons, 353
Governours in America, 3 56
Grafton, 7 5
Grampound, 36
Grantham, 67
Gravefend, *8, 60
Grayes, 47
Graw-/«H, IC-3
GREAT BRITAIN, 1
Green Cloth, 373
Greenwich, , 60
Grimsby, 67, 68
Gritiftead. V. Eaft-Grinftead.
Grooms of the Privy Cham-
' ber, 381
• Of the Great Chamber,^
i" In the Offices below Stairs,
374, &c-
Groom-Porter, 385
Guernfey, ' 347
Guildhall, 160
"Guilford, ioi
¦Cuycliff, 106
v- H.
Hackney-Coaches, 138
"Hadleigb, ¦ 99, I0D
Halefwortb, 99
Hallaton, 65
-Hallifax, 112,115
- Hallrmotes, 206'
JHalls, 1 5
r Of London and Weftmin.160
Of;Cbmpanies, t6o
Halfted, ' 47
Haltwijle, 77
Hornet fmith, 69
Hampflme, 51
¦' -Hawfted, 60

Hampton,

49

Hampton-Court,

148

Hanging,

Soi

AltB/OTH'a,

St

Harbingers, at Cou

rt, 385

Harborough,

65

HARD! CANUTE K.509

Harlech,

123

Harlow,

47

Harlfton,

7*

HAROLD K.

309, 310

Hartford,

54

Hartland,

41

Hartlepool,

4J

Harwich,

» ,47

Hafelmere,

IOI

Hajlingden,

63

Haftings, fiatfield.

104
54,5?

Hatlerly,

4»

Havant,

5-1

Haverford-WeB,

127

Haverill,

47

Hawkfbead,

63

Haylftavr,

104

Bellcfdon,

77

Hell-Kettles,

17

Helmjky,

112

Helmfton,

I04

Henley, . 8c

, 90, 105

HENRYl. King,

311

II.

313

III.

*3i5

IV..

317

V.

3*7

VI.

3»8

VII.

,320

VIII. ,

in

Heptarchy,

'. .:3

Heralds,

•„i8i

Hereford,Herling,\

v 56

¦^,,11

Hexham,

177^78

Hey don,

.m

¦Heytefiury, Hickling,

no

Higham-FeprarBt

m

¦Highgate,

69

Hlniart,

Tiie TABLED

Hinipn% 109,110
Hhigham, 72
Hinkhy, 65
Hiftoriographer .to the Q. 3 89
Hiftory of the Kings, 304
Of Wales, 12&
Hitcbin, 54
Hithe, , 58
Hiworth, 1O9
Hodnet, 93
Hodfdon, 54, 55
Holbecb, ' 67
Holdernefs, ' 1 16
#9/^, 66
JM», 38
fib/f, 72
Holy-bead, 120
• Holy-Ifland, 79
Honiton, 41
Horejbam, 104
Hornby, 63
Horncaftle, l 67
Horjidon, 47
Ftornfey, 112
Horfes, 13
Hofpitals, 1 5
Of London, 185
Of GW/ijy, 189
Of Greenwich, 190
Houlfwortb, 41
Houfe of Lords, 449
Houfe of Commons, 436,449
Houfes Royal, 1 5
Houfes of London, 133
Houfes of Correction, 196
Houfekeepers to the Qu. 384
Howdon, 112
i/u//, 112, 113
Humber, 9
Hunanby, 112
Hungerford, 25, 26
Huntington, 57
Huftings, .204
Huther field, 112
.?.
7^4f£S X- King, . 326
I 33*
Jarrow, 46 ,

3«/«7, 347.
ewel-Houfe, 150
e.weller, the Queen's, 389
•Jews, at London, *33
Ilchefter, 9$,96
Ilfarcomb, 1 41
Ilmifter, 95
imprifonment, 102
inconveniencies of London, J43
Of London- Houfes, 134
Independents, 23 1
Ingerftone, . 47
Inns of Chancery, 163
Of Court, 162
fnfurance-Offices, 140
J0HN1L 314
Ipfwicbi 99
Ireby, ¦ 38
7/i:a Silurum, 7*
Iflington, 09
Itbancefier, 48
ft>?«,go, 27
Jury, 48i,484
Juftices of the Peace, 483
Ixworth, 99
A..
Keeper of the Queen's Race.
Horfes, " 393
Kegwortb, <5$
Kendal, 107, 108
Kenfington, (Jo
Kenfington- Palace, 148
Xe»f, 57
Kentifh-Town, 69
Kefteven, 66
Kefwick, 38
Kettering, 7$-
Kidderminfter, HI
Kilham, 1 11
Kimbolton, $7
KING, his Greatnefs and
Power, 291, &V-
Kings and Queens of England,
v. , ' 3°5,$rV.
Kings of Arms, 180
Kingftridge, 41
Kingfclere, 51
L 1 3 &'?£•

The TABLE,,

Xtogfton, Kingfton upon Hull. V. Hull-
Mnver, 97
%irby-Morefide, 112
Kirj;y-Stevep, 107
Kirkham, 63
Jgirk 0/*^, 38
Jfirton, 41, 67, 68
|atchin, at Court, 375
fCnareftorougb, 1 1 2, 1 1 5
Knights of the Garter, 2 5 8
pther Knights, 261'
Bjiotsford, 33
jfyneton, 105
L.
Ladies of the Bed-phamb. 390
39o39i
138 62
63
125 15
95
216 375
09, 100
109 36
39i
37?

M-

Lady of the Stole,
Of the Robes,
Lamps, Lancajhire,
Lancafter,Jiandaff,
fangbourn, angpart,
Language Englift,
Larder, at Court,
Lavenham,
Lavington,Launcefton,
£aundrefs of the Body,
Laundry, at Court,
jpaws of England,
Learmoutb, Lecblade,
Leeds, '
Leek,
Leicefter,Leigh,Leigbton,
Lemington,Lentpjter? '
Lenbam,
Le'nt-Praachers,Lejkard,
Uftoff,
p.eftwithieU Leverpool,
Lewes,

nz

286, &c. 7749
H5 9765 63 26 51
56 58
400 3,6
99 36
63
J 0,4

Library Cottonian, 160
Library-Keepertothe Qu. 300
Lichfield, "97 98
Lid, 58
Lidbury, j6
Lieutenant of the Tower, j 5 1
Of the Ordnance, 356, 358
Lieutenant Generals, 351
Lincoln, 67
Lincolns-Inn, \b\
Lincolnfi)ire, 66
Lindfey, 66
Linnen, 12
Linton, 28
Livery-men, the Queen's^393
Lodden, re
LONDON, 111
Long-Meg, 16
Longovhum, 63
Longtown, 38
Lonfdale, 107, ie8
Lord High Steward, 298
Chancellour, 299, 466
Treafurer, 300
Prefident, 300
Privy-Seal, 300
Great Chamberlain of Eng
land, jor
Conftable, 300
Admiral of Engl. 303, 369
Steward of the Houfhold, 37*
High Chamberlain, 370
Chief Juftices in Eyre, 3 ok
Warden of the Stannaries^
Lieutenants, 36©
Almoner, 4or,4P<4'
Chief juftice of the Quel's
Bench, "" 470
- Chief Juftice of the Coair-
mon Pleas, 472, 474
Chief Baron of the Exche
quer, ' 476, 478
Mayor of London, 199
Loughborough, >' ''< -65
Louth, i'xtsli .:n i<4j
Ludlow? »'- --»J N53
Lug-

tjugderfalft Lunley, iMton,
tiutterworth,
Lyme, .
Lyn,
Lytdiam,

M.

The TABLE.
Of the Tents, .grV. . 386
Of the Ordnance, 3 $6,.$ 57
Mailer Gunner/ 356, 35?
Matters of Chancery, 46 5,468
pf the Subp(tna-office\^f,i6B
Mailer of the Rolls, 466,468
of the Jffidavit-office:,i^1A^

tioi 42 26
65
43, 44
7*>73 67

Macclesfield, 33, 34
Maidenhead, 25, 26
Maids of Honour, 390
Maidftone, SS, 59
Main Amber, 16
Major Generals, 351
Maiden, 47, 4s
Mailing, 58
Malmsbury, 109,110
Malpas, 33, 34
Malton, . 111
Man, an Ifland, 39
Manchefter, 63
Mancunium, .63
Maningtree, 47
Mansfield, 74, 80
jjfarfeef-7ew, 36
Markets of London, 136
Marlborough, 1 09, I r o
Mar low, 27
Marqueffes, 252
1 Marffial of the Q. Bench, 472
Of the Exchequer, 477
Marfhalfea, 378
Marlhfield, 49
Matjley-Hill, 17
MARY I. Queen, 324
II. 334
Mafiam, 111
Mafter- Falconer, , 389
Of the Hart and Buck-
--., Hounds, 389
. Of the Horfe, 392
Qf the Houfhold, 372, 374
-Of.theGr. Ward-robe, 389
Of the Jewel-houfe, 385
-Of the Ceremonies,- 385
"Of the Revels, 386
¦Of the Barges, 386
,OftheTennis-Court, 586

Matra'vttl,Mayors,
Mayor of London,
Meafures Englift,
Mediolanum, Medlanu, Medway,
Meeting-houfes, Melcomb Regis,
Menay, Mendlefiam, Merche, •\ere,
Merioneth,Merfey, ¦
Meffengers, at Court,
Metals,
Metbwould,
Mich am,
Middlefex,
Middlewhb,
Midhurft,
Milburn-Port, Mildenhall,Milford-Haven,
Militia, Melton, in Kent,
In Leicefterjbire,-
Mmander-Meer,
Minehead, Minority of the King,
Mint,
Modbury,Mona,
Monmouth,Montacute,
Montgomery,-. Monument,
Morals of the Englifh,
Moredack,
Moreton,
L 4

it
488 J99 245 63
112 9
14S 4S
120 99. 28
109
«3 62
386 14
7i
102 68
33,34 104 q6
99,100 it8"
3 5@5«
65 62
95., 9°"
29;
^150 4*
120 70
96
123
*33 102 ,41
Mor*

The TABLE.

Morpeth,
Morton,
Mount-Sorrel,
Mulgrave,
Muficians, at Court/
N.
Nantwhh, Navy, Navy-Office?
Needham, Newark, Newbery,Newborough,Newcaftle upon Tine,
Vnder-Line,
Newent,Newmarket, Newnham,Newport, in Cornwall,
In the Ifle of Wight,
In Monmoutbfiire,
In Shropftire,
Newport-Pagnel,Newton,Neyland,Nobility,Nordovhum,
Norfolk, -
North-Allerton, Northampton, North-leech,Northumberland,Northwicb, Norwich, No.

77, 78
49 65
116
387
33.34
361,365 363 99'
.79,80
25, 26
120 77
91
' 49
99, 100 49 36 53
7°,7i 9327 4i
99
251 71
7i
H5 75
49 76
,34 72
79, 80

112

33

,3
Nun-Eaton,

Peoptein London,

USlo
¦ ;t'3iitj

133

0,Jf
Oakham, 92
Oak-Royal, 98
Ockinghani, %, 25, 26
OcrinumProm. /hxSt 3 5
Oculiit, at Court, tt.388
Qdiam,;st. 51
Offering Days in the Queen's
j,. Chappel, . a u -.'> 3-99
pfiicersjofState, 298
AH',

Of the Ordnance, 356
For the Army, 3 57
Of the Cuflom-houfe. 400
Of the Hall, Eg
Of the Works, .387
For the Malt-Tickets, 423
For the Million-Lottery
Tickets, 424
Okebampton, 41
Ordination, 277
Orford, QOf I00
Ormjkirk, 63
Ornaments of England, 14
Orton, 107
Ofweftry, 93 .
Otley, ut
Ottadini, 22
Oulney, 27
Oundle, 7$
Ow/e, 9, 10
O^/ora", 80, 81
P.
Pacquet-Boats, 249"
Padftow, , 36
Pages of Honour, 392.
Of the Back-Stairs, 391:
Of the Prefencei-Chamb. 3 83;
Painter to the Queefi, 388
Palaces Royal, 147.
Fanfwick, 49.
Pantry, at Court, 3 7 5
Paper-Office, 427, 429"'
Papifts, in England, 232
Parifhes, in London, 1331
[Parks, about the Court,*, 138
i Parliament, t> . 43.I'
Parties, in England, rca-28%
Paltry, at Court, - 37A
Patringtoii, iii lo-isoriiJ
Peak of Darbyftnre, ic t.n- 'tf
Pembridge, v.^;!r-56f
Pembroke, -J.--/. silJ " Ii6"
Penance Publick,^ 3(h T S04
Pendennis, .36
Penkridge, 97
Penreth, . ¦. 5S
Penryu, .. $5
Pensford^ .Si 3.1; }, ; i -,/,; -9$
Peny-

The TABLE.

Peny-poft,
' Penzance,
Perftore, Peterborough,Petersfield,
Petworth, Pevenfey,
Philips- Norton,

139 36
111 75 5t
104 105 95

Phyficians to the Queen, 388
Pickering, 112
Pillory, $03
Plains, 16
Plimouth, 41
Plimpton, 41
Pocklington, 112
Poet Laureat, 388
Polefwortb, 105
PontefraB, 112, 114
Pontpool, 70, 71
Pool, 43
Populoufnefsof England, 20
Portock, 95
Porters, at Court, 378
Portland, 44
Port-Pigbam, 36
Portfmouth, Ji, 5*
Porta* magnus, 52
Poft, 247
Totton, 26
Poulton, 63
Poultry, at Court, 377
Power of Parliament, 448
Prebendaries, 275
Prefbyterians, 231
Prefcoty 63
Prefling to Death, .500
Priftain, ' •' -i 127
IVeJroM, 63, 64
Princes of the Blood, ;;- 341
Rrifons of London, 198
Piavileges of Parliament, 446
c Of the Nobility, 254
j> Of the Citiz. of Land. 142
?>Of Husbands, .1 287
t Of Wives, ; 288
Privy Council, 424,' 417
Eipvy Purfe, . 391
Br^roguing of the Pari." "445
-viia'-'

Protonotaries, ' ¦
In Chancery, 446, 468
In the Qu. Bench, «- 471
In the Com. Pie as, 472, 474
In the Com. Pleas,La«e. 480
Publick-houfes, in Lond. 137
PuniflimentsforMalefaft> 500
From the Spir. Courts, 503"
Purbeck, 44
Purfuivants, i8i'
Purveyors, at Court, 3^79
Putney, .idi
Q. .,: ..;¦
Quakers, 231
gueenborougb, 61
R.
Radnor, 127
Raiment, Englift, 23 s
Raleigh, 47
Ramfey, 57
Rangers, 38$
Ravenglas, 38
Razen, 67
Reading, zf
Rear-Adm. of Engl. ¦¦369'
Of the Fleet, 369
Receiver of the firflFruits, 479
Recorder of London, zot
Recordsof the Tower ± 15 J
Rectors, 276
Redruth, > 36
Regifter in Chancery, 466,468
In the Com. Pleas, 472,474
Regni, 22
Religion of the Englift), zz6
Of: the Welch, ' 128
Remembrancers, in the Ex-
1 chequer, 47^, -4.78
Of the firft Fruits in the
Exchequer, 477, 479
t Rentof Lands and Houfes, 21
Repebam, .vjp. 72"
Refidents, " v:- 430
.Retford, .'-lu.yfe
j Revenue of the Queens 407
' Jtibble, - « ; ' ti... '61
SICHARD, I. K. ,.7"*.-: -J 14
III,

The T A B L E.

III.

3*9

Sandbich, 35

Richmond, in Surrey, 102

Sandham, jj

In York/hire,

112, 114

Sandwich, 58, f$

S^ckmanfwortb,

54

Swum, ' 109, 1 jo

Ridgeley,

91

Scalding-houfe, aT Court, 376

Ringmod,Ripley,

5*

Scarborough, m, ija

112, H5

Schools, at London, i8j

Rippon,

112, 114

Scilly Ifles, 37

Risborough,

. 17

Scullery, at Court, 376

Rochdale,

6"3

Seats, ir5

Rochefter, ,

58, 59

Secretaries of State, 426

Rocbford,

47, 48

Latin Secretary, g8p

Rockingham,

75

Selby j . sit

Roll-rich Stones,

16

Sepulchre of Vortimer, 19

fothbury,

77

Sergeants at Law, 161,165

Rotheram,

112, 115

At Arms, 386

Kpthwell,

75

Sergeant of the Hawks, 389

Royal Family,

296

Sergeant at Arms, in Chan-

¦ ¦¦Society,

*7?

cery> 467, 469

Royfton,

S4, 55

&rgeant of the Qu. in the

Rugby,

105

'. Dutchy of Lancafter, 480

Rumford,

47

'Servants, 290
Seflrons- Houfe, 158

Rumney,

58, 60

Rumfey,

5i

Settle, ill

Rutland,

9V

Sevenoke, 58

Rye,

J 04

Severn, °

Rygate,

101, 102

Sewers, 383

S.

Sextons, 220

Sadbury,

49

Shaftsbury, ^ 43, 44

S. Albans,

54

Sheals, ' 46

S. Afaph,

121

Sheepwafb, 41

S. Auftel,

3<5

Sbeernefs, 6t

S- Colomb,

36

Sheffield, Uz, nj

S.' Davids,

126

Shcfford, 26

S. Edmondsbury,,

99, 100

Sbefnall, 9?.

Sr.rGermain, -'.;.

3^

Shepey, -6i

S. Helen,

¦' 53 "»

Shefiton-wallet, -,¦ 95

St. Ives,

": 36", 57 t

'Aerior^, in Dorfetfiire; 43,. 44

S. Jfary,

-'37

In Yorkftire, ill, nj

EtiMawef,

36

Sheriffs, 487

SvaflficiaeJ,

¦ ¦.-.¦,¦,« 36

Of London \ istjt

& Moulton,

4i

Sheriffs Turn ,,.¦¦.".. 48ft

&fiNeotr,

57

Slnpton . «>.«3>~' nut

Salique Law,

347

Sfioreham -. -101$

Salisbury,

109

Shrewsbury ">*-9%-

Salop,

92

Sltopftire. <¦ \$&

Salt aft, fH ->nj

-3c -$6

Sidefmen • 280

-Baitfleet, V^

~% *. $7

Si/lpouth ¦ 41

&V«-

The TAB h E.

Silurum InfuU
Simples
Siow-College Situation of London
Skip ton
Sleaford Bnafbam Snathe
SohamSollicitor General
Somerfetftire Somerton
Sorviodunum South am
Southampton
South- Petherton

33
13
178 13*112 67 7*
112 28
165 94 95
109105 Si
95
Southwark lot, 102
Southwell 79
Soutbwold 99
Spalding 67
Speaker of the Lords 434
Of the Commons 43 5
Spicery, at Court 377
•ffpilsby 67
Spithead 53
Springs 18
Stafford 07
Stqintborp 45
Stalbridge 43
Stanford 67, 68
Standon jr
Stanfis 69
Stanley 49
Stanton 67
Searcher, at Court 391
Statue? Royal 147
Steeples ry 145
STEPHEN, K. 3n
^tetrenidge > 54
lfigh Steward of Weftmin. 208
Steyning 104
StBtkbridge 51
Stosk-Gomer 95
Stockport 33
Stocks ' 503
Stockton. 45
Stokeffey %\z
Stonar <5i

Stone, in Staffordjbire 97
Stones remarkable 18
Stonehenge - 16
Stony-Stratford 27
Store-keeper of the Ord
nance 356, 358
Stow 49
Stowey 9$
Stowmfttket 99, ioo
Stratton 36
Streets of London 13}
Stretford IOS
Stretham 101
Strigulia 71
StroMi 49, 50
Sturbridge ill
Sturmifter 45
Succeffion 297, 34$
99, joo

99
4?

Sudbury SuffolkSunderland
Surgeons at Court
Surrey 101
Surveyor of the Ordnance 356, 358
Of the Navy 364, 370
Of the Highways 39}
Of the Stables 392
Of the Pictures 38 J
Suffex 104
Sutton-Colefield ¦ ioj
Swafham 71.
Swanzey 12S
Srrindon 109
T.
Table of the Counties 22
Tadcafter 112
Tallies, their Ufe 423
Tally-cutter 42*
Tame So
Tarnworth '97
Tatterftall 6f
Taveftock 41
Taunton 95, 9<S
Tedbury 49
Tellers 421, 412
Temper of the Englift) 219
Qf the mich 127
rejf/f/e

49

62,

Temple Tenterden
Terms
TerringTewksbury Thaxted
Thames
ThanetThetford ThirskThiftleworthThorn
Thornbury Thrapfton Tickbill
tidburyTiddefwall
Tilbury
Tine
Titles of the Queen
Tiverton Toliapis
Topftam
Torbay Torrington
Totnes
Towcefter
Tower of London
Trade at home
Trade forein
Traffick of London
Train-Bands ¦ Of London
Tranfportation
Treafur. of the Houfh. 3 72, 3 74
' Of the. Chamber ' 59;'
Of the Navy 363, 37U
Of the Ordnance 3 56, 3 59

4141

58
463 104
. 50
47 8
616"3
112 69
112 49 75
112
rn 39
48 10
748 4'
61
42-
4242
4*
75
149
239 *39 141
3 59
214 502

The TABLE.
162 Traro
Truftees, for managing
Exchequer Bills
Tudbury Titnbridge
Tuxford
Tweed V.
Vault at Rypate
Veclis &
Venta Belgarum
" Silurum
Verdure of England
Verge
Vergers
Vicars
Vice -Admiral of Engl.
Vice-Adm. of the Fleet

3«
the
4*3 97 58
19 10
'75? 52
95 ir
378
280'276 369
369

Vice-Adm. of E. 8c Wales 3 70

TregonyTrentTrial of Malefactors
Triennial Parliament
TringTrinobantes
Trifantonum Tortus
Trophies
Troubridge Trumpets at Court

Vice-Chamberlajn
Vigornia
Vifcounts UUes Water
Ulverfton
TJnder-Stewa*dof Weftm
Univerfities
Uppingham
Upton
Ufher in the Exch. 477,
Of the Chancery Court' in
the D. of Lane. 480

379
ut
z63 37
63
208 IS
92
in
479

Usk
Utoxeter Uxbridge

70,

W.

7i
9769

Wain feet
Wakefield
Walden WALESWalKs at London
Wall of the Pills

67,68
11?, JI5

36 9
484 44 5
54 22 51
16
109
387 j Wandefmorth

47:

48
117 139 29

Walls and Gates of Land. 143
WallingfordWalfbail
Walftam
WtlfinghamWaltbam

74, 47,

25
97 7*"73 Si'
102
War-

The T A B L E.

Warbridge 36
Warden of Sherwood For. 385
Of the Stannaries, See Lord

Of the Fleet
Wardmotes Ware
Great Wardrobe
Wardrobe-keepers
Warbam Warmifter
Warrington
WarwhkWatchetWatchmaker to the Qu.
Waters mineral
Watford Watlington
Weatberby Weights Englift
WelchWeller
Wellingborough Wellington Wells 17, 18.
S. Winifrid's Well
Wem
WendoverWenlock
Weftbury Weftlow Weftmorland
Weftyam Weymouth Whipping
Whitby Whitchurch
Witehaven
WhkhamA Whkwape
Wigan
Wight
WigtonWLLLUM I. K.
Vs IL
r > in.'
Wilton
Wiltftim
Witibour-n

95,

467, 469206 5t
389384 43
109
63,64 105 95
389 13 54
80
112
245 127 77
7S 93 96
122 93 *7
93
109 36
107 58
43
502
112
5t, 93
: - 38
*7
, 49
63, 64 S3
38, 112310
311
r 334
i©9,r no
109
, 43-

WincauntonWinchcomb Winchelfea
Winchefter WindhamWindfor
Windfor-Ciille WinftowWmfterWintonia ,
Wirkfworth
Wisbich WithamWitney
Wivelfcomb Wives WoburnWolfinghamWolverhampton Wolves
Woodbridge

9549
104
Si, 5*
S*
148 *7
• 39
. 5*
39, 4228
47 80
9J
287 26
4I
97, 98 99
Woodyard, at Court 376.
Wool, Englijh 11
Woolwich 48, 60
Worcefter in
Work-houfes 196?
Workfop 49; 80 ¦
Worfled 72 ,
Wotton • 79, 72
Wotton-Baffet . 109
Wrexham izz,
Writon 9$
Wrotbam 58 •"
Wry-nofe 37
#> $8:
... ¦:»-;....<¦.•.
Yards at Chatham, Sec. -' 365
Yarmouth, in the i//e of JS^/;r 5 3
; In Norfolk 71,-11
Yarum itz
Yaxley 57
Yeomen 264
; Of the Gard . 395, 396 <
In the Offices below Stairs
374i&^
Yeovil .. -95
P>rh III, ijji

The SVP PIEMEN f.

THREE Bifhopricks now
vacant, viz. Exeter,
Norwich, and Chefter.
Two Baronets lately created,
Sir Henry Furnefe, and Sir
Nicholas Williams.
Dr. Sherlock, Dean of S. PaaJ,
Dri Jane, Dean of Gloce
fter, and Dr. Mill, Prin
cipal of Edmund-Hall in
Oxford, dead.
Brigadier Blood, dead ; and
the Nightingale, a Sixth-,
Rate Ship, lately taken by
the French.

Sir John Franklin, Mafter. bf
Chancery, Sir John .ft*!
tberick, Sergeant at Law,!
and Hen. Pooley, Efqj Meaty
ber of Parliament for Ipt'l
fwich, dead.
Sir Rob. Clayton, Alderman
of Cheap- Ward, deceafed,;
and Sir William Humphreys,
chofen to fill up his Plac«4
The Duke, of Devon/hire,
Lord Steward of the
Queen's Houfhold, lately
deceafed.

The New Lieutenancy o/LONDON.

SI R Henry Afthurft.
Sir Benjamin Ayloffe.
Sir Robert Adams.
Sit John Andrews,
Daniel Allen.
Edward Allen.
Sir John Buckworth.
Sir James Bateman.
Sir William Benfon.
Edmund Boulter.
Richard Briftow.
William Beckford.
Richard Beauchdmp.
Abraham Beak.
John Billers. ¦
Sir James Collet.
Sir Ambrofe Crawley.
A&nfiam Churchill.
Henry Cornift.
JoJm Cullwn.
JohtiCoggs.John Cradock.
Richard Cradock.
Edward Coulfon.

Richard Crawley.
Thomas Coulfon.
Robert Child.
William Coatfworth
, John Cholmley.
Charles Cox.
Richard Cock.
Gerard Conyers.
Richard Chifwell.
Thomas Clark.
RhbardCary.Thomas Carbonel.
Alexander Cairnefs.
John Cleave.
John Cookes.
Sir Thomas Davall.
Sir Francis Dafiwood*
John Deagle.
Duncan Dee.
Thomas Death.
William Defbovtryt
Paul Dominique,
Jofiah Difion.
Charles Dubois.
Daniel Dorville.

teW

TheSUPPLEMENX
Peter Delme. Sir John Letbhullier.
John Denew. Samuel Lock.
John Lor del.
Henry Lyel.
Samuel Letbieullier.

Sir Stevan Evance.
William Ettrick.
Francis Eyles,
Thomas Eyre.
Sir Bazil Firebrafs.
Sir William Fazakerly.
Sir Henry Furneffe.
Thomas-Frederick. William. Faulkner.
Edward Fowler.
Robert Foot.
Sir Bartholomew Gracedieu.
Nathaniel Gould'.
Thomas Guy..
Edward Gould.
Richard Gough.
Thomas Gil font, -
Peter Godfrey.
Willimt- Gumu
Sir Thomas Halton.
Sir William Hodges.
Sir William Humfreys.
Henry, Hatley.
Urban Hall.
Thomas HalL
James HaUet.
Frederick Heme.
Nathaniel Hern.
William Hooker.
Abraham Houblon.
John Hanger, >'
John Hibeit.
Lawrence Hatfell.
Jofm-Hide.
Samuel Hayward.
Sir Theodore Janffen.
Peter Joy.
John Jeffreys.
John Knap.
Henry Kelfey.

Sir Jo/;?i Morden.
John Morgan.
Henry Meriton.
Robert Michel.
William Mead, Jurh
Sir George Newland.
Samuel Ongley.
John Page.
Philip Papillon,
Alexander Pitfield.
William Proiler.
Richard Perry. '
Charles Peers.
Jeremy- Powel. -
Peter Parker.
Feter Pagan.
Thomas Powel.
Mhhaiah Ferry.
Richard Fearfe.
Samuel Powel.
Sir Gabriel Roberts.
Robert Raworth.
John Rudge.
Benjamin Rodkby.
Jacob Reynardfon.
Sir William Scawen.
John Sawyer.
William Strong.
Jolm Sberbrovke.
Samuel Sheppard.
Thomas Scawen.
John Scot'.
\ Gabriel Smith.
' Thomas Stiles.
Benjamin Smith.
John Shipman,
John Shute. ,

Hatha-

The SUPPLEMENT.
. Benjamin Whitcbcott

Nathaniel tenjb.
George Tborold.
John Townfend.
Sir Peter Vandeput*
Sir Thomas Vernon.
Sir 27;o»/a* Webfter.

William Walker.
John Ward.
James Ward.
Richard Wynne.
Robert Weftern.
James Weft in Bearbinder-lane
Godfrey Webfter.

The principal Officers of the Six Regiments.

RED Regiment.
Colonel, Sam. Stanhr.-
Lieut. Colonel, James Por ten.
Major, George Brafier.
Capt. Andrew Philips, Will.
Graylmrft, Jo. Whkes, Fran
cis Smart.
ORANGE Regiment.
Colonel, Sir Owen Buckingham.
Lieut. Colonel, %>b. Gower.
Major, Will. Beyer.
Captains, Henry Daintry, Ja.
Mafcie, Jo. Newton, Geo.
Jenkins, ¦¦ Barnes.
BLUE Regiment.
Colonels, Sir Gilbert Heath
cote.
Lieut. Colonel, Sam. Weftall.
Major, Nathan Gregory.

Captains, Tho. Munday, Jo.
Butler, Jo. Lewis, — *»•
Jarvis, Edw. Clowe.
WHITE Regiment.
Colonel, Sir Will. Afthurft.
Lieut. Colonel, John Wilks.
Major, John Shorey.
Captains, Jo. Hatley, Jona
than Parker, Tho. Atlon,
¦¦ . Marfi, Tho. Evance.
YELLOW.
Colonel, Sir Jeffry Jeffreys.
The Reft not filled up.
GREEN.
Colonel, Sir Rob. Beachcroft.
The Reft not filled up.

TIN! S,

THE

T~

^efetit

o F

SCOTLAND

NOW

North Britain.

p

ART

IL

Containing.

An Account of the Coun
try in general ; of each
County in particular,
with the Families of
chief note-, of the Weft-
ern and Northern Ifles •,
of the -Product of the
Nation for Trade, efpe
cially Fifh ; of their Ex
port and Import , of the
nature of the Climate,
Soil, Fountains, Rivers,

Lakes and Seas ^ of the
Cuftoms of the ancient
and modern Inhabitants-, '
of the Antiquity, Inde- i
pendency, Government, !
Civil, Military and Ec- j
clefiaftical -, Members of j
Parliament, Officers of1
State, Privy-Counlellors, j
Judges, Military Offi--
cers,and ftanding Forces
of the Nation.

LONDON:
Printed for f. "Njcholfon at the Queen's- Arms in &ittle-Britain,
A. Bell at the Crofs-Keys and Bible ip Cornhill, H. Smith at the
Bible under the Piazz/s of the l\oyal Exchange, f. l\ound at
Seneca's Head in -Exchange- Alley, l-jof.

THE
PREFACE.
THere having been no State of
Scotland tolerably well done hi-
therto, it cannot be fuppos'd
that this fhould be Perfect, efpecially
confidering the narrownefs of Bounds and
Time allow*d for the Work? However,
the beft Scots Authors on the Subject
have been made ufe of, and the Lifts of
Parliament-Men, ^rivy-Councellors, 8cc.
were had from the proper Offices. There
'was a neceffity of leaving out many
things, and of contracting others, to
make room for what is moft Material,
efpecially relating to Natural Hiftory
and Subjefts of Trade $ which, tho' they
may feem inconfiderable to fome, will be
valued by fuch as under ftand thofe Mat
ters, and are proper for a Work, of this
nature.

The preface.
If Families of Antiquity or Note, or
any thing elfe confiderable, be omitted in
the Vefcription of the Counties, it is no
defign of the Author, the beft help he had
of that fort was the Defcription of Scot
land in Bleaus Atlas 5 which, tho' the
moft Exatl that has yet appear 'd, is
known to be defective in feveral Coun
ties, occafion d by the lofs of part of the
Collections, and by the Civil War, when
the Work &&* publift>d, by the Care of
that learned Judge, Sir John Scot, of
Scots Tarbet. So that if any Gentle-
men will be pleas d to communicate to
the Bookfellers what Mfftakes or Omif
fions they obferve, or any thing elfe rela
ting to the Geography, Natural, Civil,
or Ecclefiaftical Hiftory of the Kingdom, -\
it fhall be taken care of, not only in the
next Edition of this Book.-, but in a lar
ger Defcription of Scotland in Folio,^
which is preparing for the Vrefs, to be
joind with the like, Vefcription of Eng
land and Ireland, in which feverd \\
learned Gentlemen are engagd. .;..
The

(X)
The PRESENT
STAT E
O F
SCOTLAND* -t now;
$0$) attain.
t ! ¦
CHAP. I*
^Containing A brief Defcription of the Country
-u in gwerdlk
SCOTLAND, the Northern Part of Greit-BrU
tain, is bounded on the South by England, front
which it is divided thus : By the River Tioeei
on the Eaft Border ; by Cheviot Hills in the mid
dle Marches ; and by the Rivers Esk and Solway oo the
Weftern Border. On the North, it is bounded by the
Dettcalidon Sea. ; on the Weft by the Irijb Sea, and on tb«
Eaft by the German Ocean.

the Prefent ST At E of Part II.
Authors vary as to the Extent of this Country. Toly*
dor Virgil makes it 480 Miles in length, wherein he
agrees with all thofe ancient Authors, who, with Cafar,
make the Ifle of Great-Britain 800 Miles, confidering that
Geographers make England, but 320. But we take Sir Ro*
hert Sibbald's Account to be the moft exact, who, in his Pro-
dromus to the Natural Hiftory of Scotland,, Part 1. Book 1.
Cap- 2. fays, from the Mule of Galloway to Vwnsbey'HeaA
in Cahhnefs, it is 380 Englifh Miles in length; and from
jirdermouth-Hezd, near the Ifle of Maw", to Buchannefs, it is
190 Englifh Miles in breadth, and is fo frequently cut by
Inlets of the Sea, that there's fcarce a Houfe in the King
dom above 60 Miles diftant from it. But in order to
make good Ccefar's Computation as to the length of the
Ifland, we muft reckon from the moft Southerly Part' of the
Border of Scotland, to the moft Northerly Part pf the Ifles
of Scbetland, which, by Mr. Adair's Map, is above 520
IMiles, including the Seas betwixt Orkney, Scbetland,znd the
Continent or Main Land of the Ifland, which makes Great-
Britain 900 Miles in length.
Befides the Main Land, whofe Extent we have ac
counted for, there are above 300 Iflands, fome ©f them ve
ry confiderable, belonging to the Kingdom of Scotland,
which are diftinguifh'd into three Claffes ; the Weftern
Xflands called Hebrides, or JEbtidx by Latin Authors ; the
Orkney Iflands called Orcades, and the Scbetland Ifles called
Methlandicce, befides other Iflands which lie in the Firth of
Edinburgh. Thofe three Claffes of Iflands, do in a manner
encircle the Kingdom ; but we referr the particular De
scription of them to its proper place.
The Air of the Country in general is wholefome, and
tho' colder than that of England, yet, for the moft part,
clearer, being purified by more frequent and ftronger
Winds. This contributes much to the Health of the Inha
bitants, many of whom live to a great Age; and not a lit
tle to the Clearnefs of their Underftandings, the People,
efpecially thofe of Education, being of fharp Wits, good
Judgment, and a brisk Temper, in which they refera
ble the French more than could be cxpe&ed from their
Northerly Situation. Their longer! Day is commonly
xeckon'd about 1 8 Hours two Minutes, and their fhorteft
Nights about 5 Hours and 4$ Minutes in the Continent;
but-in the Ifle of %e,about the Summer Solftice.the Night rs
not above an hour and a half; and in Orkney, ihout J«»e,one may

Cap. L Scotland, «<w North Britain.
may fee to read all .'Night! Sir Rob. Sibbald,\a that fame Cap.
of his Prodromns above-mention'd fays,they have 1 9 Hours
Day in Orkney, and from the Mountain of Huy, one of thofe
Iflands,about the Summer Solfticei the #y Bbdy of the Sun
is feen all Night above the Horizon, as it were a little ,ob-
fcur'd with a Cloud,from half an hour paft 1 1 at. Night, till
half an hour paft one in the Morning. The Winter
is longer in Scotland, and more fubjecr to Storms of Snow
and hard Frofts, than in England y but then the Air is
clearer, arid nothing fo much infefted with ftinking Fogs.
The Soil, tho' not generally, fo fruitful as that of
England, produces all, things neceffary for Humane Life;
and not only enough for its Inhabitants, but fufficient for
Export, to exchange for fuch Foreign Commodities as they
want, and to bring "home confiderable Sums. Tho' the
Country for moft part be Mountainous, and full of Heaths,
yet it has many large and fruitful Valleys abounding
with Corn and Grafs, and more of the latter they might
have, were the Tenants incourag'd by long Leafes to in-
clofe as in England ; and had they any Vent for their Cat
tle when fatted, as it's probable they may now have upon
the Union, In a word, the Country produces all forts of
Grain that are found in England ; and contrary to what
fome Authors have faid, in feveral Counties they have
great ftore of good Wheat, not only for their own Confump
tion but for Exportation ; and they have ftore of Beer,
which they diftinguifh from Barley, and of this Beer they
make good Bread and Ale, and it is as proper as French
Barley for Broth, CSV. The moft general Grain of the
Country is Oats, which exceed thofe of England; and grow
in the Highlands, and other Mountainous Countries, where
otherforts of Corn will not grow fo well, and of this they
make good Bread and Drink, and other wholefome and pa
latable Food, not only tp the' Natives, but to Strangers alfo
when once us'd to iu
. Moft of the Fruits that grow in England are alfo found
in Scotland, and in thofe Countries where they delight in
Orchards and Gardens, their Fruit-Trees fiuceed very well,
but tho' they have very good Apples, they have none com
parable to the Englifh Pippin; nor is their Climate fo pro
per for Grapes and fomeforts of Wall-Fruit, yet thofe who
are able and willing to be at the Expence, may have very
good of both; and the Soil is productive of good Herbs
and Roots for Food and Phyfick. B 2 They

4 the Prefent STATER Part. II.
They have the fame forts of Timber as in England, aa*
exceed it much in Forrefts of Fir,efpecially in the North and
Highlands, where their Woods afford Mails for the great
eft Men of War, ftb' in fome Places hard to come at, be
caufe of the Rocks and- Mountains-; but Art and Induftry
would foon overcome thofe Difficulties were there Incou
ragement for it.
In molt places off the Lowlands, efpecially" on this Met
Forth, the Country is but ill ftor'd, with Timber, occa-
fion'd partly by the long Wars betwjxt the two Nations*
during which it was cut down and'deftroy'd, as well- as in
the Northern Provinces of England\. but that this does riot
proceed from any Defect of the Soil, is evident from the
handfome Plantations about many Gentlemens Seats, and-
other Places where the Woods have been look'd after with
any tollerable Care ;.. fo that upon moderate Encouragement
for Tenants to plant and inclofe, this part of the King
dom, might be as well provided witfi Fruit-Trees and Tim
ber for Ornament,. Building and Fewel, as any part of the
Ifland. For Fewel,. many parts of the Country are well provide
ed of Coal, better for Chambers than that of England, tho*
not generally fbgood for the Forge,, yet fufficient for their
own ufe that way, as alfo to boil their Salt ; and -of- this
Coal they export great Quantities to other Countries.
In the North and Highlands, they have ftore of- Tim
ber for Fewel,, and in other places they have Turf, Peat,
Heath, Broom,, and Furzes ; but in fome Corn Countries*
where moft of the Land is plough'd up, they burn much-
Srraw, with whtchthey bake their Oat-Cakes well, and
with the greateft Expedition that Bread is perhaps pre-
par'd in any part of the known World..
The Country in general abounds with Flocks of Sheep,,
and Black Cattle, except in Corn Countries, where they
feldom keep any more of the latter than are neceffary. for
Cultivation, and other domeftick Ufes. But it's obferva
ble that fuch as are bred in thofe Countries, are much
larger than thofe bred in the other Parts of the Country,
and equal in fize to thofe of moft Places in England-, yet
¦in1 general thro' the Country, their White and Black Cat
tle are much fmaller than thofe of England-^ but of a more
delicious tafte. They export Salt Beef and Pork from-
the Northern Parts of the Country ; and from thenc# and
the Highlaads,.. they bring annually great. Herds of their fmaJl

Cap. I. Scotland, w North Britain.
fmall Black Cattle into the Lowlands and England, where,
¦theyfeH them, and bejng fatted, are extraordinary good
Meat. In the Highlands and Ifles they have abundance of Deer,
¦but there are few in the Lowlands, except in Galloway, and
the Parks of fome Perfons of Quality. The Hides of
their Black Cattle ;being;generally fmall, are not fo fit for
'ftrong Shoes, Boots and 'C°ach-Harr»efs, &c. as thofe of
SLngland, but are proper enough for other ufes ; and in the
Lowlands, where they have Cattle of a larger fize, their
Hides might with Induftry and Incouragement be im
prove well enough to ferve for their own domeftick Ufe as
iwell as for Export.
In the Higbiands,North .and We'ft,and in Galloway, they
;breed great Numbers. of Horfes,fmall indeed,'but capable of
-great Fatigue, awd more proper /or the 'Saddle, arjd other
-Ufes in thofe Coun tries, tjhan Horfes of a larger fize,beeaufe,
more hardy, and living well upon what would ftarve great
Horfes; but in the Lowlands, they are capable of breed
ing and maintaining Horfes fit for Coach, War and Car
riage. They ma'lte greet Profit of the Skins and Wool of their
Sheep, by exportingtpiem in kind and marj,ufaftur'd. Their
Wool in fome places,efpeciafly in GaSoway, TwedaJe,anA fome
•of the Ifles, being .very good for Stuff?,-Searges, Fingrams,
Shalloons, Stoclrins and Cloth ; in making of which they
iiave improv'd much of late. Their Wool affords them
¦not only Cloth and Stuffs for their Home Confumption,
"but for Export, especially a coarfer Xort, of which t,hey
vend confiderable Quantities in the Northern Parts of £k-
tofe ; but their greateft Trade for that, and their other
tCommodities, has for many Years been .with the United
MefHerland'S, where they have a Confcrvator, who "feryei
Wh for a Conful and Envoy, to take care of the Affairs.of
fheir Trade, being part of the ancient Privileges they en-
joy'd by Treaties with the Dukes of Burgundy and others,
when Sovereigns of the Hetberlands. From this Trade the
Town of Rotterdam has acquir'd confiderable Wealth, in
confederation of which the Scots have been always well
ffteem'd in thofe Provinces, and the States allow them
Churches and Maintenance for, their Minifters.
The Country produces great Quantities of Hemp and
Flax, of which they make ftore of Linnen, coarfe and
fine, Holland, Camrick, Muflins, Callicoes, Dornick, Oa-
B 3 mask,

6 The Prefcnt S T A T E ef Part II.
mask, tfe. for'their own Ufe and for Export, their Women
being very dextrous and induftrious at making thofe
Things ; and it muft be own'd to the Reputation of the,
Country, whatever- unmannerly Writers have (aid to the
contrary,that many of their Women, and thofe of Note tod,"
do very well anfwer Solomon's Charafter of a goo&Hufwife;'
That tbeyfeek Wool and Flax, and work willingly with their
iiands ; they rife while it is yet Right, give Meat to their Houfe-
bold, and a Portion to their Maidens; they lay their Hands **
the Spindle, and hold the Difiaff; they perceive their Merchant
di^O"is good, and their Candle goes not out by High ; they maki .
themfelves Coverings of Tapeflry, and their Husbands are known
in the Gates when they fit among the Kob\es of the Land ; they
make fine Linnen, and fell it,' and deliver Girdles unto the:
merchant ; they look well to the Ways of their Houfhold, and
tit not the Bread of- Idlenefs. Thofe that know the Country^-
jieed no Arguments to convince them that there's no Hy
perbole in this, fince many of their greateft Ladies take
care to have moft of their Linnen and Woollen for ordinary
Ufes, and many times for their own and their Husbands
Wearing, made in their own Houfes.
In this place it's proper to mention their Plaids, a Ma
nufafture wherein they exceed all Nations, both as to Co
lour and Finenefs. They have of late been pretty much
fancy'd in England, and are very ornamental as well as
durable for Beds, Hangings, Window-Curtains; and Night.
Gowns for Men and Women; fo that Attempts have been
made in England to refemble them, at Norwich and elfe-
where, but they fall much fhort both in Colour, Finenefs
jnd W'orkrnanfhip, as is evident at firft fight. A good Im-
provement may be made of this Manufafture for dome:
ftick Ufe and Exporr, now that the Prohibition is re-
^ggaov'd by the-Uhion. The ftronger fort of thofe Plaids is
the ufual Cloathing for their Men in the Highlands, where
they never alter the form of their Habit, which, toother
People, feems uncouth,, becaufe not us'd elfe where ; yet,
it muft- be own'd, that as they are us'd by thofe of the bet' "
ter fort in the Highlands, they make a manly as well as a
decent Habit, fefembling- much that of the ancient
Goths, when they over-run Europe ; and it's very pro
bable, that; were they intrbduc'd into Africa, where the
Moors, &c. wear fuch a loofe fore of a Habit, tho' nothing
fo neat and manly, they might prove a very good Commo»
dity to the Merchant ; and the fine Plaids, fuch as are
- - i - o wore

Cap. I. Scotland, now North Britain.
wore ordinarily by Women in Seoiland,vihen they go abroad,
might be proper for thofe in the warmeft Climates, being,
jiot only light, but pleafing to the Eye, by their neat Stripes
and various Colours.
For variety and plenty of Fifh, Eggs, and Fowl, Scot
land exceeds any Country in Europe, affording not only Food
and Feathers to the Inhabtants, but an inexhauftible Fund
for Exportation; and fince it's known that the Dutch have
rals'd themfelves to much of their prefent Grandeur by
Fifhing in theScoKSeas,it will be an unaccountable Negleft,
if upon the Union, that Fifhery be not improv'd to the
general Advantage of the Ifland, fo as to enable us to out
do al) the World in Fifhing.
For Mines, they have thofe of Gold, Silver, Brafs, Cop
per, and Lead white and black, as good as any in Britain ;
they abound alfo with Quarries of Free-Stone for Build
ing, Slates of a Gray Colour, ordinarily made ufe of for
covering Houfes, and- thofe of a blue colour, Which they
call Skelley, and are made ufe pf for covering, the Houfes
of People of Quality, and thereof the richer fort in Towns
and elfewhere : They have alfo Quarries, Lnay, Mountains
of Marble, fome white, with Veins of feveral Colours,and
fome green, with Veins of Red and other Colours, and
they have fine Greek Stone, Calmftone and Limeftone.
They have alfo Agat, fine blue Amechyfts, and many
fmall .Stones, about their Rivers, which being cut and pp-
ljfh'd, refemble Diamonds. They hav_e likewife Pearl and
(Coral, and Amber greece is fometimes found on their"
Coafts. f
For the Conveniency of Trade and Fifhing, there are
fo many Inlets of the Sea, as mention'd before, that there's
fcarce any part of it above $o Miles diftant from fome Bay,
Creek or Arm of the Sea, vvhich afford many Harbours,
and feveral of them very good, capable of Men of War,
and other Ships of the greateft Burthen.
The principal Rivers of Scotland ate Forth, Toy, Clidet
Sgey, Kith, Dee, Don, Keffe and Tweed. Themoft conve-
riient forTrade are Forth and Clyde, which, by a Canal,
near the Place where the Romans formerly built their Wall
of about 30 Miles long, to defend their Province from the
Scots and Pitis, might be join'd, and, open a Communica
tion betwixt the Eaft and Weft Seas.to the great Advance
ment of the Commerce of the whole Ifland ; forge who have
B 4 view 'A

the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
view'dthe Country lay it is practicable, and it has been.
pretty much talkM of fince the Treaty of Union,
Having thus given a brief Defcription of the Country,
we fhall next confider more particularly what Materials it
affords for Trade ; which, by due Improvement, may ve
ry much enlarge the Wealth as well as the Strength of the
United Kingdom,

CHAP. II,
Containing an Account of Scotlands Produft
for Trade.
WE fhall begin with their Fifh, and firft with Whales,
which are very numerous about their Iflands, and ef
pecially that called Lewis, where Buchanan fays the Priefts
have fomecimes had 20 to their Share for Tithes, They
frequent the Herring-Bays on the Eaft-rfide of- that Ifland,
where the People' take them after this manner: Theyaf.
femble a great number ©f Boats, and chafe the Whales up
into the Bays tijl they wound one of them mortally, upon
Which, running aih6ar,the reft follow the Trafts of its Blood,
and running alfo near the Sho.ar,many of them are killed. Mr.
Martin^n his Defcription pf the Weftern Ifles,fays,that about
7 or 8 Years ago, there were ¦jo young Whales killed there
in this manner, and moft of them eaten by the common
People, who fay they are very nouriffeing Food, and make
thofe who eat them plump and fat in a very little time ;
they call it Sea Pork, and fay the bigger Whales are more
purging than the leffer, but not fo good Food. There is
one fort of them" remarkable for their Greatnefs, which
they call the Gallan Wale, becaufe they are feen no where
hut near a Promonptry of that Ifland fo called. One of
them about 1 8 Years ago overturn'd a Fifher Boat, and de-
vour'd three of the Men immediately. The Advantage
which might be made of this W hale-Fifhing by the Oil,
Bone, $5V* is obvious, and might be manag'd with much
more Eafe and lefs Expence than the W hale-Fifhing ia
Green-Land:. Abundance of big Whales frequent the Coaft of the
Jfland Flaida, near the Ifle of Skye ; and fome Years ago,
Mu Martin fays, 160 little Whales run themfelves afhoarin
fhe Ifle of Tirei^near J-Co^-/fiff,which Were all eaten by the
Natives,

Cap. II. Scotland, new North Britain. -g
Natives, who at that time labour'd under Scarcity of Pro
vifions. Whales do likewife frequent the Coafts of the
Orkney Iflands, where 1 14 run afhoar in i6Qi.Jat one time.
It is better boil'd than roafted, to be eat with Vinegar,
Wine, Parfly, Hyffop, Savory, Fennel, Organy, Anet,
Onions, Leeks and Pepper;, the Fat is good againft the
Itch. The Liver fmells like Violets, taftes pleafantly, and
is very nourifhing being faltedi .
Seals are taken in great Numbers on the Coaft of the
Ifland Korthvifl, where 320 have been killed at a time.
They abound alfo in Orkney. TheFifher-men furprize them
en theSlioar, knock them down with Jong Staves, fome
times fhoot them, and fometimes take them with Nets ; the
Natives fait them with the Afhesof Sea-Ware,and fay they
are good Food,but aftringent,and the Broth and Flefh of the
youngiones is good againft Difeafes of the Breaft. Thofe of
Note in the Ifles eat them fometimes under the Notion
of Hams ; the Husbandmen make Ropes of their Skins cut
into Thongs, and the ufe of them for a handfome Covering
to Trunks, Portmanteaus, Ofr. is very well known, befides
the Profit that may be made of their Oil. The Natives
make ufe of their Flefh and Liver againft the Diarrhea and
J)yfenteria',irxd they wear Girdles of their 5kins againft the
Sciatica and Cbimough.
Herrings abound on all the Coafts of the King
dom, but efpecially in the Weftern Ifles, which are
reckon'd the beft and fatteft.tho' not fo large as thofe taken
on the Eaftern and Northern Coaffs. The Scots Herrings
Fifhing is accounted the beft in the World, audthe Dutch
have got a great part of their Wealth by it. The Her
rings come te the Coaft of the Ifles in April, May naA-Jmet
and continue in fome places till January.
A Fifhery was attempted in the Ifles by King Charles I.
jn Conjunction with fome Merchants, and a Magazine was
erefted for that Ufe in Hermetra, one of the Harris Iflands,
and anether in the Ifle of Vackfay, but the unhappy Civil
War coming on, it was not profecuted. It was renew'd by
King Charles II. and fucceeded well for a time; the Fifli
they caught were accounted the beft of their kind in Eu
rope, and yielded a Price accordingly ; but the King with*
drawing his Money afterwards to fupply his preffmg Occa
sions, the Merchants were difpleas'd at it, and differing
among themfelves did alfo withdraw theirs, which ruin'd
the Defign. Some

c

%p the Prefent STATE of Part. II.
Some Dutch Families fettled in the Village of Sternway,
in the Ifle of Lewis, foon" after that Prince's Reftoration,
and fo much imprpv'd the Inhabitants in the Fifhing-Trade»
during the fmall time of their Abode there, that they ftill
exceed all thofe of the Neighbouring Ifles and Continent;
they brought the Natives a great deal of Money likewife
for their Sea and Land Fowl, but King Charles II. being
prevail'd on to fend away the Dutch, it was a great lofs to
the Country. \
Herrings are fometimes bought in the Ifles for 6 d. per
Barrel, and when cur'd and fent abroad, yield from 25 to
401. per Barrel, and fometimes 36000 Barrels of White
Herring have been exported to France from Clyde in a Sea
fon, befides what were exported from Dumbar, and other
Ports of the Kingdom to France, and other Nations, which
may ferve as a Specimen to fhew how capable that Trade is
of Improvement, efpecially canfidering the Situation of
the Weft of Scotland and the Ifles, from whence the/ may
be a Month fooner at Market with them than from any part
of England or Holland, which, with the Advantage of ta
king and curing them cheaper and fooner than the Dutch
can poffibly do, confidering how far they have to fail back
ward and forward, what Risks they run at Sea, and what
Numbers of Tenders they are oblig'd to fend to and again
betwixt their own Country and. their Doggers with Provi.
fions, Salt, %>c. they might foon be out-done in that profita
ble Trade by the Inhabitants of Great-Britain, who may lie
afhoar at Night, and land their Fifh as foon as caught,with-
out any Danger from Tempefts or Enemies, many of thofc
Bays, where the Herring abound, being*ery fafe for Ships
to ride in.
The moft remarkable Places for Herring-Fifhing are,
Brajfas Sound in Shetland, the Coafts and Bays of the Orkney
Iflands, Lochbroun in Rofs, the Coafts and Bays of Lewis*
Harries and %e,and the leffer Ifles adjacent- to each. From
Lochmagdy in Harris particularly, 400 Veffels have been
loaden with Herring in a Seafon, and the Harbour is large
and capable of Ships of the greateft Burthen; and in the
Bays of Altvig, one of the Iflesadjacent to Skye, the Shoals
of Herring are fo thick, that many times they entangle;
the Boats. The Ifles of Mull, lla, lurab, and others about
the Coafts of Argile, Lqchfn in Argyle, the Ifles of Arran,
Boot, &c, in elide, the River Forth on both fides" the Coaft,
efpecially towards Dumbar, where the Herrings are very;
large

Gap.IL Scotland, now North Britain. ii
large and numerous. The Situation of the Iflands is very
convenient for a Trade with Denmark,Horway, Sweden, Ham
burg and Holland, and the more wefterly, .where the beft .
Herring abound moft, are within a Week or ten Days Sail
of France and Spain, with a fair Wind ; for they fall imme
diately into the Atlantick Ocean, without being expos'd to
the Dangft-s or crofs Winds of the Irijb or Brhtfa Channel,
and by Confequence lie alfo more commodioufly than any
part'of Great-Britain for a Trade to the Streights, and Eaft or
Wefi7lndies, without fo much danger of Capture by Enemies
in cafe of a War.
To this may be added, That the Iflanders are very nn.
merous, being computed at 40000 Men, and many of them
without Imployracnti fo thatfrom thence, and the Neigh
bouring Continent, there are Men enough to be had cheap
er than any where elfe, and moft of the Iflanders know ve
rmeil how to handle the Oar, endure fatigue, and live
hardly. Many of them live to a great Age. Buchanan's
Account of one Lawrence in Orkney is well known, he mar
ried when 100 Years of Age, and liv'd 40 Years after.and
Wfent out a Fifhing to the laft in the Sea, and died rather of
old Age than any Infirmity. Dr. Wallace, in his Defcrip
tion of Orkney, mentions one, who, not long ago, liv'd 80
Years with one Wife ; and another who had a Son at 100,
and liv'd after till he faw Grand-Children by him; and in
1683.' a Woman was brought to Bed of a Child in the 63d
Year of her Age, as was attefted by the Minifter and EI--
ders. Mr. Martin fays, he knew feveral in the Ifle of Har
ris of 90 Years of Age; and one Donald Ray, in the Ifle of
Sand, died in his 100th Year, being very brisk, and able
to manage his Affairs, till within tvyo Years before his
Death. The Lady maccleod, \n the Ifle of Skye, liv'd to
103. had then a comly Head of Hair and good Teeth, and
enjoy'd a perfeft Underftanding till the Week fhe died. Ia
the Ifle of Jurah, belonging to the Duke of Argyle, he fays
one Gillouir Maccrain, who. died about 50 Years ago, liv'd.
180 Years, ashe was inform'd by feveral that knew him.
A Man very lately in fombvifl was 130, and yet perfeft ia
his Underftanding. One Bayliff Campbell liv'd in Juraj) to
106. And about 6 Years ago a Woman, in the- Ifle of
Scorba, liv'd 140; and one Tairville liv'd to 180 in Schet+
land. This Longevity he afcribes to the Healthfulnefs of
the Climate, aDd their temperate way of living, which is
very good Incouragement for others £0 adventure Stocks and

ix the Prefent S T A T E of Part \\
and Factories for Improvement of Trade there, efpecially
confidering the Simplicity of the Peoples Manners, and ¦
their innate Refpeft and Kindnefs to Strangers. , .
In a word, the Number^ Safety and Commodiournefs of
the Bays and Harbours in thofe Iflands, and the Multitude
of Fifh in all of them, look as if Nature had defign'd them
for promoting a Fifhing Trade; and the Soil being gene
rally better than in the "neighbouring Continent, many of
them are produftive of all forts of Grain, and fit for Or
chards and Gardens; and were the Inhabitants better in-
frrufted in Fifhing, Manuring and Planting, thefe Iflands
are capable of maintaining ten times the prefent Number
©1 Inhabitants; and have very good Quarries, fome of
them Marble too, fit for Building, for which they might
be fufficiently furnifh'd with Timber from the neighbouring
(Qentinent till they might have it of their own Growth.
They abound alfo with Black Cattel, Sheep, Fowl, Dee.5,
Eggs, Shell- fifh of all forts, in fuch Quantities, as are riot
only fufficient to maintain ten times the Number of the
j>refent Inhabitants, but to raife a large Fund of Trade for
Exportation. They have alfo frefh Water Lakes and Rjr
vers with Salmon, Trouts,- Eels, Perch, Pikes, CSV. In
the Ifle of skie particularly,there are Thirty Rivers which
afford Salmon.
This brings us in the next place to the Salmon Fifhing of
Scatland, which are found in moft of their Rivers, but the
greateft Store is in the North, in the Rivers Dee and Done,
at Aberdeen, remarkable for its noble Salmon Fifhing, from
whence they export great Quantities to Holland and France
in Time of Peace; and might with Red-Herring make a
very advantageous Trade to rhe Streights. Their Salmon
are accounted the beft in Europe; and tho' their Barrel be
a Third lefs than that of Berwick, yet they have yielded
Ten Livres more per Battel in France,, partly becaufe of
their Goodnefs, and partly becaufe better cur'd, wherein
the Magiftrates and Town-Council of Aberdeen take a very
particular Care. Salmon abound not only in the Navigable
Rivers of Scotland, but in thofe which are leffer, in moft
parts of the Kingdom; and they valu'd them fo much for
merly, that in feveral of their old Afts of Parliament they
forbad felling them to England, except for Gold. Clyde
abounds with Salmon , for which the Town of Renfrew
has been famous; and Bifhop Lefly, in his Defcription of
Stetltnd, fays, they us'd in his Time to employ 60 Veffels in

Cap. II. Scotland, now North Britain. * ij
in' Fifhing moffdf the Spring and Summer ; but it's muc&
ftort of Aberdeen^, where that fame Author fays, the Rivers
Dee and Done exceed all thofe of the Kingdom for Number
and Goodnefs of Salmon, for which he affigns this Reafon,,
That they delight iri clear Streams, which occafion* our
Rivers in Scptland to abound more with Salmon than thofe
of other Countries where the Rivers are more muddy. It's
alfo obfervable.that the Salmon Fifhing in the Weft of Scot
land is decay*d> fince the People us'd to fteep their Flax
in the Rivers, for want of putting the Laws againft fuch
Practices in due Execution; and likewife thofe made
againft killing any Salmon during the time of their Breeding,.
from September to December, the Penalties of which are very
fevere. The other Places moft remarkable for Salmon Fifh>
ing in Scotland are in the Dovern it Bamf, the Rivers Heffev ,
Hahn, Findorn, Loffey and Speyia Murray; the latter abounds
with Salmon for 60 Miles together. Lochloumond in Lennox
is remarkable for Salmon of an excellent Tafte, Lochm in
Jrgile- the like ; and there's good Salrhon-Fifhing in the
Rivers Louth and speynie in Loihaber, in the Bay of Cromar
ty, near DingwaV Caftle, and in the River Tweed, and other?
kffer Rivers in the bordering Counties. They have marl'dl
or fpeckled Salmon in Harm, Honhvifi and Benbecula.
We come next to their Cod-Fifhing, of which and Ling
they have great Plenty on moft of their Coafts* but efpeci-'
ally in the North and Ifles, where they are bought dry'd
for 1 d. or 2 d. per Piece, and in the Ifles cheaper, and tho
larger fort fold again frequently in England and elfewherear
from 18 i. to 2 s, 6 d. per Piece. The Seafon for this-
Fifhing is after that of the Herring, and in the Country of
Fife alone 500 Veffels have been employ'd annually in this
and the Herring Fifhing -r and their Cod and Ling being,
eur'd with their own Salt ; they commonly exported them
to Holland- and Hamburgb,to the Baltic^, England, France, Spate
and Portugal; but fince the Dutch and Hmburgbers have ap
plied themfelves to fifh Cod and Ling in the Scots Seas,
and to buy up what they couldfrom the Scots, as they did
likewife their Salt to cure them, the Country has loft much
of the Benefit of that Trade. Mr. Spruel, an Eminent Stm
Merchant, who laid an Account of the Produft of the King
dom for Trade before their Parliament fome Years ago,
fays, he was inform'd by a Yarmouth Man who us'd to buy
thofe Fifh and Salt on the Scots Coaft, that he has fome
times got 4000 cur'd Fifh in a Voyage, at 1 d, or 2 d. p<g-
jiece,.

14 Ibf Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
Piece J and retaifd them again from 18 d. to 2 s. 6 d<
a piece, which fhews the vaft Advantage might be made
of this Trade, fince the Scots Cod are reckon'd as good or
better than thofe of Newfoundland. And what contributes
much to the Chcapnefs of this and the Herring-Fifhing in
Scotland is, that they are catch'd with fewer Hands and
Veffels, of far lefs Expence than Doggerkj which muft be
well Mann'd and ftrong, becaufe oblig'd to lye out at Sea ;
whereas the Scots, catch thofe Fifh in their own Creeks,
Bays and Harbours, where few Hands and open Veffels
are for the moft part fufficient, becaufe they are feldom
expos'd to any Danger by Storm, being always near the
Shore, and laid up at. Nights.
The principal Parts for great Cod are round the Ifles of1
Scbetland and Bara-head. The Dutch, Hamburghers, Bremen
and others, come ufually to Brajfa's-Sound in Scbetland
about the middle of Mty to fifh for Herring, Cod and Ling.
There have been upwards of Two Thoufand Buffes there
in a Summer, and they generally go away in ^ugufl or
September. When they arrive they fet up Shops in feveral
parts of the Ifland, and barter Linnen, Beer, Brandy,
Bread and other Things, with the Inhabitants, for Fifh and
frefh Provifions, and when the Natives demand Money for
their Commodities they readily pay it them ; by this means
Lerwick, which about 30 Years ago confifted only of about
3 Families, is now increas'd to above 300, which may
ferve as a Specimen how much that Fifhery and Country
may be improv'd if the Inhabitants of Great-Britain once
come to manage it with Joint-Stocks. They have abun
dance of Fifh on that Coaft call'd Tusk, as big as Ling,
which are commonly fold at 15 or 16 s.per Hundred; they
are better frefh than falted. The Inhabitants obferve, that
the further North the Fifh are the larger. Other re
markable Places for Cod-Fifhing are, Loch-Carlvay in the
Ifle of Lewis, where the Fifhermen are frequently interrupt
ed by Whales, but it is a commodious Harbour, capable of
Ships of the greateft Burden. All the Coafts about the
Ifle of Lewis abound with Cod and Ling of a very large
fize, as doe Loch Urbat, Loch-maddy, and Loch'-eport, in the
Me of Harris ; the Coafts of Barry Ifle, the Ifle of Sandreray,
? the Ifle of St. Kilda or Hirt, where they are very large;
the Ifle of Skie, Soabretil near Skie, the Ifle of Arrdn, the
Ifle of lkf ay, the Ifle of Coll, and the Ifle of Canniy. the

Cap. II. Scotland, now North Britain.
The Fifh already mention'd being fuch as make the prin
cipal Fund of Trade for Exportation, we come next to
others which ferve chiefly for Home Confumption, feveral
ef which are alfo capable of being cur'd and exported, and
might yield confiderable Profit, particularly a Fifh call'd
Haddocks, which eat very well frefh or falted ; thofe call'd
Fiwrfo»-Haddocks, which abound at Aberdeen, being dry'd,
eat with a marrowy Tafte, and are much admir'd by Stran
gers ; good Haddocks of other forts are to be had on moft
of the Coafts round the Kingdom. They have alfo Sturge
on, abundance of Turbat, Scate, or Thorny-back, Grey-
lord, in Size and Shape like a Salmon, Mackrel, Keeling,
Whitings, Sea-Urchin, Cat-fifh and Cockpadle, fmall Cod,,
Lyths, Spirlings, Soles, Flukes arid others, and Garvie
Fifties, fo call'd becaufe taken chiefly near lnchgarvy, in the
River Porth, equal almoft to Anchovies; Eels in abundance
in their Lakes and Rivers, the largeft of which are falted
in fome parts of the Country, from whence the People
make confiderable Profit. Among Fifh we may alfo reckon
Otters, becaufe they are Amphibious Creatures, and are
numerous in the Ifles, both Weft and North ; the Ufe of
their Skins for Muffs, Ce. is well known; its alfo wore
next the Skin for the Palfy, the Blood mix'd with Vinegar
helps Swellings in the Sinews, the Liver dry'd helps the
Bloody-flux, and theTefticles are made ufe of againft the
Epilepfy and Fits of the Mother. For Shell-fifh of all forts,
efpecially in the Weftern Iflands, their Number is incredi
ble, fuch as Lobfters, Crabs, Oyftprs in fome places, par
ticularly in Orkney, fo large, that they muft be cut in three
or four pieces before they can be eat, Cockles, Mufcles,
Lempits, Wilks, Clams, and Spouts, which are eaft up by
the Tide in fuch Numbers in the Ifles, as the Peopie are
not able to confume them : At the Kyle of Scalpa, in the
Ifle of Sl>y, a Spring-Tide commonly leaves 15 or 20 Horfe
Load of Oyfters on the Sands, and in like manner thofe
Tides throw up vaft Quantities of Mufcles oh that Coaft.
Of Pearl, Ambergrife, Coral, Agat, and other valuable Stones.
Pearl being the Produft of Fifh, it is proper to difcourfe
of the Scots Pearl here. Mr. 'Spruel , the Merchant
abovemention'd, who underftands the Pearl Trade beft of
any Man in that Kingdom, having dealt in it above 40
Years, fays, he h.as fometimes given ico Rix-Dollars, which

it? the Prefent STATE of Part II.
which is near it, I. for one Scots Pearl, and that he had
Scots Pearl as fine, clear and more tranfparent, than any
Oriental Pearl; tho' the latter be more eafily match'd, be
caufe they are all of a yellow Water, yet Foreignershe
fays covet Scots Pearl. The more Wrinkles there is in a
Pearl Shell, the more fign he fays it is of the Age and
Goodnefs of a Pearl, for the fmooth Shells are young and
barren, therefore he. propos'd that a Law fhould be made
to forbid the fifhing of young Pearl, for the longer they
ftay in the Water the more valuable they are ; fo that he
»ould have no Shells taken up lafs than Four Inches in
Length or Two or Three in Breadth, and that none fhould
be allow'd to offer any Pearl to be fold that weighs lefs
than Five Grains, which is as reafonable as Laws to prevent
the taking of the young Fry of Salmon, fince Pearl are of
much more Value. And that they might have Time to
grow and increafe, he propofes that Pearl-Fifhing fhould
be forbid, except once in Ten Years at leaft, becaufe he
has been forry to fee fome Thoufands of young Pearls offer'd
to Sale that were of no manner of Value ; whereas had they
lain in the Waters their due Time, they might have been
worth from Four Crowns to Fifty Crowns apiece.
Pearl is found in moft Places of the Nation wherfe Salmon
are taken, and once in Twenty Years he fays there's a great
Pearl-Fifhing in Scotland; this does not hinder but that
Pearl-Shells of the Size he propofes, or larger* may be ta
ken up at any time when found, and thefe are probably to
be had among the unfrequented Ifles.
Particular Places where Pearl abound are the Rivers in
the Ifle of S\ie, where they are frequently found in black
Mufclesj efpecially in the Rivers Kilmanin and Ord, where
Pearls have lately been found of 20 I. per piece, and in a
frefh Water Lake near the South-fide of Locheinardftad; ia
that fameTfland there are alfo Mufcles that breed Pearl.
Tho' the fmall Pearl be not fo ufeful for Ornament, yet
they may be of very good ufe in Phyfick, being accounted
the Chief of all Cordials, and very good againft the Plague*
violent and peftilential Fevers, Fluxes, Heartburning, Gid*
dinefs of rhe Head, Trembling of the Heart, Cfr. which is
fufficient to fhew that they are a great Blefling of Nature*
and a Subjeft of Trade that deferves Encouragement, fince
we may be fupplied with it much cheaper at Home than
from the Indies. The phyfical Preparations to be made of
Pearl are found in Salmon's Difpenfatory, p. 428* To

Capi If; Scotland, now North Britain. i %
To this we may add Coral Red and. White, 'arid Cora-
line, which grow in the Ifles of Lewis and Skie, particular
ly in the Bays and Coafts of the former, but it rs fmall,
not exceeding 6 Inches in Length, not a Goofe's Quill in.
Bignefs; the fame is alfo found' on the Weft Coaft of the
rifle oi Jura. ,< Befides the life made of it for Ornament, it is
very ufeful iri Phyfick for comforting the Heart, purifying
the Blood; 'tis good againft Plague, Poyfon, malignant.
Fevers, Fluxes, the running of the Re,ins, Whites in Wo
men, (pitting of Blood, Wounds, Sfr. and being pouder'd
and given to new born Children in Womens Milk, prevents
their ever having the Falling-Sickriefs or Convulfions. The
Coraline is alfo good againft Worms, aftringeht, ftrength-
ning, and good in hot Gouts. For the noble phyfical Pre
paration's of Coral fee Salmon's Difpenfatory, p. 422. The-
Iflanders add a Quantity of Red Coral to tlie Yolk of a
roafted Egg for the Diarrhasa. . .1
Ambergrife isalfo found on the Scott Coafts, .particular^ '
ly on that of the Ifland Bernera, one of the Harris Ifles,
where a Weaver finding 'a Lump pf it, and not knowing
what it was, burnt it to (hew him Light, when the ftrong
Scent difcover'd ic, and made his Head. ake. It is alfo
fotJnd on tlie Coafts of Soiuh-Vift, Kiniyre and Orkney. The
feveral Preparations of Ambergrife'in Phyfick, and the ex
cellent Ufes of it for recreating the Spirits, and Antidotes
againft Plague and Poyfon, for ftrengthening the Body and
helping Conception, EsV. are known. For thofe Preparations
fee Salmon's Difpenfatory, p. 4dfc.
Marcaftes Black and White, refqmblmg Silver Oar, are
found near the Village Sartle in the Ifle of Skie; they are
' 'good to help Conception, for drying up" Milk' in Womens
Breads, and againft hard Chserades. The excellent phyfi
cal Preparations of Marcafnes may be feen at large, in Sal
mon's nevi Ldndon Difpenfatory, p. 3^1.
The Lapis Ceramics, or Csma Amoh'is, is found on the
Coaft of $kie in Banks of Clay on the Eaft Coaft, of diffc-'
enc Shapes, fome of the Breadth of a Crown-piece, with
an Impreffion refembling the Sun, fome as big as a Man's
Finger, refembling a Semicircle, furrow'd on the'-infide,
; others lefs, with yellow Furrows on both fides ; the Natives
fteep em in Water for fome Hours, and by wafhing the
Pare affefted with the Water cure the Crarh'p in their Cat
tel, and for that Reafon call them Cramp-ftones. Pliny
reckons thirarriong the precious Scones, fays ic has-a high •
ii Colour,

1 8 the Prefent ST AT E of Part IL
Colour, is imprefs'd with a Star in the middle, and is al
ways found in a place blafted with Lightning, which does
not agrqe with M. Martins Defcription, fince it is found in
Banks of Clay upon the Sea-fhore.
The- Velumnites, by the Natives call'd Bat-ftones, grow
alfo in thofe Banks pf Clay, fome of 'em Twelve Inches long,
and tapering towards one end; they fte.ep them in Water
fome Hours, and give their Horfes the Water to drink for
the Batts. >
The Lapis HeSicus, or white Heftick Stone, abounds
likewife in the Ifle of Sky, both b^ Land and Water. The
Natives ufe it as a Remedy 'againft the Dyfenteria, Diarrhea
and Confumption s, by making them red hot in the'Fire, and
then quenching them in Milk or Water, which they drink
• with fuccefs ; and fometimes bathe their Feet and Hands in
' the faid Milk or Water. Moft of the Rocks of tlie Ifle Ro
ma are of this Stone, and of a red Colour.
Abundance of round Stones, variegated with feveral
Colours, are found in the Coafts of t'he Ifles, particularly
in the Ifle of Skye and Ifle pf Rafay, how they might be im-
prov'd by Lapidaries and others for Ornament" and other
Ufes, muft be left to Time and Experience ; but fince Na
ture does nothing in vain, there's no doubt they have their
ufe, •
Aggat grows lilcewife in Apples-Glen, near Lochfallartr
* in the Ifle of Skye of different Sizes and- Colours, fonte
green, fome of a pale Sky Colour, and all of them ftrike
Fire as well as Flint. Tlhis Stone, befides making neat
Handles for Swords and Knives, Gfr. has its Phyfical Ufey
the Pouder of it apply'd being good againft the Biting of
Serpents, Spicier?,, and other poifonous Creatures ; refrefhes '
, the'Heart, strengthens the Body, and caufes a - good Co*
lour. Amethyfts are alfo found on the Scottifh Coafts, thofe of
a fine blue Colour in the Lord Stormont's Lands in Teirth- -
fiyire'; and it's probable that thofe Stones of.a purple Colour,
which flow down the Rivulets in the Ifle of Skye after great ?
Rains, which Mr. Martin gives us an Account of, are, the
beft fort of' them ; it occalions Sleep, being made ufe of by
way of Amulet.
Chryftal'is found in great Quantity in the Rocks of the
Ifle of St. Kilia, and in fevejral Places of thelfle of Skye, of
different Sizes and Colours, and one foitot a purple Co
lour. , There's Chryftal alfo w the Ifle of Arrat, The ufe,,;

Cap. II. Scotland, now North Britain!. 'i$
of Chryftal for making GlatTes^ Cups and Chryftals for
Watches is well enough known: It has befides its Phyfical
Ufes, the Powder of it -being good againft the Diarrhea, Dy-
fenteria, Lienteria, Celiac Cholick, whites and reds : It's alfo
accounted good for increafing Milk in Nurfes, for breaking
the Stone in Reins and Bladder, and for the Gout. See
the Preparations of it in salmon's Difpenfatory, p. 409,
410. Os Sepia is found in great Quantities in the Sand ofthe Ifle
of Harries, the Natives pouder it, and being drank in boyl'd
Milk, it is found to be an effeftual Remedy againft the
Diarhteaand Dyfenteria ; and they alfo make ufe of the Pou
der to take the Film off the Eyes of Sheep. It is the Bone
Of the Cuttle Fifh.
Molucca Beans are found in great Numbers upon the
Coafts of the Ifles, particularly' in the Ifle of Harris ; the
fupeiftitious Natives ufe them'as Amulets, particularly the
White ones, and fay that when any hurt is intended the
Perfon that wears them, the Bean turns black; that they
do change Colour Mr. Martin is po'fitive, being an Eye-
witnefs of it; but the reafon he leaves to Enquiry, one
ftrange effect of them he mentions, vi\. that a Gentle
man's Cows inthat Ifle giving Blood inftead of Milk for
feveral days, by throwing one of thefe Nuts into the Pales;
the Blood was chaog'd into a dark brown Colour at firft,-
and' afterwards theCows gave good Milk, and the very Nut; '
by which this was perform'd, he was prefented with by the
Steward of Harris, and kepcit as a Rarity. The Pouder
of the black Bean found on the Coaft of the Ifle of Lingayj
drunk in Milk or Aquavitse, is made ufe of by the Na-' - :
, lives againft the Diarrhea and Dyfentsry. Thefe Beans or
Nuts are drove in great Quantities by a Weftern Wind up
on the Coaft of the Ifland Tire-iy. They are alfo found in
St. Kilda, and in the Orkney Iflands.-
Talk in abundance, refembling that of Venice, grows ort
the Rocks in the Village Ord, in the Hie of Skye, for the
Phyfical Ufes and Preparations of it againft Poifon, Plague
and malignant Fevers, and alfo for a Cofmetick to cleanfe<
and beautifie the Skin.- See Salmon's Difpenfatory,- p.
430. £sV.
Marl, there's a white fort of it at the Villages of Bbrve
and Glenmore in Skye, and likewife ac Corcbattachan there,-
where it abounds moft ; a Quantity of which being fpread
on a Hoping Hill, eover'd with Heath, the Heath foon a'f»
C % ser

fhe Prefent STATE of Part. If.
ter fell ajl to the Ground, as if it had been cut with a Knife,
and Barley being afterwards fow'd upon that Ground itpro-
rluc'd thirty five fold. There's alfo a red Marl in thofe Pla
ces, and good Marl \n-Orkney. They have good Potters
Clay in many of the Ifles. <
Fullers Earth is found in the Brooks of Dunvegan and Hi-
Hisbofl in Skye. The ufe of this Earth for Cloathiers, CSV.
Is very well known, for the Phyfical Ufes of it, againft
Burns' and Scalds, Swellings, and the Gout. See Salmon's
Difpenfatory, ^.434.
Corkir for dying a Crimfon Colour is a Scurf, growing on
the Coafts and Hills of Skye; it ripens in Auguft, and the
Natives gather it in the Decreafe of the Moon.
Croflil, a Coarfer Scurf of a dark Colour is alfo found-
there, and made ufe of to dye a philamote Colour.
Wampumpcg, or fine Shells, which pafs in Africa, and
fome Parts of the Indies, for*Money, are found in great
Numbers, with other curious Shells, upon the Coafts of the
Ifles. Loiiftcne is found in a Hill on the North End of the Ifle,
of C inn ay. Mr. Martin laid a Compafs on the Stony Ground
near it, the Needle went often round with great Swiftnefs,
andinftead of fettling towards the North fettled d«e Eaft 5
for the Phyfical Ufes of it, againft the Dropfie, Bleeding,
Conorhaea, Gout, Convulfions, ESe. See Salmon's Difpen
fatory, p. 414.
fperma Ceti is alfo found on the Coafts of Orkney, and
clfevvhere in the Ifles. The Learned are not agreed what
this is, fome will have it to be the Sperm or Seed of the
Whale, which fwims upon the Sea like Froth; others fay,
ic is the Brains of a long-headed Whale, purified by fome
Lixivium. It is a white fat Subftance, which eafily takes
fire, and is in Englifh commonly call'd Pamachy.
MIKES.
Gold Mines were found in Crawford-Moor in Scotland in
the time of King fames IV th. fays Bifhop Lefly in his
Hiftory of Scotland ; and in the Reign of King fame's Vthw
fome rich G enn. ins skill' d in Mines, came over with abun
dance of Money, and obtain'd leave from the King, to dig
-in thofe Mines, wherein they imploy'd abundance of Men;
and forming the Earth they dugg into little Globes or
Balls, wherein there wjs abundance of pure Gold; they
bought

Cap. II. , Scotland, now North Britain.1 . z i
bought them from the King, and carried th-m with them
to Germany. It is certain that Gold1 is ftill found in thofe
Paft/in the Streams and elfewhere; and that Azure is to
be had there in great Quantities almoft without any labour.
The Bonnet Pieces coin'd before the Union of the Crowns
in Scotland, were of that Gold.
. Silver Mines were alfo fonnd in Campapell Hill, three
Miles South of Linlithgow in Weft Lothian ; in the Rejgn
of King James Vlth. by qne Mimd -a Coal-Digger.
Copper Mines are alfo found in Air they, belonging to the
Earl of Hoptqun, within two Miles' of Stcrlitg, where ico
Pound Oar yielded 56 of very gopd Copper; from which
Silver is likewife' extracted in a good proportion.
Thc-r'e are rich Lead Mines alfo in thfe Earl of Hopton's
Lands in. CUdsdale, of which his Lordfhip makes great Pro- - .
fit by felling" the fame to the Dutch, and we have formerly
mentidn'd the Mines of Tin and Lead in Orkney.
Mr. Spruel in his Scheme of Scotland's TroduB, fays, if
others fo'llow'd the„ Example of the Earl of Hoptoun and his
Predeceffors, they might export ten times more Lead than
they do, which would be of confiderable Advantage to the
Kingdom, becaufe it is a fure and* ftaple Commodity in
moft Partsof the World, and therefore propofes that Mer
chants fhould be oblig'd to carry it off, to prevent their ex
porting of Money and Bills, becaufe it might ferve for Bal-
laff, pay but little Freight, and take up no roonffrom other -
Goods. There are Iron Mines at DumfcrmHn in Fife, in the Ifle
of Lewis, and in many of the Hills of Scotland. .
u Coal- Mines-are very frequent in Lothian r-ife, and, elfe
where, from whence great Quantities aire exported, beiides
enough for home Confumption.
Mines or -Quarries of Free Stone, as good as any where
for Building, Pavements, Millftones, CSV. abpund in the
Kingdom, as do alfo thofe- of grey. and blue Slates for co
vering H°u'esJ much more durable and ornamental than
Tiles; and they have Limeftone in abundance for Mortar,
and manuring their Corn Ground. ,
Marble very good and of various Colours, for Building,
Statues, Pavements, S$c is found in many Places of tlie
' Kingdom in inex-hauftible Quantities, there being Moun
tains of it in feveral Places of theNorth,from whence it may
he had much cheaper than from Italy, or other Foreign
- Countries. ,--y
C3 " ' .Sir

%z The Prefent STATE of Part II.
, Sir Robert Sibbald adds, as a-kin to Mineral Quickfilver,;
Antimony, Chryfocolla, Pyrites or Marcafites of feveral
forts, which are found in Scotland, as we have mention'd
already, precious Stones,.
Sir Robert Sibbald in his Prodromus to the Natural Hiftory
of Scotland, fays they have
Diamonds, which he has from credible Perfon^; and tp
make it the more probable, he adds, that the Diamond
proceeds from a juice much like that which produces Chry, '
ftal, of which there's great Quantities in Scotland.
Rubies of a red colour, whence it has its Name.
Carbuncles in the Ifle of lla, and other places, where it
{hines like a burning Coal in the Rocks.
Jacinth alfo of a red colour, refembling Flames, Au
thors think the Rubies, Carbuncles and Jacinths, to be dif
ferent Species of the fame kind.
' Topa-i found in the Nortn of Scotland of a Gold co^
Jour. Buffonius Lapis; fuppos'd to be the Toad-ftone.
Beryll, Sir Robert fays he faw one of thofe as clear as the
fineft Chryftal, that was found in the River Tweed.
Jafper, refembling Blood in colour ; fome of them are
alfo green, and-pthers mix'd with red and green.
Agists of feveral colours, fome of them iraprefs'd with the
likenefs of Animals and Vegetables ; fome of them bearing
an impreflion refembling a Crofs, and others form'd like
Globes^ Which have fexangular Pieces of Chryftal in them,
being a Species of the .SLtites found in Eagles Neftsi.
- Cornelian of a flefhy colour ; fome take it to be the Ma
trix of the Amethift, i
Chryftal of feveral forts ; fome of a dark reddifh colour,
fome Black and tranfparent, fome of the colour of a
Carbuncle, Mountain Chryftal very clear, Chryftal, which
held againft the Sim, reflects the Colours of the Rainbow,
and therefore called Iris ; white Chryftal and red Chry^
ftal. .. . /•
: Amethyfis, which being polifh'd> equal thefe of any other
Country. i . .- . ¦.¦.'¦¦¦
• tG agates, or Jet, and Oculus Mpidi., are by Sir Robert.
reckon'd among the precious. Stones found in Scotland*-.; ;
fom.

Cap. II. Scotland, now Norfh Britain. 2.?
Corn.
The Wheat of Scotland is fo very good, that foftpb Sca-
liger, who had been in the Country, fays in Exercit. 140.
and 200. there's no Bread in Europe comparable to what is '
made of it, for Whitenefs, Lightnefs, and eafie Digefticn.
It grfws in great Qiantities in the Mers,- Lothians, Gouree, <
and othqr Places of ithe Kingdom'; fo that they have riot
only enough for their 6wn Life but for, Exportation.
Oats is the moft Univerfal Grairtof this Kingdom,- and
exceeds thofe of England for all Ufes. They grow very.
' well every where in the Country, and that in fuch Quan
tities as affords a confiderable Fund for Export, both in
Grain and Meal; and are not only a hearty and fubftan-
tial Food for Horfes,.. but make very good Bread and
Drink. Peafe they have in great plenty, both for their own
Confumption and.'.for Exportation ; and they are fo good of
the kind, that in fome Parts' of rhe Country,' the labouring
Husbandmen make good nourifhing Bread of them.
Beans they have alfo in great plenty, for their own life
and for Export. n
Barley grows likewife very well in Scotland, but they fow
more of^that fort they cal) Beer, which has four Rows of
Grain upon an Ear, whereas Barley has but two ; of this
they make good Bread, Broth, Ale and Beer, and export
great Quantities.
Rye grows alfo very well in Scotland, and makes good
Bread ; but this they don't cultivate fomuch as they do the
other Grains above-mention'd. ,
Flax and Hemp.
Flax abounds in Scotland, fo that befides what they con-
fome themfelves, they export great Quantities of Linnen
brown and whiten'd, -which is one of the greateft Manu
factures pf the Kingdom ; and if duly regulated and en-
courag'd, might fave a great deal of Money in the Ifland,
befides what it might bring in to it, for the Scdfs have im-
prov'd their Linnen Manufafture much of late; and be-
fides fineLinnen, make very good Holland, Cambrick, Miiflins
plain and ftrip'd; Calicoes, Dornick, Damask, Ticking, for
Beds, Cfr. White and Dy'd Threads ; Lpces, Tape, &c.
G 4 Mr.

l\ the Prefent S T A T E of Part II,
. Mr. Spruel in his Account current betwixt Scotland and Eng
land fays, he has known out of a Pound of Flax of Scots
-Growth, .which coft but 12 d. Six Spangle of fine Yarn
fpun, which was fold. at Glafgow at about 4 *. 8 d. 'per
Spangle, which made the Produft of that 12 d. to the Spin-
..ners '285-. and- made into fine Muflin that fame Pound of
Flax amounted to 10 or 12 Dollars, -which is 2 /. 6 s. ,8 d.
or 2/. 16 s. the Charges of Weaving and Whitening de-
clufted. He adds, That from One Pound of Scots Flax .
Lacemakers have made Lace ipo the Value of 8 I. Sterling,
which is fufficient to fhew how much the Linnen Manufaftu-
ry may be improv'd there, and how many poor Women,
that are not capable of employing themfelves1 otherwife,
may get a Livelihood by it, and what Money it may bring
, into the Nation.
Their Hemp is alfo capable of being improv'd, not only
to fave Money in the Ifland which is exported for Canvas,
Sailcloatb, CSV. but alfo to export, .and to make Nets for
their Fifhery, and other Ufes. Wool.
The numerous and large Flocks of Sheep they have in
/ Scotland produce abundance of Wool, from whence come
Manufactures of feveral .forts, as Broad-cloth, coarfe, or
Hufwifes-cloath, Fingrines, Serges, Bays, Crapes, Tern*
ffifn, Glafgow Plaids, Worfted Camlets, and other Stuffs
and Stockings for Home Confumption .and Export; befides
their Tallow and Skins. Their Wool in general is not fo
gppd as that of England, yet they had brought their Broad-
cloath lately- to a great Perfeftion, but can never equal
England in that part of Woollen Manufafture ; yet their
Wool is very proper for Serges, Bays's, Camlets, Shaloons,
and . other Stuffs ; and by due Regulation is capable of
great Improvement for a i-oreign Trade. They are come
to a great Perfection in making Stuffs, and for Plaids, as
has been ¦mention'd already, they exceed all the World.
, An.Jnftance of the great Improvement may be made of
their Wool we have from Mr." Spruel in his Account current;
yi%. That they, make fuch fine Wprfted Stockings at Aher-'
deen,thit they.yield 10, 1 5, .20 and 30 s. a. Pair for Womens
5tockings,which is fufficient to fhew that they are capable, of
rnaking very good Stockings at lower Rates, efpecially con-.
fidering that th^ey hive Sture of vejy good Wool brought thither

Cap. II. Scotland, now North Britain. if
thither from the Highlands and Ifles ; and becaufe fold at
the Crofs of Aberdeen is Commonly call'd Crofs- Wool. The
moft remarkable Places befides in Scotland, for good Wool*
are Galloway and Tweddale, from which a great Improve
ment-might be made in Bays's, Serges, and ShUloons.
Cattel.
i
In Scotland they have Multitudes of Horfes, efpecially.
in Galloway and the Highlands, which, tho' but of a fmall
Size, yet are very fit for Journey-riding, (or Poft, and for
that End are much coveted by many People in England, ef
pecially on the Borders, when Graziers, who go to Dum-
barton-Vzit, buy NunVhers'of them. Thofe Galloways, as
they call them, of 40 or 50 Shillings apiece, will' tire out
a large Horfe of 20, 30 or 40/. in a Journey, and are
much eafier to be kept, for they will feed well, on the Wafte
made by larger Horfes. An Improvement might be made
of thofe Horfes for -Export, fince Mr. Spruel fays, that he
exported 50 of them for Surinam, from whence he had very
good Returns for therr> in Sugars. The principal Places
for fuch Horfes are the Highlands, the North» 2nd Gallo.-
way; from the latter of which, they take their Name. Hor-?
ffes of a larger Size, for War, Carriage, and cultivating
Land, are bred in the Lovylands, in the. Parks and Inclo-
fores of People of Quality, where .fine Horfes fomefirnes'
yield 3crGuineas a piece. Black Cattel.
Of thefe there are great Multitudes in Scotland,, efpeci
ally in the Highlands .and North, from whence they fend
great Dreves into the Lowlands and England; -which, tho*'
fold cheap becaufe of their fmall Size, -vi%. at 30 or 40 s.
per Head, bring in great Sums of Money to the Proprietors,
and are capable of j greater Improvement in cafe of a Home
' Confumption, which islikely to be promoted, if their Trade
be improv'd by the Union; they make very good Meat
when fatten'd, and are fo much the more profitable to the
Lowland and £«£///!> Purchafers, that they feed and grow
fat. upon what the larger Cattel cannot eat^ b«t tread under
Foot, and would by Confequence be otherwife loft to the
proprietors. Their Tallow is fold 'fometimes at 3 /. Ster
ling fw 1 co, Weight; at Briftol, and from 40 to 50 s. Sterling
•; '• at

2* The Prefent STATE of Part. II.
at London, befides the Profit made of their Hides, which
being tann'd are fit for Upper-leathers for Shoes, £5V. and
•for Export. In the Lowlands they bceed Black Cattel of
a larger Size, fit for cultivating the Ground, and to be kil
led and falted for Export as well as for Home Confumpti
on ; and 'tis obferv'd that their Meat is generally much
fweeter than that of the Englifh Black Cattel, and their
Hides, if drefs'd and tann'd right, are fit for Soal Leather,
Harnefs for Coaches, SV. and other Ufes.
Deer.
There is Plenty of all forts of Deer in the Parks of thofe
of Quality in the Lowlands, but efpecially in the Mountains
and Waftes in the North Highlands and Ifles, where great
Flocks of 'em run wild, and are not only excellent Food,
but are capable of yielding great Profit by their Skins, GV.
sheep.
Of thefe they have great Flocks in Scotland, both of a
farger and leffer Size, which yield a great Profit to the In
habitants by their Meat, Milk, Wool, Skins, and Lambs,
of which they are more than ordinary prolifick ; they fell
great Numbers of them yearly to the Inhabitants of the
North of England, and their Meat in general is much fweet->
er, tho' of a lefs Size, than the Englifh Mutton.
Butter and Cb\efe.
From the Milk of their Black Cattel and Sheep they
make great Quantities of Butter and Cheefe, not only for
Home Confumption, but for Export; and this is capable of
further Improvement, if the Trade of the Country increafe,
and Tenants be encourag'd to indole,; their Grounds; for
Mr. Spruel informs us in his Account currant that he has'
feen as fine1 and yellow Butter made in the Weft Highlands
as ever he faw from Ireland ; befides 'tis evident from what's
made in Gentlemens Houfes, and others of the better fort
in the Lowlands, that they are capable of making as good
Butter and Cheefe as in England:
Gmu

Cap. II, Scotland, now North Britain.

Goats.
The People of the Lowlands, do not much fancy the
breeding of this fort of Cattel, but in the Highlands they
have confiderable Flocks of 'em, which feed on the rocky,
and inacceffible Hills, and yield good Profit to the Inhabi
tants by their Kids, which are excellent Meat, and by their
Skins, which nia^ke fine Gloves; the Cheefe made of their
Milk is valued for its good Tafte, and their Milk it felf is
much us'd for thofe who labpur under Cdnfumptions and
other Decays. Hogs.
It's a vulgar Error in England and elfeivbere, that .the
Scots have a general Averfion to this fort of Cattel, and
to the Fopd which they yield; they are not indeed bred
there proportionably in fuch Numbers as in England, but
in thofe Parts of the Kingdom Where they have Corn and
proper Food in Plenty for them, they are bred by the Inha
bitants not only for Home Confumption, but alfo for Ex
port, confiderable Quantities of falted Pork being yearly
exported from the North of Scotland into other Countries;
and, if there were Encouragement, they are capable of
breeding greater Numbersiri'their Woods, &c. where they
are-fed very eafily, and make excellent Meat,
Fowl.
Scotland has riot only Plenty of Domeftick Fowl, fuch as
are common in other Countries, but many that are pecu
liar to themfelves, efpecially in the Iflands, where they are
in fuch Multitudes as the Inhabitants can neither confume
nor vend; but if their Trade increafe, as probably it may
Upon the Union, their Fowl and Eggs afford a large Fund
of Trade for Food, and their Feathers for Bedding and
other Ufes ; their Fat is made ufe of by the Inhabitants not
only in many Cafes where Oil is neceffary, but likewife for
Phyfick : But we refer the particular Account of the feve+
ral Species- of Fowl till we come to treat of the particular
"Countries and Iflands , where they are bred in greater-
Quantities than perhaps in any other Place of the knowa
'.World. ' ¦ : -- ¦' ; '-\ ¦ o ,
•- : ,,-,, Timber,

a8 The Prefent SThTEof Part II. I
Timber.
There are many large Woods of Oak in Scotland, which
afford Materials for Building and Shipping, and for the
Husbandman's Ufe, and the Country is very improveable
this way, if Planting were more encourag'd ; however they
have at prefent not only fuch as are fit for the Ufes above-
mentioti'd, but alfo for Pipe-ftaves and Barrels, and their
Bark is of ufe to the Tanners, great Quantities of which
are annually exported to Ireland and elfewhere ; they have
likewife Afh Trees, Elms and others, fit for Building and
other Domeftick Ufes; and great Forefts of Fir, which,
afford Materials for Building and Shipping, and might,
with due Care, afford Pitch and Tar, without being obli
ged to bring fuch large Quantities from the Northern Coun
tries, as is ufually done by the Inhabitants of this Ifland.
There were formerly many great Woods in Scotland,
among which the Foreft of Caledonia was famous, but there
is now fcarce any Remainders of it. The Woods, as has
been obferv'd, are more rare than formerly in the Southern
Parts of the Kingdom, of which the moft remarkable npw
left are thofe of Hamilton, Calendar and Torewood; hut in the
North, efpecially in Terth-fbire, Lochaber, Badenoch and Marl
there are many Forefts, fome of them Twenty, and fome
of them Thirty Miles in Length.
Fruit Trees.
They have abundance of thefe of all forts in their Gardens
and Orchards, and might, by Improvement, not only have
fufficient to afford them Fruit for Home Confumption, but
alfo Cyder for their own drinking, and Export.
Herbs.
Scotland affords not only a fufficient- Quantity of Gardep
Herbs for the Kitchin, but likewife of thofe which may
ferve them for Phyfick, as the Curious may fee by cafting
their Eye upon Sir Robert Sibbald s lliftoria PUntarum Hor-
v tenfium in 'Scotia, Prodromi natiiralis Hifhrix Scotia, "Pants
fecund*, Lib.fecunim. And in the eighth and ninth Chap
ters of the fecond Book of the firft Part of his Frodromiato
tlje Natural Hiftory of Scotland, he gives us curious Tables of

Cap. II. Scotland, now North Britain. 5.9
of Foreign Herbs and Plants, and other Things, imported
from Foreign Parts for the Ufe of Phyfick, with an Account
of the Herbs and other Things produc'd in Scotland of the
like Virtue, in oppbfite Columns, which fhews that they are
in ho Neceflity of being at much Expence for Foreign
Drugs. «
r Having thus given a brief Account of Scotland's chief
Produft for Trade^ we fhall in the next place, give a fhort
Account from Mr. Spruel's Scheme how they are capable to
barter or exchange their own Commodities for fuch of other
Countries as they ftand in need of, or may have occafion to
trade with.
From England the Goods ufually imported into Scotland,
are the Woollen Manufaftory of all forts , Alom'd
Leather, Shambo, Gloves, Lead", Peuter, Tin, Iron, Black
Cattle, rHorfes, Hops, Cider; and fome Years when their
own Harveft proves bad, Corn of all. forts, Manufaftories
of Peuter, Iron, Steel, and Brafs, Tobacco, Sugar, Indi-
co, Cotton, and the Goods the Englifb import from- China,
Perfia, the Eaft-Indies, and other Nations ; for exchange of
which Scotland imports into England Linnen Cloth ot all forts,
Coals, Salt, fmall Black Cattle, Sheep, Salmond, Marble,
Slates grey and blue, Pearl, Cod and Ling, and fmall
Horfes. 'Tis true, that hitherto Scotland has been Lofers
by the Ballance of Trade with England, becaufe they gene
rally imported moje from England than they exported to it;^
but 'tis evident from what has-been faid, that it has'pro-
ceeded. rather from ill Management than any abfolute Ne
ceflity, f or-did they take Jofeph 's Precaution to lay up Maga
zines of Coin in Years of Plenty, they have no need of'
bringing anyfrom other Nations ; for their Black Cattle
and Horfes,except it be now and then for the fake of a Breed,
they are capable of railing enough for their own Ufe and
for Export ; and for Tin, Lead and Iron, they have enough,
at home, j'f their. Mines were duly improv'd. For Gidves
and Alom'd Leather they have enough of their own, without
being oblig'fl to other Countries ; and for Woollen Manu
faftories they need nOne from England, or any other Coun
try, 'except fine,, Cloth for the Ufe of their Nobility, Gen
try, and others of the better fort.
From Ireland the Scots import' fometimes Black Cattle,,
Sheep, Wool and Woollen Manufaftories, with fome Corn
and Horfes, for which they have to exchange Linnen Cloth, Coal,

3d the Prefent S T A T E of Part H.
Cbal^ Salt, Cod, Ling, Red and White Herrings, Oak)
and Oak Bark, and Fir Timber.
, The Scots import from Kornay, Fir Timber and Dales,>7
Tar, Fifh, Oil, Copper, and Carvie-Seed, Oak, Wain-
fcot, Pipe-Staves and Firs, and fometimes Horfes front
Denmark. 'Tie evident from what has been faid, the Scoii
have Oak and Fir enough to ferve themfelves, were they
at pains to improve it, and great Quantities of Fir are ex-1
ported yearly to Ireland from the Highlands ; and for what
elfe they need from Xerway and Denmark, they have to ex
port and exchange Oat-Meal and Malt, Woollen and Lin-
hen Manufaftories, Salt Beef and Tallow.
The Scots import from the Baltick, Iron, Copper, Wite
of Copper and Iron, great Guns, Mortars, Bullets, Fir
Timber and Dales, for which they have to exchange White
and Red Herrings, which is fufficient to ballance all they
need from the Baltick ; fo that they may bring Money from
thence for their Coal, Salt, Cod, Ling, Lead, Linnenj
Butter and Tallow, Tobacco, which now they may have
from the Englifh Plantations in exchange for their own Pro*
duft, and Canary Wines, which they purchafe with their
own Filh.
The Scots import from Kerva, Revel and Riga, thebeft
Hemp, Flax of all forts, Knapple, Tar, Lintfeed, Firs*
Pot-Afhes and Train-Oil, for which they have to exchange
White and Red Herring, Alom'd Leathgr, Gloves, Lamb-
Skins, Lead, Woollen Manufaftories, and ffne- and coarfe
Stockings ; befides, 'tis plain they may have Train-Oil
enough from their own Fifh, and Furs enough from their
Own Lamb-Skin^, Deer-Skins, Foxes, Otters, Fulmoets^
Mertricks,e*cept it be for thofe who are curjous.
The Scots import from Dmt^ick and Poland, Hemp, Flax,
Linfeed, Tar'd Ropes, Pitch, Steel-kits, Knapple, Oafy
Wainfcot, Glafs, Black Beer, Strong-Waters, Pot-Afhes*
White Peafe, Rye, and other Corn, for which.they have
to exchange Red and White Herrings, Salt, Alom'd Lea-'
ther, Lamb-Skins.
From Holland they imported moft of their Grocery Ware,
Materials for dying,' fine Holland, Silks, Toys, Spices of all
forts, Currans, Raifins, Figgs, Rice, Sugar, Sugar-Candy,
Tobacco, Pickles of all fores, Gun-Powcter, Arms, Starch,-
Pot-Afhes, Soap, Hops, Ivory, Silk and Worfted Stuffs;
Thred, Callicoes, Muflin, Eaft-India Goods of all forts,
Oils, Drugs, Ships, Rigging, Flax, Hemp,' Rofin, Tobacr CO,

Cap. II. Scotland, ww North Britain. %t
co, Linfeed, Garden-feeds, Trees, Statues, Marble, Boojcs,
Lime-juice, Vinegar, White-Wine, Rhenifh, Sack, Bran
dy, Wainfcot, Planks, Hops, Earthen Ware, and all forts
of Houfhold Furniture.
And they imported into Holland, Salmon, Herring.Coals,
Wheat and Barley, Tallow, Butter, Eggs, Beef, Hides,
Tallow, Coarfe Woollen Cloth, Wool, Sheep-Skins, Ser
ges, Fingrims, Bazes, Plaiding, Woollen Stuffs, fuch; as
thofe of Korwich, Worfted Yarn, Stockings, Lead and Lead
Oar, Gloves and Pearl.
From France they imported Wines, Brandy, Prunes,
Cheftnuts, Silks, Salt, Writing-Paper, Hats, Gloves, and
Toys. • |
And they imported Salmond, Herrings, Codd, coals,
Lead, Wool, Coarfe Woollen Cloth, Stockings, Dog-
Skins, and other Skins.
From Spain they imported Wine^ Fruit, Oranges, Lem-
mons, Salt, Raifins and Cocheniel.
And imported Salmon, Herrings, Cod-fifb, Linnen of
feveral forts, coarfe Wsollen Cloth, Serges, Stockings,
Candles, Tallow, Bees-Wax, Raw Hides, Beef, Montrofi
Piftols. The Scots import from Naples, Oil, Silk, Silk Staffs,
and Rice ; for which they have to exchange Red and
White Herring, Salmon, Bars of Lead, Cotton- Wick'd
Candle, Tan'd Leather, Calf Skins.
They import from ' Galipoli Oils.Rice, Juice of Liquorifh, .
and Liquorifh ; for which they have to exchange the fame
Commodities that ferve for Kaples. They import likewife
the fame Commodities from Mefftna and Sicily in general*
for which they exchange the like Commodities as for Ka*
pies. They import from Venice Brimftone, the fineft Red Pile
Rice, fine Chryftal Drinking-Glaffes, Looking-Glaffes, Ca
binets, Small Beeds, Silk and Silk Stuffs, Mufcadin Wine,
.Greek Wine, Currans, Reman Scented Gloves, Venice
Necklaces, Sham Pearls ; for which they, have to exchange
Red Herrings, Salmon, Bars of Lead, Cotton'Wick'd
Candle, Bees- Wax, Log-wood, Tan'd Leather, Calf-Skins,
fine Stockings, Serges, Bazes white and dy'd, dry Cod and

Ling.

They import from Cepbalonia Currans, Greek Wine and
Rice, and Trade thither with the fame Goods as toVenice,
' or

jz Ali The Prefent STATE of Part II,
orrather with the Money they make of their Goods at
Venice. From Barbary they import Rice, Figs; Raifins, Dates,
Almonds, Copper, for which they have to exchange Locks
of Guns, Arms, Linnen and Woollen Manufafture, and
L,ead. (
From the canaries,. Malvafia. Wines, Green Wines, Red
and White Vidonia, or hard Wines, Pitch, fine preferv'd
Fruits, Cordecidron, Sugar-Loavqs, Orcbald, Shumack,
Pitch, Logwood ; for which they have to exchange Red
and White Herring, Linnen and Woollen Manufafture,
Salt Beefj Candle, Butter, and Bar-Lead.
From the Made^ts they import Red and White Madeta
Wines, Brandy, Cordecidron, Brafil, Sugar, Shumack,
gnd Archald for Dyers ; for which they have to exchange
Red and White Herrings, Salmon, x Linnen and Woollen
Manufaftures. From the Englifh Weft-Indies they import Sugar, Inclice,
Tobacco, Ginger dry and wet, Cotton Wool, Lime-juice, .
and Rum; for which they have to exchange Salt Beef,
Red and White Herrings, Wheat and Flour, Can
dles, &c.
Their Linnen and. Woollen Manufaftures, Salt Beef,
Red and White Herrings, Flour, .Candle, Butter, are
z lfo proper Commodities to exchange for the' Product pf
Martinico, Surinim, Citrajfo, Jamaica, Carolina, Kew-Torl,
Eaft and Weft Jerfey, Virginia, Penfilvania and Hew'-England.
They import from Ruffia Pot-Afhes, Train-Oil, Hemp,
Timber, tarr'd Ropes, Bees-Wax, Hony, Mead, Tar,
Cavier, Rhubarb, Agarick, Musk, Ifing-glafs ; for which
they exchange Lead, Red and White Herrings.
They import from China China-Ware, Silk, Stuffs, Fanns,
Cabinets, Skreens, Copper, Gold, Musk, Camphir, China-
Root, Tooth and Egg, Galingal, Quickfilver; for which
they have to exchange Lead, Iron, Woollen Cloth, and
Stuffs. For the Commodities of the Eaft-Indies and- Continent,
foph as* Pepper, Nutmegs, Cloves, .Silk,, Stuffs,- Callico,
Muflins, Drugs, Indigo, Ambergnle, Pearls, Diamondst;
pickled Fruits, Canes, Coffee and Cinnamon, they have
but little Produft to -anfwer that Trade, except Lead,' fine
Stuffs, Red and White Herrings, which Mr. Spruel fays
have been fold for him there for Six Pence apiece by way, of
Barter;

Cap. Ill; Scotland, now North Britain. £j
Barter; and he fuppofes Glafgow Plades may be a good
Commodity there.
For the Produft: of Perfia, which* befides the fame with
the Eaft-indies, is Coral and Necklaces; the Scots have to
exchange Broad-cloath, Stuffs, and Lead.
For the Product of Guinea which is Gold Duft and Ele*
phants Teethe the Scots have to exchange Linnen and Wool
len Manufaftures, Knives, Sciffars, fmall Lookinglaffes*
and other Toys, Strong-waters, Beads, Pewter Difhes;
and he fuppofes Glafgow Plades and Blue Bonnets may be
a good Commodity there.
For the Product of the Negro Coaft, vi%. Negro's <
Elephants Teeth, Bees Wax and Gum-Arabick ; Scotland
has to exchange W'a.m-pum-pigi or fine Shells, found in great
Quantities on the Coafts of the Ifles, coarfe White Linnen
and Fingrims, Toys* Strong Waters and Pewter Difhes. ,
This is the Subftance Of what Mr. Spruel has faid in his
Scheme of Scotland's Produft and Trade} not that he fuppo^
fes that the Produft of Scotland is fufficient to Trade to all
thofe Places without Money, but the Scots Produft is fiiffi-<
cient to procure Money to Trade to fuch of thofe Places
where it is neceffary. Nor does he on the other hand fuppofo
that the Scots can have nothing in thofe Places but the
Commodities of the refpeftive Countries in Exchange fot
theirs, for from many of them the Scots bring Home Gold
and Money for their own Produft.
We have infilled the longer upon this Head of Scotland's
Produft for Trade to undeceive other People, who, by the
Mifreprefentations of envious or ignorant Authors, have
been much impos'd upon by extravaga nt Accounts of the
intrinfick Poverty and Barrennefs of Scotland.

CHAP. III.
Of the Soil of Scotland.
TH O' the Country be for moft part Mountainous, yet
they hare many Valleys, and Ground fit for Agriculture
of all forts; their Valleys, efpecially thofe towards the Seai
are of a fat and blackifh Soil, tit for all forts of Corn and
Fruits. They have higher Grounds, not fo fat, but'arablej
and fit for Rye and Barley, Pcafe, Beans, Flax and Hemp j
D and

34 the Prefent ST AT E of Part II.
and their thicker Soil produces excellent Oats and Roots^
For manuring the Land, befides the ordinary Dung, they
have Talk, Marl, Sea- ware. or Tangle and Lime. In many
Places the Ground yields Sixteen or Eighteen Fold; and
Mr. Martin, in his Account of the Weftern Iflands, fays, the
-Ground yields fometimes Thirty Fold, and that generally
the Produft is more -when the Ground is digg'd than when
it is plough'd.
The Face or Afpeft of the Kingdom in general, varies
very much, and feems to partake of the Nature of moft Cli
mates of the World; in fome Places the Hills are almoft
perpetually covered with Snow, in other Places the Lakes
and Waters never freeze, and the Ground fmokes with the
Sulphur fhut up in its Bowels ; in fome Places the Afpeft
looks very melancholy, with Lakes, and Rocks and Hills,
which produce nothing but Heath; Id other Places there are
fruitful Corn-Fields and lovely Paftures; and as the Surface
of the Ground does vary in this manner, the Mines, likewife
vary under Ground, fothat Scotland partakes of the Barren
nefs and Fruitfulnefs both of the Old and New difcover'd
World.; but, as was faid akeady,<it abounds with; all Necef-
faries for Human Life, and JRrovifions are plentiful and
cheap , tho' the Country be populous and the- People very
prolifick. of the Mountains- ef Scotland.
The Scots are generally upbraided by their Neighbours
and Foreigners becaufe of their numerous Mountains, but
had they known or confider'd the Natufe of many of thofe
Mountains, which either yield Pafture for Sheep and fmall
Black Cattel, or abound with Woods and Mines, they
would noe have found much Caufe to reflect on the Country
upon that Account. And here it is proper to take notice of
what the learned Kircher, Lib. i..Mun. fubter. has faid of
the Ufe of Mountains, vi^. That they are the fame to the
Earth as Bones are to the Body, and fallen the Globe fo as
it cannot be diffolv'd; for fince the Earth is compos'd of
Soil of different forts, and- produces innumerable Species of
different Things,, as Minerals and Mineral Fluors, thefe
Things could not confift together, except they were kept in
by the firm Strufture of the Mountains. 2. Since the Sea
flows perpetually round the Land, and is in continual moti
on by the Winds and Tides, the Earth could aot laft without the

Cap. III. Scotland, now North Britain. |$
the Mountains, which keep the Sea within Bounds, like fo
many Barriers; and, as Job expreffes it, fets Bars and Doors
to it. 3. Mountains are abfblutely neceffary to further and
regulate the Courfe of Fountains and Rivers, fince their
Water would ftagnate or overflow' the Country^ if the
Surface of the Ground were altogether level ; therefore^
fays he, the Mountains are like Dugs in the Bofom of the
Earth, and ferve as the Repositories of Nature, to fupply
the Earth perpetually with Liquor , and to fruftify the
neighbouring Valleys and Countries. 4. Mountains are
neceffary for breaking high Winds, and for producing Va«*
riety of Herbs, Trees and Plants, which could not fubfift
without them ; they conduce alfo mightily to temper the
Heat of the Sun, and to make the Air wholfome. 5. Moun
tains are the Repofitories of Minerals, in whofe Cavities
the Subterranean Fire matures them, as in a Furnace, for
Human Ufe. We need fay nothing of the pleafant Profpefts
they afford, and of the ufeful Shade they give to the neigh
bouring Valleys. In fhort, Sir Robert Sibbald fays, that
Scotland owes very much of its Felicity to its Mountains,
fiflce by their means the Sun has a ftronger Influence upon
its Valleys, the Air is made more ferene and healthful, and
the Country is deliver'd from Inundations and ftagnating
putrid Waters, which occafion peftilential Difeafes.
It's obvious, that they add to the Dimenfions and Extent
of the Country, for it's evident that they afford more room
for Pafture for Flocks, for Woods and other Ufes, than can
be in a plain Country of equal Breadth and Length.
The moft remarkable Mountains of Scotland are the
Grampian Mountains, which run from Eaft to Weft, from neat
Aberdeen to Cowal in Argile-fkire, almoft the whole Breadth
of the Kingdom, famous for the Battel fought on them be-1
fwixt the Romans and the ancient Scots or Caledonians,, un
der the Conduft of Galgacm, as we find in Tacitus. The next
mbft remarkable Chain of Mountains are thofe of Lammer-
moor, which run from the Eaftern Coaft in the Mers a great
way Weft 5 next to thefe are Pentland-Hills, which run thro5
Lothian and joyn the Mountains of Tweddel; and thefe again
are jbyn'd by others, which run thro' the whole Breadth of
the Ifland. Other remarkable Mountains are thofe call'd
Cheviot-Hills, in the Border betwixt the Two Kingdoms,
Drumpenderlaw and North Berwick-law, both in Eaft Lothl*
an, Arthur' s-Seat in Mid-Lothian, Cairnpapple in Weft Lothi
an, emeck in CliiefMe, Binmore in Argile, the Ochel Moun~
D a tains,

3$ the Prefent S T A T E of Part. II.
tains, the Lomntnds and Ltrgo-fow in Fife ; in Angst Dundec-
l*w, and part of the Grampians ; in Caitbnes Ordt and in the
Orkney Iflands, the Mountains of Hoy.

CHAP: IV.
Of the Seafons of the tear in Scotland.
•TTH E Winter continues ufually Four Months, wf. from thV
-*• middle ef Rovember to the middle of Marib, tho* the
Seafon does not continue fevere above half the Time; the
Wind blows ufually in the Winter from the North, which
brings Froft, and from the North-Eaft, which brings Snow j
and for the moft part, efpecially in December^ January, and
part of February, there is more Snow than Rain, and the
Snow lyes, when it comes late* till the beginning of April.
'Tis obferv'd that thofe Winters which abound moft with
Snow and Froft are more healthful for the People, and bet
ter for the Soil ; whereas thofe that are open and rainy are
worfe for both, and alfo for Cattel. In the Spring, vi?..
March, and the begianing of April, Rain is more frequent
and the Wind more ftrong, and blows for moft part from
the Eaft, North-Eaft and South-Eaft. The Summer is
very temperate from the middle of June to the middle of
September, the Length of which compenfar.es, the Diftance
of the Country from the Sun ; for then, generally fpeaking,
'tis neither parch'd with Heat nor depriv'd of neceffary
Moifture, being watered with much Dew, frequent Showers
and continual Fountains, yet the Heat is fufficient to ripen
the Corn and Fruits, and being fann'd with continual
Breezes, occafions a pure and ferene Air, efpecially in the
Mountainous Countries, which is very healthful as well as
grateful to Man and Beaft ; the Wind blows then for moft
part from the Weft, North-Weft and South-Weft.
The Autumn in Scotland is variable, abounding fometimes
with continued Rains, fometimes with Fogs, and fometimes
with tempeftuous Winds, but the beginning of the Autftmn
frequently refembles the Summer, and is very temperate^
in this Seafon the Wind generally blows from the South and
South-Eaft : Difeafes abound moft at this Time, and in the
middle of the Spring, but neither fo frequent nor fo malig-
eant as in the neighbouring Countries, becaufe the Air is
fflwc purify'd by the Wind* r- CHAP.

Cap. V. Scotland, mw North Britain! %%
CHAP. V.
Of the Scotifh Seat.
THis Country is watered by the Atlantkb Ocean, the Deu-
caledonian, German and lrifh Seas; the AtlamUi is that
part of the Ocean betwixt America and the Weftern Coaft*
of Europe, whence it comes to pafs that the Fowl and Fifties
of both are found in the Scotifb Seas, and by the Situation of
the Country, which rifes high towards the Inland Parts, it
is neither fubjeft to Inundations of the Sea nor to ftagnating
Waters. In the Scotifh Seas there is a great Increafe and
Pecreafeof Water in the -flux and reflux ; the reflux par*
ticularly is very remarkable, becaufe of the Declivity of the
Country, The moft remarkable Tides in Scotland are,
firft, in the narrow Paffage, where Kintire, belonging to
the Shire of Argile, is joyn'd to Cnapdale; it is about a
Wile in Length, and when the Tide is out is a low Sandv
thro' which Mariners draw their little Veffels to cut their
Paffage fhort ; and which is wonderful, as the Sea flows in
at one fide it flows back at t'other, as if Providence took
peculiar Care to preferve this little Ifthmus, that it fhoald
not be broke thorow by the Force of the contending Waves.
Near te this lyes the Gulf, which Mr. Martin cans Cory vtt-
lan, betwixt the Ifles Jura and Scarba, it has fuch an impe-
tuous Current as is not to be match'd any where about- the
Ifle of Britain; the Sea begins to ferment with the Tide of
Flood like the boiling of a Pot, and increafes gradually till
it appear in many Whirlpools, which immediately after,
(pout up in Shape of Pyramids with a great Noife as high
as the Maft of a little Ship, and the white Waves, occafi-
on'd by the Fall of the Water, run Two Leagues with the
Wind before they break. The Sea continues thefe various
Motions from the beginning of the Tide till above half
Flood, when it decreafes gradually, but continues to boil
till within an Hour of low Water; and notwithftanding
this great Ferment of the Sea, which brings up the leaft
Shell from the Ground, the fmalleft Fifber-boat may crofs
the Gulf at the laft Hour of the Tide of Flood, and the laft
Hour of the Tide of Ebbj but *tis fatal to any Veffel to
approach this Gulf when the Pyramids of Water begin to
rife. ?. On the Coaft of Bentera, one of the Harries Iflands,
D 3 which

J8. the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
which Sir Robert Murray gives an Account of in the Philo"
fophical Tranfaftions of the Royal Society, in brief thus*'
The Tides increafe and decreafe gradually, according to the
Age of the Moon, fo as about the Third Day after the
New and Full Moon, in the Weftern Ifles and Continent,
they are commonly at the higheft, and about Quarter
Moons at the loweft, (the former called Spring-Tides, the
other Neap-Tides) the Tides from the Quarter to the high
eft Spring-Tide increafe to a certain Proportion, and from
the Spring-Tide to the Quarter- Tide in like Proportion 5
and the Ebbs rife and fall always after the fame manner.
It's fuppos'd that the Increafe of Tides is made in the
Proportion of Sines ; the firft Increafe exceeds the loweft in
q. fmall Proportion, the next in a greater, the third greater
than that, and fo on to the middlemoft, whereof the Excefs
is the greateft, diminifhing again from that to the higheft.
Spring-Tide, fo as th,e Proportions before and after the
middle do anfwer one another. And likewife, from the high
eft Spring-Tide to the loweft Neap-Tide, the Decreafe
feem to keep the, like Proportions, and this commonly falls
out when no Wind or other Accident caufes an Alteration.
At the beginning of each Flood on the Coaft,the Tide moves
falter, but in a fin all degree, increafing its Swiftnefs till to
wards the middle of the Flood, and'then decreafing in Swift-
pefs again from the middle to the top of the High-water;
it's fuppos'd that the inequal Spaces of Time, the Increafe
and- Deereafe of Swiftnefs, and confequently the Degrees of
the Rifings and Fallings of the fame inequal Spaces of Time,
are performed according to the Proportion of Sines. The
Proportion cannot hold precifely and exaftly in regard of
the Inequalities that fall out in the Periods of the Tides,
which are believed to follow certain Pofitions of the Moon,
in regard of the Equinox, which are known not 'to keep a
precife conftant Courfe, fo that there not being equal Por
tions of Time between one New Moon and another, the
Moon% return to the fame Meridian cannot be always per^
formed in the fame time ; and the Tides from New-Moon
being not always the fame in Number, , or fometimes but 57,
fometimes 58, fometimes 59, (without any certain Order
i or SucceflionJ is another Evidence of the Difficulty of redu
cing this to any great Exaftnefs,
. At the Eaft End of this Ifle there is a ftrange Reciproca
tion of the flux and reflux of the Sea ; there is another no .
lefs remarkabje upon th§ Weft fide of She Lopg-lfland, The
..fides

Gap. V. Scotland, now North Britain^ 39
Tides which come from the South-Weft run along the Coaft
Northward, fo that during the ordinary Courfe of the Tides
the Flood runs Eaft in the Frith, where Bernera lyes, and
the Ebb Weft, and thus the Sea ebbs and flows orderly,
fome four Days before the Full and Change, and as long
after, (the ordinary Spring-Tides rifing fome 14 or i^ Foot
upright, and all the reft proportionably, as in other Places)
but afterwards, for four Days before the Quarter Moons, '
and as long after, there is conftantly a great and fingular
Variation, for then (a Southerly Moon making there the
foil Sea) the Courfe of the Tide being Eaftward ; when it
begins to flow, which is about 94 of the Clock, it not only
continues fo till about 3^. in the Afternoon, that it be High-
water, but after it begins to ebb, the Current runs on ftill
Eaftward during the whole Ebb, fo that it runs Eaftward
12 Hours together; that is, all Day long, from about 0^
in the Morning till about q~ at Night. But then, when the
Night Tide begins to flow, the Current turns, and runs
Weftward all Night, during both Flood and Ebb, for fome
1 2 Hours more, as it did Eaftward the Day before ; and
thus the Reciprocations continue Flood and Ebb, running
one 12 Hours Eaftward, and another 12 Hours Weft-
ward, tin 4 Days before the Full and New Moon, and^then
they refume their ordinary regular Courfg as before, run
ning Eaft during the Six Hours of Flood, and Weft during
the Six of Ebb.
There is another extraordinary Irregularity in the Tides,
which never fails: That whereas between the Vernal and
Autumnal Equinox, that is, for Six Months together, the
Courfe of irregular Tides about the Quarter-Moons is to
run all Day, 12 Hours, as from about of to Ten- exaft
Eaftward aH Night, that is, 12 Hours more Weftward ; du
ring the other Six Months, from the Autumnal to the Ver
nal Equinox, the Current runs all Day Weftward and all
Night Eaftward. I have obferv'd the Tides as above for
the Space of fome Days both in April, May, July and Auguft.
The Natives have frequent Opportunities to fee this both
Day and Night, and they all agree that the Tides- run as
mention'd above.
There are other ftrange Tides about the Orkney Iflands,
. which we refer till we come to the Defcription of thofe
Iflands.

D 4 CHAP.

49 the Prefent STATE of Part II.
CH A P. VI.
Of the fountains, Rivers and Lakes of Scotland.
TH E Kingdom abounds with very good Fountains, which
flow from the Mountains and Hills every where,nor are
they unfrequeht in the Valleys; and what is more- remark*
able, they are found upon the Tops of fome of the higheft
Mountains, as in the higheft of the Lowmond Hills, and in
one of thofe of Hoy in Orkney, where there is an excellent
clear Fountain, of fuch wonderful Lightnefs, that how much
foever a Man drink of it he finds himfelf nothing heavier,
There is alfo a Fountain of frefh Water on the Top of the
Bafs, an Ifland, or rather great Rock, in the middle of the
Sea, betwixt Lothian and Fife. Irrthe high Rock upon which
the Caftle of Dunbarton is fituated there 'are Two Fountains^
about 3 Foot diftant from one, another, of which the one,
whofe "Stream runs towards the South, is very fait, and the
other, whofe Stream runs Northward, is very frefh and
clear ; and betwixt the Two Rocks within the Caftle there.
is a-frefh Water Pool, within Fifty Fathom of the Sea.
There is a petrifying Fountain near the Caftle of Slaines,
the Water of which dropping from a natural Cave,prelently
turns into Pyramids of Stones, which are brittle, and make
^ood Lime; there1 is another in Hamilton Wood, the Stones
jnade by which refemble putrid Mpfs. '
'At Monkton, near Edinburgh, there is a Well call'd, The
Routing Well, jjecaufe of the Noife rt makes before ,Tem-
pefts, from the part of the Well which looks to that Quar
ter of the Sky from whence the Tempefl: is to blow.
There is another on the Weft fide of Campfey Hills, which
divide Sterling jbire from Lennox, whofe Water makes People
drunk. ' * '
The moft remarkable Medicinal Fountains }n Scotland
are Moffet Wells, which fpring from the Top of a Rock hear
the Town of that Name in Anandale ; the Wells are Two in
Number, near one another, the higher Well runs thro' whi-
tifh and chryftaline Stphes, and the lower .thro' black ones,
refembling Marcafites of Antimony ; the Smell, of the Water
js like that of Gunpowder, and it dyes Silver of a black Co
lour, To the Stones of the upper Well there grows a Matter
yffen}t}lilJg ftinkjng Sulphur of Antimony, of a yellewifh red.

Cap. VI. Scotland, now North Britain. 34
red Colour ; the Stones of the lower Well are of the Colour
of Antimony, and fome of them contain a metallick Matter
that fparkles like Antimony. Where the Stream of the lower
Well runs down into a neighbouring Brook there flicks to
the Rock a whitifh Salt, and perhaps a nitrous Matter,
which has the Diuretick Virtue of the Water. Thofe Wa
ters alfo purge by Stool and Vomit, and are very good
againft Cholick and Nephritick Pains, becaufe they pow
erfully remove the Obftruftions of the Bowels; they are
outwardly applied to Ulcers and againft Pains in the Joints;
they are ftrongeft in their Operation in the dryeft Seafon of
the Summer and Autumn, but are not fo good in a rainy
or in the Winter Seafom And Mahom's Well,near SuMahom's
Church, has the fame Virtue, but does not operate fo
ftrongly ; and there is a Well of the fame* nature difcover'd
not many Years ago at Hall-Yards, within Six Miles of
Edinburgh. At Kingborne there flows from the Clefts of a Rock a very
clear and cold Water, which quickly paffcs thro' the Body,
is Of excellent ufe for recovering a loft Appetite, and againft
the Gravel and Stone ; it is outwardly applied to watery
and itching Eyes, and againft Rednefs and Pimples in the
Face: There flows alfo from the fame Rock a whitifh vifcid
Liquor, which is an excellent Cofmetisk.
Arthrey Well, Two Miles North of Sterling, flows from a
Mountain, where there ifa Copper Mine, with fome mix- *
ture of Gold and Silver ; the Water is very cold, and being
tinftur'd with the Minerals it flows thro', is of ufe againft
outward Diftempers.
There are feveral Fountains tinftur'd with Steel and Vi
triol, efpecially at Peter-head in Aberdeen-fhire, whofe Waten
are us'd againft Cholicks and Obftruftions of the Bowels.
There is a Well of the like nature near Aberdeen,which flow
ing thro' Iron and Vitriol, is found to be very good againft
Dropfies, Cholicks and Nephritick Pains.
At Hew-MiUs in the Weft Of Scotland,there is a Well flow.
ing thro' the' fame Minerals* much commended for Hypo-
chondriack and Scorbutick Diftempers.
There are no Baths yet difcover'd in Scotland, but the
want of them in cold Diftempers may be in fome meafure
fupply'd by the external Ufe of Moffet Waters, and of the
Oil which fwims upon St. Catherine's Well, within Two
Miles of Edinburgh, which is of a blackifh Colour; and is
made ufe pf to fofcen the Skin, to take away any Roughnefs or

«f| The Prefent STATE of Part.il.
or Scabs, and being warm'd and the Part anointed with
it, is found to be very good againft Pains proceeding from
cold Caufes, and reftores Strength to decay'd Limbs.
There are many Rivers in Scotland, the. moft famous are
Forth, Clyde and Toy, which are Navigable for many Miles.
Forth, anciently call'd Bodotria, the. nobleft and largeft of
all the Rivers in Scotland, takes its Rife not far from the
Bottom of Leimon Hill, and runs from Weft to Eaft, and re
ceiving feveral other Rivers by the way; near Sterling it
is pafs'd by a noble Bridge, and lias afterwards fo many
Turnings, that- tho' it be but 4 Miles by Land from Sterlin
to AUoway, it is 24 by Water, which affords a moft pleafant
Afpeft by the Meanders of the River, and the verdant
Plains on each fide. Below JHoway the Channel enlarges
it felf feveral Miles in Breadth betwixt Fife and Lothian, till
it comes to Queensferry, where Promontories breaking in on
both fides, it is contracted into about 2 Miles in Breadth,
where for moft part there's a fafe Paffage for Boats betwixt
Lothian and Fife ; and about the middle of the Paffage there's
a little Ifland or Rock call'd Inch-Garvy, upon which there
was a Fort to defend the Paffage, which, by railing one on
the Shore on each fide, might be made impregnable ; and
in the* River above it, convenient Harbours might be found
for tlie greateft Fleets of Men of War or Merchant Ships, to
ride or lye fafe from all Attacks by Enemies or Tempefts. A f
mighty Advantage for Trade, in cafe of cutting a Canal, as,
formerly mention'd, betwixt this River and Clyde, to open
a Communication betwixt the Atlantick and German Ocean.
Below this Paffage the Forth enlarges it felf by degrees be
twixt Lothian and Fife, beautify'd with confiderable Towns
and Harbours on both fides, and feveral Iflands in the mid
dle, till it come to the Promontory call'd St. Ebb's-kead,
and there it is call'd the Scotifh Sea.
. Tiy is next to the FortJb,.the largeft River in Scotland, has
its Source from Loch-Toy, a Lake of 24 Miles long in Brtii'
Albin, it wafhes the Grampian Mountains, the Country of
Athol, the Towns of Dunkel and St. fohnftoun, the fruitful
Country of Gowrie, and falls into the, Sea at Dundee, where
k is Two Miles over; tt is Navigable as high as St. ']ok-
Maun' which is about Twenty Miles. This River has a Ca-
faraft a little below the Earl of Perth's Houfe of StobM,.
which in time of a Flood makesfo great a Noife, that it is
heard1 many Miles.
#0

Cap. VI. Scotland, now North Britain; |j
Spey is next to Torth and Toy the moft confiderable Rivet
iri Scotland, it flows from a Lake of its own Name betwixt
the Hills of Badenoch and Lochaber, and after a .Courle <f
Threefcore Miles falls into the German Sea, a little below.
the Duke of Gordon's Houfe, call'd Bogie ; it funs from Weft
to Eaft with a very quick Stream, till it come within Six
Miles of the Sea, and then runs Northward thro' a plain
Country, where the Tide flows up about a Mile. 'Tis ob-
ferv'd of this River,that it fwells by a Weftern Wind in the
hotteft Time of Summer, when there is no Rain; ic,is re
markable alfo for its good Salmon-Fifhing.
The Done and Dee, which fall into the Sea near Aberdeen,
have been formerly mention'd, as very confiderable for their
Salmon-Fifhing, as was alfo the River Heffe, which flows
from a Lake of that Name, remarkable for this, that its
Water never freezes; and when Ice is thrown into it, it im
mediately diffolves. This River falls into the Sea at the
Town of Innerneffe, where there are alfo very good Salmon,
Clyde is the greateft River in the Lowlands next to the
Forth, takes its Rife out of Tinp-T&W in that Country, and
falls into the Irijl) Sea; it is alfo confiderable for Salmon-
Fifhing, and its convenient Situation for a Trade to the
Weft-Indies, France, Spain, and the Streights : The reft of
the Rivers we omit till we come to the particular Counties
thro' which thfy run.
The moft remarkable Lakes in Scotland are Loch-Toy,
Loch-Reffe and Loch-Levin, which all fend forth Rivers of the
fame Name with themfelves : Loch-lomand, which fends forth
the River of Levin, and Lochfern, which fends forth the Ri
ver fern. And 'tis alfo obferv'd that Loch-Reffe, Lech-Toy and
iLoch-jern, never freeze; but whether it proceed from Sub*
terranean Fires or from Sulphureous Minerals, thro' which
they run, is not determin'd by Naturalifts.
LQch-myrtoo in Galloway is remarkable for this, that one
part of it freezes in the Winter Seafon, and the other part
never does.
There is a Loch in Strath-errick, in the Lord lovat's Lands,
which never freezes, however fevere the Froft be, till Fe
bruary, and then in one Nights time it freezes all over, and
if the Froft continue Two Nights the Ice grows very thick,
there is a Lake of the fame nature call'd Locb-monar, in the
Earl of Cromarty's Lands, in the North ; and there is ano
ther Lake in Straglafh, at a Place call'd Gleua-fiuh,, in a high
Ground betwixt the Tops of Two Mountains, the middle of

jft the Prefent ST ATE of PartH.
of which Lake is always frozen throughout the Summer,
notwithftanding the ftrong Refleftions of the Sun Beams
from the Mountains, which melt the Ice at the fides of the
Lake. The Ground round the Lake has a conftant Verdure,
as if there were a perpetual Spring, and Cattel grow fooner
fet by that Grafs than any where elfe; and this is Co mucb
the more remarkable, that there are feveral other Lakes in
the Neighbourhood of as high a Situation wherein no fuch
thing is feen.
In Glmelg, at a Place call'd Acbignigh, there is a Stream
which turns Holly into a greenifh Stone, of which they
make Moulds for cafting Musket-Bullets and Melting-Pot^
for melting Brafs and other Metals, and Whirls for Womens
Spindles. In Ltnlhbgm Shire, there is a Lake called Loch-Coat Lough,
from whence a Stream runs under a neighbouring Mountain,
the Murmur of which is heard among the Stones ; and after
it has run thus under Ground for about two hundred Paces,
it iflbes with great force from a Fountain about three Foot
broad, and forms a Stream which turns a Water MUi.

CHAP. VII.
Of the Inhabitants of Scotland.
»*T*I S obferved by Hippocrates, that, the lineaments and tern*
M- per of Inhabitants partakes of the nature of their Coun;
try , and that it is prindpally the change of Seafons or Climates
which makes a change in the nature of the People ; and
fince there are frequent charges of the Sea. fon in Scotland, the
Country abounding with many large Mountains and Hills,
as alfo with Fields and Meadows, it has an influence upon
the tempers of the People. Hence it is, as St. Robert Sib*
bold thinks, the Scots derive their Lively Genius, Courage
and Warlike Temper.
Hector Boethius, defcribes the way of Living, and Cu
ftoms of the Ancient Scots thus ; Our Ahceftors in War and
Feace, did among other Vertues chiefly cultivate Tempe
rance the Mother of the reft, and therefore did not indulge
themfelves, in much Sleep, or ranch Eating and Drinking.
They made their Food and Drink of what was neareft at
handj and moft eafily prepar'd ; they made their Bread of
fuch

Cap. VII. Scotland, nm North Britain. £$
fuch Corn as the feveral Counties produced, they Fed on
Venifoii, as delighting much in Hunting, which very much
ftrenghtned their Bodies, arid at other times they eat Beef j
and Fifh with which their Rivers, and Seas abounded ; they
commonly made a fmall Breakfaft of thofe things, and then
Eat no more till Supper, left their Bellies being crammed
with Vifttuls, their Minds fhould be rendred more unfit
for Bufinefs.
They eat more at Supper, but feldom exceed one Dim :
When] they had a mind to be merry they drunk Aquavit*
not made of Foreign Spices, but diftiU'd from their owa
Herbs, fuch as Time, Mint, Ani[e,f$c Their commoa
Drink was Ale. When they were at War they contented
themfelves with Water, and every Man carrying as much
Meal as they thought fufficient for a Day | they mix'd it
with Water, and boild it to a confiftency, as they do now
that which they call Pottage, in the fame manner as Hero*
dian tells us the Romans, and the Emperor Caracalla him
felf did in their Camp. They feldom eat any Flefh in their
Camp, but when they took Cattle from their Enemies, and
that they eat half Raw, conceiving it to be then more nou- .
riffling, as well as jucy ; but if they met with no Booty,
they eat Fifh dry'd in the Sun. In time of Peace, left
float hfulnefs fhould make them Effeminate, they accuftom'd
themfelves to Hunting, Running and Wreftling. Their
Heads were continually bare and fhav'd, leaving a lock of
Hair on their Fore-heads, after the manner of the Ancient
Spaniards, and they either went bare Foot, or with Shoes
continually moift, efpecially in the Winter, that they might
be able to endure all Seafons.Their Cloathes were made for
Ufe and not for Luxury, their Stockins were never higher
then their Knee, and they wore them indifferently of Lin
nen or Woollen. Their Breeches were moft part of Hempen-
Cloth, and they had fliort Cloaks or upper Garments of
fine Yarn for the Summer, and coarfer for the Winter.They
lay generally on the Floor, or on Benches with Sackcloath
under them. They bred their Children hard, and the Mo
thers nurfed them themfelves, and thofe who wanted Milk
they fufpefted to be guilty of Adultery, being of Opinion
that Nature would always provide for thofe who were law
fully Born ; and they alfo thought that Milk of other Nurfes
made Children to Degenerate from their Parents. They
for moft part travell'd on Foot, and when at War carried
their Baggage ordinarily on their Backs, but fometimes made

5M? the Prefent STATE of Part II.
made ufe of Horfes, and refufed no hardfhip their Corhman-
ders put upon them. If they loft the Battle, they prefentfy
retired to the Mountains, andjwere fo accuftomed to Run
ning by Hunting and Racing in time ©f Peace, that they
were almoft as Swift as Horfes^ They reckon'd a Defeat
their common Reproach, and were never at reft till they
aveng'd it on the Enemy. The Nobility and Gentry reckon
ed it glorious to Fight in the Van, and if any of them were
in Danger, their Followers would either refcue them or die
with them ; for this reafon they were very bountiful to their
Vaffals, and they were as faithful to them. The Graves of the
Nobility were adorn'd with Obelisks, as many in number as
they and their followers had flain of the Enemies Nobili.
ty. If any Marion a March, or in the Camp was found
without a Flirit-ftone or a Sword by his Side, or in his Hand,
he was whipped out of the Army- with great Difgrace ;
their Armour was light, and their Habergeons or Goats of
Mail were of Tron or Hides. They carried either a Lance or
a Bow, and a long Sword and Buckler, and were very nice
in keeping their Arms, which they accounted their chief
Riches. If any Manpawn'd his Sword he was hiffed out of
the Army with Contempt ; and if any Man fled out of the
Camp for fear, or went off without leave from his Comman
der, it was lawful for any Man to kill him, and all that he
had was forfeited. Nay, the very Women, efpecially Maids
would go to the Army with their Friends, and Women with
their Husbands,except they were with Child or Superannua
ted, and frequently did good Service ; they thought it glo
rious to Fight in the open Field,' either againft the publick
.Enemy or in their own private Quarrels, and abhorred to
circumvent their Enemies. Such Men as labour'd under
Madnefs or infeftious Diftempers, which they thought might
be communicated to their Offefpririg ; they Gelded, and
Women in the like cafe they remov'd from all Society of
Men, left the Race fhould be fpoil'd, and if any fuch were
found to be with Child afterwards they , buried them ajive.
Gluttons and Drunkards they drown'd, and were fo exaft in
their Bargains, that they would perform more than they
premifed. They made ufe of Hyrogliphicks, and efpecially
Figures of Animals, fome of which are ftill to be feen ia
Ancientburying Places; but that Art is now utterly loft.
Some peculiar Characters which were ' then common ftill
remain, and very aptlyexprefs all the Afpirats and Dip
thongs of the Ancient Language, but they are not notr
com-

Cap. VII. Scotland, now North Britain. rqjj>'
commonly ufed. For Phyfick, they made ufe of native
Herbs, in which they are ftill very Skilful. In the War
they made ufe ofa certain fort of Food, of which the
quantity of a Bean would ftay their Hunger and Thirft for
feveral Days^ as Dion acquaints us in his Roman Hiftory.
Sir Robert 'sibbald has a learned Differtation upon this, and
thinks it to be a Knob or Puff growing to the Root of a
Plant, which the* Hihglanders call Karemyle; that they Chaw
in cafe of Hunger and Thirft, and mix it with theirWaterfor
Drink. Sir Robert fays, the Tafte of it jefembles that of
Liquorifh. Of the Cuftoms of the Modem Scots.
The Scots are divided into Highlanders, who call them
felves the Ancient Scots, and into Lowlanders, who are
a mixture of Ancient Scots, French, Englifh, Danes, Germans,
Hungarians and others. Buchanan defcribes the Cuftoms of
the Highlanders Graphically thus : In their Diet, Apparel,
and Houfiiiold Furniture, they follow the parfimony of the
Ancients, they provide their Diet by Fifhing and Hunting,
and boil their Flefh in the Paunch or Skin of a Beaft ; while
they Hunt they eat it raw, after having fqueezed out the
Blood. Their Drink is the Broth of boild Meat or Whey
they keep fome Years, and drink it plentifully in their'En-
tertainment, but moft of them drink Water ; their Bread
is of Oats and Barley, the Only Grain produced in their
Country, which they prepare very artfully, they eat a lit
tle of it. in the Morning, and contenting themfelves with
that, Hunt, or go about their Bufinefs without eating any
more till Night. They delight moft in Cloaths of feveral
Colours, efpecially ftrip'd; the Colours they affeft moft are
Purple and Blue. Their Anceftors, as do moft of them ftill,
made' ufe of Plaids very much variegated, but now they
make them rather of a Dai;k-colour, refembling that of the
Crops of Heath, that they may not be difcovered while
they lie in the Heaths waiting for their Game, being rather
wrapped up than eover'd with thofe Plaids, they endure all
the' rigours of the Seafon, and fometimes fleep eover'd all
over with Snow. At Home they lie upon the Ground,
having under them Fern or Heath, the latter laid with.thc
Roots undermoft, fo as it is almoft equal to Feathers
for Softnefs, but much more healthful ; for the quality of
Heath being to draw out fuperfluous Humours, when they
lie down weary and faint upon it at Night, they rife frefh and

$1 the Prefent STATE of Part ii
and vigorous in the Morning. They afteft this hard way
of fleeping, and if at any time they come into other places
of the Country, where there is better Accommodation, they
pull the Coverings off the Bed, and lie down upon them
wrapped up in their own Plaids, left they fhould be fpoil'd
by this barbarous Effeminacy, as they call it. In War, they
Cover themfelves with Coats' of Mail, or Harbergeons,made
up of Iron Rings for the moft part as low* as their Ancles;
their Arms are Bows and barbed Arrows, which can't be
taken out of the Body Without making a very great Wound;
and others of them make ufe of Broad Swords and Battle
Axes. Their Martial Mufick is a Bag-pipe; they delight
much in Mufick efpecially Fiddles, fome with Brafs Strings,
and others with Cats-gut, which they play upon with their
Fingers, or fome Inftrument made on purpofe. Their chief
ambition is to have their Fiddles adorn'd with Silver or
Jewels, and the poorer fort imbellifh them with Chryftal;
their Songs are artfully enough compofed, and the Subjeft
of 'em is generally the praife of brave Men. They make ufe
a little of the old GaUlick Tongue, and take long Journies
in the height of Winter on Foot without inconveniency,
and trouble themfelves about no other Provifion than a lit
tle Aquavhx, and fome Cheefe ; the Orkney Men's Language
is a Dialect of the old Gotbick, and living after the old tem
perate way, they are not much troubled with Diftempers ©f
Body or Mind, their ignorance of Luxury contributes more
to their Health, than the Phyficians Art does to that of their
People, and makes their Stature Manly, and thair Com
plexion Comely; they have little Corn but Barley and
Oats, of which they make Bread and Drink; they abound
with Black and White Cattle and Goats, from whence they
have plenty of Milk, Butter and Cheefe, and their Fowls
and Fifh are innumerable ; they hare no poyfonous or defor
med Animal in the Country , they abound with little Hor
fes contemptible to the Eye, but fit for all forts of Dome-
ftick Bufinefs, beyond what can beimagin'd. Their ancient
Difcipline begins to grow in to defuetude by their Com.
merce with other Nations, to the no fmall detriment of their
Health and Morals. The Shetlanders have much the fame
Cuftoms, but fliey retain fomewhat more of the ancient
Farfmony ; their Habit is that of the Germans, and tolerably
decent; their fubjefts of Trade are Coarfe Cloath, Fift,
Oyl, Butter and Cheefe j they Fifh with Boats of two Oars,
which they buy from the Romay Men, and they Cure theit
Fifks

Cap. VII. Scotland, now North Britain. 49
Fifties partly with Salt, and partly by "drying them in the
Sun ; they abhor Drunkennefs, but once a Month entertain
one another chearfully for Cultivating mutual Friendfhip,
without Brawls or Quarrels, the ufual Companions of E%-
tefs. The firmnefs of their Conftitution is extraordinary,
an inftanceof which is given iri one tawrencet who Mar-
ry'd a Wife, as has been formerly mention'd, when he was
an hundred Years old, and returning from a tempeftuous
Sea, where he had been a Fifhing at 140, lay down and
died, being perfeftly diffolved by Age without any vifible
Diftemper* bf the Lowlanders and their Language*
. The Lowlanders partake much of the Tetfiper of the
People, of whom we have rnehtiohed thein to be compofed,
but moft refemble the French, occafiori'd by the long League
betwixt the two Nations ; their mutual Commerce, frequent
Inter-marriages ), and Cuftom of travelling into France
to Study the Law, and other Sciences, and by their affe-
fting to ferve in the French Armies. But fince the Union of
the Crowns, the Englifh Cuftoms, and way of living have
obtain'd much in the Lowlands, where the Englifh Tongue
has been their natural Language -for above 600 Years, but
ftill retains more of the ancient Saxon. This being extra*
^'ordinary, and perhaps fingular, that a Foreign Language
fhould prevail in a Country altogether independent of Eng'
land, and where the Inhabitants were of another Lineage,
andmaintain'd fuch fierce and long Wars to preferve their
diftinft Sovereignty, the Scotifh Antiquaries and Hiftorians
v give the following Reafons ofit. i.The frequent Saxon Aux
iliaries fent to affift the Pitts againft the Scots, which occar
fion'd many of thofe Saxons to fettle in the Lowlands of Scot
land,' then poffeffed by the Pi&s. 2. The laft confiderjable Ef
fort made by the Tills in Conjunction with the Englifh, to
recover their Country againft Donald the V. of - Scotland,
Who after he had defeated the Englifh and Pitts upon the fti-
ver Jedd in Tiviotdale1tiegieQ.ed to improve his Viftory, and
was afterwards furprifed by them near Berwick, and taken
Prifoner after a great Slaughter of his Men ; upon this Suc
cefs the Englijh,under the Conduft of Osbreth and £ffi»,ppffef-
fod themfelves of the Country, as far as Dumbartonx without
reftoring the Pills; the major part of whom retired to Den
mark and Rorway, and the remainder were cut off by the
E Without

50 ' the Prefent ST A T E of Part Ii.
Englift) to prevent their calling in of Foreigners. Thus the
Englijh continued in poffeffion of that part of the Country,
from about the Year 858, till about the Year 87^. That
' King Gregory the Great of Scotland recovered the Country,
and the Scots Proprietors the Poffeffion of their Eftates, but
willingly entertain'd the Englifh Commonalty and Husband
men, who were, as willing to ftay, their own Country be
ing at that time infefted by the Danes, and they rather
chofe to be under the Dominion of the Scots, who were
Chriftians, than under that of the Danes, who were Pagans.-
3. Great numbers of the Englifh came into Scotland to affift
King Molcom III. againft the Ufuper Macbeth, whom he re
warded after his Viftory with Poffeffions in Scotland. 4. A
great many Englifh came to Scotland after the Rorman Con
queft with Edgar Atheling, and his Sifter Margaret, who was
afterwards marriedto Ring Malcom above mentioned, which
makes the Reafons of the Scots Hiftorians for the prevailing
of the Englifh Language in the Lowlands of Scotland, very
probable; it has been gaining Ground upon the old Scots Lan
guage ever fince ; which is' now confin'd to the Highlands
and the Ifles, where moft of thofe of Note do alfo under-
ftand Englifh. , ±
The People in general are naturally inclined to Civility,
efpecially to Strangers,and theLinemeants of their Bodies are
as well proportioned, and comely as any Nation in Europe,
which together with their native Courage and Ability to
endure Hardfhip and Fatigue, makes them valued by all
the Princes of Europe for Soldiers ; fothat Speed fays, there
have been few great things done 'in Europe where the
Scots have not been with the firft and laft in the Field, clu-
verius in his Geography fays, they are mane & ingenio felices*
nor is it to be deny'd, that their Genius is as well adapted
for Arts and Arms as that of any People in Chriften-
dom, and its known, that the Country has produced great
Men in all Faculties, who were the Ornaments of the refpe
ftive Ages they lived in ; the particular inftances of Joannes
Duns Scotus, Joannes &rigena , Buchanam, and Crichtonks
Mirabilis are fcarce to be paralleled, or at left not to be ex
ceeded by any other Nation. The great Privileges they
formerly obtained in France on the account of their Valour,
and the great things they did under Guftavus Adolphus, and
the efteem that gallant Prince had for them, as well as the
great fhare they had in the late ftupendious Viftories of
Hoehflet and Ramelies, are not to be controverted.
CHA P.

Cap; VlII. Scotland, now North Britain. ji
CHAP. VIII.
Of the Antiquity of the Scots.
THE Pretentions of this Nation to Antiquity are very high,
they have indeed been controverted by fome Englijh
and Irifh Hiftotiansj but well defended by Sir George Mac-
ien^y againft the Bifhop of St. Afaph,\a. his Two Books, entP
tuled, A Defence of the An^Mty ef the Royal line of Scot
land, &nd the Antiquity1 of tharfame Rojd\l line farther chared.
and defended againft the Exceptions lately offer' d by Dr. Stilling-
fleet in his Vindicatidn of the Bifhop of St, Afaph, printed at
London in 1685 and 1686, to which we refer, the Control
verfie being too large to be here infifted upon ; only in fhort
the thing is evident in it felf, from the Roman Hifto'rians,
and from venerable Bede, who^owns in his firft Chapter, that
-the Scots were poffefs'd of Ireland when the Pitts camfe into
Britain, and from Buchanan, who fays the Scots were theri
poffefs'd of the Weftern Ifles of Scotland ; and both he and
Bede agree that the Pitts obtain'd Wives from the Scots, and
Affiftance to fettle in the North Part of Britain, w&hete the
Scots did alfo, fettle a little Time after, without any great
Difficulty, which fhews that that CoUntry was not then well
inhabited, and is an evident Proof that the Britons had not
been poffefs'd Of the Ifland very long before that Time, fince;
-they who afterwards made fo long and great Refinance
againft the Romans in the Southern Parts," might have been
much more capable of refiftingthe fmall Colonies of the
Scots and Pitts, had they been numerous enough to have
Peopled the whole Ifland," which is plainly afferted by Bede
they did norj but •only poffefs'd the greateft part of it». But.
that which puts the Antiquity of the Scots beyond all Doubt
is, the War betwixt the Romans and Caledonians in' the Time
6f Agricola, mentioned by Tacitm, particularly the famous
Battel on the Grampian Mountains in the Year of our L6rd
84 ; for it muft be own'd that the Scots Ate the Pofterity of
thofe Caledonians, the common Name given by the Romans'
to them and the Pitts-, who were their Affociates in that
War, fince no Hiftorian pretends to give any Account that
ever ch* Caledonians, or Ancient Sc6ts\ preperly fo call'd,'
were exterminated,1 ftho' it's own'd they .were orlce expell'd,'
but return'd again, which' could riot have fail'd being taken!
.'ti ' notice!

£2, the Prefent S T A T E of Part. I!.
notice of by the Romans themfelves, or fome Britifb 'Writer,
had any fuch thing happen'd. That the Caledonians were
the Progenitors of the Scots is own'd by the ableft Criticks
in Europe, as may be feen in Sir George Mackenzie's Books
above mention'd, and that they were fettled in the Ifland
long before Tacitm's Time, is evident from their being able
to bring fuch numerous Armies againft the Romans ; and he
himfelf owns that it was not known whether they were ori
ginally Indigent, or Strangers.

CHAP. IX.
Of the Independency and Sovereignty of the King
dom of Scotland.
*|rHis has been a Subjeft of Controvcrfy betwixt the Hifto-
•* rians and Antiquaries of both Nations, and fometimes
betwixt the Kingdoms themfelves, fince the Reign of Ring
Edward I. of England, who fet his, Claim to be Superior
and Liege-Lord of Scotland on foot, when he was chofen
Umpire to decide the Controverfy betwixt Bruce and laliol
for the Crown of Scotland, after the Death of the Scots King
Alexander III. and his Grand-Daughter the Maiden of Ror-
voAy, who was affianc'd to Edwardll. of England, but died
before Marriage. That which gave fome Colour of Pre
text to the Claim, was the Homage paid to the Kings of
England by the Kings of Scotland, or their Eldeft Sons, for
the Counties of Rorthumberland, Weftmorland and Cumber
land, granted to the Scots for their Affiftance againft the
Danes, on Condition of holding them in'Fee of the Crown
of England ; and that King William of Scotland, being taken
Prifoner by the Englijh in Time of Truce, as riding abroad
carelefly near their Army in Rorthumberland, was conftrain-
ed,during his Imprifonment, to own that he held the Crown
of Scotland in Fee from Henry IV. King of England, but this
Homage was renounc'd by King Richard, Son to the faid
Henry, as being obtain'd by Force. In the Reign of King
Edward 1. John Baliol, a born fubjeft of England, but de
fcended by his Grand-mother, Daughter to David Earl of
Huntington, Brother to King WHliamtf Scotland, from the
Blood-Royal of that Nation, agreed to hold the Crown of
Scotland

Cap. IX. Scotland, new North Britain.' 53
Scotland in Fee of Edward I. that he might, as Umpire, ad--
judge the Crown to him, and maintain him in Poffeffion of
it by his Power; this was accordingly done, but the Ho
mage afterwards revok'd by Baliol and the States of Scotland,
as unjuft in it felf, and perform'd without their Confent,
which iffu'd in a War of about 60 Years continuance, and
was at laft determin'd by the Sword in favour of the Scots,
as it had been foon after the extorting ofit by Pope Innocent,
Pope Boniface VIII. and Pope John; and this Homage, af
ter a long War, was finally renounc'd by King Edward III.
oi England to King David Bruce of Scotland, and all the Mo»
numents of it furrender'd, and if any of them were retain'd
thro' Forgetfulnefs, or otherwife, they were declar'd void
and null. It's true that this Claim was afterwards infilled
upon by King Henry VI. and King Henry VIII. in their De
clarations of War againft the Scots, but as the Bifhop of
Carlifle very juftly and impartially obferves, like a Man of
true Honour, in the Preface. to his Border-Laws, * The
* Stile of thofe Declarations is ftrangely different, and their
« Pretenfions and Claims quite of another nature than what
* we find them to be in their Treaties of Peace ; and this
* occafional and extraordinary Stretching of Titles and
' Change of Phrafe, not attended to by our heedlefs and
* impolitick Hiftorians, has given Rife to a great many
' falfe Notions of the Ancient Government of thefe Two
* Kingdoms. Befides it appears plain that Edw^d I. himfelf, the Great
Afferter and Champion of this Homage, did not fb much as
think of it,previeufly to the unjuft Pretenfions he made to it,
when chofen Umpire to decide the Controversy betwixc
Bruce and Baliol to the Crown, fince by his Treaty of Mar
riage betwixt the Heirefs of Scotland and his own Son he
agreed, That_failing Heirs of thac Marriage, the Crown of
Scotland fhould return abfblutely free from all Subjection to
the next Heirs, and the Freedom and Honour of the King
dom of Scotland was exprefly referv'd by the Governors off
Scotland in their Deputation to the Scots- Commiffioners,
whom they appointed to treat of that Marriage, and this
Referve was infertedin his own Warrant to the Englifh Com
miffioners ; whereas had the Crown of Scotland been'held in
Fee of the Crown of England, the keeping of the Heirefs of
Scotland, and difpofingof her in Marriage, muft hav? been
his Right without any fuch Treaty.
£ 3 The

|4 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
The narrow Limits of this Book will not allow us to infill
on this Controverfy, but; fuch as have a mind to be fatis-
fy'4 in it, may find the Matter fully argued' in Sir George
Mackenzie's Obfervations upon the Laws and Cuftoms of Na
tions as to Precedency, Cap. 3. Sir Thomas Craig's Difpute
concerning Homage, entituled, Scotland's Sovereignty offerted,
tranflated and prefac'd by Mr. Ridpath in 1 695 ^ Mr. Tyrrel'%
General Hiftory of England, Sir James Dalrymple's Colleftir
pns concerning the Scotifh Hiftory, and Mr. Anderfm'% Efi
fay, fhewing that the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland is
Imperial and Independent ; and that which may put a final
End to this Controverfy, the late Treaty of Union con
cluded betwixt England and Scotland as Two Independent
Nations.

CHAP. X.
Of the Counties of Scotland, as they, lye in order
from the Borders of England:
MArcb, commonly called the Mers, fuppos'd to have de-
riv'd that Name from its being a bordering Country.
Jn the Law Writings of Scotland it is call'd the Shire of Ber
wick, which was formerly the principal Town of the Ojunty,
fill it was taken by the Englifh. lit is bounded by the River
tweed on the South, by Lothian on the North, by the Get-
$im. Ocean on the Eaft, and Tiviotdale on the Weft. This
County is very fruitful in Corn and Grafs, and abounds
with the Seats of Perfons of Quality. The : People before
the Union of the. Crowns had the' Reputation; of being
among the moft Warlike, and at the fame time among the
moft juft of any in Scotland; they cou'd, together with the
neighbouring County of Tiviotdale, affemble 10000 Horfe
for the Defence'of the Country upon any fudden Invafion.
The principal'Rivers in this Country are Tweed, Whlttetert
slaskader, Eye and ' Ednem ; the chief Places of Note ars the
Town and Caftle of 'Dun i, remarkable for the Birth of the
famous Joannes Duns Scoius,- who had his Sirname frorn it,
fome of which Family is ftill in being there ; it has a good'
Weekly Market, efpecially for Cattel, and is the Place of
beft Trade -in the County. After Berwick was taken by the
&igt$ its was the 'Seat of the Sheriffs-Court, : which have;
¦ been/

Cap. X. Scotland, wan? North Britain. 5 J
been remov'd fince the Revolution to Greenlaw, a Market-
TTown* F°ur Miles further Weft. Dum was alfo remarkable
for the Encampment of the Scots Army there under General
Lefley againft King Charles I. when he came to the Englifh
Borders with an Army to invade Scotland.
Home, which gives Sirname to that Great Family, and
was formerly the Refidence of the Earls of Home, whofe
. ftrong Cattle there is now demolifh'd. Coldingham, famous
for its Abbey built by Edgar King of Scotland about noo,
and for Ebba the Lady Abbefs, who, during a Danifi Inva
fion, disfigured herfelf, and perfuaded her Nuns to do the
like, by flitting their Nofes, to prevent their being de-
toauch'd by the Danes. Faftcaftie, a ftrong Fort upon the
Point of the Promontory call'd St. Ebb's-head, foi merly be
longing to the Family of Hume, but now demolifh'd. Ey-
mouth, a Sea Port, where Fortifications were formerly
rais'd to be a Curb upon the Garifon of Berwick ; it gives
the Title of Baron to bis Grace the Duke of Marlborough.
iColdftream, a Market-Town, where there was anciently an
Abby. Eccles, where there was alfo an Atfoy. Erfilton, no
ted for the Birth of Thomas Lermonth, commonly call'd Tho
mas the Rhymer, becaufe he wrote his Poems in Rhime; as
much admir'd by the vulgar Scots as Merlin arid Bede's Pro
phecies by the Englifh. The Ancient Familys of this Coun
ty are the Humesf Gordons, Swimons, Cockburns, Ridpaths,
Spotfwoodsf Risbets, Wedderburns, Blacaders, Rentons, Man-
derftons, Polwans, Duns's, all deriv'd from the Eftates pof
fefs'd by their Anceftors, when that way of taking Sirnames
came in ufe, which, as it favour'd of Vanity, had alfo this
Inconveniency attending it; that in a few Generations it
loft the Memory of thj Common Family from whence thofe
Gentlemen were defcended : Thus the Dumbars and Humes,
though originally of the fame Family, came to be thought;
. different : In like manner the Gordons', Swintons, Ridpaths,
Hisbets, and fome fay the Spotfwoods, tho' all of the fame
Original, muft have lofc the Knowledge of it, had it not
been for Tradition, and the Armorial Bearings of the feve^
ral Families, which befpeak them to be of the fame Lineage.
This Hint may ferve once for all as to thofe Familiescall'd
of ihatjlk, i. e. whofe Sirname and Paternal Eftate are the
fame, of which there are many in Scotland, and except fome
few late ones, which have affefted to call Eftates by their
own Names, are generally efteem'd Ancient and Honoura
ble. This County formerly gave the Title of Earls of March
E 4 to

$6 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II,
to the Family of Dumbar, who were very Great Men, and
deriv'd their Origine, according to Cttmbden, from the Fa
mous Gofpatric, Earl of Rorthumberland, who retir'd into
Seotland upon the Rorman Cosqueft, and was honour'd with (
the Caftle of Dumbar and Earldom of March by Malcolm'
Canmore King of Scotland, from whence his Pofterity took
the Name of Dumbar, and another Branch of the Family
being poffefs'd of the Barony of Hume, took that for Sir- •
name, which they retain to this Day ; and the Chief of
the Family is the Earl of Hume. George de Dumbar being
profcrib'd in the Reign of King James I. that Family loft
the Title of Earl of March, which was afterwards conferr'd
upon Alexander Duke of Albany, then upon the Family of
Stuart 6f Lennox, which being extinft, King William, fince
the Revolution, gave the Title to  Douglas, Brother
to the Du ke' of Queensberry, whofe Son now enjoys it. Lau- -
derdale is reckon'd part of this County, and is bounded by
it on the Eaft from Rippeth to the Bown Mill, ©n the Weft
and South by Twedale, and on the North by1 Lothian. This
Country takes its Name from Leeder, or Lauder, a fmall Ri
ver that runs thro' it, upon which the*Town of Lauder, that
gives Sirname to an Ancient .Family, lyes pleafantlyfitua'
ted; it's remarkable for the Execution done upon King
James III. Minions by the Nobility, who, under Conduft-
of the Earl of Angus, took them out of the Court and hang'd
'em over Lauder-Bridge. This Country was formerly the
Patrimony of the Morvilles, a Great Family, Conftables of
Scotland, but being forfeited for Treafon it was annex'd to
the Crown, and govern'd by a Bailiff, as others of the
King's Lands, which Office has fince been in the Family of
Lauderdale, the Chief of the Mahlmds', who have a noble
and ftately Houfe on the River near Lauder, call'd Lauder-
Forth. ) Teviotdale,' bounded on the Eaft by the Mers and part of
Rorthumberland, on the Weft by Liddifdale, on the North by
the Foreft or Shire of Selkirk., on the'South by Rorthumber
land ; It derives its Name from the River Teviot that runs
thro' ''it, is fruitful in Gprn a,nd Pafturage, and abounds
with Flocks. The Inhabitants have always been noted for
a Warlike People, and the Country joyning to England on
dry Marches has frequently been the Theatre of confidera*
hie Aftion, by vvhich the Scots and Kers, the greateft Fa
milies in this County, rais'd themfelves to their prefent
QrancfctirVr' The Family of Scot of BuceJeiigh, formerly of
< Kirkurd,

Cap. VIH. Scotland, now North Britain. fj
Kirkurd, of which the Dutchefs of Monmouth and Buceleugb
is the prefent Reprefentative, had confiderable Eftates gi
ven 'em by Robert III. James I. and II. and Queen Mary, for
their Service againft the Englifh and the Douglaffes that join'd
them when under Profcription ; the -Family of Buceleugb
was made Lords in 1606, and Earls in 1519, and the late
James\Scot, Duke of Monmouth, was made Duke of Bucceleugb
by King Charles II. his Father. There are many other con
fiderable Families of this Sirname in Teviotdale, and elfe-
where in Scotland. The chief Families of the Kers in this
County are thefe of Cesfurd and Farniheft, both very Anci
ent and Warlike Families; the Reprefentative of the for
mer is the prefent Duke of Roxburgh, in favour of whofe
Predeceffor the Earl of 'Roxburgh, the Abbacies of Kelfo and
Lefmahago, were erefted into Temporal Baronies', by Autho--
rity of King and Parliament in 1607, for bis Service, as
Wardemof the Middle Marches, and Execution of Commifli
ons for quieting the Borders; the Reprefentative of the
other is the Marquis ot Lothian, in favour of whofe Prede
ceffor Mark Lord Reubottle the Ahbacy of Reubottle was ereft
ed into a Temporal Barony, by Authority of King and Par
liament in 1587. There are many other confiderable Fami
lies of this Name in this County, and in feveral other Parts
bf Scotland; arid there were feveral good Families of the,
fame Name in Rorthumberland, only they wrote their Names
Carr, according to the "common Pronunciation. Other Fa-
milies-of Note jn this County are fame Branches of the Fa
mily of Douglas, whereof that of Cavers is the moft confi
derable j being Hereditary -Sheriffs of- it: This Family
have the*Standard of the Brave Lord Douglas that was
kill'd at the Battel of Otterbum, falfly aM'dcheviot-Chafe,
juft as he had gain'd the Viftory; and the Mace of Iron he
fought with. The Duke of Douglas, the Chief of that He-
roick Family, has ftill a confiderable Intereft in this Coun
ty, where his Anceftors were formerly the chief Proprietors,
as indeed they were the greateft in all the South of Scotland,
and had that noble Compartiment added to their Arms of
a Pal$ of Wood wreath' d in, becaufe the Lord Douglas in the
Reign of 'King Robert Bruce defeated the Englifh in Jedburgh
Foreft, and wreath'd them in that they might not efcapej
but the Barony of Douglas, the Sirname of the Family, be
ing in Clidfdale, they are more properly reckon'd among
the Families of that Country. Other Families of Note-in
Tiviotdale are Riddel of Riddel, one'of the aneienteft in the
Kingdom ;

r|8 The Prefent STATE of Part. II.
Kingdom ; the Elliots, of whom Sir Gilbert lUiot of Stobbs is
Chief; theTurnbulls,Gladftanes,langtands. The chief Places of
Note in this County were the ancient Barrough and Caftle
of Roxburgh, now demolifh'd, (from whence the County is
call'd the Shire of Roxburgh) famous in the Hiftory of both
Nations during their mutual Wars, when it was frequently -,
taken and retaken, and in the Siege of which King James II.
ai Scotland was kill'd by the burfting of a Gun, but now of ,
Note only for giving Title of Dukfe as formerly of Earl to
Ker of Cesford. Jedburgh, a Royal Burrough on the River
Jed, which gave Title of Lord to Ker of Famiherft. Kelfo,
a Town of good Trade pleafantly fituated on the River
"tweed, of which the Duke of Roxburgh is Superior, and
near which lyes one ot his Noble Seats call'd Fleurs. Hawick,
a Market-Town on the River Teviot, near which lyes Bronx-
ffolm, the ancient Refidence of the Family of Buceleugb. The
Town, and once famous and fumptuous Abby of Melrojfe,oa
the River. Tweed, noted for its Monks the Authors of the
Chronicle of that Name, and for the Sepulchre of the Fa
mily of Douglofs. Driburgb, once noted alfo for a ftately Ab
bey. There are many Seats of Perfons of Quality in this
Country, which we have not room to mention. The prin
cipal Rivers here are Tweed, Tiviot, Jed and Eal.
Weft from Tiviotdale , upon the Borders lie the fmall
Countries of Liddefdale, F-vfdale, Eskdale and Wachopdale,.
fo called from the Rivers, Liddel, Ew, Esk and Wachop. In
Leddefdale, there was an ancient and ftrong Caftle called
the Hermitage, now demolifhed; it formerly belonged to
the Hepburns, Earls of Bothwel, and then to the Stewarts of
Coldinghame. The moft remarkable place in Eskdale is the
Caftle of Langhorn. The Surnames of moft note in thofe
Parts were the Arntftrongs, formerly the principal Men in
thofe little Countries ; the Grahams, Johnftons, Eliots, lr-
wins, Bells, Carlifles, of the latter there was formerly a„ Lord.
Johnftons, Beatifons, Littles, Thomfons, Glendunnings, Caru-
teers, Jordens, Moffets, Latimers, Rixons and Crofers , but
the cheif Proprietor is now the Family of Buceleugb. On thefe
Borders lay the debatable Lands, claim'd by the Border- '
ers of each Nation, but were at laft adjudged to the Scots by
King James VI. after the Union of the Crowns, and given
by way of Infeofment to Sir Robert Deuglafs and James Max
well, who fold them to sir John Ker,' and he fold them to
Waiter Scot, Earl of Buceleugb. The

Cap* X. Scotland, now North Britain. $$
The furtheft CoUntry on the Weftern Border is Arni.an-
dale, fo called from the River Annan, which runs through
the Country, and falls into Solway Firth, after a courfe of
27 Miles, and receiving feveral leffer Rivers,both from South
and Rorth ; it has many pleafant Woods,and fruitful Fields on
both fides. This Country gives Title of Marquifs, as it
did formerly of Earl to the cheif of the Johnftons ; an an
cient, great and warlike Family, who derived their Sur
name from the Barony of Jehnfton their Patrimony, which
Igives Title of Lord to the eldeft Son of the Family, who
are alfo Stewards of this Country ; it was anciently the Pa
trimony of the Bruces Lords of Annandale, from whom King
Robert Bruce defcended. The Family of Johnftons was War
dens of the Weft Borders before the Union of the Crowns
and they laid the Foundation of their prefent Grandeur
by their remarkable Service againft the Englifh ; and the
Pouglaffes, who joined them in Invading this Country when.
they were under Profcription. They did alfo great Service
in fuppreffing the Thieves, who during the War, betwixt
the Nations committed great Ravages on the Borders ; for
Which they took for device a winged Spur, to denote their
Diligence, and for their Motto light Thieves all, to fignifie
their Authority to command them to Surrender. There are
many Families of Note of this Surname in this Country,
and in other Parts of Scotland. The principal Places of An
nandale, are the Town and Caftle of Annan, on the Mouth
of the River of that Name, which fuffered much in the
Wars with Edward VI. The Town and Caftle of Lbchmaben,
three parts of which is forrounded by Lakes, wherein there
are many excellent Fifh ; and one peculiar found no where
elfe, which the Inhabitants call Vandefi) or Gevandefi). Mof
fat, remarkable for its Medicinal Wells. Rivell, in the Banks
of Which over againft England, the Inhabitants make very
good Salt, by gathering up, and boyfing the Sand. The
Inhabitants of this, and of the other leffer Dales, were
always accounted a Warlike People, and much given
to Incurfions , from which the Weftern Borderers of
both Nations could fcarce be reftrain'd, either by Truce
or Peace, before the Union of the Crowns ; this occafion'd
thofe Border-Laws, of which the Learned Bifhop of Car-
iifle has lately publifhed a large and particular Account.
Bifhop Lefly in his Hiftory fays, Thofe Borderers were very
-dextrous at fe'eking their Booty by Troops in the Night ;
when they travelled through fuch Waftes, and over fuch
Preci-

66 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
Precipices, as others would not have ventur'd on by Day '
During which it was cuftomary for them to lurk, To that it
was fcarce poffible to find them out, and to recover the
Prey from them any other way, than by Sluth-hounds
which follow'd them by the Scent; and when at any time
apprehended, they were naturally fo Eloquent, that if they
could not obtain Pardon from their Enemies or Judges,
they would at leaft move them to Compaflion by their-
lmooth Language.
Next to this Country lies Rithfdale, which make
up the Shire of Dumfrife, where the Sheriffs'! Courts are
held ; it takes its Name from the River of Rith, which
runs through it. This River is remarkable for its clear Wa
ter, and receives feveral others from Rorth and South ; near
the Head of it lies the Town of Sanquhar, which gives
Title of Lord to the Family of Queensberry, a Branch of
the Family of Douglafs, and 'near its Mouth lies Dumfrice,
a pleafant, confiderable and flourifhing Town, noted for its
Trade; and a famous Bridge of hewen Stone with 9 Arches,
and fo broad, as two Coaches may go a breaft on it. There
are many confiderable Woods in this Country, the chief of
which are Holy Wood, which gave Surname to the famous
Aftrologer, called Joannes de Sacro bofco , Anglice , Holy
Wood. Vrumlenrik, which gives Title of Earl to the- Fa
mily of Queensberry ; and is remarkable for its Wood of
Oak fix Miles in length ; there are a great many more re
markable Woods in this Country, which we have not reom
to mention. Within two Miles of Dumfrice, lies the fa
mous Loch of Locher, ten Miles in length, which furnifhes
all the Country with Fuel; the Water of Locher runs
through this Mofs, which has many fine Meadows on each
fiHe-;' and in the Cahnnel of this Water, there was an im
pregnable Fort called the Ifle. The Shire of Dumfrice is
36 Miles in length, and 24 in breadth; it's encompaffed by
Mountains, fruitful in Corn and Pallurage; and the Inha
bitants reap great Profit by exportiug their Cattle to Eng
land, it is bounded on the South by Solway firth, on the
Rorth by Clyfdale, on the Weft by Galloway, and on the
Eaft by Tiviotdale ; it had one Monaftry called Holyweod, and
has four Presbytries.
j To return again to the River Forth. Lothian is bounded
by this River on the Eaft, and is divided from the Mers by
Cockburnfpath, and the tammermoor Hills on the Southwefi;
tt is bounded by lawderdoh and Tewddah, Some de
rive

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 61
rive its name from Lothus a King of the Pitts, others from
the River of leeth, and fay it fhould be called Letbian. This
Country for Cultivation, Gentlemens Seats, and plenty of
all neceffaries for Human Life, exceeds any other Country
of Scotland ; 'tis particularly fruitful in Corn, efpecially
Wheat, 'tis divided into Eaft, Weft, and Midlothian-; the
chief places of Note are Dumbar, which formerly gave Ti
tle and Surname to the great and ancient Family of Dumbar,
from whom the Homes are defcended ; this Town was for
merly remarkable for a ftrong Caftle now demolifhed, and
of late has been too well known, for the great Defeat given
near that place by Oliver the Ufurper to the Scots Army, that
was raifed by King Charles II. in 1650. 'Tis ftill noted for its
noble Herring-fifhing,and has a weekly Market, but is much
decay'd from what it formerly was. Haddinghn,i Market
Town, pleafantly Situated upon the River Tine, much no
ted during the Wars betwixt both Nations, having been fei
zed and fortified by the Englifh, who held out a long Siege
in it, during the minority of Queen Mary ; it gives title of
Earl to a Branch of the Hluftrious Family of Hammilton.
Dalkieth, a Town and Caftle pleafantly Situated on the Ri
ver Esk; it gives Title of Earl to the eldeft Son of the
Family of Buceleugb. Muffelburgh, famous for the defeat of
the Scots Army near that place in the Reign of King Edward
VI. of England, and during the minority cif Mary Queen of
Scotland, and likewife for the Cowardly Flight of the Earl
Bothwell, who with the fame Queen Mary, then his Wife,
brought an Army thither to Fight againft thofe who pur-
fuedhim for the Murther of King Henry her former Huf-
band. Upon which the Queen not thinking it fafe to ha
zard a Battle dlfraiffed her Army, and put her felf into the
Hands of the Nobility, C«. of the other fide, who foon af
ter fent Her Majefty Prifoner to the Caftle, of Lochlevin;
and upon her demiffion of the Government fet up her Son,
then an Infant, in her ftead ; other Towns of note in this
Country, are Trenent and Preftonpans. In Mid-Lothian lies
Edinburgh, the Metropolis of the Kingdom, where for feme
Ages the Kings of Scotland had their ordinary Refidence,
in the adjoyning Pallace of Holyrood-Houfe. This City has
alfo of a long time been the ufual Seat of the High Courts
of Parliament, and of the Supreme Courts of Judicature.
It was famous of old for its Caftle, one of the ftrongeft by-
Art and Nature of any in Europe. It was formerly called
the Maiden Caftle, becaufe the Kings of the Pitts kept their
Daugu-

61 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
Daughters in it. It was more anciently called Alatra Cafln,
or the Winged caflle, perhaps from its form, and is fuppofed '
4 to be Ptolomy's s7e^ToW=fty vrTtpnivi which fignifies the fame;
This City has been Built here for the proteftion of the
Caftlte, from which the principal, and indeed as beautiful
and magnificent a Street as is to be feen any where, lies on
the ridge of a Hill to the King's Pallace ; and from this
Street on both fides the Hill* there run a vaft number of
Lanes, equal almoft to Streets down to the Lake on the
North fide, and to another Street called the Cowgate, on the
South fide ; from whence alfo there are many Lanes, which
run up the Hill on the South towards the Univerfity, and
Herriot's Hofpital, and the principal Suburbs on that fide.
This City from, the Caftle to the Palace is a large Scott
Mile in length, and above half a Mile in breadth from the
North to the South fide of the Town. It is accounted as
populous, if not more than any City of Europe for its
bounds; the Houfes being very high, large and contiguous;
but rather too clofe, except in the principal Street; and in
the Situation it is evident, the firft Founders had a prin
cipal regard to Strength, but no view toTrade* of which
there was little at that time in thofe Parts of the World;
It was naturally fortified by a Lake on the North, and by a
a ftrong Wall on the other Parts, without which there lie
now many fair Subuibs, which we have not room to Bien^
tion. The- principal Street lies in a very healthful Air;
and from the Caftle Hill, and the Tops of the Houfes, there;
is a beautiful profpeft into the adjacent Country, which $«'
bounds with the Seats of Perfons of quality, and partial-'
larly down to Lieth, the Port of Edinburgh, and over the
Forth, into the County of Fyffe, whofe well inhabited Coafts
abounding with Towns, and the noble Arm of the Sea
which intervenes, forms, as fine a profpeft as can be de-
fired. We fhall only add, that the City lies in a Country a-,
bounding with all things neceffary for human Life, which
makes Provrfions plentiful and cheap ; it is alfo well watered
with excellent Springs, brought in from the Country by
Leaden Pipes, and diftributed to the City from neat ftone"
Fountains. This City would certainly have been much more
confiderable, had it not been its unhappy Situation for
Trade, and its nearnefs to the Boders, from whence being
but 40 Miles diftant, it- has been frequently fubjeft to the
Calamities of War, efpecially fince the ufe of great Guns,1

Cap. X. Scotland, new North Britain.
*o which the neighbouring hights do very much expofe it;
fo that its rife and fubfiftance did chiefly depend on the refi
dence of the Kings, the Seat of the Parliament and Courts
of Judicature, and the refidence of the chief Nobility,
many of whom have great Houfes there. They are Built
with Stone, and eover'd with Slates, blue or grey, and the
Fronts to the Street being generally of hewen Stone, are
very magnificent as well as durable ; they formerly ufed
to Front them with fore Stairs of Timber very neat, but
for the more fecurity from Fire, they are by late Afts or
dered to Front them with Stone, and the exceffive hight of
the Houfes, fome of which near the Parliament Clofe are
fourteen Stories, has been alfo prohibited, for the greater
eafe and convenience of the Inhabitants. The other re
markable Edifices befides the Caftle and Pallace are the
Parliament Houfe, a ftately, convenient and large ftrufture,
with a large Court called the Parliament Clofe, being
fquare, well Pav'd, and having the Effigies of King Charles II.
in the middle, well proportion'd , and cut with great
Art. Over the entrance into the Parliament Houfe are
the Arms of Scotland well cut, with Mercy and Truth' on
each fide for Supporters, and this infcription, Stant hisfali-
cia regno, importing that thofe Vertues make Kingdoms
happy ; and under the Arms was this Motto, Vnio Vnhmm,
relating not only to the Union of the two Crowns, but fig-
nifying that their advice was neceffary for the maintenance
of it ; the Room for the meeting of the Parliament has a
high Throne for the Sovereign or the Commiffioner ; with
Benches on each fide for the Nobility, and Forms conveni
ently placed in the middle for the Commoners. Without the
Area there is a Pulpit for Sermons to the Parliament on
particular occafions, and behind the Pulpit a large Parti
tion for others, befides Members, to hear the Sermons, and
the Debates of the Houfe, when rhey thought fit to allow it.
The Weft fide of the Parliament Houfe is enclofed by the
Council Houfe, where the Town Council affembles. The
/ South fide is bounded by the Seffions Houfe, where the fu-
preme Courts of \ Judicatory are held. In the upper part
of this Edifice are the Apartments for the Lords of the
Privy Council and Exchequer.
Near the Council Chamber ftands the Royal Exchange,
made up of a double row of Shops, and another Exchange
- inferior to this. On the North fide of the Clofe ftands the
High Church, a large Edifice now divided into .four
- , ' Churches,

?4 the Prefent STATE of Part II.
Churches; the Steeple is very high, and of good ancient
Architeftnre. The Summet of which refembles an Imperial
Crown ; the Churches of this City, including the Chappel
of the Caftle are 12, and the Minifters 23.
1 Herriot's Hofpital on the South fide of the City, is a large
- beautiful and Stately Edifice, which was Built at the charge
of George Herriot, Goldfmith, to King James VI. for the
education and entertaihnment of forty Boys, who if they
be fit for learning, and go to the Univerfity, have each an
Exhibition of about 7 pounds Sterling,, and if they go to
Trades 11 pounds Sterling, and befides convenient Lodg
ings for the Officers of the Houfe and the Scholars, has
very large and pleafant Gardens. Mr. Herriot left 200000 /.
Scots for the Maintenance of this Hofpital. Upon the
1 South fide of the Town ftands the College, which has large
Precinftsenclofed^with high Walls, and is divided intothree
Courts, two lower and one higher, equal to the other two.
Thefe Courts are encompaffed with neat Buildings, and
there is a high Tower over the great Gate, which looks to
the City. The publick Schools are large and commodious ;
there is good Accommodation for the Students, hafldfome
Dwellings for the Profeffors, and Fine Gardens for their Re
creation. It was founded in 1580 by King James VI. up
on a Petition from the City for that end, to grant them a
Charter with the privilege of an Univerfity, but the Fbun-
dation was not perfected till 1 582. The Perfons eftabliflied
by the Foundation were a Principal or Warden, a profeffor
of Divinity, 4 Regents or Mafters of Philofophy, and a
profeffor of Philology, called the Regent of Humanity, or,
Humanarum literarum. In 1640, the Town added a profeffor
of Hebrew, and fince they have added a profeffor of Ma-"
thematicks ; the dignity of Chancellor, and Vice Chancel
lor of thejUniverfity is in the Magiftrates and Town Coun
cil. They have a very good Library which was founded
by Clement Little, one of the Commiffaries of Edinburg in
1635, fince which it is much increafed by Donatives from
the Citizens and Perfons of Quality, and others who bad
their Education there. The Library is neatly kept,- well
. furnifhed with Books, put in very good order, Cloiftred
with Doors made ,of Wire, that none can open but the
Keeper, which is more commodious, and lefs incumbring
than multitudes of Chains, commonly ufed in other Libra
ries. The Books given by the feveral Beoefaftors are
kept ia diftinft Apartments, and the Donors Names fet over
them

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain*
them in Golden Letters. Over the Books hang the Pifture3
of feveral Princes, and of moft of the Reformers at honfe
and beyond Sea, and near them is kept the famous Bucha
nan's Skull very intirejand fo thin that we may fee the Light
through it ; it was lodg'd there by Mr. Adamfon, formerly
Principal of that Univerfity, who procured it to be taken
out of his Grave, and faften'd fome Latin Verfes to it in
commendation of that great Author. The original of the
Bohemian Proteft againft the Council of Conftance for burn
ing John Huffe and Jerome of Prague,'m 1417, with 10$ Seals
of the Princes of Bohemia, Moravia, and others appended
to it, is alfo kept here. It was brought from'abroad by a
Scots Gentleman, who procur'd it in his Tavels.
Under the Library is the Queens Printing Houfe, where
they are chiefly imploy'd in Printing Bibles ; at the farther
end of the Library there is a Stair-cafe, which leads to the
Common-Hall, where they have their Commencements,
and College Entertainments ; in this place there are fe
veral Maps, Globes, Books and Rarities, and among others
a crooked Horn, cut out of aWomansHead when 50 Years
of Age, who lived 12 Years after it. Sir Robert sibbald
gives an Account, and a Cut ofit in his Trodromus to the Na
tural Hiftory- of Scotland ; it is feveral Inches in length, and
was cutout of her Head by a Surgeon* the 4thof ALty,i67i.
The learned Men that have been of thisUnivefity, were
Mr. Robert RoEoek principal, Mr. Henry Charters princial, Dr.
Patrick sands, Mr. John Adamfon principal, Mr. Mexder Hen-
derfon principal, Mr. Willi Covill principal, and Dr. Will. Keith*.
In Gray's Clofe, near the nether Bow is the Mint Houfes
with a large Court, adorji'd with neat and convenient
Buildings, for the Accommodations of the Overfeers and
Workmen. Near to the Collegiate, Charch is the Hofpital
of St. Thomas, in which decayed Citizens of both Sexes are
very handfomly maintain'd * and have their Chaplain to
perform the Duty of a Paftoral Office to them. Over a-
gainft that Church is the Correftion-haufe,commorily called
Paul's Work* where diffolute People are obliged to earn
their living by working, on Manufaftures of Linnen, Wooll
and Silk.
The common Burial place of- the City is Grayfriars
Church-yard, where there are abundance of fine Monu
ments, fome of which are very Magnificent*
The City is inclofed with a kind of old Roman Wall on
every fide* except the North, where it is fecured by a Lake*

66 the Prefent S T A T E of Part U.
It has fix Gates, two to the Eaft, two to the South, one
to the Weft, and one to the North. The chief Gate is one
of thofe to the Eaft, called the nether Bow, which was
magnificently Built in 1616, and adorn'd with Towers on
both fides ; this is the entrance from the Pallace, and the
principal Suburb called the Cannogate. The other Eaft Gate
is called the Cowgate, and gives entrance to the Street of
that name j one of the South Gates, is called the Patau
Port, and gives entrance from the Suburb fo called. The 0-
ther is the Society Port, called fo from the Society of
Brewers, who have a great fquare Court near it, with
ftately Houfes, and other Buildings round it ; the Weft Port
which gives entrance from a Suburb of that name, lies be
low the Caftle. The North Gate is at the lower end of the
North Lake, confifts of an inner and outter Gate, and gives
entrance from a Suburb called Mutters Hill.
' The Caftle is Situated at the Weft end of the City, where
the Rock rifes to a high and large Summit; 'tis inacceffi
ble on the South, Weft and North, the entrance is from the
Town where the Rock is alfo very high, and the entrance
is defended by a round Battery, and an Outwork at the
Foot ofit; there is in the Caftle a Royal Pallace of
hewen Stone, where the Regalia, and chief Records of State
are kept, as alfo the Magazine for the Ammunition and
Arms of the Nation.
There is alfe a Chappel in it for the ufe of the Garrifon,
and it is furnifhed with Water by two Wells in the Rock ;
from the Caftle there is a delicate profpeft over the City
and NeiglibouringCountry, and to the River of Forth, from
whence it is faluted by fuch Men of War as come to Anchor
in Lieth Road. The Governor is always a Perfon of emi
nent Quality, and is at prefent the Earl of Levin, who is
alfo General of the Forces.
At the Eaft end of the City is the Pallace, formerly an
Abby for Auguftin Monks founded by King David I. but
that being confum'd by Fire, there remains nothing of it
now fave the Church, in which feveral Kings and Queens
lie buried. The Pallace confifts of 4 Courts, the outer Court
which is as large as all the reft, has 4 principal Entries,
befides feveral leffer ones from the adjacent Gardens.- The
entrance of the Pallace is adorn'd with great Pillars of
hewen Stone, and a fine Cupola in form of a Crown over
it. In the Front of the Pallace, there are 4 high Towers ;
the inner Court is very ftately with Piazza's round it, all of

Cap. X. i Scotland, now North Britain. 67
of fine hewen Stone ; from thefe Piazza's there are entran
ces to the feveral Apartments, which are truly Royal and
Magnificent ; and the long Gallery is very remarkable, be
ing adorn'd with the Piftures of ail the Kings, from Fer
gus!. The Pallace is almoft furrounded with lovely Gar
dens, and on the South fide of it lies the King's Park,
which has great variety of medicinal Plants, and an excel
lent Fountain, that is "brought by Conduits to ferve the
Pallace, of which his Grace the Duke of Hamilton is
Hereditary keeper.
In the City there is a College of Phyficians, of which
is Prefident, where they have a noble Mu-
feum, commonly called Mufeum Balfurianum, from the Foun
der, S^ir Andrew Balfour, Dr. of Phyfick, which has been
much augmented by the bounty of the Learned and Indu
ftrious Sir Robert Sibbald, Doftor of Phyfick. It contains a
vaft Treafure of Curiofities of Art and Nature, Foreign
and DOmeftick ; an Account of what Sir Robert added to it
was printed in 120. at Edinburgh, in 1697. under the Title
of Auttarium Mufei Balfouriani, E. Mufeo Sibbaldiano ; the
defign' of this Mufeum is to affift, and encourage thofe who
have a mind to Study true Philofophy. It is flivided into
4 Books, and each Book into Chapters, for the^reater eafe ,
and conveniency of thofe who have a mind to know what is
contained in this noble Mefxum, in which there are feveral
valuable Books and Manufcripts.
In this City there is alfo a noble Library of Books and
Manufcripts belonging to the College of Juftice, or Gentle
men of the Law. On the North fide of the City, there
is an excellent Phyfick Garden, with fome thoufands of
Plants under the care and infpeftion of Mr. James Suther
land, the Learned and Induftrious Intendant of it ; an Ac
count of which he publifhed in 1683, under the Title of
Hortus medicus Edinburgenfis.
The defign of it is, to furnifh Simples for the ufe of
Phyfick, and to inftruft thofe of the Faculty, in the know
ledge and ufe of them ; for which end they are difpofed
into the moft rational and natural method, particularly ac
cording to that of the Learned and Ingenious Dr. Morifon,
the Oxford Botanift, a Native of Scotland.
This City is govern 'd by a Lord Provoft (whofe Office
is much , the fame with that of the Lord Mayor of London.)
Four Bayliffs, who befides the Power of Aldermen in the
Government of the City, have that of Sheriffs, and a Com-
F 2 - ¦ mon

68 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
mon Council, which confifts of it, Perfons; all thefe are
chofen annually, and the Provoft, Dean of Gild, and Trea
furer, are to be Merchants. Or if any Tradefmen be chofen
to thofe Offices, for his qualifications, he is to leave off his
Trade, and not to return to it Without leave of the Magi
ftrates and Town Council; and no Man is to be chofen
Provoft, Bayliff, Dean of Gild, or Treafurer, without ha
ving been a Year or two Members of the Common Council.
No Man is to continue in the Council above 2 Years at a
time, except they be Members of it by vertue of a Superior
Office ; the Bayliffs are to be chofen indifferently out of 12
Candidates propofed, and none is to be elefted Deacon of any
of the 14 incorporated Trades, except he has been Mafter of
his Trade 2 Years at leaft ; and none to continue Deacon
above 2 Years at a time. The fourteen incorporated
Trades are, Chirurgeons, Goldfmiths, Skinners, Furriers,
Hammermen, Wrights, Mafons, Taylors, Bakers, Butchers,
Cord-wainers, Weavers, Wakers, /. e. Fullers and Bonnet-
makers, ;'. e. Cap-makers. The Magiftrates are chofen
annually upon the Tuefday next after Michaelmas Day by
3 8 Perfons,^hereof 20 are to Merchants,and 1 8 Tradefmen,
who are toyghufe fuch as in their Confcience they think to
be beft qualified ; and the faid Magiftrates, with the Town
Council, are to have the Adminiftration of the Government,
except in fome referved Cafes ; as the Eleftion of Magi
ftrates, Dein of Gild and Treafurer, and fetting of Fews or
Leafes, giving Bounties and Places , and other publick
Matters. In which Cafes they are to take the advice of the
14 Deacons of Trades. None of the Merchants or Trades
are to have any particular Conventions, or to make any By-
Laws among themfelves, without the confent of the Magi
ftrates and Town Council, except it be to chufe their own
Deacons, at the times appointed, to make perfons Free of
thereTrade, or to try their Work; and one of the Commiffio
ners for Parliament, was always to be chofen out of the
Trades-men , and another out of the Merchants. The.
Auditors of the Accounts are to be chofen by an equal num
ber of Merchants and Trades-men ; the Lord Provoft,Deaa
of Gild, and Treafurer, are not to continue longer than
one or two Years. at a- time ; and the Bayliff is to be but
one Year Bayliff, one Year old Bayliff, and one Year free
of Office. The

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 69
The 'Lord Provoft for the time being is always one of
the Privy-Council. The Train'd- Bands of the City confifts
of 16 Companies, befides which they have a ftanding Com
pany of Town-Guards.
Leith, the Port of Edinburgh, the beft frequented Har
bour in Scotland, and a thriving Town ; it was noted in
Queen Mary's Minority for heing fortify'd, and held out by
i'French Garifon, by Authority of the Queen-Dowager, a
Daughter of the Houfe of Lorrain, againft the- Nobility, Eft.
of Scotland, who ftood up for their Liberties and the Refor
mation, and were oblig'd to call for Queen Elizabeth's hf-
fiftance to drive out the French. The Shire of Edinburgh
contains that which is call'd Mid-Lothian.
In Weft Lothian the moft confiderable Place is Linlithgow,
where there is a ftately Palace belonging to the Crown, with
a Lake well ftor'd with Fifh. This Town gives Title of
Earl to the Chief of the Noble and Ancient Family of Le-
vingfton. The Lothians are bounded by the Mers on the
South, by the Forth on the North, by Sterling-fhire on the
Weft, and by the Sea on the Eaft. The principal Rivers
are Tine, the Two Esks, Leith and Almond. The Country
in general abounds with pleafant Corn-Fields, Meadows,
green Hills, and others eover'd with Heath on the Borders
of Lammtrmoor, which afford Pafturage for great Flocks of
Sheep and other Cattel; the Rivers and neighbouring Sea
abound with Fifh; and in fhort, it is the richeft and beft
inhabited part of the Kingdom: They have Plenty of Coals
for Feuel and Export; and at Vre&on-Vans, and elfewhere,
make great Quantities of Salt. There are feveral Iflands
on the Coaft of this Country, of which the Bafs is the moft
remarkable, being an impregnable Fort, and abounding
with Solan Geefe, which come hither in April in Flocks, and
before they come fend fome before to 'fix their Manfions,
which are therefore call'd then Scouts.They lay but one Egg
at a time, and fix it fo dexteroufly to the Rock k§ one end,
that if it be remov'd 'tis impoffibie to fix it again; they
hatch it with their Foot,and fcarce leave it till it be hatch'd.
The'Fifh catch'd by the old ones do many times furnifh the
Inhabitants with Food, as the Sticks they bring for their
Nefts furnifh them with Fuel. When come to be as big as
ordinary Geefe they are very good Meat ; fo that they yield
a confiderable Profit by their Flefh and their Feathers.-
They leave this Ifland in September, but whither they retire
during the Winter is not known. This Jfland lyes a Mile
E.3 from '

70 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II;
from the Shoar, rifes very high, has Grafs on the top, with
a frefh Water Spring, and is about a Mile round.
Tentallon, a ftrong Caftle, formerly belonging to the Fa
mily of Douglafs, ftands on the Shoar of Lothian, oppofite to
the Bafs. This Country has many Sea Ports, the moft xe-
markable of which are Dumbar, cockeny, Prefton Pans, Mujfel-
burg, Leith, already mention'd, Borrowftownnefs. The chief
Families in thefe Countries are the Hamiltons, Dowglaffes,
Mays, Maxwells, Kers, Mahlands, Seatons, Scots, Elphinftons,
Rapers, Cranftons, Drummonds, Sinclairs, Ramfeys, Johnftons
Hepburns, Dundajfes, Preftons, Fletchers, Edmondft on s, one of the
aneienteft of the Kingdom, the chief of whom has had their
Seat for many Years at Ednem near Kelfo; cockburns. Lan
ders, Wauchops, Forreflers, befides many others, whom we
have not room to mention. The Family of Boom had once
a confiderable Intereft in this Country, which is now in
other Hands, particularly the Barony of Dunglafs, where
the Earl of Hoom had a Noble Seat; it is remarkable for a
fad Tragedy afted by one Paris, an Englifh Man, who was
Servant to the Earl of Hadington, and intrufted by him with
the keeping of the Magazine there, at the beginning of the
Civil War ip ^uguft 1640. This he rewarded in a brutifh
manner, -by fetting fire to the Magazine, which blew up
the faid Earl, at that time Governor of the Caftle, the
Sheriff of Eaft Lothian, and Nine other Perfons of Quality,
bciides feveral that were wounded; the Occafion ofit was
the Arrival of the News that the Scots Army had defeated
the Englifh who oppos'd them at Rewhurn; the Wretch
himfelf peri (h'd in the Aft. This Place is alfo remarkable
for a ftrong Pafs, of a confiderable Length, eafy to be deT
fended by a few Men, which was a confiderable Barrier to
that part of the Country, during the War, betwixt the
Two Nations, and'was ftopp'd and guarded to prevent OliT
ver's Flight, who retir'd before the Scots Army, that thought
themfelv^ fure of him, before the Fatal Battel of Dumbar,,
where he gain'd the Viftory, by furprizing them in their
Security, occafion'd by their Contempt of him, becaufe of
fome former Advantages obtain'd over him, and of the
Straits they had then redue'd him to.
The Shire of Selkirk, bounded by the Mers on the Eaft,
Tweddale on the Weft, Tiviotdale on the South, arid Lothian
on fhe North : It is commonly call'd the Foreft, or Etrick
Foreft , from the River Etrick that runs thro' it, which,
with larrow and Ga&owatey, are tlje principal Rivers in this
'''""' "'" '' ' ' '- Country,

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 71
Country, and all of them fall into the Tyveed. The County
takes Denomination from Selkirk, the principal Town, where
the Sheriff keeps his Courts. Murray of Philiphaugh, a ve
ry ancient Family, is Hereditary Sheriff, and has his Title*
from a Valley on the River Etrhk, near this Borough, no
ted for the Viftory w-hich Sir David Lefly gain'd there over
the Marquis of Montr of ~s during the Civil War, which prov'd
a Fatal Blow to thofe who appear'd for King Ch. I. in that
Kingdom. Gallofhiells is another Market-Town in this
County. The other Families of chief Note here are the
Scots and Pringles. This Country is mountainous and woody,
and more fit for Pallurage than Corn.
Tweddale, fo call'd from the River Tweed, which runs
thro' it, is bounded by the Shire of Selkirk on the Eaft, that
of Lenrick on the Weft, Annandale on the South, and Lothi
an on the North, is 28 Miles in Length, and 1 8 in Breadth.
"Peebles is the only Borough of the .County, 'tis pleafantly
fituatcd betwixt the Rivers Tweed and "Peebles, and is re- .
markable for its 3 Churches, 3 Gates, 3 Streets, and 3
Bridges ; that over Tweed has 5 Arches, that over Peebles
2- There are feveral other Rivers that fall here into
Tweed, vvhich fupply the Country with Plenty of fine Sal
mon; and a Lake call'd the Weft Water Lake, abounds
fo with Eels and other Fifh about Auguft, that, du
ring a Weft Wind, they come out in fuch Shoals into a
fmall River which runs from the Lake, as fometimes they
overthrow :he People who go into the River to catch 'em. <
There is another Lake here called Lochgenen, upon Genen
Hill, which falls in:o Annandale from a Precipice of 2 $0
Paces high, that many times Fifties are kill'd by the Fall
of the Water. The Climate of the Country is temperate,
and the Air clear ; it abounds with green Mountains, which
afford Pafture for great Flocks of Sheep, whofe Wooll is
excellent. There are alfo many Valleys on the Rivers,
fruitful in Corn and Grafs. There are abundance of Gen
tlemens Seats in this County, which we cannot infift upon.
It gives Title of Marquis to a Branch of the Noble and An
cient Family of Hay, Earls of Errol. The Fra\ers, Anceftors
by Marriage to the Family of Twedale, were anciently the
chief Proprietors of this Country, particularly that Great
Captain, who contributed fo much to the Viftory which
the Scots obtain'd in one Day over Three Englifh Armies at
Roflin in 1 3 1 1, during Wallace's Adminiftration, The Mar
quis of Tweddale is Sheriff of this County,
F 4 Galloway,

7» the Prefent S T A T E of Part. II.
Galloway, fo called becaufe of its ancient Inhabitants, de
fcended from the Gauls, is bounded by the Mouth of Clyde
on the Weft, the River Rith on the Eaft, the Irijb Sea on the
South, and the Counties of Kyle and Carrick on the North:
It is in Length from Eaft tp Weft 70 Miles, and from North
to South in fome Places 16, in fome 20, and others 24 : It
is divided into 2 Sheriffalties, called the Upper and the
Nether ; of the Upper, the chief of the Family of Agnero
is Sheriff, and of the Nether, called the Stewartry of Kirkcu-
bright, the chief of the Family of Maxwell. It gives Title
of Earl to a Branch of the Great and Ancient Family of
Stewart, the Chief of which is the Royal Family, who have
poffeffed the Crown of Scotland fince the Year 13 71. This
Country produces all Things neceffary for Human Life, and
is particularly remarkable for its excellent Wooll and brisk
vigorous little Horfes, from hence called Galloways. It is
watered by 6 Rivers, vi\. the Vr, Dee, Ken, Cree, and L«f-
fie, which all fall into the Irifh Sea, and abound with Sal
mon. The Climate in general is healthful, and the Soil
not Mountainous, but Hilly. It has 3 very high Mountains,
one at the Mouth of Cree, called Cranes-moor, Marrock not far
from that, and Crefold, at the Mouth of RHh. The Coun
try beyond the Loffie is called the Rine, or Beak of Galloway,
and the furrheft Promontory ofit is called the Mull} the
Ronantum of Ttolomy, under which, in the Mouth of the Ri'
ver Loffie, is the Bay called by Ttolomy Rerigonim, and front
the Mouth of Clyde, on the other fide the Vidogara of Ttolomy,
now called Loch-Rian, The remarkable Sea Ports in this
Country are KirkcubrigBt, a very large, fafe and commodious
Harbour ; GOrvellan, a very fecure Harbour ; and 3 in the
Rine, vi\. Rejfock, Loch-Rian, and Port Patrick. The moft
remarkable Towns are Kirkcubright, on the Mouth of Dee,
excellently fituated for Trade; iHs a Royal Borough, and
gives Title of Lord to the Chief of the MaccleUans, a very
ancient, and formerly a very great Family in this Country.
Wigton, very well fituated for an Emporium; it gives Title
of Earl to the Chief of the ancient Family of the Flemmings,
Vhitehom, it the Mouth of the Cree, fam'd for its Monai
ftery called Candida cafa, from whence the Bifhops of GaUo-.
¦way took their Title. ' Stranrawer, a Borough on Loch-Rian
and Rew Galloway, built by the Vifcount of Kenmure, X
Branch of the Family of Gordon^ which has been feated in
this Country very long* from whence are defcended feveral
confiderable Gentlemen in {he Weft of Scotland. Other
" " . Families

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 75
Families of Note here are the Maxwils, Macdonels, Mack'ees,
Macculloughs, and Adairs. The Inhabitants are noted in
Hiftory for having been always a Warlike People. The
Country is very fruitful in Corn and Grafs ; their Oats are
final], but hard, and make excellent Meal. It has many
Caftles and Gentlemens Seats, and many Lakes,' which
abound with Eels and other Fifh : It had formerly Seven
Abbeys. ,
Next to GaUoway lyes carrick, on the North, a Country
fruitful in Com Pafturage, and has all neceffary Commo
dities by Land and Sea ; i here Ptolemy places the Town and
Bay of^Rerigonium, which in an old Copy printed at Rome
in 1380 is" called Berigonium, whence the Town of B argent-
is fuppofed to derive its Name, and to ftand in its place.
This Town gives Title of Lord to a Branch of the Family
of Hammilton. This Country gave formerly Title of Earl
to the Family of Bruce, from whence King Robert Bruce de*
fcended; it came afterwards to the younger Branches of
that Family, and then was added to the Titles of the Prince
of Scotland. The chief Family of this Country now is that
of the Noble and Ancient Name of Kennedy, of whom the
Earl of Cafftls is chief; he derives his Title from his Seat
of that Name on the River Dun, and is Hereditary Bailiff
of this Country, having the fame Power with Sheriffs in
other Counties; but thofe who prefided over fuch Countries
as were part of the Patrimony of the Crown were called by
this Name,aWord us'd in the Middle-Age among the Greeks,
Sicilians and French, which fignifies a Confervator. There
are many other Gentlemens Seats in this County, which
we have, not room to mention-
,v Kyle, or the Shire of Air, lyes next to Carrick, by which
: tis bounded On the South, by Cmninghimt on the North,
the Mouth of Clyde on the Weft, and clidfdale on the Eafti
It derives its Name from Coilm, a Britifh King, who was de
feated and kilKd there by Fergm I. King of Scotland. There
are many Monuments of this Battel ftill to be feen ; the
Place where it was fought is called Coil-field; a Church near
it, is from thence called Coil-Town Kirk; the River near which
the Battel was fought, and which falls into the River Air,
Four Miles above the Town of that Name, is called Coil ;
a Lake not far from it, near which the Scots encamp'd, is
called Lake-fergm, A Trumpet refembling a crooked Horn,
which has a very fhrill Sound, was digg'd up in the Field of
Battel> and is ftill kept in the Laird of coprjnton's Houfe, called

74 The Prefent STATE o/ Part. II.
called Coil-field, and made ufe of to call together his Servants
and Workmen. The River Dun, which divides this Coun
try from carrick, has a Bridge in the Road to Air confiffbg
of cne Arch of 90 Foot, the largeft in the Kingdom. The
River Irwin, which divides it ('rorn Cunningbame, has a
Bridge with 4 Arches over it. This Country is extended
22 Miles Weftward to the Sea, and is about 10 Miles in
Breadth; betwixt the Rivers Dun and Irwin it bounds on the
Heads of GaBoway ind Ritkfdale, and Eaftward on the Heads
of Lefmehago and Evendale, parts of Clidfdale. On the Eaft
fide there are only Two ftrait Paffes into this Country, the
reftbeing Mofs and Heath. The largeft Pafs is on Ravim
Water, and the leaft at Tackenholm, paffable only by one
Man at a time. Betwixt the Mountains and the Mofs rifes
the Water of Mr, which divides the Country into 2 stemr-
tries, the one call'd Kyle Stewart, which lyes to the North,
and is bounded by the River of Irwin; the other call'd Kings
Coil, bounded by the River Dun. The River of Air is ve
ry pleafant, increafed by feveral others which fall into it,
and beautify'd with Woods, Caftles, and Gentlemens Seats.
Over this River there is a Bridge of 4 Arches, near the
new Town of Air, and South of the Bridge lyes the old
Town of Air, famous for its Antiquity and Privileges; it
was built by the King's Patent, and has a very large Jiirif-
diftion.of 64 Miles,which reaches from the Mouth of Clyde to
the Borders of Galloway ; the Town ftands in a fandy Plain,
but has- pleafant green Fields Two Miles South and North
ofit. In the Fields betwixt the Mouth of the River Dm
and Air there ftands a very beautiful Church. This Town
has a good Harbour in the River, and lyes conveniently for
Trade; it is noted for the treacherous Murther of many
Noblemen and Gentlemen by the Englifh in Wallace's Time,
when they were caffd together in a Time of Truce, after
Edward I. had over-run the Country, on Pretence of hold
ing a Juftice Air, and treacheroufly hang'd one after another
as they enter'd the King's large Barns, where the Court
was held. This was juftly and feverely reveng'd by WaUi.ee,
with whom they had made the Truce, as Warden of Scot
land, and whom they endeavour'd to have entic'd thither
by their Charter of Peace, or fafe Conduft, as they had
done a great many others of Quality; but he having notice
of what pafs'd, furpfiz'd 'em that very Night in their Jovi-
alty, after this barbarous Murther, by which they thought
they had fecur'd Scotland for ever ; and having fet a Guard round

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 7j
round the Barns, that none fhould efcape, he burnt them,
with all the Tnglijh who were in rhem. The Ruins of thofe'
Barns are ftill to be feen here. The chief Families of this
Country are the Stewarts, Campbels, Cunninghames, Wallaces,
Crawfords, Lockarts, Chalmers, Dumbars, and Crightons. This
Province abounds with all Neceffaries for Life, except White
Fifh, which it has from the neighbouring Sea of Carrick.
Compbel Earl of Low don is Hereditary Bailiff of the Coun
try of Kyle. '
Cunninghame has Kyle oh the South, Renfrew on the North,
Clydfdale on the Eaft, and the Mouth of Clyde on the Weft,
The Name of this Country is Danifh, and fignifies the King's
Habitation, whence Buchanan thinks it has been formerly
poffefs'd by the Danes, and others think it was call'd fo be
caufe the Kings of Scotland did of old inhabit there. The
chief Town of this Country is Irwin, upon the Mouth sf a
River of that Name, where- there is a good Port for fmall
Ships, and a Stone Bridge over the River, and the Town
is well, fituated for Trade. Within Two Miles of it there
lay a ftately Monaftry call'd Kilwinning. At the Head of
the River Irwin lyes the Town of Kilmarnock, which gives
Title of Earl to the Chief of the Great and Ancient Family
of the Bqyds. Not far from Irwin lyes the Caftle of Egling-
ion, which formerly gave Sirname to a Family of that Name,
but is now in the Hands of the Ancient and Noble Family Of
Montgomery, to whom it gives Title of Earl. They are
Hereditary Bailiffs of this Country. They have another
Seat call'd the Caftle of Ardroffan, which lyes further North
in the Bay of Clyde. Further upon the fame Bay lyes the
Town of largU, famous for the Defeat of the Rorvegians by
Alexander HI. .of Scotland. Kilmaers in the fame County is
the Seat of the. Noble and Ancient Family of Cunningham
Earl of Glencairn, who derive their Sirname from this Coun
ty, and are probably of a nobler and higher Original than
from any of thofe concern'd in cutting off Becket Archbifhop
of Canterbury, and for which they fled into Scotland, as Camden
alleges, and therefore bear an Epifcopal Pale in their Arms,
fince it's plain from their Motto, Fork over Fork, that it is
a Fork, and not an Epifcopal Pale.
Renfrew, commonly call'd the Barony, has Cunningham on
the South, Lennox on the North and Eaft, is about 26 Miles
long and 13 broad; the Soil is more pleafant than fruitful,
which however furnifhes all Neceflaries to the Inhabitants,
and enjoys a vary wholfoirje Air. The Rivers aire cart and
Black

t}6 the Prefent STATE of Part II.
BUc\ Cart, which join before they fall into Clyde. The chief
Town is Renfrew, a Royal Borough, on the Left of Clyde,
from whence the Country takes its Name. Pafley, another
Borough, lyes alfo in this Country on the River Can, is a
much larger Town than Renfrew, and was noted for its
noble Abbey of the Order of cluny; the Monks of which
wrote a Chronicle call'd The Black Book of Pafley. It gives
Title of Baron to the Family of Abercom, a Branch of the
Family of Hammilton. The Lord Semple is Hereditary She
riff of this Barony, but the Title of the Barony it felf be
longs to the Prince of Scotland. The chief Families which
have Poffeflions here are the Duke of Lennox, the Earls of
Eglinton, Glencaim, Abercom and Dundonnald, the Lords
Cathcart, Rofs and Semple,al] Three Chiefs of very ancient and
honourable Families, and the Lord Manure a Branch of the
Family of Stuarts. The chief Gentlemen are the Stemrts, <
Houftons, Maxwels, Birsbains, Wallaces, Flemmings, Cunning
bams, Semples, Shows, Porterfields and Cocchrans.
Chydfdale, has Cunningham and Renfrew on the Weft, Lo
thian and Twedale on the Eaft, Rithfdale on the South, and Ster*
ling-jhire on the North.T hisCoun try gi vesTi tie of Ma rquis to
the eldeft Son of the illuftrious Family of Hammihon,it derives
its name from the River Clydt, which runs through the
middle of it, and falls into the Irifh Sea ; it is divided into
two Wards, called the Upper and Nether, in the latter of
which is contained the Barony of Glafgow; the County Town
is Lanerk, from whence the whole is called the Shire of La-
nerk, of which the Duke of Hammilton is Hereditary Sheriff.
Bifhop Lefley derives its name a lanarum area, i. e. the Store-
Houfe of Wool], for a Trade in which it feems formerly to
have been noted. The chief City of this County is Glaf
gow, the beft Emporium of the Weft of Scotland; it is a
large, ftately and well built City, and for its Commerce
and Riches is the fecond in the Kingdom ; it is pleafantly
Situated upon the Eaft Bank of the River Clyde, which is
Navigable to the Tower by Ships of confiderable Burthen,
but its Port is Rewport-Glafgow, which ftands on the Mouth
of Clyde, and is a Harbor for Ships of the greateft Burthen;
the City is joined to theSubutbs on the Weft Bank of Clyde,
by a noble and beautiful Bridge of 8 Arches, built with
fquare hewen Stone. Moft of the City ftands on a Flain,
and lies in a manner fourfquare ; in the middle of the City
ftands the Toll-booth, a Magnificent Strufture of hewen
Stone, with a very lofty Tower, and melodious .Chimes, which

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 77
which ring pleafantly at the end of every Hour. The four
principal Streets that divide the City into four Parts cen
tre at the Toll-booth, and all of them are adorn'd with fe
veral publick Buildings. In the higher part of the City
ftands the great Church, formerly a Cathedral, and called
by the name of St. Mungo's Church ; it is a magnificent and
ftately Edifice,and furprifes the Beholder's with its ftupendi-
ous bignefs, and the Art of the Workmanfhip; it confifts
of two Churches one above the other, and the feveral Rows
of Pillars, and exceeding high Towers, fhew a wonderful
piece of Architefture. Near to the Church ftands the Caftle,
formerly the refidence of the Archbifhop ; it is encompaffed
with an exceeding high Wall of hewen Stone, and has a.
fine profpeft into the City, but the chief ornament of this
City is the College or Univerfity, a magnificent and ftately
Fabrick confifting of feveral Courts ; the front towards the
City is of hewen Stone and excellent Architefture, the Pre
cinfts of it were lately enlarg'd by fome Acres of Ground
purchafed for it by the King and the States, and it is fepa
rated from the reft of the City by a very high Wall ; it
was erefted firft at the expence of Archbifhop Turnbull, and
founded by King James II. in 1453. according to a Bull
from Pope Ricolas V. granting it all the Privileges, Liber
ties, Honours, Immunities and Exemptions, granted by the
Apoftolical See, or others, to the College of Bononia in Italy,
for teaching Uoiverfal Learning. The Perfons eftablifhed by ,
the firft Foundation were a Reftor,- a Dean of Faculty, a
Principal or Warden, who was to teach Theology ; three
Philofophy Profeffors, and afterwards fome Clergy Men
taught the Civil and Canon Laws there. In 1577. King
James Yl. eftablifhed 12 Perfons here, vi\. a Principal, 3
Profeffors of Philofophy, 4 Burfers, a Steward to furnifh
their Table, a Servant for the Principal, a Janitor to look
after the Gate, and a Cook. The Family of Hammilton
gave the Ground on which the College ftands with an
adjacent Field. The Kings, Parliaments, the City of
Glafgow, feveral of the Archbifhops, and many particular
Perfons, have been Benefaftors to it. And in 1662. the
Earl of Dundonold gave 1000 pound Sterling to it, for the
maintenance of pooi Scholars. Many learned Men have
been bred here ; the moft remarkable of whom were the
great Buchonam, the learned and famous Cameron, Dr. John
.Sharp, Mr. Robert Boyd, Mr. John Strang, Mr. David Dick-
fon, Mr. Robert Bmllf, Mr. Alexander Rifbet, Mr. James
Fergnfon,

78 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
Tergufon, and Mr. George Hutchinfon, befides feveral others
whom we have, not room now to mention.lt ought alfo to be
mentioned for the Honour of this City, that it has always
fince the Reformation been very zealous for the Proteftant
Religion, and the liberty of the Subjeft.The other places of
chief note in this Country are Hamilton, which gives Sir-
name and Title of Duke to that A.ncient, Great and Illu-
ftrious Family, who have a magnificent Pallace, and a no
ble Park here. There is good ground to believe, that this
Family is much more ancient<in Scotland, than the time of
King Robert Bruce, to which Cambden and huchanan affjgn
their Original, tho" its certain they were very confiderable
at that time ; but their Grandeur was much raifed by King
James III. who gave his eldeft Sifter, that had formerly been
marry'd to the Lord Boyd, with the Earldom of Arran, to
James the chief of that Family. His Grandfon James Earl
of Arran was made Viceroy of Scotland by the Parliament
in the minority of Queen Maryt and Diske of Chattderaultia
France, by Hejiry II. of France ; and by the confent of the
Queen Dowager and the States, he was declar'd the fe
cond Perfon of the Kingdom, and the next Heir to the
Crown of Scotland, failing Qaeen-Mary and her Heirs. And
in the Parliament held at Edinburgh in June 1606. the
Abbacy of Aberbrothock was erefted into a Lordfhip with
the Dignity and Eftate of a Lord of" Parliament, to be
held of his Majefty in free Lordfhip and Barony by James*
Marquis of Hamilton. The caufes mentioned in the Narra
tive are : Firft, The Princely duty of his Majefty to re
ward the vertuous Aftions, and great Services of his Sub
jefts. 2. That James Marquis of Hamilton is nearly de
fcended of his Majefties Blood, and that James Duke of
chattelerault his Grandfather was Governor of the Realm to
Queen Mary ; and that for the defence of the Liberty of
the Kingdom, then troubled by Strangers, he loft the Duke
dom of Chattelerault in France, and in defence of the faid
Queen he himfelf and his Children fuffered Banifhment.
3. Becaufe of the good fervice of John Marquis of Ha
milton his Father, in feveral Commilfions of Lieutenancy,
and pacifying divers Commotions and Seditions in the King
dom. It is alfo obfervable, that Duke James, and Duke
William, both loft their Lives for ferving their King and
Country during the late Civil Wars; and that the late
Duke of Hamilton, Father to the prefent Duke, was the
principal Inftrument of faving the Religion, and the Con- ftitiif

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 79
ftitution of Scotland at the late Revolution, as his Prede-
ceffor had been in the time of Queen Mary. There are of
this Family at prefent befides the Duke, the Earls of Selkirk,
Orkney, and Ruglen his Graces Brothers. The Earls of Aber
com and Hodington, and the Lords Bargeny and Beilhaven, be
fides many Gentlemen of Note. Ruglen is another Town in
this County, which gives Title of Earl to a Son of the
Family of Hammilton. The Town and Caftle of Dowglafs
in the upper Ward, gives Surname and Title of Duke, as
it did formerly of Lord, Earl and Marquis, to the Ancient,
Noble and Heroick Family of Dowglafs, fo well known in
the Hiftory of Scotland, of which there has been more great
Men and Generals at Home and Abroad, than of any Fa
mily that have not been crown'd Heads in Europe, of
whom the Reader may have an Account in the Hiftory of
that Family, written by Mr. David Hoom of Godfcroft. This
Family was eminent, and fignalized themfelves for adhe
ring to the intereft of their Country againft the Englifh,
in the Reign of King Robert Bruce; for which, and their
great Attchivements in War, they became fo popular and
powerful, as to be formidable to the Kings, which laid the
foundation of the Ruin of the principal Branch of this great
Family, in 'the Reign of King James II. So that the pre
fent Family of Dowglafs, is of the Branch of the Family
of Angus, which has alfo produced many great Men and
Generals. There were five Earls of this Family at
once in Scotland, vizi Dowglafs, ^ngus, Ormond, Wigtown,
Murray and Morton, of whom the Earl of Wigtoun was made
Duke of Turren in France by King Charles VII. of that
Country, for his Service in the Wars againft the EnglijhjSc.
and this Title was enjoy 'd by feveral of his Pofterity. This
Family for their great Services to their Country, had three
noble Prbileges allow'd them by King and Parliament, wj.
That they' fhould have the firft Vote in Parliament. 2. Should
lead the Van of the Army. 3. Should carry the Crown, if
prefent, at publick Solemnities.
There are of this Family ftill, befides the Duke, the Duke
of Queensbury, the Earl of Morton, the Earl of Farfor, the
Earl of March, the Lord Whittingham, and the Lord Mar-
dington, befides many Gentlemen of Note.
Crawfurd-Lindfey in this Country gives Title of Earl to a
noble and ancient Family of the fame Surname, who have
long contended for the precedency as firft Earls of the King
dom ; there have been many great Men of this Family; one

8o the Prefent STATEo/ Part %
one of them was created Duke of Montrofs during life by
King James III. There are many other remarkable Places
and Families in this County which we have not room to
mention ; the Country in general is fruitful in Corn and
Pafturage, abounds with all neceffaries for human Life, and
is well furnifhed with Fifh from the Sea and Rivers.
Sterlin-fbire is bounded on the Eaft by the River of Avert,
on the Weft by Lochlomond, and the Rivers Blane itid Antri^
on the North by the River Forth, and on the South by
Clydfdale ; the County derives its name from the Town of
Sterling, which in the Saxon Tongue fignifies a Rock or
Mountain on a River, alluding to the Situation of the
Town and Caftle. The Town is fituated in a pleafant and
fruitful Country, into which it has a fine profpeft ; the
Caftle is a noble and magnificent Strufture, and very ftrong
by Art and Nature; it has a moft curious profpeft into the
fleighbouri rig. Country, and the windings and turnings of
the River Forth, which are fo extraordinary, that tho' it be
but four miles by Land from Sterlin, to Alloway it is 24 by
Water : This Town is reckoned the Key of the Kingdom,
becaufe it opens the paffage from the South to theNorthj
there being no fuch eafie paffage over the Forth as by Ster
ling-Bridge, which is of hewen Stone, fortified with an Iron
Gate, and confifts of four ftately Arches ; Ships come up
to the Bridge at a full Tide, but the Haven is a little below
the fame.
The Earl of Mar,_ Chief of the Ancient and Noble Fa
mily of Areskin, is Hereditary Governor of the Caftle,which
is well ftor'd with Ordnance for defending the Bridge, and
has a competent Garifon for its Security. The King's Park
lyes at the Foot of the Caftle, and the City on the Ridge
of a Hill towards the South, very much refembling Edin
burgh in its Situation ; 'tis enclos'd by a Wall, and on the
North fide has the River Forth for its Security. The
Church ftands in the upper part of the Town, towards the
£aft, is of very good Architefture, and adorn'd with a very
lofty Tower. Near the Church lye the Houfes of the Duke
of Argile, and Earl of Mar, both very large, and of excel
lent Workmanfhip; it was anciently called Binobara, which
in the Old Scots Language fignifies the fame with Sterlin in
the Saxon, whence Ptolomy is fuppos'd to have given it the
Name of Vindovara : This was one of the Boundaries of the
Roman Empire in Britain, as appears by the Infcription of i
Stone below the Caftle, towards the Bridge, which imports,
' ° TIM*

Cap. X. Scotland) new North Britain."
That one of the Wings of their Army kept Guard there?
On the Right Hand of the Town ftood the noble Abby of
Cambaskenneth. This Country is fruitful in Corn and Grafs,
and abounds with Flocks of Sheep and Black Cattel; it is
well ftor'd with Fifh, efpecially Salmon, from Forth and its,
other Rivers, and for Fuel abounds with Coal and Peat.
The principal Rivers are the Forth, Aven, Canon and.
Bannockburn. Carron is famous for fome Kom«w~Monuments,
particularly Tw> little Hills, call'd by the Vulgar Duvni-
pace, i. e. the Hills of Peace ; and Two Miles lower there
is a round Edifice of Stone, which, by the Defcription, re-
fembles that which the Romans call the Temple of Terminm;
but Buchanan is of Opinion, that they were rather Monu
ments erefted as Trophies for fome great Aftions perform'd
¦ here. Cambden thinks the Roman Wall, which begun near
this Place, commonly thought to be Severas's Wall, was
built by Antoninus Pirn, who, being adopted by Adrian, af-
fum'd his Name. We have not Time to examine whether
Buchanan, who calls it Severas's Wall, or Cambden, be in the
right ; but 'tis certain that in all the Scots Hiftories 'tis
call'd Graham's Dyke, and that Graham in the Old Scots
Language fignifies the fame tha fSeverus does in Latin. Ban
nockburn, famous for the noble Viftory the Scots obtain'd
over Edward II. there under the Conduft of King Robert
Bruce, the greateft Defeat that ever the Englifh receiv'd;
it is alfo memorable for the Defeat and Death of King
James III. of Scotland by the Nobility, who, finding him in
curably addicted to Arbitrary Government, arm'd his Son
againft him, and fet him up in his Stead. The chief Fa
milies of this Country are the Levingftons, of whom the
Earl of Calendar, a Branch of the, Family of Lithgow, has a
Seat here at Calendar Caftle ; the Bruces, the Flemmings, who
have their Sedt at Cumbernald, which they had from King
Robert Bruce, for their noble Service in Defence of their
Country ; the Lord Elphingfton, who has his Seat at El-
phingfton Caftle ; the Murroys, Seatons,. Grahams, Rapers and
Buchanans. Lennox is bounded by the River Clyde on the South, by
Argile Shire on the North and Weft, and by Menteith and
Sterlin Shire on the Eaft. This Country is call'd the Shire
of Dumbarton, its head Town, corruptly call'd Britamo du-
num. by Latin Writers, fince Dun in the Old Scots Language
fignifies a Hill or a Rock, and Bar, a Tower or Caftle, from
whence 'tis evident the Town took its Name; it was anci-
G ently

Si the Prefent ST AT E of • Part II.
ently call'd, according to Bede, Alauhh, which fignifies the
fame thing. The Country, efpecially upon the Rivers, is
very fruitful in Corn, the other part is mountainous, but
fit for Pafturage, and numerous Flocks, from whence the
Inhabitants reap great Gain. The ancient Inhabitants were
by Ttolomy call'd Waccomagi, i. e. fueh as inhabit Defarts.
This Country is remarkable for its noble Herring-Fifhing,
in Two Bays which break into it from the Mouth of c/y/Je,
call'd Lochlong and Lochfin. It is fuppos'd to take its Name
from the River Leven, quafi Levenax, which runs from Loch-
lomdnd into Clyde; it is by Ptolomyall'd Lelanoniw,it\d abounds
with excellent Salmon. It is alfo remarkable becaufe of
Lochlomund, which is 24 Miles in Length from South to
North, and where it is broadeft 8 Miles, and narroweft 2;
it contains 30 Iflands, 3 of which have Churches, and ma
ny of the reft are inhabited, the chief of 'em is Inchmwin,'
about 20 Furlongs in Length, is fruitful in Corn andGrafs^
well inhabited; and abounds with Deer, which the Kings
of Scotland were accuftom'd to hunt there. The other re-
markabie Ifles here are Ifland Rachaftel, fo call'd from an
old Caftle in it. Inchdavannan, noted for Broom, abundance
of wild Berries, pleafant Habitations, Gardens and Fruit
Trees, lnchconnagan, noted for Birch Trees and Corn
Fields. Inchlonaig, noted for its Ew Trees, which grow
no where elfe in thefe Iflands; and Rouglask, where thg^
Laird of Mackfarlan has a handfome Seat. This Lakej
abounds with Fifh of feveral forts, and with one fort call'd ;
Toans, and by fome Pollacks, which is peculiar to this Lake,]
and very delicious to eat ; being a kind of Eel, it gave Oc
cafion to the Miftake of fome Authors, who faid this Lake.
bred Fifh without Fins, as the Beams faften'd together in
fome places of the Lake by the Inhabitants, and eover'd]
with Turff, for them to have recourfe to in Time of War,' <
and to move from part to part, gave Occafion to the Fable
of floating Iflands here. The famous Grampian Mountains
begin at this Lake, and run Northward near Aberdeen.
This County gave Title of Earl, and afterwards of Duke, to
a Branch of the Family of Stuarts, defcended from Walter,
the Great Steward of Scotland; and Matthew Earl of Lemox
was Father to Henry Lord Damley, Father to K. Janes VI.
by Queen May, which brought this Earldom into the Roy
al Family; and it was given afterwards by King jamesll.
to Efme, Son to the Lord of Aubigny in Trance, a Branch of
the Family of Lennox, whofe Poftenty fail'd in the Duch- efs

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 8j
efs of Richmond and Lennox lately deceas'd. This Family
had very Great Men, particularly that Branch which was
made Lords of Aubigny in France in the Time of Charles VI.
Bernard one of them iri the Reign of Ch. VIII. and Lewis XII4
commanded 6000 Scots in the French Service, who, for their
extraordinary Valour, were call'd 6000 Devils. By their
Affiftance chiefly he fubdu'd the Kingdom of Raples for the
King of France, and was made Viceroy of that Kingdom.'
He was alfo an infeparable Companion to Henry VII. of
England, and attended him thither from France when he
came to claim the Crown of England, which he obtain'd.
The Title is now enjoy'd by the Duke of Richmond, one of
King Charles II. Natural Sons by the Dutchefs of Portfmouth.
Other Families of Note in this Country are the Campbels,
Colchouns, Rapers, of which Family was the Famous Ma
thematician the Lord Merchifton; the Mardalans, Macalons,
Haldens, fome of the Hamiltons and Semples, and the Bucha
nans, who are originally of this Country, which is famous
for the Birth of George Buchanan, one of the great Orna
ments of his Age for all Polite Learning, and not hitherto
equall'd by any Poet or Hiftorian fince his Time. Dumbar
ton, the County Town, was once confiderable for its Trade,
which is now much decay'd, but is ftill remarkable for its
Caftle, one of the ftrongeft by Nature in Europe. Buchanan
gives an elegant Defcription of it in the 21ft Book of his
Hiftory. The Roman Wall, which begins at Abercom, runs
thrc' this Country, and ends at Kilpatruk on Clyde.
The Shire of Bute contains the Ifles of Bute and Arran,
of which Stewart of Bute, now Earl of Mountftuirt, is Sheriff;
hut is fuppos'd to derive its Name from a Cell or Monaftry,
which the Word fignifies in the Old Scots Language. Bu
chanan fays 'tis 8 Miles long and 4 broad. Bifhop Lefly fays
'tis 10 Miles in Length. Both of 'em agree that it is fruit
ful in Corn and Pafturage. It has a Royal Borough call'd
Rothfay, with an ancient Caftle. The Royal Family of
Stewart is fuppos'd to derive its Original from this Ifland ;
and this Caftle is thought to derive its Name from Rothfay,
who firft brought the Scots hither from Ireland. It gave Title
ofE. of uptbfay to the Princes of Scotland, of the Familyof
Stewart ; the firft of them who had that Title was David,
Son to King i\obert III. about the Year 1390. It has ano
ther Caftle call'd the Caftle of Kerns, and 4 Churches. It
afterwards gave Title of Duke to the Prince of Scotland^
and fome fay DtvM above mention'd was the firft who had
G 3 that

the Prefent STATE of Part II.
that Title in Scotland. Queen Mary conferr'd this; Title
upon the Lord Dernly, before fhe marry'd him. This Ifland
is alfo remarkable for its noble Herring-Fifhing j it lyes in
the Mouth of Clyde, 8 Miles Eaft from the Ifle of Arran,
within half a Mile of Argile on the Weft, and about 6 .
Miles from Cunningham on the Eaft. The Ifle of Arran, '
which, together with Bute, makes up the Sheriffdom, lyes
alfo in the Mouth of Clyde, 24 Miles in Length, and 16
broad, fruitful in Corn and Pafturage. The middle of the
Ifland is mountainous, the higheft, call'd Capra, abounds
with Deer. It is very well inhabited upon the Coaft, and
is an excellent fafe Harbour, eover'd by Lamlafb, or The Ho
ly Ifle. It has 4 Churches, and feveral Caftles, of which
that of Brodich is the ftrongeft, and moft remarkable, and is
the Refidence of the Family x>f Hamilton, when any of 'em
come there, to whom this Ifland gives the Title of Earl.
-The oldeft Family here is that of MadowU,, but by the
Lowlanders call'd FuUerton ; their Refidence is at Kirkmichal,
and are faid to be of 700 Years Handing ; they are Heredi
tary Coroners of the Ifland, which they held formerly of
the Kings, but now of the Family of Hamilton, the Superi-
orsand Proprietors of the Ifland. There are feveral Ri-
versjn it which abound with Salmon, and the Sea about it
abounds with Herrings, Cod, and Whitings.
The Shire of Argile contains the Country of that Name,
Knapdale, Cowal, Kintyre, and Lorn, with raoft part of the*
Weftern Ifles. It is commonly call'd the Shire of Innerara^
from the principal Town, where the Duke of Argile, Chief
of the Ancient and Great Family of Campbel, has'his Refi
dence. It is bounded by Lennox on the Eaft, by the Deu-
ealedonian Ocean on the Weft, by the Irifh Sea and the Firth
of Clyde on the South, and by Lochaber on the North. Kin
tyre is a Peninfula, which runs 30 Miles out into the lri$
Sea, and is about 13, or, as fome fay, 16 Miles diftant.
from Ireland. Kintyre is an Irifh Word, fignifying the Head
of the Country. It is well inhabited, efpecially on the
Coafts, and is fruitful in Corn and Pafturage. The chief
Family here is that of Macconel, to whom the Duke of Ar
gile is Superior. Cambden fays tbey formerly made Excurfi-
ons into Ireland, and poffefs'd themfelves of the Provinces
, of Glines and Rowle.
Knapdale is joyn'd to Kintyre on the North by a narrow
Neck of Sand, fcarce above a Mile broad, through which
the People of the Country draw their fmall Veffels, to pre-,
1 vent

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 2j
vent their failing round Kintyre. This Country has Loch-fin
on the Eaft, and the Irifh Sea on the Weft and South, and
Lorn on the North. It abounds with Lakes and Bays, feve
ral of which contain Iflands and Caftles, and in general is
fitter for Pafturage than Cultivation. . \
cowal lyes betwixt Lochfyn on the Weft, the Tirth of Clyde
on the Eaft, the Ifle of Bute on the South, Argile and the
Grampian Mountains on the North; abounds with Lakes
and Bays..
Argile, properly fo call'd, has Knapdale and Cowal on the
South, Lochaber on the North, Lennox and the Grampian
Hills on the Eaft, and Lorn on the Weft. The whole Shire
Of Argile, taking in the conftituent Parts above mention'd,
has 7 Bays of the Sea that enter it, which by the Inhabi
tants are call'd Lochs, the chief of 'em Lochfyn, which is
about do M iles in Length, and at the narroweft place above
4 Miles in Breadth, famous for the Number and Goodnefs
of its Herrings* It has another Lake call'd Lochow, from
whence the Family of Argile deriv'd their ancient Title of
Lairds. Bifhop Lefly fays this Ifland is almoft as large as
Locblomond, contains 12 Iflands, in Two of which there are
Caftles, vi\. Enconel and Glenurquhart; and where it enters
the Sea it abounds with Salmon. The Coaft of Argile on
the Sea, as far as Loch-fyn, abounds with high Rocks and
black Mountains, eover'd with Heath, which afford Paftu
rage for Black Cattel and Deer., Their Black Cattel run
for moft part wild, but are excellent Meat, and their Fat
when boil'd does not congeal like that of others of their kind,
but continues for fome Days like OiL The Inhabitants
make great Profit of them by felling them to the Lowlanders.
Knapdale, formerly mention'd, which lyes upon Lochow, is
fruitful in Corn and Pafturage.
Lorn is the pleafanteft and moft fruitful part of the Shire
of Argile ; it formerly gave- Title of Lord to the Eldeft Son
of the Family of Argile, and came to them by Marriage with
an Heirefs of a Branch of the Family of Stewart, anciently
Lords of it. The Caftle of Dmftafage lyes in this Country,
which was formerly a Seat belonging to the Kings. "The
Family Of Argile was made Earls by King Jamesll. They
were for a long time Lords Juftices General of the King
dom, hut furrendred that Office to King Charles I. on Condi-,
tion of having the Jurifdiftion of Argile and the Ifles, and '
are ftill Great Mafters of the King's Houfhold. They de-
five their Sirname, according to Cambden, from Czftle-Camp-
G 3 bel,

06 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
hel, and their Pedegree from the ancient Petty Kings of
Argyle by along Series of Anceftors. This Country was the
firft in which the Scots landed from Ireland, it abounds with
Caftles and Gentlemens Seats ; the chief Clan is that of the
Campbels, and in Lorn there is the Macdowgals 3 very anci
ent Family. There are befides the Duke of Argyle, the
Earl of Lowdon, the Earl of Braid Albin, and the Earl of
lla, with a great many Gentlemen of note of the Family of
Campbel. The Duke of Argyle is Hereditary Sheriff of this
County ;'tis a peculiar right of this Family> that when they
Marry any Daughter, their Vaffals are obliged to pay their.
Portion, and are taxed in order to it according to the num
ber of their Cattle, This Country derives its Name accor»
ding to Cambden, from Ar-Gwythil, i. e. near the Irifh orthe
Bank of Ireland, for the old Britains called the Irifh Gut-
thil and Gaothel.
Pertb-fhire, fo denominated from the City of Perth, the
chief Town of the County, is bounded on the North and
North-weft by Badenoch and'Lochaber, on the Eaft by Mar,
on the Weft and South-weft by Argyle and Lennox, on the
South by Cl^ekntanan , Sterlin-flnre and Forth ; this Shire is
52 Miles in length, and 48 in breath. It contains Athol,
Cowry, Glenfhee, Strathardel, traidalh'm, Ramacb, Balwhidder',
Glenurchy, Stormond, Menteith zndStrathern ; the Heredi tary
Sheriff is the Duke" of Athol, chief of the Noble, Ancient
and Numerous Family of Murray, defcended by Marriage
from the Stewarts formerly Earls of Athol, Dorothy, Daughter
to John Stewart, the fifth Earl of Atbol, being married to
William Murray of Tullybardin,viho for refcuing King JamesVl.
from a Tumult of the Citizens of Perth, when John Earl of
Govry their Provoft was killed, had the Hereditary She
riffalty of this County conferr'd upon him and his Heirs.
This Country is fruitful in Corn and Pafturage, efpecially
that place of it called Gowry, which is very remarkable for
its noble Corn-fields ; this Shire had formerly two Bifhops
Sees, one at Dunkel, and another at Dunblane. It had alfo
three Monaftries and one Nunnery, it has now four Presby-
tries. The principal Towns are Perth, commonly called St.
Johnftoun, pleafantly fituated upon the South Bank of the
River Tc.ly, the fecond Town of the Nation for Dignity,
and Parliaments have feveral times been kept there ; Veffels'
Come up to the Town at full Tide. Near this Town ftood
anciently the Town o£- Berth, ' which was overflowed by an
Jfluncb-uon ©f tha River, "which occajioned King William to
buil$

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 8^
build this Town in a more commodious place. This Tpwn
gives Title of Earl to the Chief of the ancient Family
of Drummond. Dunkell lies on the North fide of Toy, at the
Foot of the Grampian Hills, furrounded with pleafant Woods;
it had once a very ftately Cathedral , but its chief Orna
ment now is a noble Houfe belonging to the Duke of Athol ;
it is the chief Market Town of the Highlands, and fuppofed
to have been formerly the chief Town of old Caledonia.
pumblane, fituated on the Bank of the River Allan, where
there was alfo a Church of excellent Workmanfhip. Scoon
near Perth, remarkable for being the place where the Kings
of Scotland were formerly Crown'd, upon that called the
fatal Marble Chair, which Fergus is faid to have brought
from Ireland, but upon the extermination of the Pitts it was
brought hither, where it continued till Edward I. brought
it to Weftminfter, where it now is ; it had this Diftich up
on it : /
Ri f allot fatum, Scott quocunque locotum,
Inveniunt lapidemregnare tenentur ibidem.
Importing, that the Scots fhould Reign wherever this Stone
was found, which fome think to have been accomplifhed by
the Union of the Crowns. Upon the River Toy lies alfo
Arrol, the Manfion of the Earl of that Name, chief of the
ancient and noble Family of Hay, who derive their Original
from a famous Country-man ; who in the Reign of Ken-
meth III. being at Plow with his two Sons, and perceiving
the Scots flying before the Danes, he and his two Sons flop
ped their' Flight, renewed the Battle and obtained the Vi
ftory; for which they had the Lands of Arrol beftow'd up
on them. The prefent Earl of Arrol is defcended from
them, and bears three bloody Yokes for hisf*oatof Arms,
in remembrance of this famous Viftory, which his Ance
ftors purchafed without any other Weapons but the Yokes
they took from their Plows. They have been Hereditary
Conftables of Scotland fince the time of King Robert Bruce ;
of this Family are the Marquis of Tweddale, the Vifcount
of Duplin, befides many Gentlemen of Note. That part of
the Country caled Strathem, takes its denomination from
the,River£r» which runs throughir, and falls into the Toy ;
this is' fuppofed to be the Jerna mentioned by the Roman
Hiftorians and Poets, as the Country of the ancient Cale
donians or Scots. In this Country lies the Caftle of TuVybar- '
<3 4 din,

8S the Prefent S T A T E of Part. H.
din, which gives Title of Marquis to the Duke of Athol's el
deft Son, being the ancient Seat of the Chief of the Mur
roys. On the fame River lies the Caftle of Drimmefn, the
ancient Seat of the Family of Drummond. The Caftle of
Duplin, which gives Title of Earl to a Branch of the Fa
mily pf Hay ; it js remarkable for the greateft Defeat that
evgr, the Scots received from the Englift), in Edward Ballot's
Reign, whom the Englijh came to afiift. In this Battle
there perifhed Pourfcore of the Family of Lindfay, and of
the Family of Hay fo many, that the name would have been
extingui fried, had not the Chief left hrs Lady with Child.
"Where Em falls into the Toy ftdod the Town of Abe'rnethy,
the -ancient Metropolis of the Pitts. Menteith, another
part of this County, derives its name from the River Teith;
upon which lies the Town ofDumblane, the principal Ri
ver in Perth-fhire, and indeed of the Nation is Toy, which flows
from a Lake of that Name ten Miles long and one broad,
and after a Courfe of forty fix Miles' falls into the German
Ocean below pundee. There are many leffer Rivers fall in
to it ; one of which called Keith, is remarkable for its no-
-, ble Salmon fifhing, and a Cataratt near Blair Drummond, which
makes fo great a noife by the fall of the Water among the
Rocks, that it ftuns thofe who are near it. There are many
confiderable Lakes, and Gentlemens Seats in this Country,.
which we have not room to mention. The principal Fami
lies in this Country are the Murroys, the Hoys, the Stewarts,
Druntmonds, Campkels, Grahams, Oliphants, Ruthwens, Ogilvys^
Maidens, Robertfon.s, Rollps, Kinnairds, Blairs, Tofchohs, Met
rites, Futtartons, Rojfes. That part of the Country called
Broidalbin lies among the Grampian Hills ; it gives Title of
Earl to a Branch pf the Family of Campbel. The word in the
old Language fignifies the higheft part of Scotland, and part
of it called Drumolbin, fignifies the ridge or back of Scot
land _; this appears to have been the Country anciently cal
led Albany, and part of the Refidence of the ancient Scots,
who ftill call themfelves Albinnicb from the Country,and re
tain the ancient Language and Habit. They are a hardy
warlike People, and follow much of the ancient Parfimony
in their way.of Living ; and from this Country it was, that
the Sons of the Royal Family had the Title of Dukes of
Albany. The firft that we Read of who enjoy'd this Title
was Robert Earl of Fyfe, who had that Honour conferred
upon him by his Brother King Robert UL The laft who en
joy'd it was the late King James, ¦¦
QUA-

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain.
"- Clackmannan, frart of Fyfe, a fmall County, has Fyfe on the
Eaft, Perthrjlrire on the yi eft and North, and Sterlin-fhire on
the South ; the Sheriff of this Country is Bruce of Clackman
nan, a Branch of that ancient and noble Family.
Next to this lies another part of Fyfe; called the Shire of
Kinrofs, which lies between Lochlevin and the Ochel Hills.
The Sheriff of this Country is the Earl of Morton.
Eaft from this lies the Country properly called Fyfe, ha
ving the German Sea on the Eaftr the River Forth on the
South, and the Mouth of Toy on the North ; it is 32 Miles
in length, from Fyfnefs to the Town of Culrofs, and is but
17 Miles in breath ; it was anciently called Rofs, which fig
nifies a Peninfula, of which ancient name the Towns of Cul
rofs, which fignifies the back, and Kinrofs which fignifies
the head of Rofs, are ftill Monuments. The Air of this
^Country is good, both for preferving and recovering Health;
the Soil is unequal and various, on the Weft it is high ;
but the Skirts of the Country are very fruitful in all forts
of Corn and Grafs, and are frequently cut with clear Ri
vers. The chief of which are Levin, which rifes from the
Lake of that name, noted among other things for its Ifland
and Caftle, where Queen Mary was imprifoned, and falls in
to the Forth ; the other called Edin, Which rifes in Falkland-
wood, and running through the middle of the Country by
¦ Couper, Refills into the German Sea, both of'em abound with
Fifh, arid have feveral Stone Bridges over them. The Com
modities of this Country are Corn, Fifh, efpecially Salmon
and Herring, Coals, Salt, and Hides of Black Cattle, with
Skinsof Deer, Goatsaud Sheep; it has many fafe Harbors,
of which the chief are reckoned, lnnerkithing, Burnt-lfland
and Ely, from whence it happens that'it abounds with good
-Marriners, and did formerly flourifh very much in Trade.
The South Coaft of this Counrry abounds with Towns, and
thefe following fend "Members to Parliament, w{. Culrofs,
lnnerkithing , Burnt-lfland , Kinghorn , Kirkcaldy , Dyfart,
Pitten-weem , Anftruther Wcfter , Anftruther Eafter, Kilrinny,
Craill, St. Andrews on the Eaftern Shoar, Couper in the
middle of the Country and Dumferling ; fo that it fent
more Members to Parliament than any County of the
Cdiintry. Other Towns of Note here which do not not
fend Members to Parliament, are Tory burn , Aberdour;
fhe ' two Weems's Levinfmouth , Ely , St. Monans , Rew-
burgh on the Toy over againft Gowry and 'Kinrofs, on
the Weft of Loch-levin. The chief and moft remarkable Town

90. The Prefent STATE of Part. II.
Town of Fyfe is St. Andrews, formerly an ArchbifhopsSeat,
is pleafantly fituated in a Plain, lies Eaft and Weft, has a .
pleafant Profpeft into the German Sea, which fupplies it
with all manner of Fifh ; it has an Harbour on the Eaft part,
hut capable only of fmall Ships; it had formerly a very ftrong'
Caftle which is now demolifhed ; it fuffer'd much by the
French, who attack'd it by confent of the Queen Regent, to
revenge the Death of Cardinal Beaton, who was kill'd there
by Rorman Lefley, a Son of the Houfe Rotheffe and others;
the Town was formerly very confiderable, confifts of feve-(
ral broad Streets which crofs one another; there are two'
of them that lie from Weft to Eaft, to the famous Mona-.
ftery of the Auguftines, which was liker the Magnificent
Palace of a Prince, than a Convent of Monks profefling
Poverty, as appears ftill by its Ruins, and particularly by
the Wall that encompaffed it of fine hewen Stone, with ma--
ny Battlements and Turrets. This Town is particularly fa
mous for its Univerfity ; it was founded by Bifhop Wardlaw
in 1412, and is Endowed with very ample Privileges ; du
ring Epifcopacy the Archbifhops were Chancellors of it.
The Reftor is chofen Yearly, and by the Statutes ought to
be one of the three Principals of the three Colleges here
called St. salvators^ St. Leonards, and the new College.
St. Salvators College was founded by Bifhop James Kennedy,
who erefted the Edifice, furhifhed it wirh'coftly Orna
ments, and endowed it with fufficient Revenues for a Do
ftor, a Batchelor, and Licenciate of Divinity, four Pro-*
, feffors of Philofophy, and eight poor Scholars. The Earl
of caffels fettled a maintenance for a Profeffor of Philo
logy. The Arms of this College are the Globe and St. Sal-
vator's Crofs. It has a good Library which was founded by
Dr. Sheen. St. Leonards College was founded by John Hep
burn, Prior of St. Andrews in i<;2  before the Re
formation, with Salaries for a Principal or Warden, Four
Profeffors of Philofophy, and eight poor Scholars. A Pro
feffor of Philology (wts added by Sir John Scot, of Scots
Tarvett, with a ' liberal Salary. He alfo augmented the
Library with feveral confiderable Volumes ; and Sit John
Wedderburn it his Death left alfo a great Colleftion of
Books to it. For don's Manufcript of the Scottijh Hiftory is-
in this Library. The new College was founded by Arch
bifhop James Beaton in 153  before, the Reforma*,
tion, alfo with Endowments for a Principal and Profeffor
of Divinity, with fome Students in that fame Faculty,' for

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 9?
for no Philofophy is taught in this College ; a Profeffor of
Mathematicks was of later Years added to this Univerfity.
The learned Men of moft note bred in this Univerfity
were John Mayor Provoft of St. Salvators, a learned Man
according to the then times ; he wrote a Hiftory of Scot
land, and alfo on the Mafter of Sentences. He flourifhed a-
bout the Year 1520. Mr. Andrew Melvil, Profeffor of Di
vinity in the New College, a very learned Man, well ver-
fed in the Hebrew and Rabbinical Writings. Doftor John -
Baron, Profeffor of Divinity in the New College, Sir John
fWedderburn formerly a Profeffor of Philofophy in this Uni
verfity, and afterwards a Phyfician" of great Fame and E-
minence. Mr. Samuel Rutherfoord, Profeffor of Divinity in
the New College, a Perfon well known for his extraordina
ry Piety and Learning, but we have not room to mention
his Works. Alexander Colvil, formerly a Profeffor at Sedan
in France, 'and afterwards Profeffor of Divinity in' the New
College. Mr. James Wood, Mr. John Johnfton, famous for his
Latin Poems. Mr. David Calderwood, well known for his
learned Book againft Epifcopacy, called Altare Damafcenum.
¦Mr. James Durham, famous for his Commentary on the
Revelations, and Song of,Solomon ; his Book on Scandal, and
his Expofition of the Ten Commandments. Mr. George Gil-
lefpy, noted for his learned Books againft Erafiiomfm, and
the Englifi Ceremonies. Mr. James Gregory, Profeffor of
Mathematicks in this Univerfity, a Perfon of extraordi
nary learning in that Faculty, who erefted a commodious
Obfervatory for Mathematical Obfervations in the College
Garden, and furnifhed it with good Mathematical Inftru-
ments. The Lord Roper of Merchifton, fam'd alfo for his
Skill in the Mathematicks. The late Duke of Lauderdale,
:' remarkable for his great Learning, as well as for his Family
andPofts. Sir Robert Murray, a great Promoter and Fellow
of the Royal Society, a Perfon of Univerfal Learning.
The Cathedral Church was reckon'd to be the largeft iri
Chriftendom, being 7 Foot longer and 2 Foot broader than
St. Teter's at Rome-; and for the height, the beauty of its
Pillars, and the Symmetry, and Proportion of the whole,
was one of the beft Gothick Structures in the World.
The Chief Church in the Town now is that called the
New Church, near the new College. There are tw.o other
Churches, wt> that called Stl Leonards, adjacent to the Col
lege of the fame Name ; and the Church of St. Solvator,
which has a lofty Steeple of hewen Stone. This City takes its

9z the Prefent STATE of PartlL
its name frpm St.And rev> the Apoftle, whofe Relifts are faid
tp have been brought hither from Patras in Teloponefta, by
one Regulus a Grecian Monk about 368. He was a Perfon
much efteemed for Piety in thofe times, and from him this
Town was anciently called Fanum Reguli.
The Shire of Fyfe takes its Name from Fifus, Surnamed
Duffus, to whom it was granted by Kenneth II. King of
Seers, for his valour againft the Pitts about 840. His Pofte-
rity were firft called Thanes of Fyfe, and afterwards Earls
by Malcom II. about 1057. and endow'd with greater Pri
vileges than any other Earls of the Kingdom, becaufe of1
their extraordinary Service ; a famous Monument of which
was that called Clan Mac Duff s's Crofs, upon the publick
Road near Abernethy, to which if any within the 9th. De
gree to the great Mac Duff, who was the chief Inftrument
of fubduing the Tyrant Macbeth, fhould have recourfe in
cafe of Manflaughter, he was to be pardon'd on .paying a
fmall number of Cattle ; it had an Infcription importing
thofe Privileges now worn out, and was in fuch antiquated
Terms mix'd with half Latin words, that no Man alive
could now underftand it. From this Mac-Duff the Families
of Douglafs, Weems, and the Clanchatton are faid to be de
fcended ; the Title of Earl of Fyfe, was according to Sit
John Skene, in his Book de verborum ftgnificotione, parted with
by Ifabel, Heirefs to Duncan Earl of Fyfe, to Robert III. King
of Scotland, in favour of Robert Stewart, Earl of Mentieth,
whofe Son being forfeited, the Title was afterwards annexed
to the Crown. The Earl of Rotheffe, chief of the noble and
ancient Family of Leffely is Hereditary Sheriff of this
County. There are four Presbytries in this Country, w{.
one at 'cowper, the County Town, one at St. Andrews, one
at Kickcoldy, and another at Dumferling.
The Kings of Scotland have Two Palaces in this County,
one at Dumfemling, near which are the Ruins of a ftately
Monaftery : It is noted as the Birth-place of King Charlesl.
and gives Title of Earl to a Branch of the Family of Seaton,
The next was at Falkland, a very ftately and fumptuous Pa
lace, adjacent to which the King has a noble Park. The
Duke of Athol is Hereditary Keeper of this Palace. The
Town gives Title of Vifcount to a Branch of the Engliffi
Family of Cory.
There is no County of the Kingdom better inhabited by
Nobility and Gentry ; the Earl of Rotheffe has his Refidence
here at Caftle Lefley, on the Water of Levin ; the Earl of
Crawfuri

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain.
Crawfurd, Chief of the Ancient and Noble Family of Lindfey,
has his, Refidence at Struthers; the Earl of Weems, Chief of
the Ancient and Noble Family of that Name, has his Re
fidence at the Caftle of Weems ; the Earl of Kinghorn, Chief
of the Ancient and Noble Family of Lyon, had his Seat at
Kinghorn ; the Earl of shelly, Chief of the Family of Fenton,
has his Houfe at the Caftle of Kelly; the Earl of D^lhoufie,
Chief of the Ancient and Noble Family of Ramfey, has a
Seat here at Abbots-Hall; the Earl of Melvil, Chief of the
Ancient and Noble Family of that Name, had his Seat at
the Earl of Levin, a Branch of the Family of Lefiey,
has his Houfe at Balgony; the Earl of Dumferling, already
mention'd, has his Houfe at Dumferling ; the Earl of Bac
caras, a Branch of the Family of Lindfey, has his Seat in this
Country; the- Earl of Murray, a Branch of the Familyof
Stewart, has a Noble Seat here at Dunnibirfel ; the Earl of
Morton . has his Seat at Aberdour* , Other Noblemen who
have their Seats in this Country are, the Lord Sinclair ,«of
Sinclair, accounted the Chief of that Great and Ancient Fa
mily, whofe Predeceffors had the Title of Prince of Orkney,
He has a Seat here at Ravensheugh ; ths>4»ord Burleigb,Chief
of the Family of Balfour; the Lord Lindores,i Branch of the
Family of Lefiey ; and the Lord Balmerinoch, a Branch of
the Ancient Family of Elphinfton. Other Families of Note
. here are the Arnots, Anftruthers, Erskins, Beatons, Kinneers,
Barclays, Balcanquals, Bruces, Browns, Sofwels, tolvils, Carr
fiairs's, Crightons, Cunninghams, Clepans, Forbejfes, Gibfons,
Hamiltons, Henderfons, Hackets, Hays, Hops, Herriots, Inglis's,
Kircaldies, Kinninmonts , Lundies, Lumbf 'dales, Monypennys,
Moncriefs, Mirtons, Macgils, Crocks, Pitcams, Preftons, Scots,
Sybbalds, Wardlaws and Woods.
Angus is bounded by the River Toy on the South, Mens
and Goury on the North, and the German Ocean on the
Eaft. This Country is fruitful in Corn and Pafturage, has
many Lakes and Hills. The County Town is Forfar, from
whence the Shire takes its Denomination. The firft we
read of who had the Title of the Earl of Angus was Gilchrift,
a Great Man in Molcom IVth's Time; the Cummins had
afterwards that Title, then the Stewards; and fince the
Time of Robert III. this Title has been in the Family
of Douglafs, who ftill enjoy it. Since George Douglafs Earjl
of Angus married King Robert III. Daughter , they were
reckon'd the firft Earls of Scotland, and had the Honour to
carry the Crown at Publick Solemnities; Forfar, the
County

$4 the Prefent ST ATE oft Part II.
County Town, gives Title of Earl to a Son of the Family,
who for a longtime,as was mention'd before, have carried the
Title of the Family of Douglafs. Dundee is the moft noted
Town of this County for Strength, Situation and Trade. It
has been famous upon many Accounts in the Scots Hiftory;
and the Conftable of this Town, of the Family of Scrimger,
was the King's Hereditary Standard-bearer. It held out a
Siege in the Time of Oliver, andbeing taken by Storm felt
the fevere Effefts of his Fury and Rage. It was the Birth
Place of Heilor Boethius, the Scots Hiftorian, a Man famous
in his Time. It has Two Churches, and a good Harbour, \
is adorn'd with excellent Buildings, and has a large Hofpi- "•¦
tal for decay'd Townfmen. It gave Title of Vifcount to
' Graham of Clovers, who commanded the Troops that appear'd
for the late King James it the Revolution, and was kill'd at
the Battel of GiUicranky. Near to this, in the Mouth of the
River, lyes Brochty Craig, formerly very well fortify'd. There
is a noble Salmon-Fifhing near this Place. Brechin, former
ly' a Bifhop's See, lyes uppn the River South Esk in this
County , has a ftately Bridge of Two Arches over that
River, is confiderable for its Market of Salmon and Cattel,
and gives Title of Lord to the Noble Family of Maule, Earl
of Fanmufo. This Place is alfo memorable for a great Vi
ftory obtain'd over the Danes. Near it, at the Mouth of
the fame River, lyes the Town of Montr of ~s, a Town of good/
Trade, with a Harbour for Ships of confiderable Burthen.J
It is adorn'd with fine Buildings, and has an Hofpital for-
the poorer Inhabitants. It gives the Title of Duke, as.it
did formerly of Earl and Marquis, to the Chief of the An- ;
cient and Noble Family of Graham. There are many No-
blemens and Gentlemens Seats in this Country, that we have
not room to mention. The chief Families here are the
Erskins, Ogilvies, Carnagies, lyons, Grahams, Lindfeys, Moults,
Scrimgers, Arbuthnets, Grays, Reavoys, FuUertons, Durhams, i
Hunters. The Sheriff of the County is the Earl of South,
Esk. The Merns has Angus on the South, Mar on the North,
Goury on the Weft, and the German Ocean on the Eaft. It
is called the Shire of Kincardin,, the County Town, which
gives Title of Earl to a Branch of the Ancient and Noble
Family of Bruce. The Country is fruitful in Corn and Pa
fturage. The Place of chief Npte in this Country is the.
ftrong Caftle of Dunnotter, the Refidence of the Hereditary
Earl Marfhal of Scotland, Chief of the Noble and Ancient Family

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. §»J
Family of Keiths who have enjoy'd this Honour a long time, >
for their Gallantry in their War againft the Danes. Fordon
lyes alfo -in this Country, famous in the Popifh Times for
the Relicks of Palladius, firft'BifhOp of the Scots, which were
fuppos'd to be kept there. 'Tis alfo noted for being the Sir-
name of John Fordon, the Scotifh Hiftorian, Author of the
Book called the Scoti chronicon, to whom the fucceeding Scots
Hiftofians have been very much oblig'd. Taldykirk in this
Country, which takes its Name from Palladius, is remarka
ble for its yearly Fair, which continues Three Days ; and
the principal Commodity bought there is coarfe Cloth,wbich
is commonly tranfported to the Retherlands. The chief Fa
milies of this Country are the Keiths, Arbuthnets, Grahams,
Stratons, Strauchans, Burners, Barclays, Falconers, Romfeys, '
AUereis, Camagies, Jiannermans, Woods.. The Earl Marfhal
is Hereditary Sheriff of this County.
Mar, or the Shire of Aberdeen, has Goury and Merns on
the South, Buchan on the North, Badenoch and part of Terth-
fhire on the Weft, and the German Ocean on the Eaft, and
is about 60 Miles in Length. The chief Places of this
County are old and new Aberdeen ; old Aberdeen lyes a Mile
North from the new Town, called otherwife non-accord; it
is fituated at the Mouth of the River Don, which fome Cri-
ticks wou'd derive from the Danube, by the Germans call'd
Donaw, by the Polanders Dunoum, and by the Latins Danu-
bium, from whence they would infer, That the Pitts, who
inhabited this Country, were of Scythian Extraft, and gave
it this Name in remembrance of the Donaw, which was one
of the Boundaries of their ancient Country ; however that
is, the Town derives its Name from this River, Aber in
the Old Scots Language fignifying a Bay, or the Mouth of
a River. The Don is remarkable for the Multitude of Sal
mon and Perches taken in it. About half a Mile from' the
Town there is a ftately Bridge, of one large Arch over it.
This Town was formerly a Bifhops Seat, and hath a Ca
thedral, commonly call'd St. Machars, a large and ftately
Strufture; it was formerly much more magnificent, but
fuffer'd much at the Time of the Reformation. The chief
Ornament of this Town is the King's College, on the South
fide of it, a neat and fta'tely Strufture. The Church and
Steeple are built of hewen Stone, and the Summit of the
Steeple refembles an Imperial Crown. Clofe to the Church
there is a Library, well furnifh'd with Books. This,C%l-
lege was founded by Bifhop Elphfngfton in 1500, and the
greateft

the Prefent STATEef Part II.
greateft part built by him ; but King James IV. taking the
Patronage upon him it was call'd the King's College; the
Bull for it was procur'd from Pope Alexander VI. in 1494,
endowing it with as ample Privileges" as thofe of Paris and\
Sononia. There is in this College a Principal, a Sub-prin
cipal, who is alfo one of the Regents, 3 other Regents, or
Profeffors of Philofophy, a Profeffor of Humanity or Philo-
logy, a Profeffor of Divinity, a Doftor of Phyfick, a Pro
feffor of tne Oriental Tongues, a Profeffor of the Civil
Law, and they are about adding a Profeffor of the Mathe
maticks. New Aberdeen is about a Mile diftant, fituated on the
Mouth of the River Dee, is the County Town, and by con
fequence the Seat of the Sheriffs Courts. It exceeds all the
other Cities in the North of Scotland for Largenefs, Trade
and Beauty. It ftands in a wholfome Air, has a great Re
venue from its Salmon-Fifhing, and the Inhabitants are ge
nerally very well bred. It ftands upon 3 Hills, the main part
of the Town upon the higheft of 'em, and the Skirts of it
extend into the Plain. The Houfes- are neatly built, are
generally 4 Stories high or more, and have for moft part
Gardens or Orchard* belonging to them, which makes the
City pleafant and healthful, and the Profpeft ofit beautiful
at a diftance. From a round Hill at the Weft end of the
City there flows Two Springs, one of clear Water, and ano
ther with Water which in Tafte and Quality comes very
near the Spaw in Germany; Dr. William Barclay wrote a
Treatir concerning it. In the high Street there is a
Church, formerly belonging to the Francifcans, built of free
'Stone, and good Architefture. In this City lyes the Mar-
foal-College , which Was founded by George Earl Marfhal
in 1593, to which the City has added many Buildings at
their own Charge. In this College there is a Principal, 4
Profeffors of Philofophy, a Profeffor of Divinity, and a Pro
feffor of the Mathematicks ; and there was lately added,a
Profeffor of Pbyfick. It has a very good Library, which
was founded by the City, enlarged by the Gifts ot feveral
Learned Men, and furnifhed with Mathematical Inftruments.
We have not room to mention the Benefactors, nor the Sta
tutes of this Univerfity. The Learned Men of moft note of
the King's College, were Hettor Boethius and Bifhop Ltflefi
both Hiftorians, pr. John Forbes, Author of the inftruitio-
nes Hiftorico Theological, and Irenicum; Dr. Williom Gild, Au
thor of Commentaries on feveral Books of the Scripture, of

Cap. X. Scotland, now yNorth Britain." 9?
a Syftem of Divinity, and of feveral Treatiies againft the
Papifts ; Arthur Jobnfion, Dr. of Phyfick, and Reftor of
the Univerfity, noted for his excellent Latin 'Poems; Wil
liam Douglafs, Prof effor of Divinity, Dr. Gilbert Burnet, who
Was a Profeffor of Philofophy at Bafil and Mount aub an, where
he was in fuch Efteem, that a National Synod of the French
Proteftants order'd his Philofophical Works to be printed,at
the Charge of the Clergy ; but he dying before his Manu
fcripts were put'in order, his Ethicks were only publifh'd :
Dr. George Middleton, Dr. William Gordon, both Phyficians;
and Dr. James Sandilands, Profeffor of the LaWs. Of the
Marfhal College , Dr. William Forbes, afterwards , Bifhop
of Edinburgh, whofe Writings feem too much to favour the
Papifts; Dr. Robert Baron, Profeffor of Divinity, Author of
the Book de objetto formal! fdei, and other Treatifes ; Dr.
Alexander Reed, Dr. Dunkan Liddel, both Phyficians, the ,
latter much efteem'd for his Book de febribm, $$c. and Dr.
Alexander Fra\er, Phyfician to King Charles II. In this
City there is alfo a Grammar School, founded by Dr. Dune,
having i Mafter and 3 Ufhers. There is alfo a Mufick
School. The Cathedral Church; call'd that of St. Ricolas,
to whom it was dedicated in the Popifh Times, is a hand-
fome Edifice of free Stone, with a lofty Steeple, refembling
a Pyramid ; it was formerly divided into 3 Churches.
The Body of this Church is adorn'd with a Tower and
Steeple with Pinacles. In this Tower the Courts of the
Town and County are kept. Here , is alfo a Prifort
and a Workhoufe. Belonging to the Town there is an
Alms-houfc, and 3 Hofpitals; and near the Harbour ftands
fhe Cuftom-Houfe. About a Mile from the City there is
a ftately Stone Bridge of Seven Arches, over the Dee, built
by Biihop Gawin Dumbar. The Air of this Country, to
thofe who are born in a hotter, feems cold, but is in it felf
healthful and temperate. The Summer Rains do fometimes
keep back the Harveft, but feldom or never fpoil it. The
Winter is milder than can be cxpefted from fuch- a Climate,
which ieems a Wonder to Danes, Poles and Prufftons, when
they- come into this Country, and confider that with them,
during the Winter, there is nothing but perpetual Froft
and Snow. The general Fuel of this Country is Peat and
Turf, and in fome Places Wood. On the Sea Coaft there
is Oak, &c in many Places, and in the mountainous parts
of the Country Fir and Pine ; Birch is common to both.
The Soil in, general is not unfruitful, if duly cultivated ;
H ic

the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
it produces Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats in abundance, Peas
and Beans; nor do they want Roots and Herbs for Food
and Phyfick, and Foreign Plants grow very well there, as
daily Experience teftifies. The Mountainous part of the
Country affords very good Pafturage , and "the other
very good Corn ; the adjoining Sea not only furnifhes
them with plenty of Fifh, but reproaches them with their
Negligence, when they fee the Ducth Fleet continually
Fifhing pn their Coafts, from whence they reap great gain ;
but 'tis the humour of the Inhabitants to apply themfelves
to the Salmon Fifhing, and to negleft that of other Sorts.
The Natives of this County are generally reckon'd to be of
as mild a Temper, of as fharp Wits, and of as good a
Judgment, as their Neighbours, efpecially thofe who lie
Weft and North from them ; which is afcrib'd to their
Education at Schools and Univerfities, and to their. Com
merce with Foreign Natipns. The Rivers of this Country
abound with Fifh of feveral Sorts, but efpecially Salmon
and Trouts, of the latter of which there are reckon'd
fix Sorts, all very grateful to the Palate; and in thofe Ri
vers there is many times found Shells with Pearl.There is a-
bundance of Wild-fowl of feveral Sorts in the Rivers and
Mountains, and great quantity of Deer in the Woods and
Forefts. It abounds with Quarries of Free-ftone for Buil
ding, and of Lime-ftone for Cultivating the Land ; there is
one fort of Stones called Elf arrow-heads, in a manner pecu
liar to this part of the Country. They feem to be of the
nature of Flint, fome of them like the points of Spears,
and fome of them of other Shapes ; but fuch as it were im-
pofiible for any Artift to form of fuch brittle Matter. They
are for the moft part of 2 Inches, 1 Inch, or Half an inch
long, and about 1 or 2 Grains thick, rough and unpolifh'd,
but all thin at the Edges. What is moft Strange in thofe
Stones, they are always found by Chance, but never by
Search, fometimes in the common Roads and other Places,
where 'tis certain there was none an Hour or two before ;
this happens efpecially during the Summer, and when the
Sky is clear, fo that they are probably form'd in the Air
from fome grofs Exhalations, fince they have been found in
the Boots, and other Apparel of Travellers. This Shire
contains in it Mar, with its Appurtenances, viz. B'vfe,
Glentaner , Glenmuick , Strath-dee, Strath-don, Brays of Mar
and Cromar, moft part of Buchan, Formartin, Garioch and
Strtthbogy. The latter is a large and ancient Baroriy, wa-
ter'd

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 99
ter'd by the Rivers Dove'rn and Bogy, it was erefted into an
Earldom by King James VI. in favour of the chief of the
noble and ancient Family of Gordon, whom he afterwards
created Marquis of Huntly. This Country is very Fruitful
of Corn and Pafturage, and is remarkable for the fine lin
nen yarn Spun by the Women there, and fold to the Mer
chant. This Country is moftly inhabited by Gordon's Vaf-
fals tp the Duke of Gordon, who has a Magnificent Caftle
here called Strathbogy from the name of the Country. The
fuperiority of this Country was given to the Dukes Ance-
ftor, upon the fall of the Curhmins about 400 Years ago, by
King Robert Bruce, who upon that occafion removed hither
from the Mers, their original Country as has been already
mentioned, where*the Family poffeffed many confiderable
Baronies, by themfelves and their Branches, as they do
now in the North and Weft. There are of this Name befides
the Duke, the Earls of Sutherland, Aboyn, Aberdeen, and
Vifcount of Kenmure, befides a great manyGentlemen of note
in other parts of the Kingdom. This Family had many
Lands beftow'dupon them for their Fidelity to their Prin
ces, and fuffer'd much by their adhering to Queen Mary,
King Charles I. and King James II. The Country of Mar
gives Title of Earl to the Chief of the Family of
Erskine. Bomf contains part of Buchan, Strathdovem, Boyne, En^y,
Stratbawin and Bolveny;. it is bounded by the Shire of Aber
deen on the South, by the Bay of Cromarty on the Norrh,
Murray on the Weft, and the German Ocean on the Eaft ;
the Climate and Soil is much the fame with that of the
Shire of Aberdeen. Stratbawin is the paternal inheritance
of the Familyof Gordon, it lies upon the River of Awin, one
of the cleareft of the Kingdom; this part of the Country is
fitter for Pafturage than Corn. Balvany is of a better Soil,
yet Mountainous ; the River of Fiddich runs through this
Land, and Glenfidich, which abounds with Wood and Grafs,
with the Caftle of Acbin down, belongs to the Family of Gor
don. In this Country theie is a Rock fufficient to afford
very good Whet-ftones, and Hones to the whole Ifland.
They are fo plentiful , that the Neighbours cover their
Houfes with them in ftead of Slates. At Balvany, there are
Springs of Allum Water, and veins of Stone in the Earth,
from whence Allum is Boil'd. Strothyla is fruitful in Corn
and Grafs, and abounds fo with Lime-ftone, that they build
their Houfes with it,, and make great profit by felling their
H 2 Lime,

i oo the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
Lime, as alfo their Fat Cattle, and fine linnen Yarn in
their weekly Market, at the Village of Keath. jiin\e lies
North from Strothyla, and is very fruitful in Corn ; upon
the Banks of Spey, which runs through this Country, lies
the Bog of Gicht, the Duke of Gordons chief Seat, the no
bleft Pallace in the North, where be has pleafant Gardens
and a large Park, he is Proprietor of this part of the Coun
try. Boyne a fmarl Country, fruitful on the Coaft, but Moun
tainous elfewhere ; in this ftands the T°wn of Cullen an an
cient Royal Borough, but has #no Port for Trade, and is
chiefly noted for its fruitful Land, and the Earl of Finlaier's
Houfe in the Neighbourhood. Bamf, the chief Town of
the County, lies at the Mouth of the Dovern, but has no
Port, and by confequence little Trade, except from its Corn
and the Salmon fifhing of the River ; moft of this CoUntry
is ppffeffed by the Ogilvies and their Vaffals; the chief of
them here is the Earl of Finlater, whofe Anceftors came
hither from Angus; from this Family are defcended thofe of
Boyne and Bamf. This is a very ancient and noble Name,who
is their chief muft be left to the Heralds ; but the Earl of
Airley is placed in the Lifts of Parliament before the Earl
of Finlater. Bmhan, the principal Town of this place is
Fraserburgh a Sea Port, and Peter-head another. Near the
Ruins of the Caftle pf Slains, there are feveral Springs of
petryfying Water, about fome Hundreds of Paces from the
Sea^ which make very white and excellent Lime ; the Vil
lage of Turref is the pleafanteft of all this Country, is a
place noted for Hunting and Hawking, and has many Gen
tlemens Seats about it. Formartin lies betwixt Tthan and
Don, is a fruitful pleafant Country, and well inhabited. Bu-
chan has been noted for its Earls, both of the Cummins and
Stuans, the former were great Men in the Reigns of Alex--
onder II. and III. and whilft the Englifh ufurpation lafted in
the Reign of Edward,lfi>c but ruin'd themfelves by adhering
to that Intereft; there were very great Men of the Family of
Stewart of this Title, particulary John Stewart, youngeft
Son to John Duke of Albany, who in the Reign of Henry VII.
of France contributed chiefly with the 7000 Scots under his
Command, to the famous Viftory of Baugy , the greateft
that ever was obtain'd over the Englifh in France, wherein
the Duke of Clarence, Brother to King Henry V. of Englani
.was kill'd ; for this Service the Earl of Buchan was made
Conftable of France.
Giwh,

Cap. X. "" Scotland, now North Britain. 101
Garioch, the principal place here is Innerury, near which
Robert Bruce tho'Sick,and carry'd in a Horfe-litter, defeated
John Cummin, and thofe who adher'd to him, for keeping
the Kingdom under fubjeftion to Edward I. of England- This
was the firft Viftory which King Robert gain'd, and laid the
Foundation of the overthrow of the Englijh Government,
and of their Faftion in Scotland. Near this place alfo
in 141 1. Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, defeated Donald
of the Ifles, in the Bloody Battle of the Harlow ; this Val
ley is well inhabited, and abounds with Gentlemens Seats
and Villages, among which Lefiey is remarkable for giving
name to that ancient and great Family. The principal Fami
lies in the Shires of Aberdeen and Bamf, ire the Gordons, Keiths,
Hays, Erskines, Ogilvies, Forbejfts, Lefleys, Meldrums, Vdvys,
Seatons, Skeens, Strauchans, Fergufons, Bannermans, FuUettons,
Vrquharts, Innejfes, Abercrommeys. The principal Rivers of
this Country are Dee, which runs through the Grampian
Hills from its Source to its Mouth ; that part of the Coun
try is not very fit for Corn, but what they have is very good.
Thofe Mountains abound with Flocks »f black Cattle.Sheep,
Horfes and Goats : The Beef and Mutton of thefe Parts is
ef a delicious Tafte, and the Wooll is very much valued for
its whitenefs andfoftnefs. The Air of the Country is in
general wholfom. The Inhabitants ftrong, healthful and
frugal; the Water of this River is very clear, which makes
its Salmon excellent. It has many Seats of Perfons of Qua
lity upon it, and Forefts of tall Fir ; it receives feveral 0-
ther Rivers into it. The Traft of Land on this River cal
led Cromar, abounds fo with Corn, that its called the Gra
nary of the Neighbouring Country. Near to this lies A-
boyne, which gives Title of Earl to a Branch of the Family
of Gordon ; and upon the River lies Kincardin, noted for
its yearly Fair at Midfommer. Don, tho'' much lefs than the
Dee, runs through a much better Country ; it takes its rife
in the Mountains, betwixt Mar and Stratbawin ; It runs
through the Valley called Strathdon, fruitful in Corn and
Grafs. Upon this River lie feveral Caftles aod Houfes be
longing to the Gordons, Erskins, Strauchans and Forbejfes,
which noble and ancient Family derives their Name and
Origin from t,he Parifh of Forbefs in this Country. The Era
sers have alfo Seats upon this River. The Country about
Kintore, which gives Title of Earl to a Son of the Family
of Keith, is very fruitful in Corn,'; the other leffer Rivers in
thofe Countries we have not room to mention.
H 3 Murray

102 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
Murray has Badenoof and the Shire of Innernefs on the
Weft, Bamf on the Eaft, the Bay of Cromarty on the North,
and part of hadenoch and Afar on the South.. The Climate
and Suil of this Country is the beft in all the North of
Scotland ; fo that when the neighbouring Countries fuffer
much by the extremity of the Winter, this Country fuffers
no great Damage either by the Rigour of Froftsv or con
tinuance of Snows ; whence the Inhabitants boaft, and not
without Truth, that they have 40 more clear Days in a
Year than any of their Neighbours. This Country is pro
ductive of every thing that grows in any other part of tihe
Kingdom, and abounds particularly with Corn and Fruit,
and all in very good Seafon, fo that their Harveft is done
here while their Neighbours are fcarcely begun ; it is fit
ter for Corn than Pafturage, tho' they have enough of the
latter in the upper places of the Country, and no Country
is better provided with Bread and Meat ; the Inhabitants
on the Coafts apply themfelves to Fifhing, wherein they
excel their Neighbours. This Country from the Mouth of
Reffe, to the Mouth §f Spey, according to the Roads from
Town to Town, is 34 Scots Miles, which are a fifth part
larger than Englift Miles, but it is of an unequal breadth,
and the fruitfulleft Soil feldcm exceeds 7 Miles in breadth.
The Country in general is Champian, and low, but fome
times rifes into pleafant Hills, and the Soil moft part San
dy, but always mix'd with Clay, and is very fruitful when
manur'd. Befides thofe 2 Rivers, it has the 'Rairn, r-indorne
and Loffie. The River Reffe takes its rife from Lake Coich, not
far from the Irifh Sea, and is called Coich for fome Miles.
When running Northeaft it falls into Loch-G orrif, ind is called
by that name; then falls into a fmall Lake called Eowich,
then running Southeaft for two Miles, it falls into Lochneffe,
which extends it felf into 24 Miles in length, and is of an
unknown Depth. This Lake, tho' every where furrounded
with a barren and uncultivated Soil, never Freezes, nor
does the River Reffe it felf; which running about 4 Miles
after it comes out of the Lake, wafhes the Town of Inner
nefs, and falls into Murray Firth. The River Kairn rifes in
the Mountains which feparate Strathherin from Glentarf, and
dividing the "Valley to which it gives the name.of strath-
tiaim, runs Southeaft, and falls, into Murray Firth at the
Town of Nairn. Fin/km rifes in the Hills near Badenoch;
and being called Herin for a long way, gives the name of
Strathherin to the Valley it runs through. It takes the name
'.¦'.. • , of

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain.' 10?
of vindofn, and running by Tarnoway, the Town of Forrefs,
and the Abby of Kinlofs, falls alfo into Murray Firth, where
it forms a very fafe Harbour. Loffie rifes a few Miles above
the Town of FJgin, and falls into the Sea a few Miles below
it. Spey, a large, clear and rapid River, rifes from a Lake
of its own name, in the Hills betwixt EOdenoch and Lochaber ;
its courfe is South-eaft, is every where hedg'd in with high
Mountains and large' Woods; is increafed with many other
Rivers and Torrents from the Mountains, until it come
within fix Miles of the Sea, where it runs through a plain
and well inhabited Country, and does much Damage
by its Inundations ; it has no Harbour, and fcarce admits
little Boats ; the Tide does not flow up a Mile in it ; many
times in the heat of Summer it fwells by Wefterly Winds,
tho' their be no Rain. It abounds moft with Salmon of any
River in the Ifland except Dee and Don, to which it is alfo
equal taking one Year with another, for there is annually
pickl'd and exported 80 or 100 Lafts, and all thefe taken
fn a few Months of the Summer, and within the fpace of
one Mile, at a Village called Germah. It abounds with Fifh
to the very Head , but moft of thefe are ufed for home
Confumption, and taken either with Hooked Tridents by
Day, or in Wicker Baskets, or little Boats eover'd with ,
Hides by Night; none dare venture into thofe Boats but the.
Natives who are accuftomed to them, and pafs rhis River
in them for moft part without any Danger. The gainful Fi-
fhery of this River, formerly belonged to the Abby of Pluf-
cardin : A cunning Prior having obtain'd the Grant of it
from one of the Kings of Scotland, who calling at the Abbey
on a Journey, and finding but mean Entertainment the Pri
or excufed it by his Poverty, and the King bidding him ask
a Boon, he begg'd a few Furlongs of the River, which he faid
belong'd to no body, and fo obtain'd it. This Country is di
vided into two Shires; the greater called the Shire of El
gin, and the leffer called the Shire of Raim. The principal
Towns in this County are Innerneffe, where there's a Tim
ber Bridge over the River Reffe. This Town is very con
veniently fituated for Trade, and has a Harbour for Ships of
a leffer fize. The Kings of Scotland formerly lived here in
the Caftle, fituated on a pleafant Hill, from whence there's
a fine Profpeft into the Town and Neighbouring Coun
try, which is very fruitful. The common Drink in thofe
Parts is Ale, and -fometimes Beer, and they ufed to have
good French Wine very cheap ; but they prefer Aquavita of
H 4 their

j 04 the Prefent STATEo/ Part. H.
their own extrafting from Ale and Spice, to the richeft.
Wines, drink plentifully of it themfelves, and are very libe
ral to their Friends. The Natives of this Country heing
furnifh'd with a Bottle of this Liquor and fome Cheefe, .
they will undertake the greateft Journies in the Winter on
foot without any other Provifion. Further Eaft on the Coafc
lyes Caftle Stuart, a Seat belonging to the Earls of Murray.
Rairn lyes on the Mouth of the River of that Name, upon
which there are many Seats of Perfons of Quality. Near
the Caftle of Caddel, upon that River, there's a Vein of
Fire-ftone, and many Signs of Copper. Upon Findorn Ri
ver there are many Gentlemens Seats pleafantly fituated,
particularly Tamway, the old Caftle and Seat of the Earls
of Murray. A little lower on the other, fide ftands the
Town of Forres, as pleafantly fituated as any in the North ;
the Kings formerly refided here in a Caftle that is now ru
inous ; and lower ftood formerly the noble Abbey of Kinlos.
On the Road to Forres there's "a large Pillar of one Stone,
being a Monument of a Viftory obtain'd by King Malcolm
Mac Kenneth againft the Forces of Sueno King of Denmark;
the Infcription is now worn off. Betwixt this Place and
Elgin there's a vaft many Villages and Gentlemens Seats,
that we have not room to mention. Elgin, formerly a
Bifhops See, lyes on the River Loffie, which wafhes it on
the Eaft and North. Ic is fituated in a very fruitful Soil,
tho' fomevvhat Tandy. There's the Ruins of a Caftle on
the Eaft of the Town, which was demolifh'd during the
Wars with the Danes. There was a noble Cathedral here,
which for Largenefs, Splendor, Magnificence and Work-
manfhip, had fcarce its Equal in the Kingdom. The Bi
fhop's ufual Place of Refidence was at the Caftle of Spynie,
within a Mile of the Town, a very noble Seat, with fine
Gardens and Woods. There's a Lake here that abounds
with Wild Fowl of all forts, particularly Swans, which feed
upon an Herb in the Lake that never appears above Water,
and feems, with many other Plants of this Climate, to be
unknown to the Botanifts. Above Elgin, Foneffe and Rairn,
lyes that part of the Country call'd the Brae of Murray, no
way comparable to the lower part in Fruitfulnefs ; and be
yond this there are Mountains, Woods and green Valleys.
Strath-herin, which lyes upon the River fo call'd, abounds
with Lakes, Mountains, and Streams, It belongs to the
Lord Fra\er of Lovat and his Vaffals. Strath-Rairn, upon
{.he River of that Name» is a better Soil,, and poffefs'd by
feveral

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. ioy
feveral Gentlemen. Strath-Herin is very well inhabited,
and abounds with little Towns and Villages. In this Coun
try lyes tochmoy, with an Ifland, where the Laird of Makum-
toifh, the Chief of that Clan, has his Seat. This Tribe is
call'd Clanchattan ; they abound not only in this Traft, but
in other Parts of Murray ; the Macpherfons of Badenoch, and
the Ferchardfons of Upper Murray, are their Off-fpring. The
Family of Dumbitr is Hereditary Sheriffs of the Shire of
Elgin. This Country of Murray gives Title of Earl to a
Branch of the Family" of Stuart, defcended from the Famous
Earl of Murray, who was Regent in King James Vlth's Mi
nority. The other remarkable Families in this Country
are the Sutherlands, Grants, Inneffes, Brodies, Dumbar s, Mac-
lentfes, Mackumtoifhes, Praters, Campbels, Roffes, Vrauharts.
The Shire of Innerneffe contains part of Murra.y-V.ind.
which lyes near the Town, Badenoch, Lochaber , and the-
South part of Rojfe. That part of it which lyes in Murray,
together with the Town it feTf, is already defcrib'd. Locha
ber, which in the Old Scots Tongue fignifies the Mouth of
Lakes, lyes Weft from Innerneffe; it abounds with Paftu
rage and Woods, and its Lakes. and Rivers are full of Fifh.
The Place of chief Note here is Inver.lochty, anciently a
Place of great Strength and Trade, but was deftroy'd by
the Danes and Rorvegians ; it was new fortify'd at the Time
of the Revolution by King William's Order, and has a good
Garifon in it commanded by Major-General Maitland. Lo
chaber is noted in Hiftory for Banaubo, its famous Thane,
about the Year 1050, who was munher'd by Macbeth the
Tyrant becaufe of a Prophecy, That his Pofterity fhould en
joy the Crown for a long Series of Years, which according
ly happen'd, for his Son flying into Walts married the Princfe
of North Wales's Daughter, by whom he had Walter, after
ward Stewart of Scotland, from whom the prefent Royal
Family is defcended. The Families of Note in this County
are the Stewarts, Sutherlands, Grants, Inneffes, Macken-ries,
Maelomtofhes, Fra^ers, Forbeffes, Dumbars, Macpherfons, and
Maccleois. This Shire did formerly contain all the Coun
try from Loch-levin to the Orkney Ifles along the Weftern
Coaft, befides the Weftern Ifles, and the Family of Gordon
was. Hereditary Sheriffs of it, but now 'tis divided into fe
veral Shires.
Cromarty lyes North from Innemefs, is a fmall County,
and. derives its Name from the little Town of Cromarty,
which lyes on a Bav of the fame Name. The Hereditary Sheriff

ib6 The Prefent STATE of Part. II.
Sheriff is Vrquhan of Cromarty. This County gives Title
of Earl to a Branch of the Family of Mackenzie. The Bay
of Cromaaty is one of the largeft and fafeft Harbours that
can be, from whence Geographers and Mariners gave it
the Name of Tortus falutU, i. e. the Harbour of Safety.
Roffe, which in the ancient Scots Language fignifies a
Promontory pr Peninfula, lyes betwixt the Eaft and Weft
Sea, and has many Bays or Inlets pf the Sea, efpecially on
the Weftern Coaft, which abound with Fifh, particularly
Herring. The Soil is for moft part mountainous, barren,;;
abounds with Woods and Pafturage^ but has little Com;
the want of which is made up by their numerous Flocks of
Cattel, Deer, f$c. The firft Traft towards the South Weft
is Kintail, feparated from the Ifle of Sky by a narrow Firth.
Next to this lyes a little Traft call'd Glenelcheg, the Pater
nal Eftate of the Earl of Seaforth, Chief of the Ancient and
Noble Family of the Ma'ckennes, whofe chief Seat is call'd
Caftle Tlendonen, which lyes in an Ifland of the above men
tion'd Firth ; feveral fmall Rivers run into this Firth. Fur
ther North on the fame Coaft lyes Loch-ew, with thick
Woods on all fides, where a great deal of Iron was former
ly made. A little further, North Loch-brien runs into the
Country, and is remarkable for its' noble Herring-Fifhing
every Year. The Inland Parts above this Coaft are call'd
Ard-roffe, i. e. the higheft part of the Country, which is
full of Mountains, and uninhabited. Above this Bay lyes
a little Traft call'd Coigoch; next lyes Ajfynt, betwixt the
River Chircaig and CheulifcongBiy.There is a noted Promon
tory here which runs a great way into the Sea, and affords
great Store of Marble. This little Traft is barren of Corn,
and thinly inhabited, but abounds with Horfes, Black Cat
tel, and Deer. That part of Roffe next to Murray Firth,
tho' pretty mountainous, is very fruitful in Corn, towards
the Shore, and on the Banks of the Rivers. Fruit-Trees
and Herbs are much better here than could be expected
from the Climate. The Peninfula, which lyes betwixt the
Bay of Cromarty and Murray, is call'd Ardmeanach, upon the
Shore of which ftands the Town, call'd the ehanrie of Roffe,
formerly a Bifhops See. It is pleafantly fituated in a Valley,
betwixt pleafant and fruitful Hills. It had a ftately Cathe
dral, and a Caftle, where the Bifhop dwelt- The Earl of
Seaforth has a noble Houfe here. Beaulieu, formerly a plea
fant and rich Abbey, lyes near the Mouth of the River
Farrar, and is now poffefs'd by the Lord Lovat, on the
, River

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. 107
River of Connel, which falls into the Bay of Cromarty, the
Earl of Seaforth has a Caftle call'd Kildun. This River is
remarkable for curious Pearl, which are frequently found
in it, as they are alfo in other Rivers of this Country, and
in the Shire of Aberdeen.- About a Mile from the Mouth
of this River lyes Dingwal, a fmall Town, in a fruitful Soil.
Near this Place, towards the North, rifes a large and rug
ged Mountain call'd Weves, with abundance of Tops, from
whence the neighbouring green Valleys are watered with
Streams. On the North of the Firth lyes the Caftle of Fow-
lis, fhe Seat of the Chief of the Ancient Family of Monro. A
little lower on the fame Shore lyes the Caftle of Balnagowan,
the Seat pf the Chief of the ancient Name Of Rofs in this
Country; and a little lower lyes Milton, the Seat of the an
cient Family of lnnes. The next Bay is call'd the Firth of
Tayn, from a Town of that Name which lyes upon it, and
is the head Town of the Shire of Tayn, which, with the
Shire of Cromarty, and part of'the Shire of lnnernefs, com
prehends the whole Country call'd Rofs ; it is fituated in a
fruitful Country, and was noted in the Times of Popery for
a Church dedicated to St. Dothes, to which the People went
in Pilgrimage. This Bay is unfafe for Ships, runs a great
way up into the Country, divides Rofs from Sutherland,
and ends at the Promontory of Tarbit; here the Country is
very fruitful. Strathcharron, fo call'd from the River which
divides it, is a woody Country, abounds with tall Fir Trees,
Horfes, and Black Cattel.' This Country of Rofs formerly
had its own Earls, but in the Time of King James III. was
annex'd to the Crown. The chief Families here have been
mention'd in the Defcription of the Country.
, Southerland has Rofs on the South, Caithnefs on the, North-
Eaft, Ajfynt on the Weft, and Str an aver, which is part of it,
on the North ; the whole is call'd the Shire of Dornoch, from
the chief Town pf the Province, noted for a Caftle belonging
to the Earl of Southerland, for its Cathedral Church, and for
its 4 auaual Fairs. Southerland in general is fruitful in Corn
and Pafturage, and abounds with Fifh, Fowl, Sheep, Black
Cattel, and Deer. Coithnes was formerly reckon'd part of
this Country, but is now a diftinft Shire by it felf. The
Valleys are very pleafant, and well inhabited ; and what
proves the Climate and Soil to be much better than cou'd
be expefted from its Northerly Situation, Saffron grows ve
ry well, and comes to Maturity in the Earl of Southerlond's
Gardens at. Dunrobbin. It has Three remarkable Forefts,
i. befides

iei the- Prefent STATE of Part II,
tfefidfes abundance of other Woods, which afford, pleafant
Hunting and Fowling. Thofe Forefts and Woods abound
with Deer, and wild Fowls of many forts. There is one
^ fort of Bird peculiar to this Country, which the Inhabitants
Call Knag, it much refembles a Parrot, and digs its Neft
with its Beak in Trunks of Oak. In the Weft of this Coun
try there is a mountainous and woody Traft of Ground;
and 'tis obfervable that all the Deer bred in the Mountain
Arktl in this Traft have forked Tails, by which they are
£afily diftinguifh'd from the reft* There are many Rivers
here, which, tho' but fmall, are full of Fifh, and they
make the Valleys very fruitful. There are about 60 Lakes
in this Country, which abound with Fifh' and various forts
of Fowl* as Swans, Ducks and Geefe, of many Kinds. The
greateft Lake is Lochskin, which is 14 Miles in Length. In
many of thofe Lakes there are Iflands, very pleafant for
Habitation in the Summer. In the Ifle of Brora the Earl
of Sutherland has a Houfe, that he makes ufe of when he
Comes to hunt Deer, which abound there; And in fome
bf thofe Lakes and Rivers there is found many times Pearls
bf great Value. There are Silver Mines alfo in this Coun
tryj and excellent Iron Mines, Coal Mines, and Quarries
of Free-Stone. No Rats will live in this Country, tho'
they abound in Caithnes, which borders with it, on dry
Marches. Southerland abounds fo with Bays, Rivers and
Lakes, that there is fcarce a Farm in the whole Country;
btit what's Wafh'd with frefh or fait Water; fo that the In
habitants have Store of Fifh and Fowl. The Barley of
this Country is reckon'd excellent. It has many commodiij
ous Harbours for Ships to export its Commodities, which
are Corn, Salt* Coal, Salmon, Beef, Wooll, Skins, Hides(j
Butter, Cheefe, Tallow, &c The Bays and Coafts abound
with Seals, Whales fometimes, arid Shell Fifh of all forts.
Siutherland is from Eaft to Weft about $5 Miles in Length,
and from South to North 22 Miles broad. Strathnaveri%
feparated from this Country by Mountains, and bounded
brt the North by the Ocean. It derives its' Name from the
River Ravem, which runs thro' it. The Country abounds
with high Mountains^ upon which the Snow lyes long.
There are many Lakes in the Valleys. It abounds with
Woodi, and has good Harbours. It has little Corn, but
abounds with Cattel. There are great Herds of Black Cat
tel, Goats, Sheep, and Horfes, and plenty of Deer; but \
the Wdods are infefted with ravenous Wolves, which aie ,
more '

Cap. X. Scotland, now North Britain. je*
more frequent here than in any other part of the Ifland,
The Bays and Rivers are full of Fifh, from whence the Na^
tives reap great Profit, efpecially from their Salmon. They
have Iron Works alfo in this Country. Their Commodities
ate Fat Black Cattel, and young Horfes, which they carry
to the neighbouring Fairs. They export Salt Beef, Hides,
Deer-Skins, Sheep- Skins, Tallow, Butter and Cheefe,
There are feveral Monuments of Viftories here obtain'd
againft >the Danes, The Inhabitants delight much in Huntr
ing, and defpife them that do not ; fo that they have VenU
zon always in plenty. The People of this and the neigh?
bouring Countries are ftrong, couragious, frugal, capable
of enduring Fatigue, civil to Strangers, chearful and
plain-hearted; they live in Villages, the Situation not
being proper for Towns. The Two Places of moft Note
in it are Borwe and Toung, the latter is the principal Seat
of the Lord Rea, Chief of the ancient Sirname of Mackoy,
who is the chief Proprietor of this Country, but holds it of
the Earl of Southerland, to whofe Eldeft Son it gives Tit)e
of Lord. From Eaft to Weft it is 34 Miles in Length, and
from South to North in fome Places 12 Miles bread, and
in others only &• There axe many Lakes here, the chief
of which are loch-navern and Loch-lyol; there is an Ifland in
the latter," which is inhabited in the Summer-time, There
are feveral Iflands on the Northern Coaft of this .Country.
The Earls of Southerland were formerly of the Name of Sour
therjand, a very ancient and honourable Family, to the
Heirefs of whom a Son of the Houfe of Gordon was married,
from whom the prefent Earl is defcended. They have claim
ed a long time Precedency in the Parliament of Scotland, as
the firft Earl of the Kingdom. It has always been account
ed a Warlike Family. They have great Royalties, as be
ing Admiral of that and fome of the neighbouring Countries,
and all the Gentlemen of that Country hold of them. The
Lord Duff us is defcended of this Family. The chief Names
here are the Gordons, Sutherlands, Murroys, Mackays, Grays,
Clangunnins, Seil-thomas's, Seil-johns's, and Seil-phafeys. Not
far from Enbo there is a Stone Crofs, which was erefted as'
a Monument for a King of the Danes, who was kill'd and
buried there.
Cathnefs is divided from Sutherland by the Mountain Ord,
and a Traft of Mountains running from it as far as Knpckfin.
On the Eaft it is bounded by the -German Ocean, and on
the North by Pentl/tnd Firth. The Soil on the Qoaft is low,
" and

iio the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
and fruitful in Corn. The Coafts and Rivers abound with
Fifh, and the Mountains with Black Cattel, Sheep, &.
The Soil is moift and clayie, which makes their Harveft
late. They want Wood, but have it in Exchange from
Strothnaver for Corn. They have many Lakes and Rivers
which abound with Fifh. There are many little Towns
and Villages in this Country, which are very well inhabi
ted, and there are many Gentlemens Seats; but the Peo
ple in general are more addifted to good Chear than to
build gpod Houfes. The beft Houfe in this Country is Ca.
ftle Sinclair, anciently call'd Gernigo, the Seat of the Earls
of Cathnefs, who have fince call'd it Caftle Sinclair, from
their own Sirname. They have feveral other Caftles in
this Country, and are the Hereditary Sheriffs of it.
The chief Names here are the Sinclairs, the Chief of
whom is the Lord Sinclair of Ravenfheugh in Fife; his Ance
ftors poffefs'd Orkney and Shetland, and were allied with the
Royal Family of Denmark, but by the ill Husbandry of one
of the Family upon that account, call'd William the wafter,
they loft thofe Countries ; but there are many Gentlemens
Families of this Name in thofe Ifles, and in other Parts of
the Kingdom. The Keiths and Mowats hare alfo Poffeffions
in this Country. It is about 21 Miles from Eaft to Weft,
and about 30 from South to North. The chief Town of
this Country is Weik, from whence it is call'd the Shire of
Weik. This Town lyes conveniently for Trade, and has a
good Harbour for Ships on the Eaftern Coaft. Tburfo, ano
ther Town with a good Harbour, lyes alfo on the Northern,
Coaft, in a little Bay. >
The Shire of Orkney contains the Ifles of Orkney and
Shetland, but we refer the Defcription of them torits proper
place, among that of the Iflands, thinking it beft to follow
the Method of other Scots Hiftorians and Geographers,' who
all of 'em defcribe the Illes apart, and begun with the
Weftern Ifles.

CHAP.

Cap. XL Scotland, now North Britain. 1 1 1
CHAP. XI.
Of the Weftern Ifles of Sc^pd.
THofe Iflands lye in the Deucalidon Sea; they were by
ancient Geographers call'd JEbudx, JEmoda, Hemoda,
and Acmoda, and by later Writers they have been call'd
Hebrides; the firft of 'em was reckon'd The Ifle of Man,
which having been for a long time fubjeft to England we
pafs it by, as we do Boot and Arran, which have been alrea
dy defcrib d in our Account of the Shire of Boot. The firft
we take notice of is Alifo, in the Mouth of Clyde, a fteep
Rock, fbmething refembling th% Bafs, in the Mouth of Forth,
being inacceffible in all Places, but only by one Pafs, and
notrinhabited, except at one time pf.the Year, when a
great Fleet of Veffels comes thither to fifh for Cod. It
abounds with Variety of Sea Fowl, efpecially Solon Geefe,
and has Multitudes of Rabbits. Near the Ifle of Boot there
lyes Two Iflands, call'd Cumbra the greater and leffer, the
firft is about a Mile in Length, has a Chapel upon it, and a
Well, the Waters of which are reckon'd by the Natives
good againft all Difeafes ; the other Ifland is lefs, and both
belong to Montgomery of Skelmerly ; the larger is fruitful in
Corn, and the leffer abounds with Deer. Near the Ifle of
Arran Flada, a fmall Ifland, abounds with Rabbits. South
Weft from Boot lyes Mernock, about a Mile long, and half a
Mile broad, fruitful in Corn. About a Mile from the Pro
montory of Kintire lyes Avona, which fignifies a good Har
bour. The Danes came hither with their Fleets when they
were Mafters of the Ifles. The next remarkable Ifland is
Gigaia, 4 Miles from Kintire, 6 Miles in Length, and a Mile
and a half in Breadth-
There is a Church in this Ifland, and a Sepulchre for the
Mackneils, the Proprietors of it. Corkir, which dyes a Crim-
fon colour, and croftil which dyes a Philamote, grow upon
the Stones here ; they have alfo a Medicinal Well, which
they reckon good againft all Difeafes. A quarter of a Mile
South lies Cary, about a Mile in compafs, has good Paftu
rage, and abounds with Rabbits. Jura lies 12 Miles from
Gigaia, is 24 Miles long, and 6 or 7 broad; it belongs to the
Duke of Argyle, and makes part of the Shire of that name. This

i i i the Prefent S T A T E of Part II,
This is reckon'd one of the wholfomeft places in Scot
land ; it abounds with Deer, has good Pafturage for other
Cattle, has many good Springs , and one againft Nau-
feoufnefs of th^m^pmach and Stone ; there are very good ,
Salmon in the,<Rj«s pf this Ifland. We inftanced in the
longevity pf the:Iwhabitants in the fecond Chapter of Trade;
they have one Church here called Killearn ; two Miles from
Jura lies Scarba, four Miles long 'and one broad. We have
mentioned the extraordinary Tides here before.
Near to thefe lie many Iflands of lefs Note, which we
have not room to name. Lifmore, formerly the Seat of
the Bifhop of Argyle, lies betwixt 11a and Jura, is 8 Miles
long and two broad, and befides the Commodities com
mon to the reft of the Iflands has Minerals in it. Bernera,
formerly a Sanftviary in Popifh times, has a noble Wood of
Ew. Weft from Jura lies lla *4 Miles long, in fome places
8, and in others 16 broad; it abounds with Corn and
Cattle, has ftore of Deer and Lead Mines, with Lime-
ftone in vaft quantitys. It has feveral Rivers that abound
with salmon, feveral frefh water Lakes with Salmon, and
other Fifh of feveral forts, one of them called Lochguim is
Miles round, and has an Ifland with Fprts upon it. LochfinU-
gan is 3 Miles in Circumference, abounds with Salmon,
Trouts and Eells, and has an Ifland in it, where Macdonald
King of the Ifles had his Refidence, and made it the Seat of
his Gevernment. The Ruins of his Court are ftill to be
feen here. There are feveral frefh water Lakes in this I,flandlj
with Forts upon them ; it has alfo a Medicinal Well, much
frequented by the Natives for all Difeafes. There are fe
veral Caves here* one of them capable of 200 Men. There
are 4 Churches and a Chappei in this Ifland ; the moft re-
rharkable^of which is St. Columbus's Church, it gives Title
of Earl to a Son of the Family of Argyle, but Campbel of
caddel is the chief Proprietor, and is the Steward of the
Crown here ; there are many fmall Iflands about this which
we cannot mention. Two Leagues North from lla lies
Colonfa, feparated from Orarfa only by Tide of Flood.-
Oronfa is 4 Miles in Circumference, and fruitful in Corn and
Grafs. It has alfo a Church and a Chappel, and had for
merly a MOnaftry dedicated to St. Columbusi The chief In
habitants here are the Macduffies. colonfa is 4 Miles in length
and a Mile broad, not fo fruitful as the other ; thefe is one
Church and 2 ruinous Chappels in this llle* fome frefh wafer
L-akes abounding with Trouts, and feveral Fottsj The Na*
tiVesi

Cap. XI. Scotland, mw North Britain.' nj
tives have a Tradition that Prgnuar'once lived here. The
Duke Of Argyle is Proprietor. 12 Miles%rom lla lies th Ifle
of Ma/, 24 Miles in length, and as much in breadth ; ic
lies in the Shire of Argyle. . The Air is temperate, cold
and moift, but qualified by frefh Breezes from the Moun
tains. The Natives, when the Seafon is moift, take a large
Dofe of Aqua Vitdt for a Correftive, and chew a piece of
Charmel Root when they intend to be me rry, to prevent
Drunkennefs. This Ifland in gensral affords good Pafturage
for Cattel of all forts.. They have a great many Deer*
and abound with Wild Fowl and very fine Hawks ; their
Horfes are little, but very fprightly,; their Black Cattel
make excellent Meat; their Corn is Barley and Oats; it
formerly abounded with Wood, but moft of it is now cut;
the Heaths, befides Pafturage for Cattel, affords good
Fuel for the Natives. The Bay of Duort, on the Weft fide/,
t is a good anchoring place; upon this ftands the Caftle 01
Duart, the Seat of the Chief of the ancient Family of MacL
klean, of whom Sir John Macklean is the prefent Reprefenta*
tive ; they were the chief Proprietors of this Ifland, but
Sir John being forfeited 'tis poffefs'd by the Duke of Argilet.
There are Two other Caftles, and feveral other anchoring
places about this Ifland. It has feveral Rivers, which afford
., Salmon, and abound with black ^fcles, which breed Pearl.
There are alfo fome frefh WateB^Lakes in it, which afford
. Trouts, Eels,^. There are feveral leffer Ifles which lie a-
boutit, and in its Bays; fome of which are very fruitful,
and fome are impregnable. The Bay called LochLeffan, a-
bounds with Herrings and Shell-fifh; there are two Parifh
Churches in this Ifland. Near this lies the Ifland of St. Co*
.. lumbus, two Miles in length, and above a Mile broad ; it
s abounds with all things produced in this Climate, was noted
for ancient Monuments, and particularly as being the Refi
dence of St. Columbus, fitnoiis for his Difcipline ancl Sanftity.
, It had two Monafteries, one. for Men and another for Wo-
¥ men, befides feVeral Chappels endowed by the Kings of
Scotland and of the Ifles ; it is cailed in the Irifh Language
J. Colmkil, fome call it Jona.
The Bifhops of the Ifles had formerly their Seat herej
among the Ruins there is ftill to be feen a Burial place,
in which the Kings of Scotland, and the Chiefs of the Tribes
of the Weftern Ifles were buried; the Infcriptions of moft
of them are worn off, but 3 remarkable Infcriptions ftill re
main. The Infcription in the middle i%fumulusRegum sco-
I «*,

ii4 fk Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
tiit, i. e. the Tomb of the Kings of Scotland, wherein 40 of
them are faid to hajre been burried ; that on the Right-hand
has an Infcription importing it to be the Tomb of the Kings
of Ireland, wherein 'tis faid 4 of them are buried. That on
the Left has an Infcription, importing it to be the Tomb of
the Kings of Rorway, wherein 'tis faid 4 of them were bu
ried. Next to the Tomb of the Kings was the Tomb of
Macdonald of lla. In the Weftend of the burying place were
the Tombs of two ancient Tribes of the_ Macdonalds , and
of the Chief of the Maccleons, whofe Statues lies in Armour .
as big as the Life. St. Maries Church in this Ifland is built
in form of a Crofs ; the Choir 20 Yards long,and the Cupula
2 1 Foot fquare,' the Body of the Church 20 Yards long, and
-the 2 crofs Ifles 10 Yards each. There are 2 Chappels oa
each fide the Choir, the Entry to which opens with large
Pillars neatly carv'd in Bafs-relief. The Steeple is large,
and the Doors and Windows, tfc. curioufly carv'd.
There is a large Altar of very fine Marble. Several of the
Abbots are buried within the Church. There is another
Church South from this call'd St. Owrans, where they allege
.a Saint of that Name was buried. This Ifland is famous in
Hiftory for being a Seminary of Ecclefiafticks, and in a
manner the Mother Church of all the Dominions of the
Scots and Pitts; and tho' the Abbot was only a Presbyter,'
yet all the Clergy of thdlProvince, and Bifhops themfelves,;
were fubjeft to him, as is*mention'd by Bede. Several lefferj
Iflands lay near this, which were fubjeft to the MonafteryJ
Six Miles Weft from this Ifland lyes Tire-iy, 8 Miles long;
and 3 broad; it is reckon'd to be the moft plentiful of all
the Iflands in Neceffaries for Human Life, it abounds with
Corn, Cattel, Fifh and Fowl, has a frefh Water Lake,;;
with an Ifland and an old Caftle in it, and has an Harbour
for "long Boats, which are us'd in that Country : It former
ly belonged to the Family of Macklean, but now to the Duke
of Argile. There is one Church in this Ifland call'd Sorobi.
Near this lye 2 Iflands call'd Kemiburg, fo ftrong by Na
ture, that a little Art makes them impregnable. About
half a League to the North-Eaft lyes the Hie of Coll 12,
Miles long and 2 broad, and is very fruitful ; it has feveral
Rivers, which afford Salmon, and a frefh Water Lake that
x has Trouts and Eels. The Proprietor is a Branch of the
Family of Macklean. The Coafts of this Ifland abound
with larger Cod and. Ling than are to be found on the Coafts
of the neighbouring Ifles and Continent. There are many

Cap. XI. Scotland, now North Britain. nj
other little Ifles here that we cannot mention. North from
this lyes the Ifle of Rum, 16 Miles long and 6 broad ; it is
mountainous and heathy, but the Coaft is arable and fruit
ful; it is but thinly inhabited, and the Sea Fowl lay their
Eggs here ih fuch Quantities, that in the Spring any one
may gather what Number he pleafes. The Rivers of this
Ifland afford Salmon, and there is plenty of Land and Sea
Fowl, efpecially thofe call'd Puffins. There are. alfo abun
dance of Deer in the Mountains. The Proprietor is Mac-
llean of Coll. Half a Mile from Rum lyes Canney, 2 Miles
long and 1 broad, furrounded with a high Rock, but plen
tiful in Corn and Grafs, and the Coafts abound with Cod k
and Ling. In the North End there is a Rock of Loadftone,
as fome think, becaufe it diforders the Needle of the Com
pafs when any Ship comes near it. It abounds with wild
Geefe about Auguft, has one Church, and good Anchorage
on the North-Eaft. The Proprietor is one of the Mackdo-
nalds.- Muck' lyes South-Weft of Rum, is about 4 Miles in.
Circumference, fruitful in Cnrn and Grafs, furrounded with
Rocks, and noted for good Hawks. Egg lyes not far from
Colla, is 3 Miles in Length,and a Mile and a half in Breadth,
and the whole pretty good for Pafturage and Cultivation.
On the South End of it there is a Mountain, and on the top
of that a high Rock, of about 150 Paces in Circumference,
with a frefh Water Pool in the middle of it ; there is only
one Pafs up to it, fo that it is a natural Fort. On the
South- Weft fide of the Ifle there is a Cave capable of con
taining fome Hundreds of People, and there are feveral
Medicinal Wells in this Ifland. The Proprietors arefome
of the Mackdonalds,
, North from this lyes Sky, 42 Miles long, and in fome
places 20, and in others 30 Miles broad; it is feparated
from the Shire of lnmrnefs, to which it belongs, by a narrow
Firth, where a Man may eafily call from one fide to
't'other. It is very high Land as well on the Coaft as up in
the Country, where there are 7 high Mountains that ly»
near^one another, almoft in the Center of the Ifland. It
has a great deal of arable Ground, vvhich yields a good In
creafe; fo that they fupply the neighbouring Continent
with Barley. and Oats. We have already in the Second <
Chapter given an Account of the various, Produft of this
Ifland with Relation to Trade, which we fhall not repeat.
It has many excellent Bays and Harbours for the Cpnvenien-T
cy of Fifhing and other Trade, and about, 30 Rivers, which
I 2 afford

1x6 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
afford Salmon, and many of 'em black Mufcles, which breed
Pearl. There are many frefh Water Lakes here well ftor'd
with Trouts and Eels. St. Columbia's Lake has an Ifland
and a Chappel in it. Moft of the Bays abound with Her
ring all the Summer; the Natives dry and preferve them
without Salt for 8 Months, without any other Art then ta
king out their Guts, tying a Rufh about their Necks and
hanging 'em up by Pairs upon a Rope of Heath a-crofs the
Houfe. Cpd, Ling, Mackrel, Haddpck, Whiting, Turbat,
CSV. abpund pn this Coaft, as do Oyfters, and all other forts
of Shell Fifh. The Sea Plants here are Linoricb, slake,
Dulfe, and Alga Marino, all which are applied by the Natives
to phyfical Ufes. There are many large Caves in this
Ifland, from the Rpofs of fome of which there drops a Water <
that petrifies into a white limy Subftance ; one of 'em in
Slate, call'd the Golden Cave, is faid to be 7 Miles long.
Here are many Monuments, fome of fingle Stones, erefted,
others of Heaps laid together ; the true Hiftory of which
feems to be loft, and fucceeded by meer Fables. There
are abundance of old Forts on the Coaft that feem to have*j
been erefted by the Danes ; they ftand on rifing Grounds,
and fo near one another, that by a Beacon fir'd on anyone
of them, the Notice of any approaching Danger by Invafion
was immediately fpread thro' the whole Ifland. There are
alfo feveral little Hpufes of Stone built under Ground, for,
hiding People and their Gpods in time of War, and others']
above Ground capable only of one Perfon, which feem to j
have been defign'd for Contemplation. The Fuel of this 1
Ifland is Peat, Turf, and Coal ; and in the Afhes of their
Peat there's fometimes found Cakes of Iron. The Cattel
here are Hprfes, Cpws, Sheep, Goats, and Hogs; -the
Cows frequently feed on the Alga Marina, and obferve the
Tide of Ebb for that End as exaftly as any Man can do. This
Ifland abounds with Land and Water Fowl of many forts,
and among others they have Hawks and Eagles.
Soa-Brettil lyes a Quarter of a Mile South of Sky, is
5 Miles in Circumference, full of Bogs, and fitter for Pa
fturage than Cultivatipn. On the Weft fide it is eover'd
with Wood. The Coafts of this Ifland abound with Cod
and Ling. Not far from this lyes Oronfa, a fmall Ifland,
but fruitful in Corn and Grafs, and in the latter is faid to
excel any other of the Ifles. A League further North lyes
Pabboy. It excels in Pafturage, and the Cows here give
double, the Milk they give in Sky. It is about 2 Miles ia
CircBm'

Cap. XI. Scotland, now North Britain. 1 1$
Circumference, and the Coafts abound with Lobfters, and
other 'Shell Fifh. On the North fide of Sky lyes Scalpa, 5
Miles in Circumference, it has Wood in feveral parts of it,
and is fruitful in Corn and Grafs. A little further North
lyes Rafay, 7 Miles long and 3 broad; it has much Wood,
but is fitter for Pafturage than Cultivation. On the Eaft
fide ofit there is a Spring, which runs down from a Rock,
and petrifies into a fine white Lime, of which it yields gteat
Quantities. Here is alfo a Quarry of gOod Stone. On the
Weft fide there is abundance nf Caves, where the People
lodge who go thither in the Summer upon the Account of
Fifhing pr grazing of Cattel. There are feveral Forts in
this Ifland, fome of which -are naturally very ftrong. The
Proprietor is a Cadet of the Family of Maccleod, and is as
much refpefted by the Inhabitants as if he were a Prince.
A Quarter of a Mile further North lyes Rona, 3 Miles in
Length ; 'tis fruitful in Pafturage, and the Rocks about it
are Of Heftick Stone. Altvig lyes on the South-Weft Cor-
ner of Sky, is 2 Miles in Circumference, fruitful in Corn
and Grafs, and noted for the vaft Shoals of Herring about
it, vvhich fometimes entangle the Fifhing-Boats. Flodda,
Two Leagues diftant, is but 2 Miles in Compafs, but much
noted for its Fifhing of all forts, and for big Whales, which
purfue the Fifh on the Coaft of it. The Sea Fowl, call'd
Couhemebs, are very numerous here, and a great Flock of
Plovers comes hither from Sky in the beginning of September,
and return again in April. There are feveral Rocks abou*
this Ifland, particularly one, call'd The round Table, about
half a Mile in Circumference, with a frefh Water Spring,
and makes an impregnable Fprt, there being pnly one way
to climb up to it, by one Man at a time. Half a. League
from hence lyes the Rock call'd Jeskar, much reforted to
-by fifhing Veffels, and noted for Scurvygrafs of an extraor-
, dinary Size and fweet Tafte. Five Leagues South-Weft
lyes Afcrib, about 2 Miles in Compafs; it has good Paftu
rage, and abounds with Fifh on its Coaft. There are feve
ral other leffer Ifles which lye near Sky, that we have not
, room to mention ; there are particularly 8, which lye in one
, of its Bays call'd Loch Foillard. The Natives of Sky, and the
neighbouring Iflands, have a peculiar way of curing the Di
ftempers they are incident to by Simples of their own Pro
duft, in which they are fuccefsful to a Miracle ; they have
alfo feveral Medicinal Wells, but we have not room to infill
upon thefe Things. Eighty Miles Weft from Sky there lyes
I * 9

i 1 8 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
p Iflands, the chief of which is Vaterfa, thit, befides ma
ny other Conveniencies, has a large Harbour, capable of
the greateft Ships, where, at ftated Times, great Numbers
of Fifhermen meet from the neighbouring Countries. Two
Miles from Vaterfa lyes Barra, 7 Miles long, it is fruitful in
Corn, and noted for its Cod-Fifhing. The Sea enters this
Ifland at a fmall Channel, and afterwards enlarges it felf
into a round Bay, in which there is an Ifland with a very
ftrong Caftle. It has a good Harbour on the North-Eaft
fide, where there is Plenfy of Fifh ; and the Rivers pn the
Eaft fide abound with Salmpn. The Soil is capable of pro
ducing all forts of Herbs and Roots. In the Northern part
there is a green Hill, on the top of which there is a Well
of frefh Water, from whence flows a Stream that carries
with it into the neighbouring Sea little fhapelefs Animals,
fomewhat refembling Cockles ; and upon an Ebb abundance
of Shell Fifh are found in the Sands, which the Natives
think are the Produft of thofe that come from this Well.
About a Quarter pf a Mile Sputh from Barra lyes Kifmul,
the Seat of Mockneil of Barra, which is encompafs'd with a
Stone Wall 2 Stories high, withinwhich there is a Tower,
a Hall, a Magazine, and other Houfes. They have a
Church in this Ifland and a Chappel, where the Mackneils
are buried. The Natives are Papifts, very ignorant and
fuperftitious. There are feveral other leffer Iflands here
belonging to Mackneil, fome of 'em fruitful enough in Corn
and Grafs, others left for Pafturage, and fome of 'em re
markable for fifhing of Ling and Cod. The Inhabitants are
very healthful and hofpitable. They have abundance of
Sea Fowl, and when they kill any of 'em for Ufe they fait
them with the Afhes of burnt Sea Ware, which preferve
them from Putreftftion. Mackneil of Bona is very much
refpefted by the Inhabitants, who apply to him in all their;
Wants, and particularly when any of either Sex want a fuit
able Match, with which he takes care to provide them. He
holds his Lands of Sir Donald Macdonald of Slate, to whom
he pays 40 Pound per Annum, and a Hawk, if requir'd, and
is oblig'd to furnifh him a certain Number of Men on ex
traordinary Occafions. Betwixt Barra and Vift there lye
14 final! Iflands, which we have not room to defcribe. A
little North of Barra lyes South Vift , 21 Miles long, in fome
places 3, and in others 4 Miles broad; the Eaft fide is
mountainous, but the Weft plain and arable. The Ifland
abounds with frefh Water Lakes, which have plenty of Fife. and

Cap. XI. ( Scotland, now North Britain: 119
and Fowl. In feveral of them there are Iflands with Forts."
There is one Lake 3 Miles long, into which the Sea has
made its way, tho' the Inhabitants did all they could to hin
der it. It is remarkable for one Fifh, refembling a Salmon
in every thing, but that it has a black Back and a white '
Belly. The Soil is generally fandy, but yields a good Pro
duce of Barley, Oats and Rye; Ambergrife is fometimes
found upon the Coaft. Betwixt this Ifland and Rorth Vift,
2 Miles North, lyes Benbecula, the Ground is all plain and
fandy betwixt them", except 2 little Channels, about Knee
deep at a Tide of Ebb, but the whole is navigable by Boats
at the Tide of Flood, and there lyes feveral fmall Iflands
on the Eaft of thefe Channels. Benbecula is 3 Mile long and
3 Mile broad; it has a Bay on thev Eaft fide for fmall Vef
fels, where Herring are fometimes taken. The Eaft part
of this Ifland is arable; it has feveral frefh Water Lakes
well ftor'd with Fifh and Fowl, and fome fmall Forts upon
the Iflands in thofe Lakes. The Natives are Papifts, and
the Proprietor is one of the Macdonalds. A little North of
this Ifland lyes Rorth Vift, 9 Miles long, and about 30 in
Circumference ; it is fitter for Pafturage than Cultivation
on the Eaft part, where it is mountainous, but the Weft
fide is plain and arable ; and where it is not pfough'd is co
vered with Clover, Dafie, a'nd variety of other Plants,. ve
ry pleafant to the Sight, of a very fragrant Smell, and affords
good Pafturage. The Grain here is Barley, Oats and Rye,
which yield from 10 to 30 Fold ; and there is no doufct but
Wheat would grow here very well. This Ifland has feveral
Bays on the Eaft fide where Ships may ride; the chief of
which are Loch-eport, Loch rma, and Loch-maddies, the latter
is capable of Hundreds of Veffels of the greateft fize. Four
Hundred Veffels have been loaded with Herring there in a
Seafon. Cod, Ling, and all other forts of Fifh that fre
quent the Weftern Seas, are alfo found here. There is a
fmall Ifland in this Bay, upon which a Magazine was erefted
for carrying on a Fifhery, in the Reign of King Charles I.
The Ground about this .Bay is capable of Cultivation,
abounds with frefh Water and Shell Fifh, and particularly
with very large Oyfters. There is fuch a Number of frefh
Water Lakes in this Ifland as can hardly be believed; they
are generally well ftor'd with Trouts and Eels, and, which
is more ftrange, with Cod, Ling, and other Sea Fifh,brought
into them by the Spring-Tides. Thefe Lakes have many
fmall Iflands, which abound with variety of Land and Sea
I 4. Fowl j

uo fhe Prefent STATEo/ Part. M.
Fowl ; and fome of 'em have Iflands with Forts. It has al
fo feveral Rivers, which afford Salmon, and fome of 'em
fpeekled, with large Scales. There are feveral other leffer
Iflands which lye on both fides of Rorth Vift, the moft remark
able of which are Eoufmil, on the Weft, a Rock about a
quarter of a Mile in Circumference, noted for its Seal-fifh-
ing about the end of Ottober, where 320 are fometimes taken
at once. Three Leagues and an half further Weft lye 9 or
10 more Rocks, which abound with Sea Fowl and great
Numbers of Seals. Nearer to the Ifland lyes Valay, 4 Mile
round, fruitful in Corn and Grafs, and has 3 Chappels. A
little further North lyes Borera, 4 Miles round; it has a
frefh Water Lake well ftor'd with large Eels. This Ifland
affords the largeft and beft fort of Dulfe. Half a League
South from this lyes Lingay, which furnifhes the neighbour
ing Iflands 'with Peat for Fuel. It has abundance of Black
Cattel, that make excellent Meat ; the Natives fait it in
the Hides, which, they fay, preferves it, and makes it tafte
tetter than when falted in Cask. This Ifland abounds alfo
with Deer, Sea and Land Fowl of all forts, among the reft
with Hawks, Eagles and Swans. The Inhabitants of South
and North Vift are generally well proportion'd and health
ful, and many of 'em live to a great Age; they are very
hofpitable and kind to Strangers.
The Ifle of Lewis derives its Name from the Irifh Word
Leog, lignifying a Lake, with which this Ifland abounds; -it
is by ^e Iflanders commonly call'd the long Ifland, it is
100 Miles from Eaft to Weft,and from 13 to 14 in Breadth,
it is reckon'd part of the Shire pf Roffe ; but the Ifle of
Lewis, properly fo call'd, is but 36 Miles in Length, the
left of it being call'd Harries. The Air is temperately cold
and jnoift, and the Natives ufe commonly a Dole of Ufque-
bsugh for a Correftive. The Ifland is healthful, efpecial
ly in the middle, from South to North; it is arable on the
Weft fide for about 16 Miles on the Coaft, and is likewife
jJlain and arable in feveral places on the Eaft ; it is fruitful
in Corn, and yields a good Increafe ; their common Grain
is Barley, Oats and Rye, and they have alfo Flax and
Hemp. There are feveral convenient Bays and Harbours
here, particularly Loehftomvay; on the Eaft fide, in the mid
dle of the Ifland, the Birkin Iflands, 7 Miles Southward,
Locbcolmkil, 3 Miles further South Locbfeafort, and Lochcar\-
yay, 24 Miles South-WTeft ; this Bay is remarkable for
great Numbers pf Cod, Ling, and Whales, which frequent it;

Cap. XI. Scotland, now North Britain.
it; and all the Bays and Coafts abound with Cod, Ling,
Herring, and all other forts of Fifh taken in the Weftern
Seas, befides plenty of Shell Fifh of all forts in fuch vaft
Numbers, that the Inhabitants are not able to confume
them : Coral and Pearl Shells are alfo found in the Bays
and Coafts. The frefh Water Lakes abound with Eels and
Trouts, and the Rivers on both fides afford Salmon. There
are feveral extraordinary Springs and Fountains in this
Ifland, and abundance of Caves on the Coaft, where Ot
ters, Seals and Fowl frequent in great Numbers. There
are feveral natural and artificial Forts on the Coafts, and
many Monuments of Perfons of Note kill'd in Battel, as
the Inhabitants give out. At the Village of Clajfernijs there
are 39 Stones erefted, about 6 or 7 Foot high, and 2 Fopt
broad each ; they are plac'd in form of an Avenue, 8 Foot
broad, and the diftance betwixt each Stone 6 ; there is
one plac'd in the Entrance, and at the South End there is a
Circle of 12 Stones, of equal diftance and height with the
other 39; there ftands one in the Center 13 Foot high,
form'd like the Rudder of a Ship, and without this Circle
there are 4 Stones euefted, in the fame manner and diftance
as the former on the Eaft,. Weft, and South fides ; the In
habitants fay it was an Heathen Temple, and that the chief
Druid ftood by the Stpne in the Center and fpoke to the
People round him. There is another Circle of high Stones
about a quarter of a Mile from this on the fame Coaft. This
Ifland abounds with Cows', Horfes, Sheep, Goats, Hogs ;
the Black Cattel are fmall, but very prolifick, and make
excellent Meat; the Horfes are likewife fmaller than on
the Continent, but as ferviceable for all Domeftick Ufes,
and Jive very hard, having little to feed upon in the Spring
but Sea Ware. In the Chace of OJferval, which is 5 Miles
in Compafs, there is' abundance of Deer, which in the
Winter feed alfo upon Sea Ware. The Inhabitants are
well proportion 'd, and in general healthful and ftrong, and
of a Sanguine Complexion ; they are very quick-of Appre-
henfion, and Lovers of Poefie and Mufick ; they are dex
trous at Swimming, Vaulting, and Archery, and make
ftout able Seamen. There are many leffer Iflands which
lye round .this, the chief pf which are Garve, in the Mouth
of Lochcarlvay, a high Rock, half a Mile in Compafs, af
fords good Pafturage, and is naturally a ftrong Fort ; the
2 Bernera's, one 2 Miles long, and the other 4 Miles long
and 4 Miles broad, both fruitful in Corn and Grafs. Near
Carlvaj

12 1

iii The Trefeni STATE of Part. II.
Cirlvay Bay there lye 4 fmall Iflands, and 6 Leagues far
ther lye the 6 Flonnan Iflands, which belong to the Inhabi-1
tants of Lewis, who go thither every Summer and bring
from thence great Store of Fowls, Eggs, Down, Feathers
and Quills ; one of 'em is call'd the Ifland of Pigmies, be
caufe many little Bones, refembling thofe of Men, are digg'd
out of the Ground there. Twenty Leagues from the Point
of Reffe in Lewis lyes Rona, a Mile long and half a Mile
broad ; it has a Hill on the Weft part, which makes it vi
fible from Lewis in the Summer-time : It was inhabited by
about 5 Families, who had the Ifland and the Fifhery about
it divided among 'em, and were very exaft and nice in their
Properties; and when their Number increas'd the Super
numeraries were fent to their Landlord in Lewis, who once
a Year fends the Minifter of his Parifh and a Servant to
vifit them and bring his Rents, which are paid in Barley
Meal few'd up in Skins, Sea Fowl, and fome- Fifh, OV.
They have a Chappel dedicated to St. Ronan , in which they
repeat the Lord's Prayer, Creed and Ten Commandments,
every Lord's Day. Buchanan fays, that the Inhabitants
were, in his Opinion, the only People of the World, who
never wanted any thing, and were fatisfy'd with their Con1
dition, having plenty of all that they defire, being equally
ignorant of Luxury and Avarice, and who poffefs, through
their Ignorance of Vices, that Innocence and Tranquility
of Mind which others can fcarcely attain unto by great La
bour and with the help of the beft Inftraftions. Mr. Martin
fays in his Defcription of the Weftern Iflands, that ancient
Race of poor People was all deftroy'd about 14 Years ago
in the following manner ; firft a Swarm of Rats, none knows
how, came into the Ifland and eat up all their Corn ; in
the next place fome Seamen landed and robb'd them of
what Provifions they had left, by this means they all dy'd
before the ufual time of the Arrival of the Boat from Lewis,
upon which another Colony was fent thither. Four Leagues
Eaft from Rona lyes Soulisker, a Rock, a quarter of a Mile
in Circumference , which abounds with vaft Numbers of
Sea Fowl, and particularly Solan Geefe. On this Rock
there builds one Fowl, not found elfewhese, call'd Colk, it
is lefs than aGoofe, and all eover'd with Down, but of dif
ferent Colours, which it cafts when it. hatches ; it has a
Tuft on its Head refembling that of a Peacock, and a Train
longer than that of a Houfe Cock. There are 24 Churches
in Lewis and Harries, and the Iflands belonging to them. That

Cap. XL Scotland, now North Britaid." 12}
That part which is called Harries produces the fame forts of
|Corn, but with a greater Increafe than Lewis. The Weft
fide is for moft part arable on the Coaft. It has a noble
Harbour call'd Scalpa, a Mile and'a half long, and a Mile
broad ; and there are two other Harbeurs within 3 Leagues
ot it, which abpund with Oyfters, and nther Shell Fifh.
The frefh Water Lakes are well ftor'd with Trouts, Eels,
and Salmon, and each of them have a River which runs in
to the Sea. They have excellent Springs here, fome of
which are Medicinal, one particularly near Marvag is ex
cellent for reftoring a loft Appetite, and one near Borvt
good againft the Cholick and Gravel. There are feveral
Caves on the Mountains and on each fide the Coaft, and
one in the middle of a high Rock capable of 50 Men, has
2 Wells, and but a narrow Pafs to it by climbing up the
Rock; fo that in time of War it is an impregnable Fort.
There are likewife feveral ancient Forts in this Ifland. The
Hills and Mountains abound with Deer, which none are al-
low'd to hunt without Leave from Maccleod, the Proprietor.
Mertricks, a four footed Creature, about the fize of a large
Cat, are pretty numerous here ; their Skins are very fine,
of a brown Colour, and make good Furr; and 'tis faid the
Dung of this Animal yields a Scent like Musk. There is
abundance of Otters and Seals here, great Plenty of Land
and Sea Fowl, and among others, Eagles, and very good
Hawks. The Shore on the Weftern Coaft abounds with
curious Shells, fome of them neatly, ftrip'd with various Co
lours : Great Quantities of Os Sepie is found in the Sands,
vaft Numbers of Molucca Beans, and fometimes Ambergrife.
The Natives ufe the Seed of a white wild Carrot inftead of
Hops for brewing their Beer, which anfwers the End, and
gives the Drink a good relifh. There are other Iflands of
fmall Extent belonging to Harries, the chief of which are
Bernera, Two Leagues to the South ; it is 5 Miles in Cir
cumference, very fruitful in Barley and Rye, and yields
fometimes from 20 to 30 Fold. It has a frefh Water Lake,"
with feveral Iflands that abound with Fowl, as the Lake
does with Eels. There are 2 Chappels in this Ifland. Half
a League from hence to the Weftward lyes P'abbay, 3 Miles
in Circumference, and fruitful in Corn and Grafs; it has
alfo. 2 Chappels. Half a League to the North lyes Sellay,
a Mile in Circumference ; it yields extraordinary Pafture,
for Sheep, which it fattens very foon, and thofe bred there
have very large Horns. Tmnfay, a League further North,

is

124 the Prefent STATE of Part II.
is Three Miles round, fruitful in Corn and Grafs, and yields
much yellow Talc. There are feveral other Iflands in the
Neighbourhood of 2 or 3 Miles in Circumference each, all
tolerably fruitful in Corn and Pafturage, particularly Her-
metra, where a Magazihe for Fifhery was erefted in the
Reign of King Charles I. Eighteen Leagues Weft from
Hortb Vift, and 20 from Harries, lye the Iflands call'd St.
Kilda, or Hirt; thefe are the moft remote of all the Scots
Ifles to the North-Weft : The firft, properly call'd $t. Kil
da, is 2 Mile long and 1 broad, fac'd round with a fteep
Rock, except at a Bay on the South-Eaft, where Veffels
arrive. In the time of a Calm one may land upon the Rock,
and get into the Ifland with a little climbing. The Land
rifes high in the middle, and there are feveral Fountains of
good Water on each fide the Ifland. Their Grain is Oats
and Barley, the latter accounted the largeft in the Weftern
Ifles. - The Horfes and Cows here are lower than in the ad
jacent Iflands, but their Sheep have larger and longer Horns.
The Inhabitants are about 200 in Number, very well pro-
portion'd, and comely. They are Proteftants, and very
2ealous, according to their Knowledge, which is but fmall,
for want of Inftruftion. They are very regular, and juft
in their Converfation, and Strangers to Luxury and Excefs.
They have a Chappel, where they affemble on the Lord's
Day to hear the Lord's Prayer, Creed and Ten Command
ments, and neither work themfelves nor will allow any
Stranger to work on that Day. It befongs to the Laird of
Maccleod, the Chief of that ancient Clan, who commonly
makes fome Cadet of his Family Steward of this Ifland, to
receive his Rents, which are paid in Fifh, FpwI, Feathers,
Weol, Butter, Cheefe,. Cattel and Corn ; and the Steward's
Deputy is, in his Abfence, the chief Man of the Ifland, and
generally, except when a Minifter is fent thither from Har
ries, Baptizes and Marries. They have an Altar and Cru
cifix in their Chappel, which have continued there fince the
Time of Popery ; and tho' they pay no Worfhip to the
Crucifix, yet they fwear decifive Oaths, by laying their
Hand upon it, and take the Marriage Oath in the fame
manner. Not long ago the Devil ftirr'd up an illiterate
Fellow, one of the Natives, to impofe upon their Ignorance,
by pretending that St. John the Baptift and the Virgin Mary
had appeared to him, and taught him Sermons, Prayers-and
Hymns; the latter he alledg'd was effeftual to fecure;. 'War.
men againft Mifcarriage ; and his Price for teaching it was a

Cap. XI. Scotland, now North Britain. 12$
a Sheep. He told them of a little Hill where St. John and
the Virgin appear'd to him, and made them believe that if
any of their Black Cattel or Sheep came near to tafte the
Grafs of that Hill they muft immediately be kill'd and eaten,
and it was neceffary that he himfelf fhould always partake of
the Treat. He was difcover'd at laft by his lewd Attempts
upon feveral Women, and being, by Maccleod's Order, tran-
fported from thence to Harries, he own'd the Devil to be
Author of the Impofture, made publick Confeffion of it in
feveral Churches, and feem'd to be very penitent, but is not
allow'd to return any more. Their Houfes are low, built
of Stone and a Cement of dry Earth, arid eover'd with Turf,
thatch'd over with Straw. They make their Beds in the
Walls of their Houfes, and lye commonly on Straw, though
they have great plenty of Feathers and Down. They live
altogether in a little Village on the Eaft fide of the Ifland
in good Harmony, are very exaft and nice in their feveral
Properties, and allow no Incroachment upon one another,
nor will they admit of it from their Landlord, or his Stew
ard, but pay exaftly what they agree on. The Ifland is
naturally ftrong, and with a little Art might be made im
pregnable. There is an old Fort at the South End of the
Bay. They have Two other Iflands which belong to them,
one call'd Soa, about half a Mile from the Weft fide of St.
Kilda, a Mile in Circumference, and very high and fteep
all round; the other is call'd Borera, lyes about 2 Leagues
North of St. Kilda, is about a Mile in Circumference, and
moft of it furrounded with a high Rock; all three afford
good Pafturage, and abound with prodigious Numbers of
Sea FpwI from March till September : They have Solon Geefe
in fuch Numbers, that they keep abput 20000 annually in
little Stpne Houfes built on purpofe, and for preferving their
other Fowl, Eggs, CSV. the latter they preferve fome Months
in the Afhes of Peat, apd they preferve their Fowl without
Salt ; they eat the Solar} Goofe Eggs raw, and fay they are
good Peftorals. They have another Bird here call'd Ful
mar, about the fize of a Moor-Hen, it picks its Food out of
live Whales and other Fifties; when any one approaches
them they fpout out pure Oil from their Bills, which /the
Natives have a way to catch when tfiey furprize the Fowl,
and make ufe ofit for their Lamps, and likewife as a Ca-
tholicon againft rheumatick Pains, Aches, and other Di
ftempers ; it ferves them alfo for Vomits and Purges,
for Swellings or Strains, and difcufling of Tumors, in
all

iz6 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
all which Cafes they fay it is very fuccefsful. They are fub
jeft to a Leprofy of late, which has been pretty frequent
among 'em, becaufe of their feeding fo much on Solan Geefe
and other Fowl without making ufe of Salt. Both Sexes
have a Genius for Poefie, are very hofpitable to Strangers,
and charitable to their own Poor, for whofe Maintenance
they all contribute in Proportion. They have but one Boat
belonging to the Ifland, in which every Man has a Share
proportionable to the Rent he pays. The Men are gene
rally ftrong, are ftout Rpwers, and will tug a long time at
the Oar without Intermiffion. They ufe no Compafs, but
take their Meafures from the Sun, Moon, or Stars, and
chiefly from the Courfes of the Flocks of Sea Fowl, becaufe
they know very well to what Rocks or Iflands they refort.
They are excellent at climbing of Rocks, being accuftom'd
to it from their Infancy, in order to catch the Fowl that
build on them. They have 2 Ropes which belong to them
in common for climbing the Rocks, they are 24 Fathoms
in Length each, and eover'd with Cows Hides falted for
the ufe, to prevent their being cut by the Rocks ; the Men
climb by Turns, and bring Home fome Thoufands of Eggs
and Fowls at a time: They alfo make Gins of Horfe Hair
for catching the Fowls, and fometimes they lofe their Lives
by-climbing. The richeft Man in the Ifle has not above 8
Cows, 80 Sheep, and 2 or 3 Horfes. They have no Mo
ney, but barter with one another for what they want.
Mr. Martin in his Defcription of the Iflands gives art
Account of that call'd the Second Sight, which,' he fays, is a
Reprefentation by way of Vifion of fomething to come, and
makes fuch a ftrong Impreflion upon the Seer, that they
cannot fee or think of any thing elfe while the Vifion lafts,
and they appear chearful, or otherwife, according to the
nature of the Objeft reprefented ; they ufe no previous
Means to attain it, and to moft of 'em 'tis very troublefome.
The Inftances of the Truth of this fecond Sight, as 'tis call'd,
are fo many and fo frequent, that it can fcarcely be difpu-
ted ; And tho' it were uncharitable to conclude that all
thofe Reprefentations are made by the Minjftry of bad Spi
rits, efpecially fince fome of 'em have been made for good
End6, and (0 Peopleagainft whofe ^Morals or Religion there
was no known Objeftion, yet from fo many Inftances of thofe
Vifions being for trifling or ludicrous Objefts, and from the
general Decay of this Faculty, as Chriftian Knowledge in-
creafcs. among 'em, it can be no Breach of Charity to think that

Gap. XII. Scotland, now. North Britain. l&%
that thofe Reprefentations at leaft are made by the Miniftrj
of svil Spirits. Some Of the People, to whom thofe Vifions
have been frequent, have learn'd by Experience to deter
mine the Time when the Things reprefented fhall come to
pafs.

CHAP. XII.
Of the Northern. Ifles of Scotland.
WE come now to the Ifles of Orkney and Shetland : The
Orkneys call'd by the Latins Orcades,hzve the Caledonian
Ocean on the Weft,the German Ocean on theEaft,the Sea that
divides them from Shetland on the North,and PentlandFirth,
24 Miles long and 12 Miles broad, which divides them from
the main Land of Scotland, on the South. Ancient Authors
differ about their Number, Pliny reckon'd them 40, Orofm
33 ; but it appears by later Difcoveries that they are only
28. Stroma lyes fo near the Coaft of Caithnes, that it was
always poffefs'd by the Earls of that Country, and therefore
not reckon'd among the Orcades. This is a fmall Ifland,
but not unfruitful. Authors are not agreed as to the Rea
fon of giving the Name of Pentland Firth to thit Streight
which lyes between the Orcades and the main Land; fome
fay it is a Corruption of the Word Pittland Firth, which
was fo call'd becaufe the Pitts formerly inhabited thofe
Iflands, and part of the neighbouring Continent, and that
many of them perifhd here when repuls'd by the ancient
Inhabitants of Orkneys Others think Pentland Firth the pro
per Name, and that it was fo denominated from the High
lands or Hills in the North of Scotland, by which 'tis bound
ed on one fide, for the fame Reafon that the high Hills,
which take their Rife fome Miles Weft of Edinburgh, are
call'd Pentland Hills. This Firth is remarkable for its fwift,
violent and contrary Tides, occafion'd by the Multitude of
the Ifles and the Narrownefs pf the Paffage, which makes it
very dangerous, efpecially to Strangers; and what's re
markable, the Whirlpools, with which this Firth abounds,
occafion'd, as is thpught, by fome Hiatus's in the Earth
below, are moft dangerous in a Calm, and whirl the Boats
or Shins, round till they be fwftllow'd up 5 but if, there be

izS the Prefent S T A T E ef Part II.
any Wind, and the Boat under Sail, they are pafs'd without
Danger. The Mariners who ufe to carry Paffengers be
tween the main Land and the Ifles, if at any time they be
drove near thofe Whirlpools by the Tide,they throw a Bar
rel, Oar, Bundle of Straw, or any other bulky thing that
comes to hand, into the Whirlpools, which makes them
fmooth enough till the Veffel pafs over them ; and what is
thus eaft in is generally found floating again a Mile or 2
diftant. The different Tides in this Firth are reckon'd 24,
and run with fuch impetuous Force, that no Ship under
Sail with the faireft Wind is able to make way againft them,
yet the Natives on both fides, who know the proper Sea
fons, pafs this Firth every Day fafely, except when the
Weather is tempeftuous.
The firft of the Orkney Iflands is South Ronolfa, 6 Miles
long and 5 broad, fruitful in Corn, and well inhabited; it
has a fafe Harbour on the North fide, but on the South-Eaft
has the dangerous Rpcks call'd Pentland Skerries; it abounds '
with Cattel, and has two Parifh Churches. A little to the
South-Weft lyes Swinna, a fmall Ifland, fruitful in Corn,
capable of maintaining a few Husbandmen and their Fami
lies, has a good Fifhing on its Coafts, and is noted for a
good Slate Quarry. The Whirlpools near this Ifland are
call'd the Wells of Swinna. Beyond Swinna lyes Waes and
Hoy, which are but one Ifle, 12 Miles long, and full of high
Mountains; that part call'd Waes is fruitful, and very well;
inhabited. This Ifland has feveral good Harbours, partial--'
larly that call'd Rorth-Hope, one of the beft in the World,
and propereft for thofe who defign a Fifhing Trade. That
part call'd Hoy, from which 'tis only feparated by a Spring-
Tide, has the higheft Mountains in Orkney, and the deepeft
Valleys, which ftrike a Terror into Strangers that have,
occafion to Travel that way ; on thefe Mountains there are
many Sheep which run wild, and are fcarcely to be caught
by any Art. On Rora-head, a high and rugged Promonto
ry in this Ifland, an extraordinary Fowl, which the Inha
bitants call Lyer, builds its Neft, it is about the fize of a
Duck, and fo fat, that it feems to be nothing elfe; the In
habitants admire it much, and venture their Lives to climb
for it by Ropes, &c 'tis reckon'd delicious Food eat with
Vinegar and Pepper. In a Valley betwixt 2 Mountains
here,lyes a Stone call'd the dwarfy Stene, it is 36 Foot long*
8 Foot broad, 9 Foot thick, hollo w'd within by Art, it
has a fquare Hole of 2 Foot high for an Entrance, and a
Stone

Cap. XII. Scotland, now North Britain.' 129
Stone'byJt of the farrie Dirherifions for a Door; within at
one etld there is a Bed artfully cut put of the Stone, with a
Pillow, large enpugh for 2 Men to lye at full Length; at
the other end there is a Couch, in the middle there is a
Hearth for a Fire, and a Hole cut out above it for a Chim
ney ; it lyes a Mile from any Houfe, and the Ground about
it is all eover'd with Heath ; it is fuppos'd to have been a.
Hermit's Cell. In the top of one of the high Mountains
here there is a Fountain of excellent clear fweet Water, fo
light, that let a Mah drink what Quantity he pleafes he
never find* himfelf the heavier ; from the top of thefe
Mountains the Sun is to be feen all Night about the Summer
Solftice. On the North part of this Ifland there is a
Church, a Gentleman's Seat, and feveral Farm-Houfes;
and there are diverfe Lakes here, which abound with Fifties,
efpecially Tirouts. Three Miles from South Ranalfa lyes
Burro, 3 Miles long and 1 broad, fruitful in Corn and Pa
fturage, and affords excellent Fuel; Stewart of May built a
noble and fumptubus Stone Houfe here. This Ifle abounds
With Rabbits, and has a Chappel, but belongs to the Parifh
of South Ranalfa. Weft from this lyes Flotta, 5 Mile long,
and 3 and a half broad, moft of it encompafs'd with high-
Rocks; it has a Church and a Gentleman's Seat, and
abounds with excellent Land Fowl in. its Heaths, but has
little Corn Ground, and not many Inhabitants. Near this
lye Faira, Cava and Gramfey, fruitful and pleafant tho' fmall
Iflands.
1 We pafs by feveral Holms, as they call them, which are
left for Pafturage, and come to Pomona, the largeft of the
Orkney Iflands, and for that Reafon -call'd the main Land ;
it is 24 Miles long, in fome places 9, and in others 6 Miles
broad; it is very fruitful, and well inhabited. In tins
Ifland lyes Kirkwal, the only Town in Orkney, a Royal Bo-
Tough, pleafantly fituated upon a Bay near the middle of
the Ifland, it is about a Mile in.Length, and is the Seat of
juftice, where the Sheriff, &c. keep their Courts; it con
fifts of one Street, the Houfes are well built, and moft of
'em eover'd with Slate; the Crown had formerly a very
'ftrong Caftle here, which is now in Ruins. Near the Ca-
ftie ftands a ftately Houfe, formerly the Bifhop's Seat, and
near to that a Palace, which was begun by Patrick Stewart,
Earl of Orkney, in 1574, but not finifh'd, becaufe of his un
timely Death ; feveral Rooms have been curioufly painted
with Scripture Stories. There is a ftately Church here,
K formerly

1 30 the Prefent STATE©/ Part II.
formerly call'd by the Name of St. Magnus, who, the Na
tives fay, was their firft Apoftle? it is very magnificent for
this part of the World, is built of hewen Stone, excellently
polifh'd, has 14 Pillars on each fide, and a Steeple erefted
on 4 large Pillars in the middle, with very fine Bells in the
Steeple ; there are fo many Turnings that 'tis hard for a
Stranger to find his way out or in. There is a publick
Grammar School here ; they have 2 weekly Markets, and
an annual Fair, which holds Three Days. The Town is
govern'd by a Provoft, 4 Bailiffs, and a Common-Council.
This Ifland has 9 Parifh Churches, many Promontories and
Bays, and feveral Mines of good White and Black Lead;
it has alfo feveral Gentlemens Seats, and divers Lakes and
Rivulets, which abound with Salmon and other Fifh. It
has 4 very good Harbours, vi\. one at Kirkwall, both large
and fafe, another at Deerfound, very large, with good An
chorage, and capable of receiving the greateft Fleets ; the
third is at Graham's Hall, and the fourth at Kerfton, which
is very commodious, and well fenc'd againft all Winds.
Eaft from the main Land lyes Coppinfha, a fmall Ifland, but
fruitful in Corn and Grafs, has a good Fifhing, and abounds
with Fowl ; it is very confpicuous to Seamen, as is the
Holm to the North-Eaft ofit call'd the Horfe of Copp'mfra.
North from the main Land lyes Shappinfba, 5 or 6 Mile
long and 3 broad ; it has a very fafe Harbour, and a Parifh.
Church., To the South-Eaft lyes Stronfa, 6 Mile long and >
3 broad, well known becaufe of its good Harbours to thofe;
who frequent this Country and Shetland for Fifhing ; it is
Very fruitful, and well inhabited, and has a Rock belonging!
to it call'd Ouskeme, remarkable for its good Fifhery. Al
little North of it lyes a little pleafant Ifle call'd Pap a- Stronfa^
very fruitful, and well inhabited. Further North lyes
Sando, about 12 Miles long, and 8 Miles broad, well inha
bited, and has 2 Harbours ; it abounds with Cattel, Hay,
and Fifh, but the Inhabitants are oblig'd to bring their Fuel
from Eda, which lyes Eaft of it, it is 10 Miles long, and in
fome places 5 Miles broad ; there is good Salt made here,
and it abounds with Fifh and Fowl, bus not with Corn and
Grafs. Three Miles Weft from Kirkwal lyes Damfey, a'
fmall, but fruitful Ifland, and abounds <u.h Fifh. To the
North-Weft lyes Roufa, 8 Mile long and 6 broad, it has
many Promontories and high Hill;., but on the Coaft is
fruitful, and well inhabited ; it abounds alfo with Fowl,
Fifh, and Rabbits : There are feveul other iilands in the
Neigh-

Cap. XII. Scotland, now North Britain. 151
Neighbourhood, which are fruitful enough for their Extent.
Eight Miles North from Kirkwal lyes Eglifha, 3 Mile long
and 2 broad; it has a fafe Road for Ships, is very pleafant
and fruitful, and has a Parifh Church. Five Miles North-
Eaft lyes Rorth Fara, 3 Miles long ; 'tis but thinly inhabi
ted, but affords the commpn Commodities of the Country.
South Fara, which lyes near Buna, is much of the fame Ex
tent and Nature. North from Eglifha lyes Weftra, 8 Miles
long, in fome places 5, and in others 3 Miles broad; it is
well inhabited,' abounds with Corn, Cattel, Fifh, and
Rabbits, has a ftrong Caftle, with a convenient Harbour.
Two Miles North-Eaft lyes Papo-Weftra, 3 Miles long, a
Mile and a half broad, is well inhabited, .has a good Har
bour, and, together with the other Weftra, make's up a
Parifh. The People of this Country are generally health
ful, ftout, and well proportion'd ; they are more numerous
than can reafonably be imagin'd: Bleau in his Atlas fays,
they mufter'd 10000 Men at price near Kirkwal, ft to carry
Arms, befides thofe that were left to cultivate the Ground.
The Commodities which they export yearly are Butter,
Tallow, Hides, Barley, Malt, Oatmeal, Fifh, falted Beef,
Pork, Rabbit-Skins, Qtter-Skins, White Salt, Stuffs, Stock
ings, Wooll, Hams, Quills, Down, Feathers, &c. 'Tis
obferv'd that there are no Trees in this Country, except at
Kirkwal, where there are fome in Gardens, but their Fruit
Trees feldom bear any that come to Maturity, and the
Trees never grow higher than the Garden Walls, yet they
have very good Roots and Herbs, and particularly large
Articboaks. In their Moffes, Oak Trees of a confiderable
Length are fometimes digg'd up, which fome think is a
Proof that Timber would grow there if cultivated,and others
think they have been buried there ever fince the Deluge, and
that the Sea Air hinders the Growth of the Wood, becaufe
•the Trees in Kirkwal are no higher than the Walls of the
Gardens ; fo that nothing but Experience can determine
the Matter. Molucca Beans, figur'd Stones, and fome pe
culiar forts of Fifh and Fowl, are found here. The Claik
Geefe, or Barnacles, which were reckon'd to breed in
Trunks of Trees, or in the Timber of old Ships, and have
been fo frequently feen about thofe. and the neighbouring
Iflands, have occafion'd abundance pf Wrangling among the
Learned ; fome pf 'em have deny'd the Matter of Faft, and
boldly afterted there could be no fuch thing in Nature as
Birds to proceed from Trees : Others, who could not refift
K 2 the

i52 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
the Evidence of fo many Perfons of Credit, who had feen
and attefted the hanging of Birds of that fort to Trunks of
Trees, %>c have had recourfe to fuch ftrange Philofophical
Notions for explaining this Phenomenon, as ftill made the
thing more ridiculous and incredible : But there are two
ways to folve this Difficulty, found out by modern Authors,
both of which feem very probable; the firft is the Concha
anatifera, mention'd by Sir Robert Sibbald in the Third
Book of the Second Part of his Natural Hiftory of Scotland,
Cap. 12. wherein he fays, that thofe Shells ftick to Sea
Ware, or Logs of Fir, and fuck Nonrifhment from them;
that the Animal contain'd in thofe Shells is a Fifh, but un-
fhapely, and fends out fuch a Multitude of Feet as refemble
Hair, which the unwary Obferver takes for Feathers; and
of this Animal Sir Robert has given us a Cutt in the End
of his Book : Dr. WaUU in his Defcription of Orkney has done
the like, and tells us he has feen fome Thoufands of thofe
Conch* flicking to Logs of Wood drove afhpre in that
Cpuntry. But the Solution given by a later Author in his
Curiofities of Rature and Art in Hmbandry and Gardening, late
ly printed at London, pag. 311. feems ftill to be more plain,
if the Faft be true, vi\. That the Barnacles lay their Eggs
as Fifh do theirs, and leave them at the Mercy of the -
Waves, and that as they float they ftick to what they meet,
efpecially rotten Wood, Sea Ware, and other Maritime
Plants, upon which we may obferve a glutinous Subftance,
and that they are hatch'd there by the Heat of the Sun.
This Country had anciently its own Kings, and after it
was reduc'd by the Scots upon the Ruin of the Pittifh King
dom, it was for fome Time poffefs'd by the Danes and Ror-
vegians, but recover'd again by the Scots, and given by.
King Alexander to a Nobleman, firnam'd Speire, an Heirefs
of whofe Family brought it to the Sinclairs, of whom one
carry'd the Title of Prince of Orkney, Duke of Oldenburg, GV.
and married a Daughter of the King of Denmark; but that
Family having loft it, the Title was annex'd to the Crown,
and enjoy'd by Hepburn, Earl of Bothwel, afterwards by a
Natural Son of Ring James V. and now gives Title of Earl
to Lord George, a Son of the Family of Hamilton, well known
for his Valour and Conduft, and particularly for the large
Share he had in the famous Viftory of Blenheim.
Eighty Miles further North lye the Ifles of Shetland, be
twixt 'em lyes the Fair Ifle, which rifes up in 3 high Pro
montories, and is feen both in Orkney and Shetland. The
Etymology

Cap. XII. Scotland, now North Britain. 13 z
Etymology is- not agreed upon among Authors, fome of -
whom call them Hethlandia, others Zelandio, and fome call
them Schetlandia. There are fome who think the Name
Hethlandia fignifies Highland, becaufe the Mountains rife
high up from the Sea; others think they are call'd Zelan
dio becaufe they lye in the Sea, and the Name of Schetlandia
fome think comes from Scatlandia, i. e. a Tributary Land,
becaufe formerly they paid Tribute both to the Crown of
Scotland and Rorway. They lye in the 61 and 62 Degrees
of Northern Latitude, and have Rorway on the Eaft, which
is the neareft part of the Continent of Europe. There are
in all 46 Iflands, 40 Holms, or leffer Iflands, left for Pa
fturage, and 30 Rocks, frequented only by Fowl. The
firft of thefe Iflands is call'd the main Land, being 60 Miles
long, and in fome places 16 broad, it runs into the Sea
with abundance of Promontories; it is beft inhabited and
cultivated on the Shore, but the inner part is mountainous,
and full of Lakes or Bogs, which makes Travelling there
to Strangers dangerous. The Air is cold and piercing, yet
many of the Inhabitants- live to a great Age. About the
Summer Solftice they have fo much Light all Night, that
they can fee to read by it. The Sun fet-s between 10 and
u, and rifes between 1 and 2 in the Morning ; and on the
other hand the Day is fo much fhorter, and the Night long
er in the Winter, which, with the Violence of the Tides,
and the Tempeftuoufnefs of the Seas, deprives 'em of all
Foreign Correfpondence from Ottober till April, during which
Time they know nothing of what paffes in the other Parts
of the World; a known Inftance of this was,that tho' the late
Revolution happen'd in Rovember, they knew nothing ofit
-till the May following, that a Fifherman, who arriv'd there,
told them of it, and then they imprifon'd him, in order to
try him for High Treafon for fpreading fuch News. They
are much fubjeft to the Scurvy, by eating too much Fifh ;
but Nature has furnifh'd them with great Quantities oj
Scurvygrafs for an Antidote. They have little Corn uf
their own "Growth, and therefore import great Quantities
from Orkney. Their common Drink is Whey, which they
barrel up and keep in cold Cellars; this makes it very
ftrong, fo that it quicldy turns their Heads. Some of them,
keep for their Drink Butter-milk mix'd with Water, and
this they call Bland. The better fort have good Beer and
Ale, of which they are very liberal to Strangers. They
have abundance of Fifh of all forts on their Coafts for moft
K. 3 pare

1 34 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
part of the Year ; thofe which abound moft are Cod, Ling,
and Herring. They have alfo Shell Fifh of all forts, with
Whales, Seals, Sea Calfs, Otters; and in the Winter-time
they burn Oil of Fifh inftead of Candle. They abound
with all forts of Fowl, except Heathcocks, and other Fowls,
wh.ch ?>quent Heaths will not live there when brought'
thither, :ho' they have abundance of Heath. They have
Store of Geefe, and many forts of Ducks. They have plen
ty of little Horfes, which they call Schelties, very fit for the
Husbandman's Ufe, and pace naturally. They make coarfe
Cloth, Stockings, and knit Gluves for their own Ufe, and
alfo for Sale to the Rorvegians. Their Grain is Oats and
Barley, but moft of the latter. They have abundance of
Black Cattel and Sheep. Their Ewes are very prolifick,
and for moft part bringforth 2, and fometimes 3 Lambs at
once. Their Fuel is Turf, Peat, and Heath. Their chief
Trade of Export confifts in Fifh,, by the Produft of which
they pay their Rent and purchafe Neceffaries. Their Na
tive Language is old Gothick, or German, as was alfo that of
Orkney; but they generally now fpeak Englifh. In their
Cuftoms and Habit they much refemble the Germans, but
the better fort imitate the Scots Lowlanders. Their Reli
gion is Proteftant, and they are generally, as well as the
Orkney Men, very devout. They make no ufe of Phyficians,
and if at any rime they receive Wounds they cure them
themfelves. There are Two little Tpwns in this Ifland,
the firft and oldeft is Scalloway, on the Weft fide of the
Ifland, where there is a Caftle 4 Stories high. The Inha
bitants are about 100 in Number. The fecond, and lar
geft, is Lerwick, which by their Fifhing Trade is increas'd
npw to about 300 Families. There are feveral ancient
Monuments in thefe Iflands, and particularly thofe call'd
PzYfr-Houfes, which we have not room to infift upon. The
Dutch, Hamburgers, &c come "hither to fifh in June, and
go away again in Auguft or September; and fometimes there ,
are 2000 Buffes fifhing in Braffa's Sound at once. The
moft remarkable of the other Iflands here are Zeal, com*
rnonly call'd Tell, 18 Mile long and 9 broad, has 3 Chur
ches, and feveral Chappels. Further Nprth lyes Vuft,
much of the fame Dimenfions, plain, pleafant to the Eye,
fruitful , and well inhabited, Trondra lyes over againft
Scalloway, is 3 Miles long and 2 broad, A little North-Eaft
lyes Whalfey, 3 Miles long and 3 broad. On the Eaft of
Braffa's Sound lyes Great Rule, 8 Miles long, 2 broad, and has,

Cap. XII. Scotland, won' North Britain. ijf
has a good Harbour. Six Leagues Weft from the main
Land lyes Foiila, 3 Miles in Length. More to the Eaft lyes
Braffa, 5 Miles long and 2 broad ; it has fome arable Ground,
and 2 Churches. Burray is 3 Miles long, has good Paftu
rage, abounds with Fifh on the Coaft, and has a Church
in it; no Mice will live here, and they forfake the place
where-ever the Earth of it is brought. Vnft is 8 Miles
long, is the pleafanteft of the Shetland Ifles, has 3 Chur
ches, and as many Harbours; the Inhabitants fay no Cats
'will live in it. Scbetland is divided into 12 Parifhes, but
there are many more Churches and Chappels in it. This
, Country, like Orkney, has no Wood in it; and they have
fome Fifh and Fowl peculiar to themfelves. The Inhabi
tants are very bold in venturing to S'ea at all Seafons for
Fifh, and in climbing the .Rocks for Fowl. It has been
debated among the Learned whether thefe Iflands, the Or
cades, or the North-Eaft Coaft of Scotland, was the Thule
of the Ancients; but we have not room to give an Account
of the Arguments for the feveral Hypothefes,, nor to confi
der which of them are moft conclufive. The chief Families
in the Shire of Orkney and Shetland are the Bruces, Smclairs,
Mouats, Rivets, Chyneys, Stuarts, Grahams.
In the Mouth of the River Forth there lye feveral Iflands,
the moft confiderable of which are the May, it was formerly
dedicated to St. Adrian, and had a Monaftery and Chappel.
The Monks gave out, That barren Women, who came, to
worfhip St. Adrian there annually, would thereby becur'd of
their Barrennefs, it was frequented upon that Account by
Women in the Popifh Times, but whether St. Adrian or the
Monks had the moft Influence in curing their Barrennefs
the Readers may judge ; yet this Cheat obtain'd fo much
Credit, that Wood of Largo, who was a noted Sea Captain,
had a Charter of feveral Lands from King James IV. to be
in readinefs Upon Call to attend his Majefty and the Queen
while they vifited St. Adrian. This Ifland is a Mile long
from North to South, and about a quarter of a Mile broad,
it lyes 7 Miles from the Coaft of Fife, has a frefh Water
Spring, and a fmall Lake; there grows no Corn here but
in the Summer-time, it affords Pafturage for 100 Sheep
and 20 Black Cattel ; the Weft fide is inacceffible, becaufe
of high Rocks, but the Eaft fide is plain, and has 4 places
where Boats may arrive, one of them a very' fafe Harbour
for Ships during a ftrong Weft Wind. Fifh of all forts are
numerous on the Coaft of this Ifland, and it abounds with
K * Fowl,

i3<5 the Prefent S T A T E of Part. IL
Fowl, particularly thofe call'd Skarts, Dunters, Gulls,
Scouts, and Kittiwax, the latter is about the fize of a
Dove, and in July is preferred to a Partridge; the Scouts
are fomewhat lefs than a Duck, but their Eggs are larger
than thofe of a Goofe, and being boil'd hard eat very well
with Vinegar and'Parfly. This Ifland formerly belong'd'
tp the PrioTy of Pittenweem, but was granted in Fee by K.
Ch. I. to Cunningham of Barns, with Liberty to build a Light
Houfe there for the Benefit of Ships, for the Maintenance of
which they were to allow 2 Pence per Tun ; a Tower of 40
Foot high is built there for that End, with a Fire every
Night, and the firft Builder was eaft away as returning from
thence to his Houfe in Fif e,hy a Tempeft,which fome Witches,
afterwards executed, own'd they rais'd by, the Help of the
Devil. The Bofs lyes next,, but wd have given an Ac
count of It already in the Defcription of Lothian. Higher
up'in the Firth lyes Inchkeith, betwixt Fife and Lothian, a
Mile and a half long, and about half a Mile broad ; the Soil
is fat, and produces gopd Grafs, and abundance of phyfical
Herbs; it has 4 frefh Water Springs, and has many Har-
'bours, one towards each Quarter; it rifes in the middle,
and had a ftrong Stone Fprc rais'd upon it by Queen Mary.
There is a Stone Quarry here, which fends forth a fulphu-
reous Smell when any of 'em are broke off, but very fit foe
Building. ' There are great Shoals of Fifh round the Coafts
of this Ifland, and abundance of Oyfters during the Winter.
This Ifland had its Name from the Noble. Familyof Keiths'
whofe Founder had this Ifland, with the Barony of Keith-
iMarefchai in Lothian, and the Hereditary Dignity of Earl
Marefchal of Scotland, conferr'd upon him by King Malcom
XI. in 10 10. for his Gallantry in the Battel againft the
Danes at Bar in Angus; it came afterwards to the Crown,
and was given by King Robert II. to John Lord Lyon of
Glomes, the Chief of that Family, with the Barony of King
horn, upon bis marrying that Prince's Daughter; it is fince
come into other Hancls. 'Tis obferv'd that Horfes grow
fat here in a little time. Higher up, within 2 Miles of
Aberdour,, lyes an Ifland call'd St. Cohm-lnch; it had former
ly a famous Abbey, with large Endowments, but it is now
yuin'd, and upon the Alienation of Abbey-Lands was given
to a Branch of the Family of Stewart. Higher up lyes
Jnch-garvy, betwixt 2 Promontories, near the Queens-Ferry ;
\i was alfo fortify'd, and the Guns of the Forts could reach
the Shore on both fides, fo that no Ships could fafely pafs
it without Leave. ': "-' ; r '" , CHAP.

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain.

J|7j

CHAP. XIII.
Of the Civil Government of Scotland.
TH E Government of Scotland, as that of England, is hy
King and Parliament. The Scots Monarchy is juftly
reckon'd the oldeft of the known World, Her prefent Ma
jefty being the 1 13th Sovereign, according to the following
Catalogue.

1. Fergufms.

|3«.

2. Feritharit.

32.

3, Mainus.

33-

4. Domadilla.

34-

5. Rothatus.

35-

6. Rutherus.

36.

7. Reutha.

37-

8. Thereus.

38.

9. Jofma.

39-

10. Finnanus.

40.

11. Durftus.

41.

12. Evenus I.

42.

13. Gillus Rothusl

43.

14. Evenus II.

44.

1*5. Ederus.

45-

i§. Evenus \ II,

46.

17. MeteUanus'.

47-

18. Caratacus.

48.

19. Corbredus I.

49.

20. D'ordonus.

50.

2i. Corbredus 11. Galdus

5i-

Cog. "

52.

22. Luttacus.

53-

23. Moggaldus.

54-

24. Condrus.

55-

25. Ethodius I.

56.

26. Satrael.

57-

27. Donaldus 1.

58.

28. Ethodius IL

59.

29. Athirco.

60.

30. Hatbalocus,

61.

Findochus.
Donaldus II.
Donaldus HI.
Cyathilinthus. •
Fz'wconMcfou.Ko>»3c6«r. Angufianus. Fethelmachus. Eugenius I.
. Fergufms II.
Eugenius II.
Dongardus.ConftantinusLCongollus I.
<3or<»zz«. Eugenius III.
CflflgdtfMXlI. Kinnatellus.
Aidonus.
Kennethus.Eugenius IV.
Ferchardus I.
Donaldus IV.
Ferchardus II.
Malduinus. Eugenius V.
Eugenius VI.
^»iierieteti«j. Eugenius VVL>
Mordacus.Etfinus. 52. £tge-

*3*

The Prefent S T

ATE 0/ Part. II.

6*i. Eugenius VIII.

89. Duncanus II.

63. Fergufms III.

89. Edgaais.

64. Solvathius.

90. Alexander I. Cog. ^cw.

6<y. Achajus.

91. David T.

66. Congallus.

9 2. Mileolumbus IV.

6j. Dongatias.

93. Gulielmus.

68. Alpinus.

94. Alexander II.

69. Kennethus II.

9$. Alexander III.

70. Donaldus V.

96. Joannes BaUiolus.

71. Conftantinus II.

97. Robertus Eruffius.

72. £ri«r.

98. Da-uii II.

73. Gregorius.

99. Edvordus BaUiolus.

74. Donaldus VI.

100. KoierMwlL

75. Conftantinus III.

10 1. Robertus III.

j 6. Mileolumbus I.

102. Jacobus I.

77. lndulfus.

103. Jacobus II.

7*8. Duffus.

104. Jacobus III-

79. Culenus.

105. Jacobus IV.

80. Kennethus HI.

106. Jacobus V.

ti. Conftantinus IV. Gog.

107. Henricus Stuartus, cm

Calvus.

Maria Stuarto.

82. Grimus.

108. Jacobus VI.

83. mileolumbus II.

109. Carolus I.

84. Duncanus I.

no. Carolus II.

35. Mac be thus.

in. Jacobus VII.

86. Mileolumbus III.

112. Gulielmus fS Mint.

87. Donaldus Bonus.

113. ^3K<J.

If there be other Nations who pretend to as numerous,
and as ancient a Catalogue, there, is none who can pretend
to fuch a Catalogue all of one Race, and who poffefs'd the
Sovereignty of a Nation fo many Years without being con^
quer'd. The Original of the SMtt Monarchy is by Swc&K
»d», Xe/fcy, and other Hifterians, afcrib'd to the Choice of
the Chieftains, or Heads of Tribes, who govern'd the Peo
ple in an Ariftocratical manner, after their firft Arrival in
;<#4ie», till being attack'd by the Pifo and Britains; and
none of thofeChieftains being willing tofubmittoanyoftheir
own Number, they fent to Ireland for Fergus, Son to King
Ferquhard, to come to their Affiftance with Troops, upon
which they made him King, and the Crown has continue^
in his Pofterity ever fince. It appears however by Hiftory
that thofe Heads of Tribes, and afterwards the Eftates of
Parliament, did always retain a very great Power in their own

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. i™
own Hands, and that the King was not allow'd to do any
thing of Moment without their, Confent, tho' all pafs'd in
his Name, as being at the Head of the Adminiftration in
Peace and War. From Fergus I. till Kenneth III they dif-
pos'd of the Succeffion to the fitteft of the Line, without
regard to a direct Defcent, from Father to Son} but fince
that Time it has been for moft part Hereditary, till BaUiol's
Time, that he and his Pofterity were forfeited for betray
ing the Sovereignty of the Nation to the Englifh ; upon
which the Sovereignty was conferr'd on Robert Bruce, the
next of the Line, and from him Her prefent Majefty is line
ally defcended. The Prerogative before the Union of the
Crowns was much mote limited than it has been fince, as
appears by Hiftory, and by the old Afts of Parliament, from
which 'tis evident that their Confent was neceffary for
Peace and War, for Guards and Garifons, for Embaffies to
Foreign Princes about the Marriage of our Princes, Trade,
War, CSV. for appointing Judges, Officers of State, and Pri-
vy-Counfellors ; for annexing and alienating the Revenues
of the Crown, and for fettling the Succeflion in cafe of its
being controverted. The Curious may find Vouchers for
this in a Book entituled, An Hiftorical Account of the ancient
Rights and Power of the Parliament of Scotland, printed in
1703. where the Hiftories and Afts of Parliament which
prove it, are quoted at large.
^ The Parliament of Scotland confifts of 3 Eftates, vi\.
Lords, Barons, and Boroughs, but this Diftinftion is mo
dern, for anciently all Free-holders that held of the Crown
in Copite had a Right to come to Parliament in Perfon, and
in the old Afts are all call'd Lords of Parliament, buc that
Denomination came afterwards to be appropriated to the
Peers; however, they never fat in a diftinft Houfe from;
thofe other Members, whom later Ages call'd Commons.
The Curious may find the Original of thofe now call'd Lords
of Parliament in Craig defeudU, Lib. 1. diegefi XI. by which
it appears that they appropriated this Name to themfelves
by Cuftom and the Courtefie of the Nation, not but that
there was a Diftinftion before betwixt Peers and Commons
in Title and Honour; but originally they deriv'd their
Right to fit in Parliament from their Free-holds, and not
from their Titles.
The leffer Nobility, call'd Barons, being very numerous,
and Parliaments being annual by the Conftitution, which
put them to great Charge, in the Reign of King James I.
an

Y/lo the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
an Aft was made, impowering them to chufe 2 or more
Wife Men, according to the Largenefs of each Shire, to
reprefent them in Parliament; and fince that Time the
Name of Barons has been appropriated to that State, as
that of Lords has been to the State of Peers. By the an
cient Conftitution the Scots Peers were nam'd in Parlia
ment, the Caufes of their being ddvanc'd to that Dignity,
was fubmitted to their Cognizance, and the Patent ratify'd
by Parliament did generally exprefs the Caufes of their,
Advancement tn be great, evident, and reafonable ; arid wheif
any Borough was erefted with the Privilege pf fending^
Members to Parliament, it always was with Confentof the
States. It appears alfo by the old Afts, that the Parliaments
were adjourn'd by their own Confent, and the Time and
Place of their next Meeting appointed by an Aft before
they broke up; and during the Intervals they appointed?
a Committee of their own Number to fuperintend the Ad
miniftration, to aflift the King with their Advice, and to
be accountable to them at next Meeting; but fince the
Union of the Crowns, the Prerogative of the Prince has
been enlarg'd, and the Power of the Parliaments abridg'd:
This laid the Foundation of that unhappy Difcord betwixt
the King and the Country, which broke out into a Civil
War in the Reign of K. Charles I. but upon an Accommoda
tion the Parliament was reftor'd to this Power by his Con.
font ; yet in the Reign of King Charles-ll. thofe Privilege
were furrender'd by a Pack'd Parliament, which rais'd thi'
Grievances of the Country fo high, as brought on the Re-.
volution, when the Convention of States refum'd a part of
it, and the Country has fince fuffer'd feverely by their not
refuming the whole. The Parliament of Scotland had for.
merly a Committee to prepare Matters that came beford
them, call'd the Lords of the Articles, they confifted of an
equal Number pf each State, chpfen by the Advice and
Confent of the whole Parliament, till the Year 1617, that
King James VI. in order to advance his Prerogative, alter'dl
the Method, by getting the Bifhpps to withdraw out of the
Houfe , and chufe fo many Noblemen, after which the
Noblemen chofe fo many of the Bifhops in like manner, and
they Two chofe fuch of the Shires and Boroughs as were to
be upon the Articles; by this Method nothing could be
propos<l in Parliament without Confent of the Court, con
trary to the old Conftitution, by. which the Members of
Parliament had Power by themfelves, or their Speaker, to
propofe

Cap; XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. 143
prppofe what was thought meet and neceffary for the Com
monwealth, and therefore thofe Lords of the Articles were
abolifh'd fince the' Revolution, as an intolerable Grievance.
When the old Praftice pf making an Aft in pne Parlia
ment, appointing the Time for, the meeting of the next
was laid afide, the Parliament was fummon'd by Proclama
tion at the head Borough of every Shire, 40 Days before
they met ; atid when the Free-holders, inftead of coming
in Perfon, chofe Reprefentatives, every one that held Lands
of the Crown valu'd at 40 Shillings Scots, according to the
old Taxation, which is now equal to 10 Pounds Sterling
per Annum, might eleft, or be elefted, except they were
under fome legal Incapacity. The Reprefentatives of Bo
roughs were elefted by the Common-Council pf the faid Bo-
.roughs, and ccntroverted Elections were determin'd by the
Parliament. Of late, efpecially fince the Reign of King James VI. the
Officers of State, even fuch of them as were Commoners,
were brought into Parliament without being elefted, but
this was contrary to the old Conftitution, as appears by the
Statutes of David II. and Robert II.
When the Day came on which the firft Seffion of each
Parliament was to be held, the Members went tp the Houfe
in great State and Solemnity; this Cavalcade was call'd
the Riding of the Parliament, and the Order ofit was thus :
The Crown, Scepter, and Sword of State, were brought
from the Caftle of Edinburgh to the Palace in a Coach, car-
ry'd by 3 of the aneienteft Earls bare-headed, and attended
by a Guard till they brought them to the King, or his Com
miflioners ; and as the Regalia pafs'd thro' the Streets the
People were oblig'd tp uncover. When the King or Com
miffioner was ready the Procefiion begun thus: All the
jMembers mounted their Horfes, with rich Friotcloaths and
Trappings, in the great Court before the Palace, the Bur
geffes firft two and two, being each allow'd a Lackey apiece,
2 Trumpeters and 2 Purfevants all in their Coats bare
headed ufhering the Way, and they were follow'd by 4
Door-keepers of the Seffion, or Courts of Juftice, on Horfe-
back ; next come the Commiffioners of Shires, 2 by 2, each
having 2 Lackeys, and the faid Commiflioners and the
Burgeffes are allow'd to wear Cloaks ; next to them come
fuch of the Officers of State as are not Noblemen, and 2 of
the Door-keepers pf the Cpuncil bring up their Rear; next
to them ride the Lords by 2 and 2 in their Robes, according to

i4i the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
to their feveral Degrees ; next to them come 4 Trumpe
ters bare-headed 2 and 2, 4 Purfevants in their Coats 2
and 2, 6 Heralds in that fame manner, then the Gentle-
man-Ufher bare-headed; next Lyon King at Arms bare
headed, with his Coat and Robes and Foot Mantle, and
his Battoon in his Hand ; then comes the Sword of State,
the Scepter, and the Crown, carried by 3 of the aneienteft
Nobility, who are prefent bare-headed. O4 each fide the
Regalia there are 3 Mace-bearers with their Maces, bare
headed ; after them comes a Nobleman bare-headed with
a Purfe, containing the Lord High Commiflioner's Com
miffion; laft of all comes the Lord High Commiffioner) :i
with the Dukes on his Right Hand, and the Marquiffes on
his Left ; when the King is prefent the Mafter of the Horfe
rides near, but a little afide ; every Duke has 8 Lackeys,.]
every Marquis 6, every Earl 4, every Vifcount 3, and
every Lord 3 , and every Nobleman has a Gentleman to
hold up his Train befide his Pages. In .the Time of Epif-
copacy , the 2 Archbifhops were alfow'd the Equipage of
Dukes, and the other Bifhops that of Lords. When the
King is prefent, the Marquiffes ride after the Earls, and the
Dukes after the Marquiffes, and the Lord Chancellor im-
mediately before the King, bearing the Great Seal. The
Noblemens Lackeys have over their Liveries fhort Velvet]
Coats, with their Badges, Crefts and Motto's, in Plate or
Embroidery, on their Backs and Breafts. The Great Of
ficers of State ride up from the Palace about half an Hour
before the Cavalcade in their Robes, attended by their-
Friends on Horfeback, and wait in the Parliament Houfe.
When the Commiffioner enters the Lord Chancellor takes
his own Purfe, and ufhers him from the Bar to the Throne.
¦When the King is prefent, the Lord Chancellor receives his
Majefty at the Door of the Parliament-Houfe, and ufhers
him up to the Throne, the whple Members pf Parliament
wait on the High Commiffioner, or the King, in the Great
Hall, the Noblemen in their Scarlet Robes fae'd with Er-
min according to their Degree, the Guards follow the King
or Commiffioner, and the Street is lin'd pn both fides with
the Train'd-Bands ; the Throne is rais'd 6 Steps high, with
a Canppy of State pver it, on the firft Step fits the Lord
Chancellor, with the other Officers of State on both fides of
him, on the next Step fit the Judges ; on the Right Hand
of the Throne there are 2 Rows of Benches, upon which
the Archbifhops and Bifhops formerly fat,but now the Chief of-

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. 145
of the Nobility; on the Left Hand there are 3 Rows of
Benches, for the reft of the Nobility ; in the middle of the
Floor there are 2 Tables, one for the Regalia, and in 2 great
Chairs by them fit the Lord High Cenftable and the Earl
Marefchal ; at the other Table fits the Lord Clerk-Regi-
fter, with his Deputies the Clerks of Parliament ; on the
Right fide the Commiffioners for Shires fit upon Forms, and
on the Left the Commiflioners for Boroughs ; if the King be
prefent he fpeaks to them in his Robes, with the Crown on
his Head, and all the Members ftand up uncover'd ; but
the Commiffioner appears only in an ordinary Suit, and
ftands and fpeaks uncover'd. The Members return in the
fame Order back to the Palace, only the Conftable and
Marefchal ride on the Commiffioner's Right and Left with
Caps of Permiflion ; the Lord Chancellor and Lord Privy-'
Seal ftay behind until all march away, and then return in
the fame State to the Palace as ,they came from it to the
Parliament-Houfe ; and the fame Order of Riding was ob-
ferv'd the laft Day of the Parliament. Freedom of Speech
and Debate was very well fecur'd to the Members of Par
liament by the ancient Conftitution, for by the old Afts of
Parliament it appears, that the States had a commanding
Power in all Matters of Government, but this Liberty was
feveral times invaded by Arbitrary Princes, which generally
ended in the Ruin of themfelves, or their Favourites ; it
was very much abridg'd in moft Reigns fince the Union of
the Crowns, and Prcteftations or Diffents, as to Publick
Afts, were accounted treafonable; but at the Revolution
the States claim'd Freednm pf Speech and Debate as their
Right, and Protefts and Diffents have fince that Time been
frequent enough againft Publick Afts. When Matters are
put 'to the Vote, every Member anfwers diftinftly to his
Name, and gives his Vote in thefe Words, 1 dpprove, or
J do not approve ; and thofe who are not fatisfy'd, or. have
not a mind to give their Vote, fay, non liquet, which was
an Eafe to confciencious Members, and a Subterfuge to
Politicians. When the Draught of ,an Aft was approv'd by
the Majority, the way of paffing it was by the Touch of
the Scepter. It dpes nnt appear by the ancient Conftitu;ion
that the Kings bf Scotland were allow'd a negative Voice,
and even fince the Union of the Crowns, till of late Years,
Care was generally taken that nothing fhou'd be pffer'd to
the Tpuch of the Scepter that might have a Negative put
upon it from the Throne. When Afts were pafs'd, they

I44 the Prefent STATER Part II.
were promulgated in the Clofe of the Seffion by Procla
mation. We ceme next to the Members who conftituted the Par
liament of Sf«7«^.

A L i s t of the Nobility of Scotland.
Dukes io»
James Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton.
Anne Scot, Dutchefs of Buceleugb.
E Charles Lenox, Duke of LenOx.
P George Gordon, Duke of Gordons
James Douglafs, Duke of Queensberry.
Archbald Campbel, Duke of Argile.
Archbald Douglafs, Duke of Douglafs.
John Murray, Duke of Athol.
James Graham, Duke of Montrofs.
John Ker, Duke of Roxburgh. Marquiffes 3.
John Hay, Marquis of Tweddale.
William Ker, Marquis of Lothian.
William Johnfton, Marquis of Anandale*
Earls 72 <
John Lindfoy, Earl of Crawfurd*
John Hay, Earl of Errol.
William Keith, Earl Marefchal. *
George Gordon, Earl of Southerland.
John Are skine, Earl of Mrfrr.
John Leflie, Earl of Rothes.
James Douglafs, Earl qf Morton.
David Erskine, Earl pf Buchan.
William Cunningham, Earl pf Glencahn.
Alexander Montgomery, Earl of Egl'vaton*
John Kennedy, Earl of Caffils.
John Sinclair, Earl pf Caithnefs.
Charles Stuart, Earl of Murray.
P William Moxwel, Earl of Rhbfdale. Seorgt

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain* 14$
George Seton, Earl of Winton.
George Levingfion, Earl of Linlithgow,
Charles Home, Earl of Home.
P James Drummond, Earl of Perthi
William Fleming, Earl of Wigton.
John Lyon, Earl of Strathmore. ' ,
E Thomas Hamilton, Earl of Abercorrt.
Alexander Ereskine, Earl of Kettie.
Thomas Hamilton,, Earl of Haddington.
James Stuart, Earl of Galloway.
John Maitland, Earl of Lauder dale.
P Hay, Earl of Kinowl.
Williom Mackenzie, Earl of SeafortL
Hugh Campbel, Earl of Low don.
Creichton, Earl pf Dumfries.
E Alexander, Earl pf Stirling*
E Thomas Bruce, Earl of £/gz'».
, - now Earl of Ailsbury.
James Carnagie, Earl of Southesk.
P Charles Stuart, Earl of Traauair.
Weems, Earl of Weems.
William Ramfay, Earl of Dolhoufie.
James Ogilvy, Earl of AV/y.
yote Ogilvy, Earl of Findlotor.
Robert Dal\el, Earl of Carnwatb.
George Levingfion, Earl of Catiendar*
J) avid Lefly, Earl of Leven.
E iyoae/ Talmafh, Earl of Dyferu
James Maul, Earl of Panmure.
Charles Hamilton, Earl of Selkirk.
David Carnagie, Earl of Karri £*h
Sir Alexander Bruce, Earl of Kincardine*
Col. Linfoy, Earl of Balcorras.
. Archibald Douglafs, Earl of Wr/rfr.
Charles Gordon, Eitl of Aboyn.
E Levingfion, Earl of Rewburght
William Boyd, Earl of Kilmarnock.
Cochran, Earl of Dundonald.
P Douglafs, Earl ot Dumbarton)
John Keith, Earl of Kintore.
iGeorge campbel, Earl of Broodalbin.
George Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen.
Charles Murray, Earl pf Dunmore.
 MeZw'Z, Earl pf MdwV*
George Hamilton, Envl of Orkney, t.

146 the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
John Hamilton, Earl of Ruthglen.
Douglafs, Eitl of March.
Sir Patrick Hume, Earl of -MOrchmont.
Sir James Ogilvy, Earl pf Seafield.
John Carmichel, Earl of Hindford.
George Mackenzie, Earl of Cromarty,
Dalrymple, Earl of Stair.
Archibald Primrofe, Earl of Rofeberry.
James Stuart, Eitl of Mount-ftuart.
Charles Hoptoun, Eitl of Hoptoun.
David Boyle, Earl of Glafgow.
Lord Henry Scot, Earl of Delarain.
Archibald Campbel, Earl of lla.
Douglafs, Earl pf solway.
Vifcounts 19. ,
E Robert Carey, Vifcount pf Falkland.
E Edward Conftable, Vifcount of Dumbar.
Edward Murray, Vifcount of Stormont.
William Gordon, Vifcount of Kenmure.
Robert Arbuthnet, Vifcount of Arbuthnet.
P Creichton, Vifcount of Frendraught.
Archibald Seton, Vifcount of Kingfton.
Robert Mackgil, Vifcount of Cxenford. »
E Arthur Ingram, Vifcount of Irving.
James Levingfion, Vifcount of Kilfyth. /
E Thomas Osbum, Vifcount of DumbUne, now Duke of Leeds.
Williom cbeney, Vifcount of Rew-haven.
James Drummond, Vifcount of Strathallan.
Thomas Levingfion, Vifcount of Teviot.
Thomas Hay, Vifcount of Duplin.
John Crawford, Vifcount of Kilbirny.
Lords 49.
William Forbes, Lprd Forbes.
Eraser, Lprd Saltan.
Patrick Gray, Lord Gray.
Stuart, Lord Ochiltree.
Allan cathcort, Lord Cathcart.
Henry Sinclare, Lord Sinclare.
Douglafs, Lord Mordington.
Francis Semple, Lord Semple.
John Elphingfton, Lprd Elphingfton. Chirks

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. 147
Charles Oliphant, Lord Oliphant.
Lord Lovat.
William Rofs, Lord Rofs.
Walter Sandilands, Lord Torphichen.
David Lefly, Lord Lindors.
John Elphingfton, Lord Balmerinoch.
Walter smart, Lord Blantyre.
Williom cranfton^hord Cranftotk.
Balfour, Lord Burleigh.
Rapier, Lord Rapier.
E Thomas Fairfax, Lord Cameron.
E Richardfon, Lord Cramond.
Mackay, Lord Rtfe.
WiMam Forrefter, Lord Forrefter.
Alexander Forbes, Lord PitfligOi
Charles^ Fra\er, Lord Fra\er.
William Hamilton, Lord Borgeny.
George Ogilvy, Lord firfwf. ,
Patrick Murray, Lord Elibank.
David Falconer, Lord Halkerton.
John Hamilton, Lord Edhaven.
Sandilands, Lord Abercromby.
James.Sutberland , Lord Duffus.
Robert Rollo, Lord RoZfo.
CoZ-w'Z, Lord co/wV.
Rutherford, Lord Rutherford.
John Bellenden, Lord Belenden.
Lefly, Lord Rework.
William Rairn, Lord Rairn.
E jWw Churchil, Lord Eyemouth, now Duke of MOrlborough.
Francis Abercromby, Lord Glasford.
David Collier, Lord Portmore.

Note, 7fce/e w>J&o /tat/e P fce/orff rfem rfre Ptfpzjfc, «84 tfo/e
wio fcrfve E ie/ore rkw ere Englifh.

L 2 Com-

the Prefent S T A T E <f Part II.
Cpmmiffipners for Shires 85.

Edinburgh 4

Bute

2.

Fife 4.

Haddington 4

Renfrew

3«

Forfar 4.

Berwick 4

Sterling

3-

Bamf 2.

Roxburgh 4

Linlithgow

2.

Kircubright 2.

Selkirk 2.

Perth

4-

Sutherland 1,

Peebles 1

Kincardin

2.

Caithnefs 1.

Lonerk 4

Aberdeen

4-

£/gz'» 2.

Dumfries 4.

Invernefi

2.

Stewartry of

Wigton 2

Rairn

1.

Orkney j .

^z'r 2

Cromarty

2.

Rofs 2.

Dumbarton 2

Argile

• 3-

Kinrofs 1.

CPU

imiffioners for the Burghs 67.

Edinburgh-

2.

Pettenweem 1.

"Penh

1.

Se/fc/rfe

1.

Dundee

1.

Dumbriton 1,

Aberdeen

i»

Renfrew

1.

Sterling

"— 1.

Dumbar

1.

Linlithgow

1.

t-anerk

i.

St. Andrews

1.

Aberbrothock r.

Glafgow

1.

¦E/gr'w

1.

Air

1.

Pee£Z«

1.

. Haddington

1.

Crail

1.

Dyfert

1.

Tayn

i«

K-irkaldf

1.

Culrofs

1.

Montrofs

1.

Bamf

1.

Couper

1.

Wbithon

. 1.

Anftruther Et

ifter 1 .

Forfar

1.

Dumfries

1.

Rothefay

1.

Invernefs

1.

Rairn

1.

Bruntifland

1.

Forres

1.

Inverkeithing

1.

Riithergl

ra 1.

Kinghorn

1.

Rorth rerwick 1.

Breecben

1.

Anftruther Wefter 1..

Irwing

1.

Cullen

1.

Jedburgh

1.

powder

1.

Kirkudbright

1.

Kintore

1.

W igton

1.

Annan

1.

Dumferling

1.

Lochmaban 1.

San-

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain.
Sanquhar
Rew Galloway
Kilveny

'49

Fortrofe Dingwal
DornochQueensferry

I.

Inverary

I.

Inverury

1.

Wick

I.

Kirkwal

I.

Inverbervie

I.

Stranrower

I.

Cambleton

This was the Conftitution of the Parliament of Scotland
before the Union of the Nations, but. by the late Aft of
Union it is now as follows : The Peers of Scotland are to
name 16 out of their own Number by open Eleftion and
Plurality of Voices of the Peers prefent, and of the Proxies
for fuch as (ball be abfent, the faid Proxies being Peers;
and both the Conftituent and Proxy being qualify'd accord
ing to Law. The abfent Peers may alfo fend to all fuch
Meetings for Eleftion Lifts of the Peers whom they judge
fitteft, duly fign'd before Witneffes, which fhall be reckon'd
as good as if the Parties had been prefent and given in the
faid Lift; and in cafe of the Death or Legal Incapacity of
any of the faid 16 Peers, the Peers fhall nominate another
of their own Number.
The Eleftion of the Commons, according tp the Aft of
Union, is as follows.

The Shire of Edinburgh

1

Kincardin ^ 1

Haddington

1

Aberdeen 1

Berwick

1

Invernefs 1

Roxburgh

1

Rairn & Cromarty 1

Selkirk

1

by turns, Rairn to have

Peebles

1

the firft Eleftion.

Lanerk

1

Argile 1

n Dumfries

1

' Fife 1

Wigton

1

Forfar 1

Air

1 '

Bamf 1

Dumbarton

1

Kirkcubright 1

Bute & caithnefs

utberland 1

by turns

1

Clackmannan & Kinrofs ¦ 1

Bute to have the

by turns, clackmannen to

iff Eleftion.

have the firft Eleftion.

Renfrew

1

Rofs 1

tiding

1

Elgin 1

Linlithgow

1

Orkney - 1

Perth

1

In all for the Shires 30.
L 3. The

I jo the Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
The Eleftion for the Boroughs.
Edinburgh t
Kirkwal, Week, Dornoch, Dingwali and Tain, i
Fortrefs, Invernefs, Rairn and Forres, t
F-lgin, Cullen, Bamf, Inverury and Kintore, I
Aberdeen, Bervy, Montrofs^, Aberbrothock and Brechin, i
Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Couper, and St. Andrews, i
Crail, Kilrenny, Anftruther Eafter, Anftruther Wefter, and
'Pettenweem, ¦ i
Dyfert, Kirkcaldy, Kinghorn, and Brunt-lfland, i
lnnerkeithing, Dumferling, Queensferry, Culrofs, and Stirling, i
Glafgow, Renfrew, Rutherglen, and Dumbarton, i
Haddington, Dumbar, Rorth Berwick, Lawder, and Jedburgh, i
Selkirk, Peebles, Linlithgow, and Lanerk, i
Dumfries, Sanquhar, Annan, Lochmaban, and Kirkcubright i
Wigton, Rew Galloway, Stranravcer, and Whitehorn i
^z>, Irwing, Rpthfey, Campbelton, and Inveraray, I
The way how they are to be elefted is thus: Each of
the Boroughs are to eleft a Commiffioner in the fame man
ner as they did formerly, (Edinburgh excepted, which is
allow'd one for it felf) and the Commiffioners fo elefted are
to meet at fuch Time and Borough within their refpeftive
Diftrifts as Her Majefty, her Heirs or Succeffors fhall ap
point, and eleft one for each of the 14 Diftrifts above men>
tion'd ; and where the Votes of the Commiffioners for the
faid Boroughs met to chufe Reprefentatives from the feveral
Diftrifts to the Parliament of Great Britain fhall be equal,
the Prefident of the Meeting is to have a calling Vote, be
fides his Vote for the Borough from which he is fent ; the
Commiffioner from the eldeft Burgh is to prefide in the firft
Meeting, and the Commiflioners from the other Boroughs
¦ in their refpeftive Diftrifts to prefide afterwards by Turns,
in the fame Order as the faid Burghs are now call'd in the
Rolls of the Parliament of Scotland ; and in cafe- any of the
faid 15 Commiflioners die, or become legally uncapable to
fit, then the Town of F.dinburgh, or the Diftrift which chofe
the faid Member, fhall eleft a Member in his or their Place.
None are capable to eleft or to be elefted for any of the 3
Eftates but fuch as are 21 Years of Age compleat, and are
Proteftants. Thofe who are fufpefted pf Popery, and re
fufe, when requir'd, to fwear and fubfcribe the Formula con-
tairi'd

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain; ifr
tain'd in the Third Aft made in the 8th and 9th Seffions of
King William's Parliament, entituled, An Att for preventing
the Grp'wth of "Popery, are made incapable of elefting or be
ing elefted, as are all thofe who are at prefent incapable by
the Laws of the Kingdom.
And for the effeftual and orderly Eleftion of the Scots
Lords and Commons, it is enafted, That when Her Maje
fty, Her Heirs and Succeffors, fhall declare their Pleafure
for holding the firft or any fubfequent Parliament of Great
Britain, and when for that Effeft a Writ fhall be iffu'd out
under the Great Seal of the United Crowns direfted tp the
Privy-Council of Scotland, that until the Parliament of
Great Britain make further Provifion in the Matter, the faid
Writ fhall contain a Warrant and Command to the Privy-
Council to iffue out a Proclamation in Her Majefty's
Name, requiring the Peers of Scotland to meet and affemble
in fuch Time and Place within Scotland as Her Majefty and
Royal Succeffors fhall think fit to eleft the faid 16 Peers,
and requiring the Lord Clerk-Regifter, or Two of the
Clerks of Seffion, to attend all fuch Meetings, and to ad-
minifter the Oaths that are pr fhall be by Law requir'd, and
to ask the Votes ; and having made up the Lifts in Pre
fence of the Meeting, to return the Names of the 16 Peers
chofen (certify'd under the Subfcription of the faid Lord
Clerk- Regifter, Clerk or Clerks of Seffion attending) to
the Clerk of the Privy-Council of Scotland ; and in like
manner requiring and ordaining the Freeholders in the re
fpeftive Shires or Stew.artries to meet and convene at the
head Boroughs of their feveral Shires and Stewartries to
eleft their Commiffioners, according to the Order above
mention'd, and ordaiuing the Clerks of the, faid Meetings,
immediately after the faid Eleftfons are over, to return the
Names of the Perfons elefted to the Clerks of the Privy-
Council; and laftly ordains Edinburgh to eleft: their Com
miffioner, and the other Royal Boroughs to eleft each of
them a Commiffioner, and to fend the faid Commiffioners
at fuch Times to fuch Burghs within their refpeftive Di
ftrifts as Her Majefty and Succeffors by fuch Proclamations
fhall appoint; the Common Clerk of the refpeftive Burghs,
where the Eleftion is appointed, is to^attend the faid Meet
ing, and immediately after Eleftion to return the Name of
fhe Perfon fo elefted, certify'd under his Hand, to the
Clerk of the Privy-Council, that the Names of the 16
Peers, 30 Commiffioners for Shires, and 1 5 Commiffioners
L 4 for

the Prejent STATEo/ Part. II.
for Burghs, being fo return'd to the Privy-Council, may
be return'd tp the Court from whence the Writ did iffue,
under the Great Seal of the united Kingdom.
The prefent Reprefentatives for Scotland, chofen by the
Three Eftates there to reprefent them ,in the firft Parlia
ment o£ Great Britain, are,
Of the Robility.
The Duke pf Queensberry, whp was Lord High Commiffi
oner, and is ftill Privy-Seal", the Earl of Seafield, who was
Lord High Chancelfer, the Duke of Montrofs, Lord Prefi
dent to the Privy-Council, the Duke of Roxburgh, the Mar
quis of Tweddale, the Marquis of Lothian, the Earls of Mar
and Lowdon, Principal Secretaries of State; the Earls of
Crawford, Sutherland, Weems, Levenjiair, Rofeberry, Glafgow
Treafurer Deput, and Jfla, Of the Barons.
William Risbet of Dirlton, John Cockburn ypunger of Ormi-
fton, Sir John Swinton of Swinton, Sir William Ker of Green-
head, Archbald Douglafs of Cavers, Williom Bennet of Grubet,
Mr, John Murray, of Bowhill, Mr. John Pringel of Hayning,
Mr. Morrifon of Treftongrang, George Bailie of Jarvis-wood,
Sir John Jahnfton of .WefterbaU, Mr. John Stewart of Sorbie,
Mr. Francis Montgomery of Giffan, Mr. William Dalrymple of
Glenmuir, Sir Robert Pollock of Pollock, John Holden of Glena*
gies, Mango Grahame of Gorthie, Sir Thomas Burnet of Leys,
Sir David Ramfey of ' balmain, William Seaton younger of Pit-
rn-edden, .Alexander Grant younger of Grant, Hugh Rofs of
Kilr'ayock, Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, Mr. John Campbel of Mam-
more, sir Jam.es campbel of Auchinbreck, James campbel young
er of Arkin glafs, James 'Halliburton of Pitcur, Alexander Aber-
eromby of Glaffock, Alexander Douglafs of EagUjhaw , and
+ ohn gruce of Kinrofs. Of the Boroughs.
Sir Patrick Johnfton, Lieutenant-Colonel, John Erskine,
Hugh Montgomery, James -:cot, Sir John Erskine, Mr. Tairicl
yloncrkf, m Andrevj Home, Sir Peter Hacket,Sir James Smollet,
S.r Zavid Dalrymple, Mr. John Clark, Mr. Patrick Ogilvy,
Qeorge Allordice, Daniel Cmpbel^ad Mr. Alexander Maitland.- Having

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. i^j
Having mention'd the Regalia on occafion of the Riding
of the Parliament, it is proper here to give a Defcription
of them, fince by the Union Aft they are no more to be
made ufe of, but to be referv'd and depofited in Scotland
for ever.
The Defcription of the Regalia of the Kingdom of Scotland,
viz. Crown, Scepter, and Sword.
The Crown.
The Imperial Crown of Scotland is of pure Gold, en-
rich'.d with many precious Stones, Diamonds, Pearls, and
curious Enameflings;. the Form of it is thus : It's corripos'd
of a large broad Circle, (which goes round the Head) adorn
ed with Twenty Two large precious Stones, vi%. Topazes,
Amethyfts, Garnats, Emeralds, Rubies, Hyacinths in Col
lets of Gold of various Forms, with curious Enamellings;
and betwixt, each of thefe Cojlets and Stones are plac'd
great Oriental Pearls, one of which is wanting; .
Secondly, Above the great Circle there is another fmall
one form'd with Twenty Points, adorn'd with the like
Number of Diamonds and Saphirs alternately, and on each
Point there's a great Pearl.
Thirdly, The upper Circle is heightned with Ten Croffes
floree, eacli being adorn'd in the Centre with a great Dia
mond betwixt four large Pearls put crofs-wife, but feme of
the Pearls are wanting; thofe Croffes:floree are interchan
ged with Ten high Flower-de-luces alternately betwixt
the great Pearls below, on the Points of the fecond Circle,
This is faid to have been the Form of the v-rOwn of Scot
land fince the League made betwixt Achaim King of Scots,
and Charles the Great of Frmcefit differs from other Imperial
Crowns, in that it is heighten'd with Croffes-floree alter
nately with Flower de-luces, whereas the Crown of France is
heighten'd only with Flower-de-luces, and that of England
with Croffjes-patee alternative with Flower-de-luces. The
Scots Crown fince King James VI. went to England has been
ignorantly reprefented by Herald-Painters, Engravers, and
others, after the Fprm of the Crown ot England, with Crof-
fes-patee; whereas there is not one Crofs-patee (fave that
on the top of the Mond) or Globe, for all the reft are Crof
fes-floree, fuch as we fee on our pld Cpins and Churches.
The Crowns of Spain, Swsediand and Denmark are heighten'd with

154 **' Prefent S T A T E of Part. II.
with great Flowers or Leaves, refembling thofe of great
Smallage ; thofe Crowns were not anciently arched or clofe.
Charles VIII. pf France is faid to be the firft in France who
took a clofe Crown, as appears by his Medals coin'd in the
Year i495,wherein he is call'd Imperator Orients. Edward V.
of England in the Year 1483, is obferv'd to have carry'd a
clofe Crown by Selden. Our Crown is clofed thus : From
the upper Circle proceeds four Arches, ("adorn'd with en-
amell'd Figures) which meet and clofe at the top, furmount-
, ed with a Celeftial Globe, enamell'd Blue Semee, or pou-
der'd with Stars, with a large Crofi-patee on the top,
adorn'd in the Extremities with a great Pearl, and can-
ton'd with other four in the Angles ; in the Center of the
Crofs-patee, on the fore part of the Crown, there is a fquare
Amethyft, and on the other fide of the Crofs there is a great
Pearl, and below it, on the foot of the polar part of the
Crofs, are thefe Letters, J. R. V. by which it appears
King James V. was the firft that clofed the Crown with
Arches, and topp'd it with a Globe and Crofs-patee.
The Tiara, or Bonnet^f the Crown, was of Purple Vel
vet, but in the Year 1685 there was put in a Cap of Crim-
fon Velvet, adorn'd, as before, with four Plates of Gold,
richly wrought and enamell'd, and on each of them a great
Pearl, half an Inch in Diameter, which appears between
the four Arches, and the Cap is fac'd with Ermin.
Upon the loweft Circle of the Crown, immediately above
the Ermin, there are eight fmall Holes, two and two togcj
ther in the four Quarters of the Crown, in the middle fpace
betwixt the Arches, to which there is ty'd two Diamonds
and precious Stones : The Crown is Nine Inches Diameter,
being 27 Inches about, and in Height, from the'under Cir
cle to the top of the Crofs-patee, fix Inches and an half;
it always ftands on a fquare Cufhion of Crimfon Velvet,
- adorned with Fringes, and four Taffels of Gold hanging
down at each Corner. The Scepter.
The Stem of the Scepter is Two Foot long, of a Hexa
gon Form, with Three Buttons or Knobs of the fame ; be
twixt the firft Button and the fecond is the Handle, of a
Hexagon Form, furling in the middle and plain ; betwixt
the fecond Button and the third there are three fides engra
ven, under the Virgin Mary, (one of the Statues on the top of

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. ijy
of the Stem) there's the Letter J ; upon the fecond fide,
under St. Peter, the Letter R ; , and on the third, under
St. Andrew, the Figure 5 ; on the fide betwixt the J and
R there's engraven 14 Flower-de-luces, and on the fide be
twixt the Figure $ and Letter J there are 10 Thirties con
tinued from one Stem, from the third Button to the Capi
tal; the three fides under the Statues are plain, and. on the
other three there are Antick Engravings, vi^. Sacramental
Cups, Antick Medufa's Heads, and Rullion Foliage ; upon
the top of the Stem there is an Antick Capital of Leaves
jmbofs'd, upon the Abbacus of which there arifes round the
Stem three Statues, firft that of the Bleffed Virgin, crown
ed with an open Crown, holding in her Right Arm our
Bleffed Saviour, and in her Left Hand a Globe, with a
Crofs ; next tp her, on her Right Hand, ftands the Statue
of St. Andrew, in an Apoftplical Garment, and on his Head
a Scots Bonnet, holding in his Right Hand a Crofs, or Sal-
tire, (part of which is broke off) and in his Left. Hand rais'd
up, there's an open Book; ,on the Bleffed Virgin's Left
Hand, and St. Andrew's Right, there's another Statue,
which feems to reprefent St. Peter, with the like Apoftolical
Garment, with a hanging Neck fuperadded, and upon his
Head a little Hat, like the Roman Pileum, in his Right
Hand hajf elevate a Book open, and in his Left a Paftoral
Staff, ("the Head is broke off) and above each Statue being
Two Inches and a half, (except the Virgin Mary's, which
is a little lefs) the finifhing pf a Gothick Hiche ; betwixt each
Statue arifes a Rullion in form of a Dolphin, very diftinct,
in Length four Inches, with Foliage along the Body, their
Heads upwards, and affronted inward, and the turn of their
Tails ending in a Rofe or Cinquefoil outward ; above thefe
Rutlions and Statues ftands another Hexagon Button or
Knob, with Oak Leaves under every Corner, and above
it a Chryftal Globe, of Two Inches and a fourth part of
an Inch Diameter, within 3 Bars, jointed above, where
it's furmounted with 6 Rullions, and here again with an
Oval Globe, topp'd with an Oriental Pearl of half an Inch
Diameter. The whnle Scepter in Length is'34 Inches,
The Sword.
The Sword is 4 Foot long, the Handle and Pommel are
of Silver gilt, in Length fifteen Inches ; the Pommel is
round, and fomewhat flat, on the middle of each fide there is

i 56 the Prefent STATE of Part IL
is a-Garland of imbofs'd Work, and in the Center there
have been 2 enamell'd Plates, which are broke off; the
Traverfe, or Crofs of the Sword, is Silver gilt, 17 Inches
long and - Inch thick ; the Form of it is like 2 Dolphins,
, their Heads joyning, and their Tails ending in Acorns;
the Shell hangs down towards the Point of the Sworc),form'd
like an Efcallop flourifh'd, (pr rather like a great Oak Leaf)
on the Blade pf the Sword there's indented . with Gold
Julius I. Pppe. The Scabbard is of Crimfon Velvet,cover'd
with Silver gilt, and wrought in Filagram Work into Bran
ches of Oak with Leaves and Acorns ; on the Scabbard
there are four round Plates of Silver gilt, two of them near
the Chape are enamell'd Blue, and thefe Words, Julius XI.
Ton. Max. R. upon it ; at the Mouth of the Scabbard, op-
pofite to the Hook, there's a large fquare Plate of Silver
enamell'd Purple in a Cartouch Azur, an Oak Tree era
dicate and fruftuate, Or, and abpve the Carteuch the Pa
pal Enfign, vi^. Twp Keys in Saltyr Addrefs, (their Bowls
form'd like Rofes or Cinquefoils) ty'd with Trappings and
Taffels, hanging down at each fide of the Cartouch; above
the Keys is the Papal Tiara, environ'd with 3 Crowns, and
the Labels turned up adorn'd with Croffes.
Pope Julius II. who gave this Sword to King James IV.
had for his Paternal Coat an Oak Tree fruftuate, a Hill
and a Star, the latter are fuppos'd to have been on the two
enamell'd Plates, which are lpft from the Ppmmel : 'Tis
certain this Pope had fuch Arms, as appears by fho.fe Ver-
fes made by Voltoline, a famous Italian Poet, as the fame are
mention'd by Hermanns Hermes, a German Writer, who gives
us thefe Lines found in a Monaftery.
Quercm, Mons, Stella, formant tua ftemmata, Princeps
Hifque tribws, trinumftat diadema'tuum.
Tuta Ravis Petri, medijs non fluttitur undis,
Mons tegit a ventit, ftellaque monftrat iter,

Of

Capi XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. i 57
¦0/ tJe Armorial Bearings of Scotland, Symbols and
Knights of St. Andrew*
Next to the Regalia 'tis proper to give a Defcription of
the Atchievement of the Sovereigns of Scotland, and of the
Reafons ot that Bearing, which we fhall do from Sir George
Mackenzie's Heraldry, thus: Or, a Lion Rampant Gules,
.arm'd and langu'd A\ure, within a double Treffure flower'd
and counterflower'd with Flower-de-lis of the id, incircl'd
with the Order of Scotland, compos'd of Rue and Thiftles,
having the Image of St. Andrew with his Crofs on his
Breaft appendant to it, and this Motto round the Image,
Remo me impune laceffet; above the Shield, an Helmet an-
fwerable to the Sovereign's high Quality and Jurifdiftion,
with a Mantle Or, fac'd with Ermine, adorn'd with an Im
perial Crown, beautify'd with (Croffes Patee, according to
Sir George, but according to the Defcription above) Croffes-
floree, and Flower-de-lis furmounted on the top for a Creft,
with a Lion fejant, full fac'd Gules, crown'd Or, holding in
his dexter Paw a naked Sword proper, and in the finifter a
Scepter, both erefted pale-wife, fupported by 2 Unicorns
Argent,cvov/n'd with Imperial,and gorg'd with'open Crowns,
to the laft, Chains affix'd, paffing betwixt their fore Legs,
and reflexed over their Backs Or, he on the Dexter embra
cing, and bearing up a Banner of Cloth of Gold, charg'd
with the Royal Arms of Scotland, and he on the sinifter ano
ther Banner A\ure, charg'd with a St. Andrew's Crofs Argent,
bpth Handing on a Compartment plac'd underneath, from
Which iffues 2 Thiftles, one towards each fide of the Efcut-
cheon, and for the Sovereign's Royal Motto's in a Scroll
above all, In defence, and under, in the Table pf the Com-
partment, Remo me impune laceffet.
The Scots and Foreign Hiftorians fay, that Fergus took
this Lion for his Arms when he beat the Pitts. Thus Ho-
pirigim, cap. 6. pag. 3 . §. 3 . tells us, Cum Pitti in agros Scoto-
rum ropim primum ducerent, quibus baud minus cupide quam
firenue obviam ivit Fergufms fublatis fignis, C rumpendo ipfor-um
clauflra, affumpfitque Leonem rubrum erettum, aurea facie de-
fcriptum, cauda tergum, utfere mos eft, dumfe adpugnam incitat,
verberans, eoque generofam iracundiam fignificans. Vid. etiam
Beyerlink. Tom. 4. Theatr. Vit. Tit. figna pag. 324. Pet. Gregor.
de Republ. lib. 6. cop. 16. Limneus de jar. publ. lib. 6. numb.%6.
J&emen. Ord. Fault. Card. pag. 146. It is obferv'd by Boetius, Lib, 1,

f y 8 the Prefent ST ATE of Part II.
Lib. i. Hift. Cap. 7. and Lib. 10. That the Crown with which
the Lion, born.as a Creft, is crown'd, is corona VallarU, tho'
our Painters crown him with an Imperial Crown ; and cer
tainly a corona VallarU agrees better with the breaking of
the Pitts Barriers, for which this Creft was at firft affumed.
The double Treffure flower'd counter-flower'd was added
by charlemain, when he enter'd into a League with Achaim
King of Scots, to fignify that the French Lillies fhould de
fend and guard the-Scotifh Lion. Hopingius in the place above
quoted fays, that charlemain adorn'd the Crown of Scotland,
being then Emperor as well as King of France, with 4 Lillies
and 4 Croffes, as a Symbol of the Chriftian Religfon, and
of the inviolable Fidelity of the Scots.
The Royal Badges, and ordinary Symbols of the King
dom pf Scotland are, a Thiftleof Gold crown'd, the White
Crcfs of St. Andrew in a Blue Field, the Standard bearing
St. Andrew's Crofs, which is a Badge deriv'd from the Pitts-
after the Scots conquer'd their Kingdom ; but the Order of
the Thiftle was erefted by Achaius. Th» Collar of the Or
der is composed of Thiftles, interwoven with Sprigs or
Leaves' of Rue, all of Gold, having thereunto appendant
on a Blue Rundle the Image of St. Andrew, his Vefture of
Cloth of Gold, with a White Crofs of his Martyrdom on
, his Breaft, and in a Circle environing the Figure, beauti
fy'd with Pearls, this Epigraph, Remo me impune laceffet.
The ordinary Enfign worn by the Knights of the Order was
a green Ribbon, to which was appended a Thiftle of Gold,
crown'd with an Imperial Crown, within a Circle of Gold,
and the above-faid Motto. Upon the Anniverfary Feftival of
St. Andrew, being the 30th of Rovember, the Knights of
the Order met folemnly in the Cathedral Church of St. An
drews, during which Solemnity they were richly appareU'd,
wore their Parliament-Rpbes, and had on their Left Shoul
ders an Azure Rundle, on which was embroider'd St. An-
drew's Crofs Argent, inviron'd in the Center with a Crown,
beautify'd with Flower s-de lis Or.
We have not room to confider the Objections made by
fome Englifh Authors, and others milled by them, againft
the Antiquity of the Atchievement and Symbols of Scotland.,
but defign to take an Opportunity in a larger Defcription of
the Kingdnm to fhew that their Objections carry more of
Prejudice than Reafon. Of

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. 159
Of the Privy-Council of Scotland.
It appears by the ancient Afts of Parliament that the
Members of the Privy-Council were nam'd and chofen in
Parliament, being an equal Number of each Eftate; they
continu'd from Parliament to Parliament, were anfwerabk
to the King and Parliament for their Advice, and the King
was to do nothing in Publick Matters without it,and except
Six of them were prefent, and their Orders fign'd by the
King, their faid Orders were not to be obey'd : They were
fworn in Prefence of the King and Eftates to give him true
and plain Council in all Matters that concern'd his Majefty
and the Realm, but after the Union of the Crowns King
James VI. alter'd this Method, limited their Number, and
nam'd them all himfelf, tho' before that time any Lord of
Parliament who was prefent had a Right to come to Coun
cil without being fent for. In King Charles I. Time the
Parliament of Scotland had their ancient Power of naming
the Privy-Counfellors, in Conjunction with his Majefty, re-
ftor'd to them, but fince the Reftauration of King Charles II.
the ndming of 'em has been in the Crown ; they confult
about the Publick Affairs of the Kingdom, as Peace, War,
Cfc. and are Judges as to Riots, Tumults, and fecret Com
binations, Murders, Witchcrafts, Be. and give Commifli
ons to other Judges. For moft part People plead their own
Caufes before the Council, but in cafe of Riots Advocates
are allow'd, and in their Sentences the major Vote carried
it. Caufes of great weight were commonly referr'd by them
to the Parliament; if the Lord Chancellor be prefent he
prefides in this as in all other Courts, -and at other times
their own Prefident takes the Chair. The prefent Council
of Scotland is as follows.
Duke of Queensberry Earl of Crawford,
as Privy-Seal, Earl of Sutherland,
Prince George of Denmark Eitl of Mortene,
the Lord Chancellor, Earl of Buchan,
Marquis of Montrofs, P'. C. Earl of Glencairn,
Duke of Argile, Earl of Eglinton,
Marquis of Lothian, Earl of Strathmore,
MarquisMf Annandale, Earl of Haddington,
Earl of Mar, ¦ Earl of Weems,
Earl, of Lowdoun, Earl of Dolboufte, Earl

> 66. thePrefent
Earl of Galloway,
Earl of Lauderdale,
Earl of Finlater,
Earl of Leven,
Earl of Rorth Esk,
Earl of Belcarres,
Earl of Forfar,
Earl of Kintore,
Earl of Dunrnore,
Earl of Ruglen,
Earl of Marchmont,
Earl pf Hyndfoord,
Earl of Cromarty,
Earl of 5ti«ir,
Earl of Rofeberry,
Earl of Glafgow,
Earl of Hopeton,
Earl of Delarain,
Earl of !/<?,
Lprd 7e/rer,
Vifcount of Duplin,
Vifcount pf Teviot,
Vifcpunt of Garnoch,
Lprd Inverury,
Lord Haddo,
Lord Polwarth,
Lord Carmichael,
Lord Forbes,
Lord Rq/I,
Lord Torphichen,
Lord Cranfton,
Lord Reay,
Lord Blibank,

}

ST ATE of Part II
Lord Prefident of Seffion,
Lord Regifter,
Lord Advocate,
Lord Juftice Clerk,
j4di2ja Cockburn of
Ormiftone,
Sir William Anftruther of
that Ilk,
Sir William Maxwel of
Poffiw*,
Mr. Koierr Stewart of 7zj?/-
cz«rze,
Sir Alexander campbel of
Sir Gilbert Elliot of Mmo,
Sir Alexander Ogilvy of
Mr. Francis Montgomery of
C7zjfew,
Sir Ro£. Sinclair of Steventon,
Henry Innes of fo»e.j,
Sir Robert Dickfon of Innerestft
Sir Jirodie of Bro die,
Archbald Douglafs of cavers,-
- 'William Morifon of Prefton- .
grange,
John Cockburn of Ormiftm .;
younger,
Alexander Grant of that IUc
younger, _.-.
Lieutenant-Colonel ^o^« ..
Areskine, ,,.
Lord Provoft of Edinburgh. .

The Clerks of the Privy-Council depend on the Queen,
and are, Sir Robert Forbes of Auchinhove,
Mr. Alexander Maitland of Pitrichy,
Their Perquifites are about 250 /. Sterling jw Annum

Th«

Cap. XIII. Scotland, how North Britain;
The Officers of State are, Salary. I.
Sir James Ogilvy, Earl of Se afield, Lord Chancellor, i ooo
Lord-Treafurer, .afltorefent vacant,  .  iooo
Duke of QueenskrfylPrivy-Seal,  — — — *— .500
Duke of Montrofs Prefident of the Privy-Council, 1000
Earl of Mar and Earl of London Secretaries of State.^
Rote, they make but one Officer of State, and >i 000
have each  — .¦ ¦   C
Sir James Murray of Philiphaugh Lord Regifter <aa
Sir James Stuart Lord Advocate, ¦  — —  _____5do
Earl of Glafgow Lord Treafurer Deputy*  .  700
Adam cockburn ofOrmifton Lord Juftice Cleric. .400
Rote,The Prefident of the Council was never reckon'd an
Officer of State till the Riding of the laft Parliament,
but now by his Commiffion takes place next to the
Lord-Chancellor.
Sir George Mackenzie, in his Book of Precedency, takes
notice of a Diftinftion betwixt the Officers of the Crown
and Officers of State. The Officers of the Crown had their
Defignation from the Kingdom, as conftabularius Scotia, Br.
and in King Mattom II. Parliament were rank'd thus, the
Chancellof, the Juftice-General , the Chamberlain, the
Steward, the Conftable, and Marefchal. In K. James VI.
Time the Officers of the Crown were declar'd in Parlia*
ment to be the Treafurer^ Secretary, the Colleftor, which
Office is now joyn'd with the Treafurer; the Juftice-Gene
ral, Juftice-Clerk, Advocate, Mafter of Requefts, Clerk
of Regifter; but the High-Chamberlain, Conftable, Admi
ral and Marefchal, are Officers of the Crown, but not Offi^
cers of State, the fpecifical Difference being, that in all
Afts or Meetings which concern the State they fit as Mem
bers, by virtue of their Office, as in Parliaments, Conven
tions, BV. where the Chamberlain, Admiral, Conftable and
Marefchal fit not as fuch, but as they are Noblemen. In
1617, the Officers of State that fhould have place in Par
liament were limited to 8, and thus rank'd, Treafurer,
Privy-Seal, Secretary, Regifter, Advocate, Juftice-Clerk,
Treafurer-Deput, and Mafter of Requefts ; and the Lord
Chancellor, if a Nobleman, had his Place as fuch, but not
as an Officer of State. M The

I&I

ifo the Prefent SJLKTTh of i: Par%II.
The Rules of^Precedency among, jthg Subjefts are the
Fame, in Scotland''' $s ;in England., At . the, Coronation 0f
King Charles I.' His Majefty, for' preventing Differences^ "be
twixt, the Nobility , of both Kingdoms, jarder'd, That, all
"thofe;x)f the Tame Degree in, England ^jjtojjd in England take
place from all thofe of the fame' Degj^; in Scotland ; -and
-vice verf a, Thit all thofe of the fameuT>egree in. Scotland
fhould tn'ScotUnd take place of all thofe of the fa me- Degree
in England ; 'but hythe Articles of the Union,all ih$Englifa
of the Tame Degree, at the time of the Union, are to b,a,ve
the' Rank and Precedency before all the Scow of the like
Ofder and Degreeat the time of the Union; but the pre-
font Peers o|' Scotland are to have the Precedencybefore all
Peers of Great Briuin of the like Orders and Degrees who,
may be' created/after the Union.
' . - The College of Juflice, commonly call'd the Seffion. --,-,-
.' This. Court was inflituted in the Reign of King James V<
by fhe Authority of Parliament, wherein jiie Lords were
h'im'd, the Time .and Place of. their- Meeting appointed,
and the manner" of their Proceeding, was regulated* the
King beingoblig'd by :his Promife ia £be Aft not tp defj're
the Lords to do" otberwKe. by private "Writing, Charge or
Command, at. the -Inftance of any Perfon, but as Juflice
fhould. require. Before this, Juftice was. adminifter'dtothe
Subjefts by a Committee of the; Three Eftates chofen in
Parliament from time to time, without being aflow'd any
thing, but the Fines arifirigro the King in their Courts,
the Parliament being of Opinion that they ought- to-bear
tfiefr own Charges, fince they were not/ to. lit ^Tove 40
Days, and that It might npt cpme tp their Turn again once
in 2' Years, fo that there was a Flotation of the Juridical
Powy among the Nobility and Gentry, without, putdng.the
Country to any Charge ;" this oblig'd. them to/ftudy.'the
Laws and Conftitution, that they might be capable ofad-
miniftring Juftice with Knowledge and.- Applaufe, ..when it
tame to {heir Turn. ' ' .,.
TnejPretence&for altering this Conftitution. were t That
by the annual Change of 'Judg'es,Ca ufes which requird long
Debate could notwelfbe determined by them,, whicfi-was
vexatious to thofe.\who^ had Suits depending,. becaufe they
were oblig'd' to bring them before,. new Judges,, who knew
nothing of the former Debates ; 'and it was alfo alledg'd,- That

Cap. XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. x£j
That many of them had not Knowledge enough of the Law,
and that thofe frequent Changes made them liable to Bri
bery, and to give different Opinions and-Sentences in one
and the fame Caufe ; therefore it Was thbught fit to appoint
this College, in Imitation of the Parliament of Paris, to
Confift of a Prefident 'arid 14 fix'd Senators of Judges,
to whom, were added afterwards 4 extraordinary Lords
of the Secret Council ; and they have 3 Clerks, commonly
call'd the Clerks of the Seffion, to write down all their Pro
ceedings ; but as nothing Human is perfect, it foon appear'd
that the fame Inconveniencies of ignorant and mercenary
Judges, and by Confequence of unjuft Sentences, attended
this Conftitution, and particularly that of Bribery, and
the Influence of Courts upon their Determinations was
more remarkable ; this occafion'd feveral pofterior Afts of
Parliament, efpecially in the Reign of King James VI. for
regulating the Jurifdiftion, Prefentation, Qualification and
Age of the Judges, and for annulling fuch Prefentations as
his Majefty had made of any Perfon under the Age appoint
ed ; and to prevent fuch Abufes in Time to come, in the
Sixth Parlfament Of King James, VI. Cap. ,02. it was enact
ed, That whereas feveral private Writings and Charges had
been directed to the Lords of the Seffion by the King and
his Privy-Council, fometimes to proceed in CivilCaufes,
fometimes to fta'y the Procefs, and fometimes to ftop Exe
cution after Decreets 'given, -the faid Lords fhould proceed
in all Caufes depending before them, hotwithftanding any
private Writing, Charge or Command",' by any Perfon or
Perfons to the contrary. And Cap. 93. it is enacted,. becaufe
of a heavy Murmur among the Subjefts, that the King chu-
fes Young Men without Gravity, Knowledge and Experi
ence, and who have not fufficient Eftates, to be Lords of
the Seffion ; that the King fhall prefent Men that fear God,
of good Learning, Praftice, Judgment and Underftanding
of the Laws, of good Fame and fufficient Eftate, who fhall
firft be" fufficiently try'd and examin'd by a Number of the
faid Lords, and if they find him not duly quahfy?d5they are
at liberty to rej;ft him, and the King is to prefent another
until he be found fo qualify'd; but notwithftanding thofe
good Laws, the Parliament in the Reign of King chariesl.
was fo fenfible of the Corruption of the Judges, thac they
infilled upon and obtained their ancient Privilege of having
them' chofen in Parliament ; but this Privilege being again
l'urrtnder'd in the Reign of King charUs II. which brought
M 2 «4

M4 .dm the Prefent ST ATE of I Part It.
on the old Corruption, the Convention of States at the Re-
Volution linfifted upon fome -new Regulations, and particu
larly that the Judges fhould- nofefirftdatiwas bene placito, but
ad vium, out ad>at§am. }. o] rtoqai'briB -¦¦ .'¦ mej
3d Beforjrthis Courtall Civil Caufes are try'd, at ftatefl
Times, vhr. from
„They proceed iqj^e^fjgir^jig Caufes .by Afts of Par|jg«
ment and the Cuftom ojttjjje Nation, and where thofe are
defeftive, they determjno-a'ccording to the Imperial 313d
Civil Law, not, according to the Rigor of the Letter, bat
according to Equity and Juftice} they fit every Day of tlje
Week during the appointed Terms, except Lords- Days, and
Mondays and Fridays are appointed wholly for the Caufes
of the Crown, and no other, of which "the Lord Advocate
gives a Catalogue to the Lord Chancellor. There lyes no
Appeal from this Court but to the Parliament, and their
Sentences or Decreets are not valid' except 9 Judges.concur
jn it. When Caufes come before- them Xhe Advocates are
firft heard pn bpth fides, and, the Debates are writ downhy
the Clerks ; after which the Advocates are order'd to with
draw, and the Doors being fliut, the Judges,- debate the
Matter among themfelves. And when the Debates are ov^r,
the Lord Chancellor collects their' Suffragesj Beginning at
thofe on his" Right Hand, or in his Abfenc^Jb^jPjefident
does it. For the more ready Difpatch of Bufinefs, they di
vide themfelves into 4 Claffes, 4 in each Clafs. There are
2 Houfes, the inner and outer, in the ouKc^FJfoufe . |be
Judges fit by Turns, but one of them continue,?^. Week V^in
this Houfe all Caufes are originally heard; if the Matte'r,he
clear, the Lord who prefides for the Week, gives Sentence,
but if it be difficult, or defir'd by either of the Parties, he
reports it to the reft of the Judges, who afterwards either
fend, out .their Anfwer by him, or. if the Cafe be intricate,
or if any of the Parties defire it, it-is-heard again before
themfelves. All the Advocates plead. uncover'd and ftaod-
ing, except they be Lords of Parliament",' Privy-CouDfel-
lors, or the King or Queen's/Advocate,- but the latter
goes out when Interlocutory Caufes are argued. There is
alfo a 4th Clerk, who is call'd Clerk of the Bills, he ex
hibits Petitions to the Lord that is. to fit, the Week follow
ing in the outer Houfe, whofe Bufinefs 'tis to fign thofe Pe
titions when he receives them ; he confides tlie reft ofrhe
¦.. Lords

Cap; XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. 16$
Lords about fhofe which have any Difficulty in them, and
he decides leffer Caufes alone in the outer Houfe, bat in
greater Caufes he confults the reft of the Lords by Interro
gatories, and repeats to them the Subftance of what has
been argu'd by the Advocates on both fides, and then he
goes out and pronounces their Sentence in the outer Houfe,
except the Cafe be difficult, and then it is heard before
themfelves, at the Defire of either Party, as above menti
on'd. The Lord Chancellor only introduces Caufes into
¦the inner Houfe ; 2 of the Judges fit in the Afternoons to
examine Witneffes and take Oaths of the Defendants', if
the Caufe be refetr'd to their Oath ; the Judges fit in a Se-
'mlcircle in their Robes, and their Clerks fit under them:
The Rames of the prefent Lords of Council and
Seffion are,
Sir Hugh Dalrymple of Rorth Berwick Lord Prefident,
Sir James Murray of Philiphaugh Lord Regifter,
^ Robert Dundafs of 'Ormifton,
Sit William Anftruther of Anftruther,
Sir John Lawder of Fountain-Hall,
John Earl of Law der dale,
Sir John Maxwel of Pollock,
"Mr. Robert Stasrlof TiEicoutry,
Mr. Robert Mackenzie of Prefton-haU,
Sir Alexander Campbel of Cefnock,
Adam Cockburn of Ormifton,
Sir Gilbert Elliot of Minto,
Sit Alexander Ogilvy of Fotherglen,
Mr. James Areskine of Grange.
- There is one Place vacant by the Death of Sit David
Home of ' Crofsrig.
: Their Salary is 200 Pound Sterling per Annum each, but
they were reccmmended to the Queen by the laft Parlia
ment for an Augmentation. The Extraordinary Lords are,
¦ The Earl of Seafield Lnrd-Chancellor,
-¦Jam!es--Dulke pf Queensberry,
WiBvM tyLirquis of Annandale,
'.-mugh:Eit\ of Lowdon,
itjtti, Duke of Argile. M 3 They

%66 the Prefent S T A T E up Part II.
They have no Salaries as Extraordinary J«ords, but on
ly the Privilege of Sitting and Judging.
The Clerks of Seffion are,
Sir James Dalrymple of KiUoch, ,
Mr. John- Mackenzie of Cramond,
Mr. Alexander Gibfon of Dury,
Sir James Juftice of Crichton,
Mr. Robert Alexander,
Mr. James Hamilton of Pencaitland.
They have only the Emoluments arifing from their Pla
ces, which are cafual, equally divided among them, and
amount per Annum to about 400/. Sterling each.
There are 6 under Clerks, viz.
Gawin Hamilton, William Wilfon, .
James Rafmith, William Robertfon,
Thomas Hay, Alexander Finlofon.
They depend upon the Principal Clerks, and their Pro
fits are alfo cafual, but may amount to 150/. each per
Annum. The Lords of the Seffion have alfo the Power vefted in
them by the laft Parliament of being a Committee for
planting Churches an 1 valuing Tithes, for which there
us'd formerly to be a Committee appointed on purpofe.
Their Clerk as they make up this Committee is Mr.
George Buchan, whofe Perquifites may be worth tool. Ster
ling per Annum. The Clerks of the Bills are,
.Sir Alexander Anftruther of Rework Advocate,
Sir Alexander Wedderburn of Blocknefs.
Their Perquifites are about 400 /. per Annum each.
Their under Clerks are,
James Richolfon,
James Sinclair,
Gilben Mackay, Their

Cap.KlII. S^tfari3AKNb*thcBrrfain. i*7
Their ^er^iifites Sfeab»ut VQCrfxptt Annum each.- "
The Lord-Regifte*risby wf^rdflhisiOffijpelClerk to*atlJ
Parliaments and Conventions of Eftates, and to all Commif-
fipns pr Committees a ppoiritdd^y^a^ifements or ConVen-
tipns pf Eftates, and has the care and keeping of all the
Publick Records pf the KingddmV ¦ 'V - ^i-.^cf --7
There's a Guinea payahfe'tb^hlin by. every Nobleman
and Commiffioner of Shire or~"Btirgh a! the Production of
their Patents and Commiffion 'for'fiftihg in. Parliament and
Convention. * c-^<k.-L *:•
Alfo a Guinea for eve^f^fbt^ftatibri taken itf iffiy'bf the
Courts; 20 Marks, /. e. 22 s. 6d. for every Petition pre
sented in Parliament, 100 Marks, i.e. 5 /. 121. 6 d.' foe
every firft Extraft of an Aft or Order of Parliament in fa
vour of private Perfons, 20 Marks for each fecond Extraft,
and 20 Marks for each Teftificate to a Commiffioner of a
Shire or Burgh of their having duty attended in Parliament.
For Extracts of any other Writings, vi^. pf Records,
Regiflers, $5c which his Lordfhip- has the Cuftody and
Care of, the Fees were regulated by a Committee of
Parliament in rdo^,' and are as follows.
_ .Six Pounds Scots, . i. e. 10 s. Sterling per Sheet, if the
Writ has been regiftred fince 1666, aiid-lf before 9 Pounds
Scots,!. e/*5 ?-.' Sterling; and that the Liedges may have
daily Opportunities of fearching and extrafting out of the
J Records, there's a large Hall helow the Parliament-Houfe,
where all the Regifters and Records are kept* "and a Depu
ty attends from 10 "to 12 in the Forenoon, and 2 and 4 in
the" Afternoon, and has fome~Fees which properly belong
to himfelf, befides thofe which are payable to the Lord-
''Regifter. For Tabling of a Summons one Mark, i. e. 13d. f.
For the Extraft of every regjfter'd Bond one Mark.
For the Extraft of a Decreet or Aft of Seffion one Mark.
, For every Writ extrafted from the Books of .Exche
quer, and for every Copy paft there, one Mark. .
Fpr. earh- Horning , Inhibition, Cfr. extrafted forth of
the General Regifter of Hornings, one Mark.
For every Gift, of Non-entry which paffes the Exche
quer 20 Marks, /'. e. 22 s. 6 d. Sterling.
The Lord- Regi Iter's Fee is 44JJ. 16 s. 8 d. Sterling, but
they always have a Penfion of 400 /. Sterling, befides valu
able Perquifites, and 100/. Sterling for every Leafe of the
Publick Revenue.
--" M 4 He

i68 tkPrejent ST ATEo/. Part.<H.
He has the Nomination of and Swpetwrity over aU the
following Places and Perfons. * _ ....... ,,
i. The Clerks of Council and Seffion, who were alfo
Deputy-Clerks of Parliaments, and their Committees. ?^
2. All Deputy-Clerks of Commiffions of Parliaments:
particularly that bf the Commiffion of Parliament forPlaft-r
tation of Kirks and Valuation of Tithes.
3. The Clerks to the General- Regifter of Homings. :0
4. The Clerks of the Bills.
5. The Clerks of Exchequer.
6. The Clerks to the Sheriff and BoYougb, and Property;
Rolls, 7. The Clerks and Keepers of the Regifter of Safinev
both of that which ferves for the general Ufe of the whole ';
Kingdom, and thofe which ferve for particular Shires and -
Diftrifts. , . oi
8. The Clerk t® the Admiffion of Notars.
9. The Clerk to the Regifter of Interruptions of Pre-
fcriptions. r --,-
10. The Clerk to the Regifter of Tailzies. -
n. The Clerk to theRegifter. of Inventories in Servi
ces procurM cum be'neficio inventarii. -i:
All thefe depend on him, and have generally very benefi- s
cial Bofts and great Perquifites. By Aft of Parliament, they \
are oblig'd to bring in their Records to his General Regi- ;
fter,Land are not to retain the Records bf above Ten-Years, j
Of the Court, of Juftice.
-In this Court all Crimes are try'd, and 'tis,, for moft part
he]d at Edinburgh. This Court" confifts of a Lord-Jufticei'
General, a Lord-Juftice-Clerk, 4 Judges and a Clerk. ,,
fhe prefent Lords of the Jufticiary are,
The Earl of Cromarty, Lord-juftice-General ; his Sala
ry 400 I. Sterlkrg per Annum-.
'Mam Cockburn .of Ormifton Lord- Juftice-Cferk, 4,00 1, per
Annum. . ¦- ' '-•" "a - "- 
&t John Lawder of FOuntainhaU, tool. per Annum. ."t
Sir Wipiam- Anftruther pf Anftruther, rdb I. per Annum.
Sir Gilbert Elliot of Minto, t Oo T. per Annum.'
There is^orre Place vacant by the1 Death of Sir David
Home of Grcfs-rigga ... .:. - ;-L--:- The

Cap. XIII. Scotland, «to» North Britain. 169
The Clerk'is "Mt. Jilmei Montgomery oftangfhaw, his Per-
quifitps about ioo I. per Annum.
In this Court are try'd all Crimes which reach the Life. of
the Criminals, be they Peers or Commoners, and the Mat-
teHs' fabmitted to the Cognizance of a Jury, which isjnot
allow'd in other Courts in Cafes of Meum and Tuum. The
Jury confifts of 15 Perfons, and the Foreman is call'd the
Chancellor of the Affize or Jury. In cafe of the Trial of a
Peer, the greateft Party of the Jury were to be Peers, but
they are now to be try'd as Peers of Great Britain. The
Votes are coUefted by the Chancellor or Foreman, and
the major part determines the Matter. This Court fits
every Friday in the Afternnon during the Time of the SeP
fion or Term. All Criminals, thofe accus'd of Treafon not
excepted, are allow'd the Benefit of Advocates or Council
to plead for them in this Court.
Of the Court of Exchequer.
This Court does not confift of any fix'd Number of Mem
bers, but they are generally Of the Privy-Council or Seffion,
with fome others of Quality added to them. They were
formerly nam'd in Parliament with the King's Confent, but
are now in the Nomination of the Crown. They fit in the
Exchequer every Monday, and are Judges in what^ relates
to the Revenue or the Patrimony of the Crown. The
Lord-Treafurer, if there be one, always prefides in this
Court, tho' the Chancellor be prefent; whereas the latter
prefides in all pther Courts where he happens to be. The
Lord-Treafurer or his Deputy prefents all Signatures which
are to pafs the Great or Privy-Seal, or the Signet; and
after all is perus'd, and the Lords of the Treafury acquaint
ed with the Contents of them, the Sum petition'd for is or
der 'd to be paid with the Lord-Treafurer's Confent. This
Court fets the Revenues to Farm, figns all Signatures of
Lands of which Infeoffments are granted by the Crown;
then the Signature is difpatch'd in the vulgar Language,
and a Royal Precept is thereupon writ in Latin, and muft
be fign'd with the Signet by the Secretary, who keeps the-
fign'd Paper for his own Warrant, and the Precept is given
in Paper to the Keeper of the Privy-Seal;- then it is given
to the Writer of the Privy-Seal, who tranfcribes the Latin
Precept in Parchment, to which the Privy-Seal is appen
ded by the Lord who keeps it ; then it is given to the Dire-
ftor of the Chancery, that it may be writ in a larger Form, and

The Prefmt STAT £ if Part. II.
and then to the Deputy of the Chancery", who appends the
Great Seal; and from thofe 2 Forms "or iBhatter's, 'bif.'bf
Confirmation and Refignatron, new Precepts muft be.a>
ftefled from the Chancery, after 'feeing of the -feaPd Charter,
to infeoff the Perfon to be infeoffed; and thofe .Charters
are corroborated with the Teftimpny of' the Great Seal by
the Direftor of the Chancery, recprded in the Regifter
there, and given to the Party, and thereupon the Seiflnrs
drawn up by a Notary,

The prefent Members ef this Court ire,

The Marquis of Lothian,
Earl of Mar,
Earl of Lewdourt,
Earl of Buchan,
Earl of Morton,
Earl of Haddington,
Earl of Lqwderdale,
Earl of Weems,
Earl of Leven,
$iarl of Kintore,
Earl of Ruglen,
Earl of Belcarres,
Earl of 'Mar chmont,
Enl of Cromarty,
Earl of Stair,
Earl of Rofeberry,
Earl of Hay,
Vifcount of Dupline,
VifcoUnt pf Garnoch,

Lord Teller,
Lord-Prefident of Seffion,
Lord-Advocate,
Lord-Juftice-Clerk, ,-:
William Dundafs of Arnifton'e]
Sir William Anftruther of that
Ilk,
Sir WiUiam Maxwel of Ptltock?
Sir Alexander. Camphel of Cef-
nock, K
Sir Gilbert EUioi of MMo?:.t
Sir Alexander Ogilvy QiForgffit,
Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenfm,
Archbald Douglafs of .Cavers,!
John Cockburn of Ormifton juri.
Grant of that Ilk Jun." -i
Lieutenant-Colonel John Are-
siine.

Rota, They have no Salaries, but all of 'em have other
Places or Penfions.

The Direftor of the Chancery is, *•
Lord Charles Ker, his Perquifites, which are cafual, ¦> ,00
about 590/. Sterling per Annum. f
Ronald Campbel, his Deputy, — — «..  -  «*ioo
Keeper of the-Great Seal
Is always the Lord-Chancellor, and is worth — -* — ,-iobo
His Deputy is,
Mr« Archbald Ogilvy, ¦ : . ¦¦¦_ ,__ — *— — J-wo
•""--.--¦ -^ . . . . -- jiegpev

J00 lOO

Cap.^III. Scotlap^ vow North Britain.
>. E KeePer of the Privy-Seal,
The Duke of fleets berry, " — ."_  " ^
,, t His Deputy, ¦ lb,
Williom Alves, Writer to the Signet, i— p, 
The Writer to the PrivyrSeal, *
James Douglafs Younger of Dornoek, ¦ .', ,...jZ._
The Keepers of Her Majefty's Signet are
Always the Secretaries,  - ¦-_ :"¦--' " -Qw^
Ijncjer them ,
Mr. David Erskine, Advocate, ¦»
Mr. George Dalrymple, Advocate, f " ¦ 300
The under Keepers,
Mr. Henry Movie, ?   __' 
Mr. John Dalrymple^ "- ~" "' - ",,c"»
The Writers to Her Majefty's Signet are about ioo,
but we have not room to give their Names.
The Lords of the Treafury are,
The Earl of Scapeld Lord-Chancellor,
The Duke of Queensberry,
yThe Duke of Montrofs,
The Eairl of Galloway,
The Earl of Rorth Esk,
The Earl of Forfar,
The Earl of Glafgow Treafurer- Deputy,
The Lord Rofs,
Mr. Francis Montgomery of Giffin.
They have each of 'em 500 /. Sterling ^er Annum, except
the Duke of xMontrofs, who has no Salary, but as Prefident
of the Council. Their Clerks are,
Sir Thomas Moncrief of Moncrieffl tool. Salary.
Sir James Mackenzie of Royftone,i 200 /. Cafualties,
The Re venues, of the Crown of Scotland, whjjh fall under
the Management-of the Courts of Exchequer arid Treafury,
as they were ftated in the Treaty ef Union, are as follows,
The Excife on Ale and Beer is 2 s. Scots, and) /.
now farm'd for 33 $ooL Sterling,and if exafted in 4. 5000©
the fame manner as in England may amount to — j The

171

1 7 2 the Prefent S T A T £ of Part II.
The Cuftoms have been lett at 34000/. and ~)
&te now in Time of War lett fof 28*500/. with ( I.
a Condition in the Leafe, That upon a Peace the / 50000
Lords of the Treafury may lett a new Leafe, and V
may amount to ' -> . j. ... j,,-,  : — ¦*
The Crown rents about'1 — - — "-'ftoo
The Cafualty of Superiorities and Compofitionsl
at the Exchequer commmibm Annis about — — — x 39QP
The Poft-Office farm'd at 1 1 94 *• but if colleft- L 2qqo
ed may amount to < ¦ ¦ ¦ *  *
The Impofition for Coinage —  .1500
Land-Tax is now 36000 1, and to make it equal 1
with the 4 Shillings per Pound in England 'tis pro- > 48000
pos'd to be — »¦ -v  "" - '" ' 160000
Of the Commiffariot Course.
The chief of thefe Courts is held at Edinburgh, and con
fifts' of 4 Judges, who determine Controverfies about.Wills,
Ecclefiaftical Benefices, Tithes, Divorces, 8V. and tp this
Court there lyes an Appeal from the other Commiffaries
in the feveral parts of the Kingdom. The Commiffariesjjf
Edinburgh are, Sir James Elphingfton of Logie, Sir James Snud-
let of Bonil, Sir Andrew Home Advocate, Mr. William Brady
Advocate, each 70/. per Annum.
Of the Sheriffs Courts.
In thefe Courts the Sheriff or his Deputy is Judge in
Matters which concern Ejeftion, Intrufion, Damage, and
leffer Debts, not exceeding the Value of 100 /. Scots. There
Syes an Appeal from thefe Courts to the Sovereign Courts
of Judicature. They judge alfo in Thefts, Murders, and
other capital Crimes, if the Criminal be brought before
them in 24 Hpurs after the Crime committed ; but if that
Time, elapfe the Caufe is brpught before the Juftice-Gene-
ral or Delegates appointed on purpofe. Moft of the She
riffs were antiently Hereditary, that Office being conferr'd
upon Families for Eminent Service to the Publick, and
being always profitable,; it gave thofe Families a great
Intereft and Power in the. feveral Shires, upon which" Ac
count King /«j»er VI. and King.CforteL.purchas'd moft
of 'em from the Proprietors, after which they were nam-M
annually by the Sovereign. of

Ca^/XIII. Scotland, now North Britain. i7j
-Ojf" Coum c/ Regality* - -- ,
There are many Regalities in. the Kingdom, wherein
the Lord of the Regality is Judge in Crimes that- deferve;
Death, and may proceed upon Theft, Murder, or any
other Crimes upon Citation; he generally appoints a De~
puty, who is call'd Bailiff of the Regality.
Of Baron Courts.
Every one that holds a Barony of the Crown has the
Power of holding a Court within his Barony, and anciently
they judg'd and condemn'd Criminals to Death within their
own Jurifdiftions, being infeoft with a Power of Pit and
Gallows. Of the Boroughs of Scotland.
The Borcughs are of 3 forts, vi$. Rpyal Boroughs, Bo
roughs of Regality, or Boroughs of Barony. The Royal
Boroughs have the Privilege of fending Commiffioners to
Parliament, and of having yearly Conventions, wherein
they make Laws to regulate Trade, and Other Things rela-
-ting to their Corporations. Edinburgh fends 2 Commiffioners
to the Convention, and each of the reft fends 1. Thefe
Conventions are held in the chief Boroughs by Turns, and
at the end of one Convention they appoint the Time and
Place for the next. The Government of thofe Boroughs
is, by a Provoft or Mayor, 4 Bailiffs or Aldermen, a Dean
of Gild, who is chief Judge among the Merchants, a Trea
furer and a Common-Council, one half of them Merchants,
the other half Tradefmen, all chofen annually ; theTradeP
men have a Court of their own, confifting of the Deacons
of every Trade, annually chofen ; thefe Deacons chufe a
Prefident among themfelves, whom they call Deacon-Con
vener, and he has the Power of calling them together as
Occafion requires.
The Boroughs of Regality are Market-Towns, where
the Lords of the Regality hold their Courts, and name
the chief Magiftrates, leaving the Burghers to chufe the
reft themfelves. They are not much inferior to Royal Bo
roughs in other Privileges, but fend no Commiffioners to
Parliament. The

i74 *he Fr*feitt STA T E '*f Part n.
The Boroughs of Barony are Market-Towns, where the
Lord of the Barony in which they are fituated chufes their
chief Magiftrate, and leaves the reft to their ©wri Choice.

CHAP. XIV.
Of the Military Government of Scotlahd.
IT appears by Hiftory that the Scots changed their Arifto-
cratical Government into a Monarchy, chiefly for the
fame Reafon that the Ifratlites and others of the Ancients
did, which was, that they might have a King to go in and
out before them, and fight their Battels, for this Reafon
the Chiefs of their Tribes fent for Fergus to be their General
againft the Rritains and fills, and in regard of his Succefs
they fettled their Crown upon him and his Pofterity. It
would feem by the Roman Hiftory, that till the Time they
invaded the Ifland, the Scots Kings were fcarce known
by any other Title but that of General. Thus Tacitus fays
of Galgacm, the King- of the Caledonians or ancient Scots,
who fought the Romans on the Grampian Hills, that he was-
inter plures Duces genere praftons, i. e. the nobleft and high
eft born of all their Captains, who, as is evident from Hi
ftory, were then the Phylorchi, as Buchanan calls them, or
which is the fame, the Cafitanei or Heads of Tribes, accord
ing to Bifhop Lefly; and indeed it is no Wonder that Tacitus
fhould fpeak of Galgacm under that, which was the chief
and diftinguifhing Charafter of the Scots Kings for feveral
Ages, vi\. Duces BeM, their chief Bufinefs then being to de
fend pr enlarge their Dominions; yet it appears plain by
the Scots Hiftories and Afts of Parliament, that our Kings
were fo far from having Peace and War at their own Dif-
pofal, -that according to the Conftitution they cou'd do no
thing in either without the Confent of the Eftates; but
fince the Union of the, Crowns, their<Prerogative has been
advanc'd in this as well as in other Refpefts, fo that Peace
and War, and the naming pf Military Offiters, has been in
the Crown,: as it is in. Englmd^hw, with this Difference,
that the Militia 'of Scotland is not fubjeft. itp Lord-Lfeu te
nants or their Deputies, but all the Officers are nam'd by
the

Ca$ XIV. Scotland, now North Britain. tj$
the Soyereign,asin the Standing-Army, a -thing unknown
in Scotland till within this laft Hundred Years, for before
that Time ,*J1 the Subjefts were arm'd and difciplin'd, and
commanded in War by the greater and leffer Barons, and
the Commiffioner^ of Boroughs, upon whom theyjmmedi-
afely depended; and by the Conftitution, the Nobility,
Gentry and Bnroughs, were . oblig'd toappear with their
Men in Arms, and to continue in tlie Field Six Weeks, for
Defence of the Country, at their own Charge, which made
a Standing-Army needlefs; for in -cafe of a defenfive War,
the feveral Parts of the Kingdom fent their Men to the Ar
my by Turns, and in cafe of an offenfive War, every County
and Borough feht fuch a Number, and they were maintain'd
by.fuch Methods as the King and Parliament thought fit.
Our-- Kings for, moft part commanded in Perfon, and upon
Occafion held- Parliaments in their Camps, where the
greater and leffer Barons and Commiffioners pf Bproughs
bejng prefent, they had that Great Council at hand to give
them Advice.npon all urgent Occafions, and to difpenfe im
mediate Rewards or Punifhments to thofe who deferv'dit,'
which being many times done in the Camp or Field, fome
of our Prerogative Authors have thence taken Occafion to
affert the ablolute Power of our Princes, not confidering
that thofe very Perfens' who were the Members of Parlia*
ment were alfo the Commanders in the Army, and by Con
fequence at hand to confult with. ;
In -the Reign of King Charles II. a Militia was eftablifh'd
of 20900 Foot and 2090 Horfe, to be in readinefs, with 40
Days .Provifions, as they fhould be call'd for by his Majefty,
to march to any part of his Dominions againft Foreign In-
vafion or Inteftine Rebellion, and by this Aft the King was
impower'd. to name the Officers, to a Captain of Horfe in-
clufive, and the-naming of other inferior Officers was left
to the. Privy-Council. By pofterior Afts the King and
Council were allow'd to apppint the Days of Rendezvouz,
and other Things relating to the Militia. The Pay of a
Footman, was 6 Pence a -Day* and of a Horfeman 18 Pence,
andjeach Horfe was to be of 10 Pound Sterling Value. This
w-as the, ficft Militia of the fort that was ever fettled in
Scotland ivfooby the Old Conftitution, as has been menti
on'd ajready, „all-, Men betwixt 60 and 16 were to be arm'd
and.difoiplin'd, and to appear under their refpeftive Leaders
as Ocpajion fopuld require^ but when the Cpurt came to
purfue ^Jeafores apd Pefigns that were ungrateful to the
Coun*

176 the Prefent STATE*/ Part II.
Country, they durft not truft the People either to be arm'd,
to rendezvouz, or to allow them that Powbr of chufing their
Commanders, which they had by the ancient Afts.
After the Revolution this Militia was laid afide by Aft of
Parliament, except in cafe of an Invafion, in Confideration
of a prefent Levy of 2707 Foot then granted to King Willi
am for the Defence of the Kingdom, with 1000 Men yearly
for Recruits.
Tie Standing Forces at prefent in Scotland Are as follow,
Lieutenant-General David Earl of Leven,
r- William Marquis of Lothian,
Major-Generals,^ James Maitlond,
(^George Hamilton.
Brigadiers J John Earl of Crafurd,
General, (.Sir William Douglafs.
Mafter of the Ordnance Earl of Leven,
Mufter-Mafter William Bennet of Grubbet Junior,
Quarter-Mafter-General, Colonel Strattn,
Adjutant-General, Colonel George Somervail,
Intend ant of Invalids .......
Chief Engineer Captain Drury,
Phyfician-General, 
Surgeon Major, George Prefton ,
Clerk to the Court-Martial . .'.. .'. .
Secretary of War Captain John Aitkin.
Troop of Horfe-Guards.
Captain John Duke of Argile, Major-General in Her Ma
jefty's Army "abroad. Lieutenants 2, William Lord Forbes,
and ..... Cornet .... Guidon Colonel James Bruce, Quar-
termafter ..... 4 Brigadiers* 4 Sub-Brigadiers, 4 Trum
pets, Sollicitor, Kettle-Drum, io,6 Gentlemen.
Troop of Grenadier Guards.
Colonels 2, John Earl of Crafurd, Mr.; James Campbel,
Uncle to the Duke of Argile. Captains 2.. . . . and Ja.Hope.
Lieutenants 2 . , . , Cornet .... 2 Sergeants. 2 Cerpprals.
2 Drums. 50 Grenadiers. A

Cap. XIV. Scotland, how North Britain. 177
A Regiment of Dragoons*
Colonel. Patrick Lord Polwonh. Lieutettant-Cpfonel,
Sir John Johnfion of Wefterraw. Major, . . . . . Dowglafs,
Brother to the Earl of Morton. Quarter-Mafter, .....
The Regiment confifts of 6 Tropps, pf a Captain, Lieute
nant, Cprnet, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corporals, a Drum, and 24
Dragoons each.
Another Regiment of Dragoons of the fame number.
James Lord carmichel Colonel. Sir Geo. Wifhart, Bar.
Lieutenant-Colonel. Sir Robert Pollock, of Pollock, Bar*
Major  Quarter-Mafter. ,
A Regiment of Foot Guards.
William, Marquis of Lothian, Colonel. The E. of Dalhoufie,
Lieutenant-Colonel. . . . Second Lieutenant-Colonel, ....
and Colonel Thomas, Hamilton, Majors. Two Adjutants.
.... Surgeon-Major  Drum-Major. It confifts
of 15 Cpmpanies, pf a Captain, Lieutenant, Enfign, 2 Ser*
jeants, 3 Corporals, 2 Drums, and 36 Centinels each %
and 2 Companies of Grenadiers, confifting of a Captain,
Lieutenant, 2 Serjeants, 3 Corporals, 2 Drums, and 36
Centinels each. The Colonel's Company has 2 Lieute
nants. An Independant Company, Alex. Campbel of Finab Cap
tain, confifting of 2 Lieutenants, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corporals,
1 Piper, and 50 Centinels.
A Regiment of Foot, Alex. Grant, of Grant, Jun, Colo
nel. James campbel, Lieutenant-Colonel. William Clephen,
Major  Aid-Majpr. It cpnfiftsof 8 Companies, of
1 Captain, 1 Lieutenant, 1 Enfign, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corpp-
rals, 1 Drum, and 24 Centinels each. And a Company
of Grenadiers, of a Captain, 2 Lieutenants, 2 Serjeants,
2 Corporals, r Drum, and 24 Grenadiers.
Two Companies more for preferving the Peace in the
Highlands, confifting of 2 Captains, 2 Lieutenants, 2 Ser
jeants, 2 Corporals, 1 Drum, and 50 Men each. The
Captains are Lieutenant-Colonel William Grant, and Liett-
tcnant-Colonel Duncan Mackenzie. j$ Another

178 „ the Prefent S T A T E of Part. II.
Another Regiment of Fpot, John Lord Strathnaver Colo
nel. It confifts pf the fame number pf Officers and Soldiers
with the former.
Another Regiment of Fopt, in Garifon at Fort-William,
whereof Major-General James Maitland, the Governpr, is
Colonel. . Robert Keeth, and Pat. dgilvie, Son to the Earl of
Finlater, Lieutenant-Cofonel's. Sir Robert Hamilton, Major.
Sir James Campbel, of Auchinleek, fecond Major  Aid-
Major. This Regiment confifts of 1 1 Companies, of a
•Captain, Lieutenant, Enfign, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corporals,.
1 Drum, and 24 Centinels each. A Company of Grena
diers, of a Captain, 2 Lieutenants, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corpo
rals, 1 Drum, 24 Grenadiers, with a Chaplain, Surgeon,
Marfhal, Stpre-keeper, Gunner, 2 Montrpffes, ..Smith and
Servant, Carpenter and Servant.,
The Artillery Company. William Sieger, Capt. 1 Lieu
tenant, 1 Bombardeer, Clerk, Commiffary, Corporal, 10
Gunners, and 6 Praftitioners.
Edinburgh Caftle. David, E. of Leven, Governor, Con
ftable and Captain. Colonel Jo. Stuart, Deputy-Governor,
2 Lieutenants, 2 Enfigns, Store-keeper, Chaplain, Mafter
Gunner, 2 other Gunners, 1 Surgeon, 1 Gunfmith, 1 Por
ter, 3 Serjeants, 4' Corporals, 2 Drums, and, 120 Cen
tinels. Sterlin Caftle. John Eitl of Mar, Hereditary-Governor.
Lieutenant-Colonel John Areskin, Deputy-Governor. Two
Lieutenants, 1 Enfign, Store-keeper, 3 Serjeanrs, 4 Cor
porals,' 2 Drums, 3 Gunners, and 100 Centinels.
Dumbarton Caftle. Archbald Earl of ljla, Governor^
1 Lieutenant, 1 Enfign, 2 Serjeants, 2 Gorpprals, 1 Gun
ner, 1 Drum, <;o Centinels. \
.BUcknefs Caftle. David Earl of Bucban Governor, 1 Lieu
tenant, - 1 Enfign, 2 Serjeants, 2 Corporals, iDrum, Gun
ner, Porter, 14 Centinels.
The tptal Charge of the whole Forces in Scotland, ac
cording to the prefent Eftablifhment, amounts to 64879 /.
8 s. per Annum. Of the Admiralty of Scotland. .
The Scots never abounded in Naval Force, norXeerato
have affefted it ; otherways a Nation of fo long ftariding,
having fuch Materials for building of Ships, and/ujflifHar- }
bours for laying them up fafe, could foarcelj haye been ¦
-ithbut

Cap. XIV. Scotland, now North Britain; 179
without a competency of Ships of War. This muft be in
part afcrib'd to that fame Humour ' which -made them
negleft walled Tpwns, accprding to that of our Hiftorian
and Ppet :
Ilia pharetratis eft propria gloria Scotis, -&c. '
And a little lower,
Ron foffa 0* muris patrim, fed Mane iueri.
Another reafon may be, That their Wars being for moft
part Defenfiye, and by Land, againft the feveral People
who inhabited the South Parts Of the Ifland, they did not
much apprehend the neceffity of a Naval Force. But that
they did not altogether negleft it, is plain from their Afts
of Parliament ; and particularly the 140 Aft of King
James' I. By which 'tis ordain'd, - That all Barons and
Lords, having Lands and Lordfhips near the Sea, 'pti the
Weft and North Parts, and efpecially againft the Ifles,
fhould have Galleys, and maintain them according to their
ancient Tenor; and all the Lands vvhich lay within fix
Miles of the Coaft, fhould contribute to their Maintenance.
t With thefe Galleys they defended their Coaft, and fome
times invaded their Enemies. But that they had other
Ships of War, with which they were able formerly to
look the Englifh and Others in the Face, is evident' from
'Hiftory : For, in the Reign of King James HI. a Squa-
nron pf the Englifh Navy, which Infefted our Coafts, was
defeated and taken by Andrew Wood of Largo, a noted Sea-
Captain, in the Firth, near Dumbar ; and afterwards he
defeated Sir Stephen Bull, with annther Englift) Squadron,
!near the.Mp'uth of the Toy, where he Jtook him and his
'Ships. And in that fame Reign, Andrew Barton, a. Scots
Merchant, having obtain'd Letters of Mark from his owa
Prince to make War upon the Portuguese, who had kill'd
his Father, and taken his Ship, and refus'd to make Satif-
faftion, tho' condemn'd by the Admiralty of Flanders, in
whofe Dominions this Piracy happen'd : The faid Barton-
Aid in a few Months make fufficient Reprifals upon them
with his own Ships ; but was treacheroufiy , in time of
Peace, furpriz'd, at the inftigation of the Portuguese, by
art Englifh Squadron, under the Cpnduft of Admiral Howard,
againft, whom, with a1 much lefs Force, he maintain'd a
"gallant Fi?ht; but at laft was kill'd-, and his Ships taken.
N 2 The

the Prefent STATER Part II.
The mainireafon why the Scots negleftedimproving their
Naval Force, while their Neighbours encreafed and aug-
rnedted theirs, feems to have been, That their, Princes,
when neighbouring Nations encreas'd, their Naval Force,
were either Minors, or engag'd in War with England , -• or
jfnteftine Br°ik at Home; as happened in the Reigns, of
fameslll. FV. and V. Queen Mary, and King James VI.
During whofe Reign, before and after his Succeffion to the
Crown of England, the reafons not only for the negleft, but
for the decay of the ^Naval Force of Scotland, are fo obvi
ous, that 'tis needlefs to touch them.
The chief Court of Admiralty in Scotland fits in. Leith,
the principal POrt Of the Kingdom, where they determine
fuch Caufes of Piracy, Prizes, £5f. as are proper to their
Cognizance. The Office of Lord High AdmiraLof Seof-
land has for mpft part, fince the Union of the Crowns; been
in fuch Perfons as had not their Refidence in the Kingdom,
particularly in the Family of Lennox, and in the late King
James when Duke of Tort. • The prefent Lord Admiral of
Scotland, is David Eiti pf Weems, but the Jurifdiftion of the
Court, is by the Union fubjeft to the Admiralty of Great
Britain. Sir Robert Forbes and Mr. James Graham are con-
junft Judges of the Admiralty, and Daniel Hamilton their
Clerk. There are peculiar Jurifdiftions of Admiralty He
reditary in fome Great Families, as the Duke of Argile,
who is Admiral of the Weftern Ifles, &c, and the Earl of
Sutherland, of the County of Sutherland, and feme .neigh
bouring Provinces; and the Earl of Morton is Steward Ju-
'fticiary and Admiral of Orkney, and his Deputies- are his
[Brother Mr, Robert Douglafs and Mr. Stuart. There re
main only nOw 3. Frigots belonging to Scotland, vi^. the
Royal William Snd Royal Mary, whereof Captain Thomas Gor
don and .Captain ^ antes Hamilton, 0$ Qrbiftpn are Commaa*
ders. Of the Heralds Office.,
This Office js of an old ftanding, and. was conftituted by
King and Parliament, to give Coats pf Arms to fuch Per
fons as merited this Diftinftion by their- Service to. tlie
Country in the Army or elfewhere, and likewife to prevent
the affuming of Arms hy fuch who, had no Title to thereby
Birth or Merit; they are alfo to talse care of Diftwclpis
Jset wixt the Arms of the Chiefs of Families, and theisSfc - detSj

Cap; XIV. Scotland, »w North Britain: iSt
dets, and to give additional Arms tp fuch a^acquire them
by Merit. The Chief of thpfe Heralds is ca'l'd Lyon King
of Arms, becaufe the Lion is the Royal Arm, of Scotland;
it is an Office of great Dignity, and he is folennlycrpwn'd
at his Inveftiture ; his Perfon is in a manner: reckon'd fa-
cred, of which Bifhop Lefiey gives a particular Inftance in
his Hiftory, vi\. That the Lord Drummond" ms forfeited in
15 15 for ftriking the Lyon, and narrowly efcip'd the Lofs
of his Life and Dignity. Limneus, Speidel, and fome other
Learned Men, fay, That the Scow and Pills were the firft
who wore colour'd Shields. Some afcribe the Otigin of
Arms to Jacob's giving Marks of Diftinftion. to his Sons
"when he blefs'd them, as to Judah a Lion, SV. Others
afcribe the Invention-to the Germans, and fome give it to
the Romans , as' others do to the Goths and Vandals ; but the
digeftirig ofit into an Art is afcrib'd to the Emperors Char
lemain and Frederick Barbaroffa. Before the Union of the'
Crowns, the Scots, in Teftimony of their Friendfhip to
the French, did much imitate them in their Heraldry, but
fince that Time they have imitated the Englifh. The Lyon
'and his Brethren the Heralds did formerly affift at the Crea-
tipn of Noblemen and Knights, which us'd to be done in
Scotland with great Solemnity, the Order of Knighthood
being then much more efteem'd than at prefent, and feldom
conferr'd but pn Perfons of extraordinary Merit; their ari-
eient Orders of Knighthopd were thofe pf the Thiftle, or
St. Andrew, and Banrents or Bannerets created under the
Royal Standard for gallant Aftions1 in .the Field, and they
were allow'd to bring a Company of Men to the Army un
der their own Banner ; Knights Baronets were firft inflitu
ted by King James VI. to encourage the Plantationof Rova
Scotia in America. This Honour is Hereditary, <ind they
are allow'd to wear about their Necks an Orange Tawnv
Silk Ribbon, to which is appended in a Scutcheon Argent,
a Saltir Azur, with an Infcutchton of the Arms of Scotland,
an Imperial Crown above the Scutcheon, incircled with
this Motto, Fax mentis honefta Gloria. Their- Knights-
Batchelors are the fame with thofe of England. The pre
fent Knights of St. Andrew in Scotland, are James Duke of
Hamilton, George Duke of Gordon, John Duke of Argyle,
John Duke of Athol, James Duke of Montr of s, William Mar
quis of'-Mnandale, William Marquis of Lothian, James Earl of
SeOfield John Eatl of Mar, Hugh Earl pf Lowdon, George
Earl of Orkney, and the Earl of Orery in Ireland. Sit David
N 1 Rairn,

the prefent ST ATE of Part II.
Rairn, Undersecretary of State, is Secretary tp the Or
der. The prifent Lyon King at Arms', is Sir charles Aref-
kin of combo ;\ind under him are the Heralds, Purfuivants,
and Meffengers,

CHAP. XV.
Of the Ecclefiaftical Government of Scotland.
THE Government of the Church in this Kingdom is that
which later Ages call Presbyterian, becaufe they allow
of no Church Officer higher than a preaching Presbyter,
who, with the Elders, or Seniores Populi, in leffer and lar
ger Affociations,adminifter the Government of the Church.
The beft of the Scots Hiftorians have afferted this to have
been their Primitive Form of Gnvernment when the Natfon
firftturn'd Chriftian, which was abput the latter end of the
firft or the beginning of the fecond Century ; and tho' what
they faid of their ancient Minifters call'd Culdees, who were
no other but Presbyters that liv'd either in feparate Cures,
pr in Colleges, has been ridicul'd by fome Learned Men
out of their Zeal for Epifcopacy, it is now (made evident,
beyond Contradiftion , by Sir James Dalrymple in his Colle-
ftions concerning the Scotifh Hiftory, that there were fuch
in Scotland very early, and that they continu'd, without bet
ing totally fubdu'd by the Popifh Prelates, till. the beginning
of the 1 4th Century, And that the Church of Scotland was
reform'd from Popery by Presbyters, without fettling any
Proteftant Epifcopacy inftead of the Pppifh Bifhops that
were abolifh'd, is evident from the Afts of Parliament and
General Affemblies.
According to this Form of Government the Kingdom is,
divided into 13 Provincial Synpds, vi^.

Provincial Synods.

Presbytries.

Parifhes.

I.
Lothian and Tweddale,

1 Edinburgh
2 Linlithgow
3 Biggar
4 Peebles '

3* 1213

containing,

1 Dalkeith

16

'6 Haddington
7 Dumbar

16
10 117

II, Merfe.

Cap. XV. Scotland,

how North Britain.

i Dunfe

n

2 chirnfide
H
ii.
3 ife^oe ,
10
Merfe and Tiviotdale,
4 Jed'burg
1$
5 Se/fa'rfe
11
6 Erfilton
10
7E
i Midlebee
12
III.
2 Lochmaben
15
Drumfrees,
3 Tenpont
9
4 Drumfrees
1816
*4
i Kircubright
IV.
2 Wigton
10
Galloway,
3 Stranrawer
11
37
1 Aire
28
2 7rw£«
19
V.
3 Pi«yZ(?y
16
Glafgow and Aire,
4 Hamilton
15
•) Lanerk
13
'
6- Glafgow ,
19
7 Dumbarton
17
127
VII.
Perfi,
VIII. Fife,
IX.
^*g«s and Meams,
1 Denoon
8
VI.
2 Campbelton
10
,4rg*7e,
3 lnverary
8
4 Kilmoir
12 "
¦5 Si/e
n, 49
1 Dunkeld.
2 Perr{> 7
3 Dumblane
4 Stirline
5 Auchterarder
1 Dumfermline,
2 Kirkaldy
3 Couper .
4 Sr. Andrews
20
.21 1212
*$ Soi
13
17
20
2
3 73
1 Meegfe 14
2 Dundee 17
3 For/ar 10
4 Breechen j8
5 Aberbrothock 11
6 Mem or Fordeun 16 85
iSj
N 4
X. /O'M-
the 'Prefent S T A T E of Part II.

1 Rincariini

IS-1

2 Aberdeen

21

3 v4?for4

16

X.

4 Garioch

i?

5 Peer
13 >
6 7«rnrjF
10
7 Fordice
8
8 £Zfe«
8 106'
1 Strothbogie
it
2 £JgW
13
XI.
3 Forrefs
10
Hurray,
4 Invernefs
13
•; Abernethie
5
6 Aberloivr
7 59
1 Chanry
7
XII.
2 Tain
9
Ko/V,
3 Dingrval
13
4 Dornoch
9 33
1 Caithnefs
12 i
XIII.
2 Orjteey
j8
Orkney,
3 Zetland
12 42
Provincial Synods 13. Pr
esbytries 68.
Parifhes 938. 1
The loweft Ecclefiaftical Court is the Kirk-Seffion, ot
Parochial Confiftory, which confifts of the Minifter or Mi*
nifters, when more than one in a Parifh, Elders and Dea
cons, with a Clerk and Beadle. The Elders Bufinefs is to
affift the Minifter iri vifiring the Congregation upon occa
fion, to watch over the Morals of the People in his Diftrift1,
and to give them private Reproof in cafe of any Diforder^J
but if the Scandal be grofs, or the Perfon obftinate, he is
to lay the Matter before the Confiftory or Seffion, who by
their Beadle cite the Perfon accus'd to appear before therf,
they hear what he has to fay in his own Defence, and either
acquit- or cenfure him, according as the Matter appears to
them by Confeffion or Evidence; and if a Cenfure erifue 'tis
proportion'd to the nature of the Offence or Scandal given
by it, if it has given publick Offence a publick Acknow
ledgment of it is requir'd. The Elders* are chofen frofn
among the moft fubftantial, knowing and regular People'.
The -Deacons are chofen in the fame mariner, their Office
is to take care of the Poor, and to foe that flie Charity of
the
Cap. XV. Scotland* now North Britain. 185
<the Congregation be rightly manag'd and dulyapply'dj
they are alfo confulted, but have no decifive Voice in Mat
ters of Cenfure, &c. except they be alfo Elders, which
fometimes happens in Country Parifhes, where there is not
a fufficient Number of qualify'd Perfons to have Elders and
Deacons diftinft. This Court is Judges of admitting to the
Lord's Table or debarring from it in their refpeftive Pa
rifhes ; the Communicants are examin'd before them as to
their Knowledge and Converfation, and their Refolutions
to renew and perform their Baptifmal Covenant by coming
to the Lord's-Supper. From this Court there lyes an Ap
peal to the Presbitry, if any Perfons think themfelves in-
jur'd by their Cenfures, and fometimes the Minifter and
Elders do of themfelves bring the Cafe of obffinate Offen
ders, or of fuch as.by reafon of their Quality either will not
fubmit, or are improper to becenfur'd by this, Court before
the Presbytry. In Country Parifhes the Seffion generally
fits the Lord's-Day after Sermpns, but in Towns on other
Days, as it fhits beft with their CdntfEniency.
The Presbytries, as may be feen by the Scheme above,'
.confift of fuch a Number of Minifters and Elders pf neigh
bouring Pariihes. as can. moft conveniently .mee'ti.tfigejherj.
in ordinary Cafes one ruling Elder from each Congregation
is enough?.: The Minifters and Elders when met, chufe one
of the Minifters to be Prefes, or Chair-man, for fuch time
6s they think fit; the Perfon fo chofen-,is call'd Moderator,
and his Bufinefs is tp regulate their Proceedings according
to the general Rules of the Scripture and the particular?
Conftitutions of the Churchj to take care tha t they proceed *
orderly in their Debates, arid to colleft their Suffrages
when any thing comes to a Vote, and all their Proceedings
are. carefully writ down and regifter'd by their Clerk. Be
fore this. Court are try'd Appeals from Parochial Confiftories
or K.ifk- Seffions, and they infpeft into the Behaviour of the
^liniftcrs and Elders of their refpeftive Bounds,, whom they
vifit if,. Turns, and hear Complaints of either Minifters pr
, People.: They take care tp fupply. the vacant Churches ia
their refpeftive Diftrifts, for whom, they ordain Paftors, up
on fufficient Trial of their Learning and of their other Qua
lifications, or admit them, if they have been ordain'd, elfe-
where, upon their producing Certificates from other- Pr-ef-
bytries, "tic. They alfostry and licenfa Young .Men- who
effer.themfelves to Trial, or are by the Presbytry requir'd
fo to4a in order to their Entrance upon-the Work oi the
Miniftryj

lU 7h\ Prefent S T A T E of Part II.
Miniftry, or becoming Probationers for it: They examine
them as to their Knowledge in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Di
vinity, Philofophy, Church Hiftory, Chronology, and as
to their Lives and Converfations, fSc. and after having pre-
fcrib'd them fuitable Exercifes for their Trial on all thqfe
Heads they approve or reject them as they fee. Caufe, the
Perfon always withdrawing while they pais their Cenfure
upon his Performance, and is call'd in afterwards to receive
it from the Moderator. This Court does likewife judge of
, Caufes, for the greater Excommunication, before it be in
flifted upon any Perfon within their Bounds, in order to
bring them to a Senfe of their Sin and Repentance ; this
Sentence is feldom pronounc'd, and never but for' weighty
Caufes, but with great Solemnity and Awe, according to
the general Rules of the Scripture, which makes it very
much dreaded and refpefted. The Minifters preach by
Turns at the meeting of each Presbytry, which is once per
iMonth at leaft, and this is found to be of very good ufe to
oblige the Minifters to keep to a conftant Exercife of their
Learning and other Minifterial Abilities,, wherein any De
cay or Neglect wou'd foon be obferv'd and cenfur'd by fuch
an Auditory. When they ordain a Minifter they generally
make him undergo the fame Trials that he underwent when
Admitted a Probationer, and if there be no valid Objeftion
by the Presbytry or the People who gave him the Call,
they proceed to Ordination, with Prayer and Impofition of"
Hands, after having ask'd him proper Queftions concerning
his Belief of the Scriptures, his having had recourfe unto
Jefus Chrift for Salvation, out of a deep Senfe of his own
Sin ; of his adhering to the Doftrine, Worfhip, Difcipline
and Government of the Church, and of his entring upon
the Miniftry out of a fincere Defign to ferve God in the
Gofpel of his Son, and not for filthy Lucre.
The Provincial Synod cpnfifts pf all the- Minifters of the
Province, with a ruling Elder from each Parifh, they meet
twice a Year, chufe their own Moderator, their Bufinefs
is to determine Appeals from the Presbytries of their Di
ftrift, to enquire into the Behaviour of the feveral Presby
tries, and for that End infpeft their Books ; they likewife
cenfure fuch Scandals as particular Presbytries may not
think proper for them to meddle with, becaufe of the Qua*
lity of the Offender, C&. and they determine about the
Tranfportation of Minifters from pne Place to another
within their own Diftrift, for the greater Good of the
Church-

Cap. XV. Scotland* now North BritainL 187
Church., From this Court, which generally lafts about a
Week, there lyes an Appeal to the General Affembly.
This General Affembly is conftituted of Minifters and
Elders deputed from every Presbytry of ths Nation ; the
ruling Elders to this Affembly are many times._Mem.bers of
Parliament, and others of the greateft Quality. This
Court gives a final Determination to all Appeals from in
ferior Church Judicatories, and make A&s and Conftitutions
for the whole Church. Their Moderator or Prefes is chofen
by themfelves, and the Sovereign generally fends a Com
miffioner, who propofes what is thought proper on the
part of the Crown, and takes care to present any thing
that may difpleafe the Government, but he has no Vote ia ,
1 the Affembly, nor is his. Prefence there neceffary by the
Conftitution ; they are impower'd by Aft of Parliament to
meet at leaft once per Annum, and there lyes no Appeal
from them. In all thofe Ecclefiaftical Courts they begin
and end with Prayer : They can inflift no Temporal Pu
niffiment, but confine themfelves altogether to Ecclefiafti
cal Cenfures: They are a great Barrier to the eftablifh'd
Religion, and all the Members being elective, and the Peo
ple reprefented as well as the Clergy, it is not eary, if thofe
Courts be left to chufe their Members and aft with Free
dom, according to the Conftitution, to bring in any Inno
vation into the Doftrine, Worfhip, Difcipline or Govern
ment of the Church ot Scotland; and. therefore fuch Princes
as thought fit to attempt any thing of that nature found it
always neceffary to invade or lay afide this Conftitution;
but whenever the People recover'd their Liberty they re
turn'd to it.

FINIS.

ERRATA.

P

,Ag. 3. 1. 3. r. Hoy. p. 13. 1. 20. r.Speyan. p. 2 f. I. 6.
for Cattle r. Horfes. pr48. 1. 27. for «/ their r. other, p.
58.J. 3*. r. Camtthers. p. 6o. 1. penult. Infert . after Hills.
p. 69. I. 34. dele then. p. 84. 1. 12. f or is r. has. p. 130. 1.
5. Infert after Bells; 1. 6. after Steeple dele -, p. 136. 1.
31. for XI. r. II. p. if*. 1- 14- fo% Leyenftair I. I ew», 9t»n
p. 1J9. 1. 36. x. Dttke of M»ntr»fs{

There feeing no room for' an Alphabetical T A B L E, we
muft tontencour felves with the following Index.
Angus, Mems, Mar,
Abetdeen and its Vni
verfuy
Bamf, Murray, Innernefs 99
Cromarty, Rofs, Dor--\
nock, Cathnefs, Ork- C 1 05
ney J
Weftern Ifles, and \
, their Product 3
Rerthern Ifles, and l,nm o,„
their Produtl >I27'*C
Kings and Parlia--%
ment, and their C. 137
Power j
Lift of Robility and Com.
Members to the Parlia-'
ment of Great Bii- ,
tain, and how eleBedj
Regalia of Scotl. defcrib'd 153

GEneralVefciiption of Scot
land Pag, 1
Troduil for Trok 8
Their Whale- ftfhifg ibid.
Herring-fifking' f 9 10
Xongevity of the)?eople 1 1
Salmon-fifting 1 2
Cod-fifting . . 13 14
Tearl, Coral, A*bergrife,i
Agat,, and other valua- >i 5
ble Stones*, !„ 3
Mines and preritus Stones 20
Corn, Flax, moS,' Cattel, 23 27
29

33

}-4? 5^

&c.

Fow7, Timber, Herbs,
Export and Import -
Soil, Mountains, Seafons,
Seas, Fountains, Ri
vers , Lakes , Inhabi
tants, Cuftoms ancient
and modern
lowlanders, why they
fpea\ Englifh
'Antiquity of the Scots
Counties defcrib'd, "i
with the chief Fa-C,.
rnilies , Produtl, C
&c. *
Mers, Teviotdale, Lid--*
defdale f™
Annandale, Nithfdale,5
Lothian , Edinburgh > 59
and its Univerfity 3
Selkirk, Tweddale, Gal- •»
loway f ' c
Carrick, Kyle, Cun
ningham
Renfrew, Clydfdale, f
Glafgow and its Vni-L. 75
wrfity J
SterJinfhireiLennox,Bute 80
Argile \ Petthfhiie , 1 ,,
Clacmanan j 9
Kinrofs, Fife, St. An-?
drev/saniits Vniver-/-b^
> fiv 1; >

»>93

&c.

&.C.

144

¦H9

of

I
5

}

»59j

157

&c

1

73

Arms, and Knight.
St. Andrew
Privy-Council, Offi
cers of State,
Supreme Courts
of Judicature
viz. Seffton, J u-
fticiary, Exche
quer, Treafury,
and theirftiemb
Courts of commiffariot,J
Sheriffs, Regality and £»x72
Borons
Boroughs Royal , of Re
gality and Barony
Military Government,
commanders , and
State of ftonding
Forces and Gorifons
Admiralty
Heralds Office and Scots -y
Knights, "particularly O 8 1
thofe of. ^t. Andrew y
Church Government 1 84
FINIS.

•J.173 176 80

- - "HI ¦¦¦ tJm

Z2

m

/ i\

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