YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Yale University Library, 2008. You may not reproduce this digitized copy of the book for any purpose other than for scholarship, research, educational, or, in limited quantity, personal use. You may not distribute or provide access to this digitized copy (or modified or partial versions of it) for commercial purposes. EDWARD WEDLAKE BRAYLEY, F.S.A. ETC. TOPOGRAPHICAL tstorp of ^urrep. 4 BY ASSISTED BY JOHN BniTTON, F.S.A. ETC. AND E. W. BRAYLEY, JUN. F.L.S. AND F.G.S. THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION BY GIDEON MANTELL, LL.D. F. R. S. ETC. VOLUME I. DORKING : ROBERT BEST EDE. LONDON : TILT AND BOGUE, FLEET STREET. 1841. /YALE TO $er JHost Excellent JHajrstg VICTORIA, BY THE GRACE OF GOD OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND QUEEN, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, ETC. SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDERS OF THE GARTER, THISTLE, BATH, ST. PATRICK, AND ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE, ®Jjij5 neto $?fatorg of tjje ©ountg of Sums, IS, WITH RESPECTFUL DEFERENCE AND HEARTFELT SINCERITY, BY HER MAJESTY'S GRACIOUS PERMISSION, DEDICATED; IN HUMBLE TESTIMONY OF THE AUTHOR'S ADMIRATION OF THOSE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES WHICH EXALT THE NATIONAL CHARACTER, AND GIVE ADDITIONAL SPLENDOUR TO THE THRONE. PREFACE. Topographical Researches are interesting and important, both from their connexion with national and general history, and from contributing to the advance of archaeology, geology, agriculture, botany, and other useful sciences ; — and also from extending our knowledge of the various seats of trade and industry, and thus facilitating the progress of manu factures, and the spread of commerce. The materials for the genuine annals of a country are best derived from local records ; which, generally speaking, furnish the most authentic information to the historian, and become the source upon which, in future ages, those annals must depend for credence or correction. " They not only serve" — as stated by Collinson, — "to ascertain property, preserve the genealogies of families, record illustrious actions, uphold the memory of great characters, and bring to view the peculiar modes of life, and the laws and customs of past ages, but also contribute to perpetuate " the remembrance of those glorious struggles, and that determined resistance to oppression, by which the liberties of Britain have been 11 PREFACE. maintained, and the sun of its freedom has become the beacon-light to surrounding nations. The Local history of Surrey has especial claims to public attention, as well from the momentous events which have occurred within its bounds, as from the numerous subjects of utility which its memorials embrace. Although not of large extent, it possesses a pre-eminent interest, both in respect to its ancient state, and its present condition. It has been the scene of some of the most remarkable acts recorded in Enghsh history; — the ever-memorable treaty of Runnimede, being included in the list. Many illustrious men have had their birth-place in Surrey, or been otherwise associated with its inhabitants; and no inconsiderable portion of the metropolis and manufactures of the king dom is involved by its Limits. These circumstances alone invest this county with superior importance ; but when to them are added the grandeur and magnificence of many of its pubhc and private buildings, the attractive antiquities of its heaths, towns and villages, and the varied beauties of its scenery, it is evident that such a district affords a multi plicity of objects for the full exercise of the intellectual powers of a topographical writer; and of proportionate interest to the inquiring reader, however exalted by birth and fortune, or of whatever rank, or station in society. In the conduct of the present work every possible care has been taken to ensure its accuracy; and nearly every part of the County has been assiduously visited, either by the writer himself, or by others from whose talents and friendship he has derived the most efficient aid. Inde pendently of the assistance thus obtained, much original information has PREFACE. Ill been imparted by those residents in Surrey who meritoriously direct their attention to the history and localities of their respective neighbourhoods. By this means, the descent of manorial and other estates has, in numerous instances, been correctly traced to the present time ; but it must be stated that, in the immediate neighbourhood of the metropolis, the sub division of landed property has been so great, that the inquiry could not, in many cases, be advantageously pursued. Almost every publication relating to the County has been consulted during the progress of the Work, as well as numerous original docu ments and records in the Pubhc offices and British Museum; — and accurate references are given to all those varied sources of information wherever such identification was required, or seemed desirable. The descriptions of ancient encampments, castles, churches, mansions, and other buildings, have been principally drawn up from notes and sketches taken upon the spot ; and neither expense nor labour has been spared, to render the publication worthy of the patronage it has obtained. In respect to his Literary associates, the writer's acknowledgments are particularly due to Gideon Algernon Mantell, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., &c; whose " Sketch of the Geology of Surrey," and precise observations " On the Geological Structure of the Country as seen from Leith Hill," contained in the first and fifth volumes, will be justly appreciated by all scientific inquirers. — On the condensed general and biographical materials of the work, the sedulous attention of Mr. J. M. Moffatt was long directed ; and many corrections of preceding authors are owing to his services. — The local and descriptive accounts connected with the parishes forming the hundreds of Wallington, Tandridge, Reigate, and IV PREFACE. Copthorne; and of those in the borough of Southwark, were mostly written by Mr. Thos. Harral, author of several works in Miscellaneous and Topographical Literature. — The account of the " Manufactures of Surrey," forming No. 1 of the Appendix, was drawn up by Mr. George Foggo, from an inspection of the establishments, and the communications of their respective owners, as therein named. — Descriptive and church notes, with other memoranda, for several parishes in different parts of the county, have been supplied by Mr. Nathaniel Whittock ; and likewise, but to a lesser extent, by Mr. Chas. Bridger. — For various information and advice during the publication, the author is also indebted to his now veteran friend, and long-continued coadjutor in literary pursuits, John Britton, Esq., F.S.A. With regard to the residents in Surrey by whom valuable information was afforded, his Grace the late archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Wm. Howlet), must first be mentioned ; — and next in succession, the Right Rev. Charles R. Sumner, D.D., lord-bishop of Winchester ; to whom, as well as to the many clergymen and gentry enumerated in the following lists, the best acknowledgments of the author are respectfully due. Rev. J. C. BISSETT Addington. Rev. M. T. FARRER Addington. Rev. JOHN HOOPER Albury. Rev. R. J. SPARKES Alford. Rev. G. W. HEATHCOTE, B.C.L Ash. Rev. ANTHONY L. LAMBERT Abo. Rev. WILLIAM LEGGE Ashtead. Rev. WM. LEWIS BOCKLE.A.M Banstead. Rev. REGINALD EDW. COPLES- TON.A.M , Barnes. Rev. J. B.FERRERS Beddington. Rev. J. E. GIBSON, A.M St. Mary's, Bermondsey. Rev. HEN. MACKENSIE St. James's. Bermondsey. Rev. EDMUND WINDER St. James's, Bermondsey. Rev. WILLIAM HEBERDEN, A.M... Great Bookham. Rev. GEORGE POLLEN BOILEAU POLLEN, A.M Little Bookham. Rev. THOS. HULSE Buckland. Rev. CHAS. V. HOLME SUMNER .. Byfleet. Rev. J. G. STORIE, A.M Camberwell. Rev. WM. HARDY VERNON Carshalton. Rev. JAMES LEGREW, A.M. ........ Caterham. Rev. ARTHUR LEGREW Chaldon. Rev. PETER AUBERTIN Chipstead, now of Sutton. Rev. EDWARD JOHN WARD East Clandon. Rev. D. B. BAKER, A.M Claygate. Rev. BARTON BOUCHIER, A.M Cheam. Rev. JAMES JERRAM, A.M Chobham. Eev. WILLIAM WOOD, B.D Coulsdon. Rev. G. RANDOLPH Coulsdon. Rev. R. B. WOLFE, A.M Cranley. Rev. ROBERT FITZALLEN FULLER Crowhurst. Rev. JAMES JOYCE, A.M Dorking. Rev. J. S.UTTERTON Holmwood, Dorking. PREFACE. Rev. MATTHEW ANDERSON, A.M. Heme Hill, Dulwich. Rev. CHAS. HOWES, A.M Dulwich CoUege. Rev. HENRY MALTHUS Effingham. Rev.WM. H. BIEDERMANN, A.B... Egham. Rev. SIR JACOB WOOD Egham. Rev. THOS. PAGE Yirginia Water. Rev. J. H. STEPHENSON Elstead. Rev. B. B. BOCKETT, A.M Epsom. Rev. SIR GEO. L. GLYNN, BART.... Ewell. Rev. EDM. HECTOR HOPPER, A.M. Ewhnrst. Rev. GEO. E. C. WALKER Farlcigh. Rev.R.SANKEY Farnham. Rev.RICHARD STEPHENS Frenshsm, Rev. JAS. CECIL WYNTER Gatton. Hev.JOHN G. BULL, A.B Godalmlng. Rev. EDW. J. BOYCE, A.B Godalming. Rev. HENRY AYLING, A.M Guildford. Rev. JAMES HOUGH, A.M Ham and Hatch. Rev. EDW. BULLOCK Hambledon. Rev. EDW. RICE, D.D Horley. Rev. WM. HOLLED HUGHES Horley. Rev. EDW. POYNDER Home. Rev. ALBERT MANGLES, A.M Horsell. Rev. St Hon. A. P. PERCIVAL, A.M... East Horsley. Rev. C. H. S. WESTON, A.M West Horsley. Rev. ROBERT IRVINE St. John's, Waterloo.road. Rev. RICH. BURGH BYAM, A.M.... Kew. Rev. G. D'OYLY, D.D Lambeth. Rev. S. R. MAITLAND, F.R.S Lambeth Palace. Rev. ROBERT MAYNE Limpsfield. Rev. GEORGE TREVELYAN Maiden. Rev. ARTHUR ONSLOW, A.M Merrow. Rev.JOHN MANLEY Merstham. Rev.ESSEX HENRY BOND, A.B.... Merton. Rev. JOHN PRICHARD MILLS, A.B. West Molesey. Rev. ROBERT TRITTON Morden. Rev.JOHN YOUNG, D.D Newdigate. Rev. EDW. HUGHES, B.D Nutfield. Rev. JOHN MASSY DAWSON Oakwood, and Abioger. Rev. JOHN COOK, B.D Ockley. Rev. LAURENCE W. ELIOT, B.C.L. Peper-harow. Rev. WM. HENRY PARSON Pirbright. Rev. THOMAS JACKSON, A.M., Principal of the Training College . Putney. Hev. THOS. WATKYN RICHARDS.. Puttenham. Rev. RICH. F. SNELSON Reigate. Rev. C. WALTON ONSLOW, A.M. .. Ripley. Rev.JOHN JOHNSTONE Rotherhithe. Rev. GEO. WALTON ONSLOW, A.M. Send. Rev. CHAS. DELAFOSSE, A.M Shere. Rev. J. CHANNING ABDY Southwark. Rev. CHARLES KEMBLE Stockwell. Rev. HENRY BLUNT Streatham. Rev. CHRISTOPHER D'OYLY Thorpe. Rev. GRAN. LEVESON GOWER .... Titsey. Rev. THOS. HATCH Walton-upon-Thames. Rev. K. C. BAYLEY Weybridge. Rev. THOMAS SNELL, LL.B Wlndlesham. Rev.JOHN CHANDLER, A.M Witley. Rev. C. BRADSHAW BOWLES, A.M. Woking. Rev. WM. HODGSON COLE, A.M... WonerBh. Rev. C. J. CRAWFORD, D.D Woodmansterne. RevGEO. BETHELL.A.B Worplesdon. HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF NORFOLK. THE EARL OF LOVELACE Ockham Park. THE EARL OF TANKERVILLE .... Walton-upon-Thames. GEORGE, VISCOUNT MIDLETON.. Peper-harow. SIR LANCELOT SHADWELL Barn-Elms. THE HON. ALGERNON GREY TOLLEMACHE Petersham. THE HON. P. J. LOCKE KING .... Woburn Park. SIR HENRY FLETCHER, BART. .. Walton. SIR WM. H. FREMANTLE, BART... Egham. SIR WM. G. H. JOLLIFFE, BART.. Merstham. SIR EDW. CUST, BART. Esher. SIR BENJ. u. BRODIE, BART Broom Park. SIR HENRY AUSTEN, KNT Shalford. SIR CHAS. GEO. YOUNG, F.S.A.... ColIege-of-Arme. SIR HARRIS NICOLAS, K.H London. SIR N. CARLISLE, F.R.S London. ADM. SIR CHAS. OGLE, BART Mount Clare. MRS. EVELYN Wotton. MRS. COOPER FainsHill. WM. SELWYN, ESQ., Q.C Richmond. HENRY THOS. HOPE, ESQ Deepdene. WM. COTTON, ESQ., F.S.A Leatherhead. A. GOSTLING, LL.D. Egham. DR. WILLIAM ROOTS, F.S.A Surblton. G. T. NICHOLSON, ESQ Waverley Abbey. MAR. FARQUHAR TUPPER, ESQ. .. Albury. RICHARD SUMNER.ESQ Puttenham Priory. GEORGE BEST,ESQ., Compton. it. A. C. AUSTEN, ESQ Merrow. SAMUEL DENDY, ESQ Leigh Place. ROBERT HUDSON, ESQ Clapham. WM. LEVESON GOWER, ESQ. ... Titsey Place. WILLIAM CUBITT, ESQ., M.P Bedford-hill. THOMAS CUBITT, ESQ Clapham JAMES SHUDI BROADWOOD, ESQ. Newdigate. THOMAS A. LEWIS, ESQ Lambeth Palace. W. L. NASH, ESQ Leatherhead. JOHN FILLINHAM, ESQ Lambeth. CHRISTOPHER HODGSON, ESQ. .. Norwood. WILLIAM CHAPMAN, ESQ Richmond. ROBERT EBBELS, ESQ Tottenhall Wood. GEO. R. CORNER, ESQ., F.S.A Southwark. CHAS. E. GWILT, ESQ., F.S.A Southwark. E. N. THORNTON, ESQ Southwark. NICHOLAS BLAND, ESQ Randall's Park. .DAVID BARCLAY, ESQ Eastwick. HENRY PIPER SPERLING, ESQ.... Norbury. HENRY L. LONG, ESQ Hampton Lodge. VI PREFACE. CHAS. EDW. LONG, ESQ., A.B London. EDWARD KELSEY, ESQ Stone Hall,Oxtead. R. KELSEY, ESQ Crowhurst, and Lingfield. E. B. KEMBLE, ESQ Sanderstead. JAMES STEDMAN, ESQ Guildford. WILLIAM NEWLAND, ESQ Guildford. REGINALD BRAY, ESQ Shere, and London. RICHARD PAYNE, ESQ Farnham. WILLIAM NEWNHAM, ESQ Farnham. BERIAH DREW, ESQ Streatham. WM. F. G. FARMER, ESQ Nonsuch. JOHN M. KEMBLE, ESQ Addlestone. GEORGE MORRISON, ESQ Reigate. WILLIAM ALLINGHAM, ESQ Reigate. J. WM. SPICER, ESQ Eshcr. HENRY GOSSE, ESQ Epsom. JAMES PUTTOCK, ESQ Epsom. RICHARD STEDMAN, ESQ Godalming. APSLEY PELLATT.ESQ Bankside. HENRY WATTS, ESQ Vicar-General's Office. MR. JAMES WHITE Dorking. MR. F. MALLESON Claremont. MR. JOHN CRUTCHFIELD Walton-upon-Thames. MR. C. C. WETTON Egham. MR. ROBERT WETTON Chertsey. MR. HENRY DORLING Epsom. MR.JOSEPH ELLIS Richmond. MR.J. McPHERSON Ockham. The great interest taken in this Work by the Nobility and Gentry of Surrey is fully evinced by the subjoined enumeration of those who have generously contributed to its value by the presentation of Engravings, — ¦ for which the especial acknowledgments of the author, and of Mrs. Ede (now the sole t" proprietress of this publication), are most gratefully rendered. Donors of Steel Engravings. HIS MAJESTY LEOPOLD, King of the Belgians . View of Claremont. HIS GRACE, THE LATE ARCHBISHOP OF CAN TERBURY (Dr. Howley) Guard Chamber, Lambeth. THE EARL OF LOVELACE View of Ockham. GEORGE, VISCOUNT MIDLETON Peper-harow Park ; Cedars in ditto ; Peper-harow Church, three views ; Oxenford Grange ; Mllford Chapel, and Mousehlll Manor-house. THE LATE LORD ABINGER Abinger Hall. THE LATE LORD MONSON Gatton House. THE COUNTESS OF WARWICK Gatton Church. LORD GRANTLEY Wonersh Park; and Great Tangley and Bramley Manor-houses. SIR LANCELOT SHAD WELL, BART View of Barn-Elms. ADM. SIR CHAS. OGLE, BART Mount Clare. SIR HENRY E. AUSTEN, KNT Dining-room, Shalford House. MRS. DE TEISSIER & BARON DE TEISSIER . . Woodcote Park. THOMAS ALCOCK, ESQ., M.P Kingswood Warren. REV. P. AUBERTIN Chipstead Church. CHARLES BARCLAY, ESQ. Bury Hill. DAVID BARCLAY, ESQ Eastwick House. THE LATE COL. DRINKWATER BETHUNE .. View of Thorncroft. NICHOLAS BLAND, ESQ. Randall's Park. JOSEPH BONSOR, ESQ Polesden. JOHN IV ATT BRISCOE, ESQ Fox Hills. JAMES SHUDI BROADWOOD, ESQ Lyne, Newdigate. PREFACE. Vll T. B. BURBIDGE, ESQ The Grove, Epsom. MRS. CAREW Beddington House. BENJAMIN COHEN, ESQ Asglll House, Richmond. WILLIAM COLEMAN, ESQ. . Chancel of Dorking Church MRS. COOPER View of Pains Hill. HENRY COX, ESQ Trevereux. WM. J. DENISON, ESQ., M.P Denbies. ROBERT EBBELS, ESQ Ewhurst Church. JOSEPH ELLIS, JUN., ESQ Prince Schwarzenberg's Fete at the Castle Hotel, Richmond. REV. H. T. ESTRIDGE, A.M Windlesham Church. MRS. EVELYN Wotton House; and Monument of the late Capt. George Evelyn in Wotton Church. WM. J. EVELYN, ESQ Wotton Church and Evelyn Chapel ; and Milton-Court and Staircase. W. F. G. FARMER, ESQ Views of Nonsuch House. MRS. FENTIMAN Claylands, Kennington. GEORGE JOHN GIBSON, ESQ Bradston-Brook House. REV. DR. GILES Chairs at Windlesham. JAMES GODING, ESQ Lion Brewery, Southwark. JOSEPH GODMAN, ESQ Park-Hatch. JAMES ALEXANDER GORDON, M.D., F.R.S ... . Burford Lodge, Box-hill. ROBERT GOSLING, ESQ Botleys, Chertsey. HENRY GOSSE, ESQ Chessington Church. WM. LEVESON GOWER, ESQ Titsey Place, and Carvings. WM. HANHAM, ESQ Knowle, Cranley. REV. ERSKINE W. HOLLAND Dunsfold Church. REV. CHAS. KEMBLE St. Michael's Church. G. T. NICHOLSON, ESQ Waverley Abbey. APSLEY PELLATT, ESQ Falcon Glass Works. ALEXANDER RAPHAEL, ESQ, M.P. Church at Surbiton. WM. SELWYN, ESQ., Q.C St. John's Church, Richmond. GEORGE ROBERT SMITH, ESQ Selsdon, two views. H. P. SPERLING, ESQ Norbury ; and Landscape View from Norbury. REV. R. J. ST. AUBYN Lime Grove, Putney. J. STEDMAN, ESQ View of Guildford. REV. C. A. STEUART, A.M Ewhurst Rectory. WILLIAM STRAHAN, ESQ Ashurst. REV. C. H. S. WESTON, A.M West Horsley Place. F. B. S. WILDER, ESQ Busbridge Place, Godalming Donors of Wood Engravings. GEORGE, VISCOUNT MIDLETON Bonfield Cell, Peper-harow SIR HENRY FLETCHER, BART Ashley House. SIR HENRY E. AUSTEN, KNT Churches at Shalford. DAVID BARCLAY, ESQ Eastwick Lodge. REV. W. BENNETT, B.D Cheam Church. WM. COTTON, ESQ., F.S.A The Priory, Leatherhead. REV. JAMES HAMILTON, A.M. Beddington Church, and - Beddington Schools. VU1 PREFACE. WM. HANHAM, ESQ Lodges at Knowle. CHAS. EDW. LONG, ESQ. ' Old Carving at Crowhurst. DR. WM. ROOTS, F.S.A Ancient Weapons and other relics found near Kingston. REV. G. W. ONSLOW, A.M Dunsborough House. REV. EDW. PRODGERS, A.M St. Matthew's Church. REV. THOS. SNELL, LL.B Windlesham Rectory. REV. ROBERT TRITTON Morden Church. REV. C. H. S. WESTON, A.M Parsonage, West Horsley. MR. ROBERT WETTON Willat's Almshouse. In concluding these remarks, the writer considers it his duty, explicitly to state, as an honourable tribute to the memory of the late Mr. Ede, that this New History of Surrey would never have been undertaken, but from his strong spirit of enterprise, and ardent desire to advance the literary character of his native county. It has been wholly composed and printed in his own office at Dorking ; and may fairly challenge a comparison with any publication that has ever issued from a country press.* Much and deeply do his friends regret that he did not survive to witness its completion, and receive the commendations and reward so truly due to the fulfilment of his meritorious speculations. EDW. WEDLAKE BRAYLEY. Rose Hill, Dorking. April 10th, 1848. * It is to be remarked, that the whole of this Work has been set up for the press by one individual, Mr. John Goodwin ; to whom, and Mr. John Eowe, the foreman, great credit is due for their attentive application during its progress. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. HER MAJESTY'S LIBRARIES AT ST. JAMES'S PALACE AND WINDSOR CASTLE. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT, K.G. HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, K.G. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE, K.G. HIS GRACE, THE RIGHT HON. WM. HOWLEY, D.D., LATE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. THE RIGHT REV. CHARLES RICHARD SUMNER, D.D., LORD-BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. THE RIGHT REV. SAMUEL WILBERFORCE, D.D., LORD-BISHOP OF OXFORD. THE MOST NOBLE, BERNARD EDW. HOWARD, DUKE OF NORFOLK. THE MOST NOBLE, JOHN RUSSELL, DUKE OF BEDFORD, K.G. THE MOST NOBLE, GEO. GRANVILLE L. GOWER, DUKE OF SUTHERLAND, K.G. HIS GRACE, SPENCER JOSHUA ALWYNE COMPTON, MARQUESS OF NORTHAMPTON. THE RIGHT HON. FRANCIS EGERTON, EARL OF ELLESMERE. THE RIGHT HON. FREDERICK JOHN ROBINSON, EARL OF RIPON. THE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM KING, EARL OF LOVELACE. THE RIGHT HON. FREDERICK WM. HERVEY, EARL JERMYN. THE RIGHT HON. GEORGE ALAN BRODRICK, VISCOUNT MIDLETON. THE RIGHT HON. FLETCHER NORTON, LORD GRANTLEY. THE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM CARR BERESFORD, VISCOUNT BERESFORD. THE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM WARD, BARON WARD. HER GRACE THE DOWAGER-DUCHESS OF CLEVELAND. THE COUNTESS OF WARWICK. LADY MARY LESLIE. LADY CLEMENTS. LADY DOVER. LADY ST. AUBYN. THE HON. MRS. CAREW. THE HON. MRS. C. G. LAMBE. THE HON. AND REV. SIR HENRY LESLIE, BART. THE HON. AND REV. JOHN EVELYN BOSCAWEN, A.M. THE HON. P. J. LOCKE KING. THE HON. G. S. CAVENDISH. THE HON. COL. JOHN YORKE SCARLETT. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS BRODIE, BART. SIR HENRY FLETCHER, BART. SIR THOS. N. REEVE. SIR HENRY EDMUND AUSTEN. SIR JOHN EASTHOPE. SIR LANCELOT SHADWELL, KNT., VICE-CHANCELLOR OF ALL ENGLAND. SIR GEORGE DE LARPENT. SIR GEO. CHAS. YOUNG, GARTER KING-AT-ARMS ; College of Arms, Dowgate Hill. SIR FRANCIS PALGRAVE, K.H. SIR JOHN KIRKLAND. THE UNIVERSITIES OF OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE. THE RUSSELL INSTITUTION. .J- Esq.) Ockley. ltors of) > ABBOTT, C. T., Esq Gower-street, London. ADCOCK, Eev. J., M.A Lincoln Grammar School. ADLABD, Mr. HENEY London. AGATE, Mr. MICHAEL Ashtead. ALCOCK, T., Esq., M.P. Kingswood Warren. ALCOCK, Mr. JOHN Godalming. ALLINGHAM, Mr. WM Beigate. ALLNUTT, J., Esq. Clapham Common. ANDEESON, Eey. M East Dulwich. ARBUTHNOT, (Executors < ATKINSON, Mrs Dorking. ATTLEE, R., Esq....j Dorking. ATTBERTIN, Eev. M Chipstead. AUBEETIN, Miss Banstead. AT/BBEY, C. W., Esq Park-hill, Sutton. ATLING, Eev. H Guildford. BAIN, Captain Croydon. BAILEY, W., Esq Standon. BAISS, BEOTHEES, &CO.... London. BALCHIN, E., Esq Godalming. BANCE, H„ Esq Croydon. BAEBEB, J., Esq Clapham Eise. BAECLAY, (J., Esq Bury Hill. BARCLAY, D., Esq Eastwick. BAECLAY, A. K., Esq Bury Hill. BAECLAY, E.( Esq. (Exrs. of) Tooting. BARLOW, Y. H., Esq., M.D... Southwark. BAENES, W., Esq Deacons. BAENES, Mrs Byfleet. BAEEETT, GEOEGE, Esq. ... Bramley. BAEEY, W. E„ Esq Brixton. BARTLETT, Mr. J Dorking. BAEWILL, Capt Gothic House, Putney. BATCHELOE, Mr. J ¦. Betchworth. BAZALGETTE, A., Esq Horsham. BECKETT, Mr. J Dorking. BELCHAMBERS, Mr Dorking. BEECHES, C, Esq Tunbridge Wells. BELL, THOMAS, Esq., F.E.S. New Broad-street. BEEEILL, PETEE, Esq Mount-street, Lambeth. BESLEY, Mr Fan-street, London. BEST, GEOEGE, Esq Compton. BETHUNE, Mrs Chertsey. BEYNON, Eev. E. F Carshalton. BEYNON, E., Esq Chelsham. BIDEN, Messrs Kingston. BIDEN, Mr. J Kingston. BIEDEEMAN, Eev. W. H Egham. BILLINGHURST, Mr Brixton. (3 copies ) BIECH, G., Esq Horley Lodge. BISHOPP, H., Esq. Hambledon. BISHOPP, Miss Eichmond. (2 copies) BLACKBURN, Mrs. JOSHUA Brockwell Hall, Dulwich. BLACKMOEE, Mrs Wandsworth. BLAND, N., Esq Randall's Park. BLISS, W., Esq Peebles. BLOCKEY, — Esq Pixham Lane. BOCKETT, Rev. B. B Epsom. ( Fleet-street, London. l (52 copies) BOGUE, Mrs Fareham. BOKENHAM, W., Esq General Post-Office. BOND, Mrs Leatherhead. BONSOE, J., Esq Polesden. BOREMAN, Mr. E Ockham. BOTHWELL, 8., Esq Dorking. BOTTOMLEY, G., Esq Croydon. BOUCHIEE, Eev. B Cheam. BOUGHTON, Mrs Send. BOVILL, W., Esq Upper Tooting. BOGUE, Mr. DAVID LIST OP SUBSCRIBERS. BOVILL, MissF Upper Harley-street. BOWER, S., Esq Peckham. BOWLES, Eev. C. B Vicar of Woking. BOWLES, H., Esq Worthing. BRADBURY, Mr Great Bookham. BRAVERY, Miss Dorking. BEAY, REGINALD, Esq Shere. BEIDGEE, Mr. C Godalming. BRIGHT, J„ Esq., M.D Wimbledon. BEITTON, J., Esq., F.S.A Burton-street, London. BEOAD, Mr Dorking. BROADWOOD, J. S., Esq Lyne. BROOKES, M., Esq Lambeth. BEOWN, THOMAS, Esq Hart-street, Bloomsbury. BROWNE, M., Esq I Brockham Warren. ( (2 copies) BUCKLE, Rev. W. L Banstead. BURBIDGE, Mrs Southwark. BURKITT, M., Esq Southwark. BURMESTER, Rev. A Mickleham Rectory. BURT, T., Esq Bed Hill. BUTTEMER, Rev.RD Winchester. CADDELL, D., Esq Salisbury-sq. London. CASLON, W., Esq London. CHANDLER, Rev. J WiUey Rectory. CHAMPNESS, J., Esq Brixton. CHAPMAN, Eev. B Leatherhead. CHAPMAN, T., Esq Esher Lodge. CHAPMAN, W., Esq Ormond Eow. CHARMAN, Mr Burford-Bridge. CHEAL, Mr. J Crawley. CHILD, S., Esq Fulham. CHILMAN, Mr Godalming. CHRI8TY, J., Esq Bermondsey. CLAGGETT, J. W., Esq Fetcham. CLAPTON, R., Esq Dorking. CLARK, Rev. J. C Chertsey. CLARK, A., Esq Southwark. CLARK, T., Esq Balham Hill. CLARK, W., Esq Sutton. CLARKE, Mr Leatherhead. CLARKE, C. J., Esq Egham. CLARKE, Mr Camberwell. CLARKE, W. G Richmond. CLARKE, Mrs. R Farnham. CLIFFE, C. V., Esq Gloucester. CLODE, Mrs Windsor. COHEN, B., Esq Asgill-house, Richmond. COLE, Eev. J Wonersh. COLE.Eev. J. F Kirdford, Sussex. COLE, F. 8., Esq Chertsey. COLGATE, Mr Dorking. COLK, G., Esq Fleet-street, London. COLLINGWOOD, Mr. J. N. ... Epsom. COLLINS, Mr Egham. CONDUITT,EDW.F.,Esq. j Upper Bedford Place, ' London. CONNEBEE, Rev. R London. COOK, Eev. J Ockley Rectory. COOKE, P., Esq Leatherhead. COOKE, Mr Merton. COOMBES, Miss Dorking. COOPER, Mr Leatherhead. COOPER, Mrs Pains Hill. CORNER, G. R., Esq Southwark. COTTON, Eev. H. S Eeigate. COULTHUEST, W. M., Esq. . Streatham Lodge. CEAFTON, R. C, Esq Croydon. CEAWFOED, E., Esq Mickleham Hall. CRAWTEE, W., Esq Cobham. CREASE, J., Esq Croydon. CEEMER, H., Esq Barnes. CEESSINGHAM, J., Esq Carshalton. CEESWICK, W., Esq Chandos-street, London. CEOUCH, S., Esq Hampton. CUBITT, THOS., Esq Clapham Park. CUBITT, WM., Esq., M.P. ... Bedford Hill. CURLING, Rev. W., M.A Trinity-square. CUEEIE, Eev. H Silvermere. CUEEIE, H., Esq Horsley. CUETIS, J. A., Esq Dorking. DABNHILL, Mr. J Richmond. DAVIS, Mr. C Newington. DAWKINS, Miss C Eichmond. DAWSON, Eev. J. M Abinger Eectory. DEALTEY, late Ven. Arch. ... Clapham. DENDY, A. H., Esq Temple. DENDY, S., Esq London. DENISON, W. J., Esq., M.P... Denbies. DEVON, C, Esq Teddington Place. DEWDNEY, Mr. G Castle Mill. DOBBS, — Esq Fleet-street, London. DOGGATT, C. 0, Esq Brixton. DOELING, Mr. H Epsom. (2 copies) DOWNS, H., Esq St. Helens Terrace. DOXAT, E. H., Esq London. D'OYLY, late Rev. Dr Lambeth, DREW, B., Esq Bermondsey. DREWITT, Mr Guildford. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. DRUMMOND, Mrs Box Hill. DUMBLETON, T.,Esq Windlesham. EAGER, Mrs. W Whitley. EDE, W. B., Esq Brixton. EDMONDS, — Esq Lovell's-court, London. EDWARDS, E., Esq London. ELLERY, J., Esq Cranley. ELLIS, A. J., Esq Hoxton. ELLIS, J.,Esq Brighton. EMSLIE, Mrs Epsom. ENGLISH, —. Esq Bath. ESTEIDGE, Rev. H. T Windlesham. EVANS, Capt Brighton. EVANS, W., Esq Belgrave-square. EVELYN, Mrs Wotton. EVELYN, WM. JOHN, Esq... Wotton. EVEEEST, W., Esq Epsom. FAIRIE, J., Esq Clapham. FARLEY, J., Esq Thornden Heath. FARMER, Mr. J FARMER, W. F. G., Esq Nonsuch Park. FAULKNER, Mr. G Epsom. FAUNTLEROY, 8., Esq Bloomsbury. FEILD, J., Esq., F.R.S Westminster-road. FEILD, B., Esq Clapham. FENTIMAN, Mrs Claylands, Kenuington. FIGGINS, J., Esq London. FIGGINS, V., Esq London. FINDEN, G. F., Esq Southwark. FLOWEKS. J. W., Esq Bread-street, London. FORBES, Mr Reigate. FOEDS, Mr. J Talbot hotel, Richmond. FRANKS, Mr. J Albury. FEESHFIELD, W. J., Esq. ... Betchworth. FEITH, P., Esq Thornden Heath. FULLEE, E., Esq Eookery. FURZE, Mr Eichmond. GADD, Mr Betchworth Park. GAINSFOED, G. E., Esq The Paragon. GAUNER, F., Esq Epsom. GAEDOM, G., Esq Epsom. GARDINEE, W.J., Esq Southampton-row. GIBSON, J. G., Esq Bradston Brook, Shalford. GILBERT80N, M., Esq Egham Hill. GILES, Dr. R Camberwell. GIEARDOT, J. C, Esq Little Bookham. GLOVER, Mr. W Dorking. GODDAED, M., Esq Camberwell. GODING, J., Esq Chertsey. GODMAN, J., Esq Park Hatch. GOODWIN, Mr. JOHN Dorking. GOEDON, Dr. A Burford Lodge. GOSLING, E., Esq Botleys. GOSSE, H., Esq Epsom. GOSTLING, Dr. A Witton-place, Meworth. GOWER, W. L., Esq Titsey Place. GRAHAM, J. S., Esq Epsom. GEAHAM, M London. GRAY, Mr. F Croydon. GEEGOR, Mrs Sunning Hill. GREGORY, Miss Norbiton. GRIFFITHS, T.,Esq Brompton. GRISEWOOD, H., Esq Burntwood Grange. GUENEY, Miss Dorking. HADLEY, S., Esq Parklands. HADLEY, Miss Leith Vale. HALL, Mr Croydon. HALFORD, Mrs Vineyard House. HALL, Mr. G. T Godalming. HANDS, Mr Clapham. HANDS, Mr Epsom. HARBROE, Mr Dorking. HARCOURT, Dr Chertsey. HARMON, H., Esq Croydon. HARNESS, Eev. W Hyde Park Terrace. HARRAL, THOMAS, Esq Dorset-st. Portman-st. HAERILD, R., Esq Distaff-lane, London. HARRISON, Rev. J. N Reigate. HARRISON, W., Esq Millbank. HARRISON, Mrs Marsh-gate. HART, C, Esq Dorking. HART, G. B., Esq Newington Place. HART, W., Esq Dorking. HATCH, Rev. THOS Walton. HAVILL, Mr. D Kingston. HAWKINS, W. H., Esq Mile-end Eoad. HAYDON, J., Esq Guildford. HAYWARD, R., Esq Eiver Terrace. HAYWOOD, D., Esq Newington-place. HEBBEET, Mrs 11, Eaton Place. HEINESS, T., Esq Exeter. HEMMING, JOHN, Esq. .. { North Bank, Regent's I Park. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. HERBERT, WM., Esq Cavendish-house.Clapham HEWSON, D. S., Esq Ealham Hill. HIGGINS, S., Esq Dorking. HILL, T., Esq Holt-street, Peckham. HILL, Miss East Sheen. HINDS, B., Esq Surbiton. HIEST, J., Esq Clapham Rise. HODGKINSON, J., Esq Upper Thames-street. HODGKINSON, W. S., Esq.... Stamford Hill. HODGSON, C, Esq Beaulieu, Norwood, HOLDSWORTH, Mrs. H Reigate. HOLLIDAY, J., Esq Tunbridge Wells. HOLMES, A. G., Esq Great St. James's-street. HOLMES, J. T., Esq Duke-street, St. James's. HOPE, A., Esq Carlton Gardens. HOPE, H. T., Esq Deepdene. HOPKINSON, F., Esq Finsbury. HOPKINSON, J., Esq Upper Tulse-hill. HOPPEE, Rev. E. H Old Windsor. HOWSE, T., Esq St. Paul's Churchyard. HUDSON, R., Esq., F.R.S Clapham. HUDSON, Mrs Tadworth Court. HUMPHRIES, J., Esq Hook. HUMPHREYS, Mr Chessington. HUNT, H. A., Esq York Road. HUNT, W. G., Esq Coombe-wood Lodge. INGLES, Mr Holborn. INNES, G., Esq Forest Green. JACKSON, J., Esq East Dulwich. JEMMETT, CHARLES, Esq... Kingston. JOHNSON, — . Esq Thames-street. JOHNSTONE, Mrs Foxley Eoad. JONES, E., Esq Morden Lodge. JOYCE, Mr. J Somerset-house. JULIUS, Eev. R. H., M.A Farnham. KAY, Mrs Kingston. KEEN, W., Esq Godalming. KELSEY, EDWARD, Esq Stone-hall, Godstone. KEMBLE, R. C, Esq Clapham. KEMBLE, H., Esq Camberwell Grove. KEMBLE, E. B., Esq Purley-hall, Surrey. KENT, R. T., Esq Kingston, KERNOT, J. H., Esq Islington. KERRICH, EDWARD, Esq.... Arnolds. KILLICK, Mr Dorking. KING, JAMES, Esq \ Tavistock-street, Tavis- t tock-square, London. KING, Mr. W Guildford. KITSON, G., Esq Brixton Hill. KUPER, Dr. R Lodge, Lambeth. LANCEFIELD, W., Esq Camberwell. LANHAM, Mr. H., Jun Dorking. LAWFOED, E., Esq Eden Park, Beckenham. LAZENBY, E., Esq Vigo. LEGGE, Eev. WM Ashtead. LEPPARD, Mrs Brighton. LEPPINGWELL, P. K., Esq. Croydon. LEECH, J., Esq Godalming. LESCHER, J. S., Esq Hampstead. LETT, A., Esq Clapham Road. LEWIS, Rev. E NottingHill. LEWIS, S., Esq Highbury Place. LIBBERRADD, H., Esq Sutherland Place. LINDSAY, R., Esq., F.8.A. ... Biggin-lodge, Norwood. LITEEAEY SOCIETY Richmond. LOAT, W. J., Esq Clapham. LOAT, Mr Balham Hill. LOMAX, E., Esq Parkhurst. LONG, C. E., Esq London. LONG, F. S., Esq London. LONG, H. L., Esq Hampton Lodge. LONG, THOMAS, Esq Marsh-gate. LOVEGROVE, Mr Dorking. LYON, J., Esq Wandsworth. McDONOUGH, WM., Esq Bernard-street, London. M'KEWAN, T. H., Esq Old Kent-road. McMAHON, P., Esq Laurel Cottage, Chertsey. McMILLIAN, J., Esq Epsom. MAGNAY, J., Esq Albury. MAITLAND, E. F., Esq Henley Park. MALLESON, Mr Claremont. MALTHUS, Rev. H Effingham. MANBY, Eev. J Merstham. MARCH, C.Esq Westcot. MARSDEN, Mr Queen-street. MARSH, Mr. R Dorking. MARSHALL, GEO., Esq Broad-water. MARTIN, Mr. J Deptford. MATTHEWS, Mr. T. W Croydon. MAWDSLEY, J., Esq Hanover-square. MAYHEW, W., Esq Great Surrey-street. MELLERSH, THOS., Esq Godalming. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. METCALFE, Mr. F { Marchmont-street, I Londou. (2 copies) MEYEE,H.,Esq Chertsey. MILLEE, BOYD, Esq Collier's Wood, Merton. MILLER, Mr. WM Dorking. MITCHELL, Mrs Brook. MONTAGUE, Major j Thurlow-house, I Clapham. MOORE, Mr Morden. MORRIS, Lieut.-Col Guernsey. NASH, J., Esq Reigate. NASH, W., Esq Leatherhead. NEWBERRY, Mr. CHAS. ... j Great Coram-street, ( Russell-square. NEWLAND, WM., Esq Guildford. NEWMAN, J., Esq Streatham. NEWMAN, — . Esq Southwark. NEWTON, Mr. P Croydon. NICHOLLS, Mr Farnham. (3 copies) NIBLETT, Mr. J Dorking. NOEEIS, J., Esq Thames-street. NORRIS, Mrs Staines. NORTHEY, E. E., Esq Epsom. ONSLOW, E., Esq Surrey-lodge, Lambeth. ONSLOW, Rev. G. W Ripley. ONSLOW, Col. M Woodbridge. OVERTON, Mr Croydon. OWEN, Mr. T Smithfield. PAGDEN, T. P., Esq Epsom. PAGDEN, S., Esq Epsom. PAGE, Eev. T Virginia Water. PAGE, Mr. T Croydon. PAINE, Mrs Godalming. PALIN, R., Esq Chiswell-street. PALMER, ARCHDALE, Esq. Cheam Park. PARK, ALLEN, Esq Merton Grove. PARKE, S., Esq Leatherhead. PAESON, J. G., Esq Haslemere. PARSONS, J., Esq Ave Maria Lane. PARSONS, C. A., Esq Godalming. PAYNE, JOSEPH, Esq Leatherhead. PAYNTER, W., Esq Richmond. PEACHY, WM., Esq Fittleworth. PELLATT, A., Esq Staines. PENFOLD, GEORGE, Esq. ... Croydon. PENNINGTON, J., Esq Foxley Road. PERKINS, F., Esq Chipstead Place, Kent. PETERS, Mr Godstone. PHILLIPS, E., Esq Addle Hill. PHILPS, Mr, Dorking. PHILPS, Mr. J South-street. PHILPS, Mr. R. W Fountain Villa. PILCHER, JEE„ Esq Russell-square. POCOCK, W. F., Esq Trevor Terrace. POWELL, Mrs.KATH { Great Coram-street, ( Russell-square. POWIS, H. S., Esq Clapham. POWIS, W., Esq. (Exrs. of) ... Old Kent-road. PRICE, WILLIAM, Esq Woodhatch. PRIME, Miss C Clapham Rise. PRINEY, J. T., Esq Southwark. PRIOE, A. T., Esq Putney. PRITCHARD, C, Esq., F.R.S. Crescent, Clapham. PRODGERS, Rev. EDWIN ... Ayot St. Peter, Herts. EADCLYFFE, E., Esq Burton-crescent. RAPEE, Dr Portsmouth. / Surbiton,Kingston-upon- RAPHAEL, ALEXANDER, 1 Thames; Ditton-lodge, Esq., M.P. for St. Albans j Thames-Ditton ; & Gt. \ Stanhope-st., London. EEES, Eev. T., LL.D Bromley. EEMNANT, — . Esq Lovell's-court. RHODES, J. S., Esq Lombard-street. EICHARDS, H., Esq Croydon. RICHARDS, Mrs Epsom. EIDDLE, Mr Blackfriars. EIGGE, G. C, Esq Morden. ROBERTS, Mrs. C Leatherhead. ROBERTSON, J., Esq Richmond. ROGERS, J., Esq Lambeth. ROGERS, Mr Stafford. BOOTS, Dr. WILLIAM \ Surbit°n. Kingston-upon- ' Thames. (2 copies) BOOTS, LUDLOW, Esq. F.L.S Kingston-upon-Thames. EOSE, Mr. R Godstone. ROWE, J., Esq Change Alley. EOWE, Mr. JOHN Dorking. ROWLEY, R., Esq., M.D King William Street. RUSSELL, Messrs Guildford. RUSSELL, W., Esq Croydon. RUSSELL, Miss Reigate. RUSSELL, Mr. E. J. R Dorking. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. SADLER, G.,Esq Southwark. SAMS, J., Esq Darlington. SANDERS, Mr Tooting. SANDERS, Miss Dorking. SANSAY, Mrs Epsom. SAUBERGUE, Mr. P. L Dorking. SAUNDERS, S., Esq Clapham. SAUNDERS. T., Esq f York-terrace, Regent's I Park. SAVAGE, J., Esq Dorking. SAVAGE, WILLIAM, Esq Gower-street, London. SCHOOLEY, W. S., Esq Clapham Rise. SCOEEE, W., Esq Camberwell. SCOTT, A., Esq London. SCOTT, Mr Bury Hill. SEBRIGHT, W., Esq. Glasgow. SELBERRAD, R., Esq j Sutherland-square, * Camberwell. SELWYN, WM., Esq., Q.C. j *agoda-hou8e, ' Richmond. SHACKELL, WM.,Esq Coppice-row. SHEAEBUEN, Mr. WM Dorking. SHEAEMAN, J. E., Esq Great Tower-street. SHEARS, D., Esq f The Lawn- SmtU ' Lambeth. SHEARS, J. H., Esq Southwark. SHEPPARD, T., Esq Crane-court. SIMPSON, T., Esq Bramley. SINGER, W. L., Esq Mickleham. SMALLPEICE, J., Esq Guildford. SMALLPEICE, M., Esq Dorking. SMITH, H., Esq Wandsworth. SMITH, Mr. C Croydon. SMITH, N., Esq Croydon. SMITH, Mr. R Carshalton. SMITH, Mr. S Croydon. SMITH, Mrs Abinger. SNELL, Lieut-Col Piccadilly. SOFTLAW, J., Esq Southwark. SOLWAY, Lieut.-Col Egham Park. SOUTH, Rev. R., M.A Christ Hospital. SOUTHGATE, J., Esq Peeble Coombe. SOUTHWARK LITERARY SOCIETY. SPARKES, J., Esq Garden-house, Bramley. SPAEKES, J., Esq Wood-hill. SPENCER, Mrs Banstead Park. SPERLING, H. P., Esq Norbury Park. SPICER, J., Esq Esher Place. SPOTTISWOODE, A., Esq. ... Carlton-terrace. SPEINGALL, Miss Esher. STANDIDGE, S. W., Esq Corahill. ST. AUBYN, Eev. E. J Lyne Grove. STAELING, M. J., Esq Camberwell. STEADALL, Mr. C Croydon. STEDMAN, J., Esq Guildford. STEDMAN, R., Esq Godalming. STEDMAN, WM., Esq Croydon. STENT, Mrs Dorking. STERRY, S.H., Esq { Allsop-terrace, * Bermondsey. STEVENS, W„ Esq Timberden. STEWART, Rev. A. C Sunning Hill. STILLWELL, T., Esq Dorking. STORIE, Rev. T. C Hascombe Rectory. STONE, Mr. E Leatherhead. STONE, Mr. W Leatherhead. STOVOLD, Mr. J Farnham. STOWE, G., Esq General Post-Office. STEAHAN, W., Esq Ashurst. STURMEY, H., Esq Southwark. SUMNER, R.( Esq Puttenham Priory. SWAN, Mr. Dorking. TABOR, C, Esq Lothbury. TAGART, Eev. E Bayswater. TANNER, S., Esq Sutton. TAYLOE, Mr. W. H Southwark. THACKWELL, Rev. S Shrubs-hill Villa. THOENE, Mr Ludgate-hill. THOENE, J., Esq { Moulsey-house, South t Lambeth. THOROUGHGOOD, R., Esq. Brixton. TIDSWELL, Mrs Thames-Ditton. TEISSIER, Mrs. DE Woodcote Park. TILBURY, Mr Godalming. TILL, Mr. JOHN Queensbury Place. TIPPER, B., Esq Peckham Grove. TIPTON, A. J., Esq Southwark. THORNTON, E., Esq Southgate. TODD, J., Esq MoulseyPark. TONGE, GEOEGE, Esq Tavistock-square. TURNER, F., Esq Croydon. VICKEES, J., Esq Southwark. VISME, Capt. DE Crouch Oak, Chertsey. WALTON, Miss Surbiton. WARD, J., Esq Bishopsgate-street. WARD, — . Esq Swinton-street. WARNE, T., Esq Blackfriars' road. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. WARNEFOED, R., Esq Symondslnn. WEALE, — Esq Featherstone Buildings. WEBB, E., Esq Park-hill House, Clapham WEBB, O., Esq Southwark. WELLEE, J., Esq Croydon. WELLS, — Esq Guildford. WEST, E., Esq Crown-sq. Southwark. WESTALL, E., Esq Croydon. WESTON, Eev. C. H. S West Horsley Eectory. WHEELEE, Mrs. H , Mile-court, Farnham. WHEELEE, Miss Egham. WHITE, Mr. JAMES Dorking. WHITEMORE, R., Esq Portland Place. WIGGINS, TBAPE, & CO London. WILLAN, Dr Albany-street. WILLIS, S., Esq Heme Hill. WILSON, J., Esq Wilmington-square. WILSON, Mr Blackfriars' road. WOOD, Mr Dorking. WOOD, Mr. G Cobham. WOODS, C. J., Esq Godalming. WOODYER, C, Esq Guildford. WOLLASTON, G. H., Esq Clapham Common. WOESFOLD, J., Esq Westcot. WRIGHT, S. R. N., Esq Pall Mall. WRIGHT, W. N., Esq Isabel-place, Camberwell. YOUNG, J., Esq Blackheath. YOUNG, J„ Esq Bucklersbury. YOUNG, Eev. Dr Newdigate. (2 copies) YOUNG, H., Esq Dorking. A TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. GENERAL HISTORY. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. ^AGNA CHARTA, the Great Charter, is dearly associated with the County of Surrey: for, upon one of its greenswards, named Runnymead, was enacted this glorious deed of English history. " To have produced it, to have preserved it, to have matured it," remarks an eloquent historian, " constitute the immor tal claim of England on the esteem of mankind."1 Introductory to that which may be considered as strictly topographical history, it will be expedient to make some inquiry relating to the earliest inhabitants of the southern part of Britain. All that relates to the original population and primitive history of that portion of the country, which subsequently became known as Surrey, is involved in considerable ob scurity and doubt. This may be regarded as a perplexing field for the topographer, and especially an unpromising position for the commencement of his labours. 1 Mackintosh's History of England, vol. i. p. 222. Hereafter, when treating of Egham and its neigh bourhood, we shall have occasion to give an account of some of the local events connected with this far-famed Charter. VOL. I. 2 HISTORY OF SURREY. Such, however, is not exclusively the case : unsatisfied research is usually the best stimulus to further investigation, and the diligent application of liberal curiosity in identifying traces of the past with the condition of the present, generally leads to interesting results. In the absence of actual proof, we may venture to exercise conjecture, so long as it is based upon rational evidence ; on the disappearance of which the pursuit becomes unprofitable and useless. Under the guidance of this principle, we propose to examine briefly, yet as fully as circumstances will allow, the early state of that beautiful tract of country, the condition of which, in later times, we shall be enabled to describe more in detail. The imperishable natural features of the district in which Surrey is comprised, are the vast ranges of chalk hills, now known as the North and South Downs ; between which lay the Coit-andred, the mighty wood, of the Britons ; or the Wyeld, or Weald, that is the wild forest or chase, of the Saxons. Its extent is stated by Camden at 120 miles in length by 30 broad, thus covering a large portion of the present counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey; and some parts of Berkshire and Hampshire. Into this wide forestial region, the Britons were, doubtless, driven by their early invaders, who first began to till the ground ; the Britons, on the other hand, " not understanding husbandry, and nnding land enough to feed their cattle, which were all their substance,"8 The first colonists dwelt together in towns and villages ; but the Britons were dispersed in the hilly districts ; " and the common people in the lower situations that afforded pasture for their cattle, which they drove from place to place, according to the season of the year and the nature of the soil."3 " A town among the Britons," says Csesar, " is nothing more than a thick wood, fortified with a ditch and rampart, to serve as a place of retreat against the incursions of their enemies;"4 and Strabo describes the forests ofthe Britons as their cities ; " for, when they have inclosed a very large circuit with felled trees, they build within it houses for themselves, and hovels for their cattle. These buildings are very slight, and not designed for long duration."5 Of the aboriginal inhabitants of Britain it is difficult to speak with that precision which is entitled to the merit of historical record. The time of the Roman Invasion is the earliest epoch whence such circumstantial testimony is dated ; and, therefore, without entering into the diversity of opinion which exists as to the first colonisers 2 Carte's History of England, vol. i. Introd. p. 76. 3 Ibid. * Csesar's Commentaries of his Wars in Gaul, translated by Duncan, book v. sec. 17. 5 Carte's History of England, ut supra. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 3 of our island, we may affirm that at the dawn of our history, the Celtse occupied the i principal portion of the British isles. " Csesar, in describing the inhabitants of Britain, could speak from personal knowledge of none but the tribes that dwelt near the mouth of the Thames. These, he informs us, were of Belgic descent. Their ancestors had, at no very distant period, invaded the island, expelled the original inhabitants from the coast, and in their new settlements still retained the names of the parent states. Beyond them dwelt other tribes, less familiarised with the habits of civilised life. When he inquired after their origin, he was told that their ancestors were the spontaneous production of the soil; later discoveries showed that they were Celtse, the descendants of the first colonists of Britain."6 Such was the popu lation which the Romans found occupying the southern part of this island.' On the 26th of August, 55 b.c. Caesar embarked with an army of from 8,000 to 10,000 men at the Portus Itius, (said to be Witsand, between Calais and Boulogne,) and arrived in Britain on the open flat shore, on the eastern coast of Cantium, the modern Kent.8 His landing was resisted by the natives, who were soon overpowered by his superior discipline and arms. The Britons attacked him, and were again repulsed : still, Csesar made no advances into the country, but returned to Gaul; and, upon the whole, the result of this enterprise seems to have been little beyond the discovery of the most convenient spot for landing, in order to his B Lingard's History of England, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 7. ' Notwithstanding the inhabitants of the inland portion of South Britain, at the time of the Roman invasion, were of much earlier origin than those who peopled the maritime parts of the island ; yet, both the tribes of the coast and those of the interior were of the same Celtic descent, and all spoke dialects of the same Celtic tongue. Strabo describes the three great nations of Gaul, namely, the Celtse, the Belgae, and the Aquitani, as differing only slightly from each other in language. — {Geography, b. iv.) Tacitus recognises the identity of the religious rites of the Gauls and Britons ; adding, that their languages were nearly the same : although he appears to refer only to those parts of Britain which are nearest to France. Etymology and resemblance of names are, according to Camden, useful aids in establishing the situation of ancient places ; and a strong confirmation of the above inference lies in the Celtic character of our topographical nomenclature : for, " although the names of the towns and villages are almost universally of Anglo-Saxon derivation, yet the hills, forests, rivers, &c. have generally retained their old Celtic names." — (Bishop Percy's Preface to Translation of Mallets JVorthern Antiquities, voL i. p. xxix.) " The appellations of these vast and permanent parts of nature are commonly observed to continue as unchanged as themselves. It is, therefore, reasonable to believe, that a people of Celtic race were the earliest inhabitants of these islands. As the Gaelic language explains many more of these names than the other branch, the same inference seems to show that those who used that language were the prior colonists." — Mackintosh's History of England, vol. i. p. 11. 8 Near the reputed place of Caesar's landing, subsequently rose a station of importance, known as the Portus Rutupensis, Richborough, (Kent.) A fragment of its massive wall remains, and is instanced as a fine specimen of Roman skill and industry. Horsley observes : " the particular spot on which Ca?sar landed and encamped may now be washed away by the sea.' b2 4 HISTORY OF SURREY. making a more convenient attempt another time. In the ensuing spring, Caesar again appeared on the British coast, with an armament of 800 vessels, carrying nearly 32,000 men ; at the sight of whom the Britons, who had assembled in con siderable force, withdrew into the forests, where they proved to be most formidable to their enemies. Caesar, accordingly, disembarked nearly on the same spot as on the former occasion ; and forthwith pursued the Britons to a stronghold, which is supposed by Horsley to have been subsequently the Roman station of Durovernum, now Canterbury. Csesar, however, recalled his troops from the pursuit of the enemy, and retired for some days to repair his fleet, which had been damaged by a storm. He then returned to his former post, where he found the Britons greatly augmented in numbers, under the command of Cassivellaunus, a prince whose territories were divided from the maritime states by the river Tamesis, or Thames, at the distance of 80 Roman, or about 74 English, miles from Caesar's camp on the Kentish coast. The Britons valorously attacked the Romans, who as often drove them to their woods and hills : some severe fighting ensued, in which the better discipline and equipment of the invaders prevailed ; and, at length Cassivellaunus retreated, as it appears, towards his own dominions, across the Thames. As yet, these contests had not led Csesar far into the island; but now following up the Britons, he marched through the northern portion of Cantium or Kent, and across the north-eastern angle of the country now known as Surrey, to a point where the Thames was fordable. The passage of the river was not, however, undisputed: for the natives had not only fortified the banks, but had driven into the bed, stakes, which were concealed by the water.9 Of these strategies Csesar was forewarned by prisoners and deserters ; so that he overcame all obstacles with ease, and crossing the river,10 he put the enemy to flight, received the submission of several tribes, and took by storm the chief fortress or capital of Cassivellaunus. These disasters, coupled with the signal defeat of the Cantian Britons in an attack made upon the Roman camp, according to the instructions of Cassivellaunus, induced the defeated ' The place where Caesar crossed the Thames has been much controverted. Camden fixes it at Coway, or Cowey stakes, near Chertsey, in Surrey : and his opinion is supported by Gale, in the Archceologia, vol. i. p. 183. Horsley infers Caesar to have crossed above Kingston; adding, "but, as the opinion of Caesar's passing at Coway-stakes has generally obtained, I shall not at present oppose or contest it." — Britannia Romana, p. 15. 10 On describing this locality, in the present work, it will be our duty to investigate this subject more in detail "The cavalry, without hesitation, plunged into the river ; the infantry followed, though the water reached to their shoulders : and the Britons, intimidated by the intrepid aspect of the invaders, fled to the woods. Such is the account of this transaction which has been given by Caesar." — Lingard's History of England, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 5. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 5 prince to submit. Csesar readily granted peace, as he states, on account of his anxiety to return to Gaul, then in a very disturbed state ; although he appears, in fact, to have been tired of the harassing war : and, having received hostages, and fixed a tribute to be paid by the subjected Britons, he quitted the island with his forces, and a number of captives. It is now time to glance at the geography, or rather the pohtical divisions, of Britain, and the condition of the people, so far as the expeditions of Csesar bring them into view. The whole country appears to have been unequally parcelled among petty tribes to the number of about forty-five. A great deal of erudition has been expended in attempting to define the exact situation and extent of country occupied by each ; but many of the inferences on this point continue involved in uncertainty. The conclusions to be drawn from the names imposed upon rude tribes are of little worth ; because the names of conquerors are often given to the con quered people ; added to which, in the above case, the colonists frequently retained the designations of their parent tribes on the continent. Besides, the habits of the people strongly militate against the settlement of the question ; for the several tribes, living in a state of lawless independence, were always quarrelling ; and it was in consequence of these dissensions, that they were at last subdued . by the Romans. "If the Britons had made common cause, the Romans might not have prevailed against them : but the insular tribes or nations were divided and disunited ; envious of each other; and, when one tribe was conquered, the others delighted in the misfortunes of their countrymen; and then the same fate befel them in their turn."11 In the attempt to identify the location of the several ancient tribes with the comparatively modern divisions of the present counties, we are not aware that it has been satisfactorily determined which of the tribes enumerated by Csesar may be regarded as the first inhabitants of Surrey.18 They are, however, with more certainty, considered to have been the Phtnoi, or Regni of the Geography of 11 Palgrave's History of England, vol. i. p. 6. 12 The only British tribes mentioned by Csesar are the people of Cantium, the Trinobantes, the Cenimagni, the Segontiaci, the Ancalites, the Bibroci, and the Cassi ; all of whom dwelt in the country which he so hastily overran. Cantium was, undoubtedly, Kent ; the Trinobantes occupied Essex and, probably, the greater part of Middlesex ; the Cenimagni are supposed to have inhabited the shires of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge ; to the Segontiaci are assigned parts of Hampshire, Berkshire, and by Gale and others, Surrey ; the Ancalites are regarded as the Atrebatii, whose position is alike considered to have been north and south of the Thames ; to the Bibroci is assigned a portion of Berkshire and Surrey ; and to the Cassi the Cassio Hundred, Hertfordshire, from a plausible conjecture of Camden, founded on the statements of Caesar. Manning and Bray, adopting the definitions of Baxter, (Glossary : Segontiaci and Regni,) state the b HISTORY OF SURREY. Ptolemy, "inhabiting," according to Camden, "the parts now commonly called Surry and Southsex, with the sea coast of Hants."13 Caesar has transmitted some traits of the inhabitants of the country which fell under his observation. " The inhabitants of Kent," says the accomplished general, " which lies wholly on the sea coast, are the most civilised of all the Britons, and differ but little in their manners from the Gauls."14 These colonists had already introduced tillage ; their dress was of their own manufacture. Their huts resembled those of their Gallic neighbours : a foundation of stone supported a circular wall of timber and reeds; over which was thrown a conical roof, pierced in the centre for the two-fold purpose of admitting light and discharging the smoke.15 The superior civilization of these southern tribes has been attributed to their intercourse with the strangers, whom the pursuits of commerce attracted to their coast ; and it is scarcely reasonable to suppose that such superiority could exist in Cantium, without com municating its beneficial influence to the adjoining districts ; especially as the Belgic colonization of the southern coast appears to have been commenced two or three centuries preceding the Roman Invasion. It should be remembered too that Caesar, in his two descents upon Britain, saw no more than a corner of the country : he hastily passed through only a portion of modern Surrey, and did not even enter the tract now known as Sussex ; so that we look in vain for his recognition of the Regnian territory.16 From the departure of Csesar to the reign of Claudius, a lapse of 97 years, the first inhabitants of Surrey to have been the Segontiaci, a people of Belgium : " their first settlements were in the western part of Hampshire : but being obliged to retire on the arrival of another colony of the same nation, they possessed themselves of the sea coasts of that county and Sussex. * * * In process of time, however, such of them as had been settled in Hampshire retiring to the main body, they all became confined within the limits usually assigned to them by historians, viz. the two present counties of Surrey and Sussex." — History and Antiquities of Surrey, vol. i. Introd. p. i. 13 Camden's Britannia. Preface to Surrey. Gough'sEdit. 1789. vol.i. p. 167. It is important to mention that, according to Ptolemy, the space over which the tribes mentioned by Csesar were commonly spread, appears to have been also occupied by other tribes. " Yet a connexion existed, almost to Caesar's time, between these settlements and their Gallic brethren ; for he tells us, 'Apud eos, (Suessiones, the people of Soissons,) fuisse regem, nostra etiam memoria, Divitiacum, totius Galliae potentissinrum ; qui cum magna parte harum regionum, turn etiam Britannia;, imperium obtinuerit.' De Bell. Gall. ii. A. Among these Belgic emigrants, the Remi, from Champagne in modern geography, appear to have colonised the extensive tract now forming the counties of Surrey and Sussex. Of these parts, Sussex was occupied by the Remi proper, and Surrey by the kindred tribe called Bibroci." — Observations upon certain Roman Roads and Towns in the South of Britain. By H. L. Long, esq. 1836. " Caesar's Commentaries of his Wars in Gaul, translated by Duncan, book v. sec. 10. 15 Diodorus Siculus's Hist. Lib. v. 347. Strabo's Geography, b. iv. p. 197. 18 The inhabitants of the country known as modern Surrey do not appear to have resisted the Roman invaders ; and the passage of the Thames is the only important transaction which is recorded to have BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 7 Britons were left to their original independence. At length, (a.d. 43,) Claudius dispatched to Britain an officer, named Aulus Plautius, who, with 50,000 troops, signally defeated the natives in a campaign through Cantium and the country of the Regni. Plautius was then joined by Claudius, who was present at the taking of Camalodunum, the capital of the Trinobantes. The Roman troops were next divided between Plautius and Vespasian ; who are stated to have fought upwards of thirty battles before they could subdue the country lying south of the Thames, with a narrow strip on the northern bank of that river. Plautius was succeeded in his command, a.d. 50, by Ostorius Scapula, who allowed Cogidubnus, a British prince, to retain certain territories, (supposed to be those of the Regni,) in alliance with the Romans, to whom he is expressly stated to have continued faithful." taken place in Surrey at this period. Carte considers the inhabitants to have been one of the tribes who tendered their submission to Caesar, to secure themselves from the violence of Cassivellaunus, and their country from the ravages of the Roman troops. He further regards the above ancient people as the Cenimagni, " whose seat cannot, according to Caesar's relation, be fixed any where so naturally as in Surrey." He adds : " I take the Cenimagni to be the inhabitants of the skirts of the vast forest of Anderida, extending over the hills of Surrey, who, lying nearest to Kent, might, for that reason, be called the Ceni, or first of the Magni, and be part of the same kind of people who dwelt in the adjoining borders of Hampshire, and in the skirts of the same forest." — History of England, vol. i. p. 94. 17 "It nowhere appears certain over what people Cogidubnus was king. Camden speaks of him as king of the Regni ; Dr. Gale, as king of the Segontiaci. It is plain, in the general, that he reigned somewhere in the most southern parts of Britain." (Horsley's Britannia Romana, p. 22 — note.) By an interesting discovery in Horsley's own time, which is detailed in the above work, Cogidubnus is closely identified with the Regni, if not proved to have founded their capital, Regnum, on the site of the modern Chichester. In the year 1723, in digging for the foundation of the present council-house in that city, was found a slab of grey Sussex marble, which the workmen unfortunately fractured, leaving a part of it under the adjoining wall. The fragments were, however, collected and repieced, when the following inscription was deciphered, a few letters having been supplied by fair conjecture to complete the sense of the inscription : EPTVNO • ET • MINERVAE TEMPLVM O " SALVTE ¦ DO DIVIKAE AVCTORITA • CLAVD CIDVBNI • R • LEGA • AVG •IN ON ' BEIT. GIVM • FABROR • QVI • IN . EO • D - S;_,D • DON ANTE • ARE AM '?f?^lS£ib*fl««B^T"^,,r!~rS5H: •PVDENTINI ' FIL. ' Translation : ' The college, or company of artificers, and they who preside over sacred rites or hold 8 HISTORY OF SURREY. We may, therefore, conclude the people to have been content under their tributary governor ; for, " in such a country, the native population, having a ruler of their own race and blood placed over them, were probably less oppressed than in those parts where they were immediately beneath the rod of the Roman masters."18 The Roman dominion being now made permanent in the south of Britain, the northern parts of the island appear henceforth to have been the seat of war. Still, the inhabitants of the south were harassed by the Picts and Scots from the north, and the Saxons on the coast. About a.d. 367, such an ascendancy had the Saxons obtained, that " the coast of Britain, from Branodunum or Brancaster, in Norfolk, to the portus Adurni, (perhaps Pevensey,) in Sussex,"19 was called "the Saxon shore ;" and, at length, towards the year 420, about 475 years subsequent to Caesar's first invasion, and, after the Romans had possessed the best part of the island for nearly four centuries, they abandoned Britain to a disturbed and precarious independence. The country was thenceforth broken into a number of small kingdoms, few of which ofiices there, by the authority of king Cogidubnus, the legate of Tiberius Claudius Augustus in Britain, dedicated this temple to Neptune and Minerva, for the welfare of the imperial family ; Pudens, the son of Pudentinus, having given the site.' " The stone was six Roman feet long, and two and three quarters broad. This relic was given, soon after it was found, to the duke of Richmond, and is preserved at Goodwood, affixed to the wall of a temple erected in the gardens. (Dallaway's History of the Western Division of the County of Sussex, vol. i. p. 3.) The inscription is engraved among the illustrations of Horsley's Britannia Romana. " By this inscription," says Dallaway, " with many circumstances in aid of the conjecture, the founder of the city of Regnum appears to be identified. Cogi, a British chief, who either having assisted the Romans in repelling the Dubuni, or as having been a native of that province, and its king, obtained from them that name as an adjunct to his own ; was the first who consented to become an ally of Vespasian when he commanded under the emperor Claudius in Britain : and he received several of the Belgic districts in reward for his fealty, ' ut inde sibi conderet Regnum,' upon which he assumed the title of king. It is certainly known, that the province he governed by permission of the Romans, included the maritime coasts of Hampshire and Sussex ; and it is probable, from the advantages of situation, that he made this city the capital of his government, to which his Roman masters gave the name of Regnum, from that of the surrounding inhabitants. Cogidubnus was living when Tacitus accompanied his wife's father, Agricola, into Britain ; and it may be inferred from the passage, that he had for some years borne the regal office because he is praised, 'ad nostram usque aetatem fidelissimus.' In his family, the civil and military juris diction of the English coasts is traditionally said to have remained until the death of Lucius, king of the Regni, his lineal descendant ; who is the legendary founder of Christianity in Britain, and with whom the dynasty of the British tributary princes expired." — History of Western Sussex, ut supra, p. 4. " Chichester, by this inscription found at it," observes Horsley, " must have been a town of eminence very soon after the Romans settled here." The above is altogether a valuable discovery ; inasmuch as few Roman inscriptions have been found in the southern parts of Britain. 18 Palgrave's History of England, vol. i. p. 7. 18 Ibid. vol. i. p. 28. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 9 are supposed to have been larger than the present counties of Surrey and Sussex. These kingdoms, or provinces, were governed by a number of military chieftians, who were principally of British, but some of Roman, extraction ; and among whom raged a contention for the empire, whilst the Scots and the Picts, the common enemy, were continuing their predatory excursions, and reducing the country to the utmost distress. "Any degree of union amongst the Britons," says Palgrave, " must have enabled them to repel their enemies. The walls of rthe cities fortified by the Romans were yet strong and firm. The tactics of the legions were not forgotten. Bright armour was piled in the storehouses, and the serried hne of spears might have been presented to the half-naked Scots and Picts, who could never have prevailed against their opponents. But the Britons had no inclination to lift the sword except against each other, and they lost all courage, except for faction,"80 when, according to Gildas, "the most ancient historian of this period," in the year 446, they, in vain, made their last application to the Romans for assistance.21 Thus were the Britons left to their own resources ; and thence, until the arrival of the Saxons, the island appears to have been distracted by the contests for dominion of ambitious competitors.88 Whilst the Romans held Britain in subjection, they divided their conquests into the six provinces respectively denominated Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda, Flavia Caesariensis, Maxima Caesariensis, Valentia, and Vespasiana. Britannia Prima, which was so called, either from its proximity to Gaul, or from priority of conquest, " comprehended all the country that lies to the south of the Thames and the Severn, and of a hne drawn from Creeklade [Cricklade] or its vicinity on the one, to Berkeley or its neighbourhood upon the other river, which included eleven nations of the Britons, and contained about thirty-six stations subject to Rutupce or Richborough, the provincial capital,"88 — and the seat of a Roman colony. In this division, therefore, the territories of the Regni of Surrey and Sussex must have been comprised, and those of the " Bibroces or Rhemi, who had Bibracte for their 20 Palgrave's History of the Anglo-Saxons, p. 30. 21 Horsley's Britannia Romana, p. 75. 22 The conquests of the Romans in Britain had been greatly facilitated by a similar state of disunion to that described in thetext, — as we learn from Tacitus, who in his Life of Agricola, written a.d. 97, furnishes this information. — " Olim Regibus parebant, nunc per Principes factionibus et studiis trahuntur : nee aliud adversus validissimas gentes pro nobis utilius, quam quod in commune non consilium. Rams duabus tribusve civitatibus ad propulsandum commune periculum conventus : ita, dum singula pugnant, universi vincuntur." — Tacitus, Valpy's edit. vol. vii. p. 3483. 23 Whitaker's History of Manchester, 4to. vol. i. p. 60. VOL. I. C 10 HISTORY OF SURREY capital, but who afterwards subdued the Regni, and made Noviomagus, a town of the Regni in Surrey, their metropolis."24 The Bibroces appear to have originally occupied the south-eastern parts of Berkshire. Having thus directed the reader's attention to the earliest civilization of the southern portion of Britain, and to the leading events connected with the subse quent occupation of the country by the Romans, it may be expedient to give a summary account of the principal British and Roman Antiquities which have, from time to time, been discovered in Surrey and Sussex ; so as to illustrate by reference to existing relics and evidences, the history of this tract in ages long past, and throughout a period of peculiar importance in our national annals. Such must ever be considered the interval between the invasion of Britain by the Romans, and the final abandonment of the island by its conquerors in the year 446 ; presenting as it does the progress of a people from comparative barbarism to a high state of civilization, and their relapse into a condition of less enjoyment and greater evil than had befallen them prior to their subjugation. Even at this distance of time, the face of the country formerly known as the territory of the Regni, bears many indications of its having been the seat of ancient warfare ; the mihtary antiquities of the district being considerably more numerous than the civil remains. Many of the hills throughout Surrey and Sussex display their peculiar entrenchments ; and on the southern hills of Surrey are divers large encampments of an irregular form, which have been referred to the Britons ; but whether they are of a date before or after that of the Roman Invasion is very uncertain. There are also, in both counties, many entrenchments and military works considered to be of Roman origin, though probably in divers instances on insufficient grounds. Those of Surrey, as well as the sites of the different stations which have been assigned to this district, will be further considered in our future investigations.85 As the Roman colonization proceeded, amongst the earliest labours of the con- 24 "Whitaker's History of Manchester. "The Bibroci," says Richard of Cirencester, "were situated next to the Cantii, and, as some imagine, were subject to them. They were also called Rhemi, and are not unknown in record." 25 In the Gentleman's Magazine, N. S. vol. vii. p. 156, Mr. Kempe observes that the heights com manding the chalk ridge, extending from Folkstone in Kent to the neighbourhood of Farnham in Surrey, " exhibit marks of a continuous chain of Roman military posts." BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 11 querors was the improvement of internal communication, and such of the old British roads, or trackways, (as they have been called by antiquaries) as were found convenient, were extended and enlarged by the Romans, and adapted to their own purposes.86 The chief of these were the Guetheling or Watling-street, the Ermyn- street, and the Bxnield-street ; and these, with the Foss-way, which from its name may be considered as of a later age than the others, have been denominated the "four grand Roman ways in Britain,"27 — whereon were situated the Roman towns or stations, the names of which are recorded in the Itinerary of Antoninus and Richard of Cirencester. Independently of the above, the Romans constructed other roads, which in many respects differed from the British ways ; but especially in their scarcely ever deviating from a straight line, except where nature had opposed some impediment. The Romans, we know, excelled in the construction of pubhc ways ; although in Britain the convenience and magnificence of their roads had a military purpose rather than the object of civil improvement. These im portant works of the masters of the ancient world must alike excite the admiration of the antiquary and the practical man; and their durability is best attested by such extensive portions of them being used as roads to this day ; whilst, in vastness of design, they are only exceeded by the stupendous railway of our own scientific times. According to Horsley, most of the Roman roads, or military ways, in Britain, were laid or planned by Julius Agricola; yet that statement seems somewhat questionable ; for although Agricola had served under Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Boadicea, he held no considerable command in this country till a.d. 69, when Vectius Bolanus was appointed Imperial Legate, under whom Agricola was nominated Commander of the twentieth or victorious Legion, which was long stationed at Deva, or Chester. About nine years afterwards, a.d. 78, he was himself 26 " The old British roads or trackways were not paved or gravelled, but had a basis of turf, and wound along the tops or sides of the chains of hills which lay in their way. Surrey furnishes a remarkable example of such an appropriation of one of its chalk ridges : and it may be inferred, that the agger called the Hog's Back presented to the earliest inhabitants of Britain "a natural causeway of solid chalk, covered with a soft verdant turf, peculiarly suited to the traffic of the British chariots, and connecting the western Belgae with the Cantii, and affording through them an access towards the Continent at all seasons of the year. These advantageous peculiarities, no doubt, rendered it the grand strategic route, by which an invading army would have penetrated to the westward ; and Vespasian may be supposed, with great reason, to have marched along it." — Long's Observations, [before quoted] &c. p. 47. 27 Horsley's Britannia Romana, p. 387. All the above roads are named (Inter leges S. Edw. cap. 12.) in the Laws of St. Edward the Confessor, " Pax quatuor Cheminorum." c2 12 HISTORY OF SURREY. constituted Propraetor and Legate ; and he retained his government till a.d. 84 or 85, when he was succeeded by Sallustius Lucullus. Now, as the Romans possessed a considerable extent of territory in the southern parts of Britain as early as the middle of that century, it is not probable that twenty years from that time would have been suffered to elapse before many military roads were constructed; and these, therefore, must have existed before Agricola held any permanent independent command. There can, however, be no doubt of that able general having extended the ancient communications (particularly in the north), and formed new roads, as circumstances required, both for the more speedy passage of the Roman troops, and for the transit of supplies to the numerous forts and garrisons which he had established in the conquered provinces. All the four great roads which have been mentioned above extended in different directions across the island from sea to sea. Thus, the Wathng-street (or rather its south-eastern branch), commenced at Richborough in Kent, and proceeding through Canterbury and Rochester to London, continued thence in a north-western direction to Chester and Caernarvon.88 The Iknield-street traversed the country obliquely from the north-east to the south-west; its presumed extent being from Yarmouth in Norfolk, to Falmouth in Cornwall. The Ermyn-street, in its progress from the southern coast across the island to the eastern parts of Scotland, threw off several branches, and intersected both the Emield-street and the Foss-way ; as well, probably, as other roads carried along the ancient trackways. The Foss-way, the line of which is more obvious in the route from Lincoln to Bath, than at its extreme points, took its rise on the north-eastern coast of Lincolnshire, and proceeding thence in a south-western course, formed a line of communication between several British towns before it terminated at the great British port of Seaton in Devon shire.89 From a consideration of their respective courses, it is evident that two only of the roads here described could have any connexion with this county, namely, the Watling and Ermyn streets. For a short distance the former road intersected the north-eastern corner of Surrey, in its progress from Vagniacis (supposed by Mr. 28 Beauties of England and Wales, Introduction ; from a MS. communication ofthe late Rev. Thomas Leman, of Bath; that zealous and discriminating inquirer into British and Roman-British antiquities. 29 The northern branch of the Watling-street commenced in Scotland, and united at Chester with the branch above described. "As the Ikening-street," Whitaker remarks, "signifies the way which led to the Iceni, so the Watling or Guetheling-street imports the road which led to the Guetheli," or inhabitants of Ireland.— History of Manchester, 4to. vol. i. p. 68. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 13 Leman to be near Southfleet in Kent), to the metropolis ; and it is presumed to have passed through Old Croydon or Woodcote, Streatham, and Newington, to Stone- street in Southwark, and thence by a ferry over the Thames, to Dowgate, on the north side of the river. With regard to the Ermyn-street, which had a more immediate connexion with Surrey than any other of the ancient roads, writers have differed considerably as to the particular part of the southern coast at which it had its commencement. Dr. Gale was of opinion that this road passed from _ the coast at Southampton, through Winchester by Henley and Colnbrook, to London ; but Mr. Reynolds, in his edition of the Iter Britanniarum of Antoninus, represents it as extending across Sussex and Surrey from Chichester to the capital. According to Dr. Stukeley, it commenced at Newhaven in Sussex ; but Mr. Leman, in his Commentary on the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester,™ traces a branch of this road from Pevensey to London. These various opinions may be reconciled by the probable conjecture, that south of the metropolis, the Ermyn-street divided into several branches extending to the coast at all the above-named places, and likewise to the Portus Adurni at Old Shoreham. Those lines of road which commenced at Chichester, Newhaven, and Pevensey, must have passed through Surrey, and in that county divers traces of roads, displaying the characteristics of Roman construction, stiU remain, and appear from their direction to have formed communications with the places in Sussex just mentioned. There can be little doubt but that one of the principal branches of the Ermyn- street leading from the south, is that which in a part of its course is now called Stane-street, and Stane-street Causeway ; and this is the branch which Mr. Reynolds states to have commenced at Chichester. Quitting that city by the eastern gate, it is described as passing through Streetington and Halnaker, and then, crossing a bank and ditch called the Devil's Ditch, extending in a north-eastern direction by Long Down, and through the woods and inclosures to the north of Eastham and Shndon. Thence, ascending to the edge of the Downs, and again descending on the northern side, it passes at a short distance to the right of Bignor, where the remains of a Roman Villa (described by Mr. Lysons) were discovered in July, 1811. Proceeding thence, in almost a direct hne, through Pulborough and Billinghurst, it enters the county of Surrey near Oakwood ; and assuming the appellation of Stane- 30 Vide Richard of Cirencester's Description of Britain, translated by Mr. Hatcher, and published in 1809, p. 114. 14 HISTORY OF SURREY. street, proceeds by Anstie-Bury Camp towards Dorking, but its traces are no longer distinguishable in the neighbourhood of that town.31 31 From the more particular account of the Stane-street given by Mr. Bray, we extract the following details. " The road mentioned by Mr. Reynolds as coming from Chichester, enters this county from Monk's Farm and Rowhook in Sussex, the line being distinctly traced from Rowhook, and strong vestiges have been discovered near the farm-yard and in the grounds ; but it is then lost for half a mile, leaving Oakwood hill on the left. It re-appears on the edge of the glebe-land of Ockley, and is still used as the high road for two miles and a half, the whole of which is now made into turnpike road, extending nearly to Buckinghill Farm in Ockley. The turnpike road then diverges to the right ; but this causeway is used as the road to Buckinghill Farm-house for about three hundred yards. Near this spot part of it has been broken up in digging the foundations for a cart-house and other farm-buildings, which were placed on it as being firm ground : it was found to be about a yard deep in stones and sand. It then goes through the grounds of Buckinghill Farm, and enters the parish of Capel at Buckinghill Wood, passes through this wood and the grounds of Bear Farm close to the house, where a cart-house stands upon it, continuing its course through this farm, and through a field called Perryfield, formerly part of a farm called Moorhurst. About half a mile west of this place is Anstie-Bury Camp, on the top of the hill. From Perryfield it passes through Woodfield in Trout's farm ; it then crosses Moorhurst-lane above that farm-house, close to a small stream of water on the borders of the parishes of Capel and Dorking. " From this lane the causeway enters the parish of Dorking, continuing its course through Moorhurst (part of which is in Capel, part in Dorking,) into and through land called the Skemp, to Folly Farm, through which it can be traced along the upper end of three fields, called the Old Mead, the Two Acres, and the North Field. It then enters Hambrich Coppice, and passes through that into a field called the Spices : in this coppice it is readily distinguished by the firmness of the ground. From the Spices it may be traced, on either side of the hedge-row, to Redland-lane : and after crossing that lane it passes through a field belonging to Redland Farm into and through the whole of Spook-land or Spook Farm, and thence through two closes called Hare Croft. It next extends into and crosses Proteridges-lane, and is continued through grounds belonging to Bent's Farm, passing through the farm-yard and grounds towards the turnpike road from Horsham to Dorking, which it comes upon at the top of the Hollow, within half a mile of the south end of the town." At that spot all vestiges of the ancient stone-way are lost, but it is supposed to have become the foundation of the present turnpike road to Dorking, and that, crossing a, place called the Chalk Plat, it continued in a straight line along South-street to the Church-yard, through which tradition affirms it to have passed ; — yet no remains have been discovered there within memory to support the assertion. Two Roman coins, however, Mr. Bray says, were a few years ago dug up in the nursery-ground on the north side of the church-yard j and in another nursery-ground a little beyond, and east, or north-east of the church, plain indications of the old road were found a very few years since by the occupier, "who dug up so many flints from it, that he sold them to the surveyor of the turnpike road." — Manning and Bray's Surrey, vol. iii. Appendix, p. xlvi. Mr. Bray expresses his acknowledgements for this enlarged and corrected account from personal examina tion of the above track, from its entrance into the county till its coming to Box Hill, to Mr. Puttock, of Epsom. He also states, that the same gentleman communicated to him a Deed, dated in the 8th of Richard II. (anno 1385), from which it appeared that the Stane-street was then used as the King's highway " towards Dorkyng from Okleye." He likewise mentions, that the Rev. Mr. Woodroffe, rector of Ockley, lately dug entirely through the causeway in his glebe-land to make a ditch, " and found it about four feet BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 15 On leaving Dorking, the Ermyn-street is conjectured to have crossed the little stream called Pip-brook, at or near the present bridge, and thence to have extended in the hne of the turnpike road to Mickleham Downs, a distance of about two miles, where " a very considerable agger is now remaining." This leads to Pebble-lane, at the extremity of which is a bank overgrown with wood, that appears to have been a continuation of the road. " This passing by the back of Woodcote Park in Epsom, and leaving Burgh or Burrow in Banstead on the right, leads straight to Woodcote Warren in the parish of Beddington, and to Wallington, or Old Croydon ; but there is no trace to be found on the Downs between Woodcote Park and Woodcote Warren;" except a few small barrows.38 If the ancient Noviomagus was at Old Croydon, as some writers suppose, this road must have extended from it in the direction of Streatham, Kennington, and Newington, into Southwark. The Roman road from Newhaven appears to have passed by Lindfield in Sussex, where a part of it has been discovered, and to have been thence continued in a north-eastern direction towards East Grinstead, beyond which it entered Surrey at New Chapel in the parish of Godstone, about five miles from the village of that name. After passing over Tilbuster hill the road crosses a small brook a little to the south of Godstone ; and the name of Stratton, apphed to this part of the parish, signifying Street-town, may have reference to its situation on the Roman way. A httle to the east of Stratton is a hill called Castle Hill, fortified by banks and ditches ; on Godstone Green are two small barrows, and there are two others of considerable size in the adjacent inclosures on the north of the Green. From this place the road ascends White Hill through the farm called North Park, in Blechingley, and passes through Chaldon and Coulsdon to Woodcote or Old Croydon. A part of the track of this road in the parish of Chaldon is named Stane-street or Stanstead Heath ; and elsewhere traces of this ancient road occur, which render it probable that it was a branch of the Ermyn-street."3 In the "Notitia Dignitatum," — or Account of Officers under the Roman Govern ment, published by Pancirohus, among the officers subordinate to the Count of the Saxon Shore in Britain, is mentioned, — "Praepositus Numeri Exploratorum Portu Adurni:" the Commander of a Detachment of the Coast-Guard stationed at the port of the Adur.u The port thus designated may reasonably be concluded to and a half thick, formed of several rows of flints and other stones laid alternately and bedded in sand or very fine gravel, and laid with the utmost regularity and neatness." — Ibid, xiv. — xlvii. 32 Manning and Bray's Surrey, Ibid. ss Ibid, p. xiv. 16 HISTORY OF SURREY. have been situated at the mouth of the river Adur, probably at Old Shoreham in Sussex, or at the neighbouring village of Aldrington : and in the " Gentleman's Magazine" for July, 1781, are the foUowing notices of portions of a road which appears to have passed across Sussex, and may have extended from the Port of the Adur to the northern border of that county, and thence into Surrey. About the year 1779 "an old straight paved road" was "discovered on St. John's Common, and in the inclosed lands adjoining, in the parishes of Kymere and Clayton, in the county of Sussex." This road is described as being formed of a bed of flints, eighteen or twenty feet wide, and about eight inches thick. In the parish of West Hothley, through which the line of road seems to have passed, a large hill or barrow is mentioned as occurring on an elevated spot. Hence this road was continued till it joined that from Newhaven at its entrance into Surrey near New Chapel.35 The road from Pevensey, the Port of Anderida, according to Mr. Leman, probably extended from the coast in a north-western direction, and may have coincided with the preceding after passing into Surrey. In a slight sketch of "Roman Roads" in Surrey, attached to Mr. Bray's Appen dix, vol. iii., there is a hne shown as branching from the Stane-street between Okewood and Okeley, and passing through Newdi-gate, Rej-gate, Gate-ton [Gatton], Chipsted, and Leaden Cross, to Old Croydon ; — but although jate is the Saxon name for a street or road, he observes in his printed account (p. xlix.), that " no marks of a road from Ockley through Newdigate, Reygate, and Gatton, have ever been found." Besides those branches of ancient roads which led from Ports on the shores of Sussex through Surrey, there appears to have been another line of road which crossed obliquely the north-western portion of this county; and although the distance traversed by this road within the limits of Surrey was but short, its connexion with stations of importance, named in the Itineraries, renders the investigation of its course peculiarly interesting. The country near Silchester, in Hampshire, has been recently examined by Mr. Wyatt Edgell (of Milton Place), in conjunction with some of the officers connected with the Military College at Sandhurst;36 and from 34 Horsley has thus strangely translated the above passage: "The Commander of the Detachment of Scouts at Portsmouth." — Britannia Romana, p. 476. 3S Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 51, p. 306—7. 38 Particularly, Captain W. R. Faber, of the 49th regiment; Lieutenant G. Grey, of the 83rd regiment ; and Lieutenant G. B. Pratt, of the 63rd regiment. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 17 the researches of those gentlemen it appears probable that several roads, which formed lines of communication for the Roman armies during their occupation of this country, intersected each other at Silchester. One of these, which formed part of the Bmield-street, passed through Dorchester in Oxfordshire, crossed the Kennet probably at Puntfield : thence, taking the direction of Silchester, continued to Basingstoke ; and afterwards proceeded through Winchester to Southampton. Another road probably coincided with part of that called the Port-way, which extended from Norwich to Exeter, passing through London, Pontes (a Roman station on the banks of the Thames), and Silchester. A third led from Silchester through Thatcham towards the Vale of the White Horse, in which hne several remains of the road have been traced. A fourth is the Imperial Way, which extended from London, through Bath, to Caerleon in Monmouthshire. The hne of road between CaUeva or Silchester and Staines, and the neigh bouring country, including a part of Surrey, is that which was surveyed by the Officers of the Royal Mihtary College. This road issues from the eastern gate of the ancient town, where the present church of Silchester is situated, and pro ceeds in a straight line through Strathfield-saye, along what is now called Park-lane. The hne of its direction crosses the Loddon, near the bridge at the northern extremity of the park, and passes through a ford near the junction of the Blackwater and Whitewater rivers, about two miles from the spot where the united streams fall into the Loddon ; but the traces of its course are much interrupted by cultivation till we reach West-court House, built, according to tradition, upon the road, the direction of which is marked by the avenue to the mansion. Several portions of the road exist on the ground northward of Finchampstead church, occasionally deviating from a rectilinear direction, in order to avoid inequahties of the ground; but descending the eastern side of the ridge of heights, the course of the road is discovered, pursuing an unbroken hne thence along a level country to Easthamp stead Plain, and bearing the name of the Devil's Highway. The ascent of the road obhquely along the sloping ground to this commanding plateau may be distinctly observed, with a deep fosse on one side ; and the general eastern direction is preserved quite across the plain. But from the spot where the road rises to the summit of the plain, on the western side, a lateral branch, which has been carried out in a curvilinear direction, passes by the head of a deep ravine, and then, proceeding across the plain, rejoins the road on the eastern side. At the head of the ravine is an assemblage of aged thorns, which have the name VOL. I. D 18 HISTORY OF SURREY. of Wickham Bushes. The spot on which they grow has long been remarkable for the quantities of bricks, tiles, and coarse pottery, which have been discovered under its surface f and immediately in its neighbourhood, on St. George's Hill, is the strong entrenchment called Caesar's Camp. On descending from Easthampstead Plain, the road proceeds towards Bagshot. At Duke's Hill, in the vicinity of this town, the eastern direction terminates ; as its course from hence forms an angle of about twenty-five degrees northward of east, and it is consequently almost parallel with the present London road. From the place where the road makes this bend, it passes on for about a quarter of a mile through a plantation, which renders it difficult to pursue its traces, but beyond that plantation it can be easily distinguished, and is well known by its vulgar denomina tion to the country people. At about a mile from Duke's Hill the road crosses a marsh, on which it has been raised to a considerable height : from thence it runs through a garden in the occupation of Mr. Hammond; and the foundation consisting of excellent gravel, having been here, as elsewhere, dug up and employed in the formation of paths, the outline of the road presents a remarkable appearance. At this spot it again enters some thick plantations, and for about a mile can with diffi culty be traced : it then becomes tolerably distinct, running over some cultivated ground on the estate of — . Forbes, esq. ; from whence, by Charter's Pond to the Sunning Hill road, it is extremely well defined. From the road just mentioned it crosses some low meadow-land, where it can scarcely be discerned ; and at about a mile from this spot, where it enters Windsor Park, it is for a space totally lost. There is, however, a portion in good preservation between the point where it enters the Park and the place where its hne of direction cuts Virginia Water : it can also be distinguished in a spot near the Belvidere, between those two points, where one of the Park rides runs for about three hundred yards along the top ; and the labourers assert, that this part of the ride having never required any repair, they had from thence been led to conclude that it was constructed on some ancient road. It should be remarked that, that part of the Virginia Water which is crossed by the direction of the Roman road is artificial, and has been formed only within the last forty years. From this spot the direction of the road is through the yard of the Inn at Virginia Water ; and there is a tradition that the foundation had been for merly discovered there. Lastly, at Bakeham House, situated in the same hne of direction, on the brow of the hill which forms the east end of the elevated plain 37 See ArcHjEologia, vol. vii. p. 199. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 19 called Englefield Green, the substratum of the road, with other traces of Roman works, were discovered in 1835. The only Roman stations on this road mentioned in the Itineraries are Bibracte (or rather Bibrax, as it is called in the map attached to Richard of Cirencester,) and Pontes. The antiquities which have been discovered at Wickham Bushes have given rise to the opinion, that Bibracte stood on the ground they occupy ; but the distances between this spot and London, Silchester, and Speen, respectively, do not correspond with those given in the Itineraries ; and the Roman pottery found there can hardly be considered as affording any important evidence in support of that opinion, since similar remains have been discovered at other places on this line of road. The commanding nature of the ground over which the road passes near Egham, together with the vestiges of ancient civilization which have been observed, and the near agreement of the distances from London with those stated in the Itine raries, seem, in conformity to the opinion of Mr. Leman in his Commentary on Richard of Cirencester, and to the result of Mr. Edgell's researches, to point out that place as the site of the ancient Bibracte, and the neighbouring part of the Thames, which the line of the road crosses near Charter Island, and near the pillar which bounds the jurisdiction of the city of London, as the place of the ancient station Pontes. A series of mansions and viUages along the hne of the road between Staines and Silchester were, during the existence of the empire, occupied by the natives of the country, and probably by persons who abandoned the troubled continent for the sake of a peaceful retreat in what must have appeared to them to be a remote and barren region. Of such inhabited points those only which have been indicated in this description are at present known, but little doubt can be entertained that others would be discovered should a more minute research be hereafter undertaken. Opposite to Laleham there may still be seen three square encampments, which seem to have commanded the passes of the river below Staines ; and near these appear faint traces of a branch which diverges from the main road at Hythe Field near Egham, and tends towards Chertsey. This branch road, after crossing the river, appears to have passed by Ashford in Middlesex, where a portion in good preservation till lately remained ; and within memory, a strong fort existed between Laleham and that place. Dr. Stukeley has traced the main road from Staines, d2 20 HISTORY OF SURREY. through Hounslow, and on Turnham Green ; and he makes it enter London by Oxford-street.38 In the following hst are mentioned the several places in the county of Surrey which have been regarded as the sites of Roman stations ; also the spots where ancient entrenchments, supposed to have been Roman camps, have been observed ; and localities where Roman coins, urns, or other relics of antiquity, have been discovered ; together with situations where the converging hnes of old roads meet, or at which other circumstances render it probable that the Romans had settlements. Albury. The foundations of a building supposed by Aubrey to have been a Roman temple, were observed at Black-heath in this parish near the road to Cranley ; where also Roman coins have been discovered.1 Anstie-Bury, in the parish of Dorking. Here is a camp with a triple entrenchment, near the hne of the Roman road called Stane-street." Bagden Farm, near Westhumble, between Dorking and Mickleham. Roman coins were turned up here by the plough, in the last century.8 Bagshot, Roman antiquities, consisting of bricks, tiles, and coarse pottery, have been found in considerable quantities, at Wickham Bushes, near this place. At Rapley's farm, Duke's Hill, also an entrenchment; and near Bagshot, fragments of Roman pottery have been noticed." Chobham. Roman coins, in an earthen pot, were discovered at this place in 1772.5 Coulsdon. Ancient embankments have been observed in this parish, through which passes the Stane-street.6 Croydon. Dr. Stukeley supposed this to be the site of the station called in the Itineraries Noviomagus.' Egham. Here is supposed to have been the Roman station named Bibrax, or Bibrocum.9 Farnham. Horsley concluded this place to have been the Vindomis of Antoninus.9 Frimley, in the parish of Ash. Roman coins, with an urn, were found here.10 38 Roman Roads : United Service Journal : 1836. Part I. p. 39 — 42, from which account the above particulars have been mostly derived. 1 Aubrey, Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iv. p. 79 — 81. 2 Manning and Bray, History of Surrey, vol. i. p. 579. 3 Id. vol. iii. Appendix, p. 47. * Archaeologia, vol. vii. p. 199—202. 3 Gough's Edition of Camden's Britannia, vol. i. p. 247. 8 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. ii. p. 448. ' Ibid. p. 535. 8 Leman, Commentary on the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, Iter XII. 9 Horsley, Britannia Romana, p. 459. '» Dr. Stukeley, Itinerarium Curiosum. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 21 Gatton. Roman coins, and other remains of antiquities, have been discovered at this place ; through or near which the Roman road that led from Newhaven in Sussex to London, is supposed, by some writers, to have passed.11 Guildford. This town is conjectured by Mr. Long to have been the site of the station of Noviomagus.18 Hascomb. On Castle-hill, in this parish, are the remains of a small Roman camp, in a commanding situation.13 Htlbury, on Puttenham Common, eastward of Farnham. Here is a quadrangular entrenchment, which Mr. Long says " certainly looks more Roman than any thing else of the kind " he had seen ; though " it is unnoticed by any map or history, and yet is sufficiently apparent to the eyes of the most careless beholder."14 Holmbdry Hill, in the parish of Ockley. Here are the entrenchments of a camp, apparently of Roman construction ; near the road called Stane-street15 Kingston-upon-Thames. Dr. Gale supposed this place to have been the site of the station called by the Geographer of Ravenna, Thamesa. It is stated by Leland that "yn ploughyng and digging here have very often beene founde fundation of waulles of houses, and diverse coynes of brasse, sylver, and gold, with Romaine inscriptions, and paintid yerthen pottes, or tyles." Urns, con taining ashes and other sepulchral relics, indicating a Roman cemetery, have also at different times been discovered near this town. Here also in the bed of the river, Roman weapons have been found.16 Nutfield. A quantity of Roman coins of the Lower Empire were found in an earthen vessel, about the middle of the last century, in this parish, in the road leading from the village of Nutfield towards Ham.17 Peckham. Bagford mentions a glass urn of Roman workmanship dug up from the middle of the highway, at this place ; and various Roman antiquities have been found in the neighbourhood.18 Pend-hill, in the parish of Blechingley. The remains of a Roman hypocaust, 11 Aubrey, Surrey, vol. iv. p. 217. 12 Long, Observations upon certain Roman Roads and Towns in the South of Britain, p. 41. 13 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. ii. p. 64. 14 Long, Observations upon certain Roman Roads, &c. p. 70. 15 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. ii. p. 161, and 303. 16 Leland, Itinerary, vol. vi. p. 22. Jesse, Gleanings of Natural History, vol. i. p. 272. " Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. ii. p. 266. ls Ibid. vol. iii. p. 400. 22 history of surrey. tiles, &c. were discovered in 1813, at this place, not far from the hne of the Roman road from the coast of Sussex to London, by Godstone and Woodcote.18 Send, south of Woking. Roman coins are said by Salmon to have been discovered here.80 Southwark, and Saint George's Fields. A tessellated pavement, and Roman coins were discovered on the south side of St. Saviour's Church ; and various antique remains have been excavated in the hnes of Blackman-street and Union-street. An urn, preserved in the Cabinet of the Royal Society; and many other relics of antiquity have been found at different periods in Saint George's Fields.21 Wallington. Some antiquaries have fixed on this place as the site of the much- disputed station of Noviomagus.22 Walton-on-the-Hill. Roman tiles, foundations of buildings, and a brass image of iEsculapius, were dug up at Walton Heath in this parish ; where some sup pose there was a Roman station/3 Walton-upon-Thames. On St. George's Hill in the vicinity of this place is the entrenchment called Caesar's Camp ; and across the bed of the river was the line of posts called Coway-stakes, supposed to have been placed there by the Britons to obstruct the passage of the Roman army ; as described in Caesar's Commentaries.24 Warlingham. At Bottle-hill, in this parish, is a Roman camp, near the supposed Roman road across the eastern part of Surrey.85 Woodcote, near Croydon. Robert Talbot, Camden, Dr. Gale, and Horsley, sup posed the station named Noviomagus to have been situated at or near Woodcote, or Woodcote Warren ; where the foundations of old buildings, Roman coins, urns, and bricks, have been discovered.26 As a co-relative to the above, and in order to give a succinct view of the appro priation of the whole of the Regnian territory whilst under Roman domination, 19 Manning and Bray, Surrey, Appendix, p. cxxi. 20 Salmon, Antiquities of Surrey, p. 142. 21 Aubrey, Surrey, vol. v. p. 104 ; Arch.eologia, vol. xxvi. Appendix, p. 467 ; and several other Works. 22 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. p. 267 — 9. 23 Ibid. voL ii. p. 644. « Ibid. p. 758, and 780. 25 Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xiv. (Surrey.) p. 29. 28 Aubrey, Surrey, vol. ii. p. 151—9. BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD. 23 we subjoin a list of the different places in Sussex, where stations and settlements appear to have been established ;— - referring, as before, to the respective authorities from which the particulars have been deduced. Aldrington, at the mouth of the river Adur. This place is supposed by Selden to be the station of Portus Adurni, mentioned in the Roman "Notitia Digni- tatum." Fragments of bricks and pottery, and remains of Roman foundations, have been repeatedly found in common fields at Southwick, adjoining the parish of Aldrington.1 Amberley, four miles north of Arundel. This is supposed by Horsley to have been the site of the Anderesium of the Geographer of Ravenna.2 Arundel. At or near this place, on the river Arun, ten miles from Chichester, Leman has placed the station Ad Decimum. At High Down, four miles east of Arundel, there is a small square camp.3 Avisford, seven miles from Chichester, on the road to Arundel. Sepulchral remains, indicative of Roman occupation, were discovered at this place, in March, 1817.4 Beeding-Hill, near the confines of the parishes of Edburton and Old Shoreham. A very large tumulus here, was opened in 1800, which contained more than one hundred Roman urns of various sizes and degrees of fineness.5 Bignor. Mosaic pavements and other remains of a Roman villa were discovered at Bignor in 1811. Mr. S. Lysons, who published an account of these remains in the Archaeologia, fixes here the station Ad Decimum; the distance from Chichester, ten miles, corresponding with that of the station from Regnum in the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, and very near this place passes the Roman road called Stane-street.6 Brighton. About the middle of the last century an urn filled with Roman coins [denarii] was found near this town. At HoUingbury Hill, two miles north of Brighton, is a square entrenchment, where a few Roman coins have been dis covered ; and a mile east of the town, a square camp with a triple ditch.' 1 Cartwright, Parochial Topography of the Rape of Bramber : History of Western Sussex, vol. ii. part 2. 1830. p. 69. 2 Horsley, Britannia Romana, p. 492. 3 Commentary on the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, p. 154, and 157. ' Cartwright, Topography of the Rape of Arundel, part 1, p. 80. 5 Cartwright, Topography of the Rape of Bramber, ut supra, p. 221. 6 Arch.2eoi,ogia, vol. xviii. ' Dallaway, History of Western Sussex, vol. i. p. xix. 24 HISTORY OF SURREY. Chichester. This city is generally admitted to have been the site of the Roman station named Regnum. There is a quadrangular camp called the Broile, on the west side of Chichester ; and another named Gonshill, near the city.8 Ditchling, north-west of Lewes. Near the village of this name, formerly a market-town, is a square camp, secured on the north side by a deep dechvity, and on the other three sides by a ditch eleven feet wide.9 Duncton, two miles from Bignor. In 1815 the remains of a hypocaust were laid open, supposed to have belonged to a bath at this place for the use of the Roman soldiers stationed at Bignor.10 Eastbourne. The station Anderida Civitas, which has been the subject of much diversity of opinion, is placed at Easbourne or Eastbourne, by Dr. John Tabor (a physician at Lewes), who published in the Philosophical Transactions an account of a tesseUated pavement and other Roman antiquities discovered near Eastbourne, in 1717.1' Fishbourn. In 1812 remains of a bath were discovered near the Roman road, which passed through this place, from Chichester to Porchester.12 Hardham, south-east of Petworth. Here is a Roman camp, about four hundred feet square, on the line of the Stane-street.13 Lancing, westward of Shoreham. In 1829 a tesseUated pavement was discovered on Lancing Down, together with remains of buildings, earthen vases, burnt bones, part of a bronze figure of a cock, and other sepulchral relics.14 Lewes. This place is supposed to be the site of the station called Mutuantonis.15 Midhurst. This place has been considered as the station Miba or Mida, men tioned by the Geographer of Ravenna.16 Newhaven. Stukeley fixes here the station called Sylva Anderida. On the point of the promontory which commands the mouth of the haven is an entrench ment with lofty banks, caUed the Castle.1' Pevensey. Here, according to Leman, was the station named Portus Anderida.18 8 Horsley, Britannia Romana, p. 441. D Dallaway, History of Western Sussex, vol. i. p. xviii. '" Ibid. vol. ii. part 1, p. 247. " Ibid. p. x. xi. 12 Ibid. p. 100. 13 Cartwright, Topography of Arundel, p. 295. 14 Cartwright, Topography of Bramber, p. 388, 9. 15 Shoberl, Beauties of England, Wales, and Sussex, p. 30. 18 Horsley, Britannia Romana, p. 492. " Dallaway, History of Western Sussex, vol. i. p. xix. 13 Commentary of Richard of Cirencester, p. 115, and 154. SAXON AND DANISH PERIOD. 25 Pulborough. Near the village of Pulborough, on the west, is a circular mound of earth, upon which are vestiges of buildings and other remains. In 1816, a sepulchral urn was dug up at Hill Farm; and in 1817, near Mare-hill, on the south side of the parish, were discovered the foundations of a building, supposed to have been a mausoleum. Upon a hill half a mile from this spot, broken tiles, fragments of painted stucco, and foundations of buildings have been found.19 Rye. This is supposed to have been the site of the Portus Novus mentioned by Ptolemy.20 Saint Botolph's, south of Bramber. In ploughing a part of the Down in this parish, a considerable quantity of Roman bricks, hewn stone, and pottery, was found in 1829. The Roman road from Bignor to Pevensey probably passed by or through Lewes : from Bignor to Lewes the distance is twenty-six miles ; and the place where these remains were turned up is in a direct line about midway.81 Telescombe, three miles and a half north of Newhaven. In this parish are two camps of a quadrangular figure, both imperfect, but the works on the western side of each are well finished.22 Watersfield, in the parish of Cold Waltham. This village is near the line of the Roman road from Bignor to Pulborough, (the Stane-street;) and here, in 1815, a vessel of coarse pottery was broken by a labourer, and it was found to contain about seventeen hundred Roman coins.23 SAXON AND DANISH PERIOD. On the departure of the Romans, as stated in the preceding section, the British chieftains, fiercely contending among themselves for supreme power, wasted the strength of the country in civil broils, instead of directing their energies against the common foe. Taking advantage of these disorders, the Scots and Picts, renewing and extending their predatory inroads, ravaged the northern provinces in a most savage and remorseless manner. In their onward course, district after 18 Cartwright, Topography of Arundel, p. 357. 20 Horsley, Britannia Romana, p. 374. 21 Cartwright, Topography of Bramber, p. 216. 22 Shoberl, Beauties of England and Wales, Sussex, p. 32. 23 Cartwright, Topography of Arundel, p. 289. VOL. I. 26 HISTORY OF SURREY. district became the scene of devastation and massacre ; until, at length, the near approach of danger admonished the southern states to provide for their own safety. At that time the "too-famous Vortigern,"1 (the Gwrtheyrn of the Welsh Triads,) held the chief sway among the Britons; and under his1 guidance they had "recourse to an expedient, which, however promising it might appear in the outset, proved in the result most fatal to the liberty of their country."3 This was the alliance formed with the Saxon chiefs, Hengist and Horsa,3 who had been cruising in the British Channel in three chiules (keels) or war-ships, in search of piratical adven tures. Invited by Vortigern to aid in fighting his battles, these warriors landed at Ebbs-fleet, in the Isle of Thanet, and by their assistance the British prince quickly repressed the incursions of the northern barbarians. In reward for this service, Vortigern bestowed the Isle of Thanet upon his new auxiliaries; — and hence may be dated the foundation of the Saxon predominancy in Britain. Whilst seated in Thanet, Hengist was constantly receiving reinforcements from his own country ; and at length, either impelled by ambition, or allured by the apparent easiness of conquest, he and his son Oisc expeUed the Britons from the territory of ' Cantwara Land? or Kent, and created it into an independent kingdom. Before that was effected, however, several battles had been fought; in the last, which occurred in 473, at Weppeds-fleet, twelve of the British chieftains were slain. About four years after that event, another band of Saxon adventurers, under the command of Ella and his three sons, landed at Cymensore, on the coast of Sussex ; and although obstinately opposed by the natives, EUa gradually forced his way into the heart of the country ; and the Britons were compelled to shelter themselves in the great forest of Andreds-weald. It was not, however, until the year 490, " that he could penetrate so far as the city of Andred, which gave its name to the tract, and was deemed an impregnable fortress." After a long siege, Andreds-cestre was 1 Palgrave's Anglo-Saxons, p. 29. 2 Lingard's England, 4th edit. p. 58. 3 Strictly speaking, the brothers, Hengist and Horsa, and their followers, were Jutes and not Saxons ; but the latter cognomen has so generally prevailed among English historians, that the error hardly deserves notice. The Saxon tribes were distinguished by the respective names of Jutes, Angles, and Saxons ; the first two of which inhabited the " Cimbric Chersonesus," or peninsula of Jutland (now a province of Denmark), and certain parts of Schlesswig and Holstein, in which latter state there is still a district called Anglen. The Saxons proper, and who eventually poured their hordes into this country, dwelt to the south of the two other tribes, and occupied the tract from the Weser to the Delta of the Rhine, viz., the present Westphalia, Friesland, Holland, and probably a part of Belgium. Palgrave says, that "the tribes by whom Britain was invaded, appear principally to have proceeded from the country now called Friesland ; for of all the continental dialects, the ancient Frisich is the one which approaches most nearly to the Anglo-Saxon of our ancestors." — History of the Anglo-Saxons, p. 33. SAXON AND DANISH PERIOD. 27 reduced by the Saxons, and laid in ashes, and every inhabitant was put to the sword, in revenge for the loss which the besiegers had sustained from their gallant resistance.4 After this achievement, which insured the possession of his prior acqui sitions, EUa appears to have followed the example of Hengist, in assuming the regal title ; and from that period (491) is commonly dated the foundation of the South- Saxon kingdom. At first, the SuiS-Seaxna pice, comprehended within its narrow boundary only the modern Sussex ; but EUa subsequently extended his dominion over all the intervening country to the southern bank of the Thames; and the reputation, probably, both of his talents and success, occasioned his nomination, by the Saxon chiefs, to the high office of Bretwalda, or Dominator of Britain ; a title, as explained by Palgrave, equivalent to that of Emperor.5 Sussex, though not perhaps the smallest kingdom of the heptarchy, was one of the least distinguished of all the Anglo-Saxon states in this island ; and but few events of historical importance are recorded to have taken place within its limits. Its existence, indeed, as a distinct and independent sovereignty, appears to have terminated about the year 590; when, on the death of Cissa, the son and successor of EUa, without issue,6 his territories were seized by Ceaulin, king of the West- Saxons, — and they were ultimately annexed to the West-Saxon kingdom. About twenty-two years prior to this seizure Ceaulin, and Ethelbert king of Kent, each of whom seems to have aspired to the dignity of Bretwalda, met in battle-array at Wimbledon, in Surrey, where an engagement took place, in which Ethelbert was defeated, and obliged to retire into his own dominions.' Much uncertainty prevails in respect to the time of the final extinction of the South-Saxon kingdom; some writers referring it to the year 661 ; when Edilwalch, 4 Saxon Chronicle, pp. 14, 15 ; and Henry of Huntingdon, p. 179. " History of the Anglo-Saxons, p. 39, note. William of Malmesbury considers the appellation Bretwalda, as tantamount to ' Chief among the kings of Britain' : Vide De Gestis Regum Anglorum, p. 12. From the strong expressions of Bede, Lingard says, " it would not be rash to infer that the inferior kings acknowledged themselves the vassals of the Bretwalda."— History of England, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 74, note. 6 Cissa succeeded his father in 514 ; and his reign over the South-Saxons is memorable only for its great length, viz., seventy-six years. At the time of his decease, he is reputed to have been one hundred and fifteen, or one hundred and sixteen years of age. ' Holinshed, in noticing this occurrence, says, " This was the first battell that was fought betwixt the Saxons one against another within this land, after their first coming into the same." — Chronicles, vol. i. p, 568 ; edit. 1807. Ranulph Higden, quoting Henry of Huntingdon, also says, with reference to the battle of Wibbandune, (as Wimbledon is styled in the Saxon Chronicle), "hie fuit primum bellum inter Saxones." — Gale, Scriptores XV. p. 226. E 2 28 HISTORY OF SURREY. its then sovereign, was forced to surrender his dominions to Wulfere, king of Mercia; receiving in return for his submission, the government of the Isle of Wight, and a district in Hampshire. But however this may be, it is exceedingly probable that the territorial possessions of the South-Saxons had undergone, either dismember ment or division, previously to the subjugation of the kingdom by Wulfere. Thus much is certain, that in the year 666, Frithwald, the founder of the Benedictine Abbey at Chertsey, was described in the charter of foundation as sub-regulus of Surrey under Wulfere.8 The kings of Mercia did not retain their superiority over Sussex many years ; for in 685 or 686, CeadwaUa, king of Wessex, attacked the king or viceroy of the South-Saxons, (whom Bede caUs Athelwold, but others, Adelwalch,9) and killed him in a battle, in which his aUy, Lothaire king of Kent, was also mortally wounded. Ceadwalla, in consequence of this victory, took possession of the kingdom of Sussex and of the Isle of Wight, and devastated the territory of Lothaire. He did not, however, accomphsh the subjugation of Sussex without encountering further oppo sition ; for the chiefs, Authun and Berthun, who are said to have been the sons of Adelwalch, assumed the sovereignty, and endeavoured to expel the invader. In this they were unsuccessful; Berthun feU in the field, but Authun was permitted to govern as the deputy or vassal of the king of Wessex. After his decease, the South-Saxons made several attempts to regain their independence, but all of them were fruitless ; and at length, in 725, their territories were annexed to those of Wessex, by king Ina, after a battle in which Albert, their king or leader, was slain. In 754, when Sigebert was king of Wessex, they again threw off the yoke, and appointed a chief named Osmond their ruler. Sigebert, who is represented by historians as a cruel tyrant, was speedily deposed by his own subjects, and killed by a swineherd; after which Kenulf was made king of the West-Saxons. This prince recovered the ascendancy which his predecessors had acquired over Sussex, which from that time remained in the peaceable possession of the sovereigns of Wessex. That the re-conquest of this petty kingdom was achieved by Kenulf appears from the foUowing passages in the Chronicle of John of WaUingford, abbot of St. Albans. — " Kenulf reduced under his own dominion the realms of many kings." 8 Dugdale's Monasticon, edit. 1817 ; vol. i. p. 426 : from the Register of Chertsey Abbey, in the British Museum : Bibl. Cott. " Rapin, referring to the Saxon Chronicle, and William of Malmesbury, (De Pontif. Lib. iii.) names Adelwalch [Edilwalch] as the opponent of Ceadwalla, stating it as probable, that he recovered possession of the kingdom of Sussex after the death of Wulfere. SAXON AND DANISH PERIOD. 29 " The South-Saxons always had their own kings ; but in the time of Kenulf they were subject to him, or were his subjects."10 The reign of Kenulf lasted thirty years, and terminated with his life, which he lost in a domestic feud. He was kiUed at Merton, in this county, in 784, by Cyne- hard, the brother of Sigebert. The circumstances of this catastrophe will be further noticed in the account of the place where it happened." Egbert, who became king of Wessex at the commencement of the ninth century, graduaUy reduced nearly aU the other monarchs of the Heptarchy to a state of vassalage ; and he has therefore been represented as the sovereign of aU that part of the island inhabited by the Anglo-Saxons ; and it has even been asserted, that in a great national council assembled by his authority at Winchester, he was crowned king of Britain; and that he then issued a decree, that his dominions should thenceforth be styled the kingdom of England.12 For this statement there is not the slightest authority in the works of any historian who lived before the Norman Conquest; and, on the contrary, it appears from existing monastic charters, that " King of the West-Saxons " was the title of sovereignty assumed, not only by Egbert himself, but also by his son and his four grandsons, who severaUy succeeded him. It may be added, that the Great Alfred, the last of these kings, is always denominated by his contemporary biographer Asser, "Rex Occidentalium Saxonum."1" The attempts of Egbert to acquire or maintain a partial superiority over the other Anglo-Saxon kings were interrupted by the formidable assaults of the Danes, whose first hostile incursions on the coasts of Wessex took place in the reign of Egbert's predecessor, Brithric. The ravages of the invaders extended over various parts of South Britain; and shortly after the middle of the ninth century, two conflicts with these marauders occurred, in which the people of Surrey were interested. In the reign of Ethelwulf, about 851, a great army of the Pagans (as these Danish free booters are styled by Asser) landed in England ; and having plundered London and Canterbury, made an incursion into Mercia, defeated Bertulf the sub-regulus of that country, and then directed their devastating career towards Wessex. They crossed the Thames and proceeded into Surrey, spreading ruin and terror wherever 10 Kenulphus — "multorum Regum regna sibi subjugavit." "Regnum Australium Saxonum habuit semper reges suos, sed toto tempore Kenulphi subjectos Kenulpho." — Gale, Scriptores XV. p. 530. 11 See Lysons's Magna Britannia, vol. i. p. 338. 12 See Annals of Westminster, in Monasticon Anglicanum ; and other authorities cited by Rapin. — History of England, fol. vol. i. p. 84. 13 Asserii Annales — inter XV. Script, a Gale, p. 165, and 172. 30 HISTORY OF SURREY. they came. Ethelwulf and his son Ethelbald coUected a body of forces, and encamped at or near Ockley, in the southern part of this county, where they were attacked by the Danes; but after an obstinately-contested engagement, the Anglo-Saxons obtained a complete victory, and very few of the invaders escaped slaughter." In the same, or the foUowing year, fresh bands of Danes infested this country : and in 853, Wada or Huda, who was earl or ealdorman of Surrey, led the military force of the county into the Isle of Thanet, at the requisition of Ealhere, earl of Kent, who having joined him with the Kentish men, whom he had sum moned to his standard, they marched against an army of Danes then on the island, and a battle ensued, in which the Christians at first had the advantage, but the tide of success afterwards turned against them : great numbers feU by the swords of the victorious Pagans, and others were drowned in the adjacent river; among the slain were both the Anglo-Saxon chiefs.15 Frithwald, the vice-king of Surrey before-mentioned, and Earl Wada, appear to be the only Saxon governors of Surrey exclusively whose names are on record ; but it may be supposed that this district, hke others, had its series of ealdormen or provincial rulers, from the time it was annexed to Wessex untU the termination of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty. We learn from the narrative of William of Malmes bury, copied by Higden, relative to the quarrel between Edward the Confessor and Godwin, usually styled Earl of Kent, in 1051,16 that not only Kent but Surrey also, and other counties, had been placed under the control of that powerful nobleman : but there must have been at the same time an ealdorman or shire-reeve, to super intend the internal government of each separate county or shire. The county of Surrey must have acquired some importance in the reigns of King Alfred and his successors in the tenth century, as its chief town, Kingston, had then become the place where the sovereigns of Wessex were solemnly crowned. Winchester was originaUy the metropolis of the West-Saxons ; and there corona tions of its sovereigns were at first solemnized. That city, however, was burnt by the Danes in the reign of Ethelbert, the elder brother of Alfred : and although it was soon rebuilt, the circumstance of its destruction may have occasioned the removal of the court for a time to Kingston. " Asser.— Florent. Wigorn.— Henr. Huntingd.— See Manning and Bray, History of Surrey, vol. iii. p. 664, which states that the memory of the defeat is yet preserved in the names of places in the Weald of Surrey. 15 Saxon Chronicle.— Asser.— Henry of Huntingdon. 13 Vide Gale, Scriptores XV. p. 279. SAXON AND DANISH PERIOD. 31 Edward I. (caUed the Elder by historians, to distinguish" him from subsequent monarchs of the same name,) was the first of the Anglo-Saxon kings whose corona tion is recorded to have > taken place at Kingston. The ceremony was performed in 900 ; and Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, was the ecclesiastical dignitary who officiated on the occasion. In 925 Athelstan received the crown at Kingston, from Archbishop Athelm. Edmund I., (the half-brother of Athelstan) was crowned there in 940 ; his brother Edred, in 948 ; and Edwi or Edwin, the elder son of King Edmund, in 955 : — at the coronation of these three monarchs Odo, arch bishop of Canterbury, presided. Whether Edgar, the next king, was crowned at Kingston is uncertain; but his sons, Edward II., or the Martyr, and Ethelred II., were crowned at that place (the former in 975, and the latter in 978,) by the famous Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by Oswald, archbishop of York. During the reign of the last-mentioned sovereign, who is known in history by the reproachful surname of the Unready, the Danes carried fire and desolation through almost every part of the kingdom. The southern counties were repeatedly ravaged by these remorseless savages ; and, at last, their ascendancy became so powerful, that Ethelred forsook his throne, and retired to Normandy with all his family.17 Sweyn(the Danish chief) was in consequence soon afterwards proclaimed king of England, no person daring to dispute his assumption of that dignity. On the death of Sweyn, in 1014, the Enghsh recaUed their former sovereign ; and Knut (or Canute), the son of Sweyn, and whom he had appointed to succeed him, was in his turn expeUed from the kingdom. He soon, however, coUected a great armament, and landing at Sandwich in Kent, proceeded along the southern coast, and by his destructive ravages obliged the Thanes of Wessex to acknowledge him their sovereign. Shortly afterwards, having completed his preparations for the siege of London, where the gaUant Edmund Ironside had been crowned king on the decease of Ethelred his father, he entered the Thames with a fleet of three hundred and forty saU, carrying an army of twenty-seven thousand men. With this force, he three times besieged the capital, but without success ; the bravery of the citizens repeUing aU his efforts to subdue them. It was, probably, during the second siege, that Canute caused a deep and broad trench, or canal, to be cut through the marshes 17 Emma (or Elgiva) Ethelred's second wife, was the daughter of Richard I., duke of Normandy; and Richard II., (the brother of Emma) was the person who on this occasion afforded an asylum to Ethelred. From this marriage arose the connexion between the two countries, which eventually led to the establish ment here, of the Norman dynasty ; William the Bastard, (surnamed the Conqueror, after the subjugation of England,) being the son of Richard III., duke of Normandy, and great-grandson of the first Duke. 32 HISTORY OF SURREY. on the south side of the Thames, in order to carry up his ships to the west side of London Bridge, which he could not otherwise pass, it having been strongly fortified. The "Saxon Chronicle" thus speaks of this event: — "Then came the ships to Greenwich, and within a short interval to London ; where they sank a deep ditch on the south side, and dragged their ships to the west side of the bridge. Afterwards they trenched the city about, so that no man could go in nor out, and often fought against it ; but the citizens bravely withstood them."18 During that and the foUowing year (1017), several severe battles were fought between Edmund Ironside and Canute ; but at length it was agreed, that the kingdom should be divided ; the south to be retained by Edmund, and the north by Canute : the general line of the river Thames was to be the boundary of their respective dominions. After the death of Edmund (on the feast of St. Andrew, 1017) by assassination, the entire sovereignty was awarded to his competitor, at a General Councfl held in London ; and he retained it until his decease in 1036. Among the events recorded as having happened in Surrey in the eleventh century, was the death of Hardicanute, the last sovereign of the Danish dynasty who bore sway in England. This prince is stated to have died suddenly in a fit of intoxication, at the marriage-feast of the daughter of Osgod Clapa, one of his courtiers, at Lambeth, in 1041 ; though some writers attribute his death to poison. There is another event of historical interest, stated to have taken place at GuUd- ford, in this county, about the same period ; but the precise date and circumstances are involved in uncertainty. This was, the seizure of Prince Alfred, the brother of Edward the Confessor, and the massacre of his Norman attendants, by Godwin, earl of Kent. Whether this act of perfidious cruelty was committed in the reign of Harold, or after the death of Hardicanute, or through whose influence or instiga tion, amidst conflicting authorities it is difficult to determine; but a more full account of the evidence relating to it will be laid before the reader elsewhere. 18 The different opinions which have been entertained, in regard to the particular course of the trench attributed to Canute, will be stated hereafter, in our account of the Borough of Southwark. EARLY NORMAN PERIOD. 33 HISTORICAL NOTICES RELATING TO THE COUNTY OF SURREY FROM THE TIME OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE REIGN OF QUEEN MARY. In the year 1066, which is one of the most memorable in the British annals, the Anglo-Saxon dynasty was abrogated by the irruption of the Norman adventurers under the command of WiUiam the Bastard, duke of Normandy, afterwards, from the success of his enterprize, surnamed the Conqueror. This chieftain, who affected to derive his claim to the realm of England from a scarcely-avowed design of King Edward the Confessor to nominate him his successor, landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, on the twenty-ninth day of September in the above year. Thence marching to Hastings, he there threw up fortifications, (as he had previously done on the spot of his disembarkation,) in order to protect his shipping, and secure a retreat in case of disaster. Harold, (son of Earl Godwin,) the reigning sovereign, hastened from York to oppose the invader ; and both armies being eager for the conflict, a fierce and desperate battle ensued, which .lasted from morning tiU sunset, but was then termi nated by the death of Harold ; he was slain by an arrow shot at random, which pierced his eye. His brothers, Gurth and Leofwin, had previously fallen, and nearly aU the nobihty of the south of England perished with them.1 After a short delay, to secure his communication sea-ward, and strengthen the fortifications of Dover Castle, (which had been surrendered to him after a few days' siege) the Duke of Normandy marched to the metropolis ; but the Londoners refusing him entrance, he determined to terrify his opponents by severity ; and as an example of his vengeance, he forthwith laid Southwark in ashes. Then spreading his army over the counties of Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire, (Kent having previously submitted, on the assurance of its ancient customs being main tained), " every thing valuable was plundered by his soldiers ; and what they could not carry away was committed to the flames."2 The apprehensions excited among aU classes by these direful proceedings, and the want of unanimity among the Enghsh earls and prelates, were alike contri butory to William's final success. Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, was one of 1 This fearful struggle took place on the 14th of October, 1066, (Harold's birth-day,) at a place then called Senlac, about nine miles from Hastings. On that spot, or as the Saxon Chronicle more graphically expresses it, " on the very stede where God gave him [Duke William] to win England, he reared a noble monastery, and set monks therein, and endowed it well." This was the foundation called Battle Abbey ; remains of which yet exist. 2 Lingard's England, 4to. vol. i. p. 384. VOL. I. F 34 HISTORY OF SURREY. the first who threw himself on the mercy of the conqueror; and his defection was foUowed by that of others ; and, at length, the principal citizens of London swore aUegiance to him at Berkhampstead, and invited him to ascend the throne. In consequence of these overtures, and although the country was as yet but imperfectly subjugated, Duke WiUiam was crowned king at Westminster on the Christmas day foU owing his advent into England. He took "the usual oath of the Anglo-Saxon kings, with this addition, that he would govern as justly as the best of his prede cessors ;" — but alas ! the sceptre of justice and clemency was soon converted into a rod of iron. The new king being aware that the obedience of the natives could be secured only by a strong military force, induced many of the warlike chieftains who had accompanied him to England, to remain with their retainers after the original term of their service had expired. Their compliance was rewarded by extensive grants of territorial possessions, (both from the demesne lands of the crown, and from the confiscated estates of the adherents of King Harold,) to be holden by the tenure of mihtary service. This, however, was only the commencement of that revolution in the state of landed property which took place during the reign of the Conqueror. For in consequence of the violence and injustice of the foreign settlers, and numerous other concomitant circumstances, the natural impatience of the English under a foreign yoke, impeUed them repeatedly to rebel against the government ; but these attempts being aU unsuccessful, served only to rivet the chains of the native population, and reduce the higher and middle classes among them (with comparatively few exceptions) to a state of absolute destitution and vassalage; their lands and tenements being confiscated to enrich the dependants of the new sovereign. Among the alterations which took place as to the tenure of real property in England in the reign of WiUiam L, the most important was, the complete intro duction of the feudal system ; by the arrangements of which, aU grants of lands by the king were made under the obligation of Knights' Service, or in other words, the grantees of such lands were bound to attend the king in aU his wars, either per sonally or by deputy, with a certain number of knights or horsemen, completely equipped for service. The king's immediate tenants, or tenants in capite, were relatively but few in number, (amounting in the county of Surrey, at most, to forty- one) ; but some of these had a great number of manors or lordships, becoming almost petty sovereigns, with large revenues, and corresponding power and influence. EARLY NORMAN PERIOD. 35 The vast territories held by the king's immediate tenants, whether churchmen3 or laymen, were by them granted in portions to their retainers or others, to hold from them, as mesne lords, on hke terms of military service. The lands thus assigned to those who may be termed sub-tenants in the first degree, formed so many manors, each consisting of a certain number of hides of land, according to its value and extent. From these statements it must be obvious, that it became an object of great importance to the king, to ascertain what aid he had a right to demand from each of his tenants ; and hence the compilation of the Domesday Book. This most curious and interesting statistical and economical record has been characterized by Spelman, as " not only the most ancient, but beyond dispute, the most noble monument of the whole of Britain;"4 and Hume styles it, "the most valuable piece of antiquity possessed by any nation.5 It includes an account of the state and value of the landed property throughout nearly the whole of England ; and was coUected and arranged in the form of a territorial survey, under the direc tion of Commissioners expressly appointed for the purpose.6 From this invaluable record is deduced the foUowing list of landholders of the county of Surrey at the time of the Domesday survey. 1. — King William ; — to whom aU the other landholders were tenants-in-chief. 2. — The Archbishop of Canterbury. 3. — The Bishop of Winchester. 3 In the course of the changes which supervened in the proprietary population of the kingdom after the Conquest, the territorial estates of the Church did not entirely escape suffering ; yet the state of public opinion so far protected the clerical and monastic orders, that although they were robbed of their moveable property, and otherwise subjected to spoliation, they in general preserved their lands and tenements. Their demesnes, however, were subject to the same services with those of lay proprietors. * Spelman's words are, — " Monumentum totius Britannise, non dico antiquissimum, sed absque contro- versia, augustissimum." 5 Hume's England, vol. i. p. 276 : edit. 1807. 6 As an interesting adjunct to the above, we insert the subjoined particulars of the manner in which the Domesday Book was compiled from Lingard's England, vol. i. p. 437. — " The Commissioners were sent into the Counties with authority to impannel a Jury in each Hundred, from whose presentments and verdicts the necessary information might be obtained. They directed their inquiries to every interesting particular ; the extent of each estate, — its division into arable land, pasture, meadow, and wood ; the names of the owner, tenants, and sub-tenants ; the number of the inhabitants, and their condition, whether free or servile ; the nature and obligations of the tenure ; the estimated value before and since the Conquest ; and the amount of land-tax paid at each of those periods. The returns were transmitted to a Board sitting at Winchester, by which they were arranged in order and placed on record. The Commissioners entered on their task in the year 1080, and completed it in 1086. The fruit of their labours was, the compilation of two volumes, which were deposited in the Exchequer, and have descended to posterity, with the appropriate title of the Domesday, or Booh of Judgment." f2 36 history of surrey. 4, — Bishop Osbern. This prelate, also caUed Osbert, held the See of Exeter. He was a Norman by birth, but was brought up at the court of Edward the Confessor. He died in 1103; and his estates in Surrey probably reverted to the crown. 5. — The Bishop of Baieux, in Normandy. This was Odo, or Otho, uterine brother of WiUiam I., whom he accompanied in his expedition to England ; and in reward for his services on that occasion, was made Earl of Kent, and Lord Chief-Justice of the Kingdom, and obtained grants of more than four hundred lordships in various Enghsh counties. Having joined Robert Cur- those, King William's eldest son, in his quarrel with his father, he was arrested and detained in prison till the king's death. Being then set free, he engaged in a conspiracy against his successor (WiUiam Rufus), in favour of his elder brother, Robert ; and being besieged in Pevensey Castle, he was forced to surrender that fortress ; and to obtain his liberty, he abjured the realm, losing aU his lands and honours in this country. He died at Palermo, in Sicily, in 1096. 6. — The Abbot of Westminster. 7. — The Abbot of Winchester. 8. — The Abbot of Chertsey. 9. — The Abbot of Vandreueil, or St. Wandregisil. The convent over which this ecclesiastic presided was situated in the diocese of Rouen, in Normandy. 10. — The Abbot of St. Leutfrid's Cross. This was another Norman dignitary, whose monastery, founded about 690, was in the diocese of Evreux. 11. — The Abbot of Battle, in Sussex. • The monastery founded by WiUiam I. in commemoration of his victory near Hastings. 12. — The Abbess of Barring. Barking was a convent in Essex. 13. — The Canons, or Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, London. 14. — The Church of Lanchey. The land or manor said to have been held by the Church of Lanchey, constituted the endowment of the Rectory of Lambeth. 15. — Eustace, Earl of Boulogne. This independent chief, who fought for Duke WiUiam at Hastings, was the grandfather of Godfrey of Boulogne, chosen by the Crusaders as the first Christian king of Jerusalem. 16.— The Countess of Boulogne. This lady was the daughter-in-law of the preceding, and mother of the famous Godfrey of Boulogne. EARLY NORMAN PERIOD. 37 17. — The Earl of Mortaign, or Moreton, in Normandy. Robert, the brother of Bishop Odo, and consequently half-brother of King William, who made him Earl of CornwaU in England. 18. — Earl Roger, (the son of Hugh de Montgomeri,) who led the centre of the Norman army at the battle of Hastings ; and, for his services, was rewarded by the Conqueror with the earldoms of Shrewsbury and Arundel. He died in 1094. 19. — Richard de Tonbridge, also caUed Richard de Benefacta, and Richard Fitz-Gilbert, as he was the son of Gilbert Crispin, earl of Brionne in Nor mandy. From the manor of Clare in Suffolk, which belonged to him, his descendants assumed the surname of de Clare. He held the office of Chief Justicier of England, in conjunction with WiUiam Warren, the first earl of Surrey, in 1073, when King William was in Normandy. 20. — William de Braiose. A noble Norman, who foUowed the fortunes of the Conqueror, and partook of his bounty. 21. — William Fitz-Ansculf. He is caUed elsewhere, Ansculf de Pinchengi. 22. — Walter Fitz-Other. He emigrated from Florence to Normandy, and thence to England ; where he settled in the reign of Edward the Confessor. William I. made him Governor of Windsor Castle, and thence his famUy took the surname of Windsor : some of his descendants of that name were earls of Plymouth. 23. — Walter de Douai. 24. — Gdibert Fitz-Richer de l' Aigle ; whose famUy name was derived from the lordship, de 1' Aigle (de Aqmla), in Normandy. His grandfather (Euge- nulf) was killed, fighting for the Norman duke at Hastings: his father (Richer) was also slain in battle, in France, in 1085. 25. — Geoffrey de Mandeville. He signalized himself at the battle of Hast ings, and received large grants of land from the Conqueror. His grandson was the first who had the title of Earl of Essex. 26. — Geoffrey Orlatelle. 27. — Edward of Sarisberie, or Sarum. He was a younger son of Walter d' Evreux, earl of Rosmar, in Normandy ; who having joined in the expedition of WiUiam to England, obtained for his services the lordships of Sarisberie and Ambresbury. This Edward bore the king's standard at the battle of BrenneviUe, where Henry I. gained a victory over Lewis VI., of France, in 1119. 38 HISTORY OF SURREY- 28. Robert Malet, the son of WiUiam Malet, one of the Norman leaders at the battle of Hastings. Robert was appointed Great Chamberlain of Eng land, by Henry L, in the beginning of his reign ; but he was shortly after deprived of his estates, and banished, as an adherent of Robert, duke of Normandy. 29. Milo Crispin. Among the numerous estates this chief held in England, was the Castle and Honour of WaUingford, in Berkshire ; which he acquired through his marriage with the daughter and heir of Robert d' Oyley. He died, without issue, in the 7th Henry I. 30. — Viscount Haymo, or Haimo, the Sheriff. 31. — Humphrey, the Chamberlain. 32. — Ralph de Felgeres. 33. — Alured de Merleberge, or Alfred of Marlborough. 34. — Albert, the Clerk. 35. — Odardus Balistarius, or Odard, the Engineer. 36 to 41. — Oswold ; Theodric, the Goldsmith ; Tezelin, the Cook ; Ansgot, the Interpreter ; Chetel, the Huntsman, and Ulwi, the Huntsman ; who were aU servants of the king. It appears from the Domesday Book, that of the number of manors into which Surrey had been apportioned, the king himself held fourteen in demesne; the whole of which had been previously possessed by Edward the Confessor, Edith (his queen), and Earl Harold. Lanfranc, the archbishop of Canterbury, held six manors; four of which had been aUotted for the provision and clothing of the monks. Odo, bishop of Baieux, held twenty-five manors, besides a monastery, and certain dues connected with Southwark: the Abbey of Chertsey held twenty-three manors: Richard de Tonbridge, alias Fitz-Gilbert, held forty-nine manors, he being the greatest landowner in the county : Wilham Fitz-Ansculf held seven manors : and the Church of St. Peter, Westminster, and Walter Fitz-Other, held five manors each. Of the other persons named in the record, — two, held four manors each ; three, three manors each ; eight, two manors each ; and twenty, one manor each. Nothing of historical interest is recorded of the county of Surrey from the time of the Conqueror until the reign of King John ; but during the continuance of the contests which distracted the nation when under his dominion, it became the scene of some events which require notice. By far the most important of these, was the Convention made between the king and the barons of the realm, and which magna charta granted at runnimede. 39 was confirmed by the king affixing his signature to the " Great Charter of English Liberties," distinguished in history by the Latin title of Magna Charta. This ever-memorable transaction took place on the 15th day of June, 1215; the parties having met, according to a previous arrangement, in a meadow between Staines and Windsor, adjacent to the Thames, caUed Runnimede. This meadow, which has for ages been regarded as the place where the Great Charter was signed by the king, is in the parish of Egham, in this county. It has been stated, however, that although the conferences between the opposite parties may have been held at Run nimede, yet that the actual scene of the ratification of the covenant by the royal signature was an island in the Thames, stiU known by the name of Charter Island ; which is not within this county, but belongs to the parish of Wraysbury, in Buck inghamshire. The faUacy of this assertion is easily proved; for Runnimede is expressly named in the king's subscription to the charter itself, as the place where it was signed. The precise words of the grantor are, — " Daf p' manum nram in Prato quod vacatur Runimed' in? Windleshor' 't Stanes : Quinto decimo die Junii, anno regni nri septimo decimo''1'' The "Carta de Foresta," which was granted by John on the same day, was also signed at Runnimede ; and at the same place, on the 19th of June, the king affixed his signature to a Writ or Precept, directed to the sheriff's and others, for the election of twelve knights in each county, to inquire into abuses, and aid in carrying into effect the provisions of the Great Charter.8 There is a tradition current, that the barons who took arms against King John, and extorted from him the grant of the great Charter of Liberties, and the Forest Charter, held their councils, previously to the congress at Runnimede, in the Castle of Reigate, (a fortress which then belonged to WiUiam, earl of Warren, and earl of Surrey); and Mr. Gough has thus aUuded to it, in his edition of Camden's Britannia, when speaking of a cavern there, under the castle court ; — " It is caUed the Barons' Cave ; and it is pretended that the barons conferred here before they met King John in Runnymede.'" From the circumstantial narrative of the move- * See Fosdera, vol. i. pars 1, edit. 1816 ; in which an engraved fac-simile of the Great Charter is given from an original copy, preserved among the archives of the Cathedral Church at Lincoln. 8 Id. p. 134. It may be inferred from the above, that the assembly at Runnimede continued several days ; but it was no sooner dissolved, than the king threw off the mask which, with consummate hypocrisy, he had worn during the proceedings. Lingard says, that " in a paroxysm of rage he cursed the day of his birth, gnashed his teeth, rolled his eyes, gnawed sticks and straws, and acted all the freaks of a mad man." — History of England, 4to. vol. ii. p. 259 ; from Matt. Paris, Historia Major, p. 254. 0 Britannia, 2nd edit. vol. i. p. 252 : Mr. Gough refers to Watson's History of the Warren family, vol. i. p. 26, as a source of the tradition. 40 HISTORY of surrey. ments of the confederated nobles, which is given by Matthew Paris, from the time of their meeting in arms at Stamford in the Easter week, until the march to Runnimede in the June following, it would seem that the above story is altogether unworthy of credence. Besides, as WiUiam, earl of Surrey, was one of those lords who were most firmly attached to the king, and as he did not join the standard of the associated barons tiU aU resistance to their claims appeared hopeless, it cannot be supposed that his castle would be chosen as the place for their deliberations. It is not unlikely, however, that the Earl of Surrey, and a few other lords, who like him, for awhUe endeavoured to preserve their neutrality in the grand contest between the sovereign and his more indignant subjects, may have held secret con sultations at Reigate Castle ; and even in the cavern or crypt to which the tradition refers, and which hence, possibly, obtained the appeUation of the Barons' Cave. The Convention of Runnimede, notwithstanding the important circumstances attending it, by no means put an end to the difference between the king and the barons. The former very soon made preparations for annulhng the compact into which he had been compelled to enter ; and plainly shewed by his whole conduct, that it was his purpose to govern the kingdom in the most arbitrary manner. The associated barons, finding that their faithless sovereign. could be constrained by no oaths or covenants, threw off their aUegiance, and invited Prince Lewis, the eldest son of the king of France, to accept the crown of England, engaging to assist him with aU the means in their power, against the tyrant John, and the foreign mercenaries whom he had invited into the kingdom, and on whose aid he placed his chief reliance. The French prince accepted the offer of the barons; and landing with an army on the coast of Kent, in 1216, he soon made himself master of several fortresses belonging to the English king, or his partizans. Among these were the castles of Reigate, Guildford, and Farnham, in this county.10 Whilst the kingdom was thus subjected to the double calamity of civU warfare and foreign invasion, the king, whose conduct was the common source of his own misfortunes and the sufferings of his injured subjects, was removed by death. On 10 Matthew Paris states, (in his Historia Major, p. 271, edit. 1589,) that King John was at Dover with an army of foreigners when Prince Lewis invaded England ; and being apprehensive his troops might desert him, he fled from Dover, leaving the Castle in the custody of Hubert de Burgh : the historian adds, that John -first went to Guildford, and thence continued his flight to Winchester. — Subsequently, as appears from the Patent Rolls, (vide Calend. Rot. Patent, p. 7,) he granted a pardon to the men of Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Hampshire, for having taken oaths of fidelity to Lewis, son of the king of France, " because they had done it through compulsion." OCCURRENCES in the reign of HENRY III. 41 this event taking place, those persons of distinction who had most firmly supported him amidst his difficulties, proclaimed his eldest son (prince Henry), who was then only nine years old, as his successor. Among these adherents of the late king was Wilham, earl Marshal and earl of Pembroke, a nobleman renowned alike for his talents and integrity ; who was made regent or protector of the realm ; and under his judicious administration, most of the fortresses (including that of Farnham) which had been captured by the partizans of Lewis, were recovered early in 1217. In the course of the same year, the French prince found himself obliged to conclude a treaty with his opponents ; by which he agreed to relinquish his claims to the crown of England, and to surrender aU the places which then remained in the possession of his foUowers. The castles of Reigate and Guildford, consequently, as weU as those in other counties held by the insurgent barons, or their foreign aUies, were dehvered up to persons appointed by the protector ; and peace was once more restored to the realm. It may be proper to mention, that the treaty between prince Lewis of France and the protector Pembroke, was concluded, September 1 1, 1217, on an island in the Thames, near Staines, as we are informed by the historian Matthew Paris.11 It seems probable that the scene of this treaty may have been the island in the parish of Wraysbury, before-mentioned, under the name of Charter Island; given to it, possibly, by persons who confounded the treaty between the French prince and the protector with the more important convention between king John and the barons of England. Henry the Third, though by no means so profligate or tyrannical a sovereign as his father, yet, like him, he was weak and pusillanimous, prodigal and luxurious, and consequently became an oppressor of his people, who in the course of his long reign were repeatedly driven to revolt. After the death of the protector Pembroke, the government of the kingdom was entrusted to the bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh, afterwards created earl of Kent. The latter, for several years, maintained a strong ascendancy over the king, by whom he was loaded with riches and honours. At length he suddenly lost the favour of his master; and being charged with mal-administration of public affairs, to avoid a judicial inquiry before the peers of the realm, he quitted the court, and retired to the Priory of Merton, in this county, where he took sanctuary. The fallen minister, who was eventually deprived of a considerable portion of his accumulated wealth, passed the con cluding years of his life at his "mannour of Banstede in Surrey, and was buried " Matt. Paris, Historia Major, p. 288. VOL. I. G 42 HISTORY OF SURREY. in the church of the Friers Preachers, at London."12 In the year 1236, a parlia ment, or great national council, was held at Merton, when some enactments took place, which were afterwards styled the " Statutes of Merton." During a considerable period the king's encroachments on the rights and hberties of his subjects, and the exactions to which they were exposed, kept continuaUy increasing, tiU the barons and other landholders were driven into open resistance to the royal authority, and a civil war broke out, as in the reign of John, which continued to agitate and distract the kingdom for a long time. A few of the occur rences recorded by historians as having taken place in this county, whUe these commotions lasted, may be here noticed. In 1263, prince Edward, the eldest son of Henry the Third, being at Windsor Castle, then ill prepared for defence, and apprehensive of a siege, endeavoured to effect a compromise with the insurgent chief, Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, who possessed the highest influence and authority among those who had taken arms against the king. For the purpose of a conference, with a view to some pacific arrangement, the prince agreed to meet Leicester at Kingston-upon-Thames. The result of the negociation not proving satisfactory to either party, Edward prepared for his departure, intending to return to Windsor, when he found himself detained as a prisoner, and was obliged to submit to severe terms in order to regain his liberty. Shortly afterwards, great efforts were made to effect a reconcihation between the king and his barons ; and a treaty, or rather truce, was concluded, but to little purpose, for hostilities were soon renewed. In the latter part of the same year the earl of Leicester is said to have marched at the head of a band of soldiers through the county of Surrey, in order to take possession of London, where he expected to be received with eagerness by the citizens. The king, who was then with a garrison in the Tower, quitted that fortress on the approach of the enemy, and encamped with his troops around Southwark. Though the party Leicester had brought with him was inconsiderable, he hazarded a combat, and being joined by a multitude of the Londoners, he forced the king to retreat, and entered the city. In the foUowing year (1264) the castle of Kingston, which belonged to Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, one of the nobles who sided with Leicester, was taken by the king's troops;13 who also captured the castle of Tunbridge, on the south-eastern confines ,2 Stow's Chronicle, p. 282: edit. 1600. The Church of the Friars Preachers was then situated in Holborn, on the outskirts of Lincoln's Inn. 13 Stow's Chronicle, p. 296. Lysons remarks, that "the castle was probably then demolished ; its memory, except in this record, is not preserved even by tradition."— Environs of London, vol i. p. 216. MILITARY OCCURRENCES IN SOUTHWARK. 43 of Surrey. Not long after, the battle of Lewes was fought, in which the royalists were completely defeated. A body of Londoners, enlisted in the service of the earl of Leicester, returning home through Surrey after that engagement, took up their quarters at Croydon, where they were assaulted by the recently-disbanded soldiers of the royal garrison of Tunbridge ; and the men of London lost their baggage, and many of them were slain. Early in the reign of Richard the Second, whUst the mob headed by Wat Tyler kept possession of the city of London, among the acts of violence, cruelty, and rapine, perpetrated by the assembled miscreants, was the murder of Simon Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury ; after which they plundered the archiepiscopal palace at Lambeth, in Surrey, and also extended their ravages to the borough of South wark. In May, 1471, after Edward the Fourth had secured his claim to the crown, by his victories over the Lancastrians at Barnet and Tewkesbury, the pubhc peace was disturbed by Thomas NevUle, generaUy called the bastard Faulconbridge, who, under pretence of releasing Henry the Sixth from his captivity in the Tower, assembled a body of irregular forces, and made a daring attack upon London Bridge from Southwark. During the assault, he burned the gate and aU the houses to the draw-bridge ; but being repulsed with much loss, he retired to Kingston-upon- Thames, whence he afterwards fled into Kent. In the year 1554, in the beginning of the reign of queen Mary, Sir Thomas Wyat drew together a band of armed men in Kent, with a design to make himself master of the metropohs, for the purpose of coercing the queen, and preventing her projected marriage with Philip the Second, of Spain. Wyat led his foUowers to Rochester, where he was attacked by the duke of Norfolk, who had been sent against him by the court ; but a part of the duke's forces deserting to the enemy, he was compeUed to make a hasty retreat ; and the insurgents advanced towards the metropohs. The Kentish men and those who had joined them entered South wark, where they met with a favourable reception from the inhabitants ; but being unable to force a passage over London Bridge, and their position being commanded by the artiUery of the Tower, they marched to Kingston, where they crossed the Thames. Wyat then led them to London, and entering the western suburb, endea voured to make his way into the city ; but his passage being arrested by the queen's troops, he himself, and his principal officers were taken prisoners, and suffered the penalty of treason and rebelhon. Before the insurrection was suppressed, the queen had (wisely) offered a free g2 44 HISTORY OF SURREY. pardon to all such of her subjects as should, "by sinistre morions," be seduced to join in the revolt; provided, that within twenty-four hours after knowledge of her proclamation, they should return to their houses, and "lyve there quyetley and obedientlie."14 It would have been weU if the subsequent acts of this queen had been tempered by similar principles of mildness and consideration ; but the measures which she pursued in enforcing obedience to the Roman Catholic faith were intolerant and merciless in the extreme ; and, during the five years of her reign, nearly three hundred persons were burned to death, in different places, for their determined adherence to the tenets of the Reformed Church. Of the number of individuals who thus suffered, as we learn from the " Loseley Papers," were twenty-six men, and four women, belonging to the two counties of Surrey and Sussex.15 NOTICES OF MILITARY OCCURRENCES IN THE COUNTY OF SURREY FROM THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ; WITH REMARKS ON "MILITARY SERVICE" IN THE FEUDAL TIMES. On the extension and consolidation of the feudal laws in the Norman times, aU the lands in the kingdom were held of the crown by the tenure of "muitary service," and apportioned into what were denominated Knights' Fees : these were about sixty thousand in number ; for each of which, being of the value of 20/. per annum, the owner, if caUed upon, was bound to attend the king in his wars for 11 A copy of this Proclamation from one of those originally issued, (endorsed by T. Saunders, the then sheriff of Surrey,) has been published by Mr. Kempe, among his selections from the Loseley Manuscripts, p. 129. 15 " The names of the Shyrefes of Surrye and Sussex, that dyd burne the Inosents [Innocents], w,h the names of such whom they brent. "Imp'imis, the second yere of the reygne of Quene Marye, Mr. John Coveart, being Shyref, dyd burne Dyreke Harman ; John Sander ; Thomas Everson ; and Richard Hooke. " Item, (the thyrd yere) Mr. Wyll'm Sanders, being Shyref, dyd borne Thomas Harland; John Osward; Thomas a Rede ; Thomas Havington ; Thomas Hoode, mynyster; John A'Myll ; Thomas Donget ; John Foxeman ; Mother Tree ; John Hart ; Thomas Randalle ; Nycoles Holden, w' a Show maker, [Shoe maker] and a Coryer [Currier]. "It'm, (the fouarth yere) Sr Edward Gage, being Shyref, dyd borne Stevene Grotwyke; Wyllym Morant; Thomas King ; Richard Wodman ; George Stevens ; Margret Mores ; James Mores ; Dyenes Burges ; Wylyam Maynard; Alexander Hosmar, servant; Thomas Ashedowne's wyf ; and Grove's wyf."— Loseley Manuscripts, p. 225, note. ORDINANCES FOR MILITARY SERVICE. 45 forty days in each year. But this personal service was, in process of time, com muted for a pecuniary render caUed Escuage, or Scutage; the first instance of which occurs in the second year of Henry II., in his expedition against Toulouse.1 In order, however, to provide a sufficient force for any sudden emergency, whether of domestic or of foreign origin, it was enacted by the Statute of Win chester, in the 13th of Edward I., that, (independently of those who were bound by their mihtary tenures to perform forty days' service in the field,) every man between the ages of fifteen and sixty years should, in proportion to the value of his property, furnish himself with harness, to keep the peace ; — and two constables were ordered to be chosen in every hundred and franchise, to see that such harness was provided, "by the view thereof twice in each year."8 In the foUowing reign, as appears from the Patent RoUs, Edward the Second (anno 1322) ordered a general levy of horse and foot to be made, to oppose the " Scotch rebels," under Robert Bruce. The number ordered to be furnished by the counties of Surrey and Sussex (exclusive of the city of Chichester) was five hundred foot; who were to be provided with haketons (a kind of mUitary jacket), basinets (scull-caps), gauntlets of iron, and other competent weapons.3 Whilst the above, and other statutes of a simUar character, passed in the reign of Edward the Third, continued in force, it was usual, from time to time, "for our Princes to issue Commissions of array to such persons in every County as they could confide in, empowering them to muster the inhabitants of every district, that they might be ready for service if occasion should require." An instance of this kind, having particular reference to Surrey, occurred in the thirty-sixth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth ; when, in consequence of " his Grace's Letters," addressed to the Justices of the county, " for the preparacion and furnyshying of cccc able men with their Capitaynes to serve the king in his warres," eighty archers and three 1 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. 1 ; Introd. lxxiii. 2 The words of the enactment, as translated from the Norman-French of the Statute itself, (clause vi.) in the Statutes of the Realm, axe as follow : — " It is commanded that every Man have in his house Harness to keep the Peace after the antient Assize ; that is to say, Every Man between fifteen years of age and sixty years shall be assessed and sworn in Armor, according to the quantity of their lands and goods ; that is to wit, from fifteen pounds lands and goods forty marks, an Hauberke, a Breast-plate of iron, a Sword, a Knife, and a Horse ; and from ten pounds of lands, and twenty marks goods, an Hauberke, a Breast-plate of iron, a Sword, and a Knife ; and from five pound lands, a Doublet, a Breast-plate of iron, a Sword, and a Knife ; and from forty shillings lands and more, unto one hundred shillings of land, a Sword, a Bow and Arrows, and a Knife," &c. — Statutes, vol. i. p. 97 ; edit. 1810. 8 Rot. Patent, in Turri, 15 Edw. II. p. 2, m. 19. 46 HISTORY OF SURREY. hundred and twenty biUmen were levied in the several hundreds and towns, in divisions proportioned to the abihty of each. The chief commissioners of array on this occasion were, Sir Thomas Pope, Sir Matthew Brown, Sir Edward Walsingham, Sir Christopher More, and WiUiam Whorwood, attorney-general.4 At the time of the accession of Elizabeth to the throne, the kingdom was much distracted with matters of rehgion; and during the whole of her long and (in many respects) glorious reign, she found it necessary to be constantly on the alert, to repel the machinations of the Romanists, whose exertions to restore their Pontiff to his former supremacy over the British realm were unwearied. The anathema which Pius V. had fulminated against the queen in 1570, and the consequent attempts which were fomented against her by papistical intrigues, aroused the loyalty of the English Protestants, and, in particular, of the inhabitants of Surrey, who entered into an "Association" for the preservation of the queen's hfe, "which" they state, in a subscribed Declaration, "hath been most traitorouslie and develishlie sought, and the same foUowed most dangeroushe to the periU of her person, if Almighty God, her perpetual defender, had not revealed and withstood the same." They, therefore, " vow in the presence of the eternal and everlasting God, to prose cute such person or persons to the death, with their joint or particular forces, and to take the uttermost revenge of them, by any means they can devise for their overthrow and extirpation." This instrument is signed by about one hundred and eighty of the principal gentry and inhabitants of the county ; and is stUl extant among the manuscripts at Loseley.5 In the year 1573, Commissioners were appointed for taking musters in Surrey, as well as in other counties; and we learn from a manuscript quoted in Peck's "Deside rata Curiosa," (vol. i. p. 75,) that in the years 1574 and 1575, the musters in this county amounted to six thousand able men, eighteen hundred armed men, and ninety-six demi-lances. Similar musters were taken in succeeding years ; and the manner in which the men thus mustered were to be armed is described in " Instructions and Orders given by the Lords of the Councel and others having special commission from her Matie under the Great Seal, dated 1 March, in her 26th 4 See Manning and Bray's Surrey, vol. iii. p. 664, for a copy of the "Order and dyvysyon in all the Hundreds," &c. made by the Justices, for the required levy. "The Captaynes apoyntid to have the ledying of the cccc men," were Thomas Hall, of Compton, gent, and Wm. Creswell, of Farnham. 5 Kempe's Loseley Manuscripts, p. 224. The editor states that a similar Declaration is preserved in the archives of the State Paper Office, signed by the whole of the Privy Council ; and another to the same effect is printed in the Harleian Miscellany, to which is assigned the date 1585. ORDINANCES FOR MILITARY SERVICE. 47 year, (1584,) for execution ofthe Statutes made for keeping horses and geldings for service, and for horses and mares for increase and breede, to such as by the said Commission are deputed to execute the same in Surrey." — Some, who were to find a Light Horseman, were directed to have a corslet, but the Lords thought it not so fitt, therefore the rider should have a jacke of plate, or a coate of plate, and a [so'uU] scull, (or scuU-cap ?) for his head, with cheekes covered with cloth, or some such thing, or in place thereof a burganett, and the rider to have his doublett sleeve striked down with some smaU chaines of plate. If there was any disposition to have the Horsemen armed with an Ahnaine Rivatt, or the cuirasse only of a corslett, they thought it reasonable. As to the horses, — they wished the horse or gelding should trott or racke, the saddle to be light, according to the use of the largest Northern Light Horsemen, and yet such as a case of light daggers might be fastened to the pommeU, and the horse or gelding to be ridden with a snaffle or a hght bitt. If any person should be thought of abihty to be charged by reason of lands or goods, or by their wives' apparell, they were to be charged.6 At this time, two thousand men were at first ordered to be raised ; but the queen, in considera tion of the great charge, was content to have only one thousand. The number of shots [shooters] was to be divided, in proportion, among the bands of armed men ; — and the thousand men were to be divided into four companies.' 6 In the 33rd year of Henry VIII. an Act was passed, called (in the Endorsement on the Original Act, now in the Parliament Office) " The Bill for greate Horses," which ordained that all persons, as well Spiritual as Temporal, should according to their rank and degree, and to the value of their estates and goods (if above 600 marks), keep and maintain a certain number, from seven to one downwards, of Stone Horses " able for the warres," of the age of three years or more, and fourteen hands high. By the same Statute it was also decreed, that every temporal person whose Wife " shall were [wear] any goun or peticote of sylke," or " any Frenche hood or bonnett of velvett," or " any chayne of gold about her nekk or in her partlett or in any apparell of her bodie," or wear any velvet in the lining or other part of her gown, " other then in the cuffes or perfels," or " ells were any velvet in her kyrtell," should keep and sustain one such "trotting Horse for the saddill," as above described. — Vide Statutes of the Realm, vol. iii. pp. 830 — 32, chap. V. Hence originated the Order to charge persons by reason " of their wives' apparell, as given in the text ; — for although the above Act, as well as every other relating to the finding of Horses and Armour for the public service, was altogether repealed by a new Statute passed in the 4th and 5th years of Philip and Mary, chap. ii. ; yet it was re-enacted that every person, whose wife " should wear such kind of apparell or other thing as was specially mentioned" in the Statute of King Henry, should in future keep and maintain "one Gelding able and meete for a Light Horseman, withe sufficient Harneis and Weapon for the same ;" — and which Weapon, as appears by the second clause of the same Act, included two corslets, furnished; two Ahnaine Rivetts, or instead of the same, two coats of plates, corslets, or Brigandines, furnished ; two pikes ; one long bow ; one sheaf of arrows, one steel cap, or scull ; two hackbutts ; and two morians or sallets. ' Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 665. 48 HISTORY OF SURREY. Queen Elizabeth addressed a letter to the Sheriffs and Commissioners of Musters for this county, dated from Greenwich, April 9, 1585, making known her pleasure that they should, at the next county meeting, return thanks to the men of Surrey for the good disposition they had manifested, in their readiness to exert themselves for the " preservacion of ther naturall Countrye"; and promising that the bands of men they had raised should be " imployed only for the garde of her person, and the withstandinge of foreyne invasion, yf anie should happen." In July, 1585, the queen addressed to Lord Howard of Effingham, high-admiral of England, and lord-lieutenant of the counties of Sussex and Surrey, orders for raising two hundred and fifty men, (one hundred and fifty in Sussex, and one hundred in Surrey,) with weapons, namely— ten bows, thirty armed pikes, and ten bills furnished with corsletts, and so the half-hundred to be sorted accordingly, ready to march in ten days after the receipt of the order : none of the Trained Bands to be pressed for this service.8 The threatened invasion of this country by the Spaniards, and the mighty means concerted for its accomplishment by the union of Pope Sixtus the Fifth, PhUip of Spain, the Prince of Parma, and the Duke of Guise, (who at that time wielded the power of France,) aroused all the energies of the English nation to resist and to repel the projected aggression upon " This royal Throne of Kings, this sceptred Isle, This precious stone set in the silver sea ; — This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England ! " Every measure which policy could devise, and authority enforce, was resorted to by the queen and her ministers, to avert the coming storm ; and in every quarter of the kingdom the people were trained to arms, and embodied in stern defence of their religion and liberties. From the documents which exist among the Loseley manuscripts examined by Mr. Kempe, and in a folio volume of Letters and Orders of Council preserved in the Library of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, 8 At this period, Surrey seems to have been the especial resort of idle and dissolute persons, if we may judge from the following missive from the Queen, or her Council, to the Lord-Lieutenant.— "Nonsuch, 8 September, 1585 : Understanding that in the County of Surrey, under your Lordship's Government, there are great stoare of stout vagabonds and maysterlesse men, able inoughe for labour, which do great hurt in the County by their idle and naughtie life :— it is ordered to take up all the strongest and most able rogues, &c, to be sent to the Port of London, whence they shall be transported into the Low Countries, where they shall be well used and entertained."— Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 666. MILITARY LEVIES IN QUEEN ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 49 quoted by Mr. Bray, the foUowing particulars are derived, relating to levies of men, and other military arrangements made in Surrey on this momentous occasion. "The Instructions from the Council to the Deputy-Lieutenant, and others, relative to the Musters in Surrey, prescribed that Horsemen should especially be supplied for the defence of the realm. Every man appointed to keep horses for demi-lances, was to have in readiness for every demi-lance a sufficient horse, or a very large gelding, with a strong leather harness, and a steel or strong-bolstered saddle ; the arms for the rider were a demi-lance, staff, sword, and dagger. The light horsemen to be armed with a case of pistols. A return was made from each Hundred of the name of every person capable of bearing arms ; and they were classed under the different weapon which they could use."9 The number of infantry required for Surrey was at first, four thousand; this proportion was afterwards reduced to two thousand, viz, — shot, four hundred; bows, four hundred; biUs, four hundred ; and corselets, with pikes, four hundred. Of the shot, the strongest and squarest men were to exercise musquets, and the least and most nimble, harque buses. " The Bands in the county of Surrey reserved for the defence of her Highness's own person, were to consist of such persons as would themselves, or by the aid of their famUies and friends, bear the charges of training ; except that powder was to be supphed them at the expense of the government." A letter, under the signet of the queen, dated Greenwich, June 18, 1588, was sent to the Lord High- Admiral, Lieutenant of Surrey, announcing the intelligence of the Spanish army [armada] having put to sea, with " the intenc'on not onlie of invadinge but of making a conquest also of this o' realme." Orders are therefore added for caUing together " the best sorte of gent' under the lieutenance," to warn them of the approaching danger, and of the necessity of making immediate pre parations for defence.10 This letter was foUowed by a mandate from the Council to the Deputy-Lieu tenants of Surrey, from the court at Richmond, July 23, 1588. It states that the Spanish fleet had been of late discovered again on the seas, and it was doubtful what course the Spaniards might take, or in what place they might attempt to land: 9 Thus, in the return for the parish of Wonersh, in the hundred of Blackheath and Wotton, were enumerated, pikemen selected six names, billmen selected eight, billmen of the best sort twenty, billmen of the second sort forty-two ; archers selected ten, archers of the best sort three, archers of the second sort five ; gunners eleven. — Loseley Manuscripts, p. 295. 10 Id. p. 298. VOL. I. H 50 HISTORY OF SURREY. wherefore it was ordered, that the forces of the county under the lieutenancy of the Lord-Admiral should be kept in readiness, " upon the fyeringe of the Beacons, to resorte to impeache such attempte as the enemye maie make to set on lande his forces in any place." And the greatest apprehension being entertained that an attempt would be made on the coast of Essex, where an army had been assembled, under the earl of Leicester, the Deputy-Lieutenants were required forthwith to send to the town of Burntwood [Brentwood] the number of eight lances, and ninety-nine light horse, under the conduct of proper officers, to join the forces under Lord Leicester, by the 27th of the current month. It was likewise stated to be her Majesty's pleasure, that they should send "the nomber of one thousand footmen, to be ledd by the captens and officers, to be at Stratford-on-the-Bowe near London, on the Border of Essex, by the 29th of this moneth, and that some spetiaU pson maie have the generaU charge to conducte them thither."11 On the 28th of July, an Order was transmitted to the local authorities of Surrey, requiring them to send five hundred footmen to London by the 6th of August, to attend her Majesty's person ; 12 — and on the 2nd of August, orders were sent by Lord Buckhurst to Sir WiUiam More and other gentlemen of Surrey, directing that on the 8th inst. "there should be at Godstone, eight hundred and thirty-six soldiers; at Reigate, eight hundred and thirty-six ; at Dorking, eight hundred and thirty-six ; at Croidon, one hundred and twenty horse ; and on the 9th, two thousand five hundred footmen at Croidon : all supplied with sufficient victuals." At this time the Invincible Armada, as it had been boastfuUy styled by the abettors of the enter prise, was in full retreat by the North Sea, after enduring great loss from the repeated attacks of the Enghsh squadrons during its tortuous course through the British Channel. The decrees and invitations issued by Ehzabeth and her counsellors, summoning her subjects to take arms in defence of the realm, were promptly obeyed; and the body of forces coUected about London became so numerous, that difficulties arose as to the means of providing for their support. In this emergency, new orders, signed by Lord Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham, and other members of the council, were addressed — " To o* very loving frends the Gentn and Capitans that have the chardge of the leading and conducting the ffootemen that are sent out of the Countye of Surrey." — "Wheras you were directed to have the conduction of 11 Loseley Manuscripts, p. 30ft. See also Stow's Chronicle, p. 1244. 12 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 667. MILITARY LEVIES IN QUEEN ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 51 those companies wch are sent hither out of the countie of Surrey, forasmuch as the forces woh are to repaire hither out of divers other counties of the realme, to furnish those armies w* her Matie hath p'pared as well for the resisting and wthstandinge the attempts of the enemie, as for the safe gard and defence of her Matics person, doth grow to so great nombers as that speedy provision cannot be made for the victeUing of them here, and convenient lodginge as so great a nomber will require, in so short a time as was first lymitted by or l'res for their repaire hither, We have thought good to lett you understand y* it is her Maties pleasure, and so by vertue hereof doe require you uppon sight of theise our l'res, to retourne againe unto the saide countie, wth those forces you have brought from thence, and that nevertheles order bee taken that they may bee in good readines wth aU their armor and weapon uppon such direction as you shaU receive from hence uppon a new warninge to repaire hither."13 This mandate is dated "from the Court of St. James," August 8, 1588; at which time, the news of the repeated advantages gained by the English over the Spaniards during the progress of the armada up the Channel, must have been known in London ; and the alarm arising from the apprehended invasion had doubtless in a considerable degree subsided. In raising men in the several counties for mUitary service on this extraordinary occasion, the clergy, at the requisition of the queen, took an active part, independ ently of the laity. The orders for levying troops, addressed to the Lord-Lieu tenants of Counties and their deputies, affected the lay portion of the community only ; but at that time, the clergy of the several counties raised forces at their own expense. The mode in which these levies were to be made appears from a letter of Thomas Cooper (bishop of Winchester) to the clergy of the county of Surrey, in which the writer states, that by the express order of the queen, communicated 13 Loseley Manuscripts, p. 303. It appears from Stow, that besides the general forces of the kingdom which were mustered and trained, " and put in readiness in the severall shires for the defence of the land," there was also "a levie made of two severall armies; the one to form a camp at Tilbury in Essex, for the particular defence of the coast, under command of the earl of Leicester ; and the other " for the gard of her Maiesties person, under the charge of the Lord Chamberlaine," [Lord Hunsdon.] The former was to consist of one thousand and twenty-two horse, and twenty-two thousand foot ; and the latter of one thousand nine hundred and twelve horse, and thirty-four thousand and fifty foot : — of the contingents of men furnished by the county of Surrey to the camp at Tilbury, " were eight lances [horsemen], ninety- eight light horse, and one thousand footmen;" and for the queen's guard, "five hundred footmen." — Stow's Chronicle, pp. 1244-45. The camp at Tilbury was inspected by the Queen, in person, on the 9th and 10th of August ; a few days before which, a very interesting letter was addressed to her by the earl of Leicester, on the subject of 'her visit, dated from Gravesend ; and a correct copy of which has been given by Mr. Kempe in his volume on the Loseley Manuscripts, p. 286. h2 52 HISTORY OF SURREY. to him through the archbishop of Canterbury, the clergy as weU as temporal persons were required to provide armour and furniture for defence against invasion ; where fore, regard being paid to the estate and revenue of the clergy of Surrey, he had thought fit to order them to provide one hundred men, to be in readiness for her Majesty's service, within fourteen days after the receipt of the mandate, which was dated June 27, 1588." On the return of the main body of the English fleet from the pursuit of the shattered squadrons of the enemy, all fear of an hostile descent was (for the present at least) entirely dissipated ; and the camp at Tilbury was broken up. Shortly after, August the 24th, the earl of Leicester, by the queen's command, addressed a letter to the Deputy-Lieutenants of the county of Surrey, directing them to make known to the Colonels and Captains of the forces of that county, who were in camp at Tilbury, her Majesty's most gracious acceptance of their dutiful and wiUing readi ness in her service. Orders were added, that care should be taken for the preserva tion of the armour and accoutrements with which the soldiers had been furnished. It appears that the troops were disbanded earlier than they otherwise might have been, on account of the approach of harvest.15 Though the men of Surrey appear to have been ever ready to arm in defence of the kingdom when threatened by foreign invasion, they were by no means disposed to submit without remonstrance, to requisitions of the government which they conceived to be arbitrary and unjust. It had been decreed, by an Act of Parha ment of the 27th of Henry VEIL, chap, vi., that every person having freehold in a park for deer a mile in circuit, or his farmer [tenant] should keep two brood mares, not less than thirteen hands high, under a penalty of forty shillings, "for ev'y moneth lackyng the seid maars": and where a park was four miles in circumference, four such mares were to be kept.10 This statute probably soon feU into disuse ; but when the musters were ordered in the time of queen Elizabeth, an attempt was made to revive it, and the Constables were directed to institute inquiries into the extent, respectively, not only of every deer-park in this county, "being the Queen's Majesty's or any others," but likewise of "any several pasture within the county, containing a mile or more in compass," and to deliver certified statements, with the names of the owners of the parks. 14 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 68. >* Id. ,s The parks and inclosures in the counties of Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumberland, and the bishopric of Durham, were exempted from the operation of this statute ; as were, also, all parks and inclosed grounds wherein the tenants and inhabitants of the adjoining townships had right of common. MILITARY LEVIES IN QUEEN ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 53 This Order, says Mr. Bray, who derived his information from a manuscript belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, seems to have produced a remonstrance from the county, for there is a paper entitled " General Causes whie the County of Surrey should not be charged with any great number of Horses or Geldings." Among the aUeged reasons why the county should not thus be charged are, that it is one of the least and " barrenest shires in England," and the " most chardged of anie by reason that her Majestie lieth in or about the shire contynuaUie, and therby is chardged with contynuaU removes and caridge of coles, wood, and other provision to the Court; and hkewis with contynuaU caridgs for the Admiraltie, and the Master of the Ordynance : also by my Lord Treasorer, for the reparacions of her Majestie's houss ;" — that there is very little meadow in the whole shire ; and lastly, that " there is never a shire in England so depelie sessed in the Subsidies as this is, by reason that it is so nighe the Corte that both gentlemen's lyvings and others are verie weU knowen, whether it be in londs or goods, so as if any defaulte should be, it is streight waie subject to controlement."1' 17 Surrey, vol. iii. p. 669. The returns made by the Constables do not appear, further than in the annexed list of parks ; nor is the issue of the business stated. "The Queen's: — Guldeford Park - - - in the keeping of the Viscount Mountague. Wokinge - - - the Earl of Lincoln. Biflett - Mr. Asken. Witley - - Mr. Jones. Bagshot - Mr. Richard Creswell. Mortlake --- ... . . the Lord Treasurer. "The Bishop of Winchester's: — The Great Park of Farnham, in the keeping of Burlarye. The Little Park of Farnham - - Burlarye. Horsley (qu. Henley) Park the Earl of Lincoln. Two Parks at Pirford - - - the Earl of Lincoln. Betchworth - - - Sir Thomas Browne. Hertswood (in Buckland) - - - - Mr. Skynner. Reigate ... . . the Lady Howard. Blechingley - - the Lord Howard. Stareurrow .... . the. Lord Burrowes. Beddington - - - - Sir Francis Carew. Nonsuch - ... the Lord Lumley. Sutton ... Sir Henry Weston. Clandon - - - - Sir Henry Weston. Esheir Park - - - - " Stoke Dabernon, Mr. Liefield's Park, to be enquired whether it be of the compass of a mile." In an account of Queen Elizabeth's annual expense, civil and military, inserted in Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, (vol. i. p. 69,) the parks of Richmond, Bagshot, and Otelandes, are mentioned; — and it is somewhat remarkable, that those at Richmond and Oatlands should not have been named in the above list. 54 HISTORY OF SURREY. In April, 1596, when there was an aUiance between England and France, orders were issued by Government for raising five hundred men in the county of Surrey, to form part of a body of forces intended to have been sent to the rehef of Calais, then besieged by the Spaniards. However, news arriving that the town was not likely to hold out tiU the succours could reach the place, the orders were counter manded ; and Calais and its forts were soon after surrendered to the besiegers. In a letter addressed to the Privy CouncU by the Deputy-Lieutenants of Surrey, in December, 1627, in reply to one from their Lordships concerning " the bilhting of soldiers," the " smaUnesse and povertie of this county," and " the many and continuaU greate chardges the inhabitants are subject unto for the several provisions of his Majestie's house and carriadges," are again adverted to, and pleaded in mitigation of " an extraordinary charge," then sought to be inflicted on the county under an order of the CouncU, " to receave and to billet such numbers of soldiers as shall be sent from the countyes of Devon and CornwaU, by the appointment of the Commissioners at Plimouth." As a further argument, the writers advert to "the great sums of money lately disbursed for the loane to his Majestie ; and alsoe for the late sending out of souldiers to the number of eight hundred, whereof six hundred weare coated at the rate of 12s. 6d. the coate, besides the presse and conduct money ; and allsoe for passinge of soldiers travelhnge throughe the county."18 The troops here spoken of were, most probably, a part of those which in the preceding summer had been dispatched for the rehef of the city of RocheUe, under the command of the duke of Buckingham. About this time, the quartering of soldiers on the people became so onerous that it was complained of by parha ment, in a Petition of Right to the king. During the civU war in the reign of Charles the First, divers transactions of importance, both of a mihtary and a civil nature, occurred in Surrey. In January, 1641-42, when an open rupture between the king and the parliament appeared inevitable, and both parties were preparing for an appeal to the sword, an attempt was made by some of the king's adherents to assemble an armed force at Kingston- upon-Thames, with the intention (as surmised) of seizing on the "magazine of arms" which was deposited there "for that part of the county;" and thence pro ceeding to Portsmouth, to secure it for the king. This scheme was defeated by the promptness of the parhament, which, after receiving the information on the 12th of January, appointed a Committee to inquire into particulars, and on their 18 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 669. TRANSACTIONS AT KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES. 55 report, " That there were about two hundred men there that are officers, [caUed in another place, ' disbanded officers and reformadoes,'] and that the Town is fuU of Horses ; that they have pistols, and carry themselves in a disorderly manner, to the terror of the people ; that my Lord Digby was there on horseback with pistols ; that Colonel Lunsford and two others of that name were there also ; and that there was two cart-loads of ammunition going to them,"19 — it was " Ordered by the Lords and Commons in Parhament, ' That the Sheriffs of Surrey, Berks, Bucks, Oxford, and Middlesex, caUing to their assistance the Justices of the Peace, and the Trained Bands of those several Counties, or so many of them as shaU be necessary for the Service, shaU suppress this unlawful Assembly, and aU other the like assem bhes gathered together to the Disturbance of the pubhck Peace of this kingdom, in their several Counties respectively."20 By this, and other vigorous measures suited to the emergency of the case, the contemplated outbreak against the Parliament was prevented being carried into effect; and Colonel Lunsford, whom the Commons had ordered to be arrested as a delinquent by the Serjeant-at-arms, was (according to Whitelock) committed to the Tower.81 Digby, who had been the king's chief counsellor in his iU-advised and rash attempt to seize the five members in the House of Commons, whom he had accused of high treason, was ordered to attend in his place in parhament ; but he thought it more prudent to quit the kingdom, than obey the mandate of his political opponents ; and, aided by a warrant from the king, he "escaped beyond sea."28 10 Rushworth, Historical Collections, vol. iv. p. 495. About the same time — "One Lee, a waterman, informed the House of some great saddles that were to be sent to Kingston ; the Seijeant attending the House was ordered to seize them, who did seize the same accordingly." — Id. p. 496. 20 Journals of the House of Commons, vol. ii. p. 376. 21 Whitelock's Memorials, p. 54 ; edit. 1732. It appears from the Journals of the Commons, that on the 2nd of February following, it was resolved, " That Colonel Thos. Lunsford, knt, now prisoner in the Serjeant's Custody, shall be forthwith bailed, upon such security as shall be tendered to the Committee at Merchant Taylors-hall, and by them be allowed of." — vol. ii. p. 411. Lunsford was a soldier of fortune, and of desperate character; yet the king, on the 24th of December, 1641, had appointed him Lieutenant of the Tower, "he being," says Clarendon, "such a man as he might rely upon.'' The popular indignation against Lunsford's appointment was so strong, however, that the king found it necessary to deprive him of his keys on the evening of the 26th of December j and soon afterwards he conferred the vacant lieu tenancy on Sir John Byron. 22 Carte represents Lord Digby as having merely gone to Kingston "in a coach and six hired horses," with a message of thanks from his Majesty to thirty or forty of the officers who had accompanied him from Whitehall to Hampton Court, and who had afterwards " gone to Kingston, a town over against it, on the other side of the river, to find accommodation for themselves which the palace did not afford." — History of England, vol, iv. p. 406. 56 HISTORY OF SURREY. In the course of the war which shortly afterwards commenced, the inhabitants of Kingston, in general, manifested a disposition in favour of the royal cause; though the town was repeatedly occupied, alternately, by the troops of each of the contending parties. In October, 1642, a detachment of three thousand men, from the army of the Parliamentary General (the earl of Essex) was quartered at Kingston. In the beginning of the month foUowing, Sir Richard Onslow, one of the knights of the shire, led the Trained Bands of Southwark to Kingston, but being very ill received by the townspeople, they retreated ; and a few days after wards, twenty troops of horse were sent to secure the town tiU the earl of Warwick arrived with the rest of the army. These troops, however, must have been speedily recalled, for on the 13th of November, the day on which a skirmish took place between the royalists and the parhamentarians at Brentford, the king marched with his army to Kingston, and remained there tiU the 18th, receiving from the people strong proofs of their devotion to his cause.83 He then, however, on the advance of the earl of Essex, who had been reinforced by the Trained Bands of London, retreated to Reading. An engagement appears to have taken place at or near Kingston, about this period, — for we are told, that after the battle of EdgehiU, (fought October 23,) prince Rupert, having faUed in an attempt to take Windsor castle, marched towards Kingston, and meeting with a detachment from the army of the earl of Essex in conjunction with the Trained-bands of Surrey and Berkshire, a battle ensued; and the prince was defeated and forced to retreat. This contest is supposed to have taken place between Kingston and Oatlands.84 The castle of Farnham was occupied by the royahsts in 1642, and Sir John Denham was appointed governor by the king; but he did not long retain the office, for in December that year, the fortress was attacked and taken by Sir WUliam WaUer. George Wither, the poet, was subsequently made governor of 23 Lysons, Environs of London, vol. i. p. 218. It would seem, however, from Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, (vol. iii. p. 76, Svo.) that the king himself did not remain at Kingston, but took up his quarters at Hampton Court and Oatlands. 24 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 670 ; from the "King's pamphlets," in the British Museum, vol. 33 : art. 10. "The two Parties met in a lane forty feet wide, with a hedge on each side, where there was a sharp fight, and the Parliament's forces were nearly overpowered; but they sent Parties under cover of the hedges, who got into the Prince's rear: this occasioned him to face about, and, after having beat off these assailants, he marched away. The Paper states, that ten cavaliers of quality were killed, and three hundred men and three hundred horses taken ; and it acknowledges that the Parliament's forces lost three hundred men, but does not state the name of their commanding officer."— Id. ORDINANCES PASSED AGAINST DELINQENTS. 57 Farnham castle by the parliament ; and in 1648 the fortifications were demohshed, by order of the then existing government. On the 14th of February, 1642-43, an Ordinance was passed by the House of Commons, for raising five hundred dragooners™ in the county of Surrey, under the command of Nicholas Stoughton, for the defence of the said county ; and also " for raising of monies upon Dehnquents, Papists, Bishops, Dean and Chapter, &c. for the maintenance of the said forces." This was ordered to be sent to the Lords for their concurrence, by Sir Richard Onslow. On the 7th of March following, it was "Resolved, that Sir Ambrose Browne be injoined to advance the Service of the weekly Assessments of the county of Surrey ; and to give an account, from time to time, of his doings herein to the House."86 In March, 1642-43, the Parliament issued, "An Ordinance sequestring the Estates of Delinquents, Papists, Spyes, and InteUigencers ; together with Instruc tions for such Persons as are employed in sequestring such Delinquents' Estates." From the preamble to this Ordinance it appears, that under the designation of dehnquents were comprehended the bishops, deans, and other ecclesiastical digni taries; "with aU other person and persons, ecclesiasticaU or temporall, as have raised or shaU raise armes against the Parliament ; or have voluntarily contri buted, or shaU voluntarily contribute (not being under the power of any part of the King's army at the time of such contributing) any money, horse, plate, arms, munition, or other ayd or assistance for or towards the maintenance of any Forces raised against the Parhament ; and aU such as have joyned or shaU joyn in any Oath or act of association against the Parliament ; or have imposed or shall impose any tax or assessment upon his Majesties Subjects for or towards the maintenance of any Forces against the Parliament."27 To this Ordinance are appended lists of commissioners or sequestrators for the execution of the decree in aU English counties, cities, and principal towns, then within the jurisdiction and control of the parliament. The following persons were appointed sequestrators for the county of Surrey: — Sir Richard Onslow, Sir 25 Charles the First, in a letter to the earl of Newcastle, dated from Oxford, in December, 1642, uses the same word. " I have no greater want," says the king, " then of Armes ; — my next greatest want is Dragooners, which I want the more, because it is the Rebelles (indeed only) strenth." — Ellis's Original Letters, See. vol. iii. p. 293 ; 1st series. 26 Journals, &c. vol. ii. pp. 964, and 992. 27 One copy of this Ordinance is dated March 31 ; and another, April 1. It had finally passed the House of Commons on the previous 7th of March, on a division of forty-two noes to fifty-one yeas. — Journals, vol. ii. p. 993. VOL. I. I 58 HISTORY OF SURREY. WiUiam Elliot, Sir Robert Parkhurst, knights ; Nicholas Stoughton, George Evelin (of Wotton), Henry Weston, Arthur Onslow, esquires; Sir Ambrose Brown, baronet ; Sir Anthony Vincent, knight and baronet; Sir John Dingley, Sir Matthew Brand, knights; Edward Sanders, Robert Holman, Robert Houghton, George Evelin, Francis Drake, Thomas Sands, George Myn, Wilham Muschamp, esquires; Sir John HoUand, Sir John Evelyn, knights; Robert Goodwyn, George FairweU, John Goodwyn, esquires ; Richard Wright, and Cornelius Cook, gentlemen.88 Though it must not be concluded, that in the selection of the individuals whose names appear in this list, any were admitted who were known to be friendly to the cause of the king, yet it is by no means probable that they were aU decided parti zans of the parhament ; for on the 14th of April (a fortnight after the date of the above Ordinance) appeared another decree, purporting that aU commissioners appointed by the parliament for raising money, &c. who should refuse to act under the Ordinances, should be themselves treated as delinquents.29 Hence it seems probable, that persons were sometimes fixed on by the parliament to act as commis sioners to whom the office was by no means acceptable ; though doubtless, in making up the hsts, care was taken to introduce a number of commissioners of known devotion to the parliament, sufficient to neutralize the influence of any of their coadjutors who might be disposed to favour those who were termed dehnquents. When the parliament had effectually triumphed over the king, and he was a captive in the custody of the army, disputes arose among the successful opponents of the misguided monarch. The citizens of London sided with the parliament against the army ; and the commander-in-chief, Fairfax, whose troops were quar tered at Brentford and its vicinity, sent a detachment under Colonel Rainsborough to cross the Thames from Hampton Court, and take possession of Southwark and the forts and works which had been constructed for the defence of the city in that quarter. Rainsborough having succeeded in this enterprise, the General marched to London, and received the humble submission of the mayor and aldermen. Having thus secured possession of the metropolis, Fairfax quartered his men in Westminster, and between Hampton Court and London ; the council of officers being stationed at Fulham and Putney. We are told, that the church at Putney was the scene of their dehberations, and that they were accustomed to seat them- 28 See " All the severall Ordinances and Orders, made by the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament, concerning Sequestring the Estates of Delinquents," &c. Lond. 1645: 4to. pp. 1, 2, 16. 29 Id. p. 20. SURREY PETITION, AND CONSEQUENT TUMULTS. 59 selves around the communion-table ; but before they proceeded to debate,' they usuaUy heard a sermon from Hugh Peters, or some favourite preacher." Sir Thomas Fairfax addressed a letter to the Speaker ofthe House of Commons, dated from Putney, November 8, 1647, in which, after complaining of the conduct of the parhament, he states that he had appointed a speedy rendezvous of the army.31 This took place at Kingston, on the 25th of the same month, when eight regiments presented to the General a ' Declaration of their loyalty to his Majesty, their due respect to his ExceUency, and their desires touching the pubhc weale of the kingdom.' In May, 1648, a petition of the nobihty, &c. of Surrey, whose names were subscribed in several schedules, was presented to the parhament, in favour of Episcopacy ; and another from the inhabitants of Southwark and places adjacent, " being aU true Protestants," complaining of their ministers and others being dis turbed in churches, and praying redress, subscribed by aU the knights, Justices of the peace, gentlemen, and freeholders, at the quarter sessions, and afterwards by the chief inhabitants of Southwark and places adjacent, besides other parts of the county. The petitioners prayed 'that the king, their only lawful sovereign, might be restored to his due honour, and come to the parhament for a personal treaty ; that they might be governed no otherwise than by the known laws ; that unnatural wars may be prevented from beginning again; that the ordinances against the insupportable burthen of free-quarter for the soldiers may be executed, and the army disbanded, their pay being discharged.' A meeting was held at Dorking on the 8th of May, when copies of the Surrey petition were ordered to be printed for subscription, and another meeting was appointed on Putney Heath, on the 16th of the same month, when the subscribers were desired to attend, in order to present it to the House of Commons.32 The petitioners assembled accordingly, and having obtained permission from the Corpo ration of London, passed through the city to Westminster in a numerous body, some on horseback, and others on foot. They presented their petition to both Houses of Parhament ; Sir Edmond Bowyer83 of Camberwell (according to Mr. 80 Lysons, Environs, vol. i. p. 408 ; from the hebdomadal, "Perfect Occurrences " of Oct. 8, 1647 ; and Whitelock's Memorials, p. 270. 81 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 671. 32 Mr. John Evershed, of an old yeomanry family at Ockley, near Dorking, took an active part in this business. 83 The Estate of this gentleman was under sequestration in October, 1648. See Ordinances, &c. of the Lords and Commons, p. 79. i2 60 HISTORY OF SURREY. Bray) being the person by whom it was presented to the Commons; yet the Journals say, (vol. v. p. 561,) that it was dehvered in by Mr. Price. Whilst the members dehberated, a tumult took place in the passages to the House, and in Westminster HaU ; and on the soldiers on guard being reinforced to suppress it, a few of the petitioners were seized and committed to prison, and the others dispersed and fled ; some lives having been lost on both sides. In an account of this affair published on the part of the army, it is stated that the petitioners marched through London with trumpets, pipes, and fiddles; the leaders crying " For God and King Charles ! " that at Whitehall they insulted the soldiers, shouting " High for King Charles ! " that they were furnished with white and green ribbands ; and that the fray commenced by some of their party attacking the centinels, some of whom were knocked down and disarmed, and one killed with his own sword.34 The petitioners also, on their part, published a state of their case, on the 18th of May; in which they asserted their right to petition the supreme authority; acknowledging, however, that it was their duty to submit to the determination of the parliament until a new one should be caUed: they stated, that they never meant to recommend that the king should be restored to power unconditionaUy, though many of their countrymen were for bringing him in on any terms, or even without conditions : they admitted, that many of the royalists had joined them, using provocations to the soldiers, which the petitioners abhorred, though their hands were to the petition ; that they disliked this, but not less the violence of the soldiers ; that they would present no more petitions, but invite the people of the county to join in an engagement to bring in the king, but not without conditions, and recommend that a period be put to the present parliament; that the army may be paid and discharged ; that associations may be entered into, and measures taken for mutual defence; that no violence be used towards any that continue 34 Lilly, the celebrated "Student in Astrologie," as he styled himself, gives the following account of this affair, in his Astrological Prediction, &c. p. 24 ; small 4to. 1 648.—" In May, the Surrey men present a Petition to both Houses, of ill consequence. Their Foot Freeholders (who were very unruly, as I saw with my own eyes, both in the Strand and in the HaU at Westminster), had some dispute and ill language with Colonel Baxter's foot, who guarded the House that day ; but the Colonel's men, though much pro voked, forbore, untill one of their men was slain by a Surrey Broom-man or Miller (a Freeholder forsooth) ; but then they cleered the HaU, and made the simple men know, that a Souldier's Sword cuts deeper than an ul word. Indeed many of the Foot Petitioners were feUowes inconsiderable, and purposely provided to make a tumult ; their Horse, in number seven or eight hundred, were very civili, and some Gentlemen there were amongst them." SURREY PETITION, AND CONSEQUENT TUMULTS. 61 peaceable ; and that it may not be in the power of the king, the parliament, or the army, to oppress and ruin the people at their pleasure, either by committees, taxes, or free-quarter. This statement is dated at Gilford, 18 May, 1648.35 In this address, the men of Surrey only re-echoed the sentiments of the great body. of the people of England. The miseries arising from domestic warfare had been experi enced ahke by royalists, parliamentarians, and those who had wished (and perhaps fruitlessly endeavoured) to observe a state of neutrahty. The burthens with which the nation was oppressed had become intolerable ; and those who were capable of reflecting at aU on the state of affairs must have perceived, that the triumph of the parhament over the king was not likely to lead to the establishment of a free government. It was no wonder, therefore, that the people in general were anxiously desirous that the matters in dispute between the king and the parliament should be finaUy arranged, and public tranquilhty restored. In these circumstances, some of those persons who had been most active anti-royahsts, and whose efforts had con tributed to subject their sovereign to the power of his opponents, were now wiUing to join with his firmest adherents, in endeavouring to compel the parliament to come to a settlement with the king, and restore him to such a share of authority as would conduce to the welfare of the people.86 It being found from experience ss Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 672. 36 There are numerous entries on the Journals of the House of Commons, for the year 1648, in respect to the events consequent upon the preparing and presenting of the Surrey Petition. Whilst even in a course of signature, it excited the attention of Parliament ; and an Order of both Houses was dispatched to the Sheriff and Deputy-Lieutenants of Surrey, enjoining them to take effectual steps to suppress tumults and preserve the peace of the county. On the 16th of May the petition was presented by a Mr. Price, who with other freeholders had been admitted to bring it into the House of Commons ; and that gentleman on presenting it said, " That he was commanded to desire a speedy and satisfactory answer thereunto." The deputation then withdrew ; and the petition was read ; yet this had scarcely been done, when the officer on guard, Lieutenant Colonel Cobbett, requested entrance, and he informed the House, "That the Surrey Petitioners enforced the Guard, and knocked down some of the Soldiers, and gave out words, ' That they would have a speedy and satis factory Answer, or else they would have the Blood of this House ;' — and are withdrawn into the Fields." These hostile denunciations, conjoined with the general state and popular excitement of the country, so alarmed the Parliament, that they immediately passed an Ordinance for calling out and training the Militia of the city of London and its Liberties ; every person " meet and fit for the wars," being rendered liable to serve. On the foUowing day, the House of Commons appointed a Committee of forty members, together with the knights and burgesses of the county of Surrey and Southwark, "to examine the whole business of the Riot yesterday ; and to state the whole matter of fact, and to report it to the House;" and also "to state the course that ought to be observed in the preferring Petitions to the House, according to the ancient practice and custom of Parliament." The lord-mayor, and others in authority, were Ukewise required " to take care that no Multitudes do pass the City upon any pretence whatsoever ; and that they take care, that they suffer none to come in arms, but give power to their guards to disarm aU such." g2 HISTORY OF SURREY. that the parliament, or rather the House of Commons and the army on which the power of that House depended, had no disposition to yield to the wishes of the people, as expressed in their petitions and remonstrances, many were disposed to consider an appeal to arms as their only resource. Hence insurrections broke out in different parts of the kingdom, and especiaUy in the counties of Kent and Surrey. The armed associations in these adjoining counties appear to have been entirely independent of each other; they were formed and governed by different leaders, who never acted in concert, and whose views and objects were probably not exactly the same. The principal persons engaged in the insurrection in Surrey were, the earl of HoUand, the duke of Buckingham, his brother Lord Francis Villiers, and In their subsequent proceedings, it is very evident that, for a time, the Parliament pursued a temporizing course of policy, and affected to be ready to give every encouragement to the petitioners, "for the satisfaction of their just desires ;" and on the 10th of June, the following answer to the petition was ordered to be given, and the knights of the shire were directed to publish and make it known to the petitioners, viz. — " This House, being sensible of the former services of the County of Surrey, and their late peaceable Demeanor in the said County, hath thought fit to give this Answer to the Petition received thence : That this House doth not doubt but the 6aid County must needs take notice of their Proceedings, in relation to the Settlement of the Peace of the kingdom, by a Treaty with the King for a safe and weU-grounded Peace: And this House hath in Consideration such further Means as are most conducible to that End, and to the Easing of the Burdens of the People ; which, by God's Blessing, they hope may give Satisfaction to the Petitioners, and to the Kingdom." ' That this conciliatory address had not aU the effect expected from it is clear, from an Order of the Commons' House, issued on the ensuing 4th of July, by which it was referred to the Committee at Derby House, "to take such effectual course with Farnham Castle as to put it in that condition of indefensibleness, as it may be no occasion for the endangering the Peace of that county ; and to take likewise care of Ster borough Castle, Rygate, and Martin Abbey, [Merton Abbey ?] and other places of strength in that County ; to put them in such a condition that no use may be made of them, to the endangering the Peace of the Kingdom." The gentlemen of Surrey, Kent, Sussex, and Hants, were also required to repair to Derby House, " and give their best advice and assistance how the Places of Strength in those Counties may be secured from any danger ; and aU dangerous Persons secured, and arms seized; and all dangerous Meetings prevented and dissolved ; and aU other fitting course taken to prevent Disturbances, and preserve the Peace of those counties." On the IOth of July, the House of Commons authorized the " Committee of Surrey" to raise a Troop of Horse for the defence and safety of the county, " the said Troop to be raised and maintained out of the new Sequestrations of those Persons who have been engaged in the late Rising in that County ;"— and on the foUowing day a Committee of fifty-one members of the House was nominated, to examine "who were actors in the late Insurrection in Surrey, and Engagement with the Earl of HoUand, or the Lord Goreing, or Sir Charles Lucas ; or who were privy to it, or promoters of it, by contribution, or furnishing of any money, horse, arms, or ammunition." In October foUowing, an Ordinance of both Houses was passed, for defraying the expense of raising and maintaining both a Troop of Horse, and a Company of Foot, in Surrey, out of the new delinquents' estates in that county, "who had been engaged in the Insurrection of the Earl of Holland."— Vide Commons' Journals, vol. v. pp. 550, 561, 562, 567, 593, 622, 631, 691 ; and vol. vi. pp. 10, and 55. INSURRECTION AGAINST THE PARLIAMENT. 63 ^the earl of Peterborough. Lord HoUand was the younger brother of the earl of Warwick, who was a stedfast adherent of the parliament; but the former had changed sides more than once during the progress of the contest between the king and the legislature.37 He had been a favourite courtier, yet he was one of the first who deserted the court before hostihties commenced ; then, after having for some time joined in aU the measures of the parliament at Westminster, he went to Oxford, and offered his services to king Charles ; but not finding his tardy loyalty so highly appreciated as he expected, he returned to the quarters of the anti-royalists, and acted with them tiU the civU war was terminated (or rather suspended) by the king's captivity ; and now, having abundant cause to be dissatisfied with the con duct of his pohtical associates, he again left them, to share in the counsels and proceedings of those whose object was the restoration of monarchical government. The duke of Buckingham (son of the celebrated favourite of James I.) was at this time chiefly distinguished among the royalists on account of his rank and fortune : Lord Francis VUhers was a youth, only twenty years of age ; and the earl of Peterborough was a youth also.38 These noblemen, and others who joined with them, issued a Declaration, dated July 6, 1648, "complaining of Forces being raised, without authority, to continue a bloody intestine war, assisted by the Committees of the Counties, who abused the people by an arbitrary government : that they had taken up arms for the King and Parhament, Religion, and the known Laws and Peace of his Majesty's kingdom, without any other design than to see this weU estabhshed : they express their hope that the City and Kingdom would rather join with them than with those Forces who, by breach of faith, kept up the sword when those that dehvered it into their hands commanded the laying of it down ; that sad circumstances are discovered concerning his Majesty's person, and a confusion and levelling undertaken to overturn the monarchy, and to turn that order which pre serves aU our hves and fortunes into a wild and unlimited confusion ; this they 37 In Lily's Astrological Prediction, the author, when speaking of the events which had been "Suddenly subsequent after the appearance of the three Suns," on February 28, 1647-48, calls the insurrection a "foolish, chUdish enterprise" (p. 11); and in another passage (p. 25), he mentions it thus. — " In July, the Duke of Buckingham, old HoUand, and young Peterborough, make a chUdish uproar, rise against the Pariiament, are beaten, kiUed, taken, and routed ; a sufficient payment for their follies, who upon so weak principles intended to raise so mighty a Fabric." 38 Clarendon, in his account of the Surrey Insurrection, in the History of the Rebellion, does not mention the earl of Peterborough ; nor does the latter, indeed, seem to have taken any very prominent part in the enterprise. When the insurrection was suppressed, he sought refuge in HoUand. See Rush- worth, Historical Collections, vol. vii. p. 1223. g4 HISTORY OF SURREY. declare to disabuse the Kingdom, who may be told that they only move to set up the King in a tyrannical power, rather than in his just government consistent with the rights and freedom of the Parhament, which they protest they wUl endeavour to preserve."39 Copies of this Declaration were transmitted to the Speakers of both Houses of Parhament, and to the Lord-Mayor of London. This open hostility to the ruling powers seems to have been but feebly supported. Lord Clarendon states, that the first rendezvous was appointed to be at Kingston, and that the earl of Holland took up his quarters there two nights, and one whole day, expecting to be joined by numbers ; and that, in fact, many persons of quahty went in their coaches from London, to visit him during the day he passed at that place, but returned to town again without molestation. We are further told, that the earl was joined by some troops; and that he had with him Major Dalbier, an officer who had deserted from the service of the parliament, and being intrusted with a command, executed it so Ul, that to his misconduct is attributed the defeat and dispersion of the royahsts, which soon took place, Dalbier himself being among the slain. There is, however, a fuller account extant of the suppression of this insurrection, published by an order of the Derby House Committee, (July 8, 1648,) and witnessed by Major Audeley, who was one of the principal officers commanding the troops employed by the parliament on this occasion. From this document it appears, that the mihtary operations of the conflicting parties were not confined to Kingston, but extended to other places within the county. Sir Michael Livesey (or Levesey), a Kentish baronet, who commanded a regiment of cavalry in the service of the parha ment, had, it seems, obtained intelligence that a meeting of the insurgents was to take place on Banstead Downs, under the pretext of attending a horse-race ; and that six hundred horse had been collected, to be marched to Reigate. He there upon dispatched Major Audeley, with three troops of his own regiment, from Hounslow, with orders to prevent the meeting at Banstead, and to take possession of the castle of Reigate, which belonged to Lord Monson. The royahsts, however, had already assembled, and the six hundred horsemen had taken post at Reigate before Major . Audeley arrived there with his detachment. He attacked and drove in the guard they had stationed on Red-hill, about a mUe eastward of the town; but when the main body of their forces drew out to oppose him, not thinking 30 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 673. DEFEAT OF THE ROYALISTS NEAR KINGSTON. 65 himself strong enough to hazard an engagement, he sent to Sir Michael Livesey and Major Gibbons, to desire that they would hasten to his assistance with all the force they could command. The royalists, probably expecting that Audeley would soon receive a reinforcement, quitted Reigate, and marched to Dorking ; a move ment, of which he seems to have had no suspicion. Major Gibbons, with his own troop, and two troops of Colonel Rich's men, reached Reigate the same night, and found there neither foes nor friends. The royalists, learning that Audeley had not entered Reigate after they had left it, returned the next morning, to take possession of their former quarters ; but, discovering that additional forces had been sent to oppose them, they marched off towards Kingston. After the arrival of the reinforcement, the forces of the parliamentarians consisted of five troops of cavalry, and three companies of infantry, from Sir Michael Live sey 's regiment; two troops from the regiment of Colonel Rich, and the troop commanded by Major Gibbons. At the head of these forces, Colonel Livesey marched from Red-hill, in pursuit of the royahsts, about two hours after their last retreat from Reigate. He overtook them before they had reached EweU ; when a slight skirmish took place, and six horsemen of the royalists were taken prisoners ; and near Nonsuch Park, some others shared the same fate. On a hill, about mid way between Nonsuch and Kingston, the retreating troops faced about, and drew up in order of battle, to await the attack of their pursuers. They had probably chosen an advantageous position ; for neither party seemed wUling to commence the contest ; Livesey, as we are told, waiting for the advance of his rear division of horse. In the meantime, some single men from either side came forward, who, says Audeley, "played valiantly." At length, a Cornet in Rich's troop, with fifty horsemen, began the onset ; and being supported by Gibbons, and the rest of the division, the royalists, " after a gallant defence, and as sharp a charge as ever I saw," continues Audeley, "in these unhappy wars, were routed." But it seems they made good their retreat to Kingston ; and the foot being sent forward, while the cavalry brought up the rear, they entered the town in good order ; the parliamen tarians, who had pursued them, being repulsed. Colonel Livesey then drew up his men (the cavalry) in a lane before Kingston ; but the infantry not coming up in time to renew the assault, he took his post during the night in a close within half a mile of the market-place, " supposing his opponents had prepared too weU for him." In the morning, the assailants finding their alarum unnoticed, a guard of horse was sent into the town to reconnoitre ; when they discovered that the royalists VOL. I. k. 66 HISTORY OF SURREY. had quitted the place, leaving behind them their carriages and one hundred horses. Audeley's letter states, that about twenty were slain ; amongst whom were Lord Francis ViUiers, and two or three others of eminence ; — about one hundred men were made prisoners, and two hundred horses were taken : He adds, that a guard of twenty soldiers were left at Reigate castle ; and that Mr. Fenneck, a country gentle man, had the ordering of them, till the committee should otherwise appoint.40 The only "persons of eminence" who were kiUed in this insurrection, besides Lord F. Villiers, were, the eldest son of Sir Kenelm Digby, and Major Dalbier already mentioned. Some interesting circumstances, relative to the fate of ViUiers, are mentioned by Mr. Lysons. " This young Nobleman behaved with signal courage ; and after his horse had been killed under him, he stood with his back against a tree, defending himself against several assailants, tiU at length [having refused quarter] he sunk under his wounds. The next day, the Lords at West minster, who had heard the report of the skirmish, and that Lord Francis Villiers was dangerously wounded, made an order, that chirurgeons might be permitted to go to Kingston, and take care of him, if he were yet alive ; but, as one of the Journahsts of that time observes, ' it was too late, for he was dead and stripped, and good pillage found in his pocket.' His body was conveyed to York-house, in the Strand, by water ; and was buried in Henry the Seventh's chapel, in West minster Abbey." The initials of his name were inscribed on the tree under which he was slain ; and remained till it was cut down, as Aubrey says, in the year 1680. Some elegies were written on the death of Lord Francis ViUiers, which are still extant He feU on the 7th of July, 1648." When the royalists fled from Kingston, the greater part of them dispersed to seek for places of concealment ; many going to London, reasonably conceiving that they might be most likely to escape notice in a crowded metropolis. The leader of this miserably-conducted enterprise, the earl of HoUand, accompanied by the duke of Buckingham, and about three hundred horse, first fled to Harrow-on-the- HU1, and thence to St. Neot's in Huntingdonshire, where the earl was taken prisoner in his chamber. He was committed to the Tower ; and being, at length, tried and condemned, he was beheaded on the 9th of March, 1648-9. The duke escaped, and afterwards took refuge in HoUand, where he joined prince Charles, with whom he subsequently went to Scotland. 40 Manning and Bray, Surrey, voL iii. p. 674 ; from a Tract among the King's Pamphlets, in the British Museum, vol. 375, art. 30; intituled "A True Relation," &c. Environs of London, vol. i. p. 219-20 : from " Perfect Occurrences," and other authorities, quoted in the margin. SEQUESTRATIONS AND FREE- QUARTERS. 67 One of the consequences resulting from the insurrection in Surrey under Lord HoUand, was the issue of the Ordinance of Parliament, October 18, 1648, for " Sequestring the Estates both Real and Personal of Delinquents, to be imployed for and towards the raising and maintaining of a Troop of Horse for the Service of the Parhament, within the County of Surrey." This Ordinance was especiaUy directed against all persons who had been in arms " in the late Rebellion raised by the Earl of HoUand and others in the county of Surrey"; and aU their adherents, and those who assisted them, or made preparations for assisting with men, money, horses, arms, or ammunition. The foUowing names of gentlemen of the county of Surrey were added to the Committee of Sequestrations before-appointed: — Sir William Brereton, bart., John Lloyd, esq., Charles Lord Car, John Thyn, Arthur Squib, George Duncomb of Shalford, William Ellyot, esq., Sir Robert Needham, knt., Thomas Scott, Richard Salway, and Wilham Owfield, esqrs.42 It was, probably, another consequence of the insurrection in Surrey, that greater numbers of troops than usual were shortly afterwards quartered in the county; for, in 1649, the disorderly and oppressive conduct of the soldiers, who were com manded by Sir Michael Livesey, compelled the inhabitants of several places in the western part of the county to join in a complaint and remonstrance, which was presented to the commander-in-chief, Sir Thomas Fairfax. In this petition, the inhabitants of Chittingfold, Witley, Thursley, Pepper-harrow, Wanborow, Put'nham, and Compton, complain of great poverty, and inabihty to pay taxes ; adding, " yet nevertheless there is [are] at present very many soldiers, under the command of Sir Michael Livesey of Kent, quartered upon them upon free quarter, committing many acts of violence and disorder :" they therefore intreat his Excellency "speedily to take order that the said soldiers may be removed." This remonstrance met with attention. An order was issued, signed by Oliver CromweU, and dated April 16, 1649, for the removal of Colonel Livesey's regiment to other quarters in Northamptonshire ; and the general, Sir T. Fairfax, addressed a mandate to the officers of the regiment, and the Justices of peace, requiring them to examine and punish all abuses.43 In 1650, when Charles II., at the head of an army composed partly of Scotsmen and partly of English royalists, entered England to assert his right to the crown, a regiment was raised in the county of Surrey, for the service of the parliament ; and the command of it was given to Sir Richard Onslow; but the decisive victory 42 Ordinances, &c. p. 81. 43 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 674. K2 68 HISTORY OF SURREY. gained by Cromweh at Worcester, on the 3rd of September in the same rendered the aid of the Surrey men unnecessary.44 Names of Commissioners for the county of Surrey, [about 1649.]45 Will'us Lenthall, Prolocutor ParUamenti. Tho's Dominus Fairfax, Dux Gene'ls, &c. Bulstrode Whitlock, -j D'ni Comission' yea Ric'us Keble, >¦ magni sigilli Joh'nes Lisle, J Angliae. Henric's Comes Kane'. Ph'us Comes Pembr' et Montgom'. Carolus Comes Nott'. WiU's Praecomes Mounson. H'nric's Rolle, Capital' Justic', &c. Oliver St. Jo'n, Capit'l' Justic' de Banco, &c. Joh'es Wilde, CapitT Baron Sec'. Petr's Phesand, un's Just' de Banco. Benj' Weston, Ar. Will's Armin, Bar. Mich'l Livesey, Bar. [a Colonel in the Par hament Army.] Will's Brereton, Bar. [the same — of Croy don.] Henric's Heyman, Mil. & Bar. Tho. Walsingham, Mil. [Croydon.] Joh'es Lenthall, Mil. [Owner of the King's Bench Prison.] Georg's Askew, Mil. Tho. Jervoyse, MU. Joh'n's Howland, Mil. [a Citizen : estate at Rotherhithe, &c] Tho. Evelyn, Mil. [of Long Ditton.] Ric'us Onslow, MU. [of West Clandon.] Jos. Dingley, Mil. Ric'us Bettyson, Mil. [estate at WiUey in Chaldon.] Mattheus Brand, Mil. [qu. of West Moul- sey?] Rob't's Wood, Mil. Rob't's Parkhurst, Mil. [of Pirford.] Isaaeus Pennington, Ald'man, London. Rob't's WaUop. Corneli's HoUand. Anthon's Stapeley. Herbert Morley. Rob't's Goodwyn. Georgi's Farewell [of the Inner Temple.] Lancel's Johnson. Georgi's Duncomb [of Shalford.] Henry TonstaU. Johannes Smyth. NicTs Love. Geo. Withers, [the Poet.] Rob't's Titchborne. John Goodwyn [of the Inner Temple, and of Blechingley.] John Corbet. Tho. Scott. CorneU's Cook. Geo. Snelling. Geo. Thompson. Roland Wilson, jun. Joh's Hardwick. Joh'es Blackwell. Ed'us Jordan [of Gatwick.] Joh's Beauchamp de Rygate. Lodovic's Audeley, [Major in the Parha ment Army.] Joh's Fenwick. Tho. Moor. Lawrence Marsh [of Dorking.] Rob't's Purse. Will's MulUns. Joh's Mason. Jacobus Sherley. Lion'l RawUns. Joh's Westbrook. Jacobus Pitson, [Major in the Parliament Army.] Rob't's Dolman. Sebast. Good. Rob't's Mead. Martin Rythe. Joh's How. Roland Wilson, Sen. Sackford Gunson. Ric'us Blagrave. SamueU Highland. Tho. Cooper, Armiger.40 Reprinted in the " Harleian Mis- 44 See A Second Narrative of the late Parliament; 1658. cellany :" vol. iii. p. 486 : edit. 1809. « f a^ and Bray> SuRKET' vo1- *• P- 67S- Communicated by William Smyth, esq. of Godalming. in the above List of Commissioners are the names of several of those persons who were appointed TRIUMPHAL RETURN OF KING CHARLES II. 69 On the 29th of May, 1660, when Charles the Second made his triumphal entry into the metropolis, the county of Surrey poured forth its thousands and tens of thousands, to welcome the newly-restored sovereign to the throne of his ancestors. On that day, which was the anniversary of his own birth,47 the king alighted from his carriage on the farther side of Blackheath, and mounting his horse, reviewed "divers Troops of Horse in a splendid and glorious equipage;" after which, he proceeded in a grand cavalcade to St. George's Fields, (" all the Wayes being full of innumerable Companyes of people,") where he was received by the Lord-Mayor and Corporation of London, and conducted to "a large Tent, richly hung, wherein was placed, under a canopy, a rich Chaire of State." Here the king, after partaking of a sumptuous banquet, knighted the lord-mayor, (Sir Thomas AUen,) and gave him permission, " to gratify the City," to bear the sword immediately before his own person, in his further progress to Whitehall. The dukes of York and Glou cester, (the king's brothers,) rode on the right and left of the king ; and the lord- mayor was similarly attended by the Lord General Monck, and the earl of Lindsey, the Lord Great Chamberlain. Numerous bodies of soldiers, both of horse and foot, accompanied the procession, and " in this magnificent Military fashion, his Matie entered the Borough of Southwark, about three of the Clock that afternoon, and so, over the Bridge in the City ; all the streetes and windowes, even to Whitehall, being replenished with innumerable people of all Conditions, who were the joyful spec tators of this his Maties happy returne";— -and restoration "to his Crowne and Royall Dignity."48 The vexatious conduct of the Ecclesiastical Courts, in the time of Charles the Second, and the extreme and unjustifiable severity with which they exercised their power, occasioned the inhabitants of Surrey, in December, 1680, to petition the House of Commons against their several proceedings. The petition was referred to a Committee, who were empowered to receive and to inquire into all similar members of the High Court of Justice, for the trial of king Charles I. Benjamin Weston, Sir William Armin, Sir WUUam Brereton, Robert WaUop, Herbert Morley, and John Corbet, were nominated as members of the Court, in the Act of Parhament, but they never sat in it. Lord Mounson (or Monson), John Lisle, Isaac Pennington, CorneUus HoUand, and Nicholas Love, were present at the first session of the Court, January 20, 1648, and the last four at other sittings. Sir Michael Livesey, Anthony Stapeley, Robert Titchborne, and Thomas Scott, signed the^death-warrant of the king. 47 Charles was born on May the 29th, 1630, at St. James's Palace. The bright star, which is recorded to have appeared on the same day, at noon, shining in the east, was most probably the planet Venus, then at her eastern elongation from the sun. 48 Vide Sir Edw. Walker's Manner op the most happy Returne in England of our gratious Soveraigne Lord King Charles the Second, &c. pp. 17—21. See, also, Whitelock's Memorials, p. 702. 70 HISTORY OF SURREY. complaints, and eventuaUy, "to bring in a Bill or Bills for regulating the Pro ceedings of Ecclesiastical Courts."49 But few events of a general nature, in relation to this county, remain for notice on the present occasion; and these especiaUy refer to the raising of troops for the defence and safety of the kingdom. During the vigorous administration of Mr. Pitt, (afterwards first earl of Chat ham,) in the latter part of the reign of George the Second, an Act of Parhament was passed, for establishing a militia in every county ; and Surrey was required, under its provisions, to furnish a regiment of eight hundred men, exclusive of officers. In consequence of this, the county magistrates assembled at Guildford, on July the 12th, 1757, to devise means for carrying the new law into effect. The common people, being alarmed at the measure, which they appear to have regarded as an encroachment on their rights, flocked together in great numbers to oppose its enforcement ; and " at their head marched a sturdy yeoman of the name of Wors- fold, with a large Staff, marked with the initials I. W. and a date of about the year 1587 ; forgetting that, perhaps, it might have been used by his ancestor for a much better purpose, to attend Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury, in opposing the invasion of the Spaniards."50 Though the staff was seized, the prudential advice of Mr. Onslow, (Speaker of the House of Commons,) and other gentlemen, possessing influence in the county, induced the people to disperse without doing any mischief; and in the course of the foUowing year, the regiment was completely formed, and Richard, Lord Onslow, of Clandon, the then Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey, was appointed its Colonel. In 1759, the regiment was divided into two battalions, the eastern and western ; in 1763, it was reformed into one regiment, and it so remained until 1797; when the number of men was increased to one thousand three hundred and thirty-six, and formed into two regiments. In 1794, when an invasion was threatened by France, voluntary contributions for internal defence were made throughout the kingdom ; and the monies raised in Surrey alone, amounted to 14,2747. 9*. 4d. ; all which was paid in to Mr. Pardon, the treasurer of the county. Of this sum it appeared, when the accounts were made up in 1799, that 14,170Z. had been expended; of which, somewhat more than one thousand pounds were charged for poundage on receiving and paying, 49 Journals of the House of Commons, vol. ix. p. 680. 50 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 676. Commotions on the same account, and about the same time, took place in different parts of the kingdom ; but they were aU suppressed without bloodshed. VOLUNTEERS AND LOCAL MILITIA. 71 advertising, and other expenses. On this occasion, Lieutenants of Hundreds and Divisions (with other officers) were appointed in addition to the Deputy-Lieutenants; and convenient depots were fixed on, for stores and provisions, receiving cattle driven from the coast on the approach of an enemy, &c. ; and barracks were estabhshed both at Guildford and Croydon. During the progress of the revolutionary war with France, volunteer regiments of yeoman-cavalry and infantry were formed in Surrey as in other counties. Those of Surrey were reviewed on Wimbledon Common, July the 4th, 1799, by the king (George the Third); when the numbers on the field amounted to six hundred and seventy-six cavalry, and one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight infantry : on the same day, the right hon. George, Lord Onslow, the Lord-Lieutenant, was directed to inform them, of "the very sincere gratification His Majesty had derived from the regularity, order, and mihtary appearance, they had displayed in his Majesty's presence." The number of volunteers was afterwards considerably increased ; and, according to the General Returns made by order of the House of Commons in March, 1806, the cavalry of Surrey (including Southwark) amounted to seven hundred and eighty seven ; and the infantry, to seven thousand four hun dred and thirty-three. They were included among the forces of the Home district, which was then under the command of his royal highness the duke of Cambridge. After the conclusion of the last war, the infantry were disbanded : but a portion of the yeoman-cavalry is yet embodied, and is occasionally exercised. In 1809, in order to enable the Government to dispatch a greater number of men on foreign service, without too much weakening the internal strength, an Act of Parhament was passed, for establishing a local militia throughout the country ; and the number of men required to be raised in Surrey was, three thousand five hundred and eighty-four. For this purpose, the county was divided into districts ; and the quota of men for each was arranged as follows : — Chertsey, fifty-five ; Croydon, seven hundred and eighty-four ; Dorking, eighty-seven ; Guildford, three hundred and fifty-eight ; Southwark, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight ; and West Brixton, four hundred and thirty-two. This force was, at first, divided into three regiments ; but by another Act, passed in the year 1812, (52nd Geo. III. c. 38.) the local mihtia was augmented to five thousand three hundred and forty- four ; and it was afterwards divided into five regiments, the respective head-quarters of which were at Kingston, Guildford, Croydon, Putney, and Clapham. -r2 HISTORY OF SURREY. HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF THE EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY, (AND THOMAS HOLLAND, DUKE OF SURREY,) FROM THE TIME OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR TO THE REIGN OF CHARLES THE SECOND. The sub-rulers of Surrey, during the existence ofthe South-Saxon dynasty, have been noticed already.1 Frithwald, who was viceroy in 666, and Earl Wada, or Huda, who fell in battle in 853, being the only persons bearing sway as sub ordinate governors, whose names have descended to our times. At a later period, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, the entire line ofthe southern counties, from the banks of the Thames to the Enghsh Channel, and from the North Foreland to the extremity of Cornwall, were subjected to the almost regal domination of the ' Great Earl' Godwin, and his sons, Harold, Sweyn, Wulnoth, Tostig, Gurth, and Leofwine. Warren. — The first person who bore the title of Earl of Surrey, after the Norman Conquest, was William de Warren (earl of Warren, in Normandy), to whom it was granted by King William Rufus, soon after his own accession to the throne in 1087. This earl had married Gundreda, a daughter of Duke WiUiam, whom he accompanied in his expedition to England, and greatly aided by his conduct and bravery in obtaining the battle of Hastings. The Conqueror rewarded his services by numerous territorial grants, but, apparently, not of lands in Surrey ; for his name does not occur in the list of Tenants-in-chief in that county, given in the Domesday Book. He was, also, constituted Chief-Justicier of England, in conjunction with Richard de Tonebridge. " These two associates, when the Earls of Norfolk, Hereford, and others, contrived to make an insurrection in England, in the year 1073, (when the King was settling some disturbances in Normandy,) sum moned the ringleaders into the King's Court, and when they stood out in contempt, gave them battle at a place called Fagadune, utterly routing their army, the remains of which, fleeing to Norwich, kept that city as long as they could, but were at last constrained to give it up. Ordericus Vitalis informs us, that after the above engagement, they cut off the right foot of aU they took alive as a terror to others."8 This nobleman died on the 24th of June, 1088, and was buried (near the tomb of his Countess Gundreda, who had expired in child-bed in 1085), in the chapter house of the Priory of Lewes, in Sussex ; which, in union with his Countess, he 1 Vide ante pp. 28 and 30. 2 Watson's Memoirs of the Earls of Warren and Surrey, vol. i. p. 26 : the writer remarks, that " this act of cruelty was agreeable to the custom of those times." Id. EARLS of warren and surrey. 73 had founded for monks of the Cluniac Order, about the year 1077. This was the first convent of that religious order estabhshed in England ; to which, therefore, all other Cluniac monasteries were subordinate, including the Priory of Castle-acre in Norfolk, another foundation of this Earl of Surrey. He is supposed, also, to have buUt the castle of Holmesdale, or Reigate, in this county, as weU as other fortresses at Lewes and Castle-acre. Dugdale states, that the possessions of which this nobleman died seised, in different counties, amounted to two hundred lordships.3 William, the eldest son of the late earl, succeeded to his title and estates. When Robert, duke of Normandy, on his return from the Crusade in Palestine, asserted his right to the crown of England, and made war against his brother Henry the First, the Earl of Surrey joined him ; and on the failure of the enterprise, he fled to Normandy, and incurred the forfeiture of his English dignity and property : but a compromise taking place between Duke Robert and King Henry, the Earl was restored to his possessions ; and he afterwards continued firm in his allegiance. At the battle of Tenchebrai, in 1106, he commanded the rear division of the army of King Henry, and contributed to the defeat of his former aUy, Robert of Nor mandy, who was taken captive: he also distinguished himself at BrennevLUe, in 1119, when Henry the First gained a victory over Lewis the Sixth of France. The Earl of Surrey was with the King in Normandy at the time of his death, in 1135, and coming with the corpse to England, was present at his funeral in the Abbey of Reading. The Earl himself died the same year ; and was interred with his parents, in the chapter-house at Lewes. After having been a suitor for the hand of the Princess Maud of Scotland, who became the first wife of Henry the First, this nobleman married a lady nearly allied to the royal famUy of France, namely, Isabella, daughter of Hugh, Count de Vermandois, and widow of Robert de Beaumont, Earl MeUent in Normandy, and Earl of Leicester in England. William, the eldest son of the preceding earl, became his successor. He joined Stephen in his contest for the crown of England with the Empress Maud, daughter of Henry the First; although his conduct as a pohtical partizan seems to have been equivocal. In 1137, he went with Stephen to Normandy; and when that prince was about to give battle to the forces of Geoffrey Plantagenet, the second husband of his rival Maud, a mutiny broke out among his troops ; and the Earl of Surrey and many others deserting his standard, Stephen was obhged to make a truce for two years with his opponents. In 1140, he accompanied the King to the 3 Dugdale's Baronage, vol. i. p. 74. VOL. I. L 74 HISTORY OF SURREY. siege of Lincoln ; when the royahsts, being attacked with great spirit by the army of the Empress under the command of her half-brother, the Earl of Gloucester, were completely defeated : the Earl of Surrey sought safety in flight ; but Stephen himself was made prisoner. It appears, that after this battle, the Earl changing sides, took arms against Stephen ; and he, probably, attended the Empress to Win chester, but was soon compelled to flee before an army coUected by the bishop of that city. Maud herself escaped ; but the Earl of Gloucester, the Earl of Surrey, and other nobles and knights who had covered her retreat, were taken prisoners. In 1147, the Earl of Surrey engaged in the memorable expedition to Palestine, undertaken by the German Emperor Conrad and Lewis VII. of France ; and he was slain by the Turks, in an attack they made on the French army soon after it quitted Laodicea in 1 148. He was the last heir-male of this family ; but by his wife Alicia, grand-daughter of Robert de Belesme, earl of Shrewsbury, he left an only child, a female, named Isabel, who became Countess of Warren and Surrey in her own right. Blois. — The Lady Isabel was twice married. Her first husband was William de Blois, earl of Morteign in Normandy; who is described by some writers as the only surviving legitimate son of King Stephen ; but others, including Dugdale, speak of him as being the natural son of that prince.4 From the great dignities and posses sions which he obtained, however, the inference in favour of his legitimacy must be admitted to preponderate. When the treaty between Stephen and Henry Fitz-Maud, (afterwards Henry the Second,) in respect to the succession of the crown, was concluded at WaUingford, in November, 1153, it was agreed that Wilham de Blois should have possession of aU the estates and honours which his father enjoyed before he became sovereign, as weU as those which had been granted him by the crown, or that he had acquired by his marriage. With the consent of Henry, other dignities were also conferred upon him; so that he bore the several titles of Earl of Boulogne, Morteign, Warren and Surrey, and Lord of the Honour of Pevensey and of Norwich. It appears from Gervase of Canterbury,5 that amidst the public rejoicings on account of the above treaty, Henry detected a conspiracy against him by WUliam, the king's son; which would have been executed, had not the latter accidentally faUen from his horse and broken his thigh, on Barham Down. Foxe, also, in his "Acts and Monuments," states,— that "this Duke Henry taking his journey into ' Dugdale's Baronage, vol. i. p. 75. » vide Gervase, Decem Scriptores, col. 1376. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 75 Normandy, (King Stephen and his son William bringing him on his way,) William had a faU and broke his leg, and so was had to Canterbury." The sudden departure of Prince Henry from England has been attributed to this conspiracy ; and it was probably the cause of his resuming (when King) those dignities which had been granted to Earl Wilham from the crown." His patrimonial honours, and those he had acquired in marriage, he was, however, aUowed to retain. The Earl attended King Henry in his expedition against Toulouse in 1159 ; and died, after his return to England, in October, 1160; leaving no legitimate issue. Plantagenet. — Isabel, the widow of the deceased earl, next bestowed her hand, and with it her paternal inheritance, on Hamelin Plantagenet, who was a natural son of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, and half-brother to the King ; through whose aU-powerful influence he obtained the richly-endowed heiress of the house of Warren and Surrey for his consort. In the course of the most unnatural rebellions of the sons of Henry the Second against their father, this nobleman preserved his fidelity to his liege lord; for his name occurs in a list, given by a contemporary historian, of those earls and barons who adhered to the King against his sons.' In 1190, the Earl accompanied Richard the First on a visit to Normandy, before he set out for Palestine. When the King, on his return from the Crusade, was seized and imprisoned by the Emperor of Germany, and obliged to pay a heavy ransom, to be raised by contributions from his subjects, the Earl of Surrey was appointed one of the commissioners in whose custody the money, amounting to seventy thousand marks of sUver, was placed as it was coUected. The other members of this committee were, Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Nigel, bishop of London, William, earl of Arundel, and the Lord-Mayor of London. After the arrival of Richard in Eng land, in 1194, the ceremony of his coronation was performed a second time at Winchester ; and Earl Hamehn carried one of the swords of state before the King on that occasion. His death took place in 1201 ; and he was succeeded by his only son, the issue of his marriage with the Countess Isabel, who survived her husband.8 They had, also, an only daughter, who became the wife of Gilbert de Aquila. 6 Speed, History of Great Britain, p. 454. ' V. Benedict. Abb. S. Petroburg. Hist. ed. a Hearne. T. i. p. 58. 8 This fact is ascertained from an original Deed (quoted in Manning and Bray's Surrey, vol. i. p. xvi.) of the Countess, being a grant of a virgate of land with Sidlune MiU, near Reygate, wherein she styles herself " IsabeUa Com'a War' post obitum d'ni et viri mei HameHni." l2 7(3 HISTORY OF SURREY. William, the sixth earl of Warren and Surrey, lived in the reigns of John and Henry the Third; and being nearly related to the royal family, and favoured by both those sovereigns, he almost constantly was one of their partizans in the suc cessive contests with the nobility and clergy in which they were involved. In the fourteenth year of the reign of John, when that king, in order to escape the dangers which threatened him, agreed to hold his crown as a vassal of the Church, and pay to the Pope an annual tribute, this Earl was one of the witnesses to the deed by which John bound himself to fulfil the engagements into which he had entered with the Papal Nuncio. He continued stedfast in his fealty to his unwor thy sovereign tiU after the conference at Runnimead, which terminated in the grant, from the King, of the Great Charter of Liberties. At that meeting, the Earl of Surrey appeared as one of the King's advocates, and became a party to the convention between John and the associated barons. However, when he subsequently discovered that the royal hypocrite did not intend to adhere to the covenant which he had so solemnly made, and had procured an army of foreign mercenaries to make war on his own subjects, the Earl, either from motives of patriotism or pohcy, determined no longer to give him the aid of his power and influence. In a manuscript account of the Family of Warren, in the Heralds' Office, it is stated, that "in 1216, the Earl of Warren, and many others of the King's friends, deserted him." This account is said to have been taken from the Register of the monastery of BerneweU, in the Life of King John, and serves to confirm the assertion of Matthew Paris, that the Earl of Warren joined Lewis, the French king's son, at London, when he arrived there to assist the barons against King John, and had sent circular letters to several barons to come and do him homage, or depart the realm. This defection of the Earl was so displeasing to the King, that he sent him a precept to deliver up his castle at Pevensey to Matthew Fitzherbert, who was commanded to demohsh it. " It seems plain, that the King had no suspicion that the Earl of Warren would leave him, for he had just before given him the manor of Offington in Lincolnshire, (part of the estate of William de Albini, his prisoner,) for the better defence of his castle of Stanford."9 On the death of John, a few months afterwards, the Earl of Pembroke having caused his son Prince Henry to be proclaimed King, under the title of Henry the Third, some of the nobles who had submitted to the French prince now quitted his 8 Watson's Memoirs, &c. vol. i. p. 184-5. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 77 service, and gave their support to Pembroke, who was regent of the kingdom, in the war he carried on against the still refractory barons and their foreign chief. The Earl of Surrey was one of those nobles who thus returned to their aUegiance to their native sovereign. Henry the Third, after he was firmly seated on the throne, betrayed a disposition to foUow the example of his father, and become the oppressor of his subjects. Hubert de Burgh, who, on the death of Pembroke, assumed the direction of the goverment, advised the King to set aside the Charter of Forests, which, together with the Great Charter, he had solemnly confirmed after his accession; on the pretext, that the grant of those charters had been obtained during his nonage. But the Earl of Surrey and other great lords opposed this proceeding, and gave the King and his minister to understand, that they were resolved to maintain by force of arms the rights and privileges they had wrested from his predecessors; and Henry was forced to renounce his purpose. In 1224, Fulk de Brent, one of those foreign mercenary soldiers who had been employed by King John, having been guUty of violent and outrageous treatment of one of the king's Judges, and other offences, was besieged in his castle of Bedford ; and on being made a prisoner, his hfe was spared at the request of the nobUity, on account of his former services to the crown, but he was condemned to perpetual banishment ; and WiUiam, earl of Warren and Surrey, received order to conduct the prisoner securely to the sea-side, place him on board a ship, and commit him to the winds and waves ; which man date was accordingly executed.1" This Earl was a member of the National CouncU held in London, in the 21st of Henry the Third ; when a subsidy was given to the King, on account of the mar riage of his sister with the German emperor, and his own marriage with Eleanor, daughter of the Count de Provence ; and four persons, the Earl being one, were appointed to receive the money levied under this authority. In 1232, when Hubert de Burgh was charged with high crimes and misdemeanors, and being found guUty, was threatened with death, the Earl of Surrey, with Richard earl of CornwaU, and others, became sureties for him ; and he was committed to the castle of Devizes, under the custody of four knights in the service of those who had become responsible for his appearance. The death of this nobleman took place in London, May 27, 1240 ; and he was interred in the Priory church at Lewes, before the high-altar. He was twice married : first to Maud, the daughter of 10 Matthew Paris, Historia Major, f. p. 312. 78 HISTORY OF SURREY. WiUiam de Albini, earl of Arundel ; and after her death, to Maud, sister of the Earl of Pembroke, and widow of Hugh Bigod, earl of Norfolk; by the latter of whom, only, he had issue. His possessions were very extensive ; having been vastly increased by grants of lands and wardships from the two. kings whom he had served. He had no less than sixty Knights' Fees belonging to his own barony.11 John de Warren, who became Earl of Surrey on the death of his father, married Ahce, daughter of Hugh le Brun, earl of March and Angoulesme, and sister by the mother of King Henry the Third.18 Thus doubly allied to the royal family, this Earl, hke his father, generaUy supported the measures of the King, and con sequently, incurred the displeasure of those who opposed the court. In the thirty- ninth year of the reign of Henry the Third, he was accused (and not untruly) of aiding the King in oppressing the people ; and his services were fully rewarded ; for in the foUowing year he had a grant, by the King's precept to the barons of the Exchequer,' of every third penny from the revenues of the county of Surrey.13 In 1258, when a National CouncU was held at Oxford, in which commissioners were appointed with authority to draw up provisions for the government of the realm, the Earl of Surrey was one of the commissioners nominated by the King. But though he withstood to the utmost of his power the efforts of the Earl of Leicester, the leader of the confederated barons, he was obliged,, at length, to swear to the observance of the Ordinances, or Provisions of Oxford. The same year, the Earl attended the King in an expedition against Llewelyn, prince of Wales. In the forty-sixth of Henry the Third, he again came forward as one of the King's partizans, and was a subscribing witness to an agreement between Henry and the barons ; and in the ensuing year," the castle of Pevensey was committed to his charge. The dissensions between the court and the opposing barons were soon renewed ; and in 1263, led to an appeal to the king of France, Lewis LX., as an umpire between the conflicting parties. His decision, which was made public February 3, 1264, was in favour of King Henry, annulling the Provisions of Oxford; and to this the Earl of Surrey and other royahsts readUy submitted; but Leicester and his partizans were dissatisfied, and a civil war took place. At the battle of Lewes, (fought May 12, 1264,) the Earl of Surrey was with Prince Edward, who led the 11 During the minority of his nephew, the son of Gilbert de Aquila and his sister, he >ad also the custody of other lands, amounting to thirty-five Knights' Fees, ('belonging to the late Gilbert,') for between sixteen and seventeen years. 12 Vide Matthew Paris, Historia Major, p. 709. " Vide Rot. Claus. 40 Hen. III. m. 11. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 79 vanguard ; and at the beginning of the engagement, completely routed the troops opposed to him; but the imprudent impetuosity of the prince, in pursuing the fugitives too far, occasioned the eventual defeat of the King's forces ; and Henry himself, his son, and his brother Richard (king of the Romans), were made prisoners. Surrey, with his brothers-in-law, William de Valence, earl of Pembroke, and Guy de Lusignan, escaped from the field of battle, with four hundred men at arms, and retreated to the castle of Pevensey ;14 whence they retired to France, to await the progress of events. In company with the Earl of Pembroke, Surrey returned to England in May, 1265, when Leicester was virtuaUy at the head of the government; and going to Monmouth, the two Earls sent the Prior of Monmouth to Hereford, where the King then was, in the custody of Leicester, to claim the restoration of their lands, which had been seized on their quitting the kingdom. The demand was rejected ; and they were ordered to make their appearance before the King to answer for their conduct ;15 but not choosing to comply with this requisition, they joined the Earl of Gloucester, who had quarreUed with his former associate the Earl of Leicester, and was become a royalist. Prince Edward, who had been detained in captivity, made his escape, raised an army, and being joined by Surrey, Gloucester, and other nobles,16 with their forces, he found himself in a condition to oppose Leicester again in the field. The Earl of Surrey was present at the battle of Evesham, where the great and potent Earl of Leicester was slain, and a complete victory obtained ; in consequence of which, the King was restored to power. Many of the insurgents, however, continued in arms, and retreated to the Isles of Ely and Axholm. A Parhament or National Council was convened at St. Edmund's-bury, to concert measures for reducing the mal-contents, and obliging them to an unconditional submission ; but the Earl of Gloucester, determined not to become a party to any harsh proceedings against those with whom he had been so intimately connected, refused to be present at the CouncU. The Earls of Surrey and Pembroke were sent to endeavour to prevail on him to comply with the King's wishes ; but he resisted their intreaties ; and the utmost they could obtain from him was a written engagement, never again to take up arms against King Henry, or the prince his son. " This castle, one of the royal fortifications, was committed to the charge of the Earl of Surrey, in the 47th year of Henry the Third. Probably the order for its demoKtion issued by King John was not executed. See before, p. 76. 1S Vide Cal. Rot. Pat. 49 Hen. III. p. 37. lc Vide Cal. Rot. Patent. An. 49 Hen. III. p. 36. 80 HISTORY OF SURREY. This Earl of Surrey, who had so often distinguished himself by his conduct in the great affairs of the nation, appears to have been of a hasty temper and dis position ; and he sullied his reputation by an act of violence to which he was prompted in consequence of a private feud. He had a law-suit with Alan, baron de la Zouche, respecting the title to a certain manor claimed by both parties, who were present in Westminster Hall when the cause was tried before the King's Judges. It was decided against the Earl, who became so highly exasperated, that an altercation arising between him and his competitor, from abusive language they proceeded to personal violence. Some of Surrey's domestics, or retainers, were on the spot, who were privately armed ; and with his assent, if not by his order, they drew their swords and assaulted the unarmed baron and his son who was with him. Thinking their lives in danger, they fled towards the King's chamber in the palace, of which Westminster HaU formed a part. The assailants foUowed, regard less of the respect due to the royal residence, and wounded both de la Zouche and his son ; the former so severely that he never recovered, dying about two years after, in consequence of the injury thus inflicted. The Earl, having satiated his vengeance, became alarmed for the consequences of his rash imprudence, and fleeing with his servants to the river-side, where he appears to have had a boat waiting, they crossed the Thames, and took refuge in the castle of Reigate. The offence so openly committed was of no smaU magnitude, being an act of contempt of the King's authority, and an outrage against an individual, greatly aggravated by the circumstances under which it occurred. The King and Prince Edward con sidering it impossible to overlook the conduct of the Earl, (though there were few of the nobihty to whom they owed so many important obligations,) had an order issued, to compel the appearance of the Earl of Surrey before the court, to answer for his offence. The Earl refused obedience to the mandate ; and, in consequence, Prince Edward, accompanied by the Archbishop of York, and other persons of rank, with an armed force, proceeded to Reigate, to take the culprit into custody. At first, he seemed determined to defend the fortress ; but by the persuasion of the Earl of Gloucester, and Henry of Almaine (the king's nephew,) who were with the prince, Surrey was induced to surrender himself. He seems to have been apprehensive of imprisonment, and therefore obtained a safe-conduct from the King," preparatory to his appearance before his Judges ; and having, by an " Cal. Rot. Patent. 54 H. III. " Sal. conduct, pro J. de Warenna Com. Surr. venient. ad Curiam Regis, apud Westm. 8° Julii." EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 81 instrument dated at Creyndone, (Croydon?) 54 Henry ILL" engaged to submit to the judgment of the court, on penalty of excommunication and forfeiture of his estates, he was sentenced to place himself at the mercy of the King for a fine of ten thousand marks, and to pay damages to the injured baron amounting to two thousand marks. It was further ordered, that, attended by fifty knights as com purgators, he should declare on oath, in which they joined, that the offence was not the result of ' malice aforethought,' but of sudden anger. On these terms he received a pardon in due form.19 The fine to the King was afterwards reduced to eight thousand four hundred marks, to be paid at the rate of two hundred marks yearly ; which favourable terms the Earl doubtless owed to the remembrance of his former services to the crown.20 In the third year of Edward the First, the Earl of Surrey entertained that sovereign at his castle of Reigate, in a style of great splendour; and on that occasion received a substantial token of favour in the deduction of one thousand marks from the amount of his fine then unliquidated. This nobleman, however, notwithstanding his obligations to the King, when that prince set on foot an examination of the titles whereby the tenants of the crown held their estates, with a view to the raising of money from renewals and confirma tions of charters, — boldly resisted this inquisitorial proceeding. In the eighth year of his reign, King Edward instituted a commission of inquiry, under the statute designated Quo Warranto (from the first words of the writ to which it relates), and issued a proclamation, that those who held lands of the King should exhibit and substantiate their title-deeds. On account of this proclamation, "men in every part made complaint, and shewed themselves grievously offended, so that the Kyng by meanes thereof came into great hatred of his people : but the meane sort of men though they stoode in defence of theyr right, yet it avayled them but htle, bycause they had no evidence to shew, so that they were constrained to be quiet with losse, rather than to strive agaynste the streame. Many were thus called to answere, tiU at lengthe the Lorde John Warren, Earle of Surrey, a man greatly beloved of the people, perceyving the Kyng to have caste his net for a praye, and that there was not one whyche spake against him, determined to stand against those so bitter and crueU proceedings; and therefore being called afore the Justices 18 Vide Rot. Claus. 54 H. III. m. 5. 19 Vide Cal. Rot. Pat. 54 H. III. p. 43. 20 At the interment of Henry the Third, on the 20th of November, 1272, in the Abbey church at West minster, the Earl of Surrey, with other nobles, swore fealty to the new King (Edw. I.) on the high-altar there ; as appears from the Annals of Matthew of Westminster. VOL. I. M 82 HISTORY OF SURREY. aboute this matter, he appeared, and being asked by what right he held his landes ? He sodenly drawing forth an olde rusty sworde, 'By this instrument' (sayde he) 'doe I holde my landes, and by the same I entende to defende them. Our aunces- tours comming into this Realme with William Conquerour, conquered theyr lands with the sworde, and wyth the same will I defende me from all those that shall be aboute to take them from me : he did not make a conqueste of this Realme alone, our progenitors were with him as participators and helpers with him.'" After this spirited reply, the Earl was subjected to no further inquisition ; but the chronicler appears to be mistaken in his statement, that this bold remonstrance had such an effect on the King, that "he left off his begun practise."21 It is a circumstance honourable to the character of King Edward, that he seems in no way to have resented the opposition of the Earl of Surrey to his proceedings; but continued his favour towards him, and employed him in important affairs. About three years after this occurrence, the Earl gave his daughter in marriage to John Bahol ; and as he had to pay a considerable sum for her portion, the King obligingly respited the annual payment on account of the fine for the three ensuing years.82 The Earl, also, obtained subsequent grants from the crown of estates in North Wales, When King Edward was made umpire in the contest for the throne of Scotland between Baliol and Bruce, the descendants of David the First, the Earl of Surrey was appointed a joint-commissioner with Anthony Bek, bishop of Dur ham, for the maintenance of the title of Bahol, in favour of whom the King of England made his decision. Baliol was afterwards obliged to resign his crown, and Edward made war on the Scots, and determined to reduce their country beneath his power. After the siege and capture of Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1296, by the King in person, the Earl of Surrey was sent with a body of troops to recover the castle of Dunbar, and the Scottish army advancing to reheve the place, a battle was fought on the 28th of AprU, in which the Scots were utterly defeated; and the castle was surrendered to the victor. King Edward, having led an army as far north as Elgin, and effected the temporary conquest of the country, returned to Berwick, where he held a parhament; and having made arrangements for the management of pubhc affairs, during his absence in France, he appointed the Earl of Surrey governor of the Scottish kingdom. In the foUowing year, 1297, the famous WUliam WaUace raised the standard of 21 Holinshed, Chronicles, ed. 1577. f. p. 789-90. » Vide Rot. Claus. 9 Edw. I. m. 10. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 83 revolt against the Enghsh government ; and being joined by many of the Scottish knights and other chiefs, (including the younger Bruce, who afterwards so gloriously restored his country to its sovereignty and independence,) he reduced Scone, and overran the neighbouring districts. On receiving inteUigence of this outbreak, the Earl of Surrey, who was then in England, summoned the military force of the kingdom to the north of the Trent; and having coUected an army of forty thousand infantry, and three hundred cavalry, he sent them forward to oppose the insurgents, under the command of Sir Henry Percy and Sir Robert Clifford. The Scots were nearly equal in numbers, and advantageously posted at Irvine in Ayrshire; but their principal leaders, being jealous of the authority of Wallace, (who was of inferior birth,) and apprehensive of the consequences of a defeat, agreed, after a brief negociation, to lay down their arms, and submit themselves to the clemency of the English king. Many of their vassals, however, with Sir Andrew Moray, of Bothwell, continued to adhere to WaUace, who withdrew from the field, " at the head of a force that was stiU numerous and formidable;" and he was suffered to retreat unmolested. In the course of a few months, Wallace, to whose banners the country-people had flocked with enthusiasm, assembled a powerful army, and again advancing, reduced many of the castles and strongholds which the Enghsh had garrisoned to the north of the Forth, and laid siege to the castle of Dunbar. At this time, the government of Scotland had been intrusted to Brian Fitz-Alan ; but the Earl of Surrey was still commander of the forces, and he quickly marched towards Stirling with an army, according to Hemingford, consisting of a thousand horse men, and fifty thousand foot. Wallace pressed forward to the same point; and on the 10th of September, 1297, both armies came in sight of each other on the opposite banks of the Forth ; — the only passage of communication over that river being a narrow wooden bridge. The English officers, and particularly Hugh de Cressingham (the treasurer for Scotland), were eagerly desirous to cross the bridge and attack their adversaries, who were drawn up with much address, and their strength partly concealed by the neighbouring high grounds. Surrey was aware of the danger, and endeavoured to restrain the impetuosity of his troops, but in vain ; and, at length, suffering his better judgment to yield to their passionate importunity, he permitted the assault ; and early on the following morning, Cressingham, with the vanguard, commenced the passage of the bridge. When about half the Enghsh army had crossed, WaUace, after sending a strong detachment to secure the m2 84 HISTORY OF SURREY. extremity of the bridge, rushed upon those who had passed with such impetuosity, that they had not time to form in military array, and being thrown into irreparable confusion, were dispersed with great slaughter ; and some thousands were driven into the river. Surrey himself, who had not crossed the bridge, finding it impossible to rally his scattered troops, gave orders to Sir Marmaduke Thwenge23 to occupy Stirling castle, with all the men he could coUect ; and then mounting his horse, rode, without stopping, to Berwick. After this disastrous event, most of the garrisons which the Enghsh had left were expelled from Scotland, and the country for a time disenthraUed of its foreign yoke, Whilst these occurrences were taking place, Edward was detained in Flanders by the war with France for the recovery of Guienne ; but he was so incensed at the loss of Scotland, that he addressed mandates to all the earls and barons of Eng land — for a general muster, at York, of the military force of the kingdom, on the ensuing 14th of January; and within one week after that day, a mighty army, amounting to one hundred thousand infantry, and four thousand cavalry, was on its march, under the Earl of Surrey, across the Scottish border. The Earl took possession of Berwick; and whilst there, he received letters from the King, (who, probably, had become somewhat distrustful of his generalship, since the discom fiture at Stirling,) ordering him not to advance farther until he himself should join the army. The Earl, in consequence, sent about four-fifths of his force to their own homes. King Edward returned to England about the beginning of March ; and having summoned his knights and barons to re-assemble at York, with their military retainers, on the Feast of Pentecost, he marched with a more numerous army than he had ever before coUected into Scotland. Wallace, for a time, avoided coming to an engagement with his inveterate and more powerful foe : but his encampment being at length discovered in the woods near Falkirk, he was constrained to give battle, and was defeated with great loss ; though not without suspicion of treachery on the part of some of the high-born Scots who had ranged themselves under his 23 This gallant knight was among those who had crossed the Forth ; but when the troops were thrown into confusion, spurring his horse, he cut his way through the force that guarded the bridge, and reached the opposite side in safety. Cressingham, who feU in the battle, had rendered himself so hateful to the Scots by the severity of his administration, that stripping the skin from his dead body, they cut it into smaU pieces, to be kept, 'not as reUcs,' says Hemingford, 'but for spite;'— Non quidem ad reliquias, sed in contumelias. Hemingford, Hist. ed. a Hearne, vol. i. p. 130. It has been affirmed, that Wallace himself had a sword-belt made of part of the skin. Vide Pictorial History of England, vol. i. p. 717. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 85 banner. The rout was complete ; and fifteen thousand of his men are stated to have perished on the field of battle.24 In the year 1299, the Earls of Surrey and Warwick were appointed commissioners to treat with envoys from the king of France, relative to the pacification of Scot land. He was afterwards again employed on the King's affairs in that country ; and in July, 1300, he was with the King at the siege of Carlaverock.86 Surrey, also, was one of the nobles who, about this period, subscribed to the "famous remon- stance from Lincoln," against the aUeged authority of the Pope to interfere with the affairs of England. He died at Kennington, on the 27th of September, 1304, and was interred with his progenitors at Lewes;26 where also, in February, 1290-91, his wife Ahce, a daughter of Hugh le Brun, earl of Angoulesme, and half-sister to Henry the Third, had been buried. William, the son of this nobleman by his Countess Alice, died in December, 1285, in his father's life-time. He appears to have fallen the victim of treachery; for Stow says, " Wilham Warren, son and heire of John Warren Earl of Surrey, in a turneament at Croydon, was by the Challenger intercepted and cruelly slaine." By his marriage with Joan, daughter of Robert Vere, earl of Oxford, he left one daughter, Ahce, who became the wife of Edmund Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel. He had also a posthumous son, born on the 30th of June, 1286, and christened John, after the name of his grandfather; whom he also succeeded, both in his estates and titles. 24 The battle of Falkirk was fought on the 22nd of July, 1298. WaUace escaped at the time, and still continued to exert himself in his country's cause ; but he was at last betrayed into the hands of the EngUsh. Having been brought to London by the King's command, he was basely condemned to death as a traitor; and his sentence was executed with the utmost severity, on the 23rd of August, 1305. He was dragged at the tails of horses to the then usual place of execution — the Elms, in West Smithfield, and there hanged on a high gallows. His bowels were taken out and burned, ' whilst he yet breathed ;' after which, his head was struck off, and set up on a pole upon London Bridge. 25 See Siege of Carlaverock, edited by Nicolas, pp. 14, 130 — 136. Peter of Langtoft and Robert of Gloucester have both celebrated the deeds of this Earl, in their respective Chronicles. 26 The great esteem which the King had for this Earl appears from a special precept issued after his death, and directed to the Bishop of London, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Abbots of West minster, Waltham, St. Alban's, St. Edmund's-bury, and Evesham ; requiring them to commend his soul to God, as having been a faithful servant to him [Edward] and the realm ; and to cause aU ecclesiastical persons within their respective jurisdictions to do the same. In consequence of which, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Chichester, Durham, Carhsle, Lincoln, and Litchfield and Coventry ordered forty days' indulgencies, and the Bishop of Rochester thirty days, to such as should pray for his soul. — Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. p, xx". ; from Rot. Claus. 32 Edw. I. m. 9, and Regist. Lewes. In addition to his other honours, the earldom of Sussex was conferred upon this nobleman by Henry the Third. gg HISTORY OF SURREY. When the insurrection of the gallant Bruce in Scotland, in the early part of 1306, rendered a new expedition necessary to subdue the revolt, King Edward, though in an iU state of health, determined to wreak a most signal vengeance on that unhappy country ; and, as a preparatory step, he caused proclamation to be made, that 'ah those who were heirs to estates held by knight's service, or mUitary tenure,' should appear at Westminster, on the ensuing Feast of Pentecost; there to be admitted, and receive the honour of Knighthood, in company with his son, the Prince of Wales. Three hundred youthful aspirants to renown, among whom was the Earl of Surrey, were made knights on this occasion. The ceremony was accompanied by the most solemn observances ; the King himself making oath by " the God of Heaven and the Swans," that he would proceed to Scotland, " and dead or ahve, avenge the death of John Comyn [who had been slain by Bruce], and the broken faith of the Scots." He afterwards demanded, and received, the pledges of all present, that they would accompany him ; and even if he should die, that they would cause "his body to be carried before them into Scotland, and not have it buried, until they had triumphed over that perfidious King and nation."2' On the foUowing day, the newly-made knights, with their military retainers, marched towards Scotland ; but, notwithstanding the vast armament which Edward had prepared for the re-conquest of that country, his long iUness and subsequent decease, (at Burgh-on-Sands, near Carlisle,) on the 7th of July, 1307, conjoined with the weakness and irresolution of his successor, rendered the attempt abortive. In the fourth year of Edward the Second, this Earl was again employed in Scotland; and his services there, particularly in the neighbourhood of Selkirk, were rewarded by a free grant, for Ufe, of the Castle and Honor of the Peak, in Derbyshire, with the whole Forest of the High Peak.28 The next year, he was present with the Earl of Pembroke and other nobles, at the siege of Scarborough castle ; in which fortress Piers Gaveston, the profligate favourite of the King, who had been declared a pubhc enemy, had sought refuge. After a short defence, Gaveston was compeUed to surrender, on the promise that his life should be spared; but the contemptuous nick-names which, in his prosperity, he had dared to lavish 27 See Brayley and Britton's Ancient Palace of Westminster, pp. 96—98, for some curious particulars of this extraordinary scene. The crowd was so great about the high-altar in the Abbey church at West minster, where the principal ceremonies took place, that two knights were kiUed by the pressure, and many others injured. 28 Patent. 4 Edw. II. p. 2, m. 13 ; and Fines, same year, m. 13. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 87 on some of the greatest nobles in England, now proved fatal to him. Whilst yet in duress, and on his journey to Walhngford, he was seized by the Earl of Warwick, whom he had caUed "the black hound of Ardenne;"29 and after an irregular trial in the castle-haU at Warwick, before the Earls of Lancaster, Hereford, and Arundel, and other chiefs, his head was struck off on Blacklow-hUl, near Warwick. This Earl of Surrey, as also the Earls of Lancaster, Arundel, and Warwick, refused to accompany King Edward the Second, in his disastrous expedition to Scotland in 1313, when the Enghsh were utterly defeated by Robert Bruce, at Bannockburn ; and the King himself narrowly escaped being made a prisoner.30 Notwithstanding his refusal in this instance, we find that the Earl of Surrey was again personaUy engaged in the Scottish wars in the years 1317 and 1320.31 Within two years afterwards, in conjunction with Edmund, earl of Kent, and other lords, he sat in judgment on his former associate in arms, Thomas, earl of Lancaster ; who, although cousin-german to the King, had constantly opposed his predilection for favouritism, which cost the nation so much blood and treasure. In his attempt to destroy the ascendancy of the two Despensers, the new minions of the infatuated monarch, Lancaster was defeated at Borough-bridge, in Yorkshire ; and, soon after wards, being condemned as a felon and traitor, he was beheaded on a hill near Pontefract, on March the 25th, 1321-22. In 1324, the Earl of Surrey was appointed Captain-general of the forces which had been raised for the relief of the Duchy of Aquitaine, which had been invaded by the French king, and was then under the command of the Earl of Kent. On the deposition of Edward the Second in January, 1326-27, this Earl was appointed one of the twelve " grave and able statesmen," to conduct the affairs of the realm. during the minority of the young King, who was then little more than fourteen years of age. In May, 1333, Surrey was with the royal army at the battle of Hahdon-hiU, when the Scots were defeated with great slaughter; and Edward Bahol was, for a time, reseated on a dishonoured throne. For the services which Surrey had rendered in this transaction, Bahol invested him with the earldom of Stratherne, in Scotland; as appears from the Close RoUs of the following year. 29 When the stern Earl of Warwick was informed of the insolence of Gaveston, he, with a terrible oath, vowed that he would make the minion feel " the black dog's teeth." 30 According to Walsingham and other historians, the above Earls justified their refusal by the long delay which had been made on the King's part, in fulfiUing his repeated engagements to ratify and confirm the several charters of their rights and privUeges. 31 Rot. Scot. 4 Edw. II. m. 6. Id, 13 Edw. II. m. 2. 88 HISTORY OF SURREY. He was afterwards repeatedly employed in Scotland and elsewhere, in the service of his own sovereign. He died on the 30th of June, 1347 ; on which day he had completed the sixty-first year of his age ; and was interred near the high-altar in the Priory church at Lewes. The Inquisitions taken after his decease, report him to have been seized, in fee, of the foUowing estates in this county, viz.— the castle and town of Reigate ; the manors of Dorking, Betchworth, and Wauton; two parts of the manor of Bokeland, which he had in right of Joan, his first Countess ; and the toUs, &c. of Southwark.32 Although this Earl was twice married, he had no legitimate offspring. His first wife was Joan, daughter of Henry, earl of Barre, to whom he was affianced through the influence of King Edward the First, before he was twenty years of age ; and from whom, after ten years' cohabitation he obtained a divorce, on the ground of a pre-contract with Maud, the daughter of Sir William de Nereford, a knight of Norfolk. By this lady (from whom, for a time, he was compeUed to separate, through the interference of the Archbishop of Canterbury,) he had four sons,33 and three daughters ; the latter of whom survived him, and are mentioned in his WiU ; as is, likewise, his second Countess, Isabel de Howland. Fitz-Alan. — Upon the decease of John de Warren, who was the last heir-male of his family, his nephew Richard Fitz-Alan, the son and heir of Edmund, earl of Arundel, by Alice de Warren, succeeded to the greater part of his estates. The father of Richard had been unjustly put to death in the beginning of the reign of Edward the Third, when Mortimer, earl of March, the haughty paramour of the Queen Dowager Isabella, held the reins of government ; yet it was not until the year 1354, that the son obtained a fuU restitution of his paternal lands and honours, under the authority of an Act of Parliament. This Earl of Arundel and Surrey was several times engaged in the King's service in the French wars ; and he was one of the principal commanders under the Prince of Wales at the ever-memorable battle of Cressy, in August, 1346. WhUst in his minority, he was married to Isabel le Despenser, daughter of Hugh, earl of Glou cester ; but when of age, he refused to complete the matrimonial contract, on the 82 Cal. Inquis. Post Mortem, (21 Edw. III.) vol. ii. p. 137. 33 From John, the eldest of these sons, the Warrens, of Poyndon in Cheshire, are by some genealogists reputed to be descended : others derive their origin from Reginald, a younger brother of WiUiam, the third Earl of Warren ; but the greater probability is, that they are descended from Edward de Warren, one of the youngest of the Ulegitimate sons of the last Earl, by Maud de Nereford. See Retrospective Review, 2nd series; vol. ii. pp. 527—529. EARLS of warren AND SURREY. 89 plea of constraint ; and having been liberated from his engagement by proceedings in the Court of Rome, he afterwards married Eleanor, daughter of Henry Planta genet, earl of Lancaster. He died January 24, 1375-6 ; and was buried in the chapter-house at Lewes. Richard Fitz-Alan, the eldest son and successor of the preceding Earl, was in the first year of Richard the Second made an Admiral of the King's fleet ; and he afterwards served at sea under John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, as well as on several other occasions, wherein he displayed much ability and valour. In the eleventh of Richard he was, by consent of the parhament, made Governor of Brest, which he had taken the preceding year, and the King's Lieutenant in those parts ; and shortly afterwards, Lieutenant and Captain-general of the King's fleet.34 But this Earl chiefly distinguished himself by his opposition to the arbitrary and oppressive proceedings of that King and his favourite ministers, and by his active co-operation with the Duke of Gloucester in his measures for the reform of abuses in the government of the kingdom. After the King had satisfied his malicious animosity by the secret execution, or rather murder, of his uncle Gloucester, he caused his chief associates," the Earls of Surrey [Arundel] and Warwick, to be arrested; and the former, after some hasty and irregular proceedings before the parliament, September the 21st, 1397, was condemned to suffer as a traitor; and on the same day he was beheaded on Tower-hill. Froissart says, " the execution was performed by the Earl's son-in-law, the Earl Marshall, who bandaged his eyes."85 This was Thomas Mowbray, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, who had married Eliza beth, eldest daughter of the Earl ; and though he certainly did not perform the part of headsman, he was, as we have seen, present on the scaffold, and had contri buted greatly to the ruin of the Duke of Gloucester and his friends. This Earl of Surrey was twice married : by his first Countess, Elizabeth, daughter of the Earl of Northampton, (besides other chUdren) he had a son, Thomas Fitz-Alan, who subsequently recovered the titles and estates which, on the execution of his father, had escheated to the crown. Holland. — On the eighth day after the decapitation of the above Earl, viz., September 29th, 1397, Richard the Second created his nephew, Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, Duke of Surrey ; and on the 30th of January following, (after the disgrace of the Duke of Norfolk,) he made him Earl Marshal of England. 84 Rot. Franc 11 Rich. II. m. 5 et 9. 35 Froissart's Chronicles, vol. xii. p. 29 : 3rd edit, by Col. Johnes. VOL. I. N 90 HISTORY OF SURREY. He was, also, one of the twelve commissioners in whom, with the King himself, and six commoners, the parhament vested the entire authority of the state. In July, 1399, he was appointed Lieutenant of Leland, and he was with the King in that country when, in the same month, the Duke of Lancaster landed at Ravenspur. From the Articles of Accusation exhibited against Richard the Second, at his deposition, it appears that Thomas, duke of Surrey, was one of those persons in whom he placed the greatest confidence; for it is alleged, that in his WUl, he had appointed that nobleman, with the Dukes of Albemarle and Exeter, and the Earl of WUtshire, as residuary legatees of his personal property,— that they might, "to the utmost of their power, yea, to death, if necessary," defend " aU laws, statutes, ordinances, and judgments, made, had, or done," in the parliaments, &c, in the twenty-first and twenty-second years of his reign.96 In the first parliament of the reign of Henry the Fourth, (Richard's successor,) which assembled October the 14th, 1399, this nobleman's title oi Duke of Surrey was annulled, and an Order made for rescinding all grants which had been passed in his favour in the preceding parliament. Irritated by these proceedings, he, in concert with his uncle the Earl of Huntingdon, and other noble partizans of the deposed monarch, engaged in a conspiracy to assassinate the new King at a tourna ment to be holden at Oxford ; but the plot being discovered, through the indis cretion of the Duke of Albemarle, the conspirators retired to Cirencester, in Gloucestershire; intending to proceed to Pontefract, and release their former sovereign. Not keeping a careful guard, however, the Duke of Surrey and the Earl of Salisbury, who were lodged at one of the inns, were surprised in the night, by the bailiff of the town, and after being much wounded, were compelled to surrender. They were immediately hurried to the market-place, where their heads were struck off ; and that of the Duke, being sent to London, was fixed upon a pole on the bridge: this summary execution took place on January the 9th, 1400-1. Fitz-Alan restored. — In the first parhament of Henry the Fourth's reign, the attainder of Earl Richard was reversed; and his son, Thomas Fitz-Alan, being restored to his paternal inheritance, resumed the title of Earl of Warren and Surrey, in addition to that of Arundel, which latter is now the sole title known to be enjoyed by tenure. He was both a knight of the Bath, and of the Garter; and in the twelfth of Henry the Fourth, was sent, with other knights of mUitary note, to 33 Vide Rolls of Parliament, vol. iii. p. 421. Richard's Will has been printed in Rymer's Fosdera, torn. iii. pars ii. p. 158-9 : edit. Hagae. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 91 aid the Duke of Burgundy, at the head of twelve hundred spearmen and archers. By Henry the Fifth, he was appointed Constable of Dover Castle, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Lord Treasurer of England; and is described as "a person of singular prudence, virtue, and gravity." He died in October, 1415, having received a mortal wound, in his endeavour to prevent the French from erecting a castle at Gerbergh, near Beauvais ; and was buried in the choir of the CoUegiate church of the Holy Trinity, at Arundel, in Sussex. On the 26th of November, 1405, the above Earl was married with great pomp at Lambeth, in the presence of King Henry and his Queen, to Beatrix, an iUe- gitimate daughter of John, king of Portugal. This lady survived him, and married to her second husband, John HoUand, earl of Huntingdon.37 Having no surviving issue by his marriage, his three sisters, Elizabeth, Joan, and Margaret, became his heirs, as to so much of his inheritance as appertained to the earldom of Warren and Surrey. Mowbray. — After the decease of the late earl, the title remained dormant until the 29th of Henry the Sixth ; when John Mowbray, son of John, duke of Norfolk, and great-grandson of Ehzabeth, the eldest sister of Thomas, the last earl, was created Earl of Surrey, March 24th, 1451. He succeeded to the dukedom of his father in the first year of Edward the Fourth ; and died in January, 1475-6. By his wife Ehzabeth, daughter of John Talbot (the famous Earl of Shrewsbury), he left a daughter and sole heiress, Anne Mowbray ; who, on the 15th of January, 1477-8, at the early age of six years, was solemnly married, in St Stephen's chapel, to the second son of the reigning sovereign, Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, who was about one year younger than herself. Plantagenet. — This prince, about a year previously to his marriage, had been created Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Warren. Much uncertainty exists as to the manner and circumstances of his death ; but he is generaUy beheved to have been secretly murdered in the Tower, with his brother Edward the Fifth, shortly after the accession to the throne of his uncle, Richard the Third, and at his instigation. The youthful bride having died without issue, the honours of her famUy were revived in the person of Thomas Howard, grandson of Margaret Mowbray, daughter of Thomas, duke of Norfolk, already mentioned as having married Eliza beth Fitz-Alan, the sister of the last earl of Surrey, of that family. 37 An account of this lady wiU be found in the Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vol. i. p. 80. N2 92 HISTORY OF SURREY, Howard.— The above Thomas was created Earl of Surrey by Richard the Third, in the first year of his reign; and at the same time, he conferred the superior title of Duke of Norfolk on his father, John, Lord Howard. Both these noblemen were among the most faithful adherents of King Richard. The Duke was killed, fighting in his cause (in August, 1485), at Redmoor Heath, near Bosworth, in Leicestershire ; and Surrey being taken prisoner, was confined in the Tower.39 In the first parhament of Henry the Seventh he was, also, attainted, and deprived of* his estates and title. He did not, however, remain very long in captivity; for King Henry, having married Elizabeth, the heiress of the House of York, politicly endeavoured to conciliate the friends of her famUy. Howard was hberated, nomi nated a member of the Privy Council, and, in the fourth year of Henry's reign, restored in parliament to the earldom of Surrey, and to estates which had been his wife's inheritance. In the foUowing year, those estates which belonged to his father and himself were also restored ; and during the whole of that reign, his continued services to the crown were liberaUy rewarded. On the accession of Henry the Eighth, in April, 1509, the Earl of Surrey had a seat in the Privy Council, and his patent for the post of Lord Treasurer of England, which he had held in the preceding reign, was renewed. He was shortly after appointed Earl Marshal for life. In the battle of Flodden Field, so disastrous to the Scots, which took place September the 9th, 15 13,89 the Earl of Surrey was com mander of the victorious army; and on account of his conduct on that occasion, he obtained a restitution of the dukedom of Norfolk, which had been conferred on his father, together with a special grant of valuable estates to himself and his eldest son, as well as an honourable augmentation to the heraldic bearings of his famUy.40 "At length, grown old in the service of his prince, and fuU of the honours he had merited," he died at his castle at Framhngham, in Norfolk, May the 21st, 1524 ; and was interred in the Priory at Thetford. The descent of eleven distinct families of the name of Howard, which attained the honours of the peerage, may 38 The Earl of Surrey had the leading of the archers in this battle ; and his gallant conduct, until he fainted with fatigue, has been powerfutty deUneated in Sir John Beaumont's poem, on " Bosworth Field." See, also, Hutton's work, intituled The Battle of Bosworth Field, 2nd edit. ; with additions by Nichols. 39 In Pinkerton's History of Scotland, vol. ii. pp. 98 — 104, is a vivid and interesting account of the battle of Flodden. 40 The Howard arms were, Gu. a Bend, between six cross crossletts fitchee, Arg. ; the augmentation was, to bear on the bend, an Inescutcheon Or, charged with a demi Lion, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure, Gu :— the wounded Lion representing the Lion of Scotland, and the tressure being the same as surrounds the royal arms of that kingdom. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 93 be traced to this nobleman ; namely, Norfolk, Berkshire, Bindon, Carlisle, Effing ham, Escrick, Northampton, Norwich, Nottingham, Stafford, and Suffolk. Thomas Howard, the eldest son of the preceding, was the next Earl of Surrey ; which title was conferred on him by Henry the Eighth, at the same time that his father was made Duke of Norfolk, in reward of his services against the Scots in 1513, at Flodden ; in which battle his son also, who, with his brother Sir Edmund ^Howard, commanded the vanguard of the Enghsh army, greatly distinguished him self. " His first pubhc service," says Mr. Lodge, " at a very early age, was in the command of a ship of war in the force sent in 1511 against Sir Andrew Barton, whom most of our historians absurdly caU the 'famous Scottish Pirate'; and he had an eminent share in the naval victory in which that brave commander was killed. He soon after accompanied Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset, in his expedition into Spain against the French ; and, the Marquis falhng sick, had then the command of the Enghsh army. In 1513, upon the death of his younger brother, Sir Edward, he was appointed to succeed him as Lord Admiral of England ; and immediately after, to use the words of a very honest historian, ' so completely scoured the seas that not a fisher boat of the French durst venture out.' That service performed, he landed in Scotland with the same troops that had been so successful at sea, (for the mihtary of that time acted indifferently in both duties,) and sent a gallant and resolute defiance to the King of the Scots, which Lord Herbert in his History has detaUed at length."41 His conduct at Flodden has been already noticed; and it was owing, most probably, to his firm and determined character, that he was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, in 1521. Whilst in that country, according to Lodge, he was distinguished for "wisdom, vigilance, moderation, and activity"; — yet this is hardly consistent with what is next stated, of his " having subdued the insurrection which, on his arrival, he found raging in almost every part of the Island, with a dreadful but necessary severity"; — and still less can we admit, that when he embarked for England in January, 1523, "he was loaded with the gratitude and caresses of the Irish." Assertions like these, which are expressly contradictory in themselves, greatly diminish the value of historical testimony. In the May foUowing his return, he was again at sea ; escorted the Emperor Charles the Fifth to this country ; and was by that monarch appointed Admiral of all his dominions. Under the authority of that commission, he joined the ships of 41 Lodge, Portraits of Illustrious Personages, with Biographical and Historical Memoirs, vol. ii. 94 HISTORY OF SURREY. Flanders with the English fleet, and made a descent on the coast of Britany, when he burned the town of Morlaix and other places, and laid waste the French borders; and afterwards extended his irruption into Picardy. On December the 4th, 1523, he was made Lord Treasurer, in the place of his father, who had resigned that office. In February, 1524, he received the command in chief of the army then appointed to serve against the Scots, together with ample powers to transact political affairs. In the ensuing summer, he returned into1* England, to secure possession of the estates and dignities which had descended to him through the death of his father ; but he soon resumed his functions in Scot land; where he succeeded in hberating the young King, James the Fifth, from the control of the regent Duke of Albany, and rendering him subservient to the wishes of his own sovereign, who rewarded his services by a grant of additional territory to his previously extensive domains. The Duke took a very active part in pro moting the divorce of King Henry from Katherine of Arragon ; and for his conduct in that affair, he received from the crown, in 1534, a further grant of estates ; and in the same year, he was appointed Earl Marshal, on the resignation of that office by the Duke of Suffolk; and, also, for the second time, made Lord Deputy of Ireland. "In 1536, he was again sent Ambassador to Paris, to endeavour, through the mediation of Francis the First, to procure a reversal of the Pope's decree of censure against King Henry on account of the divorce." The year foUowing, he was employed in suppressing the insurrection in Yorkshire, under Robert Aske. Burnet states, that on the 13th of June, 1540, at the councU-table, the Duke of Norfolk, in the King's name, chaUenged the Lord CromweU of high treason, and, arresting him, sent him prisoner to the Tower.48 This was a preparatory step to the King's divorce from Anne of Cleves, CromweU having been the chief instru ment of Henry's union with that lady; against whom he now entertained an "unconquerable aversion," the beauty and behaviour of "Mistress Katherine Howard, daughter of the Lord Edmund Howard, a brother of the Duke of Nor folk,"43 having inflamed his heart with a new passion. On the 6th of July, the Duke, with the Lord ChanceUor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and three other noblemen, were sent down to the Commons, by the House of Peers, to obtain their concurrence in an address to the King, praying him to give order for an inquiry into the validity of his marriage with the Lady Anne. On the third day 42 Burnet, History of the Reformation, vol. i. part i. p. 356 : edit. 1825. 4S Id. p. 357. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 95 afterwards, the convocation, to whom the inquiry was referred, pronounced the marriage nuU and void; and on the ensuing eighth of August, the Lady Katherine, the Duke's niece, was declared Queen; her nuptials with Henry having been privately solemnized some short time beforehand. In the foUowing January, anno 1540-41, the Duke of Norfolk was appointed Lieutenant-general of aU the King's forces beyond the river Trent ; and, (notwith standing the faU of Katherine, his unfortunate niece, who was beheaded for incon- tinency,44 on the 12th of February, 1541-42,) he was appointed on the 1st of September, in the latter year, Captain-general of the army of the north ; at the head of which he entered the frontiers of Scotland on the 21st of October, and, according to Lord Herbert, "finding no resistance, burnt in eight days above twenty viUages and towns ;" — after which, he retired to winter quarters at Berwick. In March, 1544, the Duke was superseded in his northern command by Seymour, earl of Hertford ; and soon afterwards, nominated commander of the rear, and then of the vanguard of the Enghsh army in France.45 In June,[the same year, he besieged MontreuU ; and he appears to have been with King Henry at the taking of Boulogne in the foUowing September. Notwithstanding the many important services which this nobleman and his son 44 Lord Herbert, in his Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth, (fol. edit. pp. 470 — 473,) has inserted a copy of a letter, sent on this occasion " from divers of the CounciU, to William Paget our Ambassedor then in France," detaUing many particulars of the Queen's incontinency before marriage ; and allusions to her conduct afterwards ; but which, at the time of the date of the letter, viz. November 12, 1541, had not been fully inquired into. The signatures of six of the Council are attached to the letter ; and Lord Herbert remarks, in a, marginal note, that there " were other names, which are now defaced in the original." From the foUowing passage it is evident, that the Duke of Norfolk was one of the persons by whom the letter was signed. — "It pleased his Highness, upon a notable apparence of Honor, cleanness and maidenly behaviour, to bend his affection towards Mistris Katherine Howard, daughter to the late Lord Edmund Howard, brother to mee the Duke of Norfolk, insomuch as his Highness was finaUy contented to honour her with his Marriage, thinking now in his old daies, after sundry troubles of mind, which have happened unto him by Marriages, to have obtained such a Jewel for womanhood, and verey perfect love towards him, as should not only have been to his quietness, but also brought forth the desired fruit of Marriage, like as the whole Realm thought the semblable, and in respect of the vertue and good behaviour which she shewed outwardly, did her all honour accordingly." The hopes of the Romanists had been greatly excited by the exaltation to the throne of Katherine Howard ; and had she, by the propriety of her conduct after marriage, maintained that ascendancy over the King's affections which she unquestionably possessed, it is not improbable but that England would again have been subjected to the Papal See. 45 " The van-gard appareUed in blue Coats, garded with red, with Caps and Hose party-coloured and sutable, their Caps fitted to their Head-piece or Skull, were led by the Duke of Norfolk."— Herbert, Life, &c. of Hen. VIII. p. 511. 96 HISTORY OF SURREY. Henry, earl of Surrey, had rendered to the crown, they, at length, became the victims of the suspicion and jealousy in respect to their ultimate designs upon the throne, which had been infused into the King's mind by their political enemies. "Between the Seymours and the House of Howard," says Lingard, "there had for some time existed a spirit of acrimonious rivalry. The old Duke of Norfolk had witnessed with indignation their ascendancy in the royal favour, and openly complained that the kingdom was governed by new men, while the ancient nobility was trampled in the dust. His son, Henry, could not forgive the Earl of Hertford for having superseded him in the command of the garrison of Boulogne ; and had been heard to foretel, that ' the time of revenge was not far distant.' On the one hand, the father and son were the most powerful subjects in the realm, andaUied by descent to the royal family ; on the other, though they had strenuously supported the King in his claim of the supremacy, they were, in aU other points, the most zealous patrons of the ancient doctrines. Hence the ruin or depression of the Howards became an object of equal importance to the uncles of the Prince [Edward], and the men of the new learning : to those, that they might seize and retain the reins of government during the minority of their nephew ; to these, that they might throw from their necks that intolerable yoke, the penal statute of the six articles. "The rapid decline of the King's health in the month of November, 1546, admonished the Seymours and their associates to provide against his approaching death;" — and "while the royal mind, tormented with pain, and anxious for the welfare of the Prince, was alive to every suggestion, their enemies reminded the King of the power and ambition of the Howards, of their hatred of the Seymours, and of the general belief that Surrey had refused the hand of the daughter of Hertford, because he aspired to that of the Lady Mary,"46 the King's daughter. Influenced and alarmed by these and simUar representations, the King, in the beginning of December, ordered both the Duke and his son to be arrested, and, on the 12th of that month they were conveyed, about the same time, the one by water, the other by land, to separate cells in the Tower. Although there was no individual m the realm, who possessed more powerful claims on the gratitude of Henry than the Duke of Norfolk, he was— upon a submissive confession of having acted 'trea sonably, in respect to bearing the royal arms of England on his own escutcheon, as 46 Lingard, History of England, 4to. vol. iv. pp. 348-9 : from the respective pubUcations of Herbert and Burnet. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 97 weU as for concealing the treason of his son in assuming the arms of St. Edward the Confessor' — attainted, without being heard, and the royal assent having been given by commission to the Act of Attainder, on January the 27th, 1546-47, a warrant was dispatched to the Lieutenant of the Tower, for his decapitation at an early hour on the following morning; — yet before the sun rose, Henry was himself a corpse, and thus was the Duke providentiaUy saved from a public death, the Council not deeming it " advisable to begin the new King's reign with such an odious execution."47 He was detained, however, in prison until the accession of Queen Mary ; on the day of whose triumphal entry into London, viz. August the 3rd, 1553, he was set at hberty, and, "without any pardon or restitution, allowed to be Duke of Norfolk, and had his lands restored."48 Shortly afterwards, however, in the first parhament of Mary's reign, the Act of Attainder against the Duke and his famUy was formally repealed ; and they obtained legal restitution of aU their estates and honours. On the 18th of August, the Duke presided as Lord High Steward of England, at the trial of his great enemy Dudley, duke of Nor thumberland, who was beheaded on the fourth day afterwards. In the foUowing January, Norfolk, although eighty years of age, headed the force that was sent into Kent, to oppose the insurgents under Sir Thomas Wyat ; but on the defection of the Londoners and other troops, at Rochester bridge, the Duke and his officers " turned and fled as fast as their horses could carry them." This nobleman died at Kenning-haU, a seat of the family, in Norfolk, on the 25th of August, 1554 ; and he was buried at Framhngham, in the adjoining county of Suffolk. He was twice married, and had lived in the reigns of eight Enghsh sovereigns : by his first wife, Anne, a daughter of King Edward the Fourth, he had two sons; both of whom died young. Elizabeth, his second wife, was daughter of Edward Stafford, the last Duke of Buckingham of that name; by which lady, who was the patroness of the poet Skelton, he had two sons and a daughter. Henry, the eldest of these sons, was the gallant and accomplished Earl of Surrey," who, as stated above, feU under the displeasure of Henry the Eighth, and was consigned by him to the scaffold, when little more than thirty years of age. The exact date of his birth is uncertain ; but the Rev. Dr. Nott infers, from an 47 Burnet, History of the Reformation, vol. i. part i. p. 447. Others have supposed, that the Duke's execution was stayed by the dominant party, more " by the dread of consequences to themselves, in case of a failure of their schemes," than from the cause suggested in the text. 48 Collins' Peerage, Brydges' edit. vol. i. p. 98. 49 It must be remarked that, in this instance, the title of Earl of Surrey was held only by courtesy. VOL. I. O 98 HISTORY OF SURREY. inscription on a portrait of this nobleman, that he " must have been born in or about the year 1516;"50 and this accords with the time generaUy assigned to that event by other writers. It has been commonly reported, that Surrey received his early education at Windsor castle, in company with Henry, duke of Richmond, a natural son of King Henry the Eighth, by the Lady Talboys ; but Dr. Nott, on the authority of a curious household book, which once belonged to the Earl's father,51 and on other evidence, controverts that statement, and judiciously infers that the friendly .inter course at Windsor, "between those two amiable and accomphshed young noblemen," did not take place until " education had ceased, and they had begun to take part in the more active duties of hfe." On the 13th of February, 1532, Surrey was contracted to the Lady Frances Vere, daughter of John, the fifteenth earl of Oxford ; and it was agreed, that the marriage should be solemnized on or before the feast of Pentecost, which it probably was,—but as the Earl was then only sixteen years of age, and his bride still younger, it would seem that they were not permitted to live together until some time after their union. In October, 1532, both Surrey and Richmond accompanied King Henry into France, to attend the famous meeting with Francis the First, which had been previously arranged by their respective ambassadors, and the splendid festivities of which, first at Boulogne, and afterwards at Calais, were continued ten days. The Duke of Richmond afterwards went to Paris, to complete his studies at the university in that city, and Surrey is supposed to have become a feUow-student ; yet his stay, if that were the fact, could have been only of short duration ; for when the new Queen, Anne Boleyn, was crowned in the month of June, 1533, he carried one of the swords which was borne in the procession. In the autumn of the same year, Richmond returned to England with the Duke of Norfolk, who had been employed on a fruitless embassy to the French king; 60 See Memoirs, &c. vol. i. p. x., prefixed by Dr. Nott, to his edition of " The Works of Henry Howard Earl of Surrey, and of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder." 2 vols. 4to. : 1815. " This was the household book of Thomas, earl of Surrey, as kept at Tendring HaU, in Suffolk ; which was one of the Earl's seats, and wherein he was accustomed to reside during the spring and summer months. His winter residence was at Hunsdon, in Hertfordshire. The book referred to, contains an exact account of the expenses of the farmly from 1513 to 1524, wmlst Uving at Tendring HaU. Every breakfast, dinner, and supper, is registered ; with the provisions of every course, at every table ; and the price of every article expended. The names of the guests are, also, annexed to the daUy accounts of each meal. This curious record was communicated to Dr. Nott, by the Rev. Temple Frere. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 99 and, shortly after, he was affianced to the Lady Mary Howard, Surrey's only sister, but as the parties were related within the fourth degree of consanguinity, it became necessary to obtain a dispensation ; which was accordingly done, on the 26th of November foUowing. The marriage, however, was not formally celebrated, owing to the tender age of the parties ; and, whilst the youthful duchess continued to hve with her own friends, Richmond was placed at Windsor. It was at this time, according to Dr. Nott, and not in his mere chUdish years, that Surrey became the companion of "a King's son"; and associated with him in all those manly exercises, "to excel in which was a necessary accomplishment in a courtier of those days."5' It is probable, that Surrey's residence at Windsor was limited to portions of the years 1534 and 1535 ; for, in the latter year, his marriage with the Lady Frances Vere was certainly consummated ; his eldest son, Thomas, having been born on March the 10th, 1536.53 On the 15th of May, in the same year, he sat as Earl Marshal on the trial of the unfortunate Anne Boleyn, upon whom his father, the Duke of Norfolk, who presided as Lord High Steward, pronounced sentence. 52 The constrained bachelorship to which these noble youths, at this time, were subjected whilst at Windsor Castle, is thus pleasingly alluded to in one of Surrey's Poems, written when he was a prisoner in that fortress some ten or twelve years afterwards : — " The stately seats, the ladies bright of hue, The dances short, long tales of great deKght ; With words and looks, that tigers could but rue, Where each of us did plead the other's right. The palme-play, where, despoUed for the game, With dazed eyes, oft we by gleams of love, Have mist the ball, and got sight of our dame, To bait her eyes, which kept the leads above. The secret groves, which oft we made resound Of pleasant plaint, and of our ladies praise ; Recording oft what grace each one had found, What hope of speed, what dread of long delays. The secret thoughts, imparted with such trust ; The wanton talk, the divers change of play ; The friendship sworn, each promise kept so fast Wherewith we past the winter night away." 53 We are told, in Lloyd's Worthies, vol. i. p. 6, that Surrey had his son's nativity cast by " a skilful ItaUan astrologer ;" and Dr. Nott has given a copy of the formula from Ashmole's Manuscripts, N. 394. It predicts sorrow and misfortune to the chUd, and a violent death to the father ; but its genuineness is very questionable. Henry, the Earl's second son, was born on February the 25th, 1539 : he was created Earl of Northampton by James the First. o2 100 HISTORY OF SURREY. That Queen was beheaded on the 19th of May; and soon afterwards, in June, the wrathful severity of King Henry's disposition was manifested against a still nearer relative of the Earl, namely, the Lord Thomas Howard, his uncle, who was committed to the Tower, and attainted of treason, for having married the Lady Margaret Douglas without the royal sanction.54 On the 26th of July foUowing, another calamity befel him, in the death of his friend and brother-in-law, the Duke of Richmond. On the 18th of October, 1537, the Earl received the honour of knighthood, at St. James's; and in November foUowing, he attended as one of the chief mourners at the funeral of Queen Jane Seymour, at Windsor. On new-year's day, 1538, he presented the King with three gilt bowls, it being then customary for the nobility to make gifts to their sovereign at that season. In the beginning of May, 1540, he particularly distinguished himself at the jousts and tournaments held at West minster, in honour of Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves. In September, 1541, he was appointed, conjointly with his father, Steward of the University of Cam bridge ; and in the foUowing year, on St. George's day, he was elected a knight of the Garter.55 In October, 1542, he accompanied the Duke, his father, in the 54 This lady, who was also imprisoned in the same fortress, was daughter of Margaret, Queen of Scotland, the king's sister, by her second husband, the Earl of Angus. After a confinement of about seventeen months, Lord Howard is said to have died of a broken heart; but there is a tradition in the family, that he was poisoned. According to Stow, his death occurred on AUhaUow's eve, 1537. The Lady Margaret was then immediately Hberated; and she was afterwards married to Matthew Stuart, second earl of Lennox. Her eldest son, the ill-fated Lord Darnley, was father of King James the First. 55 Shortly afterwards, on the 13th of July, Surrey was committed to the Fleet, "to remain there prisoner during the King's pleasure," for having, on some private quarrel, chaUenged John a Leigh, a person of good fanuly at StockweU, in this county. What the subject of the quarrel was, does not appear ; yet Dr. Nott, without the least evidence, has referred it to the Earl's jealousy of Leigh being a favoured rival in the affections of the fair Geraldine. After several messages to individual peers, Surrey addressed a letter to the Privy CouncU, intreating their "mediations" to restore bim to the King's favour ; "this heinous offence always unexcused, whereupon I was committed to this noisome prison, whose pestilential airs are not unlike to bring some alteration of health." In consequence of this appUcation, the Warden of the Fleet was ordered to repair to the Court at Windsor, on Saturday the 5th of August, and to "bring with him the Earl of Surrey." It is probable, that some examination then took place into the grounds of the quarrel ; and the issue was, that Surrey was discharged under his own recognizance of ten thousand marks not to offer any " bodily displeasure," either by word or deed, to the said Leigh or any of his friends. Nott's Memoirs, vol. i. pp. xlix— U; from the Privy Council books. In the foUowing year, Surrey again incurred the displeasure of the Privy Council, by intemperate conduct. On that occasion he was summoned, April the 1st, before the CouncU at St. James's, on two charges ; first, with having " eaten flesh in Lent, contrary to the Royal prohibition"; and secondly, with having walked about the streets of the City at night, " in a lewd and unseemly manner, and breaking certain windows with stone bows." In this froUc, the Earl had two companions, namely, young Pickering EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 101 expedition into Scotland ; when Kelsal and many other places were burnt, and the neighbouring country ravaged to a great extent. After this time, Surrey was much employed in military affairs in the French war. In October, 1543, having joined the army under that able commander, Sir John WaUop, he was present at the siege of Landrecy, near Cambray ; which was closely, though unsuccessfully, invested by the united forces of the English and of the Emperor Charles the Fifth.66 In the foUowing year, the command of the vanguard of "a mightie armie," as Hohnshed terms it, which King Henry had raised to invade France, was bestowed on the Duke of Norfolk ; and the Earl was appointed " Marshal of the Field," under him. The van and rear guards having joined the Emperor's troops, they laid siege to Montreuil ; and shortly afterwards, the main army, or "King's battaUe," (Henry himself being present,) invested Boulogne. and Thomas Wyatt the younger ; both of whom, not having been so ingenuous as Surrey in acknowledging the offence, were committed to the Tower. In answer to the first charge, Surrey alleged that he had a licence to eat flesh at that season, "albeit he had not so secretly used the same as appertained";— and "touching the stone bows, he could not deny that he had very evU doings therein"; and therefore, "submitted himself to such punishment as should to them [the CouncU] be thought good." For this offence the Earl was again committed to the scene of his former durance, the Fleet ; and whilst there, he appears to have written his " Satire against the Citizens of London"; a poem which presents to us more of the outpourings of an irascible spirit, than of the temperate reflections of an intelligent mind. From the contrast which it exhibits to all his other writings, it is evident that it was composed in a tumult of wrathful excitement, and in an hour of gaU and bitterness. His imprisonment could not have been of long duration ; since, in the foUowing October, he was engaged under Sir John WaUop, at the investment and siege of Landrecy, in French Flanders. His friends, Pickering, and Wyatt the younger, were not Uberated until May in the ensuing year. The charges against Surrey and his riotous confreres had been made by the Mayor and Aldermen of London. Nott's Memoirs, from the Privy CouncU books. — In Dr. Nott's defence of the Earl for thus annoying the sleeping citizens, by breaking their windows in the dead of the night, the above satirical piece is "very gravely paraphrased," says Sir Harris Nicolas, (in his Memoir of the EarL attached to the Aldine edition of Surrey's Poems,) " as if it were the argument which the Earl used to the Privy Council, — and comments are made upon it, to explain why his virtuous motive was not aUowed to extenuate so flagrant a breach of the peace." It is almost ludicrous to mention, that the Rev. Edw. Nares, in his Memoirs of Lord Burghley, (4to. 1828 : vol. i. p. 503, note,) has quoted the paraphrase as a matter of fact, and he gives it as " an instance upon record," of " the little moral effect produced by the Sermons of the Romish Clergy"! 58 When the camp had broken up in November, and the army been placed in winter quarters, Surrey returned to England, and is supposed by Dr. Nott to have occupied his leisure in finishing his magnificent seat, caUed Mount Surrey, at St. Leonard's, near Norwich. This mansion, which is said to have been the first edifice ever erected in this country in the purely Grecian style of architecture, was pillaged and dilapidated by the Norfolk insurgents under Kett, in 1554. Surrey, also, about the same time, received into his famUy the celebrated scholar and physician, Hadrian Junius, and allotted him apartments at Kenning-haU, with a yearly pension of 'fifty angels.' The poet Churchyard, appears to have been a page in the Earl's service at the same period. ,Q2 HISTORY OF SURREY. The Duke's efforts to reduce Montreuil were nobly seconded by his son; yet all their efforts were unavaihng; and in an intrepid attempt to storm the fortress on the 19th of September, Surrey's life was in the utmost danger, and he was saved only by the "attachment of his faithful attendant Clere," who conveyed him from the field, though at the cost, eventually, of his own life.6' About ten days after this event, on receiving certain advice, that the Dauphin was advancing with an army of upwards of fifty thousand men, Norfolk held a councU of war ; and (the Emperor's contingent being already withdrawn) it was determined to abandon the siege : on the same night, the Duke broke up his ' camp, and retired to Boulogne and Calais.53 In August, 1545, the Earl of Surrey was constituted Commander of Guisnes; which, at his own request, was soon after exchanged for the Lieutenancy of Bou logne. The French had constructed a strong fortress in the vicinity of that town; and the Earl having obtained information early in the ensuing January, that an 57 This affecting incident was commemorated by the Earl in an epitaph inscribed on a tablet in Lambeth church, where Clere was buried. After stating that Clere had chosen ' Surrey for his Lord,' the Earl says — " Aye me, whUe Life did last, that League was tender, Tracing whose steps thou sawest KelsaU blaise, Landrecy burnt, and batter'd Boulogne's render. At MontreuU gates, hopeless of aU re-cure Thine Earl, half dead, gave in thy Hand his Will, Which cause did Thee this pining Death procure, Ere Summers four times seven thou couldst fulfiU. Aye Clere, if Love had booted Care or Cost, Heaven had not won, nor Earth untimely lost." Thomas Clere, the subject of this epitaph, was the youngest son of Sir Robert Clere, of Oswestry in Norfolk, by Alice, daughter of Sir WiUiam Boleyn. He was, consequently, first cousin of Queen Anne Boleyn, and related to the Howards. He died on the 14th of April, 1545. 58 Had the earnest and repeated appUcations made by Norfolk, for reinforcements and supplies, been properly attended to, there can be no doubt that MontreuU must have fallen ; but whilst the besiegers at Boulogne were provided with abundant resources, his troops were suffered (apparently, through the underhand proceedings of the Seymours, who wished to lower bim in the King's estimation,) not only to want artUlery and ammunition, but even bread. "The Englyshmenne that had lyen so long before Muttrel," says Holinshed, " wanting such behovefull refreshment as those were stored with that laye before Boulogne, (having the seas open, and all things at pleasure brought unto them forth of England,) were sore weakened and decayed by death and sicknesse." — Chronicles, p. 1591. Boulogne was surrendered to King Henry on the 14th of September ; and the Earl of Surrey was present when the keys were formally delivered to the King at the gates of the town. Its governor, Mons. de Vervins, was afterwards beheaded for bis reputed treachery, in surrendering the fortress for a bribe of 150,000 rose nobles, said to have been tendered by the Earl of Hertford. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 103 attempt to re-victual it would be made from MontreuU, he determined to intercept the convoy. For that purpose he drew out a great part of the garrison, and meeting with the enemy near St. Etienne, he gaUantly attacked the French troops, though of much superior force to his own. His first charge was successful ; but in consequence of the cowardice, or panic, of the second division of his men, the Enghsh were defeated, and forced to retreat in confusion to Boulogne. Surrey returned to England about the beginning of AprU, 1546; and was almost immediately afterwards superseded in his command in the Boulonnois, by Lord Grey, of WUton. Attributing this disgrace to the ascendency which the Earl of Hertford had attained in the King's esteem, he animadverted in strong terms on the conduct of that nobleman ; and that so incautiously, that the asperity of his language was reported to the King, who caused him to be arrested and imprisoned in Windsor castle. How long his confinement lasted does not appear; but, probably, it was not more than a few weeks, and in the month of July.59 About the middle of August, he was appointed by the King, together with the Duke of Norfolk and Archbishop Cranmer, to bear a leading part in the magnificent ceremonies devised for the reception of the French embassy at Hampton Court, on the occasion of ratifying the peace which had been recently concluded between the two crowns. The ratification itself was solemnly attested in the chapel at Hampton Court on St. Bartholomew's day, August the 24th, old style. The suspicions which had been infused into Henry's mind, in respect to the Howards, and the rash declaration of the Earl, that "if God caUed away the King, his enemies should smart for it," were now hastening events to a fatal issue ; and both Surrey and his father were arrested and committed to the Tower. This was on the 12th of January ; but Surrey had been summoned from Kenning-hall ten days prior to that time, and accused of " certain things that touched his fidelity to 59 This appears from a letter written by the Duke of Norfolk to the Lords of the CouncU, bearing date July the 15th, in which he intreats them to give his thanks to the King, " for that his Majesty had been pleased to advertise him of his fooUsh son's demeanour." After expressing satisfaction that Surrey had behaved "humbly and repentently," he adds, "WeU! I pray God he may often remember and not trust himself too much to his own wit." He then desires that, his son " may be so earnestly handled, that he may have regard hereafter so to use himself that he may give his Majesty no cause of discontent." Nott's Memoirs, &c. vol. i. p. lxxxviu. In the appendix to the same volume, there is a very curious Minute for the Distribution of the Duke of Norfolk's Property, (copied from the original, in the Land Revenue Office,) together with other papers respecting the aUotments of his apparel, jewels, and furniture. They evince the rapacity of his enemies in a very high degree ; and particularly of the Duke of Somerset, (as Hertford had been then created,) who had by far the greatest share of the spoil. 1Q4 HISTORY OF SURREY. the King." The Earl "vehemently affirmed himself a true man," and offered to prove his innocence either in a pubhc trial, or by fighting his accuser, Sir Robert SouthweU, "in his shirt."60 The Lords, on this occasion, contented themselves with ordering both parties to be detained in custody. There can be httle doubt, but that at this time, the destruction of both the Duke and his son had been determined on, and "impunity," according to Lord Herbert, " was promised to all such as could discover any thing concerning them," — that is, any thing which, by any perversity of construction, could, by their enemies, be accounted treasonable ! Depositions were taken, also, from the bosom of the Duke's own family; and the proceedings exhibit the extraordinary anomahes of a wife (the Duchess of Norfolk), from whom, however, he had during many years hved separately, making aggravated charges against her husband ; of a favoured mistress (Bess HoUand, as she is called in the letters of the Duchess to Cromwell, the then keeper of the Privy Seal,) " desirous, at what price soever, to conserve herself" betraying the most secret conversations of her protector; and of a daughter, the widowed Duchess of Richmond, giving evidence, imphcating both father and brother. On the 13th of January, 1546-7, Surrey was arraigned for high-treason, as a commoner, before a Norfolk Jury, in GuildhaU. The principal charge against him was, 'that he had borne the arms of St. Edward the Confessor, then used by Prince Edward, with the difference of a silver label of three points, in conjunction with his own proper arms'; and 'thereby intending,' the indictment proceeds, 'to repress, destroy, annihUate, and scandalize the true and undoubted title of the now King to the crown of this his realm of England ; and also traitorously to disinherit and interrupt the said Lord Prince Edward of his true and undoubted title to the said crown.'6' The Earl defended himself against this preposterous accusation with great ability, by impeaching the evidence brought against him, and urging his right, on the authority of the Heralds and of precedent, to bear the obnoxious arms. " But neither eloquence, nor spirit, nor innocence, was likely to avail a man accused of treason in the reign of Henry the Eighth; and the Jury, among whom it is 60 Herbert, Life, &c. of King Henry the Eighth, p. 562. The phrase, to fight in his shirt, was an expression of the age, and meant, to combat an adversary in complete armour though arrayed only in the linen dress which was worn beneath the armour. 61 Dr. Nott has published a copy of this Indictment, which is drawn up in Latin, from the Baga de Secretis, in the State Paper Office : see Memoirs, &c. appendix, No. xxxm. The original proceedings on the trial, and to which it is evident that Lord Herbert had access, are not now to be found. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 105 melancholy to find two near relatives of his faithful attendant Clere, found him guUty."68 On the sixth, or the eighth day, afterwards, for the authorities differ, and whilst the King was on his death-bed, Surrey was beheaded on Tower-hiU. His remains were interred in the church of AUhaUows, Barking (near the Tower), but were afterwards removed by his son, the Earl of Northampton, to Framlingham in Suffolk.68 Though Surrey was not undistinguished as a warrior and statesman, yet he is chiefly celebrated for his poetical talents, and as being "the first great reformer and polisher of the Enghsh language, that sprung up after Chaucer," in this country. His " Songs and Sonnets," as his poems are intituled, (which were first coUectively pubhshed by Tottyl, in 1557, and frequently reprinted,) have been deservedly eulogized by Sir Philip Sidney, Drayton, Dryden, Pope, Warton, Walpole, and other writers ; and more epeciaUy by Dr. Nott, his recent biographer. There is no part of Surrey's history which has elicited so much research as his passion for the Fair Geraldine ; 64 a lady of whom he expresses his admiration in one of his most early-written sonnets. We are told by Anthony Wood, who quotes Drayton as his authority, that after the decease ofthe Duke of Richmond, in 1536, the Earl of Surrey went into Italy ; where, at the court of Florence, he chaUenged aU comers to warlike feats of arms, in celebration of the charms of his Geraldine ; 62 Memoir, by Sir Harris Nicolas ; ut supra, p. lxvi. 63 Among the charges recorded by historians to have been made against the Earl of Surrey, as demon strative of his ulterior views on the crown, is that of aspiring to the hand of the Princess Mary, after he had become a widower ; and Burnet, Rapin, Hume, and Lingard, have all given credence and circulation to the story. But the absurdity of this report is evident ; for the Earl never was a widower ; and at the time when summoned from Kenning-haU, he was there Uving with his wife and famUy in affectionate harmony. Immediately after his committal to the Tower, as we learn from the State Papers, three messengers were dispatched in aU haste to Kenning-haU, to take possession of the house and property, and arrest the persons of the Duchess of Richmond and Mrs. EUz. HoUand. In their report, which is addressed directly to the King, they state, that ' the Earl of Surrey's wife and chUdren remained unattached in the house, with certain women in the nursery attending upon them,' and they 'humbly beseech his Majesty to signify what they were to do with the servants, seeing that the said Earl's wife was near her time, and expecting to He in at Candlemas.' The Countess survived her unfortunate lord many years ; and was Uving in January, 1563, at which time she officiated as chief mourner at the interment of Margaret, duchess of Norfolk. Sometime in the reign of Edward .the Sixth she married, for her second husband, Thomas Steyning, esq. of Woodford, in Suffolk. Her children by the Earl of Surrey, viz. two sons and three daughters, were placed under the care of their aunt, the Duchess of Richmond, who had a grant from the crown, of 100?. yearly, for their maintenance. 64 The Lady Elizabeth Fitz-gerald, the alleged object of Surrey's love, was a, daughter of Gerald, ninth earl of KUdare, and Margaret, his second wife, the daughter of Thomas, marquis of Dorset : she was, in consequence of this descent, related to the royal family. VOL. I. P 106 HISTORY OF SURREY. and that he bore away the palm of victory in every encounter. In connexion with this tale we are further informed, that when on his way to Florence, the Earl feU in with the learned Cornelius Agrippa [the algemist], who shewed him the image of his Geraldine, in a magic glass, "sick, weeping on her bed, and resolved all into devout rehgion for the absence of her lord."65 Wood appears to give full belief to this story ; yet he disingenuously withholds all mention of the source from which he certainly derived it ; and which, as was first noticed by Mr. Park, and has been additionaUy elucidated by Dr. Nott, was a little romance written by Nash, and published in 1593, under the title of the History of Jack Wilton. In this piece of imaginative biography, which is too full of absurdities and anachronisms to require a serious refutation, Wilton describes himself as a page of the Earl of Surrey, accompanying him in his travels ; and for awhUe, and with his master's acquiescence, assuming his habit and character. Dr. Nott, who considers Surrey's attachment to have been real, though purely platonic, is of opinion that the Earl never went to Italy ; although his poetical taste appears to have been based on the best examples of Itahan writers. The reversal of Attainder, and restoration in blood of the old Duke of Norfolk, in 1553, has been noticed already ; and it was in consequence of this act of justice that Thomas, his grandson (the eldest son of the Poet Surrey), became capable of succeeding to the famUy estates and honours on his decease in August, 1554. At the coronation of Queen Mary, in the preceding October, this nobleman bore the title of Earl of Surrey ; and he officiated in the ceremonies as Marshal of England, in right of his aged grandfather. Queen Ehzabeth, in her first year, made him a knight of the Garter ; and it is remarkable, that he was the first person who was so honoured by that princess ; possibly from a sense of the injuries inflicted on his family by the late King, her father. During the early part of her reign, he was much employed in Scottish affairs; and, in 1561, was constituted Lieutenant- general in the north. He fuUy enjoyed the favour and confidence of her Majesty until seduced by ambition, and the shadowed perspective of a crown, he rashly engaged in the intrigues carried on by Spain and the Pope (Pius the Fifth), for the release of Mary, queen of Scots, — who was retained in England as a prisoner of state. Mary, after her escape from Lochleven castle, and the defeat of her partizans at 65 Athene Oxonienses, vol. i. p. 67 : edit. 1721. Sir Walter Scott has made an elegant use of this fiction, in the Minstrel's Song, in the sixth canto of the Lay of the last Minstrel. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 107 Langside, sought refuge in England in May, 1568. Having agreed to submit her past conduct to investigation, commissioners were appointed for the purpose : those nominated by Ehzabeth were the Duke of Norfolk, Radcliff, Earl of Suffolk, and Sir Ralph Sadler. At this time, the Duke was one of the most popular and influential men in the kingdom ; and he was equaUy brave and generous. It became, therefore, an object of extreme importance to attach him to the fortunes of the Scottish Queen ; and this, notwithstanding the known loyalty of the Duke, was effected by the crafty Maitland, the Scotch secretary, by suggesting to him, in the name of the regent Murray, the project of a union with the royal captive, his mistress. Nor was Mary herself, with whom Norfolk contrived to maintain a private correspondence by means of his sister, the Lady Scrope, averse to the scheme ; and " many letters and love-tokens were exchanged between them," although she had not yet been divorced from the infamous BothweU."5 This design could not be long concealed from the watchful ministers of Ehzabeth; and she, herself, after reproaching the Duke for dissimulation, charged him, on his aUegiance, ' to lay aside aU thoughts of prosecuting so dangerous an enterprise.' About the same time, when at Farnham in August, 1569, where it had been whispered among the attendant ladies, that Mary and Norfolk were secretly con tracted to each other, the Queen invited the Duke to dinner ; and, as she rose from table, "pleasantly'' (as Camden writes) 'advised him to be careful on what pillow he laid his head.' This ominous aUusion alarmed the Duke, and he hastUy retired, first, to London, and then to his seat at Kenning-haU, in Norfolk. But Ehzabeth, who had now been fully apprised by Leicester of the extent to which the negoci ation had been carried, and to which many of the nobihty were privy, peremp torily commanded his return to Court After some hesitation he repaired to Windsor ; whence, having undergone several examinations before the Privy CouncU, as to his designed marriage, and sudden departure from the royal presence, he was committed to the Tower. This was in October, 1569 : in the foUowing August, after engaging under his hand and seal to hold no further intercourse with the Queen of Scots, without Elizabeth's permission, he was permitted to reside in his own house (the Charter-house) in London, under the charge of Sir Henry NeviUe. 86 Robertson's History of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 301 : edit. 1806. The intrigues to effect the marriage of Norfolk with the Queen of Scots form such an important feature of Elizabeth's reign, that they have been detailed at great length by most of our general historians ; and particularly by Camden, Carte, Hume, Robertson, Lingard, and Turner. In Murdin's CoUection of the Burleigh Papers are, also, many letters and other documents relating to this project. p2 108 HISTORY OF SURREY. Notwithstanding this lenity, and in direct violation of his bond, Norfolk very soon suffered himself to be again implicated in the affairs of the Queen of Scots ; with whom he still held a secret correspondence. Her letters to him, in which she strove both to nourish his ambition and to strengthen his amorous attachment, were written "in the fondest caressing strain"; and she "took no step in any matter of moment without his advice."67 Infatuated by his hopes, the Duke, although he appears at first to have endeavoured to evade the proposals made to him, entered into a treasonable negociation with Rodolphi, an artful Florentine, who was a private agent of the Pope, but passed in this country for a merchant. Norfolk was urged to put himself at the head of the Catholics ; and after seizing the person of Ehzabeth, to keep her in durance until he had married the Queen of Scots, and provided for the security of the Catholic rehgion. To effect those purposes, he was promised effectual resources from the Pope and the King of Spain ; and, unfor tunately, both for his hfe and honour, he allowed Rodolphi to use his name in negociating with those potentates. Several months had elapsed in concerting these measures* when, partly from accident and partly from the treachery of the Duke's secretary, the conspiracy was discovered; and it was soon traced through most of its ramifications by the terror of the rack, and in one or two instances, by the actual infliction of that torture on Norfolk's domestics.68 The Duke was arraigned for high-treason on the 16th of January, 1571 ; and being condemned, was sentenced to die ; but his execution was deferred untU the second of June foUowing; when he was beheaded upon a scaffold on Tower-hiU. There can be httle doubt, but that the efforts that were then making to procure the liberty of the Queen of Scots, and re-establish the supremacy of Cathohcism, had much influence over his fate ;— for it is known, that no fewer than four warrants " Robertson's Scotland, vol. u. p. 343. 68 In Ettis's Original Letters, vol. ii. p. 261, first series, is the copy of a warrant from the Queen for putting two of the Duke's servants to the rack. It is addressed to Sir Thomas Smyth, knt. and Dr. Wilson ; and bearsdate, under the royal signet, "the xvth of Septemb. 1571." The body of the warrant is in the hand-writing of Lord Burghley. After stating that, "in the traitorous attempts lately discovered, neither Barkers Bannister the Duke of Norfolk's men have uttered their knowledge, neither wffl discover the same without torture," it authorizes the persons addressed, to examine them further; and " shaU they not seem to you to confess plainly their knowledge, then we warrant you to cause them both, or either of them Zr n V° ^ ! ^ fct t0 m°Ve th6ni With feaT thereof t0 deaI P^7 in their answers, and if ha haU not move them, then you shaU cause them to be put to the rack, and to find the taste thereof until they shaU deal more plainly, or until you shaU think meet." EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 109 which had been issued for his execution, were successively revoked by Elizabeth.60 The Duke suffered at the age of thirty-five. Carte states, that he was universaUy beloved and esteemed by aU parties : " by the Roman Catholics, as related to most of the lords of that religion, and by the Protestants, as having been brought up by John Fox, the martyrologist; and being not only of their profession, but adorning it by the regularity of his life and conversation."™ By Mary, his first wife, daughter and heir of Henry Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel, he had one son, PhUip, who became Earl of Arundel in right of his possession of Arundel castle, which he inherited from his mother. His second wife was Margaret, daughter and heir of the Lord ChanceUor Audley, and widow of Lord Henry Dudley ; by whom he had three sons and two daughters. By his third wife, Elizabeth, widow of Thomas, Lord Dacre of GUlesland, he had no issue. 69 Norfolk was the first nobleman who suffered in her reign. Her last revocation of his death-warrant, which is addressed to Lord Burleigh, and entirely in her own hand-writing, is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford. Vide EUis, Original Letters, ut supra. That the mind and feehngs of Queen Ehzabeth were greatly distressed at the severity which, in this instance, she was constrained to exercise, from maxims of state pohcy, is unquestionable. But in this Princess, mental affliction was combined with all the selfish firmness of the Tudor family; of which, possibly, a more striking instance is not upon record, than is contained in the foUowing lines of her own composition. They bear internal evidence of having been written after the discovery of Norfolk's entan glement in the schemes for releasing the Queen of Scots. They first appeared in Dr. Wylson's English Logic ; and were again printed in Puttenham's Arte of English Poesie. " The doubt of future foes, exUes my present joy ; And wit me warns to shun such snares, as threaten mine annoy : For falsehood now doth flow, and subjects faith doth ebb ; Which would not be if reason ruled, or wisdom weaved the web. But clouds of toys untry'd, do cloak aspiring minds, Which turn to rain of late repent, by course of changed winds. The top of hope supposed, the root of ruth wUl be ; And fruitless aU their graffed guUes, as shortly ye shaU see. Those dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, ShaU be unsealed by worthy wights, whose foresight falsehood finds. The Daughter of debate, that eke discord doth sow, ShaU reap no gain, where former rule hath taught stUl peace to flow. No foreign banish'd wight, shaU anchor in our port ; Our realm it brook's no stranger's force ; let them elsewhere resort. Our rusty sword with rest, shaU first the edge employ To poU their tops that seek such change, and [thereto] gape with joy." ,0 Granger mentions an extremely rare, if not unique print of this nobleman, in which he is represented under an arch ; whilst under a correspondent arch are displayed thirty coats of arms quartered in one shield. When Granger pubUshed the second edition of his Biographical History, the print described was the property of Lord Mountstuart. HO HISTORY OF SURREY. Thomas Howard, the son of Philip, earl of Arundel, by Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas, Lord Dacre of GiUesland; and grandson of the late Duke of Norfolk, was the next Earl of Surrey; to which title, with most of the other honours and estates of his family, he was restored by Act of Parliament in the first year of King James's reign; but the dukedom of Norfolk was not included in this restoration. By the same Act, he was restored, also, to most of the honours dependent on the title of Earl of Arundel, which had escheated to the crown ; his father having died under attaint of treason whilst a prisoner in the Tower, in 1595." This nobleman, who is best known by his title of Earl of Arundel, was made a knight ofthe Garter in May, 1611 : and in August, 1621, he was constituted Earl Marshal of England for life, with a salary of 2000/. per annum. In 1631, he fell under the displeasure of the King, Charles the First, on account of the marriage of his son Henry Frederick, Lord Maltravers, with the Lady Ehzabeth, eldest daughter of Esme Stuart, duke of Lennox ; whose hand, as his own ward, his Majesty had intended to bestow on Lord Lorne, afterwards Marquis of Argyle. For this offence, the Earl and his Countess were, at first, restricted to their seat at Horsley in Surrey; and afterwards committed to the Tower. This gave rise to a question of privUege, the parliament being then sitting ; but the hberation of the Earl, shortly after, removed this cloud from the political horizon. He was. employed in several em bassies to foreign states ; and particularly in 1636, when he was sent ambassador- extraordinary to the Emperor of Germany, with a view of obtaining the restitution of the Palatinate to the King's nephew ; but his efforts were unsuccessful. In 1638, Arundel was made General of the army which had been levied against the Scots; for which command, according to Lord Clarendon, his qualifications were but negative ones. About the same time, he became Lord Steward of the King's household; and in March, 1641, he presided at the trial of the Earl of Strafford, in the absence of the Lord Keeper, who was unweU. On the 6th of June, 1644, he was created Earl of Norfolk, in respect, as recited in the patent, of his lineal descent from Thomas of Brotherton, earl of Norfolk, son of King Edward the First. This nobleman passed several years on the continent, and particularly in Italy ; where he appears to have been much honoured for his costly purchases of articles " The baronies of Chin and Oswaldestre in Shropshire were, however, at this time, severed from the ancient inheritance of the Fitz-Alans, and given from this Earl to his great-uncle, Henry Howard, earl of Northampton. EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. Ill of vertu and rarity. He acquired great celebrity as a patron of the fine arts, and a munificent collector of the remains of classical antiquity. The Arundelian marbles, part of which are now at Oxford, have served to perpetuate his fame. Sir Edward Walker says, "his coUection of designs was greater than that of any person hving, and his statues equal in number, value, and antiquity, to those in the houses of most princes ; to gain which he had persons many years employed both in Italy and Greece, and so, generally, in any part of Europe where rarities were to be had. His paintings, hkewise, were numerous, and of the most exceUent masters, having more of that exquisite painter, Hans Holbein, than are in the world besides.'"" He died suddenly at Padua, on the 4th of October, 1646 ; but his remains, having been embalmed, were brought to England, and interred at Arundel in Sussex. By the Lady Alathea, third daughter, and eventually sole heir of GUbert Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, this Earl had six sons; of whom Henry Frederick, the second son (the eldest having died at Ghent, unmarried,) became his successor. Of this nobleman, but little more has been recorded, than that he adhered steadily to Charles the First, at the time of the civil wars, and served in his army as a volun teer, untU he was sent for to Padua, on the iUness of his father, in 1646. During his absence, the parliament took possession of his estates ; and on his return into England he found it difficult to subsist, until the Commons, on November the 24th, 1648, voted "that the Earl of Arundel should be admitted to the composition of his estate for 6000/., in regard he had suffered losses by the Parhament's forces ; and that the 6000/. should be paid for the use of the navy." The Earl, who probably considered, that at this crisis, the greatest safety was in privacy, afterwards lived retired at his mansion in the Strand ; and he died there, on April the 7th, 1652. By his lady, Ehzabeth Stuart, before mentioned, he had nine sons and three daughters; of whom Philip, the third son, was made a Cardinal of the Church of Rome, by Pope Clement the Tenth, in May, 1675. On the decease of the above peer, the famUy honours descended to his eldest son, Thomas Howard; who, in addition to his titles of Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, &c. was, in the year 1664, on the petition of the Earls of Suffolk and Berkshire, and other nobles of the Howard family, with many more of the Enghsh peers, and through the especial favour of King Charles the Second, restored by Act of Parhament to the dukedom of Norfolk, with the original 73 Walker's Historical Discourses, pp. 221 — 223. 112 HISTORY OF SURREY. precedence of his ancestor John Howard, the first Duke, who was kiUed in 1485. In the next year, 1665, he obtained another Act of Parliament, confirming the former, with reversionary clauses, securing the descent of the title, in default of male issue, to the heirs-male of his grandfather, the Earl of Arundel, and after wards to more distant branches of his family. He died, unmarried, on December the 1st, 1677, at Padua in Italy. This nobleman was succeeded by Henry, his next brother; who was born in 1628 ; and has some degree of literary reputation from his published relation of a Tour on the Continent, which he made in the years 1664 and 1665." In June, 1668, his lordship was honoured with the diploma of Doctor of the CivU Law, by the University of Oxford, in return for the noble present of the Arundelian marbles which he had bestowed on the University at the solicitation of Mr. John Evelyn. This nobleman was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society, to which he was a considerable benefactor; and after the great fire of London, in 1666, its meetings were held at his mansion in the Strand. He was raised to the peerage in 1669, with the title of Baron Howard, of Castle Rising, in Norfolk, on being appointed ambassador to the court of the Emperor of Morocco; and in 1672, he was created Earl of Norwich, by letters patent, dated October 19th; and at the same time he had granted to him the office and dignity of Earl Marshal. In 1677, as above stated, he became Duke of Norfolk, on the death of his brother. He married, first, Anne, daughter of Edward Somerset, marquis of Worcester, who died in 1662; and secondly, Jane, daughter of Robert Bickerton, gent, who survived him. On his decease in January, 1684, Henry, his eldest son by his first consort, succeeded to his estates and titles. Since that time, aU the family honours have descended in uninterrupted succession to his heir-male, the present Duke of Nor folk, who is the twelfth person of his family that has worn the ducal coronet ; as wiU appear by the annexed Pedigree of the noble famUy of Howard. ,s His lordship's Tour was pubUshed in a smaU volume, in 12mo. in 1671, with this title : "A Relation of a Journey of the Right Honourable my Lord Henry Howard from London to Vienna, and thence to Constantinople, in the company of Count Lesley, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece." EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 113 CO i Eh s 4^ Pi S 02 ce J rfi £» P3 -fl CD H CO aa.a>CD ffl 3 HIM COcd Eho s Ph 3ofi H -4-3 o J 5 M PQ s- Eh o l-J tu -fl O A o 'fi cuclfio Ti izi 3 W M o P3 >. w fi J 8 O VOL. I. 114 HISTORY OF SURREY. a a * s t§ ¦ 1 S t g 93 "si 3 W J P gAOH IJ . e ?> 1 Ph .? -q <1 ¦31 P3 . fl. Cm 3 ct> £ £ . J.H S ^=3 i W =2 £ cab ¦a 0 < 1— 1 M I—ICM i<» CP ¦8 r— < 1 o S3 Ph ci 5 ca J5 tH -H a o la a m 3 -ci 60 cu -i EARLS OF WARREN AND SURREY. 115 d cj "3 Ph ft A .a cm IQ t£ o o s* u 'co r3 8 A -aH ¦rt aci s| ^Ph nd r1 I"8 CU 1 8 .H e cu ¦d ?» a ¦I'M rri A | « Tf IP 1 ¦s §a o 8 l* 2 ¦8 "a j3 B Ph « "ICH"n Ph •d 0 ° 11 8 fe -B H- 1 * | ¦d *- O ;S oq <° 116 HISTORY OF SURREY. if 3 §,& Is .Q 2 ,2 3 Ph 4 s 5s s ja &>i a ¦*¦ asp? •g ,- a -a _ 8 6013 •SI'S f* a » S « .jjlH ofl Si g>3 1.3 if m &£ ll p a .a 3 £.3 cm rg o 2 ° 'M oo .a^^> rrl rH 8ll .3 -^ O -rt o> 1 * s « C5 JS c! . a j 4 1 4 § | »5.| Ph ,S 2 J •§ S CN S . 03 .TI 3« «j ,d i-s .a .3 s <8 , P W to Z CO P § JZ5 O oT s [2 3 S - 1 .A a «3 Ch g co ^ ^ -3 •« < 3 ,? ,a ~ - -g | Ph '3) £ S -1 °sa Sg " O o Eh *"- *h -S -, CO co o L§A- S. CN . * ¦» 3 a a * .& *1 tr) o I i •ss I i & 1 1 * Is' ^ O -H . s * 8 a « § a . ll a s l_. ¦9 .e p? "§ 9 d- P S 1Z - § -§ % .2 S k" .1 -g fl S a 5| §S § 1 Sm'ShI 9^9 ™ - a -s '„ « CM C -; CD co 1 Is Si ¦« .a 5* a RM CO 8 0) « .9 CO rrt -a. S .9 cd ja 8 § V ci 'O A <£ > 1 ¦rt W Si a 53 ITS RELATIVE SITUATION AND EXTENT. 117 GENERAL NOTICES RELATING TO SURREY, IN RESPECT TO ITS NAME, SITUATION, CLIMATE, AND SCENERY ; INTRODUCTORY TO THE SKETCH OF ITS GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS BY DR. MANTELL. tymology. — The name of this county is evidently of Saxon origin, and may be traced to a very early period of our history. By the 3 Anglo-Saxon writer, Bede, it is styled t Sudergeona; and by his translator, King ? Alfred, SuJrmjelan'Se; the southern region, m or district, from its situation on the south *of the river Thames. By other Saxon writers it is called SuSjiea, 8u3jue, SuSjuj, SuSjugea ; all which names, apparently, have a similar signification ; and hence the more recent appellations of Sudrie (as it is written in the Domesday book), Suthereye, and Surrey. Relative situation and extent. — Surrey is situated in the south-eastern part of England. It is an inland county, but bordered on the north by the navigable river Thames, which divides it from Middlesex and Buckinghamshire ; on the east it is bounded by Kent ; on the south by Sussex ; and on the west by Hampshire and Berkshire. Its form, or outline, is nearly that of an oblong quadrangle ; deeply indented, however, on the north side by the winding current of the Thames, and more slightly on the west, where a branch of the Loddon forms part of the boundary between the counties of Berks and Surrey. Its dimensions are inferior to those of most of the other English counties, — its utmost length from east to west being about 39^ miles ; and its extreme breadth from north to south about 25J miles. Its superficial extent has been variously estimated. Aubrey states it at 592,000 acres;1 Stevenson, at 811 square miles, or about 519,040 acres;" Gough, at 481,947 acres.3 In the population returns for 1831, and most probably with greater correct ness, the area of Surrey is stated at 759 square miles, or 485,760 acres.4 Even in 2 Stevenson, Agriculture of Surrey, p. 3. Aubrey, Antiquities of Surrey, vol. i. p. xxv. Gough, Camden's Britannia, vol. i. p. 247. Population Returns, Enumeration Abstract, vol. ii. p. 638-9 Q3 1 18 HISTORY OF SURREY. this authority, however, there is a discrepancy ; for the total number of statute acres assigned to the different parishes throughout the county amounts only to 474,480 acres.5 It lies between the parallels of latitude 51° 5' to 51° 31' N., and in longi tude 3' E. to 51' W., of Greenwich. Climate, surface, and scenery.— The Climate of Surrey may be termed both pleasant and healthy. The atmosphere in general is relatively dry ; as it appears that less rain falls, within a given time, in most parts of Surrey than in London. Diversities, as to moisture and temperature, however, necessarily occur in different parts of the county. On the northern border, the state of the atmosphere cor responds with that of the vale of the Thames, of which it forms a portion ; and there the air is, of course, more damp than in the central districts ; and in the southern border or confines of Sussex, the nature of the soil, the flatness of the surface, and the abundance of trees, which impede the free circulation of air, all contribute to occasion a predominance of moisture in that situation. On the con trary, on the chalk-hills which cross the county from east to west, the atmosphere is dry, and regarded as pure and bracing. Among its atmospheric peculiarities this county has the advantage of being, in a considerable degree, relieved from the smoke of London; the winds, during the greater part of the year, commonly blowing from points which cause the annoyance to be driven in other directions. The bland and genial character of the climate may be inferred from the state of vegetation in the spring, which is usually more forward here, and less frequently checked by frosts and easterly winds, than in some other counties in the same or in a more southern latitude. The weather in the summer is generally warm and dry ; and the harvest early, commencing about the beginning of August, and in most years being completed by the end of the first week in September. Perhaps no other county of its size in England contains so many seats of noblemen and gentlemen as Surrey. This circumstance is, doubtless, in part to be attributed to the vicinity of the metropolis; but that the mildness and salubrity of its climate, and general 5 In Lindley and Crosley's Memoir of a Map of Surrey, formed from a survey made by themselves in 1789 and 1790, is the foUowing passage relating to the above subject. "The County, considered as a plane, we found to contain 481,947 acres, which cannot I think be above 200 acres from the truth, of which nearly one-fifth is waste ground; a greater proportion than I believe is to be found in any other County in England. Its greatest breadth from north to south, from the north point of the bend of the River Thames, N. by W. of Greenwich Dock, to the boundary near Feldbridge is 25£ miles ; and from the Thames near Lion's Green to the boundary south of Dunsfold, is 25± miles. Its greatest length from the north end of the Une of Firs on Chart Common, near Limpsfield, to the angle in the boundary line east of Fernham, is 39£ miles, in the direction of E. by N. and W. by S. nearly." CHARACTER OF THE PROSPECTS. 119 beauty of its scenery, have proved powerful motives to induce persons of rank and wealth to settle here, cannot be questioned. It is a remarkable fact, however, that but very few ancient families, of note, are now resident in this district. The Scenery of this county exhibits much variety; forming, indeed, in some places a complete contrast between beauty and homeliness. In many parts the landscapes are diversified with picturesque uplands, romantic heights, woodland dells, verdant vallies, and plains covered with waving corn : other situations present rocky hills, or naked heaths, which yield but few attractive prospects to the curious traveller. The surface of the country is varied and undulating throughout almost the whole of that portion of the county to the north of the range of chalk-hills which crosses it from the neighbourhood of Farnham, on the west, to Godstone and Tatsfield, on the east. The northern side of these hills, from which the land declines gently towards the vale of the Thames, forms the Downs of Surrey; among which are scattered a multitude of verdant knolls, together with some loftier heights, whose summits yield many fine and varied prospects ; as those from San- derstead-hill, near Croydon; from Banstead downs; and from Box-hill, between Leatherhead and Dorking, the theme of many an admiring tourist. The southern side of the chalk-hills is rugged and abrupt, broken into precipitous cliffs, remarkable for their height and romantic appearance. The northern portion of the county approaching the Thames exhibits much inequality of surface ; and here are several eminences which yield extensive and rich prospects. Such are Cooper's hill, celebrated by the muse of Denham ; St. Anne's hill, once the residence of Charles James Fox ; and, further from the Thames, St. George's hill, near Esher, with its Roman encampment ; after which, proceeding north-eastward, we meet with the heights of Richmond, Putney, and Roehampton; and beyond them, to the east, the rising grounds about Norwood and Dulwich, where the natural beauties arising from situation have been much improved by art. The views over the vale of the Thames from Richmond hill, and the terrace-walk in Richmond park, can hardly be exceeded for picturesque richness of character. On the southern side of the Downs there are some remarkable heights that overhang the Weald, near Oxted, Godstone, Reigate, and Dorking. Among the stations whence the most distant and varied prospects may be obtained are Tilburstow-hill, near Godstone ; Leith-hill, south-west of Dorking ; Anstie-bury-hill, from the southern brow of which, a vast extent of country is overlooked ; the heights in the neighbourhood of Hambledon and Hascombe ; and Hindhead-hill, near the south-western extremity of the county; 120 HISTORY OF SURREY. and also the road from Albury to Ewhurst.6 Towards the western border on this side, the hills are broader and less precipitous ; while about Wonersh, Godalming, and Pepperharrow, they are clothed with ample foliage, and the prospects are diversified with winding vales watered by the several streams that unite to form the Wey. From many points of the ridge called the Hogs-back, between Guildford and Farnham, the views, also, are extensive and picturesque; and a most commanding prospect to the south is obtained from Newland's Corner, above the Guildford race course on Merrow downs. A large extent of the western and southern borders of the county consists of barren heath and moorland ; with a few inconsiderable slips of cultivated ground, projecting into the area, which are rendered fertile by the brooks and rivulets, that take their rise within the moorland district, and pour their tributary streams into the larger rivers. — But of these we shall, at present, forbear to speak, in order to give precedence to the geological sketch of Surrey by Dr. Mantell. 6 " There is no part of the country," says Mr. Stevenson, " in which the appearance of the rich-wooded vale of the "Weald, backed by the waving line of the South Downs, is more strikingly pleasing, than in passing from Albury to Ewhurst. After toiling up the deep and barren sands that rise to the south of Albury, which present no object on which the eye can rest itself, even for a single moment,— broken into hollows, which give only that variety which heightens the gloom and bleakness of the view,— we come suddenly to the southern edge of the hill, whence the whole extent of the Weald, clothed with wood, appears to the south, with an occasional peep of the sea through the breaks of the Sussex Downs, which form the back-ground: on the south-west, the rich and finely-varied country about Godalming appears, backed by the wild heaths that stretch across from Farnham to Haslemere. Sometimes, in a clear night, the shadow of the moon is to be seen glancing on the waves of the English Channel, and forming a singular and romantic feature in the prospect."— Agriculture of Surrey, p. 48. pi. in. MAP feSECTIONTT^USTRATIvroTT^rCETl^CYOrSURREY SicUon from, Merstham 'to .A'uUicId JfwtfCold/. Mersthxurv. ... ' C .1 Mantell. OtU fSf6 Engraved, forDTManteU's Gectcqic-nJ . l/rrn m'r in Brayleys History of Surrey GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 121 A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY OF SURREY ; BY GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL, LL.D. F.R.S. ETC. Contents. 1. Introductory remarks. 2. Physical geography of the county. 3. Character of the soils. 4. Beds of peat. 5. Former geological notices of Surrey. 6. Mr. Middleton's geological survey. 7. Geological memoirs relating to Surrey. 8. Geological character of the county. 9. Tabular arrangement of the strata. 10. Post tertiary deposits. 11. Tertiary formations of the London basin. 12. Bagshot sand. 13. Epsom mineral spring. 14. Fossils of Goldsworth-hill. 15. London clay. 16. Artesian wells. 17. Plastic clay. 18. Organic remains of the tertiary formations. 19. List of tertiary fossils from Surrey. 20. The chalk formation. 21. Course and extent of the chalk in Surrey. 22. The white chalk and flint. 23. Grey chalk marl and firestone. 24. Firestone beds of Godstone. 25. Firestone at Merstham. 26. Gait' or Folkstone marl. 27. Shanklin or lower green sand formation. 28. Triple division of the Shanklin sand. 29. Strata at Tilburstow-hill. 30. Fuller's earth pits at Nutfield. 31. Strata at Reigate and Red-hill. 32. Strata from Reigate to Leith-hill. 33. Strata at Dorking and Guildford. 34. The Hogsback. 35. Strata around Godalming and Farnham. 36. Strata at Hindhead. 37. Strata at Tucksbury-hill. 38. Organic remains of the chalk formation. 39. Fossils of the chalk formation of Surrey. 40. Zoological character of the chalk formation. 41. The Wealden formation. 42. Fresh-water limestone of the Wealden. 43. Organic remains of the Wealden. 44. "Wealden fossils of Surrey. 45. Zoological character of the Wealden. 46. Retrospect of geological phenomena. 1. Introductory remarks. — But a few years since the natural history of a province was restricted to a description of the indigenous animals and plants, and a brief notice of the most remarkable mineral productions. The progress of scientific knowledge has, however, opened a new and inexhaustible field of inquiry; and the naturalist is now called upon, not only to describe the physical geography, and the Fauna and Flora of a country, but also to investigate the geological changes which the district has undergone, and determine the nature and succession of the strata, and of the various races of beings by which the land was tenanted in ages antecedent to all human history or tradition. In a Topographical work, minute details of the characters of the rocks and organic remains comprised within the area it professes to illustrate, are not admis sible ; and the present sketch is, therefore, limited to a popular and concise survey of the geological phenomena of the county of Surrey ; the reader who is desirous of more ample information will be referred, in the course of this notice, to the various scientific publications which have appeared on the subject. 2. Physical geography. — The county of Surrey comprises an area of about seven hundred and fifty-nine square miles, according to the returns made to Parlia ment under the Act for ascertaining the population, &c. in 1830. It is bounded VOL. I. R 122 HISTORY OF SURREY. on the east by Kent, on the west by Berks and Hampshire, on the north by the river Thames, and on the south by Sussex, with which county it bears a strict analogy in its geological structure. Its physical geography is, of course, dependent on the nature of the strata, and on the displacements which they have undergone since their original deposition. A chain of chalk-hills, called the North Downs, extends through the county from east to west, and presents an elevated plateau of variable breadth, intersected by numerous vallies, and divided transversely by deep ravines, through which the rivers Wey and the Mole pass, from the south of the Downs towards the north, and discharge their waters into the Thames; in like manner as the rivers of Sussex traverse the South downs in their passage to the British Channel.1 To the south of the downs a valley of clay (the vale of Holmes- dale) occurs, which is succeeded by a range of sand hills which run parallel with the chalk, and gradually increase in altitude as they proceed towards the west, attaining at Leith-hill an elevation of nearly one thousand feet. To the north of the chalk-hills, the country gradually descends to the level of the alluvial valley of the Thames ; its surface being diversified by mounds or hillocks of clay, loam, and gravel, of inconsiderable elevation. 3. Character of the soil. — The soil of Surrey is classed by agriculturists under the heads of clay, loam, chalk, heath, and gravel. The clayey soil forms the southern border of the county, and is, in fact, a continuation of the clay district of the weald of Sussex, as will hereafter be more particularly explained. To the north of the clay a tract of sandy loam succeeds, and stretches from east to west, spreading around Godalming, where it is of considerable extent. This soil is separated from the downs, throughout the greater part of its course, by a narrow belt of dark bluish clay, or loam, called "malm" or "black land," which is remark ably stiff and tenacious. It is thus described by Mr. Young: "this soil is an excessively intractable calcareous loam on a clay bottom ; it adheres so much to the share, and is so very difficult to plough, that it is not an unusual sight to observe ten or a dozen stout oxen, and sometimes more, at work upon it. It is a soil that must rank among the finest in this or any other country ; being pure clay and cal careous earth."8 1 The rivers of Surrey, are the Wey, the Mole, and the Wandle, all of which flow into the Thames, and demand no particular notice from the geologist, except, perhaps, to observe that the Mole, from the cavernous nature of the strata over which it flows, occasionally disappears in some parts of its course; and in seasons of drought its channel, in several places, is quite dry. 2 Young's Agricultural Survey. geological survey. 123 A broad expanse of calcareous or chalky soil spreads over the North downs and adjacent vallies, having here and there beds of gravel and loam : but to the east, considerable tracts of heath, loam, clay, and gravel prevail, and extend to the Thames ; the chalk, which is the foundation-rock of the district, lying at variable depths beneath the strata comprehended in the geological term of London clay. In the western division barren heaths, consisting principally of sand, prevail ; as at Bagshot, Chobham, Byfleet, Ripley, and Oatlands. 4. Peat. — Beds of peat exist in the parishes of Ash, Purbright, and Worplesdon, on the north side of the chalk-hill that extends from Guildford to Farnham. At Purbright the peat moss is from twelve to fourteen feet in depth, in which trees of a considerable size are imbedded ; these consist of oak, fir, birch, alder, and hazle ; the oak and fir are black throughout, and are perfectly sound.3 Extensive ponds occupy depressions or basins in the clayey and loamy soils at Shire, Frensham, Godstone, &c. ; and mineral springs occur at Epsom, Cobham, Streatham, Kingston, Dulwich, and Norwood. Such are the principal phenomena observable in a survey of the surface, and subsoil of this district. With the exception of superficial and unimportant changes effected through the lapse of ages by atmospheric influences, and in the low districts by partial inundations, and the modifications induced on the surface by human art and industry, the country has probably undergone no material change since the period when it became elevated from the waters of the last ocean beneath which it was submerged, and when the Thames and its tributary streams first began to flow. We now proceed to inquire into the nature, order of succession, and the mineral and fossil productions of the various strata of which this district is composed. 5. Notices of the geology of Surrey. — An account of numerous fossils ob tained from various parts of this county, by the late John Smith Budgen, esq. of Dorking, together with specimens discovered by Mr. Waller of Guildford, — with notes on the " Mineralogy of Surrey " by John Middleton, esq. of Lambeth, are inserted by Manning and Bray in the third volume of their elaborate work ; and these papers present an epitome of all that was then known of the geological structure of the district.4 These contributions are highly creditable to their respec tive authors ; and from the list of organic remains, arranged according to the present 3 Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, vol. iii. 4 Woodward, in the early part of the eighteenth century, had collected numerous fossils from the chalk and London clay of 'Surrey. In his Natural History of Fossils, (London, 1729,) he frequently refers to localities in this county. Chalk-pits near Croydon and Reigate appear to have afforded him a great number r2 124 HISTORY OF SURREY. state of our knowledge, and the memoir by Mr. Middleton, a correct notion of the geology of the county may be obtained. It is due to these first explorers of the fossil remains of Surrey, to give a brief notice of their labours. The fossils enumerated by Messrs. Budgen and Waller, consist of wood, supposed fir-cones, corals, shells, echini, and the teeth and other remains of fishes. The supposed fir cones were found in the hard chalk of Dorking, and are termed coprolites ; they are the intestinal remains of fishes (see Dr. Buckland's Bridgewater Essay). Wood in flint is mentioned, from the chalk near Croydon, and in septaria from the London clay. Small corals, the nature of which is not stated, were found in the chalk-pits at Sutton and Croydon. Belemnites, pectens, oysters, and anomise, are enumerated, from the chalk of Sutton, Croydon, Guildford, Dorking, and Mickleham downs ; and large oysters from Headley common. Echinites (or petrified sea-urchins) of various kinds, are described as occurring at Sutton, Croydon, Horsley, Dorking, Guildford, and Mickleham downs. The marsupite (PL 2, fig. 11), described by the name of Tortoise-encrinus, was found in a chalk-pit on Mickleham downs by Mr. Waller; who states, that he had likewise discovered some joints of a species of star fish. Teeth of sharks from the London clay at Richmond, and from the chalk at Dorking, Croydon, and Guildford, are also enumerated; and "part of a fish about the size of a tench, the head part with the scales on it; it is bedded in chalk, from Croydon, the left-hand pit from the town." Jaws of fish with teeth are specified as from the limestone chalk of Dorking and Croydon. 6. Mr. Middleton's survey. — The following summary of the mineralogical survey by Mr. Middleton, will serve to shew the accuracy of that gentleman's observations. He states, that the most recent mineral formations occur on the north side of the county, the older strata appearing at the surface on the south. He arranges the various deposits under five heads. — 1. Brick earth, lead-coloured clay, and sand, above the chalk. Estimated feet. thickness, about 300 2"ChaJk .'.'.''.'.'.'.'.'.¦.'.¦.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.¦.'.'.' 800 3. Blue marl „» 4. Fuller's earth, sand 413 5. Weald measures .-- Total thickness 2000 of the usual cretaceous shells, corals, and belemnites; and the clay-pits at Richmond, (the area which tney occupied .snow covered with buildings,) abundance of nautili, septaria, with shells, wood, fossil resin, and other organic remains of the London clay. geological survey. 125 7. Geological memoirs. — Since the completion of Manning and Bray's History, several notices on the geology of various localities in this county have appeared.5 The writer of this brief sketch introduced some general observations on the geology of Surrey in his " Illustrations of the County of Sussex," and other works relating to the south-east of England ;* and Messrs. Conybeare and Phillips gave many interesting details in their valuable work.7 Mr. Smith published a geological map of Surrey ; and the nature and distribution of the strata are accurately delineated in the splendid geological map of England and Wales by Mr. Grenough. But by far the most important information, relating to the geology of this district, will be found in the elaborate " Memoir on the Strata below the Chalk," by Dr. Fitton, in the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Geological Society of London,6 to which frequent reference will be made in the course of this essay. 8. Geological character of the county. — The strata of the county of Surrey constitute three principal groups, namely : first, the Wealden, which is the lower most and most ancient series of deposits; secondly, the Chalk, which is super imposed thereon ; and thirdly, the London clay or tertiary beds, distributed in basins or depressions of the chalk. Upon these last named strata there are, here and there, accumulations of ancient drift, consisting of loam, gravel, and sand, which are designated Post tertiary detritus, or diluvium. These various deposits admit of subordinate divisions, which are distinguished by their peculiar mineralogical characters and organic remains. 5 The following notices relating to the geology of Surrey have appeared in the Transactions of the Geological Society of London. On the strata lying over the chalk ; by Thomas Webster, esq. ; Geol. Trans, vol. ii. p. 198, 224. On the geognostical situation of the Reigate stone, and of the Fuller's earth at Nutfield ; by Thomas Webster, esq. Secretary of the Geological Society of London ; vol. v. p. 353. On the Bagshot sand ; by Henry Warburton, esq. ; vol. i. second series, p. 47. On the blue chalk-marl of Bletchingley; by G. A. Mantell, esq. ; vol. i. second series, p. 421. 6 1. The Fossils of the South Downs, or Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex : 1 vol. 4to.; 1832. Vide pp. 81, 135, 295, &c. The fossils figured in this work occur, for the most part, also in the corresponding strata of Surrey. 2. The Fossils of Tilgate Forest; 1 vol. 4to. ; 1827. Vide pp. 14, 19, 22. 3. The Geology of the south-east of England; 1 vol. 8vo. ; 1833 ; pp. 67, 164, 167, 177. 4. The Wonders of Geology, or a familiar exposition of geological phenomena; 2 vols. 8vo. 4th edition, 1840. Vide vol. i. p. 341, et seq. 7 Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales ; by Messrs. Conybeare and Phillips ; 1 vol. 8vo. ; 1822. Vide pp. 50,81, 150, &c. 8 Observations on some of the Strata between the chalk and the Oxford oolite in the south-east of England ; by W. H. Fitton, M.D. ; Geolog. Trans, vol. iv. second series, p. 103. 126 history of surrey. It is here necessary to premise, that the most ancient rocks of the south-east of England were originally deposited in a direction nearly horizontal ; and that sub sequently to the formation of the chalk, the lowermost strata must have been elevated by a subterranean movement, which appears to have extended in a line from east to west, by which the superincumbent beds have been disrupted, and thrown into an inclined position on each flank of the axis of elevation (vide PL HX No. 5); hence the chalk and "subordinate strata in Sussex dip to the south-east, and the corresponding deposits in Surrey to the north-west.9 But for this displacement of the strata, the entire area comprised in this survey would have presented an expanse of chalk, and the wealden, which are the lowermost or inferior beds, would have been entirely concealed from view, and unknown, unless borings or other means of exploration had been employed. But the present position of the rocks offers every facility for their examination ; and the observer, passing along any of the principal roads from Brighton to the metropolis, traverses in succession the entire series, from the most ancient to the uppermost or newest deposits. Upon leaving Sussex and entering on the northern limits of this county, the traveller crosses the clays and limestones of the weald, and the sand-ridge, as at Reigate (see PL IH. No. 4), and arrives in the valley formed by the argillaceous beds of the Shanklin sand. He then ascends the escarpment of the North downs, and traverses the chalk, the surface of which is in many places obscured by beds of gravel and loam, till approaching within eight or ten miles of London, he enters on the clay district of the metropolis. 9. Tabular arrangement of the strata. — A general idea of the nature and order of superposition of the strata may be obtained by referring to the. following tabular arrangement, which, for the convenience of description, commences with the uppermost deposit. This table exhibits the rocks in the order they would present if they had undergone no displacement, but were lying one upon the other, as they were originally deposited. The line of subterraneous movement by which the secondary and tertiary strata of the south-east of England have been thrown into hills and vallies, appears to have ranged nearly east and west from the vale of Pewsey in Wiltshire, by Kingsclere, Farnham, and Guildford; traversing the wealds of Kent and Sussex, and extending to the opposite coast of France near Boulogne. There can be no doubt, that all the members of the chalk formation in Surrey and Sussex, now separated by the elevated ridge of the weald, were once continuous, and spread over the whole area of the south-east of England at present occupied by the wealden. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 127 rt fc>COOix Eh »£>O u wtd& & .ri 3 1 s ,C Ph m O 1 1 Pi s us a o O 0> -73 s WJ 1* 'fab 1 CO a og '4 ?* 1 gCO 1 I3 CfH CO o rt cuCO oPh ,3 CO CU O >-» 6 s ^> Ph O s --S CU s <° ¦- U S ^ to a «J rf ¦e t» 0 3 ,„ 0 o calcareo rl; flinti pebbles. "S 'g I* o 13 e3 to .- o * isa. yrites ; ofma quartz fe Ph s s 13 "<3 ^=( +J CJ 3 O -d * 1* i-i §a a 128 HISTORY OF SURREY. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 129 10. Post tertiary deposits, or diluvium. — It would extend this notice to an inconvenient length, were I to enter upon the description of the modern alluvial deposits which are spread over the surface of the ancient formations, on areas formerly occupied by the waters of the Thames. It will suffice to mention, that beds of silt and loam, containing the recent species of shells which still inhabit the neighbouring river, form the subsoil of the meadows and low lands that skirt its banks. On penetrating this modern soil, we invariably find clay, loam, or gravel, in which there are no traces of recent species of fluviatile shells, but bones and teeth of gigantic elephants and rhinoceroses, with the antlers and bones of the Irish elk,10 of one or more species of horse, deer, buffalo, and other pachydermata ; an assemblage of organic remains common in similar deposits all over England and the continent." An interesting discovery of the greater part of the skeleton of an elephant with the teeth and tusks, and the teeth and many bones of a rhinoceros, took place at Petteridge common, nearly twenty years since ; these remains were imbedded in loam, in the midst of an extensive accumulation of gravel. Happening to visit the spot soon after the disinterment of these fossils, I obtained two grinders of the rhinoceros, which are still in my possession, and in a fine state of preservation (see PL 2, fig. 18); the other relics were, I believe, carefully preserved by Mr. Constable. Immense quantities of fossil bones and teeth of these large extinct mammalia have been occasionally found in the ancient gravel and loam around London ; and specimens are preserved in the British Museum, and in the museums of the Geological Society, of Mr. Gibson of Bow,18 and in other private collections. The gravel belonging to this formation in Surrey, so far as I have had an oppor tunity of examining it, is almost wholly composed of chalk-flints more or less broken and rolled. Large irregular blocks of conglomerate formed of this drift, cemented together by an infiltration of iron, are imbedded in the loose sand and gravel of Clapham and Wandsworth commons, and other places in the vicinity ; masses of this conglomerate are employed with good effect in grotto and rock-work, as in the beautiful grounds of John Allnutt, esq. of Clapham common. I have not discovered any bones of mammalia in this rock; but it is probable, that more diligent research would be rewarded with specimens like those which occur in the coombe-rock of Brighton cliffs.13 In the flints and pebbles of this drift may be found many of the silicious fossils 10 See Wonders of Geology, 4th edition, vol. i. p. 120. " Oper. cit. p. 138. 12 Id. p. 145. 13 Geology of the South-east of England, p. 33. VOL. I. S 130 HISTORY OF SURREY. of the chalk formation ; of which there are numerous examples in the interesting collections of Mrs. Allnutt, Miss H. Wollaston, Mrs. Potts, Miss Graham, and other residents on Clapham common. Among these fossils are casts of the usual echini, plagiostoma, pectens, spirolinites, and other shells of the chalk; and remains of corals, and other zoophytes. Nor must I omit to mention those minute but highly- interesting objects, the fossil infusoria, which abound in the flints ; one specimen, highly magnified, is here figured (PL 1, fig. 36); the original is invisible to the unassisted eye.14 Thus, with merely a common lens, the attentive observer may find an inexhaustible source of amusement even in the beds of gravel spread over the wastes and heaths of this district. 11. Tertiary formations of the London basin. — In the deposits above described, the remains of elephants and other large mammalia constitute the most striking character. The beds rarely exhibit indications of tranquil deposition, but are heaps of water-worn materials, which have been transported by the sea, or by river-currents, and accumulated in estuaries, or thrown up in bays and creeks by the waves. The formations which succeed, are composed of regularly stratified deposits, with interspersions of alluvial detritus. The series consists principally of layers of stiff blue clay, forming a bed several hundred feet in thickness, abounding in marine shells, and having strata of sand above, and of sand and plastic clay with fresh-water shells, in some localities, beneath. The area occupied by these deposits is designated the London Basin;15 the strata are grouped as follow :— 1. Bagshot sand, and clay ; the uppermost or newest deposit. 2. London clay. 3. Plastic clay. 12. Bagshot sand.— (Geological map, and the sections, PL III. No. 1—6.) Beds of silicious sand and sandstone, associated with thin layers of marl and clay, occupy extensive areas on the London clay; and as they are largely developed around Bagshot, the term, Bagshot sand, is employed by geologists to designate the group. The sand of Bagshot-heath occupies a district of considerable extent; it covers the London clay from near Finchley on the north, to Hampstead-heath, and forms part of the eminences on which Highgate and Hornsey are built. It appears at Egham on the north, extending south, though not uninterruptedly, to near Guildford; and from the vicinity of Kingston to about seven miles west of Bagshot, spreading 14 Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 324. is id, p, 2i3. GEOLOGICAL survey. 131 over part of Windsor forest.16 These strata form or cover several eminences in Surrey; as on the south of Esher, part of Bagshot and Frimley heaths, Purford heath, Chobham ridges, and Romping downs, north of the Hogsback, and St. George's hill on the south of Weybridge : the greatest elevation, which does not exceed five hundred feet, is at Tucksbury-hill and Beacon-bill camp, north of Farnham (sec. No. 1). From the silicious character of the strata, the soil is, for the most part, a barren and unimprovable sand, supporting only heath and furze, and giving rise to the numerous uncultivated wastes and heaths around the metropolis ; except where the argillaceous beds rise to the surface, and form verdant spots, which appear like oases in the desert. Mr. Warburton remarks, that "at its eastern extremity the Bagshot sand forms a chain of detached hillocks, and in its central part an elevated continuous plain, which are strongly contrasted by their barrenness with the country that surrounds them ; such, indeed, is the character of the vege tation and the general appearance of sterility in the worst parts of the district, that when the adjacent fertile country is hidden from view, one might suppose oneself transported to a desolate mountain moor in the border country."17 In the upper beds, ochreous sand prevails ; but at a lower level, layers of foliated greenish clay alternate with the sand; and to the north of Chobham Park, the argillaceous deposits predominate, and are worked for the manufacture of bricks and coarse pottery. Descending the declivity to the south of Chobham Park, the lowermost beds of the Bagshot sand are displayed ; these consist of alternations of white, sulphur-yellow, and pinkish foliated marls, interspersed with grains of green sand, regularly stratified, and containing numerous shells, the genera and species of which have not been accurately determined.18 The entire thickness of this division of the strata is about forty feet. Large masses of the silicious sandstone, of which loose blocks occur on the downs of Wilts, Berks, &c. and are called the Grey Wethers, are found on Bagshot- heath and other localities of the sand in this county ; and also stony concretions of this sandstone intermixed with green sand, and solid chalk-flints.19 13. Epsom mineral water. — Beds of sand and gravel of the plastic clay, con stitute the subsoil of the vicinity of Epsom ; the town standing near the junction 16 Conybeare and Phillips's Geology of England, p. 14. 17 Geological Transactions, vol. i. p. 49. 18 Mr. Warburton mentions casts of a crasatella, pecten, and trochus. 19 This sandstone is of a saccharine structure, and may be considered as a peculiar crystallization, rather than the detritus of other rocks. s2 132 history of surrey. of the lowermost tertiary strata with the chalk, which rises with a gentle ascent to the southward, and forms the downs on which the far-famed race-course is situated : to the north-west the London clay appears. The celebrated mineral springs of Epsom were on the common between Epsom and Ashtead ; the water receiving its saline impregnation from penetrating the beds of clay. "It is said, that in the early part ofthe seventeenth century, attention was first directed to the peculiar property of the water, from a pool having been made for cattle, and the water being refused by the animals. In 1640 the Epsom springs had attained a high reputation ; and although the salts prepared from them sold at five shillings an ounce, so great was the demand that the quantity required could not be supplied, and other salts were sold under the same name!"80 Epsom salt is a sulphate of magnesia, consisting of sulphuric acid combined with magnesia, and is now usually obtained from sea- water.81 14. Goldsworth-hill. — Goldsworth-hill, four miles north of Guildford, which consists of Bagshot sand, has lately afforded some interesting organic remains. The summit of this hill has been cut through by the London and Southampton railway, and in a bed of greenish sand exposed by the section thus formed, Mr. Sibthorpe, of Guildford, discovered a few imperfect casts of shells, and the remains of several genera of marine fishes. The most numerous are the teeth of sharks, and the teeth and palatal bones of rays, similar to those which abound in the London clay. With these were found the remains of three kinds of cartilaginous fishes, vertebrae of several bony fishes, and teeth of three unknown genera of fishes. The most interesting discovery is a large tooth of a saw-fish, the only known example of the genus, Pristis, in a fossil state hitherto found in England. A portion of the carapace of a fresh-water turtle (Emys) was discovered by Mr. Sibthorpe in the same bed."" 15. London clay. — This clay in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, and throughout the greater part of its extent in Surrey, forms a dark-bluish stiff soil, and has occasional intermixtures of green and ferruginous sands and variegated clays. It abounds in layers of spheroidal nodules of indurated argillaceous lime stone, called septaria, which are internally traversed by veins of calcareous spar and M History of Epsom, p. 60. 21 After common salt is extracted from sea-water, the residue contains sulphate and muriate of magnesia; the latter is decomposed by suphuric acid. The fine capillary incrustation so common on the damp walls of new buildings in which sea-sand has been used, is sulphate of magnesia. 22 These fossils have been described by Dr. Buckland in a Notice read before the Geological Society of London. Proceedings of the Geol. Soe. vol. ii. p. 687. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 133 sulphate of barytes, disposed in a radiating manner from the centre of the nodule to the circumference. Shells and other organic remains frequently form the nuclei of these nodules, which are used in prodigious quantity for Roman cement.'3 The septaria are commonly disposed in horizontal layers, and lie at unequal distances from each other. Brilliant pyrites, and crystallized sulphate of lime or gypsum, abound in the clay. The distribution of this vast argillaceous deposit over the chalk of Surrey is shewn in the map, and its relative position, in the sections from Tucksbury-hill to Hindhead. (PL ILL No. 1.) The total thickness of the clay, in some situations, is estimated at nearly one thousand feet; but in Surrey, the wells sunk through it give depths varying from one to five or six hundred feet. It has been perforated by wells at Clapham,84 Stockwell, Tooting, Brixton, Rich mond Park, &c. At the seat of Lord Spencer at Wimbledon common, a well was sunk to the depth of five hundred and thirty feet. From the prevalence of various saline minerals in the clay, as sulphate of iron and lime, phosphate of iron, and sulphate of magnesia, the water issuing from the porous strata of this bed, is unfit for domestic purposes, and various expedients have been employed to obtain a better supply. 16. Artesian wells. — From the alternation of porous sandy strata with stiff impervious clay, throughout the London basin, the district it occupies is particularly favourable for obtaining water by the borings termed Artesian wells, by which perennial fountains are obtained from the natural reservoir of water in the lower most arenaceous deposits. The nature of these springs is easily explained.85 The beds of sand beneath the clay are fed by the rain which descends on the uncovered margin of the basin, and a reservoir of water thus gradually accumulates beneath the central plateau of clay, through which it cannot escape. Now, if this bed of clay be penetrated, either by natural or artificial means, the water must necessarily rise to the surface, and may even be thrown up in a jet to an altitude which will depend on the level of the fluid in the subterranean reservoir. Such is the phenomenon observable in the artesian wells around London, as at Tooting, Ham- 23 Septaria (or Ludus Helmontii, as they were fantastically named by the naturalists of that period,) are mentioned by Dr. Woodward, as having been dug up in the clay-pits at Richmond, and in the tile clay-pit at Norwood, about a mile from Croydon. Natural History of Fossils, p. 90. 24 A well sunk on Clapham common, near the residence of the writer, passed through two hundred feet of blue clay to a bed of sand with numerous shells, from which a constant supply of water has been obtained. I am indebted to Peter Blackburn, esq. of Clapham common, for this information. 25 See Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 221. 134 HISTORY OF SURREY. mersmith, Fulham, &c. The blue clay confines the water contained in the sands beneath : the engineer perforates the clay, taps this natural tank, and introduces tubes for the passage of the pure element, and the exclusion of the brackish water that may ooze from the clay above. The wells sunk into the London clay yield no water ; but the sands alternating with the clay afford a supply, the quality and quantity of which depend on the local nature of the rock ; but the wells which reach to the sand of the plastic clay beneath, and the still deeper borings that extend to the chalk, afford an abundant source. 17. Plastic clay. — Beneath the vast argillaceous deposits above described, and interposed between them and the chalk, there occur, in many places, strata of sand of various shades, as green, fawn-colour, &c. alternately with layers of a bluish plastic clay, and having very constantly a bed of green sand with oyster shells and pebbles, which, in some localities (as near Bromley), constitutes a coarse and hard rock. To this group the term, Plastic clay, has been applied, in conformity with the nomenclature of the French geologists. Lignite, leaves, and fresh-water shells, abound in some of these beds.86 At Ewell several layers of the plastic clay occur, and are seen cropping out from beneath the London clay. The uppermost stratum is of a reddish colour with blue veins: the next, clay resembling Fuller's earth, three feet thick, which rests on sand of a brown colour ; beneath which is a bed of white sand, that reposes on the chalk. These sands and clay, mixed in various proportions, are manufactured into tiles and bricks, for ovens and furnaces, where great heat is to be withstood. The lowermost sand is, also, seen to rest on the chalk on the south side of Addington hills, and at Crowhurst.87 Hollows and fissures filled up with similar sand occur in the chalk-pits near Reigate, indicating a former capping of this stratum over the adjacent North downs. At Reading in Berkshire, and at Sundridge Park near Bromley in Kent, extensive layers of sand and pebbles, with an immense deposit of oyster shells, form the lowermost tertiary strata of the London basin. In these beds, large masses of a hard coarse con glomerate or breccia are found, consisting of oyster shells, sand, and pebbles, consolidated by a calcareous cement derived from the detritus of the shells.88 At Headley, a few mjles from Reigate, a similar accumulation of oyster shells occurs in loose sand, with pebbles of the same character as those which compose the shingle of Blackheath, Greenwich, and other localities.80 26 Geology of the South-east of England, p. 61. 2' Mr. Middleton. 18 This rock is employed, in the neighbourhood of Bromley, for ornamental work in walls and grottoes. 29 I am indebted to Mr. P. Martin, jun. of Beigate, for specimens. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 135 18. Organic remains of the tertiary formations. — The tertiary formations of the London basin have long been celebrated for the immense number and variety of their organic remains. The distribution of the fossils is, however, very variable ; some beds being entirely barren, and even a stratum abounding in remains through part of its extent is found wholly destitute of any in other localities. For an account of the animals and plants that have been discovered in the London clay, Dr. Buckland's Bridgewater Essay may be consulted ;so it must suffice for our present purpose to state in general terms, that the organic remains consist of the teeth and bones of several extinct mammalia; bones of birds, serpents, turtles, crocodiles, and other reptiles ; many genera of fishes, Crustacea, and a few zoophytes ; immense quantities of marine shells, of several hundred genera and species ; and leaves, seed vessels, stems of plants, and rolled masses of wood per forated by boring-shells.81 In Surrey, the usual fossils of the clay have been found wherever the strata have been explored, by wells, railway sections, and other excavations. The section across Wandsworth common, formed by the line of the Southampton railway, afforded a highly-interesting suite of specimens, of which a good series is preserved in the choice cabinet of Miss Henrietta Wollaston of Clapham common. A few of the most characteristic fossils from Wandsworth common are enumerated below. 19. Fossils from the London clay, Wandsworth common.- — 1. — Nautilus imperialis : PI. 1, fig. 3. — Ampullaria. 14.32 This beautiful shell sometimes at- 4. — Cassis carinata . Min. Conch. tains eight or ten inches in diameter : the tab. vi. shell itself is usually preserved ; the septa 5. — Modoila elegans: groups of this and the siphuncule are shewn in the sec- shell occurred in the septaria : PI. 2, fig. 3. tions made by accidental fractures of the 6. — Pectuncultjs decussatus : Min. specimens : these are often powdered over Conch, tab. xxvii. with brilliant pyrites, and sometimes with 7. — Teredo antenautj; : PI. 2, fig. 9. crystals of sulphate of lime.83 Masses of wood, more or less perfectly 2. — Avicula media : Sowerby's Min. preserved, and perforated by a boring-shell Conch, vol. i. tab. 2. allied to the teredo, are found everywhere 30 See Phillip's Treatise on Geology, vol. i. p. 256, for a catalogue of the mammalian remains in tertiary strata. 31 Wonders of Geology, vol. i. pp. 216, 228, 241. 32 Sowerby's Mineral Conchology, vol. i. pi. 1. This beautiful work contains numerous figures of the fossil shells of the London clay. 33 This species, under the name of Nautilus Grcecorum, is described by Dr. Woodward as being dug up " in the clay-pit at Eichmond sixty feet deep :" and another in a well at Kennington gravel-pits, one hundred and fourteen feet deep, with many other shells, in a bed of blue clay. 136 history of surrey. in the London clay. Dr. Woodward de scribes masses of this kind, as occurring in the great clay-pits at Richmond, and terms them " the piped-waxed vein," from the amber-coloured pipes formed by an infil tration of calcareous spar into the tubular hollows made by the teredines. Miss Wollaston's cabinet contains several fine specimens from Wandsworth common ; some examples are sufficiently hard to bear cutting and polishing, and in that state present a beautiful appearance from the section of the sparry tubes, and the rich grain of the wood they traverse. 8. — Natica glaucinoides : this small species occurs in immense numbers. 9. — Tellina. 10. — Venus or astarte. 11. — Voluta musicalis: PI. 2, fig. 1. 1 2 . — Dentalium . 13.— Cardita. 14. — Cardium semigranulation : PI. 2, fig. 7. Many specimens of this beauti ful shell were found in the clay. 15. — RoSTELLARIA. 16. — Pleurotoma : PI. 2, fig. 8. 17. — Pyrula. 18. — MUREX. 19.— Nucula : PI. 2, fig. 6. 20. — Venericardia. 21. — Solarium conotdeum. 22. — Pinna affinis : Min. Conch, tab. 313, fig. 2. Very fine examples of this beautiful shell were collected by Miss Wollaston. 23. — Pholadomya intermedia. 24. — Vertebra and teeth of sharks. 25. — A species of Astacus. 26.— Turbinolia :. PI. 2, fig. 16. 27. — MUREX TRLLINEATUS: PI. 2, fig. 2. 28. — Cancer Leachii: PI. 2, fig. 19. 29.— Conus: PI. 2, fig. 4. The seed vessels, associated with the stems and branches of trees, which are found so abundantly in the London clay in the Isle of Sheppey, amount to several hundred species, and are there accumulated in such quantities as to lead to the supposition, that they were drifted by currents into the gulf of the London basin,84 from an archipelago of islands clothed with trees and shrubs of a tropical character, and of extinct species and genera. Some of these fossils are related to the areca, cocoa, and other trees of the palm family. I am not aware that any remains of this kind have been found in Surrey ; but examples of the fossil resin, discovered in the clay at Highgate, and which, there can be no doubt, is of vegetable origin, have been collected at Richmond. This substance appears to have been well known to Dr. Woodward, more than a century ago : he describes " two samples of amber, brown and foul, found thirty feet deep in the pit where they dig clay to make tiles at Richmond. The workmen call it rosin. Exposed to fire, this sort burns, emits an oil, and a smell exactly like that of amber, but exerts no electric attractive power when rubbed and heated."35 34 A beautiful and highly-interesting work on the fossil seed-vessels of Sheppey is in progress of publi cation, by Mr. Bowerbank ; with illustrations by Mr. Sowerby. 35 Natural History of Fossils, p. 168. Dr. Woodward has numerous references to Richmond Park, as a locality for fossils. Nat. Hist. Fossils of England, 2 vols. 8vo. 1729. See vol. ii. pp. 24, 100. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 137 The following section of the strata at Richmond has been contributed by a correspondent of the editor. — 1. Vegetable mould, from 1 to 2 feet. 2. Loam and gravel, with chalk-flints but slightly rolled. . 8 „ 3. A thin seam of marl 4. Loose sand of a reddish colour 8 „ 5. London blue clay with septaria 200 „ 6. Plastic clay, red, green, and bluish black 30 to 50 „ 7. Chalk In some parts of the bed of the river near Richmond the soil is washed away to the blue clay, in which large masses of fossil wood, perforated by teredines, are imbedded ; good specimens are often obtained by dredging for gravel. Such are the principal geological phenomena observable in a survey of the tertiary formations of the county of Surrey; these strata have evidently been formed in the bed of an ancient ocean that swarmed with nautili and other marine animals of extinct species, whose recent analogues inhabit tropical seas: and we have proof that the dry land was tenanted by mammalia of genera and species now extinct, and clothed with groves and forests of trees and plants no longer known in Europe. We have seen, too, that at a still later period, and yet at an epoch incalculably remote, extinct species of elephants, rhinoceroses, elks, and other large mammalia, were the inhabitants of European regions, which are now either entirely swept away, or metamorphosed by subsequent physical changes ; for the accumula tions of gravel, loam, and sand, in which these remains are imbedded, cannot be considered as the sites of the dry land on which these lost beings existed ; on the contrary, they are the sediments of ancient lakes, — the deltas and estuaries of former rivers and seas ; they are composed of the detritus of the land transported from a distance. 20. The chalk formation. — We now advance to the examination of the founda tion rock of the strata above described, the Chalk, comprising under that term the following subdivisions : — 1. Upper chalk, with flints. 2. Lower chalk, without flints. 3. Chalk marl. 4. Firestone or upper green sand. 5. Gait or Folkstone marl. 6. Shanklin or lower green sand. The pure white limestone called chalk is well known ; but in the nomenclature of VOL. I. T 138 HISTORY OF SURREY. geology the term, Chalk formation, is intended to denote a group of deposits of very dissimilar materials, but agreeing in the nature of the organic remains which they inclose, and having evidently been deposited during the same geological epoch. This formation consists of beds of green and ferruginous sands and sand stone in the lowermost part; of clay and marl. in the intermediate; and of grey and white limestone, with nodules and veins of flint, in the uppermost division. The chalk is generally of a pure white colour, with occasional ferruginous stains; it is distinctly stratified, and the uppermost beds have layers of silicious nodules, and vertical and diagonal veins of flint : the lower chalk is almost wholly destitute of flints. Sulphuret of iron is found imbedded in the chalk in nodular masses, the surfaces of which are beset with crystals ; calcareous spar, sometimes in blocks of considerable size, occupies fissures in the rock ; and in the flint nodules, chalcedony and groups of quartz crystals, are frequently contained. The chalk marl is an argillaceous limestone, which generally succeeds the lower white chalk; it sometimes contains a large intermixture of a peculiar mineral, silicate of iron, and is then provincially termed Firestone or Reigate stone; this variety prevails through some districts, but is altogether wanting in others. The Gait, or Folkstone marl, (so called from its constituting a prominent feature in the cliffs near Folkstone,) is a stiff dark-bluish clay, abounding in shells, which frequently possess a pearly lustre, from the nacreous coat of the originals being still preserved. The Shanklin or lower green sand is a triple alternation of sands and sandstone with clays ; it contains beds of chert, and of a greyish sandy lime stone called " Kentish rag ;" in some localities, Fuller's earth, ochre, and sulphate of barytes occur. 21. Course and extent of the chalk. — The strata comprised in the chalk formation attain a total thickness of many hundred feet ; their course and distri bution through this county may be seen on the map ; and an attentive examination of the sections delineated, PL III. No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, will convey a general idea of their order of succession, and the manner in which they respectively appear on the surface, to the south of the downs, in consequence of the general dip or inclination into which they have been thrown. (See PL III. No. 5.) The chalk passes under the metropohs, lying beneath the tertiary strata, at a depth varying from one to five or six hundred feet. It gradually rises to the surface at the distance of eight or ten miles to the south of London, as at Croydon, Sutton, Guildford, &c. forming the North downs, which present a bold escarpment to the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 139 south, and on the east, constitute an area of eight or ten miles across ; but towards the west, they are contracted into that narrow but beautiful ridge called the Hogsback, between Guildford and Farnham, which scarcely exceeds half a mile in breadth. Godstone, Reigate, Dorking, and Farnham, He to the south of the escarpment of the chalk hills : Guildford stands upon the chalk ; the river Wey flowing by it, through a chalk valley, to the Thames. To the east, the Surrey chalk hills unite with the downs of Kent, which terminate in the cliffs of Dover : on the west, they pass into Hampshire, and are thus connected with the South downs, that range from west to east through Sussex, and end in the bold pro montory of Beachy-head. The general dip of the chalk varies from 10° to 15° towards the north ; but at the Hogsback the inclination is very considerable, being above 45°. ™ The chalk hills of Surrey, Hke those of Sussex, where not covered by the tertiary strata, or altered by cultivation, are smooth and rounded, and clothed with a short verdant turf. The surface of the ground is gently undulated, and intersected by numerous depressions and channels, that unite and terminate in vaUies which, also, possess the graceful sweep and flowing outline so characteristic of the water-worn surface of the chalk* From the porous nature of the rock, these coombes and valHes are uniformly dry ; but the lower cretaceous strata are saturated with water, from the penetration of the rain, dews, and snow, through the upper porous beds, and which is retained by the grey-blue marl and gait, that form the foundation of the chalk hills : hence the origin of the numerous springs and rivulets which issue from the foot of the downs ; as at Croydon, Beddington, and Carshalton, where streams flowing from the base of the chalk unite and form the river Wandle.87 The beech, sycamore, yew, and box, grow luxuriantly on the chalky soil: the abundance of the box tree giving name to the beautiful spot, Box-hul, near Dorking. 22. The chalk and flint. — The white chalk is composed of lime and carbonic acid ; and a large proportion of the purest appears to be in great part, if not whoUy, made up of the detritus of corals and sheUs. The nodules and veins of flint in the chalk shew that water, holding silex in solution, must have been very abundant during the cretaceous period. The perfect fluidity of the flint before its con- 88 Conybeare and Phillips, p. 86. 37 Mr. Middleton. Occasional outbursts of springs from the chalk-vallies, after very wet summers, occur at Epsom, at Smitham-bottom near Croydon, and at Nonsuch park ; they are termed the " Earth- bourns" in Surrey. T 2 140 HISTORY OF SURREY. solidation is proved by the sharp impressions of shells, echini, and other marine exuviae, and the complete impregnation of the sponges, alcyonia, and other zoophytes, with siHcious matter ; so that polished sections of the flints display the most deHcate structure of the inclosed organic bodies. The chalk is distinctly stratified, and the flints are distributed in horizontal layers at irregular distances from each other; a proof of the tranquil and intermitting character of the deposition. This arrange ment of the chalk and flint has, probably, originated from both substances having been held in suspension, or solution, in the same fluid, and precipitated on the bottom of the sea ; as consolidation took place, the siHcious molecules separated from the cretaceous on the wen-known principle of chemical affinity, and the sponges and other organic bodies served as nuclei or centres, around which the silex accumulated. 23. Grey chalk marl ; Firestone. — The inferior stratum of the white chalk rests upon a grey calcareous marl, which, in its lowermost beds, becomes a greyish- green arenaceous limestone, provincially caUed " Firestone," from the economical purposes to which it is appHed. The transition of the grey marl into the firestone is, in many locaHties, so gradual, and the particles of granular siHcate of iron (the mineralogical character of the firestone) are so sparingly distributed, as to render the propriety of distinguishing the beds by different names very questionable ; in Surrey, however, the variety caned Firestone is largely developed, and I shah1, therefore, describe the strata comprised in this division of the chalk formation, under that term. A terrace of inconsiderable breadth at the foot of the escarpment of the North downs, and extending from Godstone by Merstham, Reigate, and through the county into Hampshire, defines the geographical range and extent of the firestone.88 The sections, PL III. No. 2, 3, shew the position of this bed near Godstone and Merstham. Towards the western extremity of the Surrey hiUs, the firestone is less distinctly exposed ; but it may be traced without difficulty. The earliest modern scientific notices of the firestone, or Reigate stone, are in Mr. Farey's Survey of Derbyshire, and a Memoir by Mr. Webster, published about twenty years since.38 But more than a century ago, Dr. Woodward noticed this rock as " a stone from Reigate, of a soft and pretty small grit, of a pale greyish 38 The district occupied by the firestone in Hampshire is described in White's Natural History of Selbourne : in the west of Sussex, by Mr. Murchison (Geol. Trans, vol. 2) : through Sussex to South- bourne, by the Author, in the Geology of the South-east of England : and through Kent, by Dr. Fitton, Geol. Trans, vol. 4. ss Geological Transactions, vol. v. p. 354. geological survey. 141 color, with numerous smaU micae of a white silvery talc ; it undergoes the fire well, and is therefore used for bottoms of ovens, but chiefly for hearths and coverings of chimneys."40 The firestone is essentially composed of fine grains of silicious sand and of mica, with a large proportion of granular green siHcate of iron, cemented together by earthy carbonate of Hme. When first quarried it is soft ; and it is, therefore, necessary to keep it dry for several months, by which it acquires hardness. It was formerly in much request for building ; but the softer kinds are perishable, as may be seen in some parts of the crumbHng walls of Lewes Priory and Castle, and other ancient edifices ; but its property of resisting heat renders it weU adapted for hearths and furnaces ; a use to which it is now princi pally restricted. Mr. Webster states, that Henry the Seventh's chapel at Westminster, and part of Windsor castle, are built of stone from the quarries near Reigate, which were formerly considered of such consequence as to be kept in possession of the crown.41 These ancient quarries were situated between the town of Reigate and the chalk hills to the north ; and traces of them may stiU be seen in several places, as at Gatton park, Colley farm, and Buckland green.48 24. Firestone, near Godstone. — At the foot of the hiU near Godstone, consider able excavations have been made for the extraction of the firestone from beneath the chalk of which the hul is composed. The foUowing is a section of one of the pits, by Dr. Fitton.43 1. "Hard roof." A uniform fine-grained sandstone, effervescing strongly with acids, and easily cut. It forms the roof of the excavations of such firmness ft. in. as to support itself to a width of seventeen feet. Thickness 1 3 2. "Green bed." Firestone of the same nature as the former, but harder and of finer grain ; separated by seams of stratification into three layers 4 0 3. A bed of bluish-grey silicious concretion, called flints by the workmen, passing into stone similar to the above. Fracture flat-conchoidal. The grey stone near these concretions is much harder than elsewhere 0 7 4. " Green bed," similar to No. 2 0 10 These strata dip at a smaU angle to about 20° west of south. In these beds I have found pecten orbicularis, and observed traces of the siphonia, (a fossil zoophyte, called "tuHp alcyonium" by Mr. Webster,) and a species of fucus, which abounds in the same rock in the west of Sussex. 25. Firestone, near Merstham. — At Merstham the firestone is weU developed ; the church stands upon a mound or hillock of this rock, from the base of which a 40 Natural History of Fossils, p. 16. " Geological Transactions, vol. v. p. 355. 42 Oper. cit. 43 lb. second series, vol. iv. p. 137. 142 HISTORY OF SURREY. spring gushes out. The viHage is spread over the confines of the firestone and the gait, a little to the south of a gorge in the chalk, through which runs one of the principal roads from thence to Croydon, along the valley caUed Smitham- bottom; a fine section near the viUage is at this time exposed by the works in the progress for the railroad. The beds dip at a smaU angle towards the north, and those which include the firestone are visible to a thickness of about thirty feet, projecting like a step beyond the foot of the chalk escarpment.44 The firestone alternates with layers of chert. A section from the marl above, to the gait beneath, cuts through the Mowing series. — 1. A loose rubbly marl, into which the grey marl above gradually passes.45 fi- m- 2. Chert 2 ° 3. Firestone 3 ° 4. Chert 3 4 5. Firestone 4 ° 6. Firestone and chert, mixed 2 0 7. Hard rag - 4 to 6 0 8. Gait These strata dip to the north. Dr. Fitton gives the foUowing estimate of the thickness of the strata at Merstham. fi- 1. Grey marly chalk 150 2. " Burry chalk," the craie tufeau of the French geologists ; this will not burn to lime, but falls to dust in the kilns 50 to 60 3. Firestone beds, about 25 4. Gait 150 "A well at the Feather's inn at Merstham is one hundred and fifty feet deep, with a boring of sixty feet at the bottom, (total, two hundred and ten feet,) aU in clay and marl. The boring, two inches and a quarter in diameter, after going down to sixty feet, brought up such a quantity of water, that the weU digger was drawn up in great haste, and the water rose to within forty or fifty feet of the surface."46 26. Galt, or Folkstone marl. — Immediately beneath the firestone, and par taking largely of the character of the latter at the Hne of junction, is a deposit of plastic clay or marl, varying in colour from a grey to a Hght slate-blue, and occasionally passing into brown and yeUow. This argillaceous formation is about one hundred and fifty feet in thickness ; and is seen to emerge on the surface from under the firestone, when that rock is present ; and when it is absent, from 44 Geological Transactions, second series, vol. iv. p. 140. 45 Conybeare and Phillips, p. 151. 46 Geological Transactions, vol. iv. p. 140. geological survey. 143 beneath the grey chalk marl. The gait forms a belt of stiff soil, caUed black-land in this county, and generaUy appears on the surface as a low marshy tract or depres sion, running paraUel with the outcrop of the firestone along the foot of the downs, as is shewn in the map and section. From the base of the chalk-hiU near God stone, (section, No. 3, PL III.) the gait may be traced by Bletchingley, Merstham, Reigate, (section, No. 4, PL III.) to the western extremity of the county. It is characterized by a few pecuHar fossils ; and the beautiful state in which the pearly coat of the ammonites and other shells is preserved, distinguishes the organic remains of this deposit from those of the associated firestone and marl. Layers of indurated reddish-brown ochre, marked with numerous white meandering lines, occur in this bed near Bletchingley, — a locality in which, many years since, I coUected belemnites, ammonites, and other shells characteristic of this divison of the chalk ; and thus estabhshed the identity of the deposit with the Folkstone marl, so long celebrated for the beauty and variety of its organic remains.4' Selenite or crystaUized sulphate of lime, iron pyrites, and concretions of an irregular figure containing a large proportion of phosphate of Hme, which abound in the gait of Kent and Sussex, have also been discovered in that of Surrey. Several of the characteristic shells of this deposit are figured in. PL 1, fig. 21, 28, 31. 27. Shanklin or lower green sand. — We now arrive at the lowermost group of the chalk formation, that important and extensive series of arenaceous strata to which the name of Shanklin sand has been applied, from a locality in the Isle of Wight where these beds are strikingly displayed; the term, Lower green sand, is also employed to designate the same rocks, from the prevaiHng colour of certain divisions of the sand, and the relative situation of the whole as compared with the firestone or upper green sand ; the geographical name appears to me preferable, as being less Hkely to lead to misconception. This formation consists of siHcious sands and sandstones of various shades of green, grey, red, brown, fawn, yellow, ferruginous, and white, with subordinate beds of chert, Hmestone, and FuUer's earth. The strata admit of a natural division into three groups, as was first shewn by Dr. Fitton,48 of whose able observations on the character and distribution of the Shanklin sand in Surrey, I shall largely avail myself, as being more valuable and interesting than the results of my own personal investigations.49 47 Notice on the Blue Chalk Marl of Bletchingley in Surrey. Geol. Trans, vol. i. second series, p. 421. « Annals of Philosophy: 1817. 49 See " Observations on some of the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite in the South-east of England, by William Henry Fitton, M.D. F.R.S. &c." Geol. Trans, second series, vol. iv. pp. 104—388. 144 history of surrey. 28. Triple subdivision of the Shanklin sand. — The first, and uppermost division consists principaUy of white, yellow, and ferruginous sand, with concre tions of chert and limestone. It commonly forms a flat, but sometimes an irregular hiUy surface, rising from the valley of the gait, and bearing a dry and barren soiL The second group abounds in green sand, and in some parts, has so great an intermixture of clay, and frequently of oxide of iron, as to retain water, producing a level and marshy tract between the upper and lower members of the series. The third, and lowermost division contains a great proportion of calcareous matter, and includes the principal beds of calcareous cherty limestone, known as Kentish rag, which commonly forms a prominent ridge at its outcrop adjoining the vaUey of the weald. These strata rise into a range of hills which run parallel with the southern escarpment of the North downs, and in the western part of Surrey, as at Leith-hUl and Hindhead, exceed in altitude the highest summits of the chalk of the south east of England. The section from Hindhead to Tucksbury-hUl, near Farnham, illustrates the relative position of the strata, and the physical outHne of the districts occupied by these groups respectively.50 (PL III. No. 1 and 6.) I shaU now describe some of the most interesting localities of the Shanklin sand formation in this county, and notice any remarkable phenomena they may present. 29. Tilburstow-hill. — At Tilburstow, or Tilvester hiU, near Godstone, the lower division of the Shanklin sand of which the hill is composed, is intersected by the old road leading from Lewes to London, and a fault or dislocation of the strata is exposed. The section, PL III. No. 3, explains the structure of the country at this place. On the south of the chalk, the firestone emerges from the foot of the escarpment, and is succeeded by the gait : the upper and middle division of the Shanklin sand next appears at Godstonej the pond being situated on the retentive surface of the latter : the lower beds are next seen, forming Tilburstow-hiU, the ascent of which is conformable to the dip of the strata ; on the south they terminate abruptly, and present a steep escarpment towards the weald. After crossing the summit of the hiU, and descending the declivity a few hundred yards, a fine section of the strata is exposed, and displays a fault or dislocation of numerous beds of sand and chert. On the north, the beds rise uniformly at about 10°; but at this spot, they are highly inclined, dipping at an angle of nearly 45° towards the 50 The section is reduced one-half from Dr. Fitton's PI. X. No. A. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 145 north. The beds thus elevated form a total thickness of sixty or seventy feet, and consist of the foUowing. — * ft. 1 . Uppermost. Superficial loam and rubble 2. Pale yellow and fawn-coloured sand ; about 6 3. Grey, green and red mottled sand and marl, intermixed with Fuller's earth 2 4. Chert in layers alternating with sand and marl 12 5. Sand and sandstone, with veins of ironstone 4 6. Grey sand with veins, and lenticular masses of chert 5 7. Olive-green and ferruginous sand 8. Greyish-green sand 9. Grey sand, with veins of a reddish colour 10. Red and fawn-coloured sand, with ironstone in irregular veins and concretionary masses At the foot of the hiU to the southward, the ferruginous sand is found to rest on the blue clay of the wealden formation ; and at no great distance, the fresh-water paludina limestone, called Sussex marble, is dug up.51 30. Fuller's earth pits ; Nutfield. — To the west of TUburstow-hiU, on the road to Reigate, another interesting section of the Shanklin sand is displayed, near the Httle vUlage of Nutfield, long celebrated for the Fuller's earth which has for centuries been dug up in its neighbourhood. The section from Merstham to Nut field is shewn, PL III. No. 2, and displays the usual series of strata which a Hne from the downs to the weald invariably intersects in this part of Surrey, viz. 1. Chalk; 2. Firestone; 3. Gait; 4. Shanklin sand; 5. Weald clay. The beds of FuUer's earth are situated near the top of the lowermost division of the Shanklin sand, and occupy a Hne on the north side of a ridge that extends from the east of Nutfield nearly to Redstone-hiU, on the west of Copyhold farm. About two mUes west of Nutfield, the earth was extracted from a stratum six or seven feet thick.58 A pit at Colmonger's farm gave the following section. 1. Uppermost stratum. Greenish sand, and a soapy tough clay, with ft. in. the aspect of steatite 3 0 2. Sand-rock, abounding in green particles 5 0 3. Thin course of impure Fuller's earth 0 4 4. Sandstone, forming the roof of the pits 3 0 5. A seam of ochreous clay 0 4 6. Fuller's earth, of an uniform bluish colour, containing large nodules of crystallized sulphate of barytes 16 0 7. White sand 8. Weald clay 51 The inclined strata of Tilburstow-hill were described and figured in the "Fossils of Tilgate Forest:'' 1827. 52 Dr. Fitton's Memoir ; written in 1828. VOL. I. U 146 HISTORY OF SURREY. In some of the pits there are two varieties of FuUer's earth ; one of an ochreous yellow colour, and the other of a slaty grey. The sulphate of barytes is found in detached nodular masses, from a few ounces to 130 or 140 pounds in weight. It is semi-diaphanous, and varies in aspect from a pale amber to a dark sugar-candy colour: it is crystallized in oblique rhomboids or four-sided prisms, which are truncated at the edges, and beveUed at the extremities; the interstices between the crystals are frequently Hned with translucent white and amethystine quartz.53 Horizontal and vertical veins of fibrous gypsum, about half an inch in thickness, are disseminated through the Fuller's earth. To the courtesy of Mr. W. Constable, of Horley near Crawley, I am indebted for the foUowing remarks. " The FuUer's earth is distinguished by colour into two kinds, the blue, and the yeUow, which are used for distinct purposes ; the blue is of a dark-slate colour, and the yeUow of a yeUowish brown. The blue is often absent in the pits ; when it does occur, it is generally between two beds of yeUow. The district yielding the FuUer's earth hitherto explored, is about two miles in length from east to west, and a quarter of a mile in breadth. The quantity of earth transported from the pits annuaUy, is about six thousand tons ; of which, about four thousand tons are of the yeUow variety. The manufacturers of fine cloth make use of the blue only, and that variety, therefore, is sent chiefly to Leeds and other parts of Yorkshire, where that cloth is made. The yellow earth has a much wider distribution, being employed in the manufacture of every fabric of coarse wooUen goods ; it is not only in request over the west riding of Yorkshire, but also in Lancashire, Cumberland, and Westmorland. Some is sent into Scotland, through the ports of Leith and Fisharrow ; and a considerable quantity into North Wales, at Welsh Pool, Mont gomery, New-town, LlandiUoe, and other places, where it is employed in the cleaning of flannel. Norwich, also, receives a supply for its stuff manufactories. In some kinds of coarse goods a portion of the earth is left in the fabric to give it a substance ; and the yellow is said to be best adapted for this purpose. The whole of the earth exported from this district is sent from London by sea, except a smaU quantity retained for the use of the dyers and scourers. The sandstone, both above and below the Fuller's earth, is so much indurated as to serve for a coarse buUding stone."54 In a visit to Nutfield, in 1826, I was fortunate in obtaining specimens of this kind of great rarity and beauty, and which are still preserved in my collection in the British Museum. 31 Extract from a Letter to the Author, by William Constable, esq. ; 1839. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 147 Organic remains are found in the sand and sandstone ; particularly a large species of Ammonites (A. Nutfieldiensis,Y\. 1, fig. 30,) and Nautilus (Undulatus PL 1, fig. 29). 31. Reigate, and Red-hill. — Proceeding towards Reigate, the Shanklin sand is again seen at Red-hill, a spot well known from being on the line of one of the principal roads to the metropolis. At Reigate the strata, from the chalk to the wealden clay inclusive, are intersected by the Brighton road, which passes from the downs under the tunnel, through the town, and over Cockshut-hiU. The view from the summit of the chalk hiUs, to the north of Reigate, is as interesting to the geologist as to the lover of the picturesque ; for it presents a magnificent land scape, displaying the physical structure of the weald, and its varied and beautiful scenery. At the foot of the downs Hes the valley in which Reigate is situated ; and immediately beyond the town, appears the elevated ridge of Shanklin sand, which stretches towards Leith-hiU on the west, and to TUburstow-hill on the east. The forest ridge of the wealden occupies the middle region, extending westward towards Horsham, and eastward to Crowborough-hUl, its greatest altitude, and from thence to Hastings, having on each flank the wealds of Kent and Sussex : while in the remote distance, the rounded and undulated summits of the South downs appear stretched along the verge of the horizon.55 The ferruginous fawn-coloured sands of the lowermost group of the Shanklin sand constitute Cockshut-hiU to the north of Reigate ; the middle argiUaceous beds occupy the valley in which the town is situated ; at the archway of the tunnel the upper members of the formation are exposed ; and the Barons' cave, under the adjacent mound of Reigate castle, is excavated in the white and grey sand rock of these deposits.56 Proceeding towards the downs, the gait is seen overlying the sand, and forming the subsoU on the roadside ; and near the turnpike-gate, the fire stone is dug up ; the chalk marl succeeds; and finaUy, the lower and upper or flinty chalk are exposed at the escarpment of the North downs, up which the road winds its way to the summit of the hiU. 32. Reigate to Leith-hill. — When viewed from the neighbourhood of Rei gate, the geological horizon to the west is very striking. The Shanklin sand is seen extending westward ; and being cut through by the river Mole, which traverses the 55 Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 342. 56 This cave is an artificial excavation, which is now entered from the castle-mount ; it descends, for about two hundred feet, in a direction towards the town, with a vault branching off to the west, one hundred and fifty feet : the width and height are from ten to twelve feet. U2 148 history of surrey. range in its way to the gorge in the chalk near Dorking, rises into the bold and mountainous ridge of Leith-hiU, which is nine hundred and ninety-three feet above the level of the sea; and the structure of the country is traced, as it were, on the horizon in a broad simple outline— a deep and narrow vaUey of clay, having on one side, the abrupt escarpment of the chalk, and on the other, the yet more elevated ridge of the Shanklin sand. The strata constituting the mass of Leith-hiU consist, principally, of the grey, fawn-coloured and ferruginous sands; and contain beds of chert passing into chalcedony, similar to those which occur at TUburstow-hiU. Traces of a ramose zoophyte, caUed Tulip alcyonium," are very abundant ; and sections of the stems, in the form of white rings, traverse the darker masses of the rock in every direction.58 From Leith-hiU, the sand ridge ranges south-west to Hindhead, which attains an elevation of nine hundred and twenty-three feet. This chain is broken through by the river Wey, in its passage to the gorge of the chalk at Guildford ; and is also interrupted in several places between Reigate and the head of the vaUey of the weald, by distinct tracts or escarpments, dependent on the fractures and displacements which the strata have undergone.59 33. Dorking, Guildford, &c. — Dr. Fitton, in the elaborate Memoir to which I have so frequently referred, describes in detaU the outcrop and distribution of this formation in the south-west of Surrey. He observes, "that the space included between the escarpment of the sand and the downs, from Dorking to GuUdford, is of nearly uniform character; but in approaching the latter place, the sand rises with such rapidity, that St. Martha's chapel equals, or out-tops, the chalk, though less than a mile from it horizontaUy. SHghter indications, also, of disturbance are evident throughout the tract. The chalk marl at Deerleap, above Wotton, is divided by smooth surfaces, produced by the . shding of large masses upon each other ; and where the road rises from the miU towards Abinger church, at a point which corresponds with the continuation of the ridge near Brastead and Sundridge, the beds are curved, so as clearly to indicate derangement. The tract on the south and west of Guildford, and thence to Hindhead, forms one of the most extensive surfaces of the Shanklin sand in England; and the sections from the heights on the north-west of Farnham, to the weald, include a succession of strata from the Bagshot sand, one of the highest (or newest) members " See Geol. Trans, vol. iv. new series, PI. XV. S3 Conybeare and Phillips, p. 154. *' Consult Dr. Fitton's Memoir, p. 142, et seq. geological survey. 149 of the English series, down to the weald clay. (See section, No. 1, PL III.) The quarries on the roadside between Guildford and Shalford disclose a good section of the chalk with flints, dipping at an angle of about 5° or 6° a Httle to the west of north ; and on the opposite side of the Wey, beneath St. Catherine's hiU, the relative position of the lower strata is well displayed. 34. The Hogsback. — This remarkable ridge of the North downs extends from Guildford to a point about two miles from Farnham ; and has evidently been produced by an upthrow of the chalk, and the breaking off of the southern portion of the curve. The inclined position of the remaining side of the flexure is seen at the western extremity of a large chalk-pit between Guildford and Puttenham, where the strata dip towards the north, at an angle of about 30°. The upper beds are very white, with courses of the usual dark flint nodules ; and a remarkable feature in this quarry, is the distinctness with which the chalk is divided into masses approaching to a rhomboidal figure, by seams oblique to the stratification ; the angles of the portion thus formed, standing out in the face of the chff, like spHnters in the shattered fracture of a crystal. The firestone forms a slight projection along the foot of the Hogsback ; the gait, a corresponding narrow depression along its whole length ; and the Shanklin sand rises so rapidly from beneath, that one or many inflexions are necessary, to account for its wide extent to the south. In approaching Farnham, the gait, near its contact with the sands, abounds in nodules containing a large proportion of phosphate of Hme. The upper beds of the ShankHn sand rise, Hke the chalk, at a very high angle, and must have been suddenly bent in an opposite direction, since they are now continued, with a moderate inclination, several miles to the south. " The general thickness of the ShankHn sand in this part of Surrey may be estimated at between three hundred, and fifty and four hundred feet : though, from its superficial extent, a much greater thickness might be ascribed to it, if the dis turbances and the inflexions which they have undergone were not kept in view."60 35. Godalming, Farnham, &c. — In the upper sand near Godalming there is a bed of coarse calcareous grit, or conglomerate, which sometimes passes into a blue limestone, and is provincially termed Bargate stone ; it is a conglomerate of quartz grains and pebbles held together by a strong calcareous cement. This may be traced from Headley, Lyss, Rogate, and Stedham to Dean farm near Petworth in 60 Dr. Fitton, Oper. cit. 130 HISTORY of surrey. Sussex.61 The lower group contain beds of chert and indurated sand-rock, like those of Leith and Tilburstow hills. " The ferruginous concretions termed Car- stone are abundant in the upper beds of sand around Godalming, and from being often so compact as to ring under the hammer, are caUed Clinkers by the quarry- men. This stone sometimes occurs in plates, or flakes, more than a quarter of an inch in thickness, and curved so as to resemble portions of consecutive layers of petrified wood. It furnishes an exceUent road-material, and gives a remarkable reddish hue to some of the roads which are macadamized with this stone. Frag ments of brown haematite,68 Hke those of the Red-cliff near Culver in the Isle of Wight, are found at Thursley and other places in this vicinity." " The heights around Godalming afford exceUent sections of the ShankHn sand, of which that at Holloway-hill may serve as an example. The strata at this place are as foUow. — 1. Green and variegated sand, abounding in large concretions of chert and of Bargate-stone, which is hard and sparry, and in some places passes into chert. It contains traces of shells, and of alcyonic stems. False stratification is here remarkable : the concretions, ft. also, follow the oblique or false lines. Thickness 15 2. Sand of the same kind, without concretions, but including thin beds of a tough clay, like Fuller's earth. Thickness 25 The dip is to the south of east ; and aU the summits are flat and uniform. Among the loose sandy materials of HoUoway-hiU, are spongy concretions which shew, when moist, the same vermicular structure as at TUburstow-hiU. Blackheath, south-east of GuUdford, seems to have been once a continuation of the sands near Godalming. Crooksbury common consists of the upper members of the formation, impending Hke an outcrop, one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet thick, over the vaUey of the Wey, between Elstead and Tilford. Farnham common is analo gous to that of Crooksbury, and apparently a continuation of the same plateau, deeply cut through by one of the principal streams of the Wey. On the south of these is the lowest tract of Frensham and Thursley commons, and thence the ground rises rapidly towards Hindhead, the ascent consisting of sand deeply trenched into channels. A conspicuous group of barren, somewhat conical hills, on the south of Frensham common, caUed the Devil's Jumps, is apparently the remaining portion of a stratum of sand, reduced by abrasion to their present irregular form; and the pebbles and roUed masses on Thursley common, immedi- 81 Mr. Murchison, Geol. Trans, vol. ii. second series, p. 101. «2 A kind of iron ore. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 151 ately on the north of Hindhead, are sand-rock, passing into chert, which seems to be unmixed with other matter, and to be the debris of the beds now removed. 36. Hindhead. — The crest of Hindhead (see No. 1, PL III.) is on the north-east of a depression caUed the DeviTs Punchbowl, around which the road is conducted, The highest part of the curve, or anticHnal bending, of the Shanklin sand, appears to be just at a point where the new road, on a lower level than the old, has exposed a surface from ten to twenty-five feet in height. The strata consist of soft sand- rock, containing concretions and nearly continuous beds of chert, passing into chalcedony, of various shades of yeUow and brown, with occasional layers of bright yeUowish sand, in which the Hnes of false stratification are conspicuous. AU over Grayshot down the subsoU is a soft loose sand of the same description. The whole of the tract here occupied by the sands, though not unpicturesque, is wild and barren in its aspect, destitute of wood, and producing only ferns, heaths, and furze. The surface is in fact, to this hour, nearly such as it may be conceived to have been when first uncovered by the departure of the sea : and its structure is just what may be imagined to result from the levelling effect of water under the influence of motion of no great violence. 37. Tucksbury-hill. — The summit of this hiU, which forms the northern extremity of the section, No. 1, PL HI. is an outlier composed of siHcious and ferruginous sand, upon the surface of which are numerous angular fragments of pale yeUowish flint. The ground descends from it on aU sides, but with the greatest rapidity towards the vaUey of the Wey. This hUl affords an exceUent view, both of the successive outcrop of the strata in the lower country on the south-east, and especiaUy of the tract on the north, occupied by the Bagshot sands, to which the cap of the hiU belongs ; the flat-topped ranges, and the lower barren tracts of that formation being seen from thence very distinctly. The summits of Romping down and Chobham ridge project above the surrounding country, with escarpments towards the east, nearly at right angles to the range of the chalk downs : but the general rise of the sands is towards the south, conformably to that of the chalk. The succession of strata observable in descending from this eleva tion, to the vaUey of the weald, is very instructive." (See section, No. 1, PL III.)68 38. Organic remains of the chalk formation. — The strata of the Chalk for- 63 The above extracts, from the valuable labours of Dr. Fitton, will serve to convey a general idea of the interesting structure of this part of Surrey ; but the reader should refer to the original Memoir, which is a model of sagacious, patient, and successful research. See Geol. Trans, vol. iv. new series. 152 HISTORY OF SURREY. mation, like those of the Tertiary, have manifestly been deposited in the bed of an ocean teeming with marine animals, whose relics, in various states of preservation, are found imbedded in the rocks. In this county the usual fossils occur, more or less abundantly. The chalk quarries around Croydon, Godstone, Reigate, Gmld- ford, &c. contain remains of fishes, sheUs, echini, and ammonites : the firestone has afforded but few organic remains ; a species of sea-weed (fucus) peculiar to this rock, and which is abundant at Bignor in Sussex, has been found at Godstone and Merstham (PL 1, fig. 19); and the gait near Bletchingley and Reigate contains the same kind of shells as the Folkstone marl; the ammonites and the hamites possessing the pearly nacreous covering of the sheUs. In the ShankHn sand of Surrey, fossils are but very sparingly distributed : a few trigonise have been found near Godalming; at Nutfield, large ammonites and nautili (PL 1, fig. 29, 30,) are not uncommon. I subjoin a Hst of the fossUs from Surrey, which have come under my notice. 39. Fossils from the chalk formation of the county of Surrey. 1. Coniferous wood in flint : Reigate. 2, Fucoldes Taroionii : firestone, near Godstone, and Merstham. 3. Flustra, Madrepora, Sponcia : chalk, Guildford. 4. Choanites, Ventriculites, &c. : chalk, near Croydon. 5. Marsupites Milleri : chalk, Guildford, and Mickleham downs. 6. Echinites, several kinds : Croydon, and Guildford. 7. Pentacrinite, in flint : near Reigate. 8. Astacus ; claws and portions of the abdomen : Guildford. 9. Belemnites mucronatus: Croydon, and Guildford. 10. Inocerami, several species : Croydon, and Guildford. 11. Plagiostoma spinosum : near Godstone. 12. Terebratul.s:, several species : near Reigate. 13. Cirrus perspective : Guildford. {Collected by the Rev. J. Jackman, of Clapham common.) 14. DEPRESSUS. 15. Nautilus elegans : lower chalk, near Guildford. 16. Ammonites varians : Guildford. 17 ¦ curvatus : chalk marl, near Dorking. (Rev. J. Jackman.) 18- ' naviculars : chalk marl, near Guildford. 19 Mantelli: chalk marl, near Dorking. {Rev. J. Jackman.) 20 Sussexiensis : chalk marl, near Dorking. {Rev. J. Jackman.) 21. Pecten beaveri : chalk marl, near Guildford. 22- orbicularis : firestone, at Godstone, and Merstham. 23. Spiroltnites, in flint : Clapham common. 24. Xanthidium (fossil infusoria,) in flint: Banstead downs. 25. Teeth of fjshes, of several genera, allied to the shark : chalk, near Guildford, and Reigate. 26. Ieeth of several species of ptychodus : Reigate, Guildford, and Dorking. {Rev. J. Jackman.) *!¦ ueryx Lewesiensis ; chalk, near Guildford. geological survey. 153 28. Supposed fir-cones (coprolites) : chalk, near Guildford. 29. Bone of Turtle : chalk, near Reigate. 30. Coniferous wood : gait, near Bletchingley. 31. TURBINOLIA K6NIGI. 32. NuCULA PECTINATA. 33. Inoceramus concentricus : PI. 1, fig. 28. 34. SULCATUS : PI. 1, fig. 31. 35. Ammonites splendens : Bletchingley, and Reigate. 36. Hamites tntermedius: PI. 1, fig. 21. 37. Belemnites Listeri : Bletchingley, and Reigate. 38. Rostellaria carinata : Bletchingley. 39. Ampullaria canaliculata: gait, Bletchingley. 40. Ammonites Nutfieldiensis : Fuller's earth pits, Nutfield; PI. 1, fig. 30. 41. Nautilus undulatus ; PI. 1, fig. 29. The last two fossils are frequently ten inches in diameter. 42. Trigonia aliformis : Shanklin sand, near Dorking. 43. Siphonia: Shanklin sand, near Dorking. 44. Sphojra corrugata : Shanklin sand, near Lympsfield. {Dr. Fitton.) 40. Zoological character of the chalk formation. — From what has been stated, it wiU be seen that the fossUs of the chalk are very numerous, comprising all the usual genera of marine animals, with the exception of Cetacea. Particular genera and species appear, however, to be restricted to certain subdivisions of this formation. Thus, in the white chalk, there are many species of sheUs which do not occur in the other divisions of the group.64 The chalk marl and gait are Hke- wise characterized by peculiar forms ; and the Shanklin sand abounds in sheUs and zoophytes that are wanting in the other cretaceous beds. Some localities are, also, found to possess species which do not occur in others ; these sheUs must, therefore, have been spread over limited areas ; in other words, the inhabitants of the chalk ocean had geographical limits assigned to them, as is the case with the existing species. The mode of petrifaction varies in the different subdivisions of the strata. The shells and echini of the white chalk, are generaUy transmuted into carbonate of lime, having a spathose structure; and their cavities are frequently filled with chalk, flint, or pyrites ; in some instances, they are hollow, and Hned with crystals of carbonate of Hme. The softer zoophytes are silicified ; and there is scarcely a flint nodule in which their remains may not be traced. The teeth and scales of 84 The attention of the reader unversed in geological investigations may be directed to the first appearance of the ammonite, or snake-stone, in the upper beds of the chalk. No traces of this genus of multilocular shell have been found in any of the strata newer than the chalk : the animal appears to have become extinct at this epoch : in the older rocks, several hundred species occur. VOL. I. X 154 HISTORY OF SURREY. fishes bear a very high polish, and are coloured by a ferruginous stain. Wood is sparingly found, sometimes in the state of Hgnite, and in brown friable masses. In the gait, the pearly covering of the sheUs is commonly preserved. The fossils 'of the Surrey ShankHn sand are in the state of casts of indurated sandstone. The organic remains of the cretaceous deposits, already known, amount to many hun dred species of shells, corals, radiaria, and fishes. The most distinctive zoological character of the strata, is the prevalence of terebratulae, belemnites, echinites, and ammonites.65 The characters of the chalk formation, as shewn by these investigations, are those of a vast oceanic basin, fiUed with the debris thrown down by its waters, and which enveloped the remains of its inhabitants : arenaceous, or sandy, beds prevaUing in the lowermost — argillaceous in the middle — and cretaceous in the upper division of the series. Intrusions of thermal streams, holding sUex in solution or suspension, appear to have been frequent at certain periods : and the proofs are incontrovertible, that throughout the entire epoch of its deposition, the ocean swarmed with living beings of the various orders of marine existence, aU, or almost aU, the species being now extinct. The fuci shew that it possessed a marine vegetation ; and the drifted wood, fir-cones, stems, and leaves, (which are found in some localities,) prove that the dry land which formed its boundary was clothed with forests. 41. The Wealden. — From this survey of the marine formation of the chalk, we turn to the next series of strata, which Hes beneath the ShankHn sand, and rises to the surface on the north, as may be perceived by a reference to the map and sections, Plate III. These deposits, from their occupying the wealds of Surrey, Kent, and Sussex, have received the name of wealden. On the northern margin of the sand ridge that traverses Surrey from east to south-west, as already explained, a bed of stiff blue clay invariably appears, and forms the subsoU of the district to its junction with the adjacent county of Sussex. This clay contains layers of sand, shells, and limestone ; and as its surface constitutes a soU admirably adapted to the growth of the oak, its presence is commonly indicated by forests of oak, with timber trees of remarkable size. The weald clay occupies the vaUies on each side of the forest ridge that extends from Hastings to Crowborough beacon, and westward, to Horsham and Loxwood : it constitutes, in fact, a low tract of about five or six nules in average breadth, partiaUy encircling the central ridge of sand hiUs, and ranging on the north, from the Isle of Oxney, by Tunbridge towards Loxwood 65 See Wonders of Geology, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 306. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 155 and Haslemere ; and thence returning, south-east, through the weald of Sussex to Pevensey.68 The clayey district of the northern part of this county is entirely composed of the weald clay ; and the situation of the clay, in reference to the superincumbent strata, is shewn in the sections at Nutfield, (PL III. No. 2,) Tilburstow-hiU near Godstone, (PL III. No. 3,) Reigate, (PL III. No. 4,) and at the foot of the escarp ment of the Shanklin sand at Grayshot down. (PL III. No. 1.) I am not acquainted with any natural sections that disclose the position of the layers of sheUy limestone and sand that alternate with the clay ; but by the courtesy of my intelHgent friend, Mr. W. Constable, (of Horley near Crawley,) I am enabled to point out the locahties where the Hmestone has been worked for road-making and other economical purposes.6' 42. Sussex marble. — The weald clay throughout its whole extent contains beds of limestone, composed almost entirely of the shells of a few extinct species of fresh-water snaU (Paludind) common in rivers and lakes. The shells are sometimes decomposed, and casts, formed by the limestone having when in the state of mud filled up their cavities, alone remain (PL 1, fig. 35) ; specimens occur, in which the casts are distributed in rehef on the surface of the Hmestone (PL 1, fig. 24), and the poHshed slabs are beautifully marked by sections of the inclosed shells. (PL 1, fig. 23.) A few bivalves, also of fresh-water species (uniones), are occasionally interspersed with the univalves : and immense quantities of the sheUy coverings of a minute crustaceous animal, termed cypris, are intermingled with the general mass of calcareous matter, and often fill up the cavities and interstices of the sheUs.68 In the compact varieties of the Hmestone or marble, the substance of the shells has been transmuted into calcareous spar, and the whole mass permeated by a crystalline calcareous infiltration of various shades of grey, blue, and ochre, interspersed with pure white. The Purbeck marble, so weU known from its employment by our ancestors in their churches and sepulchral monuments, is a variety of this limestone, being composed of a smaUer species of snail-shell {Paludind). 68 Conybeare and Phillips, p. 169. 67 The extent of the wealden deposits in Sussex, and the favourable circumstances in which the writer was placed for their examination, led to the important knowledge of the fresh-water or fluviatile origin of the formation, and the discovery of the iguanodon, hylseosaurus, and other colossal reptiles. The reader should consult The Fossils of Tilgate Forest, 1 vol. 4to. 1827 : and The Wonders of Geology, 4th edition, vol. i. p. 347, et seq. 88 Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 380, x2 156 HISTORY OF SURREY. According to the observations of Mr. Constable, "the first, or uppermost course of marble, is on Earl's-wood common, where it forms a ridge of smaU elevation, known as Kiln-brow; part of which is now in the course of removal, for the forma tion of the large embankment of the Brighton railway which crosses another part of the ridge. This stone has, heretofore, been raised for a road-material, but it was found to be too soft, and was not extensively employed; indeed, if the quaHty had been suitable, it did not seem probable there would have been an extensive supply. This bed dips rapidly to the north, towards the escarpment of the ShankHn sand at Red-hiU, which is at the distance of about three hundred yards. The stone is chiefly composed of the large species of snail (Paludina Sussexiensis), mixed with muscle sheUs (uniones). About three mUes west from the above locality, there were pits (now filled up) in which this Hmestone was worked, on the highway leading from Flanchford to Bunt's common. "The course of the next bed of limestone is distinctly marked, its Hne of direction being indicated by many workings, where it has been raised for road- stone, through a length of five or six miles. It is found at the north foot of Norwood-hiU, (five mUes south of Reigate,) from whence it runs in a direction nearly north-east, about three miles, passing through Kinnersley farm and Heaver's- wood common, to the south extremity of Petteridge common; where I saw it, many years since, at the bottom of the bed of diluvial gravel, in which the bones of elephants, rhinoceroses, and other quadrupeds, were found. This bed of lime stone is again seen at three-quarters of a mile to the south-east, a Httle south of Mason's-bridge farm : and from this spot it takes a direction about east south-east up to Outwood common. To the westward of the Hne above described, the marble has been dug up in the parish of Newdigate : and to the eastward, at the farm house of Horne-court, which Hes on the southern declivity of the highland of Out- wood. This bed of stone contains but few fossils : much of it has passed under my observation as a road-stone ; but I have only noticed some bivalves sheUs, which, upon shewing to you at Lewes, some years since, you denominated Cyclas, and stated, that they belonged to a genus, of which several species were disseminated through the wealden strata. In the bed of calcareous sandstone at Heaver's-wood, traces of Hgnite and decayed vegetable matter are observable, and I found there a beautiful leaf of a fern (Cycadites Brongniarti, PL 1, fig. 18). The layers of stone have frequently perforations through them of half or three-quarters of an inch in diameter. geological survey. 157 " The next course of Sussex marble is a conspicuous bed at Charlwood, where, for many years, it has been dug up for a road-stone. All the workings have been made in an area of about a mUe and a half long, and a quarter of a mile broad, extending northerly from near Charlwood church to Norwood-hill. I know of no other spot in which it has been found in sufficient abundance for working; but traces of it are visible in ditches, shewing its course to be nearly paraUel with that of the bed last described, and distant from it a quarter of a mile to the south. This marble is distinguished in appearance from that of the upper bed, for although it is almost entirely a conglomerate of spiral univalves, yet the species is much smaUer and more elongated (Paludina Purbeckiensis)."ss To the south-west, the weald clay is seen at the foot of the escarpment of the Shanklin sand near Hindhead. " Blackdown-hUl, four miles north of Hindhead, is a massive cap of ShankHn sand resting, with a slight inclination, on the weald clay ; and aU the deep ravines which separate the heights and ridges on the west and north-west of Blackdown, towards Lynchmere and Haslemere, have sand only on the top ; the clay rising here to not much less than six hundred feet above the sea. Blackdown forms the north-eastern promontory of what may be termed, the central vaUey of the denudation ; the opposite and converging side of which, is a simUar escarpment of the ShankHn sand, extending from Harting-coombe to Bexley- hiU : the floor of the narrow intermediate space consists of the weald clay, which, close to the junction, abounds in Cypris faba."m 43. Organic remains of the wealden. — From the small extent of surface, and the absence of any instructive sections or escarpments of the wealden strata in Surrey, the extraordinary nature of the fossil remains of this formation would scarcely be suspected by the general observer. Minute research has, however, detected the presence of many of the relics, which have rendered TUgate forest, and other locahties in Sussex, so celebrated. The organic remains of the wealden consist of leaves, stems, branches, and seed vessels of terrestrial plants and trees of a tropical character ; of teeth and bones of enormous reptiles of extinct genera; of crocodiles, turtles, flying reptiles, and birds; of several species and genera of fishes ; and of fluviatile sheUs and Crustacea. The 89 Extract from a Letter from W. Constable, esq. to the Author : 1839. ™ Dr. Fitton's Memoir, p. 148, et seq. The geological structure of the adjacent parts of Hants and Sussex has been admirably sketched by my friend, Peter J. Martin, esq. of Pulborough, in his "Geological Memoir on a part of Western Sussex;" 1 vol. 4to. ; 1828. 158 HISTORY OF SURREY. bones, which are, for the most part, broken and rolled as if they had been trans ported from a distance, are commonly impregnated with iron, and of a dark brown colour. From the information afforded me by Dr. Fitton,— Peter Martin, jun. esq. of Reigate,— W. Constable, esq. of Horley,-and my own researches, the foUowing list has been obtained. 44. Fossils of the wealden of the county of Surrey. — 1. Wood in the state of lignite : in weald clay, and in sandstone ; Naldrett's-wood, Horley, and in the parish of Worplesdon." 2. Cycadites Brongniarti; PI. 1, fig. 18 ; a leaf of an extinct plant allied to the recent Cycas ; dis covered by Mr. Constable, in calcareous sandstone in the weald clay, on Heaver's-wood common, three miles south of Reigate. 3. Sphenopteris Mantelli; PI. 1, fig. 17: Oakwood-hill. 4. Unto Martini : Henhurst, and Atherley. 5. porrectus: Henhurst, and Atherley. 6. ; fresh- water bivalve. 7. Potamtdes? Salmon's Cross-lane: Mr. Constable. 8. Paludina fluvtorum ; fresh-water snail ; in the Sussex marble ; PI. 1, fig. 23, 24, 35 : Charlwood, and west of Leith-hill. 9. Cyclas media; fresh-water bivalve : Heaver's-wood, Horley. 10. ; in marble, alternating with clay : Black-house farm, parish of Horley ; and at Atherley, south of Tanhurst. 11. Gryphea? a shell resembling this genus : Norwood-hill, near Charlwood. 12. Unio Mantelli : Atherley, and Henhurst. {Dr. Fitton.) 13. Cypris faba : weald clay, Norwood, near Atherley, Ockley, and Hindhead. 14. valdensis : Atherley, and Henhurst. {Dr. Fitton.) 15. Jaw and scales of Lepidotus Mantelli; a fresh-water fish, whose scales and teeth abound in the wealden : Earl's-wood common. {Mr. P. Martin, jun.) 16. Vertebra and other bones of the Iguanodon (PI. 1, fig. 1) : in a crystallized limestone, near Charlwood church. Among these bones of the iguanodon, in the possession of Mr. Martin, are several of the first caudal vertebrae, with deep impressions for articulation with the chevron bones : two caudal vertebras, towards the middle of the tail, which are firmly anchylosed together, a proof that the animal to which they belonged made but feeble use of the tail : and a fragment of a bone of the pelvis. 17. Bones and teeth of a Crocodile ; PI. 1, fig. 2 : near Charlwood church. 18. Tooth of an unknown reptile ; PI. 1, fig. 4 : Oakwood-hill. 19. Bones and tooth of a Megalosaurus ; PI. 1, fig. 3 : Oakwood-hill, in the parish of Wotton, near Ockley. In the same locality, bones of the feet {tarso-phalangeal) of the iguanodon were discovered, and presented to me by the late Walter Burrell, esq. M.P. At Rusper in Sussex, but a short distance from this " In Surrey, as in Sussex, the occurrence of lignite has given rise to an expensive and abortive search for coal. In Aubrey's History of Surrey there is an amusing account of the digging and boring for coal at Slyfield, by Mr. Giles Thornborough, rector of the Holy Trinity at Guildford. After digging and boring through beds of "sand, gravel, clay, and rock-stone, with cockle shells, and perriwinkle shells," they reached a bed of coal, " the depth of which was unknown ; for here the irons broke, thought by Mr. William Lilly the astrologer, to be by subterranean spirits ; for as fast as the irons were put in, they would snap off." — (Aubrey's Hist, of Surrey, vol. iii.) Jet is, also, stated to have been found in the parish of Wotton. geological survey. 159 locality, a considerable number of bones of the iguanodon, crocodile, hylseosaurus, and other reptiles, have been discovered. 20. Turtle, fragments of the ribs of a fresh- water species {Emys): Oakwood-hill. 45. Zoological character of the wealden. — Although it would extend this article beyond its prescribed Hmits, if we took a comprehensive view of the phenomena presented by the wealden, as exhibited in the adjoining counties of Kent and Sussex, yet we cannot dismiss the subject without offering some remarks on the important inferences to be deduced from the assemblage of organic remains which this formation contains. The most casual observer cannot fail to perceive the marked difference between the fossils of the wealden district of Surrey, limited as it is, and those of the tertiary and chalk formations previously investigated. Not one of the relics observed in the upper strata occur : marine remains are nowhere found; but in their stead, river-sheUs, land-plants, and skeletons of terrestrial reptiles. In addition to the animals and plants, above enumerated, from the wealden strata of Surrey, several terrestrial plants alHed to the yuccas, palms, and arborescent ferns, and bones of flying reptiles, and birds, have been discovered in the same strata in Sussex ; and, no doubt, would also be found in this county, by diligent research. Thus, while in the tertiary and cretaceous formations, we had evidence of a long and uninterrupted succession of oceanic deposits, we have in the wealden an unquestionable proof of fluviatile action tranquiUy going on through an indefinite period of time. The nature of the sedimentary deposits of which the wealden is composed, and the character and state of preservation of the fossUs, concur to estabhsh the extraordinary fact, that we have here the bed of an ancient delta or estuary, formed by a river of great extent, flowing through a country possessing a tropical flora, and inhabited by reptiles of appaUing magnitude, and of species which, no doubt, became extinct ere the creation of the human race. The forms and habits of the extraordinary beings whose remains were first discovered in the strata of the weald by the author, must be so famiHar to the reader, from the popular notices of these discoveries that have, at various times, appeared in the Penny Magazine and other periodicals, that we shaU restrict ourselves to a brief description of two of the most remarkable reptiles whose bones have been exhumed from the strata of Tilgate Forest, namely, the Iguanodon and the Hylceosaurus. The Iguanodon, which is the most remarkable of aU the creatures of a former condition of the world, which the researches of geology have brought to light, was a reptUe bearing considerable analogy to a land lizard that now inhabits Barbadoes, and is caUed the guana, or iguana, and is from two to five feet in length. This 160 HISTORY of surrey. lizard is perfectly harmless, is easily tamed, and Hves on insects and the young shoots of plants. Many of the teeth and bones found in the wealden closely resembles those of the iguana; hence the name, Iguanodon, which signifies an animal having teeth hke the iguana. But the fossil remains are twenty times as large as the corresponding parts of the Uving reptile ; and it therefore foUows, that the original must have attained the enormous length of from eighty to one hundred feet." Some of the thigh bones found in the Tilgate rock are twenty-four inches in circumference ;'s if these bones were covered with muscles and integuments, the Hmb would rival that of the largest elephant ! The HyleBosaurus'" probably equaUed the crocodUe in size, and although very inferior in magitude to the iguanodon, was not less extraordinary, for it appears to have resembled some of the land Hzards of tropical regions in its general con struction ; yet, in its anatomical character, it blends the pecuharities of the structure of the chest of the crocodile with that of the true Hzards ; and it was furnished with a row of enormous spines, which extended along the back Hke a serrated keel. A very interesting specimen of the remains of this creature may be seen in the British Museum, as weU as a remarkable example of the iguanodon, discovered in a quarry near Maidstone, by Mr. Bensted. From a careful survey of the strata and organic remains of the wealden, we have acquired data from which we may obtain secure conclusions, as to the nature of the country from whence those spoils were derived, of the animals by which it was inhabited, and of the vegetables that clothed its surface. That country must have been diversified by hiU and vaUey, and irrigated by streams and torrents, the tributaries of its mighty river. Arborescent ferns, palms, and yuccas, constituted its groves and forests ; delicate ferns and grasses, the vegetable clothing of its soU : and in its marshes, equiseta and plants of a Hke nature prevaUed. It was peopled by enormous reptiles, among which, the colossal iguanodon and the megalosaurus were the chief. CrocodUes and turtles, flying reptUes and birds, frequented its fens and rivers, and deposited their eggs on its banks and shoals ; and its waters teemed with lizards, fishes, and moUusca. But there is no evidence, that man ever set his foot upon that wondrous soil, or that any of the animals that are his contemporaries ™ See Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 399. 73 These specimens may now be seen in my collection, in the gallery of Organic Remains, of the British Museum. " Hylaeosaurus ; this term signifies wealden-lizard : the derivation of the word Weald is from the Saxon, Wold, a wood or forest. GEOLOGICAL survey. 161 found there a habitation ; on the contrary, not only is evidence of their existence altogether wanting, but from numberless observations made in every part of the globe, there are conclusive reasons to infer, that man and the existing races of animals were not created, till indefinite ages had elapsed after the destruction of the country I have thus feebly portrayed. 46. Retrospect of geological phenomena. — From this review of the strata and organic remains of this county, the sequence of the physical changes which it has undergone may be easUy determined ; and it may be stated, not as a hypo thesis, but as a legitimate deduction from the facts before us, that the portion of the earth's surface which now forms the county of Surrey has, within the period embraced by our researches, experienced the foUowing mutations. — First. It was the delta of a vast river, that flowed through a country which enjoyed a tropical chmate, and was inhabited by various reptUes, and clothed with palms and arborescent ferns. During this epoch the Wealden strata were deposited. Secondly. This delta subsided to a great depth, and was covered by an ocean, and formed the bottom of the sea for a period of sufficient duration to admit of the deposition of several thousand feet of strata, inclosing myriads of extinct species of marine fishes, sheUs, and corals. This era comprises the formation of the Chalk. Thirdly. The bed of this ocean was broken up ; and some parts were elevated above the waves, and formed groups of islands ; while the depressions, or basins, were filled with the waters of a sea teeming with marine fishes and sheUs, whoUy distinct from those of the preceding ocean ; and fed by streams which brought down from the land the remains of terrestrial mammalia, and of trees and plants, also of extinct species and genera. These sedimentary deposits constitute the Tertiary for mations. Fourthly. A farther elevation of some parts of the sohd strata, and the depres sion of other portions, took place ; and the dry land was peopled by elephants, rhinoceroses, gigantic elks, and other mammalia, whose remains became imbedded in the mud and gravel of the lakes and estuaries. The Post tertiary deposits. Lastly. Man appeared and took possession of the country; and such of the pachydermata as remained, were either extirpated (as the Irish elk, &c), or reduced to a domestic state.'5 At the present time, the metropolis of England is situated on the deposits which contain the remains of the elephant and the elk, and the accumulated spoils of the tertiary seas ; the huntsman courses, and the shepherd '6 See Wonders of Geology, vol. i. p. 408. VOL. I. Y 162 HISTORY OF SURREY. tends his flocks, on the elevated and rounded masses of the bottom of the ancient ocean of the chalk ; the farmer reaps his harvest, in the weald, upon the soU of the cultivated delta of the country of the iguanodon ; and the geologist gathers together from the strata, the rehcs of beings which have lived and died, and whose very forms are obHterated from the face of the earth, and endeavours, from these natural memorials, to trace the succession of the physical events which have preceded aU human history and tradition. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOSSILS OF SURREY.— PLATE 1. 1 . Tooth of the Iguanodon : from the wealden. 2. Tooth of a Crocodile {Gavial) : from the wealden. 3. Tooth of the Megalosaurus : from the wealden. 4. Tooth of an unknown reptile : from the wealden. 5. Tooth of a Shark {Lamna Mantelli) : from the chalk at Croydon. 6- Tooth of a fish {Ptychodus decurrens) : from the chalk near Guildford 7. Tooth of a Shark {Galeus pristodontus) : from the chalk near Guildford. 8. Tooth of a Shark {Lamna appendiculata) : from the chalk at Sutton. 9. Echtnite {Ananchytes scutatus) : from the chalk near Reigate. 10. Echtnite {Spatangus cor anguinum) : from Croydon. 11. Tuberculated echinite {Cidaris) : from the chalk near Dorking. 12. Ammonites Mantelli : from the lower chalk near Dorking. 13. Scaphites striatus : from the lower chalk near Guildford. 14. Nautilus imperialis : from the London clay, Wandsworth common ; in the collection of Miss H. Wollaston ; the original is six inches in diameter. 15. Ammonites varians: from the chalk marl near Merstham. 16. Sussextensis : from the chalk marl near Dorking. 17. Sphenopteris Mantelli : from the wealden grit. 18. Cycadites Brongniarti : from the wealden sandstone, at Heaver's-wood common, near Reigate. {By W. Constable, esq.) 19. Fucoldes Targionii : from the firestone, Merstham. 20. Venteiculite (a silicified zoophyte) : from the chalk near Reigate. 21. TTamtte : from the gait near Bletchingley. 22. Coral {Turbinolia) : from the chalk at Croydon. 23. Polished slab of "Sussex Marble": from the weald clay, Earl's-wood. 24. Limestone, with spiral fresh-water shells {paludince), commonly called " Sussex marble": from the weald clay, Charlwood. 25. Turrilites costatus : from the chalk marl near Guildford. 26. Joint of a pentacrinite imbedded in flint : near Reigate. 27. Terebratula octoplicata : from the chalk near Croydon. 28. Inoceramus concentricus : from the gait near Bletchingley. 29. Nautilus undulatus : from the sandstone in the Fuller's earth pits at Nutfield; the original is ten inches in diameter. T0S3ILS OF SURREY -Plate. 1. G Scha-y, d?Z t P. <-y -*'¦ Iht like, Ldh/jifst/ritf.rs to d;& QztefPV "l^raTedfoTl)Tj!/krLCeirs Geob^ical Memcni m Bra.yleys JlisCoryoL" Surrey. V O ^ S I L S OF SVKTi £Y._ PImc '2. . •it fiM- D* MAjvvedla <>olo

|S23| S hN §3 1 CUOcu A O ' -N 00 » co cn oo . DO CO "-1 (O CO & 3 ¦s-g a o - g » S3 rt 2 S rQ - r° a^ co- a o ft ^ o ^ Tf . - « lO °° rf *J * ~ „ o CO CO 00 tH CO 00 fl j— » 1— 1 1— 1 Ol OO rt 0 ^ cu CO Descript, of Liv. § :-g«" Ba~^' a ^ co . g^rd" a cq O ^ 5 rH 2 fl Stj J S a t— I s a «• s a • O *H _ to " cu ft >, cu .Kill! rt = Ph_ W | ^ 3 fl S3 1 H M ft cj PHrtrt'?> Ph O > cJoc^rt^c1^ grt|£a 8 > £ a S M Wr^ IZi^O r= r2 rSrl I CO rt 9 •S rJ W 3 rf " +s tu g g gcoW fiaSgs co ft a W >¦ > I TABLE OF INCUMBENTS. 277 to lO o jr- CN to O to CN r^- <# CO o o CM on CO ^ o CN CN Ol *# CTi uo r— 3 o *o CO m r- »o o CN ¦t M< CN o CO to r- rt lO *"" ' ¦<* CN Tf *tf CO 1—1 ,_, CO CO CO Cl CO to CN CO CN rt. flOJ . ft a* rt % o T3 c5 8 13 cu ¦— i rj cu ¦g, oj o J8 g«g Sr§ »H ° rf C 1 s a ^ B to A cj C8 fl r3 rQ CJ t, *rt O ft H rS CS rt rf 13 fe Cn W [rj a ts . CJ Oh O .fl OJ JrH fl ». 3 ^ „>rt HOC) lW!lt> K ft rf »issco °° CO 2 - rt co rt CO ..CM CO co" *h m &1 CM =M » ™ « CO +^ rQ U rQ f-H CO Ol CN ¦ CO So1 CO CO h rt . Oi CO CN S 2 ¦ CN CO « "ti r, r= » a s a . 3 g rg g t< &> 'S 3 r- ^ fl g- u o a . rH to irj « >rH ^ CO CO CO rC CD nn CO rH CO CO S « £ °° „ rH -H t, w „ rt o S 2 r^. „- " rQ -2 J. ^ HJ a a g ^ 3 | % | -fi 5 ft fc rH " <^ . co • r~ rt CM co 2 CM O rH C° ¦ co co > % a, s i Ph -«i eo o O 'pq r? CS rt . CP a a : ^ < sa & cq ft § ftO C5 Arthur Onslc JohnManby, EssexHenry Alfred Burm James Henry RohertTrittc •5 8 8 L- r^ to jlftS g >*a Ais idS Pri goo * S g Edw. Wilfi John rO fi rt 5: o . K' -h h O CU o +J a 13 s « r3 2 rfl O rfl Q 1-5 O r, °3: o •< to ^ .¦§1 S».S I a* Ph § p r->^ r-» g K r? WrSrt .ss ts a H'-cIrt rtOH i>^PS^> OpJrH^PH>CH Ph Q. CU O O O : ; O O . . . Pd Ph . . Ch Ph Ph O Q ^WrtpiPH^^Pi!Ch Ph Ph 278 HISTORY OF SURREY. Value of Living. CO CN O O O oo O O "3 r- co o cn © o --; 00 J>- tO to ^ ^* CN pq cu* co . 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J " a .s co 1 J a & & a O fl o • oj .a 'HH W H fl o fl ft o a r= o CP o O rt rrt 2 S rS -3 rSP M^WIs i OOrt s t2 S « a i-o pq H rt o -A _c! CO O Sow a a a a rt > rt « rt > d > o y > « ? " Ch rt > > O °. >' O > Ch rt' rt" ps : r» ¦ H .' fl b^rrt t>0 o H CO © a CJ r^ « M rrt -'IS S rt Jl CO H . Eh » Hj O a e: Eh b CO CO i H Q rt O fl 03 CJ B Eh H Eh Eh H ^ fl ¦2 :a Ih" cS | 2 6 | Ph -g j ¦S S rt ¦? ^ +J hj co 280 HISTORY OP STJBREY CO I JJ rfl O CQ rfl a rfl >. g -if OJ O H h Ug j . £ .3 ¦*" _s Tj to -§ £ r§ ^ | ft M O ft .t. a fet ft 2 & J* 3 £ rl ^ O co rt "S rf pq O S'J rH rt rt O rf PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. 281 NOTICES OP THE PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION OP THE COUNTY OF SURREY. — TWO-FOLD DIVISION OF THE COUNTY UNDER THE REFORM ACTS OF 1832. LIST OF KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE FROM THE YEAR 1796 TO 1841. The county of Surrey, doubtless, sent delegates to the Parliaments, or National Councils, as early, at least, as the reign of Henry the Third; when mandates were repeatedly directed to the Sheriffs throughout England, relative to sending knights to such parliaments, as representatives of their several counties. Thus, in 1255, (38th of Henry III.) the Sheriff of each county was ordered " to cause to come before the King's Council, at Westminster, on the fifteenth day after Easter, two good and discreet Knights of his county, whom the men of the county should have chosen for this purpose." ' And again, at the memorable parhament convened through the influence of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, in 1265, two knights from every county were summoned, together with two citizens or burgesses, from every city and borough; the latter of whom are supposed to have then sat in parhament for the first time. In the earlier part of the reign of Edward the First, several national councils were assembled ; but the first returns of members for the County of Surrey, now extant, are for the eighteenth year of that king's reign (1290); when, in a parhament summoned to meet at "Westminster, in three weeks of the Feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist," Roulandus de Acstede, and Willm. Ambesaz, were returned.2 Eight parliaments, subsequently, were assembled in the reign ofthe same king; and the names ofthe knights of the shire for Surrey in those parliaments are recorded. In ancient times, all members of the House of Commons were obliged to find manucaptors or sureties for the performance of their duty ; and their constituents paid them salaries or wages, according to the length of time during which they were employed in the public service. Perhaps the earhest record relative to such a payment, in regard to Surrey, occurs in 1301 ; when a parhament was held at Lincoln ; and on the roll is a " Writ de Expensis " for the knights, " John de Burstowe, and John de Hammes." The same persons, apparently, "John de Hamme and John de Brystowe," were members for the county in 1215, (8th of Edward II.) when the parliament met at Westminster — " in eight days of St. Hilary ;" and the two knights were paid for their attendance "from the return-day until Sunday 1 Appendix to Report of the Lords' Committees on the Dignity op the Peerage : No. I. Part i. p. 13. 2 In the List of Knights of the Shire, given by Mr. Manning, (Storey, vol. i. Introd. p. Iiii.) the names of Henry Husee and William de Echingham are inserted, instead of those in the text, whieh are taken from the Parliamentary Writs, published by Sir F. Palgrave. Manning quotes, as his authority, MS. Browne Willis. VOL. I. OO 282 HISTORY OP SURREY. next before the feast of St. Gregory the Pope, 9 March, £19. 4. 0, at the rate of four shillings each, per diem, together with their charges coming and returning." From other records it appears, that the daily allowance of the county members varied from three to five shillings. The citizens and burgesses were, also, paid for their time ; but at a lower rate. From the beginning of the reign of Edward the Second, the returns appear to have been regularly made ; and with few exceptions, they are extant to the time of Edward the Fourth : but from the seventeenth year of that king's reign to the first of Edward the Sixth, the writs, indentures, and returns, are all lost, except an imperfect bundle of the thirty-third of Henry the Eighth. From the beginning of the reign of Edward the Sixth to the restoration of Charles the Second, the names of the members for Surrey are preserved in the " Notitia Parliamentaria " of the learned antiquary, Browne Willis ; those of a subsequent date are contained in the " Parliamentary History of England," and various other publications. On the Union with Ireland in the year 1800, the same parhament which enacted that measure, and which had been summoned in 1796, was constituted the first Imperial Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. That parhament was dissolved in June, 1802 ; and the second Imperial parhament assembled in the same year : the parliament now sitting, is the thirteenth which has been held since the union. In the year 1832, a great change was effected in Parliamentary affairs, by the celebrated Act of the 2nd of Wilham IV. cap. 45 ; popularly called the Reform Act; but which is merely intituled "An Act to Amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales." By that statute it was enacted, (section xiv. and schedule F.) that the county of Surrey should in future be represented by four Knights of the Shire, instead of two only (as it previously had been) ; that the County should be arranged in two divisions — each division to be represented by two Knights of the Shire; "and that such Knights shall be chosen in the same Manner, and by the same Classes and Descriptions of Voters, and in respect to the same several Rights of Voting, as if each of the said Divisions were a separate County." Under the authority of that Act, and of a subsequent one passed in the same year, (2nd and 3rd of Wm. IV. cap. 64) by which its provisions were more effectually carried out, the elections for the county representatives of Surrey are now conducted.8 8 In the Act of the second and third of William IV. cap. 64, which was consequent upon that generally i ^ rtj ' 1 r-. 3 1 S-, O 1 2 >~, < >s to I a ll £. ¦z 1 1 It! W w - ;. 8 y ti fM o r, < ;: it ; 2 "l © CSJ (= (= K. s 1 LIST OF COUNTY MEMBERS. 283 Mr. Manning's list of Members is continued to 1802 ; and the following comprises all the representatives of the county of Surrey, from the year 1796, to the present time. GEORGE THE THIRD. 1796. Lord Wiixiam Russell. . Sir John Frederick, of Burwood, bart. July 12, 1802. Lord W. Russell Sir J. Frederick. Dec. 1806. Lord W. Russell Sir J. Frederick. 1807. Samuel Thornton, of Al- George Holme Sumner, of Hatchlands, bury, esq. near Guildford, esq. Oct. 1812. G. H. Sumner, esq Sir Thomas Sutton, of Moulsey, bart. 1814 Samuel Thornton, esq. (in the place of Sir T. Sutton, dec.) Aug. 4, 1818. G. H. Sumner, esq. William Joseph Denison, of Denbies, near Dorking, esq. GEORGE THE FOURTH. April 21, 1820. G. H. Sumner, esq W. J. Denison, esq. July 25. 1826. W. J. Denison, esq Chas. Nicholas Palmer, of Norbiton, esq. WILLIAM THE FOURTH. Sept. 14. 1830. W. J. Denison, esq John Ivatt Briscoe, of Chertsey, esq. June 14, 1831. W. J. Denison, esq J. I. Briscoe, esq. Eastern Division. {J. I. Briscoe, esq Aubrey William Beauclerk, esq. Western Division. W. J. Denison, esq. John Leech, of Lea, esq. Eastern Division. ¦ A. W. Beauclerk, esq. . . Capt. Richard Alsager, of Tooting. r A. w Feb. 19, 1835. i Western Division, lw. J. Denison, esq Charles Barclay, of Bury Hill, esq. VICTORIA THE FIRST. Eastern Division. Capt. Richard Alsager.4 Henry Kemble, esq. r uapt. Nov. 15, 1837. i Western Division Lw. J. Denison, esq Hon. G. J. Perceval, Captain R.N. John Trotter, of Horton Place, esq. denominated the Reform Act, it was enacted, " That the Two Divisions of the County of Surrey shall respectively be called the Eastern Division and the Western Division ; and that such Eastern Division shall include the whole of the several Hundreds of Brixton, Kingston, Reigate, Tandridge, and Wallington; and that such Western Division shall include the whole of the several Hundreds of Blackheath, Copthorne, Effingham, Elmbridge, Farnham, Godalming, Godley and Chertsey, Woking, and Wotton; and that the Court for the Election of Knights of the Shire [or County Members] shall be held for such Eastern Division at the Town of Croydon ; and for such Western Division at the Borough of Guildford."— -By the same Act (schedule N.) the places for taking the Poll for the Knights of the Shire were fixed, for the Eastern Division, at Croydon, Reigate, Camberwell, and Kingston ; and for the Western Division, at Guildford, Dorking, and Chertsey. 4 This gentleman died on the 19th of January, 1841. oo2 284 HISTORY OF SURREY. HUNDRED OF WOKING. The Hundred of Woking is bounded on the north by those of Godley and Elmbridge, exclusive of the parish of Windlesham, which forms a detached portion surrounded by Godley hundred except on the north, where it borders on Berkshire. On the east, this hundred adjoins Elmbridge and Effingham : on the south, it is bounded by the hundreds of Blackheath, Godalming, and Farnham : and on the west, partly by Hampshire, and partly by the hundred of Godley. This hundred is intersected by the river Wey and its branches, on the western side; and the Basingstoke canal passes through it : nearly in the same direction, also, it is crossed by the Southampton railroad. Woking hundred belonged to the crown until the time of James the First, who, in the eighteenth year of his reign granted it, together with the hundred of Black heath, and several estates in this and other hundreds, to Sir Edward Zouch, of Woking, knt. and his heirs male. — Sir Edward was the Marshal of the royal house hold, and the King, by his letters patent, dated on the 13th of November, in the above year, granted him this property, by the following service, namely ; — " That he the said Sir Edward Zouch, on the feast of St. James next ensuing, (and every heir male of him the said Edward, and every heir in remainder, as they should severally succeed, on the feast of St. James next after he should succeed) should carry up the first Dish to the King's table, and that of his successors, at dinner on that day, wheresoever he should be within the realm of England ; and, at the same time, should pay one hundred pounds of coined gold of the coin of the realm of England, in lieu and satisfaction of all Wardships and other services whatsover."1 After the failure of the heirs male of the Zouch family, in the year 1708, the property thus held was sold by the representatives of Barbara, duchess of Cleve land, (to whom the reversionary right had devolved in virtue of a grant to that licentious woman by her equally depraved paramour, Charles the Second,) to John Walter, esq. of Busbridge, in Godalming; — and it has since passed through the same hands as the manor of Woking, to its present proprietor, Arthur George, third earl of Onslow.8 1 Manning's Surrey, vol. i. p. 123. " Vide account of the parish of Woking.— In the following pages, after Guildford, the county town, has been described, the respective parishes in each division of the hundred of Woking will be treated of in alphabetical order. : _ ; '¦:-:.'''.-¦' SUPPOSED ORIGIN OF GUILDFORD. 285 GUILDFORD :— TOWN AND BOROUGH. uildford is situated in the western division of the county of Surrey, locally within the hundred of Woking, and at nearly the distance of thirty miles south-west of London. The name of this place has been variously written, as Geldeford, Guldeford, Gildeford, and Guildford? which last mode of spell ing has been most usually adopted, and is now the established orthography. This appellation appears to be derived from the Saxon term Gild, or Guild, a trading company or fraternity, and Ford, a passage through a river ; the town being situated on the banks of the Wey, which flows in a narrow channel along the rift in the chalk-hills. Nothing certain is known concerning the origin of this town, or the period when it was founded. Mr. Long supposes it to have existed in the time when the Romans governed Britain ; and that it was the site of that much-disputed station, the Noviomagus of the Regni. His principal reason for this opinion is, that Noviomagus, or as Ptolemy styles it, Nceomagus, being the capital of the Regni, it "was probably where the capital town of Guildford now stands, according to the general custom observed of towns retaining their pre-eminence." 2 For the following conjectural remarks on the remote existence of this town we are indebted to Mr. Puttock, of Epsom. — "So much ofthe town of Guildford as lies on the western side of the river Wey is known as the hamlet or vill of Artington, or, as otherwise written, Ertingdon, &c. This spot, according to tradition, was anciently the principal part of the town; and there are remains found here, shewing, in some degree, the site of a station in the time of the Romans. Believing such to be the case, I take Artington to have been the town, or station, of Ardaoneon mentioned in that confused hst of towns, cities, &c. attributed to some anonymous Geographer of Ravenna. The generally-received etymology of 1 Skinner, in his Etymologicon Onomasticon, attached to his "Etymolog. Ling. Anglicanse" (sub voce), Jjias this passage — " Guildford, in Com. Surr. A.S. Kulbpojib, Jjeglbropb ; nisi, teste Camden, accepissem sic olim scriptum fuisse, deflecterem vel a Goldenford, q. d. Vadum Aureum, vel q. d. Vadum Societatis vel Fraternitatis ; Lilb enim A.S. Fraternitatem seu Collegium signat." '' Observations on Roman Roads, p. 41, note. — Humphrey Lluyd was also of opinion, that Guildford was the Noviomagus of Antoninus. Vide Fragm. Descript. Britan. 286 HISTORY OF SURREY. Guildford (as given by Mr. Manning) I cannot subscribe to ; but think the name is derived from some British word, prefixed to the Saxon term 'Ford,' expressing conjointly, the Ford at the end of the back or ridge (that is, the well-known ridge of hiUs called the Hogsback). This conjecture may, at first sight, seem absurd ; but I believe it would not be found void of foundation, if the subject were properly investigated. " If the town or station Armis (which stands in the above mentioned list, next preceding Ardaoneon, and after Venta Belgarum — Winchester), be hereafter dis covered to have been at Alton (the name of which is evidence of its antiquity), any doubt I have as to Guildford, or rather Artington, being the Ardaoneon of the Romans, will be removed. I am led to the conclusion, that in the latter period of the Roman Empire in Britain, Guildford and Alton (Ardaoneon and Armis) were the two principal stations on the then road from London to Winchester. The known antiquity of Guildford, especially of that part of it on the western side of the river, is some confirmation of the opinions I have expressed above." The earhest notice of Guildford by name occurs in the will of King Alfred the Great ; in which he bequeaths it to his nephew iEthelwald; whence it appears, that at the close of the ninth century this place must have formed a part of the personal estate of the West-Saxon monarch ; for had it belonged to the crown, it could hardly have been made the object of a testamentary gift. iEthelwald having excited a rebeUion against the son and successor of Alfred, which terminated in his death, Guildford fell into the hands of his rival, King Edward, and was probably thenceforth reckoned among the crown-lands, or demesnes. It has been supposed, that the Anglo-Saxon kings resided here ; for which statement, however, there seems to be no sufficient authority :— and no mention of such residence has been found in any of our ancient chronicles.8 Shortly before the middle of the eleventh century, and either in the reign of Hardicanute or of Harold his successor, Guildford, according to several of our old chroniclers, became the scene of a most direful massacre, the treacherous con trivance of which is mainly attributed to the celebrated Godwin, earl of Kent;— yet there is so much contradiction among the different authors who relate this story, that the truth will, possibly, never be developed. The general facts con nected with this mysterious portion of our annals are thus narrated in the Latin 3 "That Alfred, or any of our Saxon Princes ever made it the place of their residence, as Speed affirms, I find no good authority for supposing."— Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 7. TREACHERY OF EARL GODWIN. 287 Chronicle attributed to John Brompton, abbot of Jerveaux in Yorkshire, which was compiled about the end of the twelfth century, in the reign of Richard Coeur de Lion. "After the death of Hardiknute the Nobility or Chieftains [Proceres] of England, freed from the dominion of the Danes, gladly sent messengers for Alfred, the eldest son of King Ethelred, and for his brother Edward, who were staying in Normandy, that they might raise Alfred to the throne of the kingdom : informing them [the royal brothers] that they might come without hazard, for that Hardiknute being dead, all the Danes were expelled from the kingdom, and banished for ever. But Earl Godwin, who had married the daughter of Knute by his first wife, or his mistress, and who, according to some, aspired to the crown, deceitfully planned the destruction of both the brothers as soon as they arrived ; in order that thus he might advance to the throne of England his son Harold whom he had by the daughter of Knute. Some Histories assert that Godwin, who was a brave com mander, and also a cruel traitor, foreseeing that he might not be able to prevail on Alfred, who possessed strength of character, by any means to espouse his daughter, on that account he disliked him, and treacherously sought to kill him, that thus he might make way for the elevation of his younger brother Edward, of a more phable disposition, whom he could more easily persuade to marry his daughter. " The messengers arriving in Normandy, found only the elder brother Alfred ; for his brother Edward had gone into Hungary, to visit his kinsman Edward the Exile, the son of King Edward Ironside. Alfred therefore hearing of the death of Hardiknute, and the banishment of the Danes, gave thanks to God, and prepared with all speed to pass over the sea to England. And as he was an Englishman by paternal descent, and a Norman by his mother, he took with him to England some of his maternal kindred, and many of his young comrades. Upon this, Godwin suggested to the English Nobles that Alfred had brought with him too large a body of Normans, and that he had even promised to them the lands of the English, and therefore that it would be imprudent to suffer such a band of crafty foreigners to settle among them. After this intimation, the treacherous Godwin immediately proceeded to Southampton, where Alfred had landed and where he still remained ; and having found him there, as if dehghted at his arrival, he said to him — ' I will safely and securely conduct you to London, where the great men of the kingdom are awaiting your coming, that they may raise you to the throne.' 288 HISTORY OF SURREY. " Whereupon proceeding together towards London, going over Guldesdoune,* the traitorous Godwin said to Alfred — ' Look around on the right hand and on the left, and behold what a realm will be subject to your dominion.' Alfred, giving thanks to God, then faithfully promised that if he should be crowned king he would institute such laws as would be pleasing and acceptable to God and men. Pre viously to this, Godwin had secretly given directions to his men that, in passing over Guldesdoune, they should seize Alfred and all the Normans who accompanied him and bind them. These being deceitfully captured and bound, nine out of every ten were by divers means put to death, the tenth remaining, or being left at Guldeford. But when all the Normans except one tenth of their number had been destroyed, the number left was so considerable, that the tenth first preserved was again decimated, so that few escaped. For alas ! twelve gentlemen [generosos homines] who came with Alfred from Normandy, among the rest were crueUy massacred ; and Alfred, himself was deprived of his eyes at Gilhngham. Then leading him to the monastery of Ely, according to some, they delivered him into the custody of the Monks, where for a short time being kept on a diet of bread, amidst unheard of torments, his miserable hfe terminated. " Indeed some say, that the beginning of his bowels being drawn out through an opening at his navel, and tied to a stake, he was driven in circles, with iron goads, till the latter parts of the entrails [viscera] were extracted : and thus through the treachery of Godwin, Alfred died at Ely. — When the Nobles of England, who were not consenting to the treason of Godwin, had heard how Alfred had been betrayed, and taken off by an abominable death, they began to be sorrowful among themselves, swearing that Godwin should suffer a more cruel fate than even had Earl Edric, who treacherously killed his Lord and natural sovereign Edmund Iron side. And they would have seized him, but he fled immediately into Denmark, and remained concealed there four years, his lands, rents, goods, and chattels in England, in the mean time, being confiscated. "However, some Historians assert that Alfred" was not killed at the time above stated, but in the time of the above-mentioned King Harold [the 1st]. For they say that Edward, the brother of Alfred, being displeased that Harold reigned in England, went with 40 ships, and a numerous body of Normans, and landed at Southampton, but the English opposing him, after taking spoil, he returned to Normandy. At which time the said Alfred with a multitude of troops entered 4 Guild-down is the appellation of the eastern ascent of the chalk range forming the remarkable ridge called the Hogsback. TREACHERY OP EARL GODWIN. 289 another part of the country, and being received as a guest by Godwin, in the night he was by him deceitfully seized, and then bound, with his companions, and sent to King Harold, deprived of his eyes, and his companions destroyed. " Again, others state that Alfred was put to death in the time of King Hardi knute : for they say, that when Hardiknute had recalled his mother Emma, from exile in Flanders, to England, the said Alfred and Edward, sons of the before- mentioned King Ethelred and Emma, after a long stay in Normandy, taking with them many Norman soldiers, went to Winchester to confer with their mother Emma: that the said Earl Godwin, dissatisfied at this, seized Alfred, put him in fetters, abused his companions, some of whom he blinded, some he mutilated, and some he tortured by tearing off the skin from their heads, and all, for the most part, as before mentioned, he put to death at Guldeford : but Alfred was sent to the Isle of Ely, where he ordered that he should first be deprived of his eyes, and being then dehvered into the custody of the monks, and as above said tortured, he survived but a few days. On hearing this, Queen Emma sent back her son Edward hastily to Normandy. " Some yet say, that she was consenting to the death of her son Alfred, and that she procured poison for Edward, as subsequently, in the time of the same Edward appeared, to the reproach of that Queen. Hence, they add, that on account of the death of Alfred great anger arose against King Hardiknute, (with whose connivance it is said to have been caused,) and against the said Godwin ; but that Godwin vindicated himself [se purgavit] before the princes of England, as having consented to the death of Alfred, only because he was compelled by the power of the King. And although, as above written, Alfred is stated to have been betrayed and destroyed by Godwin, in different ways, and at different periods, yet from the most veritable Chronicles it may be concluded, as most probable, that he died at Ely, as above described, after the death of Hardiknute; and that Godwin, considered guilty of having betrayed him, fled to Denmark, to escape being taken and punished." 5 In other accounts it is stated, that Earl Godwin, having conducted Alfred and his company to Guildford, billeted the strangers, in small parties of tens and twenties, in different houses of the town where there was plenty of meat and drink prepared in every lodging, which rendered them totally unsuspicious of the dreadful fate which awaited them. But in the night, while disarmed and enwrapt 5 Vide Hist. Anglican. Decern, Scriptores, col. 934—936. VOL. I. pP 290 HISTORY OF SURREY. in sleep, they were suddenly seized and bound by the king's (Harold) forces ; and on the foUowing morning, with the exception of every tenth man, were aU barbarously tortured and put to death ; — Alfred, himself, being reserved for the more cruel fate related in Brompton's narrative of this inhuman transaction; — unless, indeed, that account be merely the exaggerated offspring of monkish credulity. In the annexed translation from the returns inserted in the Domesday Book, wiU be found the most authentic particulars of the former state of GuUdford which are upon record. " Land of the King. In Woking Hundred. " In Gildeford King WiUiam hath 75 houses, or messuages, [hagas,] in which reside 175 men. In the time of King Edward the houses yielded 18 pounds and 3 pence : now they are valued at 30 pounds, and yet they yield 32 pounds. Ranulf the Clerk6 hath 3 of the above-mentioned houses, wherein dwell 6 men ; and thence the same Ranulf hath sac and soe, unless the general taxation comes upon the town, from which there is no exemption. If a man of his in the town becomes a dehnquent, and escapes without surety, the king's bailiff thence hath nothing : but if the accused be found there without surety, then amends must be made to the King. The Archbishop Stigand held these houses on the same terms. Ranulf the Sheriff holds 1 house, which he has hitherto held of [Odo] the Bishop of Bayeux. However the men, or homagers, testify that it does not appertain to any manor ; but that he who held it in the time of King Edward surrendered it to Tovi, bailiff of the town, as a satisfaction for a penalty which he had incurred. There is another house which the bailiff of the Bishop of Bayeux holds, as of the manor of Bronlei. Of this the men or Jury of the county say that he hath no right there, except because the bailiff of the town gave reception to a certain widow to whom the house belonged; and hereupon the Bishop transferred the house to his own manor ; and hitherto the King hath lost the customary rent, and the Bishop hath it. " The sworn homagers also say as to another house, lying in Brunlei, that the Bailiff of that viU [township], solely because the man who had that house was a friend of his, on the death of that man transfered the house to the manor of Bronlei. 6 This Clerk was Ranulf Flambard, afterwards Bishop of Durham, and Prime Minister of WiUiam Rufus. The houses belonging to him at GuUdford, appertained to the Church of Godalming, which Ranulf held of the King at the time of the survey. Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 10. ANCIENT STATE OF GUILDFORD. 291 " Waleram* also disseised a certain man of a house from which King Edward had the customary duty. Otbert holds it now with the customs, as he says by grant from K. WUliam. Robert de WatevUe holds one house which yielded all custom in the time of King Edward ; now, it yields nothing." The town and manor of GuUdford were included among the demesnes of the Crown in the time of King Edward the Confessor, as we learn from the Domesday Book ; and the property appertained to King WiUiam at the time of the survey ; although it appears that Ranulf Flambard, (afterwards the minister of Wilham Rufus,) Odo, bishop of Baieux, and Robert de WatevUe, had obtained possession of several tenements. The ancient Castle, of which the keep remains standing, was probably erected soon after the Norman Conquest. Though this structure, as weU as the chief part of the present town, is situated on the eastern side of the river, yet an opinion has been entertained, founded on tradition, that the town originaUy stood on the western side. Mr. Manning states it as probable — " that, at the time of the General Survey, the Tenements mentioned in the Domesday Book, constituting the antient town of GuUdford, were situate on the western side of the river ; — that the Castle was erected on the eastern, as the only spot capable of receiving it ; — -that in process of time, as the occasions of the new Fortress induced people to settle in its neighbourhood, Houses were graduaUy built in the void space above and below it, by the Testard family, to whom the lands on that side had been granted, and who also erected the two churches of Trinity and St. Mary, for their Tenants ; — and that on the demohtion of the fortifications and outworks of the Castle, (whenever that happened,) the present High Street arose out of the materials furnished from the ruins. And this opinion is farther countenanced by names stiU in use here : the road on the western side of the river, leading to Catherine HiU, being at this day called the Bury, i. e. Burgh Lane, as having probably been the Borough, or main Street ; and the adjoining fields, formerly occupied by other houses, gardens, &c of the inhabitants, the Bury or Burgh Fields."8 The territorial demesnes of the crown at GuUdford were subjected to consider able dismemberments not long after the compilation of the Domesday Book ; yet the kings of England stUl retained property here until the reign of James the First. But before we proceed to any further notice of the manorial history of this 7 This person is supposed to have been the Bishop of Bayeux's bailiff of the manor of Bronlei [Bramley]. 8 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. p. 12. pp 2 292 HISTORY OF SURREY. place, it may be proper to mention the few events of local importance concerning it, which have been recorded. In 1224, when the troops of King Henry the Third were employed in besieging the castle of Bedford, belonging to Fulk de Breaute, or Brent, a rebellious baron,9 the men of GuUdford formed a portion of the royal army ; but they obtained a license to quit the service, and return home, on paying a fine of forty shUhngs to the king.10 In the thirtieth year of the reign of Henry the Third (1246) several persons had made arrangements for holding a Tournament at GuUdford, on the Monday after the octave of the close of Easter; but the king suspected that under the pretext of a social meeting of nobles and knights for what was styled a gentle passage of arms, some of those who were dissatisfied with the conduct of government might assemble to form schemes for the purpose of limiting his power, or obliging him to change his ministers. He therefore issued a writ under the great seal, dated Merton, AprU 12, 1246, prohibiting the intended meeting, and ordering that no one should tourney, bordier, or perform any feats of arms, at GuUdford, or else where, or at any time, without the king's special license; — and Walter Giffard, abbot of Waverley, and the Prior of Newark, were enjoined to see that this mandate should be obeyed." About the fifty-second year of the reign of Henry the Third, certain Water-mills belonging to the crown at Guildford were removed from their ancient site to a place lower down the river, near the park gate ; to the prejudice, as it was aUeged, of the Abbess of WherweU, Robert de Gatton, and others, who had a mUl on the west side of the river, near the church of St. Nicholas ; and of Sir Richard Testard, who had a mUl on the opposite side of the river ; because, whenever the king's mUls were not worked, the mills of the complainants were rendered useless for the time, by the head of water occasioned by the obstruction of the current. On complaint being made, the king gave to the abbess of WherweU fifty marcs sterling, in satisfaction of her damage; and different sums were paid to other parties, on the same account. Soon after, the management of the king's mUls was committed to four of the inhabitants of the town, for the further satisfaction of the complainants. AU this, however, did not properly remedy the evU; the king, 9 See before, p. 77, account of the Earls of Warren and Surrey. "Nova Oblata: Homines de Geldeford r. u. de xl. s., pro habenda licentia eundi versus partes suas ab exercitu Bedfordis"— Magn. Rot. 9 Hen. III. Rot. 3 a. Surreya. 11 Rot. Patent. 30 Hen. III. PAYMENTS TO REPRESENTATIVES. 293 therefore, at length demised his miUs in fee to Testard and another of the plain tiffs, — to be holden by them and their heirs for ever, of the crown, at the annual rent of twenty marcs; with permission to remove the miUs to their former situation; and a prohibition against the erection of any other miUs at Guildford to their detriment. The persons interested, instead of removing the king's miUs, suffered them to decay; and deriving no profit from them, withheld the stipulated rent. The royal officers distrained the goods of the defaulters ; but on a representation of the case to the king, he remitted his dues ; and the miUs, being entirely disused and neglected, became ruinous." From a mandate addressed to the Sheriff of Surrey, preserved among the records caUed " Originalia," it appears that Henry the Third was engaged in the com merce of wines, and kept them at GuUdford, probably in the vaults of the castle. These wines may have been the produce of vineyards on his own estates, in his foreign dominions, Gascony and Poictou. The royal wine-merchant was anxious to make the most of his regal authority to dispose of his merchandize in the most advantageous manner ; for he issued an order to the Sheriff of Surrey and Peter of London, clerk, (who was probably his agent,) to seU forthwith the king's wines which were for sale at Guildford ; and that they should permit no other wines to be sold in the bailiwick of Surrey tiU those were disposed of. The money arising from the sale was to be paid into the king's wardrobe.13 The privUege of sending members to Parhament has belonged to the Borough of GuUdford ever since the reign of Edward the First.14 The right of election, previously to the passing of the Reform bUl, was vested in the freemen and free holders of the borough, " paying scot and lot," and resiant within the same. The late Rev. Thos. RusseU (a native of Guildford, and rector of West Clandon,) pubhshed a series of extracts from an ancient manuscript, caUed the "Black Book," 15 belonging to the Corporation, transcribed by George Austen, probably in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Among these historical memoranda relating to the town is one stating the amount of wages paid to the representatives 12 Escheat. 7 Edw. I. u. 73. 13 "Mandatum est Vicecom. Surr. quod una cum Petro de London. Clerico, intromittat se quod Vina Regis quae sunt vendenda apud Guldeford vendantur. Et quod non permittant aliqua Vina vendi in Balliva sua, quousque prsedieta Vina vendantur. Et denarios inde provenientes salvo venire faciant in Garderobam Regis." — Aeereviatio Rotular. Original, vol. i. p. 11. 34 Hen. III. 14 See Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. pp. 42—6, for a list of the Members of Parliament for Guildford, from 23 Edw. L to 42 Geo. III. 15 In his History of Guildford ; enlarged edit. ; 1801 : pp. 187* — 206*. 294 HISTORY OF SURREY. of the borough, who attended the parliament held at Westminster, in the thirty- fifth year of Edward the Third. They stayed there twenty-eight days ; for which they were remunerated at the rate of twelve-pence a day. The expenses of the burgesses, Walter Wodeland and Roger Lumbard, at the parhament held in the thirty-seventh of Edward the Third, amounted in aU to 47. 4s. ; and having received a payment, in part, of 39s. 6d. on the Sunday after the festival of Corpus Christi, they made a donation to the county of 13s. 4rf. for the repair of the Shire hall.16 In the seventeenth year of the reign of Richard the Second, "Robert at Mull [MiU] of GuUdford, and Alice his wife, petitioned parliament for a grant of the king's pardon ; aUeging that they had been wrongfully condemned for taking the sum of 7001. treasure-trove, at Guildford." The petitioners were directed to apply to the king ; as the subject of their suit was not within the jurisdiction of the parliament. Shews of Bull-baiting were provided for the amusement of the populace of Guildford, under the sanction of the Corporation, as early, at least, as the reign of Edward the Third. There are several memoranda in the Black Book, whence it appears to have been customary for every person, on becoming a member of the corporation, to provide a breakfast for his brethren; and a buU to be baited. In the sixth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, several persons were " elected to bayt the buU," on Monday after the feast of St. Martin, or pay a penalty of 20s. each.17 The cruel sport of buU-baiting is reported to have been introduced into England by one of the Earls of Surrey : for we are told that Wilham de Warren, earl of Surrey, and lord of Stamford, in the county of Lincoln, the son and successor of Hamelin Plantagenet, being at his castle at Stamford, saw from the waUs of that fortress, two buUs in the castle-meadow fighting for a cow, tiU they were attacked by aU the butchers' dogs ; who at length drove one of the buUs, rendered furious by the noise and tumult, through the streets of the town. The Earl was so delighted with the spectacle afforded by the battle and the subsequent chase, that he granted the meadow where the fight began in common, after the first grass had been mowed, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should furnish a mad or fierce bull to be baited annually, on the day six weeks before Christmas day, for the continuance of the sport in perpetuity.18 Although it is hardly probable that the practice of bull-baiting arose from this circumstance ; yet, the 16 Russell, History of Guildford, p. 198. » Id. p. 196. 19 Banks, Extinct Baronage of England, vol. iii. p. 690. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 295 patronage of this sport at Stamford, by the Earl of Surrey, seems to be sufficiently authenticated ; and, perhaps the same nobleman may have endeavoured to render it fashionable in the county with which he was more immediately connected ; and, directly or indirectly, he may have contributed to the introduction of the custom above mentioned at Guildford. An Act of Parliament was passed in the twenty-sixth year of Henry the Eighth, for the estabhshment of twenty-six Suffragan Bishops ; and Guildford was one of the places fixed on for the new sees.19 It is uncertain whether any appointment for GuUdford took place. Probably there was no appointment ; for the institution being afterwards considered as unnecessary, the scheme was abandoned. In the reign of Henry the Eighth, and perhaps much earlier, some social amuse ment seems to have prevailed at Guildford, like the May-games, with the rural king and queen, and their train ; or the Christmas frolics of the Lord of Misrule, and his followers. This may be inferred from the following memorandum, extracted from the " Constitution Book " at Guildford : — " This composition made at the kinges greate law-daye here holden before John Parvyshe the mayor, and his brethern, the 28th yeare of the raigne of kynge Henry the viijth, that is to saye, if eny yonge man, or yonge men, shall from hensforth be chosen by the hole consent of this towne and parishioners of the same to become kings, princes, and swerde berers. And yf the said yonge men refuse to take upon them so to be for the tyme beinge, that then the kynges so chosen shaU lose to the churches where they be parishioners, v shillings at his or their owne proper costs and expenses in eny parishe of this said towne ; and the prynce to lose to the churche where he or they be parishioners of ij.s. Uij.d., and the swerde berer xxd." t0 At the election of the Mayor, on the leet-day, in the thirtieth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, several persons were nominated to serve the king in his wars, if they should be caUed upon. Arms, offensive and defensive, were to be provided, and kept in readiness for use. At the head of the list stands the name of the mayor, John Daborne, sen. who had a harness in his own hands, with a bUI; and several of the men were furnished with the same kind of arms; but others were armed to serve as archers or bowmen.81 Probably, these arrangements were made in consequence of the alarm excited by a conspiracy aUeged to have been formed for the purpose of raising Reginald (afterwards Cardinal) Pole to the 19 Statutes at Large : 26 Hen. VIII. c. 14. 20 Russell, History of Guildford, p. 188. 21 Id. p. 188—191. 296 HISTORY OF SURREY. throne; for which, Henry Courtney, marquis of Exeter, and other persons of distinction were executed in 1539. Stow, after mentioning these executions, says — "King Henry sent forth commissions to have generall musters taken through the realme, to understand what able men he might make account of; and further to have the armour and weapons seene and viewed."22 He also adopted other measures for the defence of the sea-coasts, and the safety of the kingdom, being apprehen sive of foreign invasion. The alarm, however, seems to have been groundless. In the first year of the reign of Edward the Sixth, the leet-jury at Guildford presented S. Symonds, curate of St. Nicholas, " as a letter of men to rede in the byble from tyme to tyme, contrary to the king's majesties injunctions."23 This complaint against the clergyman, for letting or preventing the indiscriminate reading of the Scriptures by persons of aU classes, was not the only manifestation of an inclination for puritanism exhibited by the pubhc authorities at GuUdford. For, the king in council having issued an injunction, purporting that aU men who attended divine service "shaU not departe the church, but tarry and here the homylies and injunctions red ;" yet it was observed, that there was less appearance at the reading than had ever been before, " which thinge cannot be but by reason of coman ale-house keepers, which detayne mens servannts and other pore men in the tyme of such redinge, to the greate sclannder of the towne," — " for reforma tion whereof yt may be enacted at this daye, that there shall be in every parishe one bedle to be sworne ;" whose duty it became, during divine service on Sundays and holidays, to visit the inns and ale-houses ; and if they should find " eny pore people or mens servants there etinge, or drinkinge, or syttinge idelye in the tyme of service at church, the keper of such house or houses shaU lose and forfeyt at every time so taken etinge, drinkinge, or settinge idely vj d., wherof ij d. shaU be to the bedle, and iiijd. residue to the pore mens box of that parishe where suche yll rule ys founde." The offending parties were, also, to be presented to the mayor.24 The municipal authorities of GuUdford endeavoured, also, to compel the people to a pharisaical observance of the Lord's-day. In the fourth year of King Edward's reign, persons were appointed to put down the name of every barber who should shave, or trim, any man on the Sabbath in service-time ; and of every butcher who should sell any flesh after the last peal to matins ; at the same time, clothiers were forbidden to set any cloth, artificers to buy or seU, on Sundays ; and it is added,— "no myU to goo in the service or sermond tyme, upon the payne that by the 22 Stow's Chronicle, pp. 971-2. " 23 Russell's Guildford, p. 194 : from the Constitution Book. 21 Id. pp. 193-4. MUNICIPAL ENACTMENTS. 297 said sworne men shall be deputed, and by mr. mayor for the time beinge assented unto."25 The proceedings of these reformers of public morals did not escape the animad versions of their contemporaries ; for in one of their memoranda they complain of slanderous and open resistance of public officers ; and in another it is ordered, that if any person shovUd openly taunt, or jest at any thing done by good and lawful men sworn for the maintenance of good rule, the offender shall suffer two days' imprisonment, or be fined not less than 3s. 4rf. for every offence.86 In the fourth year of Queen Elizabeth, the plague was in the town. Probably, the disease was not very destructive ; for during the time of this calamity, the market-house was erected, with a clock and dial. Mr. Elliott, the then mayor, gave a tenement at Wonersh, worth ten shillings a year, " for the mayntenance and continuance of the sayd clock, for ever." 2' During the reign of this princess, GuUdford was famous for the manufacture of woollen cloth. It must have been with a view to preserve and extend the reputa tion of the place, as a clothing town, that an order was made in the sixteenth of Ehzabeth, that every ale-house keeper should have a sign-board, with a wool-sack painted on it, hung up at his door, under a penalty of 6s. 8d. for neglect. The board was delivered from the haU, on paying " ijs. for the same," to the hall-wardens. In the thirty-first of Elizabeth, an order was made for levying a penalty of 2s. 6d, on any innholder, taverner, &c. who should knowingly harbour or receive any servant or apprentice in his house, after nine o'clock at night, without the consent of the master or mistress, or dame, of such servant or apprentice. Municipal enactments against working on Sundays were renewed in the thirty- ninth and forty-fifth years of the same reign.28 ' 2S Russell's Guildford, p. 198. In the same record are the following memoranda, of a similar date with the foregoing : — " Anno 4. Edw. vi. At this daye was punnyshed, by carting and duckinge, Johan Wryte, the wyfe of George Wryte of Guldeford, taylor, for hurdome : By her confession. " Idem. At this daye was punyshed Philemon Peyto, the servant of John Peyto his brother, shomaker, for stelinge of apples at Merrowe — by oppen stokinge." The punishment of ducking may be better understood by the following extracts from Russell's Guild ford, p. 309. " Mill Mead. — In a garden on the border of the river, at the deepest part of it, where it enters the mill, was fixed securely a strong post, about twelve feet in height." It had a long mortise not far from the top, in which a beam was held by means of a pin, so that it might be moved like a lever, and a chair was occasionally suspended from that end which hung over the water, for the more convenient "ducking of scolds." The custom has been discontinued many years. The last time the chair was taken out for use appears to have been about 1710, when one Margaret , servant to Stephen Gould, a butcher, in St. Mary's parish, " left the town through fear, she having long been a reputed scold." 26 Id. p. 197. 27 Id. p. 201*. 28 Id. 199. VOL. I. QQ 298 HISTORY OF SURREY. In 1644 this town was again visited by the plague ; when, as appears from the parish-register of St. Nicholas, fifty persons died of it. The country people, probably, were afraid to enter the town ; for we are told, that the market was held in the town-field near GuUdford, where foundations of buUdings have repeatedly been ploughed up. As a precaution against infection at this time, the money that passed from one party to another was thrown into basons of water.89 Several of our kings, from the time of Henry the Second, occasionaUy resided at Guildford, where they had a palace ; — but long after that mansion, and the estate to which it belonged, had been alienated from the crown, Charles the Second honoured the Corporation of this borough with a formal visit, shortly after his return to England at the restoration. In September, 1660, when Thomas Horsnaile was mayor, " the joyful newes of the king's most excellent matie his comeing to this towne was brought by some of his servants ; and thereupon the then mayor and company of magistrates, and other the approved men did unanimously agree to testifie their joy, loyaltie, and affection to his most sacred matie by presenting unto him a present of plate, with a banquett in the same, to the value of one hundred and fortie pounds or neere therabouts." This loyal resolution was, accordingly, carried into execution; though the funds of the corporation were so low, "by reason of many former extraordinary disbursements," that they were obliged to borrow one hundred pounds towards the cost of the banquet and present.80 Among the multitude of religious sectaries in England, in the reign of Charles the Second, were those who styled themselves, " Sweet Singers of Israel." Dr. Harris says, they were " a blasphemous sect, whereof one Jacob Taylor was head, and had a congregation of them at Guildford, in Surrey ; but was deservedly sen tenced to the piUory, and Bethlem, by the Lords in parliament, in the year 1675."sl In 1688, when the Prince of Orange, afterwards WiUiam the Third, landed in England, and a civil war was expected, reports were circulated in different parts of the kingdom, that a multitude of Irishmen had landed on the western coasts, who were about to massacre the Protestants of aU ranks and ages. This silly rumour, it seems, spread to GuUdford, and terrified the people so much, that great numbers of the women and children hid themselves in the extensive caverns, or excavations, in the chalk-hUl where stand the ruins of the ancient castle.88 Various grants from the royal demesnes at GuUdford, appear to have been made 29 Russell's Guildford, p. 315. so I& p, 214. 31 Id. p. 310 : from Dr. Harris's Lexicon Technicum. , 32 Id. p. 44. THE KING'S MANOR AND PALACE. 299 soon after the Domesday Survey ; but exclusive of the immediate precincts of the Castle, (of which particulars will be hereafter given,) there was a considerable estate at this place, which remained in the possession of the crown for several centuries ; and it obtained, in consequence, the name of the King's Manor. Henry the Second, soon after his accession, in 1154, inclosed a large tract of land on the north side of Guild-Down for a park ; and he is supposed to have erected a Palace, or mansion, in connexion with it, in which he sometimes resided, and kept his court. At this place, in 1186, he celebrated the festival of Christmas ; and not long after, he gave audience to the papal legates, Cardinal Octavian, and Hugo de Nonant, bishop-elect of Coventry, who had been sent to assist in the ceremony of investing Prince John, the king's youngest son, with the sovereignty of Ireland. In the same year, the Prior and Conventual Fraternity of St. Swithin at Winchester, made their appearance before the king at Guildford, to prefer a complaint against the bishop of that see, Richard Toclive, who had retrenched the quantity or variety of the provisions for their table. Their founder had aUowed them thirteen dishes, at each meal, and the bishop had reduced the number to ten. These monastic gourmands, however, met with no sympathy or favour from King Henry, who was himself temperate and abstemious in his diet; and, instead of granting them the redress they required for the aUeged injury, he dismissed them with a severe reproof. Among the tenants of the royal demesne at Guildford, in the reign of Henry the Second, were some wealthy Jews. In or about the thirty-third year of his reign, that king took from the Jews, as a tallage, the fourth part of their goods and chattels ; which tax was levied as a contribution towards the expense of a crusade to Palestine ; for it appears, that in the first year of Richard the First, Isaac, the son of Rabbi (Ysaac filius Rabbi), fined for 2001. that he might be quit of the whole tallage which King Henry had imposed at GuUdford, after he had taken the cross. Of that sum, 1007. was to be paid on the Sunday when the canticle "Latare Jerusalem" was sung; and the remainder at the rate of 30Z. a year, tiU the debt was liquidated ; 15/. being payable at Michaelmas, and 157. at Easter.33 As the kings of England, from the time of Henry the Second, occasionally held their court at GuUdford, grants of land were made here to persons as feudal tenants, for services in the royal household. Thus Edeline, or Adeline, the 33 Vide Magn. Rot. 1 Ric. i. Rot. 13 b.; & 2 Ric. i. Rot. 12 b. ap. Madox, Hist, of the Exchequer, vol. i. pp. 222, 3. QQ 2 300 HISTORY OF SURREY. daughter and heiress of Ranulf de Broc, being the guardian of William Testard, in the reign of Henry the Second, held possession of his lands in GuUdford, (after wards called the manor of Poyle,) by the service of being Marshal in the King's Court; and that lady having married Stephen de Turnham, he held those lands by the same service. Robert Testard, the son and heir of Wilham, holding the same lands, in the nineteenth year of Henry the Third, is styled Keeper of the Female Servants in the Court of the Lord the King; (Custos meretricum in curia Domini Regis). Richard Testard, who inherited the family estate at Guildford, in the twenty-sixth of the same reign, is caUed Marshal in the household of the Lord the King ; and it appears, that it belonged to his office to provide female servants for the household; to dismember criminals sentenced to death, or mutilation, for offences committed within the verge of the court ; and to measure the gallons and bushels belonging to the same. Thomas de la Puille, or Poyle, having purchased the estate of Testard, held it under the same tenure.34 The Lords of the manor of Catteshill,3* in the parish of Godalming, seem to have shared with the Testards and Poyles in the honours of the marshalship of the royal household at Guildford. In certain records, their office is described as that of " Marshal of the twelve Girls who followed the Court of the Lord the King ;" — " Marshal of the mercenary women [Meretrices] when the King came into those parts ;" — and " Marshal of the common women following the household of the Lord the King."/6 These females were also styled "Laundresses, or Washerwomen," [Lotrices™]. More discussion than the subject, perhaps, deserves, has taken place relative to the precise office and character of the females so variously denominated ; and Mr. Lysons seems to have proved, that the most degrading of the designations bestowed on them was not always incorrect.88 But it may be confidently asserted, that the proper office of the Marshal of the king's household referred to was, to provide, during the residence of the court at Guildford, a sufficient number of women to do duty as laundresses, and also, generally, to serve like those who are now termed charwomen. As their employment exposed them to association with the lowest retainers of the court, it may not unreasonably be concluded, that, 31 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 22; from Placit. Coron. 39 Hen. III. 35 This manor had been granted, by Henry the Second, to Ranulf de Broc, to hold by the service of " Ostiarius camera Regis i" and Adeline, his daughter, whilst remaining a spinster, held it by the same tenure. The manor is now called CatshalL 38 Placit. Coron. 25 Hen. III. 1 Dors.— Id. 19 Hen. III. and 47 Hen. III. 32 Dors.— 7 Edw. I. 37 Placit. Coron. 39 Hen. III. ™ Archaeologia, vol. xv. App. p. 399. MERETRICES, AND LOTRICES. 301 at a period when female chastity was but little respected among the higher ranks, these poor girls would often lose their reputation, whether deservedly or not ; and thus the term Meretrices came to be considered as synonymous with Lotrices; whence, in records of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the terms are applied indiscriminately to a certain class of female servants of the royal household. Mr. Manning, after a statement of evidence,says — " What we collect from hence is, that the office of Marshal of the Household, as often as the Court resided at Guildford, was executed by the Lords of Poyle and Catteshill, who held their lands by this tenure ; that they executed this office severally, their services being con current ; that though they are styled, in different records, ' Marshal of the King's Court,' ' Marshal of the King's Household,' and ' Door-keeper,' or ' Usher of the King's Chamber,' their office was one and the same ; it being part of the office of the Marshal of the King's Court, by himself or his deputies, to keep the door of the King's Chamber : and that it was, moreover, part of their office respectively, as often as the king came into these parts, (not otherwise therefore,) to provide women servants [young women, hired women, ordinary women, laundresses, &c.]89 to perform the meaner functions of the household : also as keepers of the peace, with authority to punish faults committed within the verge of the court, to do justice upon criminals convicted within their jurisdiction : and finally, as peculiarly belonging to their office, to regulate the measures, weights, &c. by which provisions were brought into the household. And these services, probably, were exacted as long as the Court continued to reside here ; but from the latter end of Edward III. or shortly after, when this mansion grew into disuse, they were discontinued of course, as being no longer due by the conditions of the respective tenures." 40 King John kept the festival of Easter at GuUdford, in 1199; and he held his court here at Christmas, in 1201, with a display of great splendour and magnifi cence.41 He was at this place, also, in the last year of his reign ; but his visit was 39 That is, PueUa, Meretrices, Communes famines, Lotrices, &c. as they are called in different records of that time. 40 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 23. 41 Matt. Paris, Hist. p. 198. Roger Hoveden. Annal. On this occasion, as appears from Holinshed, King John "gave to his servants many fair liveries and suits of apparel." — and "the Archbishop of Canterbury, (Hubert, who was also Lord Chancellor) did the like at Canterbury, seeming, indeed, to strive with the King, which of them should pass [surpass] the other in such sumptuous apparalling of their men ; whereat the King (and not without good cause) was greatly moved to indignation against him, although for a time he coloured the same." Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. ii. p. 282 : edit. 1807. — This endeavour to outvie each other, in the splendour of the apparel of their respective retainers, most 302 HISTORY OF SURREY, very transient, as he had then fled from Dover, and was proceeding to Winchester; Prince Lewis of France having invaded England, to assist the Barons against their tyrannical sovereign. Henry the Third appears to have resided frequently at Guildford, in the course of his long reign. In his seventh year, he added to the buUdings of the palace an Almonry," or office for the receipt of deodands, forfeitures by misadventure, escheats of felons, and other monies appropriated to charitable uses; and at subsequent periods, various improvements were made here by his direction. By a precept to the Sheriff of Surrey, in the forty-fourth year of his reign, the king ordered that the pictures in his Great hall at GuUdford should be repaired without delay;43 and that, in his great chamber there, at the head of his bed, a curtain (¦pallium) should be painted on the white wall ; also, that the tablets and frontel of the altar of his great chapel, at the same place, should be finished forthwith, agreeably to the directions given to Wilham of Florence, the painter. The cost of these works, according to legal valuation, was to be defrayed out of the revenues of the county.44 This king, in the fifty-second year of his reign, issued a precept to the Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, directing that within his court of the manor of GuUdford (infra curiam manerii de Guldeford) there should be fitted up, Commodiously, a chamber, with a platform, (stadium), chimney, wardrobe, and outer chamber, or balcony ; and a chapel at the upper end of the chamber, for the use of his dear probably, gave origin to the old Ballad of ' King John and the Bishop of Canterbury ;' which, according to Bishop Percy, in his " Reliques of Ancient English Poetry," vol. ii. was abridged and modernized about the time of James the First ; and its original title altered to that of ' King John and the Abbot of Canterbury.' There is much humour in this Ballad ; and the acuteness of the old Shepherd in relieving the Abbot from his apprehensions in regard to the three questions propounded by the King, argues a high degree of intellectual shrewdness. 42 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 23 ; from the Close Rolls of 7th of Henry III. m. 13 ; the words used in the original are, ' Domus Eleemosynaria.' Three years afterwards, the custody of the King's Manor was committed to William de Coniers, who, at that time, was also Constable of the Castle of Guildford. — Dugdale, Baronage, vol. ii. p. 291. 13 Walpole's Works, (Anecdotes of Painting,) voL iii. p. 22, edit. 17^8 ; from the Liberate Rolls of the 44th of Hen. III. 44 The original precept, which is preserved among the Liberate Rolls of the reign of this king, is inscribed, "De Pictura Cap. Guldef." The following is a copy, as given by Walpole :— "Liberate A0. 44 Hen. III. m. II. Rex Vicecom. Surr. salutem. Precipimus tibi quod de exitibus comitatus tui picturas magna aula? nostra deGW the produce of these branches of revenue were, according to Madox, " commonly let to ferm ; and the ferms of them were answered to the Crown, either by the Sheriff of the county wherein the town lay, or else by the townsmen themselves, either by the name of Homines, Cives, or Burgenses of such a town, burgh, or viUate, or under the name of the provost, or other particular custos, or fermer." 5" Hence the income thus arising being farmed or let, at certain rates, to persons who coUected the various dues, and, after paying the stipulated sum, retained the residue, it was caUed the farm, or firm, of a town, borough, city, or county respectively. The firms, or farmed rents, of most towns were originaUy coUected and accounted for by the sheriffs of the counties in which they were situated; and this appears to have been, for a time, the case with regard to GuUdford. The firms of towns or burghs belonging to the king were frequently granted to certain individuals provisionaUy, and for a specific time, either gratuitously, or in recompense for some service. 54 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 19. In Russell's Guildford, p. 63, it is said, that the manor-house of Poyle is commonly called " The Spytle, or Hospital of St. John." 85 Vide Surrey, vol. i. pp. 19 and 295. See, also, Speed's History of Great Britain, reign of Henry III. se Madox, Exchequer, 2nd edit. vol. i. p. 330. ANCIENT REVENUE, OR THIRD PENNY. 311 Grants were also made to individuals from the firms of counties ; and it appears to have been usual for the king, (in the period immediately succeeding the Norman Conquest,) when he bestowed on any person the title of an Earl, or Lord, of some county, to assign him a third part of the firm of the county, towards the support of his new dignity. This was considered as a donation in perpetuity, or rather, as coincident with the duration of the earldom ; so that, with the title of nobihty it escheated to the crown in cases of rebellion, treason, or for want of lawful heirs. This donation was termed a grant of the third penny of the county ; but it was not always bestowed at the creation of an earl ; for, though the title of Earl of Surrey was conferred upon WiUiam, Earl Warren in Normandy, by WiUiam Rufus, the grant of the third penny from the firm of this county, seems not to have taken place tiU the time of. Henry the Third ; when it was bestowed on a descendant, of the first earl, who then had the title. This was John, the seventh earl of Surrey, whose claim to one-third of the toUs and customs of the town of Guildford being questioned, a trial took place before the King's Justices, at Guildford, in the seventh year of Edward the First ; and it was proved, that the third penny of the county had been yielded to the Earl, in the fortieth year of Henry the Third, by the king's precept, addressed to the Barons of the Exchequer.5' It appears " to have been the ancient custom to lay up the whole of the toUs, as they were coUected, in a common box or chest, whieh always remained in the custody of the king's Bailiff, the keys being deposited with the Bailiff of the Earl. When the BaUiffs met for that purpose, the chest was opened, and two-thirds of the monies that were found there being taken out for the king, the remaining third was given to the EarL"58 An exemplification of these proceedings at Guildford was granted to Philip, earl of Arundel, in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Elizabeth. This nobleman, who was descended from the Warrens, earls of Surrey, through the Fitz- Alans and Mowbrays, held two-thirds of the Earl's share of the toUs, &c. of Guildford ; and the remaining third belonged to the heirs of Joan, Lady Aber gavenny, who died seised of the same in 1435. The king's share, (two-thirds,) of the firm of the town was, by Edward the First, on his marriage with Margaret of France, in 1299, assigned to the queen as a part of her dower. Edward the Third, by letters patent, dated at Westminster, October the 1st, 1467, granted the town, with its appurtenances, (exclusive of the park, the castle and its goal,) in fee-farm to the Corporation of Guildford, at a yearly rent of " Rot. Claus. 40 Hen. III. m. 11. 5S Placit. apud Guldeford : Oct. Mich. 7 Edw. I. Rot. 28. 312 HISTORY OF SURREY, ten pounds. This grant was confirmed by Richard the Second, and Henry the Seventh; yet James the First, in 1609, granted the firm, by letters patent, to Sir Francis Wolley, knt. and Lionel Rawlins ; by whom it was sold to the Corporation, for two hundred pounds; and by indenture, dated August 1, 1609, between Wolley and Rawhns, on the one part, and the Mayor and Approved men of Guildford, on the other, the latter had the fuU and permanent possession of these revenues secured to them. The origin of the Corporation of Guildford is uncertain. The earliest Charter upon record was granted by Henry the Third, in 1267. That, however, was not a charter of incorporation, but merely a grant of rights and privUeges to the men of GuUdford, and their heirs in perpetuity. The grantees are styled "probi homines," whence, doubtless, the chief members of the corporation were afterwards called " approved men ;" and they, probably, were the successors of the king's men, or tenants of the seventy-five messuages, or tenements, mentioned in the Domesday Book. By this charter they were exempted from the arrest of person, or goods, on account of any debts, where they were neither principal debtors nor sureties; their goods and chattels were protected from forfeiture on account of the delin quencies of servants; and the transmission of their property to their heirs, after their own decease, was secured.59 By another charter of Henry the Third, dated a few months after the preceding, a grant was made to the "Approved men of GuUdford, and their heirs, for the advancement of the said town, that the County Court of Surrey should be holden in the same for ever." m The sessions, or assizes, of the king's Justices Itinerant, for this county, appear to have previously taken place at Leatherhead; and about two years after the grant of the charter, com plaint was made of inconvenience arising from the removal of the court from that central situation to a place so near the extremity of the county.61 But not withstanding this objection, the men of Guildford obtained a confirmation of this privilege, by charter dated 7th of Edward the First;62 and since that period, Guild ford has been regarded as the County town.68 59 Rot. Pat. 2 Hen. VI. p. 1, m. 20: per Inspex. P. 7 Ric. II. per Inspex. 41 Hen. III. m. 12. 60 Id. 61 Placit. Coram. H Bigod, Just. Ang. ap. Bermunds. 43 Hen. III. Rot. 5. 62 Rot. Itin. 7 Edw. I. 83 By statute llth of Richard II. chap. ii. the Justices of Assize are empowered to hold their sessions wherever the ChanceUor, with the advice of the said Justices, shall appoint. And the assizes are now held, m the spring, at Kingston; and in the summer, at GuUdford, and at Croydon, alternately— Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 34. CORPORATION OF GUILDFORD. 313 The grant made by Edward the Third, of the fee-farm profits of the town, to the men of Guildford, at a rent of ten pounds per annum, has been already noticed. That prince, also, granted them exemption from all manner of toll for their goods, throughout the realm ; and the right to hold an annual fair, on the Monday, and four foUowing days, in the week of Pentecost. He further granted, that the approved men, and their heirs and successors, should have and enjoy their Gild-merchant, according to ancient custom, with all their ancient liberties; and lastly, that the Steward and BaUiff of the town, for the time being, " may sweare men beinge resident in the said towne, soe often as it shaU be expedient and necessary for the keepinge of [the king's] lawe, and for justice to be ministered to aU men complayning before them." In the parliament held at Westminster, in 1383, (7th of Richard the Second,) the men of Guildford presented a petition for a renewal of their charters, which, they alleged, had been lost during the then late insurrections under Wat Tyler and others. Their suit was successful ; and they obtained from the king, letters patent, with an exemplification of the charters, dated at Westminster, March 10, 1384; for which they paid, as fees, the sum of 22s. 4d. These charters were again confirmed, by letters patent of Henry the Sixth, in 1423. Another ratification of the charters, together with some alterations in the style of the Corporation, if not in its constitution, took place in the reign of Henry the Seventh. By letters patent, dated. July 1st, 1488, that king granted, at the suit of Henry Norbrigge, then mayor of GuUdford, and others, a charter to him and his brethren, the approved men, declaring them to be a corporation with the usual powers and privUeges, by the style and title of " the Mayor and Approved men of Guildford."64 By this charter they were entitled to have a common seal; and, as a corporate body, to sue, and be sued. They were empowered to elect annuaUy, on the Monday after Michaelmas, one of the approved men to be Mayor ; and after wards, a Coroner for the hberties of the town, whose office was to be independent of aU the county coroners. The mayor was authorized to appoint as many serjeants-at-mace, and other officers, as should be thought " necessary and meet to him for the sure and honest governance of the towne"; and, in person, or by his servants or deputies, he was " to assize, assaye the amendment and correction of bread, wine, and ale, and of aU manner other victualls, and measures, weights, and 64 The title of Mayor had been applied to the head of the Corporation, (it having superseded that of Seneschal or Steward,) before the time of Henry the Seventh ; but it was now first legally conferred. VOL. I. SS 314 HISTORY OF SURREY. of aU other things whatsoever which appertayne or belonge to the office of clerk of the markett of [the king's] household"; and no other person, who held that office, was to interfere with the mayor in the execution of this duty. He was empowered, in conjunction with any two ofthe approved men, to hold a court once every three weeks, for the recovery of debts arising within the town and precinct, whether above or under the sum of forty shilUngs. By this charter was granted the right to hold two fairs, one on the eve and day of St. Martin, and the other on the eve and day of St. George ; and by it, also, the men of Guildford were exempted from serving on juries, inquisitions, &c. without the town, against their wiU.65 The grant of the fee-farm rents of the town to the corporation by Edward the Third, was confirmed, by letters patent of Henry the Eighth, in the eleventh year of his reign ; and by other letters patent, of the same date, the charters of former kings were ratified. Additional confirmations of these grants were obtained from Edward the Sixth and Queen Elizabeth ; and a new charter was bestowed on the corporation in the reign of James the First, by letters patent, dated at Hatfield, August 30th, 1603. It was thereby directed, that the mayor for the time being, the mayor for the preceding year, two others of the approved men, to be chosen at the same time with the mayor, and one other person skiUed in the laws of the realm, who should be council with the mayor,66 should, for the year after their being elected, be Justices of the Peace within the town of Guildford, and its hberties and precincts; — and that the mayor, &c. should have, within the precincts, a prison for the custody of offenders. In consequence of the provisions of the Corporation Act, passed in 1662, the mayor at that time, and other members of the corporation of Guildford, refusing to submit to the engagements required by that statute, were deprived of their offices, and other persons were appointed in their places. In the reign of James the Second, the Corporation surrendered their charters to the crown, by deed under their common seal, dated April the 13th, 1686, praying, at the same time, for a renewal of their chartered privileges. The king immediately gave them a new charter, dated AprU the 15th, by which the corpora tion was newly modeUed ; consisting of a mayor, aldermen, and common council ; with a chief-steward, recorder, bailiff, and town-clerk. By that charter, also, the 65 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 34. Russell, Guildford, pp. ii. xii. 66 Hence originated the office of Recorder, or Town Council. CORPORATION OP GUILDFORD. 315 jurisdiction of the Justices of the Peace was extended beyond the hberties of Guildford, through the adjoining parish of Stoke ; and all the powers and privUeges which had formerly been granted to the members of the corporation, were con tinued and confirmed to them in their fuU extent. Certain persons were, as usual, appointed to the several offices, under the new charter ; but a power was reserved to the king, of removing them at his wUl and pleasure, for any reasonable cause, by an order of Privy-council. The resignation of the former charter, and the substitution of the new one, with its provisional clause, doubtless took place in pursuance of the project formed by King James and his confidential ministers, for the introduction into pubhc offices of persons who would be subservient to his views of making himself an absolute monarch. Accordingly, on March the 23rd, 1687-8, an Order of Council was issued, directing that Thomas Smith, the mayor, with certain of the aldermen and Common councU-men, should be removed from their respective offices; and Sir Hugh Tynte, (as mayor,) and others, were appointed in their room: the oaths, including of course the oath of supremacy, usuaUy taken on such occasions, being dispensed with in their behalf. On the 19th of April, foUowing, appeared a fresh order ; under the sanction of which, further changes were made in this corporation. The general dissatisfaction excited by the arbitrary proceedings of the king, how ever, obhged him, ere long, to adopt a different mode of conduct; and on the 17th of October, in the year 1688, a proclamation was issued, for restoring to corpora tions their ancient charters, hberties, rights, and franchises. On the same day, orders of councU were made " for the removal of all mayors, sheriffs, recorders, town-clerks, aldermen, common councU-men, &c. who had been put in by the late King (Charles the Second), or his present Majesty, since the year 1679." In consequence of this change of pohcy, on the 22nd of the same month, Thomas Smith was restored to his office as mayor ; and the other members of the corpora tion who had been displaced were, also, reinstated : the new charter was annulled, and aU proceedings which had taken place under its authority were rescinded. From that time, and untU the management of aU municipal boroughs was altered by the Reform acts passed in the reign of WiUiam the Fourth, the corporation subsisted and was governed according to the several charters and confirmations which had been granted by preceding sovereigns. Under those charters, the "Approved men of Guildford" consisted of eight persons (including the mayor) caUed magistrates, and an indeterminate number of S3 2 316 HISTORY OF SURREY. bailiffs, seldom, however, if ever, exceeding twenty. The mayor was elected annuaUy, on the Monday after Michaelmas, from among the eight magistrates, if their number was complete, but if not, from the baUiffs; in which case, the individual so chosen became an alderman for life ;— and in this manner only were vacancies in the order of magistrates supphed. The bailiffs were elected, one every year, at the same time as the mayor was chosen. Any one refusing to serve the office of mayor, when elected, was hable to a fine of ten pounds, according to an order of the corporation, made in the twenty-eighth year of Henry the Eighth ; and by another order, made in 1682, a bailiff so elected, and refusing to take the office, was subjected to a penalty of twenty pounds. Two serjeants-at- mace, and a beadle, or crier, were also chosen every year.67 Anciently, the chief magistrate was called the Seneschall; the appellation, mayor, not having been used before the reign of Henry the Fourth. Such was the state of the corporation of Guildford until the year 1835 ; when a considerable alteration took place, under the authority of the statute of the 5th and 6th of Wilham the Fourth, chap. 76, intituled "An Act to provide for the Regulation of Municipal Corporations in England and Wales," passed September the 9th, 1835. In schedule (A.) annexed to this act, containing a list of the boroughs having a commission of the peace, the style of the corporate body is stated to be " Mayor and Burgesses of the Town of Guldeford, in the County of Surrey." The persons entitled to be burgesses are, the male inhabitant house holders within the borough, or within seven mUes of it, occupying houses, shops, &c. and rated for three years to the relief of the poor. The corporation consists of four aldermen, including the mayor; and twelve counciUors. The mayor, aldermen, and counciUors, together, constitute the Council of the Borough. The aldermen are elected by the counciUors, from their own body ; and every third year, one-half of them go out of office, but may be re-elected. One-third part of the number of the councillors go out of office annually; but these, also, are ehgible for re-election. The counciUors are chosen by the burgesses, from those among themselves who possess a real or personal estate to the amount of five hundred pounds, or are rated to the relief the poor upon the annual value of not less than fifteen pounds. The election of councUlors takes place on the first of November, 6' In the eleventh year of James the First, " One parcel of meade lying and beinge in the common-meade called Mill-meade in Stok next Guldeford, was given to the seriantes [serjeants] of Guldeford and their successors, by William Hamond, sometyme of Guldeford aforesaid, esq.; deceased: to enjoy the said profite and dutyes formerly allowed them jointly and proportionablie together."— Russell, Guildford, p. 8. CORPORATION OF GUILDFORD. 317 every year. The mayor is chosen annually, on the ninth of November, from among the aldermen and councillors, by the Council of the borough. He acts as Justice of the peace during his year of office and the year foUowing ; and as the returning officer, at elections. On the first of March, in each year, the burgesses elect, from the persons qualified to be councillors, two burgesses caUed Auditors, and two called Assessors of the borough. A town-clerk, who holds the office during pleasure, is appointed by the council; and also a Treasurer, and other officers. There are six magistrates, or Justices of the peace, four of whom hold their appointment from the crown ; as likewise does the recorder, who is required to be a barrister-at-law of not less than five years' standing : he, also, is a Justice of the peace for the borough. There is, likewise, a clerk to the magistrates, appointed by the council; to hold the office during pleasure. Besides these members of the corporation, chosen or appointed under the act relating to municipal corporations, there are, a high-steward, and a baUiff, belonging to this borough.68 68 The names of all the principal persons connected with the borough of Guildford at the present time, (March the 1st, 1841,) are as follow: — Members of Parliament — C. B. Wall, esq.; Lieut. Col. the Hon. J. Y. Scarlett. High Steward — Rt. Hon. Lord Grantley. Mayor — J. Haydon, esq. Magistrates — The Mayor ; G. Waugh, esq. ; W. Newland, esq. ; C. Booker, esq. ; T. Haydon, esq. ; J. Stedman, esq. Aldermen — J. Haydon, esq. ; J. Stedman, esq.; S. Haydon, esq. Town Council — W. E. Elkins ; J. Cooke ; J. Weale ; J. Leggatt, sen. ; W. Mills ; H. Piper ; Cassteels Cooper ; J. Stovold ; E. G. Livesay ; J. Crooke ; J. Small- peice ; G. Sprent. Auditors — F. T. Gunner, and J. Pannell. Assessors — G. Russell, and J. Wyllie. Recorder — Hon. G. C Norton. Town Clerk— J. Rand, esq. Clerk to the Magistrates — G. S. Small- peice, esq. Bailiff— J. Hockley, esq. Treasurer — W. H. Smallpeice, esq. Trustees of the Guildford Charities — G. Austen ; B. K. Finnimore ; E. D. Filmer ; G. Foster ; J. Haydon ; A. Lee ; C. Mangles ; W. Newland ; E. Nichols ; J. Stedman ; J. Smallpeice (Solicitor) ; T. Vanner; Joseph Weale ; and J. Wiblen. The boundaries of the borough of Guildford, as described in Schedule O, 33, annexed to the Act of Parliament of the 2nd and 3rd of William the Fourth, chap. 64, are as follow: — From the point on the north of the Town at which a creek leading from Dapdune House joins the river Wey, in » straight line to the point at which the road called the New Road joins the Stoke Road ; thence along the New Road to the point at which the same joins the Kingston Road ; thence along the Kingston Road to the point at which the same joins Cross Lane ; thence along Cross Lane to the point at which the same joins the Epsom Road ; thence in a straight line to the point in Chalky Lane at which the Boundary of Trinity Parish leaves the same ; thence along the southern Boundary of Trinity Parish to the point at which such Boundary enters Goal Lane ; thence in a straight line to the point at which the river Wey turns abruptly to the North at a Wharf close by the Horsham Road ; thence in a straight line to the point at which the path from Guildford across Bury Fields abuts on the Portsmouth Road ; thence in a straight line to the south-western corner of Cradle Field ; thence along the western hedge of Cradle Field to the point at which the same cuts the old Farnham Road ; thence in a straight line towards Worplesdon Semaphore to the Point at which such line cuts the new Farnham Road ; thence in a straight line to the Point first described." 318 HISTORY OF SURREY. The Armorial bearings of the Corporation of Guildford are— Sable, on a Mount Vert, a Castle with two Towers embattled; on each Tower a Spire surmounted with a Ball; from the battlements between the Towers another Tower, triple-towered, all Argent; and charged with an Escutcheon of France and England quarterly. Under the battlements of the Castle, two Roses in fess, Or. The port proper, charged on the centre with a Key, and portcuUised of the last. On the Mount before the Port, a Lion couchant guardant of the fourth. On each side of the Castle, in fess, a Woolpack of the third, pale-ways. The base of the field Water, proper. Two Seals are used by the municipal authori ties of this borough, a larger, and a smaUer one ; the latter, which is the most ancient, is of brass, and clumsUy mounted with a lump of lead for a handle. It exhibits the town arms, but without the escutcheon, and with some difference in the form of the towers : the in scription, SIGILLVM . BVRGI . ET . VILE . DE . gvldford. surrounds the verge. — The largest Seal is of silver, and was made and brought into use about the year 1692, temp. WUliam and Mary. In the centre is a concave shield, charged with the arms of Guildford, as described above, surrounded by the words, sigillvm . bvrgi . et . vtlle . de . gvldeforde.69 This seal is usually affixed to those deeds and instruments of the borough which are of the more important kind ; whilst the smaUer one is kept for the sealing of writs, certificates, powers, &c. of lesser consequence. The Mayor's Staff, which is of ebony, was the gift of Queen Ehzabeth : it has a silver top, on which are engraven the town arms, with the words, 'Fear God, Do Justice, Love thy Brother,' in antiquated spelling. The gold chain was given by Arthur Onslow, esq. of West Clandon, in March, 1673, when he was high-steward; and has a medal attached to it, on which, on one side, are the arms of Charles the Second ; and on the other, those of the Onslow famUy. There are two Maces ; the largest and principal of which was presented to the Corporation by the Right Hon. Henry Howard, (afterwards duke of Norfolk,) when he was high-steward in 1663. 69 The above is a representation of the Principal Town Seal of Guildford. The smaller Seal is delineated in the wood-cut of the initial letter G, at the commencement of this account of the town of Guildford. GUILDFORD CASTLE DESCRIBED. 319 KEEP-TOWER OF GUILDFORD CASTLE. It is a remarkable fact, that the first mention of Guildford Castle in our historical records, that has yet been discovered, is of the time of King John ; — although the masonic construction of the Keep-Tower, which is the principal part now remaining, appears to indicate a far more remote origin than the era of that reign. There is not, however, the least degree of credible authority for the inferen tial deductions made by the late Mr. Edward King, namely ; that " this was one of the identical Palaces and Castles of the earhest Saxon kings ;" — that " Alfred the Great sometimes dwelt here," — and "afterwards, occasionaUy, his nephew iEthel wald."70 70 Vide Munimenta Antiqua ; or Observations on Ancient Castles, &c. pp. 243 and 245. Mr. King refers to the first volume of Gough's Camden as his authority for stating that Alfred resided at Guildford Castle ; but the work referred to does not coincide with the statement, Mr. Gough's words being as follow : — " Though this town was the property, and perhaps the residence of Alfred, as of his later successors, it is not mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle." — vol. i. p. 249, 2nd edit. Upon this assumed probability, therefore, Mr. King has based his theory of the Castle having been, sometimes, the 'dwelling-place of King Alfred' ; " and here," he says, " he might, without annoyance, measure his well-employed time, by his then novel invention of the candle, with divisions notched upon it, to tell the hours !" Vide Mun. Antiq. Id. p. 245. 320 HISTORY OF SURREY. The statement made by Grose and other modern writers, that Prince Alfred, after his courteous reception at GuUd-down by Earl Godwin, (of which particulars have already been inserted,) was conducted to GuUdford Castle under pretence of refresh ment, prior to his "seizure, is, apparently, as erroneous as the deductions made by Mr. King ; for neither Simeon of Durham, nor Brompton, nor Knighton, make any mention of a castle in this town, in their respective accounts of the above trans action. The Domesday record, also, though remarkably explicit in regard to the houses at Guildford, is entirely silent as to the existence of any fortress here ; " we may therefore reasonably conclude, that the castle had not been erected at the time of the survey. There can be little doubt, however, both from the manner of its construction, and the general style of its architectural character, with assimUates with most of the Norman castles in this country, that it was buUt, either at the end of the eleventh century, or almost immediately afterwards. It is first men tioned in history, (as noticed before,) under the year 1216 ; when, as Matthew Paris states, Guildford castle was taken by Prince Louis of France, who had invaded England on the invitation of the barons in arms against King John.'2 In the 'Annals of Waverley' it is stated, that the prince, having landed at Sandwich on the 21st of May, in the above year, possessed himself of this fortress on the 9th of June following, being the Thursday in the week after the feast of the Trinity.'3 In the tenth year of the reign of Henry the Third, WiUiam de Coniers was constable of GuUdford castle ;'" and in the thirty-ninth of the same reign, that office was held by Elias de Maunsel ; who, at the same time, occupied a certain messuage upon the foss of the castle, for which he paid an annual quit-rent of two-pence to the king.'5 In Henry's fifty-first year, the custody of this fortress was intrusted to WUliam de AguUlon, the then sheriff of Surrey; probably, in order that it might be used for a prison.'6 In the second year of Edward the First, as appears by the Patent Rolls, a com mission was appointed for " inquiry into purprestures and encroachments made upon the foss" of this castle. In the twenty-seventh of the same reign, the issues and profits of the castle, with those of the town and park of GuUdford, (being then of the annual value of 137. 6s. 8d.) were assigned to Margaret of France, the second " See before, pp. 290, 291. 72 Id. pp. 41, 42. " Vide Gale, Scriptores, vol. ii. p. 182. " Rot. Pat. 10 Hen. III. m. 1. Dugdale, Baronage, vol. ii. p. 291. ,5 Placit. Coron. ap. Bermondsey, Crast. Trin. 39 Hen. III. Rot. 26, dors. It appears from the record, that the above messuage was tenanted by the Abbot of Pershore. 76 Rot. Pip. 51 and 52 Hen. III. m. 30. GUILDFORD CASTLE, HOW APPROPRIATED. 321 wife of that prince, as a part of her dower." At, or about this period, the fortress seems to have been appropriated as a common gaol for the county ; for, in the thirty-fifth year of the same reign, Henry de Sey, keeper of the king's prisoners here, petitioned that a commission of gaol-delivery might be issued, or that the prisoners might be transferred to more secure custody, the castle not being strong enough for the purpose for which it was appropriated. In answer to the keeper's petition, he was informed, that he might strengthen or enlarge the castle, if necessary ; but that he must, at aU events, keep the prisoners securely, as the king did not see fit to provide any other place for their detention.78 Probably, the representations of the keeper were not justified by the state of the fortress; for, in the fifteenth of Edward the Second, when the Earl of Lancaster and others had raised an insurrection in the kingdom, a writ was addressed to Oliver de Bourdeaux, the constable of the castle, directing him to furnish it with provisions and other requisites for the king's service; and to certify the treasurer and barons of the Exchequer, as to the costs, that they might be aUowed in the account of the sheriff.™ In the fortieth year of Edward the Third, when the profits of the town were demised in fee-farm to the Corporation, there was an especial reservation of the castle and the gaol within it, to the king's use ; and in the following year, the Custody of this fortress was given to the Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, (Andrew SackviUe,) for the purpose of a common gaol, and, also, for his own residence.80 In the beginning of the reign of Richard the Second, Sir Simon Burley, K.G. who had been tutor to that prince, held the office of Constable here. He was after wards constable of Dover castle ; and chamberlain to the king ; but was beheaded, in May, 1388, on Tower-hill, as being one of " the traitors, whisperers, flatterers, and unprofitable people," by which the realm had been impoverished and dis honoured.81 This fortress continued to be used as the common gabl, for both Surrey and Sussex, untU the reign of Henry the Seventh ; in whose third year, the inhabitants of the latter county petitioned parhament, that the gaol at Lewes should be thence- 77 Fcedera, vol. i. part ii. p. 912 : edit. 1816. The manor of Bansted, and the town of Kingston, both in this county, were also, by the same deed, assigned in dower, to Queen Margaret ; together with many other manors, castles, &c. in different parts of England. 78 Rot. Parl. 35t°. Edw. I. vol. i. p. 193. The response to Sefs petition is thus given in the record. — " Si career sit nimis debilis, facias, custos, emendari : si nimis strictus, faciat elargari ; quia Rex non est avisatus mutare locum prisonarum suarum : vel saltern teneat in vinculis fortioribus." Id. 78 Madox, History of the Exchequer, vol, i. p. 383. 80 Rot. Pat. 41mo. Edw. III. pars 2, m. 19. sl Stow's Annals, pp. 485—487 : edit. 1600. VOL. I. TT 322 HISTORY OF SURREY. forth ordained the common gaol for the king, in their shire. The petition stated, that "great murderers, errant thieves, misdoers, and breakers of the king's peace," had been sometimes "suffered to escape for far distance, for charges, and jeopardy of conveyance"; and, sometimes, "been rescued" on their way to GuUdford;— or otherwise had, after committal to that prison, been dehvered by the Justices of gaol-delivery "for lack of appearance of the King's subjects of the said County of Sussex; and the townships and other his officers grievously amerced," in con sequence. These weighty pleas had their proper effect, and the prayer of the petitioners was granted.88 In the ninth year of James the First, that sovereign, by his letters patent, dated the 27th of AprU, (anno 1612,) granted the site of this castle, with its appur tenances, containing by estimation "five acres, three roods, and ten perches," to Francis Carter, of GuUdford, gent. ; who, about two years afterwards, as appears by the Corporation records, was made a freeman of the town ; and he was then described "de la Pryoree in Guldeford."89 He died in 1617 ; and his great grand daughter, who had married John Goodyer, gent, of Alton, in Hampshire, and to whom her property had descended, was murdered by her own grandson, about the year 1748, or 1749.84 She had two daughters, co-heiresses; by Mary, the eldest of whom, (her sister having died without offspring,) the castle estate was conveyed by marriage to the Tempest family. From them, by the marriage of Corneha, the grand-daughter of the above Mary, it passed to the Matchwicks; by whom, in 1813, " the Castle, with the houses and buUding3 in Quarry Street," were sold to Charles, late duke of Norfolk.85 His successor, the present duke, alienated the property to Fletcher, Lord Grantley, who now possesses it ; and under whom, the immediate premises are occupied by Edmund Elkins, esq. Guildford Castle originally consisted of an inner and an outer ballium, irregular in form, and occupying between four and five acres of ground on the south side of the town, at a short distance from the High-street Though standing on the acchvity of a considerable height, its situation would admit of but httle defence under the circumstances of modern warfare ; the adjacent chalk-hills on the south east and west being of far superior elevation to this spot. In former ages, however, this must have been a station of great importance, as it fuUy commands the ancient ford of the river Wey ; from which its distance, eastward, is not more than from one 82 Rot. Parl. vol. vi. p. 388. 8* Russell's Guildford, p. 42. 84 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 15. 85 Id. vol. iii. Addit. and Correct, p. cxliii. GUILDFORD CASTLE — KEEP-TOWER. 323 hundred and fifty to two hundred yards. Many remnants of the outer walls of the castle may yet be traced among the surrounding buUdings ; but the only portion that remains of sufficient extent to require description, is the Keep-Tower; which, though in a state of much dUapidation, stiU retains some highly-interesting features of its ancient character. This Tower occupies the most elevated part of the demesne ; standing boldly on the brow of the hiU, fronting the west. Its form is quadrangular ; the walls at the base, on the outside, measuring forty-seven feet from east to west, and forty-five feet and a half from north to south : their height to the ruined battlements is about seventy feet. The general thickness of the walls in the lower stories, is ten feet ; but they somewhat decrease progressively upwards. They are chiefly constructed of chalk, flint, sand-stone, and rag-stone, as an exterior casing; the middle parts being filled in with coarse rubble and strong cement, which firmly unites the whole together.88 The exterior casings, as far as they are now traceable, appear to have been carried upwards in a certain degree of uniformity and order, though by no means with exact regularity. They consist of successive courses of what has been termed 86 Mr. King remarks in his account of this Tower, that " one of the most striking circumstances to be observed with regard to its architecture is, that on all sides, both within and without the Tower, (as well where the casing is left, as where it is torn away,) numerous small square holes still remain ; which evidently were used for the timbers of different stages, placed for the construction of the whole, and which point out what was the mode of building. " These holes are, without exception, about six or seven inches square, — and both from them, and from the appearance of the remains of the holes in the substance of the walls in the ruined parts, we may be led to conclude, that there was no great high scaffold, with tall poles, ever set up, in order to build this Tower ; — but that, when its walls were raised from the ground nearly as high as it was possible for labourers standing on benches to reach, that then pieces of squared timber were laid on the walls crosswise and projecting; — and when these were sufficiently secured from tottering by the incumbent weight of a continuation of the walls upwards, then boards were placed upon the projecting parts, by way of scaffold, to enable the workmen to continue the work still higher. — And the mode of their working seems to have been, first to place the regular rows of herring-bone work, and rag-stone bone work, and the alternate regular rows of smooth sand-stones, and of flints, as an outward secure casing ; and then to fill up hastily the inward space with flints, chalk, rude fragments of sand-stone, or rag-stone, and mortar flung in carelessly all together. " After this, another row of timbers was laid a little higher up, and secured in the same manner : and boards were placed upon their projecting parts as before; and the others taken away. And in this manner, by successive stages, it is probable, the whole edifice was constructed much more expeditiously than it would have been with a regular scaffolding ; — constructed with the help only of a few ladders, and of no great number of timbers and boards : while such an expeditious mode of building may no less account for the holes not being filled up at the time, than that which has been generally assigned as the reason, — their usefulness in aiding in drying of the work." — Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. pp. 232, 3. TT 2 324 HISTORY OP SURREY. herring-bone work, in rag^stone; — of rows of .flints ;— and of layers of thin sand stone;— the whole, occasionally, intermixed with chalk. The courses of herring bone work vary from a foot to a foot and a half, and upwards, in breadth; those. of flint, from one to two feet, and sometimes considerably more ; and those of sand stone, (each course being generally composed of three layers,) from eight to twelve or fourteen inches. In the upper parts of the waUs, the flints were continued to the breadth of several feet. At the angles and middle part of each side, are slightly-projecting facings of squared stone, like thin and flat buttresses ; the side ones being about four feet and a half in width ; and those intermediate, about five feet four inches wide. These buttress facings were regularly carried up from the basement story to the summit of the walls. From the ground having been removed on the east side to the depth of twelve or fourteen feet, the tower has the appear ance of being much higher on that side than any other. Drawn and admeasured (WEBT.) PLAN OF THE KEEP-TOWER :— SECOND STORY. by J. K. Tliompaon. r- *j •>. \l C . s; iS ¦J<-^ s ^ ) i: $& #> ^ KBSwffllPlMssi; - £ ^ •3 ^ GUILDFORD CASTLE KEEP-TOWER. 325 In its elevation, this tower consists of three stories ; and there is, probably, a vault, or dungeon, in the basement story, below the , ground ; — but all the floors, together with the roof itself, have been long destroyed; and no access can be obtained to the upper stories, except by flights of steps, or ladders.8' At the bottom of the waU, on the west side, is the entrance-passage to the ground floor ; which is about six feet and a half high ; and somewhat more than four feet in width. Though much dilapidated on the outside, it may be ascertained from the inner area, that this passage was arched semi^circularly ; — and there are similar arches, nearly opposite to each other, on the north and south sides, which lead by steep flights of steps to small loop-holes, at the height of twelve or fourteen feet. With these exceptions, the walls of this division are, apparently, solid ; and there could have been no communication with the floor above it, unless by means of a trap-door. That such flooring must have been very strong, is evinced by the many holes, or cavities, which are seen in the walls, in which the supporting timbers were inserted. The entrance portal to the second, or principal story, is at the height of about fifteen or sixteen feet from the ground on the west side. It must have been originaUy approached by a flight of steps from the exterior; the platform and other defences of which, most probably, tended also to the security of the entrance to the ground floor. This portal, which is exactly in the middle of the buttress facing, is remarkable from having an outward ornamental arch of the pointed form; whUe immediately within it, and nearly extending through the passage, the arch is semi-circular. The entrance, which is nine feet seven inches high, and three feet four inches wide, does not appear to have had any portcuUis, to defend it ; but there are evident remains, within the passage, of places for the insertion of strong timbers, or bars, for its efficient security. The floors, as already stated, are entirely destroyed ; but within the thickness of the waUs of this story, there are several chambers, and recesses, which present characteristics of much interest. Of these, as wUl be seen from the preceding plan, the chief recess is in the south-west angle : — this, in its general form, has somewhat the appearance of the letter L reversed ; and may possibly have been used, both as an Oratory, or Chapel, and as a smaU state bed-room. The ante- 87 Grose, writing about the year 1780, relates on the authority of "an inhabitant of Guildford, whose grandfather saw it done, he being then about ten or twelve years of age," that the roof, being then much decayed, "was taken off about 150 years ago."— This, consequently, must have been done prior to the civil wars in the reign of Charles the First. 326 HISTORY OF SURREY. room, as it may be caUed, is between thirteen and fourteen feet in length ; and five feet and a half wide ; and was ht, from the exterior, by two smaU loop-holes. Its west end may be considered as forming a part of the Oratory ; the extreme length of which is about twenty-four feet eight inches. Here, at the turn, and along the whole of the south side, was a range of Norman arches, rising, in the usual manner, from short columns having large bases and variedly-sculptured capitals. When perfect, the arches on the south side must have been seven in number ; but two of them were cut away, to make room for a long rectangular window, which, from its style of architecture, would seem to have been executed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. At the east end are a seat and a step, each a foot and a half wide ; which appear to have been connected with the altar. It is a remarkable circum stance, that the whole of the roof, or vaulting, of this part is in the pointed form : its height is about twelve feet. Some uncouth and rudely-executed figures, (mingled with catherine-wheels and other objects scarcely deserving notice,) have been cut upon the waUs and columns here ; and although of some age, seem altogether extraneous to the original work. They are chiefly in outline; and among them is St. Christopher, bearing the infant Christ upon his shoulder ; — a Bishop, in a reclined position under an arch, with an antique crown above, and beneath, an unfinished sketch of Christ upon the cross ; — an historical delineation of the Crucifixion, in which St. John and the three Marys are introduced, together with the soldier piercing the side of our Saviour; the Virgin being shewn as fainting in the arms of her compeers ; — and a square pilaster, with sculptured orna ments on the capital, similar to several of those in the undercroft at Canterbury.88 Nearly opposite to the large window in this Oratory, there is an opening to wards the inner area; but this, probably, was nothing more than a breach made through the wall at some former period. On the left of the main entrance, (which, as shewn in the plan, was by a passage nearly ten feet long,) is a small rectangular chamber, measuring about seven feet in length, and five in width : this was ht from the exterior by a small circular aperture. In the north-west angle, are the remains of a circular, or newel staircase ; the diameter of which was about six feet eight inches. This was dimly lit by small loop-holes, and was continued from this floor to the summit of the tower; but it 88 In a miscellaneous plate, in the Antiquarian Repertory, vol. iii. p. 253, 2nd edit. 1808, all the above mentioned subjects were delineated by Capt. Grose ; and two other figures, omitted by him, are given in the Gent.'s Magazine for December, 1797, p. 1021. Indications of several of these rude carvings will, also, be found in the annexed print of the interior of this Oratory. GUILDFORD CASTLE KEEP-TOWER. 327 had no communication with the lower story. The entrance to this staircase, as weU as to an intermediate recess, about five feet three inches long, and four feet and a half wide, was by an arched passage, about twelve feet high, and four feet four inches in width : at the north end of this recess, was one of the original double windows, from which this floor derived a portion of its hght. On the north side, near the middle of the wall, was a large fire-hearth and chimney ; but from this point upwards, to nearly the top of the upper story, the internal facings are almost whoUy destroyed. The partition waU, also, between the chimney and a long narrow apartment within the north-east angle of this story, has been alike removed. In its original state this angular room does not appear to have been separated into two parts ; as it subsequently was by a blocking wall at the turn eastward : its entire length is about twenty feet ; its width is three feet six inches.89 There are two other arched recesses in this story ; each about twelve feet high, and four feet four inches wide ; the one in the middle of the east side, and the other near the extremity of the chapel on the south: these open, outwardly, in semi-circular arched windows, now much decayed ; each being, originally, divided into two hghts by an hexagonal piUar. — From the markings in the surrounding walls, it may be assumed that, when in its perfect state, the internal height of this story was somewhat more than twenty feet. In the waUs of the upper story, which appears to have been entered from the circular staircase, both at' the north-west angle, and at some distance further east ward, there are fewer recesses than in that just described : and these are in a more ruinous state through the destruction of the roof. On each side, there was one principal recess, or passage, leading to a double window, of simUar character to those in the state apartment beneath ; the fire-hearth and its chimney were, also, correspondent in situation to those below. But in the south wall of this story, there is an exclusive recess, or chamber, (entered by an obhque passage about five feet in length,) which has an exterior facing, projecting to some distance beyond 89 In the annexed print of the interior of the Keep-Tower, which was sketched from the opening of the Oratory, the broken entrance to this apartment is distinctly shewn. It has been somewhat ludicrously remarked by Mr. King, that " If ever there was a place that might excite an idle curiosity to search for hidden treasures, Guildford Castle surely is one. — This strange walled up cavity;— the unaccountable circumstance of there being no little closets, or small chambers in the wall of the state apartment above, except one, notwithstanding the great thickness throughout ; — and the large dungeon beneath all, with its door so carefully walled up as almost to escape sight, yet, originally so well guarded ; — might easily tempt a sanguine imagination to search." — Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. p. 239, note. 328 HISTORY OF SURREY. the general surface, and resting on brackets. Here, in the floor, are two large openings, or machicolations, hanging over the side of the castle ; which, says Mr. King, "appear to be directly over the door of the dungeon, at a great depth beneath ; and designed to guard it, either by means of stones cast down, or melted lead, arrows, or lances, — should any escape from the dungeon, or any attack upon its door be attempted."80 The dungeon entrance is supposed by this gentleman to have been at the lower part of the tower, near the south-east angle ; where, " on close inspection, is found a door-case, now stopped up with large square stones ; and so level with the surface of the rest of the structure, that it may easily escape notice."91 No machicolations are discoverable in any other place ; although, when this tower was in a perfect state, it may be surmised, that the great entrance portal was defended in a similar manner from projecting works under the parapet. The recess itself, which is not more than five feet in length, and four feet three inches wide, receives hght from a smaU semi-circular window near the top. This tower has been surrounded by a deep foss and vaUum ; but the former has been partiaUy fiUed up, and the whole appropriated as a garden and a pleasure ground. From the vaUum, as weU as from the ruined waUs of the keep, the prospects are extensive, and in some directions very fine. That immediately under the eye to the west and south-west, commanding the vale of the river Wey, and aU its picturesque heights around, is extremely beautiful. Within the small inner ballium, opposite to the west front of the keep, Mr. King, writing about 1804, states there was a well, " now quite fiUed up, but which is perfectly remembered to have been open, by persons now living."92 The course of the outer waUs of this fortress may be readily traced ; and on the west, in Quarry-street, are the remains of the ancient entrance-gate, which was defended by a portcullis, as appears by the grooves. On a tablet over the gateway are the initials J. C. and the date 1699 ; at which time, possibly, some repairs were made by Mr. John Carter, to whom the property then appertained.83 Between two hundred and fifty and three hundred yards from this spot, in the chalky ridge on which the castle stands, there is a series of caverns, or excavations, which have been vaguely supposed to have had a communication with this fortress ; but no vahd evidence has been found to warrant that conjecture. 00 Vide Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. p. 240 ; and PI. xxxii. fig. 1 ; and pi. xxxiv. fig. 9. 91 Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. p. 233. »s id. p. 231. 93 It should be mentioned that Mr. Elkins, the present tenant, is under an agreement to let the Castle- house and grounds for the use of the Judges at the Assizes. CHALK CAVERNS AT GUILDFORD. 329 GROUND PLAN OF THE CHALK CAVERNS, AND ENTRANCE TO THE SAME. The foUowing account of these excavations is given by Mr. Grose; — but they are now closed up, and said to be connected with the cess-pools of the county gaol. — " The entrance is near Quarry street, facing towards the west, whence there is a smaU descent into a cave about forty-five feet long, twenty feet wide, and nine or ten high. Near the entrance, on either hand, are two lower passages, which, when I saw them, were nearly closed up by fragments of faUen chalk ; but, according to a plan made by Mr. Bunce, a stone-mason, anno 1763, that on the north-east stretches towards the north-west seventy-five feet, opening by degrees from two to twelve feet. From this passage, on the north-east side, run five chambers, or cavities, of different sizes ; the least being seventy, and the largest one hundred feet in length : their breadths are hkewise various, but all widen graduaUy from their entrance, the biggest from two to twenty-two feet. On the south side of the entrance, as before observed, is another passage opening into a large cave, which is shaped somewhat hke a carpenter's square, or the letter L., the angle pointing due south : its breadth is upwards of thirty feet, and the length of its two sides taken together about 120 feet : the height of these excavations is not mentioned, neither is there any section annexed to the plan." °4 94 Grose's Antiquities, vol. v. pp. 95, 6. — The above wood-cut is copied, but reduced, from the engraving of Mr. Bunce's plan inserted in that work. The general height of these excavations was from about six to ten feet. VOL. I. UU 330 HISTORY OF SURREY. The buUdings of the outer ballium of this castle, on the north, are supposed to have had some connexion with those subsequently erected in the High-street ; and it may possibly have been so, although the facts have not been clearly ascertained. In respect, however, to the two ancient Crypts, the one under a dwelling-house on the south side (No. 115), and the other now forming a portion of the opposite ceUars of the Angel inn, on the north side of that street, (which have been regarded as the castle souterrains,) such a connexion may be reasonably questioned. They appear, indeed, to have far more the character of underground chapels to religious foundations, than of appurtenances to a baronial fortress. The architectural style of both crypts is strictly similar ; and they bear a strong resemblance to that of Waverley abbey, in this county, which appears to have been constructed about the middle of the thirteenth century. There is not, however, the least historical evidence known respecting these buUdings ; and even tradition is silent in respect to any ecclesiastical foundations, as formerly existing here, to which they could have been attached.95 The Crypt on the south, which some years ago was occupied as a wine ceUar, is about thirty-two feet six inches in length, by nineteen feet and a half in breadth. It has a groined roof, supported in the central line by two circular columns, each about five feet six inches high, and one foot six inches in diameter; — from the capitals of which, and from the sculptured corbels, of human heads, attached to the walls, spring a series of intersecting ribs, forming pointed arches, the extreme height of which is about nine feet six inches. The principal entrance is by a descending flight of steps from the street ; but there has been another entrance, at the south end, by a second flight, which is now blocked up. On the east side there is an indi cation of another passage, about six feet in height, and two feet four inches wide.96 The Crypt at the Angel inn is nearly of the same dimensions as the foregoing ; its length being thirty-one feet two inches, and its breadth nineteen feet. The groinings, also, are very similar; but the sculptured corbels from which the ribs spring, are of a different character, and exhibit foliage instead of heads. The bases of the two supporting columns are, also, much larger ; but this arises, probably, from some clumsy repairs which they have undergone. They have no capitals, and the intersecting groins which spring from them, and support the roof, are but very shghtly pointed. The extreme height of this crypt is ten feet three inches. From 95 Both Crypts are noticed by Grose, but described inaccurately. This Crypt, and the east end of St. Mary's church, are represented in the engraving annexed to the account of the latter edifice. TRINITY CHURCH, GUILDFORD. 331 the passage leading to it, there appear to have been some other vaults and com munications, which are now blocked up. The town of Guildford extends into three parishes ; two of which, namely, those of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, and St. Mary the Blessed Virgin, are on the east side of the river Wey ; whilst the parish of St. Nicholas is on the west side of that river. The hvings of the two former were consohdated by an Act of Parlia ment, passed in 1699, for setthng augmentations on certain small vicarages, &c. ; but the parishes remain distinct as to all rates and assessments on account of their respective churches, or for the support of the poor. The benefice of the parish of the Holy Trinity is a rectory, in the deanery of Stoke, and is valued in the King's Books at 117. lis. \d. St. Mary's, which is also a rectory, and in the same deanery, is valued in the King's Books at 127. 5*. 5d. The advowsons, both of this and Trinity church, were given by WiUiam Testard, lord of the manor, who died about the 14th of Henry the Third, to the priory of Merton ; and on the suppression of that monastery in 1538, the patronage became vested in the crown. The revenue of the united livings has been augmented by an endowment of 3007., private benefaction, and a parliamentary grant of the same amount. At the present time, the net income amounts to about 1577. annually. Trinity Church is situated on an elevated spot, on the south side of the High- street. The old church was an ancient structure, which becoming decayed, about 1739, it was repaired at the expense of 7507. by the inhabitants of the town; but the arches and pillars which supported the steeple having, on that occasion, been imprudently removed, the tower feU, on the 23rd of AprU, 1740, beat in the roof, and damaged the whole fabric in such a. manner, that it was found requisite to have it entirely taken down. Previously to the accident, apprehensions of danger had led to a survey of the building ; and the steeple being pronounced to be in a very unsafe state, divine service was suspended after Sunday, April the 20th, and workmen were employed to repair and strengthen it. On the Wednesday foUowing, the accident happened ; and such was the violence with which the roof was driven in that, it is said, all the glass windows were blown out, through the compression of the air, as if it had been done by a blast of gunpowder. The workmen had quitted the place about a quarter of an hour before the accident, and no person was in jured, though a great many were spectators ; it being the fair-day.9' In the foUowing year, a brief was granted to sohcit money for the re-edification 97 Russell, Guildford, pp. 51, 52. UU 2 332 HISTORY OF SURREY, of the church; on which was coUected 4677.; the representatives of the borough subscribed 2007. ; the bishop of Winchester, 507. ; the Right Hon. Arthur Onslow, 2507. ; Richard, Lord Onslow, 1507. ; and Arthur AUen, esq. a master in Chancery, 2007. In 1755, when some progress had been made in the work, an Act of Parlia ment was procured, empowering the parishioners to seU some houses and lands which had been given for the purpose of keeping the church in repair ; — and to apply the produce to the completion of the new edifice. The first stone of the new buUding had been laid on August the 22nd, 1749; and the church was opened for pubhc worship on Sunday, September the 18th, 1763. This is a capacious edifice of red brick, eighty-two feet in length, and fifty-two feet and a half wide ; but it has no architectural pretensions deserving of comment. At the west end is a square tower, embattled, about ninety feet in height, in which are eight tuneable bells, and a great clock with an exceUent set of chimes : the weight of the tenor bell is 25£ cwt. The interior of the church is neatly fitted up, and contains large side-gaUeries, and an organ gaUery at the west end. At the east end is a spacious semi-circular recess, reaching nearly to the roof, including the communion table, creed, &c. ; and in the east window is a representation of our Saviour oh the' cross, of but little merit. The Organ, which is a pecuharly fine- toned instrument, was erected in 1820, by the late Mr. WUliam Russell,98 (musical professor,) who officiated as organist until a few months previous to his decease in 1839 ; but the funds which were at first raised being inadequate to its completion, it was never heard to perfection untU lately. The present rector, (the Rev. Henry Ayhng, A.M.) on being preferred to this united benefice in 1838, collected sub scriptions to the amount of three hundred pounds, for the repair of the organs in both his churches ; which was effected by Mr. Gray, in the foUowing year, who added pedals to this organ. — Here is a smaU font of white marble. In the old church were many monuments and inscribed brasses ; some few of the latter being of as early a date as the fifteenth century. Among those which escaped destruction when the roof fell in, was the stately fabric erected by Sir 98 This ingenious man, who was a younger brother of Mr. J. Russell, R.A. the celebrated painter in crayons, was a native of this parish, and born in the year 1751. The great clock, as well as the organ, was constructed by himself; and the chimes were of his own composition. His son, Mr. George Russell, is the present organist. The organ contains the following stops : — In the Great Organ — Stop Diapason ; Open Diapason ; Principal ; Fifteenth ; Twelfth ; Cornet ; Sesquialtra ; Trumpet. Choir Organ— Stop Diapason ; Dulciana ; Principal ; Flute ; Cremona. Swell— Stop Diapason ; Open Diapason; Principal; Trumpet; Hautboy. MONUMENT OF ARCHBISHOP ABBOT. 333 Maurice Abbot, knt. about the year 1640, in commemoration of his elder brother, George, archbishop of Canterbury, who was buried in the ' Chapel of Our Lady,' which formed a part of the old edifice. This monument, which is in exceUent preservation, has been replaced against the east wall at the end of the south aisle. It consists of an altar-tomb ; upon which, (surmounted by an enriched canopy) is a recumbent statue of the archbishop finely sculptured in white marble. He is represented in his episcopal and parliamentary robes, with his right hand resting on the Holy Scriptures, and his head reposing on a large cushion, on which are these words — Obiit An". D. 1633. Augusti die 4°. Anno iEtat. 71. The canopy is sustained by six columns of black marble (based on pedestals of clasped books) and surmounted by nine small aUegorical figures in devotional attitudes. There are also, in niches at the east end of the tomb, two larger figures, a male and a female, distinguished, respectively, by the words Hinc Lumen, and Hie Gratia. Several smaU shields bearing the arms of the deceased, viz. — Gules, a chevron between three pears, stalked, Or; impaled with those of the See of Canterbury, are affixed to the sides of the entablature; and within an iron grating at the west end of the tomb, skuUs and bones are sculptured as though lying con fusedly together in a sepulchre. On two large tablets attached to this monument, are the foUowing inscriptions : — Sacrum Memorise Honoratissimi Archipraesulis Doctoris Georgii Abbot : Qui hanc natalibus Guilfordia, Studiis literarum Oxonia decoravit, ubi Socius primo Colleg. Baliol. dein Coll. Universitatis Prsefectus, & Academies Pro- cancellarius laudatissimus ; prudentiae, pietatis, Eruditionis sestimatione adeo gratiam pientissimi Regumque omnium Doctissimi Jacobi, Magn. Brit. Monarches, promeruit, ut post Decanatum Winton., ad Episcopatum Covent. & Lichf. mox ad London, statim ad Cant. Archiepiscopatum, & totius Anglia? Primatum, & ad Sacratissimi Concilii Regii Senatum cito subvolaret : cumq ; inde altius in tends non posset, ccelos petiit, dierum, honorum plenus. Fratri, eidemq; Patri summe venerandd, Mauricius Abbot Eques Auratus merentissimo moerentissimus hie aeviternum parentat. iEternse Memorise Sacrum. Magni hie (Hospes) Hospitis monumenta vides, sed niortui ; videris viventis etiam viventia. Quod pagum hunc utriusq : Sexus ptocho-trophio sumptuoso, Provincial sua? metropolim Aquacductu specioso ornavit.99 Quod Primas annos 22, praesiderit, duum opthnorum R. R. consiliis inservierit, Carolum pium Diademate & unctione, sacravit, Quod R. Jacobi jussu Ecclesias olim Scotiae perlustravit ; Quod cura ipsius eundem R. eruditissimum Academia Oxon. allubescentia mini exceperit, sibiq ; turn Burgenses Parliamenti, turn auctiores Professorum reditus impetravit. Quanti haeel sed quod pie, patienter, lubenter tanta liquerit, hoc unum in ultimis recensendum, in primis censendum censeas Hospes, & valeas. 99 The Conduit which this Prelate erected in Canterbury is thus curiously alluded to by John Bulteel, 334 HISTORY OF SURREY. This prelate was born at GuUdford, on the 29th of October, 1562 : he was the second of the six sons of Maurice Abbot, a cloth-worker, and Ahce (Marsh) his wife, whom he had married in this town. His father, according to Fuller, "suffered for his stedfastness in the Protestant Religion, through the means of Dr. Story, who was a great persecutor of such persons in the reign of Queen Mary ; and, indeed, had Story been a Bonner, Alice for her zeal had suffered martyrdom. But these storms of persecution being blown over, they passed the remainder of their days quietly, living together fifty-eight years." m Aubrey states that he was born at the first house over the bridge in St Nicholas's parish, which, in 1692, — was "a public-house, known by the sign of the Three Mariners. His mother, when she was with chUd of him, dreamt that if she could eat a Jack or pike, her son in her womb would be a great man. Upon this she was indefatigable to satisfy her longing, as weU as her dream. She first enquired out for this fish ; but accidentaUy taking up some of the river water (that runs close by the House) in a paU, she took up the much desired Banquet, dressed it, and devoured it almost all. This odd affair made no small noise in the neighbour hood, and the curiosity of it made several people of quahty offer themselves to be sponsors at the baptismal fount," when the child was christened; and this the poverty of the parents joyfuUy accepted. Such is the local tradition relative to the birth of the future archbishop of Canterbury, which Aubrey relates on the testi mony of " the minister, and several of the most sober inhabitants of the place." ' in his dedication to the archbishop of his book intituled " The Christian Combate." — " And that which among other things makes your Grace famous, is your munificence ; which appeareth not onely in your founded Hospital at Gildford, but also in that Mausoleum Conduit which your Grace hath caused to be built in this City of Canterbury. A Fountaine, — not fabulously sprung up, as that of Thomas Becket, who lying at his old house at Oxford, seeing that it wanted a fit spring to water it, strooke his staffe into the drie ground, in the place thereof now called St. Thomas well ; where water immediately appeared. A Fountaine, — not as that of the citie of Canterbury in the self same Becket's time, fondly reported to cure all diseases by his meanes : for what disease was there belonging to man or woman which was not healed with the water at Canterbury ? — But this is a Fountaine naturally springing out of the earth, conveied to this citie by pipes, cast into a great, strong, and faire eisterne with cost and expenses ; and that, (as the two Histories of Moses striking the Rocke and Jacob's well, painted on the Conduit, doe represent) for the use and benefit of God's people, for the cleansing of the streets, and for the quenching of the fire in time of danger. And these two emblems may also fitly represent the Water of Life, which springeth from Jesus Christ the rocke and wel-spring of life, which your Grace causeth to runne in the House of God, under our dread Soveraigne, to the refreshing the souls of the faithful]." 100 Fuller, Abel REDrvrvus, p. 540 ; 4to ; 1651. — From an inscription on a brass plate that was in the old church of Trinity, it appears that the Archbishop's parents died within ten days of each other, in September, 1606 ; his father being then eighty-six years of age, and his mother eighty. 1 Aubrey, Surrey, vol. iii. pp. 280, 81. MEMOIR OF ARCHBISHOP ABBOT. 335 After being instructed in the rudiments of learning in the Free Grammar school at GuUdford, in 1578 young Abbot became a student at Bahol CoUege, Oxford, where he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts ; and in November, 1583, he was chosen a probationer-feUow of his coUege. He then entered into holy orders, and obtained distinction in the University as a preacher. In May, 1597, he pro ceeded Doctor of Divinity ; and in the month of September, the same year, he was elected Master of University College ; when he resigned his feUowship. His first publication was a Latin work, relating to the discussion of six ' Theological Questions,' in the schools of Oxford, which appeared in 1598; and which was republished in Germany, in 1616. On the sixth of March, 1599, when at the age of thirty-seven, he obtained his first preferment in the church, the deanery of Winchester. He held the office of Vice-chanceUor of the University of Oxford in 1600, and again in 1603, and in 1605. In 1600, the Cross, which had anciently stood in Cheapside, London, was taken down in order that it might be repaired ; and on this occasion the puritanical citizens applied to both the Universities for advice as to the question, whether the said Cross should be re-erected with or without the characteristic ornament of a crucifix ; and Dr. Abbot, as vice-chanceUor of Oxford, gave it as his opinion, that the crucifix with the dove upon it should not be again set up, but approved rather of a pyramid, or some other matter of mere ornament. His recommendation was followed, notwithstanding the opposition of Dr. Bancroft, the bishop of London. Abbot acted on the same principles at Oxford ; where he caused several ' superstitious pictures,' as they were termed, to be burnt in the market-place ; and among them, " one with the figure of God the Father, over a crucifix, ready to receive the soul of Christ." He pubhshed a tract in vindication of his sentiments ; in which he gives his reasons for recommending the demohtion of crucifixes in painted glass, or other such ornaments. It must be acknowledged, however, that he advises that such works of destruction .should be " done decently and in order." 8 Dr. Abbot was one of the learned divines who were employed in the translation of the New Testament, forming a part of the English Bible pubhshed by royal authority in the reign of James the First. He was patronized by the Earl of Dorset; after whose death in 1608, he became 2 See Cheapside Cross censured and condemned, by a Letter sent from the Vice Chancellor of Oxford, &c. in Answer to a Question propounded by the Citizens of London. 1641 ; 4to. 336 HISTORY OF SURREY. chaplain to George Hume, earl of Dunbar, one of the favourites of King James ; and going to Scotland with that nobleman, he obtained considerable influence among the Presbyterian clergy; and appears to have contributed much to the introduction of Episcopacy into that kingdom. To his conduct on that occasion may be ascribed both the estimation in which his talents were held at court, and his rapid advancement in the church. While Dr. Abbot was in Scotland, one George Sprot, a notary of Aymouth, was prosecuted for concealing his knowledge of the conspiracy against the king, for which the Earl of Gowrie and his brother were put to death in 1600. Sprot was convicted, and executed; and an account of his trial drawn up by Sir WiUiam Hart, the judge before whom it took place, was published in 1608, with a long preface, or introduction, by Abbot ; whose composition appears to have interested the king in favour of the author, who was by no means sparing of his flattery on this occasion. In December, 1609, he was made bishop of Lichfield and Coventry; and in the month of February foUowing, he was translated to the see of London ; whence in March, 1611, he was raised to the archbishopric of Canterbury. On the twenty-third of June, the same year, he was sworn a member of the Privy- councU. In the high station he had now attained, both in the church and state, Abbot acted a prominent part on various occasions. He employed his influence with the king against the Arminians, not in this country only, but also in foreign states ; and he appears, also, to have persuaded James to interfere in the proceed ings against Conrad Vorstius (professor at Leyden), who was prosecuted for Arminianism in Holland.8 8 The proofs of this will be found in the following extract of a Letter, (dated at the Hague, 9th of October, 1611,) addressed by Sir Ralph Winwood to Mr. Trumbull, the Resident at Brussels. — "We are at thys tyme much embroyled by the choice the Curateurs of the University of Leyden have made of one Conradus Vorstius, to be one of their Professors in Divinity in that University. He is a, man of Learning, and long hath professed in Steinfurt, a School belonging to the Counts of Bentham. But yt seems by certain Bookes which lately he hath published, namely, one which is intituled ' De Attributis Dei,' he doth maintain many capricious, and fantastical Opinions, which hath caused many sharp and violent disputes amongst our Ministers in Holland, almost to a playne rupture and schism between them. The knowledge whereof being come to the notice of our Lord of Canterbury, out of the care he hath to preserve Religion in its ancient Purity and Integrity, he hath so far prevayled with his Majesty, that from him I have had charge publicly to Protest agaynst the reception of thys Vorstius, which I have done in the Assembly of the States Generall. What will be the issue I dare not promise, but I presume the States will so well understand what is for the Honor of their State, and the entertainment of Amity between his Majesty and them, that although at this tyme he be at Leyden, where he lurketh privily, he shall be sent back, and not admitted to publick Profession.'' Vide Winwood's Memorials, vol. iii. p. 296. MEMOIR OF ARCHBISHOP ABBOT. 337 Not only in this, but in some other instances, the conduct of the archbishop to those of a different faith, can hardly be contemplated in any other light than that of religious persecution : — of which a distinct and striking proof has been recently afforded through the publication of 'The Egerton Papers,' by the Camden Society. To himself and his royal master, indeed, as appears from those records, may be ascribed the chief infamy of rekindhng the fires of Smithfield for the punishment of "an obstinate Arian heretique," as Howes calls him, of the name of Bartholomew Legate.4 With this man, who was accused of inclining to the errors of Socinianism, as weU as of denying the orthodoxy of the Nicene and Athanasian creeds, James, assisted by several bishops, held a personal conference ; but having failed to convert his opponent by argument, and being displeased with his replies, he spurned at him with his foot, and he was committed to Newgate. Whilst thus in confinement, Abbot and the king took undue measures to ensure his condemnation to the stake ; and on the 3rd of March, 1611-12, he was brought before the Consistory court of St. Paul's, where John King, the bishop of London, presided. Refusing to recant his opinions, sentence was pronounced against him, as " an obdurate, contumacious, and incorrigible Heretic"; and by an instrument called a ' Significavit,' signed by the bishop, he was delivered up to the secular power.5 Soon after, the king, by his letters under the privy seal, gave orders to the lord-chancellor, (EUesmere,) to issue the writ ' de Hceretico comburendo,' to the Sheriffs of London, for the burning of Legate ; who was accordingly committed to the flames in Smithfield, on the 18th of March, in the above year. In the following month, (April the 11th,) another victim to the vengeful spirit of polemical intolerance was burned to death at Litch field : this was Edward Wightman, who was charged with " entertaining the errors often Hseresiarchs;" among whom were enumerated Cerinthus, Manichseus, Simon Magus, and the Anabaptists ! But however wild were the opinions of this poor wretch, they proved only, that he was more fitted to become the inmate of a mad house, than to be made the object of a state prosecution. * Howes' Stow, Annales, p. 591 : fol. 1615. 6 Fuller, Church History of Britain ; fol. B. x. pp. 63, 4. — Miss Aikin, after speaking of the executions of Legate and Wightman, thus continues : — •' A third victim was prepared ; but the lawyers had started several objections to the legality of the proceedings; and it was discovered that such examples, however salutary in themselves, were no longer adapted to the state of public sentiment in England. A dangerous compassion was excited by the constancy of sufferers, who refused, even at the stake, to save themselves by a recantation ; and on the whole, it was judged preferable in future to suffer such culprits to moulder away in solitary dungeons removed from the sight and sympathy of every fellow creature." — Memoirs of the Court of King James the First, vol. i. p. 386. VOL. I, XX 338 HISTORY OF SURREY. About two months prior to the execution of Legate, viz. on the 21st of January, a letter, dated from Lambeth, of which the following is a copy, was addressed to the Lord-chancellor by Archbishop Abbot:— " To the right honorable my very good L. the L. Ellesmere, L. Chancelor of England, geve these. " My very good Lord. His Majestie being carefull that justice should proceede against those two blas phemous heretikes, Legate and Wightman, gave me in charge that before the terme, when the Judges drewe towards the towne, I should make his Majesties pleasure knowne unto your Lordship. And that is, that your Lordship should call unto you three or foure of the Judges, and take their resolution concerning the force of lawe in that behalfe, that so with expedition these evill persons may receive the recompence of their pride and impiety. His Majestie did thinke the Judges of the Kinges Benche to bee fittest to be dealt withall in this argument, as unto whom the knowledge of causes capital doth most ordinarily apper taine : — and, as I conceived, his Highnesse did not muche desire that the Lord Coke should be called there unto, lest by his singularitie in opinion he should give staye to the businesse. So, hoping shortly to see your Lordship abroade, with remembrance of my best love, I remaine, G: Loxt: This letter had its intended effect, as will be evident from the one which foUows ; which must have been written by Abbot after an intervening letter had been received from the chancellor. His lordship's " choice of the judges " was approved of by the archbishop ; and the result, as might at once be foreseen, was the execu tion by fire of the " two blasphemous heretikes," whose case was thus referred to the decision of persons expressly selected to consign them to the stake. — The exclusion of Lord Coke from such a conference redounds greatly to the honour of the integrity and independence of that learned lawyer. " My very good Lord. I cannot chuse but well approve your Lordships choise of the judges. And if any more should bee added, I distrust not but Justice Crooke would do well. Mr. Justice Williams was with mee the other day, who maketh no doubt but that the lawe is cleere to burne them. Hee told me also of his utter dislike of all the Lord Coke his courses, and that himselfe and Baron Altham did once very roundly let the Lord Coke knowe their minde, that he was not such a maister of the lawe as hee did take on him, to deliver what he list for lawe, and to dispise all other. I finde the Kinges Attorney and Soliciter to bee throughly resolved in this present businesse. My servant Hart is at this present out of the way, but as soone as he cometh in hee shall waite upon your Lordship. And so, wishing your Lordship ease and health, I remaine, Your Lordships very ready to do you service, Lambith, Januar 22, 1611." 6 G. Cant. 6 See The Egerton Papers, pp. 447, 448 ; quarto, 1840. MEMOIR OF ARCHBISHOP ABBOT. 339 The conduct of the archbishop in the infamous affair of the divorce of the Countess of Essex, previous to her marriage with the Earl of Somerset, the king's favourite, is more praiseworthy. For being appointed a member of the court of delegates to whom the decision of the case was referred, he was one of those who refused to sanction the divorce, although he knew that the king was desirous that it should take place. He likewise published a vindication of his sentiments ; to which his Majesty vouchsafed an answer in print ; and thus the business terminated. He again ventured to oppose the inclinations of his royal master, who, in 1618, pubhshed a Declaration, authorizing sports and pastimes on Sundays. This was highly annoying to the archbishop, who, how much soever he might wish to gratify his patron, could not overcome his puritanical feelings sufficiently to co-operate in a proceeding which he deemed irreligious. The Declaration was ordered to be read in churches ; and Abbot being at Croydon at the time, openly forbade the reading of it there. Those who were ill-disposed towards him endeavoured to prejudice the king against him, for his seeming contumacy ; but their efforts were unsuccessful. In the foUowing year, the archbishop founded his Hospital at Guildford. It has been asserted, that this work of charity was designed as an atonement for an accidental homicide which he committed; — but this is a mistake; for the latter unfortunate occurrence took place about two years after the foundation. Being on a visit to Lord Zouch at BramshiU-park, in Berkshire, and riding out in the park, July the 24th, 1621, his lordship, who was with him, asked him to try if he could not hit a deer with a shaft from a cross-bow. He complied, and let fly a barbed arrow; when Peter Hawkins, a park-keeper, riding carelessly between the arch bishop and the deer, was struck in the fleshy part of his arm ; and a large artery being wounded, the man bled to death.7 Abbot gave a pension of twenty pounds, annuaUy, to the widow of the deceased ; and he also kept a monthly fast, during the remainder of his life, on Tuesday, the day of the week on which the disaster occurred. The king's behaviour on the occasion was consolatory to the involuntary offender. He quaintly observed, that "an angel might have miscarried in that sort:" and being informed of the penalty his grace had incurred through the 7 In a tract republished in Spelman's Works, (fol. 1727,) intituled " An Apology for Archbishop Abbot touching the death of Peter Hawkins," &c. (and which, though ascribed to "an unknown Hand," is supposed to have been written by the Archbishop himself,) the following passage occurs, in respect to the man so unfortunately killed. — " The party agent was about no unlawful work : for what he did was in the day, in the presence of forty xx 2 340 HISTORY OF SURREY. homicide, he wrote a letter, in which he told him, that "he would not add affliction to his sorrow, nor take one farthing from his chattels or moveables, which were forfeited by law." The archbishop's clerical brethren did not manifest the same liberality towards him ; for some, who were afterwards nominated to bishoprics, scrupled to receive consecration from him. A commission, consisting of ten persons, was therefore appointed to determine, whether he had incurred any irregularity through the involuntary homicide ; and their sentence being favourable, was con firmed by a pardon and dispensation under the great seal; which acts of grace restored him to the exercise of his metropolitical functions. Archbishop Abbot attended King James in his last illness, in 1625 ; and per formed his part at the coronation of his successor, Charles the First. That prince, however, in the early part of his reign, was under the influence of the Duke of Buckingham, who, though he owed his first introduction at court in some measure to Abbot, was ill-disposed towards him. He soon found occasion to display his animosity : for Dr. Sibthorpe, vicar of Brackley, having preached a political sermon at Northampton, in 1 627, which contained doctrines not approved of by the arch bishop, he refused to license it, notwithstanding the king's directions, on which he was ordered to retire from court ; and a commission was issued to the bishop of London and others, to execute the archiepiscopal functions. He was however recaUed, and apparently restored to favour in a short time, taking his seat at the council table ; and he was present in the parliament assembled in March, 1628, in which he advantageously distinguished himself as an advocate for the Petition of Right. In December, 1629, he received a paper drawn up by Bishop Laud, who ultimately became his successor, intituled " His Majesty's Instructions to the most reverend Father in God, George, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, containing certain orders to be observed and put in execution by the several Bishops in his Province." Whilst, however, he thought it prudent to transmit the royal declaration to his suffragan bishops, he appears to have managed the affairs of his own diocese as he thought proper. One of the latest of his acts of pastoral authority demon- or fifty persons, the Lord Zouch, who was owner of the Park, not only standing by, but inviting to hunt and shoot ; and all persons in the field were called upon to stand far off, partly for avoiding harm, and partly lest they should disturb the game ; and all in the field performed what was desired. And this course did the Lord Archbishop use to take when or wheresoever he did shoot ; as all persons at any time present can witness, never any man being more solicitous thereof than he evermore was. And the morning when the deed was done, the Keeper was twice warned to stay behind, and not to run forward ; but he carelessly did otherwise, when he that shot could take no notice of his galloping in before the bow : as may be seen by the verdict of the Coroner's Inquest."— See Reliquijs Sfelmannian.je, pp. 108, 9. MEMOIR OF ARCHBISHOP ABBOT. 341 strated that he was not altogether negligent of the rites and discipline of the national church over which he presided. This was, the issue of a mandate to the parishioners of Crayford in Kent, requiring that they, should kneel on the steps leading to the communion-table, at the administration of the Eucharist. This order was dated July 3, 1633 ; and on the 4th of August, the same year, the archbishop died at his palace at Croydon ; and he was interred, in compliance with his express direction, " in the chapel of Our Lady, within the Church of the Holy Trinity at Guildford." The character of Archbishop Abbot has been repeatedly drawn, and very differently coloured, according to the opposite opinions or principles of the writers. Lord Clarendon says — " He was a man of very morose manners, and a very sour aspect, which in that time was called gravity ; and under the opinion of that virtue, and by the recommendation of the Earl of Dunbar, the King's first Scotch favourite, he was preferred by King James to the Bishopric of Coventry and Litchfield, and presently after to London, before he had been parson, vicar, or curate of any parish church in England, or Dean,8 or prebendary of any cathedral church ; and was in truth totaUy ignorant of the true constitution of the Church of England, and the state and interest of the Clergy."9 Sanderson, Dr. Heylin, and others, have bestowed similar censures on the conduct of the archbishop and his govern ment of the church ; unfavourably contrasting his proceedings with those of his predecessor Bancroft, and his successor Laud. Dr. Welwood, on the contrary, praises Abbot, as " a person of wonderful temper and moderation, who in all his conduct shewed an unwiUingness to stretch the Act of Uniformity beyond what was absolutely necessary for the peace of the Church ; or the prerogative of the Crown any farther than conduced to the good of the state." 10 Dr. Heylin, in reference to Archbishop Abbot, says — " Marks of his beneficence we find none in the places of his breeding and preferments, but a fair Hospital, well-built and liberaUy endowed, in the place of his birth."" This statement only displays the ignorance and carelessness of the writer ; for the munificence of Abbot was manifested in various benefactions to the University of Oxford, in the erection 8 The noble historian is here mistaken; for Abbot was made Dean of Winchester in 1598, or 1599, ten years before he was raised to his seat on the Bench of Bishops. See Wood, Athene Oxonienses, vol. i. col. 584 : and Le Neve, Fasti Eccleslze Anglicans, p. 289. 9 History of the Reeellion, vol. i. p. 137 ; edit. Oxford, 1807. 10 Welwood, Memoirs of Transactions in England for the last hundred years ; 1700 ; 8vo ; p. 38. 11 Heylin, Life of Archbishop Laud, p. 245. 342 HISTORY OF SURREY. of a conduit for public use at Canterbury, and in donations to the poor of GuUd ford, Croydon, and Lambeth ; as well as in the foundation of the hospital at Guildford.18 Abbot, says Mr. Arthur Onslow, " was eminent for piety and a care for the poor ; and his hospitality fully answered the injunction King James laid on him, which was to carry his house nobly, and live hke an archbishop." " Besides the publications already noticed, Archbishop Abbot was the author of an Exposition of the ' Prophecy of Jonah,' in certain Sermons preached at St. Mary's church, Oxford, 1600; and a 'Brief Description of the Whole World,' which passed through several editions ; together with several tracts, chiefly on theological subjects ; Speeches in Parliament ; and Letters. birth-place of archbishop abbot. The humble abode, which his townsmen still shew as the Birth-place of Arch bishop Abbot, stands near the east end of the bridge, on the north side, and 12 Le Neve, Lives of the Protestant Archbishops of the Church of England; 1720; 8vo ; pp. 113—116. 13 Life of Dr. George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury ; reprinted, with additions, from the ' Biographia Britannica' ; Guildford, 1777; 8vo; p. 53*. MONUMENT OF THE SPEAKER ONSLOW. 343 immediately within the gateway connected with the brewing establishment of Mr. James Crooke. It is now a mere cottage tenement (with modern alterations) ; but. may, possibly, have been of more consequence originally. Among the other memorials in Trinity church, which best deserve notice, is the cenotaph of the celebrated Speaker, Arthur Onslow, who was buried in the family vault of the Onslows at Merrow. This consists, principaUy, of an altar-tomb of free-stone, considerably elevated, at the east end of the north aisle. Upon the tomb, in a rechning position, is the figure of the deceased in a Roman habit ; his right arm extended, and his left resting on divers volumes of the Votes and Journals of the House of Commons, from which issue two scroUs, inscribed as foUow : — Votes of the House of Commons. Mercurii 18". Die Martii, 1761. Resolved, Nemine Contradicente, — That the Thanks of this House be given to Mr. Speaker, for his constant and unwearied Attendance in the Chair, during the course of above Thirty-three Years, in Five successive Parliaments ; for the unshaken Integrity, and steady Impartiality of his Conduct there, and for the indefatigable pains he has, with uncommon Abilities, constantly taken to promote the real Interest of his King and Country, to maintain the Honour and Dignity of Parliament, and to preserve inviolably the Rights and Privileges of the Commons of Great Britain. Resolved, Nem. Con. — That an humble Address be presented to his Majesty, That he will be graciously pleased to confer some signal mark of his Royal Favour on the Rt. Hon. Arthur Onslow, Speaker of this House, and to assure his Majesty, That whatever expence his Majesty shall think proper to be incurred on that account, this House will make good the same.14 Jovis 19°. Die Martii, 1761. Mr. Vice-Chamberlain reported his Majesty's most gracious Answer, viz. — That his Majesty has the justest sense of the long Services and great Merit of Mr. Onslow, present Speaker of the House of Commons, and had already taken the same into his consideration ; and that he will do therein what shall appear to his Majesty to be most proper, agreeably to the Desire of his faithful Commons. In front of the tomb, on the base, are the foUowing inscriptions, in two compart ments, viz. — Sacred to the Memory of the Right Honourable Arthur Onslow, Esq ; Eldest Son of Foot Onslow, Esq ; (who was Second Son of Sir Arthur Onslow, Baronet, of West Clandon, and Brother to Richard, the first Lord Onslow, a 14 In consequence of the above address, an annual pension of 3,000?. was voted to Mr. Speaker Onslow, with reversion to his only son, George, who was raised to the peerage in May, 1776, by the title of Baron Cranley, of Imber Court : in the October following, on the death of his cousin Richard, third Lord Onslow, he succeeded to that title ; and eventually, (viz. on June the 19th, 1801,) he was created Viscount Cranley, of Cranley, and Earl of Onslow. 344 HISTORY OF SURREY. Commissioner of Excise, and several years Member in Parliament for this Town) by Susannah his Wife, Daughter of Thomas Anlaby, Esq ; of Anlaby in Yorkshire. He was first Burgess in Parliament for this Borough, afterwards Knight of the Shire for this County, and Speaker of the House of Commons during the whole reign of King George the Second ; Chancellor to his Royal Consort Queen Caroline ; sometime Treasurer of the Navy ; and to his Death one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council ; High Steward of the Town of Kingston upon Thames, and Recorder of this Town. He was the sixth almost in succession of his name and family who had been Burgesses in Parliament for this Borough ; the sixth in like manner who had been Knight of the Shire for this County ; and the third who had been Speaker of the House of Commons. He was born in September mdcxci. ; and in February mdcclxvul, in humble confidence of a better life, through Christ, he gave his honours to the world again, his blessed part to Heaven, and slept in peace. The above Extracts from the Votes of the House of Commons contain the noblest proof of the sense his King and Country entertained of his public merit ; and his private virtues were known to all who had the happiness of his acquaintance. In mdccxx. he married Anne, one of the Nieces and Co-heirs of Henry Brydges, Esq; of Imber-Court in this County, who died in mdcclxvi. ; and by her he had issue one Son, George, Knight of the Shire for this County, — who, revering the memory of him now dead, whose virtues he honour'd, and whose person he so tenderly loved when living, erected this Monument to the perpetual honour of so kind a Father, and so good a Man. On the upper plinth are the foUowing shields of arms, with the annexed dates: — 1. Arg. a Fess Gu. between six Cornish Choughs, prop, with a Cres. for diff. Onslow, impaling Arg. a Chev. betw. three Chess-Rooks, sab. Anlaby: 1699. 2. Onslow, with the arms of Ulster: over all, an Escut. of pretence, viz. Arg. a Chev. and in dexter chief, a Trefoil, sab. Foot: 1687. 3. Onslow, an Escut. of pretence, viz. Sab. two Lions pass, guard, in pale Arg. double girdled, Gu. Strangeways : 1640. 4. Onslow ; impaling Paly of six, Or and Az. a Canton dexter, Erm. Shirley, 1590. 5. Onslow, a Cres. for diff. an Escut. of pretence, viz. Arg. on a Bend dexter, Az. three Martlets Or. Harding: 1568. The same arms are repeated on a pyramidical tablet of black variegated marble, behind the figure, with the foUowing additional coats, viz. : — 1. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, a Lion rampant guar. Sab. 2nd and 3rd, Gu. on a Chev. Or, three Mullets, Sab. 2. Arg. on a Chev. Sab. three Bezants, Or. 3. Harding ; an Escut. of pretence, viz. on a Saltier, Erm. a Leopard's Head, Or. In the old church, nearly on the spot now occupied by the above cenotaph, stood the monument of Sir Robert Parkhurst, knt, a native of Guildford, and some time resident at Pirford, in this county. He was the fourth son of Henry Parkhurst, of this town; and becoming a citizen and alderman of the city of London, he eventuaUy attained the office of Lord-mayor. On his tomb, was the recumbent figure of Sir Robert in the costume appropriate to his civic dignity, with the inscriptions in trinity church. 345 regalia of the city about him ; and at his feet, the effigy of a female in a kneeling posture, representing Lady Parkhurst. On a marble tablet were commemorative inscriptions, in Latin ; " the first of which was dedicated to the memory of that "most distinguished personage, Sir Robert Parkhurst, Knt. a member of the municipal senate of the city of London, and not long after its chief magistrate : in that station, after having been eminent for the gravity of his manners, the probity of his life, his zeal for religion, his prudence in government, and his perfect integrity of mind; in the year immediately foUowing his magistracy, he left his friends to lament his death, a.d. 1636, aged 67." The other inscriptions relate to Dame Eleanor, the consort of Sir Robert Park hurst, who died in 1638, aged sixty; and Dame Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Hugh Baker, bart, and wife of Sir Robert Parkhurst, jun. the son of the preceding, by whom the monument was erected. His lady had not completed the twenty-ninth year of her age at the time of her death ; the date of which is not recorded. Some parts of this monument are yet preserved here. In the porch at the western entrance of the church is a marble tablet, with a brass plate (removed from the old edifice), bearing the foUowing inscription : — Of your Charite p'y for the Sowlis of Henry Norbrige, & Ales his Wyfe, chefe fouders of the Chauntereye in this our Lady Chapell ; whych Henry decesyd the viij day of Deceber, in the yere of our Lord m. vc.xij. On whos Soules J'hu have mercy. Henry Norbrige, or Norbridge, was a member of the corporation of Guildford, who held the office of mayor in 1483, and several times subsequently in the reign of Henry the Seventh. He was concerned in procuring the charter granted by that prince to the men of GuUdford ; and he appears to have been connected with persons of rank and influence about the court. For, in the first year of the reign of Henry the Seventh he procured a writ of privy seal, granting a license for the foundation and endowment of a Chantry in the church of the Holy Trinity at Guildford; in which the names of the effective founders, Henry Norbrige and Thomas Kyngeston of GuUdford, are associated with those of Elizabeth, the queen- consort; Margaret, countess of Richmond, the king's mother; Sir Thomas Bour chier, and Sir Reginald Bray, knts. ; and William Smyth, clerk, afterwards bishop of Lincoln ; together with John Clopton, rector of Trinity, — for whose spiritual 15 Vide Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. p. 50. Sir Richard was buried on the 28th of October, 1636 ; as appears by the Parish Register. Id. note. VOL. I. YY 346 HISTORY OF SURREY. welfare a chantry-priest, or chaplain, was to be maintained, to say prayers in Trinity church for ever.16 This writ, which is dated at Westminster, February the 6th, 1486, authorized the grantees to appropriate lands and tenements, to the value of ten marks a year, for the support of the chantry, notwithstanding the statute of Mortmain, by which such appropriations were interdicted. The sum of forty marks was paid into the Hanaper, as a consideration for the license, by the founders ; and from them it was designated " the Chauntry of Norbrige and Kingeston." Not much more than half a century had elapsed from the foundation of this chantry, before it was suppressed, in common with many other religious institutions, by an Act of Parliament ; and the property destined for its support given to the king. In the third year of the reign of Edward the Sixth, the messuage called the George inn, in Guildford, two acres and a half of meadow, five acres of arable land, and one croft in Stoke ; together with one croft and pasture in Shaldeford, lately belonging to the Chantry of Norbrige and Kingeston; were granted by letters patent, dated January the 16th, in the above year, to WiUiam Fountaine and Richard Mayne ; to be held of the king by fealty only and in free socage, as of his manor of Stokenham : and on the 24th of the same month, these lands were conveyed to WiUiam Hammond, mayor, and John Stoughton, for the Corporation of Guildford," which property after being long retained by the corporation, has been since exchanged for divers fee-farm rents. There was, also, in this church, another chantry chapel, caUed Weston's chapel, having been originally founded as a chantry by one of the Westons of Sutton ; and it has also served as a sepulchral chapel for the persons belonging to that family. The chantry was suppressed in the beginning of the reign of Edward the Sixth ; when Anthony Cawsey, who was the last chaplain, or chantry-priest, had a grant of a pension of five pounds a year, for life. Though nearly all the proprietors of the estate of Sutton-place were buried in this chapel, the only funereal memorial requiring notice is a tablet inscribed to the memory of Melior Mary Weston, spinster, characterized as " the last immediate descendant of an illustrious family which flourished in this county for many successive generations ; and who, with the ample possessions of her ancestors, inherited their superior understanding and distin guished virtues." She died in 1 782 ; and bequeathed her estates to John Webb, esq. who afterwards took the name of Weston, and by whom the monument was erected. 16 Brev. de Cantaria fundanda : in Rymer, Fcedera. T. v. Pt. iii. p. 169. 17 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 49. MEMORANDA OF ANCIENT CUSTOMS. 347 There are many other commemorative inscriptions in this edifice ; yet, as they are not of any distinguished importance, we forbear to particularize them. Among many other curious items relating to ancient parochial customs and religious observances, which were extracted from " An antient Book of Accompts of the Churchwardens of the Church of the Holy Trinity," by Mr. Richard Symmes, who was town-clerk of Guildford in the reign of Charles the Second, are those which follow : — Rents, &c. belonging to that Church : Sums received by the Churchwardens : — Anno Domini 1509. Receyved for gaderying alsowlyn branche xvj d. Item of dowell money vij s. id. Item ree. for paskall money ixs. vd. Item for men's nockynge money ij s. ixd. Item for wymenys nockynge money ixs. xd. The Churchwardens desire allowance, among other things — For 3lb of wex for the rodelyte at vd. ob xvj d. ob. For makeing the same viij d. For a sack of coles ij d. For watchynge of the sepulkar viij d. For scoureing of the great candlestyks xij d. For Peter-pens a Whyt Tuysday xijd. Anno Domini 1511. Payd for kyngs rent iij d. for payntyng of lent clothys ij s. viij d. for 2 tabernakyll clothys for the Trinite and our lady iij s. viij d. for 2 passyon baners iiijs. xd. for the new chalys x,l. iij s. 1512. Payd for lyne to draw up the rood cloth ijd. Item for a canapy clothe for the sacrament at the hy alter xij d. Item for 4 small chaynes to the same iiij d. Item for frenge for the same xxij d. Item for a holy brede baskette iij d. Item for a case to a chalyse iiij d. Item for 131b of new wax to the renewyng of the paschall, and the south taper viij s. id. Item for making the same, with the fonte taper vj d. Item for a new sorples for the parish priest iiij s. 1514. Ree. for an ale made for the church behove vijs. vijd. Item ree. at the feast of Chrystmas, for the rode light, of the whole parish. . vij s. Item ree. at the fest of Ester, for the paschall light, of the whole parish ixs. ixd. Item ree. at nok tyde of the gatheryng of the foreseyd chyrchwardens .... iij s. ijd. Item for makeing of the light that standeth by the rode before St. Clements autor, and the flowers of the same iiij d. Item for scouring the gret candelestykes standing before the hye autor xij d. yy2 348 HISTORY OF SURREY. Item to the sexten for watching of the sepulchre both for day and night . . . viijd. Item for colys to make holy fyer on Ester evyn ij d. 1516. Payd for making cleane the alabaster table in St. Mary's chauncell xd. Item to Sp Thomas for washing the surplices ij d. Item payd at Whitsontyde for smoke farthings ^ d. Item payd for mending of the organs mj d. 1520. Item for mending the pax xij d. Item payd to the organ maker xxvj s. viij d. 1521. Item for a rybbond of silk to amend our Lady's vestment iiij d. 1523. Item for making a new crosse to the rood-loft uj s. Item for the new crosse-clothes xxs. xd. Item to Thomas the chauntry priest for a surplice iij s. iiij d. Item for soweing alter-clothes for the alters of St. Gregory, the Salutation of our Lady, and St. Sythees . * iij d. 1524. Item payd for mending the crosse of silver ¦, xxvj s. viijd. Item payd for flax to trusse the crosse j d. Item payd for costs to London for the crosse ij s. viij d. 1530. Ree. of Clobbe's wife for haveing the best crosse ij d. Item of Fylbrett for barroweing of the morice gere xd. 1555. 1 & 2 Ph. & Mary. Item received of the sommer lord for the bread and drinke left at the kynge game iiij s. xd. 1557. Item for the tabernacle xiij s. iiijd. ls 18 Russell's Guildford, pp. 63* — 69*. It may not be uninteresting to insert, from the same work, the following particulars from an "Inventory of the Church Goods," taken on the 23rd of July, 1558, (4th and 5th of Philip and Mary,) when the Roman Catholic religion had been re-established after the era of the Reformation : — First, a Crosse with Mary and John, and a foot to the same, over-gilt. Item, a Chalyce of silver, parcell-gylt, with the Paten. ¦ a Cope of cloth of tissue, and a vestment and Albes to the same, ¦ a Cope of cloth of gold, with raised velvett with tunicles for Deacon and sub-deacon, and Albes to the same. ¦ three Pillowes of silk for the crosse. , — two Corporas cases, and two Corporas clothes. ¦ a Cope of blue velvett. , — a Vestment of white satten, embroydered with garters, and an Albe. , — a Vestment of white satten branched, with an Albe. ¦ three Streamers of Silke, greene. • a Cross-cloth of greene silke. • an Alter-cloth, of cloth of gold, and crimson velvett paned. , — a great Eagle, or Desk of latten, standing in the quire. ¦ a Paire of Organs in the quire. ¦ a Paschall bason, and the lynes. ¦ a Paire of latten Candlesticks standing on the high alter. ¦ a Canopy with fower hoopes of latten, with a bowle and crosse to hang over the sacrament. , — an old pair of portative Organs, and the bellowes and pipes. ¦ a Judas crosse. Drawn fy J H.T6omps07i, ' tng* Far Bra.yley"s History of Surrey: RY'S CHURCH , COJ BIL ZAST ZTuH Drmtn dyS/P ffiexq&s&i Eng" For Brtyleya History ol Surrey flP.IT, MflCHI STKIEETT, COilI'LIt»F©Blia), SOUTH SfDE i'i(?<- l-y SA. ¦ m E'i{tfbySbury ?S Darken? fhMxbed ' fy&g£deJkcrJ*l840 st. mary's church, guildford. 349 In the reign of Henry the Eighth, the churchwardens paid an annual rent of 2\d. to the crown, for lands belonging to this church; and the same rent was charged and aUowed in their accounts in the 9th of Queen Ehzabeth, anno 1567. About the same time, the sum paid for the use of the pall kept by the church wardens was xnd ; and vis. viijd. was the fee for every one buried in the church; — the executors of the deceased also paid for the "waste of torches" at the funeral, sometimes iis., and at other times, iijs. being charged. — The Register of this parish commences with the date, July the 30th, 1558. It appears that the original feast of the Dedication of the church was observed on the three days preceding Christmas ; but this being attended with much inconvenience to the parties resorting thither, Bishop Woodloke, in October, 1312, ordained that it should thenceforth be kept on the 24th of September, in every year. St. Mary's Church. — This edifice, which stands on the declivity of the hill in Quarry-street, is an early specimen of Anglo-Normau architecture, and may, with great probability, be referred to the reign of King Henry the Second, if not to that of his predecessor Stephen. In the ninth of Henry the Third, Henry, the then vicar of this church, gave forty shillings for the privilege of holding a fair near it, during three days, until the king should be of age.19 This is a strong, yet rudely-built structure, mostly composed of chalk, but with an intermixture of flints and rubble stones, united by a firm cement. It consists of a nave and aisles, a chancel, and two chapels flanking the latter, and respectively Item, three great Antiphonaryes noted, — two small Antiphonaryes noted, — an halfe Antiphonary noted, — a Legend written, — five Grayles noted, — an holy Portace prynted without note, — two Manuall books, — five Masse books, whereof one noted, — seven Processionars noted, — two bookes of Ymmes and a Salter written. Item, two pewter potts-flagon. „ — a great copper Chayn, to tye a book at. ,, — a Sepulchre, — and a cloth painted for the sepulchre. „ — a bleu cloth with birds, used for the pulpitt, and for the chylde-wyves seat. ., — two Banner-clothes for Lent, with two alter clothes and two curtaines for the high alter. „ — a white Canopy of stitched or hollow worke, fringed, to hang over the sacrament. „ — eleaven litle streamers to deck the Sepulchre and Paschall. „ — a Box with lock and key, used for nockyng and dowellyng. „ — a Painted cloth for the rode [rood]. Under the date 1573, the sum of iij 1. viijs. is entered as being received "for the brasen-piller and eagle.'' 19 " Henricus Vicarius Ecclesise B. Mariae de Geldeford r c de xls, pro habenda usq ; ad setatem Regis una feria ad Ecclesiam B. Maria? de Geldeford duratura per iij dies." — Madox, History of the Exchequer, voL ii. p. 415 ; from Mag. Rot. 9 Hen. III. ; Rot. iii. a. Surreia. 350 HISTORY OF SURREY. dedicated to St. John Baptist, and St. Mary : a small tower, embattled, and con taining six beUs, rises at the intersection of the nave and transept with the aisles. ,Each chapel has a semi-circular absis, vaulted and groined within, and surmounted, exteriorly, by a cone-like roof. The east end, or chancel division, was originally terminated in a similar manner ; but in consequence of the extreme and incon venient narrowness of the street in that direction, it has been shortened at different times about twenty feet ; and now ends in a right line. The last alteration was made in the year 1825, by a subscription of the parishioners; on which occasion, all the stones being marked when taken down, the large and handsome eastern window was rebuilt in the same identical form as it had previously assumed.80 At that time, the chancel was shortened twelve feet. GROUND PLAN OF ST. MART S CHURCH. 20 Memorandum, 1825.—" In the spring of this year, alterations and improvements of the chancel end of St. Mary's Church were made, and a new fence with iron palisades, erected on the east side of the church-yard. Quarry Street was at the same time considerably widened and improved, to the great accommodation of the public ; under the direction and superintendence of Messrs. Stedman and Lee, church-wardens." See Church Book. The subscriptions amounted to 971. 2s. It appears that in April, 1755 ; by order of the Vestry, "the east churchyard-wall was moved further into the churchyard, and the ground taken into the highway ;— the parish taking upon themselves the whole repairs of the east end of the chancel next the road, and the great east window, thenceforward, from time to time, and at all times, and for ever to save the rector and his successors from all charges concerning the same."— Russell's Guildford, p. 73. 1 <5 4 pi > J" ST. MARY'S CHURCH, GUILDFORD. 351 There are many peculiarities in the interior of this church : the aisles are unusually wide, and not correspondent in measurement ; and the windows, with little exception, are much contrasted both in character and size, in consequence of alterations and repairs at different periods. The general width of the church is fifty-five feet and a half; its length is ninety feet : the width of the nave is seven teen feet three inches and a half, independently of the space below the arches, which is two feet three inches on each side : the north aisle is seventeen feet, ten inches and a half, in width ; whilst that of the south aisle is exactly three feet less. The nave is separated from the aisles by four pointed arches, with deep soffits rising from thick Norman columns ; all of which, except one, have a square abacus, with the usual sculptured flutings, &c. on the capitals ; the other column exhibits several circular mouldings. Most of the corbels connected with this part of the church, and which chiefly represent human heads, have a very singularly-grotesque character. Three steps lead from the nave to the tower, which opens to the aisles by semi-circular arches, to the nave by a low pointed arch, and, originally, to the chancel, by a much higher one ; but the latter has been closed up by the belfry floor : the supporting piers are very massive. The chancel, which is approached from the tower by a flight of four steps, has had a richly-groined roof; but the eastern part was necessarily destroyed when the church was shortened. Several shields of arms (painted on glass in 1825) ornament the east window, which is constructed in the perpendicular style of the fourteenth century ; and consists of five cinquefoU-headed lights, divided by muUions in the lower part, with many smaller lights in the tracery above : among the arms are those of the British crown, the See of Winchester, and the See of Canterbury, impaling Archbishop Abbot. On the north side of this chancel is the ancient and very curious chapel of St. John Baptist; which, as wUl be seen from the annexed print, has both an original and a picturesque character. The altar, or chancel, part is fronted by a massive arch ; and the semi-circular absis within is groined and vaulted in three divisions ; the ribs being of stone resting upon corbel brackets, and the groins, apparently, of chalk. Here, on the spandrels of the great arch, and on the soffits of the vault, is a series of delineations in fresco, drawn in outlines of a reddish-brown colour. The subjects on the spandrels, which, in the accompanying wood-cut, are numbered 1 and 2, represent the angel St. Michael weighing the merits of a human soul (depicted by a naked form in a supplicatory attitude) ; — and a gorbeUied imp, or demon, dragging the wicked into the bottomless pit, towards which, also, they are 352 HISTORY OF SURREY. propelled by an angel. In the preponderating scale, connected with the beam sustained by St. Michael, is a candlestick and taper, significant of the light of the gospel ; which a winged demon, at the other end, ineffectually endeavours to out weigh, both with his foot and hand. Within an oval compartment (vide No. 3) in the central part of the vault, measuring about four feet by two feet and a half, is a representation of the God head, seated, in a tunic and robe ; his right hand raised in the attitude of benedic tion ; and his left sustaining an orb, or globe, inscribed with the Greek letters, Alpha and Omega : on the adjacent spandrels are angels worshipping. There are six other compartments, aU of which are circular ; the largest being four feet six inches in diameter ; the next, three feet six inches ; and the remainder, about three feet each. To determine, accurately, what the subjects were intended to represent, is perhaps impossible ; but the following explanations are offered, as being at least within the scope of probability. The passages marked with inverted commas, are extracted from an account of these paintings which was read to the Society of Antiquaries on the 16th of February, 1837, from observations com municated by E. J. Carlos, esq. and J. G. Nichols, esq. ; and subsequently pubhshed in the Archaeologia.21 The subject No. 4, is called "Heavenly Judgment: several good souls repre sented as received into the bosom of our Saviour; a bad man condemned to torment, which he is suffering in a tub-hke receptacle, from a [demoniacal] figure armed with a flesh-hook." No. 5. " Earthly Judgment, represented by a group of five figures : a King seated, the accuser and witness standing, and a culprit suffering decapitation." — It may, however, be otherwise conjectured, that this compartment refers to the Beheading of St. John, by order of King Herod; — the chapel being dedicated to that saint, rendering it probable that some allusion to his personal fate would be introduced among these subjects. No. 6. " Christ passing Judgment. Before him a person is represented kneeling in prayer; behind whom are two others dragged to judgment by demons." — We should rather describe this as, Christ casting out Devils ; and that the kneeling figure is returning thanks for being dispossessed of the two horned demons, who are moving off in the back-ground. The two other gorbeUied imps, behind, appear to be dragging another figure towards Christ by means of a double leash : an official with a sword, is in attendance. 21 Vide Appendix to Archaeologia, vol. xxvii. p. 413. jbjects in Fresco, as delineated on the Spandrels and Groining op the east-end of the Chapel op John Baptist, in St. Mary's Church, Guildford. CHAPEL OF ST. JOHN BAPTIST. 353 No. 7. "The Death of the Wicked: a Judge standing holding a wand or rod; a Scribe, seated at a Desk registering the sentence. Two figures are extended dead upon the floor ; a third is drinking from a chalice." — The bended figure here called a Judge, has more the character of an Executioner ; as he grasps a dart, or arrow, with bis right hand, and holds a knife in his left. No. 8. "The Death of the Good. This represents a corpse placed on the ground, attended by two Priests : in the back-ground an altar, on which is placed a chalice." No. 9. " A figure of Christ, before whom is a person placed within a font, in a supplicating posture : a third figure is represented drawing water from a river by means of two buckets." — It may be otherwise surmised, that the figure appealing for support to Christ is St. John Port-Latin in the cauldron of boiling oil : the markings behind the cauldron, may, possibly, be meant for flames. What the appendages are on the arms of the man behind, is entirely questionable. The groundcolour of the two subjects on the outer spandrels is a reddish-brown; that_of the circular compartments is a light washy green, but this faded appearance is probably the effect of age, if not of the white-wash with which the whole was formerly hidden, and by the scraping off of which some parts have been much defaced. The re-discovery of these frescoes is said to have been made by the workmen, when the chancel underwent alteration and repair in the year 1825. Some scroU-lUce foliage ornaments the rest of the groining; and the ribs and exterior arch are enriched with a variety of small tracings in running patterns. Z2 Although these subjects are but rudely sketched, there is a certain degree of freedom and spirit in the outlines, and a discrimination of form and character in the figures, which indicate the possession of considerable talent by the artist that designed them. Nothing determinate can be affirmed as to their origin, but that they were executed in an early stage of the art is evident, both from the style in which they are wrought, and from their general appearance. They might, indeed, without much hesitation, be referred to the reign of Henry the Third, in whose forty-fourth year, as already noticed, the Sheriff of Surrey was commanded to have the paintings in the chapel in the king's palace at GuUdford completed, according to the directions which had been previously given to William of Florence.23 It is 22 Some slight aquatints of the above delineations were first published by Mr. Henry Prosser, an artist of this town, in his " Short Description of the Parish Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Guildford;" 4to. 1836. The drawings from which the accompanying series of wood-cuts was executed, were also made by the same artist, in September, 1840. 23 See before, in the account of the Palace, pp. 302-3. VOL. I. ZZ 354 HISTORY OF SURREY. probable, that the subjects here described were depicted on that occasion, — if not by the Florentine himself, at least by some artist in his employ. St. Mary's chapel is separated from the chancel by a broad pointed arch, springing from short semi-columns with chamfered mouldings, and high curvilinear bases. At the east end of this chapel, which is now used as a lumber room, is an old Confessional, raised about four feet from the floor, with the broken remnant of a gothic screen in front. Some remains of rich gilding and painted devices may be traced about this inclosure. From this extremity of the budding there is a com munication with the church-yard by a flight of five steps. At the west end of the church are three gaUeries ; that in the centre contains a good organ, which was erected by subscription, at an expense of about 150?., and first used on Easter Sunday, 1820 : the present organist is Mr. Samuel RusseU, who was. appointed in June, 1831. There is a small north porch, which opens to the church by a pointed arch, rising from slender columns with large capitals on each side ; and displaying a succession of recessed mouldings : there is also a porch on the south side. There was formerly an entrance from the west ; but this door way has been long stopped up. — The sepulchral memorials are numerous ; but not being of particular interest, it is inexpedient to notice them further. This church will accommodate nine hundred persons: the free sittings are about a hundred and sixty. There were two GuUds, or fraternities, formerly existing here, namely ; first, the Fraternity of Jesus; and secondly, that of the Body of Christ; "as appears by the last wiU and testament of Henry Freke, in 1492 ; who thereby bequeathed to each of these, 3s. 4c?; and also to the mother church Ad ; and to the high altar in the same, 12c?."24 — The Register of this Parish begins with the date, 6th April, 1540. Rectors of the united parishes of the Holy Trinity and St. Mary, in the present century. — James Weller, D.D. This gentleman held the incumbency during the long period of fifty years : he was instituted in 1774, and resigned in 1824. Henry Parr Beloe, A.M. Instituted February the 18th, 1824. Died May the 21st, 1838; and was buried in St. Mary's church. He was a scholar and author of eminence, and a frequent contributor to the British Critic and other reviews. His father, the Rev. W. Beloe, was the weU-known translator of Herodotus, and writer of the Sexagenarian and other works. Henry Ayling, A.M. Instituted July the 13th, 1838. 24 Manning, Surret, vol. i. p. 62. ST. NICHOLAS' CHURCH, GUILDFORD. 355 St. Nicholas' Church is situated near the foot of the bridge, at a short distance from the western bank of the Wey : and in conjunction with the ascent and buUd ings of the High-street forms a very pleasing view at the entrance of the town from the Portsmouth road. This is a handsome fabric in the pointed style, consisting of a nave and side aisles, together with a square tower, embattled ; and surmounted by eight pinnacles at the west end. With the exception of the tower, which belonged to the old church, and the Loseley chapel on the south side, the whole of this edifice was rebuilt in the years 1836-37; from the designs and under the direction of Mr. Robert Ebbels, architect; whose high professional talents have become advantageously known to the pubhc, by the various churches erected by him in this and other counties. The church which formerly stood on this spot, was a rude structure of ancient date ; and consisted, chiefly, of a nave and its aisles, under three different roofs. Becoming greatly dilapidated, and insufficient for the accommodation of the parishioners, it was determined at a committee meeting, to rebuild the same on an enlarged scale ; — and subscriptions were immediately commenced for that purpose, by a donation of 500?. from the then patron and incumbent, the dean of Salisbury; whose son, the Rev. Wm. Henley Pearson, A.M. is the present incumbent. Other donations foUowed ; and through the indefatigable exertions of the Rev, J. Knight, the curate, the necessary funds, (including a grant of 500?. from the Incorporated Society for buUding and repairing Churches,) were soon raised ; and the work was commenced in the spring of 1836. On the brass plate deposited with the first stone was this inscription : — " The first stone of this Church was laid on the 7th day of June, in the year of our Lord 1836, and in the sixth year of the reign of King WiUiam the Fourth ; — by the Vert Rev. Hugh Nicholas Pearson, D.D., Dean of Salisbury ; Patron and Incumbent. Robert Ebbels, Architect." Although low and unsightly, the old tower was considered substantial, and there fore it was not taken down ; but it had to be strengthened and decorated with new buttresses, cornices, parapets, windows, doorway, &c, untU the whole was in unison with the design of the new church ; which is a weU-studied composition in the general style of the ecclesiastical architecture of the twelfth century. The floor of the new church is about four feet higher than that which preceded it, and which had itself been raised, about two feet nine inches, above the original floor. The latter, it appears, had been at all times covered with water, when the river Wey was flooded ; but there are now groined vaults underneath the whole of zz 2 356 HISTORY OF SURREY. the new edifice; and it is a remarkable fact, that both the church and tower are built on a morass or quagmire, which is full of springs, and has a stream of water con stantly running across it from the surrounding hiUs.25 The exterior walls are faced with a stone called Bargate stone, in thin layers of range work; which has a very neat and pleasing effect.26 This edifice was finished in August, 1837; and it was then consecrated for divine service by the Bishop of Winchester. The entire cost of its erection (including the value of the old materials) was 2,723?. 7s.; of which, 2,400?. was the contract agreement; and the remainder, charges for sundry extras. Both the side-galleries and organ gallery are supported on cast-iron columns ; and the railing at the east end, before the communion table, is also of ornamental cast-iron in gothic tracery; assimilated in bronze colour : the rail itself is of oak. The pews, the free seats, the pulpit and reading-desk, are wholly executed in deal, and grained to imitate oak, and varnished. All the principals of the roof are seen in the church ; and are framed and fitted in with moulded gothic tracery : the tie-beams, which are also moulded, rest on handsome brackets filled in with tracery, springing from stone corbels. This arrangement produces an exceUent effect, and reflects great credit, both on the architect and builder. The total number of sittings is 1049 ; of which 501 are free and unappropriated. From the windows being glazed with ground glass, the light is unobtrusive. The Organ was built by Messrs. Robson and Son, in August, 1837," at the cost of 25 When the old walls were pulled down, and the foundations dug out, the quagmire and stream had a most formidable appearance ; and there seemed very little chance of obtaining a secure base for the new church, unless piling and planking were resorted to ; — for a rod or stick might, in any part, be pushed down ten or twelve feet without difliculty. But the architect, seeing that the old tower stood remarkably well, although built on this quagmire, had its foundation opened ; and he found it composed of flints, whole and unbroken, laid without mortar to the depth of about two feet, and a little wider than the thickness of the walls of the tower. He therefore at once determined to have the whole of the new foundations laid in concrete ; which was done to the extent of about four feet in width, and two feet and a half in depth ; — and, in the course of one day after it was laid, this was as hard and firm as a turnpike road. As no building can stand better than this church, it affords a signal proof of the utility of concrete, — which the architect has used in many other instances with equal success. 26 This stone is raised in the quarries of Mr. Peacock, near Godalming, four miles from Guildford ; and, from its qualities, is deserving of being usedjmore generally than is at present the case. 27 This organ has two sets of keys. The compass of the Great Organ is from GG to F in alt. : it contains the following stops: — Open Diapason ; Stopt Diapason ; Principal; Twelfth; Fifteenth; Sesqui- altra, three ranks ; and Trumpet, the whole throughout. The compass of the Swell is from Tenor F to F in alt. with the following stops: — Open Diapason ; Stopt Diapason ; Principal; Flute ; Hautboy ; and a Couplet to unite the Swell to the Great Organ. An octave and a half of German Pedals, and two Composition Pedals. The present organist is Mr. G. Wilkins. st. Nicholas' church, guildford. 357 320?. : it is a fine-toned instrument ; and the case, which was designed by Mr. Ebbels, is in perfect accordance with the style of the church. The tower contains eight bells; the tenor weighs 16 cwt. Affixed to the wall in the south aisle are two brass plates, in frames, inscribed in memory of Mr. Caleb Lovejoy, a native of Guildford, who, by will, dated the 15th of November, 1676, bequeathed the rents, &c. of thirteen messuages and a workshop, situate in Walnut-tree AUey, St. Olave's, Southwark, for certain charitable uses in this parish. He was " brought up at the Free School " here ; but " before xv years of age, was by his Parents removed thence to London"; where he became successful in business, and obtained the freedom of the city in the Merchant- Taylors Company. The second inscription is as foUows : — Caleb Lovejoy, here I lye, yet not I My Body being dead, My Soul is fled unto Eternitye, There to injoye that everlasting Bliss Which Jesus Christ, my Lord Who's gon before, prepared hath for his ; — Wherefore my Body rest in hope till then When he shall joyne thee to thy Soul agen, And bring thee unto that most glorious Vision, There to enjoye thy God in full Fruition. These Verses, wcl1 were of his own inditeing Now set in Brass are by his own apoynting Who was here buried the 1 of February, mdclxxvi. aged lxxiv, Lord, make us fitt by's Likeness, while we continue here, To meet our blessed JESUS when he shall apeare. In the north gaUery is a small and neat mural monument by Behnes, of white marble, displaying a sarcophagus and funeral pall, with the following inscription, and arms, viz. : — In memory of Sir Chas. Henry Knowles, Admiral of the Red, Bart. G.C.B. Born at Kingston in Jamaica on the 24th of August, 1754 ; at which time his father, Sir Chas. Knowles, Bart, was Governor of that Island. Died in London on the 28th of November, 1831. This brave officer fought and bled in defence of his Country, in several parts of the Globe ; Received the Thanks of the Legislature for his Services, and from his Sovereign, Honorary distinctions. Arms. — Az. crusuly of crosslets, a cross moline, voided, Or. Crest An Elephant statant, Or. Motto. Semper Paratus. On the south side of the church, and communicating with it by a glazed door and a flight of six steps, is a small Chapel, called the Loseley Chapel, belonging to the Loseley manor-house in this parish. This chapel, which contains divers memorials for the More and Molyneux families, has been lately repaired and 358 history of surrey. restored (together with its monuments, which have been regilt, painted, &c.) at the expense of James More Molyneux, esq. the present possessor of Loseley. The ribs supporting the roof spring from corbel brackets of human heads, of a large size, and strange character. Under the south window, is the altar-tomb of Arnold Brocas, who was rector of this parish about the end of the fourteenth century ; and who is represented by a statue of freestone (in a scarlet habit) lying under a gothic canopy in three divisions. The inscription "on a brass plate in the upper edge," as given by Manning, was as foUows : — Hie jacet Arnaldus Brocas, Baculari. . . . ut' usq ; Juris, Canonic' Lincoln' & Wellens', et qu'dam Rector isti' loci, qui obiit in Vig'l'a Assu'on's Be. . . . Marie, Anno Domini, Milesimo ccc nonagesimo quinto. At the head of the figure,' which reposes on a cushion, is a smaU angel ; and at the feet, a dog: on the paneUing in front, are five shields. This tomb was removed hither from the north aisle of the old church. The oldest inscription for the More family commemorates Sir Christopher More, knt. ; " who was the King's Remembrancer of the Exchequer ;" and died at Loseley on the 16th of August, 1549. He was twice married: by Margaret, his first wife, daughter and heiress of Walter Mudge, he had five sons and seven daughters ; by Constance, his second lady, the daughter of Richard SackvUl, or Sackvile, of Buckhurst, (relict of WiUiam Heneage, esq.) he had no issue. Arms. — Az. on a cross Arg. five martlets, Sab. More ; impaling Arg. a Chev. betw. three Cockatrices, Sab. Mudge ; and Quarterly, Or and Gu. a Bend Vert, SackvUl. On the adjacent monument are two smaU figures in white marble, of an armed knight and a lady, in a kneeling position, facing each other ; commemorative of Sir George More, knt and Anne his wife, a daughter and co-heir of Sir Adrian Poynings, knt., second brother to Thomas, last Lord Poynings. This lady died at Loseley on the 19th of November, 1590, and was buried near this place ; having had issue, three sons and four daughters. Arms.— Over the Knight, a shield with nine quarterings, viz. Az. on a cross Arg. five martlets, Sab : More. 2. Arg. a Chev. betw. three Cockatrices, Sab : Mudge. 3. Arg. five Lozenges in pale, Sab. A. Sab. a, cross engrailed Arg. 5. Arg. a cross moline Or, Molyneux. 6. Gu. five Lozenges in pile Arg. 7. Arg. an Ox Gu. within a Pound Sab. 8. Az. three demi-garters Or. 9. Arg. an Antelope Sab. Arms. — Over the Lady, a shield of More, as above, impaling sixteen quarterings, viz. 1. Barry of six Or and Vert, a Bend Gu. Poynings ; and fifteen others of alliances of that family. monuments in the loseley chapel. 359 Adjoining is a large .altar monument, on which are recumbent figures in alabaster of Sir William More, knt. and his wife Margaret ; the former being represented in armour, and the latter in the general dress of Queen Ehzabeth's reign. The knight's sword is remarkably large : he has, also, a long beard. The inscription on this monument, (at the head of which are smaU statues of a Youth blowing bubbles, and Time with his hour-glass and scythe,) is as foUows : — Sr William More, Knight, son and heir of Sr Christopher More, Knight, left this life at Loseley, 20 daye of July, 1600, beyng about the age of 82 yeares; and lyeth buried neere this place, together with Dame Margaret his Wife, one of the Daughters and heirs of Raphe Daniell of Swaffam, in t"e Cou. of Nor. Esq. By whome he had yssue George More, Elizabeth, and Ann : Elizabeth, y?ch dyed the Wife of Sr Tho. Egerton, Knight then Lo. Keeper of t'e Greate Seale, & now Lo. Ellesmere, & Lo. High Chancellor of Englande : Anne, the Wife of Sr George Manwaring of Ightfeld in the Cou. of Salopp, Knigh'., and George More of Loseley, Knig1"., Whoe hathe made t' Monume't, as well for a testimonye of his duty to those his good Parents, now w* God in Heaven, to continewe their memorye on Earth ; also to stirr up those w* now live to the following of their vertuous and godlye life ; Hee beyng evermore a zelous Professor of true Religion, & a favourer of all those woh trulye were Religious, (spending his dayes in the service of our late Soveraigne of blessed memorie Queene Elizabeth, in whose favoure hee lived and dyed, beyng one of the Chamberlaynes of her Ma. high Court of Excheq') ; and shee to him both living and dying, a faithfull Wife, carefull of her familie, bountiful! to the Poore, & religious towards God ; was in her life beloved, and at her death lamented of all those wcl1 did know her. Arms. — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, More; 2nd and 3rd, Mudge; both as above described. Crest. On a Ducal Coronet an Antelope arg. Adjoining the last, is a smaU altar-tomb in two compartments, in memory of Elizabeth and Ann, the two daughters of Sir WUliam More ; who are represented by kneehng figures, in the habits of the time. Under each figure is an inscription, viz. : — 1st. This figure was erected in memory of Elizabeth More, Dar of Sr William More, married first to Richard Polsted, of Albury, Esq., by whom shee had noe issue; Secondly, to Sr John Wolleye, Kt. One of the Secretaries of the Latin tongue to Qv. Elizabeth, & by him had Sr Francis Wool'*, Kt. And thirdly, to Thomas Xd Elsmere, Lord Chauncellor of Englnd, but by him had no issue. Arms. — Arg. a Lion rampant Gu. betw. three Pheons Sab. within a bordure engrailed of the Second ; Ellesmere ; impaling More. 2nd. This figure w" erected in memory of Ann, second Da' of S' William More, who was maried to S' George Manwaring, of Ightfeild in Shropshire, Kt., and by him had S' Arthur, Sp Henry, S' Thomas Manwaring, Kts., and George Manwaring ; and two Da,B the eldest mar. S' Richard Baker, Kt. and the youngest mar. Sr John Cobet, Kt Arms. — Arg. two Bars Gu. Manwaring ; Imp. More. Among the other memorials in this chapel is one for Sir Robert More, knt. "one ofthe Honble Band of Pentioners to King James and King Charles," (the son and heir of Sir George More,) who died at Loseley on the second of February, 360 HISTORY OF SURREY. 1625. On this monument, which is now undergoing reparation, is a shield of arms, containing forty-eight- quarterings ofthe alliances and connexions of this family. There are inscribed tablets, also, for Sir Poynings More, bart. who died on the 11th of April, 1649; and Dame Elizabeth, his wife, daughter of Sir Wilham Fytche, knt. ;— Margaret, the daughter of Nicholas More, esq. and sister and heiress of Sir William More; ob. the Wth of September, 1704, aged forty-four years;— Thomas Molyneux, esq. the husband of that lady, who died on the 13th of December, 1719, aged fifty-seven ;— Sir More Molyneux, knt. ; ob. the 19th of February, 1769, aged sixty-nine; and Dame Cassandra, his wife, who died on the 7th of January, 1745, in her fifty-sixth year;— as well as for divers other individuals of this famUy, nearly up to the present time. It is stated by Manning, that the advowson of this church was formerly possessed by the crown as parcel of its royal demesne ; "but was given by one of our earhest Princes (probably by King Henry I. at the same time that he gave the advowson of Godalming,) to the Church of Salisbury";28 — and the presentation is stiU in the Dean of Salisbury. The parish register bears date from April 6th, 1560. Rectors in the present century : — Edward Fulham, A.M. Inst, the 3rd of April, 1777. Hugh Nicholas Pearson, D.D. Inst, the 18th of June, 1832. Resigned. William Henley Pearson, A.M. Inst. September, 1837. A new and elegant Rectory House, in the Elizabethan style, for the parish of St. Nicholas, has been recently buUt by the Rev. Mr. Pearson, on the elevated ground bordering the east side of the Portsmouth road, and now called St. Catherine's Terrace. The old rectory in Bury-street, with the ground, barns, &c. attached, was sold by Mr. Pearson, under the usual permission, in the year 1839 ; and on a part of the garden, some Almshouses are now building under the direction of the trustees of Lovejoy's Charity, (with the proceeds of a small accumulating fund,) for the use of four poor old women, who have hitherto resided in houses belonging to the charity at St. Catherine's hill, which the trustees now propose to let. Abbot's Hospital ; or Hospital of the Blessed Trinity. — On the north side of the High-street, immediately opposite to Trinity church, stands the Hospital founded by Archbishop Abbot, in the reign of James the First, for the residence and support of a Master, twelve Brethren, and eight Sisters. This is a substantial building of red brick, with stone window-frames, and other dressings, surrounding 28 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 70. , For Ij.zif-Tr'.? Hi? tory of Surrey. ^Mes <7LaA, .'/^vkviu' 'jUvAifa/-, yjaAuvlds MJSrarlm^ Dorking, Publisleaty 8c for R B.Ede. JoljL1841 ABBOTS HOSPITAL, GUILDFORD. 361 a quadrangular area, extending sixty-six feet in breadth from north to south, and sixty-three feet in depth from east to west. The south front, which, as may be ascertained from the'annexed engraving, has considerable elevation of architectural character, consists of a square tower, with octagonal turrets at the angles, and a spacious archway (with folding gates, panelled) in the centre, round which are the words 'Deus nobis hac otia fecit' This connects with the side apartments, and advanced ends of the east and west sides of the quadrangle, which terminate gable- wise. Over the gateway are the arms of the See of Canterbury, impaling Abbot ; and above the upper window is a sundial. In the south-east part of the quadrangle are handsome apartments for the Master of the Hospital ; whilst the lodgings for the Brethren are on the west side ; and those for the Sisterhood on the east side. In the north-east part there is a smaU hall, wainscotted, in panels, with an enriched fascia and cornice ; — and a Chapel adjoining, with a lofty roof, and two large windows in the pointed style ; the various divisions of which are ornamented with paintings on glass, including divers shields of arms; and also, with a series of scriptural subjects, referring to the history of the patriarch Jacob, as recorded in the 27th, 28th, 29th, 31st, and 32nd chapters of Genesis. Underneath each picture are four Latin hnes, either in aUusion to, or descriptive of, the subject introduced. The series commences in the north window, which is divided by stone muUions into four principal lights, or compartments, besides smaUer ones above. — In the first, is a representation of Isaac directing his son Esau to procure him venison : Rebecca is hstening behind ; and from an open window Esau is seen in the distance hunting. The inscription is as foUows : — Natu priorem prseferens Paterni amoris impetu, Caeca errat indulgentia. Natura non dat gratiam. In the second division, Rebecca is represented instructing Jacob how to supplant his brother. Utero gemellos dum tulit, Edocta mater coelitus, Docet minorem ut occiipet Natale privilegium. In the third, Isaac is shewn in his bed, giving his Blessing to Jacob, who has brought him the desired food : Rebecca is near them. Benedictionis prsemium Pascentium haud captantium est Subestque, decreto Dei, Non ordini natalium. VOL. I. 3 A 362 HISTORY OF SURREY. In the fourth is represented the return of Esau with the venison, and his dis pleasure at finding himself circumvented by his brother. Major minori irascitur, Sibi praereptum dolet, Quod poscit ortu debitum. Hine odia fratrum maxima. In the east window, which includes five principal lights, with divers cinquefoil and quatrefoil divisions in the surmounting tracery, are the following subjects in continuation, viz. — In the first is a delineation of Jacob's Dream : he appears as if sleeping, with angels ascending and descending a ladder beside him. Saxum reclinatorio, Ccelumque pro tentorio est : Hie scala coeli cernitur. Pia sunt piorum et somnia. In the second is represented the meeting of Jacob with Laban, at the weU of Haran, and Rachel in the distance. Primo receptus comiter, Pascit peregrinos greges, Sub lege dura serviens, Patiensque longi temporis. In the central compartment Jacob appears surrounded by his wives and chUdren. Fcelix frequenti eonjuge Fit Patriarcharum pater ; Prolemque numerosam videt, Semen futurae Ecclesiae. In the fourth compartment is the interview between Jacob and Laban on Mount Gilead, where they entered into a covenant of peace and friendship. Domum remigrans, invidum Socerum insiquentem mitigat : Coitque foedus mutuum, Monente per somnum Deo. In the fifth, is a representation of Jacob in prayer, at Mahanaim, waiting for his brother Esau : from his mouth proceeds a scroll, with the sentence "Minor sum CUNCTIS MISERATIONIBUS TUIS, ET VERITATE TUA QUAM EXPLEVISTI SERVO TUO." Baculo levique sarcina, Qui pauper olim transiit Plenus bonorum jam redit. His se minorem praedicat. In three of the smaller lights above are angels displaying scroUs, on which respectively are inscribed : — " Do pauperibus. Reddo Deo.'' " Quid retribuam Domino ?" " Hie Vota resolvam." ABBOT'S HOSPITAL, GUILDFORD. 363 There is much richness and fulness of tone in the colouring of these pictures ; the original designs of which have been referred to Albert Durer. They are traditionally said to have been brought from the ancient Friary in this town ; an opinion which receives corroboration from a passage quoted by Mr. Russell from Dr. Ducarel, who states, that "These windows, which are exquisitely fine, consisting of the most ancient and beautiful colours, were taken by Archbishop Abbot from the old monastery at Guildford." " The emblazoned arms, which are displayed in the smaUer lights, are as foUow. In the north window : — 1. See of Litchfield and Coventry, impaling Abbot. 2. See of Canterbury. 3. See of Canterbury, impaling Abbot. 4. See of London, impaling Abbot. Near the point of the arch is the date 1621. In the east window: — 1 . Prince of Wales's Feathers, with the motto, Ich Dien. 2. France and England, quarterly. 3. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France and England; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland. 4. Within the Garter, quarterly, 1st, Or, Semee of Hearts proper, three Lions passant guardant Az ; 2nd, Gu. a Lion rampant Or, holding a Battle-axe Arg ; 3rd, Az. three Crowns, Or ; 4th, a Lion passant guardant Az. twelve Hearts, Or. In base, a Wyvern Or. On an Escut. of Pretence, Gu. two Lions passant guardant in pale Or, quartering an inescutcheon, &c. Christian, King of Denmark, K.G. 5. Within the Garter, quarterly, 1st and 4th, Sab. a Lion rampant, Or; 2nd and 3rd, Lozengy, bend- wise Arg. and Az. On an Escut. of Pretence, Gu. an Imperial Mond, Or : Frederic, Elector Palatine, &c. K.G. Against the north wall of this chapel are suspended the portraits of three chief benefactors to this foundation, viz. ; Archbishop Abbot, a good half length ; Sir Nicholas Kempe, knt, by Paul Vansommer, finely executed; and Thomas Jack' man, esq., in crayons, by J. Russell, R.A. in his best manner. On scrolls, painted on the glass in many of the Hospital windows, are the words ' Clamamus Abba Pater''; — a punning aUusion to the name of the founder, sug gested by a passage in St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, chap. VIII. ver. 15. In the master's dining-room, which is immediately over the entrance gateway, are the portraits of Wychffe, Fox, and other Protestant reformers. The upper room of the 29 History op Guildford, p. 34, note. Mr. Russell remarks on the above passage, that "the Doctor is intirely mistaken, as they were most undoubtedly painted for this place ; and, [as] supposed by the same painter as of the windows at Lincoln-College Chapel, given by the Archbishop's friend, the Lord- Keeper Williams." — He does not, however, refer to any authority for this statement ; and, judging from the style and execution of the paintings, they have certainly the appearance of being anterior to the time of the foundation of the Hospital. 3 a2 364 HISTORY OF SURREY. tower, called the ' Strong room' in the Statutes of the hospital, is the repository for the evidences, records, court-roUs, &c. ; and in this apartment the ill-fated Duke of Monmouth was lodged, when on his way through Guildford to London, on his apprehension after the battle of Sedge moor, in the year 1685. Behind the hospital is a large garden, with a pleasant look-out towards the south. The first stone of this edifice was laid by Archbishop Abbot, in conjunction with his friend Sir Nicholas Kempe, knt, either on the 5th, or 6th, of April,30 in the year 1619. The archbishop endowed it with lands and rents to the amount of 200?. per annum; and Sir Nicholas Kempe gave 100?. towards the expenses of the buUd- ing, and afterwards bequeathed an additional sum of 500?. for its general benefit. When the building was finished, the archbishop obtained from the king, James the First, his letters patent under the privy seal, dated June the 20th, 1622 ; by which the members of the hospital were constituted a " corporate body under the title of the Master and Brethren of the Hospital of the Blessed Trinity, in Guild ford," with the usual powers and privUeges appertaining to such a corporation. By the same authority it was enacted, that the founder, and his successors in the see of Canterbury, should have power to make statutes, from time to time, for the good government of the hospital. Archbishop Abbot, accordingly, compUed a body of statutes, which he delivered in due form to the Master and Brethren, on the 17th of August, 1629. — By these statutes it is provided, that the Master of the Hospital shall be " a man fearing God, of good name and fame, fifty years of age at least, born or having hved twenty years before in the town of GuUdford": at the time of election a single man; and if he should marry afterwards, to resign his office within three days. Any man who had been mayor of Guildford and "governed the town with good report," may be elected; and the rector of Trinity church, though not qualified by birth or residence, may at any vacancy take the mastership ;31 though it is requisite that both the rector and mayor should be single men, and otherwise qualified according to the statutes, in order to render them ehgible. It is further provided, that the master " shaU be as near as may be a provident man, acquainted with the affairs of 30 Mr. Manning says, "the first stone of this building was laid on the 5th of April, 1619, by Sir Nicholas Kempe."— Surrey, vol. i. p. 71 : and the same date is given in the Life of Abbot in the Biographia Britannica;— but Mr. Russell states the 6th of April, 1619, to be the correct date, and refers to the ' Statutes of the Hospital'; — in which, however, we do not find the date recorded. " He may "make it his option, without the form of Election"; according to Mr. Manning, ut supra: but this is not stated in the Statutes. ABBOT'S HOSPITAL, GUILDFORD. 365 the world, especially for letting or selling of land, or turning it to the best benefit of the institution." The founder reserved the nomination of the master to himself, during his life ; and he appointed that, after his decease, whenever the office should become vacant, by the death, resignation, or expulsion of a former master, notice should be given as speedily as possible to the electors, namely ; the mayor of GuUdford, or in his absence his deputy, the parson of Trinity parish, or if absent the parson of St. Nicholas, and three of the brethren, namely, the vice-master, and the two senior brothers : who must meet in the chapel ; and if a majority of them should not decide on the choice of a new master within twenty-four hours after the office is declared vacant, the appointment devolves in the next instance on the Archbishbp of Canterbury; if it be delayed twelve days longer, the nomination is vested in the Bishop of Winchester; in seven days more, it falls to the heir-at-law of Sir George More of Loseley ; and after a further delay of five days, the choice reverts to the five original electors. The person thus elected, or nominated, is required to take the oath of allegiance to the sovereign, and also an oath of obedience and fidelity prescribed by the statutes. The vice-master is chosen by the master and the five senior brethren, annuaUy, on the morrow after Michaelmas day. The brethren and sisters must be persons of good character, sixty years of age, born at Guildford, or resident there twenty years previously to election ; and they must be unmarried, and so remain, on penalty of expulsion. They were in the first instance nominated by the founder; and after his death, by the mayor of Guildford, and the master of the Free Grammar school there, alternately; the preference, to a hmited extent, to be given to the kindred, or servants, of the founder. Every person, on obtaining the appointment, to have a chamber immediately assigned to him or her ; but to receive no stipend tiU after the first quarter ; the money thus saved, to be deposited in the common chest of the hospital. On the expiry of the term just mentioned, the new member is required to take the oath of aUegiance to the sovereign, and an oath to keep the statutes, and obey the master. K it should faU out "that there be not men or women of threescore years of age, and single persons, in the town, to supply such places as are void," (as once happened in the archbishop's time,) some aged married man or woman, otherwise properly qualified, may be appointed ; but only to receive the stipend as an out-brother or sister. It is directed, that divine service shaU be performed twice a day, in the chapel of 366 HISTORY OF SURREY. the hospital, by the master, the vice-master, or by one of the brethren appointed by the former; and every member is required to attend, if able; and also to receive the sacrament, at least, three times in the year. Defaulters to be admonished, mulcted, or expeUed, in proportion to the offence ; and " if any brother or sister shaU be convinced of any kind of incontinency, perjury, forgery, obstinacy in heresy, sorcery, or witchcraft, or of any crime punishable by loss of hfe, or limb, or ear, or shaU be pubUckly set on the piUory, or whipt for any offence by them com mitted, or shaU obstinately refuse to frequent divine service by law established, upon confession, or conviction, &c. — such brother or sister shaU immediately be displaced and expeUed." The crimes of blasphemy, common swearing, gaming, drunkenness, brawhng, &c. subject a member, for the first offence, to admonition ; for the second, to the forfeiture of a month's stipend ; and for the third, to irrecoverable expulsion. If the master of the hospital " should be found to be negligent in performing the duty and charge which is imposed upon him by the statutes," he is to be punished at the discretion of the visitor, the archbishop of Canterbury for the time being. Entertainments are provided for the members of the hospital, by direction of the founder, on Christmas day, Easter Sunday, and Whit Sunday; and also on the 29th of October, (i.e. Nov. 9, N. S.) in commemoration of the archbishop's birth-day. The estates assigned by the founder for the more immediate support of the hospital, consist of lands at Merrow, purchased of " one Master Harwood," pro ducing 40?. a year; other lands at the same place, purchased of "one Master Goodwin," producing 40?. a year; lands at Meriden, near Dorking, producing 40?. a year ; lands at Horsham, purchased of " one Constable," producing 40?. a year ; lands at Ewhurst, purchased of Thomas Hill, producing 27Z. 10s. a year ; and a rent-charge of 12?. 10s. a year, issuing out of a farm called West-Wantley, near Stonington in Sussex : produce, in aU, 200?. a year. The rents of these lands altogether, amount to the same sum which they yielded when settled on the hospital, according to the provision in the statutes, that every estate should always be let for the same rent that was paid originaUy, unless circum stances rendered it unavoidably necessary to lower the rent of any one of the farms; in which case, the rent of some other farm was to be augmented, so as to make up the deficiency. Accordingly, the rent of the estate at Merrow having been reduced to 36?. a year, that at Ewhurst has been raised to 31?. 10.9. The value of lands, in general, having increased within the last two hundred years, con siderable fines are obtained for the renewals of leases; and one moiety of each ABBOT'S HOSPITAL, GUILDFORD. 367 fine is shared between the master, brethren, and sisters of the hospital ; the master taking a double portion, whUe the other moiety is put into the common treasury of the institution. The annual income of 200?. arising from the endowment of the founder, was directed to be thus appropriated: — £ s. d. To the Master per annum 20 0 0 the Vice-Master 0 13 4 the Clerk 1 0 0 the Rector of Trinity Parish 110 0 To each of the twenty Brethren and Sisters, 2s. 6d. weekly 130 0 0 Gowns for the Poor, once in two years, at 1/. 10s. each 15 0 0 the Expenses of four Gaudy days 2 0 0 two of the Sisters, to be annually appointed by the Master, on the 30th of September, for taking care of the sick 0 13 4 For fuel in common from All-hallow tide to Easter 0 13 4 £171 10 0 After these deductions, the residue of the income was ordered to be kept towards forming a general fund for the expenses of law-proceedings, repairs, and other charges of the household.3" Besides his endowment for the hospital, Archbishop Abbot gave an annual rental of one hundred pounds, viz. ; sixty pounds from lands at Burstow, and forty pounds from lands at Charlwood; for the purpose of estabhshing a manufacture in his native town, for the encouragement of industry, by setting the poor to work. Mr. Manning says, "the said manufacture never did take place;"33 but RusseU, on the contrary, has shewn that an attempt was actuaUy made to carry the design of the donor into execution.34 His statement is as follows : — " The Archbishop dying before the manufacture was settled, and he leaving the care thereof to the mayor and brethren of GuUdford, and also to his executor Sir Maurice Abbot, and his nephew Mr. Maurice Abbot, and the master of his hospital, a manufacture was estabhshed for making of linen, and afterwards of woollen cloth ; but neither of these ways being of that profit to the town as by the said will was intended, because such as were employed there to work would not work without greater wages than 32 The benefactions of Sir Nicholas Kempe appear to have been expended by Archbishop Abbot, at his own discretion, for the benefit of the hospital. The gift of one hundred pounds was, doubtless, appropriated towards liquidating the cost of the building ; and the legacy of five hundred pounds was, (as Abbot states in his will,) "bestowed upon some of the lands before mentioned to be bought and conveyed to his hospital." — See Will, appended to the Life of Archbishop Abbot, p. 70 : 1777. 33 Surrey, vol. i. p. 73. 34 History of Guildford, p. 20. 368 HISTORY OF SURREY. others gave, so that the poor tradesmen of the said town were much impoverished." In consequence of this, the mayor and approved men of Guildford, being trustees under the will of the archbishop, obtained an Order from the Court of Chancery, dated July the 3rd, 1656, that the rents above mentioned should be distributed, annually, among ten or more honest poor tradesmen and housekeepers of the town, at the discretion of the aforesaid trustees. Some inconveniencies attending this mode of distribution, occasioned a second application to the same court; and on the 14th of December, 1785, another decree was issued, aUeging, "that for more than a century preceding these funds had been bestowed in smaU sums on persons who hved on the credit of such gifts, and became idle": it was therefore ordered, that for the future, one moiety only of these rents should be disposed of according to the former decree ; and the other moiety appropriated in the foUowing manner : — £ s. d. To the maintenance of four additional poor Women, at 3s. Ad. per week each, making in all ¦ • 34 13 4 A new Gown for each, at ll. 10s., once in two years 3 0 0 Fuel, at 6s. id. each 1 6 8 Dinners for each, on Gaudy day 0 16 0 On the Founder's Birth-day, (Nov. 9, N.S.) 5s. each 1 0 0 Augmentation of the Master's Salary 8 10 8 Allowance for Fuel in common 0 13 4 £50 0 0 By the same decree it was provided, that the women admitted upon this estabhsh ment should, in future, according to seniority, succeed to vacancies in the arch bishop's hospital ; and that others should be chosen to receive their pensions. Since the time of the founder, the revenues of the hospital have been augmented by the annual sum of 50?. 19s. ; being the produce of certain lands at Merrow, at Meriden near Dorking, and at Ewhurst, which were purchased with the accumu lated savings out of the general income. After deductions for land-tax, quit rents, and repairs, the remaining part of the above sum is divided yearly, on the birth-day of the archbishop, into twenty-two equal portions ; of which the master takes two, and the brethren and sisters on the old foundation, each, one portion. Additional benefactions have, likewise, been made by Thomas Jackman, gent one of the magistrates of Guildford, and Mrs. Jane More Molyneux of Loseley. The former, in the year 1785, by deed of gift, presented the hospital with 600?. ; which sum was laid out in the purchase of Old South Sea Annuities, producing FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, GUILDFORD. 369 26?. 4s. 4c?. per annum ; to which as much being added from the common stock as made up 30?., that sum is thus appropriated : — £ s. d. To each of the twenty poor on the old foundation, — 6d. a week 26 0 0 the Master, in augmentation of his Salary 2 10 0 the Expenses of a Gaudy-day, on the 1 1th of April 1 0 0 the Clerk 0 10 0 £30 0 0 In April, 1798, by her wiU, proved in the Prerogative Court September the 30th, 1802, Mrs. Jane More Molyneux bequeathed the sum of 2,000?., 3 per cent, consols, upon trust, to the hospital ; the dividends to be equaUy distributed half yearly, after payment of expenses, among the twenty-four brethren and sisters of this establish ment. Masters of Abbot's Hospital since 1792 : — Richard Elkins, chosen January the 30th, 1792. — Samuel Russell, chosen January the 30th, 1809. — Samuel Robinson, chosen May the 7th, 1824. — Jesse Boxall, the Elder, chosen May the 1st, 1833. The Master's Oath. — " I, A. B. from henceforth, so long as I shall continue and remain Master of the Hospital, shall and will by God's assistance, do my best endeavour to perform, fulfil, and obey the Statutes, Ordinances, and Constitutions of the same, as far as they concern me ; and shall also do my best that the rest of the Brethren and Sisters, as also all others that are under me, do keep and observe the same ; I shall not hereafter at any time procure, or willingly give assent unto the hurt, endangering, or endamaging of the said Hospital, in the hereditaments, or any of the moveable goods thereof, or in anything that may concern the estate or welfare thereof; but to my best skill and power, shall defend, promote, and set forward the benefit and commodity thereof while I live. — So help me God in Christ Jesus." The Oath taken by the Brethren and Sisters is exactly to the same effect ; but with the additional provision of being "obedient to the Master of the Hospital in all reasonable and honest things." The Royal Free Grammar School. — This School was originaUy founded by Robert Beckingham, grocer, of the city of London; who, whilst living, gave a messuage and garden in Guildford, adjoining to the castle-ditch ; and by his will, dated November the 3rd, 1509, bequeathed all his lands and tenements at Bromley in Kent, and Newington in Surrey, to establish a Free Grammar School in this town, and maintain a schoolmaster, under the management of the mayor and others. In 1520, by an indenture, dated September the 3rd, the mayor and approved men of GuUdford enfeoffed Robert Winterfall and others, and their heirs, in a parcel of land in St. Mary's parish, adjoining the castle-ditch, on which "a house was built, which had theretofore been used for the school-house, and the habitation of the schoolmaster," for the purpose of carrying into execution the WiU of Beck- vol. i. 3 b 370 history of surrey. ingham. In 1550, Henry Polsted, esq. of Albury, gave two tenements in Trinity parish, valued at 47. 15s. a year, towards the support of this school; which, how ever, seems to have been shortly after superseded by another, of royal foundation. For Edward the Sixth, by letters patent, in the sixth year of his reign, (1553,) on the petition of the mayor, approved men of GuUdford, and others, gave a yearly rent-charge of 67. 13s. Ad. arising from lands at Great Bookham, and 137. 6s. 8c7. issuing out of lands of the archbishop of York in Battersea and Wandsworth, for the support of a free grammar school, with a master and usher. In 1555, the mayor and corporation of GuUdford purchased a garden plot in the parish of the Holy Trinity, and a close of land adjoining it, for the site of a new establishment ; and in 1557 they began, at their own expense, the erection of a large room, now used for the school-house. John Austen, who had been mayor of Guildford, com menced the building of a lodging for the schoolmaster, in 1569 ; and it was finished by his son, George Austen, 1586 ; the funds being furnished by subscription. In 1571, William Hammond, esq., during his second mayoralty, began buUding a house for the usher ; and a gaUery of communication with that of the master was, also, then built ; which was subsequently converted into a library. The foundation of the library appears to have been owing to the bequest of Dr. John Parkhurst, bishop of Norwich, who is reputed to have been educated in this school; and at his death, in 1574, gave to it, by WUl, all his books of divinity, those in the Enghsh language excepted. It was not, however, without great diffi culty and some expense, that these books were obtained.35 The library has been since augmented by many contributions of books and money, from various benefac tors, of whom there is a hst in Manning's Surrey. In the "Further Report" of the Parliamentary Commissioners on Pubhc Charities it is stated, that " this library contains many valuable ecclesiastical works, some of which are now in very good condition." 3" The revenues appropriated for the support of this school have been augmented by other benefactions, in addition to those above mentioned ; and the annual income, as reported by the parhamentary commissioners, in 1821, amounted to 847. 6s. 8c7. Out of this, the master received 627. 13s. Ad. ; and the remainder was expended in insurance of the school premises, taxes, salary to a treasurer, repairs, &c. The schoolmaster, on the occurrence of a vacancy, was formerly appointed by the mayor and corporation, but he is now chosen by the Charity trustees. This appointment, ss See Russell's Guildford, p. 99*, 100*. 36 Full particulars concerning this School are inserted in the same Report, pp. 617 — 630. FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, GUILDFORD. 371 according to the foundation-charter of Edward the Sixth, was subject to the appro bation of the warden, or bailiff, of the king's manor of Guildford ; but the manor having been alienated, there is no warden, and the nomination of the schoolmaster was, untU lately, vested solely in the corporation. By the regulations of the school, as originaUy founded by Beckingham, it was provided, that thirty "of the poorest-men's sons" of GuUdford should be taught to read and write Enghsh, and cast accounts perfectly, so that they should be fitted for apprentices, &c. On the erection of the Royal Grammar School, by charter of Edward the Sixth, the system of education was entirely altered. By the statutes made by the mayor and approved men of Guildford, and confirmed by the bishop of Winchester, on the 16th of September, 1608, it was provided, that there should be a master and an usher ; and that the number of scholars should not exceed one hundred, to be instructed in the Latin and Greek languages ; and " none to be admitted scholar into the said school before he be brought to the schoolmaster of that school, and upon his examination shaU be found to have learned the rudiments of grammar, caUed the Accidence." Every scholar, on admission, if of the town, was to pay to the schoolmaster five slulhngs for his examination ; and if from the country, or a stranger, ten shilUngs. "Every scholar was required to pay 3s. yearly, viz. quarterly, 9<7. towards the provision of brooms and rods to be used in the said school; and also ls. at the feast of St. Michael, yearly, wherewith shaU be bought clean waxen candles, to keep light in the said school-house, for the school master, usher, and scholars, to study by, morning and evening, in the winter time." The scholars of the four chief forms were to converse in the Latin tongue only, unless licensed by the master to speak Enghsh. Though, by the statutes, the master is required to admit one hundred boys, as free scholars, if so many should apply, the number of late years has been vastly reduced; and there are, at present, only ten boys on the foundation. The office of usher has, consequently, been abolished, and both salaries are paid to the master.87 The boys are chosen from the inhabitants of the borough, by the Charity trustees. There is nothing important in the architectural character of this edifice. The front, in Spital-street, is supported by four buttresses, and surmounted by three 37 Joseph Nettle, gent, of St. Mary's parish, Guildford, in 1671, bequeathed the reversion, (after the death of his daughter,) of lands in the parish of Stoke next Guildford, to trustees, for the maintenance of a scholar at either of the Universities, Oxford or Cambridge. The scholar to be the son of a freeman of Guildford, and educated, so as to be fitted for the University, at the Free Grammar School. This Exhibition still belongs to the school, and may be held for a term of six years. 3b2 372 HISTORY OF SURREY. gable-like roofs: the windows are chiefly square, with water-tables over them. Under the large central window are the royal arms of Edward the Sixth; and below the latter, the foUowing inscription : — Schola Regia Grammaticalis Edvardi Sexti, 1550. The buildings surround a small quadrangular area, and appear sufficiently con venient for the purpose of their appropriation.38 Masters of the Royal Grammar School since 1800 : — Rev. William Hodgson Cole, A.M. ; who resigned January the 5th, 1819. Rev. John Stedman, (then curate of the parishes of the Holy Trinity and St. Mary,) from 1819 to 1822: resigned. Rev. Henry Ayling, A.M. (now rector of the above parishes,) from 1822 to 1837 : resigned. Rev. C. J. Belin, A.M. ; elected in 1837, and stiU master in April, 1841. The following lines, commemorative of the founder and benefactors to this insti tution, were written by the Rev. John Studley, B.D. vicar of Ockham, in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James the First. The spelling has been modernized. Such things that do increase by kind By course, at length, must wain ; And tract of time that set them up, Will pull them down again. The needful use of fruitful trees The world would quickly want, Except foresight preserve the kind By young and tender plant. This well and wisely did forecast That Prince of noble fame, That spark of godly government, Edward the Sixth by name, — Who careful that in after age, Within this realm and land, A flowing course of learned wits Continue might and stand ; By training up of tender imps, — Whereby the fruit, at length, Of Wisdom seed begun in such Might grow to perfect strength. He therefore yielded hath a mean, Whereby this School to found, Endowing it with maintenance Of, yearly, Twenty Pound. — And Benefactor principal Or more, was Beckingham, For first in Guildford by his gift The name of Free-School came. Such bounty of that noble king, And gift of Beckingham, Stirred up the well-disposed mind This stately School to frame For sundry well-disposed minds Of Guildford, rais'd the walk And brought the stone-work into state, But yet they did not all. For other things, unperfected, A while did stay and stand, Till some of free and godly zeal Did add their helping hand. And so, by means of friends in time The Gentry of this shire, And other like, did yield so much As did the case require To finish up this worthy work, In such sort as you see — God grant that to his glory still It may maintained be. Among the persons of talent formerly educated in this school, the names of five are recorded, who BLUE-COAT SCHOOL, GUILDFORD. 373 The Blue-coat School at Guildford, for educating and clothing thirty boys, was originally founded in the twenty-first year of Queen Elizabeth, (1579,) by Thomas Baker, a clothier ; who endowed it with the rent of a market-house in this town, which he had built for the sale of rye, malt, and oats. Until 1731, the revenue arising from this source appears to have been duly applied for the benefit of the school; but in 1749, the market-house was taken down, and the ground on which it stood thrown into the High-street ; of which it has ever since continued to form a part. A new market-house was erected, which was a very small building ; and the market having faUen into decay, it was converted into a repository for the water-engines belonging to the town. The rents of the market-house having been suffered to accumulate, amounted, in 1758, to 3067. 17s. 5|c7. ; in addition to which, in that year was received the sum of 917. 7s. 9^c7. from the benefaction of Timothy WUson; forming a fund of 3987. 5s. 3^c7. Upon the taking down ofthe old market- house, some inhabitants of the town having agreed to contribute by annual subscrip- tions towards the re-establishment and subsequent support of the school, the fund was transferred to trustees chosen from the subscribers, and the school was revived in 1762. Twenty boys are now educated on this establishment, in a part of the tower of Trinity church ; and hence, this has been latterly caUed the Church School: they are, also, clothed every two years. The school is under the superintendence of five trustees, the mayor, and the rector of the united parishes of the Holy Trinity and St. Mary. In the School founded in pursuance of the will of Mr. Caleb Lovejoy, dated in 1676, the benefit of which is confined to the parish of St. Nicholas, nine boys are instructed in writing and merchants' accounts, by the master of the Blue-coat school ; and ten pounds are given to each of them, on leaving the school with a good character. By the same charity, six younger chUdren, of both sexes, are attained the honours of the prelacy, viz. : — John Parkhurst, made bishop of Norwich in September, 1560 ; William Cotton, bishop of Exeter, November, 1598 ; Henry Cotton, bishop of Salisbury, November, 1598 ; Robert Abbot, bishop of Salisbury, December, 1615 ; and George Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, March, 1610-11. The following lines in reference to these prelates, were, according to Mr. Manning, (Surrey, vol. i. p. 80,) written on the decease of Archbishop Abbot, and inscribed on the wall at the lower end of the school ; — but they have long been defaced. Antehac jactabat Schola Guildfordiensis alumnos (Livorem conflans nominis inde sui) Saeclo uno se Quinque viros emittere Mitra Cinctos ; nunc medio pulvere nuesta jaces. Nam cessit fato cum quintus Episcopus, ille Optimus atq ; idem maximus ipse fuit. 374 HISTORY OF SURREY, taught at a Dame-school in St. Nicholas' parish ; and eight more at a Dame-school at Littleton. In 1821, the annual revenues of this charity amounted to 947. 6s.; and after deducting the expense of the schools, the surplus is to be applied to the foundation and support of almshouses, in pursuance of the directions of the testator.39 A suitable range of buUding, for this end, is now nearly finished in Bury-street, not far from St. Nicholas' church. Besides the endowed schools, there are at GuUdford the foUowing, supported by voluntary contributions. A National School for boys, on the plan of Dr. Andrew Bell, was estabhshed in 1812; and is supported by annual subscriptions, and money coUected at the preaching of charity sermons in the parish churches. The average number of boys attending this school amounts to one hundred and thirty. A National School for girls was founded at the same time with the preceding ; but the funds proving inadequate to the support of both institutions, that for females was detached, and was re-estabhshed in 1819. The average number of scholars is stated to be ninety-six. A Subscription School for girls, for which a new school-room has recently been erected, is conducted on the plan of Joseph Lancaster, caUed the Royal British system. It is under the superintendence of a committee of ladies, who appoint from among their own number monthly visitors. There is, also, an Infant School, under the management of a committee of ladies, assisted by a few gentlemen. This institution was set on foot by W. Haydon, esq. of Millmead house, on the 1st of January, 1827 : a school-room, and residence for the master and mistress, being fitted up in a large barn in Bury fields, belonging 39 In the " Further Reports" of the Commissioners on Charities, pp. 646—649, there is a full abstract of the provisions of Mr. Caleb Lovejoy's Will; and likewise, some particulars of the manner in which his estate has been administered.—" The accounts, which are now extant of this charity, commence with the year 1757, at which time the rents of the premises in Southwark, (which at the date of the Will in 1676, were at 22£) had not risen to more than 25£ per annum. They continued at this rent till 1787, when an increase of 5£ . took place ; and the rent of 30£. continues to be credited down to the year 1812, when the premises were demised to William Woodward, for a term of sixty-one years, at the annual rent of 63£. This lease, though taking effect from Midsummer 1812, was not in fact granted until the 19th of October 1816, when the lessee had completed his agreement to lay out the sum of 2OO0£., in erecting new buildings upon the premises, agreeably to the plans, and under the inspection, of a surveyor appointed by the trustees." In January, 1787, the trustees of this ,charity purchased for the sum of 84?. a " cottage, or tenement," with about ten rods of ground, at Artington, for the purpose of establishing almshouses there. But that design, on subsequent consideration, was given up ; and the Lovejoy almshouses, as before stated, are now located in Bury-street.— The property in Walnut-tree Alley was sold, a few years ago, under the Act for rebuilding London Bridge, and the proceeds invested for the use of the Charity. . 1 TOWN-HALL, GUILDFORD. 375 to Mr. Haydon, who supported the establishment himself during the first year ; and it has since been maintained by public subscription. Among the pubhc charities at Guildford, which have not yet been mentioned, the foUowing may be noticed as the most considerable. John Parsons, in 1702, gave by will six hundred pounds ; the proceeds of which are directed to be bestowed annually on some young man who has served creditably a seven years' apprenticeship, to enable him to establish himself in business. If no young man, properly qualified, should appear to claim this gratuity, it may be presented to any servant-maid who has continued three years together in reputable service in a private famUy in this town. In 1674, John How devised to trustees property producing, at present, the net sum of ten pounds and twelve shUUngs a year ; for which, (according to the wUl of the donor,) two poor maid-servants cast lots, annuaUy, — the loser being aUowed to become a candidate for the prize in the year foUowing ; and if unsuccessful again, to have a third and a fourth chance, but no more. In 1705, Ohve Duncomb gave, by WiU, three hundred pounds to the poor of GuUdford ; which having been expended in the purchase of South-Sea Annuities, the dividends are appropriated for the apprenticing of poor boys belonging to the parish of the Holy Trinity. George Bembrick, in 1682, devised to trustees land at Shalford; the rent arising from which is distributed among eight freemen of GuUdford, dwelling in St. Nicholas' parish, who receive on an average, six or seven pounds a year, each. John Austen, by wUl, in the ninth year of the reign of James the First, devised, for the benefit of the poor at GuUdford, a rent-charge on his lands and tenements at Shalford, amounting to eight pounds a year ; which, after a deduction for land- tax, is divided between thirty poor widows, in sums of not more than thirteen shillings and fourpence, and not less than three shiUings and fourpence, each. In 1612, William Bradford granted to the corporation of GuUdford, as trustees, a rent-charge of thirty-three shillings and fourpence ; the proceeds of which, every two years, are distributed among twenty-seven poor men and women of the united parishes of the Holy Trinity and St. Mary. The Town-hall, or Guild-hall, which stands on the north side of the High- street, is a large brick building, surmounted by an open turret ; and from the front projects the dial of a clock, with two faces. The clock was given to the corporation by Mr. John Aylward, on being admitted a freeman ; and the bell on which the 376 HISTORY OF SURREY. hammer strikes the hours was brought from St. Martha's chapel, in the early part of the last century. This HaU was erected in 1683 ; and at the same time, an old market-house, which stood across the street, was pulled down. The length of the building is forty-four feet.40 In the north window, over the mayor's chair, are the arms of Queen Ehzabeth, and of the Corporation. The walls of the room are ornamented with whole-length portraits of James the First, Charles the Second, James the Second, (the two latter painted by Sir Peter Lely,) Wilham the Third, and Mary the Second. Against the south wall is a half-length of the Right Hon. Arthur Onslow, speaker of the House of Commons ; and, also, a picture of Vice-admiral Sir Richard Onslow, receiving the Dutch flag, after the victory off Camperdown, in 1797 ; the latter of which was painted by John Russell, R.A. a native of Guildford, and " presented to the Corporation by John Russell, Gent., Mayor, 1798, the artist's father." Over the southern part of the hall is a large apartment caUed the Council- chamber. In it is a chimney-piece, which was removed from Stoughton in the parish of Stoke, when the old mansion there was pulled down. It is ornamented with figures carved in stone, which are partiaUy injured by time. The first group exhibits a lover and his mistress, with the inscription Sangvlnevs; in the next compartment is a warrior, surrounded by military weapons, with the inscription Cholericvs ; in the third is represented a person sitting in a boat, taking in a lading of fish, inscribed Phlegmaticvs ; and in the fourth compartment is a figure designed as an emblem of utter despair, characterized by the inscription Melan- cholicvs. Above, are the arms of England, those ascribed to Edward the Confessor, the arms of Archbishop Abbot, and those of the town of Guildford. In the hall is held one of the courts of assize for the home circuit, every two years ; the other court being held in a court-house at the back of the new market- house. The quarter-sessions, both for the county and for the borough, are held in this hall: likewise the borough-court of record, and the county-court. In the council-chamber the county magistrates hold their sessions for the division of the county in which Guildford is situated. It is also used for public meetings of various kinds, and occasionally for scientific lectures, &c. The police of the borough is under the direction of the mayor and council ; and the officers consist of a superintendent, and six day and night policemen. The front of this building, with its projecting balcony, clock, and turret, are shewn in the annexed view of the High-street. OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH OF GUILDFORD. 377 Mayors ofthe borough of Guildford from the year 1799 to 1840-41. Richard Sparkes, elected at John French 1821 Michaelmas 1799 Charles Booker 1822 John Nealds 1800 William Elkins 1823 John Martyr 1801 James Stedman 1824 James Vincent 1802 William Sparkes 1825 Robert Harrison 1803 John Rand 1826 Samuel Russell 1804 John French42 1 1827 George Waugh 1805 Anthony Lee J Charles Booker 1806 George Waugh 1828 John Nealds 1807 Joseph Haydon 1829 John Martyr 1808 William Elkins 1830 John French 1809 Charles Booker 1831 Joseph Hockley 1810 James Stedman 1832 John Tickner 1811 William Sparkes 1833 John Nealds 1812 John Rand 1834 Charles Booker, Jun 1813 John Rand43 1835 George Waugh 1814 John Smallpeice,44 elected Jan. 1 . 1836 William Elkins 1815 Anthony Lee, elected Nov. 9 1836 John Martyr 1816 Joseph Haydon 1837 Joseph Haydon 1817 William Sparkes 1838 John Nealds 1818 James Stedman 1839 John Nealds41 1819 Joseph Haydon 1840 William Sparkes 1820 High- Stewards : — George, Earl Onslow [ob. May the llth, 1814] 1776 William, Lord Grantley [pb. November the 12th, 1822] 1814 Fletcher, Lord Grantley45 1822 > Recorders : — William, Lord Grantley 1789 Mr. Serjeant Best, now Lord Wynford 1814 Mr. Serjeant Onslow 1819 The Honourable George Chapple Norton48 1829 The right of electing parliamentary burgesses, or persons to serve in parhament as representatives of the borough of Guildford, was (as stated in a previous page) formerly vested in the resident freeholders and freemen of the town who paid 41 At the election this year, there being an equality of numbers for Mr. Samuel Russell and Mr. John Nealds, it was decided by the then Recorder that the former mayor should serve again. 42 This gentleman died on the 10th of April, 1828, during his mayoralty; and Mr. Anthony Lee was chosen to serve the remaining part of his year of office, viz. until Michaelmas. 48 Mr. Rand was continued in office by the Municipal Reform Act until the 12th of January, 1836 ; when such Act came into operation for abolishing the old Corporate Body, and electing a Mayor and Town- Council under the new enactments. 44 This was the first election at Guildford under the new Municipal Act. 45 Lord Grantley, and the Hon. George Chappie Norton (his brother), hold the above offices at the present time, viz. May, 1841. VOL. I, 3 c 378 HISTORY OF SURREY. taxes. But since the passing of the Reform Act, or Statute, "to amend the Repre sentation of the people of England and Wales," (2nd of WiUiam the Fourth, chap. 45,) the elective franchise is in one respect restricted, those burgesses only being entitled to vote who have acquired their municipal character by birth, servitude, or marriage : but by the same statute it is enacted, that the franchise shaU be extended to " every male person of full age, and not subject to any legal incapacity, who shaU occupy, within the Borough, &c. as owner or tenant, any house, &c. of the clear yearly value of not less than ten pounds, if duly registered according to the provisions of the Act," respecting the period of occupation and residence, and the payment of rates and taxes. By a subsequent statute, (5th and 6th of WUliam the Fourth, chap. 76,) it is enacted, that aU persons who had been admitted as freemen at the time when the act passed, and those who might afterwards acquire that municipal distinction, should have their names entered on the "Freemen's Roll"; a list of qualified persons prepared annually, on or before the first of December, by the town-clerk of the borough. In the year 1839-40, the number of Electors on the Register of this borough was four hundred and ninety-five ; being an increase of sixty-five persons over the number registered in 1835-6. Of the above total, three hundred and eighty-eight were householders to the amount often pounds, and upwards; eleven were freemen; six were freeholders, or burgage tenants ; and ninety possessed joint-qualifications."6 Members of Parliament for Guildford since the year 1800." 1802. Hon. Thos. Onslow, (afterwards Viscount Cranley). Gen. the Hon. Chapple Norton, (brother of Lord Grantley). *1806. Hon. Thos. Onslow, re-elected. George Holme Sumner, elected by a majority of 2, over General Norton, who was afterwards reseated by a Committee of the House of Commons. 1807. General Norton. Col. the Hon. T. Cranley Onslow, (second son of the late Earl). 1812. Col. the Hon. T. C. Onslow. Arthur Onslow, (Serjeant-at-law,) of Send Grove. *1818. Mr. Serjeant Onslow. Mr. Serjeant Best, (now Lord Wynford). J. H. Frankland, esq., the other Candidate, declining on the second day's poll. 1819. Mr. Serjeant Best being appointed a Welsh Judge, Chas. Baring Wall, esq. was called on by a deputation of the electors ; and he having acceded to the invitation, came in unopposed. 46 See Tables op the Revenue, Population, Commerce, &c. Part ix. p. 355. Published by Authority of Parliament. 17 Wherever, in this List, the date is preceded by an asterisk, it is to be understood that the Election was a contested one. HOUSE OF CORRECTION, GUILDFORD. 379 1820. New Parliament on the decease of George the Third :— Mr. Serjeant Onslow 1 re.elected. Mr. Chas. Baring Wall J 1826. Mr. Serjeant Onslow. . Hon. G. Chapple Norton, (brother of Lord Grantley). On this occasion, Mr. C. B. Wall retired. *1830. George Holme Sumner, esq. 1 electedi_defeating Mr. G. C. Norton. Chas. Baring Wall, esq. J *1831. James Mangles, esq. -i elected, — defeating Mr. G. H. Sumner, and Hon. Chas. Francis Norton J Mr. C. B. Wall. *1832. James Mangles, esq. 1 elected)_defeating the Hon. Chas. Frans. Norton. C. Baring Wall, esq. J *1835. James Mangles, esq. -> elected, — defeating R. A. Cloyne Austen, esq., eldest C. Baring Wall, esq. j son of Sir H. E. Austen, knt. of Shalford House. *1837. Charles Baring Wall, esq. i Hon. J. York Scarlett (2nd L elected, — defeating Mr. Mangles. son of Lord Abinger) J House of Correction at GuUdford. — On an elevated and extra-parochial spot, at a short distance southward from the castle ruins, stands the House of Correction for the county of Surrey. This is a large and convenient structure of red brick ; and its upper gaUeries command a good view of the course of the river Wey and the neighbouring country. It was completed in the year 1822; and is solidly buUt, properly drained, and well ventUated. The whole prison, exclusive of the chapel and a smaU day-room for female prisoners, is divided into separate cells, eighty-nine in number: an arrangement accommodated to the system of solitary confinement. The ceUs are in single ranges; and are approached by a corridor in each gaUery, extending from one end of the building to the other. There are seven wards ; five for men, and two for women. Each ward is accessible by a separate staircase, from the lower to the middle and upper gaUeries ; and is divided from the adjoining wards, from the roof to the basement story, by partition-walls, in which are doors of communication for the passage of the officers of the prison through the corridors, into all the other wards. The Chapel is in the middle gallery. There are in it six compartments, for the several classes of male prisoners ; but only one compartment for aU the females. In front of the prison, towards the south, stands the governor's house, which is a detached building. Before it, is a passage of communication with the different airing-yards, seven in number, and with the garden. The airing-yards are divided from the passage by an open iron fence ; and are subject to fuU inspection from the windows of the governor's residence. In the centre of the airing-yards is a tread-wheel house, containing two tread-wheels, divided into eight compartments ; 3c2 380 HISTORY OF SURREY. six for males, and two for females : altogether, they wiU hold sixty-eight prisoners. Over the mill-house is a common mess-room for male prisoners. There is, also, an Infirmary; which is detached from the main building, and comprises four apart ments for sick prisoners of each sex. This gaol is under the general jurisdiction of the county magistrates ; but its more immediate superintendence is vested in twelve visiting magistrates. The Governor of this prison, according to the Report of the Inspectors of Prisons, in 1836, had a salary of 1507. a year; and fees, emoluments, and allowances, amount ing to 357. 18s. 10c?. : at the present time, he receives a fixed salary of 2057. The Chaplain has a stipend of 1257. a year. The Matron has 507. a year, and a daily allowance of bread. The Surgeon receives 807. a year, for attendance and medi cines! There are, also, attached to the prison, a chief-turnkey, who is likewise schoolmaster; four subordinate male and two female turnkeys; with a miller, a porter, and other inferior officers. The clerk, or secretary, to the visiting magis trates, has a salary of twenty pounds a year. The governor, the chaplain, the matron, the surgeon, and the clerk, are appointed by the magistrates at the quarter- sessions ; the other officers by the visitors. Though this prison will afford proper accommodation for no more than eighty- nine prisoners, according to the number of the ceUs or dormitories, considerably greater numbers have been confined in it of late years. In the course of the year ending at Michaelmas, 1836, there were one hundred and two prisoners in this gaol at one time ; and in the preceding year, there had been one hundred and fifteen. The average number is about one hundred and ten : there have been as many as one hundred and forty-one at the same time, namely, one hundred and fifteen men, and twenty-six women. Hence, several prisoners are necessarily lodged in one cell. Four of the ceUs are of larger dimensions than the others ; being capable of containing five or six beds each. It has been a regulation that, if more than one, not less than three prisoners should be placed in one cell ; and when the gaol has been crowded, it has been found necessary that three or four should lie in the same bed. The whole number of prisoners admitted into this prison between Michaelmas 1835, and Michaelmas 1836, was four hundred and fourteen ; namely, three hundred and fifty-six males, and fifty-eight females. The prisoners are divided into classes ; five of males, and two of females. The first ward is appropriated for the reception of men characterized as rogues and vagabonds ; the second, for prisoners summarily convicted ; the third, for felon- HOUSE OF CORRECTION, GUILDFORD. 381 convicts, mixed however with misdemeanants and persons summarily convicted; the fourth is the proper ward for misdemeanants ; the fifth, for men convicted of felony, mixed with those only accused as felons, that is, committed for trial ; the sixth ward is for females, summarily convicted ; and the seventh, for female felons. What is termed the ' silent system,' is professedly adopted here, in respect to convicted prisoners. They work in sets or gangs; and, at night, as far as they can be accommodated, sleep in separate cells. But the visiting magistrates state, ' that the separate system cannot be fully adopted at Guildford, without materially altering, or almost rebuUding the prison ; which was originaUy intended for such prisoners only as were sentenced to hard labour ; — and that the means of inspection afforded to the officers of the prison, without the knowledge of the prisoners, are very imperfect."8 Prisoners sentenced to 'hard labour' are set to work on the tread-wheel ; in the miU attached to which corn is ground for customers, and thus the labour of the convicts is rendered productive. The profits for the year ending at Michaelmas, 1836, amounted to 937. 6s. 9c?.: 20 per cent, is paid to the governor of the gaol ; the remainder goes into the county fund. When there is no corn to be ground, the power is apphed to the working of a fly-wheel. The labour charac terized as 'not severe,' for men, consists in drawing a large iron roller; and the female prisoners are employed in washing, mending, and making shirts for the prisoners. The duty of the chaplain of this gaol is, to preach two sermons on Sundays ; read prayers daily; superintend the school, visiting it every day, Sunday excepted, — and the Infirmary as often as there may be any sick persons requiring attention. He keeps a Journal, in which he records the times of his attendance, and the duties he performs. There is a school for boys, in which they are taught to read ; the chief turnkey being the master, assisted by two of the subordinate turnkeys. The Bible is the only book used, speUing-books, &c. excepted. The number of the scholars varies from twenty to forty. There are no means of instruction provided for females. The diseases chiefly prevalent in this prison are, inflammation of the lungs, pleurisy, catarrh, and diarrhoea. The rooms, passages, &c. are frequently white washed, and are kept perfectly clean. The prison-diet for the men and boys, consists of twenty-four ounces of bread, with potatoes, vegetable soup, and gruel, every day ; and four ounces of meat, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. The diet of the women is the same, except 48 See Reports respecting Gaols in 1837, p. 151 : pub. 1838. 382 HISTORY OF SURREY. that they have but sixteen ounces of bread daily. Some of the prisoners are em ployed as monitors, cleaners, fee. ; and these receive additional aUowances of provisions. The expense of the diet for all the prisoners, in 1836, was 5497. 10s. 2c7. ; being 57. lis. each for the year. The total expenditure of the prison for the year ending at Michaelmas, 1836, was 1,6467. 17s. I^c7. : the profits of productive labour amounted to 937. 6s. 9c7. ; the fines paid by prisoners, applicable to the county-rate, to 97. 8s. M Since the passing of the " Act for the Amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in England and Wales," (4th and 5th of WiUiam the Fourth, chap. 76,) the several parishes mentioned below, have been formed into what is termed the Guildford Union ; and a new Union Workhouse has, in con sequence, been erected at Stoke-next-GuUdford,50 for the reception of those who are so unfortunate as to be subjected to the restraints now inflicted upon poverty. The meetings of the Board of Guardians of the twenty parishes belonging to this Union, are held at the workhouse at Stoke, on Saturdays, weekly, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, in summer ; and at half-past ten, in the winter. The total expendi ture for the poor of each parish, during the year ending September the 19th, 1840, was as follows : — £ s. d. Albury 565 12 8 Clandon (East) 136 3 7 Clandon (West) 248 14 0 Compton 272 3 11 Godalming 287 119 4 Guildford, Holy Trinity 398 7 4 St. Mary 538 11 2 St. Nicholas, including Artington 590 14 9 Horsley (East) 93 19 4 Horsley (West) 382 10 10 Merrow 168 5 4 Ockham 316 15 8 Pirbright 358 2 2 Send and Ripley 920 11 4 Shere 908 13 2 Stoke 920 8 11 Wanborough 44 17 0 Wisley 59 6 9 w°k.ing 1410 0 1 Worplesdon 972 5 9 Total £12,178 3 1 40 See 2nd Report op Inspectors op Prisons, &c. p. 421, and (Evidence of Prisoners and Officers) 425 to 429. so Calculated to accommodate 300 paupers. CORN-MARKET, GUILDFORD. 383 Immediately opposite to the Town-hall is the new Corn-Market House and Assize Court; which was erected in the year 1818, on the site of the old market- house, enlarged by ground previously occupied by the Three Tuns inn. The expense was defrayed, partly by subscription, and partly by the corporation ; the entire cost being 46757. Of that total, 21757. were subscribed in the following sums, viz. — WUUam, Lord Grantley, high-steward of Guildford, 2007. ; Mr. Serjeant Best, recorder, 2007. ; Mr. Serjeant Onslow, and Baring WaU, esq. the borough members, 2007. each ; G. H. Sumner, esq. and WiUiam J. Denison, esq. the members for the county of Surrey, 507. each; Joseph Haydon, esq. mayor of Guildford, 1507. ; Mr. Alderman Martyr, 307. ; Mr. Aid. RusseU, 307. ; Mr. Aid. Waugh, 107.; Mr. Aid. French, 507. ; Mr. Aid. Nealds, 107. ; Mr. Aid. Booker, 207. ; Mr. Aid. Elkins, (with Mr. John Cooke, his partner,) 507. ; Richard Sparkes, esq. of Stoke, 1007. ; Henry Drummond, esq. of Albury, 507. ; Messrs. Woodyer, Newland, and Stedman, 1007.; WiUiam and Thos. Haydon, esqrs. 507. each; Francis Skurray, esq. 507. ; WUUam Sparkes, esq. 507. ; Edmund Elkins, esq. of Bermondsey, 217. ; Mr. and Mrs. Gibson, of Bradstone-brook, 207. each; James Mangles, esq. of Woodbridge, 207. ; Messrs. George and Job SmaUpeice, 207. ; Messrs. George Foster, Charles Niblett, WiUiam Shaw, George StoveU, and Messrs. Sharp, 207. each ; and the remaining part in various smaller donations. For the purchase of the estate, and to defray the expenses incurred beyond the amount of the above subscription, the sum of 25007. was paid by the Corporation.5' The first stone of this edifice was laid with much ceremony by Joseph Haydon, esq. the mayor ; and the design and appropriate character of the building reflects great credit on its architect, Mr. Joseph Garhng. The front is constituted by a handsome and lofty portico of the Tuscan order. The market days are Wednes days and Saturdays; the latter being the principal. This market, which is a pitch'd one, is regarded as one of the best in England, for the superior quality of the wheat which is sold here; and there is, in general, an ample supply.58 — Besides this, there are other convenient markets connected with the town ; of which that for vegetables, &c. is kept in Market-street, in a large room, erected in 1789, by the Lords Onslow and Grantley, and originally intended, both for judicial 51 On this occasion, the professional business, connected with the erection of the market-house, was performed gratuitously by the late Mr. Joseph Hockley, solicitor, and town-clerk of Guildford. 52 From a Memorandum of the 2nd of Charles the First, in Russell's Guildford, pp. 160 — 162, it appears that the wheat-market was first established on its present site in 1625, the usual "markett house next the Guildhall under the councell chamber of this towne, — by reason of the multitude of corne brought 384 HISTORY OF SURREY. business and convivial entertainments. The late market-house for butter, poultry, &c, and which was formerly a Cock-pit, is now pulled down, preparatory to the erection of a more convenient market. In the same street is a small Theatre, which was built between forty and fifty years ago, but is only occasionaUy used. There are two annual fairs at GuUdford for cattle and horses, which are held on the 4th of May and the 22nd of November ; and a fair for lambs is kept on the Tuesday preceding Easter, and on every succeeding Tuesday until Whitsuntide. The Bridge over the Wey, at the western extremity of the town, which connects the parishes of St. Mary and St. Nicholas, was originally buUt of stone, and con sisted of five arches. It was closed by a bar, which was opened only when floods took place ; but at the time the river was made navigable to Godalming, the centre arch was widened with brick-work, so as to admit of the passage of barges under it. In 1825, during the mayoralty of James Stedman, esq. the bridge was stiU further widened and improved, by the addition of iron arches with balustrades, under the direction of Mr. Porter, engineer and architect. The expense of this last improve ment was 12857. 15s. Ad. ; of which sum Mr. Porter received 987. 9s. 6c?., for plans, estimates, and superintendence. The money was obtained by voluntary contri bution; the borough members, viz. Mr. Serjeant Onslow, and C. Baring Wall, esq. becoming subscribers of 1007. each ; and 2507. being given by the Trustees of the Lower District of the Sheetbridge turnpike-road.58 The alteration, first mentioned, was made at the expense of the Trustees of the Godalming Navigation, appointed under the authority of an Act of Parliament; and they undertook to keep the bridge in repair : the more recent alteration was effected with the consent of those trustees, who are still engaged, as to the repair of the bridge. to be sold there," — no longer being "sufficient to containe the wheate, barleye, peas, and other grayne accustimablie sold there." — In the same work are various particulars relating to the old markets and shambles of this town. There was formerly a Fish-cross (called the Round-House in Queen Elizabeth's reign) in the middle of the High-street, near the Angel inn ; and near it, opposite the Swan yard, were the Butchers' Shambles. 53 The remainder of the aggregate subscription was comprised by the sums of 50?. each, from the Right Hon. Fletcher, Lord Grantley ; George Chapple Norton, esq. M.P. j Colonel Delap ; and Col. Holme Sumner : of 257. each, from James Stedman, and Joseph Haydon, esqrs. : and of smaller sums, of twenty guineas downward, from the inhabitants of the town, and surrounding gentry. — The cost of the iron-work was 6657. 4s. Ad. ; of the Bricklayers and Plasterers' work, 189?. 6s. Wd. ; the Stone-mason's work, 1017. ; the Carpenters' work, 187. 7s. id. ; and the disbursements for fittings, labour, and wages, 1727. 15s. llcf.; besides smaller sums under different heads.— By going down to the edge of the river at the foot of the bridge, on the south side, a spectator may discern portions of all the three bridges. ORIGIN OF GUILDFORD WATER-WORKS. 385 Guildford Water Works. — The parishes of St. Mary, the Holy Trinity, and part of Stoke-next-Guildford, are supplied with Water for domestic purposes from the river Wey, by a Company, which was formed about the beginning of the last century. This useful result arose from the speculation of an individual named WUliam Yarnold, who, having obtained a grant for the purpose from the mayor and approved men of GuUdford, erected a water-engine near the town bridge. But that situation being found inconvenient, he proposed to remove his engine "to one of the conduits of the Fulling mills," — (which stood on the spot now occupied by the GuUdford corn-mills on the banks of the river below St. Mary's church) — provided, " he might have a lease of a piece of ground eight feet square, or there abouts, with hberty to enter into the FuUing mills to look after and amend his engine, and to lay pipes in the said mill and under the bridges, for conducting the water, and have the use of the mill-wheel."54 These proposals were agreed to by the Corporation ; and a lease was granted to him for nine hundred years from the 20th of July, 1701.55 Many improvements in the Water-works have been since made ; and the water, which is raised about one hundred feet, being thrown into a Reservoir at the foot of Pewley-hill, is thence distributed through the town. The capital of the Company is divided into eight shares ; three of which belong to the corporation. The Paving of GuUdford appears to have been commenced in the forty-fifth year of Queen Elizabeth's reign ; at which time aU persons were ordered, at their own charge, "to paue before their doores in the High Street eight foote in breadth on payne of 20 shilUngs." In 1650 another order was issued, for 'pitching' the High-street " from Hog's-flesh corner to Friary-lane end," with good stones ; — the inhabitants to maintain three yards at least from their respective houses ; and the residue to be done by the way-wardens for the time being. But the latest and most essential improvements have been made by the Commissioners appointed under an Act of Parhament, passed in 1812, (52nd Geo. III. chap. 51) for Paving, Cleaning, and Improving the town of Guildford ; the jurisdiction under which is co-extensive with the limits of the old borough. This act provides for repaving the whole with flag-stones, &c. ; and removing projecting signs and other nuisances. Scavengers have, also, been appointed under this statute; and the houses properly numbered. The carriage road along the rapid descent of the High-street was mac adamized in the autumn of 1840, and much improved by that useful process. 54 Manning's Surrey, vol. i. p. 33. " Id. VOL. i, 3d 386 HISTORY OF SURREY. The Guildford Gas and Coke Company was established with a capital of 39007. in 1824 ; and on May the 4th, in that year, the town was first lighted with gas. The gasometer stands on the western bank of the Wey in the parish of St. Nicholas. In the same parish, near the summit of the elevated tract formerly called Guildown, is a lofty prospect-tower, which was erected in 1839 by Charles Booker, esq. ; and has, in consequence, obtained the name of Booker's Tower. It stands at the south-western corner of the new borough boundary, and is buUt upon land which had been recently sold by Mr. Booker to James Stedman, esq.;58 who has granted a lease of the site to its former owner. This tower, which is of an octagonal form, and seventy feet in height, is constructed of stone brought from the quarries at Godalming. The lower part is strengthened with buttresses ; and the upper story is embattled. It commands a series of fine prospects over a vast extent of country; including considerable parts of Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Berkshire, and Middlesex. The South Downs are distinctly seen from this elevation ; and in a contrary direction, the hUls of Hampstead and Highgate are visible on the edge of the horizon. Several Societies for the promotion of Christianity have been established in this town, viz.; — The Protestant Society (instituted in 1839); the Auxiliary Bible Society ; the Auxihary Association for promoting Christianity among the Jews ; the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; the GuUdford Town Mission ; and the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge in the Guildford District. There are, likewise, other Associations for the rehef of the poor, and the protection of property. Although, numericaUy, the Dissenters from the estabhshed church form but a small portion of the inhabitants ; the Baptists (particular), Independents, Society of Friends, and Wesleyan Methodists, have meeting-houses in this town. Guildford Literary and Scientific Institution. — This Institution was esta bhshed in 1835, under the patronage of Henry Drummond, esq. of Albury, who is the president. From a Report lately published (1841), it appears that there are about one hundred and twenty members belonging to this society ; and from them is chosen a committee of management. The members pay ten shillings a year each ; which entitles the subscriber to a participation in all the advantages of the 56 From the very pleasant residence of Mr. Stedman, which stands on Little Mount, (now called Mount Pleasant), near the steep ascent ofthe Hogsback, the view of Guildford attached to this work, was sketched by the eldest daughter of that gentleman. INSTITUTIONS AT GUILDFORD. 387 institution, including admission to pubhc lectures, and the right to introduce a female friend to such lectures. A subscriber of twenty shillings annually has the additional advantage of a transferable ticket for the lectures ; and a donation of five pounds at once constitutes the donor a member of the institution for life. CoUections of ancient marbles, minerals, fossils, and entomological specimens, belong to the society, chiefly consisting of presents from Mr. Drummond ; and a series of casts taken from Grecian works of art, including the Elgin and the Phigaleian marbles, in the British Museum ; and casts from other sculptures have been procured by means of a private subscription. There is a Library,' containing between seven and eight hundred volumes, for the use of members, either in the reading-room, or for perusal at home. Many lectures on various subjects connected with literature and science have been dehvered before the members of this institution since its commencement. Essays, also, composed by persons belonging to this society, have been pubhcly read ; and classes have been formed for the purpose of facilitating the acquisition of particular kinds of knowledge. This Society holds its meetings, and has its coUections in apartments at the back of the Angel Inn. Guildford Mechanics' Institute. — A Mechanics' Institute was formed here in April, 1834; which comprises one hundred and twenty-six members. The minimum subscription is two shillings a quarter ; but many persons pay half-a-crown, and some others five shillings. The institution is under the management of a com mittee ; and it has a president and other officers, the services of all of whom are gratuitous. There is a reading-room (situated in Fishmonger's gate), and a library of between five and six hundred volumes ; and lectures on various branches of science have, at different times, been dehvered for the instruction of the members of the institute. The Surrey South-western Agricultural Association (the general meetings of which have been, hitherto, held in this town) was founded in the year 1840. It originated in a proposal made by that eminent agriculturist, Mr. Thos. Drewitt, sen. of Piccard's Farm, at a public dinner at the White Hart, in GuUdford, in the pre ceding year ; in consequence of which, many of the gentry and leading farmers of the county came forward with subscriptions for the estabhshment and support of an Association for the promotion of the interests of agriculture, and the improve ment of farm-servants, and of the labouring agricultural population, in the hundreds of Woking, Godalming, Farnham, Blackheath, and Effingham. The first general 3d2 388 history of surrey. meeting of the Society, which was both numerous and respectable, took place at GuUdford, on the 23rd of October, 1840, under the presidency of WiUiam Holme Sumner, esq. of Hatchlands; to whose influential and personal exertions the Society is greatly indebted for its formation and success. On that occasion there was a ploughing match in a field at Stoke ; and prizes were distributed among the ploughmen and drivers who were considered as having executed the work appointed in the best manner. Premiums were, also, bestowed on several classes of farm- servants, for length of service and good behaviour; and on labourers or their widows, for having distinguished themselves in the proper education of their chUdren. The first general annual meeting of this Association was held in the council-chamber at Guildford, on the 10th of March, 1841. From the published report of proceedings it appears, that the receipts of the Society up to that time amounted to 2067. 16s.; and the expenditure to 1507. Sir Henry Fletcher, bart. was appointed chairman for the ensuing year ; the hst of the managing committee was augmented by the addition of the names of several gentlemen ; and the general annual meeting was appointed to be held in future, on the second Wednesday in May. It was also agreed, that the next meeting of the Association should be held at Godalming. The Guildford Floricultural and Horticultural Society, which is held under the patronage of Lord and Lady Grantley, and others, was instituted a few years since, for the purpose of promoting improvements in the culture of Flowers and Fruits in this part of the country. Annual Exhibitions of flowers, fruits, and vegetables take place, under the direction of a committee, at the green-market in GuUdford; when prizes are awarded for the finest specimens of the respective classes; the competition being restricted to persons residing within twenty mUes of the town. The last exhibition took place on the 22nd of September, 1840 ; when, besides a number of beautiful dahlias and roses in choice variety, there were shewn some curious green-house plants of different species. Among the natives of GuUdford who attained distinction in former days were Robert de Geldeford, who was prebendary of Sarum about the 31st of Henry the Second's reign ; and Master Peter de Gildeford, clerk, who became Remembrancer of the Exchequer in the 18th year of Edward the First.57 The name of Gilbert.de Guldeford is, also, several times mentioned in an Issue roll of the Exchequer (pre served among the Pell Records) of the 43rd of Henry the Third, " for works done to the King's Palace at Westminster," as one ofthe carpenters employed about "the 57 Madox, History of the Exchequer, vol. i. p. 311 ; and vol. ii. p. 159. EMINENT NATIVES OF GUILDFORD. 389 construction of the common outer chamber, and putting the shingles on the King's kitchens." His pay was 3^c7. per day; — which was the general wages of the carpenters employed at the royal palace at that time. In another Issue roll of Thomas de Brantingham, bishop of Exeter, and Lord high-treasurer of England, recording payments made out of his Majesty's revenue in the 44th year of King Edward the Third (1370) are notices of several pay ments of 97. 2s. 6c7. each, made to Andrew de Gildeford, the king's serjeant-at-arms, and surveyor of the king's ships, " to whom the King by his letters patent lately granted 12c7. for his wages daUy, to be received at the Exchequer during his life, for the good services rendered by him to the same Lord the King." There is, also, an entry of the payment of 37. 6s. 8c7. to John de Guldeford, " to whom the King by his letters patent lately granted 10 marks yearly, during his life, for the good service rendered by him to the same Lord the King."58 What the services alluded to in these extracts actually were, do not appear.59 58 Vide "Issue Roll of Thomas de Brantingham," translated by Frederick Devon, pp. 25, 63, 343, &c. In the same publication is also the following entry, p. 359 :— " To Simon Brokas, Keeper of the King's Park of Gildeford, to whom the Lord the King lately granted 4d. daily, to be received at the Exchequer during his life, beyond the 2d. which he elsewhere receives of the King's gift, for the good service rendered by him to the same Lord the King. In money delivered to him in discharge of this bis allowance, £3. 0. 10." 59 Among the Petitions made to Parliament in the 21st and 22nd of the reign of Edward the Third, preserved among the manuscript collections of Sir Matthew Hale, in the library belonging to Lincoln's Inn, is one addressed to the King and Council, by Andreu de Guldeford, King's Serjeant-at-Arms, who, most probably, was the same person as the Andrew named in the Issue Roll of the Lord High-Treasurer. The petitioner sets forth, that he had been engaged in long service in different places, and especially in Ireland, with Mons. Rauf d' Uflbrd, Justice of Ireland, in an expedition into Ulster, against the enemies of the King of England, when he fought against one Thomas Maccartan, who called himself the Irish King [Roy Irroys~\ ; and it was proclaimed throughout the host, that any one who would take Maccartan alive should have a reward of one hundred pounds, or forty pounds for killing him. And the Justice returned home, and left the petitioner, de Guldeford, governor [Gardeyn] in that country: and the Irish King returning with a great host, to destroy the country, Andreu encountered him, and by the grace of God, defeated him, and took him alive ; and afterwards he was put to death, according to law, and by the judgment of the country ; for which the said Andreu obtained no advantage or profit. And further, in the district of Uriel, in the same country, the petitioner met with a great discomfiture, and lost thirty men, and horses and armour to the value of one hundred pounds. Afterwards, in his passage from Ireland, he lost his son, his six men, all his horses, and all his goods, to the value of two hundred pounds. He therefore prays that the king would have regard to his great labours and losses, in his service ; and in charity grant that he should have his maintenance until the Justice and Treasurer of Ireland, and other good knights, should bear witness to the truth of his statements. In answer to the Petition, it is admitted that the Justice of Ireland had recognized in full council the truth of the allegations of the petitioner ; and that, therefore, it was but reasonable, that he should be paid the hundred pounds promised for taking Maccartan ; and that the King should grant him such further reward as his services and losses deserved. It was then ordered that he should have one hundred pounds from the ferm of Waterford. — See Rotul. Parliament, vol. ii. pp. 211, 12. 390 HISTORY OF SURREY. Among the more eminent natives of Guildford of a later period, may be noticed the Bishops Parkhurst and Abbot; exclusively of George Abbot, the archbishop, of whom a memoir has been given already. John Parkhurst, who became bishop of Norwich, was the son of George Park hurst of Guildford, where he was born, in or about 1511. He is said to have received his early education at the free grammar school of his native place, then recently founded ; but Anthony Wood states that he was sent, " when very young, to Oxford, where he was educated in grammar learning in the school joining to Magdalen College common-gate, under the famous Mr. Thomas Robertson." In 1529 he was chosen a fellow of Merton coUege; in 1532 he became Master of Arts, and entered into holy orders. He then obtained the valuable rectory of Bishop's Cleve, in Gloucestershire; but on the death of King Edward the Sixth, his attachment to Protestantism induced him to relinquish his preferment, and seek shelter from apprehended persecution among the English refugees at Zurich. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, he returned to England; and in 1560, was promoted to the bishopric of Norwich, by that sovereign. He died on the 2nd of February, 1574; and was interred in his cathedral; where a monument to his memory was erected, which was destroyed during the civil war in the reign of Charles the First. Bishop Parkhurst is chiefly known as the author of Latin Epigrams ; of which his chief work has the title ' Ludicra sive Epigrammata Juvenilia,' 4to ; and was published in 1573, the year preceding his decease. — "Which book," says Wood, " though written in his younger days, and containing therein more obscenity than the Epigrams of Martial, (as some say, though I myself cannot perceive it,) yet while he was Bishop he must needs have it printed, alleging that he would not be like Heliodorus, to lose his bishopric for it." This prelate was the translator of the Apocrypha, from the book of Wisdom to the end, in 'the Bishops' Bible,' published by the command of Queen Ehzabeth.60 He bequeathed to the hbrary of the free- school in his native place aU his books of divinity not in the English language ; and he is said to have given the twelfth part of his goods, plate, &c. to the poor of GuUdford ; which donation, however, was withheld by his executors.51 Several of his letters have been pubhshed by Strype ; and others are preserved in manuscript in the British Museum. Robert Abbot, who became bishop of Salisbury, was the elder brother of 60 Wood, Athene Oxoniensis, 2nd edit. ; 1721 : vol. i. col. 179. 61 Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. pp. 76. 77. EMINENT NATIVES OF GUILDFORD. 391 George Abbot, the archbishop; and was born at Guildford, in 1560. His education commenced at the free-school in his native town; and in 1575 he matriculated at Bahol coUege, Oxford; where, in 1582, he took the degree of Master of Arts. Having been chosen a Preaching FeUow [Socius Sacerdotalis] of his college in the preceding year, he soon distinguished himself by his lectures at St. Martin's Carfax, Oxford ; and being made rector of the parish of All-Saints, at Worcester, he resigned his fellowship in March, 1588. A sermon, which he subsequently preached at Paul's Cross, London, is said to have been so much admired by John Stanhope, esq. one of his auditors, that he rewarded the preacher with the rich rectory of Bingham in Northamptonshire. In 1594 he published a treatise, intituled "The Mirror of Popish SubtUties"; which was the first production by which he made himself known as a polemical writer. In 1597 he proceeded Doctor of Divinity. He again attacked the Catholics in 1603, in his " Antichristi Demonstratio, contra Fdbulas Pontificias, et ineptam Rob. Bellarmini de Antichristo Disputationem." King James was so much pleased with this work, that on the publication of a second edition of it, in 1608, he directed that his own Commentary on a part of the Revelations, relating to the same subject, (Antichrist,) should be printed together with it. In 1609 Dr. Abbot was elected master of Bahol college ; and in November, the foUowing year, made prebendary of Normanton, in the coUegiate church of South- weU. James the First, who paid more attention to rehgious controversy than to the duties of his high station, founded a college at Chelsea; the inmates of which were to devote their talents to the defence of the Protestant church against the Cathohcs ; and Dr. Robert Abbot, as might have been expected, was nominated one of the first feUows of that establishment ; which, however, did not long survive the reign of its founder. The buildings originally intended for the champions of the church, were ultimately appropriated for the residence of disabled soldiers, forming the Royal Hospital of Chelsea. In 1612, this divine was nominated Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford ; where he delivered lectures on the king's supremacy, afterwards published, with the title "De Suprema Potestate Regia, Exercitationes habitae in Acad. Oxon. contra Rob. Bellarminum et Fran. Suarez." These lectures, doubtless, contributed to the promotion of the author to the bishopric of Salisbury, which he obtained in 1615; being consecrated by his brother, the archbishop, in his chapel at Lambeth, on December the 3rd in that year. "Herein," 392 HISTORY OF SURREY. says Fuller, "he equaUed the fehcity of Suffridus, Bishop of Chichester, that, being himself a Bishop, he saw his brother George at the same time Archbishop of Canterbury. Of these two, George was the more plausible Preacher, Robert the greater Scholar ; George the abler States-man, Robert the deeper Divine : Gravity did frown in George, and smUe in Robert."62 About half a year after his elevation to the episcopal dignity, he married a second time, greatly, it is reported, to the displeasure of his metropohtan brother; who had himself lived in celibacy, and was, probably, shocked at the new bishop's utter neglect of the pastoral advice of St. Paul to Timothy. Bishop Abbot was afflicted with a nephritic complaint ; in consequence of which, after severe suffering, he died on March the 2nd, 1617-18 ; and was interred in his own cathedral. He was the author of several works, besides those above mentioned; some of which are in manuscript, in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.68 Slr Maurice Abbot, brother of the prelates, of whom an account has been already given, was the sixth and youngest son of Maurice Abbot, cloth-worker, of Guildford. He received his education at the free-school in that town ; and devoted himself to the pursuit of trade and commerce with so much success, that he became one of the most eminent merchants of the period at which he hved. It appears that he was a Director of the East India Company, founded in the time of Queen Elizabeth ; and in the ensuing reign, Mr. Abbot had acquired so much reputation for acquaintance with the commercial interests of his native country, and her colonial settlements, that he was appointed one of the commissioners to conclude a treaty with the Dutch East India Company, containing regulations as to the respective shares of the merchants of Britain and HoUand in the traffic with the Molucca, or Spice Islands. The treaty was signed on the 7th of July, 1619; and ratified by the king, on the 16th of the same month. In the foUowing year, Abbot, in conjunction with Sir Dudley Digges, was sent on an embassy to Holland; one of the objects of which was, the recovery of goods belonging to British mer chants which had been seized by the Dutch ; but the result of this mission is not mentioned.64 By the treaty it had been decided, that the Dutch Company should have two-thirds of the commerce with the Spice Islands, and the Enghsh one-third; and this agreement was to continue in force for twenty years : but the covetous Dutchmen were by no means satisfied with the arrangement, and as history informs 62 Fuller's Worthies, vol. ii. p. 358 ; 4to. ; edit. 1811. 63 Wood, Athene Oxonienses, 2nd edit. vol. i. col. 430. Biographia Britannica, vol. i. 64 Camden, Annales, Nov. 1620 EMINENT NATIVES OF GUILDFORD. 393 us, secured for a long period the whole commerce of the islands to themselves, by the perfidious massacre of the agents of the English East India Company at Amboyna, in 1624; which infamous transgression against international law, as well as the common rights of humanity, neither James the First, nor his son and successor, had spirit or ability to punish or resent ; and it was not till under the protectorate of CromweU, that the States General were compelled to make atone ment for the injury which this nation had suffered. In 1623, Mr. Abbot was one of the farmers of the customs, as appears from a commission published in Rymer's Fcedera, authorizing Abbot and others to ad minister certain oaths to persons desiring to enter or quit this kingdom. In the next year, he was nominated one of the council for estabUshing the colony of Virginia. On the accession of Charles the First, he received the honour of knight hood; and in the same year, 1625, he was chosen one of the representatives for the city of London : in 1627, he served the office of Sheriff; and in 1638, he was Lord- mayor. His death took place January the 10th, 1640. He married Joan Austen, by whom he had five children ; one of whom, his son George, took the degree of Bachelor of Laws, in 1630, at Oxford, when he was a FeUow of Merton college.65 John Russell, R.A. the celebrated painter in crayons, was another eminent native of this town. He was born in the year 1745, being the eldest son of Mr. John Russell, bookseUer, who was four times mayor of Guildford, (the last time in 1797,) and died, father of the corporation, at the advanced age of ninety-five. His son having in early youth evinced a strong predilection for drawing, was placed under the tuition of Mr. Francis Coates, an academician of great talent; after whose decease, "he enjoyed the reputation of being the first artist in Crayon Painting, in which he particularly excelled in the delineation of female beauty." In 1789, he was himself chosen a member of the Royal Academy; and soon after, appointed Crayon Painter to the King, the Prince of Wales, and the Duke of York. Notwithstanding the extraordinary abUities of Mr. RusseU ensured him a constant succession of professional employment, he devoted considerable attention to astronomical pursuits; and his Selenographia, or Model of the Moon, which occupied the whole of his leisure from the year 1785 until 1797, affords a remark able instance of his ingenuity and perseverance. At the time of his decease, he had finished two other drawings, which completed his plan, and exhibit an elaborate view of the moon in a full state of illumination. These were published about two 65 Vide Biographia Britannica, vol. i. VOL. I. 3 E 394 HISTORY OF SURREY. years after his death ; — and it has been truly remarked, that " the great utility of this masterly work to the sciences connected with astronomy, has been acknow ledged by those who are best able to appreciate its value." Mr. Russell died at Hull, in Yorkshire, on the 20th of AprU, 1806, in his sixty-fourth year ; and was interred in the High Church of that town. He was the author of a smaU tract, which appeared in 4to. in 1772, on the 'Elements of Painting in Crayons': — a work that is now exceedingly scarce.01' Titles of Honour derived from the Town of GuUdford. — Persons belonging to three different famihes have taken titles of nobility from this place. The individual first thus distinguished was Lady Elizabeth Fielding, the youngest daughter of WiUiam, first earl of Denbigh, who in 1639 was married to Lewis Boyle, Viscount Kinelmeacky, in the kingdom of Ireland, a younger son of Richard, first earl of Cork, In the civil war, in the time of Charles the First, this nobleman took up arms in support of the royal cause; and he lost his life in the battle of Liscarrol, September the 3rd, 1642. Charles the Second rewarded the services of Lord Kinelmeacky by bestowing on his widow a British peerage. She was created Countess of Guildford, for hfe, by letters patent, dated July 14, 1660; and she died without issue, but in what year is uncertain. The title of Earl of Guildford was first conferred on John Maitland, earl and afterwards duke of Lauderdale in Scotland, one of the confidential ministers of Charles the Second, who was deeply involved in the arbitrary measures of the government during the period immediately succeeding the restoration of that prince. He had been a royalist at the time of the civil war, and was present at the battle of Worcester, where he was taken prisoner, in September, 1650. He was detained in captivity nearly nine years, tiU within a short time before the king returned from exile, when he was liberated ; and having recommended himself to favour at court, he was appointed Secretary of State for Scotland. In 1671 he married the Countess of Dysart, who was his second consort, and thus he came into the possession of the manor and mansion-house of Ham, in the parish of Kingston. On the 2nd of May, 1672, he was created Marquis of March, and Duke of Lauder dale ; and on June the 3rd, in the same year, he was made a Knight of the Garter. 68 There are two very clever portraits (large ovals) in crayons, by this artist, in the small but valuable cabinet of William Newland, esq. in this town, viz. — John Palmer in the character of Comus, and Mrs. Wells as Anne Page, in the Merry Wives of Windsor ; both of which have been engraved. Among the other pictures in the collection of this gentleman, are two very early and clever paintings of St. Peter and St. Paul, on panel, (each about four feet in height); and a Battle piece of great merit, by Hugtenburgh. EARL, AND BARONS OF GUILDFORD. 395 In 1674 he was raised to an English peerage, by the titles of Baron of Petersham, and Earl of Guildford. His life is supposed to have been shortened by vexation of mind, at the animosity of the people against him, in consequence of his conduct as a statesman ; and he died on the 24th of August, 1682. The duke had no issue by his second marriage : but by his first lady, who was the daughter of the Earl of Hume, he had a daughter named Anne, who married John, second marquis of Tweed-dale. As he left no male issue, the honours he had acquired, being entaUed on the heirs male of his body, became extinct ; and the hereditary title of Earl of Lauderdale devolved on his brother, Charles Maitland. In the year following that of the death of Lauderdale, the title of Baron of Guildford was conferred on Sir Francis North, then Lord-keeper of the Great Seal. He was the second son of Dudley, Lord North, of Kirthng; and was born in 1640. After some stay at St John's coUege, Cambridge, he became a student at the Middle Temple ; and having completed his education, he was called to the bar. His talents and industry raised him to eminence in his profession: in May, 1671, he was appointed Solicitor-general, when he received the honour of knighthood ; in 1673 he was made Attorney-general; and the next year, promoted to the office of Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas. In AprU, 1679, when the king admitted into the Privy-councU Lord Shaftesbury, the Earl of Essex, Lord WUliam RusseU, and other opposition members of parliament, the Chief-Justice North was also caUed to a seat at the council table. He had been a supporter of the measures of the government, both when he sat in the House of Commons whilst Solicitor-general, and after his advancement to the peerage ; and in his new station he maintained the principles he had before professed, displaying, however, a spirit of prudence and moderation not often observed among the contemporary statesmen of that era. In December, 1682, on the death of the Lord-chancellor Finch, earl of Nottingham, he succeeded him in the custody of the Great Seal ; and by letters patent, dated September the 27th, 1683, he was created a peer of the realm, by the style and title of Lord North, Baron of Guildford, in the county of Surrey. He retained the office of lord-keeper after the accession of James the Second to the throne ; but he did not long survive that event, his death taking place on the 5th of September, 1685. By his lady, who was the second daughter of Thomas Pope, earl of Down, he left two sons, the eldest of whom succeeded to his title. Francis North, the second baron of Guildford, was bom in 1673. He was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, where he obtained the degree of Master of 3 e 2 396 HISTORY OF SURREY. Arts. In November, 1690, he took his seat in the House of Peers ; in July, 1712, he was made a commissioner of the Board of Trade and Plantations ; and subse quently, a member of the Privy-council. He died in 1729. He was twice married ; and by his second lady, the second daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Brownlow, he had an only son, who became his successor. Francis North, third Lord Guildford, was born in 1704. He was chosen member of parliament for Banbury, in the first parliament that sat in the reign of George the Second; and in October, 1730, he was appointed a gentleman of the bed chamber to Frederic, prince of Wales. On the death of his father's first cousin, WUUam, Lord North, of Kirthng, in 1734, he succeeded to the title. In Novem ber, 1750, he was constituted governor of the Prince royal, afterwards George the Third; and by letters patent, dated AprU the 8th, 1752, he was created Earl of Guildford. His death took place in 1790. This nobleman was thrice married. His first consort was the daughter of George Montagu, earl of Halifax ; and by her he had one son, who succeeded to his titles. By his second wife, the Viscountess Dowager of Lewisham, he had a son, Brownlow, who entered into holy orders^ and obtained the bishopric of Winchester ; and also three daughters. His third lady brought him no children. Frederic, the second earl and fourth baron of Guildford, best known by the title of Lord North, which he also inherited, was born on the 13th of AprU, 1732. He obtained a seat in parhament in 1754, when he was chosen representative of the borough of Banbury ; and he sat in successive parhaments for the same place tiU he was caUed to the House of Peers on the decease of his father. In June, 1759, he was made a commissioner of the Treasury ; and in August, 1766, joint-pay master of the forces. He was appointed to the office of chanceUor of the Ex chequer, December the 1st, 1767; and in January, 1770, he was also constituted First Lord of the Treasury; and was placed in the arduous station of prime- minister during the critical period of the war which terminated in the loss of the British colonies in North America, and the acknowledgment of their independ ence as forming the Republic of the United States. In June, 1772, Lord North was made a knight of the Garter; and in the same year, he was chosen chanceUor of the University of Oxford. In March, 1774, he was appointed Lord-lieutenant, and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Somerset ; in 1778, he was constituted constable of Dover castle, and lord-warden of the Cinque Ports, during pleasure; and in April, 1782, he had a grant of that office BARONS OF GUILDFORD. 397 for life. In the preceding month, his lordship had retired from the helm of state, on the termination of the American war : but in the next year, he entered into a coalition with his previous pohtical opponent, Charles James Fox ; and on the 2nd of April, 1783, he took the office of Secretary of State for the Home department. This incongruous association, which exposed both parties to much public animad version, did not last long; for on the 19th of December, in the same year, Lord North resigned his office ; and his immediate connexion with the affairs of govern ment finally ceased. His death took place on the 5th of August, 1792. He married in 1756, Ann, the daughter and heiress of George Speke, esq. of Dillington in the county of Somerset, by whom he had three sons, who successively inherited his titles ; and also three daughters. George Augustus, third earl of Guildford, succeeded to the family titles and estates on the death of his father. In 1785, he married Maria Francis Mary, daughter of George, earl of Buckinghamshire ; by whom he had a daughter, Maria, who was married to the Marquis of Bute. Being left a widower, the earl married Susan, daughter of Thomas Coutts, esq. banker ; and by her he had two daughters, Susan and Georgiana. He died on the 20th of AprU, 1802 ; when the barony of North of Kirthng fell into abeyance between his three daughters; the peerage being founded on a writ of summons to parliament, and therefore descending to heirs general ; but the earldom and barony of GuUdford, created by letters patent, and Umited to heirs male, devolved on Francis North, the next brother of the late peer, who thus became the fourth earl of GuUdford. He married Maria, daughter of Thomas Boycott, esq.; by whom he left no children. His death took place in 1817. Frederic, the youngest son of the celebrated statesman, Lord North, succeeded his brother as fifth earl of Guildford. He held the office of chancellor of the University of the Ionian islands, and was knight-grand-cross of the Ionian Order. Dying unmarried, October the 14th, 1827, his titles reverted to his cousin, (the eldest son of the Right Rev. Brownlow North, bishop of Winchester,) the Rev. Francis North, rector of Southampton and Alresford in Hampshire, prebendary of Winchester, and master of the hospital of St. Cross ; who is the sixth and present earl of Guildford. He was born on the 17th of December, 1772; and has been twice married. By Harriet, his second consort, daughter of the late Lieut. Gen. Sir Henry Ward, G.C.B., he has a son, Dudley, Lord GuUdford, who was born August the 7th, 1829 ; and is, consequently, a minor. 398 HISTORY OF SURREY. Nothing has yet been stated respecting the remarkable site of Guildford, which, says a late writer, "is, perhaps, the most singular and romantic of any in England.'6' This, however, must be understood with much limitation ; for the sites of some other towns are equaUy singular, and far more picturesque. StUl, the situation of GuUdford, standing as it does upon the declivities of two hUls, with the river Wey flowing between them, through a narrow ravine caused by a depression of the chalk ridge which nearly crosses the county from east to west, must be admitted to have but few parallels. The principal part of the borough stands on the eastern side of tbe river, and includes aU the public buUdings and churches except St. Nicholas' church, which is on the western side of the Wey ; and of late years, many respectable dwell ings have, also, been erected on that side, and its neighbourhood much extended. The main roads from the metropolis to Portsmouth, Farnham, and Southampton, pass through this town; and those to Woking, Chertsey, &c, branch off from it on the north side. The old Portsmouth road, after passing St. Nicholas' church at the foot of the bridge, was continued along Bury-street, a steep and narrow avenue, at the abrupt turn of which many fatal accidents happened ; in consequence of which, the present convenient road was made to escape the danger. A great improvement was, also, made at the beginning of the present century, by forming a new road from the town along the northern dechvity of the Hogsback, about two miles and a half in length, by which means the very steep ascent continued on a .line with the bridge to the brow of that ridge is altogether avoided. The buildings of the High-street, which include the more respectable dwelling houses, shops, &c. are chiefly of red brick ; the roofs are mostly of slate. There are many Inns, and several Posting houses ; the principal of the latter being the White Hart, the Crown, the White Lion, and the Angel. Nearly paraUel with the High-street are two others, named North and South streets ; but these are much inferior to the former; and the latter is very tirregular. Several other narrow streets and passages branch off from the above in different directions. This borough has in an eminent degree been visited with all those changes and improvements which have marked the social progress of the present century. The streets have assumed the regularity and neatness of the metropolis ; exchanging the * visible gloom ' of the old country lamps for the effulgence of gas ; and the easy and hberal diffusion of water from the river, places the means of health and 67 Vide Russell's Guildford, p. 8 ; and repeated in Gough's Camden, Britannia, vol. i. p. 249. TRADE AND AMUSEMENTS OF GUILDFORD. 399 comfort at the command of the most indigent housekeeper. Its trading aspect, and perhaps its commercial importance, have also participated in the changes of the past generation. The trade in wool is no longer the ' staple ' of the town ; and the injunction, that every house of entertainment should present a ' wool-sack,' is not observed at present by more than two or three taverns of secondary preten sions.63 As the centre of an extensive agricultural district, the grain market of Guildford has increased in importance. The market-house is equal in its accom modations, and the amount of business carried on within its area, to any similar exchange between London and the coast. No inconsiderable branch of the present trade of Guildford consists in the production of bacon, which has suddenly attained a high reputation, both in the London and provincial markets. Several dealers exhibit the carcasses of from one to three hundred hogs per week ; many weighing from thirty to fifty stone each. In its social intercourse, and the character of the town amusements, Guildford has also participated in the changed taste and spirit of the times. The interchange of visits, and festal meetings distinguishing particular seasons, have faUen into desuetude. The ball, held at the White Hart at Christmas, which is attended by most of the gentry of the town and neighbourhood, is the only existing re-union of the merry season. The Race Course, on Merrow downs, about two miles eastward of the town, commands views towards the north and* north-east, which, for extent, variety, and beauty, may be compared with the most enchanting spots the entire range of the southern and western districts of Britain can boast. The races were formerly held at Whitsuntide, and were most numerously attended. Since, however, the races of Epsom and Ascot have been changed to periods which press closely on the time appointed for the Guildford meeting, the latter has much declined in importance. It is probable — the grand stand having been pulled down, and no sporting characters residing in the neighbourhood — that the races would be altogether discontinued, but for the existence of the royal donation, originally given by King WiUiam the Third, but now, a/ Queen's plate of 100 guineas.' One day's sport is thus kept up; and sometimes good running is exhibited. On the right of the road leading from GuUdford to Merrow, and near the latter place, in a valley on the downs is Levels Grove, formerly a small hunting-seat occupied by Lord Southampton : it is now the kennel of the Earl of Onslow's harriers ; the house being occupied by the huntsman. Additions. — The Friary land on which the barracks stood (see pp. 306-7) was 68 See Orders of Queen Elizabeth's time, p. 297. 400 HISTORY OF SURREY. sold in 1840, by order of government ; the purchasers were Messrs. Palmer and Nichols of this town.69 Guildford Castle, p. 319.— In 1822 Lord Grantley granted a lease of the castle- house and garden in Quarry-street to the Corporation for a term of twenty-one years; allowing, also, the use of the upper garden and castle-keep, though not included in the lease. On that occasion, the castle-house was altered, and new rooms built for the accommodation of the Judges when holding the assizes at Guildford. The expense was defrayed by a subscription amounting to 4507. 5s. ; towards which Lord Grantley, and Mr. Serjeant Onslow and Mr. Baring Wall (the two members for the borough), contributed 507. each ; the remaining part being given in smaller sums by the principal inhabitants. Within the borough of Guildford and its immediate precincts, there are a number of pleasant VUlas and Cottage residences of a superior class ; the abodes of gentle men of respectabihty and comparative affluence. We shah enumerate the principal of these, placing them in alphabetical order for more easy reference. Braybief House, Major Wight: Bury Hill, Mr. W. O. Emlyn : Bury Street, T. Haydon, esq. : Dapdune House, R. Shurlock, esq. : Down Farm, F, Mangles, esq. : Guildford Park Farm, Mr. J. Bicknell : Millmead Cottage, Dr. Bacon : Millmead House, W. Haydon, esq. : Mount Pleasant, James Stedman, esq. : Poyle House, Capt. C. Mangles : Poyle Cottage, B. K. Finnimore, esq. : Sand- field House, Capt. Pyner: St. Catherine's, Mrs. Molyneux: St. Catherine's Terrace, Rectory House, Rev. W. H. Pearson: Stoke Hill House, Rev. S. Paynter: Stoke Park, Colonel Delap: Stoke Rectory, Rev. R. P. Blake: Weycllffe House, near St. Catherine's, J. N. Smith, esq. : Woodbridge, R. D. Mangles, esq. : Woodbridge House, Hon. Colonel E. M. Onslow : Woodbridge Road, J. P. Shrubb, esq. 09 It has been stated that a Stone, on which the following lines were engraven, was found among the ruins of the Friary in the year 1813. — Si sapiens fore vis, sex serva quae tibi mando Quid, dicas, et ubi, de quo, cui, quomodo, quando, Nunc lege, nunc ora, nunc cum fervore labora, Time erit hora brevis, et labor ipse levis. These lines have been thus translated — If you are willing to be wise, These six plain maxims don't despise ; Both what you speak and how take care, Of, and to whom, and when and where: At proper hours read, work, and pray, Time then will fly, and work be play. MANOR OF ERTINDON. 401 ERTINDON, or ARTINGTON. The ancient vill and manor of Ertindon, which gives name to the modern tithing of Artington, or Ertindon, is in that part of the parish of St. Nicholas, Guildford, which is within the hundred of Godalming. In this tithing are comprised the old vUl of Ertindon, (including the present hamlet and manor so named, with the manor of Brabeuf or Brabief, Piccard's, and other lands,) and Guildford Park, Loseley, and Littleton. The vill, hamlet, and manor of Ertindon, at the time of the Domesday survey, formed a portion of the royal manor of Godalming, which appears to have con tained three thousand acres ; and in the second year of the reign of Henry the Second, when that manor was granted to the church of Sarum, Ertindon was reserved, and remained a part of the demesnes of the crown. That king, however, subsequently gave Ertindon to one Master David, then on an embassy at Rome, and he, David, granted it in fee-farm to Ranulf de Broc, at the rent of fifteen pounds a year. The grantee had two daughters ; one of whom, Edeline, married Stephen de Turnham, who held this manor as a part of her inheritance. He died between the seventh and the sixteenth years of the reign of John ; in the latter of which, his widow Edeline gave sixty marks and a palfrey to the king, for per mission to consult her own inclinations as to marrying again.1 Stephen de Turnham left four daughters, his co-heirs, between whom the original manor of Ertindon, which he had held entire, was divided ; and Mabiha, the eldest of the sisters, who was the wife of Thomas de Banelingham, obtained for her share the lands forming the present manor of Ertindon or Artington, of which she and her husband had hvery and seisin in the third of Henry the Third. In the eighth year of the same reign, they " levied a fine of the hundred and manor of Godal ming," to the Bishop of Salisbury, then lord of that manor ; but they excepted their tenement in Ertindon." Thomas and Mabil had a son, Ralph, and a daughter, Mabil ; and the fine was probably levied, in order that they might be enabled to make a settlement on the daughter, who was married to Robert de Mankesey, alias Robert de Gatton, as he held, in her right, this portion of the old manor as tenant- in-chief of the crown, by the service of one-fourth of a knight's fee. He died seised of this estate, valued at forty shillings a year, in the 48th of Henry the Third ; and was succeeded by his eldest son Hamo de Gatton, who died the 20th 1 Rot. Pip. 16 Johan. Nov. Oblat. Surr. 2 Rot. Fin. 8 Hen. III. VOL. I. 3 F 402 HISTORY OF SURREY. of Edward the First, leaving a son and heir of the same name. The manor at this period was valued at 39s. 9c7. a year, consisting of the rents of free tenants, 15s. Ad. ; of customary tenants, 19s. 2c?.; and of the services of customary tenants, 5s. 3c?. By his wife Margery, this last Hamo de Gatton had a son, who died in infancy, and the estate devolved on his sister Elizabeth ; who conveyed it by mar riage to the family of Northwode, the last heir-male of which, Roger de Northwode, succeeded his brother Thomas in the 35th of Edward the Third, and died the same year, without issue. Agnes, one of his sisters and co-heiresses, had this manor ; and her second husband, John Leigh, (probably the person of that name who was knight of the shire in the second year of Richard the Second) paid a fine in the year ensuing, for his rehef of the manor of Ertindon, of the inheritance of his wife Agnes, which he held in chief of the king, valued at fifty shillings a year. His daughter and sole heiress, Joan, became the wife of WUliam de Weston, of Weston in Albury ; whose son, John de Weston, married the daughter of WiUiam Carthorpe of Westwood; and dying in 1441, he left three daughters his co-heiresses, among whom this part of the inheritance was equaUy divided, in the 24th of Henry the Sixth.3 How the shares were again united has not been traced. This manor was, eventuaUy, granted in fee to the Mores of Loseley ; most pro bably, to Sir George More, when, in November 1601, he received a grant of the lordship and hundred of Godalming from Queen Ehzabeth : and it has descended with the other estates of the family to the present James More Molyneux, esq. of Loseley. The Manor of Brabeuf, or Brabief. On the partition of the estates of Stephen de Turnham, who in right of his wife, Edeline de Broc, held the ancient manor of Ertindon, a fourth part of it was assigned to his second daughter, Ahce, the wife of Adam de Bendengs. She survived her husband ; and when a widow, by deed dated at Hascomb, March the 5th, 16th of Henry the Third, she released to Geoffrey de Brabeuf,4 and his heirs, and assigns, for ever, the lands of her inheritance in the vUl of Ertindon, consisting of one capital messuage and dove-house, one croft of land called Boywyk, twenty- eight acres of arable land; the rents of free tenants, amounting to twenty-six shillings a year ; the fourth part of two mills in Westenye ; with all houses, lands, meadows, pastures, woods, leys, mUls, waters, &c. ; and all homage, service, rehefs, 3 Rotul. Commun. 24 Hen. VI. * The name of Brabeuf, or Brabuf, occurs in the Roll of Battle Abbey, among those of the Warriors who came to England with William the First. MANOR OF BRABEUF. 403 wardships, escheats, &c, with their respective appurtenances, in the said vUl, or elsewhere. This estate continued to be held by Geoffrey de Brabeuf and his descendants in the male line, for more than one hundred and thirty years ; and from this family is derived its appeUation. Andrew de Brabeuf, who died, in the 36th year of the reign of Edward the Third, seised in demesne, as of fee of one-fourth of the original manor of Ertindon, which he held of Henry Stourmy, or Esturmi, by the service of sixpence a year, left an only daughter, Agnes. She was twice married ; first, to Robert Danhurst; and after his death, to Robert Loxley, jun. Previously to her second marriage, she made a feoffment of her estate to Robert Loxley, sen. and John Weston ; who afterwards made a new conveyance of it to Robert Loxley, jun. and Agnes his wife, and their heirs male ; with remainder to Robert Danhurst, the son of Agnes by her first husband, and his heirs male ; remainder to Thomas Loxley, brother of the second husband, and his heirs, for ever. As there was no male issue from the second marriage, Robert Danhurst succeeded to the property after the deaths of the feoffers, as heir in remainder. Some time previous to his own death, which took place in 1481, he made a feoffment in favour of Bernard Jenyns of Fanne, in Surrey, who had married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of John Loxley, brother of Thomas, the last heir in remainder mentioned in the preceding feoffment. Thomas Jenyns, the son of Bernard and Elizabeth, next held the estate tUl his death, in 1508. In the eighth of Henry the Seventh, Thomas Jenyns was cited to appear before the barons of the Exchequer, to shew cause why he should not account for the issues of the manor, from the death of Robert Danhurst, as being held of the king ; when he produced satisfactory evidence that it was not so holden. Sir John Jenyns, knight, grandson of the preceding, to whom the inheritance had descended, was living in the last year of the reign of Henry the Eighth ; and his son and heir, John, dying without issue, in 1557, the estate devolved on his cousin and heir, Joan, the wife of Robert Kemp ; whose daughter and heir, Agnes, conveyed it by marriage to John Wight of Wimbledon ; in whose descendants it stiU continues, the present possessor being Mrs. Sarah Wight, relict of John Wight, who died in 1817. The manor-house of Brabief is a pleasant residence, occupying an elevated spot in a dip or recess of the hill opposite to St. Catherine's Chapel ; the slopes and summit of which are well wooded, chiefly with firs and elms. The surrounding scenery possesses much interest from its picturesque and varied character. 3f2 404 HISTORY OF SURREY. St. Catherine's Chapel.— On the summit of a boldly-rising hUl within the manor of Brabeuf, and nearly a mile from Guildford, on the eastern side of the Portsmouth road, are the ruins of a Chapel dedicated to St. Catherine, — or, as the name is spelt in old records, St. Katharine. It is uncertain by whom, or at what period, this chapel was originally founded; but Mr. Manning, with some proba bility, conjectures that King Henry the Second erected a place of worship on this spot for the convenience of the tenants of his manor of Ertindon, after he had detached it from that of Godalming ; which last he transferred to the bishop of Sarum, in the second year of his reign. It does not, however, appear to be men tioned in any existing records untU the reign of Henry the Third, when the stipend of the curate, or chaplain, was paid out of the revenues of the crown. For in the Pipe RoUs of the fourteenth year of that king, (anno 1230,) an aUowance or deduction from his account for the year preceding was claimed by the Sheriff of the county, John de Gatesden, of the sum of fifty shUlings, paid by him to the chaplain officiating in the chapel of St. Katharine at GuUdford. In the twenty- ninth year of the reign of Edward the First, or perhaps earlier,6 Richard de Wauncey, parson of St. Nicholas' parish, Guildford, purchased the freehold of the site of this chapel of Hamo de Gatton, Andrew de Brabeuf, John le Mareschal, and the Abbess of WherweU, (between whom the original royal manor of Ertindon was then divided,) with the intention, probably, of annexing it to his benefice as a chapel of ease. It appears to have been dUapidated ; for Wauncey rebuilt it, and obtained from the bishop of Winchester a license for the consecration of the new chapel, dated May 19, 1317, (10th Edw. II.) and directed to Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, then probably a resident at his manor of East Horsley, near Guildford. However, on the death of the rector of St. Nicholas in 1324, it appeared on an inquisition taken for the purpose, that he had not paid to the king the fine rendered requisite, by the statutes of Mortmain, for legalizing his purchase. His grant, therefore, was declared void ; and by a charter dated at Westminster, November 15, 1324, the premises6 were re-granted to Thomas le Conestable, chaplain to the king, and parson of St. Mary's, Guildford, for life. Notwithstanding this grant, Bernard Brocas, who succeeded Wauncey as rector of St. Nicholas, 8 Certainly not later, for H. de Gatton, one of the parties to the sale, died that year. Vide Escheat. 29 Edw. I. N. 58. 8 In this grant the premises are described as "a certain place called Drake Hull, without Guldeford, with the appertinencies, in which there is a certain Chapel erected to the honour of St. Katharine." Cart. 18 Edw. II. recit. in Petit, ad Pari. Tho. le Conestable, 1 Edw. III. Vide Rot. Parl. vol. ii. p. 378. rbrBrayley's History of Sane/ CATTMEIRQffe© SMAPEL , W EAK H3GJE Q_E)[F©I? Say* &y MJ StarZwa Mraw/t trp-JBT&tffipsori For iBrayley s History o£ Surrey \ CAWiftittE's gh&pilil.hear gqjilidifoI! Z O OK/2VG W£ST. Jty* dyMJSCarZvig Dorking fubks&ed &2?.& Ede Ort^JMO ST. CATHERINE S CHAPEL. 405 maintained possession of the chapel. Legal proceedings ensued ; Conestable accusing Brocas of bribery; and the king's officers, Sir Robert Baldock, his chanceUor, and Bishop Stapleton, his treasurer, of corruption and partiality : the suit terminated in favour of Brocas, who on paying the necessary fine had a grant of the site and chapel, to hold to him and his successors, parsons of the church of St. Nicholas, in perpetuity. This grant was obtained in December, 1328 ; and on the 20th of February, 1329, the Bishop of Winchester issued his mandate to the Archdeacon of Surrey, to cause notice of his intention to consecrate this chapel to be published in the several parish churches of Guildford on every Sunday and hohday, untU the first court-day after the ensuing feast of the Annunciation, when the parishioners, or others whom it might concern, were required to attend and shew cause, if any, why the consecration should not take place. The archdeacon was further required to make inquisition, by a Jury of clergy and laity, upon oath, on whose soU, by whose permission, in what parish, at what time, and by whom the said chapel was refounded. Though the act of consecration does not appear in the registers, it is probable that the ceremony was performed in due course, and the chapel of St. Katharine was subsequently regarded as an appendage to the church of St. Nicholas. In a record of the forty-fifth year of the reign of Edward the Third, Walter Herman is mentioned as chaplain of Ertindon,7 and was, therefore, probably the minister of this chapel ; — but it is uncertain how long after that time it continued to be used for the purposes of public worship, or when it was first suffered to faU into ruin and decay. After Wauncey had bought the site of this chapel, as above stated, in 1308, he procured a royal charter for the establishment of an annual Fair " at his Chapel of St. Katharine the Virgin, on the hiU called Drake hiU, near Guildford " — to continue " five days ; namely, on the eve and day of St. Matthew the Apostle, and for three days after it, unless that fair should be prejudicial to neighbouring fairs." John Brym, or Bryme, who was rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, from 1493 to 1504, obtained from King Henry the Seventh letters patent, dated at Westminster, November the 4th, in the twelfth year of his reign, exemplifying an enrolment of the charter of his ancestor, Edward the Second.8 This fair, which used to com mence on St. Matthew's eve, (September 20, O.S.) is stUl continued, but is now 7 Vide Escheat. 45 Edw. III. N. 4. 8 See Copy of the Grant of Confirmation of the right of holding the Fair, by Hen. VII. in Russell's Guildford, p. 260. 406 HISTORY OF SURREY. held on the 2nd of October. Manning states, that "every inhabitant ofthe manor [of Ertindon, sc] is then permitted to seU ale, on paying a small acknowledgment to the Lord. The issues and profits of this fair, arising from toUs paid for the erection of booths, staUs, &c. are said to have belonged, by a covenant in the grant of the land to Wauncey, to the said Wauncey and his successors, Rectors of St Nicholas, for ever ; paying to the Lord an acknowledgment of 12c7. a year : and it has been aUeged that the said toUs were actually received by him and his said successors to the year 1653, when John Manship was Rector."9 St. Catherine's Chapel is situated on the top of a remarkable knoll, (composed of red sand, interspersed with occasional layers, or concretions, of ironstone,) which rises abruptly from the banks of the river Wey, and forms one of the most notice able objects in this county. Both the roof and interior of the chapel are entirely destroyed; and scarcely any part remains except the outward waUs; yet these sufficiently denote the original architectural character and elegance of this little edifice. Its length within, is forty-five feet and a half; and its breadth, twenty feet and a half. The walls are about three feet in thickness ; and at the north-west angle, has been a circular newell staircase, leading to the roof, of which nothing but the casing is now left. The chief entrance is at the west end, under a sharp-pointed arch ; and there is, also, an entrance on each side, under a trefoil-headed arch. At each angle, except that enclosing the staircase, is a graduated buttress ; and there are two other similar buttresses on each side. The windows, which were deeply- chamfered interiorly, are of irregular heights and widths ; the principal one being at the east end ; another is over the western doorway ; and three others are in the intervals between the buttresses in each side wall. These are all surmounted by pointed arches ; within which are vestiges of cinquefoil-headed tracery. The original arches, quoins, and dressings, are of chalk, but some necessary reparations have been made with freestone, &c. These repairs are stated to have been made in the year 1793, at the expense of the late Robert Austen, esq. of Shalford; in order to prevent the utter ruin of this venerable specimen of the " olden times." Some beautiful prospects of the town and neighbourhood of Guildford are ob tained from this commanding spot, as weU as of the surrounding country to a vast extent. The view over the meadows to the east and south-east is partly bounded by an amphitheatre of well-wooded hUls. Near the bottom of this eminence towards the river, and into which it flows, there is a fine spring. There are, also, 9 History of Surrey, vol. i. p. 89. MANOR OF PICARH. 407 two or three fine gnarled oaks on the declivity, which extend their widely-branching arms in a very picturesque manner. Picard, or Piccard's Manor. Eleanor, the third daughter of Stephen de Turnham and his wife Edeline, had for her portion a fourth part of the ancient manor of Ertindon, her mother's inheritance. She married Roger de Leybourn ; the wardship of whose estate had been held by her father. In the third year of Henry the Third, (1219-20,) she had livery of her lands. Her husband survived her, and took a second wife, Eleanor de Vaux, widow of Robert de Quinci, earl of Winchester. He died in the last year of the reign of Henry the Third ; and was succeeded by his son WUUam, the issue of his first marriage, who was engaged on mihtary service in the wars of Edward the First ; and had summons to parhament, as a peer of the realm, from the 27th of that king's reign to the 3rd of Edward the Third, when his death took place. His son Thomas died before him, leaving a daughter, Julian, who was twice married, but died without issue.10 It is uncertain whether WUUam de Leybourn ever had possession of his mother's share of the Ertindon property ; and, indeed, it seems more probable that his father disposed of the estate in favour of a daughter by his second wife ; for before the end of the reign of Henry the Third, WiUiam de Branche of Peperharrow, and Joan his wife, held lands in Ertindon, for which they obtained a charter of free-warren from that king, which she pleaded in answer to a writ of Quo Warranto issued against her in the 7th of Edward the First, at which time she was a widow." On that inquiry it was stated, that Sir Nicholas Branche was the heir of Joan ; but his right was contested ; and in the 26th of Edward the First, Henry de GUdford, Lord Mareschal, on a writ of Novel Disseisin, recovered these lands ; which Sir Nicholas, consequently, released to him. Henry de Gildford died in the sixth of Edward the Second, " seised in his demesne as of fee," of three acres of arable land, and 48s. 10c7. of assised rent, in Ertindon, held of the king in chief, by the service of one-fourth of one-twentieth of a knight's fee, and valued at two shiUings a year. His next heir was John, son of Gilbert le Mareschal of Gildford; who in the tenth year of Edward the Second paid 12s. 6c7. for the relief of this estate, being one-fourth of half a knight's fee, which had been formerly held of the crown by Stephen de Turnham." 10 Dugdale, Baronage, vol. ii. p. 14. 11 Placit. cor. Justic. Itin. ap. Gildford : 7 Edw. I. Rot. 27. 12 Escheat. 6 Edw. II. n. 43. Rot. Pip. Oblat. 13 Edw. II. Sussex. 408 HISTORY OF SURREY. Not long after the time just mentioned, this estate seems to have been in the possession of the famUy of Picard ; from whom it obtained the name by which it has since been distinguished. In 1351, John, the son of John Picard, obtained a license to enfeoff Bernard Brocas, clerk, (who died in 1368, and was interred in St. Nicholas church, Guildford,) with lands, rents, &c. in Ertindon, near Guildford, to be holden by him and his heirs, for ever, of the king as tenants in capite, by the service of one-fourth of half a knight's fee.'8 The family of Brocas held the property till the time of Henry the Seventh; in the 21st year of whose reign, William Brocas, the last heir-male of the elder branch of his family, lord of the manor of Peperharrow, died seised of this estate, leaving two daughters, his co-heiresses ; one of whom dying without issue, the other daughter, Edith, the wife of Ralph PexaU, esq. ultimately became the sole inheritrix of her father. Her son, Sir Richard PexaU, knt. held this estate or manor in 1550 ; and by his first wife, Eleanor, daughter of Wilham, marquis of Winchester, he left at his death, in 1571, four daughters his co-heiresses, among whom this estate was divided: Ann, one of the four sisters, married Bernard Brocas of Horton Hall, Bucks, descended from a younger branch of the family to which this manor had formerly belonged. He died in 1589, seised of this estate, of his wife's inheritance, stated to be one- fourth of one-third of Picard's manor, near GuUdford and Artington ; but his son, PexaU Brocas, subsequently knighted, had, before his father's death, in 1585, sold the reversion of the property to Henry Smith, gent, of Peperharrow.14 Margaret, another daughter and co-heiress of Sir Richard PexaU, was twice married ; and at her decease in 1581, her share, one-fourth of one-third of Picard's manor, descended to John Becket, her son by her first husband, then a minor. Mr. Manning could meet with no information as to the shares of the other two sisters, Barbara and Elizabeth PexaU; but he states that one or more of these shares became the property of Sir William More of Loseley, who died in 1600, seised of this land, which he held of the queen, as of her manor of Ertindon, by fealty only, in lieu of all services, the estate being then valued at five marks per annum ;15 and it now belongs to James More Molyneux, esq. The farm-house called Piccarbs, which was formerly the manor-house, is situated on the north side of the road leading from St. Catherine's hill to Loseley, and is tenanted by Thomas Drewitt, esq. ; whose name has already been recorded, as one of the most experienced and judicious agriculturists in this county. 13 Escheat. 24 Edw. III. n. 34. 14 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. pp. 90, 91. ,s Id. vol. i. p. 91. MANORS OF ERTINDON AND LOSELEY. 409 Estate of the Nunnery of Wherwell, at Ertindon. One-fourth of the original manor of Ertindon, held by Stephen de Turnham, in right of his wife, Edeline de Broc, was assigned to Beatrice, their fourth daughter and co-heiress. She was married to Ralph de Fay; who, in the third year of Henry the Third, had livery of the lands of her inheritance in Ertindon. He died about the sixth of the same reign, and his widow became the wife of Hugo de Playz ; previously to which second marriage, she gave her lands here to the Abbess and Nuns of WherweU in Hampshire ; who continued in possession of the estate until the dissolution of their monastery, in the thirty-first of Henry the Eighth ; when it appears that the rents of Ertindon belonging to the Wherwell estabhshment amounted to 17. ls. 2d. a year; besides which, there was a meadow at GuUdford, called MiUmede, ls. 4c?. ; and land in St. Nicholas parish, near the town, 1\d. a year.16 Mr. Manning has given a statement of the rent of these lands, held by five tenants, as accounted for by the king's bailiff,, in the year following the dissolution, the sums total being 21s. Ad." Sir John Wolley, knt. of Pirford, had a grant, in 1594, of these lands, or a part of them, from the Queen, for twenty- one years, at 9s. 4c7. a year; and his son, Sir Francis Wolley, dying in 1610, bequeathed his interest in the lease to his cousin, Sir Arthur Manwaring, who sold it to Robert Terry of Guildford ; and he, having obtained a reversionary grant of the land for forty years after the expiration of the former term, disposed of it to Richard Watts.18 Loseley. Loseley, the seat and manor of James More Molyneux, esq., but at present tenanted by John Sparkes, esq., his brother-in-law, is situated about two miles to the south-west of Guildford, between Compton on the north-east, and the lordship of Godalming on the south and east. This manor is within the tithing of Artington, and was held in chief by Roger de Montgomery, earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury, at the time of the Domesday survey ; in which record it is thus noticed : — " In Godalming Hundred. — Turold holds of the Earl Losele. Osmund held it 18 Dugdale, Monasticon, new edit. ; vol. ii. p. 643. 17 Surrey, vol. i. p. 91 ; from a Charter in the Augmentation Office. 18 Id. vol. i. pp. 91, 92.— In 1401, 3rd of Henry the Fourth, Sir Thomas Poyle, knt. (according to the Inquisitions Post-Mortem, Calendar, vol. iii. p. 280,) died seised of a mill, and half an acre of land in Ertindon : but it does not appear to whom this property had previously belonged, or whether it had formed any portion of the original manor divided between the co-heirs of Stephen de Turnham and his consort Edeline de Broc. VOL. I. 3 G 410 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. of King Edward. Then it was rated at 3 hides ; now, at 2 hides. The arable land is 2 carucates : in demesne is one carucate ; and 7 villains,' [or villagers,] with 1 cottar and three carucates. There are 2 bondmen with 5 acres of meadow. In the time of King Edward it was valued at 40 shillings; afterward at 20 shUlings: now, at 60 shUlings." Roger de Montgomery was one of the Norman barons who engaged in the expedition to England under Duke William; and he commanded the central division of the Norman army at the battle of Hastings. In reward of his services he obtained his lands and titles, including, among the former three, manors in the county of Surrey, besides that of Loseley. After the death of William the First he joined the party in favour of his eldest son, Robert Curthose ; but at length quitted it, and became the firm adherent of William Rufus. He founded several religious houses ; one of which was the Priory of Shrewsbury, where he spent the latter part of his life, and died July the 27th, 1094. Sibilla, the daughter of Earl Roger, who became heiress to his estates, married Robert Fitz-Hamon, who, being Lord of the Honor of Gloucester, united to it the manor of Loseley, which was afterwards held as an appurtenance to that Honor. In the reign of Henry the Third, Hugh de Deol, or Dol, held this manor of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, as of the Honor of Gloucester, by the military service of half a knight's fee ; but in the succeeding reigns of Edward the First, Second, and Third, it was held of the same Honor by the service of a whole knight's fee, and valued at twenty pounds per annum. On the decease of Robert de Dol, grandson of Hugh, in the year 1356, (30th of Edward the Third,) this manor devolved on his two daughters, co-heiresses, Joan and Margaret; the former of whom had married John de Bures, and the latter, John de Norton. From their descendants the respective moieties of the Bures and Nortons were, in process of time, conveyed to the families of Westbrook and Cross ; and in 1515, (7th of Henry the Eighth,) John Westbrook, esq. of Godalming, disposed of his moiety to Christopher More, esq., whose family had been previously settled in Derbyshire. Cross's share had been sold in June, 1395, to William Sidney, esq. of Stoke D' Abernon; and of William, his great-grandson, it was eventually purchased, in 1532, by the above Christopher, who thus became possessed of the entire manor. In the year 1545, he likewise bought the manor of Westbury in Compton parish; and about the same time, also, the advowson of that rectory. On becoming possessed of the whole of the Loseley estate, Mr. More obtained MANOR OF LOSELEY. 411 a grant of free-warren, with a license to make a park here, as appears from a writ of privy-seal of Henry the Eighth, preserved among the muniments at Loseley. It is dated Chelseheth, 24th December, in the 24th of his reign, a.d. 1533, and gives license to Christopher More, characterized as one of the clerks of the Exchequer, to impark, and surround with hedges, ditches, and pales, two hundred acres of land at his manor of Loseley, free-warren in the same, &c. Red deer were kept in this park.19 This Christopher More was Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, both in the 24th and 31st years of Henry the Eighth ; on the first of which occasions he received the honour of knighthood. In the 37th of Henry's reign he held the office of King's Remembrancer of the Exchequer, which he retained until his decease in August, 1549. William More, the eldest surviving son and successor of Christopher, (by his first wife, Margaret, daughter and heir of Walter Mudge, esq.) was born on January the 30th, 1519-20. He sat in parliament, as member for the borough of Guildford, several times in the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth ; and in that of the latter he was chosen knight of the shire for Surrey : he also twice held the office of Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex ; and he was appointed Vice-admiral of the latter county, — the duty of which office was to enforce the rights of the admiralty on the shores of the district entrusted to his jurisdiction. On the 14th of May, 1576, the honour of knighthood was conferred on him by Dudley, earl of Leicester, in the Earl of Lincoln's garden, at Pirford, in the presence of Queen Ehzabeth ; who, on giving him her hand to kiss, told him, that he " well deserved the honour which she had then conferred upon him." He may be considered as the founder of Loseley House ; for in 1562 he began to build the central compartment of the mansion, somewhat to the north, probably, of an earlier edifice, some vestiges of which have been placed in the great hall of the present building.80 He also added to the family estates, the manor of Polsted in Compton, and Catteshill in Godalming; the former of which he purchased in 1557, and the latter in 1565. He died, much respected, on the 20th of July, 1600, in the eighty-first year of his age ; and was buried in the family vault at St. Nicholas church, Guildford. This gentleman was highly esteemed by Queen Ehzabeth, who visited him at Loseley in the years 1577, 1583, and 1591 ; and probably, also, on one or two other occasions. He was a firm 19 Kempe's Loseley Manuscripts ; Introd.; p. xii.: 1835. 20 On the wainscot is a monogram, composed of the letters H.K.P. for Henry, and Katherine Parr ; H.R. the fleur-de-lis, the rose, and the portcullis, with the motto — Dieu et mon Droit, — all evidently executed in the reign of Henry the Eighth. — Id. p. xiv. 3g2 412 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. supporter of the Protestant religion; and, in 1570, the safe keeping of Henry Wriothesley, second earl of Southampton, who had been subjected to restraint as a suspected papist, was intrusted to him ; and the earl, in consequence, became his prisoner-guest at Loseley for nearly three years.2' George, the only son and heir of Sir William More, (by Margaret, his first wife, the daughter and co-heir of Ralph Daniel, esq. of Swaffham in Norfolk, was born on the 28th of November, 1553. According to Anthony Wood, he was educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; but Mr. Kempe has pubhshed a letter to his father from the President of Corpus Christi college, in the same University, from which it appears that the writer, Dr. Wm. Cole, had the direction of his studies." In the year 1597 (40th of Queen Elizabeth) he was nominated Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex ; and about the same time, he received the honour of knighthood. Like his father, he acquired the special favour of the Queen; who, on the 3rd of November, 1601, augmented his estate by a grant of the lordship and hundred of 21 Among the Manuscripts at Loseley several Letters are extant, respecting the arrangements for the Queen's visits, and the caution that was taken to prevent her Majesty being exposed to any infectious disease during her progresses. In a letter, dated from the Court at Oatlands, in August, 1583, Sir Christopher Hatton informs Sir W. More, that — " Her Matie hath an intention about ten or twelve days hence to visite yor House by Guylford, and to remayne there some foure or fyve dayes, wch I thought good to advertize you of, that in the meane whyle you might see every thinge well ordered, and your House kept sweete and cleane, to receave her Hygnes whensoever she shalbe pleased to see it." In a second letter, dated the 24th of August, Sir Christopher says — " Her MaBie fyndynge the could seazon of the yeare to growe on faster than she thought of, is now pleased to abridge the jorney w'ch first her Highnes intended, — and is at this present resolved, uppo' tewsdaye next, w'ch shalbe the xxvij'' of this moneth, to dyne at Okynge, and that night to go to bed to yor House, w'ch I have thought good to geaf you notice of, to th'ende you may take order to see it made sweete and meete to receave her Matie, and that in the meane tyme you may avoyde [send away] yor famely, and prepare every thinge ready agaynste the daye prefixed as to yor owne discretio' shall seeme most needefull for her Ma"es good contentatio' at herrepayre thether: And so I comitt you to God," &c. Sir Christopher was, at that time, the Queen's Chamberlain. How highly Sir William stood in the Queen's favour may be inferred from a Letter sent to him by his daughter Elizabeth, (wife of Sir John Wolley, Latin Secretary to the Council,) who was one of the ladies of her Majesty's privy-chamber. This letter was, apparently, written in the autumn of 1595, but is not dated. It is of a miscellaneous description, and includes the following passage in reference to Sir William. — " Synce my commyng to the Corte I have had manie gratious wordes of her Matie and manye tymes she bad me welcom wth all her hart, evere since I have waited. Yesterdaye she wore the gowne you gave her, and toke thereby occasion to speake of yo", saying er long I should find a mother-in-lawe, wch was herself, but she was affrayd of the tow wydows that ar ther wth yo», that they would be angrye wth her for yt ; and that she would gyve ten thowsand poundes you were twenty yeeres younger, for that she hath but few suche servauntes as you ar." — Kempe's Loseley Manuscripts, pp. 268, 269, 319. 22 In 1604, Sir George testified his regard for his Alma Mater, by a present of divers manuscripts to the public library at Oxford, together with forty pounds for the purchase of printed books. In the following year, Sir George was created Master of Arts. MANOR OF LOSELEY. 413 Godalming. In the beginning of the next reign, he was appointed Treasurer to Henry, prince of Wales. On the 11th and 12th of August, 1603, both King James and his queen were " royally entertained " at Loseley by this gentleman ; and on the 21st of August, 1606, he was again honoured by a visit from the king. In 1610, his Majesty promoted him to the chancellorship of the Order of the Garter; and in 1615, from a full "confidence in his honesty," and, as James himself ex presses it, " without the knowledge of any," he appointed him Lieutenant of the Tower, after the removal of Sir Gervase Elwes, or Elwayes, from that important command, in consequence of his being implicated in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.28 At the beginning of August, 1617, Sir George entertained the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles the First, at Loseley. He sat in parliament, as member for Guildford, in the 28th, 31st, and 35th years of Elizabeth's reign; and also in the 1st, 12th, and 21st of those of King James. He was, likewise, a representative for the county of Surrey, in the several parliaments of the 39 th and 43rd of Elizabeth, 18 th of James the First, and 1st of Charles the First. His death occurred when in the seventy-ninth year of his age, on the 16th of October, 1632.24 By his wife Ann, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Adrian Poynings, he had four sons and five daughters; of whom Ann, (born in May, 1584,) was privately married, in 1600, to John Donne, afterwards celebrated as a poet and divine, on whom King James conferred the deanery of St. Paul's, but who, at that time, was Secretary to the Lord-chancellor Egerton.85 Robert, the eldest son of Sir George More, who was born in 1581, was a repre sentative for the borough of Guildford in the 43rd year of Elizabeth's reign ; and again, in the 18th of James the First, by whom he had been knighted. He also 23 Kenipe's Loseley Manuscripts, p. 400. In that publication there is, also, a narrative of Overbury's murder, &c. ; together with four original letters from King James to Sir G. More, from which it appears, that his Majesty was deeply indebted to Sir George for his management of Somerset previously to his trial for the murder of Overbury. In one of the letters the king says — " it is easie to be seene that he [the Earl] wolde threattin me with laying an aspersion upon me of being, in some sorte, accessorie to his cryme." Mr. Kempe, in another part of his work, states that — " from the drafts of sundry disregarded memorials extant at Loseley, Sir George appears to have been ill-requited for his services to James, who neglected him in his declining years. He is noticed, in Nichols's Progresses of that King, as attending his Funeral, in his office as Chancellor of the Garter, in a very infirm state." — Id. p. xviii. 24 Sir George More was the author of " A Demonstration of God in his Works, against all such that deny either in word or life, that there is a God." Lond. 1598 : 1624: 4to. Someof his "Parliamentary Speeches" were also published. 25 The lady's father was so highly incensed by this match, that he procured the dismissal of Donne from the Lord-chancellor's service, and caused him to be committed to the Fleet prison ; nor was it until after 404 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. sat in parliament as a knight of this shire in the 1st, 12th, and 21st years of the same king. He died at Loseley on the 2nd of February, 1625-6 ; leaving by his wife, Francis, (daughter of Sampson Lennard, esq.,) six sons and five daughters. Poynings Mare, who was the eldest of these, was born on the 13th of February, 1605-6 ; and succeeded to the family estates on the death of Sir George, his grand father, in 1632. He represented the borough of Haslemere in parliament in the 21st year of James the First; and again, in the 1st and 16th years of Charles the First : he was also a representative for the borough of Guildford in the 3rd year of Charles the First; and he was created a baronet by that king on the 18th of May, 1642. He died on the 11th of April, 1649 ; leaving issue two sons by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir William Fytche, knt. She was afterwards married to Christopher Rous, esq. Sir William, the eldest surviving son of Sir Poynings More, who was but six years old when he succeeded to the title and inheritance, was appointed Sheriff of Surrey in the year 1669, 21st of Charles the Second; and in the 31st and 33rd years of the same king, he sat in parliament for the borough of Haslemere. He married Mary, daughter and heir of Sir Walter Hendley, bart. of Cuckfield ; but dying without issue, on the 24th of July, 1684, (his younger brother having previously died,) the baronetcy granted to his father became extinct ; and the famUy estates devolved on the Rev. Nicholas More, a younger brother of Sir Poynings, who was then rector of Fetcham in this county. He enjoyed the inheritance but five months; and after his death, on December the 22nd, 1684, was succeeded by Robert, his only son, whom, together with two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, he had by his wife Susanna, the daughter of Richard Saunders, esq. On the decease of Robert, who died unmarried, in May, 1689, his sisters became his co-heirs. Elizabeth died, a spinster, in February, 1691-2 ; when the whole of the inheritance became vested in Margaret, her surviving sister. This lady married Sir Thomas Molyneux, knt. of the ancient family of that name, of Sefton in Lancashire ; from which the present Earl of Sefton and Viscount Molyneux, of Maryborough in Ireland, is descended.28 the lapse of several years, that he was prevailed on fully to pardon the offending pair. Although he soon regained his own liberty, the sorrowful bridegroom was put to a long and expensive process in the Eccle siastical court, before he could recover possession of his wife, who was forcibly withheld from him ; but at length, a decree confirming the marriage was obtained on the 27th of April, 1602. Mrs. Donne died on the 15th of August, 1615, seven days after the birth of her twelfth child. — Vide Loseley Manu scripts, pp. 321—344 ; and Walton's Life of Dr. Donne. 26 William de Moulines, the common ancestor of the Molyneux family, came into England in the train MANOR OF LOSELEY. 415 Sir More Molyneux, knt, the eldest and only surviving son of Lady and Sir Thomas Molyneux, (the former of whom died the 14th of September, 1704, aged forty-four; and the latter, in his fifty-seventh year, on December the 13th, 1719,) succeeded to the Loseley property; and on the 1st of March, 1721-2, he married Cassandra, daughter of Thomas, and sister and co-heir of Francis Cornwallis, esq. of Abermarles in Caermarthenshire ; by whom he had three sons and eight daughters. That lady died on the 7th of January, 1754 ; but her husband sur vived until the 19th of February, 1760; when, on his decease, his second son, Sir Thomas More Molyneux, (who obtained the rank of colonel in the army,) succeeded to the inheritance.27 On the death of his elder brother James, in the previous year, he was chosen a member for Haslemere ; and he was, also, elected a representative for the same borough in the three succeeding parliaments of 1761, 1768, and 1774. He died, unmarried, on the 3rd of October, 1776, in the fifty- third year of his age ; " whereupon," continues the manuscript, from which most of the above particulars have been derived, " the male issue of this family became extinct." After his decease, the Loseley estates successively descended to his sisters, Cassandra and Jane, both of whom died without having been married ; the former, on the 29th of June, 1777; and the latter, on September the 10th, 1802. James More Molyneux, esq., "who is now the representative of that branch of the family which became, by intermarriage with the female inheritrix of More, the possessors of Loseley,"29 derives the property in virtue of his descent from the above Thomas More Molyneux, who died in the year 1776. This gentleman was married to Caroline Isabella, the daughter of William Lowndes, esq., on the 24th of July, 1832. Ann Cornwallis, the youngest daughter of Sir More Molyneux, who became the wife of General, Sir Charles Rainsford, died without issue, in January, 1798. of William the Norman ; and his name stands the eighteenth in the order of succession in the Roll of Battle Abbey. 27 James, the eldest brother of this gentleman, who had been elected a parliamentary burgess for Haslemere in the twenty -seventh year of George the Second's reign, married Margaret, daughter and heir of Robert Sherard, esq. of Carcolston, in the county of Nottingham; but died without issue, on the 24th of June, 1759 ; in the thirty-sixth year of his age. 28 Kempe's Loseley Manuscripts, p. 23. — This curious work consists, principally, of copies from the Manuscripts and other rare documents which are preserved in the Muniment Room at Loseley : the " key of which," Mr. Kempe says, " had been lost, and its existence disregarded during an interval of two hundred years." These manuscripts had been kept in "ponderous oaken coffers :" but the late Mr. Bray, when proceeding with his History of Surrey, had access to them, and, by Mr. Molyneux's permission, selected a number of the papers, and had them bound in nine folio volumes. Among the fac-similes given from these Manuscripts by Mr. Kempe, is one of the Lady Jane Grey as ' Queue.' 416 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. H a O P- OwH Ow Wo H « s3 HHi ¦a -= s tu ,q g SS o e 3* .n i A a> £ g B 2 B ffl I •2,33 -a ' .."S oo ft ¦S O *j 9 "-* • l-t W c pq too .a 6 afc 60CD w O A S3 c3 fe ci 00 {£ O a « ° a •S'g S ° o 2 a i ,a rfi m ^ o . W 3 ll g ° .2 * .a 3 ¦¦? en 's S +* fi h SO O J ^ i-s S *- a IllS A ¦3 rfi CO /-s , ¦a c -a O ,J3* (I O ^ O "S b 4) •S ° '» o, 5 .'S 3 „• o « •2 ° -a §. Ph ^ 13 a A O PEDIGREE OF THE MORES OF LOSELEY. 417 "3 O 13 £f H g 66 OO 00 CN CO te o Ph a ci hh as -•c (3 -O 4^ tu ¦ cu t5 a o • CU is a> t3 O fi I -* . 'S . « j= a * I .-?« -. to 55 » m S I S Si? g 00 a bofi a H ttb 3 fl CO r*S O CN CO Ph r-l ¦§h. 'p3 S rfl o 5 Ix I H s . rO OS „ Tt* CU CO f-< )-l S3 to . .s a O js Png *H S3 a a O » 6 - rH Pt = o-a •ft *& * o -d jo - j ^ a .a . « 2 J= 3So 00 O to aT «> fi CM O CN S cS rfl fi ¦*s' .s o S u 3 g o £ •£ *. w 5 . a S ^ » .S i3 r" ^ b ?. M §> Ph rfj ja « 1 ^ s O pq rf) ta PQ a^ 1-1 ° ¦2 o, 1 - 2 1 h .a ¦§¦".E a 1-9 O O CU ,« Q 10 H . sS ^ 00 11 h H 0 0 O OS -4 +j fej a rfi °? M rfi w o OtCO a CL> • go "¦S 9 (S rfi ¦«¦ 3h 418 HISTORY OF SURREY.— WOKING HUNDRED. a M a CQ<1 s o aPS i a fi - rfl ri rl. l>- rfi '-' H O a Bft r rt II co a' " "o JSBJ Cm ' * ii i t= •° a .„ _r K "U '3 rt O rt s 1°. ° i I g "fi g H 3 rfl as M OS aCU 'S o "•82. 4rf= &2 O oo ¦Is" a o w 1-5 is' § a „ a 3 2 Ph P4 rfl °° 6 5 a to °.A +5 cp a ph .3 sa 13 g . Ol 0 rf> So CJ ri a I-s a < o 3 to a *» 3 . a ™ a| ¦§s" ¦§ H I. J I * S * M . B CO S S * ti a ft 1-5 P* el § M j 0) B S ¦as as » a o •& n a 6< S I •800 4 1 O oi I 2 £ a s o .52 ¦a 5. a » Peart^g s "H fi-§> rt S i-i~- fl g.B>SCU «J S"B-rf! ?> *» fji£fs.s3 §13°o»c)O'0.2ts §L m e3 CU _3 cu -s a=g ¦2 5 a a g t. -5 p2 a o go cu u Pt ci a S-S .2 Ota rl ^ nl — < rfj w .§ a a a fiO LOSELEY PARK AND MANOR-HOUSE. 419 Loseley Park, which is an extensive and finely-wooded demesne, situated at between two and three miles south-west from Guildford, is approached from the Portsmouth road by a pleasant drive, partly bounded by a quick-set hedge, and occasionally overshadowed by elms and other trees. The immediate scenery, although not greatly diversified, is enriched by many venerable oaks and noble elms, both standing singly, and in clumps or groups. There is, also, a small sheet of water ; and on the skirts of the park towards the west, where the ground rises considerably, is a plantation of firs. Loseley, no doubt, " had, from an early period, its manse or capital dwelling- house fortified by a moat, according to the custom of the feudal ages," but although some vestiges of the latter defence still remain, the dwelling itself has been long destroyed. The present mansion is an interesting example of the Elizabethan age, and was erected between the years 1562 and 1568, by Sir William More, as the central part of a structure intended to form three sides of a quadrangle, if not a complete square. But the design was never executed to its full extent, although a western wing, (including a gallery, one hundred and twenty-one feet in length, and eighteen feet wide, and also a chapel,) was annexed by Sir George More, the son of the founder. That wing, however, was wholly taken down some years ago, and the building reduced to its original state. This edifice is of stone, of a grey and sombrous character. In its architectural divisions there is a general uniformity, though by no means a strict one. All the windows are square headed, but they differ much in size ; those belonging to the principal apartments being of large dimensions, and separated by mullions and transoms into several lights. In the bay, or oriel window, of the great Hall, (which is forty-two feet in length, and twenty-five feet in width,) among other emblazon ments, are the arms of the Mores, painted on glass, with the date 1568.29 There was formerly an extensive collection of military weapons in this apartment, but this has long been removed ; and it now contains an assemblage of pictures of much interest. Among them are whole-length portraits of James the First, and Anne of Denmark, his queen ; which were originally placed at Loseley, on the occasion of 29 " The principal entrance," says Mr. Manning, " which is in the centre of the front, opens into the Hall, hut was originally more eastward, viz. at the end of the passage between the Screens which divide the TTa.11 from the Kitchen and Butteries." The entrance here, he continues, "was by a Porch or Vestibule, (now a Butler's pantry) and over it were placed three Figures in stone. On the left hand was that of Fortune, treading on a Globe, and holding a Wheel, on which was inscribed Fortuna Omnia. On the right hand, Fate, holding a Celestial Globe with these words, Non Fors, sed Fatum. In the middle, 3h2 420 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. their visit to Sir George More, in the year 1603.30 There is, also,, a very large painting of Sir William More Molyneux, with Cassandra his wife, and all their children, at full length, by Somers. Among the other portraits of the More and Molyneux families, which are preserved in this mansion, are those of Sir William More and his lady ; Sir George More; Sir Robert More; Sir Poynings More; Sir Thomas Molyneux, who married Margaret, one of the co-heiresses of the Mores ; and Elizabeth, the elder sister of that lady. There is, likewise, a small three-quarter length of Edward the Sixth ; together with original portraits of Anne Boleyn, the ill-fated queen of Henry the Eighth, and Sir Thomas More, his equally unfortunate chancellor. Many of the apartments at Loseley are of an interesting character ; but that which most deserves attention, is the With-drawing room, — a splendid example of the decorative style of the early part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. It exhibits an and more exalted than the others, a Figure with one foot on a Wheel, and the other on a Globe, holding a Book open, and pointing to these words, Non Fors nee Fatum, sed ; and over the entrance to the Vestibule was inscribed this distich : — Invide, tangendi tibi limina nulla facultas, At tibi, Amice, patent janua, mensa, domus. " Within the porch, over the Hall door, was inscribed, Invidiam claudor, pateo sed semper amico ; over the Kitchen door, Fami, non GuIcb : over the Buttery door, Siti, non Ebrietati ; and over the Parlour door, Probis, non Pravis." — Surrey, vol. i. p. 98. This information appears to have been derived from Russell's Guildford, pp. 265-6 ; in which work it is, also, stated, that there were " two gilt needlework low chairs, in the gallery, with cushions worked by Queen Elizabeth.'' 30 Anno 1603. " On the Ilth and 12th [of August] Sir George More entertained their Majesties at Loseley Park ; but all the notice I can find of this visit is mentioned in the following lines, written by Mr. William Fowler, who was Secretary and Master of Requests to Anne of Denmark, and attendant on the Court during the Progress." — Nichols' Progresses, &c. of King James the First, vol. i. p. 251. " Uppon a Horologe of the Clock at Sir George More's, at his Place of Loseley, 1603. Court hath me now traunsform'd into a Clock, And in my braynes her restles wheeles doth place, Wcl> makes my thoughts the tacks ther to knock, And by ay-turning courses them to chase. Yea, in the circuite of that restles space Tyme takes the stage to see them turne alwaies, Whilst careles fates doth just desires disgrace, And brings me shades of nights for shynes of daies. My hart her bell, on which disdaine assaies Ingratefully to hamber on ye same, And, beating on the edge of truth, bewraies Distempered happe to be her proper name. But here I stay — I feare supernall powers : Unpoized hambers strikes untymelie howers." MANOR OF LITTLETON. 421 enriched cornice, on which is the Rebus of the More family, — a Mulberry tree, intersecting the motto " Morus tarde Moriens — Morum cito Moriturum."31 The wainscotting is panelled, and the ceiling ornamented with pendant drops and moulded gothic tracery, — within the involved forms of which, among other insignia, the figure of a cockatrice is frequently repeated.82 The chimney-piece, which is of an elaborate design, and in excellent preservation, may be described as consisting of an upper and a lower division ; the latter being of the Corinthian order, composed of two columns and a bracket on each side, sustaining a very florid entablature. Below each bracket is a caryatide figure ; and the whole is based on high pedestals, adorned with festoons and other sculptures. The upper division, or mantel, is bounded at the sides by brackets and caryatides of a grotesque character and in different attitudes, supporting a fascia and cornice, variously enriched. In the intermediate panelling are displayed the heraldic bearings of the Mores, &c. in six compartments. Emblazoned shields of arms, also, enrich the glazing of the mullioned windows of this room.33 Littleton. This place is a small hamlet in the tithing of Ertindon. It was anciently a distinct manor; for it is stated in the Domesday Book that Wlwi, or Ulphi, the king's huntsman, held Littleton of the king, (William) ; and that he . had also held it of Edward the Confessor. It was then reckoned at two hides; but was not taxed. At the time of the survey it was assessed at * one virgate.' The arable land was 'one carucate.' There were in demesne ' one villain, and one cottar, with one carucate.' There were two acres of meadow. It was rated, both before and after the survey, at twenty shillings. Mr. Manning styles Ulphi " Master of the Hounds to the King ;" but it is not likely that he was the chief officer on the king's hunting estabhshment ; for another 31 Mr. Kempe considers this motto as implying, " that the Family stock, like the Mulberry tree, should be of long endurance, but that its individual descendants, like the fruit, should by the common lot of mortality, be subject to speedy decay. — The piety of our ancestors seldom neglected to proclaim this great, though too-easily forgotten truth, even on the walls of their banquetting chambers and the cups for their wassail ; thus enforcing the necessity of hourly preparation." — Loseley Manuscripts, p. xv. 32 The Cockatrice was a bearing of the Mudge family, and was, doubtless, thus displayed by Sir William More in affectionate remembrance of Margaret, his mother, who was the daughter and heir of Walter Mudge, esq. 33 A beautiful lithographic view of this apartment has been published by Joseph Nash, in his curious work intituled "Mansions of England in the Olden time." — Imp. folio, 1839. The annexed view was sketched, from a somewhat different point, by Mr. Allom, in May, 1841. 422 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. huntsman is mentioned in the Domesday Book, who held land in Surrey : probably, they were both subordinates to the Master of the Hounds, as their tenancies were inconsiderable ; and that office must have been more important formerly than at present ; and it is even now vested in a person of high rank. In the thirteenth year of Edward the First, Littleton belonged to Nicholas le Gras, who had a grant of free-warren for this manor. His eldest son and successor, Roger, died without issue in 1 304, and left the estate to his brother Nicholas. It then consisted of a capital messuage and garden, valued at 4s. a year ; six acres of meadow, at 12d. an acre ; six acres of woodland, the pannage of which was worth 2s. a year ; one hundred acres of arable land, at Ad. an acre ; and the assised rents of three freehold tenants, 8s. a year : in all, 21. 13s. Ad. This estate was held of John de Cobham, as lord of the fee, by the service of finding a lodging, with victuals and drink for the lord himself and five horses, two nights and two days, twice in the year.34 In the seventeenth year of Edward the Second, (1324,) Nicholas le Gras, sup posed to have been the son of the preceding, was charged in the Exchequer with the sum of 51. 16s. 3^d. due to the crown from his father, while he held this manor, the annual value of which is stated at 3/. lis. 6%d.; but whence this demand arose does not appear. It is uncertain how long the family of Le Gras remained in possession of this estate, or to whom it subsequently belonged, until about forty years before the conclusion of the last century ; when Sir More Molyneux, of Loseley, purchased of Toft, the principal farm, called Orange Court, and all the other tenements, except two, which were the property of the Rev. George Turner, through his marriage with the heiress of Richard Clifton, of Guildford.35 ASH, FORMERLY ESSE, OR ASSHE. This parish is situated on the western border of the county. It is bounded on the north by Frimley ; on the east, by Worplesdon ; on the south and south-west, by Seale ; and on the west, by Aldershot in Hampshire. The hamlet of Wyke, which is surrounded by the lands of this parish, is considered as a part of the parish of Worplesdon. The soil of the parish of Ash is sandy; and there is much waste land, covered with heath. There are in this parish three manors ; namely, Ash, Henley, and Cleygate ; to which may be added, Fermans or Formans, formerly a separate manor, but now 31 Escheats, 32 Edw. I. n. 47. " Manning and Bray, Surrey, vol. i. p. 100. MANOR OF HENLEY. 423 joined with Cleygate. All these, at the time of the Domesday survey, were probably included in the manor of Henlei, which then belonged to the Abbot of Chertsey. It is recorded, that 'Azor held this manor till his death in the reign of King William, when he gave it to the church, for the health of his soul ; and the monks alleged that the estate was confirmed to them by the king's writ.' * In the time of King Edward it was rated at eight hides ; but when surveyed, at five hides and a half The Arable land was five carucates. One carucate was in demesne ; and there were ten Villains, and six Bordars, with five carucates. There was a Church ; and two Bondmen, and four acres of meadow. The wood yielded fifty Swine in pannage time. In the days of King Edward the manor was valued at £6 : at the time of the Survey, at 100s.' ' It appears from the earhest records of the abbey of Chertsey, that the monks claimed possession of lands at Henlea from the foundation of the monastery: for in the charter of Frithwald and Erkenwald, the alleged founders, it is stated, that the former gave the monks five manses at Henlea, among the townships [villula] beyond the river Wey.8 In the Leiger Book, or register, of the abbey of Chertsey, among the Exchequer records, are grants of lands at Ash to the abbot of Chertsey, from persons of the family of Halvelord of Asshe, and from Adam le Staumpe of Ockham ; but it does not appear whether these lands had belonged to the orginal manor of Henlei, or were then first annexed to the abbot's estate. There was a family designated from this place, (Henley,) and holding property here and at Worplesdon in the early part of the fourteenth century. A deed, without a date, is quoted by Mr. Manning, by which John de Henley granted to Richard Purs of Worplesdon, for his service, a messuage, &c. ; which Matilda, daughter of Julian de Henley, sometime held of him, in Henley. The names of William de Henle, Peter his brother, and Robert de Henle, occur as witnesses to a deed in the thirty-fourth year of Edward the First, 1306; and in 1311,' William Henley instituted legal proceedings against certain persons for forcible entrance on his land at Tebaude Furlongs, in Worplesdon, and the destruction of his corn, &c. These statements were derived from documents in the custody of private persons. This William de Henley was, probably, the individual of that name who was made Sheriff of Surrey in the second year of Edward the Second, in the place of 1 Vide Domesday Survey; and Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 68. 2 Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. i. p. 430. 424 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. Walter de Gedding, in pursuance of the king's writ of privy-seal, addressed to the deputy-treasurer and barons of the Exchequer, dated April 12th, 1309.' Henley held the office of Sheriff of the county till the sixth year of the same reign inclusive ; and in the eighth year of Edward the Second, he appears to have sat in two parliaments then held, as one of the Knights of the shire. He, or another person of the same name, was also member for the county of Surrey in the parlia ment held at Northampton, in the twelfth year of Edward the Third. Before this last period, however, William de Henley had disposed of his interest in the estate he had here ; and which, apparently, his ancestors had long held under the abbots of Chertsey. From the Escheats of the first year of Edward the Third we learn, that WiUiam de Henley had held the manor of Henley, valued at 307. a year, exclusive of a quit- rent, with other lands in Framlesworth, of the abbot of Chertsey, ' by the service of 22s. 8d. a year, and twelve gallons of honey at Michaelmas ; and by suit of court at the abbot's manor of Ash, from three weeks to three weeks, the inhabitants of the vill or township of Henley attending the abbot's leet at Ash, annually, on St. Matthew's day.' William de Henley sold the property to the king, Edward the Second, who, by writ dated September the 20th, 1325, ordered Master John Hildesle, clerk, to take seisin of the manor in his name, and appoint a bailiff, to receive the rents and account for them at the treasury. In the Patent Rolls of the same year (18th Edward the Second) is an acknowledgment from the king, that besides money due to William de Henley for this estate, he was to have the wardship of an heir-male, a tenant of the crown, valued at one hundred marks ; of which circumstance he might take advantage by marrying the youth to his daughter, or by exacting a premium for liberty to marry elsewhere ; — and in case the king did not transfer such a wardship to the vendor before the ensuing Christ mas, he was to receive one hundred marks in money ; and that sum was ultimately paid at Westminster, by the king's treasurer, William, archbishop of York, on the Thursday before the feast of St. Nicholas, 1326. In the same year in which the king purchased the manor of Henley he granted the custody of it, with all lands belonging to it in ' Esh, Worplesdon, and Henle,' to Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter; but this grant was, within a few months, recalled; and the custody was given to Walter Lad. An account is extant of the proceeds of this manor from Michaelmas, in the 18th year of Edward the Second, to the same festival in the next year, in which 3 See Madox, Hist, of the Exchequer, vol. ii. p. 69 : from Pasch. Brev. 2 Edw. II. Rot. 65, u. MANOR OF HENLEY. 425 Lad acknowledges the receipt of a heifer as a heriot, and of a gown [tunica] for another heriot, the latter of which sold for ls. Id. : the milk of fifteen cows and forty-five goats, let to farm, the former at 4s. Gd., the latter at Ad. The whole receipts amounted to 347. Os. Ad. Among the payments are, 6d. for two bushels of salt for the servants' potage ; Ad. for the tithes of four calves ; 5d. for mowing, gathering, and binding corn, by the acre, except barley, which was 6d. ; for the wages of a plough-boy in harvest, 2s. Ad. ; mowing, making, and carrying hay, 8d. an acre; threshing and winnowing 196 quarters and a half of various sorts of corn, 12s. 3%d. ; two ploughmen, two carters, one ploughboy, and one mower, had one half-penny a week each allowed for potage, according to the custom of the manor, 13s. ; the wages of these six persons, with one goat-herd, one swine-herd, and one cow-herd, amounted to 27. 7s. ; and the bailiff who superintended, and kept the account, had 2d. a day. The clear profit was 177. lis. 10d.* In 1327, a petition from the Abbot of Chertsey was presented to the king, com plaining of the non-payment of the reserved rent due to the abbot, as superior lord of the manor of Henley since it had been sold by Wilham de Henley. An inquisi tion took place at Harpesford in Egham ; when it was proved that Wilham de Henley and his ancestors, lords of the manor, had, from time immemorial, paid the rent in question to the abbot, who had never released his right to the king.5 But though the claim was established, the abbot was obliged repeatedly to present petitions against the grantees of the crown before he could obtain justice.6 William de Clinton, afterwards Earl of Huntingdon, had a grant of this manor, at first for life, and subsequently in fee. But it appears, as if this grant had been only in trust for Sir John Molyns, knt. ; for two days after he had received the grant, namely, on August the 24th, 1338, the Earl executed a conveyance of the * Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 70 : from Pipe Rolls, 3 Edw. III. 5 Escheats, 1st Edw. III. n. 11. The Abbot again petitioned in the 4th, 9th, and 17th ofthe same reign. 6 See Rolls of Parliament, vol. ii. p. 91. In the early part of the reign of Edward the Third, 1328, Henley Park was the scene of the capture of Robert de Holand, a dependant of Thomas, earl of Lancaster, who was executed at Pontefract, in 1322. When the Earl appeared in arms to oppose the King and his favourites, the Despensers, he sent Holand to levy troops for his service in Lancashire. This treacherous officer having collected a body of five hundred men, instead of leading them to the assistance of his master, joined the royalists, made terms for himself, and thus contributed to the ruin of Lancaster. Holand having consequently rendered himself highly obnoxious to the friends of the Earl, and to the people in general, he probably endeavoured to conceal himself after the destruction of his new patrons the Despensers ; for Dugdale says, that he was taken in a wood near Henley Park, and beheaded, on the nones of October, 1328 ; and that his head was sent to Henry, earl of Lancaster, the brother of the deceased nobleman, then at Waltham Cross in Essex. — Dugdale, Baronage, vol. i. p. 781. VOL. I. 3 I 426 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. estate to Molyns; and on the 23rd of September following he appeared in the court of Chancery, and acknowledged and confirmed the conveyance. John de Molyns was summoned to parliament, as Baron Molines of Stoke Pogeis, in the county of Buckingham. In the same year in which he acquired this estate, he procured a license from the king to impark his woods of West Grove and God dard's Grove, belonging to the manor of Henley, together with three hundred acres of land adjoining those woods. In the year following, he had a grant of a court- leet, with a confirmation of the license for inclosing the park, notwithstanding it was within the limits of the royal forest of Windsor. In 1340 he obtained a grant of ' Return of Writs within the manor, with Infangthef, Outfangthef, goods and chattels of felons and fugitives, waifs, estrays, gallows, trial of malefactors taken within his domain; together with exemption from toll, murage, and pontage throughout the kingdom ; and also free-warren in all his manors that were not within the Forest." Lord Molines shortly afterwards experienced the severe dis pleasure of the king ; who being at war with France, laid siege to the town of Tournay, and not receiving money which he expected from England to pay his troops, he found himself obliged to make a truce with the French ; after which he returned suddenly to England, determined to punish those officers of the treasury, and other functionaries, to whose criminal negligence he imputed the failure of his undertaking; and among them was the nobleman just mentioned, who held the office of treasurer of the chamber to the king. Stow thus mentions this affair: "King Edward," after concluding the truce, "went to Ghent in Flanders, and stayed there, looking for money out of England, which came not. Then the King, with eight of his men, fayning that he would ride abroade for his pleasure, secretly came into Zeland, where taking shippe, after he had sayled three dayes and three nights, on S. Andrewes day at night, about the Cocke crowing, he entered the Tower of London by water, being waited on by the Earle of Northampton, Nicholas Cantilope, Reginalde Cobham, Giles de Bello Campo, John de Bello Campo, knights ; William Killesby and Philip Weston, priests. Earely in the morning he sent for his Chancellour, Treasorour, and Jus tices, then being at London ; and the Bishop of Chichester being his Chancellour, and the Bishop of Coventry his Treasurour, he put out of office, minding also to have sent them into Flaunders, to have been pledges for money he owed there ; but the Bishop of Chichester declared unto him what danger might insue to him by 7 Rot. Pat., 11, 12, and 13 Edw. Ill MANOR OF HENLEY. 427 the Canons of the Church ; whereupon the King dismissed them out of the Tower ; but as concerning the high Justices, to wit, John Lord Stonor, Robert Lord Willowby, William Lord Scharshell, and especially Nicholas de la Beche, who before that time was Lieuetenant of the Tower of London, and Sir John Molens, knight, with certaine marchant men, &c. with many other moe, the king com- maunded to be imprisoned, some in one place, some in another, neither would he suffer them to be discharged thence till he were throughly pacified of his anger con ceived for not sending the money which should have served at the siege of Tourney."8 Lord Molines was not only deprived of his liberty, but of his property also ; for the king seized all his estates, including the manor of Henley, which, from a survey taken in 1344, appears to have yielded a clear revenue of 147. 8s. Ad. a year. In 1347 this estate was restored to Lord Molines ; and in 1350, Henry de Stoghton, who is supposed to have had a grant of the manor while it was under confiscation, released all his right therein to that nobleman and his heirs. However, he did not long retain it ; for by indenture, dated June the 26th, 1352, he conveyed to the king the manor of Henley, in consideration of the sum of 5507. and a yearly rent of 47. 17s. Id., issuing out of lands in Buckinghamshire; and in 1360, William, the son and heir of John, Lord Molines, released to the king and his heirs all his claims to the estate.9 Yet it seems, that the family stiU preserved some interest in the property ; for in the twentieth year of Henry the Sixth, Robert Hungerford, (who had married the heiress of William, the last Lord Molines,) in conjunction with his wife, had a license to enter on the estate. In the meantime, the king had purchased lands in this manor of twenty different persons ; probably, these were all who held of the manor ; and hence, no manorial courts are now subsisting. The lands thus purchased were added to the park ; and to indemnify the rector of Ash for the decrease of his tithes, &c, the king, by letters patent, dated January the 18th, 1357, granted to Robert de Parnicote, the then incumbent, that in lieu of all tenths, mortuaries, oblations, &c. accruing from lands and tenements in the parish contiguous to the king's park at Henley, and then recently inclosed in it, he would procure a prebend worth twenty marks a year, to be annexed in perpetuity to the church of Ash ; the rector engaging to provide a chaplain to perform divine service daily within the manor of Henley, that is, in the mansion or manor-house. The king further covenanted to pay to the parson of Ash, and his successors, one hundred shillings a year, at the Ex- 8 Stow's Chronicle ; edit. 1600 ; p. 371. * Rot. Claus. 25 and 33 Edw. III. 3i2 428 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. chequer, till the annexation of the prebend should take place ; and also gave him ten pounds as a compensation for the loss he had sustained during two years since the inclosure of the lands. This grant was confirmed by Richard the Second, Henry the Sixth, and Edward the Fourth ; and the annual payment of one hundred shillings was continued, but the addition of a prebend to the living did not take place. After the manor of Henley became a royal demesne, the office of park-keeper was at different times granted to various persons ; probably, for life : thus Sir John Stanley had a grant of it from Henry the Fourth ; Sir Thomas Seintleger, from Edward the Fourth, whose sister, the Duchess Dowager of Exeter, he had married ; and Sir Reginald Bray held it under Henry the Seventh. Queen Mary granted the park to Anthony Brown, Viscount Montacute, whose youngest son, Henry, afterwards knighted, obtained a grant of the estate in reversion from Queen Eliza beth, in 1590. James the First granted it, subject to the life-interest of Brown, to Sir Alexander Hay ; and then gave the further reversion to his favourite, Philip Herbert, earl of Montgomery, who purchased the interests of Brown and Hay, and in 1621, assigned his right to Robert Ratcliff, earl of Sussex; who, two years after, made a similar transfer of the property to Robert Tyrwhit, esq. This gentleman, March the 15th, 1623-24, in consideration of the payment of 2007., by Arthur Squib and Stephen Squib, gentlemen, as an advance of two years' rent, appointed them to exercise the office of keepers of Henley park for twelve years, if the Earl of Montgomery and Sir Henry Brown should so long live, at the yearly rent of 1007. In 1632, Mr. Tyrwhit made an agreement with Arthur Squib that, in con sideration of 25007., he would procure a grant under the great seal, vesting Henley park in himself, Arthur Squib, and their heirs, in perpetuity ; and that he would convey to the said Arthur Squib all his title and interest under such grant. A grant was accordingly obtained, July the 18th, 1633, whereby the king, for 8507. paid by Tyrwhit, gave to him, Arthur Squib and their heirs for ever, the entire manor of Henley, with the park, and all messuages and lands, &c. as held by William de Henley and his predecessors, and by other grantees, or as possessed by the king or his predecessors, with free- warren in the park and premises ; reserving all knights' fees, &c, and mines of gold or silver ; — the manorial estate to be held by one-fourth of a knight's fee, and 107. a year ; the grantee having the liberty to dispark or assart the land. At a forest court held at Windsor, September the 25th, 1639, Mr. Squib claimed to be seised of this estate in fee, asserting his right to MANOR OF HENLEY. 429 dispark, cut down the timber, and appropriate the land as he thought proper, according to the terms of the letters patent ; and his claims were allowed. In 1624, Mr. Squib was appointed one of the tellers of the Exchequer; and in 1646, he obtained the office of Clarencieux king-at-arms. He sold Henley park to his son-in-law, Sir John Glynne ; who was chief-justice of the King's Bench during the government of Cromwell, who made him one of his parliamentary lords. That gentleman was knighted by Charles the Second, November the 16th, 1660 ; and his death took place in 1666. His grand-daughter, Dorothy, conveyed the estate by marriage to Sir Richard Child, who, in 1731, was created Earl of Tyhiey; and in 1739, he sold it to Solomon Dayrolles, esq. It was again consigned, by pur chase, in 1784, to Henry Halsey, esq., who married the sister of Richard Glover, the author of " Leonidas," an epic poem, and other literary productions ; and it is still vested in his descendants. Between one and two miles south-eastward from Ash, is Henley Park, the seat of Henry Wm. Richard Westgarth Halsey, esq. The house, which is ap proached by a double avenue of elms, nearly half a mile in length, consists of a centre, and two wings, which project a short distance from the middle part of the building. The front entrance is by a handsome doorway, on each side of which are three large sash-windows. In the second story is a range of seven windows. The attic is partly concealed by a parapet, which in the centre rises by curved lines into a gable-end, surmounted by a low pediment, under which is a square window. Similar gables surmount the wings ; and the western wing is fronted by a colonnade. Though of some age, this house has a modern character, from some late repairs, and the front has the appearance of stone. The gardens and pleasure grounds are beautifully laid out ; and as Henley Park is situated on an eminence, it forms an ' oasis in the desert,' looking more beautiful from its contrast with the wild and blackened heath around it.10 Cleygate, in Ash. The earhest notice of the manor of Cleygate occurs in the reign of Henry the Sixth, who granted it to his uterine brother, Jasper, earl of Pembroke. He was attainted among the adherents of the house of Lancaster, on the accession of Edward the Fourth to the throne, and his estates were forfeited. Richard the Third, in the beginning of his reign, gave the custody of this manor to WiUiam 10 There is springing up, on the wastes and commons of this manor, a natural wood of fir, &c. (princi pally Scotch firs,) which, in a few years, will give a very different appearance to the whole of this hitherto wild country. 430 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. Mistelbroke, for life, reserving an annual rent of 67. 13s. Ad., and 3s. Ad. as an increase." Henry the Seventh, soon after his accession, bestowed Cleygate on his faithful follower, Sir Reginald Bray, who, in 1488, had a grant of it for life, to gether with the custody of the royal parks of Guildford and Henley. Edward the Sixth, in the second year of his reign, gave the manor for life to Gregory Reavill, a yeoman of the guard. Queen Elizabeth, in 1560, granted the manor of Cleygate, with court-leet, &c. and the reversion of certain lands adjoining, in which Reavill had a life-interest, to Edward, Lord Clinton and Saye, (afterwards Earl of Lincoln,) great-admiral of England. This must have been a grant in fee ; for in the sixth of Ehzabeth, Lord Clinton conveyed the estate to Christopher Draper, alderman of London, afterwards knighted ; who, about three years after, transferred it to Wilham Harding of Wanborough, who married Catherine, the daughter of Sir John White, alderman of London. William Harding, his son and heir, dying in 1611, the estate de scended to his sister Mary, married to Sir Robert Gorges, jointly with whom, in 1621, she conveyed it to Sir Thomas White; who settled it on Robert Wood- roffe, esq., his cousin and heir ; in whose family it is still vested. The Manor of Fermans, or Formans, in Ash. In the reign of Ehzabeth, this manor belonged to Jane Vyne, who, in 1598, in conjunction with her son Ralph, conveyed it to Robert White of Aldershot And in 1610, Sir Walter Tichborne, and Dame Mary his wife, made a conveyance of it to Sir Thomas White ; from whom it was transferred, with Cleygate, to the family of Woodroffe ; and it is now a farm appertaining to their estate. The superior manor of Ash continued to belong to the monastery of Chertsey till the 38th of Henry the Eighth, when,, with the other conventual estates, it was surrendered to the king. This manor was afterwards given to the College of St. Mary, at Winchester ; to which establishment it still belongs. Ash is a long scattered village, situated in a dreary part of the country ; which presents an almost unvaried scene of black-peat moor, mingled with a few patches of sand, upon which grows stunted furze. The Basingstoke canal runs through this moor, or rather over it, for it is embanked throughout the whole of this district ; and beyond Ash bridge, there is an aqueduct nearly thirty feet high. For the most part, the houses are mean and distant from each other. The turf and peat which are cut here, are sold only to the parishioners, at 2s. 3d. per load. 11 Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 69 : from Privy Seals, 1 Rich. III., in Bodleian Library, Oxford. LIVING, — AND CHURCH OF ASH. 431 The Living of Ash is a rectory in the deanery of Stoke, and in the patronage of the Warden and FeUows of St. Mary's coUege, Winchester: it is valued in the taxation of Pope Nicholas at 127.; and in the King's Books at 157. 18s. ll^d. The parish register commences with the year 1548 ; second of Edward the Sixth. Rectors in and since the year 1800. — Thomas Rickman, by exchange. Instituted in 1781 : died in August, 1811. Harry Lee, M.A., FeUow of Winchester College. Instituted January the 5th, 1813. Gilbert Wall Heathcote, B.C.L. Instituted July the 27th, 1838. Ash Church, which is dedicated to St- Peter, existed in the Norman times, but has undergone so much alteration, that few vestiges of its original character re main. It consists of a nave and chancel, with a large low tower, embattled, at the west end; and crowned by a small spire covered with lead. On the north side, beneath a wooden porch, is an ancient doorway of very simple character, as re presented in the annexed wood-cut. Within the tower, which opens to the nave by a circular arch springing from massive piers, are five bells. The arch is obscured by a modern gallery ; in which is a neat organ, purchased by subscription in the year 1832. The pews and pulpit are of oak ; the latter being carved in the style of James the First's reign. The font is a plain square stone, standing on wooden pillars. In the nave, which opens to the chancel by a pointed arch, is a neat marble tablet in memory of William Hammersley, esq., of Ash Lodge, who died in 1834, aged -fifty-eight Among the other memorials are inscriptions in verse, commemorative of the Rev. Edward Dawe, D.D., rector of Ash, who died in 1718 ; and Anne Newnham, ob. May the 18th, 1798, aged seventy-eight. Adjoining is an inscribed tablet for the husband of the latter, William Moore Newnham, esq., " who resided in this vUlage forty-four years, exhibiting uniformly a character of benevolence and integrity," and died in NOHMAN DOORWAY AT ASH CHURCH. 432 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. October, 1796, aged sixty-six. In the chancel is a tablet, handsomely ornamented, for the Rev. J. Harris, D.D., who succeeded Dr. Dawe, and continued rector of Ash forty-one years. He died on the 13th of December, 1759, in the eightieth year of his age. Ann, his first wife, was sister to Dr. Young, the poet, who is said to have written a part of his ' Night Thoughts ' in the rectory at Ash. Here, also, is a smaU tablet in memory of Mrs. Judith Harris, the sister of Dr. Harris ; who died on the 17th of February, 1765, aged eighty-seven years. Near the church is the Rectory-house, which is a large and respectable modernized-building, inhabited by the Rev. Anthony L. Lambert, the curate and resident minister of Ash. Ash Lodge, a smaU modern hunting-seat, was the residence of the late WiUiam Hammersley, esq. ; but is now the property of Mrs. Bree, and uninhabited. This lady is the owner of much land in this parish. Normandy Tithing, which belongs to the domain of Henley park, consists, principally, of a single Farm, with an extensive right of common. This farm was rendered somewhat memorable, from having been tenanted by the late celebrated Wilham Cobbett, esq. M.P. ; and many of his 'Political Registers,' and other papers of interest, were produced there. Frimley, in Ash. This place, although locally situated in the hundred of Godley, is in the parish of Ash, of which it forms a distinct chapelry. At the time of the Domesday survey, it was included in the manor of Henlei, and belonged to the Abbot of Chertsey. Becoming the property of the crown, at the period of the dissolution, Queen Mary held a manorial court here in the first year of her reign. It sub sequently belonged to Robert White, esq. of Aldershot in Hampshire, who died seised of this manor, leaving two daughters, his co-heirs, namely, Helen, the wife of Richard Tichborne, esq., and Mary, the wife of Walter Tichborne, esq. ; be tween whom Mr. White's estates being divided, in the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth, the manor of Frimley was allotted to Walter Tichborne and his wife, who held their first court October the 1st, 1602. The estate continued in the possession of the Tichbornes tiU after 1727 ; when it belonged to James Tichborne, esq., who had held it ever since the last year of the reign of William the Third. It was at length sold for the sum of 20,0007. to James LaureU, esq., who had pur chased other lands at this place ; and dying July the 6th, 1799, was succeeded by his only son, of the same name. This gentleman, on the inclosure of the com mons and waters of Frimley in the year 1801, purchased several lots of ground FRIMLEY, AND FRIMLEY CHAPEL. 433 which were sold to defray the expenses of procuring the act of parliament ; and these, together with the portions of the waste assigned to him, as lord of the manor, amounted to about six thousand acres. He afterwards sold to John Tekell, esq. the mansion-house of Frimley, together with a part of his allotments from the waste, &c. : and on a portion of the lands which he retained, made extensive plantations of firs and other trees. At what time the Chapel at Frimley was originally budt is unknown ; and the only authentic document referring to its foundation is the return made to a Com mission which was issued in the 2nd of Edward the Sixth, (1549,) to make inquiry respecting Chanteries, &c. in this county. It is therein stated, that as to Frymley Chapel, " it was builded in the parish of Ashe long time past, for the ease of the people, being four miles from their parish church ; within which parish are 273 housling people, and no more priests but the parson; — and sithen the building of the said Chapel, there was founded in it one Chauntery, called John Stephens's Chaun- tery, for maintaining one Priest to say masse iu the same for ever." — The return additionally states, that Thomas Snellinge, the then incumbent, had no other living nor pension than 106s. 8d. yearly, out of the late monastery of Newark, in this county. Thomas BUson, bishop of Winchester, on the 30th of January, 1606-7, with the assent of the rector of Ash, licensed the chapel and chapel-yard of Frimley as burial places ; and the chapel was subsequently licensed for the administration of the rites and sacraments of the church in general; "the inhabitants undertaking to repair on every Midsummer-day to hear Divine service at Ash, in acknowledgment of that being the Mother church." The register commences with the year 1590. Frimley Chapel was rebuilt and enlarged in the year 1825 ; the expense being partly defrayed by a grant from the Society for promoting the enlargement and building of Churches ; — in consequence of which, four hundred and fifty sittings here are declared free and unappropriated for ever. It is constructed of the stone found in this neighbourhood ; but has few pretensions to any particular merit of an architectural character; being simply a plain edifice in the pointed style. The interior is neatly fitted up without pews ; and the back of each seat forms a kind of reading-desk to that behind it. There is a small organ-gallery at the west end; and other galleries on the north ^nd south sides, supported by slender iron columns. The hamlet of Frimley is irregularly built, and chiefly consists of detached houses on each side of the road. The principal mansion is that of Mr. Tekell, in Frimley vol. i. 3 k 434 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. Park, who holds a great part of the estates here. At the bottom of the viUage is a small bridge crossing the Blackwater stream.18 PIKBRIGHT. Pirbright was formerly a Chapelry in the parish and manor of Woking, and called Pirifrith, possibly from Piri, the name of some ancient proprietor ; from whom, also, Pirford, and Pirihill in Worplesdon, are supposed to have received their designa tions. It now. forms a distinct parish, in respect to ecclesiastical jurisdiction ; and the village chiefly consists of some cottages and scattered farm-houses, situated between the parishes of Bisley on the north, Worplesdon on the south, Woking on the east, and Ash on the west. It is uncertain when Pirbright was detached from the royal manor of Woking, to which it originally belonged; but it must have come into the possession of the Clares, earls of Gloucester, descended from Richard de Tonbridge, either in or before the reign of Henry the Third ; when Peter de Pirifrith, or Pirbright, held this manor of the Honor of Clare, by the service of one knight's fee.1 In the same reign, Fulk Basset, lord of the manor of Woking, purchased a hide of hand called Bridley, or Crastock, of the fee of Pirifrith, parcel of the Honor of Gloucester, and annexed it to his capital manor of Woking. In the thirtieth year of the reign of Edward the First, John Trenchard died seised in demesne, as of fee, of the manor of Purifright, [Pirbright,] held of the Earl of Gloucester, as of his Honor of Clare, by the service of one knight's fee, leaving a son and heir, Henry, eighteen years of age.8 Probably, in consequence of the death of Henry Trenchard without heirs, the manor reverted to the lord of the fee, the Earl of Gloucester ; for in the 17th year of Edward the Second, Hugh le Despenser, the younger, the favourite minister of that king, who held the earldom of Gloucester in right of his wife, was in possession of Pirbright; — and it appears that in the year just mentioned, Elizabeth, the wife of Sir Richard Talbot of Goderich castle in Herefordshire, one of the sisters and co-heirs of John Comyn of Badenoch, was seized at her house at Kennington, by Hugh, earl of Gloucester, in conjunction with his father, Hugh, earl of Winchester, (who was then lord of Woking,) and carried, in the first instance, 12 Aubrey, speaking of Frimley, says — " In this Tything, on Collingley Ridge, is a very high Barrow, which exceeds any of those I have seen in Wiltshire, except Silbury Hill. About it, is a large round ditch, in which you commonly may find water, notwithstanding it is a high mountain." — Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iii. p. 210. 1 Testa de Nevil, fol. 219 : 1807. " EscAet. 30 Edw. I. n. 32. MANOR OF PIRBRIGHT. 435 to Woking, and thence to Purifrith [Pirbright] ; where she was kept till April the 20th, in the 18th year of Edward the Second ; and was compelled, doubtless as the price of her liberty, to give up the right and inheritance of her manor of Painswick in Gloucestershire to the elder Spenser, and the castle of Goderich to the younger.' By acts of violence and direct injustice such as this, the Spensers drew upon themselves the displeasure and hatred of the people in general ; and both paid the penalty of their crimes by the forfeiture of their lives. Shortly after the execution of the elder Spenser, in 1326, the Earl of Gloucester, his son, was made a prisoner by the people of South Wales, among whom he had sought refuge, and dehvered up to the Queen, who was then at Hereford. Forthwith, "without sentence or judgement" says Stow, "he was drawne and hanged on a gaUowes thirtie foote high, and after beheaded and quartered, on the foure and twentieth day of Novem ber, whose head was sent to London Bridge, his quarters to foure partes of the Realme."4 An act of attainder followed ; in virtue of which, Pirbright, with the other estates of this nobleman, escheated to the king. The manor is stated to have been shortly after vested in the Prince of Wales/ who, on the deposition of his father, succeeded to the crown, under the title of Edward the Third. In the first year of his reign, Edmund Plantagenet, earl of Kent, the king's uncle, obtained a grant of Pirbright,6 as also of Woking and Sutton, to hold in chief of the crown, as of the Honor of Clare, by the service of one knight's fee, and suit of court at Blechingley ; rendering annually to the treasury, by the hands of the sheriff, twenty pence at Michaelmas. The execution and attainder of the Earl of Kent, through the machinations of Roger, earl Mortimer, who governed the kingdom during the minority of Edward the Third, occasioned another for feiture of this manor, as stated in the account of Woking, which also belonged to this nobleman. He left two sons, who were restored to their rights by act of parlia ment ; but both dying without issue, the inheritance devolved on their sister Joan, the wife of Sir Thomas HoUand, and afterwards of Edward, prince of Wales, com monly called the Black Prince. But Pirbright never came into her possession ; it being settled in dower on Ehzabeth, countess of Kent, the widow of her brother John.' That lady survived till the twelfth year of Henry the Fourth, when the reversionary right was vested in Edmund Mortimer, earl of March, as the repre sentative of his mother, Eleanor, a grand-daughter of the Princess Joan by her 8 Dugdale, Baronage, vol. i. pp. 326, 393, 686. 4 Chronicle, p. 347. s Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 146. ' Dugdale, Baronage, vol. ii. p. 93. 7 Id. p. 94. 3k2 436 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. second husband, Sir Thomas HoUand. He died seised of this manor in the third year of Henry the Sixth ; and leaving no issue, his estate passed to his nephew Richard, duke of York, then fourteen years of age,8 who was afterwards a com petitor with Henry of Lancaster for the crown ; and losing his life at the battle of Wakefield, in 1460, his eldest son, Edward, became his successor, and shortly after ascended the throne, with the title of Edward the Fourth ; but his mother, Cicely, duchess of York, held Pirbright as part of her dower. Henry the Eighth, in the twelfth year of his reign, granted this manor, by letters patent dated December the 19th, 1520, to Sir William Fitz- William, after wards created Earl of Southampton; who died on the 14th of October, 1542. The grant was only for life ; and soon after the earl's decease, the king granted the manor on the same terms to Sir Anthony Brown, knt. By letters patent, dated February the 8th, 1554-5, King Philip and Queen Mary, in consideration of the eminent services of Anthony, the son and heir of Sir Anthony Brown, who had then recently been created Viscount Montacute, granted the demesne and manor of Pirbright, with all its rights, members and appertenances, (charged only with the payment of 13s. Ad. annually, as the bailiff's fee,) to Sir Anthony, and his heirs and assigns for ever, to be held in chief, by the service of half a knight's fee, rendering yearly at the manor of Stockwell, for this and other lands included in the same grant, the sum of 87. 12s. lid. Anthony, Viscount Montacute, died seised of this manor, valued at 67. 18s. 8d., in 1592 ; and his great-grandson, Francis, Viscount Montacute, to whom the estate had descended, in 1677, sold it to John Glynne, esq. of Henley Park, near Guildford. This gentleman was the son of Sir John Glynne, knt., who was chief-justice of the King's Bench during the interregnum. He died in 1682 ; and leaving no male issue, the manor, about 1707, came into the possession of Sir Richard Child, after wards Earl of Tilney, who had married Dorothy, the daughter and, at length, sole heir of Mr. Glynne. In 1739, the Earl sold it to Solomon Dayrolles, esq. of Henley Park; by whom it was again disposed of, in 1784, to Henry Halsey, esq.;9 and it is now the property of his son, Henry Wm. Richard Westgarth Halsey, esq. Before the Reformation, a piece of ground in the parish of Pirbright, called Torch-plat, was let for I2d. a year; and another piece, called Lamp-plat, for 8d. a year: and these rents had been given towards the expense of lights for the church. These lands were seized as chantry-lands for the crown; and in 1575, Queen 8 Dugdale, Baronage, vol. ii. p. 159. » Manning, Surrey, voL i. p. 149. MANOR, AND LIVING OF PIRBRIGHT. 437 Elizabeth granted them to John Dudley and John Ascough, esqrs., and their heirs for ever, to hold by fealty only, in free socage, as of the Honor of East Greenwich ; and those persons, by indenture dated the 16 th of June following, conveyed the same to John Martin, of Pirbright, yeoman.10 In the northern part of the parish of Pirbright there is a small manor called Cowshete, which extends into the adjoining parish of Bisley, and is annexed to the rectory of that parish. It is held of the manor of Pirbright, by the yearly acknow ledgment of one pepper-corn. Thomas Cowshete, senior, resided here in the reign of Richard the Second. He held a messuage and half a virgate [yardland] in Frensham ; and dying without issue, his brother John became heir to the estate. His son Thomas died in the eleventh year of Henry the Sixth ; and the inheritance descended to his daughter Isabel, who married John Shering.11 PntBRiGHT, though somewhat enlivened of late years by the south-western rail road passing through it, is stUl a secluded village ; and but seldom visited, except by persons on business. Indeed, there is very little inducement for travellers to inspect this part of the country ; the scenery being chiefly confined to barren heath and moor lands, intermixed with occasional patches of cultivation, where the soil is of a better quality. Only a few years ago, a stranger was hailed as a rarity here ; and it was a custom of the inhabitants to greet him by joining hands and dancing round him ; and this singular mode of salutation had the boorish title attached to it of— "Dancing the Hog."12 The Living of Pirbright, which is a perpetual curacy, is endowed with 6007. royal bounty, and 5007. parliamentary grant. The tithes formerly appertained to the rectory of Woking, in conjunction with which they were appropriated to the 10 Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 149. — Among the Customs of Pirbright manor in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, as appears from a Survey taken in May, 1574, were the following, viz. — Every Tenant and Copyholder shall pay unto the Lord, upon every alienation or death of the tenant, his best beast for an heriott ; and shall fine at the Lord's Will. — The eldest son shall inherit his father's Copyhold Lands ; but the father may surrender to the use of which Child he listeth. — If a surrender be delivered into the hands of any tenants, and they present it not within one year and a day, or at the next Court of the Lord's, the Surrender is void. — The widow of any tenant dying seised of any Copyhold land shall have no Widow's Bench (the same which is called Free Bench, in our Law Books) nor any part of the husband's Copyhold, unless she be fined in with her husband in his Copy. — If there be no Son, the eldest daughter shall have the Copyhold. Id. p. 150. 11 Rot. Cur. de Pentecost in Frensham. 12 Among other stories told, illustrative of the ignorance which formerly characterized the inhabitants of this wild tract, is, that they only knew when it rained by looking into the ponds on their heaths and commons. 438 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. Priory of Newark in 1262, when they were valued at 57. 6s. 8d. per annum ; with the payment of 10s. 8d. for tenths. The curate's stipend is paid by the lay-impro- priator, the owner of this manor ; in whom is vested the patronage of the hving. From the Register of the Bishop of Winchester it appears that, in 1367-8, he issued his mandate to the Sequestrators in the archdeaconry of Surrey, for the levying of procuration money due to him for the purgation of the chapel of Pyr- bryght, which had been polluted with blood ; for the payment of which the rector of Worplesdon, and three of the parishioners of Pyrbryght, had given security.13' No account is given of the particular event which rendered such purgation necessary. Curates of Pirbright in and since 1800. — Henry Hammond. Licensed in 1795. C. V. Holme Sumner. Licensed in January, 1828. William Fraser, M.A.14 Licensed 22nd of August, 1828. Charles B. Bowles, M.A. Licensed July the 11th, 1831. Henry Ayling, M.A. Licensed in 1837 : resigned 1838. William Henry Parson, M.A. Licensed in October, 1838. The Church at Pirbright is dedicated to St. Michael, and chiefly consists of a nave and chancel, with an embattled tower at the west end, surmounted by a small shingled spire ; on the apex of which is a gilded ball, crowned by a handsome gilt vane in the form of a dragon. On each side of the nave are two large semi-circular- headed windows; between which, on the south, is a small porch sheltering the entrance to the interior. The chancel, which, like the tower, is of stone, and simUarly embattled, is flanked by two projecting buildings ; that on the south side being a vestry-room ; and that on the north, a mausoleum. At the east end of each of these is a semi-circular niche, in which is placed an inscribed tablet of marble, in form of a sarcophagus ; — the one displaying the words, " Mausoleum of H. Halsey, esq., ob. June 15th, 1807; aged 62 years"; and the other, "Erected pursuant to the Will of H. Halsey, esq., late of Henley Park, 1812." The walls of the nave are of red brick ; and the roof, which is high-pitched, is tiled. The mausoleum is entered from the chancel. The interior of this edifice, which consists of a nave and spacious side aisle, with ]3 Regist. Wickham, II. fol. 12, b. 14 Prior to the residence of this minister at Pirbright, the duty was only once every Sunday ; but since his time, there have been two full services on each Sabbath-day. PIRBRIGHT CHURCH, AND COURT-HOUSE. 439 a flat ceiling supported by three Doric columns, has the appearance of a large square room. There is also a chancel, which is separated from the nave by a semi-circular arch springing from single columns of the Doric order ; and, adjoining, is a vestry- room. The chancel has a concave ceiling ; and the east end is eUiptical. In the east window, which is ornamented with a stained border on ground glass, is a shield of arms, thus emblazoned : — Arms, — Arg. Three Boars' Heads, erased, in pale, Sab., for Halsey ; Impaling, Sab. on a Fess between three crescents in chief and one in base, Arg., a martlet between two Mullets of the First, for Glover. Crest, — On a Wreath, upon a Sword, erect, ppr. pomel and hilt, Or, a Boar's Head, erased, transfixed, Sab. Halsey. There are no sepulchral memorials of importance within this edifice. The pulpit and reading-desk, and also the pewing, which is in good repair, are painted to represent oak. The Font is an elegant vase of white marble, standing upon a pedestal of veined marble. This church has been erected at different times in place of a smaUer and meaner structure. The nave and tower were rebuilt, in 1785 ; the expense being partly defrayed by money collected by brief. The chancel and its side buildings were erected at the cost Of the Halsey family, who are the lay-impropriators. The parish registers commence with the year 1574. the court-house, pirbricht. 440 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. At a short distance from the church is the Court-House, an old mansion, now tenanted by the Rev. Wm. Henry Parson, the present incumbent. This consisted, originaUy, of a centre and two low-gabled wings ; but a part of the former, and one wing, have been pulled down. It was formerly surrounded by a moat, which has been partly filled up ; and a modern bridge of one arch, leading to the front of the house, has been substituted in place of the ancient draw-bridge. The manor courts are stUl opened in this dwelling, pro forma, and are then adjourned to the White Hart, which is the only public-house in the village. Independently of between four and five thousand acres of heath, &c. this parish contains about 585 acres of arable land, 299 acres of meadow, and 432 acres of pasture, rough meadow, wood, and plantations. STOKE-nbxt-GUILDFORD. There are in the county of Surrey two parishes which bear the name of Stoke : one of these, in the hundred of Emley-bridge, is distinguished by the appellation of Stoke D' Abernon, from a family to which the manor anciently belonged ; and the other, which we are about to describe, has been termed Stoke-next-Guildford, it being situated to the north and north-west of that town, part of which extends into this parish. Stoke seems to have been, at an early period, a place of some importance, as it gave name to the deanery of Stoke, but which, since the reign of Edward the First, has not unfrequently been called the Deanery of Guildford. At the time of the Domesday survey the king held Stochce (Stoke, or Stokes,) in demesne. It was of the ferm of King Edward : or was a part of his personal estate. Then it was rated at seventeen hides ; but was not taxed. ' The arable land,' says the record, 'is sixteen carucates: in demesne are two carucates, and twenty four viUains, and ten bordars, with twenty carucates. There is a Church, which William holds of the King, with half a hide of land, in frank-almoigne. There are five bondmen ; and two mUls worth 25 shillings, and sixteen acres of meadow. The wood, which yields 40 swine, is in the King's park. In the time of King Edward, and afterwards, the manor was valued at 12 pounds; when surveyed, at 15 pounds. And the tenant pays 15 pounds, by weight. The Sheriff hath 25 shillings.' In the fourteenth year of the reign of Henry the Second, an aid or contribution was coUected throughout the kingdom on the marriage of the king's daughter, stoke-next-gtjildford.— manor. 441 Matilda, with the Duke of Saxony ; when one mark was charged on every knight's fee. From the account of the Sheriff of Surrey it appears, that the tenants of the crown at Stoke paid toward this aid 33s. Ad. :! therefore the whole manor was then rated at two knights' fees and a half. This manor continued to form a part of the estates belonging to the crown, tiU the time of King John ; by whom it appears to have been dismembered, and after wards alienated. This prince, in the first year of his reign, granted to Geoffrey Bocumton [qy. Stoucton?] land in Stoke-next-Guildford, in exchange for other land which he held by gift from the king at Puttenham ; the grantee paying a fine of forty marks of silver.8 On the 21st of April, 1204, in the sixth year of his reign, John granted Stoke, with all its appertenances, to William de Sancta Maria, bishop of London, and his successors, in perpetuity, to hold of the king and his heirs, by the payment of one hundred shillings a year, in lieu of all services. The bishop gave the king one hundred marks for the manor; and on the 27th of the same month, the Sheriff of Surrey was ordered to give seisin of the manor to the bishop ;3 and the next year, that officer was directed to appraise the crop of corn then growing on the land, which had been sown at the king's expense, and to let the bishop take it ; accounting for its value at the Exchequer.4 When King John quarrelled with the Pope, in 1207, the Bishop of London was one of those prelates who, in obedience to the orders of the pontiff, laid the king dom under an interdict, and he then secretly quitted the country. He remained abroad till 1213 ; when, John having been brought to submission, the bishops returned to England with Pandulph, the papal legate ; and their lands and bene fices, which had been confiscated, were restored ; and various sums of money were also assigned them, to liquidate the expenses in which they had been involved.5 In 1214, the king, by letters patent, renewed his grant of the manor of Stoke to the bishop of London, with an ample and explicit declaration of the rights and privileges pertaining to it ; and it was further provided, that the view of frank -pledge in the 1 Madox, History of the Exchequer, vol. i. p. 587. 2 Surr. Gauf. Bocumton dat Dno. Regi xl. marc. Arg. pro habend. xij lib.- terras in Stokes juxta Geldeford. in excamb. xv lib. terras quas habuit de dono Dni. R. ap. Puteham. Et mandat. est Gauf. fil. Petri quod capiat xx m. ab ipso G. et bono securitate de aliis xx ni. reddendis ad Pasch. et qd. tunc faciat ei habere in saisinam. Rotuli de Oblatis & Finibus, in Turre Lond. asserv. T. R. Johannis. Ace. T. D. Hardy, S. A. S. 1835. 8vo. p. 41. Ann. 1 Joh. (1199.) Memb. 10. 8 Id. p. 266. Ann. 6 Joh. (1205.) 1 See Charters, and other records, quoted by Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 167. 5 Matt. Paris, Hist. Angl. pp. 223, 226, 229. VOL. I. 3 L 442 history of surrey.— woking hundred. bishops' court-leet here should always be held in the presence ofthe king's serjeant. In the seventh or eighth year of Edward the First, the bishop of London, (Richard de Gravesend,) was summoned, by writ of Quo Warranto, to appear before the king's justices at Guildford, to shew by what authority he claimed the assise of bread and ale, view of frank-pledge and other rights and emoluments, as lord of the manor of Stoke : when he pleaded the charter of John to Bishop W. de S. Maria, above referred to, and a charter of confirmation from Henry the Third ; and his claim was, accordingly, aUowed.6 The manor of Stoke remained among the possessions pertaining to the see of London till after the deprivation of Bishop Bonner, in 1559 ; when Commissioners were appointed, to take possession of it in the name of the queen, (Ehzabeth); in virtue of an act of parhament then recently passed, for vesting in her Majesty and her heirs certain portions of the temporahties of every bishopric as it became void, in compensation for tenths and parsonages impropriate.' In 1587 (29th of Ehzabeth) this manor, together with that of Berewell Court in Kingston, and other ' On the decease of this prelate, which happened December the 9th, 1303, a Survey (as appears from the Escheats of the 32nd of Edward the First, n. 30) was made of this manor ; the annual revenue arising from which is thus stated : — £ s. d. A Capital Messuage, of the yearly value, beyond reprisals, of 0 0 0 Thirty acres of Arable land, at 6 c?. an acre 0 15 0 One acre of Meadow : o 1 6 Four acres of Wood 0 3 0 Assised Rents of 21 Free Tenants 2 5 0 Assised Rents of 2 Customary Tenants 0 4 0 The Labour of the said Customary Tenants, in Harvest, for three days 0 0 6 Two acres of Meadow, held of the Prior of Newark, at 18c?. an acre 0 3 0 3 12 0 Paid to the Bp. of London, for the time being, for the tene ment of Aldham j 4 0 A Composition for mowing the Lord's meadow at Stoke, and making and carrying the Hay 0 1 8 To the Prior of Newark, for the two acres of Meadow .... 0 1 0 1 6 8 Clear revenue £2 5 4 7 See Journals of the House of Commons, vol. i. p. 59. When the manor of Stoke was held by the Bishops of London, they had but one mansion here, which was in New Warren, otherwise called Browning's Down ; and there the manorial courts were held for a time ; but the situation being inconvenient, they were removed to a close of three acres adjoining the Parsonage, where a booth was erected for the occasion ; and the field was thence called the Court Close. — Manning, Surrey, vol. i. pp. 108-9. stoke-next-guildford. 443 lands, was granted, by letters patent, to Thomas Vincent, esq. of Stoke D' Abernon ; who, by deed enrolled in Chancery, the same year conveyed it to Sir Laurence Stoughton, knt, in consideration of the sum of 14007. He died in 1615 ; and his estates at length became vested in his grandson, Nicholas Stoughton, who was created a baronet on the 30th of January, 1661 ; and dying in 1686, he was suc ceeded by bis son, Sir Laurence; on whose death, without issue, in January, 1692, the baronetcy became extinct An act of parhament was afterwards passed, for vesting the Stoughton estates in trustees, to be sold for payment of the debts of Sir Laurence, and raising portions for his sisters. This manor, with other parcels of the estate, was, by indenture dated January the 6th, 1697-8, purchased under the sanction of the act, by Edward Hubbald, esq. This gentleman died on the 5th of July, 1707, leaving two sons, Edward and WiUiam; on the latter of whom he settled his estates, subject to an annuity payable to his brother. WUham Hubbald, who was paymaster and accomptant of the Navy Office, died on the 8th of Decem ber, 1709 ; and an act of parhament was subsequently passed, directing the sale of his estates, to liquidate his debt to the crown ; the surplus to be preserved fbr uses therein specified. In 1718 the manor of Stoke was bought by Nicholas Turner, esq. ; whose younger son, of the same name, succeeded to the estate in 1747, his brother and predecessor having died, unmarried, in January that year. In 176 ? Stoke was sold by Mr. Turner, to Jeremiah Dyson, esq., cofferer of his Majesty's household; who for some time held the office of principal-clerk of the House of Commons, and various other employments under government ; but who is chiefly deserving of notice for his hberal patronage of Dr. Akenside, author of the "Plea sures of Imagination." Mr. Dyson died in 1776 ; and his son and heir, in 1780, sold this estate to George Vansittart, esq. ; by whom it was immediately re-sold, to WiUiam AJdersey, esq. Great additions were made to the estate while in possession of that gentleman ; by whom it was, also, much improved. He enlarged the park, which was previously only a paddock of a few acres, adjoining the house ; and made in it extensive plan tations. The road near Stoke miUs, on the Wey, between the mansion and the church, was not only inconvenient but dangerous, leading through a broad part of the river, except during floods, when a passage was permitted over a long miserable wooden bridge, at other times closed. Mr. Aldersey, having purchased the mills, turned the course of the road by the west end of the church, made a handsome causeway, and erected a new and commodious wooden bridge, which is now a 3l2 444 HISTORY of SURREY. — WOKING hundred. cou: nty bridge. He likewise bought of Lord Onslow the demesne lands of Stough ton, which had long been converted into a farm; and he obtained, by purchase of the two daughters and co-heiresses of Mr. John BuUen, an adjoining farm called BuUen's-hiU: but he afterwards sold Stoughton Farm to Mr. John Baker; and Bullen's-hiU to Richard Henry Budd, esq., who buUt a new house there, caUed Stoke-hill House, now the property of the Rev. Samuel Paynter. Mr. Aldersey died on the 30th of May, 1800, and gave the remainder of the estate to his widow; who, in 1801, sold Stoke Park to Nathaniel HiUier, esq. It is now the property and residence of Colonel Delap ; who obtained it by his marriage with Harriet, the eldest daughter of that gentleman ; the reversion, on her decease, being vested in the eldest son of Colonel, the Hon. T. C. Onslow, who married the second daughter of Mr. HUlier. The Manor of Stoughton. Stoctun, or Stoughton, at the time of the Domesday survey, was a member of the manor of Stoke. It consists of that part of the parish which lies to the north of the river Wey, between the manors of Guildford and Woking; and it was afforested, together with those manors, in the beginning of the reign of Henry the Second, under the designation of Stoctun. According to a pedigree of the family of Stoughton, drawn up by Sir Nicholas Stoughton, bart, in the seventeenth century, Godwin de Stoctun hved here in the time of King William the First ; but this date appears to be too early ; for one of his grandsons is represented as living in the forty-fifth year of Henry the Third. In a demise of lands at this place, by Agnes, daughter of Thurbet de Stoctun, to her daughter Anastasia, John, another grandson of Godwin, is styled Lord of the Fee ; and " this," says Mr. Manning, " is the first intimation we have of its being a distinct manor, which it probably therefore became about the time of King John's grant to the Bishop of London, of whom it was thenceforth held in socage, as of his manor of Stoke."8 Hugh de Stoctun, who is styled Clerk, was the elder brother of John, who dying without issue, the descendants of Hugh became possessed of the estate. Henry de Stoctun, or Stockton, who held it in 1330, obtained a license under letters patent, from King Edward the Third, to impark one hundred and sixty acres of his lands in Stockton ; and the grant was confirmed five years after wards ;9 about which time the grantee was appointed Verdurer of Windsor forest In the 24th of Edward the Third, (1351,) John de Stoughton and others held of B- History of Surrey, vol. i. p. 109. 9 Calend. Rotul. Patent, p. 105, & 120 b. MANOR OF STOUGHTON. 445 the king, in capite, one messuage, one cottage, one toft, and one hundred and forty- four acres of land with their appertenances, in Guildford and Stoke.10 From this statement it may be concluded that Stockton, or Stoughton, was held immediately of the king, and was not dependent on the Bishop of London's manor of Stoke. However, Thomas de Stockton, or Stoughton, (who had been coroner for the county in the reign of Henry the Fourth,) had, in the fourth year of Henry the Fifth, a lease of the manor of Stoke from Richard Clifford, bishop of London. Thomas Stoughton, (probably the same person,) is mentioned in the list of the gentry of Surrey, returned by commissioners, in the twelfth of Henry the Sixth." His great- grandson, GUbert, who was educated for the bar, was Escheator of Surrey and Sussex in the seventh and eighth years of Henry the Seventh ; and a commissioner for the collection of a subsidy, in the fourth of Henry the Eighth. He resided chiefly at Chalgrove, in Oxfordshire, where he died in 1516; and he was interred, according to his own directions, at Beaconsfield, in Buckinghamshire. Laurence Stoughton, the son of this gentleman, in conjunction with his mother Marion, the daughter of Edmund Beardsey, and her second husband, Thomas Woodward, obtained a renewal of the lease of the manor of Stoke from Cuthbert Tonstal, then bishop of London, at the rent of 157. 6s. 8d. a year, on the 26th of January, 1528-9 : and on the 29th of the same month, Mr. Woodward and his wife, in con sideration of 207. a year, to be paid them by Laurence, released their right and interest to him, discharged of the reserved rent to the bishop. In 1547 he had a new lease from Edmund Bonner, who then held the see of London; and by indenture dated June the 10th, 1549, he purchased of Henry Polsted, esq. the advowson of the parsonage of Stoke. Thomas Stoughton, the son and heir of Laurence, in 1575, sold the advowson to WiUiam Hammond of Guildford and Ehzabeth his wife* with remainder, after their decease, to the corporation of that town, for the benefit of the free-school. He died in 1578 ; and was succeeded by Laurence, his eldest son by his second wife, Elizabeth Lewknor ; as by his first, Ann, daughter of Francis Fleming, he had no issue. This Laurence Stoughton married Rose, the daughter of Richard Ive and Elizabeth his wife, who after Ive's decease became the wife of William Hammond, mentioned above. In 1587,. (as before stated,) he purchased of Thomas Vincent the manor of Stoke; and by indenture dated February the 23rd, 1598-9, (for the better and more effectually securing to the corporation of Guildford the advowson of Stoke, which had not 10 Calend. Rotul. Patent, p. 159 b. " See Fuller's Worthies, vol. ii. p. 366. 446 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. been properly conveyed by his father to Hammond,) he executed a new feoffment of it to Sir WUliam More, and his son Sir George, as trustees for Laurence himself, the feoffee, and the corporation, that they might become joint patrons of the benefice.12 James the First conferred on this gentleman the honour of knighthood, at Bagshot, on September the 1st, 1611 ; and he was representative of the borough of Guildford in the 27th, 28th, and 35th, of Elizabeth. He died in 1615 ; and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, George Stoughton, who was knighted in 1616; and on his death, without issue, January the 25th, 1623-4, the estate devolved on his brother Nicholas. He received part of his education at New CoUege, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship; and in June, 1612, he was admitted a student in the Temple. He was a member for Guildford in the last parhament of James the First ; and also in the ' long parliament,' which began its sessions under Charles the First In 1625 he married Bridget, (the daughter of Sir John Compton,) who died in 1631 ; and by whom he had a son and a daughter, who survived her. The son dying in 1634, Mr. Stoughton took a second wife, Ann, daughter of William Evans ; and on that occasion, with the concurrence of his brother Anthony, the next heir in taU to the family estates, they were by deed, dated May the 26th in the above year, and ratified by a fine passed in Hilary term foUowing, settled on the heirs of his own body, with remainder only, in default of such, to the heirs male of Anthony Stoughton ; remainder to his own right heirs. He had by his second wife, three children, who died in infancy; and the sole surviver of his progeny, Rose, his daughter by the first wife, was married to Arthur Onslow, esq. on the 22nd of AprU, 1647 ; when Mr. Stoughton suffered a recovery of his estates, and made a new settlement of them to the use of the said Rose, and her issue, with substitutions, whereby the remainder, according to the preceding settlement vested in the male heirs of his brother Anthony, was cut off. He died on the 4th of March, 1647-8 ; and Rose Onslow, his daughter and heiress, survived him only one week, having a few days previously to her decease given birth to a daughter, her only chUd, who by the last settlement became intitled to the Stoughton estates, which however she did not survive long enough to enjoy ; and on her death in 1649, they reverted to the right heir, Nicholas, the only-surviving son of Anthony Stoughton above-mentioned, who was then fourteen years of age. 12 This arrangement was afterwards set aside ; for by indenture dated July the 20th, 1650, and fine levied thereupon, the Corporation of Guildford surrendered to Nicholas Stoughton, the grandson of Laurence, all their right and interest in the advowson of the rectory of Stoke. See Manning, Surrey, vol. i, pp. 171, and 182. STOUGHTON PLACE. — STOKE MILLS. 447 In July, 1653, he entered as a gentleman-commoner at Exeter College, Oxford; March the 12th, 1656-7, he was admitted a Bachelor of Laws; and on the 18th of May, 1659, he proceeded to the degree of Doctor, having obtained from Richard Cromwell, chancellor of the University, a letter of license to dispense with the remainder of his terms. Shortly after the restoration of Charles the Second he was created a baronet In 1662 he married Elizabeth the daughter of Sir Henry Massingberd, by Ann the widow of his late uncle, Nicholas Stoughton. He served the office of High-sheriff of Surrey in 1663 ; and his death took place on the 30th of June, 1686. By his lady, who died in 1682, he had nine children; five of whom survived him. Laurence, the only son and heir of Sir Nicholas Stoughton, in January, 1691-2, married Mary, the daughter of John Burnaby, brewer of London, by whom he had no issue, dying within a month of his nuptials ; and with him the baronetcy became extinct. The family estates were afterwards sold, pursuant to an act of parhament as already stated. Lady Stoughton, soon after she became a widow, married Watkinson Payler, of Thoraldby in Yorkshire ; and subsequently, Thomas Tumour, barrister-at-law. She died in 1732. The mansion called Stoughton Place, which was situated on an eminence near tbe centre of the manor, after the sale and separation of the family estates, was pulled down ; and its site, now a ploughed field of about six acres, with part of the old moat remaining, is stUl caUed Stoughton Gardens. This spot, detached from the rest of the demesne lands of Stoughton, was purchased, about 1700, by Mr. Joseph Lee of Stoke ; and by deed dated September the 3rd, 1725, he gave it, after his decease to Mr. Thomas Hatch, charged with the payment of 2007. to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel ; and the latter in 1731, by deed dated March the 26th, conveyed the premises to Mr. John Bullen of Stoke. It descended to his son ; whose daughters and co-heiresses sold it to Mr. Aldersey, with the farm there called Bullen's-hill, as already related. But when Mr. Aldersey sold Stough ton farm to Mr. Baker, this part went with it, and became re-united to the original estate. The rest of the demesne lands constituted another farm, which came into the possession of the Onslow family, and afterwards of Mr. Aldersey. The manor of Stoughton, for which no separate courts have been held since 1615, is now included in that of Stoke. Two Mills are mentioned as existing in the manor of Stoke at the time of the Domesday survey, which yielded an annual rent of twenty-five shillings, supposed 448 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. by Mr. Manning to be equal to thirty-seven pounds, ten shillings, of our present currency. The bishops of London held these miUs, as lords of the manor ; and in 1365 Simon de Sudbury, then bishop, in Trinity term commenced a suit against Richard de Stoughton of Stoughton, for not allowing him to enter upon his lands for the purpose of repairing the banks and ditches of certain waters belonging to his miUs at Stoke, and laid the damage at 10007. These mUls at length came into the possession of the Stoughton family ;18 and under the authority of the act of parliament for the sale of their estates passed in 1696, they were sold to Sir Richard Onslow, bart, afterwards Lord Onslow. They were next purchased by Mr. Paine of Godalming, who erected a saw-mill ; but becoming a bankrupt, his assignees sold the mills to Mr. Aldersey ; after whose death they were bought by Nathaniel Hillier, esq., together with the estate of Stoke ; and are now possessed by the owner of that property. The Living of Stoke is a rectory, in the deanery to which it gives name. In the Taxation of Pope Nicholas, made about 1291, it is rated at 207. a year; and in the King's Books, at 187. 10s. ; the income arising from a manse, or parsonage- house, an orchard, arable, meadow, and pasture land, besides the tithes ; with the deduction of 9s. 8|<7. to the archdeacon, for procurations and synodals. This benefice which was held of the king, with half a hide of land, in frank- almoigne, by one William at the time of the Domesday survey, subsequently came into the possession of the Prior of Lewes, who presented to it in 1306. It having reverted to the crown at the dissolution of monasteries, Henry the Eighth, by letters patent dated September the 10th, 1544, gave it to Robert Lawerd, or Lord ; who on the 10th of October foUowing sold it for 377. to Henry Polsted, esq. who had married his daughter ; and by him it was re-sold in June, 1549, for 457. to Laurence Stoughton, esq. The transfer of the advowson to the corporation of Guildford, and its resumption by the Stoughton family, have been already suffici ently noticed. On the sale of the estates of the last heir-male of the family, Sir Laurence Stoughton, it was conveyed with the manor to the purchaser, Edward Hubbald, esq. ; and in 1718 it was again sold with the manor to Nicholas Turner, esq.; of whom it was purchased by J. Russell, M.A. prebendary of Peterborough ; 13 In 1549 Henry Polsted, esq. by deed dated June the 1st that year, sold to Laurence Stoughton, esq. one rood-meal, in Millmead, with other lands which had been the property of Henry Norbridge of Guildford. On the rood-meal, and on certain land belonging to the manor of Stoke, of which he had a lease, Mr. Stoughton erected a water-mill, which in 1596 was removed by his grandson, Sir Laurence Stoughton, to his own land in the manor of Stoughton ; where the mills now stand.— Manning, Surrey, vol. i. p. 173. SEPULCHRAL MEMORIALS IN STOKE CHURCH. 449 who dying in 1762, left it to his only son, the Rev, John Russell. He died in 1766, leaving three daughters his co-heiresses; who subsequently sold the advowson to Mr. George West of Farnham ; and he conveyed it to his son, the Rev. George West, whom he had presented to the living in 1795. The present patrons are the trustees of Mrs. Samuel Paynter, the wife of the present rector of Stoke. Rectors of Stoke-next-Guildford in and since 1800. — George West. Instituted the 5th of May, 1795. Samuel Paynter, A.M. Instituted the 8th of October, 1831. Stoke Church, which is dedicated to St John the Evangehst, is an irregular structure, consisting chiefly of a nave, chancel, and north aisle ; with a somewhat massive tower, embattled, at the west end. It is built of ordinary stone, intermixed with flints ; and attached to the east end of the aisle, is Stoughton's Chapel, which is mostly of flint, and opens to the chancel by two pointed arches. Although men tioned in the Domesday survey, but few vestiges of its original character are notice able. There was formerly an entrance-porch on the south side ; but this has been converted into a vestry-room. The principal entrance is at the west end ; and over it is a handsome pointed-arched window, divided by mullions into several hghts, with smaller ones above. The interior is mostly pewed with Norway oak; and the chancel is wainscotted with the same to a considerable height. Within the tower are three bells ; on each of which is this inscription : — IBrnan lEltttiUge matte true. 1620. There is a long and well-pewed gallery at the west end, and an organ-gallery ; in front of the organ are these inscriptions : — This Organ was the offering of William Aldersey, Esq., to Stoke Church, A.D. 1785 ; And was endowed by his widow, Harriet Aldersey, in the humble wish of fulfilling his intentions, A.D. 1800." There are numerous sepulchral memorials in this church; yet scarcely any of them are of sufficient importance to require transcription. Among them are several for members of the Stoughton family, including three long inscriptions in Latin, sculptured in brass and inclosed in marble frames.15 One of these was erected by Nicholas Stoughton, esq. in memory of his wife Brigid, " the younger daughter of 14 This, however, is incorrect; there being no endowment. Mrs. Aldersey paid a small salary to the organist, until about three years ago ; since which, a collection has been made round the parish. 15 These are all copied in Manning's Surrey, vol. i. pp. 174 — 177. A long Pedigree of the Stoughton family is also given in the same work. VOL. I. 3 M 450 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. Sir John Compton, of Prior's-Dean, in Hamshire, knt," who died in March, 1631, in her twenty-fifth year : the epitaph concludes with the foUowing verses :— To Prior's Deane, where borne, shee went to dy, — This Chappell wanted roome for her to ly. Yeat part of her here restes, two Children deere Already plac'd, two to be placed here ; O may their comming hither be deferr'd Till they their aged Father have interr'd ! Shee at her Fathers, by her Sisters side, Lyes buried where shee thrice was made a Bride. A Bride by name at Font, in Fact by Ring, By Death espoused to her heavenly King. Thrice happy Soule ! the holy Angels bring Thee to Heav'n's quire, & there with thee they sing The All-makers prayses : may'st thou lesson us To do the like, and praise him ; praying thus : 1 Thou, who her hence hast taken unto thee, Take hence our harts, ere hence we taken be.' In the chancel is a neat marble tablet, by Bacon, in memory of Mrs. Charlotte Smith, celebrated as a poet and novelist, who died at Tilford, near Farnham, on the 28th of October, 1806, in the fifty-seventh year of her age. Arms :— Gu. on a Bend engrailed between two Cinquefoils, Or, three Leopards' Faces, Az. This lady, who was the daughter of Nicholas Turner, esq. (by Anne Towers, his first wife,) the last of that name who inherited the manor of Stoke, was born in King-street, St. James's Square, on the 4th of May, 1749. Her father had, also, a seat in Sussex, on the banks of the Arun, called Bignor Park, where she passed several years in the early part of her life ; to which she alludes in the following stanza : — the South downs and the vallies of the Arun are repeatedly noticed in her poetical effusions. Then, from thy wild-wood banks, Aruna, roving, Thy thymy downs with sportive steps, I sought, And Nature's charms with artless transport loving, Sung, like the birds, unheeded and untaught. Losing her mother before she was quite four years old, the care of her education devolved on an aunt ; who appears to have discouraged that innate taste for reading which she displayed even in her chUdhood. But her thirst for knowledge was not to be repressed; and she eagerly devoted her hours to the perusal of almost every book to which she could obtain access; and by this means she acquired a con siderable stock of miscellaneous and general information. From the twelfth to the fifteenth year of her age, she occasionally resided with her father in London, where MEMOIR OF MRS. CHARLOTTE SMITH. 451 she had opportunity for improving her intellectual faculties by observation and inquiries amidst the various society to which she was introduced. Being attractive in person and of womanly appearance, she remained not long unwooed ; and before she had completed her sixteenth year, her hand was bestowed on the second son of Richard Smith, esq., a West India merchant of much emi nence, and a director of the East India company. This proved, however, but an iU-assorted match ; and from the extravagance and ill-conduct of her husband, and the occurrence of many untoward circumstances connected with his pursuits, Mrs. Smith was involved in misfortunes during most of her future hfe. After a residence of some duration in the metropohs, Mrs. Smith, from ill-health, found it expedient to remove to a smaU house in the pleasant village of Southgate, near London. Here, she soothed her retirement by the indulgence of her early taste for literature, in those intervals of time that were not required for necessary attention to an increasing family. Subsequently, Mr. Smith's father purchased for bim Lyss Farm in Hampshire, whither he retired from business, which, it seems he had always neglected ; and there he resided with his wife and family, then con sisting of seven chUdren. During several .years passed in this situation he hved beyond his fortune, kept a larger establishment than he could afford, and to crown his imprudence, engaged in wUd and unprofitable speculations in agriculture. Four or five years after the death of his father in 1776, Mr. Smith was appointed to serve as sheriff for the county of Hants, and the expense which he consequently incurred contributed to the ruin of his affairs; for shortly after, he became an inmate of the King's Bench prison. Mrs. Smith spent a considerable part of the seven months during which he was imprisoned with him; and to her exertions he was principally indebted for his liberation. It was on this occasion, that she first attempted to derive profit from her literary productions. In 1784 appeared her earliest pubhcation, intituled " Elegiac Sonnets, and other Essays"; of which a second edition came out the same year. Although Mrs. Smith had the gratification of reheving her husband from bondage, his hberty, ere long, was again threatened ; and to avoid a gaol he fled to France, whither his wife accompanied him ; and they passed the ensuing winter as tenants of a dreary chateau in Normandy. The next year, through her exertions, they returned to England, and hved at Woolbeding in Sussex. Mrs. Smith now produced a translation from the French of a novel, by the Abbe Prevost ; and a coUection of remarkable narratives, selected from " Les Causes Celebres " of the French, which she intituled " The Romance of Real Life." 3 m 2 452 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. Soon after, Mr. Smith was obliged again to quit the kingdom; and his wife removed with her chUdren to a smaU cottage in another part of Sussex. In this retirement, she wrote her first novel of "Emmeline, or the Orphan of the Castle," 1788. This was succeeded by several other works of fiction ; the most-deservedly popular of which, perhaps, was "The Old Manor House," 1793. She also produced some well-written little books for young persons, under the titles of " Minor Morals," "Rural Walks," "Rambles Farther," and "Conversations." Her Sonnets and other Poems passed through eleven editions, and were translated both into French and Itahan. Her " Ethelinde, or Recluse of the Lake/ was also eminently successful. Amidst the close application which her numerous literary undertakings must have required, she was harrassed and perplexed by the intricacies and delays of law, arising from the state of affairs of her family. Her children's grandfather had left his property, which was chiefly in the West Indies, in the hands of trustees and agents; and this circumstance, with the embarrassments of her husband, contributed much to destroy her comfort. It appears, also, that she was, herself, involved in a law-suit during nearly the whole of her life, in consequence of claims originating in a family aUiance with the Sidneys, earls of Leicester.16 Hence it was, that having experienced much of legal vexation, rapacity, and chicanery, she was led to introduce into several of her novels her own case, either principally or collaterally, with characters of almost every description of lawyer, calculated to excite disgust and detestation against the profession and its professors. From the follies and irregularities of her husband, and the utter incompatibility of temper which embittered her domestic life, and estranged her heart from every feehng but those of duty, Mrs. Smith, after a severe endurance of twenty-three years, acting on the advice of her most dispassioned friends, withdrew with all her chUdren from Woolbeding house, and settled for a time in a small mansion in the environs of Chichester. Shortly after, her husband, finding himself involved in fresh difficulties, again sought refuge on the continent; and although they occasion ally met after that period, and constantly corresponded with each other, they never afterwards resided together. It was after this separation that Mrs. Smith more especiaUy exerted her literary talents in the composition of those works which caused her to be regarded as one of the best novelists of the age. For a long time prior to her decease, the health of this accomplished woman gradually declined. " So many years of mental anxiety and exertion had com- 16 Vide Gentleman's Magazine, vol. Ixxix. part 2, p. 1073. SEPULCHRAL MEMORIALS IN STOKE CHURCH. 453 pletely undermined a constitution, which nature seemed to have formed to endure unimpaired to old age ; and, convinced that her exhausted frame was sinking under increasing infirmity, she determined on removing into Surrey, from a desire that her mortal remains might be laid with those of her mother, and many of her father's family, in Stoke church." She, accordingly, in 1803, removed from Frans near Tunbridge, to the village of Elsted in the neighbourhood of Godalming; and thence, in 1805, to TUford near Farnham, where, as above stated, her sufferings terminated in October, 1806. — Near to her own memorial there is a kindred tablet in memory of two of her sons, Charles and George ; both of whom perished in the service of their country, in the West Indies. Mrs. Smith had a family of twelve chUdren. The decease of her husband preceded her own, by about six months.17 Among the other modern tablets in the chancel, is one for Elizabeth Ann, wife of John Creuze, esq. of Woodbridge House, who died in 1804; and her husband, who was sheriff of Surrey in 1788, and died October the 27th, 1823, aged eighty-seven years. Another inscription records the name of Grace, widow of Vice-admiral Sir W. Burnaby, bart., who died March the 21st, 1823, aged eighty-five years. Against the north waU of the aisle are two smaU brass plates, within a dove- coloured marble frame, inscribed in commemoration of Henry and William Parson, the benevolent persons who founded the Hospital at Stoke for poor widows, and were buried in this church-yard. Arms : — Gu. two Chevronels Erm. between three Eagles, displayed. Over the manor-pew in the north aisle is a classic memorial by Flaxman, R.A, representing a graceful female mournfully leaning upon an urn. Below, is the following inscription : — This Monument was erected by Harriet Aldersey, in grateful remembrance of the most affectionate of Husbands, William Aldersey, Esq., of Stoke Park, — A Place formed by his Taste, enlivened by his Cheerfulness, made happy by his Bounty, and better by his Example. — He departed this life the 30th day of May, 1800 ; aged 64 years. More would you know, — go ask the poor he fed Whose was the hand that rais'd their drooping head ? Ask of the few whose path he stfew'd with flowers, Who made the happy still have happier hours ? Whose voice like his could charm all care away ? Whose look so tender, or whose smile so gay ? Go ask of All, — and learn from every tear, The Good, how honour'd ! and the Kind, how dear ! 17 See Miscellaneous Prose Works of Sir Walter Scott, vol. iv. (Edin. 1834) for a Biographical Notice of Mrs. Charlotte Smith, from the pen of her sister, Mrs. Dorset, the authoress of that elegant 454 HISTORY OF SURREY, — WOKING HUNDRED. Here, also, is a memorial for Dr. James Price, a medical practitioner of this neighbourhood, who acquired some notoriety by an aUeged discovery of certain methods of transmuting mercury into gold, or silver. He was the son of James Higginbotham, by his wife Margaret, the sister of James Price, citizen of London, who bequeathed his name and fortune to his nephew. This gentleman became a student at Oriel College, Oxford ; where he obtained the degree of Bachelor in Physic. In 1782 he published an account of Experiments on Mercury, SUver, and Gold, performed at Guildford, in May that year, before Lord King and others, to whom he appealed as eye-witnesses of his wonder-working power. It seems that little poem, " The Peacock at Home," &c. Other brief memoirs of Mrs. Smith have appeared in the ' Monthly Magazine ' for April, 1807 ; ' Public Characters,' vol. iii. ; and Brydges's ' Censura Literaria,' new series, vol. i. 1807. The following pleasing effusion, in which humour and melancholy are affectingly blended, is but little known. It was communicated by Mrs. Dorset to Sir Walter Scott; and appears, from the feebleness of the handwriting, to have been composed by Mrs. C. Smith but a very short time before her death. To my Lyre. Such as thou art, my faithful Lyre, For all the great and wise admire. Believe me, I would not exchange thee, Since e'en adversity could never Thee from my anguish'd bosom sever, Or time or sorrow e'er estrange thee. Far from my native fields removed, From all I valued, all I loved ; By early sorrows soon beset, Annoy'd and wearied past endurance, With drawbacks, bottomry, insurance, With samples drawn, and tare and tret ; With scrip and omnium, and consols, With City Feasts and Lord Mayor's Balls, Scenes that to me no joy afforded ; — For all the anxious sons of care, From Bishopsgate to Temple Bar, To my young eyes seemed gross and sordid. Proud City Dames, with loud shrill clacks, ("The wealth of nations on their backs,") Their clumsy daughters and their nieces, Good sort of people ! and well meaners, — But they could not be my congeneers, For I was of a different species. Long were thy gentle accents drown'd, Till from Bow Bells' detested sound I bore thee far, my darling treasure ; And unrepining left for thee Both calipash and calipee, And sought green fields, pure air, and leisure. Who that has heard thy silver tones, — Who that the Muse's influence owns, Can at my fond attachment wonder, That still my heart should own thy power? Thou, who hast soothed each adverse hour; So thou and I will never sunder. In cheerless solitude, bereft Of youth and health, thou still art left ; — When hope and fortune have deceived me, Thou, far unlike the summer friend, Did'st still my falt'ring steps attend, And with thy plaintive voice relieved me. And as' the time ere long must come When I lie silent in the tomb, Thou wilt preserve these mournful pages ; For Gentle Minds will love my verse, And Pity shall my strains rehearse, And tell my name to distant ages. SEPULCHRAL MEMORIALS IN STOKE CHURCH. 455 mercury being put into a crucible and heated in the fire with other ingredients, (which had been shewn to contain no gold,) he added a red powder ; the crucible was again heated, and being suffered to cool, among its contents on examination was found a globule of pure gold. By a simUar process with a white powder, he produced a globule of silver. The respectability of the spectators of these manipulations gave credit and celebrity for a time to the operator, who was honoured by the University with the degree of Doctor of Physic ; and he was also chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. Dr. Price had now placed himself in a most perilous position ; for all persons acquainted with the history of alchemy must have been aware that it was easy to conjecture how the gold and silver exhibited in his experiments might have been procured without any transmutation of mercury, or any other substance ; and the reputation of the first scientific institution in the kingdom authoritatively required that the pretensions of their new associate should be properly sifted, and his claims as a discoverer be clearly established, or his character as an impostor exposed. A repetition of the doctor's experiments under the observation of a committee of the Royal Society was commanded, on pain of expulsion ; and the unfortunate man, rather than submit to the ordeal, took a draught of laurel-water,18 (Prussic acid) ; and, as the inscription on his tablet informs us, departed this life on the 31st of July, 1783 ; aged twenty-five years. Of the remaining inscriptions requiring notice, there is one in commemoration of the Right Hon. Jeremiah Dyson, and Dorothy his wife ; the former of whom died on the 16th of September, 1776, aged fifty-four years; and the latter, at the age of thirty-four, on December the 16th, 1769; — and another for their son, Jeremiah Dyson, esq. " late Clerk of the House of Commons," and his two wives, and five chUdren: he died October the 14th, 1835, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. The elder Dyson, who had also been clerk of the House of Commons, was one of the three commissioners who, after the resignation of Earl Temple in October, 1761, were appointed to execute the office of keeper of the privy-seal. In May, 1762, he was constituted joint-secretary to the treasury; in April, 1764, he was appointed a Lord of trade ; in December, 1768, a Lord of the treasury ; and in March, 1777, Cofferer of the household, which last office he held until his decease. There is, likewise, a neat tablet for Nathaniel Hillier, esq. of Stoke Park ; who died on the 8th of June, 1810. The Registers of this parish are nearly complete from the year 1619, except 18 Brande's Journal of Science, vol. ix. p. 237. 456 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. that for burials, which is deficient from 1678 to 1732. There is a glebe-house, with thirty-six acres of land. The rector repairs the chancel. The church will accommodate about four hundred and eighty persons. Stoke Hospital. — This edifice, situated about half way between Stoke church and Guildford, was founded and endowed by William and Henry Parson, for the support of six aged widows. It is a neat brick building, with a clock-turret in the centre, surmounting a hall or domestic chapel : at the sides are apartments for the inmates; and behind the hospital is a kitchen garden. The founders were brothers, who having been extensively engaged in trade at Guildford, as linen and woollen- drapers, for many years, had realized a considerable fortune with the fairest cha racter, when they retired from business ; and being both single men, they formed the design of appropriating a part of their property to the establishment of this charitable institution. Henry, the younger of these gentlemen, died in 1791, aged sixty-two. The survivor then proceeded to execute their joint purpose ; in pur suance of which he conveyed to trustees about half an acre of freehold ground in the parish of Stoke, and made a will, in which he gave directions to his executors to build there a Hospital for poor widows, in case of his death before the work was perfected; bequeathing also funds for its support. The building, however, was completed and occupied by the objects of his bounty before his own decease, which occurred in 1799, when in his seventy-third year. " Statutes and Ordinances were made and ordained for the good Government of the widows of this Hospital," by which it is directed, that prayers shaU be read in the haU every Wednesday and Friday, in the morning at ten o'clock, and in the afternoon at three, by one of the inmates, who are called sisters ; the reader to have five shillings a week, the others four shillings. A new gown of blue broad-cloth is provided for each every two years ; and provision is also made for a dinner for them in common four times in the year, at the expense of twenty-four shUlings ; on which occasion, the rector or curate of the parish is requested to read prayers and preach a sermon in the parish church, for which he receives a guinea, and the parish clerk five shillings. For these purposes, the interest of 30007. stock, in the 3 per cent, consols, is appropriated; 5007. stock to supply the sisters with fuel; and 2007. stock for the repair of the building and other incidental expenses. Widows are not admitted into. this institution if less than sixty years of age; they are to be taken from the parish of Stoke, or, if none qualified can be found there, from the adjoining parish of Worplesdon. MANOR OF WANBOROUGH. 457 WANBOROUGH. Wanborough, called Weneberge in the Domesday Book, is a small parish situated on the brow and sides of the ridge called the Hogsback, and comprising about sixteen hundred acres ; of which four hundred are wood-land. On the north, it is bounded by the parishes of Ash and Worplesdon; on the east, by those of St. Nicholas (Guildford), and Compton; on the south, by Puttenham; and on the west, by Seale. The soil is in general calcareous; but on the north, towards the foot of the hill, clay predominates: on the south is the sandy tract called Puttenham-heath, which is partly in this parish, and was the subject of an act of inclosure, passed in 1803. At the time of the Domesday survey the manor of Weneberge was held by Gois frid, or Geoffrey, de Mannevile ; but it is stated not to have been part of the land of Asgar. ' Swen and Lewin, brothers, held it of King Edward. It was then rated at 7 hides ; but when surveyed, at 3 hides. The arable land was 7 carucates, for merly constituting two manors, but then united in one. One carucate was kept in demesne ; and twelve villains, and seventeen bordars held eight carucates. There was a church ; eight bondmen, and six acres of meadow ; and a wood which yielded thirty swine. The whole in the time of King Edward was valued at 7 pounds, afterwards at 100 shillings, and when surveyed at 7 pounds.' From the preceding account it may be inferred that Asgar was a Saxon, whose forfeited estates had been granted to Geoffrey de Mannevile ; and that the Norman chieftain, hke many others, had endeavoured to augment his territorial acquisitions, by seizing lands under the pretext that they were included in his grant, as portions of the possessions of Asgar. Therefore the statement, that Wanborough had been no part of the land of Asgar, must have been designed by the Jurors, on whose depositions the Domesday survey of the hundred was founded, as an intimation that Geoffrey had no just title to the manor of Wanborough ; — for in the notice of Clapham, in this county, which was also held by this Norman baron, it is expressly stated, that " The Jurors affirm that Geoffrey holds this manor unjustly, because it did not appertain to the lands of Asgar." Swen or Sweyn, and Lewin or Leofwin, who held Wanborough under Edward the Confessor, were doubtless the two sons of Earl Godwin, and brothers of Harold ; the former of whom died while on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land ; and the latter fell in the battle of Hastings. Geoffrey de Mannevile, or Magnavile, came to England with William the First, VOL. I. 3 N 458 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. by whom he was appointed Constable of the Tower of London. Besides the manors of Wanborough and Clapham, he also held that of Carshalton, in this county, at the time of the Domesday survey. His grandson of the same name, who lived in the reign of Stephen, was by that prince created Earl of Essex ; yet he was tempted by extravagant grants to desert the king, and join the party of the Empress Maud. He died in 1144;1 and his eldest son, Arnulph, or Ernulf, was driven into exile. His estates were doubtless seized by Stephen ; who gave them, or at least, those in Surrey, to Pharamus de Bolonia, or Faramuse of Boulogne, nephew to his consort, Queen Maud. Henry, son of the Empress Maud, having ascended the throne after the death of King Stephen, gave the title of Earl of Essex to Geoffrey de MannevUe, the youngest son of the late earl ; and he is stated to have likewise restored to him all the lands of his great-grandfather, grandfather, and father. However, Pharamus de Bolonia must have retained possession of the manor of Wanborough ; for he sold it to the Abbot of Waverley, for one hundred and twenty marks of silver ; and this transfer of the property was ratified by Earl Geoffrey, *as lord of the fee, at the request of King Henry the Second. Pope Eugenius, by his bull dated at Paris, 5 Cal. Jun. 1147, confirmed the grant of this manor to the abbot and convent ; and it was further secured to them by a charter of Richard the First, in the first year of his reign.2 In 1279, (9th of Edward the First,) the Abbot of Waverley obtained from the king's Justices, sitting at Guildford, a recognition of his right to view of frank pledge in his manors of Wingburgen and Bramley. In the same year, William de Abbecroft gave to the monks of Waverley all his land of Abbecroft, which he held of the convent, with his capital messuage and its appurtenances in Wanburgh. Though the earls of Essex ceased to have any beneficial interest in this estate after the reign of Stephen, yet it appears, that the nominal superiority remained with their representatives full two hundred years after that period. Since we learn from the Escheats of the forty-sixth year of Edward the Third, that Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford and Essex, held four knights' fees in ' Wanburgh, Clop- ham, and Kersalton,' formerly belonging to Sybil de Boleyne of the Honor of Mandevile. That lady was the heiress of Pharamus de Bolonia, or Boleyne. Wanborough becoming the property of the crown at the dissolution of monas- 1 In the preceding year the King had arrested Geoffrey, who held the office of Constable of the Tower ; and he was forced to surrender that fortress, and other castles which he held, in order to obtain his liberty. Gervase of Canterbury says, if the Earl had not been secured, he would have dethroned Stephen. See Rapin, History of England, vol. i. p. 208. 2 See Charters and Bull, in Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. v. p. 242 : Art. Waverley. MANOR OF WANBOROUGH. 459 teries, Henry the Eighth, in 1537, granted the manor and rectory of Wanborough, with the abbey of Waverley, and other estates in Surrey, to Sir William Fitz- William, earl of Southampton, lord-treasurer, and lord-admiral. That nobleman died seised of the property in 1542; when it devolved on his half-brother, Sir Anthony Brown, in virtue of a previous settlement. On his death it came into the possession of his grandson ; who, in the ninth year of James the First, executed a conveyance of the estate to trustees, for the benefit of John Murray, esq., after wards Earl of Annandale; and his son and heir, in 1643, sold it to James Maxwell, subsequently created Earl of Dirleton. He settled the reversion of it, after the death of his lady, on his daughter, the Duchess of Hamilton, and her heirs. She gave it to her second husband, Thomas Dalmahoy, esq.; who sold it, in 1661, to Ehzabeth ColwaU, widow ; and she vested it in trustees for her grandson, Daniel ColwaU, esq. In 1706 Mr. Colwall, by wUl, conveyed Wanborough and his other estates to trustees, to be sold for the payment of his debts, and other purposes, as stated in the account of Guildford. After his death, in 1707, the sale took place; and Thomas Onslow, esq., afterwards Lord Onslow, became the purchaser ; and his descendant, the present Earl, sold the house and estate on the north side of the hiU to James Mangles, esq. — and the land on the south side, to Richard Sumner, esq. Before the Reformation, the monks of Waverley, to whom the living belonged, appear to have generally attended to the cure of souls within this manor themselves. But in consequence of their negligence, probably, some complaint was made to the Bishop of Winchester; and in 1327, Peter de Sele was presented by them to the living, as vicar. In 1330, the bishop examined the muniments of the abbey of Waverley relative to the appropriation of the church, or chapel, of Wanborough ; and, on the evidence of long possession, he decided in favour of the validity of tbe abbot's claim to it Only two subsequent appointments of vicars are recorded in the registers of the bishops ; namely, in 1399, and 1404, when ministers were appointed during vacancies of the abbacy. In the account of ecclesiastical property taken in the reign of Henry the Eighth it is stated, that the oblations of strangers and others at the chapel of St. Bartholomew, at Wanborowe, produced thirteen shillings and four-pence a year; and that five and sixpence was paid annually to the archdeacon of Surrey, for procurations and synodals ; and the monks distributed to the poor every year, 47. 10s. 5d. in alms, according to custom, for the benefit of the souls of the founders of the convent.3 3 Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. v. p. 242. 3 N2 460 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. A Church at Wanborough is mentioned in the Domesday survey ; and we find by muniments of the fourteenth century, that it was dedicated to St. Bartholomew, and appropriated to the abbey of Waverley. It seems to have been unendowed ; and when, after the dissolution, the impropriation came into lay-hands, no arrange ment was made to provide any stipend for a minister. Divine service, however, was occasionally performed here ; and a register was provided, in which the last entries were, of a marriage in 1658 ; a burial in 1684; and a christening in 1675. More recently, however, the late James Mangles, esq. of Woodbridge Cottage, was interred here by his own desire, he having purchased the property ; and it now belongs to his family. He died in September, 1838 ; having been one of the members for Guildford in the three successive parliaments of 1831, 1832, and 1835. The church, which is an ancient building of one pace, about forty-five feet in length, and eighteen feet and a half in breadth, is of stone and flints intermixed. It was long suffered to remain in a dilapidated state, and used as an outhouse for farming purposes, but it has been recently repaired : the windows are square-headed. No service has been performed in it for many years. The Village is of small extent, and principally consists of labourers' cottages ; but there is one capital farm-house and offices, which was formerly in the tenantcy of Mr. Morris Birkbeck, a distinguished agriculturist ; who afterwards emigrated to America. He was secretary to the first agricultural society instituted in this county. WINDLESHAM, with BAGSHOT. This parish, which is situated on the north-eastern confines of Surrey, is bounded on the east by Egham ; on the north, by Sunning-hill and Old Windsor in Berk shire ; on the west, by Frimley and Sandhurst ; and on the south, by Chobham. But very few particulars of the manor of Windlesham can be traced ; and all that is known of its early history is, that it was given by St. Edward the Confessor to the church of Westminster :' but the land seems to have been of so little value, that it was exempt from taxation, and therefore, apparently, was not included in the Domesday returns. After the Dissolution, Henry the Eighth gave it to St. John's College, Cambridge ; to the members of which it still belongs ; and they hold here courts leet and baron : yet the advowson of the church could not have accompanied the grant, as that is still in the gift of the crown.2 There is another manor here, called Fosters, alias Windlesham, of which the 1 Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 82. 2 Id. manor of bagshot. 461 earliest notice Mr. Manning could meet with, occurs in an inquisition taken on the death of George Evelyn, esq. in 1603 ; when it was found that he died seised of three-fifths of the manor of Wynsham, or Windlesham, held of the king, of the manor of Chobham. Thomas Evelyn, his eldest son and heir, was settled at Long Ditton ; and this estate appears to have been given to his second son, Sir John Evelyn of Godstone ; whose grandson, Sir John Evelyn, knt., in 1636, sold this property to James Lynch, esq. of White-parish in Wiltshire ; after whose death, in 1640, his estates were divided between his three grand-daughters, Helen, Susan, and Elizabeth Gauntlett. In 1683, this manor belonged to Daniel Moore, esq.; in 1705, Samuel Maynwaring held it; in 1714, Heneage Finch, Lord Guernsey, was owner. In 1717, it came into the possession of John Walter, esq.; and about 1744, his son and heir, Abel Walter, sold it to the trustees of Richard, Lord Onslow; to whose descendant, the present Earl, it now belongs. The Manor of Bagshot. According to the Testa de Nevill, this manor in the reign of Henry the Second, was held of the royal demesne by one Ralph, at a fee-farm rent of forty shillings ; but that tenant becoming in arrear, the king granted the manor to a person called Hoypesiort, to be held "per serjantiam valtrice vel veautrice."3 In another part of the same record it is stated that Hoppescoyt (as he is there called) and others, held land of the king in Bachesuth, per serjantiam, to the value of thirty shilUngs.4 The manor, however, seems to have been divided ; some part having been granted to John Belet; whose descendant, Michael, held it in the time of Henry the Third : and in the 15th of King John, Robert de London paid ten pounds to have seisin of fifty shillings rent in Bacscete, of which he had been dispossessed for concealing his service, and for passing, without license, over to Ireland.5 In the 11th of Henry the Third, Baldric Blundr', (as the name is abbreviated,) had royal charters for Baggashot, Windlesham, Estwode, and Stoke, in Surrey;6 and among the escheats in the ' Inquisitiones post mortem,' of the 39th of Henry the Third, occurs that of Geoffrey Baggesete, for the manor and bailiwick of Bageshote, and the manor of Chobham.' In the fifteenth of Edward the Second, Ralph de Camoys was appointed surveyor 3 Testa de Nevill, sive Liber Feodorum, temp. Hen. III. & Edw. I., p. 225 ; 1807. l Id. p. 417. 6 Madox, History of the Exchequer, vol. i. p. 491. • Calend. Rotul. Chartar. fol. p. 32 ; 1803. 7 Cal. Inquis. Post Mortem, vol. i. fol. 14 ; 1806.— The Jurors at a great assize held in Bagshot in the time of Henry the Third, found that the manor had been held by Heming of Roger Belet, with whom 462 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. and principal keeper of the manors of Bedhampton, Woking, Sutton, and Bagshot; but in the twentieth of the same reign, the three manors last-named, together with Pirbright, were in the possession of the Spensers, the ill-fated favourites of this king.8 After their faU, their possessions escheated to the crown, and Bagshot was granted by Edward the Third to his uncle, Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent ; but on that nobleman being executed for treason, in 1331, through the intrigues of Roger Mortimer, earl of March, the paramour of the queen-dowager, aU his estates were confiscated.9 Subsequently, however, his entire property was restored to the family ; and his second son, John, earl of Kent, dying in 1353 without issue, be queathed the inheritance of this manor to his sister Joan, (called the 'Fair Maid of Kent,') who eventually became the wife of Edward, the Black Prince ; yet Bag- shot never came into her possession ; it having been settled in dower on Elizabeth, the widow of Earl John, who retained it until her decease in 1411. After that time, this manor appears to have descended in the same manner as that of Woking, (to which the reader is referred,) until it came into the possession of Henry the Eighth ; and it continued vested in the crown until 1621 ; in which year, on November the 13th, James the First, by his letters patent, granted to Sir Edward Zouch and his heirs male, " the manor of Bagshot, with court leet, and all the waste lands called Bagshot Heath, or Windlesham Heath, within the said manor (containing by estimation 1000 acres)," together with the hundred of Woking, and much other property.10 This grant became void on the death of James Zouch, esq. the last heir-male of Sir Edward, in 1708; but the reversion ofthe estates, for 1000 years, had been previously vested in trustees by Charles the Second, for the benefit of his mistress, the Duchess of Cleveland, and her children. After her decease in October, 1709, the Zouch property was sold by her trustees in 1715, to John the king was so angry, on account of something he had done or omitted in respect to a sparrow-hawk, that he disseised him of all his lands, and forty shillings rent ; and Ralph, the younger son of Heming, had the forty shillings of the king's gift, to keep his dogs ; but soon after he offended the king, by refusing the care of the dogs, and permitting Herbert to eject him. Vide Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 82 : from an Exchequer record, communicated by Craven Ord, esq. 3 Cal. Inquis. Post Mortem, vol. i. p. 334. 9 On this occasion, as appears from Dugdale, (vide Baronage, vol. i. p. 94,) an inquisition was taken of the Earl's estates ; whence it appeared that he had at Bagshot, " a ruinous messuage with a small garden, 80 acres of arable land, 8 acres of pasture land, and 20 acres of wood, &c, valued at 2l. As. Ad., and held of the Lordship of Stanwell, by Castle-guard, at the Castle of Windsor." 10 For an account of the particular services to the crown enjoined by the grant, see Hundred of Woking, p. 284. — The Bailiwick of Bagshot, the site of the manor, the park, and the house within the park, were exempted from the grant. BAILIWICK OF BAGSHOT. 463 Walter, esq. of Busbridge in Godalming; who, in the year 1719, and again in 1722, was elected a knight of the shire for this county. His son, Abel Walter, esq., who, under the sanction of an act of parliament, passed in 1748, had obtained a grant of the freehold of Bagshot, Woking, &c, disposed of those manors about four years afterwards to the trustees of Richard, Lord Onslow ; and they are now the property of his descendant, the present Earl Onslow. Bagshot Bailiwick. — This bailiwick, called also the Bailiwick of Surrey, ex tended over the parishes of Windlesham, Egham, Chertsey, Thorpe, Chobham, Bisley, East and West Horsley, Byfleet, Pirford, Stoke, Woking, Worplesdon, Wanborough, Ash, and Frimley, and the tithing of Tongham in Seale.11 Henry the Fourth, by letters patent, in his 11th year, gave to John Hargreeve, for life, the office of baUiff of Bagshot in the forest of Windsor, with the profits, &c, and a fee of sixpence a day, paid by the sheriffs of Oxford and Berks ; and he had a con firmation of the grant in the first year of Henry the Fifth.18 Henry the Sixth, in the 22nd year of his reign, gave the office to John Jenyn and Richard Ludlow, Serjeants of his ceUar, and to the heirs males of the latter for ever ; but this grant was recaUed on the accession of Edward the Fourth, who in his first year, by letters patent, bestowed the office for life on Edward Kingdon ; and Thomas Rede, also, had a grant to the same effect.13 Henry the Eighth, in 1527, constituted Sir WUliam Fitz- William and Sir Anthony Brown, bailiffs, by a writ of privy-seal. There was anciently a Chapel at Bagshot, which, according to traditional report, was situated in the middle of the viUage, on the side of the road leading to Chobham, and not far from the great western road passing through this place from London. Presentations to the benefice were formerly specified in the foUowing terms — " ad Rectoriam de Windlesham, cum Capella de Bagshot"; but the latter is now omitted. In 1515, John Rosyer, innkeeper, gave to the chapel of Bagshot a torch, price 3s. Ad. ; and bequeathed 13s. Ad. from land at Finchamsted towards the support of a priest for the chapel, and 6s. 8d. for repairing it. Aubrey says there was a chantry at Bagshot, which belonged to the Freemantles, who gave name to a manor here; but it was principally endowed, if not first founded, by Robert Hulot, or Hughlett, who held that manor in the time of Edward 11 Queen Elizabeth granted to the inhabitants of these places an exemption from purveyance, and liberty to cut coppices, to induce them to preserve the deer ; and James the First renewed the grant in the fifth year of his reign. — Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 85. 12 Calend. Rotulor. Patent, pp. 256, and 261. 13 Id. p. 300. 464 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. the Fourth ; in the 22nd year of whose reign a guild or fraternity was founded at this place.14 According to the return of ecclesiastical commissioners appointed in the second of Edward the Sixth, to make inquisition concerning chantries in Surrey, Hughlett's chantry was founded for the maintenance of one priest in the chapel of Bagshot ; and the property belonging to it consisted of lands valued at 67. a year; plate, 5£ oz. worth 25s. A\d.; ornaments, 6d. ; and bells, 26s. 8d. ls According to Aubrey, the King's Arms inn was the chantry-house ; and that inn, which still subsists under the same sign, has an appearance of antiquity at the back part. Queen Elizabeth, by letters patent in 1560, granted the chantry property to Thomas Reve and George Evelyn ; and it afterwards came into possession of Sir John Evelyn, already mentioned as the owner of the manor of Fosters. Since that time, the Freemantle estates have had many possessors, and been variously divided.16 Bagshot, which was very recently noted as a posting town, and regarded as a place of considerable importance, is situated on the great western highway ; but its trade has been entirely ruined by the opening of the Southampton and Great- western railroads ; and its numerous inns and public-houses, which had long been profitably occupied, are now almost destitute of business. There were, formerly, thirty stage-coaches passing daily through the viUage; and the number of travellers, guards, coachmen, horse-keepers, &c, by whom it was thus frequented, rendered it a scene of continual bustle and animation ; but every coach has been taken off the road ; and a most deplorable depreciation of property has, in consequence, taken place. This is one of the melancholy results arising from the extension of our raUroads ; and a similar fate is impending over almost every town and vUlage on the Bath road, which must inevitably be deprived of every advantage attending the transit of goods and passengers by the recent opening of the Great-western railroad. There is a neat Chapel-of-ease at the upper end of the village, which was erected by subscription about twenty years ago ; and their royal highnesses, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, were munificent subscribers. The Baptists and Wesleyans 14 Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. p. 85. 15 Id. 16 In the seventeenth century, and perhaps earlier, a moiety of the manor belonged to the family of Atfield, or Field. On the 29th of March, 1660, a court baron was held in the names of Robert Field, clerk, and Daniel Mower, fenner of the heirs of James Lynch. In 1683 the death of James Atfield is presented ; and that John was his son and heir. The Fields had a moiety of Hall Grove, which was sold to Mr. Mountagu; and by him, to Mr. Ragette. In 1694, a court was held in the name of James Field, gent, lord of one moiety, and of John Hart and Edward Greentree, lords of the other moiety. In 1705, a court was held in the names of Hart and Greentree, and the feoffees of James Field, deceased.— Manning, Surrey, vol. iii. Additions, p. clxii. BAGSHOT SHEEP; AND PARK. 465 have each a place of worship here. The immediate trade of Bagshot is connected with employment derived from a large tan-yard. The neighbourhood of Bagshot was formerly celebrated for a breed of sheep, now apparently extinct, which were distinguished for the delicate flavour of their flesh ; supposed to be owing to their feeding on the tender branches of the heath. Large flocks of these sheep used to wander over the extensive commons, which have since been generally inclosed ; and some old men are stUl living who were employed in the sheep-shearing here, and recount with glee the festivities attending that rural occupation. — " The sweet, but little mutton hereabout," Aubrey says, " is taken notice of by travellers." It is also stated by the same author, that Bagshot was formerly called Holy-Hull." Bagshot Park. — The custody of this park, which is a demesne of considerable extent, and is mentioned in records of very early date, had been granted to Henry Uvedale, esq. ; and Henry the Eighth, in the seventh year of his reign, bestowed the reversion of it, by writ under the privy-seal, on Sir WiUiam Fitz- William, who was created Earl of Southampton. It afterwards reverted to the crown; and in the reign of Queen Ehzabeth, its keeper had an annual fee of 57.1S Several of our kings have occasionally resided here ; and James the First not unfrequently occupied it, when hunting in this neighbourhood ; as did also his son, Charles the First. After the civU wars, it was disparked by order of the parliament ; but again inclosed on the restoration of Charles the Second. The Earl of Portland had a grant of Bagshot park from King William the Third; and Queen Anne gave it to the Earl of Arran, for his own life, that of the countess, and for the life of his sister, Lady Amelia Butler. After the death of the survivor, George the Third, in 1766, granted a lease of the park, with the offices of keeper and ranger, and a fee of 57. 6s. 8d. a year, to George, earl of Albemarle, and his brothers, Augustus and William Keppel, for ninety-nine years, if either of them should so long survive. Lord Albemarle was commander of the land forces at the siege and capture of Havannah, in 1762. On his decease in 1772, Bagshot park came into the possession of his brother Augustus, greatly distinguished as a naval officer, who held it until his death in 1786." The Duke of Gloucester, brother of George the Third, had next a grant of this estate ; and was succeeded by his son, the late duke ; since whose decease, in 1834, it has been held by her royal highness the Duchess of Gloucester, by whom it is occasionally occupied. — The mansion is 17 Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iii. p. 212. '8 Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. p. 69. VOL. I. 3 o 466 HISTORY OF SURREY. — WOKING HUNDRED. an extensive buUding, erected at various periods, with more regard to convenience than attention to uniformity or architectural beauty. The park is pleasant ; and there is a beautiful and extensive lake connected with it. The gardens and con servatories are objects of particular care ; and the American garden has attained much celebrity from its luxuriance and variety of production. In the time of the late duke of Gloucester, this park abounded in pheasants, which were preserved for the special amusement of his royal highness, who was very fond of shooting ; but although stUl numerous, they have much decreased since his death. The Living of Windlesham, which is a rectory in the deanery of Stoke, is valued in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas at 87. ; and in the King's Books at 107. 9s. 7<7. paying for procurations and synodals 7s. ld. The advowson belonged, in the thir teenth century, to the prior and convent of Newark. In 1447, and again in 1466, William Skern and Robert Howlett presented to the hving. The latter, doubtless, was the person who, under the name of Robert Hulot, had a release from the heir of Skern, in 1467, of the manor of Freemantle, and the advowson of Windlesham ; and was, also, the founder of Hughlett's chantry at Bagshot. He did not, however, retain the patronage of the rectory, which had been settled in dower on Agnes, the wife of Robert Skern, who, surviving her husband, married Peter Curteis; con jointly with whom she presented in 1489, and 1493; and their right to the advowson was established, in opposition to a claim made by the prior of Newark. In 1588, John Attfield presented to the hving, as patron ; and he held a share, probably a moiety, of the manor of Freemantle ; but Queen Elizabeth, who had previously granted the other moiety of that manor to Reve and Evelyn, retained or resumed the patronage herself; and the presentation has since belonged to the crown. Rectors of Windlesham in and since the year 1800. — Edward Cooper, AM. Instituted March the 23rd, 1754 : died in 1807. Thomas Snell, LL.B. Instituted November the 9th, 1807. The Church of Windlesham, dedicated to St. John Baptist, occupies the site of a preceding edifice which was destroyed by lightning on the 20th of June, 1676. Aubrey has given the foUowing inscription, which he found "on two beams in the [former] church, written in red oker, in an old kind of court-hand:" "Wilham WhitehiU was maker of this werke : Pray ye for all the Werkemen of this precious Werkeofthis of Windlesham. Amen. Quod R. Marmion." He has, however, omitted the date, "which," he says, "being a very dark day, I could not discern."1' 19 Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iii. p. 211. WINDLESHAM church. 467 The present church was erected in 1680 ; but there is a pointed arch over the south door, which appears to have been a portion of the ancient structure. It con sisted of a nave, and small chancel, with a very common brick tower at the west end; but very important alterations and additions were made in the year 1838, under the direction of R. Ebbels, esq. architect, at an expense of 13797. 2s. ld. ; which was defrayed chiefly by liberal private subscriptions, and partly by means of grants from the Winchester Diocesan Church-buUding Society, and the Incorporated Society for promoting the . Enlargement, &c. of Churches and Chapels.20 At that time, in addition to the nave and chancel, a new north aisle, or rather transept, was erected ; which, on account of its size, may be almost regarded as the body of the church ; — the plan of which, as thus altered, will be better understood from the subjoined cut. By this extension, two hundred and forty-six additional sittings were obtained; of which one hundred and seventy- six are declared free and unappropriated for ever. At the north end of the transept is a large gaUery, containing seats for the children belonging to the Sunday schools, and for the poor. At the front of the gaUery is a neat organ, recently built by Mr. Pilcher of London ; the pipes of which are so divided, that those sitting behind it can see the pulpit and pews in the nave.21 There is, also, a handsome gallery at the west end of the nave ; and near the pulpit is a large pew, which was elegantly fitted up, with a fire-place, &c, for her royal highness the Duchess of Gloucester. The chancel is separated from the nave by a low arch, and has a flat ceiling, apparently cutting off the heading of the east window, which, within-side, appears to be square-headed, but on the exterior is seen to be pointed. This window consists of three principal hghts, and has been ornamented with newly-painted glass, at the expense of the Rev. Dr. James Allen Giles, F.S.A., by that ingenious artist, Mr. Thomas WUlement. In the centre light is the figure of St. John Baptist, the patron saint; below which are the armorial bearings of the Duchess of Glou cester. The light on the right contains the arms of Queen Victoria; beneath which 20 The sum granted by the Winchester Diocesan Society was 150?.; the Incorporated Society gave 100?.; and her royal highness, the Duchess of Gloucester, subscribed 250Z. 21 When the pulpit was removed, on the enlargement of the church, there was found underneath a very old copy of Bishop Jewel's Defence of his Apology for the Church of England, attached to an iron chain. 3o2 468 HISTORY OF SURREY. WOKING HUNDRED. are those of the Rev. Thomas SneU, the present rector, viz.— Quarterly Sab. and Az. a Cross Patonce, Or. In the left division are the arms of the See of Win chester ; and below it, those of the munificent donor, Dr. Giles, namely — Gu. a Cross betw. four uncovered Cups, Or, on a Chief of the last, three Pehcans, Sab. In the chancel is a tablet for Lieut. Col. Robert Hemington, of the first regiment of Foot Guards, who had been gentleman-usher to George the Second, and died in his eighty-sixth year, on December the 25th, 1757 ; — and another for Richard Birt, esq., who died in 1822 ; he had been a deputy-lieutenant and magistrate for the county of Hants upwards of twenty years. The nave and north transept are lit by square-headed windows; except the north end of the latter, which has a pointed window, of three principal hghts, in the perpendicular style, with smaUer hghts above. The tie-beams and principals of the roof of this transept are filled in with open tracery, and supported by ornamental brackets on corbel heads. The tower contains one large bell and a small one. It is strengthened by but tresses at the angles ; and was adorned, during the late repairs, with eight handsome pinnacles. There is a clock on the west side ; below which is a neat window, and an entrance to the church. A good National School has been established in this parish ; supported almost entirely by voluntary contributions, and affording education to about one hundred and twenty children of both sexes. There are, also, three Sunday schools. The Registers of Windlesham are extant from the year 1677, but are not entirely perfect. The glebe-lands amount to about eighty acres. Several smaU benefactions have, at different times, been made to this parish ; of which a brief account is inscribed on a table placed up in the church. It commences with the donation of Mr. Henry Smith, originally made in 1620; and the portion of whose charities assigned to Windlesham now amounts to about ten pounds per annum. In 1669, Jonathan Polewheele, clerk, and others, demised for the repairs of the church, the rents for ever, of some arable lands in this parish.22 In 1754, George Chewter, gent. devised a rent-charge of five pounds, annually, to be laid out in bread ; of which, twenty-five shillings worth is distributed in the church to the poor parishioners, on the first Sunday after every quarter-day. Lady Amelia Butler, in 1757, gave 1007. 22 What is now called the Church Land consists of three acres and two roods ; of which three roods, called Ben's-Platt, are situated near the church ; the remainder lies at the north end of Bagshot green. The annual rental of this property (the origin of which, in the Commissioners' Report, is said to be unknown,) is about fifteen pounds. CHARITABLE BENEFACTIONS. 469 towards erecting the Pest-house, at Windlesham, which is situated near the old poor- house, and contains four rooms on the same floor.23 In September, 1804, the Rev. Edward Cooper bequeathed stock to the annual amount of 57. 5s. for the education of poor children; and in consequence, after his decease in 1807, the sum of 1757., 3 per cent, consols, was transferred to the Rev. Thomas Snell, rector of this parish ; by whom it is applied in aid of the National School, which has been previously noticed. In February, 1809, the dividends arising from the sum of 1007. in the 5 per cent. Bank annuities, were bequeathed by Mrs. Eleanor Strange for the purchase of wearing apparel " for the use and comfort of six poor widows, resident in and belonging to this parish." The clothing thus provided, is distributed annuaUy at Christmas, in conformity to the wUl of the donor. WINDLESHAM RECTORY. The present Rectory House at Windlesham, which is of brick, in imitation of stone, was built in 1840; the expense being defrayed with money borrowed from Queen Anne's bounty. It was erected from designs by Mr. R. Ebbels; and its 28 In the Further Report of the Commissioners for Inquiry concerning Charities, p. 705, it is stated that the Pest- House, with about three acres of land, is let by the parish officers at an annual rent of eleven pounds, " the tenant being bound by the agreement to reserve one apartment for the reception of parishioners or wayfaring poor, afflicted with the small-pox or other infectious disease." 470 HISTORY of SURREY. — WOKING hundred. architecture is in strict accordance with the recent alterations of the church. The gables are ornamented, and the windows are square-headed, with arched casements and labels around the windows. There is a new and very convenient road, connecting Windlesham with Bagshot ; and on this road is an old square building, formerly used as the workhouse, but part of which is now occupied as an Engine-house. Adjoining it are six Alms houses, which are distinguished by the foUowing inscription : — " These Houses were buUt by James Butler, esq., late an officer in the navy, at his own expense, in the year 1761, for three poor Widows, and three poor Widowers." Besides Bagshot Park, there are several elegant seats and ornamental villas in this parish ; the most conspicuous of which are, Hall Grove, the seat of Thomas Dum- bleton, esq. ; Woodlands, of James Fyler, esq. ; Erlwood, of Colonel Sir Edmund Currey ; Larchmont, of the Rev. J. C. Lucena, in whose grounds is a small lake ; Windlesham House, of Vice-admiral Sir E. W. C. R. Owen ; and the Cedars, of the Rev. Thomas Snell, in whose garden there is a remarkably-fine deciduous cypress tree, about seventy feet high. On the right of the western road, about a mUe from Bagshot, is Windlesham Hall, the seat of the Rev. Dr. GUes, the donor of the eastern window in Windlesham church. This is a new and handsome bunding in the Tudor style of architecture : it is constructed of red brick, with stone dressing, and is intended to be enlarged by wings. The gable is remarkably lofty; and in the great-haU window, which rises to the roof, is a stained-glass compartment, by Willement ; including figures, arms, and badges. The extensive and dreary-looking tract of land called Bagshot Heath, which forms a considerable part of this and several adjacent parishes, had for many ages been regarded as too poor for cultivation, and scarcely served for any other purpose than that of furnishing turf for fuel.24 But modern improvements in husbandry have wrought a great change both in the face of the country and the productions of the soU. The ground to the north-east of the turnpike road leading to Hartford bridge was formerly a peat-moor ; from which hazel-nuts, and smaU-sized trunks of oaks, were not unfrequently dug up. It was then common land ; but some inclosures took place, and the moor was subsequently converted into a nursery- 24 In a License to alienate ten acres of land in this parish to the Prior and Convent of Newark, in the 32nd year of Edward the Third, the return is, that ' they were held of the Prior, doing suit at his court at Send, and were worth one halfpenny an acre yearly, and no more, because the land was Heath, lying next the King's Forest of Colyngrigg.' — See Manning's Surrey, vol. iii. p. 81. mam , TWO CIAHS AT WIHBIJESHAM IA11, <#~ //* €/ /%.. DoA-mg.ftibliAea Vmui for Rj} tile 18-11 improvements of bagshot heath. 471 ground. One of the earhest attempts to raise wheat in this district was made about the middle of the last century ; and the success attending it excited much surprise. It was accomphshed by using chalk as a manure ; then sowing the land with clover seeds, and ploughing in the green crop the following season : the bene ficial effect of this preparation is said to have lasted for several years. Improved methods of cultivation have, however, resulted from modern science ; and extensive tracts have been rendered productive, which in former times were supposed to be utterly irreclaimable. The soil is, in general, of a black and sandy description, and requires a great quantity of manure to render it efficient for agricultural pur poses. Beneath the black sand which, in general, covers the ground, there usuaUy occurs a very hard iron rust, or thin stratum of oxide of iron ; and below that, a blue sandy clay. When the common land is broken up for cultivation, it is necessary that the stratum of iron rust should be broken through, and the subsoU of blue clay raised to the surface, and mixed with the superficial black sand ; and from the soil thus formed tolerable crops may be obtained. This process, which is termed trenching, is very expensive ; but it is indispensably necessary ; for as long as the iron crust remains unbroken, the land is almost impervious to moisture, and con sequently unproductive ; and as the common land, in its original state, could be bought at a cheap rate, the purchaser could the better afford to lay out money in improving it. Formerly, abundance of stable-dung could be procured from Bagshot, where a great number of post and coach-horses were kept ; but on account of the formation of the South-western Railroad, which has almost destroyed the trade of that place, the horses have been sold, and that kind of manure has become extremely scarce and expensive. Lime and chalk are also used as manures ; but as these articles are brought from Guildford, twelve miles distant, the cost of con veyance is considerable. The chief agricultural products are, wheat, barley, oats, and rye ; and the soil is well adapted for the growth of potatoes. It is also extremely suitable for the cultivation of American plants ; as the rhododendron, azalia, kalmia, &c. ; with the finest specimens of which, most of the gardens in the neighbourhood are stocked : and there is a very celebrated American garden within the demesne of Bagshot park. There are many extensive and thriving plantations of larch and Scotch fir in this parish; the sandy soil being highly congenial to the fir tribe in general. The heath (Erica) likewise flourishes in abundance ; three or four species, or varieties, 472 history of surrey. — woking hundred. growing wild on the commons.23 The vihage, itself, has a very pleasant appearance, displaying an intermixture of forest trees, with gentlemen's seats ; but the uncul tivated commons around look dark and dreary, except in the latter end of the summer, when the heath is in blossom, and the surface of the earth exchanges its gloomy covering for a rich and glowing robe of purple. There are several remark ably-fine forest trees within the parish. Windlesham abounds in cuckoos during the season of their visit to this country. The Flour-mill at Windlesham, situated on a stream, is a very picturesque object. The Wells, in general, are about forty feet in depth ; and in some, which are dug through a blue sandy clay, is a very offensive odour. One, sunk in a kitchen- garden, yielded water almost as nauseous to the taste as the famous Sandrock Spring, near Blackgang Chine, in the Isle of Wight. This water, the taste of which was compared by some persons to that of ink, was so offensive that it could be used only for watering the garden. There are other wells, also, the water of which has a strong chalybeate flavour. In most of the httle streams in the parish, the water deposits a dark ochreous sediment, which betrays the nature of the soil through which it passes. ¦ There are gravel-pits in Windlesham, furnishing exceUent material for the roads and walks through the parish, which are kept in fine order ; the gravel becoming hard in a short time after it is laid down : a good sand-pit, also, is open for the supply of the parishioners. These pits have evidently been worked for a long period. 25 Aubrey mentions as growing, in great plenty, at Light-water moor, the Gale, Dutch Myrtle, or Sweet Willow, {Myrtus Brabantica,) an odoriferous plant, having a scent like a mixture of bay and myrtle. — Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iii. p. 212. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. DORKING : PRINTED BY AND POR ROBERT BEST EDE. Enii^r to m dFivtt Volume OP THB TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Abbecroft, William de, gives Abbecroft, &c. to Waverley Abbey, 458. Abbot, George, archbishop of Canterbury, his monument described, 333 ; memoir of, 334—342 ; his intolerance, 337; fac-simile of his auto graph, 338 ; his Hospital at Guildford founded, 339 ; kills Peter Hawkins by accident, ib. ; his death and character, 341 ; his birth-place, 342 ; his charitable benefactions to the town of Guild ford, 367. Abbot, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, memoir of, 390—92. Abbot, Sir Maurice, an eminent merchant, and brother to the Bishops Abbot, memoir of, 392—3. Abergavenny, Lady Joan, 311. Abinger, Lord, 379. Aboriginal Inhabitants of Britain, 2. Advowsons, vested in lords of manors, 270. Albemarle, George, earl of, 465. Albert Durer, said to have designed the painted windows of Abbot's Hospital, 363. Albury, a supposed Roman temple at, 20. Aldersey, William, esq. purchases Stoke manor and mills, 443 ; improves the park, ib. ; buys Stoughton Gardens, 447 ; gives an organ to Stoke church, 449 ; his monument, 453. , Mrs. Harriet, AAA ; and note 14, ib. Agricola, a Roman commander, 11 ; the roads of Britain improved under his government, 12. Agriculture and Horticulture of Surrey, 201, 212, 240. Agricultural Associations in Surrey, 214; Surrey South-western ditto, 387 — 8. VOL. I. Agricultural machines, 239. Aguillon, William de, 320. Alfred the Great, his claim to the division of counties rejected, 242. Alfred, son of King Ethelred, murdered by Earl Godwin, 287. Allen, Arthur, 332. Alresford, in Hampshire, 397. Alsager, Capt. Richard, M.P. for Surrey, 283. American Garden at Bagshot Park, 466, 470. American Plants, fine specimens of, at Windles ham and Baghot, 470. Amicius, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Ammonite, or Snake-stone, its appearance in the chalk formation, 153. Ancalites, a tribe of Britons named by Caesar, 5. Andred's-weald, the 'mighty wood' of the Britons, 26. Annandale, John Murray, earl of, 459. Anne Boleyn, her trial and execution, 99; her portrait at Loseley, 420. Anstie-Bury, a Roman camp at, 20. Arable Land in Surrey, 215. Archdeaconry of Surrey, its extent and value, 257. Ardaoneon, of the Geographer of Ravenna, sup posed to be Guildford, 285. Armada, the Spanish, its abortive attempt on England, 49. Arms of the Corporation of Guildford, 318. Arminianism, opposed by Archbishop Abbot, 336. Arran, Butler, earl of, 465. Artington, the hamlet of, a part of the town of Guildford, 285. Artington ; see Ertindon. Artesian Wells, their nature explained, 133. 3r INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Arundel and Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery, earl of, 409 — 410. Arundel and Surrey, Earls of, 88. , Earl of, the sole title now known to be enjoyed by tenure, 90. Arundelian Marbles, collected by the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, 111. Ascough, — . esq., 437. Asgar, lands of, 457. Ash, (formerly Esse, or Asshe,) parish and manors of, including Ash, Henley, Cleygate, and Fer- mans, 422 — 434 ; village described, 430 ; living, and rectors, 431 ; description of the church, ib.; sepulchral memorials, and rectory-house, 431-2. Ash Lodge, seat of W. Hammersley, esq., 432. Ashes, employed as manure, 234. Assizes, the Surrey, originally held at Leather head, 313. Assizes, removed to Guildford, ib. Athelstan, crowned at Kingston in 925, 31. Atfield (or Field), Robert and James, (note 16,) 464. Attfield, John, 466. Aubrey, on the cultivation of hops in Surrey, 226. Aubrey, anecdote of Archbishop Abbot, related by him, 334. Audeley, Major, his account of the defeat of the royalists at Kingston, 64. Aulus, Plautus, a Roman officer, 7. Austen, R. A. Cloyne, esq., 379. , Sir H. E., knt., ib. , Joan, 393. , Robert, esq. of Shalford, repairs St. Cathe rine's chapel, 406. Aylesbury Fair, 236. Ayling, the Rev. Henry, A.M., rector of Trinity and St Mary's, 354, 372 ; curate of Pirbright, 438. Azor, gives the manor of Henlei, or Henley, to the Church, 423. B Bacon, Dr. of Guildford, 400. Bagden-Farm, Roman coins found there, 20. Baggesete, Geoffrey, 461. Bagshot, descent of the manor, 461—63 ; baili wick of, 463 ; chapel and chantry at Bagshot, 464 ; formerly a celebrated posting town, but now ruined by the railroads, ib.; Bagshot sheep, 465 ; Bagshot Heath, 470 ; methods of cultiva tion, and agricultural products, 470 — 72. Bagshot mutton, celebrated for its fine flavour, 208, 465. Bagshot Park, 6eat of the Duchess of Gloucester, its respective owners, 465 ; described, .466. Bagshot, Roman antiquities found near, 20. Bagshot-Sand, its extent, character, &c, 130. Bailiwick of Surrey, formed a portion of the forest of Windsor, 193. Bainbridge, Christopher, archdeacon of Surrey, 260. Baker,. Mr. John, 144. Baldock, Sir Robert, 405. Baliol, John, king of Scots, marries a daughter of the Earl of Surrey, 82. Ballad of " King John and the Abbot of Canter bury,'' 302. Banelingham, Thomas de, 401. " Banners of the rogation," 272. Banstead, belonged to Hugh de Burgh, favourite of Henry the Third, 41. Barclay, Charles, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Bargate stone, its formation and locality, 149. Barons' Cave, the, (Reigate castle,) 147. Barthon, Philip de, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Basset, Fulk, lord of Woking, 434. Basingstoke Canal, 187. Baughe, (alias Williams,) Thomas, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Beaconsfield, in Buckinghamshire, 445. Beardsey, Edmund, 445. Beauclerk, Aubrey William, MP. for Surrey, 283. Becket, John, 408. Beckingham, Robert, founder of the Free Gram mar school, Guildford, 369. Bedford Castle, besieged by Henry the Third, 292. Beech, the, indigenous to the chalky districts of Surrey, 204. Bees, kept in different parts of Surrey, 238. Belet, John, Michael, and Roger, owners of Bag- shot, 461. Belin, Rev. Charles Joseph, A.M, 372. Beloe, Henry Parr, AM., 354. Beloe, Rev. W., ib. Bendengs, Adam and Alice de, 402. Benefices of Surrey, a list, of, with their incum bents, patrons, value, &c, 273. Bere, John de la, archdeacon of Surrey, 260. Berewell Court, in Kingston, granted with Stoke to Thomas Vincent, esq., 443. Best, Mr. Serjeant, 377, 378, 383. Beulah Spa,\ts mineral waters described, 190. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Bibracte, a Roman station, supposed to have been at Egham, 19. Bibroci, a tribe of Britons named by Caesar, 5. Bicknell, Mr. J., 400. Bignor Park, Sussex, 450. Billingsley, Samuel, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Bingham, in Northamptonshire, 391. Birinus, converts the West-Saxons, 257. Birkbeck, M., esq., rents a farm at Wanborough, 460. Birt, R. esq., deputy-lieut. for Herts, 468. Bishop's Cleve, in Gloucestershire, 390. " Black Book," the, belonging to the Corporation of Guildford, 293. Blackgang Chine, Isle of Wight, 472. Blackheath hundred, its ancient name, and former and present subdivisions, 248. Blake, Rev. R. P., 400. Blois, William de, 4th Earl of Surrey, 74. Blundr', Baldric, obtains charters for Bagshot, Windlesham, &c, 461. Bocumton, Geoffrey, or Stoucton, 441. Boleyne, Sybel de, 458. Bone dust, employed as a manure, 235. Bonfield, a mineral well there, mentioned by Au brey, 192. Booker, Charles, esq., 317, 377, 383. Booker's Tower, Guildford, 386. Boscawen, Hon. and Rev. J. E., 269. Boulter, Hugh, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Bourn, the, a stream so called, described, 186. Bourn-brook, a tributary of the Wey, 169. Bowles, Rev. C. B., curate of Pirbright, 438. Box, the, its luxuriant growth in Surrey, 205. , its superiority to the Box of Frajice and Holland, ib. Boycott, Thomas, esq., 397. Brabeuf, Geoffrey de, 402. , Andrew de, 403, 404. Brabeuf, or Brabief, manor of, 402 ; its various owners, 402-3. Brabief House, seat of Major Wight, 400; de scribed, 403. Branche, William and Joan de, 407. , Sir Nicholas, ib.. Bray, Sir Reginald, 306, 428, 430. Breante, or Brente, Fulk de, 292. Bree, Mrs. of Ash Lodge, 432. Bretwalda, or Dominator of Britain, 27, and note 5. Briscoe, John Ivatt, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Britain, uncertainty as to its first colonizers, 2 the Celtae, its earliest known inhabitants, ii. invaded by the Romans under Julius Caesar, 3 its political divisions at that time, 5 ; its condition under his successors, 7 ; its subdivisions under the Romans, 9. British Antiquities, discovered in Surrey, 10. British tribes, the, enumerated by Caesar, 5. , their dissensions, 5, 9, 25. Brixton hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 249. Broc, Ranulph de, 401. , Edeline de, 401-2. Brocas, Arnold, his tomb, 358. , Bernard, rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, 404, 405, 408. , Bernard, of Horton Hall, 408. , PexaU, knt, ib. , Simon, keeper of Guildford Park, 389. Bronescomb, Walter, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Brompton, John, abbot of Jerveaux, 243 ; Tiis chronicle, 287. Browne, Anthony, Viscount Montacute, 305, 428, 436, 459 ; made bailiff of Bagshot, 463. Brownlow, Sir John, 396. Bruce, Robert, his insurrection, and vigorous op position to Edward the First, 86 ; defeats the English, 87. Brym, or Bryme, John, rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, 405. Brystowe, John de, 281. Budd, Richard Henry, esq., 444. Buckinghamshire, George, earl of, 397. Bugden, John Smith, his account of the fossils of Surrey, 123, Bull-baiting, introduced at Stamford, 294. , at Guildford, temp. Edward the Third, ib. Bullen's-hill, at Stoke, 444. Bullen, Mr. John, 444, 447. Bulteel, John, his eulogy of Archbishop Abbot, 334. Bunce, Mr., his plan of the chalk caverns at Guildford, 329. Bures and Norton families, owners of Loseley, 410. Burley, Sir Simon, 321. Burnaby, Grace, widow of Vice-adm. Sir William Burnaby, 453. , John and Mary, 447. Burning to death for opinions on religion, in the reigns of Queen Mary and James the First, 44, 337. Bute, Marquis of, 397. Butler, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. , Lady Amelia, 469. 3 p 2 INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Butler, James, esq., founds six alms-houses at Windlesham, 470. Bury-hill, near Guildford, 400. Bury-street, ditto, ib. Caerlaverock, siege of, 85. Csesar, his first invasion of Britain, 3 ; his de scription of the inhabitants, 2, 3 ; his second invasion, 4. Camoys, Ralph de, keeper of Bedhampton, Wok ing, Sutton, and Bagshot, 462. Campeden, John de, archdeacon of Surrey, 259. Canals of Surrey, described, 187 — 189. Cantium, the ancient-name of Kent, 3. Canute, King, digs a trench near London, 3 1 . Carstone, found in the sand near Godalming, and provincially called Clinkers, 150. Carter, Francis, 322. Carthorpe, William, of Westwood, 402. Carver, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Cassi, a tribe of Britons named by Csesar, 5. Cassivellaunus, his defence of Britain against Caesar, 4, 5. Cattrik (or Catterick), John, archdeacon of Sur rey, 259. Cawsey, Anthony, 346. Ceanlin, king of Wessex, 27.. Cedars, the, seat of the Rev. T. Snell, 470. Celtse, the, the earliest known inhabitants of Britain, 3. , presumed to have been its first colo nizers, 3. Cenimagni, a tribe of Britons named by Csesar, 5. Chalgrove, in Oxfordshire, 445. Chalk Formation of Surrey, 137, 138 : its supposed original character, 154. Chalk, its employment as a manure, 234. Chalk caverns, at Guildford, 329. Chapters, ecclesiastical, their constitution, 267. Charles the First, proceedings taken in his favour by the inhabitants of Surrey, 60 — 66 ; natives of Surrey engaged in opposition to his cause, 68 ; occupied Bagshot Park, 465. Charles the Second, his progress through part of Surrey at the Restoration, 62. Charcoal, mode of preparing it, 204. Charitable Institutions, Guildford, 369. Charter Island, erroneously stated to be the site of the enactment of the Magna Charta, 39 ; probably the scene of the treaty with Prince Lewis of France in 1217, 41. Cheapside Cross rebuilt, 335. Chertsey hundred, that of Godley so called, 252. Chertsey Monastery, founded by Frithwald about 666, 257. Chertsey, Abbots of, owners of the manor of Henley, 423 ; five manses at Henlea given to Chertsey Abbey, by Frithwald and Erkenwald, • its alleged founders, ib. Chewter, George, gent, 469. Chichester, the capital of the Regni, 7. Chichester, Saffridus, bishop of, 392. Child, Sir Robert, earl of Tylney, 429, 436. Chimney-piece, a curious one in the council- chamber at Guildford, 376 ; an elaborate one at Loseley, 421. Chobham, Roman coins found there, 20. Christianity introduced into Surrey, 256. Churches in Surrey, a list of their incumbents, patrons, &c, 273 — 279. Churchyard, the poet, a page in the service of the Earl of Surrey, 101. Cider-making in Surrey, 211. Civil war, temp. Charles the First participated in by the inhabitants of Surrey, 56 ; their petition in favour of the king, 57 ; proceedings thereon, 60—68. Clare, Honor of, 434, 435. , Gilbert de, earl of Gloucester, 42. Clarendon, Lord, his character of Archbishop Abbot, 341. Claudius, his campaign in Britain, 7. Clay Formations in Surrey, 130, 132, 134. Clergy, the, levy troops to oppose the Spanish armada, 51. Cleygate, in Ash, descent of the manor, 429, 430. Cleveland, Duchess of, 462. Clifton, Richard, of Guildford, 422.; Climate of Surrey, 118, 213. Clinton, William de, earl of Huntingdon, 425. Clinton and Saye, Edward Lord, afterwards Earl of Lincoln, 430. Coal, ineffectual search for it at Slyfield, 156. Coates, Francis, R.A., 393. Cobbett, William, esq., M.P., 432. Cobham, chalybeate spring at, 192. Cobham, John de, lord of Littleton, 422. Cogidubnus, supposed chief of the Regni, 7 ; his name in an inscription found at Chichester, 8. Coit-Andred, the "mighty wood" of the Britons, included Surrey, 2. Coke, Lord, his integrity and independence, 338. Cole, Rev. W. H., rural dean, 269. Collingley Ridge, in Frimley, a .large barrow there, 434. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Colwall, Daniel, 307. , Elizabeth and Daniel, 459. Combe-hill spring, supplying Hampton-Court palace, 192. Commissioners for Surrey (about 1649), names of, 68. Compton, Sir John, knt., 446, 449. , Brigid, his daughter, ib. ; her curious epitaph, 450. Comyn, John, of Badenoch, 434, Concrete, its utility, 356. Conduit, built at Canterbury by Archbishop Abbot, 334. Conestable, Thomas le, 404, 405. Constable, William, his remarks on the Fuller's- earth of the county, 146. Cooke, John, esq., 317, 383. Cooper, Edward, A.M., rector of Windlesham, 466. Copthorne hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 250. Cork, Richard Boyle, first earl of, 394. Cornwallis, Cassandra, and Thomas and Francis, esqrs., 415. Cottington, Jas., archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Coulsdon, Roman remains at, 20. Courtenay, Henry, marquis of Exeter, 296. Counties, division of England into, 241. County court, its offices and jurisdiction, 246. Courts-leet, granted by royal charter, 247. Coutts, Thomas, esq., 397. Cowey-stakes, the supposed place where Caesar crossed the Thames, 4. Cows, breeds of, kept in the dairy farms of Surrey, 236. Cowshete manor, in Pirbright, 437 ; family of Cowshete, ib. Creuze, John, esq., sheriff of Surrey, 453. , Elizabeth Ann, wife of the preceding, ib. Crops, rotation of, on the different soils of the county, 218. Croydon, supposed by Stukeley to be the site of Noviomagus, 20. Croydon Canal, its purchase by the Croydon Railway Company, 189. Croydon, deanery of, 264. Croydon hundred, that of Wallington so called erroneously, 254. Crutched-Friars, a convent at Guildford mentioned by Speed, 310. Crypts, ancient, High-street, Guildford, 330. Cuckoos, abundant at Windlesham, 470. Cundy, W. N., his scheme for a canal from Lon don to Portsmouth, 188. Curteis, Peter, 466. Curthose, Robert, eldest son of William the First, 410. Custos Rotulorum, his appointment and functions, 247. D Dale, Valentine, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Dalmahoy, Thomas, esq., 459. Danes, the, their invasion of Britain, 29 ; ravages in the southern counties, 31 ; conflict with the Saxons under Edmund Ironside, ib. Danhurst Robert, esq., 403. Daniel, Margaret and Ralph, 412. Dansey, the Rev. William, (author of " Horcse De- canica; Rurales,") on the formation of parishes, 265. Dapdune House, 400. David, Master, 401. Dawe, Rev. Dr. Edward, rector of Ash, 431. Dayrolles, Solomon, esq., 429, 436. Deaneries of Surrey, 264, 269 ; their origin, 264. De Foe, his remarks on the Swallows of the river Mole, 177. Delap, Colonel, (note 53,) 384. Denbigh, William, first earl of, 394. Denison, W. J. esq., MP., 283, 383. Deol, or Dol, Hugh de, 410. , Robert de, Joan and Margaret, ib. Devil's Highway, an ancient road, 17, Devil's Jumps, a group of hills on Frensham com mon, 150. Devil's Punchbowl, adjoining Hindhead, 151. Devon, Frederick, esq., (note 58,) 389. Digby, Lord, flees the kingdom, 55. Digges, Sir Dudley, 392. Dirleton, James Maxwell, earl of, 459. Dog and Duck, mineral well, 190. Domesday Book, described and characterized, 35. Donatives, how constituted, 271 ; a list of their incumbents, patrons, &c, 273. Donne, J., afterwards Dean of St. Paul's, marries Ann More, 413 ; disastrous consequences of his marriage, (note 25,) ib. Dorking, its geological characteristics, 148. Dorking hundred, that of Wotton, so called errone ously, 255. Dorking Fowls, 238 Dorset, Mrs., her biographical notice of Mrs. C. Smith, 454. INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Down, Thomas Pope, earl of, 395. Down Farm, 400. Downs, North and South, 2. D'Oyley, Rev. G., LL.D., 269. Drain-tiles, used in Surrey, 214, 236. Drake-hill, now St. Catherine's hill, near Guild ford, 405. Draper, Sir Christopher, alderman, 430. Drewitt, T., sen. esq., Piccard's Farm, originates the Surrey South-western Agricultural Associa tion, 387. Drummond, Henry, esq. of Albury, his presents to the Literary Institution, Guildford, 386-7. Ducking, practised as a punishment for scolds, 297. Dudley, John, esq., 437. D'Uflbrd, Mons. Rauf, Justice of Ireland, (note 59,) 389, Dulwich, a mineral well there, 191. Durovernum, (Canterbury,) taken possession of by Caesar, 4. Dysart, Countess of, 394. Dyson, Jeremiah, esq., purchases Stoke, 443 ; patronizes Dr. Akenside, ib. Dyson family, memorials of, in Stoke church, 455. Dynham (or Denham), Oliver, archdeacon of Surrey, 260. E Ealdormen, governors of the Saxon shires, 244. Earls of Warren and Surrey, memoirs of, from the Norman Conquest to the reign of Charles the Second, with pedigree, 72 — 116. Earth-bourns, or occasional outbursts of springs in Surrey, 139. East Horsley, near Guildford, 404. Ebbels, Robert, esq. architect, erects St. Nicholas church, Guildford, 355 ; builds the new aisle, or transept, at Windlesham, 467. Ecclesiastical courts, their severity, and petitions thereon from Surrey, 69. Ecclesiastical government of Surrey, 256. Edgell, Mr. Wyatt, examines the Roman roads near Silchester, 16 — 19. Edington, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 259. Edmund the First, crowned at Kingston in 940, 31. Edmund Ironside, crowned in 1016, 31 ; his gal lantry, 32. Edred, crowned at Kingston in 948, 31. Edward the Elder, crowned at Kingston in 900, 31. Edward the Martyr, crowned at Kingston in 975, 31. Edward the First entertained at Reigate castle by the Earl of Surrey, 81 ; his obnoxious pro ceedings by Quo Warranto opposed by the Earl, 82 ; his wars with Scotland, 82 — 86 ; his combat with the outlaw Gurdun, 303. Edward the Second, defeated in Scotland, 87 ; de posed, ib. Edward the Third, his grants to the inhabitants of Guildford, 313 ; consequences of his anger in being compelled for want of money to make a truce with the French, 426-7 ; buys the manor of Henley, and enlarges the park there, 427. Edward, the Black Prince, 435. Edward the Sixth, his portrait at Loseley, 420. Edwin, crowned at Kingston in 955, 31. Effingham hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 250. Egbert, king of Wessex, subdues the Heptarchy, 29 ; erroneously supposed to have been the first king of Britain, ib. Egerton, Lord Chancellor, 359, 413. "Egerton Papers,'' published by the Camden Society, 337. Egham, supposed site of Bibracte, 20. Eldridge, Bryan, 449. Elizabeth, Queen, Associations in Surrey and elsewhere to preserve her life, 46 ; her mea sures in opposition to the Spanish invasion, 48, 49 ; her lenity to the Duke of Norfolk, 108; her curious verses, (note 69,) 109 ; visits Loseley, 411; arrangements for her reception, (note 21,) 412. Eleanor of Provence, 306. Elgiva, or Emma, 2nd wife of Ethelred, 31. Eliot, Rev. L. W., A.M., 269. Elkins, William, esq., 377, 383. , Edmund, esq., 322. . W. E., 383. Ella, founds the South- Saxon kingdom in 491, 27; is chosen Bretwalda, or Dominator of Britain, ib. Elmbridge hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 251. Elsted, near Godalming 453. Elwes (or Elwayes), Sir Gervase, 413. Emlyn, Mr. W. O., 400. Emma, Queen, her alleged participation in the murder of her son, 289. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Epsom, mineral springs there, their reputation, and chemical composition, 132 ; discovery and properties of its mineral waters, 189. Erlwood, seat of Colonel Currey, 469. Ermyn-street intersects a part of Surrey, 12 ; its different branches, 13, 15 ; route of its principal branch, 14. Ertindon, manor and tithing of, 401 ; descent of the manor, 401-2 ; estate of the nunnery of Wherwell in Ertindon, 409. Escuage, a tribute in lieu of military service, 45. Esturmi (or Stourmy), Henry and Agnes, 403. Ethelred the Second, or the Unready, crowned at Kingston in 978, 31. Etymology, the names of the towns in England chiefly Anglo-Saxon, 3 ; hills, forests, &c. generally Celtic, ib. , of the name of Surrey, 117. Eugenius, Pope, confirms the grant of Wanborough to Waverley Abbey, 458. Evans, William and Ann, 446. Eversfield, John, Thomas, and Elizabeth, 309. Evelyn, George, esq., 461, 464. , Thomas, esq., ib. , Sir John, ib. Ewell, deanery of, 264. Ewell River, its source and route, 186. Exeter, Thomas de Brantingham, bishop of, 389. Exeter, Walter Stapleton, bishop of, 404-5 ; made keeper of Henley park, 424. Falkirk, battle of, 85. Farnham, supposed site of Vindomis, 20 ; its geo logical characteristics, 150. Farnham Castle, occupied by the royalists, 56 ; its fortifications demolished 57. Farnham hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 251. Faulconbridge,the Bastard, attacks London bridge, 43. Fairs, granted to the town of Guildford, 313. Fairfax, General, takes possession of Southwark, 58 ; addresses the Parliament from Kingston, 60. Fay, Ralph de, 409. Fee-farm rents, granted to the town of Guildford, 311, 314. Fermans, or Formans, manor of, in Ash, 430. Feudal tenure of lands, introduced by William the Conqueror, 34 ; described and illustrated, 44. Fielding, Lady Elizabeth, Countess of Guildford, 394. Filmer, E. D., 317. Finch, Earl of Nottingham, Lord Chancellor, 395. Finnimore, B. K., esq., 317, 400. Firestone, or Reigate stone, its character, localities, &c, 138, 140 ; quarries near Godstone, Merst ham, 141. Firm, or farmed rents, of Guildford, one-third granted to the Earls of Surrey, 311 ; the re mainder to Margaret, queen of Edward the First, ib. Fish-ponds, in the heaths of Surrey, 200. Fitton, W. H. (M.D.), his "Memoir on the Strata below the Chalk," 125, 142, 143. Fitz-Alan, the family of, (Earls of Warren and Surrey,) memoirs of, 88 — 91. , Richard (9th Earl), 88. , Richard, his son (10th Earl), 89 ; his services at sea, ib. ; beheaded, ib. ; his attainder afterwards reversed, 90. , Thomas, his son (11th Earl), 90. , Elizabeth, his sister, and John Mow bray, duke of Norfolk, her great-grandson, (12th Earl), 91. Fitz-Hamon, Robert, Lord of the Honor of Glou cester, 410. Fitz-William, Sir William, made bailiff of Bag- shot, 463. Flambard, Ranulf, 291. Flaxman, R. A., his monument of W. Aldersey, esq., at Stoke, 453. Fleming, Francis, 445. Flint and Chalk, strata of, in Surrey, 139. Floricultural and Horticultural Association, Guild ford, 388. Forest districts of Surrey, their formation by Henry the Second, 193. Forest trees of Surrey, their cultivation, 201. Forest, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 260. Fossils, list of, in the tertiary formations of Surrey, 135; in the chalk formation, 152; in the wealden formation, 158. Foster, Messrs. George, 383. Fountaine, William, 346. Fowler, William, (secretary to Queen Anne of Denmark,) his verses upon a Horologe at Lose ley, 420. Fox, Charles James, 397. Fox, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 261. Frankland, J. H. esq., 378. INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Frank-pledge, the system of, enforced by Alfred the Great, 244. Frans, near Tunbridge, 453. Fraser, Rev. William, curate of Pirbright, 438. Frederick, Sir John, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Free Grammar School, Royal, Guildford, account of, 369—372. Freke, Henry, 354. Freemantle, manor of, 466. French, John, esq., 377, 383. Friary, at Guildford, 306. Frimley, in Ash, a distinct Chapelry, 432 ; descent of the manor, ib. ; description of the chapel, 433 ; village, ib. Frimley, Roman remains at, 20. Frithwald, sub-regulus of Surrey under Wulfere, 28 ; founds Chertsey Abbey, 257. Fulham, Edward, A.M., 360. Fuller, Rev. Dr. Thomas, on gardening in the time of Charles the Second, 232. Fuller's-earth pits, in Surrey, 145. Furney, Richard, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Fytche, Elizabeth and Sir William, 414. Gang-days, the Rogation days so called, 272. Gardens of Surrey, 232., Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, 260. Garling, Mrs. Joseph, 383. Gate, the Saxon name for a street or road, 16. Gatesden, John de, 404. Gatton, Robert de, 292. Gatton (or Mankesey), Robert de, 401. , Hamo de, 401, 402, 404. Gatton, Roman remains at, 21. Gauntlett, Helen, Susan, and Elizabeth, 461. Gaveston, Piers, the favourite of Edward the Second, his profligacy, capture, and summary execution, 86. Gaynsford, the family of, 308. _ Gedding, Walter de, 424. Geldeford, Robert de, 388. Geological sketch of the county of Surrey, by Dr. Mantell, 121—164; former works on its geology noticed, 123. Geology, progress of the science of, 121. Geography of the county of Surrey, 117, 118, 121. Geraldine, the Lady, celebrated in the poems of the Earl of Surrey, 105. Gibbons, Grinling, chiefly used the wood of the Lime for his celebrated carvings, 210. Gibson, Edmund, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. , Mr. and Mrs., 383. Gild-merchant, 313. Gildeford (or Guldeford), Andrew de, 389 ; his services in Ireland, ib. (note.) Gildeford, Master Peter de, 388. Gildford, Henry de, lord-mareschal, 407. , John and Gilbert de, ib. Giglis, Sylvester de, bishop of Worcester, murders Cardinal Bainbridge, 261. Giles, the Rev. Dr. James Allen, presents a painted-glass window to Windlesham church, 467 ; his arms, 468 ; his mansion described, 470. Glass, stained and painted, at Abbot's Hospital, 363; at Windlesham, 467. Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, earl of, 410. , Clares, earls of, 434. , Duke and Duchess of, owners of Bag- shot park, 465, 467. Glover, Richard, author of Leonidas, 421. Glynne, Sir John, 429, 436. Godalming, its geological characteristics, 149. Godalming hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 251. Goderich Castle, Herefordshire, extorted from the Lady Elizabeth Talbot by the younger Spencer, 435. Godley hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 252. Godstone, mineral spring near, 192. Godwin, earl of Kent, his treacherous massacre of Alfred, son of King Ethelred, and his followers, 286. Goldsworth-hill, near Guildford, organic remains discovered there, 132. Gorges, Sir Thomas, 305. , Sir Robert, 430. Grand Surrey Canal, 188. Grantley, Fletcher, Lord, 317, 322, 377. , William, Lord, 377, 383, 400. Gras, Nicholas le, obtains a grant of free-warren for Littleton, 422. Grasses, cultivated in Surrey, 221. Gravel of Surrey, its character, 129. Greentree, Edward, (note 16,) 464. Grey, Hon. Thomas de, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Grose, Captain, his remarks on Guildford Castle, 325, 329. Guadiana, the river (in Spain), its resemblance to the Mole, 176. Guernsey, Heneage Finch, Lord, 461. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Guild-down, near Guildford, Prince Alfred and his followers seized there by Earl Godwin, 288 ; land there inclosed for a park by Henry the Second. Guildford, its geological characteristics, 148. ¦, deanery of, 264. Guildford, history of the town and borough of, 285—400 ; its situation, name, and origin, 285 ; supposed to be the Noviomagus of the Regni, 21, 285 ; and the Ardaoneon of the Geographer of Ravenna, 285 ; named in the Will of Alfred the Great, 286 ; Prince Alfred seized, and his followers murdered there, by Eari Godwin, 287 ; how noticed in the Domesday Book, 290 ; was probably, at first, chiefly on the western side of the Wey, 291 ; its inhabitants assist at the siege of Bedford castle, 292 ; the king's mills detri mental to the inhabitants, ib. ; wines kept and sold there by Henry theThird, 293 ; its repre sentation in parliament, ib. ; bull-baiting at, 294 ; selected as the see of a suffragan bishop, 295 ; amusements there, temp. Henry the Eighth, ib. ; religious zeal of its inhabitants, temp. Edward the Sixth and Charles the Second, 296, 298 ; visited by the plague, 297, 298 ; its wool trade, temp. Queen Elizabeth, 297; occasionally visited by monarchs, 298, 301, 304, 305 ; Charles the Second banquetted by the corporation, 298 ; the king's manor and palace there, 299 — 308 ; im positions on the Jews residing at Guildford, 299 ; lands held of the king by special services, 300 ; meretrices, or mercenary women, attached to the royal household at Guildford, 300, 301 ; rivalry, in clothing their retainers, between King John and Archbishop Hubert, 301 ; Henry the Third's great-hall and chapel at Guildford, ordered to be painted, 302 ; his buildings, and stock there, 303 ; combat between Prince Edward and Adam Gur- dun, 303-4 ; descent of the king's manor and park, 305-6 ; the Friary, 306—308 ; the Poyle estate and manor-house, 308 ; the 'Spital, or Hos pital, 309-10 ; one-third of the firm, or "farmed rents," granted to the Earl of Surrey, 311 ; the king's two-thirds granted to Margaret, queen of Edward the First, ib. ; origin and history of the Corporation, 312—315; its constitution, 316; its principal officers in 1841, 317 ; boundaries of the borough, (note) ib. ; arms and seals of the corporation, 318 ; maces and mayor's staff, ib. Guildford Castle, its antiquity and history, 319 ; Prince Alfred erroneously said to have been conducted to it by Earl Godwin, 320 ; taken * by Prince Lewis of France, ib.; mentioned in VOL. I. ancient documents, ib. ; used as a gaol, temp. Edward the First, and since, 321 ; conveyed by James the First to Francis Carter, gent., 322 ; its descent to the present owner, ib. ; its original and present appearance, ib. ; the keep- tower described, 323 ; gateway in Quarry- street, 328 ; chalk caverns, near the castle, . ib. Crypts, in the High-street, 330. Trinity and St. Mary's parishes united, 331. Trinity Church, account of, 331—349 ; fall of the tower, 331 ; rebuilt, 332 ; described, ib. ; its organ aud font, ib. ; monuments in the old church, 333 ; chantries in the old church, 345 ; church payments in 1509, 347 ; inventory of church goods in 1558, 348 ; parish register, 349. St. Mary's Church, its history and description, 349 — 354; ground plan pf, 350; chapel of St. John Baptist, in the north aisle, 351 ; curious fresco paintings, 352 ; St. Mary's chapel, in the south aisle, 354 ; galleries, organ, porch, and monuments, ib.; guilds, or fraternities, connected with the church, ib. ; the register, ib.; list of rectors since 1800, ib. St. Nicholas Church, history and description of, 355 — 360 ; the old church taken down, 355 ; its foundation, 356 ; roof, windows, and organ, ib. ; Loseley chapel, monuments, 357 ; advow son, register, rectory-house, and list of rectors since 1800, 360. Abbot's Hospital, history and description of, 360 — 369 ; the buildings described, 361 ; the chapel, its painted windows, &c, ib. ; the " strong-room," 364 ; incorporation of its members, ib. ; statutes of the original founda tion, ib. ; its endowments by Archbishop Abbot, 367; additional benefactions, 368 ; list of masters since 1792, 369; the master's oath, ib. Royal Free Grammar School, its foundation and endowments, 369 ; its original regulations, 371 ; the buildings described, 372 ; list of masters since 1800, ib.; verses commemora tive of the founder, ib. (note) ; prelates edu cated there, 373. Blue- Coat School, its foundation, endowments, and regulations, 373; school founded by Caleb Lovejoy, ib. ; National and other schools, 374 ; other public charities, 375. Town-hall, or Guildhall, described, 375 ; courts held there, 376 ; police of the borough, ib. 3 Q INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Mayors, high-stewards, and recorders of Guild ford, 377 ; elective franchise, and parliament ary representatives, 377—79 ; House of Cor rection described, salaries of its officers, and treatment of prisoners, 379—82 ; parishes in the Guildford Union, and expenditure for the poor in 1840, 382 ; Corn-market and assize- court, 383 ; cock-pit and theatre, 384 ; Guild ford bridge, ib.; Fish-cross, (note 52,) ib. ; Water-works, supplied from the river Wey, 385 ; paving, first commenced in Queen Elizabeth's reign, ib. ; Gas and Coke com pany, 386 ; Booker's Tower, its commanding situation, ib. ; Societies for promoting Christi anity, ib. ; Literary and Scientific Institution, ib. ; Mechanics' Institute, 387 ; South-western Agricultural Association, ib. ; Floricultural and Horticultural Society, 388 ; Natives of Guildford, receiving name from the town, 388-89 ; other more eminent natives, viz. — John Parkhurst, bishop of Norwich, 390 ; Robert Abbot, bishop of Salisbury, 390-92 ; Sir Maurice Abbot, 392 ; John Russell, R.A., 393 ; Titles of Honour derived from the town, viz.— Elizabeth, countess of Guildford, 394 ; John Maitland, earl of Guildford, ib. ; Sir Francis North, baron of Guildford, 395 ; Francis, second baron, ib. ; Francis, third baron, and first earl, 396 ; Frederic, second earL ib. ; George Augustus, third earl, 397 ; Francis and Frederic, fourth and fifth earls, ib.; remarkable site of Guildford, and general description of the town, 398-9 ; Race course on Merrow downs, 399 ; Friary land, and curious inscription found there, ib. ; Castle- house, 400 ; Villas, and principal residences in the neighbourhood of Guildford, ib. Guildford Park Farm, 409. Guildford improved plough, 212, 240. Guilds, or fraternities, connected with St. Mary's church, Guildford, 354. Gurdun, Adam, an outlaw, his combat with Ed ward the First, 304. H HakewilL George, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Hale, Sir Matthew, (note 59,) 389. Halidon-hill, battle of, 87. Halifax, George Montagu, earl of, 396. Hall Grove, in Bagshot, 464 (note 16). Hall-motes, or manorial courts of the Anglo- Saxons, 245. Halsey, H., esq., 429, 436, 438 ; arms of, 439. , H. W. R. W., esq., ib. Halvelord, family of, of Ash, 423. Hamelin Plantagenet, fifth Earl of Warren and Surrey, memoir of, 75. . Hamilton, Duchess of, 459. Hamme, John de, 281. Hammersley, W., esq., of Ash Lodge, 431. Hammond, William, esq., 346, 445. , Rev. H, curate of Pirbright, 438. Hardicanute, his death at Lambeth, 32. Harding, William, of Wanborough, 430. Hargreeve, J., esq., bailiff of Bagshot, 463. Harpesford, in Egham, 425. Harris, Rev. Dr. J., rector of Ash, 432. , Mrs. Ann, sister of Dr. Young, ib. , Mrs. Judith, sister of Dr. Harris, ib. Harrison, Robert, esq., 377. Hart, John, (note 16,) 464. Hascomb, Roman remains in the parish, 21. Hastings, battle of, 33. Hatch, Thomas, 447. Hawkins, Peter,^accidentally killed by Archbishop Abbot, 389. Hay, Sir Alexander, 428. Haydon, Joseph, esq., 317, 377, 383. , Thomas, 317, 383, 400. , William, 383, 400. Ham, manor of, in Kingston, 394. Heaths and waste lands of Surrey, 198; Mr. Mar shall's plan for planting them, 200. Heath at Bagshot, great improvements there ef fected by cultivation, 470-71; its little worth in the reign of Edward the Third, 470 (note). Heathcote, Rev. G. Wall, rector of Ash, 431. Hemington, Lieut-Col. Robert, 468. Hendley, Mary and Sir Walter, 414. Henle, or Henley, family of, 423-4. Henley manor, described in the Domesday survey, 423 ; gives name to the family of Henley, 423-4 ; purchased by Edward the Second, 424 ; heriots, receipts, and disbursements, 425 ; granted in trust for Sir John Molyns, ib. ; Robert de Holand captured in the park, ib. (note 6) ; park inclosed, and court-leet and other rights granted, 426 ; purchased with other lands by Edward the Third, 427 ; keepers of the park, 428 ; descent of the manor through various hands, 428-9. Henley Park, seat of H. W. R. W. Halsey, esq., described, 429. Henley, William de, sells the manor of Henley (then held of the Abbot of Chertsey) to Ed ward the Second, 424. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Henry the Second reproves the monks of Win chester for gluttony, 299. Henry the Third, his contests with Simon de Mont fort 42 ; bis mills at Guildford, 292 ; his stores of wine kept there, and sold, 293 ; his residence at Guildford, 302. Henry the Seventh's chapel, built of Reigate stone, 141. Henry the Eighth, his divorce from Anne of Cleve, and marriage with the Lady Katherine Howard, 94. Heptarchy, the Saxon, 242. Herbert, Philip, earl of Montgomery, 428. Hereford and Essex, Humphrey de Bohun, earl of, 458. Herman, Walter, chaplain of Ertindon, 405. Heylin, Dr., his remarks on Archbishop Abbot, 341. Higginbotham, James and Margaret, 454. Hilbury, a Roman entrenchment at, 21. Hillier, Nathaniel, esq., 456 ; buys Stoke mills, 448. Hills of Surrey, 118, 132, 139, 144, 151. Hindhead, its geological characteristics, 151. Hoare, Rev. C. J., A.M., 269. Hockley, Joseph, esq., 317, 377, 383. Hogsback, a chalk ridge appropriated by the Britons as a road or trackway, 11; its geological cha racteristics, 139, 149. Hoggs-mill river, its route, &c, 186. Holand, Robert de, bis treachery, capture, and decapitation, 425 (note 6). Holland, the Earl of, heads an insurrection against the parliament 62; is taken prisoner and be headed, 66. Holland, Thomas, created Duke of Surrey by Richard the Second, 89 ; his title annulled by Henry the Fourth, 90 ; beheaded, ib. Holland, Sir Thomas, 435-6. Holmbury-hill, Roman entrenchments at, 21. Holt Common, a medicinal spring there, 192. Honorius, Archbishop, origin of parishes attributed to him, 264. Hops, their cultivation in Surrey, 226. Horses employed in the farms of Surrey, 235. Horses ordered to be maintained for the public service by certain classes (temp. Henry the Eighth), 47 ; remonstrance thereon from the men of Surrey, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 52. Horsley, his conjectures on the Roman invasion of Britain, 3, 4. Horsnaile, Thomas, 298. Horticulture in Surrey, 231. Hospital of St. Thomas, Guildford, 309. Howard, the family of, (earls of Warren and Sur rey), memoirs of, 91 — 112. , Thomas, created 14th Earl by Richard the Third, 92. , John, his father, created Duke of Nor' folk, ib. , Thomas, (15th earl,) 93; promotes the divorce of Katherine of Arragon, 94; his jealousy of the house of Seymour, 96 ; is arrested by Henry the Eighth, ib. ; released on the accession of Queen Mary, 97 ; his death, ib. , Katherine, his niece, married to Henry the Eighth, 95 ; her trial and execu tion, ib. , Henry, his son, (Earl of Surrey by cour tesy), 97 — 106 ; his marriage to Lady Frances Vere, 98 ; present at the meet ing of Henry the Eighth and Francis the First, ib. ; lines from one of his poems, 99 ; knighted by Henry the Eighth, 100; engaged in the French war, 101 ; his epitaph on Thomas Clare, 102 ; arrested and imprisoned in the Tower, 103 ; his trial and de fence, 104; beheaded, 105; his poetical works, and passion for the Fair Geral dine, ib. ; his attributed visit to Cor nelius Agrippa, 106. , Thomas, eldest son of the poet, (16th earl), 106 ; his projected union with Mary, queen of Scots, 107 ; imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth, ib. ; beheaded, 108 ; lines by Queen Elizabeth on his intrigues with Mary, queen of Scots, 109. , Thomas, his grandson, (17th earl,) the earldom of Surrey restored to him by James the First HO; his taste and liberality, ib.; forms the Arundelian collection of marbles, 111. , Henry Frederick, his son, (18th earl,) ib. , Thomas, his son, (19th earl,) ib. , Henry, his brother, (20th earl,) ib. , , Henry, his son, (21st earl,) 112. , descent of the present Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Surrey, 112—116. Hoypesiort, or Hoppescoyt, owner of Bagshot, 461. Hubbald family, proprietors of Stoke, 443. , Edward, esq., 448. 3 q2 INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Hubert de Burgh, favoured by Henry the Third, 41 ; takes sanctuary at Merton Priory, ib. Hull, in Yorkshire, 394. Hulot, or Hughlett, Robert, esq., founds a chantry at Bagshot, 464 ; owner of the manor of Free- mantles, 466. Hume, George, earl of Dunbar, 336. Hundreds, division of counties into, 241 ; in the county of Surrey, enumerated, 248. Hundredors,- magistrates of the Saxon hundreds, 244. Hundred courts of the Saxons, 245. Hungerford, Robert, marries the heiress of William Lord Molines, 427. Hylaeosaurus, the, described, 160 ; its remains met with in the wealden of Sussex, ib. Iguanodon, the, described, 159 ; its bones met with in the wealden of Surrey, 158. Impressment of soldiers, in Surrey, in 1585, 48 ; of carriages and provisions for the royal ser vice, 196. Inge, William, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Inns and ale-houses frequented on Sundays, temp. Edward the Sixth, 296 ; the practice denounced by an order of council, ib. Inventory of vestments, &c. used in Trinity church, Guildford, in 1558, 348. Isabel, countess of Warren and Surrey, 74. Isis, the river, joined by the Thame near Dorches ter, 165. Ive, Richard and Elizabeth, 445. Jackman, Thomas, 367. James the First, his Commentary on Anti-christ, 39 1 ; founds a college at Chelsea, ib. ; grants Bagshot, Woking, &c. to Sir Edward Zouch, 462 ; occupies Bagshot Park, 465. James the First and his queen, Anne of Denmark, visit Loseley, 420 ; portraits of, 419. James the Second removes the mayor and officers of Guildford, 315. Jenyn, John, serjeant of the king's cellar, 463. Jenyns, Bernard, of Fanne, 403. , Thomas, ib. , Sir John, knt., ib. Jessop's well, a mineral spring on Stoke common, 191. Jewell, Bishop, his Apology found at Windles ham, 467 (note). Jews of Guildford, persecuted by Henry the Second, 299. John, King, signed Magna Charta at Runnimede, 39 ; his submission to the papal legate, 441; his death, 40. K Kemble, Henry, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Kemp, Joan, Robert, and Agnes, 403. Kempe, A. L., esq., his Loseley Manuscripts, 415 (note 28). , Sir Nicholas, knt., 364, 367. Kent Elizabeth, countess of, 435. , Edmund, of Woodstock, earl of, 462 ; his estates at Bagshot, ib. (note 9.) , Joan,, countess of, and wife of Edward the Black Prince, 462. , John, earl of, ib. Kentish rag, stone so called, met with in the strata of Surrey, 144. Kenulf, appointed king of the West- Saxons (in- . eluding Surrey), 28 ; killed at Merton, 29. Keppel, Admiral Augustus, 465. Kew Gardens, sheep sold there, belonging to George the Third, 237. Kinelmeachy, Lewis Boyle, Viscount, 394. King, Edward, his remarks on Guildford castle, 319—328. King's manor, at Guildford, 299. Kingdon, Edward, bailiff of Bagshot, 463. Kingston-upon- Thames, supposed by Dr. Gale to be the site of Thamesa, 21; Roman remains at, ib. ; the place of coronation of the kings of Wessex, 30, 31 ; negotiation held there between Simon de Montfort and the son of Henry the Third, 42 ; the castle taken by the king's troops, ib. ; insurrection there on behalf of Charles the First, 54 ; Prince Rupert defeated near, 56. Kingston hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 253. Knight, Rev. J., 355. Knights' fees, described, 44. Knighthood, conferred on 300 persons by Edward the First at Westminster, 86. Knights' service, tenure of land held by, 34. Knights of the shire, their duties and remunera tion in ancient times, 281. , list of, for Surrey, 281—283. Knoch-pynne, or Knock-penny, an office in the royal household, 304. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles Henry, his monu ment in St. Nicholas church, Guildford, 357. Kyngeston, Thomas, 345. Lad, Walter, made keeper of Henley, 424 ; ex tracts from his accounts, 425. Lake, Arthur, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Lambert, Rev. A. L., curate of Ash, 432. Lambeth Palace, plundered by the rioters under Wat Tyler, 43. Lancaster, Thomas, earl of, beheaded at Ponte- fract, 87. , Thomas, earl of, (note 6,) 425. , Henry, earl of, ib. Landowners of the county of Surrey, mentioned in the Domesday Book, 35. Larchmont seat of Rev. J. C. Lucena, 469. Laud, Bishop, 340. Laung, Matthew, archdeacon of Surrey, 261. Lawerd, or Lord, Robert 448. Laurell, James, esq., 432. Lay-impropriators, 271. Lee, Anthony, esq., 317, 377. , Edward, archdeacon of Surrey, 261. , Rev. Harry, rector of Ash, 431. , Joseph, 447. Leech, John, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Legate, Bartholomew, burned to death in Smith- field, 337. Leggatt, J., sen., 317. Leicester, Dudley, earl of, 411. Leigh, John, 402. Leith-hiU, its geological characteristics, 148. Lennard, Frances and Sampson, 414. Level's Grove, a hunting seat, 399. Lewin, or Leofwin, son of Earl Godwin, 457. Lewis, Prince, invaded England in 1216, 40; seized Reigate, Guildford, and Farnham castles, ib. ; concluded a treaty with the Protector Pem broke, 41. Lewisham, Viscountess Dowager of, 396. Lewknor, Elizabeth, 445. Leybourn, Roger de, 407. — , William and Thomas de, ib. Lilly, the astrologer, his account of the riot on the presentation of the Surrey royalist petition to parliament, 60 ; his notices of the Surrey insurrection, 63. Lime, or Linden tree, planted in the parks of Surrey, 210 ; used by Gibbons in his carvings, ib. Lime, its employment as a manure, 234. Limestones of the wealden, 156. Lingfield common, chalybeate spring, 192. List of manors in Surrey at the date of the Domesday survey, 248 — 255 ; archdeacons of Surrey, 258 ; parishes in Surrey, with their incumbents, patrons, dates of institution, &c, 273—279. Littleton hamlet and manor, descent of, 421, 422 ; held by the service of finding a lodging, &c. for the lord of the fee, 422. Livesay, E. G., 317. Live stock, on the farms of Surrey, 235. Livings in Surrey, tabular view of their value in 1831, 280. Locks, on canals, their introduction into England, 170. Lodge, Edmund, Mr., his memoir of Thomas, 15th Earl of Surrey, criticised, 93. London, Bonner, bishop of, deprived, 442, 445. , Richard Clifford, bishop of, 445. , Cuthbert Tonstal, bishop of, ib. , Richard de Gravesend, bishop of, sum moned to Guildford, 442. , Simon de Sudbury, bishop of, 448. , William de Sancta Maria, Stoke manor granted to him and his successors, by King John, 441. London Bridge, its effect on the tides of the river Thames, 167. London clay, its characteristics, and distribution in Surrey, 132. Long, H. L., his description of the Swallows in the neighbourhood of Farnham, 183. Lord-lieutenant, institution of the office of, 247 ; his functions, ib. Loseley chapel, in St. Nicholas' church, Guildford, described, 357. Loseley, seat and manor of J. M. Molyneux, esq., 409 ; descent of the manor, 409 — 415 ; account of the More and Molyneux families, 410 — 415 ; manuscripts at Loseley, (note 28,) 415 ; pedigree of the Mores and Molyneuxs, 416 — 418 ; arms, 418 ; Loseley park & house described, 419 — 421 ; portraits at Loseley, and verses upon a horologe of the clock, 420; particulars of the with drawing room, 421. Lovejoy, Caleb, monumental inscription in St. Nicholas' church, Guildford, 357 ; -his charity and almshouses, 380. Lowndes, Caroline Isabella, and William, 415. Loxley, Robert and Elizabeth, 403. Ludlow, R., serjeant ofthe king's cellar, 463. INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Lumbard, Roger, M.P. for Guildford, 294. Lumsford, Colonel, committed to the Tower, 55. Lynch, James, esq., 461, 464. Lysons, on the horticulture of Surrey, 233. Lyss farm, Hampshire, 451. M Mabank, George, 308. Maccartan, T., king of Ireland, (note 59,) 389. Magna Charta, its association with Surrey, 1, 39. Magwell, or Meg's-weU, its medicinal properties, 192. Maitland, John, earl of Guildford and duke of Lauderdale, memoir of, 394-5. Mangles, Francis, 400. , Capt. C, 317, 400. , R. D., ib. , James, esq., M.P., 379, 383, 460. Mannevile, or Magnavile, Geoffrey de, 457. , Geoffrey de, earl of Essex, 458 ; dis possessed of his castles, ib. , Arnulf, or Ernulf, driven into exile, 458. , Geoffrey de, second eari of Essex, his inheritance restored by Henry the First, 458. Manors in Surrey, held by William the First arid others, at the time of the Domesday survey, 35 — 38 ; division of manors in the time of the Saxons, 244. Manship, John, rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, 406. Manucaptors, or sureties for the members of the House of Commons, 281. Manures used by the farmers of Surrey, 234. Manwaring, Sir Arthur, 409. March, Roger Mortimer, earl of, 462. , Edmund Mortimer, earl of, 435. Mareschal, John le, 404. Margaret, countess of Richmond, 345. Marl, its employment as a manure, 234. Marmion, R., 466. Marshall, Mr., on the hop-country of Surrey, 226, 229. Martin, John, yeoman, 437. Martyr, John, esq., 377, 383. Mary, Queen, her intolerance and bigotry, 44. , queen of Scots, her intrigues and conspira cies with the Duke of Norfolk, 107. Mascal, Leonard, 232. Massingberd, Sir Henry, 447. Matilda, daughter of Henry the Second, a mark charged on every knight's fee on her marriage with the Duke of Saxony, 440-41. Maud, consort of King Stephen, 458. , the Empress, ib. MaunseL Elias de, 320. Maxims, useful ones, (note,) 400. Maxwell, James, earl of Dirleton, 307. Mayne, Richard, 346. Maynwaring, Samuel, esq., 461. Mayor of Guildford, the title instituted by Henry the Seventh, 313. Meadow-land of Surrey, 222. Medway, the river, two of its branches rise in Surrey, 186. Merrow downs, race course there, 399. Merton, Kenulf, king of Wessex, killed there in 784, 29; "the statutes of Merton'' enacted there, 42. Mervin, Edmund, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Middleton, John, his notes on the " Mineralogy of Surrey," 123-4. Military service, tenure of lands held by, described and illustrated, 44. Militia regiments established throughout England in 1757, 70 ; opposed in Surrey and elsewhere, ib. ; their numbers increased in 1809, 71. Millmead Cottage, Guildford, 400. House, Guildford, ib. MiUs, at Guildford, 292 ; at Stoke, 443. Mineral springs in Surrey, 123, 189, 192. Mistelbroke, WiUiam, 430. Mole, the river, noticed by poets, 171 ; its an cient and present names, 173 ; its source and route, 174 ; its apertures or swaEows described, and their pecuUarities elucidated, 175 — 185. Molines, WiUiam de, last baron, 427. Molyneux, Cassandra and Jane, heiresses of the Loseley estates, 415. , Ann Cornwallis, marries General Rains- ford, 415. , James More, possessor of Loseley, 402, 408, 415. , James, M.P. for Haslemere, 415. , Sir More, knt., succeeds to the Loseley , property, 415* , Sir Thomas, knt, 414. , Colonel Sir Thomas More, M.P. for Haslemere, 415. , Thomas, monumental tablet of, 360. , Sir More, and Cassandra his wife, in scriptions in memory of, 360. . Sir William More, his wife and family, painting of, by Somers, 420. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Molyns, Sir John de, afterwards Baron Molines, 425-6 ; imprisoned and deprived of his estates, 427 ; seUs Henley manor to Edward the Third, ib. Monogram at Loseley, of Henry the Eighth and Queen Katharine Parr, 411 (note 20). Montfort Simon de, earl of Leicester, his re- beUion, 42. Moore, Daniel, esq., 461. More, Christopher, esq., purchases the manors of Loseley and Westbury, 410; made sheriff of Surrey and Sussex, and knighted, 411 ; his tomb, 358. , Elizabeth, marries Sir Thomas Molyneux, knt., by which the inheritance of the Mores was conveyed to his family, 414 ; her tomb, 359. , Sir George, 307 j biographical notice of, 412-13 ; visited at Loseley by James the First and his queen, 413 : appointed lieu tenant of the Tower, ib. ; his letters re lating to the trial of the Earl of Somerset, ib. (note 23) ; his tomb, 358. , Rev. Nicholas, rector of Fetcham, 414. , Sir Poynings, bart, 414; his tomb, 360. , Robert, esq., 414. , Sir Thomas, lord-chanceUor, his portrait at Loseley, 420. , Sir WiUiam, memoir of, 411-12 ; knighted at Pirford in presence of Queen Elizabeth, 411 ; builds Loseley house, 411, 419 ; visited by the Queen at Loseley, 411, 446 ; his tomb, 359. , Sir WiUiam, sheriff of Surrey in 1669, 414. Mores and Molyneuxs, of Loseley, pedigree and arms of, 416—418 ; various portraits of, 420. Mortimer, Roger, EarL 435. Moulines, WiUiam de, ancestor of the Molyneuxs, a Norman warrior, 414 (note 26). Mount Pleasant, Guildford, villa of Jas. Stedman, esq., 400. Mountagu, Mr., 464 (note 16). Mowbray, John, duke of Norfolk, created (12th) Earl of Surrey, temp. Henry the Fourth, 91. , Anne, his heiress, married to Richard Plantagenet duke of York, and (13th) earl of Warren, 91. , Margaret daughter of Elizabeth Fitz- Alan, her marriage to Sir Robert Howard, 91, 114. Mower, Daniel, 464 (note 16). Mudge, Margaret and Walter, 411. Murray, James, earl of Annandale, 307. Musters in Surrey, in the 16th century, 46. N Newdigate, a medicinal spring in this parish, 192. Newland, WiUiam, esq., 317, 383; his cabinet of pictures, 394 (note). Newnham, William Moore, and Anne, 431. Niblett, Charles, esq., 383. Nichols, E., 317. Nott, Rev. Dr., his memoir of the Earl of Surrey, 97. Norfolk, the dukedom of, conferred on Thomas Mowbray, 89 ; borne in conjunction with the earldom of Surrey by the Mowbrays and their descendants, the Howards, 93, 111. Norbridge, Henry, founder of a chantry in Trinity church, Guildford, 345, 448 (note). Normandy Tithing, in Ash, 432 ; farm at, tenanted by Cobbett, ib. Nortlis, barons and earls of GuUdford, memoirs of the, 393—397. North, Dudley, Lord, of KirtUng, 395. , WiUiam, ditto, 396. , Sir Francis, 1st baron of Guildford, 395. , Francis, ib. , Francis, 1st earl of GuUdford, 396. , Frederic, 2nd earl, ib. , George Augustus, 3rd earl, 397. , Francis, 4th earl, ib. , Frederic, 5th and present earl, ib. Northwode, Roger de, 402. Norton, Hon. G. C, M.P., 317, 377, 379. , General, M.P., 378. Noviomagus, supposed to be Guildford, 21,285. Nutfield, Roman coins found at, 21. O Oak tree, a staple product of the clayey soil of the wealden of Surrey, 201 ; mode of propagat ing it, 202. Ockley, the Danes defeated in a battle there, 30. Odo, bishop of Baieux, 291. Ogle, Newton, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Oliver, Richard, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Onslow, Right Hon. Arthur, 308. , Arthur George, (3rd earl of,) ib. , Arthur, speaker of the House of Com mons, his monument in Trinity church, Guildford, 343. INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Onslow, George, Lord, 377, 383. , Sir Richard, bart, afterwards Lord On slow, 448, 461, 463. , Mr. Serjeant, M.P., 377, 378, 379, 383, 384, 400. , Colonel, the Hon. T. C, M.P., 378, 444. , Hon. Thomas, Viscount Cranley, M.P. 378. Orange Court, a farm at Littleton, 422. Oratory, or chapel, in the keep-tower of GuUd ford castle, 325. Orchards of Surrey, 211. Organic remains in the different geological forma tions of the county, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 147, 152, 153, 157. Outbursts, or occasional springs, in Surrey, 185. Overbury, Sir Thomas, reference to his murder in the tower, 413, and note 23. Pagi, subdivisions of German districts so termed, 243. Paine, Mr., erects a saw-miU at Stoke, 448. Painswick manor, in Gloucestershire, extorted from EUzabeth Talbot by the elder Spenser, 435. Paintings, ancient, in fresco, in St. Mary's church, Guildford, 352-53. Palmer, C. N., M.P. for Surrey, 283. , John, the celebrated actor, as Comus, 394 (note). Palmer and Nichols, Messrs., GuUdford, 400. Pandulph, the pope's legate, 441. Parishes, their origin, 264; attributed to Arch bishop Honorius, ib.; and by others to Arch bishop Theodore, 265 ; in Surrey, list of patrons, incumbents, &c, 273. Parkhurst, John, bishop of Norwich, memoir of, 390. , George, ib. , Sir Robert, 309 ; his monument, 344. Parks in Surrey, enumerated in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 53. ParUamentary representation, brief sketch of its history, 281 ; of Surrey, in ancient times, ib. ; how affected by the Reform act, 282 ; of Guild ford, in ancient times, 293 ; and in 1841, 317. Parnicote, Robert de, rector of Ash, 427. Parochial visitations, provided for, 268. Parson, Henry and WUUam, sepulchral memorials for, and arms, 453; the founders of Stoke Hospital, 456. Parson, Rev. W. Henry, curate of Pirbright, 438 ; his residence described, 440. Pasture lands of Surrey, 224. Payler, Watkinson, esq., 447. Paynter, J. esq., patron of Stoke, 449. , Rev. S.; rector of Stoke, 400, 449. Peacock, Mr,, bis stone quarries, near Guildford, 356. Pearson, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. , Rev. H. N., dean of Salisbury, 355, 360. , Rev. W. H., 355, 360, 400. Peat, beds of, in this county, 123. Peckham, Roman remains at, 21. Peculiars of the archbishops of Canterbury, 257. Pedigree of the Earls of Surrey, 113. of the Mores and Molyneuxs, 416^418. Pembroke, Jasper, earl of, 429. Pend-hill, Roman remains at, 21. Perambulations of the parish boundaries, 272. Perceval, Hon. Capt. G. J., M.P. for Surrey, 283. Perpetual curacies, how constituted, 271. Petition in favour of Charles the First, presented by the inhabitants of Surrey to the pariiament, 59 ; procession and disturbances on the occasion, 60; proceedings of parliament with reference thereto, 61. PexaU, Edith and Ralph, 408. , Sir Richard, knt., ib. Pharamus, or Faramuse de Bolonia, .458. Picard, or Piccard's manor, its successive owners, 407-8. Pilcher, Mr., organ builder, 467. Pipp-brook, a tributary of the' Mole, 174. Pirbright, parish and manor of, 434 — 440 ; for merly a part of Woking, 434 ; descent of the manor, 434 — 436 ; Torch-plat, and Lamp-plat, 436 ; borough customs of the inhabitants, 437 ; customs of the manor, ib. (note 10) ; Uving of, ib. ; church described, 438-9 ; court-house, 440. Pirford, Earl of Lincoln's garden there, 411. Piri, Pirifrith, Pirford, &c, 434. Plantagenet, the family of, (earls of Warren and Surrey,) memoirs of, 75 — 88. , Hamelin, 5th earl, 75. , WiUiam, his son, 6th earl, 76.' , John, his son, 7th earl, 78 — 85 ; his participation in the contests between Henry the Third and the barons, 78, 79 ; his conflict with the baron De la Zouche in Westminster HaU, 80 ; his opposition to the king's writ of Quo Warranto, 8 1 ; is defeated by Wallace near Stiriing, 83 ; his death, 85. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Plantagenet, William, his son, 85. , John, his grandson, 8th earl, 86 ; his conduct in the Scottish expeditions, 86, 87 ; his estates in Surrey, 88. , Alice, his sister, and Richard Fitz- Alan, her son, (9th earl,) 88. , Richard, duke of York, created(13th) Earl in 1476, 91 ; murdered in the Tower of London, ib. -, Edmund, earl of Kent, executed, 435. Plashing, forest trees raised by an operation so termed, 202. Plastic clay, its characteristics, and distribution in Surrey, 134. Playz, Hugo de, 409. Pliny, his notice of the use of marl in Britain, 234. Ploughing, in Surrey, 216. Ploughs used in different locaUties, 240. Pole, Cardinal, 295. Polewheele, Rev. Jonathan, 468. PoUing-places for Surrey, 283. Polsted in Compton, and CatteshiU in Godalming, purchased by Sir W. More, 411. Polsted, Henry, esq., 445, 448. Ponds, in the clayey and loamy soils of the county, 123, 189. Pontes, a Roman station, its supposed site, 19. Porter, Mr., engineer, of GuUdford, 384. Poyle, manor of, at GuUdford, 308. , manor-house, and courts of the manor, 310. Cottage, 400. House, ib. , Sir Thomas, knt, 409 (note 18), Poynings, Ann and Sir Adrian, 413, Pre-emption, right of, a prerogative of the crown, explained, 195 ; its exercise in Surrey, 196 ; its abohtion, ib. Price, James, citizen of London, 454. , Dr. James, memoir of, 454-5 ; affects to transmute mercury into gold and sUver, ib. ; his death by poison, 455. Prosser, Henry, artist, of Stoke, 353. Protestant Associations in Surrey, and elsewhere, in the reign of EUzabeth, 46. Purlieu of Windsor forest, the bailiwick of Surrey so considered, 195. Pnrs, Richard, of Worplesdon, 423. Purveyance, or Pre-emption, 195-6. Putney church, the officers of the parliamentary army hold councU there, 59. Puttenham Heath, a sandy tract, 457. VOL. L Puttock, Mr., his conjecture on the identity of Guildford with the station Ardaoneon, 285. Pyner, Captain, 400. R Ragette, Mr., 464 (note 16). Rainsford, General Sir Charles, 415. Rand, John, esq., of Guildford, 377. Ranulf of Chester, 245. Ratcliff, Robert, earl of Sussex, 428. Reavill, Gregory, yeoman, 430. Rebus of the More famUy, at Loseley, 421. Rectories, their formation, 270 ; in Surrey, a list of their incumbents, patrons, &c, 273. Rectory-house, St. Nicholas, GuUdford, 360. Red-hill, appearance of the ShankUn sand at, 147. Rede, Thomas, bailiff of Bagshot, 463. Reform Act, representation of Surrey altered by it, 282. Regni, the supposed inhabitants of Surrey at the time of Caesar's invasion, 6. Regnum (Chichester), the capital of the Regni, 7. Reigate, the geological strata near, 147. Reigate hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 253. Reigate Castle, the supposed scene of conferences between the barons (temp. John), 39 ; Edward the First entertained there by the Earl of Surrey, 81. Richborough, a Roman station, the reputed place of Caesar's landing, 3. Richmond, section of the strata there, 137. , a saline spring at, 192. , Henry, duke of, (son of Henry the Eighth,) his friendship for the Earl of Surrey, 98 ; his marriage with Lady Mary Howard, 99; his death, 100. Rickman, Rev. Thomas, rector of Ash, 431. Ridding, Thomas, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Rivers of Surrey described, 165 — 187 ; Thames, 167 ; Wey, 168 ; Mole, or Emley, 171 ; Wan- die, 185; Bourn, Hoggs-mUl, and Medway, 186. Roads, or trackways, of the ancient Britons, 1 1 ; improved by the Romans, ib. ; routes of the principal Roman roads, 12. Robert, archdeacon of Surrey in the twelfth cen tury, 258. Robertson, Mr. Thomas, 390. Rokeby, WiUiam, archdeacon of Surrey, 261. Roman antiquities, discovered in Surrey, 8, 10, 20 — 22 ; in Sussex, 23. Rosyer, John, innkeeper, 463. 3 R INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Rous, Christopher, esq., 414. Rowe, Thomas, 464. Runnimede, or Runnymead, the scene of the enactment of Magna Charta, 1, 39. Rupibus, Lucas de, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Rural Deans and Chapters, 267, 269. RusseU J., prebendary of Peterborough. 448. , Rev. John, 449. , John, R.A.,332,363; memoir of, 393. t Mr. John, four times mayor of Guild ford, ib. , Samuel, esq., 354, 377, 383. , Rev. Thomas, 293. , WUUam, of GuUdford, 332. , George (bis son), ib. , Lord Wm., M.P. for Surrey, 283, 395. Rutupensis (Richborough), a Roman station, 3. Sabbath, the, measures to enforce its strict ob servance, temp, Edward VI., 296. Sac and Soe, meaning of the terms, 244. Sainfoin, cultivated in Surrey, 221. Salts, Epsom, their chemical composition, 132. Sancto Mauro (or S. Mario), Peter de, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Sandfield House, 400. Sand, strata of, in Surrey, 130. Sandhurst, Berks, 460. Sandstone, loose blocks of, called the Grey Wethers, 131. Sandrock Spring, near Blackgang Chine, Isle of Wight, its offensive odour, 471. Saunders, Susanna and Richard, 414. Saw-fish, the fossil tooth of one, found at Golds worth-hill, 132. Saxons, form an aUiance with the Britons against the Picts and Scots, 26 ; obtain the Isle of Thanet for their services, ib. ; extend their pos sessions in Britain, ib. ; found the kingdom of Sussex, including Surrey, 27. Sayer, Thomas, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Scarlett, Hon. J. York, M.P., 317, 379. Scenery of Surrey, 118, 120, 147, 328. Schools, at Guildford, 373-4. Scotch Fir, extensively planted in Surrey, 207. Scutage, or tribute in lieu of mUitary service, 45. Seals of the Corporation of Guildford, 285. Sefton, in Lincolnshire, 414. , Earl of, and Viscount Molyneux, ib. Segontiaci, a tribe of Britons mentioned by Caesar, 5. Seintleger, Sir Thomas, 428. Sele, Peter de, vicar of Wanborough, 459. Selenographia, or Model of the Moon, 393. Send, Roman coins found at, 22. Seneschall, the chief magistrate of GuUdford so called, 316. Sequestrations, in Surrey, 57, 67. Shaftesbury, Lord, 395. Shanklin sand, 138, 143. Shaw, WUUam, esq., 383. Shaws, smaU plantations so called, 203. Sheep, bred on the heaths of Surrey, 199 ; on the commons near Bagshot, formerly celebrated, 208. Sherard, Margaret, heiress of Robert, esq., 415 (note 27). Sheriff's courts, of Surrey, 246. Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex, 247. Shering, John, 437. Shire-pond, near Chobham, 170. Shrubb, J. P., esq., 400. Shurlock, Richard, esq., ib. Sibthorpe, Dr., 340. Sidney, W., esq., of Stoke D' Abernon, 410. Skern, WiUiam and Agnes, 466. , Skerning, Thomas de, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Skurray, Francis, esq., 383. Smallpeice, John, esq., 377. , Messrs. George and Job, 383. , G. S., and W. H, 317. Smith, Mrs. C, poet and novelist, memoir of, 450 — 454 ; address to her Lyre, 454. Smith, Henry, (alderman,) 309, 468. , Henry, gent, of Peperharrow, 408. , William, bishop of Lincoln, 345. SneU, Thomas, LL.B., 269 ; rector of Windles ham, 466 ; his arms, 467 ; and rectory, 468. SnelUnge, Thomas, minister of Frimley, 433. Soil of the county, its character, 122, 213, 214. Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2nd earl of, 412. , Sir WiUiam Fitz- WUUam, earl of, 436, 459 ; obtains a grant of Wanborough, Waverley Abbey, and other lands, from Henry the Eighth, ib. ; 465. South-Saxon kingdom, founded by EUa in 491, 27. Southwark, Roman remains found there, 22. , taken possession of by Fairfax, 58. , deanery of, 264. South-western raUroad, fossils found during its construction, 135. Spanish invasion of England, in the reign of Elizabeth, 48 ; measures adopted in Surrey for defence of the realm, 49 ; its total defeat, 50. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Sparkes, John, esq., of Loseley, 409. , WiUiam, esq., 377, 383. Speke, George, esq., 397. Spensers, or Despensers, earls of Gloucester and Winchester, executed, 435. 'Spital-house, at Guildford, 309. Springs, in Surrey, 165. Sprot, George, 336. Squib, Arthur and Stephen, 428-9. St. Catherine's, 400. Terrace, rectory-house, ib. Chapel, near GuUdford, history and description of, 404 — 407 ; rebuilt, temp. Edward the Second, 404 ; consecrated, 405 ; situation and present state, 406 ; views from, 406, 407. Fair, 405-6. St. George's Hill, and entrenchment called Caesar's camp, 18. St. John's CoUege, Oxford, Windlesham granted to it by Henry the Eighth, 460. St. Mary's Church, GuUdford, history and de scription of, 349 — 354. St. Nicholas' Church, GuUdford, history and de scription of, 355 — 360. St. Swithin's Priory, Winchester, the monks' ap phcation to Henry the Second to increase their allowance of provisions, 299. Stamford, buU-baiting estabUshed there, 294. Stanhope, Sir Michael, 305. Stane-street, part of the Ermyn-street of the Romans, 13, 14. Stanley, Sir John, 428, Statute of Marlborough, 246. Staumpe, Adam le, of Ockham, 423. Stedman, J., esq., 317, 377, 383, 384, 400. Stephen, archdeacon of Surrey in 1 120, 258. Stephen, King, his contest for the crown, 73. Stephens, John, his chantry at Frimley, 433. Stevenson, Mr., on the agriculture of Surrey, 226. Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, joins the Con queror, 33. Stoctun famUy, Godwin de, and others, 444. Stoghton, Henry de, 427. Stoke, deanery of, 264. Stoke Hill House, 400, 444 ; Rectory, ib. Stoke Hospital, described, 456 ; statutes for its government, ib. Stoke Park, the residence of Col. Delap, 444. Stoke-next-Guildford, parish and manor of, 440 — 456 ; how described in the Domesday sur vey, 440; granted to the Bishop of London, 441 ; rental of the manor in the time of Edward the First, 442 (note 6); its various possessors, 443-4; advowson of, 445 ; Stoughton manor, in Stoke, its descent, &c, 444-47 ; Stoke mills, 447 ; ac count of the benefice, 448-9 ; Stoke church, described, 449 ; its sepulchral memorials, with memoirs of Mrs. Charlotte Smith, and Dr. Jas. Price, 449—455. Stokesley, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 261. Story, Dr., his intolerance, 334. Stoughton, John, 346. , Nicholas, esq., and Sir Laurence, 443. ¦ family, 444 ; sepulchral memorials of, 449. (or Stoctun) manor, descent of, 444 — 447. Place, and Gardens, 447. StoveU, George, 383. Strange, Mrs. Eleanor, 468. Strata of Surrey, tabular arrangement of, 126. Stratherne, the earldom of, conferred on the Earl of Surrey by Bahol, 87. Stratton (Street-town), so caUed from its position on a Roman road, 15. Streatham mineral waters, 190. Studley, Rev. John, his Unes commemorative of the Royal Free Grammar School at GuUdford, 372. Sumner, G. H., esq., M.P,, 283, 378, 379, 383. , Rev. C. V. Holme, curate of Pirbright, 438. Sunning-hill, Berks, 460. Surrey, county of, natural features of the dis trict, 2 ; the Regni, its supposed inhabitants at the time of Caesar's invasion, 6 ; governed by Cogidubnus, 7 ; a part of the Britannia Prima of the Romans, 9 ; intersected by the Watling and Ermyn streets, 12 ; other Roman roads in the county, 15, 16; Roman antiquities in Sur rey and Sussex, 20 — 22 ; its history in the Saxon and Danish period, 25 — 32 ; included in the South-Saxon kingdom, 27 ; subject to the kings of Mercia, 28 ; and afterwards to those of Wes sex, ib. ; invaded by the Danes, 29 ; its history from the Norman Conquest to the reign of Queen Mary, 33 — 44 ; plundered by the Nor mans under WiUiam the Conqueror, 33 ; its apportionment at the time of the Domesday survey, with list of landowners therein men tioned, 35 — 38; Magna Charta, the Carta de Foresta, &c, signed by King John at Runni mede in this county, 39 ; invaded by Prince Lewis of France, 40 ; its history from the reign of Elizabeth to the 19th century, 44 — 71 ; its 3 r2 INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF mihtary strength under the feudal system, 45 ; association of its Protestant inhabitants, temp. Ehzabeth, 46 ; musters of its forces in the 16th and 17th centuries, 46, 48, 54, 57, 62, 67 ; the inhabitants thanked by Queen Elizabeth for their loyalty, 48, 52 ; their measures of defence against the Spanish armada, 49, 50 ; its clergy raise forces in the cause, 51; the inhabitants' remonstrance against the "Act" for keeping horses for the pubUc service, 53 ; characterized as poor, barren, and heavily taxed, 53, 54, 67 ; a Ust of parks in the county, 53 (note) ; insur rection at Kingston on the part of Charles the First, 54 ; suppressed by the parliament, 55 ; participation of the inhabitants in the civil war, 56 ; the property of the royalists sequestrated, 57, 67 ; names of the sequestrators, 58 ; county petition in favour of the king presented to the parhament, 60 ; riot and other proceedings on the occasion, 61 ; insurrection against the pariia- ment, 62 ; suppressed by the parliamentary forces in a battle near Kingston, 65 ; fate of the Earl of HoUand and Lord Francis ViUiers, 66 ; commissioners for the county (a.d. 1649), 68 ; Charles the Second's progress through part of the county (1660), 69 ; mUitia regiments required from this county, 70, 71; opposed at first by the inhabitants, but formed and in creased, 70 ; measures of defence taken by the inhabitants in 1794, ib. ; barracks formed at GuUdford and Croydon, 71 ; reviews of the Surrey volunteers in 1799, ib.; memoirs of the Earls of Warren and Surrey, with pedigree, 72 — 116 ; etymology of its name, 117 ; its re lative situation and extent, ib. ; climate, sur face, and scenery, 118; sketch of its geology, by Dr. ManteU, 121 — 164; supposed mutations of its surface throughout the different geological epochs, 161 ; its rivers described, 165 — 187 ; canals, 187 — 189 ; ponds, mineral springs, and wells, 189 ; afforested by Henry the Second, 193 ; freed from the jurisdiction of the forest laws, 194 ; its heaths and waste lands, 198 ; its woodlands, coppices, and plantations, 201 ; its forest trees, ib. ; and orchards, 211; its agri culture, horticulture, crops, Uve stock, &c, 212 — 240; its establishment as a separate county, 242 : its division into hundreds, 248 ; notices of its ecclesiastical government, with a Ust of parishes, incumbents, and patrons, 256 — 280; representation in parhament, with a Ust of knights of the shire from 1796 to 1841, 281 ; divided into two districts by the Reform act, 282. Topographical history and description of the county, viz. — Woking hundred, 284 ; GuUdford town and borough, 285 — 400 ; Ertindon, or Artington, 401-2, 409 ; Brabeuf manor, 402-7 ; Piccard's manor, 407-8 ; Loseley manor and house, 409 — 421; Littleton hamlet, 42 1-2 ; parish of Ash, with the manors of Henley, Cleygate, and Formans, and Chapelry of Frimley, &c, 422 — 434 ; parish of Pirbright, 434—440 ; Stoke- next-Guildford parish, and manor of Stoughton, 440 — 456; Wanborough parish, 457 — 460; Win dlesham parish, with Bagshot, 460 — 472. Surrey, Duke of, the title conferred on Thomas HoUand, earl of Kent, 89 ; the dukedom annulled by Henry the Fourth, 90. Sussex, inhabited, jointly with Surrey, by the Regni, 6; Roman remains discovered in the county, 23 ; conquered by Ella, and constituted a kingdom of the Heptarchy, 27 ; subdued and governed by the kings of Mercia and Wessex, 28 ; ravaged by the Danes, 31 ; plundered by the Normans under WiUiam the Conqueror, 33. Sussex marble, found near TUburstow-hill, 145 ; prevails in the weald clay, 155. Sutton, Sir Thomas, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Swallows, or apertures, in the bed of the river Mole, described, 175—185. " Sweet Singers of Israel," a reUgious sect, temp. Charles the Second, 298. Swen, or Swyn, son of Earl Godwin, 457. Swine, kept by the Surrey farmers, 237 ; numerous in Surrey at the time of the Domesday survey, ib. Symmes, Richard, 347. Symonds, S., curate of St. Nicholas, GuUdford, temp. Edward the Sixth, 296. Talbot Ehzabeth, wife of Sir Richard, seized at Kennington, and imprisoned at Pirbright, by the Despensers, earls of Gloucester, 434. Tame, the river, joins the Isis near Dorchester, 165. Tandridge hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 254. Taylor, Jacob, 298. Tebaude Furlongs, in Worplesdon, 423. Tekell, John, esq., 432. Terry, Robert, 409. Tertiary formations of Surrey, 130 ; post-tertiary ditto, 129. Testard, WiUiam, 300, 331. , Richard and Robert, ib. , Sir Richard, 292. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Thackeray, Thomas, archdeacon of Surrey, 263. Thames, the river, its source and name, 165, 166; its course, and the scenery of its banks, 166; its length, 167. , crossed by Csesar on his second invasion of Britain, 4. Thoraldby, in Yorkshire, 447. Thornton, Samuel, M.P. for Surrey, 283. Thurland, Edward, 310. Tichborne, Sir Walter, 430. , Walter and James, esqrs., 432 Tickner, John, esq., 377. Tilburstow-hill, consists of Shanklin sand, 144. TUbury Fort, Essex, a camp there, temp. Queen Elizabeth, 51 ; men furnished for its defence by the county of Surrey, ib. Tilford, near Farnham, 450. TiUingbourne stream, a tributary of the Wey, 169. Tithingmen, magistrates ofthe Saxon tithings,244. Tithings, their aUeged institution by Alfred the Great, 243. TocUve, Bishop Richard, retrenches the provisions aUowed to the monks of Winchester, 299. Tonbridge, Richard de, 434. Towers, Anne, mother of Mrs. C. Smith, 450. Towns, ancient British, described by Caesar and Strabo, 2. Tracy, Oliver, archdeacon of Surrey, 258. Trenchard, John and Henry, 434. Trinity Church, GuUdford, history and description of, with notices of its monuments, chantries, register, &c, and memoir of Archbishop Abbot 331—349. Trinobantes, a tribe of Britons mentioned by Caesar, 5. Tritton, Rev. Robert, 269. Trotter, John, M.P. for Surrey, 283. TrumbuU, Mr., 336. Turner, Rev. George, 422. , Nicholas, esq., owner of Stoke, 443. , Nicholas, the younger, 448 ; seUs Stoke, ib. ; the father of Mrs. C. Smith, 450. Turnham, Stephen de, 401, 402, 407, 409. , EdeUne de, 407, 409. Tumour, Thomas, barrister-at-law, 447. Tucksbury-hill, its geological characteristics, 151. Tusser's " 500 Pointes of Good Husbandrie," 230. Tweed-dale, John, 2nd marquis of, 395. Tynte, Hugh, mayor of GuUdford, 315. Tyrwitt, Robert, esq., 428. U Urswick, C, archdeacon of Surrey, 261. Uvedale, Henry, esq., 465. Vanner, T., 317. Vansittart, George, esq., 443. Vaugham, R., archdeacon of Surrey, 259. Vaux, Eleanor de, 407. Vegetables, cultivated in Surrey, 224, 233. ' Vere, Lady Frances, her marriage with the Earl of Surrey, 98. Vicarages, their formation, 271 ; in Surrey, a Ust of their incumbents, patrons, &c, 273. ViUiers, Lord Francis, concerned on the part of Charles in an insurrection against the parlia ment, 62 ; killed in battle near Kingston, 66. Vincent, James, esq., 377. , Thomas, esq., 445. Vortigern, forms an aUiance with the Saxons against the Picts and Scots, 26. Visitations, ecclesiastical, the appointment of arch deacons and deans, 266. Vyne, Jane and Ralph, 430. W Wada, or Huda, earl or ealdorman of Surrey in the ninth century, 30. Wages, formerly paid to members of parhament, 281, 293. Wales, Frederic, prince of, 396. WaU, C. B., esq., M.P., 317, 378, 379, 383, 384, 400. WaUace, WUUam, opposed by the Earl of Surrey, on the part of England, 83 ; his capture and execution, 85. WaUer, Mr. (of GuUdford), his account of the fossils of Surrey, 123. Wallington, by some supposed to be the site of Noviomagus, 22. Wallington hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 254. Walter, John and Abel, esqrs., 461, 463. Walton-on-ihe-Hill, Roman remains at, 22. Walton-upon-Thames, Roman remains in its vicin ity, ib. Wanborough, parish and manor, 457 ; how de scribed in the Domesday Book, ib. ; descent of the manor, 457-9 ; sold to the monks of Waver ley, 458 ; Uving of, how supplied, 459 ; church and vUlage described, 460. Wandle river, described, its name, source, route, &c, 185. Wandsworth Common, Ust of fossils found there, 135. Ward, Lieut-Gen. Sir Henry, 397. Warlingham, Roman camp in the parish, 22. INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF Warren fanuly, (Earls of Warren aind Surrey), memoirs of, 72 — 74. , WiUiam de, created Earl of Surrey by WUUam Rufus, 72 ; his estates and pos sessions, and decease, 72-3. , Wilham de, (2nd earl,) his son and suc cessor, 73. , WUUam de, (3rd earl,) ib. , Isabel, his heiress, countess of Warren and Surrey, 74 ; her marriage with William de Blois, (4th earl,) ib. ; and afterwards with HameUn Plantagenet, (5th earl,) 75. Warrens of Poyndon in Cheshire, their descent, 88. Waste Lands of Surrey, 198. Water-meadows of Surrey, 222. WatevUe, Robert de, 291. WatUng-street, intersects a part of Surrey, 12. Watson, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Watts, Richard, 409. Waugh, George, esq., 317, 377, 383. Wauncey, Richard de, rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, rebuilds St. Catherine's Chapel, 404 ; establishes a Fair on St. Catherine's hiU, 405-6. Waynflete, John, archdeacon of Surrey, 260. , Bishop of Winchester, ib. Wealden (the), its geological characteristics, 154 ; its supposed original zoological character, and external appearance, 160, 201 ; its present state, 201. WeUer, James, D.D., 354. Wells, sunk through the London clay and chalk in Surrey, 133, 142 ; at Windlesham, 471. , artesian, their nature explained, 133. Wells, Mrs., as Ann Page, 394 (note). Welwood, Dr., 341. West, George, esq., of Farnham, 449. , Rev. George, rector of Stoke, ib. West Grove and Goddard's Grove, in Henley, imparked, 426. Westbrook and Cross families, owners of Loseley, 410. Weston, Melior Mary, her tomb at Guildford, 346. , WUliam de, of Albury, 402. , John de, ib. Wey, the river, its source, route, and tributaries, 168 ; proceedings taken to render it navigable, 170 ; quality of its water, ib. Wey and Arun Junction Canal, 188. WeycUffe House, 400. Wheat grown in Surrey, 213, 220; its superior quality, 213 ; quantity grown, 220. Wheel-plough, its antiquity, 240. Wheeler, Henry, 309. WherweU, Abbess of, 404 ; and Nuns, 409. White, Sir John, alderman, 430. , Sir Thomas, ib. , Robert, esq., of Aldershot, 430, 432. WhitehUl, WUUam, 466. Wickham Bushes, Roman remains discovered there, 18. Wickham, W., archdeacon of Surrey, 262. Wight, John and Sarah, 403. Wightman, Edward, burnt for heresy, 337. Wilberforce, Samuel, archdeacon of Surrey, 264. Willows, cultivated in Surrey, and used for wicker work, 208. WUlement, Thos., artist in stained-glass, 467, 469. William of Malmesbury, 241. Wimbledon, a battle fought there by the Saxons, 27 ; the Surrey volunteers reviewed there in 1799, 71. Winchester, the metropolis of Wessex, 30 ; burnt by the Danes, ib. , the diocese of, includes nearly the whole of Surrey, 257. , Brownlow North, bishop of, 396. , Robert de Quinci, earl of, 407. , WUliam, marquis of, 408. Windlesham, with Bagshot, parish of, and manors of Windlesham, Fosters, Bagshot, and Freeman- ties, 460—464; living and rectors of Windles ham, 466 ; church described, 466-68; schools, charitable benefactions, & rectory-house, 468-9 ; seats and villas, 470 ; plantations, wells, and gravel-pits, 471-2. Windlesham HaU, seat of the Rev. Dr. Giles, 470. House, seat of Vice-adm. Owen, ib. Windsor Castle, parts of it built of Reigate stone, 141. Windsor Forest, formerly included part of Surrey, 194. Windsor, Old, Berks, 460. Wines, kept at Guildford by Henry the Third, 393. Winwood, Sir Ralph, 336. Wlwi, or Ulphi, huntsman to WUUam the First, 421. Wodeland, Walter, M.P. for Guildford, 294. Woking hundred, its boundaries, 284 ; granted by James the First, to Sir Edward Zouch, and descent to its present proprietor, ib. ; history and description of various parishes and manors included within its boundaries, 285 — 472. WoUey, Sir John, of Pirford, 409. , Sir Francis, ib. Women, "mercenary," [meretrices] following the household of the king (Hen. III.), 300. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF SURREY. Wood, Anthony, 390. Woodbridge, seat of R. D. Mangles, esq., 400. House, seat of Hon. Col. E. M. Onslow, ib. Road, residence of J. P. Shrubb, esq., {A. Woodcote, supposed by Horsley, Gale, and others, to be the site of Noviomagus, 22 ; antiquities discovered there, ib. Woodlands, coppices, and plantations of Surrey, 201. Woodlands, seat of J. Fyler, esq., 470. Woodloke, Bishop, 267. Woodroffe, Robert, esq., 430. Woodward, Thomas, 445. Woodyer, Mr., 383. Woolbeding House, Hampshire, 451-2. Worplesdon, a medicinal spring there, 192. Wotton hundred, its name, ancient and modern subdivisions, 255. Wyat, Sir Thomas, his insurrection against Queen Mary, 43. Wydevile, Lionel, archdeacon of Surrey 260. Wyke, hamlet of, in Worplesdon, 422. Yarnold, William, erects a water-engine at Guild ford, 385. Yew tree, indigenous to the chalk hills of Surrey, 205. York, Richard, duke of, 436. , Cicely, duchess of, ib. Young, Dr., author ofthe "Night Thoughts," 431. Z Zeal, puritanical, of the authorities of Guildford, temp. Edward the Sixth, 296. Zouch, Sir Edward, 284 ; obtains a grant of Bag- shot, &c, from James the First, 462. , James, esq., ib. WOOD ENGRAVINGS IN THE FIRST VOLUME. Emblematical initial letter, M page 1 . Initial letter, E ; with Norman ruins behind 117. Wooden Bridge, in Fridley meadows, near Dorking 171. Scene, near Guildford, with the Guildford improved Plough ; Booker's Tower in the distance 212. Saxon Wheel Plough, from a manuscript in the British Museum 240. Initial letters, AT ; and representation of ploughing with oxen, from a Saxon manuscript in the British Museum 241. Initial letter, G ; inclosing a delineation of the ancient Town Seal of Guildford 285. Present Corporation Seal op Guildford 318. Keep- Tower of Guildford Castle 319. Plan of ditto, second story 324. Chalk Caverns at Guildford, plan and entrance 329. Autograph of Archbishop Abbot 238. Birth-place of Archbishop Abbot 342. Ground Plan of St. Mary's Church, Guildford 350. Nine subjects in Fresco, delineated from the originals in the Chapel of St. John Baptist, in St. Mary's Church, Guildford 351. Norman Doorway at Ash Church 431. The Court-House, Pirbright 439. Plan of Windlesham Church 467. Windlesham Rectory 469. finis. 4 STEEL ENGRAVINGS IN THE FIRST VOLUME. Map and Sections illustrative of the Geology of Surrey to front page 121 Fossils of Surrey, Plate I 162 , Plate II 163 Course of the river Mole, Map and Views, folding plate 171 Swallows, in the Banks of the Mole, near Burford bridge 179 Guildford, Town of 285 Guildford Castle, Keep Tower and Chapel, Interiors 325 St. Mary's Church, Guildford, and ancient Crypt in the High street 349 Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Interior 351 Subjects in Fresco in St. John's Chapel 352 Abbot's Hospital, Guildford 360 Chapel and Hall in ditto, Interiors 361 Guildford, High street 375 St. Catherine's Chapel, Interior and Exterior 404 Loseley Hall (Drawing-room), seat of James More Molyneux, esq 420 Windlesham Church 467 Chairs at Windlesham Hall, seat of the Rev. Dr, Giles 470 YALE UNIVERSITY i96itb