YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Yale University Library, 2008. You may not reproduce this digitized copy of the book for any purpose other than for scholarship, research, educational, or, in limited quantity, personal use. You may not distribute or provide access to this digitized copy (or modified or partial versions of it) for commercial purposes. GAZETTEER MASSACHUSETTS, CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE COUNTIES, TOWNS AND DISTRICTS IN THE COMMONWEALTH ; ALSO. OF ITS PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, CAPES, BAYS, HARBORS, ISLANDS, AND IPAOTHOMl&lE EIBSdDIMrS. TO WHICH ABE ADDED. STATISTICAL ACCOUNTS OF ITS AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES; WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION. BY JOHN HAYWARD, AUTHOR OF THE "NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER," "BOOK OF RELIGIONS," ETC. REVISED EDITION. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT & CO. 1849. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, BY JOHN HAYWAED, ..n the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. EgK 4- STEREOTYPED BY GEORGE A. CUKTIS; HEW ENGLAND TYPE AMD STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. PREFACE. In the preparation of this work the Editor has spared neither time, labor, nor expense, to render it both useful and interesting ; and while he is aware that all works of the kind must necessarily contain errors, he feels a satisfaction in the consciousness of having done all in his power to sustain the character for accuracy which an indulgent public has kindly awarded to his former publications. Acknowledgements of deep gratitude are due to numerous individuals, for valuable facts of recent date, and to several authors of collections of historical events of olden time. From the works of Thacher, Felt, Bar ber, and others, from numerous county and town histories, and from Borden's excellent map of Massachusetts, much assistance has been derived. In many particulars the plan of this work is new : the descriptions of the counties and towns comprise their location, natural characteristics, general appearance, &c; but those items of information common to all, such as population, valuation, schools, dates of incorporation, &c. &c, are arranged alphabetically, in tabular form, thereby presenting many of the most important items, without crowding the whole together indiscrim inately, and, as stated on page 320, in a " mode best adapted for refer ence and comparison." The design of the work is to present to travellers and men of business the noble features and gigantic strength of the " Old Bay State," more particularly in its commercial and industrial relations ; and should the exhibition prove agreeable and useful to its intelligent sons and daughters, one of the best wishes of the heart of the editor will be gratified. INDEX. PAGB Ancient Records, .... 106, 276, 314 Area of State and Counties, .... 408 Armory, TJ. S 276 Asylums for the Insane, . . . .415,416 Banks, 438, 440 Battle, at Bloody Brook 136 Eunker Hill 124 Concord, 131 Lexington 185 Bays and Harbors, 338 Bells, first manufactured, 21 Berkshire Jubilee, 235 Bleeders, 165 Boston 39 — 109 Avenues, 42 Banks 105 Bridges, 43 Churches and Ministers, . . 79 Collectors of Port, 56 Commerce and Navigation, . 54 : Commercial Accommodations, 57 Common, 45 Courts in 104 Depots, railroad, in, .... 44 Finances, 103 First Granite Building, in .111 Government of, 103 Harbor 40 Hotels 59 Ice Trade 56 Institutions and Societies, . 62 Insurance Companies, . . . 441 Laura Bridgman 65 • Manufactures 58 Mill Pond, old 450 Motto, 109 Population and Increase, . . 41 Present Prospects, its ... 108 Public Buildings, 46 Railroads from 44 — Rateable Polls 41 South Cove, . 450 Steam Intercourse with, . . 44 ¦ — Votes for Governor, . . . .418 Water, 445 Wharves, 57 Brave Women, . . . 138, 173, 229, 233 Brook Farm Phalanx 255 Bunker Hill Monument, 124 Canals 135, 421 Cannon, first manufactured, .... 21 Capes, . 338 Cape Cod Comforts 298 Cards, Cotton and Wool, first made, 183 1* PAGH Cattle Markets, 113, 303 Climate 399 Cloth, first made 230, 254, 292 Colleges 411 Colonial Governors 331 Colony Lines 15 Commerce and Navigation, . 341—343 Communities, fraternal, . 203, 222, 255 Congressional Districts 420 Cotton, first manufactured, . . 230, 292 County Courts, See Counties. County Table 408 Curious Caves, 25, 127, 178, 185, 215, 218, 272, 278, 282 Currency 435 Dangers ofthe sea, .... 30,136,288 Descriptions of all the Counties and Towns in the state, 21—320 Distances, Tables of, 425—432 Domestic Industry, Tables of, 347—390 Dungeon Pasture 266 Enterprise, 154—172 Fatal Disease 177 Female Philanthropist, 284 Fencing Master, 164 Finances of the State 397 First Building, 141 White Child 195—245 Indian Church and Bible, . . 209 Indiaman, 259 Ferry, 126 Canal 135 Cod Fishery, 138 Forge, 250 Team over tbe Mountains, . . 232 Fulling Mill ¦ ... 254 Mail Stage 270 Saw Mill, 231 Water Mill, 138 Fisheries 344—346 Floating Island, 215 Flowering of Apple Trees, .... 400 Fortunate Stageman 33 Frosts, first for 32 years, 400 Frugal Clergyman, 29 Gardens, beautiful, . .113, 220,292, 296 George III. and John Adams, . . . 247 Gone and Whalley 163 Good Memory, 159 Good Neighbors, 259 Government of State 330 Governors and Judges 331 — 333 Grave of "Eliza Wharton," . . . .134 INDEX. Great Lakes, Size and Commerce of, 423 Harbors and Bays, 338 Heights of Eminences, .... 339 — 341 Hops, quantity and prices of, ... 312 Hospitals, 62, 126, 416 Ice Cutting, 299 Hole, 278 Trade, 123,296,299,303 Incorporation of Counties and Towns, 321—329 Indians 173, 196, 219, 232, 297 Indian Names, 224 I idian Pot and Well, 129 Insurance Companies 441 Iron, first manufactured, . . 226, 250, 266 Islands, Bays, &c., 339 Judiciary 331—333 King Philip, 283 Latitudes and Longitudes, . 339, 442, 444 Legislature, Number of its Members, 408 Liabilities of the State, 399 Light Houses, 418 Longevity, 153, 156, 175, 192, 195, 198, 270, 330 Love Story, 160 Magnolia, 193 Mammoth Cheese 127 Manufactures, Statistics of, . . 347.— 390 Massachusetts, brief sketch of, . 7 — 20 Menhaden Fishery 134 Militia, 408 Mineral Springs, Hopkinton, . . . 177 N. Lebanon, N.Y., 167 Shutesbury, . . . 270 Stafford, Ct., . . .310 Winchenden, . . . 312 Missionaries, faithful, 144, 145, 196, 209,219,223,255,279 Mountains, 339 Mount Auburn, 119 Mountain Miller, 238 Nahant 2gj Name of State, origin of, . . . . 330 Navigation, 342—343 Navy Yard 124 JNew bermons every Sabbath, . . 304 Notes — 446, Sec. . . .59,102,320,381 Old Buildings, . . 138, 158, 174, 196, 250 Outlines of the State, ... 330 Oyster Trade _' 2g8 Paper, first made in New England, 204 S"Ff'i'. • . .329 Phillip's Point, I91 Plain Preaching, . . . .' .' ' ,' ', ijj Pleasaut Valley, ! ! ! ! 302 Plymouth Settlers in 1620, . ! . ] 20 FAGS Polls, Ratable,. . . . 401, 417, 408, 444 Pond Fishery Protected by Law, . . 186 Popping the Question, 143 Population Tables 322—330 Population to Square Mile, 408 Post Villages, 409 Premonition of Death, 251 Prices of 40 Articles for 50 years, . . 391 of Provisions in 1686, . . . .135 ¦ of Live Stock in 1845, . . .390 • of Lands in old times, 28, 1 60, 179, 208, 222, 232, 257, 292, 313 Products of Agriculture, . . . 347—390 Protection to Home Industry, ... 22 Public Institutions 410 Queer Notion of a Minister, . . . .195 Railroads 422 434 Representation. 330, 408, 420 Rivers, . . . ' 333 Rum and Tobacco, 41 6 Salmon, no rarity 26 Salt, manufacture of, 31, 136 Saving Banks, ; 440 Scarcity of Food in 1630, 139 Schools and Academies, Statistics of, 401 — 408 School Fund, 408 Shaker Villages, . . .167,171,269,290 Shays' Insurrection is, 277 Shoes, old fashioned, 191 Singular Family Meeting, 192 State Prison, and Statistics of, . . . 416 Statistics of Industry 347 — 390 Stockbridge Indians, 279 Tea Kettles, first manufactured, . .122 Theological Seminaries, 414 Tornado 313 Town and Country, 267 Town Table, 401 407 Travelling, changes in, . . . 152, 193 Trees, noted, . .119,133,142,144,243 United States Statistics, . . . . 58, 59 Valuation, by Towns and Counties, ,, .. 401—108 Votes for Governor, in the State, . . 417 in Boston, . . . 418 Water Cure, j gg Water Power, Value of, . . . ' 00a Weather Table, ........ .400 Weighing with the Foot, ... 289 White Whortleberries, ... "104 Widows, '. 30 Witchcraft ' iW oeo Woman-hater, . . ' ' ' " 133' f.l Wonderful Escape, . . .' .' ." / / f6\ Yankee Clerg3'man in 1686, . . . . 300 Zoar, .... ,„ . »52, 253 ¦KEIP MASSACHUSETTS. The rank sustained among nations by the United States of America, as a consolidated, political body, is high. The second power in commerce on the earth, it compares well, at length, if not with the greatest, at least with the great, in population also. China, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and France, with, probably, Japan, which still refrains from intercommu nity with the rest of mankind, exceed it in numbers. Yet the general character of its inhabitants, for intelligence, enterprise and vigor, excites inquiry. The rapid growth of the country increases curiosity, and prompts .to further investigations. For it is found, that, so far as we can be war ranted by the extent of the period of proof, that growth is of a durable character. Republican principles are not new to the world. The effort to maintain them has been made in various ages and countries, from the period of the free states of Greece, and the early years of republican Rome, to the cen turies of Venetian, Swiss and Dutch liberty. But the constituent elements of their liberty seem to have been of a character different from that of the government of the United States. Hereditary aristocracies existed in most of them, as they do still in the only European republic that survives. In ours this principle is unacknowl edged ; and the people are, by constitution and actually, the originators of executive and legislative power. And the singular phenomenon is 8 MASSACHUSETTS. beheld, of a sovereign ruler, vested for a time with the exercise of supreme, but constitutional power, and descending from that height to the level of private life— then called to and accepting grades of inferior influ ence, without the effort to seize, in any one instance, on a superior station. Such has been the uniform experience of more than half a century. Here, then, a problem important to the welfare of the world is in pro cess of solution : can communities be trusted to govern themselves? Thus far, the system adopted by the United States succeeds admirably, even beyond the expectation of many wise and good men. And while the ever- varying phases of government in those provinces of this western continent, which shook off the yoke of Spain, exhibit an instability of condition* and character, that still portends increase of evils, the march of our Union has been onward ; and its citizens have exhibited the cheering spectacle of a nation enjoying the widest desirable range of human liberty regulated and rendered stable by law. It is true, that, to a foreigner, it would appear impracticable to adjust the jarring interests of a multitude of sovereign states composing a federal whole. And great difficulty is, in fact, occasionally found. Yet it is not insuperable, nor of necessity fatal. This truth results, in great measure, from the character, history and circumstances of the members which projected and which compose the Union itself. It becomes, therefore, a matter of curious research to inves tigate these, and it should be done with care. Especially is it of conse quence to examine the condition, character and progress of those members of the great political community, which, in the providence of God, have exercised, in their respective individualities, any considerable or peculiar influence in forming the general character ofthe whole body. And in this view Massachusetts shines. She was one of the earliest formed states. Her history, compared with that of almost any other-polit ical community, has features of distinct peculiarity, more especially in reference to the origin of her colonial existence. Nor has the influence she has since exerted, as regards the rest of the states, been inconsidera- ole. Far otherwise, indeed ; and there is reason to believe, notwithstand ing a variety of counteractions, that it increases. For she is vigorous and powerful— not, it is confessed, in extent of territory, or in the number of citizens subjected to her immediate control, and enjoying her maternal solicitude and care; but from the character of her cherished sons and daughters. To understand as well as to substantiate this, it is necessary to contem- * Reminding one of Milton's remark on the Saxon heptarcny, that " the fliffh> „f f, crows might as weU be traced aa their history." fl'glU of kUes and MASSACHUSETTS. 9 plate the causes which, in the course of Divine Providence, contributed to produce this character.' And these causes are to be sought, not in the prompt resolution, or wise management, or prudent foresight merely, attendant on the conduct of the great enterprise itself; we must look beyond the period of the actual settlement of the country, courageous and well considered as the bold project itself was, to a source higher and more remote. What, then, was it, which formed the leading actors such as they were, and nerved them with uncommon vigor, to undertake, and prosecute, and, with the blessing of God, to accomplish the establishment of ari energetic civil community, three thousand miles from their native home, and on the shores of a savage, inhospitable country? It is fearlessly replied, Reli gion, the religion of the Bible. To this their ancestors had been intro duced by the glorious Reformation from Popery, under Luther, Zuing- lius, Melancthon, Calvin and their associates. And the sincerity of attachment to the truth of God, which they professed, had, in the case of many of them, been tested by much trial and suffering. This endeared to them that truth, and rendered it precious. They learned to glory in the possession of the Scriptures, and were earnest in their efforts to carry out into life, and fully to enjoy, improve and transmit their sacred injunctions and counsels. Add to this the history of public policy in Great Britain for preceding ages ; the contests of the nobles with the crown, producing at length the concession of the Magna Charta, A. D. 1215 ; the establishment of the popular branch of the English parliament, commencing half a century after, in the ambitious shrewdness of Simon de Monfoet ; the rise of new interests by the gradual progress of trade and manufacturing industry, and the consequent opening of new avenues to political power, and new channels of political influence — all these eventuating in the examination of the first principles of government, and tending to establish the rights of subjects, and to limit the prerogative power of kings : — let these be con sidered, as developing popular influence, and tending to establish a recipro- .city between ruler and subject, which had been indeed discernible at a very early period in the original Saxon character, and previously in the ancient British — and no one can be at a loss to determine, that such- suc cessive training, in combination with the deeper excitement of religious conviction and zeal, would produce in the seventeenth century men of moral hardihood, wary, bold, energetic and effective. Sprung from an ancestry thus disciplined, and possessing the advan tages which accrued to England from the light of the Reformation, the diffusion of books by printing, and the access enjoyed especially to the sacred Scriptures, with the deepest reverence for them, the fathers of the 10 MASSACHUSETTS. colony of New Plymouth and that ef Massachusetts Bay commenced their important work. It was of God, unquestionably. And His providential leading they were accustomed to observe and acknowledge in all their concerns. This was their habit and delight. Equally attentive do they appear to the condition of their children after them. Hence, although, by fleeing to Holland, the persecuted Puritans* were allowed to enjoy freedom from the annoyance and pursuit of officers of the Star-chamber commission ; such freedom for themselves lost nc small part of its charm, when they found the morals of their offspring endangered, and the good habits inculcated on them liable to abandonment under the example and influence ofthe Dutch.j- In 1617, therefore, their excellent pastor, the truly reverend John Robinson, countenanced the project of removing to America. That such a motive should be allowed so great influence on the judg ment, feelings and conduct of those much-enduring men, and that they followed its leading with so much conscientiousness, lays their posterity and countrymen under great obligations. We should be grateful to God, and to them. We should gird ourselves to the accomplishment of the object they had in view, and labor to fulfil what appears to be emphatically their " mission," and that indeed of our nation — to fix and stamp the worth of individual man, and develop his power of self-government, in establish ing a system of liberty guarded by law. Massachusetts may be viewed, I. In the establishment and form of its government. Both these seem to have been, very providentially, forced, as it were, upon the earliest undertakers. For, after the repeated disappointments they had suffered, in applications for aid and authority from the crown, during their stay in Holland, and after the resolution they had taken to remove to America, the Puritans of Leyden were left to unite, as a civil community, after their own choice. Had they landed as they aimed to do, within the juris diction of the colony planted in Virginia, they must, of course, have sub mitted themselves to its government. But being driven back in their attempts to go south, after they had discovered land, they agreed, Nov. 11, 1620, before leaving their ship, on a few simple but distinguishing articles,^ and chose John Carver, one of their company, and a beloved * Neale, Hist. Puritans. (ft,. ... . ,. i Th. »o.r=»m»„. k , .,. „„ . T .Prince, and the other historians. I rhe agreement, on board the Mayflower, in Cape Cod Harbor ¦ In the name of God, Amen. "We whn<«* nnm„, v. of our dread sovereign lo'rd, King ta^C-to cTt^T"- 'V^ ""Jf land King, Defender of the Faith, having undertake^ fl 2 ^^"^ Fran<* and ** ment of the Christian Faith, and to the^ rf ^LtdtL", ' a"d "" adVa"Ce" first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents s„7' * J"™" '" **** ^ the presence of Go, and on. another, covenant ^^S^^^^'TS^ MASSACHUSETTS. I 1 and respected member of their church, to be their governor for the ensuing year. The state of Governor Bradford's health rendered it expedient to give him an assistant, and a deputy governor was elected by the people ; then a court of assistants was chosen, as the growing population increased the business of the government. But it was not until near twenty years after the first settlement, that deputies were chosen by the towns, to form what is now termed a house of representatives. No important alterations were made in this system of government, while the old colony of Plymouth retained its separate establishment ; that is, until the union with the gov ernment of Massachusetts Bay in 1692, except during the interruptions occasioned by the assumptions of Andros. Governor Winthrop,* on the other hand, had been appointed to the direction of the colony of the Bay, and which took more appropriately the name of Massachusetts, by the Plymouth company in England, instead of Governor Cradock, who never came over. Thomas Dudley was also appointed Deputy Governor. Yet, previously to their leaving England, the principal members of the company entered into a solemn agreement providing that " the whole government together with the patent [obtained about five months before] for the said plantation be first by an order of court legally transferred and established to remain with us and others which shall inhabit upon the same plantation."! This company landed, with their charter or patent, at Salem,J (a settlement formed but a few years before, and then under the government of John Endicott,) July 12th, 1630. From Salem they went first to Charlestown, and then settled at Boston, which became, from nearly that period, excepting only a few meetings at Newtown, or Cambridge, the seat of government down to the present day. The instrument which vested the executive power in a governor, deputy governor and eighteen assistants, constituted a general court, consisting of politic, for our own better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the enda aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices from time to time, as shall be thought most convenient for the general good of the colony, to which we promise all due submission and obedience, in witness whereof," &c. Then follow the names of forty -one who thus covenanted, as may be seen in the ed. of Mor ton's Memorial, published by Judge Davis ; the whole number of souls being 101, including all members ofthe several families. See Prince's Annals, and Young's Chronicles of the Pil grims. The names will be found at the end of this article. * — Cui pudor, et justitise soror, Incorrupta fides, nudaque Veritas, Quando ullum invenient parem 7 t Butc/nnson, Coll. Papers, pp. 25, 26. J See Winthrop's History of New England, edited by Hon. J. Savage. 12 MASSACHUSETTS. these officers and the freemen cf the colony. But alterations were soon made; for, in 1631, the general court enacted that the governor, deputy governor and assistants should be chosen by the freemen alone : and in 1634 they erected a representative body, which, ten years after, when the court was divided into two houses, took the name of deputies, as the other house took that of magistrates. Trial by jury was early introduced ; yet not until the court of assistants had often judged and punished in a sum mary way. Thus it was, that, while a respectful acknowledgment of subjection to the mother-country and dependence on her was frequently made, and the colonists boasted the name and privileges of Englishmen, they still retained the right of popular elections, and formed a government representative, yet dignified, and in all respects paternal. II. In its literary institutions. If in Holland the Puritans exhibited an anxious apprehension of injury to the youth from the irreligious influences surrounding them, the consid erate, religious colonists of Massachusetts manifested, with much consist ency, a wakeful care to instil instruction into their minds, when removed to the wildernesses of America. As early as 1636, the general court appropriated £400, to the erection of a public school at Newtown, after ward called Cambridge. " Scarcely," says the Rev. Dr. Holmes,* " had; the venerable founders of New England felled the trees of the forest, when they began to provide means to ensure the stability of their colony. Learning and Religion they wisely judged to be the firmest pillars of the chuich and commonwealth." What the general court had contemplated and partially provided for, the liberality of John Harvard, the worthy minister of Charlestown, who died in 1638, aided to accomplish. To the public school at Newtown, he left by will £779 17s. 2d. ; and by order of court, and in honor of its earliest benefactor, the school was named Harvard College, and the town called Cambridge, in memory of the place in England, at whose university several of the influential " planters" had received their own education. The establishment of this college, consecrated "to Christ and the church," has been generally regarded as a striking proof of the far seeing wisdom of the fathers of Massachusetts. It shared the prayers and best wishes of ministers and churches, and proved a nursery of many « plante oounecUWat' b f WgUiShet T " &6 W3lks °f Sacred labM A ^t in best endowed of all our literary ^Lion^Tt^ ^ZZ^s ? American Annals, vol. i.. n 247 ai™ pPao n • College. 'P'247- A'S0 Pre3' aK""*'s borate History of Harvard MASSACHUSETTS. 13 of the comitionwealth, two other institutions, Williamstown and Amherst colleges, have since been incorporated ; and have enjoyed a very consid erable share of legislative patronage, besides the results of private liberal ity. In addition to these is the important Theological Seminary at Ando ver, whose graduates are found, not officiating as pastors of our own churches only, but laboring in the missionary stations, from the Sandwich Islands, in the East, to the regions assigned our own Indians in the West ; also a similar institution of the Baptist denomination at Newton, emulating its elder sister, and the " Wesleyan Academy" of the Methodists at Wil braham.* Equal attention was at an early period paid to the establishment of com mon schools in the several townships ; and academies have been founded in not a few of the counties of the state, as at Andover in Essex county, Leicester in Worcester county, &c. Thus it has resulted that the inhab itants are found capable of reading, writing, and casting accounts, with very rare exceptions among male and female adults, to an extent as great, probably, as in any state of the Union, with the exception perhaps of Connecticut, and comparing with any the most favored population in the world. Indeed, the schools of Massachusetts have been and are the just cause of gratulation and pleasure with every intelligent friend to the per manent prosperity of its citizens. HI. In its churches. These were esteemed by their founders the glory of the community. For the enjoyment and transmission of religious liberty, mainly, the coun try had been settled. As is specified in their patent, and as they profess in the articles of their association, it was to advance the kingdom of Christ by the conversion of the savages of America-, as well as to escape the pains and penalties of unrighteous orders in council against liberty of conscience in religion, that they were willing to encounter the perils of the sea, or the equally threatening perils of the land. " Oh that I might have heard you had converted some, before you had killed any," exclaimed the pious Robinson in Holland, when, in 1623, he heard of the bold energy of the warrior Standish,! who had stifled a threatening insurrection of Indians against the feeble colony, by killing with his own hand its fomenter and leader. And this was the feeling which prompted the missionary labors ofthe apostle" Eliot, as that early, consistent and attached friend of the Indians, and who translated the whole Bible into their language, has not unaptly been named. Nay, it was chiefly through the efforts of Gov ernor Winslow, when visiting England on the affairs of the colony, that in 1649 was founded the Society for propagating the Gospel, having prin- * See Slate Institutions. t See Allen's Biog. Diet., &c. 14 MASSACHUSETTS. cipally in view America as its field of labor. Gookin, the MaYHEWS, and other worthies exerted themselves nobly in this cause ; and several Indian churches were gathered, and sustained as long as subjects for such atten tion continued among us. Harvard College was soon in a capacity to supply no small number of those worthy men, who formed an efficient ministry for the multiplied religious communities that grew up with the respective settlements or towns. These churches were gathered, served and maintained, with direct reference to the authority of the holy Scriptures. Their first supply came, of course, from abroad, for not i, class received the honors of the college till more than twenty years after the settlement at Plymouth ; and even afterward, especially on the disgraceful persecutions that so soon fol lowed the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II. , sev eral excellent ministers accrued to our commonwealth, and shone as lights in the churches, aiding to maintain in them a primitive faith, and a holy practice. IV. In the industrial pursuits of its inhabitants. The evidence of thrift, in an application to all those arts and employ ments by which human life is sustained, rendered comfortable, or adorned, is in few communities more rife, perceptible and tangible, than in the industrious communities of the citizens of Massachusetts. For the special statistics which exhibit this evidence, reference is made in this work. But, although the present notices must be rapid and brief, it will be of benefit to classify a few of the particulars that deserve attention in the general estimate. The soil ofthe State, when compared with portions ofthe Union, is not considered as the most inviting from its fertility, being hard and unyield ing, generally, and often rocky. But the climate is wholesome, the air bracing; and patient, skilful cultivation brings its reward. Yet at a very early period the whale, cod and other fisheries attracted many. The coasts of New England had been visited successfully before any European settlements of a permanent nature were made. And, sines that period, the fisheries have been pursued with highly important results -not merely as relates to the supply of food and increase of wealth, but the trammg also of a hardy, and skilful, and adventurous race of mariners. awe iJSi lb rs emf?reyhas found n° men ™« ««*&*» «* able than the whalemen of Massachusetts. See 7V„„/„„z.„, at- r> is j Gloucester, Marblehead, Provincetown &c Nmt***, New Bedford thiS^^^r^^strnd stmflourishin Lowell, Waltham, &c, exhibiting not ^VZ^S ££ MASSACHUSETTS. 15 investment of capital, and the application of ingenuity and skill to the sev eral facilities for rendering the labor easy and profitable : but, more espe cially, delighting the philanthropist with the appearance of health, sound morals, and a cheerful devotion to labor, joined with self-cultivation, par ticularly in the female operatives, hardly if at all paralleled in any other portion ofthe civilized world. In regard to commerce, it has often been said of New England, that "her canvass whitens every sea;" and Massachusetts is the most com mercial of this family of states. Salem engaged among the first in the trade to the East Indies, and derived immense wealth from the skill, hardi hood and faithfulness of her intelligent seamen. But Boston has been a noted mart from its very settlement. Its commerce has literally extended to every sea, and the first American vessel that circumnavigated the globe sailed in 1787 from her port. The manufacture of iron was commenced as early as 1643 ; but the minerals of the commonwealth are not abundant, and its furnaces and forges are supplied chiefly from other states. In carpentry of every kind much is annually effected, and furniture of all sorts is extensively exported to the West Indies, along with the produce of the dairy, the orchard, and the meadow. Passing from this view of the commonwealth, its history demands atten tion, and may be considered advantageously in several periods. 1. From the settlement, respectively, ofthe Plymouth colony, in 1620, and that of the Bay in 1626, or 8, and 1630, to the union of both in one government, 1692.* These two colonies alone are mentioned, as space cannot here be afforded to a labored survey of the variations in the juris diction of the state at different times. Thus, at one period, Maine and Nova Scotia were attached to the Plymouth colony, and included in its government. At another, New Hampshire formed a part of Massachu setts, and shared the cares of its rulers. Maine, too, was an important portion of the state for many years, until it became itself a sovereignty in 1820. The period above stated includes, then, the emigrations from England, which lasted without intermission to the times of the commonwealth under Cromwell, when the friends of a Republic could enjoy at home what had been sought before in America. It includes, likewise, the bloody strug gles with hostile, marauding savages, stung by want, by envy and criminal neglect, as well as corrupted by the evil examples of worthless men, such as in every period since have abounded on Indian borders. And it em- * Plymouth Colony embraced the territory of the present counties of Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Duke's, and Nantucket, with the exception ofthe town of Hingham,— and that of Massachusetts Bny, the residue of the state. See Borden's Map of Massachusetts. 16 MASSACHUSETTS. braces particularly that critical season in which under the brave and cun ning Philip, son of Massasoit, and sachem or king ofthe Wampanoags, a most deadly warfare had well-nigh depopulated several of their rising settlements, although it terminated fatally for the Indians.* Yet this period, as we have seen, though it be one that includes such a calamitous contest with the natives of the country, extensively leagued together, and ably led on, was not barren of Christian effort to civilize and convert them. The history of these exertions is no small part of the true glory of the State. This period, too, embraces the trials of leading men with the arbitrary councils and exaqtions of a corrupt and licentious court, under the brother Stuarts, Charles and James, until, in the memorable case of Andros, the faithful representative ofthe latter king, a weak, yet tyrannical despot, the abuse of power met not only a firm resistance, but personal violence, in actual seizure and imprisonment. The revolution of 1689 could in no part of the British dominions give greater joy than in Massachusetts. For it quelled the fear of a retribution for certain convenient assumptions of power, which might, for very many years, have well been anticipated. And it prepared the way for a govern ment, which, although it abridged subsequently, and for a long period, the exercise of a popular voice in elections, commenced with a chief magis trate named by a clergyman of Massachusetts,! one of the agents of the colony. 2. The next period may extend to the taking of Louisburg from the French in 1745. It begins with the operation of the new charter, which was soon effected, and the government organized ; and it developes a series of contentions between the provincial assembly, or magistrates and depu ties, and the crown officers, beginning with the successor of Sir William Phipps, and lasting for near a quarter of a century. These disputes tended to discipline the minds of those who engaged in them, and to extend their views, rendering political subjects familiar — while, at the same time, the extent of territory subjected to the jurisdiction of the crown governors, embracing not the colonies of Plymouth and the Bay alone, (as before observed,) but also Maine, Nova Scotia, the, territory of New Brunswick, and the islands J along the coast, and also New Hampshire occasionally, increased the connexion by sea, at least, with a broad coun try, and familiarized the colonists to enlarged calculations, and extended enterprise. Much, however, of the distinctive features of the old and rigid puritans * See Holmes' Annals ; Drake, and their authorities.- t Increase Mather, when desired by King William III., nominated Sir IT". Phipps. I Holmes' Annab, sub. 1692, and Allen. MASSACHUSETTS. 17 had now been softened. Other views in theology were occasionally broached. The discipline of the churches began, with the increase of trade and commerce, to decline ; and although, in the main, a. spirit of religion continued to distinguish the community, when compared with other portions of the British dominions, it cannot be denied that " the gold had become dim, and the most fine gold changed." Near the end of the period, nevertheless, a revival of religion was wit nessed, of great power. It commenced at Northampton, under the search ing ministry of the eminent Jonathan Edwards,* and extended widely ; for in the midst of it Whitfield visited America, and fanned, though he did not produce, the flame. But the sagacity and energy of Governor Shirley, in planning the expedition to Cape Breton, engrossed soon the cares and efforts of the colonists, and prepared the way for the succeeding period of their history, the opening and presentation of a drama in which the world is concerned. The complete success of the expedition drew the attention of the mother- country toward its colonies, which it had previously underrated ; the pay, in ready money, added greatly to the colonial aggrandizement, and encour aged an active industry, while it empowered the hitherto straitened inhab itants to avail themselves ofthe resources of their country, and, in various ways, aided the advance of the approaching revolution. Still they were among the most loyal subjects of the crown, and gloried, as yet, in the privileges as well as name of Englishmen. 3. From 1745 to the Revolution the history of Massachusetts is familiar to every politician of the day. In the war for subduing Canada, provin- cialists took a deep interest, and were extensively and warmly engaged. And it proved a school for not a few of those whose courage was soon to be tested in the scenes of Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill and Boston. And as the difficulties with Great Britain originated in Massachusetts, her people were at no time backward to discharge their full share of duty, in 30uncil and in action, when the flames of war spread widely, and the whole series of English colonies along the coast were roused, as by the community of one spirit, to draw the sword in defence of their injured rights. But the history of the American Revolution, its causes, progress, accomplishment and results, forms a theme too vast to be comprised in limits such as are assigned to this brief and rapid sketch. Men were in long preparation for the opening contest. The British ministry are encroaching and arbitrary. A decided stand is taken and maintained ; and Massachusetts and her sister colonies become, at length, an independent nation. * See Tracy's Great Awakening. 2* IS MASSACHUSETTS. 4. The formation of a Constitution for the State, which was effected in 1780, marks an important era in its history. A sublime spectacle indeed was presented, when the delegates were engaged in fixing the boundaries of civil rights and claims, and establishing the foundations of social order and prosperity. Yet not a less sublime spectacle appeared, when, in 1820, after a lapse of forty years, a revision of the same constitution was publicly effected, under the presiding auspices of that distinguished son of Massachusetts, who succeeded Washington as President of the United States, and had been a principal framer of the civil constitution of his own. That must be a people of peculiar character, among whom it is possible, without war, or contentious turbulence, or violence of any kind, or ten dency to abandonment or licentiousness, to take apart the constituent portions of a civic system, and readjust them as quietly and orderly as if they formed but the mechanism of a watch. Yet several of our states have successfully followed the example. How nearly impracticable has it been in South America ! In 1786 the strength of attachment to " law and order" was tested by the rebellion. Yet this served, probably, to convince the majority, that, in order to maintain their freedom, that freedom must be guarded sedu lously by wise provisions, to which men must submit. The quelling of that rebellion seems to have destroyed the very seeds of anarchy and con fusion. Still, the sympathy excited by the French Revolution threatened, for a time, no little disturbance of the political quiet, until the extrava gances of the miserable leaders alienated from them all sober men. 5. The actual adoption of the Federal Constitution forms another era. The State had just experienced the necessity of resorting to arms to pre serve its own domestic government. And it was but right to expect that its leading men should prove warm advocates for a system of rule that should fulfil the legitimate end of such an establishment, and be " a terror to the evil, and a praise and encouragement to them that do well." Under the subsequent operation of this government, Massachusetts has partaken both of the weal and woe of the United States. She has fur nished, from the beginning, her quota of able men in the councils of the nation and twice has a citizen of her own been promoted to the presi dential chair Her orators and statesmen from Ames to Webster have distinguished themselves, and honored and gratified their constituents, —y ^ t0 adVanC6 th6 WelfMe and fame °f the" measure, it was apprehended, .o„]d ^ S^C^d i^ MASSACHUSETTS. 19 ence of Massachusetts in the national councils, by the withdrawment of so large a constituency in respect to representation. Yet has the increase of population since been such, that at the present time it is nearly as great within the actual bounds of Massachusetts proper, as it was in both terri tories during the last year of the union of Maine with the State. The deliberate adjustment of the various civil and political rights and privileges of a people, as asserted and maintained on this side the Atlan tic, published in regular codes of law, the enrolment of citizens authorized to vote, whereby the violences attending some elections elsewhere are avoided — violences, in the detail of which the enemies of republican insti tutions greatly delight and triumph ; the deeply-engraven spirit of their forefathers, which can with difficulty be erased ; the strong love of home and its enjoyments, ruling in the hearts of absentees,* and exerting an attractive influence in every climate ; ihe general respect for religion and its ministers, which yet lingers in our population, and is sustained by the ordinary worth of those who bear the character of pastors and tacred guides ; the introduction and general extension of instruction by schools on the Sabbath as well as the week days ; the ample provision made for education, and the distinction and influence gained by real science and moral worth in heads of colleges and eminent professors ; the improve ments made in agriculture, rendering the farmer desirous and capable of raising much from a few acres, rather than superficially to run over a large extent but half cultivated ; the improved character of seamen ; the introduction of the temperance reform, and establishment of literary and benevolent associations — all conspire to augur well for the future pros perity of the State. In the catalogue of Governors which is appended,' will be seen the names of several whom the people " delighted to honor," and whose memory will be dear to the intelligent, sober, religious patriot. The names of Carver, Winslow, Bradford, Winthrop, Haynes, among the early chief magistrates, and Strong f among those of recent years, can hardly be named without emotion. The fame of Pownall and Hutchinson, as faithM recorders, and of Hancock and Adams in the list of patriots, is spread as widely as the history of the State ; and Frank lin, Bowdoin, Adams, both the father and son, can never bs forgotten. Among judges and counsellors, ministers of the gospel, authors and teach ers, physicians, merchants, farmers and mechanics — in short, in every department of life will be found those who have honored themselves by their talents, integrity and usefulness, and proved worthy sons of a distin- * See Pittsfield. t Heu pietas, heu prisca fides I 20 MASSACHUSETTS. guished mother. All such will join in the devout aspiration, with which the public document for our annual fasts and thanksgivings closes, " God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ! " NOTE REFERRED TO ON PAGE 11. 1. Those with this mark (*) brought their wives with them ; those with this (t) for the present, left them either in Holland or England. 2. Some left behind them part, and others all their children, who afterwards came over. 3. Those with this mark (§) deceased before the end of March. Names. No. in family. Names. No. In family. 1 Mb. John Carver,* 8 22 John Tuener,§ 3 2 William Bradford,* 2 23 Fbancis Eaton,* 3 3 Mr. Edward Winslow,* 5 24 James Chilton,*§ 3 4 Mr. William Brewster,* 6 25 John Cr ackston,§ e 2 5 Mr. Isaac Allerton,* 6 26 John Billington,* 6 Capt. Miles Standish,* 2 27 Moses Fletcher ,§_/" 7 John Alden, 1 28 John Goodman,? 8 Mr. Samuel Fuller ,t 2a 29 Degoby Pbiest,?^ 9 Ma. Christofheb Martin,*§ 4 30 Thomas Williams,? 10 Mr. William Mullins,*§ 6 31 Gilbert Winslow, 1 1 Mb . William White,*§ 56 32 Edmund Margeson ,§ 12 Mr. Richard Warren,* 1 33 Peter Brown, 13 John Howland, c 34 Richard Britterige,§ A 14 Mb. Stephen Hopkins,* Bd 35 George Soule, i 15 Edwabd Tilly,*! 4 36 Richard Clabke,§ 16 John Tilly,*§ 3 37 Richard Gardner, 17 Francis CooK,t 2 38 John Allerton,§ 18 Thomas Rogers, § 2 39 Thomas English,? 19 Thomas Tinker *§ 20 John Rii>gdale,*§ 3 40 Edward Dotey,JF ) . 41 Edwabd Leister. ) 2 __ 21 Edwabd Fuller,*? 3 101 So there were just 101 who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as many arrived in Cape Cod harbor. And this is the solitary number who, for an undefiled conscience, and the love of pure Christianity, first left their native and pleasant land, and encountered all the toils and hazards of the tumultuous ocean, in search of some uncultivated region in North Virginia ; where they might quietly enjoy their religious liberties, and transmit them to posterity, in hopes that none would follow to disturb or vex them. Prince's Annals. a One of these was the servant who died before their arrival o Besides the son born in Cape Cod harbor, named Peregrine c He was of Governor Carver's family. reregnne. d One of these was a son born at sea, and therofn.-,. „.~ j « e Mr. Morton calls him Craxton. ° nam°d 0ceanu"- / Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Jose g Mr. Morton calls him Digery. h Mr. Morton calls him Bilteridga. i He was of Governor Winslow's family. j Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Doten 4 They were of Mr. Hopkins' family. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN MASSACHUSETTS. ABINGTON. Plymouth Co. The first grant of lands in this town, was made by the Plymouth colony, in 1654, to Nathan iel Souther, who was the first secre tary of the colony ; afterwards, grants were made to various persons, among whom were Peregrine White, the first person born in the colony. The first settlements commenced about the year 1668. Its Indian name was Mana- mooskeagin, which signifies many bea vers. The boot and shoe manufacture is the most extensive business done in the town ; — by a statistical account lately made, it is found that over one million two hundred and fifty thou sand pairs of boots and shoes are made annually, of the value of one million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and that eighteen hundred and fifty persons are employed in this busi ness, including women and children ; there are oihef extensive manufac tures in the town, such as brads, tacks, sprigs, shoe-nails, leather, boxes, &c. The value of the whole manu factures in the town amounts to at least one and a half millions of dollars annually. The amount paid for the transportation of goods and passen gers, to and from Abington, is esti mated to exceed twenty-fiv? thousand dollars annually. This town has been celebrated for in troducing several important iron man ufactures. Meeting-house bells were cast here, as early as 1769 ; — a deserter from the British army, a bell founder, was employed by Colonel Aaron Ho bart, in this business, which was continued by him for years ; the bell now in Centre Abington meeting house was cast by him. When be gave up the business, he sent one of his sons and a blacksmith, and taught the late Colonel Paul Pievere, of Bos ton, to mould and cast the first bell which he ever made. The copper com pany in Boston is named after this enterprising individual. In the year 1775-6, Colonel Aaron Hobart contracted with the state to make cannon and shot, and the state furnished him with a large amount of materials to begin with, as pig iron and coal ; ibis was a bold undertaking. Colonel Hobart had no knowledge of the business ; he cast bells, it is true, and was the owner of a blast furnace for casting hollow ware, &c, but the exigency of the times required a pow erful effort ; the revolutionary war had just commenced, and there were but a very few cannon in the country ; hundreds of merchant ships were in want of cannon to go out as priva teers. The first attempts, (and they were the first that were ever made in the country,) proved very unsuccess ful ; in proving the cannon, they split ; 22 ABINGTON. the iron could not be kept sufficiently hot ; it chilled too quick. So disastrous was the experiment, that all the stock provided by the state was expended, and his own fortune besides. This disappointment was severely felt by him and the public. But, providen tially, at this dark hour, the cause of his failure was discovered ; a French man, in passing through the town, and stopping at a public house, hear ing of the colonel's want of success, inquired the cause, and being told, he said there was no difficulty in keeping the iron sufficiently hot ; on inquiry, he stated that he had worked in a cannon foundry in France. He was instantly invited to inspect the furnace, and stated at once the cause of the failure, which was, the flue or draft of the chim ney was made large, and the chimney above small ; he said the reverse ought to be the case, — the flue small, and the chimney large above ; no time was lost in making this change, and the success was complete ; the con tract with the state was fulfilled, and individuals were supplied extensively. About three years after this, the con cern was disposed of to the state, un der the care of the late Colonel Hugh Orr, of Bridgewater, and removed to that town. Another important manufacture took its rise early, in this town ; the manufacture of cut tacks and brads. In this manufacture a large capital is invested, and from seventy-five to one hundred hands are employed. It is computed that about three hundred tons of iron are annually wrought. To show the necessity of protection on American inventions, and domes tic industry, we give a brief history of the manufacture of these useful and indispensable articles. The making of tacks, by hand commenced very early. The first attempt was to cut up old iron hoops into points, by a very imperfect kind of shears, and take them up, one bv one, and place them in a common vise, and screw up and unscrew, for the purpose of heading each tack with a hammer From this process, thev were callprl »n.it t»„i:„ .n . ' s were called "Cut Tacks mode ia making by hand was much improved by movable dies, placed in an iron frame, in the shape of an ox bow, the two ends, in which were placed the dies, being brought. together by a lever pressed by the foot. In the first process, a man might make one thousand tacks per day ; in the latter, eight thousand per day. This was a great improvement, and the inventor, Mr. Ezekiel Reed, was entitled to a patent. He made some attempts to conceal the operation, but it was so simple, and so easily applied, that others soon got it, and it came into general use. With machines, or " tack tools," as they were called, thus improved, from three to four hundred men and boys were employed in making tacks, in this town and vicinity. In 1815 and '16, a machine was invented by Mr. Jesse Reed, son of Ezekiel Reed, to make tacks at one operation ; Mr. Melvil Otis, of Bridge- water, claimed and received a consid erable share in the invention. Soon afterwards the machines were much improved by the inventions of Messrs. Thomas Blanchard, of Springfield, and Samuel Rogers, of East Bridge- water. For the exclusive patent rights of these inventions, Elihu and Benja min Hobart, Esqs., of this town, paid thirty thousand dollars, in the first instance, to commence the business of making tacks. The price of tacks was reduced over fifty per cent, im mediately, and one man could make more tacks in a day, on one of the patent machines, than fifteen could by hand, even in the last improved mode, by movable dies. One ma chine has turned out over two hundred and fifty thousand in -a day. When they had just got their ma chines into operation, they learned, vrith astonishment, that a, large con signment of tacks had been received in this country from England. On inquiry, they found that a model of their "Patent Tack Machine" had been taken from this country, and patented, and the tacks sent here for S6' ., ¦ ne or two individuals went trom this country to England for that GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 23 purpose. The effect of this was to stop the manufacture of this article here entirely, and ruin the proprietors ol tbe patent. Under these circumstances, they were led, at once, to look to our gov ernment for relief and protection. It was asked, " Shall the British take our inventions and our market, without paying for them, to the ruin of our own citizens?" They referred to their models, in the Patent Office, and stated, that the price of tacks was already reduced fifty per cent., and that machines could be easily multi plied, not only to supply the United Slates, but all Europe. A bill was immediately passed, fixing the duty on importation of tacks, at five cents per thousand, up to sixteen ounces to the thousand; after that at five cents per pound, and also including brads and sparables. "Without this tariff, the business must have been given up in this country. Iron and labor were lower in England than in this country, and the English had nothing to pay for patents, and having silenced competition here, they would have charged their own prices it would have been difficult to have revived the business ; indeed, it never would have succeeded without protec tion in its infancy. Abington is very pleasantly situ ated on the highest lands between jSTarraganset Bay and Boston harbor. The centre of the town is about equi distant from Boston, Plymouth, and Taunton, a little over eighteen miles from each, eight miles from "Wey mouth Landing, twelve from Hing ham harbor, and seven from the North river, in Hanover. There are, in this town, two large intervales, of about five "hundred acres each, surrounded by high lands, mostly covered with water in the winter, and beautifully green in the summer ; around them, and overlooking them, are many ofthe principal settlements. At the east erly part, there is a range of elevated lands, comprising over two thousand acres, called "Beech Hill," a beauti ful tract of land, susceptible of great improvement. From this hill the waters flow north-east and south west. No large rivers water the town, though Beaver brook, Streame's and Hersey's river, and French's stream, afford some good mill privi leges. A part of Accord pond is in this town ; the remainder of it is in Hingham and Scituate. The soil of the town is strong, and good for production, though rocky and hard of cultivation. It is gener ally better for grazing than tillage. The surface is rough and broken. The meadow land abounds in peat. Some bog iron ore has also been found in it. The blue slate stone prevails on some parts ofthe upland. The population of the town, in 1790, was one thousand four hundred and fifty-three ; it is now, (1845,) ascer tained to be over three thousand six hundred and eighty, and rapidly in creasing. The Old Colony railroad passes through the whole length of the town, over six miles, running north and south, which was completed, and in full operation in January, 1846. This road brings Boston or Plymouth within less than one hour's ride of Abington. East Abington is a very flourishing part of the town, recently built up; its location is very central and invit ing ; the centre cf which will be but a little over a mile from the railroad. There are ten school districts in town. The number of scholars from four to sixteen years of age is about nine hundred. Two thousand seven hundred dollars is annually appropri ated for public schools, and nearly one thousand dollars is expended in private schools, including an acad emy or a high school, established by a private company, they having erected an elegant building for that purpose. The population of Abington is strictly of the Pilgrim family, as there is scarcely an inhabitant in the town of any other race or nation. Perhaps no town in the vicinity of Boston, holds out greater inducements for country seats and settlements, for men 'M GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. of business or leisure, who wish for quiet retirement or a summer resi dence. As early as July 4, 1706, an order was passed, requiring " the proprie tors, purchasers, and inhabitants," to ascertain what- they were able and willing to pay annually, " for the sup port of an able, learned, and orthodox minister." In 1710, tbe erection of a meeting-house was effected, and " on the 8th of December, 1711, Mr. Sam uel Brown came to Abington, by a unanimous call from the people there, to settle." He was ordained Novem ber 17, 1714. ACTOX. Miudlesex Co. Acton was set off from Concord in 1735, and included what is now Carlisle. The first min ister was the Eev. John Swift, who was settled November 8, 1738. The centre of the town is pleasant, having a large common, well shaded with trees, and surrounded by neat build ings, and good mowing and tillage land. It is watered by a branch of Assabet river, and by several ponds, the largest of which is Nagog pond, covering six hundred acres, and for- ty-sevep feet in depth. The manu factures are boots, shoes, blinds, and sashes. The American Powder Com pany have large works in this town. Acton is five miles north-west by west from Concord, and twenty-one north west from Boston. The railroad from Boston to Fitchburg passes through the west village, twenty-five miles from Boston. This town is known in history as the native place of Isaac Davis, who commanded the Acton minute com pany, and was killed at the "Concord Fight," April 19, 1775. (See Centen nial Address, at Acton, July 21, 1835 by Josiah A dams, E sq.) James Hay ward, a son of Deacon Samuel Hay ward, of Acton, was also killed, in the pursuit of the British, the afternoon of the same day. The following inscription is copied from his grave stone : — « In memory of Mr. James Hay ward, son of Capt. Samuel and Mrs. Mary Hayward, who was killed in Concord fight, Ap. 19th, 1775, aged 25 years and four days, " This monument may unborn ages tell, How brave young Hayward, like a hero fell, When fighting for his country's liberty, Was slain ; and here his body now doth lye. He and his foe were by each other slain, His victim's blood, with his, the earth did stain;' Upon the field he was with victory crowned, I And yet must yield his breath upon that ground, He express'd his hope i n God, before his death, After his foe had yielded up his breath. O may his death a lasting witness bye, (he) Against oppression, and bloody cruelty." ADAMS. Berkshire Co. This is a flourish- ing agricultural and manufacturing township, comprising two villages, north and south, whose trade, before tbe opening of the "Western railroad, went to New York. It is forty miles east of Troy, New York, one hun dred and twenty west north-west of Boston, twenty-one north from Pitts field, and five miles south-east of Williamstown college. Its name was given in honor of the patriot, Samuel Adams. The Hoosack river passes through this town, and affords a great water power. There are in this town nineteen cotton mills, four satinet fac tories, and two calico printing estab lishments. There are also in this town large machine shops, four tane- ries, three air and cupola furnaces, and manufactories of shovels, spades, hoes, forks, chairs, and cabinet-ware. The total value of the manufactures of this place is about one million of dollars annually. There are in the town a flourishing academy, and a valuable quarry of marble. Between the years 1746 and 1756, this town was the scene of much Indian warfare. Traces of old Fort Massa chusetts are still found. Saddle Mouii- tmn, the summit of which is called Orrey lock> the highest Qf Massachu. setts mountains, lies chiefly in this town, and, although it is three thou- GAZETTEER VI' ilAa.i.tCHUSETTS. Mii sand five hundred and five feet above the level of the sea, is of easy ascent. A view from Grey lock probably gives " an idea of vastness and even of im mensity" better than any other land scape in New England, Mount Wash ington, in New Hampshire, excepted. The natural bridge on Hudsott's brook, in this town, is a curiosity worthy the notice of travellers. The wraters of this brook have worn a fissure from thirty to sixty feet deep, and thirty rods in length, through a body of white marble, or limestone, and formed a bridge of that material, fifty feet above the surface of the water. There is a cavern in the town thirty feet long, twenty high, and twenty wide. Another curiosity worthy of notice, is a cave, in the side of a hill, about a mile south of the north village, near the road to Cheshire. A narrow and difficult passage, about ten feet in length, leads to a room, large enough to contain six or eight persons. North ward, a small horizontal avenue, ten or twelve feet long, leads to another room, considerably larger than the first. From this, by descending twenty perpendicular feet, another room is entered, thirty feet long, by an aver age breadth of about twenty feet, and twenty feet high. Beyond this, and lower down, are smaller apartments, answering to bedrooms, pantries, &c. Further on no one has explored. The walls of the cavern are composed of limestone, belonging to the vast ledge of which Saddle mountain is built. Colonel Williams, the founder of Williams College, was the first grantee of lands within the township, in 1750 ; and the first minister, the Rev. Sam uel Todd, was settled about the year 1766. ALFORD. Berkshire Co. This is a moun tainous township, on the line of the state of New York. The valleys pro duce some grain ; considerable por tions of the rough parts of the town are good pasture land. There are sev eral streams in the town, on which are manufactories, for domestic use, erect ed. The town was granted about the year 1740. It lies about one hundred and thirty miles west, from Boston, nineteen south by west from Pittsfield, and twenty-four miles east from Hud son, New York. There were some settlers in the town previous to 1755. The first set tled minister was the Rev. Joseph Avery, about the year 1780. AMESBURY. Essex Co. This town is situated on the north side of Merrimack river, forty miles north-east from Boston, six north-west from Newburyport, and seven north-east from Haverhill. It was taken from Salisbury in 1668, and is separated from it by Powow river, a navigable stream for vessels of three hundred tons. A pond, cov ering about one thousand acres, back of the town, ninety feet above the sea, serves as a reservoir for a constant and extensive water power. The manufacture of flannel and satinet is very extensively pursued. Many ves sels are built here, of superior timber, and the manufacture of boots, shoes, leather, chairs, phaetons, gigs, and wagons of various kinds, is very considerable. The total amount of the various manufactures of this place is about five hundred thousand dollars annually. About half the population of the town is engaged in mechanical labor. That part of the town called ihe Mills, is at the lower falls of the Powow, and forms a continuous set tlement with the most populous part of Salisbury. The river here is but about two rods in width, and is crossed by several bridges. There is much fine scenery about Amesbury ; views from Whittier, Bear, and Pond hills, are delightful. At the west end of the town, are two flourishing villages, with a small stream, at which are large manufac tories of carriages of various kinds, axletrees, steel springs, and leather. Amesbury was formerly a noted jilace 26 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. for salmon. It is stated in an old book, that formerly it was stipulated in the indentures of apprentices, that they should not eat salmon oftener than six times a week. Thomas Wells was settled as the first minister, in 1734. Josiah Bartlett, M. D., one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen dence, was born here, in 1729. He was governor of New Hampshire from 1790 to 1793. He died May 19, 1795. AMHERST. Hampshire Co. Amherst was for merly the east parish of Hadley. It now comprises four handsome villages — the centre village, where the college is located, and the north, east, and south villages. The centre village lies seven miles east by north from Northampton, and eighty-two miles west from Boston. The town is wa tered by two good mill streams, which form Mill river, and which pass into the Connecticut at Hadley. The manu factures of this town consist of wool len cloth, boots, shoes, leafier, paper, hats, tin ware, ploughs, axes, palm- leaf hats, chairs, cabinet-ware, stoves, joiner's planes, hammers, pistols, &c, and all kinds of carriages. The col lege is situated on elevated ground, in the centre village, surrounded by a fertile country, and commanding a prospect of one of the most pictu resque sections of the state. The first church was organized, and the first minister, the Rev. David Parsons, settled November 7, 1739. See Public Institutions. " Here lies buried the body of the Reverend Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D., President of the College at Amherst. He was a man preemi nent for genius, and science, and sin cere piety, as well as greatness of mind and humility. He was firm in his pui poses, and yet very mild, easy to be entreated, modest, placable, full of mercy and good works. He was not censorious, and no dissembler By his pupils he was loved and vene rated as a father. To the great grief of all, he died on tbe 30th of June, in the year of our Lord 1823, and in the fifty-third year of his age.- He re ceived the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Hanover, in 1793 ; be was pastor of the church at Leicester fourteen y«ars, Professor of languages at Dart mouth CoUege four years, President of Williams College two years. The trustees of the college at Amherst have ordered this stone to be erected." ANDOVER. Essex Co. This beautiful town lies twenty-two miles north of Boston, by the railroad, fifteen north-west from Salem, and ten east from Low ell. Its northern boundary, for some ten or twelve miles, is the winding Merrimac. Embracing a territory nearly ten miles square, it presents a great variety of delightful scenery. The Shawshine river passes through it from south to north, affording, in its course, many valuable water privi leges, which are already mostly im proved. There are also several sheets of water in different parts of the town, which, together, cover more than eight hundred acres. Most of the soil is arable ; and many of the farms, espe cially in the northern part of the town, are highly cultivated. It has never been ascertained with much certainty, in what year the first inhabitants set tled in this place, though it is thought to have been in 1643. Many of the present inhabitants can trace their de scent in a direct line from the first settlers of the same family name. In one of the grave-yards there is a cenotaph bearing this inscription : George Abbot, born in England, was one of the first settlers of Andover, A.D. 1643; where, in 1647, he married Hannah Chandler. He died Dec. 1681, M 66. She died June, 1711, jE 82. Their descendants, in reverence for their moral worth and Christian virtues, erected this monument. A. D. 1843. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 27 The "descendants" of this single lamily are very numerous in the place. In the catalogue of persons belonging to one of the churches, issued a few years since, ^more than eighty appear with this name; and not far from seventy-five of the legal voters of the town, are Abbots, most of whom are of this connexion. Besides the scattered settlements in the agricultural districts, there are large villages in the north and south parts of the town, some three miles distant from each other, and several smaller villages near these. Of late years, increasing attention has been given to various kinds qf manufac turing, until this interest has become quite prominent. The amount of cap ital invested in manufactures is now not far from five hundred thousand dollars ; the value of manufactured goods one million dollars ; and fabrics of various sorts are beginning to ap pear from the Andover mills, which rival the best foreign articles of the same kind. Among the articles which deserve to be particularly mentioned, are the flannels, fancy goods, linen yarn, and shoe-thread. Not less than four hundred and fifty tons of flax are annually used in the manufac ture of this last article alone. A pro ject has been proposed, which will undoubtedly succeed, which is to build up another Lowell along that portion of the Merrimac which forms the northern boundary of this town. The land, for several nailes in Andover and Methuen, on both sides of the river, has been secured. Within the last twenty years, Ando ver has grown so rapidly, that instead of two churches, which for a century had been enough, it now numbers eight, several of which are large and flourishing. The population of Ando ver at the present time is not far from six thousand. The various literary institutions which are located here are its principal attraction. Phillip's Academy, which has now oeen in existence nearly seventy years, is every way worthy of its age, and of the name it bears. With ample en dowments, convenient buildings, a chemical and philosophical, apparatus, which cost over two thousand dollars, a valuable library of seven hundred volumes, and a. corps of teachers, all of whom are men of experience and critical learning, this school is still regarded, as it has always been, by the public, with great favor. During the past year, the whole number of pupils connected with its different de partments, has been nearly three hun dred ; a large proportion of whom have been studying the classics and higher mathematics. From the commence ment of its operations to 1845, four thousand four hundred and thirty- seven individuals have enjoyed its advantages. This institution was in corporated several years before any other academy in New England, and is still deservedly conspicuous among them all. Its funds enable the trus tees to secure the permanent services of distinguished teachers, without making any but the most moderate charges for tuition, while large num bers receive their entire tuition free. The Theological Seminary. See Public Institutions. The Abbot Female Academy. This academy is beautifully located, in the same village with the other literary institutions ; it presents the additional attractions of a valuable philosophical apparatus, and cabinet of minerals, and a select library of modern works, together with a beautiful building, and grounds tastefully arranged and adorn ed. Nor is any effort or expense spared to furnish teachers of the first order. In 1844, there were one nun- dred and fifty pupils connected with it ; and it is already filling a large space in the public eye. Many of the most valuable publica tions of the day are issued from the Andover press . Its learned Quarterly, the Bibliotheca Sacra, has a large cir culation across the Atlantic, and many of its volumes will be the text-books and classics of another generation. Andover has become the chosen resort of many who desire to favor their children with the best means of obtaining a thorough education ; and, located in the heart of New England, 2S GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. it cannot fail to increase in population, wealth and fame. Tbe Indian name of Andover was Cochichemick, tbe present name of a brook which issues from Great Pond. It derived its name from Andover, in England, and the church in the north parish was formed, and the Rev. John Woodbridge was settled in 1645. This is the largest town in the coun ty ; it contains thirty-five thousand seven hundred and thirty-eight acres, and was purchased of a sagamore of Massachusetts, named Cutshumache, for six pounds, and a coat. ASHBURNHAM. Worcester Co. This township was granted to Thomas Tileston and others, of Dorchester, for services in an expedition against Canada, in the year 1690. For many years it was called "Dorchester Canada." The first church was gathered in 1760, and the Rev. Jonathan Winchester ordained. Ashburnham lies on the height of land between the Connecti cut and Merrimac rivers. It is watered by large ponds, which furnish good mill seats. There is much good land in the town, both for grass and grain. Its manufactures Consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, chairs, cabinet-ware, fur and palm-leaf hats ; the annual value of which is about one hundred and fifty thousand dol lars. This town is thirty miles north from Worcester, fifty miles north-west from Boston, and about seven miles north-west from Fitchburg. ASHBY. Middlesex Co. Ashby is on ele vated land, bordering on Rindge, New Hampshire. Branches ofthe Squam- acook rise here, and pass to the Nashua, through Townsend. It is varied with hills and vales, and is rich m agricultural products, and fine scenery. There are some manu factures in the town of boots, shoes, chairs, wooden-ware, &c. In 1837' sixty thousand palni-leaf hats were manufactured. Tbe first minister was Rev. Samuel Whitman, from Weymouth. He was settled in 1778. Ashby lies thirty-one miles west north-west from Boston, twenty-five- north-west from Concord, and eight miles south south-east from New Ips wich, New Hampshire. ASHFIELD. Franklin Co. This town was granted to Captain Ephraim Hunt, of Weymouth, for services in the ex pedition to Canada, in 1690. It was formerly called Huntstorvn, and was first settled in 1742. The first church in the town was of the Baptist denom ination, and was formed in 1761. The Rev. Ebenezer Smith was settled the same year. The soil of the town is good for tillage and- pasture, but the surface is hilly and uneven. Some of the farmers have large dairies, and fine flocks of sheep. This town is elevated between the Deerfield and Westfield, and sends a small tributary to each of those rivers. Ashfield lies one hundred and five miles west from Boston, twelve south-west from Green field, and fifteen north-west from Northampton. ASHLAND. See page 363. ATHOL. Worcester Co. The Indian name of this town was Paquoig, or Peyquage. This pleasant town lies seventy miles west north-west from Boston, twenty- eight north-west from Worcester, and about twenty-four west from Fitch burg. Miller's river is a fine stream, and affords Athol a great water power. The manufactures of Athol consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, pa per, iron castings, scythes, &c. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is strong and productive. J-here nrc a number of handsome vii- GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 lages in the town, which, with many large farms, bear the marks of pros perity. The Rev. James Humphrey, the first minister in the town, was settled, and the church gathered, in 1750. ATTLEBOROUGH. Bristol Co. This town lies at the north-west corner of. Bristol county, twelve miles north from Providence, Rhode Island, twelve north-west from Taunton, and thirty south south-west from Boston. It possesses a fine water power. The Ten Mile river rises m the south part of Wrentham, and run ning through the whole length of this town, from north to south, empties into Seekonk cove. On this stream are situated the principal manufac turing establishments. It contains six cotton factories, now in operation, four others having been burnt within a few years, and not yet rebuilt. It has one or two thread factories, and an extensive manufactory of superior metal buttons. The value of the manufactures in this town for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to about five hundred thousand dol lars ; that of cotton goods alone to two hundred twenty-nine thousand, five .hundred seventy-one dollars. The other manufactures consist of boots, shoes, leather, combs, carpenter's tools, shuttles, clocks, straw bonnets, hooks and eyes, and a large amount of jewelry. There are also several carriage and harness makers. This was one of the early settle ments in the old colony, and was pur chased of Alexander, the elder brother of King Philip, in 1666, by Captain Thomas Willett. The original pro prietors consisted of seventy-two. The town originally included Cum berland, Rhode Island. This town suffered much during the, celebrated King Philip's war. There was at this time a fortification here, called Woodcock's garrison. It was attacked by the Indians, who killed one man, and one of Wood cock's sons, wounded another, and burnt the son's house, and committed I other outrages. The spot where the son was killed, is the oldest burying ground in town. In 1675, Attlebo rough was a frontier settlement. This town was the birthplace of Rev. Naphtali Daggett, President of Yale College, and Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, President successively of Rhode Island College, Union, and Columbia, S. C, and whose writings, with a memoir of his life, have been recently published. The first settled minister ki Attle borough was tbe Rev. Matthew Short, in 1712; the second was the Rev. Ebenezer White, in 1715 ; the third tbe Rev. Habijah Weld, in 1726. Mr. Weld was a man of extraordi nary virtues, and preached in this place fifty-five years. He received from his parishioners an annual salary of two hundred and twenty dollars, and the use of a parsonage lot which fur nished him with wood and a little pasture. With a scanty patrimony, he purchased a small house and farm ; and with these means, he educated fifteen children, and was noted for his hospitality and acts of charity. AUBURN. Worcester Co. Until 1837, this town had been called Ward, in honor of General Ward, of the revolutionary army. It was formerly parts of Stoughton, Leicester, and Oxford. There are a number pf flourishing villages in the town. Stoneville and Drury Mills are important manufac turing villages. The Norwich and Worcester railroad passes by them. It lies five miles south by west from Worcester, and forty-five west south west from Boston. With an uneven surface, the soil is good, and productive. It is well wa tered by several beautiful ponds, and nevei -failing springs and rivulets ; and French river passes through it. There are in the town large manufac tures of cloth, paper, and other arti cles. The first church was formed in 1776, and the Rev. Isaac Bailey was settled the follou"ing year. 30 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. BARNSTABLE COUNTY. Barnstable is the chief town. This county includes the whole Of- Cape Cod, extending east and north into the Atlantic Ocean, and which Gosriold discovered in 1602. It is bounded north-west by Plymouth county, ?nd west by Buzzard's Bay. Cape Cod lies in the form of an arm, half open ; the elbow is at Chatham, twenty miles east of Barnstable ; the hand (the wrist inclining inward) is at Race Point, thirty-three miles north by west of Chat ham. The whole length of the cape is sixty-five miles, and the average breadth about five miles. Below the town of Barnstable the county is quite sandy, so much -sB;- that tbe people are generally dependent on Boston and other towns, for a large proportion of their meats and bread-stuffs. This deficit is amply compensated by the unrivalled privileges enjoyed, and well improved by them, in the cod, mackerel, and other fisheries. This county has but little wood, but it is well stored with peat, and an abundance of pure soft water. About two miHions of dollars are invested in the manufacture of salt. There were manufactured m this county, in the year ending April 1, 1837, six hundred and sixty-nine thousand and sixty-four bushels of salt, valued at two hundred and nineteen thousand eight hundred and seventy dollars. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, boots, shoes, iron castings, glass, cabinet and tin wares, cordage, &c, amounted to four hundred and ninety-six thousand six hundred and two dollars. The value of the fishery, in one year previous to April, 1^3^, was five hundred and fifty-seven thousand seven hundred- and thirty- seven dollars. The total annual value of the fisheries and manufactures, one million three hundred and thirty-seven thousand five hundred and twenty- seven dollars. The number of sheep in the county, in 1837, was seven thou sand three hundred and thirty-two, — in 1840, six thousand two hundred and seven. Barnstable county is noted for its fine sailors, and men of superior nautical talents. The ladies are celebrated for their fair complexions, and good house wifery ; but are peculiarly subject to the vicissitudes pertaining to a maritime situation. In 1837, there were in this county, nine hundred and fourteen widows living, who had lost their husbands by the dangers of the sea. In two towns, (Harwich and Wellfleet,) there were two hundred and twenty-three widows who had thus lost their companions. A canal, crossing the cape from Barnstable to Buzzard's bay, has been long contemplated ; but the extension of the Old Colony railroad to some port on the south side of the cape, will probably supersede the necessity of that :ntcrpnse. See Slote Tables. COURTS IN BARNSTABLE COUNTY. rvJfffZ* I"difia\STts' * Law Teem- At Plymouth and Taunton, alter- N^sf PK?„« t/°U 4,TSeSday,n,ext after the fo^th Tuesday in September. M^^A^r^&XEM Dukes coun 4 on the dafof'^S o^StS, £0!^?^ °n ^ — d *~ At S„,,„V/„ on the second T^S^^^^^M, A^ GAZETTEER OE MASSACHUSETTS* 31 Wednesday next after the second Tuesday of November. At Yarmouth, of tbe second Tuesday of August. At Harwich, on tbe third Monday of April, and on the last Monday of October. At Bren-sier, on the Tuesday next after the third Monday of April, and on the Tuesday next after the last Mon day of October. At Orleans, on the Wednesday next after tbe third Monday of April, and on Wednesday next after the last Monday of October. At Weltfleet, on the Thursday next after the last Monday of October. At Truro, on the Thursday next after the third Monday of April. At Provincetonm, on Friday next after the third Monday of April, and on the Friday next after the last Monday of October. BARNSTABLE, The chief town of Barnstable coun ty, is pleasantly located at the head of Cape Cod, and lies about sixty -five miles south-east from Boston. The principal village inside tbe cape, con tains the court-house, custom-house, &c. Its harbor is formed by Sandy Neck, and is good, for vessels of eight feet draught of water. From this place packets constantly ply to Bos ton, and in summer months, steam boats run between this place, Plym outh, and Boston. There are a num ber of pleasant villages in the town. West Barnstable village is four miles from the court-house. Hyannis, at the south side, is 4 miles south from the court-house, and has become, by au expensive breakwater, a most im portant harbor, perfectly safe from all winds, for all classes of vessels navi gating tbe sound, and passing round Ihe cape. Oystervillc lies on the south side of I lie cape, eighL miles from the court house. Centreville and Cotuit are also on the south side, and, with Oys- terville, afford good harbors for small vessels. Tbe manufacture of salt was com menced in this town as early as 1779. It then sold for six dollars a bushel. There was made twenty-seven thou sand one hundred and twenty-five bushels of salt in this town, in 1837. Between fifty and1 sixty sail of fishing and coasting vessels belong to this place. This town has numerous ponds, a considerable water power, some fine upland, and extensive salt marshes. The manufacture of vessels, salt, boots, shoes, hars, leather, cabinet- ware, chairs, and wooden-ware, amounted in one year to fifty-six thousand five hundred and sixty-two dollars. The " Pilgrim Fathers" landed here, November 11, 1620, and here was their first interview with the lords of tbe soil — the Mattacheeset Indians. Barnstable was first settled by a. part of the Rev. Mr. Lothrop's con gregation, of Scituate. They came to this town in 1639. One of the emi grants was Samuel Hinkley, father of Thomas Hinkley, the last governor of Plymouth colony. James Otis, the celebrated patriot, vvas born here, February 5, 1725. He was killed by lightning, at Ando ver, May 23, 1783. Samuel Savage, M. D., an eminent physician, resided here many years, He died in 1831, aged eighty- three years. On a monument in this town is the following inscription : — "Rev. Oakes Shaw, born at Bridgewater, 1736, graduated at Harvard College, 1758, ordained in this place 1760, died 11th February, 1807. Benevolence, affection, and sincerity characterized and endeared him in all the relations of social life. With unaffected piety and zeal, wiih unshaken constancy and fidelity, be discharged the various duties of the pastoral office. To perpetuate the re membrance of his virtues and talents, to prolong the influence of his characr ter, and to testify their respect for his memory, this monument is gratefully erected by a bereaved and affectionate people." 32 GAZETTEER OP MASSACHUSETTS. BARRE. Worcester Co. The surface of this township is elevated, and its soil of an excellent quality. It is well watered by Ware river, and several of its branches. The manufactures of Barre are large, and increasing. In 1837, their value exceeded three hundred and sixty thousand dollars. They consist of woollen and cotton goods, copper pumps, boots, shoes, carriages, lea.- ther, palm-leaf hats, straw bonnets,' axes, scythes, and gunpowder. Large quantities of beef, butter, cheese, &c, ai£ annually sent from this town to Boston market. The village in the centre of the town is very pleasant, and has become the seat of much business. It lies sixty miles west by south from Boston, twenty-one north by west from Worcester, and fifteen north-east from Ware. Barre took its name in honor of Colonel Barre, an eloquent friend of America in the Brit ish parliament. A church was formed in Barre, in 1753, and the Rev. Thomas Frink was installed their minister, the same year. BECKET. Berkshire Co. The surface of this town is mountainous, broken, and rocky. Stones of various kinds exist, but the granite prevails, frequently impregnated with iron and sulphur. The soil is hard and cold, yielding corn and rye in moderate quantities. It is good land for grass, and excel lent neat cattle and sheep cover the hills. There is an abundance of hard wood in the town, and " Becket char coal," transported one hundred and thirty -five miles by the western rail road, which passes its northern bor der, has become a favorite article with some of the economists in Bos ton, for the ignition of anthracite coal, and other purposes. The streams are pure as crystal, but being natives of 'he town, are small ; scarcely sufficient for mills for domestic purposes. There are handsome ponds in the town, which afford fish of various sorts. The air is exceedingly pure in Becket, and health and longevity is the consequence. For a series of years, the number of deaths in the town, with a popu lation exceeding one thousand, has averaged only about twelve in a year The town was first settled in 1755 ; a church was formed in 1758; and the Rev. Ebenezer Martin was settled as pastor. Becket lies fifteen miles east south east from Lenox, and sixty-five miles east from Albany. BEDFORD, Middlesex Co., is bounded on the north by Billerica, east by Burling ton, south by Lexington and Con cord, and west by Carlisle. It was formerly parts of Concord and Biller ica. The Shawshine river rises in this town, and the Concord passes its western border. There are some manufactures in the town, but the peo ple are principally engaged in agricul ture. The first minister in the town was the Rev. Nicholas Bowes, who was ordained July 15, 1730. Bedford lies fifteen miles north west from Boston, and five miles north-east from Concord. BELCHERTOWN. A beautiful town, in Hampshire county, originally called "Cold Spring," seventy-five miles west from Boston, fifteen east from Northamp ton, seventeen north-east from Spring field, and twenty-five S. E. from Greenfield. In the centre of the town is a collection of handsome buildings, among which is an elegant struc ture for the "Belchertown Classical School." The soil of the town is of an excellent quality, and well im proved. Large quantities of wool are grown in this town. It is separated from Ware by Swift river, on the GAZETTEER OE MASSACHUSETTS. 33 north. The principal manufacture is that of pleasure wagons, of which, about six hundred are annually made. Mr. A. Shumway, of this place, has driven the stage between Belchertown and Northampton twenty-five suc cessive years. In that period he made fifteen thousand trips, travelled two hundred and eighteen thousand four hundred miles, and carried at least one hundred and twenty-four thousand passengers ; yet, although his hours of travelling were early in the morning and late in tbe evening, he never broke a limb, overturned his coach, or met with any serious acci dent whatever, during his whole ca reer. Belchertown was first settled about the year 1732. Colonel Timothy Dwight was one of the early settlers. The first minister was the Rev. Ed ward Billings, who was ordained in 1739. At that time, there were only twenty families in the town. On a monument in the grave-yard, is found the following inscription : — " Sacred to the memory of Rev. Jus tus Forward, pastor of the church in Belchertown, who, skilled in Evangel ical Doctrine, exemplary in Christian duty, prndent in council, valiant for the truth, faithful and successful in labors, after a long and useful minis try, in which with reputation to him self, and to the spiritual benefit of his flock, he served God, and his genera tion, fell asleep March 8, A. D. 1814, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, and the fifty-ninth of his ministry. Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord." BELLINGHAM. Norfolk Co. The soil in this town is light and sandy, and not very good for agricultural purposes. It is finely watered by Charles river, and has a good hydraulic power. Its manufac tures, consisting of cotton and woollen goods, straw bonnets, boots and shoes, amounted, in one year, to about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. It lies eighteen miles south-west from Dedham, seventeen north by west from Providence, Rhode Island, and twenty-eight south-west from Boston. Peter's river, Bungy brook, and Beaver pond, also water the town. The factory villages are pleasant and flourishing, and lie at the north part of the town, four miles from the cen tre village. Bellingham was formerly a part of Dedham. Its first minister was the Rev. Jon athan Mills, in 1727. BERKLEY. Bristol Co. This town lies thirty- seven miles south from Boston, eigh teen east from Providence, and five miles south from Taunton. The New Bedford and Taunton railroad passes through the south-east corner of the town. Berkley was formerly a part of Dighton, from which it is separated by Taunton river. The noted " Dighton Rock" is in the limits of the town of Berkley. A part of Assonet bay is also within the town. There are some coasting vessels belonging to this place, and some ship building is carried on. The Rev. Samuel Toby was the first minister in the town. He was settled November 23, 1737, and died February 13, 1781. BERKSHIRE COUNTY. Lenox is the shire town. This county is bounded north by Bennington county, Vermont ; west by Rensselaer and Columbia counties, New York ; south by Litchfield county, Connecticut ; and east by Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties. This county is rough and hiily in many parts, but it affords considerable very fine land, and produces much wool, all sorts of grain, and exports great quantities of beef, pork, butter, &c. The number of sheep in this count)', in 1937, was one hundred and thirty-six thousand nine hun 34 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. dred and sixty-two. Berkshire is the most elevated county in the state. On the east side lie tbe Green mountains, which shut it away from the rest of Massachusetts ; and on the west are the Taghconnic mountains, which sepa rate it from the state of New York. Berkshire is a region of hill and valley, mountain and lake, beautiful rivers and laughing brooks — the very Piedmont pf America. The Housantonick and Hoosick are its chief rivers. The former empties into Long Island Sound ; the latter into the Hudson. . This county possesses, in rich and inexhaustible abundance, three of the most important articles of the commerce of the world, Iron, Marble, and Lime. and its wood and water power are fully sufficient to enable it to fit them for the purposes of life. The western railroad, passing through tbe heart of the county, has opened for Berkshire a new channel to tbe Atlantic, for its various productions. Boston can now fairly compete with New York for its valuable trade. In 1834, the amount of its transportation was thirty-four thousand and seventy-five tons ; since that period, the amount has probably nearly doubled. See State Tables. In Graham's Magazine for July, 1844, Miss Sedgwick, well known as a beautiful writer, and a native of one of its lovely vales, Stockbridge, thus truthfully speaks of Berkshire : — " This county, until recently, has, from its sequestered position, remained in obscurity. Its communication with its own capital, even, has been impeded by tbe high and rugged hills that enclose it. But now the bills are brought low, and the rough places are made smooth. Man has chained to his car a steed fleeter than the rein-deer, and stronger than the elephant, and we glide through our mountain passes with a velocity more like the swiftness of lov ers' thoughts than any material thing to which we can liken it. " That section of the western railroad which traverses the wild hills of Berk shire is a work of immense labor, and a wonderful achievement of art. The pleasure of our citizens in surveying it is not impaired by the galling con sciousness that there is yet a foreign debt to pay for it, or doubtful credit involved in it. " Berkshire lies midway between the Connecticut and the Hudson. After leaving the wide meadows of the Connecticut, basking in their rich inheritance of alluvial soil, and unimpeded sunshine, you wind through the narrow valleys of the Westfield river, with masses of mountains before you, and woodland heights crowding in upon you, so that at ever)' puff of the engine, the passage visibly contracts. The Alpine character of the river strikes you. The huge stones in its wide channel, which have been torn up and rolled down by the sweeping torrents of spring and autumn, lie bared and whitening in the sum mer's sun. You cross and recross it, as in its deviations it leaves space on one side or the other, for a practicable road. " At ' Chester Factories' you begin your ascent of eighty feet in a mile, for thirteen miles! The stream between you and the precipitous hill -side, cramped into its rocky bed, is the Ponloosne. one of the tributaries of the Westfield river. As you trace this stream to its mountain-home, it dashef along beside you with the recklessness of childhood. It leaps down precipices, runs forth laughing in the dimpHng sunshine, and then, shy as a mountain nymph it dodges behind a knotty copse of evergreens. In approaching the summit level,' you travel bridges built a hundred feet above other moun tain streams, tearing along their deep-worn beds; and at the ' deep-cut' your passage is hewn through solid rocks, whose mighty walls frown over you. <• Mountain scenery changes with every changing season-we might almost say wih every change of atmosphere. In the spring, whi ,c the skin" of win ter still hang over this high cold region, and the treses seem afrldjo °utou their buds, the Pontoosne breaks forth from its icy bars, and leaps and raste BIUIKSHIRE COUiNTY. 35 on as if with conscious joy for its recovered liberty. It is tbe first sound that breaks upon the wearisome lingering of winter, and its music strikes upon the ear like the sweetest of human sounds, the morning song of a child wak ing one from a dreary dream. " In summer, as there is little on these savage hills of what is peculiar to summer, flowers and fruitfulness, it is a happy chance to make this pass when piles of clouds hide the hot sun, and the rain is pouring down in sheets, when every httle dropping rill that has dried away in the summer's heat, is suddenly swelled into a waterfall, and over the banks and down Ce clifts tbey come pouring and leaping, reminding one of that wild fable of German, imagining Undine and all her clan of water-spirits doing their whimsical feats. " In autumn, the beeches and maples on the hill-sides, are glowing with a metallic brightness, softened, and set off most exquisitely by the evergreen of the towering pines, the massive cones of the Norway firs, and the graceful, plumy hemlocks that intersperse them. " In winter, the art that sends you swiftly and securely through these stern solitudes, is most gratefully felt. The trees bend creaking before the howling blast, the snow is driving and drifting, here it is piled on either side in solid walls above your car, and there the hideous roots of the upturned stumps are bare. Even the hardy mountain children have shrunk from the biting blast, and the whimpering dog has begged an inside berth. You see no httle tow-. head with its curious eyes, peering at you through the icy window, you hear not even the salute of a bark. On you glide, by the aid of the most recent discoveries and ingenious contrivances of art, through a country whose face is still marked with the savage grandeur of its primeval condition. To give tbe transition to the smiling valleys below the full force of contrast, it should be made in summer. Then, you sUde down amid green pastures, meadows and orchards. You glance at Hinsdale and Dalton, and enter Pittsfield, famed for its lofty elm, the last veteran of the original forest, (now, alas ! a dying veteran,) for its annual fairs, its thriving medical institution, and for its rural wealth, possessing as it does within the limits of its township, perhaps more cultivable land than any other equal district in Massachusetts. " We have entered Berkshire by a road far superior to the Appian way. On every side are rich valleys and smiling hill-sides, and deep-set in their hol lows, lovely lakes sparkle like gems. From one of these, a modest sheet of water in Lanesborough, flows out the Housatonic, the minister of God's bounty, bringing to the meadows along its course a yeasty renewal of fertil ity, and the ever-changing, ever-present beauty that marks God's choicest works. It is the most judicious of rivers ; like a discreet rural beauty, it bears its burdens and does its work out of sight ; its water privileges for mills, furnaces, and factories, are aside from the villages. When it comes near to them, as in Stockbridge, it lingers hke a lover, turns and returns, and when fairly off, flies past rolling wheels and dinning factories, till reaching Ihe lovely meadows of Barrington, it again disports itself at leisure. " The mere summer visiters to Berkshire, know little of the various beauties of the Housatonic. To them it is a mere chance acquaintance, seen, per chance admired, and forgotten. But we who have lived in its companions) up feel that ' loveliest there the spring days come, With blossoms and birds, and wild bees' hum; The flowers of summer are fairest there, And freshest the breath ofthe summer's air, And sweetest the golden autumn day, In silent sunshine glides away.' " For a brief sketch of the Berkshire Jubilee, see Pittsfield. 36 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. COURTS IN BERKSHIRE COUNTY. Supreme Court. Law Term. At Lenox, on the second Tuesday in Septem ber. Nisi Prius Term. At Lenox, on the tenth Tuesday next after the first Tuesday in March. Common Pleas. At Lenox, on the fourth Mondays of February, June, and October. Meetings ofthe County Commissioners. At Lenox, on tbe first Tuesdays in April and September. Probate Courts. At Lenox, on the first Tuesday in each month, except September ; in which month, on the first Tuesday after the first Wednesday. At Great Barrington, on the second Tuesdays in February, May, August, and November. At Lanesborough, on the second Tuesdays in January, April, July, and October. BERLIN. Worcester Co. This township is bounded north by Bolton, east by Marlborough, south by Northborough, and west by Boylston and Sterling. It lies fourteen miles north-east from Worcester, and thirty west by north from Boston. This is a good agricul tural township, and, much of its pro ducts are sent to market. It is watered by North brook, a branch of the Assa- bet, and Gates' pond, which is well stored with fish. Berlin was formerly parts of Bolton and Marlborough. Its first minister was the Rev. Reu ben Puffer, D. D. He was ordained in 1781, and died 1829. BERNARDSTON. Franklin Co. This is a township of superior land, for agricultural pur poses, considerably elevated, between Fall and Connecticut rivers. It was formerly called Fall Town, from Fall river, which meets the Connecticut between Greenfield and Gill. It took its present name in honor of the Brit ish governor, Bernard. It lies ninety- six miles west by north from Boston, and seven north from Greenfield. Bald and West mountains afford de lightful scenery; — the former is six hundred and thirty feet above the waters of the Connecticut. Here are springs containing magnesia, sulphur, and iron. Bernardston produced, in one year, sixteen thousand bushels of corn and rye, and five thousand barrels of cider. There were, in 1837, three thousand and twenty-two sheep in this town, and some manufactures of shoes, lea ther, palm-leaf hats, and scythe- snaths. The first white settlers came here in 1738, and built houses, or forts, as they were called. These houses or forts were built of hewn logs, &c, and served the double purpose of houses to live in, and a defence against the sudden, and often fatal, attacks of the Indians. They were built with port holes through the sides, through which those within could fire, with elevated stands for a watch, where they could better see the approach of the enemy, and give the alarm. These houses were occupied by those by whose name they were called, and the occu pants were among the first settlers in this town. At a proprietors' meeting held in Deerfield, in June, 1739, it was voted that a meeting-house should be built, fifty -nine feet long, forty feet wide, and twenty-three feet between joints. This house was built in two years after the first settlement of the town. It was situated on Huckle hill, and was the first meeting-house built in Fall Town. In October, 1740, it was voted that there be twenty pounds paid out for the support of preaching. And at an adjourned meeting it was voted that a committee be chosen to cut the brush, and burn them, ten rods GAZETTEER OE MASSACHUSETTS. 37 round the meeting-house. Rev. John Norton, from Windham, Connecticut, the first minister, was ordained in 1741, and was dismissed, on account of the unsettled state of the times, in 1745. In the first French war, he acted for a season as chaplain at the fort, which was kept at Hoosic, near Adams. He was there at fhe time that fort was surprised and taken by a party of French and Indians, whence he was carried captive into Canada. After his release, he was installed a pastor in Chatham, Connecticut. From 1750 to 1761, there was no or dained preacher in Fall Town. The Rev. Job Wright, the next minister, was settled in 1751. About 1755, commenced the F'ench and Indian war, in which the sutlers in the town suffered severely ; while it continued, the people lived mostly in Burke's fort. Every man that was capable, bore arms, and in some cases, females were under the necessity of bearing arms to defend their dwellings from the attacks of a barbarous enemy. When the men went into the fields, they took their arms with them, and constantly had some one on guard. Agriculture and education were but little attended to. The Indians were almost constantly lurking in the woods, which kept them in a perpetual state of danger and alarm. One of the heroes in the French and Indian war, was John Burke, one of the first settlers. On his gravestone is the following inscription : — " In memory of the Hon. Majr John Burke, who died Octr 27th, 1784, in ye sixty-seventh year of his age. " Were I so tall to reach the pole, Or grasp the ocean with my span, I must be measured by my soul, — ,. The Mind 's the standard ofthe man." BEVERLY. Essex Co. This town lies sixteen miles north from Boston, by the rail road, and is united to Salem by a bridge across the North river, one thousand five hundred feet in length, built in 1788. It is bounded nqj-th by 4- Wenham, east by Manchester, south by Salem harbor, and west by Dan vers. It has a pleasant village at the north part of the town. The busines-: of the town is much associated with that of Salem. The people of this town are noted for their enterprise in commerce and the fisheries. There are some mer chant vessels belonging to this place, about fifty sail of -fishermen, and twenty coasters. The annual value of the fisheries at Beverly is about one hundred and fifty thousand dol lars. The manufactures, consisting of brittania-ware, tin and cabinet- wares, chairs, hats, boots, hair, mus tard, and bricks, amounted in one year to about one hundred and twenty thou sand dollars. The prosperity of this town has not suffered by the growth of luxury, or excess of trade ; its fish eries and manufacturing concerns are steady and progressive. As a proof of the morals of its in habitants, it has been recently stated, that no conviction for crime has oc curred within the town for five suc cessive years. Among many distinguished men who have lived and died at Beverly, was Captain Thomas Lothrop, who commanded the "Flower of Essex," a company of young men from this county, and who were, with their lea der, almost wholly cut off by the Indi ans, at Bloody brook, in 1675. From the elevated grounds in this town, much delightful scenery is pre sented. A part of the beautiful Wen ham pond lies within the Umits of the town. The first church in Beverly was organized, and the Rev. John Hale ordained, on the 20th of September, 1667. BILLERICA. Middlesex Co. This town is wa tered by the Concord and Shawshine rivers, and has a pleasant village, on high ground, near the centre. Its soil is good, and well improved. The Middlesex canal and the Boston and Lowell railroad pass through the east erly part of the town. Here are some 38 GAZETTEER OE MASSACHUSETTS. manufactures of woollen cloth, boots, leather, wooden-ware, straw bonnets, shaving and splitting knives, bed binding, soft soap, and spirits. Bil lerica lies eighteen miles north-west from Boston, seven south south-east from Lowell, and seven north-east by north from Concord. Billerica Mills village is near the Lowell railroad, twenty-two miles from Boston. . This town was first settled about the year 1653, and was named from Billericay, a place in England. In 1663, the first church was gathered, and the Rev. Samuel Whiting or dained. Captain Jonathan Danforth was one of the most active and enterprising settlers of Billerica. He was distin guished for his mathematical knowl edge, usefulness, and piety. From his skill in surveying, he was fre quently employed in locating new towns and settlements in the prov inces of New Hampshire and Massa chusetts. The plans of his surveys were very numerous, and many of them remain. He also left other manuscripts. A poem was written on his death, (in 1712,) of which the following is an extract : — " He rode the circuit, chained great towns and farms To good behavior ; and by well marked stations, Ho fixed their bounds for many generations. His art ne'er failed him, though the loadstone failed, When oft by mines and streams it was assailed ; All this is charming, but there 's something higher, Gave him the lustre which we most admire." BLACKSTONE. i'jee Mendon. BLANDFORD. Hampden Co. This is a mountain ous township, of good land for graz ing. Branches of Westfield river rise in the town, and give it a good water power. Blandford was originally set tled by a companv from the north of Ireland. The manufactures of the place consist of woollen cloth, paper, and leather. The agricultural pro ducts sent to market in 1836, amount ed to twenty-two thousand three hun dred and forty dollars. There were in the town, one thousand five hun dred and thirty-five cows, and one thousand eight hundred and twenty- two merino sheep. The Western railroad passes through Chester village, at the north part of the town. From Chester village to Boston is one hundred and nineteen miles, and to Springfield twenty-one miles, by the railroad. The Rev. Mr. M'Clenathan, it is stated, was the first minister in Bland ford, but the date of his settlement is not given. BOLTON. Worcester Co. The Wattoguotlock hills rise in Bolton, and divide the waters between Assabet and Nashua rivers. This town was formerly a part of Lancaster, and comprised most of the territory of Berlin. The town is now of good size, and contains much land of a superior quality. It has no large streams, but branches of the Assabet rise in the town, and the Nashua passes its northern border. An abundance of good limestone is found in the town, and large quanti ties are prepared for market. Bolton lies fifteen miles north north east from Worcester, and thirty-one west by north from Boston, by the old road. From the pleasant village in the centre ofthe town, to the Acton depot of the Fitchburg railroad, twenty-five miles from Boston, is about eight miles. The village of Fryville lies about two miles south from the centre ofthe town. The first minister in Bolton was tne Rev. Thomas Goss. The church was formed, and he was ordained, in 1741 In this town and Berlin, are a num ber of wealthy farmers, attached to the society of Friends GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 39 BOSTON. Suffolk Co. The ancient city of Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and of New England, and the birthplace of American freedom, is naturally divided nto three sections— Old Boston, South Boston, and Fast Boston, situated at the western extremity of Massachusetts Bay. The peninsula on which Old Boston is built, extends from Roxbury on the south, to Winnesimet ferry on the north, and is nearly surrounded by the waters of Boston harbor on the east, and Charles river on the north and west. Its length is nearly three miles, and its average breadth about one mile! It originally contained about seven hundred acres, but its territory has been so greatly extended, by filling up around its borders, that it is supposed to con tain now about twelve hundred acres. Its surface is quite uneven. It has numerous eminences, rising from fifty to one hundred and ten feet above the sea, affording admirable sites for building, and giving to it a peculiarly romantic appearance. It is in north latitude 42° 21' 23" and west longitude 71° 4' 9". Boston lies,- by the old post-roads, one hundred and sixty-three miles south south-west from Augusta, Maine; sixty-three south south-east from Concord, New Hampshire ; one hundred and sixty south-east by south from Montpe lier, Vermont ; one hundred and fifty -eight east, (19' south,) from Albany, New York ; forty north north-east from Providence, Rhode Island ; ninety- seven east north-east from Hartford, Connecticut ; two hundred and eleven north-east by east from New York, and four hundred and thirty-two miles north-east by east from Washington. Its Indian name was Shammut. It was called by the first settlers Tramount, Tremont, or Trimountain, from three hills nearly in its centre. It took its pres ent name on the 7th of September, 1630, in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, second minister of the first church, who came from Boston in England. The original proprietor of this territory was Wm. Blackstone, who, soon after its settlement by Governor Winthrop and others, removed to Rhode Island. Boston was incorporated as a cit)', February 23, 1822. South Boston was set off from Dorchester, by legislative enactment, March the 6th, 1804. It is bounded south by Dorchester bay, and spreads about two miles on the south side of the harbor, above the forts. It contains about six hundred acres, and is laid out into regular streets and squares. The surface of this part of Boston is exceedingly picturesque. In about the centre of this tract, and about two miles from the City Hall, the memorable " Dorchester Heights," famous in revolutionary history, rear their heads one hundred and thirty feet above the sea, from which is presented a splendid view of Boston, its harbor, and the surrounding country. It is connected with Old Boston by two bridges. The Old Colony railroad abw connects this new part of Bos- 40 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ton with the old, by a bridge. This part of Boston is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. Its present population is supposed to exceed eight thousand. East Boston, until recently, had been called Noddle's Island. It lies about six hundred and sixty yards north-east from Old Boston, and about the same distance from Charlestown. It is divided from Chelsea by Chelsea creek, six hundred feet wide, over which is u. bridge, and from which is an excellent toad to the Salem turnpike. The eastern railroad, to Salem, Newburyport, &c, commences at East Boston. The island contains about six hundred and sixty acres of land, and » large body of flats. It was purchased by a com pany of enterprising gentlemen, in 1832. They were incorporated in March, 1833, and the first house was commenced in October of the same year. The present population is about five thousand. A steamboat ferry is estabhshed between this place and Old Boston, starting from each side every five min utes. The time occupied in crossing is about three minutes. A ferry is about being established between this island and Charlestown. The surface of the island is pleasingly variegated, and affords delightful sites for dwelling-houses and gardens, at moderate prices. This place is well located for manufactories of various kinds ; particularly for ship-building, and aU those branches of mechanics connected with navigation. BOSTON HARBOR. This harbor extends across Light-house channel and Broad sound, from Point Alderton on Nantasket, to Point Shirley in Chelsea, a distance between the islands of about four miles. It is said to cover an area of seventy-five square miles, more than half of which is good anchorage ground for ships of the largest class. The whole British navy might moor in this harbor with ease, and ride in safety. This harbor is formed by the sea, and is entirely free from sand bars and running ice, which often obstruct the passage of vessels to harbors at the mouths of large rivers. The most important part of this harbor is entered by a narrow pass, between two and three miles below the city and navy yard ; and is well protected by two powerful forts — Independence and Warren. The outer harbor, below these forts, will shortly be protected by a very powerful fortress, now erecting on George's Island, at a great expense, by the government of the United States. This harbor- is easy of access, and never obstructed by ice, except that part of it near the city ; nor is that part entirely frozen over oftener than twice or three times in the common age of man. Boston harbor contains many islands of great beauty, and is the reservoir of the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, Manatiquot, and other small rivers. Its borders are environed by the towns of Hull, Hingham, Weymouth, Braintree, Quincy, Dorchester, Rox- bury, Brookline, Cambridge, Charlestown, and Chelsea; and the numerous small bays, coves, and inlets, indenting their shores, give great variety, and add much to the scenery of this delightful harbor. BOSTON. 41 POPULATION AND INCREASE. Owing to the almost insular situation of Boston, and its limited extent, its population appears small. But it must be considered that the neighboring towns of Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton, Cambridge, Charlestown, Medford, Maiden, and Chelsea, although not included in the city charter, are component parts of Boston, and are as much associated with it in all its com mercial, manufacturing, literary, and social relations and feelings, as Green wich, Manhattanville, and Harlem are with the city of New York ; or South- wark, and the Northern Liberties with Philadelphia. The population of Boston in 1700, was 7000—1722, 10,567—1765, 15,520 —1790, 18,038—1800, 24,937—1810, 33,250—1820, 43,298—1830, 61,391— and in 1837, 80,325. According to the census of 1840, and the increase of population from 1830 to 1840, Boston and its immediate vicinity contained a population in 1845 as follows : — Population of the city in 1840, 93,383 Increase in five years, 24,331 — 117,714 Population in 1840, of nine towns, whose centre is within five miles of Boston, 44,029 Increase in five years, 9,530 53,559 T7l^273 Population in 1840, of other towns, whose centre is within ten miles of Boston, 34,491 Increase in five years, 5,705 40,196 Total population of Boston and its vicinity in 1845, 211,469 The above calculations in relation to the population and growth of Boston were in type before the very valuable report by Mr. Shattuck on the census and statistics of Boston was published. It appears by his report, that the United States census contained material errors, which render the above state ments incorrect. The population of 1840 was only 85,000, instead of 93,383 That of 1845 by actual enumeration was 114,366, showing an increase of 29,366, — 34 per cent, nearly. The increase of the seven towns immediately adjoining Boston, — Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Cambridge, Somerville, Charlestown and Chelsea, — is stated to have been 18,308 in five years. For further information, the reader is referred to Mr. Shattuck's important work Rateable Polls in, Boston. 1800, 4,538. I 1820, 7,810. I 1830, 13^096. 1810, 7,754. 1825, 11,660. 1835, 16,188. 1840, 17,696. 1845, 24,287. This account of the rateable polls in Boston, does not agree with the decennial returns; of the State, in consequence of those returns being made the years next succeeding. 4* 42 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. It cannot be doubted that Boston has increased in population in a greater ratio, since the census of 1840, than in any other period of five years since its settlement. By the report of the state valuation committee, dated January 5, 1841, there were in Boston, in 1840, eighteen thousand four hundred and seventy-live ratable polls. The aggregate amount of taxable property was one hundred and nine million three hundred and four thousand two hundred and nineteen dollars. In 1830, the aggregate amount of taxable property was eighty mil lion dollars ; ratable polls, fourteen thousand one hundred and twenty. By the above report, there were in Boston, in 1840, eight thousand nine hundred and two dwelling-houses, one thousand three hundred and ninety- seven warehouses and stores, one thousand five hundred and seventy-four shops, and four hundred and thirty-eight barns. Total number of buildings in the year 1840, twelve thousand three hundred and eleven. It is estimated that in 1841 and 1842, about twelve hundred buildings were erected in Boston ; in 1843, there were between eleven and twelve hundred built, and in 1844, there were more than sixteen hundred erected ; so that it is computed that on the 1st of January, 1845, there were between sixteen and seventeen thousand buildings in the city, of which about twelve thousand were dwelling-houses. It is supposed that the number of buildings to be erected in Boston in 1845, will exceed that of any previous year. At the present time, Boston, South Boston, and East Boston, are supposed to comprise an area of about twenty-four hundred acres. The old part ofthe city is already too thickly covered with buildings, and South Cove, within its borders, has yielded its waters to busy streets, and handsome blocks of build ings. Those parts of South and East Boston, suitable for building lots, will soon be improved, and those sections of Chelsea, Charlestown, and Cam bridge, within convenient reach of the city, are fast building up. As Boston seems destined to expand itself into a great city, such parts of the small bays on either side of " The Neck," as are necessary for the pur pose, must share the fate of South Cove ; and the beautifully varied surface of Dorchester, Roxbury, and Brookline, offers an area for the extension ofthe city, of ample dimensions, and such as any people might feel proud to dwell in AVENUES AND STEAM INTERCOURSE. The peninsular situation of Boston requires many artificial avenues to and from the surrounding country. The Neck, between Boston and Roxbury, was formerly the only passage to Boston, except by water. This neck was one mile and one hundred and seventeen feet in length, and so low that high tides swept across it. In the course of time, it has been raised to a proper level, paved, ornamented with trees, and nearly covered with buildings on each side; so that it now forms the widest and one of the most agreeable avenues to the city. BOSTON- 43 Harrison Avenue, on the eastern side of the neck, passes from Essex street, ra Boston, to Roxbury. The principal part of this road was taken from the sea, and now forms a wide, and much travelled avenue. The Tremont Road extends from the centre of the city to Roxbury. This pleasant road passes on the western side of the neck, where the tide formerly rose and fell. Charles River Bridge, leading from Boston to Charlestown, was opened for travel on the 17th of June, 1786. It was incorporated March 9, 1785. This bridge is one thousand five hundred and three feet in length, forty-two in breadth, and cost fifty thousand dollars. Net revenue in 1834, nine thousand three hundred and eighty-three dollars. This bridge is state property — free. West Boston Bridge, leading to Cambridge, was opened on the 23d oi November, 1793. It was incorporated March 9, 1792. Length of the bridge, two thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight feet — abutment and causeway, three thousand four hundred and thirty-two — total length, six thousand one hundred and ninety feet. Cost, seventy-six thousand six hundred and sixty- seven dollars. Net revenue in 1834, twelve thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight dollars. This bridge becomes state property in 1879. South Boston Bridge, leading from Boston Neck to South Boston, was incorporated March 6, 1804, and opened for travel in July, 1805. Length, one thousand five hundred and fifty feet — width forty. It cost the proprietors about fifty thousand dollars. It is now city property — free. Canal or Craigie's Bridge, from Boston to East Cambridge, was incorpo rated February 27, 1807, and opened for travel in August, 1809. Length, two thousand seven hundred and ninety-six feet, width forty. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Charlestown. Length, one thou sand eight hundred and twenty feet — width, thirty-five. Net receipts in 1834j three thousand one hundred and seventy-three dollars. This bridge will become state property in 1879. The Western Avenue, leading from Beacon street to Sewell's Point, in Brookline, was incorporated June 14, 1814, and commenced in 1818. It was opened for travel, July 2, 1821. This avenue is a substantial dam across the west bay, about a mile and a half in length, and from sixty to one hundred feet in width. This dam encloses about six hundred acres of flats, over which the tide formerly flowed from seven to ten feet. A partition dam divides this enclosure, and forms, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a. full and receiving basin ; thereby producing, at all times, a great hydraulic power. The cross dam also forms an excellent avenue from the main dam to Roxbury. Cost, about seven hundred thousand dollars. Net receipts in 1834. six thousand one hundred and thirty-three dollars. The proprietors of this avenue claim a perpetual franchise. 44 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Boston Free Bridge, from Sea street to South Boston. Incorporated, Maren 4, 1826— completed, 1828. Length, five hundred feet— width, thirty-eight Built by proprietors of lands in the vicinity. City property. Warren Bridge, leading to Charlestown. Length, one thousand three hun dred and ninety feet— width forty-four. Incorporated March 12, 1828, and opened on the December following. The net receipts of this bridge in 1834, were sixteen thousand four hundred and twenty-seven dollars. It is now state property, free. Eastern Railroad. The cars on this road leave East Boston for Salem, and Newburyport, Massachusetts ; Portsmouth, New Hampshire ; and Port land, Maine. The depot is on a wharf belonging to the company, in Old Boston, and passengers cross from thence in commodious steamboats, to the cars. This road will soon extend to Augusta, and other parts of Maine. Boston and Maine Railroad. The depot of this railroad is at the foot of Union street, near Hay Market square. The cars cross Charles river between Warren bridge and the Boston and Lowell railroad viaduct, and pass through Andover and Haverhill, Massachusetts ; Exeter and Dover, New Hampshire ; and join the Eastern railroad at South Berwick, Maine. Boston and Fitchburg Railroad. This road commences at the depot, near the Warren bridge, in Charlestown, and passes to Fitchburg in Massachu setts. The freight depot of this company is two hundred and fifty feet in length, by sixty in width. The passenger depot is two hundred and fifty by fifty-two feet. This road will be continued from Fitchburg, to some point on Connecticut river, and from thence to Rutland and Burlington in Vermont ; and Montreal in Canada. This road is also destined to extend from Bur lington, across Lake Champlain, and across the northern' counties in the state of New York, to Ogdensburg, on the outlet of Lake Ontario. Boston and Lowell Railroad. The cars on this road start from large pas senger and merchandise depots, at the foot of Lowell street, at the northern part of the city, and cross Charles river, by a bridge, to East Cambridge. This road passes from Lowell to Nashua, Manchester, and Concord, New Hamp shire, and will shortly be extended to Montreal, the capital of Canada, through the northern parts of New Hampshire and Vermont, and the eastern town ships in Canada. Boston and Providence Railroad. The proprietors of this railroad have their depots for passengers and freight at the foot of Boylston street, at the south-western part of the city. This road crosses the west bay to Roxbury, and is on a continued line of railroads and steamboats from Maine to New Orleans. The most important branch of this road in Massachusetts, is that from Mansfield, twenty-four miles from Boston, which passes to Taunton, BOSTON. 4t Fall River, and New Bedford. From New Bedford, you go by steamboats, to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Western Railroad. The passenger and'merchandise depots of this great road is at South Cove, at the foot of Lincoln street. It passes under Harrison avenue and Washington street, and over the west bay, to Brookline. Tins is a continued line of railroads through Worcester, Springfield, and Pittsfield, in Massachusetts ; and Albany, Utica, and Rochester, to Buffalo, on Lake Erie in the state of New York. There are two important blanches to this railroad. At Worcester, it branches off to Norwich, Connecticut ; from thence you may go to New York by steamboat, or the Long Island railroad. From Springfield, there is a branch to Hartford and New Haven, Connec ticut ; from thence you may go to New York by steamboats, or the railroad, now in progress, to meet the Harlem Road, in Westchester, New York. The merchandise depot of this railroad, is perhaps the largest in the coun try. It is one hundred and twenty feet wide, and four hundred and fifty- three feet ten inches long on one side, and four hundred and eighty-one feet on the other. The roof is a single arch, of one hundred and twenty feet span, resting wholly on the walls, and without a pillar to support it. The walls are of brick, twenty inches in thickness, eighteen feet high, and where the rafters rest upon them, that thickness is doubled. The whole area included within these walls, is one room, unbroken by even » single pillar, partition, or any thing else, but piles of merchandise. The floor contains just fifty-one thou sand six hundred square feet, or very nearly an acre and one third. The Old Colony Railroad, crossing from South Cove to «outh Boston, leads to Quincy, Abington, and Plymouth ; from which » branch will pass from Braintree, through Bridgewater, to Fall River, on Narraganset bay. The above avenues to the city are lighted with lamps, when necessary, and make a beautiful appearance. „ Besides the steamboat ferry which plies between Old and East Boston every five minutes, the Winnisemet Ferry, with a good line of steamers, passes every half hour between Boston and Chelsea. The distance across the latter is one mile and three-eighths. This ferry was established as early as 1631. There are regular lines of steamboats from Boston to Portland,. Bath, Gar diner, Hallowell, Augusta, Thomaston, Belfast, Bangor, and Eastport, in Me. ; to St. John, N. B. ; Halifax, N. S. ; and Liverpool, England. Stages leave the city daily for country places, in all directions, and omni busses visit many ofthe adjoining towns every hour in the day. BOSTON COMMON. This is considered as one of the most delightful promenades in the world. It comprises about seventy-five acres of land, of variegated surface, including 46 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. the lands on the west side of Charles street. These grounds are beautifully shaded by trees of various kinds, particularly in the malls or walks which surround the enclosure. Some of these trees were planted more than a hun dred years ago. The malls are wide, bevelled, gravelled, and smooth ; and the waters of Charles river, and the romantic scenery beyond it, are in pros pect. This public walk is enclosed by an iron fence, five thousand nine hundred and thirty feet, or one mile and two hundred and seventeen yards, in length, on the outside of which are wide streets and beautiful buildings. This plot of ground is so held by the city, that it can never be appropriated to any other than its present healthful and pleasing purposes. The number of trees on these lands is upwards of one thousand; they consist of the English and American elm, the maple, ash, lime, hornbeam, button-wood, &c, with a solitary Jingo, a native of Java. Much the larger proportion is the beautiful native elm. Near the centre of this delightful spot, is a beautiful little pond, whose waters are derived from living springs within its own bosom ; and near to that, stands a majestic native elm, whose height is sixty-five feet, and whose branches spread eighty-six feet. Its girth, two and a half feet from tne ground, is twenty-one feet and eight inches. Although this noble tree has withstood the blasts of more than a hundred winters, its body is sound, and its branches appear as hale and beautiful as ever. , PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Some of those of the most prominent character only can be mentioned. The Old State House, on State and Washington streets, is one hundred and ten feet in length, thirty-eight in breadth, and three stories high. Two buildings on this spot have been destroyed by fire. The first was built in 1659, the second in 1714, and the present in 1748. Until the erection of the present State House, this building had ever been used for governmental pur poses, both colonial and state. More recently it was used for the purposes of a city hall, post-office, reading-room, &c. It is now employed for offices and stores. Faneuil Hall, or the " Cradle of Liberty," in Dock square, is three stories high, one hundred feet by eighty, and was the gift of Peter Faneuil, Esq., to the town, in 1742. The building was enlarged in 1805, and until the new market was built, the lower part of it was used for meat stalls. It is now improved for stores. The hall is seventy-six feet square, twenty-eight feet high, and has deep galleries on three sides. About five thousand five hun dred persons can stand within its walls. It is adorned with superb painting.* of patriots, warriors, and statesmen. The third story is improved for armo ries. State House. This building is on an open square, on Beacon street, fronting the malls and common. Its foundation is one hundred and ten feet BOSTON. 47 above the level of the sea. It was commenced in 1795, and completed and occupied in 1798. Cost, one hundred and thirty-three thousand three hun dred and thirty-three dollars. Length, one hundred and seventy- three feet- breadth, sixty-one. On the area of the lower hall, stands the beautiful Statue of Washington, by Chantry. From the top of the dome on this building, fifty-two feet in diameter, and two hundred and thirty feet above the level of the harbor, the whole city appears beneath, with all its crooked streets, its extended avenues, its splendid buildings, and the malls and common, crossed with romantic walks, and shaded by centurian ejms. On the north and west, the county of Middlesex presents its numerous villas, and a rich array of agricultural taste and beauty. Here are viewed the hallowed halls of Harvard, and the sacred field of Bunker. On the south, the county of Norfolk appears, with its granite hills, and luxuriant vales, checkered with a thousand farm-houses, cottages, and splendid mansions. On the east, the city, with its lofty spires, the harbor and tbe ocean, all conspire to render this the most enchanting scene west of the Bay of Naples. An intelligent traveller from the beautiful " Monumental City," thus speaks of his visit to " the top of the State-House " :— " On the east lays the ocean, glancing in the sunbeams like a silver sea, and the beautiful harbor of Boston, studded with islands, and relieved here and there by the white walls of fortifications upon them ; far in the north-east, at a distance of nine or ten miles, can be distinctly seen the spires and the neat dwellings of the town of Lynn ; on the north, is Charlestown, with its sacred hill and column, the grave-stone of patriots ; on the west, within an amphi theatre of hills, are Cambridge and the adjacent towns ; and on the south appear Roxbury, Dorchester, and South Boston, with its public buildings, and its memorable heights ; the whole forming a picture, the effect of which is in the highest degree pleasing, but which it passes my power to describe. The view of the city alone, as it lies at the feet of the spectator, is well worth the toil of the ascent, but when to this is added a view of the ocean, and the lovely and picturesque country enclosed within a circle of from fifty to sev enty miles in circumference, the traveller thanks his stars that have led him to such a glorious spot, and sets down the day when he ascended the top of the state-house in Boston, as one ofthe bright days of his life. " If he has a soul, or the least sympathy for the beautiful in nature, it must be strongly moved. I can only say that I am perfectly willing to leave the decision of the matter with any one who will take the trouble to reach the spot, being well convinced that they will leave it with as strong feehngs of enthusiasm and admiration as I did. " The great number of visiters shows that the beauty of the prospect is already appreciated, and in my opinion, the time will come, when Boston 48 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. state-house will be celebrated even in other countries, for the grand view which may be obtained from its summit." Cits Hall. This building is well located on an open plot of ground, in Court square, between Court and School streets. It was built in 1810, and was improved as a, court-house, until a new and more commodious edifice was erected for that purpose. It is built of granite, and consists of an octagon centre, fifty-five feet wide, with two wings, twenty-six by forty feet, connected by the entrance and pas sages to the centre. The length of the whole building is one hundred and forty feet. This building was thoroughly repaired in 1840, and rooms prepared and furnished for all the important departments and offices of the city govern ment, and became thus improved in March, the following year. Afire-proof building, for the preservation of public documents, has been erected in its rear, and its front, on School street, decorated with walks and shrubbery. Court House. The corner-stone of this building, in Court square, between Court and School streets, for the accommodation of all the coorts of law for the county, city, and the United States, offices of record, &c, was laid Sep tember 28, 1833. It is of cut, or hewn granite, from the Quincy quarry. Its length is one hundred and seventy-five feet ten inches — wiJtj^'frfty-three feet ten inches, and height fifty-seven feet three inches. A portico, of nearly the same model of the Doric portico at Athens, adorns its north;and south fronts. There are four columns of fluted granite at each of these porticoes, measuring twenty-five feet four inches in length, and four feet five inches in diameter. They weigh twenty-five tons each. The interior contains four court rooms, fifty feet by forty, and large and commodious offices for all the respective departments. Faneuil Hall Market. The corner-stone of this superb granite building, was laid on the 27th of April, 1825, and completed in 1827. It cost one hun dred and fifty thousand dollars, exclusive of the land. It extends east of Faneuil hall, on Dock square, five hundred and thirty-six feet, and is fifty feet in width. The centre part of the building, seventy-four by fifty-five, projects two or three feet on the north and1 south, and rises seventy-seven feet from the ground, to a, beautiful dome. The wings are thirty-one feet in height, and two stories high. The lower floor is exclusively appropriated as a meat, fish, and vegetable market. The upper story is one vast hall, arranged to be divided into compartments for ware-rooms, and large sales. On the sides of this building are North Market street, sixty-five, and South Market street, one hundred and two feet in width, on each side of which is a range of spacious warehouses, with granite fronts. On the east, across Commercial street, is a commodious wharf, belonging to the city. The hall, in the centre of the building, is called Quincy Hall, in honor of Josiah Quiscy BOSTON 49 LL. D., the late indefatigable mayor of the city, and late president of Har vard University. Boylston Market and Hall. This building was erected in 1810, and named in honor of Ward N. Boylston, Esq. It is situated at the corner of Washington and Boylston streets. It is a hundred and twenty feet long, and fifty feet wide ; three stories in height, with a deep cellar. The land and building cost about sixty thousand dollars. Tbe lower floor of the building is occupied for market stalls. Boylston Hall, in the third story of this building, is one hundred feet in length, and forty-eight in breadth ; with an arched ceiling, twenty-four feet in height. It contains a large orchestra, and a handsome organ ; and is well calculated for large assemblies for religious worship, or musical entertain ments. This hall will accommodate about one thousand persons. Merchants' Exchange. This magnificent structure, which has been looked upon with so much interest and satisfaction, by all Bostonians, was completed in the fall of 1842. Great credit is deservedly due to Mr. Rogers, the architect and contractor, for his chaste designs, classic and elegant taste, and for the manner in which he forwarded the work ; and lastly, and chiefly, to the good sense and sound judgment of an intelligent board of directors, and all others interested, for the manner in which the original plans have been carried fully out, in all their ramifications and intricate detail. The corner-stone of this great work, was laid with appropriate ceremony, by that prince of merchants, the venerable Thomas H. Perkins, on the 2d day of August, 1841. Every part of the work is executed in the most thorough manner, of material of the most durable granite and brick ; not a cask of lime, except in the plastering, has been used, all the work being mid in hydraulic cement. To give those of our readers at a distance, some little idea of its mag nitude, we will state, that its front, on State street, is seventy-six feet ; its height seventy feet ; its depth, to Lindall street, two hundred and fifty feet, covering thirteen thousand feet of land. The front is entirely of Quincy granite, with four pilasters, and two antes, being forty-five feet in height, weighing on the average, fifty-five tons eacn. Upwards of one million six hundred thousand bricks have been used, and all laid previous to the 1st of January, 1842. The roof is constructed of wrought iron, and covered with galvanized sheet iron ; and all the principal stair-cases are of stone and iron, and of course, fire-proof. ? The front is occupied by banks, insurance offices, and places of business ; the rear as a public house ; the basement is occupied by bath rooms, and the lop as a tele0raph station. The great centre hall is for the merchants' exchange, and subscribers' reading-room, and a truly magnificent room it is. Its dimensions, fifty-eight by eighty feet, having eighteen columns, twenty feet in length, in imitation 5 50 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals. The most finished and highly ornamented work in the structure, is the enamelled sky-light of colored glass, in the central portion of the dome of the great hall ; and a more splendid crown to the noble edifice cannot be imagined, for it seems to be composed of even brilliant that the richest fancy could conceive, even if unlimited wealth had been at command to obtain them. The centre of the basement story is occupied by the Boston post-office, and is thirty -six by ninety-nine feet. It has entrances from State, Congress, and Lindall streets, through a spacious lobby of twenty by eighty feet. This story has a vaulted ceiling, whch supports the principal floor, and is entirely fire proof the windows of said office being provided with wrought iron shutters, of superior construction. The total cost of the building, exclusive of land^ was one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. Custok-Hoitse. The new custom-house is situated at the head of the dock between Long and Central wharfs, fronting east on said dock, and a continuation of Commercial street, and west on India street, which is its prin cipal front. It is in the form of a cross ; the extreme length one hundred and forty feet, extreme breadth ninety-five feet ; the longest arms of the cross are seventy-five feet wide, and the shortest sixty-seven feet. The opposite fronts and ends are alike. It is founded on piles, driven in the most effective man ner, upon which is laid a continuous platform of granite, eighteen inches in thickness, laid in cement mortar. The cellar, under the whole building, about twelve feet deep, is made perfectly dry, is well lighted by sky-lights in the side-walk, and is intended for the storage of goods. The basement story, about thirteen feet in height, is principally for the receipt, storage, and examination by the appraisers, of goods and merchan dise. There are in the building one or two rooms for offices, and also apartments for the family of the messenger, who is expected to live in the building, and take care of it. The entrance story, next above this, is approached on both fronts by a flight of fourteen steps, and through a portico of six fluted granite columns, of the Grecian Doric order, five feet four inches in diameter, and thirty-two' feet in height, each in one piece, and wrought in the most perfect manner. From the porticoes, the entrance is through three doors on each side, into the grand vestibule, which is in the form of a cross, and constructed of granite ; it is so arranged as to produce the greatest possible effect, with the height allowed. Opening from this on the south, are the appraiser's examination room, the square yard measurers room, and the invoice clerk's room. On the north, are rooms for the inspectors, the coal-and salt measurers, the weigh ers and gaugers, the provers of spirits, and a large iron vault for the use of the sub-treasury. From the vestibule, the ascent to the principal story is by two flights of stairs, seven feet wide, of easy rise, landing in two vesti bules in that story, and which communicate with all the rooms therein. In BOSTON. 51 the centre, is the general business room, sixty-five by sixty-eight feet, and sixty feet high. In the north end are rooms for the collector, the naval officer, the surveyor, and their clerks ; in the south end are rooms for the appraisers, the public store-keeper, and their clerks. In this story is most of the busi ness of the department to be transacted ; it is well lighted, and the finish is to be in keeping with its importance and the rest of the building. Above this, is another story, to which access is had by private stair-ways, and which is to be used for the deposit of the papers of the department. The building was commenced in 1838, and will probably be finished in 1846. The style of the building is the Grecian Doric, in its purity, adopted and managed to conform to its wants and use ; and while the architect has not trammelled himself with the Grecian temple style of building, he has produced a design that is emphatically Grecian in all its parts. It is constructed entirely fire-proof, and the workmanship in every part is of the very best land. It cost about a million of dollars, and was opened for the transaction of business, August 9, 1847. It was designed by A. B. Young, Esq., the archi tect, who has had the superintendence of its erection from its commencement. Melodeon. In the year 1836, the site formerly known as the Lion tavern, in Washington street, was purchased, and on it was erected a spacious build ing called the Lion Theatre. In the year 1839, the buildi'if was leased to the Handel and Haydn soci ety, for a term of years, and t> in Jts present name. The house is one hun dred and ten feet long, fifty-five feet wide, and thirty-five feet high. It will seat one thousand six hundred and fifty persons. Masonic Temple. The corner-stone of this beautiful building was laid October 14, 1830, and dedicated May 30, 1832. It is located on Tremont street, at the corner of Temple place. It is eighty and a half feet in length, sixty feet in width, and its walls are fifty-two feet in height. The building contains three stories, and an attic, which are very commo- diously fitted up for lecture and school-rooms ; a masonic hall, and a chapel, sixty-five by fifty-five feet, capable of seating nine hundred persons. The walls of this building are of rubble stone, with a basement of fine hammered granite. Its towers rise ninety-five feet from the ground. National Theatre. In the year 1832, a building was constructed, at the junction of Portland and Traverse streets, for equestrian entertainments. It soon was converted iuto a place for dramatic performances, and was called the Warren Theatre. In 1836, Mr. William Pelby, the proprietor, purchased more land, and built the present handsome edifice, one hundred and twenty feet long, and seventy-five feet wide, exclusive of the saloons, &c, and which will accommodate seventeen hundred persons with seats. Boston Theatre. This building is on Federal and Franklin streets, and was improved as a theatre from 1794 to 1834. The building first erected was 62 BOSTON. burnt, Feb. 2, 1798, and rebuilt the same year. It is one hundred and fifty feet in length, and sixty-one in width. In 1834, the Boston Academy of Music took a lease of the building for a term of years, and fitted it up with much taste, for the objects -of the society. It was called "the Odeon," from the name of a temple in Athens, appro priated to musical and other popular assemblies. The Odeon became a place of religious worship, and was a favorite resort with the Bostonians to listen to musical and other literary and scientific performances. In 1846 this building was leased to Oliver C. Wyman, Esq., for the term of seven years. Mr. Wyman repaired and remodelled the building, and reopened it as a theatre, on the 24th of August, 1846. This theatre is disconnected with other buildings, and is otherwise very safe from fire. It will conveniently seat three thousand persons, and is one of the most beautiful theatres in the country. Howard Atheneum. This building is on Howard street, on the site where the " Miller Tabernacle " formerly stood. The house is one hundred and ten feet in length, seventy-six in width, and contains a number of commo dious halls, besides that appropriated for musical and theatrical entertain ments, and which will comfortably seat two thousand persons. The building is on a new plan, secure from fire, and is a fine specimen of the architectural taste and skill of Isaiah Rogers, Esq. Tremont Temple. This house was built and opened for theatrical per formances September 24, 1827. It cost the proprietors about one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. in 1843, the building was sold to the Tremont Street Baptist Church, for fifty-five thousand dollars. The total cost of the building to the church, including repairs, and putting it into its present condition, amounts to about seventy-nine thousand dollars. This property, when paid for, either from donation or income, is to be entirely under the control of the church, and the seats in the large hall are io be always free on the Sabbath. After discharging the debts now against the property, the entire net income is to be appropriated to foreign, domestic, or city missions, or for other free- seat churches, and the poor of the church and of the city ; one half being restricted to objects in the city. And the whole is restricted from the ordi nary expenses of supporting the preaching of the gospel, (that being left to the church to provide in some other way,) excepting repairs of the building, taxes, insurance, lighting, warming, and salary of the superintendent, which may be taken from the income. The house is one hundred and forty feet in length, ninety-seven feet in width, and its walls are seventy-five feet in height. It contains five halls for popular assemblies, four scores in front, and thirty-four other rooms for schools and other purposes. The building was dedicated to the worship of God, on the 7th of December, 1843. BOSTON. 53 The Revere House. This extensive edifice, comprising 226 rooms in all, was erected by the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, at the corner of Bulfinch street and Bowdoin square, formerly the spacious mansion and garden lot of the late Boott estate. The main building has five stories, and two wings at its south and west have four each, besides the basement. Entrance for the ladies is on the south and west wing, each facing Bowdoin square, where the internal arrangements are so ingeniously managed that the private apartments are agreeably approached. The main entrance is adorned with a portico, supported by four Corinthian columns. On entering the building the eye is arrested by a spacious hall, with a floor of the finest marble tile, and which appears of boundless extent, by the reflections of an immense sized mirror at its extremity, which reflects its real capaciousness and beauty to a double amount and extent ; and the whole scene is filled with columns and splendid furniture and adornments, and forms a very pleasing optical illusion. There are three sky-lights, stained with gorgeous coloring, one being over the central stair-way, and a window ofthe same style of coloring is near the ladies' drawing-room. The gentlemen's dining hall is about 100 by 40 feet, and 17 feet high, and furnished with glittering chandeliers, and every other article for use or ornament, in great profusion. The ladies' drawing-room is classically designed and beautifully arranged in the western wing, and affords interesting scenery views from its windows. The ordinary for the ladies is supplied with fascinating mirrors, to reflect similar faces and forms, replicate to almost infinity. Throughout this establishment are sofas, lounges, and chairs of every variety and form, covered with the richest satin or velvet, and, in connection with the draperies, curtains, cornices, and embellishments, impart to the whole a princely appearance. The carpeting has been brought from a great distance ; as " dear bought and far fetched is fit for ladies,' ' the attempt for such a realization has been made by their honorable host, Paran Stevens. Mr. S. has taken a lease of the establishment for ten years, and, for his urbanity and assiduous atten tion to the wants and comforts of his boarders, without doubt, will meet with an ample remuneration for his vast expenditures for fixtures and orna ments to the building. Adams House. This elegant and spacious granite building is located on Washington street, in the centre of the city, and is easy of access to the depots of the various railroads, and other avenues leading to and from the city. It contains 150 rooms, fitted and furnished in a style inferior to no hotel in the country. This establishment is conducted in a first-rate style, on strict temperance principles, and receives, as it deserves, the patronage of an intelligent com munity. It is conducted by D. Chamberlain & Co., the gentlemanly lessees of the house. 54 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. The Old Custom-House stands on the north side of Custom-house street, near the head of Central wharf. It is sixty feet square, and two stories m height, exclusive of the basement, which is divided by brick walls and brick arches, supporting the different passages above. The lower part of the front is built of stone, and the upper part of brick, with a colonnade sixty feet long, and ten feet wide, supported by ten stone columns, of the Doric order, four teen feet in length. The floor is paved with stone, and a broad flight of stone steps, with iron railings, leads to the several offices. It is finished With a stone frieze and cornice, and the windows ornamented with marble dressings. The front is crowned by a pediment, on the top of which is a spread eagle. The basement and first story is calculated for the storing of goods, and con tains a number of compartments, occupied by the house-keepeT and some of ' he under officers. The upper story contains six rooms, twenty feet high, in which the business of the office is transacted. The building is remarkably well contrived for the convenience of business, and exhibits a chaste and ele gant specimen of architecture. It cost about thirty thousand dollars. There are a number of halls in the city appropriated for public meetings of various kinds — among them are , Amory Hall, on the corner of Washington and West streets. Chauncy Hall, in Chauncy place, Concert Hall, on the corner of Court and Hanover streets. Congress Hall, on the corner of Congress and Milk streets. Corinthian Hall, on the corner of Milk and Federal streets. Lyceum Hall, on Hanover street. Pantheon Hall, on Washington street, near Boylston market. Washington Hall, on Washington street. Worcester Railroad Hall, over the passenger depot. Among the best specimens of architecture in Boston, are Trinity Church, in Summer street ; St. Paul's Church, and the Masonic Temple, on Tremont street ; the Merchants' and Suffolk Banks, on State street ; the Custom-House, and the Merchants' Exchange ; the Second Church, on Hanover street ; the steeples of Park street and Federal street churches ; and the new Catholic Church, at South Boston. A great number of new and elegant buildings are about being erected in the city; among which are several churches, a large hotel, and spacious structures for the accommodation of the Athenceum, and Massachusetts Mechanics' Charitable Association. From the known science and taste of the individuals composing the members of these societies, the Bostonians have a right to expect a great addition to the architectural ornaments of their city. COMMERCE. The citizens of Boston have ever sustained a high rank for their commer cial enterprise. After whitening every sea with their canvass, and extenuin - BOSTON. 55 their commerce with all nations of the globe, they are now looking westward and noithward, and constructing new and artificial channels, to enable them not only to compete with other Atlantic cities, for the already immense com merce of the western world, but to intercept it on its passage down the St. Lawrence. The numerous railroads which connect Boston with the heart of our exten sive country, and which are penetrating its remote boundaries in every direc tion ; the line of steamers connecting Boston with Liverpool, already so highly successful ; the numerous and extensive manufactories which occupy almost every stream in New England, and owned in, or are tributary to this metropolis, with the great and increasing wealth of the citizens, are all rap idly tending to make Boston a commercial city of the first magnitude. While other cities have been stationary, or retrograding, Boston has been steadily increasing in her commerce, as will be seen by the following statement of the number of arrivals at Boston, for ten successive years : — Foreign. Coastwise. Foreign. Coastwise. 1835 1302 3897 1840 1648 4336 1836 1452 3944 1841 1791 4446 1837 1591 4000 1842 1737 3862 1838 1313 4018 1843 1716 4702 1839 1553 4251 1844 2174 5009 The coasters above named include only packets and vessels of a larger class. A large number of fishing vessels, wood coasters, &c, amounting to some thousands annually, arrive, in addition to the above ; so that it may con fidently be stated that not less than twelve thousand vessels enter the harbor of Boston every year. Boston, for the last three or four years has, without doubt, been the most flourishing Atlantic city m the United States. In commerce, she has been gaining rapidly on her great rival, New York, as will be seen by the follow ing statement. In the arrivals from foreign ports, New York exceeded Bos ton in 1839, 606 vessels; 1840, 325; 1841, 327; 1842, 223; 1843, 116; and in 1844, only 34 vessels. In 1821, there arrived at Boston, from Foreign ports, vessels, 853 Coastwise ports, vessels, 2013 Barrels of flour imported, 259,030 Bushels of corn imported, 641,680 Bales of cotton imported, . 17,126 Hogsheads of molasses imported, 44,570 Although the number of vessels entered in 1844, has but little more than . doubled over that of 1821, yet the amount of tonnage has more than quad rupled. Where small schooners and sloops were employed in 1821, large ships and brigs have now taken their place, and the capacity of a modem buiit vessel, ofthe same tonnage, is much greater than that of vessels twenty years ago. s. molasses. Bbls. flour. Bushels corn. 69,585 408.516 918,115 62,235 418J597 1,672,251 65,660 423,246 1,725,436 72,267 379,704 1,574,038 79,546 451,667 1,607,492 79,333 483,600 1,834,861 73,991 574,233 2,044,129 63,675 609,460 1,835,193 61,774 610,964 1,540,306 77,426 686,586 1,960,663 56 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. That some idea may be formed of the immense quantity of produce .mported into Boston, we will name a few of the principal articles : — Years. Bales cotton 1835 80,709 1836 82,885 1837 82,684 1838 96,636 1839 » 94,361 1840 136,357 1841 131,860 ' 1842 119,670 1843 151,090 1844 175,529 It will be perceived by the following list of exports to foreign ports, that nearly all the cotton, and about five sixths of the flour, that arrive at Boston, are for domestic consumption and manufacture; and this proves what has often been asserted, that Massachusetts is a better customer to the south than any foreign market in the world. Exports in Barrels of flour. Bales of cotton. Barrels of flour. Bales of cotton. 1839 75,758 940 1842 75,939 2062 1840 110,556 2874 1843 94,675 1876 1841 99,087 3948 1844 107,862 6000 The exports of domestic cotton goods to foreign markets, is becoming of value to the trade of Boston, as will be seen by the following table : — Value of domestics exported in 1842, . . . $1,024,602 « « « 1843, . . . 1,364,982 « » » 1844, . . . 1,234,458 The Ice Trade has become an important item in the commerce of Boston. Vast quantities of that staple commodity of New England, are annually exported from the port of Boston and Charlestown, to almost all the southern portions of the globe. See Charlestown. . Of the East India trade, carried on from the United States, Boston has more than one half; and of the Russia trade, three quarters. She has also an extensive trade with the Mediterranean, West Indies, and in fact, with every part of the commercial world. Succession of Collectors at the port of Boston and Charlestcwn. Benjamin Lincoln from the adoption of the Constitution to January 16, 1808. Henry Dearborn to July 23, 1812. H. A. S. Dearborn, to April 14, 1829 David Henshaw, to January 20, 1838. George Bancroft, to March 31, 1841 Levi Lincoln, to September 1, 1843. Robert Rantoul, jr., to July 1, 844 Lemuel Williams, to May 1, 1845. Marcus Morton. See Note No. 5. BOSTON. 57 COMMERCIAL ACCOMMODATIONS. There is probably no place in the world better accommodated for commer cial operations than Boston. The whole length of the harbor on the east and north is lined with about two hundred docks and wharves. India Wharf, at the foot of Fort Hill, was constructed in 1805. It extends into the harbor nine hundred and eighty feet, and is two hundred and forty six! to two hundred and eighty feet in width. In the centre, is a range ot thirty-nine stores, twenty-two by eighty feet, and four stories in height. Central Wharf, between India and Long wharves, was built in 1816. In the centre, are fifty-four warehouses, twenty-three by fifty feet, four stories high. It is one thousand three hundred and seventy-nine feet in length, and one hundred and fifty feet in width. Long Wharf, at the foot of State street, was commenced in 1710. This wharf extends into the harbor one thousand eight hundred feet, is two hundred feet in width, and has seventy-six spacious warehouses. About the centre of this wharf, is a well of fresh water, ninety feet in depth. Granite or Commercial Wharf. Passing the City wharf on the north, we come to Granite or Commercial wharf, one thousand one hundred feet in - length, and one hundred and sixty in width. On the centre of this wharf, is a range of thirty-four granite warehouses, twenty-five by sixty feet, and are unequalled by anything of the kind in the United States, for convenience or grandeur. Cost, five hundred thousand dollars. Lewis' Wharf lies north of Commercial wharf, and extends from Commer cial street to the Channel. In the centre of this large and commodious wharf, is a noble block, of twenty granite warehouses, some of which are thirty- seven by eighty feet, and four stories in height. This wharf covers the whole ground of what has been long and familiarly known as " Hancock's wharf." This wharf, and block of stores, was commenced in 1836, and completed in 1839. On the end of this wharf is an observatory, commanding an exten sive prospect. The cost of this concern was six hundred thousand dollars. Eastern Railroad Wharf. On the north side of Lewis' wharf, stands the depot of the eastern railroad company, on their wharf, of recent construction. This wharf, extending one hundred and eighty -four feet on Commercial street, is four hundred and forty-two feet long, and one hundred and eighty -four feet wide. On this wharf are also twenty-eight large stores, the depot of the East Boston ferry, and a new and large building, called the Exchange Hotel. Union Wharf. This is the most northern wharf in Old Boston we shall mention, although there are many large and convenient wharves on Charles river, and at the southerly part ofthe city. 58 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Union wharf extends two hundred and ninety feet on Commercial street ; it is six hundred and forty feet in length, and one hundred and eighty feet in width. It has thirteen large ware-houses upon it, and others are erecting. This wharf has twenty-two feet of water, at the lowest tides. The Marine Railways, estabhshed in 1826, at the north part of Old Boston, afford great accommodations to those engaged in navigation. On the west, and in front of this tier of wharves, which run into the harbor nearly parallel to each other, are India and Commercial streets, having the east end of Faneuil hall market nearly in the centre. These streets are wide ; they serve as wharves, and their west sides are covered with large and con venient stores. It is contemplated to extend India street on the south, to the free bridge, on Sea street. Commercial street already extends to Charles river bridge. Besides the " Boston wharf," and other wharves which are built, and occu pying the margin of South Boston, we find at East Boston, extensive accom modations for repairing ships of the largest class ; large depots for the rail roads and steamers ; and among the numerous wharves, one that covers an area of eight acres. The Whole extent of wharves and docks now occupying the margins of the shores within the harbor of Boston, exclusive of those in Charlestown, exceeds five miles. MANUFACTURES. Although Boston has never been considered a manufacturing city, yet, since the general peace in Europe, in 1815, its manufacturing interests have considerably increased. From Mr. Shattuck's valuable work on Boston we copy abstracts from the amounts of the domestic industry of that city at three several periods : those of 1837 and 1845 were made by the authority of the state, and that of 184(1 by the United States. Capital invested, . Males employed, . Females employed, Value of the product, 1837. $5,830,572 6,320 4,450 11,070,576 1840. $2,442,309 2,289 1845. $4,330,600 5,260 970 10,648,153 4,016,5"' Mr. Shattuck says: "If anything were needed to show ik) imperfection of the statistics, collected in connection with the census of 1840, this state ment would seem to be sufficient. By comparing the abstracts of 1837 and 1845, some difference will appear— some important branches of industry were omitted in both periods. And among others, periodical works, printing presses, books, and clothing, which are among the most important branches of manufacture in the city, appear not to have been noticed at all in 1845." The following is a list of the articles reported by the assessors as having been manufactured in Boston, in the year ending April 1 1845. 59 Balances, Gas, Beer, Gold Leaf, tec, Blank Books, Gold and Silver Ware, Blocks and Pumps, Hats and Caps, Boots and Shoes, Jewelry, Bread, Lamps, Brushes, Lard Oil, Building Stone, Lead Pipe, Camphor, (refined,) Leather, Chairs and Cabinet Ware, Linseed Oil, Copper Ware, Looking Glasses, &c, Cordage, Marble, Carriages, Organs, Fringes, tec., Paper Hangings, Furs, Piano Fortes, (1,891,) There were also manufactures in Boston of philosophical, meteorological, mathematical, magnetical, optical, and musical instruments ; fire engines, cutlery, chemical preparations, globes, books, confectionary, and a great va riety of other articles. In this statement of the statistics of the domestic industry of Boston, no account is given of the manufacture of books, clothing, confectionary, &c, which is very considerable The assessors report, as belonging to Boston, two vessels engaged in the whabng business, and thirty-seven vessels em ployed in the cod and mackerel fisheries. Salaeratus, Saddlery and Trunks, Soap and Candles, Spirits, Spirits of Turpentine, Steam Pipes, Sugar, (refined,) Tin Wares, Tobacco, Types, Umbrellas, Upholstery,Varnish,Vessels, White Lead. The editor here takes the liberty to say, that he has not examined the sta tistical tables, accompanying the census of 1840, to ascertain the value or amount of the manufactures of Boston, or of any other part of the country ; and he begs his readers to be assured that those tables are neither con sulted nor referred to by him ; and that no item of their contents is copied into this work ; conscious as he is that the weight of his own imperfections and errors is as great as he ought to bear, or the public to suffer. With regard to the census itself, he is compelled to copy it, having no other data ; but as the counting of noses is so simple a matter, he is inclined to believe that the gentlemen who performed the operation, have guessed the number with more accuracy than they did the color. HOTELS. Tremont House. This superb hotel, on Tremont and Beacon streets, was commenced on the 4th of July, 1828, and completed 16th of October, 1829. Its granite front, on Tremont street, is one hundred and sixty feet, and three stories high. The wings are four stories high; that on Beacon street is eighty-four by thirty-four feet ; and that on the south, fronting an open square, is one hundred and ten by forty feet. This building contains one 60 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. hundred and eighty rooms. Tbe dining hall is seventy by thirty-one, and fourteen feet high. Cost, sixty-eight thousand dollars, without the land The United States Hotel is located at the termination of the Boston and Worcester, and Western railroads, which connect with the Norwich and Worcester, the Springfield and Hartford, and Hartford and New Haven rail roads, together forming a communication with all the railroad and steamboat routes, south and west of Boston. The hotel is situated on Beech, Lincoln, and Kingston streets, extending one hundred and seventy-five feet on each street, in the form of a hollow square, five stories high in front, and six stories high in the wings. It was commenced in the year 1837, and completed at the close of the year 1839, and was opened to the public by the present proprietors, Messrs. R. W. Hol man and Albert Clark, in January, 1840. During the year 1844, the house was enlarged by an addition of seventy feet on Kingston street, making the extent on that street two hundred and forty-five feet. The whole estabhsh ment, costing nearly three hundred thousand dollars, contains about three hundred and fifty rooms, conveniently arranged for dining-rooms, drawing- rooms, sleeping-rooms, pubhc and private parlors, sufficient for the accommo dation of five hundred persons, and giving employment to one hundred and twenty servants. The ladies' ordinary is a large and elegantly furnished hall, and will accommodate two hundred and fifty persons. The gentlemen's dining-room is one hundred feet long. Dinner may be served here for three hundred and fifty persons. The ladies' drawing-rooms are fitted up wilh regard to convenience and elegance. The parlors and reading-rooms are commodious, and arranged with reference to the comfort of the guests of the house. The floors of the halls of the entrances of the house are laid in marble, forming an agreeable promenade for visitors. The estabhshment is lighted with gas. An abundant supply of pure, soft water, is obtained from Jamaica pond, and is conveyed by means of pipes, to all parts of the house. The kitchen, bakery, pastry-room, laundry, and drying-rooms, are on an extensive scale, and are constructed with many important improvements. Connected with these, is a steam-engine, which operates the machinery, and also conveys steam and water into the sleeping and bathing-rooms and cisterns. The regularity with which thife establishment is conducted, and the regard which has been given, in its construction, to the promotion of the ease and comfort of its guests, render it a desirable- residence for families or single gentlemen. American House. This hotel was erected by William Boardman, Esq., in 1835. It is built of brick, four stories in height, with an attic, and fronts or Hanover street sixty feet, and, with a wing, extends back two hundred and %ty-one feet. It contains one hundred and fprty-seven apartments, includ- BOSTON. 61 ing suits of rooms, a ladies' ordinary, drawing and reading rooms, and a din ing hall, to accommodate one hundred guests. This house is well built, and provided with all the convenient appendages necessary to render it a comfort able and agreeable residence. Marlborough Hotel. — This establishment, on Washington street, was opened by the proprietors in 1837, on strict temperance principles. Nathaniel Rogers, Esq., its hospitable host for many years, and recently the accomplished conductor of the celebrated Delavan House, at Albany, closely adhered to the plan, and nobly did the pubhc sustain him and the proprietors in their laudable enterprise. The house was afterwards conducted by John Coe, Esq., the proprietor of the " Senter House," at Centre Harbor, on the same principles. Persons trav elling with their families find themselves almost at home in this spacious and quiet mansion ; and all who desire it, have the privilege of attending family worship every morning and evening. This house is now conducted by Mr. AL S. Proctor, formerly of Cavendish, Vt. Exchange Coffee House. This house is well located for business men, being on Congress square, near the head of State street. This is an old estab lished place of resort, and about one hundred persons can be well enter tained. Pearl Street House. This establishment was opened to the public in 1836. It is situated in the centre of business, at the corner of Milk and Pearl streets, and contains one hundred and forty apartments, embracing a large dining hall, suits of rooms for boarders, sitting, drawing, and reading rooms This is a good house, and well patronized. Bromfield House. — This convenient resort for travellers from the country, — formerly the old "Indian Queen Tavern," — is on a street of the same name, between Washington and Tremont streets. This establishment occu pies ten thousand five hundred square feet of land, including large and con venient stables. The house is well fitted up, and will accommodate more than one hundred persons. Among other good houses of public entertainment, in Boston, may be men tioned the following : — The Albion, on Tremont street. The City Tavern, on Brattle street. The Commercial Coffee House, in Milk street, near Broad street. Earl House, on Hanover street. Eastern Stage House, on Ann street Elm Street Hotel, on Elm street. Franklin Hotel, on Merchants' row. Hanover House, on Hanover street. Quincy House, on Brattle street. 6 62 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. The New England Coffee House, on Blackstone and Clinton streets. Patterson House, on Elm street. The Pavillion, on Tremont street. Pemberton House, on Howard street. Shawmut House, on Hanover street. The Washington Coffee House, on Washington street. INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIETIES. The first settlers of New England were exceedingly tenacious of then: civil and rehgious rights, and they well knew that knowledge was an all-powerful engine to preserve those rights, and transmit them to their posterity. They therefore very early laid the foundation of those free schools, of which all the sons and daughters of New England are justly proud. Exclusive of Infant and Sabbath school scholars, about a quarter part of the population of Boston is kept at school throughout the year, at an annual expense of about two hun dred thousand dollars. Boston is not only celebrated for its schools, but for its munificent donations in support of its institutions for moral, rehgious, and literary purposes. Since the year 1800, not less than two millions and a half of dollars have thus been appropriated by the citizens of Boston. Massachusetts General Hospital. This beautiful structure of Chelms- lord granite, erected by public and private munificence, was commenced in 1818, and completed in 1821. It is located on an open plat of ground of four acres, at the western part of the city, on the banks of Charles river, and enclosed on the north and east by Allen and Blossom streets. The building, with its recent enlargement, is two hundred and seventy-four feet in length, by fifty-four feet in breadth. This hospital is connected with the McLean Asylum for the Insane, at Somerville, both hospitals being one institution, and under the same management and direction. The institution is governed by twelve trustees, chosen annually, four by the board of visitors, and eight by the corporation. The governor, lieutenant-governor, president of the senate, speaker of the house of representatives, with the chaplains of both houses, constitute the board of visitors. The general hospital can now accommodate one hundred and seventy-five patients. Since its estabhsh ment, nine thousand six hundred and thirty have been received. Asylum for the Insane, see Public Institutions. Among the philanthropists who have nobly contributed to this superb mon ument of beneficence, we find the names of John McLean, Jeremiah Belknap, Peter Oliver, William Phillips, Samuel Elliot, Abraham Truro, Israel Munson, and William Appleton, whose aggregate donations amount to three hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Houses of Industry, Correction, and Reformation, and Lunatic Hospi tal. These establishments are delightfully situated on a plot of ground at South Boston, on the margin of the harbor, and near the brow of Dorchester Heights. BOSTON. 63 The House of Industry is a large K'one building, wholly devoted as a p.ace of refuge for the poor, who are old, infirm, and otherwise unable to tupport themselves ; and as a work-house for those who cannot or will not ;upport themselves. There are belonging to the establishment several other buildings, used for the accommodation of the sick, children, and particular zlasses of inmates. The house was opened in August, 1823, and received at first only able-bodied poor, but the alms-house at Barton's point, was vacated in 1825, since which, the House of Industry has been the only ^Ims-house of ihe city. From the opening of the house, up to the last of the year 1843, abonj twenty years, the admissions and readmissions had been sixteen thousand and so'ren ; births four hundred and thirty-five, and deaths two thousand three hundred and twenty-three. For the last fifteen years, the average number supported in the house, has been about five hundred and fifty ; the highest number. February, 1843, seven hundred and thirty-five ; the lowest, in the summer of 1836, four hundred and one. , The House of Reformation, now connected with the House of Industry, and under the management of the same officers, is a large stone building, near the entrance of the grounds, and was designed to be exclusively devoted to the reception and reformation of juvenile delinquents of both sexes. But as the courts sentenced but a small number to the establishment, the west wing is found to be sufficiently capacious, and the other wing is occupied by the boys of the house of industry, generally about a hundred in number. Good schools are maintained for the reformation department, and for children of both sexes of the other department. It costs the city and state about twenty-five thousand dollars annually, to support the House of Industry and Reformation. House of Correction. This house is some thirty rods east of the House of Industry. It is occupied as a city and county penitentiary. The commit ments are from the police and municipal courts. The establishment is in an admirable condition. It has a hospital building, well arranged for the sick, and commodious work-shops, for the employment of convicts of both sexes. During ten years ending December 31, 1843, the commitments were six thou sand three hundred and seventy-six, viz., three thousand seven hundred and eight males, and two thousand six hundred and sixty -eight females. Offences -lewdness, eight hundred and thirty-one ; assault, one hundred and forty- three ; intemperance, three thousand four hundred and fifty-six ;. larceny, one thousand one hundred and seventy-four ; vagrancy, four hundred and sev enty-four, and the balance for other offences. The labor of the prisoners nearly or quite supports the house. The Boston Lunatic Hospital is a commodious and handsome brick building, situated between the houses of industry and correction. It was 64 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. designed for the pauper lunatics of the city, the state hospital at Worcester being generally crowded. The Boston Hospital was completed, and opened for patients in December, 1839, and received first such as were proper subjects, from the other city institutions in its neighborhood. The patients have gene rally been those of so long standing, as to preclude the hope of recovery. Before July 1, 1844, about four and a half years after the hospital was opened, two hundred and eighty-eight patients had been received, of whom one hundred and eight, all the building could well accommodate, remained. More than half the patients are foreigners. The expenses of the institution amount to about twelve thousand dollars annually. The superintendent is a physician, and he has charge of the medical departments of the institutions before named. Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. This institution was begun as a private charity, in 1824, by Drs. Reynolds and Jeffries,.and conducted at their own expense, until March, 1826, when, by the subscription of a number of Uberal individuals, it was made a public charity. In 1837, the legislature made it a grant of five thousand dollars, and two thousand dollars a year, which last sum has been continued ever since. In July of that year, the present building was occupied for the purpose of receiv ing the most urgent cases of disease into the house. At that time, the num ber of persons who obtained relief was about eight thousand ; at present, the whole number amounts to more than fifteen thousand. The infirmary is situated at the corner of Green and Pitts streets, near Bowdoin square ; and the surgeons are in attendance daily, at eleven o'clock, to receive patients, and give advice to those who wish to consult them. New England Institution for the Education of the Blind. This insti tution was incorporated in 1829 ; but httle was accomplished until 1832, when Dr. Howe returned from Europe, accompanied by a blind teacher; manifest ing that zeal in the cause of the blind which had distinguished his philan thropic labors, in another sphere, in a distant land. He opened a school with six blind. young scholars. The progress of those children was so great, and the value of an institution of the kind so apparent, that legislatures, and citi zens generally, became much interested. By pubhc and private donations, particularly by the influence of ladies in several parts of New England, and by the munificent gift of a splendid building in Pearl street, by the Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, the institution has increased, both in reputation and funds, with unparalleled success, The scholars are .instructed in all those branches common in other schools, and some of them in the higher branches of bterature. Tne experiment has been tried successfully, of fitting them for college ; one has graduated at Cambridge, and another holds a high rank in the junior class at Dartmouth. In this institution, for the first time in the world, deaf, dumb, and blind persons have been taught to read, write, and to express their thoughts in BOSTON. 66 common language. Music is the study of all. Mechanical labors are taught, and enjoyed by the pupils. Musical instruments of all kinds, and other im plements are provided for their convenience and use. A printing press is established, and several books have been printed in embossed letters, which are superior to any in Europe. The Scriptures of the Old and New Testa ment, works on history, philosophy, &c, have been issued from their press, and scattered over the country. It is exceedingly delightful to see these interesting youth, whose lives once seemed a dreary waste, and to witness their improvement in acquiring useful knowledge, partaking of all those recreations natural and proper for their age, sex and condition, and fitting themselves for useful stations in society. The institution is now located in South Boston, in that beautiful building, known as the Mount Washington House, which has been purchased by the trustees. Much attention is paid to physical education ; there is a gymna sium, where the children acquire dexterity and strength of limb ; in summer, they go daily to bathe in the sea, where the boys learn to swim. The cost of an education is only one hundred and sixty dollars per annum, including board, books, musical instruments, &c. Indigent persons in New England, and in South Carolina, can be admitted to all the privileges of the others, by applying to the governor of their state. The institution is under the charge of a board of trustees, four of whom are appointed by the governor and council of Massachusetts. The affairs are directed by Dr. S. G. Howe. The articles manufactured by the blind, are for sale at No. 152, Washing ton street, where is the office ofthe director. We cannot close this article without some notice of an inmate of this insti tution, one of the most interesting beings in existence : — Miss Laura Bridgman. To this child, deaf, dumb, and blind, with knowl edge from all common entrances quite shut out, more persons throughout the civilized world, are now directing their attention, than to ,any youthful heir of power, cradled in a palace. The difficulties which have been over come in her instruction, and the touching history of her progress, are interest ing not merely to the philosopher and philanthropist, but (so are we all knit together in kindly sympathies,) to the world at large. She was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, December 21st, 1829, and is described as having been a very sprightly and pretty child ; but during her infancy, she was deprived, by a violent stroke of disease, at once of sight and hearing ; nor was it until four years of age, that her bodily health seemed restored, so that she was able to enter upon her apprenticeship of life and the world. She grew up in the simple, mountain-home where she was born, until she was nearly eight years old, when her case reached the ears of Dr. Howe, the director of the institution for the blind'in Boston, who immediately hastened to Hanover, to see her. He' found her with a well-formed figure, a 6* 66 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. strongly-marked nervous-sanguine temperament, a well shaped head, and with the whole system in healthy action. Her parents were easily induced to consent to her coming to Boston, because she was growing unmanageable, and because they could not make her understand their wishes, or her duties. and in 1837, they brought her to the institution. It was ascertained, beyond the possibihty of doubt, that she could not see a ray of light, could not hear the least sound, and never exercised her sense of smell, if she had any. No instruction had been given her ; nor had anybody conceived the practi cability of penetrating within the dark cell which enclosed her mind, for there was no case upon the records of history, where the attempt had been suc cessful ; but on the contrary, the vain efforts made in the case of Julia Bruce, at the institution for the deaf and dumb in Hartford, seemed to make it hope less. It is impossible, in our brief space, to describe the humane and per severing care, inspired by the highest genius, which has since presided over her education, and gradually opened to her mind, through her sohtary sense of touch, the hght of knowledge. She has been taught the manual alphabet of the deaf mutes, and now converses by these signs, with wonderful rapidity. She receives the communications of others on the palm of her hand, while her own words seem to fly from the points of her fingers like electrical sparks. She now reads with fluency the books printed in the raised character for the blind, and writes with ease. Her letters to her friends are interesting in the extreme. Her instructor might seem to the eye of imagination, like Prometheus, to have stolen fire from heaven. Careful observation will find, in the course he has pursued, an example of perseverance and humanity, which may be adopted not only in other similar cases, but wherever there is suffering to be relieved, or good to be done: " The name of her great benefactor and friend,'1 says Mr. Dickens, in his "American Notes," "is Dr. Howe. There are not many persons, I hope and believe, who can ever hear that name with indiffer ence." Boston Port Society. The design of the Boston Port Society was to pro mote the moral and religious improvement of seamen. It was early suggested that such a design could be carried into practical operation, only by vigorous and kindly efforts to remove seamen from the fatal temptations that beset them, when they return to their homes, owing to the isolated and corrupt associations into which they were thrown, by many unfortunate and concur rent circumstances. Their step from the forecastle was at that time directed by greedy and dissolute landlords to dens, rather than to dwelling-places, where every vice could be practised, and where no virtue could live. And they spent their time, the young and the old, the beardless youth, with the veteran seamen, companions for each other's ruin, in the maddening rounds of dissipation, heedless alike of week-day and Sabbath, and equally reckless of physical and moral disease ; emerging from their desolate homes, and BOSTON. 67 escaping from their dissolute company only temporarily, to disturb the pubhc peace, or to plunge into deeper dissipation, and finally leaving them to seek another voyage, only when the earnings of their last voyage were squandered and gone, or ruthlessly plundered from them by the caterers to their vices. The eye of philanthropy, guided by that love and sympathy that form the sweetest charms of human life, and leads man, amid a thousand dangers and a thousand discouragements, to aid his brother man, and warmed with the eloquence of truth, aroused among our citizens a feeling of generous indigna tion, and resolute benevolence, which has resulted in this, and many other friendly societies, the purposes of which have been to abate and destroy these pestilential nuisances, and to furnish to the seamen of this port the means of rational amusement, of physical comfort, and of rehgious instruction. This society was formed in 1828, and incorporated in 1829, and great success has crowned its efforts. The Boston merchants, with their hearts warmed to ear nest action, proffering their generous assistance, came forward to the work They aroused a kindred zeal in the community in which they dwelt, and the Bethel, in North square, reared upon a foundation of human sympathy and Christian philanthropy, was placed at their disposal, suited to their purposes, and weekly, and nightly, and daily, it is now used for them. When we con template such a work, accomplished from a smaU beginning, we can hardly repress a deep acknowledgment of the hand of Providence, upholding the httle but valiant band, who gave the society an existence, and bearing them onward to a result that sheds such signal benefits over the city, and does so much honor to its people. Connected with the Boston Port Society, is the Seamen's Aid Society, con ducted by an association of ladies, whose delight is in doing good. They have provided the Mariner's House, which is emphatically a home for the sailor, who, when he returns from tossing on the mighty deep, finds not only rest and comfort to the body, but influences the most salutary and refreshing to the soul. Of the pastor of the Bethel Church, these ladies, in their report of 1845, fciy :— The Rev. Mr. Taylor is as ever the life and centre of our society. His whole heart still continues to be devoted to the sailor's improvement, and we can only pray that he may have strength of body to do what the fervent spirit prompts. With such a field of usefulness before him, it is difficult for him to find the repose which his health requires. He has won the gratitude ot many a warm heart, which beats under a rough jacket, and he must find his reward in those blessed words, " Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me." Sailor's Home. The Sailor's Home, 99 Purchase street, was estabhshed by the Boston Seaman's Friend Society, to furnish a quiet abode for seamen. where, for a fair compensation, they might enjoy the advantages and privi- '*j?es of a Christian household, while at the same time, the shipwrecked and 68 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. unfortunate sailors, who are the worthy objects of Christian bounty, may be received within its doors, and share freely in its hospitality. It is a benevo lent institution. Its object is to promote the prosperity and happiness of the sailor, for time and eternity, and through his influence, when converted, the advancement of the kingdom of the Redeemer in all the ends of the earth. That such has been its influence, its works, as developed in its history, declare. The first building was erected by, and was for many years, the residence of, the late Lott "Ufheelwright, Esq., one of the highly respected ship-owners and merchants of this city. It was purchased, and opened for a sailor's home, June 1st, 1836, at an expense to the society of thirteen thousand dollars. A necessity being created for a new establishment, the old building was removed, and a. spacious new structure was erected on its site. Its corner stone was laid May 8, 1845, with appropriate services, in the presence of a multitude of seamen and the friends of seamen. On a plate deposited be neath the corner-stone, was the following inscription, which shows that its benevolent founders designed that the new home, like the old one, shall sub serve the, interest of philanthropy and rehgion: — " This corner-stone of this Sailor's Home, on the site of the first home for seamen opened in Boston, was laid May 8th, 1845, by the Boston Seaman's Friend Society, aided by the Boston Ladies Seaman's Friend Society, and by the munificence of the friends of seamen, with hope in God that it may sub serve the temporal and spiritual welfare of seamen." The building presents a front on Purchase street of sixty-two feet in length, and thirty-five feet on Gibbs' lane, now Belmont street, with an L extending in the rear of about thirty feet. It is four stories high, with a basement and attic, presenting an elevation from the street of about seventy feet. The base ment and first story are of hewn granite. On the top of the building is an observatory, mounted with a flag-staff, which commands the whole view of the harbor. The rooms and apartments of the house are admirably arranged. It con tains, among other rooms, seventy-two dormitories for the use of the boarders, and a large and spacioijs reading-room, which is furnished with a library, the newspapers, and periodicals of the day. It is indeed a noble monument of the Christian philanthropy of the old Bay State, and of Boston in particular. The whole cost of the establishment, including the land on which it is erected, and the furnishing of it, was about thirty -five thousand dollars. The Farm School for Indigent Boys. This institution, in 1835, purchased Thompson's island, in Boston harbor, which contains one hundred and forty acres, and on which suitable buildings are erected, for the prosecution of their philanthropic designs. Previous to that period, there had been two corpora tions, whose plans had been somewhat different, yet whose objects were sub stantially the same. The "Boston Asylum" had been incorporated as early US 1814. Its general purpose was to relieve, instruct, and employ indigent BOSTON. 69 boys, belonging to the town of Boston, and the claims of orphans were to be particularly regarded. The plan of the " Farm School" was proposed in 1832, and the society was incorporated the year following. The object of the soci ety was, " the education and reformation of boys, who, from loss of parents or other causes, were exposed to extraordinary temptations, and in danger of becoming vicious and dangerous, or useless members of society." In the summer of 1833, the farm school was commenced on Thompson's island. In 1834, it was thought by the friends of both institutions, that more good would be accomplished by a union of the two schools, that a larger number of exposed children could enjoy the advantages of proper physical and moral education at the school on Thompson's island, than if the two institutions were continued separate. The proposal to unite the two was fully agreed upon, in May, 1834. And in March, 1835, the legislature granted an act of incorporation, in which the two former institutions were recognized as one. The farm school was intended for indigent and morally exposed children. who had committed no crime, and who might be rescued from impending evil by timely care. Its object was to take the young from the midst of temptation, to shield them in their tender years, to give them proper mental and moral culture, and thus, without any stigma being placed upon them, open for them » happy home, and return them to society, exemplary and useful citizens. From the establishment of this institution to the present time, it has been a source of extensive good. The children of intemperate and profligate parents have been taken from evil influences, and surrounded by many advantages. The sons of widows, whose parents, with their small earnings, could not do for their children as they would, have here found guardians and friends ; and orphans, who have been left without protectors or competent advisers, have been received within the walls of a Christian asylum, where they have listened to good counsel, and acquired habits of order, industry and usefulness. Since the opening of the school in 1835, over four hundred boys have received the benefit of its instructions, and nearly all of them have now gone forth to take their part in the active duties of life. The boys are partly occurred upon the farm, and partly in the school, and also render assistance in the various domestic arrangements of the family. During the past year th re have been one hundred and six boys upon the island. There were fifty-two al the commencement of the year, and fifty-four have been admitted since. Thirty-nine have left, and sixty-nine remain. There has been but one death during the last three years, and thirty-seven have been apprenticed by the institution, and placed under the charge of their friends. This institution can accommodate three hundred boys, and it is fully be lieved that a generous public will not suffer this noble charity to be restricted in its efforts. 70 , GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Quarantine Hospital. Rainsford island, a gem of the ocean, one of the most highly, cultivated spots in the harbor, lying about eight miles, following the south channel, from Boston, nearly on the steamboat route to the rural town of Hingham, is the location of this hospital. It has been exclusively a hospital station for the management of infectious diseases, since the earliest settlement of Massachusetts Bay. The water, on all sides, is of a good depth, and the anchorage being protected by neighboring islands, renders the quar antine roadstead safe and convenient, and sufficiently removed from the nar rows through which, most of the shipping pass in or out of port, to obviate al. danger of contamination. Before the colony of Massachnsetts had any estabhshed sanatory laws, it seems from the current r* historical memoranda, that sickly crews, damaged cargoes, and vessels regarded by the civil authorities as nuisances, by common consent, were sent to Rairsford island, although the territorial dimensions are small, there being but eleven acres, even at low water, with scarcely three thai can be cultivated. The whole dominion is the property of the Commonwealth. Such was the character of the conveyance, that the island cannot be alienated, but must be kept for its present purpose. In 1752, or not far from that period although exclusively set apart for a hospital for small-pox, and other coma- gious maladies, it was sold, and Spectacle island converted into a quarantine. The latter not answering the expectations of the government of fhe colony, it was abandoned, and Rainsford island re-purchased, and retained to the pres ent time. The care and jurisdiction of Rainsford island are vested in the mayor aiw aldermen of Boston, the officers of the external health department being elected, and paid by the city council. An island keeper resides there to take charge and protect the property. There are several pleasant, convenient edifices belonging to the estabhsh ment, which make a fine appearance. Their neatly kept white walls con trast beautifully with the thrifty trees, shrubbery, and the splendid expanse of water that surges round the rugged beach. A large, well constructed granite hospital, surrounded by twenty-four fluted columns, located on a projecting point of rocks, facing Quincy bay, is an object of peculiar interest, in passing down the harbor. Besides the public accommodations, there are two wharves. Very recently the general government has obtained permission to make the southern one, a depot for coal, for the use of the revenue steam cutters, now building for this line of coast. The health laws of Boston, as now administered, are as unexceptionable as any sanatory system in operation in this country. No obstacles are placed in the way of commerce; no unnecessary detention of vessels is required, and yet the vigilance of the public authorities is such, that no alarms anse from the introduction of maladies from foreign countries. Goods of a certain description cannot be landed in Boston, till they have been examined, and 8 U0ST0N 71 permit granted from the health office. If, at any time, damaged cargoes arrive, which would be a nuisance, they are not removed from the vessel. without permission from the proper authorities — and then, must be conveyed to the place kept in reservation for such contingencies — the large storehouse at Rainsford island. Vessels are allowed, at all seasons, to come in from sea, directly up to the city, where their condition is immediately ascertained by the port physician. should the crew, passengers, or cargo, be in unfit state to he at the wharves Where cause exists for the detention of a vessel in the harbor, there can be no intercourse with the inhabitants till" all tbe circumstances which induced the health officer to. put her into quarantine, are removed. While the law is judiciously administered, it is not oppressive nor injurious to the interests of commerce. It may be considered in the light of a vigilant sentinel, always watching over the public health. Dr. J. V. C. Smith, the present accomplished port physician, was elected to the office June 14th, 1826. Medical College. The Medical College, a department of Harvard Uni versity, in which the several professors give an annual course of lectures, commencing the last Wednesday in October, is located in Mason street, directly back of Tremont street. External beauty is not a very prominent characteristic of this edifice ; but its internal conveniences and accommoda tions are very superior. There is an anatomical theatre in the centre; a chemical laboratory under it, and in the south wing a lecture room for the professor of theory and practice of physic, capable of holding one hundred ana fifty students. In the west wing, upon the first floor, is a convenient consul tation room. There is also an extensive anatomical museum adjoining the theatre, and a dissecting room contiguous. The Mercantile Library Association of Boston was instituted March 11, 1820, for the moral and intellectual improvement of merchants' clerks. It numbers about eight hundred members, and contains a very valuable library, of four thousand volumes, and a cabinet of scientific collections. Lectures are delivered before the association during the winter season, by gentlemen of the first talents, and are attended by large and respectable audiences. This society is exerting much beneficial influence, and is in a very flourishing condition. Handel and Haydn Society was inaorporated in 1816. The act of incor poration allows the society to hold fifty thousand dollars in real estate, and a hke sum in personal property, which is never to be divided among the mem bers of tbe corporation, but descends to their successors, subject only to the payment of the debts incurred by the corporation. This society have their meetings at the Melodeon. 72 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. The Boston Academy of Music This association was organized and incorporated in 1833. Their meetings are held at the Odeon, of which build ing tbey have a lease. The plan and organization of this Academy, as well as its objects, are essentially different from those of any other institution which is known to have been established in this country. Not composed of professed musi cians ; not aiming especially at the improvement of its own members, and not designed to be limited in the sphere of its operations and influence, its object is, by all suitable means within its reach, to raise music to the place it deserves to hold in the estimatioik.of the community, and as far as practi cable, to make it a branch of common education. The constant employment which has been furnished to the professors of the Academy, and the very lib eral patronage extended, show that the rich as well as the poor, the fashion able and refined, as well as those in the humbler walks of life, are beginning to regard vocal music as an accomplishment, as one attainable, pleasing and useful. There are other associations in Boston, formed for cultivating the delightful science of music, among which the Musical Institute and Philharmonic Society take a high rank. Boston Museum. The splendid edifice, on Tremont street, every way an ornament to the city, and a monument of the taste and enterprise of Mr. Kimball, the proprietor, was opened to the public on the 2d of November, 1846. The building occupies a site extending from Tremont street to Court square, measuring one hundred and five feet on the former, and one hun dred and seventeen feet on the latter, to a depth of one hundred and forty- eight feet ; the entire lot containing nearly seventeen thousand feet. The building is arranged in two main portions, with an area between for hght and air, connecting at each end by a wide passage. The building on Tre mont street, tbe front of which is of the Venetian style of architecture, after a design by the Messrs. Billings, and built of Quincy granite, is occupied on the first story by five commodious stores and a spacious entrance to the Museum, while above, the entire \hree stories are occupied as a hall, contain ing the collections. This immense hall is finished in full Corinthian order, the roof being supported by twenty stately columns, with elaborately wrought capitals, and, like the richly fretted and ornamental ceiling, are painted of a dazzling while, relieved by the richly gilded frames of innumerable portraits, pictures, and engravings. On each side, and forming alcoves to the win dows, are the cabinets, containing the thousands of specimens of natural his tory, antiquities, and other rare and curious articles. From the stairway, a passage twenty feet wide leads to the exhibition room, which, with its spacious gallery, will accommodate two thousand per sons. In this room, Which is also richly ornamented, entertainments are given every evening, free of charge to visitors of the Museum, upon the principle of amusement for the million, the price of admission to the whole being only twenty-five cents. BOSTON. 7!* Boston Athenjeum. — This establishment owes its origin to several public. spirited gentlemen, who, in 1806, issued proposals for providing and opening a social reading-room, to contain all the valuable periodicals, journals, and such books as would serve for general reference. Among these gentlemen, William Smith Shaw, Esq. took a zealous and prominent part. The institution was incorporated by the name of " The Proprietors of the Boston Athenaeum," in 1807. The price of a share is three hundred dollars, which entitles the owner to three tickets of admission. A life subscriber pays one hundred dollars ; and annual subscribers are admitted at ten dol lars per annum. There are five hundred shares, and about fifty life sub scribers. Proprietors and life subscribers have the right of introducing an unlimited number of strangers, not residing within twenty miles of Boston, who are entitled to admission to the library and reading-room for one month after having their names recorded by the librarian. The governor, lieutenant governer, councillors, senators, members of the house of representatives for the time being, judges of the different courts, presidents of Harvard Uni versity, Theological Institution at Andover, Amherst College, and the presi dent of several societies, have free admission to the reading-room and library. The spacious edifice now occupied by the institution, situated near the head of Pearl street, (the better half of which was the gift of the late James Perkins, Esq.,) is about being sold, a lot of land 124 feet on Beacon street has lately been purchased at a cost of fifty-five thousand dollars, on which is now building an edifice, the probable cost of which will be near one hundred thou sand dollars ; it is to be built of sand stone from New Jersey, under the direc tion of Geo. M. Dexter, Esq. and Edward Cabot, Esq., from a plan by the last named gentleman. This building is intended to contain the library, reading-rooms, picture gallery, and statue gallery. The library, in May, 1846, contained 35,000 volumes. The fine arts department, including pictures and statuary, of the nominal value of 40,000 dollars. The exhibitions have usually been opened annually in May. The productive funds of the institution amountd in 1846, to about 50,000 dollars, half of which was a donation from John Bromfield, Esq., of Boston, the interest to be appropriated for the increase of the library. The Boston Lyceum was instituted in 1830. The exercises before this society consist of lectures, discussions and declamation. Classes on various subjects are formed by members ofthe society, in connection with the Lyceum, free of expense. About twenty evenings of each course are appropriated for lectures, and six for discussions or class exhibitions. Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association. — This association was instituted March 15, 1795, and incorporated March 8, 1806, for charitable pur poses, and for the encouragement of the mechanic arts and manufactures. Its members, now numbering about seven hundred, are composed of " Mechanics 7 74 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. and Manufacturers," and other artisans. The income of the association "is employed for the purpose of relieving the distresses of unfortunate members and their families, and to promote inventions and improvements in the me chanic arts, by granting premiums for said inventions and improvements." The admission fee is fifteen dollars, the annual assessment two dollars - and it is the duty of the treasurer to pay to the representative of a deceased member, at his death, forty dollars. The provisions of the by-laws require a festival once in three years, at which an address is delivered by a member of the association. The exhibitions for the display of manufactures, &c, were resumed in 1837, and others were holden in 1839 — '41 and '44 — all of which have been attended with great success. The funds of the association are principally invested in an estate recently purchased, formerly belonging to the Boott family, upon which they are now erecting a large and commodious Hotel. During the year 1845 they had nearly matured their arrangement for erect ing a magnificent Hall, for the use of the association, and for other purposes Liberal donations were offered by their friends, among others the Hon. Abbot Lawrence tendered the munificent sum of twenty thousand dollars; but the undertaking has to their great regret been relinquished, in consequence of causes beyond their control. Boston Female Asylum. This institution, the offspring ofthe best feehngs of the human heart, commenced its silent and unostentatious career in the year 1800. In the year 1803, "Hannah Stillman, and a number of other ladies, of the town of Boston, associated for the charitable purpose of relieving, instructing employing and assisting Female Orphan Children," were incorporated by the legislature. For many years the institution occupied a large house on Essex street. From its foundation, to 1845, this institution had afforded protection and a safe and happy home to four hundred and forty helpless female orphan?. Of these, three hundred and sixty-three had been provided with suitable places ; thirteen had died, and sixty-four remained at the asylum. The present building for the asylum was erected from designs, and under the superintendence, of Isaiah Rogers, Esq., architect, and is built of bricks ; the basement story is principally executed of rough granite, except in front, which has the base course, frontispiece to door, corners and belt of principal story, of wrought Quincy granite. The roof of the building is covered with imperial slate, and the cornice constructed of brick and stone, with copper gutters ; which render the building nearly fire-proof from without, the win dows and doors being the only wood exposed, and those not connected with the wood- work of the interior. The interior arrangements are ample in their accommodations, and simple in finish. The first story is occupied, as you enter on the right of the hall, BOSTON. 75 by the matron's parlor, and adjoining is the work-room, so called, where all the work for the children is prepared. On the left is the directors' room, where all the meetings of the ladies, who compose the board of directors for the management of the institution, are held ; you next come to one of the staircases and its halls. On the south side, opening on the court- yard, is a corridor, extending to the school-room in the rear, and opening into the kitchen and dining-room, and connecting with the two staircases, which are constructed entirely of cast and wrought iron, throughout. The second and third stories are occu pied for dormitories, a recreation-room for the children, and a hospital or sick room, which has water-closets and bafhiqg accommodations attached. The basement story contains apartments for bathing, wash-room, laundry, and drying-room, with all necessary fixtures, and convenient store-rooms, apartments for wood, coal, &c. The walls and partitions of the interior are constructed with bricks, aU of which are laid in hydraulic cement, four to eight inches thick. The outside walls are fined up with four inches of brick, leaving a space of two to six inches for ventilation, which is so constructed, that every room in the build ing is ventilated, by communications with heated flues. All the floors have plastering between the two thicknesses of boards ; there are no furrings, except the ceilings, all the walls being plastered on the bricks, cutting off all chance for spread of fire from one story to the other, and also from one room to another, except by the doors, and rendering the building fire-proof, so far as any spread of fire can take place. This is one of the most important features of the building, considering the great number of children distributed over it, and the preventing of accident by fire, to which all large establishments are liable. Could the public be persuaded that their dwellings might be so con structed, that the midnight cry of fire would be but a sound, causing httle fear, and this construction rendered perfective by a small degree of cost, there would be much fewer records of life and property destroyed. This building, with all its security against the spread of fire, and its venti lation, has cost no more than one constructed in the usual way. The building of the Asylum was commenced about the first of April, 1844, and completed in January following. It is three stories high, with a basement story, covering about five thousand five hundred feet, and with the land con tiguous, comprising twenty-seven thousand two hundred feet, enclosed by a brick wall on three sides, seven feet high, and on front by an iron fence and stone posts. The grounds about the building are laid out in an appropriate and beautiful manner, decorated with ornamental trees and shrubbery, the whole having the appearance of neatness and comfort, and is one more of the many monu ments of the untiring zeal and performance of a part of the wealthy commu nity of this city, to make comfortable and happy the orphan, who truly finds a home under its roof. 76 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. The corner-stone was laid with appropriate religious services, in presence of a large number of ladies, in June, 1844, and at that date were deposited several records, containing a history of this institution, and a silver plate, bearing on its two sides the following inscription : — " Boston Female Asylum for Orphan children, Founded A. D. 1800— Incorporated 1803. This House was erected A. D. 1844, by aid of liberal contributions from citi. zens of Boston, under the superintendence of William Lawrence, George C. Shattuck, Henry Hall, and Thomas B. Wales. Architect, .Isaiah Rogers. PRESENT OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. Mrs. William Prescott, First Directress, Mks. Charles Tracy, Second Directress, Miss Mary Otis, Treasurer, Mrs. Thomas B. Wales, Secretary. MANAGERS. Mas. Amos Lawrence, Mrs. B. T. Picemait, Mrs. Henry Hall, Mrs. B. T. Reed, Mrs. G. C. Shattuck, Mrs. Albert Fearing, Mrs. Isaac Mansfield, Mrs. William Reynolds, Mrs. Charles Barnard, Mrs. T. K. Mills, Miss M. F. Lamb, Miss Jane Wigglesworth." And on the reverse, "Mrs. Hannah Stillman, A principal founder of the Institution, was First Directress, from the year 1800, to her death, in 1821, Mrs. Samuel Parkman from 1821, to 1835. Mrs. William Prescott, from 1835. Its Treasurers were Mrs. Elizabeth Perkins, from 1800 to 1806, Mrs. Eleanor Davis, from 1806 to 1825. Miss Harriet Otis, from 1825 to 1826. Miss Mary Otis, from 1826. The Secretaries were Mrs. Mary L. Smith, from 1800 to 1801. Mrs. Elizabeth Thurston, 1801 to 1303. Miss Eliza Frothingam, (now Mrs. F. Lin coln,) from 1803 to 1807. Miss A. S. FROTHiseHAM, (now Mrs. T. B. Wales,) from 1807. Present Matron, Mrs. Julia Meloon. Present Teacher, Miss Jerusha Blanchard." Massachusetts Horticultural Society. This society was incorporated in 1829. It is devoted to the advancement of the science and practice of horticulture, and the production and exhibition of all the choicest flowers and fruits which can be cultivated in this climate, both native and exotic. BOSTON. 77 The society was the original purchaser of Mount Auburn ; and for many years a garden and cemetery committee was chosen, to superintend the affairs. In the year 1830, an act of separation was granted by the legisla ture, securing to the society, in all coming time, one fourth of the net annua! receipts at Mount Auburn, from sales of lots, to be appropriated forever to the advancement ofthe science of horticulture. Its other resources are from the fees received of members and its exhibitions. The exhibitions of the society are intended to excite emulation, and success ful competitors receive rewards ; and it is not unfrequent that some new and valuable fruit or flower is complimented with the name of the producer This institution has done and is doing great good to the community, by introducing a taste for this delightful science, and by a weekly exhibition of its beautiful varieties. It is gratifying to state, that this enterprising society have been enabled to erect a new and splendid granite " Horticultural Hall," on School street, on the site of the old Latin school-house, for the objects of the society, and which was dedicated May 15, 1845. The building is eighty-six feet in length and thirty-three feet in width, and is an ornament to the city. It contains a large hall for exhibitions, a library and business room, and convenient compart ments for the sale of seeds, fruits, plants and flowers. In the month of September, annually, the society holds a grand exhibition, which is continued for some days, and which is always exceedingly gratifying to those who attend. The Lowell Institute. This institution was founded by John Lowell, jr., Esq., son of Francis C. Lowell, Esq., from whom the city of Lowell received its name, for the support of regular courses of popular and scientific lectures in the city of Boston. The sum bequeathed, and placed in trust, for this pur pose, amounts to nearly two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Mr. Low ell died at Bombay, on the 4th of March, 1836, in the thirty-seventh year of his age. By his will, he provides for the maintenance and support of pubhc lectures on natural and revealed religion, physic and chemistry, with their application to the arts ; also on botany, zoology, geology, and mineralogy, connected with their particular utility to man. The trustee may appoint lectures on the literature and eloquence of the English and other languages, and also on any subject that, in his opinion, the wants and taste of the age may demand. Provision is also made for courses of a strictly scientific char acter, for smaller classes of students, for which lectures a small admission fee may be exacted— but in no instance can any person be excluded through ina bility to pay for a ticket. The popular lectures are all to be free. Apparatus may be purchased, but none of the fund or income can be expended in the erection of buildings. Such is the munificent foundation of the Lowell Institute, emanating from a noble and generous spirit, while suffering with a fatal disease, amidst the ruins of ancient Egypt. It was given for the present and future benefit qf 78 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. his native land, in the belief, as he himself says, that " the prosperity of my native land, New England, which is sterile and unproductive, must depend hereafter, as it has heretofore, first, on the moral qualities, and secondly, on the intelligence and information of its inhabitants." Tbe Lowell Institute went into operation in the winter of 1839-40. As the income is ample, the services of men of the highest talent and learning ca» generally be commanded ; and such has been the desire of the community to obtain tickets of admission, that it has been found necessary to register the names of those desirous to attend any particular course, and to distribute the tickets by lot. The lecture season is from October to April, during ]whicji period four or five courses have usually been delivered. The number of tick ets annually distributed have been from twenty to twenty-five thousand. The lectures, are now delivered in the Marlboro' Chapel, on Tuesday and Friday evenings ; and many courses have been repeated on the succeeding Wednes day and Saturday afternoons. The trustees of the Boston Athenaeum are ex-officio a board of superyision. John A. Lowell, Esq., Trustee. B. E. Cottino, M. D., Curator. Boston Library Society. This society was incorporated June 17, 1794. The object of the associates was to make a collection of books, in the sciences and general literature, for popular use ; more particularly of those works, which, from their costliness or peculiar value, are not generally found in pri vate collections, and cannot conveniently be obtained by individuals of mode rate fortune. The books amount to about seven thousand volumes, and their number is constantly augmenting. The price of a share is twenty-five dol lars, subject usually to an annual tax of two dollars, for the increase of the library, and the charge of maintaining it. Shares are now transferable, and do not cease at the death of the proprietor. For some years after the library was founded, the shares were not transferable, and the subscribers had only the use of the library for their lives ; consequently, by the death of original proprietors, many shares have fallen into the common stock, which has given to the shares of present proprietors a value far beyond their cost. It is com puted that a share at the present price, gives a property in the common stock, greatly exceeding the cost of a share, exclusive of the value of the hall, which is the property of the corporation. The library is kept at the hall, over the arch in Franklin street, and is opened on the afternoon of Thursdays, and the forenoon and afternoon of Saturdays, for the delivery and return of books. There are many other valuable institutions and societies in Boston, of high character and standing, but the limits of this work will permit us only to mention some of their names : — Bible, education, Sunday school, missionary, tract, and temperance socie ties; institutions for the diffusion of useful knowledge, and of the arts and sciences ; historical, natural history, antiquarian, statistical, and library asso ciations; mariiie, humane, peace, and pilgrim societies; female refuge, lying-in hospital ; fire, anrj other charitable societies, urcj).— 1792.— JTCfetJoWst. No fraternity of Christians denominated Methodists, existed in Boston until the year 1784, when the Rev. WiUiam Black became a regular preacher. A society was formed in 1792, and in 1795 this society buUt a neat chapel at the north part of the city, which was dedicated May 15, 1796. At that time there were but fifty communicants. The celebrated George Whitefield had preached in Boston previous to that time, but no society was formed under his ministration. The corner-stone of a new chapel, for the accommodation of this society, was laid on the 30th of April, 1828 ; on which occasion a large concourse of people assembled, and by the breaking of the floor, a large portion of the audience were precipitated into the cellar ;^-many persons were severely injured ; — three lost their lives. This house is on North Bennet street. It was dedicated September 28, 1828. Preacher. 1848. Rev. W. H. Hatch. .fflrst Crjristian €&urcj).— 1804.— ffijristian. This church was organized in 1804, by Elder Abner Johnes. Their house of worship is at the corner of Summer and Broad streets, and was dedicated December 29, 1825. Clergy. Elder Abner Jones, from 1804 to 1807. SuppUed from 1807 to 1816. Elder Elias Smith, from 1816 to 1817. Supplied from 1817 to 1819. Elder Simon Clough, from 1819 to 1824. SuppUed from 1824 to 1825. Elder Charles Morgredge, from 1825 to 1826. SuppUed from 1826 to 1828. Elder Isaac C. Goff, from 1828 to 1829. 88 gazetteer of Massachusetts. Elder J. V. Himes, from 1830 to 1837. Elder Simon Clough, from 1837 to 1839. Elder Edwin Burnham, from 1839 to 1840. Elder J. S. Thompson, from 1841 to 1844. Elder Edward Edmunds, from 1844. African 38aptist (KJutcj).— 1805.— SSaptist. This church was formed in 1805, and their house of worship, on Belknap street, was dedicated the same year. Clergy. Rev. Thomas Paul, ind. 1805, dis. 1829, died Apr. 23, 1831, aged 54. Rev. Washington Christian ind. 1832, dis. 1832. Rev. Samuel Gooch, ind. 1832, dis. 1834. Rev. John Given, hid. 1834, dis. 1835. Rev. Armstrong Areher, ind. 1836, dis. 1837. Rev. George H. Black, ind. 1838, dis. 1841, Rev. J. T. Raymond, ind. 1842. SetonB JttetJoSlst ©Jure!).— 1806.— iWetJoSIgt. This chapel is in Bromfield street. It is eighty-four by fifty-four feet, and was dedicated on the 19th of November, 1806. It contains a spacious vestry. Clergy. Samuel H. Higgins, 1847. STjirD Baptist ©JurcJ.— 1807.— Baptist, The place of worship of this society is in Charles street. Their church was constituted and the buUding dedicated, August 5, 1807. The buUding is sev enty-five feet square, and cost twenty-seven thousand doUars. Clergy. Rev. Caleb Blood, settled Oct. 5, 1807, left June 5, 1810. Rev. Daniel Sharp, D. D., settled April 29, 1812. $arft Street ffljurcj — 1809.— Erinltariatn. This beautiful house, at the corner of Park and Tremont streets, was dedt cated January 10, 1810. The church was constituted February 27th, 1809. This house is one hundred and six feet long, including the vestibule of about twenty feet, and eighty-two feet in width. On the floor of the house are one hundred and thirty-four pews, and fifty in the side gaUeries. From the top of the vane on the steeple of this church, to the pavement, is two hundred and eighteen feet. In 1840, the interior of this house was much improved, at an expense of about twenty thousand doUars, The body of the house is very handsome, and the basement is converted into commodious boston. , 89 halls or rooms for various purposes. The cellar of the building is now appro priated for a cemetery. Clergy. Rev. Edward D. Griffin, inst. July 31st, 1811, dis. April 17, 1815. Rev. Sereno E. Dwight, ord. Sept. 3, 1817, dis. April 10, 1826. Rev. Edward Beecher. ord. Dec. 27, 1826, dis. Oct. 28, 1830. Rev. Joel H. Linsley, inst. Dec. 5, 1832, dis. Sept. 28, 1835. Rev. SUas Aiken, inst. March 22, 1837, dis. 1848. St. JWattfieto's ffifiurcj).— 1816 Episcopal. This parish was formed at South Boston, March 31, 1816. The church was consecrated June 24, 1818. Clergy. Rev. J. L. Blake became rector in 1824, left 1834. Rev. Horace L. Conolly, rector, 1835, left June, 1838. Rev. Joseph H. Clinch, rector, 1838. Secona SlnibersaUst ©SurcS.— 1816.— Sanlbersallst. The church in School street was incorporated December 13, 1816, and the house dedicated October 16, 1817. The house is seventy-five feet long and sixty-seven wide. Clergy. Rev. Hosea BaUou, settled Dec. 25, 1817. Rev. E. H. Chapin, colleague, settled Feb. 7, 1846, left May 1st, 1848. Rev. A. A. Miner, settled May 1st, 1848. Cje Neto Jerusalem ©JurcJ).— 1818. — StoeDenborg. This society was formed August 15, 1818, and for many years worshipped in a neat haU in PhUlips' place, near the Tremont House. In 1845, the society buUt a place of worship, fronting.on Bowdoin street, near Beacon street. The exterior of this church is not easily seen from the street, but its interior is unique and very beautiful. The entrance, which is of Gothic architecture, is fifteen feet in width, and passes through a vestibule forty feet long, neatly finished with a series of wooden spandrils, appropriately connected with the panel work of the ceiling. The auditory is sixty-two feet by eighty, in the clear on the floor, and con tains one hundred and ten pews, of bold and original design. The three gal leries contain fifty-six, making in all one hundred and sixty-six pews. The entire ceiling is finished with groined arches, and so formed as to admit Ught through the roof to the nave of the ceiling, which produces a soft and agreeable effect. The line of the nave at the apex is eighty-nine feet long, and fifty feet high from the auditory floor. The stairs ascending to the galleries are placed in the two front corners, on either side of the entrance doors, and so finished as to give a grace to its general appearance. The easterly end forms a peculiarly elegant and grand feature of the edifice, there being placed 90 , gazetteer of Massachusetts. on (be centre of the chancel, a lofty tabernacle, designed for a depository of the Sacred Scriptures, and a pavilion on either side of it, afl of which ate highly ornamental. The pulpit and organ are on the main floor ; the former on the left ol ihe chancel, and the latter on the right. Clergy. Rev. Thomas Worcester, settled August 17, 1828. African JWetJjoMst Episcopal Soctetj.— 1818.— JttetJoJiiit. This society was organized about 1818. Their church, in May street, uas dedicated October 24th, 1824. Clergy. Rev. Samuel Snowden. Staines' Pace ©Jurcji.— 1819.— Sanitarian. This church, at South Boston, was formed ill 1819. The house was def eated January 1, 1833. Clergy. Rev. Lemuel Capen, settled in 1823, and left in 1839. Rev. Charles C. Shackford was ordained May 19, 1841, left 1843. Rev. George W. Lippitt, ordained 1844. Snion or SEssej: Street ffijmrcji.— 1819.— aWnitartan. This church was formed, and James Sabine became its pastor, on the 27th of January, 1819. The house in Essex street was dedicated in December, 1819. In 1841, this house was remoddled, and both its exterior and interior appearance was much improved, at an expense of about fifteen thousand dol lars. The basement part now contains a large and commodious vestry and other rooms. Mr. Sabine left the 16th of March, 1822. The Union Church was formed August 26, 1822. Clergy. Rev. Samuel Green, inst. March 26, 1823, dis. March 26, 1834. Rev. Nehemiah Adams, D, D., inst. Blarch 26, 1834. St. &uuustfne's CJurcft.— 1819.— ffiatdolir. This church, at South Boston, was erected in 1819, enlarged in 1825, and consecrated in 1833. Around this church is a Catholic cemetery, which is beautifully shaded, and makes an impressive appearance. It is now used only for the performance of funeral services. St. Raul's ffljurcli.— 1820.— JSpfscopal. The corner-stone of thif beautiful building, on Tremont street, was laid September 4th, .819, and the church was consecrated June 30. 1S20. FF boston. 91 Clergy. Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, D. D., inst. July 7, 1820, resigned Aug. 22, 1825. Rev. Alonzo Potter, D. D., inst. Aug. 29, 1826, dis. Sept. 6, 1831, Rev. John S. Stone, inst. June 19, 1832, dis. June 7, 1841. Rev. Alex. H. Vinton, D. D., inst. June, 1842. JSulffncj) Street Societs.— 1822.— Sanitarian. This society was formed in 1822, The house in Bulfinch street was dedi cated May 6, 1823. Clergy. Rev. Paul Dean, inst. May 7, 1823, resigned May 3, 1840. Rev. Frederick T. Gray, inst. Nov. 26, 1839. SLeglien, or ©recti Street ffljurcj.— 1823.— STrlnitartan. The Green Street Church was constituted December 30, 1823. The house was dedicated October 25th, 1826, and the Rev. William Jenks, D. D., was installed the same day. A union with this and Garden Street Church, and their pastor, Rev. William R. Chapman, commenced July 15, 1844, and ter minated October 2d, 1845. This, the Messiah Church, (See p. 102.) worships at the Marlboro' Chapel. The Leyden Church, with their pastor, became connected with the Green Street Church, October 19, 1845. Dr. Jenks, and a large number of his former church, remain at the old place of worship. Clergy. Rev. Jps. H- Towne, ins. Feb. 28, 1844, left June, 1847. Now occupied by the " Church of the Advent," SPJimps' ©Snrcj.— 1823.— BTrinttarian. This church, at South Boston, was constituted December 10, 1823. The house was dedicated March 9, 1825. That house was taken down, and a new and handsome house erected on the same site, in 1836. This building is seventy-eight by sixty-five feet, and cost, exclusive of the land, fourteen thousand five hundred dollars. Clergy. Rev. Prince Hawes, settled April 28, 1824, left April 18, 1827. Rev. Joy H. Fairchild, settled Nov. 22, 1827, left May 16, 1842. Rev. William W. Patton, settled Jan. 18, 1843, left January 6, 1846. Rev. John W. Alvord, settled Nov. 1846. ©Jambers Street CSurcj.— 1825. -^Sanitarian. This church, styled "the Twelfth Congregational Church," was constituted January 28, 1825. The house was dedicated October 13, 1824. Clergy. Rev. Samuel Barrett, D. D., ordained Feb. 9, 1825. 38otonotn Street CjurcS.— 1825.— Urinitarfan. Constituted July IS, 1825. Their house in Hanover street was burnt Feb. 1. 1830. The present stone house was dedicated June 16, 1831. 92 gazetteer of Massachusetts. Clergy. Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., inst. March -22, 1826, dismissed Sept. 26, 1832. Rev. Hubbard Winslow, inst. Sept. 26, 1832, left 1844. Rev. J. B. Waterbury, D. D., installed Sept. 1846. SUurcDase Street ffijurcj.— 1825.— sanitarian. This society was formed in 1825. House dedicated August 24, 1826. Clergy. Rev. George Ripley, ord. Nov. 8, 1826, dis. March 28, 1841. Rev. James I. T. Coolidge, ord. Feb. 9, 1842. A splendid Gothic edifice, in Harrison Avenue, 20 feet longer than the other, was dedicated May 3, 1848. 3Pitts Street (t&apel.— 1826.— SSnttarlan. This church and society were gathered in 1826, by the late lamented Joseph Tuckerman, D. D., who died at Havana, April 20, 1840, aged 63. . After Dr. Tuckerman left, the officiating clergymen were Rev. Charles F. Barnard, Rev. Frederick T. Gray, and Rev. Robert C. Waterston. Mr. Waterston has been invited to the pastoral charge of a newly organized soci ety. Clergy. 1846, Rev. Andrew Bigelow, D. D. Rev. S. H. Winkley is the officiating pastor of this chapel. Salem Street ffijmrcfi.— 1827.— Strinttarlan. Society formed September 1, 1827. House dedicated January 1, 1828. Clergy. Rev. Justin Edwards, D. D., inst. Jan. 1, 1828, dis. Aug. 20, 1829. Rev. George W. Blagden, inst. Nov. 3, 1830, dis. Sept. 5, 1836. Rev. Joseph H. Towne, inst. June 2, 1837, left January, 1844. Rev. Edward Beecher, D. D., settled 1844. SJine Street Cfiurcj).— 1827.— Trinitarian. This church was constituted September 2, 1827. The house, on Washing ton street, was dedicated December 25, 1827. The house is seventy-one by eighty feet ; it contains one hundred and eighty-two pews, and large rooms in the basement story. Clergy. Rev. Thos. Skinner, D. D., inst. April 19, 1828, dis. Aug. 27, 1828. Rev. John Brown, D. D., inst. March 14, 1829, dis. Feb. 16, 1831. Rev. Amos A. Phelps, inst. Sept. 13, 1831, dis. March 26, 1834. Rev. Artemas Boies, inst. Dec. 10, 1834, dis. Nov. 9, 1840. Rev. Austin Phelps, ord. March 31, 1842. dis. 1848. SoutJ fflonflreuatfonal ffijurcji.— 1827.— sanitarian. This society was formed in 1827, and the house on Washington street, at the south part ofthe city, was dedicated Jan. 30, 1828. Clergy. Rev. Mellish Irving Motte, settled May 21, 1828, left July, 1842. Rev. Frederick D. Huntington, ordained Oct. 19, 1842. BOSTON. 93 Hotoe St. Baptist Cjurcjj.— 1827— 3Bapt(st. This society was organized, and the house on Federal street was dedicated July 18, 1827. In March, 1845, the house was sold to make room for ware houses, and a beautiful spot purchased at the corner of Rowe and Bedford Streets, for the erection of another. This house was dedicated AprU 5, 1847. Clergy. Rev. Howard Malcom, settled in Nov. 1828, left Sept. 1835. Rev. George B. Ide, settled Dec. 30, 1835, left April, 1838. Rev. Handel G. Nott, settled May 23, 1839, left June, 1840. Rev. WilUam Hague, settled 1840, dismissed in 1848. Rev. Baron Stow, D. D., instaUed in Oct., 1848. 3BetJel ffifiurcj.— 1828.— JWetJoDlst. This Mariners' Bethel, on North square, was erected by the " Boston Port Society," in 1828, at an expense of twenty-eight thousand dollars. The house is eighty-one by fifty-three feet, and wUl contain fifteen hundred per sons. Clergy. Rev. E. T. Taylor, from the commencement. ^Mariner's ffljurcj. — 1828.— Trinitarian. The church was gathered in 1828, and the corner-stone of the house, on Purchase street, was laid ^.ugust 11, 1829. It was dedicated January 20, 1830. The patrons of this Bethel are connected with the " Sailor's Home Society." Clergy. Rev. Jonathan Greenleaf, chosen Feb. 13, 1830, dis. Nov. 2, 1833. Rev. Daniel M. Lord, inst. Nov. 11, 1834, left June 1, 1847. St. Stepfien's CJurrj).— 1829.— Episcopal. This city mission church and society was formed by the Rev. Asa Eaton, in June, 1829. The corner-stone of their new church, on Purchase street, was laid in March, 1845. It is of the Gothic style of architecture, built of red sand-stone, and erected at the sole expense of William Appleton, Esq., of Boston. Clergy. Rev. Asa Eaton, D. D., to Feb., 1837. Rev. Mr. Mc Burney, to 1843. Rev. E. M. P. Wells, to 1844. JHetSioSist protestant CJureS.— 1829.— i»etJ)oSlst. This society worships in a building at the corner of Deacon and Merrunao streets. Clergy. 1847, Rev. C. W. Dennison. 94 gazetteer of Massachusetts. CEracc ffijurcj). — 1829.— Episcopal. This society was formed in 1829, under Rev. James Sabine, who continued to officiate a few months in Piedmont, now Church street. Rev. George F. Haskins officiated from October 15, 1830, to October 15, 1831, when he re- signed. They gave up the church in Piedmont street, in February, 1834, and removed to a smaU building in Bedford street. They were destitute of a regular minister from 20th September, 1831, till July 19, 1832. Most of the Episcopal ministers in the city officiated during that time. Rev. Samuel Mc- Burney became their minister for one year, 19th July, 1832. The society removed to Boylston Hall on the first Sunday in August, 1833. Rev. Zecha riah Mead became rector September 8th, commenced the charge 20th Decem ber, 1833, and left January, 1836. This society now worship in a beautiful church on Temple street, which was consecrated June 14, 1836. Clergy. Rev. Thomas M. Clark, rector, 1836, left Dee. 1842. Rev. Clement M. Butler, became rector May 24, 1844, left March, 1847. Rev. Charles Mason, rector, Sept. 5, 1847. jfourtj sanlbersalist Soctetj.— 1830.— sanlbersallst. This house, at South Boston, was dedicated in 1830. Clergy. Rev. Benj. Whittemore, settled July, 1830, left in 'April, 1843 Rev. T. D. Cook, settled Jan. 1st, 1844. Soutfi Baptist ejurcji.— 1831.— JSapttst. This church was a branch of Federal street Baptist Church from August, 1828, until March, 1831, when it became independent. The house of wor ship of this church and society, on Broadway, South Boston, composed the materials of the house of the First Baptist Society in Boston. In the vestry of this church is the old pulpit which the eloquent Dr. Stillman occupied. The house was dedicated July 22, 1830. Clergy. Up to Aug. 28, 1828, Rev. Harvey Ball and Rev. Otis Wing were the officiating clergymen. Rev. Thomas Driver was ordained April 16, 1829, left m 1830. Rev. Rollin H. Neale, settled Sept. 15, 1833, and left March 19, 1834. Rev. Timothy R. Cressy, settled March, 1834, left June 22, 1835. Elders Naylor, Colver, Jackson, and others supplied the pulpit tUl Nov. 18S8. Rev. Thomas Driver returned, and was settled. In April, 1843, Mr. Dri ver resigned, and some months after was succeeded by the Rev. Duncan Dunbar, dismissed in 1846. Rev. G. W. Bosworth, installed in 1846. boston. 95 arfiiru M. IB. Rowley. It was first settled about 1669, and its first minister was the Rev. James Chandler, who settled in 1732, and died in 1788. The surface of the town is beauti fully variegated ; it has well-cultivated farms, pleasant villages, and Parker's river winding through it. From 14 " Bald Pate," in this town, the highest land in the county, an extensive and delightful view may be obtained, com prehending a portion of the Merri mack, and the adjacent settlements, together with the beautiful town of Haverhill. The people of this highly flourish' ing town are probably more engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes than any other town of its population in America . The value manufact ured annually is said to exceed six hundred thousand dollars. Georgetown lies nine miles south west from Newburyport, eight miles north-west by west from Ipswich, sev enteen north-east from Lowell, and thirty-three miles north from Boston, by the eastern railroad, through Ips wich. GILL. Franklin Co. Gill lies five miles north-east from Greenfield, from which it was taken in 1793, and from which it is separated by Fall river, a good mill stream. It is opposite to Mon tague, which lies on the east side of Connecticut river, and between which and Gill, are Turner's Falls, alike cel ebrated for their beauty and magni tude. The town was named in com pliment to Moses Gill, lieutenant-gov ernor of the state. The first minister was the Rev. John Jackson, in 1798. The Connecticut at this place turns abruptly in its course, and spreads out a large tract of intervale of great value. Around this town are lofty eleva tions, from which splendid landscapes are obtained of distant towns, of the falls, and of the beautiful Connecticut, winding its devious course between the mountains to the ocean. Agriculture has hitherto been the chief occupation of the people of this town, but a manufacturing spirit has arisen among them, which wUl soon give employment to a portion of their valuable water-power, and to the raU road from Springfield, which will soon approach them. 158 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. GLOUCESTER. Essex Co. Gloucester is an impor tant maritime town. Until the incor poration of Rockport, in 1840, it com prised the whole of Cape Ann, which was thus named by Prince Charles, out of respect for his mother. This cape extends about eight miles into the sea, and forms the northern boun dary of Massachusetts Bay. Its width is about five miles. There are a num ber of smaU islands at its eastern ex tremity, a mile or two from the shore, on one of which, Thatcher's island, are two light-houses. Gloucester was called by the Indians Wingaersheek. This was the first spot inhabited by English settlers on the north side of Massachusetts Bay ; its harbor hav ing been improved as a fishing station as early as 1624. As early as 1794, the exports offish from this place amount ed tq two hundred and thirty thousand dollars. Gloucester harbor is capacious, easy of access at any season of the year, and of sufficient depth of water for the largest merchantmen. Nautical men pronounce it one of the best har bors on the coast. There are some manufactures in the town of vessels, cabinet-wares, boots, shoes, and a variety of other articles, but the chief business of the place is the cod and mackerel fishery, which is carried on to a great extent. In 1837, there were two hundred and twenty- one vessels employed in that business, for which one hundred and fourteen thousand bushels of salt were used, and one thousand six hundred hands employed. Since that period the busi ness, it is said, has much increased. The viUage of Anisquam, or Squam, lies on the north side of the cape, five miles east south-east from Ipswich lights, and about five miles north by west from the south harbor. It has a safe harbor, and is much used by fish ermen. Near this vUlage is a beach of between two and three miles in length, composed of white sand, which is much used, and makes a beautiful appearance as you approach the shore. This harbor was formerly connected with the south harbor by a canal cut through a'narrow isthmus of the cape ; but the canal has failed of its design. The West Parish contains some val uable tillage land, some wood and pasture lands, and some land that is almost worthless. An old church in this parish is an object of curiosity, and is much visited by strangers. It is said to be the old est meeting-house in New England. It is situated on a high hUl, surround ed by trees, and commands a fine view of Ipswich Bay. It retains its ancient form and appearance, and is occasionally used as a place of wor ship. When the revolutionary war broke out, Gloucester, then with a small population, put nearly three hundred men into the' field ; most of whom were at the battle of Bunker Hill. The vUlage of Gloucester Harbor, so called, is beautifully located on the south side of the cape, thirty-two miles north-east from Boston, by wa ter, fourteen from Salem, and twenty- eight from Boston, by land. By the Cape Ann railroad through Manchester and Beverly, the distance is about the same. There is much beauty in and around this place. The settlement is com pact, and many of the buUdings are of brick, and in a handsome style of architecture. The sea views from this viUage are very extensive, and equal in grandeur to any on the coast. Gloucester is rapidly becoming a fash ionable resort in summer months; the more its beauties are seen and its exhilarating breezes felt, the more fre quently it wiU be visited. GOSHEN. Hampshire Co. This is a smaU mountainous township, from which several branches of the Westfield river take their rise. There is much fine timber-land in the town, and much lumber is sawed and sent to market. Although the surface is rough, the soil is excellent for grazing. The value of Saxony and other wools sheared in Goshen in one year amount- GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 159 ed to four thousand five hundred dol lars. The Rev. Samuel Whitman was settled here in 1788 ; Rev. Joel Wright, in 1821 ; Rev. Henry B. Holmes, in 1830, and the Rev. Stephen Mason, in 1836. Goshen lies twelve miles north-west from Northampton, and one hundred and two miles west from Boston. GRAFTON. Worcester Co. The teiritory of this town was formerly an Indian reser vation of four miles square, and until 1735 it was called Hassanamisco. Since that' time additions have been made to the town from Shrewsbury and Sutton. The surface of the town is hilly and uneven, and in most parts it is rocky. The most prominent hills in the town are Chestnut hiU, near the centre ; George hiU, on the east, and Brigham hill, on the west part of the town. These hills are all well wooded by wal nut, oak, chestnut, butternut, &c, and on which are a number of fine farms. The soU of the town is moist and strong, and very productive of all sorts of grain and grass. The lands are naturally warm, not subject to frosts, and weU adapted to the growth of fruit trees. This is one of the best townships of land in the county, and its industrious proprietors show their knowledge of its value by its cultiva tion. Grafton has an hydraulic power of great extent and value. The Black stone river and canal pass through the southern section of the town, on which are large manufacturing estab lishments. The Quinsigamond, the outlet of a pond of that name, in Shrewsbury, passes from north to south through ihe town, with a descent of between fifty and sixty feet. On this stream, in the north part of the4own, is New England viUage ; and at its junction . with the Blackstone, at the south part of the town, is the viUage of Farnums- rille. These villages are distant from each other about four miles ; they pos sess an abundant water-power, and are very neat and flourishing manu facturing villages. The manufac tures of these villages consist chiefly of cotton and woollen goods. There are manufactures in the town of boots, shoes, leather, scythes, chairs, tin, cabinet, and wooden wares, shoe tools, bricks, &c. The annual amount of manufactures is about one million seven hundred and fifty thousand dol lars. The population of the town in 1845, was about three thousand four hundred. The first minister in Grafton was the Rev. Solomon Prentiss, who settled here in 1731. The next was the Rev. Aaron Hutchinson, in 1750. Mr. Hutchinson was very eccentric in his character and social intercourse. He possessed much classical learning. His memory was so tenacious, that he often said, if the New Testament was lost, he could write it again. He was succeeded by the Rev. Dan iel Grosvenor _in 1774. Mr. Gros venor was a patriot. "He left his pulpit, and marched with his musket, in a company of minute men, that went to Cambridge on the 19th of April, 1775." The central vUlage in Grafton is on elevated ground, and very plea sant ; it Ues about three miles south east from New England viUage, through which the MUlbury branch railroad passes. From New England village, about a mile from the Graf ton depot, on the Boston and Worces ter railroad, to Worcester, is seven miles north-west, and to Boston thirty- seven mUes east north-east. GRANBY. Hampshire Co. Granby lies about nine miles south-east from Northamp ton, twelve north by east from Spring field, and about eighty-five miles west by south from Boston. This town was formerly the second parish of South Hadley. A church was gathered here in 1762, and in that year Rev. Simon Backus was settled as pastor. From a pond in the north-east cor- 160 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ner of the town originates a pleasant stream, passing the foot of Mount Holyoke on the south, and empties into the Connecticut at South Hadley. On this stream are a number of valu able manufacturing establishments. The surface of the town is pleasant, and the soU productive. There is a very pleasant village near its centre, five miles north-east from South Had ley FaUs. GRANVILLE. Hampden Co. This town is quite mountainous. In the valleys are some tracts of good land for cultiva tion, and the highlands produce good pasturage. Valley branch, and Hubbard's river unite in this town, and form an impor tant tributary to Farmington river, which passes to Windsor, in Connec ticut. This township was sold to James Cornish, in 1686, by Toto, an Indian chief, for a gun and sixteen brass but tons. It was first settled in 1738. In 1751 it had seventy families. The first minister in Granville was the Rev. Moses Tuttle, in 1747. The next was the Rev. Jedediah Smith, in 1756, " a man of uncommon piety, pleasantness, and affability." Granville East village is neatly lo cated on elevated ground, seventeen miles west south-west from Spring field, one hundred and fifteen west south-west from Boston, and twenty- five north-west from Hartford, Con necticut. GREAT BARRINGTON. Berkshire Co. This large, ancient, and respectable town, the seat of the county courts from 1761 to 1787, and once only known by the sonorous name of Houssatonnock, is bounded on ihe north by West Stockbridge, Stock- bridge, and Lee, east by Tyringham and New Marlborough, south by Shef field, and west by Egremont and Al ford. Great Barrington lies twenty miles south by west from Pittsfield, and one hundred and twenty -five west by south from Boston, by the old roads. By the Housatonic and western raUroad it is twelve miles to West Stockbridge, fifty miles to Albany, and one hun dred and seventy-four mUes to Boston. This town is finely watered by a number of beautiful streams. The Housatonic passes through it from north to south ; Williams' river unites with the Housatonic in the north, and Green river in the south parts of the town. Near the north-west corner of the town lies Long Pond, a considera ble sheet of water, whose outlet, joined with Seekonk brook, makes a good mill-stream. The surface of the town is gene rally uneven ; some parts are moun tainous, and unfit for cultivation. But the greater part of the township is under cultivation, and its soU is strong and fertUe on the banks of the rivers and brooks which water the town. Extensive tracts of intervale are dispersed, of great fertility and beauty. The manufactures of the town con sist of cotton and woollen goods, boots, shoes, leather, hats, pig-iron, lasts, tin ware, bevils, gauges, &c. Good iron ore is found in the town, and beauti- fuUy variegated marble. The popu lation of the town in 1845, is estimated at three thousand. There are many mountains in this town, which render its general fea tures highly picturesque and romantic. -Monument Mountain has a greater interest than all the rest, for there with is connected a love-story. This mountain rises up directly from the east bank of the Housatonic, in the north part of the town. It derived its name from a rude monument of stones on its south-eastern point. "The pile," as it stood some years ago, " was six or eight feet in diame ter, circular at its base, and raised in the form of an oblong cone, over the grave of one of the aborigines." It was formed as follows : — " Every In dian who passed the place, threw a stone upon the tomb of his country-_ man. By this slow method of accu-' mulation, the heap rose, in a long se ries of years, to the height just men GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 161 tioned." By the natives of America such monuments appear to be expres sions of peculiar respect for the dead. The person buried here, it is said, was a beautiful Indian maiden, who had thrown herself from a clift of the mountain, through the influence of a passionate love for a cousin, whom the religion of the natives would not allow her to marry. On this subject, W. C. Bryant, Esq., one of our best native poets, wrote an admirable poem some years ago. The foUowing fact is related by President Dwight, as having occurred at the great bridge, in this town : — " A Mr. Van Rensselaer, a young gentleman from Albany, came one evening into an inn, kept by a Mr. Root, just at the eastern end of the bridge. The inn-keeper, who knew him, asked him where he had crossed the river. He answered, 'On the bridge.' Mr. Root replied, that that was impossible, because it had been raised that very day, and that not a plank had been laid on it. Mr. Van Rensselaer said that it could nor be true, because his horse had come over without any difficulty or reluctance ; that the night was indeed so pro foundly dark as to prevent him from seeing anything distinctly ; but that it was incredible, if his horse could see sufficiently well to keep his footing anywhere, that he should not discern the danger, and impossible for him to pass over the bridge in that condition. Each went to bed dissatisfied, neither believing the story of the other. In the morning, Mr. Van Rensselaer went, at the solicitation of his host, to view the bridge, and, finding it a naked frame, gazed for a moment with as tonishment, and fainted." GREENFIELD. Franklin Co. Shire town. Green field is delightfully situated on the west bank of Connecticut river. It was formerly a part of Deerfield, and was taken from it in 1753. Previous to that time it was called Green River. It is bounded north by Bernardston 14* and Leyden, east by Gill and Connec ticut river, south by Deerfield, and west by Shelburne. This town lies ninety miles west nonh-west from Boston, twenty-om north from Northampton and forty-one north from Springfield. It also lies twenty-one miles south from Brattle borough, Vermont; forty-four miles south from Bellows' Falls, and ninety miles south from Lebanon, New Hampshire. The " Iron Horse '' will soon pass through this town, on his way to Canada. Fall river passes the eastern border of the town from the north, and falls into the Connecticut ; and Green river also, from .the north, passes through the town, and meets the Deerfield. These rivers afford the town a fine hydraulic power, which is partially improved by establishments for the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods. There are also in the town manu factures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, iron-castings, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, saddles, harnesses, trunks, stone and lead aqueduct pipe, guns, pistols, coaches, wagons, books, &c. The surface of Greenfield is gene rally plain ; it has some rising grounds, but none abrupt. There are large in tervales on Green river, in the town, of superior excellence. The other lands produce good crops of grain, and afford excellent pasturage. The products arising from the sale of wool, butter, cheese, and cattle, are very considerable. The viUage of Greenfield, and the site of the county courts, is situated on an elevated plain, on the margin of Green river, and surrounded by beautiful intervale. It contains many handsome buildings besides those be longing to the county. There is a neatness, rural simpUcity and beauty about this, and most of our Connecticut river villages, which strike the eye with uncommon delight. We do not obtain from them those bold water views which present them selves on tbe high banks of the Hud son, the Kennebec, and Penobscot ; they are grand and beautiful, but 162 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. without that .oveliness which is pre sented by this placid, fertilizing stream, winding its course among the moun tains, and spreading out" on either tide, extensive tracts of rich and blooming meadow. The Greenfield Institute, in this town, a seminary for young la dies, retains its high character for usefulness. The teachers at this in stitution, the Misses Stone, in their circular, say: — " The system of instruction pursued in this school is, probably, not mate rially different from that which pre vails in other high schools and acade mies. The various branches of edu cation, useful and ornamental, are designed to be thoroughly taught, and no pains will be spared to'render the path of knowledge attractive and de lightful. The object of the teachers is not fulfiUed by storing the memory with words, or by making it familiar with rules and numbers — with the boundaries of place and date of events. They aim at the cultivation of the whole mind — the completion of a character that wUl enable its posses sor clearly to comprehend and faith fully to perform all the duties which appertain to her condition in life. Their course involves principles and obligations, as well as learning, in the common acceptation of the term ; and for the success of their exertions and plans, they must appeal to the future progress and developments of their scholars,," GREENWICH. Hampshire Co. There are some elevated lands in this town, and the surface generally is rugged and une- 'en ; but the soU is strong and fertile. Two branches of Swift river water the town abundantly for extensive manufacturing operations. Tbe man ufactures of the town consist of wool len goods, scythes, palm-leaf hats, and various other articles. The Indian name of the town was Quo-bin. The first settlers were from the north of Ireland, and many of their descendants still remain. A ministry was established here in 1749, and the Rev. Pelatiah Webster was ordained. The viUage is pleasantly situated twenty miles east north-east from Northampton, and fourteen miles north north-west from the railroad depot, in Warren, seventy-three miles from Boston. GROTON. Middlesex Co. This beautiful and flourishing town is bounded north by Dunstable, east by Tynsborough and Westford, south by Harvard, west by Shirley, and north-west by Townsend and Pepperell. The township was granted to Dean Winthrop, a son of Governor Winthrop, and others, in 1655, and the settlement commenced soon after. Its Indian name was Petapawag ; its present name is de rived from the birthplace of Governor Winthrop, in England. Groton was for many years a fron tier settlement, and much exposed to the Indians. It was attacked by the Indians March 2d, 1676, and again by about four hundred Indians on the 13th of the same month. Most of the people escaped to the garrisons, giving up their property to the enemy ; the town was wholly burnt, except four garrison houses. The inhabitants fled to Concord, but returned to their lands the next season, and commenced rebuilding their houses. It was again attacked on the 27th of July, 1694, and twenty-two of the inhabitants killed, and thirteen cap tured. Again, May 20, 1697, one man was killed, and three wounded. Among those carried into captivity on the 27th of July, 1691, were seve ral by the name of Langley, and two boys by the name of Tarbell. The latter never returned to live with the whites, but having become accustomed to the Indian life, intermarried with them, and some of their descendants, by the name of Tarbell, are now liv ing with a tribe of Indians at St. Re gis, in Canada. The town is finely watered by the Nashua and Sijuannicook rivers, and GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 163 a number of beautiful ponds. The surface of the town is pleasantly va riegated; the soU is fertile and ex ceedingly productive, among all the varieties of a weU-cultivated town, of a great abundance of hay for the market. There are valuable paper- rhiUs in the town, a fine quarry of soap-stone, and manufactures of a great variety of articles common in a New England town. The village in the centre of the town, is handsomely situated on one principal street, which runs from south-east to north-west. It is on an extensive and regular swell of land, and commands delightful views of the surrounding country. The build ings are in a style of great neatness and taste, and some of elegance. The Groton Academy was incorpo rated in 1793. Among its preceptors, have been the Hon. William Richard son, late chief justice of the New Hampshire court, and Caleb Butler, Esq., of Groton. It has a department for boys, and one for girls. In 1841-5 the building was repaired, enlarged, and improved, by the generosity of Amos Lawrence, Esq., of Boston, a native of Groton, at an expense of two thousand dollars. The same be nevolent individual has given lo the institution a handsome library, for the use of the teachers and pupils. Also a very complete apparatus for illustration of natural philosophy and chemistry. WUliam Lawrence, Esq., of Boston, also a native of Groton, in 1844, made a generous donation of ten thousand dollars to the funds of the academy, which, with funds before in the hands of the trustees, makes the sum of about nineteen thousand dollars. This gentleman also is engaged in making some improvements in the buildings and grounds around the academy, which, when completed, will render the place highly attractive. The present preceptor is Rev. James Means. Groton lies thirty-two miles north west from Boston, fourteen west by south from Lowell, and sixteen north west from Concord. It is three and a half miles north from the depot of the Fitchburg railroad, which passes through the south part of the town. The railroad from Nashua, New Hampshire, to Worcester, will pass through the centre of the town. The local beauty of this town, the ease with which it is approached from the city, and the facilities which it affords for the education of youth, induce many wealthy families to make it their residence. HADLEY. Hampshire Co. This is a very pleasant town, on the east bank of Connecticut river, and united to North ampton by a handsome bridge, one thousand and eighty feet in length. The village, or business part of the town, is situated on a peninsula form ed by a bend of the river. It has a wide street of about a mile in length, well built, and shaded by beautiful elms. The distances from Hadley are much the same as from North ampton, except the centres of the towns are about three miles apart. Hadley contains extensive tracts of the finest land in the state. Its mea dows, which are annually overflowed by the river, are very fertile, and ex ceedingly productive. Vast quanti ties of broom-corn are annuaUy raised in this town; the value of brooms manufactured in one year, was ninety thousand doUars. There are many other articles manufactured, and two small streams afford the town some water-power. The first minister in Hadley was the Rev. John Russell, who settled in 1659, soon after its first settlement. Its Indian name was Norwottock. Hadley was a retreat for the cele brated Goffe and Whalley, two of the judges who condemned Charles Ist, for execution. They had both been officers in Cromwell's army, and both were greatly esteemed for their piety and worth. They escaped from Eng land, and arrived at Boston in 1660. Whallev died at Hadley, after a tarrv 164 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. of fifteen years. Goffe died some years after, and was buried at New Haven. Stiles, in his History of the Judges, relates the following story : — "WhUe at Boston, there appeared a fencing-master, who, on a stage erected for the purpose, walked it for several days, challenging and defying any one to play with him at swords ; at length, one of the judges, disguised in a rustic dress, holding in one hand a cheese, wrapped in a napkin, for a shield, with a broomstick, whose mop he haxi besmeared with dirty puddle water as he passed along — thus equip ped, he mounted the stage. The fencing-master railed at him for his impudence, asked him what business he had there, and bid him begone. The judge stood his ground, upon which the gladiator made a pass at him with his sword, to drive him off — a rencounter ensued — the judge re ceived the sword into the cheese, and held it untU he drew the mop of the broom gently over his mouth, and gave the gentleman a pair of whis kers. He made another pass, and plunging his sword a second time, it was caught and held in the cheese, whilst the mop was drawn gently over his eyes. At a third lunge, it was again caught, and held in the cheese, until the judge had rubbed the broom all over his face. Upon this, the gentleman let fall his small sword, and took up the broad sword. The judge then said, ' Stop, sir ; hith erto, you see, I have only played with you, and not attempted to harm you ; but if you come at me now with the broad-sword, know that I will cer tainly take your life.' The firmness with which he spoke, struck the mas ter, who, desisting, exclaimed, 'Who can you be? You must be either Goffe, WhaUey, or the devil ; for there was no other man in England that could beat me.' " HALIFAX. Plymouth Co. Halifax was for merly part of. Plympton, Middlebo rough, and Pembroke. Its Indian name was Monponsit. The first min ister was the Rev. John Cotton, in 1735. He died in Plymouth, his na tive town, in 1789. He published a history of Plymouth church. Two branches of Taunton river, the Winetuxet, and another, give this town a water-power, on which are erected various kinds of machinery for manufacturing purposes. Many shoes, and other articles, are made in this town, and considerable lumber, such as boards, plank, shingles, masts, &c, are sent to market, down the river. It is said that in- early times, vessels were built in this town, and in seasons of freshets, floated down the Winetuxet and Taunton, to. the ocean. There are two villages in the town, and several ponds, which cover about one thousand seven hundred acres. The Monponsit, a small part of which lies in Hanson, is a beautiful sheet of water, more than two miles long, and half a mile wide. Pickerel have been taken from this pond, weighing more than seven pounds each. The Old Colony railroad passes through the town, twenty-eight miles south south-east from Boston, and nine miles north-west from Plymouth. HAMILTON. Essex Co. This was formerly a part of Ipswich, and called Ipswich Hamlet. Ipswich river passes its western and northern borders, and Miles' river, running north, passes into it. The town was named in honor of Alexander Hamilton, who died July 11, 1804, aged forty-seven. The people of this town are mostly agriculturalists ; and they cultivate an excellent soil, with a pleasant sur face, with much judgment. Hamilton lies, by the eastern raU road, twenty miles north by east from Boston, and fourteen south from New buryport. The first minister in this place was the Rev. Samuel Wigglesworth, in 1714. Tbe second, the Rev. Ma nasseh Culler, in 1771. The third, GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 165 the Rev. Joseph B. Felt, instaUed in 1824, and resigned in 1633. Mr. Felt is a highly respected historian and antiquarian. From his history of this town, we extract the follow ing:— "There are four families in this town called bleeders; three of them are immediately and the other medi ately related. The number of indi viduals so- denominated are five. They are thus named from an unu sual propensity in their arteries and veins to bleed profusely, even from slight wounds. A cut or other hurt upon them assumes at first the com mon appearance ; but after a week or fortnight the injured part begins and continues, for several days, to send forth almost a steady stream of blood, untU this disappears, and it becomes nearly as colorless as water. A portion of the coagulated blood forms a cone, large or smaU, accord ing to the wound. The bleeding cea ses when the cone, which has a mi nute aperture, and is very fetid, falls off. The persons thus constituted dare not submit to the operation of the lancet. They often bleed abun dantly at the nose, and are subject to severe and premature rheumatism. Some of their predecessors have come to their end by wounds which are not considered by any means dangerous for people in general. This hemor rhage first appeared in the Appleton family, who brought it with them from England. None but males are bleed ers, whose immediate cmldren are not so, and whose daughters only have sons thus disposed. As to the precise proportion of these who may resemble their grandfathers in bleeding of this kind, past observation furnishes no data ; it has been found altogether uncertain." HAMPDEN COUNTY. Springfield is the shire town. This county, until 1812, was the southern part of the county of Hampshire. It is bounded north by Hampshire county, east by Worcester county, south by Tolland and Hartford counties, Connecti cut, and west by the county of Berkshire. Connecticut river passes from north to south through the centre of the county ; the Westfield from the west, the Chickopee from the east, with the Quinebaugh and other rivers in different parts of the county, afford it an immense water-power. The western raUroad, and Hampshire and Hampden canal, pass each other in this county, nearly at right angles. With these facUities, the county of Hampden takes a high stand among the manufacturing and agricultural districts in New England. The value of goods made in the county as early as 1836, exceeded three mil lions of dollars. Some parts of this county is mountainous, but the principal part of it is rather undulating than hilly. Its highlands produce excellent food for cattle, and its intervale lands, which abound on its rivers, particularly on the banks of the Connecticut and Westfield, are very superior in fortuity and production. See State Tables. COURTS IN HAMPDEN COUNTY. Supreme Court. Law Term. For the counties-of Hampshire, Hampden, and Franklin. At Northampton on the Monday next preceding the fourth Tuesday in September. Nisi Prius. At Springfield on the eighth Tuesday next after the first Tuesday in March, and on the first Tuesday in September Common Pleas. At Springfield on the second Monday in February, sec ond Monday in June, and second Monday in August. Two additional terms 166 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. are holden on the third Monday in May, and first Monday in December, both for criminal business exclusively. Meetings of the County Commissioners. At Springfield on the second Tues day in April, first Tuesday in October, and fourth Tuesdays in June and De cember. Probate Courts. At Springfield on the first Tuesdays of January, February, March, April, May, July, September, November, and December. At West- field on the second Tuesdays of March and December, and the first Tuesdays of June and October. At Monson, on the second Tuesday of June, and at Palmer, on the second Tuesday of September. HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. Northampton is the shire town. This ancient county, although its limits have been greatly reduced by the production of Frankhn and Hampden counties, is still increasing in agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing strength. Located in the centre of the alluvial basin of the noble Connecti cut, blessed with a rich and variegated soil, and great water-power, this must ever remain one of the most independent counties in New England. In 1836 the value of domestic manufactures amounted to almost two mU- lions and a half of dollars, and has greatly increased since that period. Its productions of the soil are large, and annually increasing with that spirit of improvement in agricultural pursuits, which seems to pervade the state. The western railroad passes the western boundary of the county, and the Hampshire and Hampden canal extends from its centre to Long Island Sound. This county is bounded south by Hampden, west by Berkshire, north by Franklin, and east by Worcester counties. See State Tables. COURTS IN HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. Supreme Court. Law Term. See Hampden county. Nisi Prius. At Northampton, on the seventh Tuesday next after the first Tuesday in March. Common Fleas. At Northampton on the third Monday of Febuary, the first Monday of June, and the third Monday of October. Meetings of the County Commissioners. At Northampton cn the first Tues day in September, on the first Tuesday in March, and first Tuesday in De cember. Probate Courts. At Northampton on the first Tuesday in each month. At Amherst on the second Tuesdays in January, April, and August. At Bel chertown on the second Tuesdays in February, May, and October. At Ches- terfield.on the third Tuesdays of May and October. HANCOCK. Berkshire Co. All those who have travelled the old road between Boston and Albany, must well know that Hancock is a mountainous town. It is sixteen miles in length, and about two in breadth ; and from some parts of it the mountains are so abrupt that the inhabitants, in passing from one end of it to the other,, are obliged to travel out of the town, and even through a part of the state of New York. Although the surface of the tow., in many parts of it, is too rough for cultivation, yet there is much good grazing on ;he sides of the mountains. In one year, five thousand four hun 167 dred and forty-five fleeces of wool, sheared in this town, sold for eleven thousand five hundred and forty-four dollars. There is a narrow valley in Han cock, about seven miles in length, of great fertility and beauty. Here are some of the best farms in the county ; and here are seated in a delightful village, a family of more than two hundred Shakers. They own about two thousand acres of land. They make all sorts of wares as neat as wax, cultivate all the varieties of the garden and field in the greatest profu sion, and live, one would think from their appearance, as happily as mar ried folks. How they can think of living in the way they do, all their days, is a great mystery to many of their friends over the mountains. The circular stone barn in the Sha ker village, is worthy of notice : — " It is two hundred and seventy feet in compass, with walls laid in lime, rising twenty-one feet above the un derpinning, and from three and a half to two and a half feet in thickness. The mast and rafters are fifty-three feet in length, and united together at the top. On the lower floor, immedi ately within the walls, are stables eight feet high, occupying twelve feet in length, with the manger, which is inwards, and into which convenient places are left for throwing hay and feed from above. In these stables, which open to and from several yards, a span of horses and fifty-two horned cattle may be stabled. The covering of the stables forms the barn-floor, on to which from an offset there is but one large doorway for teams, which make the circuit of the floor, and pass out at the same place. Eight or ten can occupy the floor at the same time ; and the hay is thrown into the large area in the centre. For simply laying the stone of this building, the masons were paid five hundred dol lars and boarded." The centre village in Hancock lies about ten miles north-west from Pitts field, and from thence to Boston is one hundred and fifty-one miles, by the railroad. " Shaker viUage " lies about three miles west from Pi'tsfield, and five miles east from New Lebanon Springs. We need not go out of Massachu setts to find enchanting scenery ; but as we are so- near the lovely valley of New Lebanon, its tepid springs, and a larger family of our friends, the Shakers, than we have left, we must be permitted to cross the line a mo ment, "just to take a look." New Lebanon, New York, is in the county of Columbia, and situated in a delightful valley, surrounded by culti vated hills, which present scenery greatly variegated and peculiarly pleasing. This is a great resort for visitors from all directions ; some to enjoy the romantic scenery with which this re gion abounds, and others the benign influence of the waters. The pubhc resorts are well located, and afford excellent accommodations. New Lebanon is one hundred and thirty-four miles west from Boston, twenty-four east from Albany, twenty- five north-east from Hudson, seven west from Pittsfield, twenty-three south by west from WilUamstown, one hundred and fifty-six north by east from New York, and sixty-eight north-west by west from Hartford, Connecticut. To Boston, by the rail road, from Pittsfield, is one hundred and fifty -eight mUes. A community of Shakers, of be tween five and six hundred, own about three thousand acres of excel lent land in this township, which is highly improved by this industrious, hospitable, and curious people. Their vUlage is about two miles south-east of the springs. The springs are on the side of a hill, and are so abundant as to supply a smaU water-power. The waters are tasteless, pure as crystal, and appear to differ in no respect from other pure mountain waters, except in tempera ture, which is always at 72° of Fah renheit. The virtues of the waters of tho 168 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. warm springs have been tested by many persons, and found efficacious in skin diseases, rheumatism, scrofula, nervous debility, liver complaints, constipation, &c, tec. Besides the plentiful supply of warm water at this place, there are continually gushing out from the sides of the mountains, numerous rills, as clear as crystal, and almost as cold as ice. An establishment for the "Water Cure," has recently been opened at this place, and if the waters of either cold or warm springs can cure any of "the ills which flesh is heir to," surely this delightful spot seems de signed by nature for all classes of sufferers to go and be healed. Doctor Wesselhoeft, well known in Boston and New York, for his sci ence and worth, has an hospital at Brattleborough, Vermont, for the " Water Cure." In a letter to the editor of the New York Tribune, he makes an interesting statement in regard to it ; from which we copy his account of its origin, and his mode of treatment, for the benefit of whom it may concern. " The use of water as a remedy for diseases has been known to all na tions, in all times, and has been ap plied in a great many instances. I believe, however, that it has been re served to our century considerably to enlarge its use, and to show what was the origin of that medical science which has become so complicated in these days. "This most simple and effectual method of healing was not invented by learned men, interpreting and de veloping the traditions of their ances tors. It is to an unlearned peasant, led only by his observation of nature, that the human race is indebted for its discovery. Vincent Priessnitz, living in Graefenberg, a small place si'uated on a high ridge of Seudetes moun tains, remote from the aids which medical art affords, himself undertook to obviate the diseases by which he or his family were attacked. En couraged by success, he then tried to cure persons ill with the gout, a dis ease endemic in these regions, after they had been long under constant medical treatment without receiving any benefit. In these cases, also, he was successful. His observations multiplied and enlarged; his views and his judgment gained certainty. The fame of his cures spread, and "his growing abiUty drew to him pa tients, not only from the country round about, but from aU parts of Europe. Nearly aU returned home, either cured or benefitted beyond their expectations. But now began Jong sufferings for him before he attained his highest triumphs. He became the mark of contempt, envy, and cal umny to the regular physicians. He, however, went straight forward. Na ture alone was his guide, and, after a few years, he saw many learned phy sicians collecting round him to study his method. Since, many institutions have been estabhshed upon the plan of his, and the treatment by fresh water has attained a high reputation throughout Germany and Europe. A society of plysicians has been formed in Germany, who have cultivated now for five years this method, communi cating to one another and to the pub lic the results of their observations and experiences. " As I have said, it is on quite a high ridge of mountains that Priessnitz made his first experiments, and it is in the same spot that crowds of pa tients come stUl to find him. He re ceives them in the deep shades of the woods, and undertakes to cure them by no other means than by pure mountain air, by the pure water springing from the rocks, and by his miraculous genius, which knows how to apply this apparently simple treat ment to the various diseases and indi vidualities in the way suitable to each. " It would, however, be a vain at tempt m any one to study the rales of his proceedings from his oral com munications. However clear and firm his opinions may be for himself, he does not know how to explain them, aud never tries to answer inqui ries. But if you observe him closely, you may find them out by his acts, HANCOCK. 169 and short and striking maxims which he utters occasionally. You wiU also find how strictly he observes the laws of physics and physiology, sciences which he scarcely knows by name. " I will now describe more in detaU the manner of occupying the .patient in such an establishment, and will, in this way, give an outline of the treat ment. I call it an outline only, be cause it may be varied in so many ways, according to the constitution or diseases of different individuals. Only those who have seen it can have an idea of the niceties of application as to the water and temperature. It is distinguished, generally, by excluding all sorts of medicines, by its peculiar method of producing perspiration, and by the crises, which are brought on by the effects of cold water, and end, in a great many cases, the sufferings of the patient. " The patient is waked a"bout four o'clock in the morning, and wrapped in thick woollen blankets, almost her metically; only the face and some times the whole head remain free ; all other contact of the body with the air being carefully prevented. Soon the vital warmth streams out from the patient, and collects round him more or less, according to his own constitution and the state of the at mosphere. After a while he begins to perspire, and he must continue to perspire till his covering itsel f becomes wet. During this time, his head may be covered with cold compresses, and he may drink as much fresh water as he likes. Windows and doors are opened in order to promote the flow of perspiration, by the entrance of fresh vital air. As soon as the at tendant observes that there has been perspiration enough, he dips the pa tient into a cold bath, which is ready in the neighborhood of the bed. No doubt, the first sensation of this bath would be disagreeable, if the skin of the patient were not in a high glow, so as to make him desirous of cooling. As soon as the first shock is over, he feels a sense of comfort, and the sur face of the water becomes covered with clammy matter, which perspira- 15 tion has driven out from him. The pores, which have been opened by the process of perspiration, suck up the moisture with avidity, and, accord ing to all observations, this is the mo ment when the wholesome change of matter takes place, by which llie whole system gradually becomes pu rified. In no case has this sudden change of temperature proved to be injurious. There is no previous ex citement by irritating diaphoretics, and the lungs are not heated by im bibing a glowing air, as is the case in steam-baths ; the skin alone is heated to a certain degree. " After leaving the bath, wiping and dressing, the patient, if his disorder allows it, takes a short walk, or exer cises in some way, during which he drinks several tumblers of water. He must, however, carefuUy avoid any excess in drinking, which occasions a disagreeable aggravation of the stom ach. Habit produces miracles in this respect. Persons, who, in the begin ning, had a great dread of water, learn to drink from twenty to thirty tum blers a day. After the first walk fol lows the breakfast. None but cold food is allowed ; mUk, bread, and, in some cases, fruit. Experience has proved that hot food in the morning debilitates the stomach. Persons who have a repugnance to milk, at first may drink water only, but they will soon learn to drink milk ; and this is commonly the first degree in recover ing the healthy state of the digestive functions. After breakfast, each pa tient who is able to walk, take's a longer exercise, and after it, goes to the douche bath, waiting before he lets the cold stream upon him only while the lungs are panting. Patients who have by nature, a cold, dry, and rough skin, will render it more liable to per spirations by cold washings. Those who suffer from local diseases, try to soothe them by local compresses, more or less wet. If there are obsti nate chronic ailments on the outside organs, they expose them to the cold water in the form of rain, or of mist, or of a thick stream falling from a con siderable height upon the body. One 170 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. effect of the latter applications is espe cially worthy of remark. An anthri- tic pat'ent, for example, who exposes his hands, feet, or swollen joints, to a stream of water coming from a con siderable height, experiences, after some time, the following symptoms : a vivid redness upon the skin, and an insupportable itching, while the swel ling begins to lessen, sometimes from suction of the skin, more frequently by local ulceration, and the issuing of matter. " To all patients it must be recom mended to exercise as much as possi ble in the open air, and to drink as much water as they can without feel ing irritated. Dinner will be ready at one o'clock. Scarcely anywhere will be found such an appetite as at the dinner-table of a water establishment. Even persons suffering from the most painful chronic diseases, whose diges tion is, besides, impaired by the great number and quantity of medicines they have taken, find the functions soon restored to their natural vital power. The food given to the patient must be simple, but sufficient in quan tity ; too coarse food for disordered stomachs ought to be avoided. Every patient eats according to his appetite and needs, although there are restric tions to be made in case of great weakness of the digestive organs. The physician must be careful to regulate the diet of such patients. " If the weakness and debility of the patient are not too great, and if it is not repugnant to the commencing critical excretions, the proceedings of the morning are repeated in the after noon, two hours after dinner, except that douche baths should be avoided then, because they are too exciting. Most of the patients finish their day's work, after a light supper of bread md milk, between six and seven o'clock, with a foot-bath, and all go suon to rest." HANOVER. Plymouth Co. The North river separates this town from Pembroke, on the south, and affords it a good water-power, and a sufficient channel to float to Scituate harbor many of the best merchant ships now built which saU on the ocean. The surface of the town is quite level, with gentle swells, affording white oak and pine timber. The soil is diluvial, and with good manage ment is made quite productive. The manufactures of the town con sist of anchors, ploughs, saddle-trees, stoves, aud other castings, naUs, tacks, boots, shoes, &c. The anchors of our favorite ship, " Old Iron Sides," were made in this place. A congregational church was gath ered in this town, December 5, 1728, and the Rev. Benjamin Bass was or dained ihe same month and year. " Hanover Four Corners," a hand some vUlage, on the banks of the river, and on the stage-road to Ply mouth, is quite a business place, and lies twenty-two miles south-east from Boston, and fourteen north-west from Plymouth. From this viUage to South Abington parish is four mUes, and from thence to Boston, by the Old Colony railroad, is twenty miles. HANSON. Plymouth Co. Hanson was taken from Pembroke in 1820. There are several large and handsome ponds in the town, and several small streams, which give it some water-power. Part of Monponset pond lies in Han son, from which, and other ponds in the town, a variety of fish are taken. In these ponds are large beds of bog iron ore. The manufactures ofthe town con sist of ship's anchors and knees, nails, carriage springs, iron-castings, lea ther, shoes, &c. The first minister here was the Rev. Gad Hitchcock, D. D., who was ordained in 1748; he preached here fifty-five years, and died at the age of eighty-three years. Hanson lies twenty-four and a quar ter miles south-east from Boston, and twelve and three quarter miles north west from Plymouth, by the Old Col ony railroad. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 171 HARDWICK. Worcester Co. Although the face of this town is rough, it has no very high lands, and its soil is deep, loamy, moist, and very fertile, yielding all sorts of agricultural products in great abundance. This is one of the best grazing town ships in the county ; the annual sales of butter, cheese, pork, wool, fruit, and fat cattle, amount to a large sum. This town was first settled in 1736, and a church was gathered, and a minister, the Rev. David White, set tled the same year. At filst the town was called Lambstown, from the name of one of its first proprietors. Its In dian name was Wombemesisecook. There are a number of small streams in the town ; Ware river washes its east and south boundaries, and two large ponds, one of which is caUed Pottaboug, two miles in length, is weU stored with fish. From Furnace village in Hardwick, to the Brookfield depot, on the western railroad, is about eight miles south ; from thence to Boston is sixty-seven miles. By the old road, Hardwick lies twenty-two miles west by north from Worcester. HARVARD. Worcester Co. Harvard was taken from Stow, Lancaster, and Gro ton, in 1732, and received its name in honor of the founder of Harvard Col lege. The town has a warm, strong, and fertile soU, but its surface is some what rocky, and broken by hills. It is quite productive of beef, pork, but ter, cheese, and a variety of fruit. The Nashua washes its western boundary, and greatly fertilizes the bordering lands. The town is also watered by a small stream called StiU river, and some ponds. Bare Hill pond, a fine sheet of wa ter, of three miles in circumference, containing two small islands, and a considerable water-power, Ues a little to the eastward of StiU river village, and adds much to the beauty of the town. Hell pond, so called, from its great depth, ninety feet, and Robbins' pond, lie at the north part of the town. These ponds contain fine perch and pickerel, but none were found in Hell pond, until they were placed there ; since which they have greatly multiplied. The manufactures of Harvard con sist of paper, in large quantities, lea ther, boots, shoes, palm -leaf hats, &c, Many monumental stones are made from u, fine blue slate, found in the town. The Rev. John Seccomb was settled in Harvard in 1733 — Rev. Joseph Wheeler in 1759 — Rev. Daniel John son in 1769 — Rev. Ebenezer Gros venor in 1782 — and Rev. William Emerson in 1792. StiU river village, in Harvard, lies six miles west from the Littleton de pot, on the Fitchburg railroad, thirty- one and a half miles from Boston, and nineteen miles north-east from Worcester. A society of Shakers, or United Brethren, reside in the north part of this town, about two and a half miles west from the Littleton depot, on the Fitchburg railroad, thirty-one and a half miles from Boston, seventeen south-west from Lowell, and twenty- four north-east from Worcester. Their number is about two hun dred. They own a tract of rugged land, of a strong soil, two miles in length, and a mile in breadth. They procure their subsistence by honest industry, prudence, and economy, in agricultural, horticultural, and me chanical pursuits; they raise for the market fruit-trees, and fruits of vari ous kinds, garden-seeds, medicinal herbs and roots, tec, &c. They manufacture leather, brooms, mats, sieves, knitting- work, rose and peach- waters, tec, tec Articles of every kind, produced by these people, are proverbially good. For a particular account of the reh gious tenets of the Shakers, or United Society of Believers, see Hayward's Book of Religions. 172 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. HARWICH. Barnstable Co. This town is sit uated upon the south side of the cape, fourteen miles east of Barnstable court-house, and formerly extended across to the north shore, including the town of Brewster, from which it was separated in 1803. It was set tled by emigrants from Eastham and Plymouth, in 1647. This was a famous Indian town, which numbered, in 1694, according to Mather, five hundred. Their chief place of residence was at the head of what is now called Seymour's Pond, in the north-west part of the town, where the site of a meeting-house and burial- ground may now be seen. Those In dians composed the Satucket tribe, and were the first in New England to commence hostilities against the Eng hsh. This is termed by our historians, the "First Encounter;" this took place at Namskekit, a creek now di viding Orleans from Brewster, in the year 1620. From original deeds of lands purchased of the Indians, the chief of this tribe was called Tissquat- tum, and a large tract of land in Har wich is now known by that name. Harwich is most abundantly sup plied with pure fresh water, having within its limits no less than eight ponds, of from one to six miles in cir cumference, besides a considerable number of inferior ones. Long Pond, which divides Brewster from Har wich, is the source of Herring river. It is three mUes long, and abounds with fish, and is on an elevation of ten feet above the sea. It is remark able that, without one exception, all these ponds are of the greatest purity. Harwich lies thirty miles north from Nantucket harbor, from which island it is separated by the " Shoals," and the Vineyard Sound channel. It is thought that this town and that island were formerly connected. The surface of this township is gently undulating, more level than that of the other towns on the cape, and is mostly covered with a mingled growth of oak and pine wood. The Eoil is generally light, and free from rocks, excepting a few bowlders of moderate size. While it affords but scanty pasturage, the poorest of the land, with a little manuring, will pro duce good crops of Indian corn and rye. It is well adapted to fruit-trees, and thriving orchards of young trees are numerous. The chief business of the town is the cod and mackerel fishery, in which the inhabitants have been employed from its first settlement, and which has caused the equal distribution of wealth, and the great uniformity in the style of living, manner of building, &c, so observable to the traveller. Harwich contains three handsome and thriving villages. The academy, in the central village, is a beautiful specimen of architecture, of the Doric order. It was established and the building erected in 1844. HATFIELD. Hampshire Co. This was formerly a part of the town of Hadley. It lies on the west side of Connecticut river, five miles north from Northampton, and wUl soon be accommodated with a railroad to Springfield and Boston. The principal village is about a mile and a half north from Hadley. The surface of the town is generally level, with a soil of an excellent qual ity, a good part of which is choice intervale. It produces all the varie ties of grains, grasses, vegetables and fruits common to the climate, in great abundance, and is noted for its fatted beeves, for the Boston market. Large quantities of broom-corn are grown in this town, and many brooms, carriages, boots, shoes, tec, are made. Haydensville, situated at the south west part of the town, and about five miles north-west from Northampton, is a neat viUage, watered by Mill river, which passes through Northampton. In this village is an instance of mechan ical enterprise and success rarely seen even in New England. At this place, two brothers, by the name of Hayden, commenced making buttons by hand, about the year 1835, employing only GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 173 two or three hands besides themselves. They went on from year to year in creasing their manufacture of buttons, and in 1839, they added to their busi ness the manufacture of steel pens ; so that in 1844, they employed a cap ital of one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars ; manufactured one thousand six hundred gross of buttons, and one hundred gross of pens a day, and gave employment to two hundred and seventy hands. See Williamsburg. HAVERHILL. Essex Co. This is a town of un common beauty. It is situated on the north side of Merrimack river, over which are two handsome bridges leading through Bradford to Boston. It lies at the head of navigation, twelve miles west by south from New buryport, sixteen north-east from Lowell, twenty north north-west from Salem, and by the Boston and Maine raUroad, which passes through the town, thirty-two miles north from Boston, seventeen south from Exeter, New Hampshire, and seventy-eight miles south south-west from Portland. The town, built upon a gentle ac clivity, with the houses rising one above the other, in just proportion, in terspersed with trees; the distant hUls in the back ground, and the beautiful JVIerrimack flowing calmly at its base, presents a. picture of no ordinary interest. Little river and other streams give HaverhUl a fine hydraulic power, and its enterprising citizens know weU how to apply it. In 1837, the manu factures consisted of woollen goods, lea ther, boots, shoes, hats, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, combs, ploughs, tin-ware, vessels, shoe lasts, morocco, leather, chaises, &c, the value of which amounted to nearly a miUion and a half of dollars. Since that period, they have doubtless kept pace with the times, and greatly in creased. Some navigation is owned, and some vessels are built in the town, though not so many as in for mer years. The soil about Haverhill is very 15* good, and highly cultivated. From " Golden Hill," aud " Silver's Hill," two of the most commanding emi nences in the town, the landscape scenery is delightful. Near the cen tre ofthe town, are Plug, Round, and Great ponds, and in the west parish, Creek pond, fine sheets of water. The two latter are particularly cele brated for their beautiful scenery and fine fish. These ponds cover an area of seven hundred and fifty acres. At the north part of the town, on the brow of a hiU, is a large rock, called the "Corner Stone," located at the corner of four towns. The first minister in HaverhUl was the Rev. John Ward, who was settled here in 1641, and died 1693, aged eighty-seven. Mr. Ward was one of the first settlers. He was born in Haverhill, in England, and was greatly beloved and honored. He was the son of the celebrated wit, the Rev. Nathaniel Ward, who was set tled a short time at Ipswich, and who wrote the " Simple Cobbler of Aga- wam." For more than seventy years, Ha verhUl, the Pentuckei of the Indians, was a frontier town, and constantly exposed to the horrors of savage war fare. On the 15th March, 1698, the Indi ans made a descent on this town, where they took Mrs. Hannah Dus ton, who was confined to her bed with an infant only six days old, and attended by her nurse, Mary Niff. The Indians took Mrs. Duston from her bed, and carried her away, with the nurse and infant. They soon despatched the latter by dashing its head against a tree. When they had proceeded as far as an island, which has been justly called Duston's island, in the Merrimack, near the mouth of the Contoocook, on their way to an Indian town, situated a considerable distance above, the Indians informed the women that they must be stripped, and run the gantlet through the vil lage, on their arrival. Mrs. Duston and her nurse had been assigned to a family, consisting of two stout men, three women, and 174 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. seven children, or young Indians, be sides an English boy, who had been taken from Worcester. Mrs. Duston, aware of Ihe cruel ties that awaited her, formed the de sign of exterminating the whole fam ily, and prevailed upon the nurse and the boy to assist her in their destruc tion. A little before day, finding the whole company in a sound sleep, she awoke her confederates, and with the Indian hatchets, despatched ten of the twelve. One of the women, whom they thought they had kUled, made her escape, and a favorite boy they de signedly left. Mrs. Duston and her companions arrived safe home, with the scalps, though their danger from the enemy, and from famine, in travelling so far, must have been great. The general court of Massachusetts made her a grant of fifty pounds, and she received many other valuable presents. HAWLEY, Franklin Co. This town lies on the Green mountain range, and is the source of some of the head waters of Deerfield river. The surface of the town is rough, but the soil is good, and productive of grain, but is more particularly adapted to the grazing of cattle. Considerable wool is sheared in the town, and some fat cattle are sent to market. There is good iron ore in the town, and on its streams are some manufac tures of iron. Some leather is tanned here, and many articles manufactured for domestic use. The first minister in the town of the congregational order was the Rev. Jonathan Grout, in 1793. Hawley is situated fourteen miles west by south from Greenfield, and one hundred and four mUes west by north from Boston. HEATH. Franklin Co. Heath is a moun tainous township, on the north line of the county and state, and through which some ofthe head waters of the west branch of Deerfield river flow. There is considerable wool sheared in this town, and many articles for domestic use are manufactured. Heath lies thirteen miles north-west by west from Greenfield, and one hundred and three north-west by west from Boston. HINGHAM. Plymouth Co. Hingham is a pleasant town, on Boston harbor, and an agreeable place of resort for citi zens and strangers. It lies twelve miles south-east from Boston, by wa ter, and fourteen by land. The vil lage of Hingham Cove is five miles south-west from Nantasket Beach, the same distance from Cohasset vil lage, and twenty-six mUes north north west from Plymouth. It was first settled in 1633, and named for a town in England. The first parish in this town has had but five pastors, the two last of whom are living. The pastoral office has been vacant but a little more than two years from 1635 to 1845, two hundred and ten years ! The first minister, Rev. Peter Hobart, was pastor nearly forty-four years ; - the second, Rev. John Norton, nearly thirty-eight years ; the third, the cele brated Dr1. Ebenezer Gay, sixty-eight years nine months and a few days ; the fourth, Rev. Dr. Henry Ware, from 1787, tiU his appointment to the Hollis professorship, at Cambridge, in 1805. His successor, Rev. Joseph Richardson, was ordained July 2, 1806. The meeting-house of this parish was erected in 1681-2, and is still in good condition. Major General Benjamin Lincoln was born in this town, January 24, 1732-3, and died May 8, 1810, Among other distinguished natives of this town, were Rev. Noah Hobart; of Connecticut, an able theologian! born January 2, 1705, died December 6, 1773. Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, an emi nent physician, and founder of a pro- fessorship at Cambridge, born Sep GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 175 tember 21, 1709, died December 9, 1770. Lieutenant-Governor Levi Lin coln, formerly attorney-general of the United States, bom May 5, 1719, died at Worcester, April 14, 1820. Rev. Dr. Henry Ware, jr., &c, &c. This town is remarkable for the health and longevity of its inhabitants. During fifty years, eight persons died in one house, whose average age was eighty-four years. About sixty sail of vessels belong to this place, which are engaged in the mackerel fishery and coasting trade ; aggregate tonnage about four thou sand tons. There are two iron founderies, some ship-building, a steam bucket factory, a large upholstery establishment, and the town has always been noted for its large quantities of wooden ware. The amount of manufactures of Hingham, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was two hundred and thirty- seven thousand seventy-eight dollars. They consisted of leather, boots, shoes, iron-castings, hats, ploughs, cabinet, tin, and wooden wares, silk, salt, ves sels, umbrellas, spars and blocks, cor dage, carriages, hammers, and hatch ets. The product of the cod and mackerel fishery, the same year, was one hundred and thirteen thousand seven hundred dollars. Total amount of the fishery and manufactures, three hundred and fifty thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight dollars. One newspaper is published weekly, called the "Hingham Patriot;" there are also a bank, an insurance com pany, and an institution for savings. The public schools are excellent ; and there is a well-endowed academy, named for its founder, Derby Acad emy, iu which tuition is free. An elegant steam-packet plies be tween Hingham and Boston, for nine months of the year, making three daily trips in the summer months. The passage among the islands be tween Boston and Hingham, is truly delightful. The scenery in the northerly part of the town is beautiful. Turkey, Ba ker's, Otis', Pleasant, and Squirrel hills present extensive and delightful views of the bay and surrounding country. The Old Colony House is delight fully located on high ground, within five minutes' walk of the steamboat landing. It commands some of the richest scenery in Massachusetts Bay. It is much visited in summer, and is a fashionable resort at all seasons of the year. The establishment is owned and kept by Mr. Bryant, well known in Boston as an accomphshed land lord. HINSDALE. Berkshire Co. This town lies on the west side of the Green mountain range, and by the western railroad, which passes through the town, is one hundred and forty-three miles west from Boston, eight east by south from Pittsfield, and fifty-seven east from Albany. The town is watered by a branch of Housatonic river, which rises in its south-west corner, partly in Washing ton, and runs north-westerly, forming in its way several valuable sites for mills. On the banks of this stream and its tributaries, is much meadow land, of an excellent quality. There are some manufactures in this town, but chiefly for domestic uses. Agriculture is the principal employ ment of the people. Much wool of a fine quality is produced here. Eleven thousand and twenty fleeces of wool, sheared in this town in one year, sold for nineteen thousand two hundred and sixty-six doUars. In common with other mountain ous towns in this and other parts of New England, the face of this town ship is more pleasing to the lover of fine mountain scenery, exhilarating breezes, and crystal fountains, than to the farmer in quest of fortune on dis tant prairies. But when it is consid ered that the valleys between the mountains and hills in New England, are always fertile, and often exten sive, and when the agricultural re sources of these sections of country are more fully developed, and the value of surplus articles of produce is 176 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. compared with the value of the same productions at a distance of from one to two thousand mUes from a market, it is thought by some that there will be less complaint against the rugged features of some parts of New England. This town was formerly a part of old Partridgefield, now Peru, and was first settled about the year 1762. It was named for the worthy and Rev. Theodore Hinsdale, who came here and gathered a church in 1795. HOLDEN. Worcester Co. This town was formerly a part of Worcester, and was called North Worcester until 1740. It received its present name in com pliment to the Hon. Samuel Holden, a director of the Bank of England, who, with his amiable wife and daugh ters, had been generous benefactors to the literary and religious institutions of the state. It lies north north-west from Worcester six mUes, and, by the way of Worcester, fifty miles from Boston. The surface of this town is some what broken by hills, some of which are steep and cragged, while others are very pleasant. The soil in gene ral is very good, producing a variety of hard wood, and some pine. Here are found all the varieties of grains and grasses common to this part of the country, with an abundance of fruit. There are several beautiful ponds in the town, some of which are the sources of Quinepoxet river, which passes into Still river, and which, united, form the south branch of the Nashua. These waters, with branches of the Blackstone, give the town a good hydraulic power. There are a humber of large manufacturing estab lishments in the town. As early as 1836, the value of cotton and woollen goods, leather, boots, shoes, &c, amounted to mote than two hundred thousand dollars. The first church in this place was gathered, and the Rev. Joseph Davis ordained, in 1742. \ HOLLAND. HAMroEN Co. - This is a sma.l, mountainous, well-watered town, at the south-east corner of the county, formerly a part of Brimfield, twenty- three miles east by south from Spring field, and about seventy mUes south west by west from Boston. The Quinebaug river passes nearly through the centre of the town, and receives the waters of Mill and Ste vens' brooks. Gould and Holland ponds are handsome sheets of water, and add much to the highland scenery of the town. The soil of the town is strong, but with the exception of some intervale on the water courses, is more fit for grazing than the plough. The first congregational minister in Holland was the Rev. Ezra Reeve, who was settled here in 1765. HOLLISTON. Middlesex Co. This town lies twenty miles south from Concord, and twenty-three miles south-west by south from Boston. From the centre village in the town, to the Worcester railroad in Framingham, is five miles north by west. The surface of the town is plea santly diversified, and the soil is good, and well cultivated. A number of small streams give the town some water-power, and Winthrop's pond, some pleasant scenery. There are in the town manufac tures of cotton and woollen goods, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet- ware, combs, books, straw bonnets, ploughs, clothing, wagons, harnesses, &c. The value of boots and shoes made here in one year was about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This town was formerly the western parish of Sherburne. It was first set tled in 1710, and named, at its incor poration, in 1724, for Thomas Hollis, of London, a patron of Harvard College. In 1753, a fatal disease prevaUed in this town. At that time its popula tion was not more than four hundred. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 177 " The patients were violently seized with a piercing pain in the breast or side ; to be seized with a pain in the head was not common ; the fever high. The greater part of those that died were rational to the last; they lived three, four, five, and six days after they were taken. In some in stances, it appears, they strangled, by not being able to expectorate ; some . in this case, who were thought to be in their last moments, were recovered by administering oil. In about six weeks fifty-three persons died, forty- one of whom died within twenty-two days." HOPKINTON. Middlesex Co. This town was first settled about 1710, aud named in honor of Edward Hopkins, a donor to the funds of Harvard University. Its Indian name was Maguncook. The soil of the town is very good, and the surface variegated and ele vated. Branches of the Charles, the Concord, and the Blackstone, rise in this town, and although their streams here are not large, they afford the town a good water-power. The value of the manufactures at this place of cotton goods, shoes, boots, bonnets, ploughs, tec, in 1836, was about two hundred and thirty thousand dollars. Since that time the manufac ture has greatly increased. The mineral springs in this town have become celebrated. They con tain carbonic acid, and carbonate of lime and iron. There are three in number, each differing in its proper ties from the other. They are situated near White Hall pond, which abounds in fine fish of various kinds. From this pond, the branch of the Concord rises, on which are most of the factories. The Boston and Worcester railroad passes within three and a half miles of the springs, at Westborough, and they are seven miles from the Blackstone canal, at Northbridge. Hopkinton lies thirty miles west south-west from Boston, fourteen east by south from Worcester, and thirty north by west from Providence, Rhode Island. There is a large and convenient hotel at the springs, at which visitors for health or pleasure are kindly en tertained. A trip to Hopkinton springs is both pleasant and fashionable. The first church in Hopkinton was gathered, and the Rev. Samuel Bar rett ordained, in 1724. In 1772, the Rev. Elijah Fitch was settled col league pastor with Mr. Barrett. The Rev. Nathaniel Howe was settled in 1791. Mr. Howe was settled on a small salary, but his people, though often requested, would neither raise it nor dismiss him. From a century sermon preached by Mi. Howe in 1815, and published, we extract the following passage : — '¦' My brethren, may I isk a ques tion, a plain, simple ques.ion ? How shall I obtain your consent ? Shall I take silence for consent ? Your coun tenances discover a wiUingness. " The question is this : do you know by what means I have become so rich as to have a great house, fin ished and furnished; a farm, a. herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, horses, and money at interest? I say nothing about my debts to-day. " Shall I answer the question ? The principal reason is this ; because I have been doing your business, and neglecting my ' own. What is your business? Your business is to sup port your minister ; and that is what I have been doing for more than twenty years. And what is my busi ness ? My business is to study and preach ; and in this I have never abounded. It is true, I have been absent from public worship not more than four or five Sabbaths, for twenty- five years ; but I have frequently been present, and attempted to preach, when it has been mortifying to me, and could not have been edifying to you. I have sometimes administered reproof, both to the church and the society, in a manner that has been thought to discover some degree of severity ; but in these cases you have always had good sense enough to know you richly deserved it." 17S GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. HUBBARDSTON. | Worcester Co. Formerly a part of Rutland; named for Thomas Hubbard, of Boston, a principal pro prietor. Hubbardston is pleasantly situated on the height of ground between Con necticut river and the sea, and about one thousand feet above them. The surface of the town is varied by hills and vaUeys, commanding wide and beautiful prospects. There is probably no town in New England, so elevated as Hubbardston, which possesses so great a water- power. There are springs, brooks, and rivers, in almost every direction. Meadow and Canneystone brooks, and Burnshirt river, tributaries of Ware river, which rise in, and pass through the town, and Otter river, a branch of the MUler, are good mill-streams. Manufacturing operations have com menced here, and no doubt will great ly increase. Some copperas is made here, and some leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, &c. There is some choice meadow land in the town, and the soil is generally good, and successfully cultivated. About a mile and a half south-east from the handsome village, near the centre of the town, lies Great Asna- concomick pond, covering about three hundred acres. About a mile north east from this, is Moose Horn pond, of smaller size than the other, and circular in form, and " around which there is every appearance that once there was a stone wall built, or build ing. In some places the wall is two feet and a half in height, as if laid up by the hands of men ; and where there is not one stone upon another, the appearance is as of a large stone wall thrown down." The Rev. Nehemiah Parker, the first minister in the lown, was settled, and a church organised, in 1770. Hubbardston lies twenty miles north north-west from Worcester, thirteen south-west from Fitchburg, and fifty-two miles west by north from Boston, by the old road. HULL. Plymouth Co. This town com prises the peninsula of Nantasket, which forms the south-east side of Boston harbor. It extends north by west from CohaSset nearly five miles, and is celebrated for its beautiful beach, four miles in length, and for its shell-fish and sea-fowl. The town lies between two hills of fine land, near Point Alderton, oppo site Boston light-house. It is nine miles east south-east from Boston, by water, and twenty-one by land, via Hingham. From the viUage to the Old Colony House, in Hingham, is six mUes. On one of the hills in this place, is a well ninety feet in depth, which is frequently almost full of wa ter. Hull is by no means "an incon siderable town," as some closet gazet teer writers tell the world. Such people had better look into things be fore they talk about them. Hull was a mart of commerce, and the residence of eminent men six years before Boston bore its present name, and four years before Salem became a town. The first settlers of Dorchester re ceived the hospitalities of the good citizens of this place, in June, 1630 ; and in grateful remembrance, every succeeding generation pays an annual visit to this hallowed spot. Some say that Hull is a small place ; true, it is not so long as the town ot Hancock, nor so wide as Middlebo rough ; but it is nearly as large as Boston, with all its sweUings, and bigger than Newburyport, so wonder fully increased by steam. Hull is probably the most indepen dent republic in the world ; it sustains itself on its own capital, which is con stantly multiplying. In its selection of rulers, it is united almost to a man ; and few towns in the Commonwealth, of its political importance, are more eloquently represented on the floor of the legislature. The steamer, which plies between Boston and Hingham, stops at this place for freight and passengers. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 179 IPSWICH. Essex Co. This interesting town was bought by John Winthrop, jr., in 1638, of an Indian Sagamore, whose name was Masconnomet, for twenty pounds. It was first settled in 1633, and named for the town of Ipswich, in England. Its Indian name was Agamam, a name applied to several other places in the country, signifying a fishing station. Ipswich is one of the shire towns of the county, a port of entry, and a place long noted for its enterprise in commerce and manufactures. Ips wich river passes through the town, and flows into a bay of the same name. The river affords a good wa ter-power, and at its mouth is an ex cellent harbor. The surface of the town is plea santly interspersed with hills aid vales ; and the soil, naturally of a good quality, is rendered very valua ble by the hand of culture. Manufacturing operations com menced in this town in 1790. They consisted of lace goods, and this busi ness was pursued to a great extent, until the ladies, the arbiters of all our fortunes, gradually declined their use, wisely preferring as neat, but less ex pensive articles of dress. The machin ery which once turned out thread and silk laces, those nou-conducers to health and comfort, is now profitably employed in manufacturing cotton and other useful fabrics. The village of Ipswich is very plea sant. It lies on both sides of the river, which is crossed by a stone bridge, with two arches, built in 1764, at a cost of one thousand pounds. Beside the county buildings, churches, and seminary, there are in the vUlage many well-built, handsome dwelling- houses. The Ipswich Female Seminary was incorporated in 1828. The cost of the buUdings was about four thousand dollars. It is situated in the centre of the village, and no institution of the kind in the country, can boast of a more eligible location, or of more intelligent and devoted instructors. A church was organized here in 1634. It has had a long succession of worthy pastors ; among the num ber were four by the name of Rogers, Uneal descendants of John Rogers, the martyr. The first settled minis ter was the Rev. Nathaniel Ward, in 1634. Mr. Ward resigned in 1637, and ten years afterwards returned to England, and wrote " the Simple Cob bler of Agawan," and other books. The second pastor was the Rev. Na thaniel Rogers, in 1638. Mr. Rogers was born at HaverhiU, in England, in 1598, and came to New England in 1636, and. died at Ipswich in 1655. Ipswich lies twenty-five mUes east from LoweU, fifteen south-east by east from Haverhill, by the old roads ; and by the eastern raUroad, twenty-nine mUes from Portsmouth, eighty from Portland, nine from Newburyport, eleven from Salem, and twenty-five mUes from Boston. KINGSTON. Plymouth Co. The territory of this town was formerly a part of Ply mouth, and set off, and caUed Jones' River parish, in 1717. The harbor of Kingston, in common with that of Duxbury, lies within the Gurnet which forms the northern boundary of Plymouth harbor. The business of this town is much connected with navigation and the fisheries. It has a good harbor, and a large number of merchant, fishing, and coasting vessels are owned at, and sail from this place. About fif-' teen thousand quintals of cod, beside mackerel and other fish, were brought into this place in 1844. Many ves sels are built here, of native white oak, celebrated for its strength and durability. Jones' river, a smaU stream, the outlet of several ponds, gives the town good mill privUeges. There are in the town manufactures of cotton goods, bar-iron, nails, axes, cutlery, anchors, leather, shoes, palm-leaf hals, &c. Monk's hill, near the line of Ply mouth, commands delightful views on every side. The village, which is ele- 180 GAZETTEER Ot MASSACHUSETTS. rated, weU built, and very neat, also presents fine views of the harbor and sea. Kingston lies four miles and a quar ter north north-west from Plymouth, and thirty -three and three quarters south-east from Boston, by the Old Colony railroad. The first settled minister in this town was the Rev. Joseph Stacy, in 1720. From a tomb-stone in the town, we copy the following, to the memory of Miss Lucy Little, who died in 1756, aged thirty-seven : — "Reader! beneath thia monumental pile is laid What once wag beauty and a spotless maid. Here was each -virtue and each grace com- bin'd ; Fair was her form, but fairer was her mind. So bright in her the sex's virtues shone, They seemed all center'd in this maid aione. The harmony of life thus kept intire, She joined at death the fair angelic quire; The fair angelic quire with joy confest They ne'er had welcom'd a more charming guest. Led by Ih' admiring throng, she takes her seat, And half an Angel here, now shines aeove compleat." LANCASTER. Worcester Co. This town is bounded by Lunenburgh and Leo minster on the north and north-west ; by Shirley on the north-east ; Har vard, Bolton, and Berlin, on the east ; Boylston on the south, and Sterling cn the west. This is the Weshakim or Nashoway of the Indians, and is the oldest town in the county. It was for many years a frontier settlement, and greatly har assed by the natives. In 1676, the town was attacked by fifteen hundred Indians ; many were killed' on both sides i_ the town was destroyed, and a number carried into captivity, among whom was the celebrated Mrs. Mary Rowlandsori. Lancaster lies on both sides of Nashua river, and has a remarkably fine alluvial soil, in a lugh state of cultivation. Perhaps theie is no in land town in New England that pos sesses more natural beauties, or that strikes the eye of the iravellcr more agreeably. The village is very beau tiful ; it is neatly built on an alluvial plain, shaded by elms, surrounded by hills, and watered by a large and placid stream The north and south branches of the Nashua meet near the centre of the town, and produce a valuable water-power. There is one mill for the manufac ture of checks and plaids, in the town ; annual value two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. One cotton mill, one woollen mill, one mill for coach lace, one mill for counterpanes and webbing ; annual value one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. There are also manufactures of combs, leather, boots and shoes, forks, palm-leaf hats, tenon machines, cop per pumps, piano-fortes, palm-leaf mattresses, chairs, cabinet- ware, stoves, iron-ware, and lead pipe ; an nual value about one hundred thou sand dollars. There are likewise several excellent water privileges in the town not yet appropriated. George hill, on the westerly side of the town, comprises some good farms, from which is obtained a good view of the windings of the Nashua, and of its fertile banks. Turner's, Spec tacle, Fort, Sandy, and other ponds, add much to the scenery of this de lightful town. The first minister in the town was the Rev. Joseph Rowlandson, in 1654. Mr. Rowlandson was ordained in 1660, and preached here untU his family were taken captive by the na tives, in 1676. Lancaster lies thirty-four miles west north-west from Boston, fifteen north north-east from Worcester, twenty-five south-west from Lowell, and about eight miles south from ihe Fitchburg railroad depot at Shirley, thirty-eight and an half miles from Boston. LANESBOROITGH. Berkshire Co. This pleasant town was incorporated on the 20th of June, 1765, and then included a large part GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 1S1 of the present town of Cheshire. It is bounded by New, Ashford on the north ; by Cheshire and Dalton on the east ; by Pittsfield on the south, and by Hancock on the west. The length of the town from north to south is six miles ; the breadth on the south is six miles, and on the north three miles and twenty rods. The soil is generally of an excellent quality, consisting principally of a clay loam ; and the chief attention of the inhabitants is turned towards grazing. Little grain is raised, be side what is needed for home con sumption. The south branch of the Hoosic rises in the south-east corner of the town. The west branch of the Hou satonic enters the town from New Ashford, passes by the centre of the town, and runs through the large pond, called Lanesborough pond, into Pittsfield. This pond is partly in the latter town. It abounds with fish, such as pickerel, perch, and trout, and affords at its outlet some very valua ble mill-sites. The principal settle ments are on a street which extends several miles along the eastern side of this branch of the Housatonic. The neighboring meadows are re markably luxuriant and beautiful, while the hills beyond them strike the eye with great pleasure. The scenery from various points of elevation is picturesque and deUghtful. Lanesborough lies five miles north from Pittsfield, from which, by the Western railroad, is one hundred and fifty-one miles to Boston, and forty- nine to Albany. LAWRENCE. Essex Co. This town was taken from Methuen and Andover, and in corporated April 12, 184?i It lies on both sides of Merrimac river, twenty- four miles north north-west from Boston, and nine east from Lowell. Lawrence was named in honor of a family in Massachusetts, distinguish ed for its enterprise and liberality. The construction of a dam across the Merrimac at this place for manu- 16 facturing purposes, commenced in September, 1845. The dam is nine hundred feet in length, thirty-six feet wide at its foundation, and contains 20,000 yards of stone masonry. This dam produces an hydraulic power of great magnitude ; — no less than twen ty-seven feet fall of that majestic river. The canal is from sixty to one hundred feet in width, twelve feet in depth, and a mile in length. A number of large mills for vari ous manufactures were finished in October, 1847, and are now in full operation. Other manufactories are also erecting. In future editions of this work a more particular account will be given of this wonderful exhibition of human industry and skill. LEE. Berkshire Co. This town is bound ed on the north by Lenox ; on the east by Washington and Becket ; on the south by Tyringham and Great Barrington ; and on the west by Stock- bridge. The lowlands were formerly occupied by the Stockbridge tribe of Indians, for the purpose of raising corn ; while the extensive forests around them were devoted to hunting, and to the manufacture of sugar from the sap of the maple, with which the forests abounded. The first white man who settled in the town was Mr. Isaac Davis, in the year 1760. The town Was named for General Lee, of the revolutionary army. The Green mountain range, which rises to a moderate elevation, runs partly within the eastern limits of the town, presenting a very picturesque appearance. These mountains are for the most part of gentle acclivily, and are cultivated, in some places, quite to their summits. From the base of these mountains, the surface of the earth is rather uneven, occa sionally rising into hills of consid erable height, but generally descend ing, until it reaches the plain upon the banks of the Housatonic. West of this river, the land is everywhere undulating in its appearance, inclin- , 1S2 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ing towards the south, and well situ- 'ated for receiving the genial rays of the sun. At tbe north-east corner of the town, enters the Housatonic, a lively and romantic stream, of considerable size, and runs diagonally through it, though in a very serpentine course, passing out at the south-west corner, and dividing the town into two nearly equal parts. It receives, in its passage through the town, the waters of Wash ington mountain, the waters of Scott's pond, lying on the boundaries between this town and Lenox, the waters of Greenwater pond, which is within the limits of Becket, the waters of Goose pond, which is situated on the line between Becket and Tyringham, and quite on the summit of the mountain, the waters of Hop brook, as well as several other streams of less size. The advantages afforded by the Housatonic and its numerous tributa ries, for manufactures, are rarely sur passed in any place. Though the Housatonic is a rapid river, and occa sionally swells itself so as to overflow its banks, yet it seldom rises so high as to prove destructive to the water works which have been constructed upon it. There are in the town sixteen paper mills, a machine shop for making machinery, for paper, cotton, and woollen mills, &c, one cotton mill, one woollen mill, and various other manufactures by water. The total amount of manufactures by water in 1837, was six hundred and eighty thousand dollars. Beside these, there are manufactures of leather, hats, boots, shoes, bar-iron, iron-castings, axes, shovels, spades, hoes, forks, ploughs, chairs, tin, cabinet, and wooden-ware, carriages, chair stuff, &c. Increasing attention is paid to agri culture, and this has been especially noticed since the establishment of ag ricultural societies. The land in this town, as in all others, is of different qualities. On each side of the Hous atonic, there are extensive plains of rich alluvial land, of the best quality, easily tilled, and very productive. These plains vary in width, according to the windings of the river. They are rather narrow at the north, but widen towards the south. The soil of the uplands is'a loam, interspersed with gravel and stones, particularly on the east side of the river ; on the west, there is more clay. Gypsum is used to very great effect by some of the farmers. The productions are rye, summer wheat, Indian corn, grass, oats, peas, beans, flax, buck wheat, and potatoes. Lime-stone and white and clouded marble are found in various parts of the town. This is one of the most flourishing towns in the county or state ; its vil lages are neat and handsome, and bear the marks of well-earned pros perity. Lee lies ten miles south from Pitts field, nine miles east by south from the state line at West Stockbridge, through both of which towns the west ern railroad passes ; and seven miles east by south from the village of West Stockbridge, through which the Housa tonic railroad passes, in its course from the state line to Bridgeport, on Long Island Sound. LEICESTER. Worcester Co. This town was first settled about the year 1713. It was at first called Strawberry Hill. Its Indian name was Torctai'd. The first minister was the Rev. David Parsons, in 1721. This town is situated on the height of land between the ocean and Con-' necticut river, and is famed for its hills. These hills are of a strong and deep soil, rather cold and wel, but well adapted to the cultivation of all the various grains, grasses, and fruits common to the climate. The most noted elevations in the town are Strawberry, Indian. Bald, Moose, and Carys' hills, and Mount Pleasant. The town is watered by springs, rivulets, and several large brooks, which take their rise in this town, and empty into the Chicopee, the Quine- gazetteer or Massachusetts. 183 baug, and Ihe Blackstone. These, wilh the aid of several large reser voirs, which have been constructed, afford valuable mUl-sites. There are five woollen factories for manufactur ing broadcloths, within the limits of the town, viz., three in Cherry Valley, on Kittle brook, and two in Clapp- ville, on French river; one estab lishment for making mouseline de laine, also in Clappville ; two satinet factories, one scythe, and one wire factory, eight saw, and six grist-mills. Card manufacturing is a prominent branch of the business of the place, and has been carried on extensively many years. More machine and hand cards are made here than in any other place in the United States, amounting annually to something over three hundred thousand dollars. The cards for the first cotton ma chinery in America on the Arkwright principle, were made here, by Pliny Earle, in 1790, for the late Samuel Slater, who at that time, in connec tion with Messrs. Almy and Brown, of Providence, was constructing ma chinery to commence carding and spinning cotton, in Pawtucket. The village on Strawberry Hill, near the centre of the town, is very plea sant, and commands delightful views for many miles around. Here is sit uated an academy, founded in 1784. This institution has considerable funds, commodious buildings, and has always sustained an elevated character. A society of Jews, of about seventy in number, built a synagogue, and resided here from 1777 to 1783. They were much esteemed and respected. Clappville, a busy, pleasant vil lage on the western railroad, lies four miles south from Strawberry Hill vil lage, nine miles south-west from Wor cester, and fifty-three miles west south west from Boston. LENOX. Berkshire Co. Shire town. This was formerly a part of Richmond. It was first settled in 1750, and received the family name ofthe Duke of Rich mond. The first minister in the town was the Rev. Samuel Monson, in 1770. The land in the north and west parts, is hilly, and in some parts stony ; in some, broken, and of little value. The soil is more favorable generally to grass, than the culture of grain. In the north-east and south-west parts, there is some excellent grain land. In the east part, adjoining the Housatonic river, there are some excellent mea dows. The town abounds in limestone, and furnishes lime in considerable quantities for market in other places ; also various kijids of marble of supe rior qualities. In this town iron ore is found in great abundance, and the principal manufactures are of iron and marble. The Housatonic passes through the town from north to south, and fur nishes a small water-power. The centre of the town is very handsome. "It is built upon a hill, on two streets, intersecting each other nearly at righ t an gles . It is composed of handsome houses, which, with the exception of a few of brick, are painted of a brilliant white. It is ornamented with two neat houses for public wor ship, one of which is large and hand some, and stands upon a hill higher than the town, and a little removed from it. It has a court-house of brick, in a fine style of architecture ; it is fronted with pillars, and furnished with convenient offices, and a spa cious court-room ; this room is car peted, and what is more important, contains a library for the use of the bar. Lenox has fine mountain air, and is surrounded by equally fine mountain scenery. Indeed, it is one of the prettiest of our inland towns, and even in the view of an European traveller, (who had eyes to see any thing beautiful in what is unlike Eu rope,) it would appear like a gem among the mountains." Lenox is six miles south from Pitts field, twenty-seven east north-east from Hudson, and one hundred and 1S1 gazetteer or Massachusetts. fifty-seven miles west from Boston, i by Pittsfield and the railroad. LEOMINSTER. Worcester Co. This was formerly a part of the town of Lancaster. The first house in the town was built by Gersham Haughton, in 1725. The first minister, the Rev. John Rogers, was ordained in 1743. The surface of this town is rather plain than hilly ; the greatest eleva tion is Wauhnoosnook hUl, in the westerly part of the town ; this, al though high and steep, has many ex- ceUent farms upon it. The soil is clayey, and generally of a good qual ity, particularly on the borders of its streams. The town is well watered in every part, by numerous springs and rivu lets. The Wauhnoosnook, a branch of the Nashua river, and the north branch of the Nashua, produce fine mill privileges, which are improved for manufacturing purposes. The manufactures of this town, for ihe year ending April 1, 1837, exclu sive of the product of five paper mills, was one hundred and eleven thousand five hundred and five dollars. The articles manufactured were leather, boots, shoes, hats, axes, chairs, cabi net-ware, combs, tin-ware, straw bon nets, palm-leaf hats, chaises, carriages, and harnesses. Since that period, the business of the town has much in creased. A rich alum rock has been found in this town, which is said to be a de composed mica slate. It contains an abundance of beautiful plumose, or feather form alum, hke that of Milo, one of the Grecian isles, mixed with the green crystals of copperas, or sul phate of iron. The village in the centre of the town makes a fine appearance. It lies about a mile and an half south of the Fitchburg railroad, which passes through the north part of the town ; from thence to Boston, is forty-three mUes. Worcester lies nineteen miles south. LEVERETT. Franklin Co. This was formerly a part of Sunderland, -by which it is bounded on the west. On the north it is bounded by Montague and Wen- dall, on the east by Shutesbury, and on the south by Shutesbury and Am herst. Its first minister was the Rev. Henry Williams, in 1781. The surface of the town is some what mountainous ; the soil is strong and well adapted for pasturage. The town is watered by Roaring brook, and several small streams. There are some manufactures in the town, but the inhabitants are principally devoted to agricultural pursuits. Roaring brook is a rapid stream, on which is a cascade, and some wild scenery, worthy of the traveller's no tice. Leverett lies ten mUes south-east from Greenfield, and about -eighty west by north from Boston. LEXINGTON. Middlesex Co. This town was for merly a part of Cambridge, and lies ten miles north-west from Boston, seven east from Concord, and fif teen miles south south-east from Low ell. This town is watered by several branches of the Shawshine river ; the surface is varied by hiUs and valleys, and the soil, not naturally of the first quality, is rendered productive by the industry and skill of its proprietors. There is considerable woodland in the town, and extensive meadows. Here are some manufactures, such as boots, shoes, fur caps and capes, muffs, and neck-ties, fur gloves, and other articles common in a New Eng land town. Lexington will ever be an interest ing place, as here the first blood was shed in the cause of American Inde pendence. " A detachment of British soldiers were sent at daylight, on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, to take or destroy a quantity of military stores collected at Concord. They were under the command of Colonel GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 1S5 Smith and Major Pitcairn. On reach ing this place, a mUitia company were exercising on the common . A Brit ish officer rode up, and ordered them to disperse, but not being instantly obey ed, he discharged his pistol, and or dered his men to fire, which they did, and eight of the Americans fell dead on the spot! The militia retreated, and the British proceeded to Concord, and in part succeeded in destroying the stores, but were so harassed on their return, that they would inevita bly have been cut off, had they not been met at this place by a strong de tachment of artUlery under Lord Per cy. The party suffered extremely by the fire of the Americans, aimed with deadly effect from the buildings, trees, and fences ; and left sixty-five killed, and one hundred and eighty wounded. The Americans had fifty killed, and thirty-four wounded. On the village green, near the church, and on the site of the battle, a monument is erected, with the fol lowing inscription : — " Sacred to the Liberty and the Rights of Mankind ! ! !— The Freedom & Independence of America, — Sealed and defended with the blood of her sons. — This Monument is erected — By the Inhabitants of Lexington — Under the patronage, and at the ex pense of — The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, — To the Memory of their Fellow-Citizens — Ensign Robert Munroe, Messrs. Jonas Parker, — Samuel Hadley, Jonathan Harrington, Jun'- — Isaac Muzzy, Caleb Harring ton, and John Brown — Of Lexington, and Ashael Porter of Woburn — Who fell on this field, the first victims to the — Sword of British Tyranny te Oppression — On the morning of the ever memorable — Nineteenth of April, An . Dom .1775 .—The Die was Cast ! ! ! — The Blood of these Martyrs — In the cause of God & their Country, — Was the Cement of the Union of these States then— Colonies, te gave the spring to the Spirit, Firmness — And Resolution of their Fellow-Citizens — - They rose as one man to revenge their brethren's — Blood, and at the point of 16* the sword to assist and — Defend their native Rights.— They nobly dared to be free ! ! — The contest was long, bloody & affecting, — Righteous Hea ven approved the solemn appeal ; — Victory crowned their arms ;— And the Peace, Liberty, & Independence, of the United — States of America' was their glorious Reward. — Built iv the year 1799." LEYDEN. Franklin Co. Leyden is a moun tainous township, on the line of the state, nine miles north by west from Greenfield, and about one hundred miles west north-west from Boston. It is bounded on the north by Guil ford, New Hampshire, east by Ber- nardston, south by Greenfield, and west by Colraine. It was formerly a part of Bernardston. Two branches of Deerfield river, Green river and Budington creek, pass through the town, on which are good sites for mills. There is some good arable land in the town, but the greater part of the land is fit only for grazing. On Green river is a narrow, rocky passage, called the " Glen," a curious place, much admired for its romantic scenery. LINCOLN. Middlesex Co. This was once a part of Concord, Lexington, and Wes ton. The centre village lies fourteen miles north-west by west from Bos ton, and three south-east from Con cord, by the old roads. From the de pot of the Fitchburg railroad, in this town, to the centre village, is about a mile and an half; to Boston, sixteen and an half miles. Lincoln has all the varieties of soil, trom the richest to the poorest. Though rough and uneven, it con tains some of the best farms in the county. The most celebrated is that known at different times as the Rus sell, Codman, and Percival farm. Flint's or Sandy Pond, containing abp.ut one hunc|rec| arte} nii^ety:seyeii 186 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. acres, derived its name from its being situated on the farm of Ephraim Flint, one of the original owners of Lincoln. It is a favorite resort for pickerel ; and its fisheries have been considered of so much importance, that an act was passed by the legisla ture, in 1824, prohibiting any person, under the penalty of two dollars, from fishing with "more than one hook" between the 1st of December and April. The first minister in Lincoln was the Rev. William Lawrence, in 1748. Inscription on his monument : — " In memory of the Rev. WiUiam Lawrence, A. M., Pastor of the church of Christ in Lincoln, who died April 1 1, 1780, in the 57th year of his age, and 32d of his ministry. He was a gen tleman of good abilities, both natural and acquired, a judicious divine, a faithful minister, and firm supporter of the order of the churches. In his last sickness, which was long and dis tressing, he exhibited a temper char acteristic of the minister and Chris tian. 'Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.' " LITTLETON. Middlesex Co. This township was granted in 17 14, and named for George Littleton, a member of the British parliament. Its Indian name was Nashobah. The first settled minister was the Rev. Benjamin Shattuck, in 1717 ; the second, the Rev. Daniel Rogers, who was pastor until his death. The third, was the Rev. Edmond Foster, in 1781. The surface of the town is plea santly variegated, containing a num ber of beautiful ponds. The soil is not generally very strong, but is ca pable of producing a good supply of the fruits of the earth. There are two pleasant villages in the town, and some establishments for the man ufacture of shoes, The Fitphburg railroad passes through the towq, thirteen miles north-west from Cpncprd, and thirty- one and a hajf north-west from Boston. LONGMEADOW. Hampden Co. This town was for merly the second parish of Spring field. It was first settled about 1644 It derived its name from the Long meadow within the town. The Indian name of the place was Massacsick. The first congregational minister in the town was the Rev. Stephen Wil liams, in 1716. The second, the Rev. Richard Salter Storrs, in 1785. The third, the Rev. Baxter Dickinson, in 1823. Longmeadow is finely located Non the eastern bank of Connecticut river, and enjoys a large portion of the rich meadow land on that beautiful and fertilizing stream. The town is wa tered by some small streams, and there are some manufactures in the town, but the people are generaUy agriculturists. The vUlage is delightfully situated about a mile from the river. It is built on one wide, level street, beauti fully shaded by taU native elms, ex tending for miles, on the first rise of land above the meadow. Longmeadow is easUy approached by railroads, on either side. The Hartford and Springfield railroad passes through it, about twenty-one miles from Hartford; to Springfield it is four miles, and from Springfield to Boston, by the western railroad, it is ninety-eight mUes. "Sacred to the memory of Rev. Richard S. Storrs, pastor of the church in Longmeadow. He was born at Mansfield, Connecticut, August 30th, 1763, graduated at Yale College in 1783, ordained December 7, 1785, died October 3, 1819. In the private relations of life he eminently illus trated the graces of the Christian. He was distinguished for his appro priate, perspicuous, and affectionate exhibition of evangelical truth, for propriety, richness, and fervor in so cial prayer, and for his instructive conversation and Christian sympathy in pastoral duties. In testimony of their affectionate remembrance of his personal worth, and their regard for GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 187 his ability, zeal, and usefulness as their Christian pastor, his mourning congregation erect this monument. " Religion, her almighty breath, Rebuked the winds and waves of death } Amidst that calm of sweet repose. To Heaven his gentle spirit rose.*' LOWELL. Middlesex Co. One of the county towns. The rapid growth of this city, the variety and richness of its manu factures, and the peculiar character of its population, have rendered it an object of interest and inquiry through out the world. The place which LoweU now occu pies, was somewhat famous in the early annals of the country, as one of the best fishing grounds of the In dians in aU New England. In the spring of the year they resorted here in great numbers, to pursue their fa vorite employment of hunting and fishing. Eliot speaks of one or two excursions which he made to " Paw tucket FaUs," to become acquainted with the tribes of Indians from the interior, and to teach them the princi ples of Christianity. He however com plains that they were so busily en gaged, as to make it extremely diffi cult to gain their attention, and to interest them in the new religion. This continued to be a favorite resort of the Indians even to a late day ; there still being evident the remains of a trench a mile or two in length, en closing a large space about the junc tion of the Merrimack and Concord rivers, assigned, it is said, to the spe cial use of the Indians. LoweU is situated on the south side of the Merrimack river, at the junction of the Concord river with the Merri mack. It is twenty-six miles north west from Boston, by the Boston and Lowell railroad, and by the Concord railroad, fifty mUes south south-east from Concord, New Hampshire. The Pawtucket canal extends from the head of Pawtucket Falls to the Concord river, near its union with the Merrimack, and produces all the hy draulic power of the city. This canal / was originally constructed for the passage of boats and rafts around the falls, and for this purpose it still con tinues to be employed ; but its princi pal use is to feed the various lateral canals which convey the water to the different manufacturing establish ments. This canal is a mile and a half long, sixty feet wide, and six or eight feet deep. The Pawtucket canal, and of course, all the principal water privileges, are owned by a company, called " The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack river." This company sells to other companies the sites for mills, and agrees to furnish them with a certain amount of water for a stipulated annual rent. The proprie tors of the locks and canals on Merri mack river were incorporated in 1792, their primary object being, as has al ready been hinted, to furnish a canal for boats around Pawtucket Falls. The civil history of Lowell is quick ly told. It formerly constituted a part of Chelmsford, a town of considerable note in the early annals of Middlesex county. The first purchases for man ufacturing purposes were made about the year 1820, when there could not have been more than thirty or forty dwelling-houses within the present limits of the city. In 1826, on the petition of the inhabitants, East Chelmsford, as it was then called, was set off from Chelmsford proper, and incorporated as a town, with the name of Lowell. The territory of the town was increased in 1832, by the annexation of Belvidere, which was originally a part of Tewksbury. In 1836, a city charter was obtained from the legislature, and Elisha Bart lett, M. D., was chosen the first mayorT The population of the city at the dif ferent times when the census has been taken, has been as follows : — 1828, 3,532 1836, 17,330 1830, 6,477 1837, 18,010 1832, 10,254 1840, 20,981 1833, 12,963 1844, 25,163 The following is a brief summary ofthe manufacturing business of Low ell, in 1815: 1SS GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. There were at that time, eleven incorporated companies, with an ag gregate capital of ten million eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The names of these companies were as follows : — Locks and Canals, Mer rimack, Hamilton, Appleton, Low ell, Middlesex, Suffolk, Tremont, Lawrence, Boott, and Massachu setts. These companies have thirty- three mills, exclusive of print works, &c. These mills are all built of brick, and are about one hundred and fifty-seven feet long, forty-five feet wide, and five stories high. They are all warmed in winter by steam or hot-air furnaces. These mills contained 204,076 spin dles, and 6,304 looms. They used 24,128,000 pounds of cotton, and 1.000,000 pounds of wool, and employ ed 6,320 females and 2,415 males. They made 75,873,200 yards of cloth, of Which 287,000 yards were dyed and printed. The goods made were prints, sheetings, shirtings, drillings, broad cloths, cassimeres, carpets, rugs, and negro cloths. In these mills and workshops, were used or consumed 1,225 tons of wrought and cast iron, 12,500 tons of anthracite and smith's coal, and 600,000 bushels of charcoal ; 3,270 cords of wood; 67,842 gallons of oil; 3,000,000 pounds of teasels ; 800,000 pounds of starch, and 4,000 barrels of flour. The Locks and Canals machine shop, included among the thirty-three mills, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of five thousand spindles, in four months ; and lumber and mate rials are always at command, with which to build or rebuild a mill in lhat time, if required. When build ing mills, the Locks and Canals company, employ directly or indi rectly, from one thousand to twelve hundred hands. To the above-named principal es tablishments may be added, the Low ell Water-proofing, connected with the Middlesex Manufacturing Compa- nv ; the extensive powder-mills of O. M. Whipple, Esq. ; the Lowell Blea- ehery, with a capital of fifty thousand dollars; flannel mill; blanket mill: batting mill; paper miU; card and whip factory; planing machine ; reed machine; foundry; grist and saw mills — together employing about five hundred hands, and a capital of five hundred thousand dollars. With regard to the health of per sons employed in the mills, six of the females out of ten enjoy better health than before entering the mills; and of the males, one half derive the same advantage. In their moral condition and character, they are not inferior to any portion of the community. The average wages, clear of board, for females, is $1,75 per, week ; for males, seventy cents per day. The average monthly payments for wages, were $150,000. A very considerable portion of the wages of the operatives are deposited in the Lowell Institution for Savings. The above are statements of the population and business of Lowell in the early part of 1845. Since that time several new mills have been buUt and put into operation, and many of the old ones greatly enlarged. Some of the new works are operated by steam. Perhaps nothing has contributed more to promote the industry and fru gality of the operatives, than the Institution for Savings. Here, the smallest sum of money, which is not wanted for immediate use, may be safely invested, and left to accumu late until it is needed for other pur poses. It is stated, that of the three hundred and eighty-six thousand dol lars deposited in that institution, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars belong to operatives in the mills, the greater part being females. "The Lowell Dispensary" is an institution which furnishes medical advice and medicine gratuit :usly, to all who require, and are worthy of such assistance . The amount of funds expended is not large, but it is believed that the dispensary contributes mate rially to the health and comfort of those who are in straitened circum stances. " The Howard Benevolent Society ' LOWELL. 189 was formed some years ago, ancl has accomplished much good. People of all parties and sects contribute to its funds, which are expended by able and efficient officers, in relieving the wants of the virtuous poor. Besides these institutions, there are benevolent societies connected with all the churches, whose design is to assist those belonging to their respect ive congregations, who are not objects of public charity. A considerable portion of their funds is expended in procuring clothing for the children of the poor, that they may attend public worship and the Sunday school. Those who have been brought to pov erty by their vices, and are not con sidered objects of private benevolence, receive assistance from the authori ties of the city. The amount appro priated for the support of paupers in 1843, was five thousand dollars. But for nothing does Lowell de serve more credit than for her public schools. With a wise and prudent foresight, she early directed her atten tion to these nurseries of virtue and intelligence, and with a liberal hand has she expended her money in pro viding every convenience for the in struction of the rising generation. In 1827, twelve hundred dollars were appropriated for the support of schools. From that time the appropriation has been annually increased, until it has reached the very large sum of twenty- five thousand dollars, which was the appropriation for 1843. This is one dollar for eveiy man, woman, and child in the city. The schools are divided into three classes. Those of the lowest grade are called primary schools, and are thirty in number, lo cated in different parts of the city, so as to accommodate all the inhabitants. Each of these schools is taught by a female, and the number of pupils va ries from thirty to sixty. Here the children are instructed in the first ru diments of education, and at the close of each term, such as are qualified, are transferred to the grammar schools . The compensation of the teachers of these schools is two hundred dollars a year. The second class consists of gram mar schools, of which there are eight. Seven of these are kept in large two- story brick buildings, with spacious and convenient rooms. These schools are designed to give the young a good common education. Pupils are ad mitted, on examination, from the pri mary schools, and remain as long as they choose. When they leave, they either may be sent to the high school, or be apprenticed to some useful trade. Four teachers are employed in each of these schools, (with one exception,) besides the writing-masters. The high school consists of two de partments, one for boys and the other for girls. Both departments are under the superintendence and instruction of three male and two female teach ers. A good moral character, and a knowledge of arithmetic, grammar, geography, &c, are required for ad mission to this school. Pupils are in structed in all the common and higher branches of knowledge, and those who desire it, are fitted for college. . Stu dents who have entered the various colleges of New England from this school, wUl not suffer by a compari son with those from any other institu tion of the kind. Those who do not wish to pursue their education farther, are prepared, upon leaving school, to engage in any of the ordinary avoca tions of life. In the female depart ment, the girls are taught all the branches which are considered neces sary for the finished education of the young lady. This school is kept in one of the most substantial and convenient houses which can be found in the state or union. It is of brick, and was built about three years ago, at an expense of more than twenty thousand dollars. There are in the city twenty-one religious societies, each of which sup ports a regular clergyman, viz., three Orthodox, two Episcopalian, two Cath olic, two Episcopal Methodists, two Wesleyans, one Freewill Baptist, three Universalists, two Christian, three Baptist, and one Unitarian. With all these churches are connected Sabbath 190 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. schools, most of which are large and flourishing. The " Lowell Sunday School Union," in which thirteen of the above-named schools are repre sented, reports, in 1844, that .five thousand two hundred and twenty- three persons are connected with the associated schools. There are published in the city eight or ten newspapers, and two or three magazines. Among these is the " Lowell Offering." This magazine is made up of articles written by ope ratives actually employed in the mills. It is difficult to make persons at a dis tance believe that this is the fact; but we assure all who may have doubts upon this subject, that the work is written, edited, and published by females who are employed from ten to thirteen hours every day in the factories. It is improper for books of this character to make statements in ad vance, on conjecture, especially when almost every page shows the utter inability of the writer to keep pace, with the car of improvement in the mechanical branches of industry now pressing onward in every section of the commonwealth ; but with respect to LoweU, our information being more specific and authentic than in most cases, we venture the opinion that in 1848, LoweU will contain a population of thirty-five thousand inhabitants, and an increase of business in the same ratio. When it is considered that, in the course of thirty years, this large man ufacturing city has arisen from an Indian fishing station ; that it was commenced, continued, and is sus tained solely by the wisdom, energy, industry, and wealth of Massachusetts people ; the " Old Bay State " may look even across the Atlantic, and feel a just pride in her sons and daugh ters, and in the works of their hands. LUDLOW. Hampden Co. This was formerly a part of Springfield, and called Stony HiU. The Rev. Antipas Steward was the first minister, in 1793. This town is watered by branches of Chickopee river, and by that river itself at the south part of the town, where is situated a flourishing manu facturing village. The manufactures of Ludlow con sist of cotton goods, palm-leaf hats, ploughs, tec, &c. The surface of the town is pleasant, with some elevations on its eastern section. The soil is good and pro ductive, and agriculture is the chief employment of the inhabitants. The North Wilbraham depot, on the western railroad, is near the village in Ludlow, nine miles from Springfield, and eighty-nine from Boston. LUNENBURG. Worcester Co. This was origi nally a part of "Turkey HUls," or Fitchburg, and was so caUed in com pliment to George H., or to his title of Duke of Lunenburg. Many of the first settlers were emigrants from Scotland and Ireland. A church was gathered here in 1728, and the Rev. Andrew Gardner was ordained pastor. " The soil of this town is fertile, and as productive as is usually found in so northern a situation. For though the land is generally high, yet by rea son of its cohesive texture, and having a clayey stratum within a few feet of its surface, it retains moisture suffi cient for vegetation, through the whole summer, unless in seasons of severe drought. Many parts of it bear hemp and flax luxuriantly." There are manufactures in the town of books, palm-leaf hats, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, &c. There are three handsome ponds, but the town is singularly destitute of water-power ; there being not suffi cient in dry seasons, for domestic pur poses. Lunenburg is a flourishing towrn, with a very pleasant village near its centre. This village is five miles north-west from Shirley depot, on the Fitchburg railroad, thirty -seven miles from Boston. Worcester lies twenty- four miles south, and Fitchburg five miles west by north. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 191 LYNN. Essex Co. This town was first ¦settled in 1629. It received its name from that of Lynn Regis, a town in England. Its Indian name was Sau- gust. Lynn is pleasantly situated on the northern shore of Massachusetts Bay. It extends six miles on the sea, and five miles into the woods. The south ern portion ofthe town is a plain, de fended on the north by a chain of high rocky hUls, chiefly composed of por phyry, beyond which is an extensive range of woodland. It is surrounded by an abundance of water, having river Saugus on the west, the harbor on the south, the ocean on the south east, and a chain of large ponds, called the " Lakes of Lynn," on the north. The town is neatly built, on wide and pleasant streets, and is one of the most flourishing and beautiful towns in New England, containing, in 1845, about ten thousand inhabi tants. From the southern side of the town a peninsula extends four miles into the ocean, at the extremity of which is the celebrated watering-place, caUed Nahant. On this peninsula is a beach two miles in extent, broad, smooth, and beautiful, and is a great curiosity. When easterly storms beat upon it, they occasion a roaring ¦which may be heard six miles. The shores of Lynn are in the high est degree romantic, and Nahant, and Phillips' Point, at the eastern extrem ity of the town, are places of general resort, during the summer season, for people of wealth, taste, and refine ment, from all parts of the country, many of whom have cottages here. A mineral spring in the northern part of the town, is also a place of much celebrity. The soil of this town is of a good quality, and highly cultivated. From the elevations in its vicinity, a most enchanting prospect is presented, comprehending the harbors of Boston and Salem, with their numerous isl ands ; the spires and domes of those cities, and nearly the whole compass of Massachusetts Bay, with the Blue Hills and the outline of Cape Cod stretching along the southern norizon. Jutting ont into the sea a few fur longs, on the south of the town, appear the rugged chffs of Nahant, and the hard, polished beach, leading to this far-famed watering-place, appearing like a narrow foot-path of sand upon the waters. Lynn has thirteen churches, nine principal school houses, an academy, an institution for savings, a bank,, two insurance offices, and a large number of hterary, social, and charitable soci eties. Lynn has risen to wealth and im portance by the enterprise and indus try of its people, in the manufacture of shoes, particularly for which, more than any other town in the country, it is justly celebrated. The manufac ture of ladies' shoes was commenced here before the revolutionary war, and it is curious to observe the great changes that have occurred in the fashion and manufacture of that arti cle. " In olden times," says the Newbu ryport Herald, "ladies' shoes were made in Lynn of common woollen cloth, or coarse curried leather ; after wards of stuffs such as cassimere, everlasting, shalloon and russet ; some of satin and damask, others of satin lasting and florentine. They were generally cut with straps, for large buckles, which were worn in those days by women as weU as men. La dies' shoes, seventy years ago, were made mostly with white and russet rands, and stitched very fine on the rand with white-waxed thread. Some were made turn pumps and channel pumps, all having wooden heels, called cross-cut, common, and court heels. Then the cork, plug, and wedge or spring heels, came into use. The sole-leather was all worked with the flesh side out. " Previous to the war of the revo lution, the market for Lynn shoes was principally confined to New England ; some few, however, were exported to Philadelphia. Many individuals with small capital carried on the business 192 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. in their own families. Fathers, sons, apprentices, and one or two journey men, all in one small shop, with a chimney in one corner, formed the whole establishment. " After the revolution, the business assumed a different aspect. Enter prising individuals embarked in the business in good earnest ; Kred a great number of journeymen ; built large shops, took apprentices, and drove the business. Master workmen shipped their shoes to the south, so that Lynn shoes took the place of English and other imported shoes. Morocco and kid leather, suitable for shoes, began to be imported from England, which soon took the place of stuffs. Roan shoes were now little called for ; and the improvement of working the sole-leather grain side out, was now generally adopted, mak ing what is called duff bottoms. About the year 1794, wooden heels began to go out of use, by the introduction of leather spring heels. This improve ment progressed gradually, untU the heel-making business, which was once a good one, was totally ruined." There were in 1845, one hundred and thirty principal shoe manufacto ries, employing about three thousand men, and about as many women. There are about three milhon pairs of women's and misses' shoes made an nually, valued at about two million of doUars. The other principal busi ness in the town is the cod and mack erel fishery, which is very productive. The increase of the shoe business in this town since 1837, is about twenty per cent. A singular meeting took place in this town on the last day of the year 1844. The heads of five generations, met at the house of Mrs. Jerusha Rhodes, the primal mother of them all, in that part of Lynn1 known as "Gravesend." The eldest member of this family is upwards of ninety years of age, the youngest five. The last-named has two grandmothers, two great-grandmothers, and two ' great-great-grandmothers — all living. The most remarkable feature of this patriarchal assembly, perhaps, is the fact that they all met fortuitously without the knowledge, on the partbf either, that the others were to be pres ent — their design, individually, simply being to visit their aged and Venera ble relative. By the eastern railroad, Lynn lies nine miles north northjeast from Boston, and five south from Salem. From the centre of Lynn to the Na hant Hotel, is four miles and a half, and from thence to Boston, by water, by Point Shirley, is about ten miles. From the centre of Lynn to the Ocean and RockaWay Houses, at Phil lips' Point, is about three miles. LYNNFIELD. Essex Co. This was formerly1 the north parish of Lynn, and called Lynn End. It is bounded north by Read ing, east by Danvers, south-east by Lynn and Saugus, and west by South Reading. This town is watered by Ipswich and Saugus rivers, and two very handsome ponds. The surface is uneven, but the soil is strong and fer tile. Lynnfield contains large tracts of woodland, and no town, so near the city, presents more wild and romantic scenery, or which offers to the lover of rural enjoyments, a more favorable retreat. The following is on the monument of Mr. Daniel Townsend, who was killed at Lexington, April 19, 1775. "Lie, valiant Townsend, in the peaceful shades, — we trust Immortal honors mingle with thy dust. What though thy body struggle in its gore! So did thy Saviour's body long before; And as he raised his own by power divine, So Ihe same power shall also quicken thine, And in eternal glory mayst thou shine ! " Lynnfield lies on the turnpike road leading from Boston to Newburyport. It is thirteen miles north from Boston, and eight miles west by north from Salem. MALDEN. Middlesex Co. This town is con nected with Charlestown by a bridge across Mystic river, of twt> thousand GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 193 four hundred and twenty feet in length, built in 1767. It was former ly a part of Charlestown, and called Mystic Side, being that part of Charles town on the north side of the river. It is otherwise bounded, on the west by Medford, north by Stoneham and South Reading, and east by Saugus and Chelsea. Although Maiden enjoys as rich a soil, as good a water-power, and a surface as varied and beautiful as Dorchester, Roxbury, Milton, or any other town near to and south of Bos ton, yet, until the erection of Charles river and Maiden bridges in 1786 and 1787, this town was as far " down east," in regard to its connection with Boston, by roads and bridges, as any town in the county of York, in the state of Maine, now is. In those days, a Maiden lady wish ing to visit Boston by land, had to rise early, and travel by wagon, side-saddle or pillion, through Medford, Charles town, Cambridge, "Little Cambridge," (now Brighton,) Brookline, Roxbury, and " over the Neck," .to the great metropolis, and when arrived, was so fatigued by her day's journey, that she had to rest u, day or two before she was able to make her " calls." But now, how changed! Those cruel turnpike killers, and despisers of horse-flesh, the legislators of Massa chusetts, have granted permission to a number of men to set up a long, nar row buUding on trundles, a sort of travelling meeting-house, with a bell to it, and a row of pews on each side of the aisle ; — drawn by a savage-look ing beast that keeps puffing and whist ling like a north-easter, and] when started, seems as if Satan himself could n't catch him. By this mode of travelling, a lady or gentleman at Maiden may leave home at almost any hour, go down south to Boston, a distance of five miles, see their friends, do their errands, and return, in one short sunny hour. The manufactures of the town are numerous and important ; the total annual vaine of which is about half a million of dollars. They consist of leather, shoes, twine, iron, nails, ma- 17 chinery, lasts, silk and cotton print ing, silk dyeing, tin and block-tin wares, tec The number of inhabi tants in the town, in 1845, was com puted at two thousand seven hundred. We are told that Maiden village in ancient times was very pleasant. There are now two delightful and flourishing villages in the town, through both of which the railroad passes. MANCHESTER. Essex Co. This town was for merly a part of Salem, called Jeffrey's Creek ; and was settled by WilUam Jeffrey as early as 1628. It is bound ed north by Essex, east by Glouces ter, south by Massachusetts Bay, and west by Beverly. The surface of the town is rocky, but pleasantly diversified ; the soil is various, but generally good, and well cultivated. From its first settlement, Manchester has been noted for its en terprise in the fisheries, and for its training its youth for a maritime life. No town on the American coast, of its population, has furnished more able ship-masters and sailors than Man chester. The harbor is large, and well protected, for vessels of any bur then, but none but vessels of about one hundred and twenty tons burthen can reach the wharves. The village is very pleasantly situ ated on a southern declivity, towards the harbor ; it is neatly built, and bears the marks of industry and wealth. Manchester is celebrated for pro ducing the Magnolia, a beautiful flow ering tree, rarely found in New Eng land. It is a tree of about a dozen feet in height, with deep-green leaves, and white flowers. It possesses a de licious fragrance. It is found in a sheltered swamp, near the line of Gloucester, and flowers about the first of July. This town lies eight miles north east from Salem, twenty-two north east from Boston, and seven south west from Gloucester. The raUroad between Beverly and Gloucester passes through fhe town. 194 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. MANSFIELD. Bristol Co. This town was origi nally the north parish of the town of Norton. The New Bedford and Taunton railroad meets the Boston and Providence railroad in the centre of the town. It lies eleven miles north-west from Taunton, thirty-one north-west from New Bedford, twenty- four south from Boston, and eighteen north by east from Providence. Mansfield is watered by several branches of Taunton river. The soil is thin, and the surface level. There are several cotton and woollen mills in the town, and a number of nail factories. The manufactures consist of cotton and woollen goods, nails, straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, and baskets; total annual amount. about one hundred and ten thousand dollars. About the year 1836, a mine of anthracite coal was discovered in this town, near the Boston and Providence railroad. It was discovered in dig ging a well. An incorporated com pany purchased the right of min ing on* that and several adjoining farms. They sunk a shaft which struck a vein five feet in thickness, at the depth of twenty feet, running north-east and south-west, and dip ping to the north-west 52°. The shaft was continued forty-four feet further, to another vein, which exceeded five feet in thickness, and which afforded coal of a better quality than that found above. Subsequent operations have shown that the veins are numerous. Large sums have been expended in mining operations, but hitherto with little success. Among a variety of berries which flourish in Mansfield, is the White Whortleberry, rarely known to exist in any other place. They have grown time out of mind, side by side with the black species, without showing the least symptom of amalgamation. MARBLEHEAD. Essex Co. The territory of Mar blehead was originally a part of Sa lem, and for some time after its set tlement was called Marble Harbor, It is bounded on the north by Salem harbor, east and south by Massachu setts Bay, and west by Salem and Sa lem harbor. This peninsula is about three miles and a half in length, and two miles in width, and contains an area of about thirty-seven hundred acres. The surface of this town is exceed ingly irregular and rocky, and consid erably elevated. When Whitefield, the celebrated preacher, first came to Marblehead, he exclaimed, " Pray, where do they bury their dead ?" Not withstanding its rocky, rough, and cheerless appearance, it is a fact that more hay is grown here than is con sumed in the town, and that the agri cultural society has awarded premi ums for the largest crops of corn, bar ley, and hay obtained here from an acre. The harbor, in front of the town, a mile and a half long from north-east to south-west, and half a mile wide, formed by a narrow neck at the south west, which separates it from Lynn Bay, and connects the town with Great Neck, is deep and excellent, capable of being entered at all times by ships of the largest size ; and by a breakwater, constructed in 1845, for the protection of Little harbor, will be rendered a safe retreat from storms. This harbor is protected by Fort Sew: all, near its entrance. From the first settlement of the country to the present day, Marble head has been a noted town for the enterprise of its people in the fisheries. At the commencement of the revolu tionary war, this town had become the second in the colony. Although the two wars occasioned the people great trials and losses, they were borne with firmness, and their lost fortunes were redeemed in brighter days, by an energy and skill in their business, never excelled, and rarely equaUed. The number of vessels belonging to this place is about one hundred, whose tonnage is about ten thousand tons. The annual value of the cod and mackerel fishery is about one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 105 manufactu.es of the place, such as boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, tin-ware, vessels, soap, glue, cards, wheels, &c, amount annually to about four hundred thousand dollars. A steam cotton factory was erected here in 1845. The viUage or town is a very plea sant place in summer, and an excel lent place to witness the raging of the ocean in a storm. It is much like Nahant, only six miles north from it. A railroad passes from this town to Salem, four miles, and to Boston six teen miles. MARLBOROUGH. Middlesex Co. The territory of this town was granted to some people at Sudbury, in 1655. Its Indian name was Okommakamesitt. The town is remarkable for its fine undulating surface, and fertile soU. Perhaps no town in the county is better adapted to agricultural pursuits than this, or in which are more large and weU-cul- tivated farms. The inhabitants are principally de voted to agricultural pursuits, and by their industry and skill, have acquir ed a great degree of independence. Among the productions of the town, are fat cattle, pork, fruit, and all the varieties of the dairy ; a large amount of which is annually sent to Boston market. The Assabet river waters the west ern part of the town, and affords Fel- tonvUle, a flourishing manufacturing village, a fine water-power. The town is otherwise watered by several small streams, and a number of beau tiful ponds. There are in the town manufactories of boots, shoes, straw bonnets, leather, chairs, and cabinet-ware. This town suffered much during the Indian wars, and was for many years the residence of a number of In dians who had embraced the Christian religion. The villages are very pleasant ; the richness of the soil, and surrounding scenery ; its excellent roads, and con venient access to Boston, render Marlborough a desirable residence. Marlborough lies twenty-seven miles west from Boston, and fourteen south west from Concord. Feltonville lies about three miles north-west from the centre of the town, midway between the Fitchburg and Worcester railroads, about nine miles from each. The railroad from Nashua to Worcester will pass near this town. The Rev. William Brimsmead was the first minister in Marlborough. He was settled in 1666, and died in 1701. He was a bachelor, and " uni formly refused baptism to children who were born on the Sabbath." Whether he refused the little sinners the rites of Christian burial, in case of death, is not stated. MARSHFIELD. Plymouth Co. Until its incorpora tion in 1641, this town was a part of Duxbury, and was called Green's Harbor, or Rexham. Its Indian name was Missaucatucket. Marshfield is separated from Scitu ate on the north by North river, and bounded northeasterly by Massachu setts Bay, south by Duxbury, and west by Hanover and Pembroke. The surface of the town is pleasantly diversified, embracing much marine scenery. Here are large tracts of salt marsh of great value ; and here, too, is a famous resort for aU the varieties of sea-fowl. South river, in the south part of the town, and the North river, give to Marshfield a good water-power. Some navigation is owned in the town, en gaged in the. fishing and coasting business, and many noble merchant vessels are built. Here are some manufactures of cotton, nails, iron castings, &c. Perigrine White, the first English child born in New England, died in this town, July 20th, 1704, aged eigh ty-three. A grandson of Governor Carver lived here to the age of one hundred and two, and in 1775 was at work in the same field with his son, grandson, and great-grandson, who had also an infant son in the house, making five generations. Edward 196 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Winslow, some years governor of Plymouth colony, resided in this town. The Hon Daniel Webster's country seat is situated in the south part of Ihe town, about twelve miles north from Plymouth, in full view ofthe sea, and surrounded by cultivated fields. His farm contains fifteen hundred acres of choice land, with buildings, lawns, and gardens suited lo so splendid a domain. About fifteen years ago he bought the Thomas estate, since which others, with the ancient man sion house of Governor Winslow, now one hundred and eighty years old. The noble senator is an excellent farmer, and is doing much to promote the agricultural interests of the coun try. MARSHPEE. Barnstable Co. " This tract was procured for the Indians by the efforts of Mr. Richard Bourne, of Sandwich. This noble-hearted man, who deserves to be held in lasting remembrance, was a native of England, and soon alter his arrival at Sandwich, began his labors for the temporal and spirit ual good of the Indians. About the year 1660, at his own expense, Mr. Bourne obtained a deed of Marshpee, from Quachatisset and others, for the benefit of the Marshpee, or, as they were then called, South Sea Indians. In order that the Indians might have a place where they might remain in peace from generation to generation, Mr. Bourne had the deed or instru ment drawn, ' so that no part or par cel of ihem [the lands] could be bought by or sold to any white person or per sons, without the consent of all the said Indians, not even with the con sent of the general court.' The deed, with this condition, was ratified by the Plymouth court. Mr. Bourne, after having obtained the above deed, pur sued his evangelical work, and was ordained pastor of an Indian church in this place, in 1670, formed of his own disciples and converts. He died about 1685, and was succeeded by Simon Popmonet, an Indian preacher, who lived in this character about forty years, and was succeeded by Mr. Jo- seph Bourne, grandson of Richard, who was ordained' over them in 1729, who resigned his mission in 1742, and was succeeded by Solomon Bryant, an Indian preacher, who was ordained pastor, in 1758, Rev. Gideon Haw ley was installed pastor of these peo ple." This tract was incorporated a dis trict in. 1834, granting lo'this people all the privileges of choosing their own officers, and managing their af fairs, with the aid of a commissioner appointed by the slate. This territory is bounded north by Sandwich, east by Barnstable, south by Vineyard Sound, and west by Fal mouth. It contains fourteen thou sand acres, or about- twenty-two square miles. There are three hundred colored inhabitants on this territory, and some whites. .There now remain only seven inhabitants, of pure blood, of the fa thers of Ihe forest. Their land is good for grain of aU sorts, and is well wooded. The territory is pleasant, and some parts of it afford beautiful scenery. The Marshpee and Quosh- met are considerable streams, which, with numerous ponds and the ocean, afford an abundant supply of fish of various kinds. These people live by agricultural pursuits, the manufacture of various articles of Indian ware, by the sale of their wood, and by fishing, fowling, and taking deer. They are docile and hospitable ; they appear to relish moral and religious instruction ; and, under the superintendence of a hu mane and intelligent commissioner, appointed by the state, they are pros perous and happy. This is the largest remnant of all the tribes of red men west of Penobscot river, who, but a little more than two centuries ago, wetfe fee simple proprietors of the whole territory of New England! MEDFIELD. Norfolk Co. This was a part of Dedham, and called Dedham village until its incorporation. It lies eight GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 197 miles south-west from Dedham, and seventeen south south-west from Bos ton. This is a very pleasant and flour ishing town, watered by Charles and Stop rivers, containing a good soil, and diversified surface. The manu factures of the town consist of boots, shoes, leather, brushes, cutlery, &c. The value of straw bonnets made in this lown in one year was one hun dred and thirty-five thousand dollars. During King Philip's war, in 1675, the town was burnt, and many of the inhabitants murdered by the Narra gansets. Philip rode an elegant horse, and directed the massacre. A church was organized here in 1651, consisting of eight members ; Rev. John Wilson, jr., was installed pastor the same year. Mr. Wilson was born in England, and graduated in the first class in Harvard College. He united in himself the offices of a preacher, physician, and school-mas ter, at the same time. He continued in the pastoral office more than forty years, and died in 1691. After a pe riod of nearly six years, in which thirty-two candidates were employed, Joseph Baxter was settled, and sus tained the pastoral office more than forty-eight years. Mr. Baxter com menced his ministerial labors at the age of eighteen, and in consequence of his youth, his settlement was de layed almost three years. MEDFORD. Middlesex Co. This beautiful town is situated at the head of navi gation on Mystic river, five miles north-west from Boston, and fourteen east by south from Concord. The Boston and LoweU railroad, and Mid dlesex canal, pass through the town. The finest ships that float on the ocean are built here ; during the five years preceding April 1, 1837, sixty vessels were built, the tonnage of which was twenty-four thousand one hundred and ninety-five tons ; value, one million one hundred and twelve thousand nine hundred and seventy dollars. There are also manufactures 17* of leather, linseed oil, bricks, boots, shoes, ploughs, hats, and hat bodies. The soil of the town is very fertile, and in a high state of cultivation. The business of the town is much as sociated with the city, and many de lightful country seats are scattered over, and decorate the grounds im proved as a farm by Governor Win throp, in 1633. " Governor Dudley, in his lettei of March 12th, 1630, to the Countess of Lincoln, speaking of the 'dispertion' of the settlers who had just arrived from England, says, ' some of us upon Mistic, which we named Meadford.' In Wood's New England Prospect, printed in London in 1639, the author, in giving an account of the various settlements, notices Mystic or Medford in the following manner : ' The next town is Mistic, which is three miles from Charlestown by land, and a league and a half by water. It is seated by the water-side very plea santly ; there are not many houses as yet. At the head of this river are great and spacious ponds, whither the alewives press to spawn. This being a noted place for that kind of fish, the English resort thither to take them. On the west side of the river, the gov ernor hath a farm, where he keeps most of his cattle. On the east side, is Mr. Cradock's plantation, where he hath impaled a park, where he keeps his cattle, till he can store it with deer. Here, likewise, he is at charges of building ships. The last year one was upon the stocks of an hundred tons ; that being finished, they are to build one twice her burthen. Ships without either ballast or loading, may float down this river; otherwise the oyster-bank would hinder them, which crosseth the channel.' " Winter Hill, memorable as the place of encampment of General Bur goyne and his army, after their cap ture at Saratoga, borders the town. It is one hundred and twenty-five feet above tide-water, and presents a view of great extent and beauty. In the old burying ground, a beau tiful granite monument is erected, bearing the following inscription :— 198 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. " Sacred to the memory of JOHN BROOKS, Who was born in Medford, in the month of May, 1752, and educated at the Town School. He took up arms for his country on the 19th April, 1775. He commanded the regiment which first entered the enemy's lines at Sar atoga, and served with honor, to the close of the war. He was appointed Marshal of the District of Massachu setts by President Washington, and after filling several important civU and military offices, he was, in the year 1816, chosen Governor of the Commonwealth ; and discharged the duties of that station for seven suc cessive years, to general acceptance. He was a kind and skilful physician, a brave and prudent officer, a wise, firm, and impartial magistrate, a true patriot, a good citizen, and a faithful friend. In manners he was a gentle man, in morals pure, and in profession and practice a consistent Christian. He departed this life in peace on the first of March, 1825, aged 73. This monument to his honored memory was erected by several of his fellow- citizens and friends in the year 1838. MEDWAV. Norfolk Co. This was attached to Medfield until its incorporation as a town, in 1713. It lies twenty-four mUes south-west from Boston, and fourteen south-west from Dedham. It is bounded north by HoUiston, east by Medfield and Walpole, south by Franklin, and west by Milford. The surface of the town is undulating, with a soil of a moderate quality. Medway is finely watered by Charles river on the east and south, and oth erwise by its branches. On these streams are excellent mill-seats, many of which are improved for important manufactures. These consist of cot- on and woollen goods, boots, shoes, scythes, chairs, cabinet?ware, ploughs, cotton wadding, straw bonnets, &c. ; annual value about five hundred thou sand dollars. There are a number of very pleasant illages in Medway. Factory village, in the south part of the town, near Franklin, is a place of considerable business. The first minuter in Medway was the Rev. David Deming, in 1715 ; the second was the Rev. Nathan Buck- man, in 1724, who sustained the pas toral office in this place more than seventy years. He died in 1795, aged ninety-two. MENDON. Worcester Co. Mendon is the oldest town in the county, except Lan caster. It was originally settled by people from Braintree and Weymouth. October 16, 1660, " In answer to said Braintry Petition, a plantation of eight miles square was granted, by the general court, and placed under the direction of a committee, caUed ' the committee for Nipmug.' " This was the original name of Mendon. May 15, 1667, this plantation, which was then called Quinshepauge, was made a town, and incorporated by the name of Mendon, probably after Mendham, in the county of Suffolk, England. May, 1675, the town was burned by the Indians. The inhabitants fled, and did not return until 1680. Rich ard Post was killed at this time, being the first man who lost his life in King Philip's war, within the bounds of the colony of Massachusetts. The face of the town is fertile, pro ducing large crops of hay and grain, and, for a long time, has been noted for the variety and abundance of its winter apples. The late Mr. Seth Davenport has, in some years, laid up from one thousand to fifteen hun dred bushels of good, fair apples, aU picked from the trees by hand. The agricultural income of the town is principally derived from the dairy, apples, and cranberries. About thirty thousand pairs of boots are an nually made in this town. This very pleasant, healthy, and flourishing town, lies in latitude 42° 6' 23" N., and longitude 71° 33' 35" W. from Greenwich. It is thirty and a half miles and thirty-five and a half rods, GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 199 [i educed to the level of the sea,] in a straight Une, from the State House in Boston, and bears from it S. 55° 26' W. These calculations are for the spire of the Unitarian meeting-house. Mendon Jies thirty-two miles south west from Boston ; eighteen south east from Worcester; twenty-two north from Providence ; ten north west from Woonsocket Falls, Rhode Island, and eleven miles south-east from the depot, on the Boston and Worcester railroad, at Westborough. This good old town now contains but eleven thousand three hundred and seventy-five acres of land, having parted with portions of its territory to make up the towns of BeUingham, Milford, Upton, Northbridge, and Ux- bridge ; and now the residue of her domain is cut in twain to form the new and flourishing town of Black- stoke, a brief description of which is here given. BLACKSTONE. One of the youngest towns in the Commonwealth, having been incorporated by an act of the general court in 1845. It was formerly the south parish in Mendon, and is bounded north by Mendon, from which it is separated by a line running nearly east and west ; east by Bellingham ; south by Cumberland and Smithfield, in the State of Rhode Island , and west by Uxbridge. Blackstone river and Blackstone ca nal run through the town on the south, and Mill river on the east, upon which are nine cotton, and four woollen mills, and an extensive scythe manufactory. The value of goods made is about six hundred thousand dollars annuaUy. The extensive and well known wool- fen manufactory of W. & D. D. Far- num is in this town. This is the southeasternmost town in the county of Worcester; and is thirty-nine miles south-west from Bos ton, and eighteen north-west from Providence, Rhode Island, and has five places of public worship, and four post villages; — South Mendon, Mill- vil'.e, Blackstone, and Waterford. The township is somewhat broken and uneven, with rather a thin soil ; much of the water-power is yet unoc cupied. The Providence and Worces ter railroad is located through the south-western section of the town ; and another railroad is in contempla tion from Woonsocket Falls, in Cum berland, Rhode Island, through Black stone, Mendon, Milford, and Hollis ton, to Framingham. Population in 1845, three thousand and fifty. The number of acres in the township is nine thousand six hundred and eighty- five. The unimproved hydraulic power upon the Blackstone river, when employed, wiU greatly increase the population and wealth of the town. METHUEN. Essex Co. Methuen lies on the north bank of the Merrimack, twenty- five miles north by west from Boston, and twenty north-west by north from Salem. It was taken from Haverhill in 1725, and is about seven miles south-west from it. In' this town is a pleasant and flourishing village on both sides of Spiggot river, which here has a fall of thirty-six feet over a rocky preci pice, that greatly enhances the beauty of the location, and at the same time affords important manufacturing priv ileges. Spiggot river meets the Mer rimack nearly opposite the mouth of the Shawshine, in Andover. At this place are two cotton mills, and be tween the falls and the mouth of the river, are two paper mills, and an ex tensive piano-forte manufactory. The inhabitants are also largely engaged in the manufacture of shoes, hats, &c. Value of manufactures for the year ending April, 1845, five hundred thou sand dollars. The Blerrimack river here affords excellent facilities for manufacturing purposes, and the Essex company have purchased the lands on both sides of the river, intending to create a water- power equal to that of Lowell, and have obtained from the legislature an act for that purpose. The natural resources of the town 200 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. are various ; a fertile soil, abundance of wood, and inexhaustible beds of excellent peat. The site of the village is very ele vated, and commands an extensive prospect of the beautiful and romantic scenery with which it is environed. MIDDLEBOROUGH. Plymouth Co. This is the largest town in the Commonwealth, it being, by the new map of the state, about thirteen and a half miles in length, and twelve and a half in width. It is bounded north by Bridgewater and Halifax, east by Carver, south by Rochester and Freetown, and west by Freetown, Taunton, and Raynham. Middleborough was so named from the circumstance that Nemasket, the central Indian viUage in the town, was the half way, or middle place be tween the seat of the Pilgrims in Ply mouth, and the seat of the great In dian sachem, Massasoit, towards Mont Haup, near Bristol, Rhode Island, afterwards the seat of King Philip, his son. Hampden and Winslow, two of the Pilgrims, on their visit to Massasoit, in his illness, stopped over night, going and returning, at Nemas ket. The Indians were very nume rous at the several fishing places on the Nemasket river, which flows through the town, and the viUages at these places were called Nemasket, a name which ought now to be given to the town. A settlement of the sons of the Pil grims was made in the town some years preceding Philip's war ; their mill and houses were destroyed at that time ; and a. permanent settle ment and town organization took place in 1680, at which time also a minister and a school-master came in with the settlers. In 1660, a large portion of the pres ent town was purchased by twenty- six men, of the Indian sachem Wam- patuck, and subsequently another large portion, of the sachem Tispaquin, and a number of families now own the land laid off to their ancestors, under these purchases. The shad and alewive fisheries had been the great source from which the Indians received their support, and for more than a century, was the great reliance of the English for their livelihood; but the manufacturing estabhshments on the river have caused a great diminution of the fish, and the chief reliance for support now is upon the cultivation of the earth. The population is sparse ; but there are several handsome vUlages in dif ferent parts of the town. There are eight or ten reUgious societies, three of which are Othodox Congregation alists, two Methodists, and the residue Baptists. The inhabitants have been distin guished for their spirit of liberty, and they claim and exercise it. There are more than forty school districts and school-houses, in the town, and the meeting-house of the -first parish is one of the best in the county. The great ponds, for which this town has been distinguished, are Sowampset, Quiticasset, Porksha, and Pockaninna ; also Long Pond. These ponds are the sources of the Nemas ket, which flow into the Taunton or Cohannet. Some of the streams on which the manufactures are conduct ed, are these — Whetstone, Ravens, Bartlett, Fall Brook, Trout Brook, Stillwater, &c. The manufactures of the town amount annually to between two and three hundred thousand dollars. There are two cotton mills in the town, a rol- Ung mill, an air and cupola furnace, a nail factory, and manufactures of leather, shovels, spades, forks, ploughs, wrought nails, chairs, cabinet-ware, tacks, straw bonnets, and various other articles. On the rocks in this town are the prints of naked hands and feet, sup posed by some to be the work of the Indians ; but it is more probable that these impressions were made by real hands and feet when the rocks were in a state of formation. In the year 1065 here were three GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 201 Indian churches, one at Nemasket, one at Titicut, and one at Sowampset ; but no regular church of the whites was formed until the year 1694, when Rev. Samuel Fuller was ordained. Mr. Fuller died, and Rev. Thomas Palmer was settled the same year. Mr. Palmer was succeeded by the Rev. Peter Thacher, in the year 1706. Middleborough " Four Corners," a large and handsome village in this town, lies thirty -six miles south south east from Boston, fourteen west south west from Plymeuth, ten east by south from Taunton, and twenty north from New Bedford. The railroad between Boston, FaU River and Wareham, passes through this village. From the " Four Corners " to " Cen tral Village," so called, is about two miles north-east ; to " Eddy ville " four miles north-east; to "Muttock vil lage " one mile north ; to " Titicut," four miles north-west, and to " So wampset viUage," near the Great pond, is four miles south-west. The Boston and FaU River railroad passes through the south part of the town, near the " Four Corners." The first planters of Middleborough came mainly from Plymouth; they returned here after Philip's war, and Mr. Samuel Fuller preached to them until a church was formed among them, and he was ordained their pas tor in 1694. He died, greatly lament ed, in 1695, aged sixty-six. MIDDLEFIELD. Hampshire Co. Previous to 1783, this town was a part of Worthington and other towns. It is bounded on the north by Peru, north-east by Worthington, south-east by Chester, south by Becket, and west by AVash ington. The centre of the town lies three miles north from the Becket de pot, on the western railroad, one hun dred and thirty-five mUes west from Boston, and sixteen from Pittsfield. From Northampton it lies twenty-five miles west. The features of this town are bold and rough, but the soil is strong, and remarkably well adapted for grazing. In one year, there were sheared in the town nine thousand seven hundred and twenty-four fleeces of Saxony wool, which weighed twenty-six thou sand seven hundred and forty-one pounds,andsoldforseventeen thousand three hundred and eighty-two dollars. The town is well watered by a. number of the upper branches of the west branch of Westfield river, and manufacturing establishments are found planted along their banks. The value of woollen goods and leather produced in this town in 1836, was seventy-five thousand dollars. The first minister in Middlefield was the Rev. Jonathan Nash, in 1792 ; the second, the Rev. Samuel Parker, in 1832 ; the third, the Rev. John H. Bisbee, in 1834. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. Concord, Cambridge, and Lowtell, are the shire towns. The surface of this county is uneven, and the soU various. It presents a great variety for the admiration of the patriot, scholar, farmer, mechanic, and the painter. It is bounded north by New Hampshire ; north-east by the county of Essex ; south-east by Charles river, Boston harbor, and Norfolk county, and west by the county of Worcester. The principal rivers in this county, are the Merri mack, Charles, Mystic, Sudbury, Concord, and Nashua. The Middlesex Canal passes through its north-eastern section, and the Boston and Maine, the Fitchburg, and the Worcester railroads, traverse the county in various directions. Some idea of the value of its hydraulic power can be formed, by the value of its manufactures, which was, in 1837, between fifteen and sixteen millions of doUars. See State Tables. 202 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. COURTS IN MIDDLESEX COUNTY. Supreme Court. Law Term. At Cambridge, on the third Tuesday next after the. 4th Tuesday in September. Nisi Prius Term. At LoweU, on the second Tuesday in AprU. Court of Common Fleas. At Concord, on the second Mondays in March and June. At Lowell, on the first Monday in September, and third Monday in October. At Cambridge, on the second Mondays in February and De cember. Meetings of the County Commissioners. At Cambridge, on the first Tuesday of January, and at Concord, on the first Tuesdays of June and September. Probate Courts'. At Cambridge, on the second Tuesday of January, on the third Tuesdays of March, May, and November, on the first Tuesday of Sep tember, and on the second Tuesday of October. At Concord, on the second Tuesdays of February, April, August, and November. At Charlestown, on the third Tuesdays of February and August. At • Framingham, on the last Tuesdays of June and October. At Groton, on the first Tuesdays of May and November. At Lowell, on the first Tuesdays of June and December. At Woburn, on the fourth Tuesday of April. MIDDLETON. Essex Co. This town was taken from Salem, Topsfield, Boxford, and Andover, in 1728. It was formerly called Will's HiU. This is a small, but very pretty town. .Its soil is not by nature of the first quality, but the industry of the people has made it quite productive. The surface is varied by hill and dale, and much scenery may be found to delight the admirers of nature in its rude and fanciful appearances. Ipswich river passes along its south ern and eastern borders, and receives . the waters of three small tributaries. In this town is one of the largest and most valuable paper-mills in the coun try ; and manufactures of shoes and various other articles. There are some fine ponds in the town, and a neat village near its cen tre. From this village to Salem is eight miles " south-east ; to Boston, through South Reading, eighteen miles south. A church was gathered here in 1729, and the Rev. Andrew Peters settled as pastor. The second pastor, Rev. Elias Smith, was settled in 1759. He died in 1792, and was succeeded by Rev. Solomon Adams, in 1793. Rev. Ebenezer Hubbard, the next pastor was settled in 1816. MILFORD. Worcester Co. MUford was once the east parish of Mendon. It was called Wopowage by the Indians, and Mill River by the whites. A church was formed here in 1741, and the Rev. Amariah Frost was settled in 1743. The surface of the town is uneven, but in no part very hilly. The soil is generally of an excellent quality, and very productive of pork, fat beeves, and all the varieties of the dairy and orchard. A branch of Charles river on the east side of the town, MU1 river, a branch of the Blackstone on the west, with numerous brooks and ponds wa ter the town in every part, and give it a great water-power. On these streams manufacturing establish ments have sprung up, which prom ise both usefulness and profit. The manufactures consist of cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, straw bonnets, varnish, clothing, shoe pegs, wagon irons, whips, &c. In 1844, there were two hundred and eighty-four thousand pairs of boots, and twenty- four thousand pairs of shoes made in this town. The village in the centre of the GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 203 town is neat, and pleasantly situated near Cedar Swamp Pond, nine miles south from the Worcester railroad at Framingham ; and, by the old roads, twenty-eight miles south-west from Boston, eighteen south-east from Wor cester, and twenty-four north north west from Providence. This is the birthplace of the brave Alexander Scammell, a brigade ma jor in 1775, a. colonel at the taking of Burgoyne, and adjutant general of the army at Yorktown, where he re ceived a fatal wound, September 30, 1781. The Fraternal Community, at Hopedale, in this town, own four hundred acres of land. Their viUage consists of ten dwelling-houses, nine of them built sincel842 ; two large me chanics' shop, with water-power, ma chinery for manufacturing doors, sashes, bhnds, &c, a printing-office, with barns and out buildings in good order. Their school-house is now fitted up as a chapel, and is used also for the purposes of education. This community consists of fifteen families, and 107 persons. This society have a constitution and regu lations of their own, subject, however, to existing laws. They take no active part in politi cal affairs, and submit to the powers that be, without complaint. They have intendants of agriculture, man ufactures, mechanics, tec They are employed in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and various manufactures, and each is entitled to an equitable share of the profits arising from the various occupations. They support those of their members who are unable from any cause, except idleness, to support themselves ; educate their own youth, and also pay their proportion of the public expenses. This community is under the di rection of the Rev. Adin Ballou. MILLBURY. Worcester Co. This is one of the most beautiful and flourishing towns in the county. It was formerly the north parish in Sutton. A church was formed in this place, and the Rev. James Wellman was ordained, in 1747. The Blackstone river, and the Black stone canal pass through the town. The Blackstone river, and Singletary pond, which lies mostly in Sutton, furnish excellent water-privileges. This pond, between its outlet and its junction with the river, a distance of about a mile and a half, affords eight good mill-seats, besides those afforded by the river. There are in the town, an armory for the manufacture of pistols, six cot ton mills, five woollen mills, two pa per mills, two machine shops, one foundery, one scythe establishment, one carriage establishment, one sasn and blind factory, and one black lead mill. The boot and shoe business is also carried on here very extensively. The making of carpenters' and shoe makers' tools, of hoes, forks, trying- squares, levels, trowels, tin-ware, hats, and leather. The annual value of the manufactures of this town in 1836, was more than half a million of dollars ; since that time, they have probably doubled. The soil of the town is fertile, well cultivated, and yields an abundance of all the varieties of agricultural pro ducts common to this fruitful region. The surface cf Millbury is delight fully varied by hills and valleys, decorated by lovely ponds, and spread out with neat and prosperous villages. The Worcester railroad has a branch to the cenire of the town, six miles south south-east from Worcester, and forty-two west south-west from Bos ton. The railroad between Worcester and Providence will pass through this town. Millbury is so pleasant, so easy of access, and affords such excellent ac commodations for visitors, that it has become a favorite resort for citizens and strangers. MILTON. Norfolk Co. Milton was a part of Dorchester until 1662. The Indians called the place Unquety or Uncata- quisset. This interesting and pleasant 204 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. town lies seven miles south from Bos ton, and six east from Dedhann Neponset river washes its northern border, and affords the town numerous valuable miU sites. The manufac tures consist of paper, leather, hats, chairs, cabinet-ware, playing cards, granite, &c. Milton possesses fine granite, of the quality of the Quincy, and many men are constantly prepar ing it for market. The soil of the town is strong and fertile ; and the surface presents many finely cultivated farms, and large tracts of wood and meadow lands. Milton contains many elegant coun try seats, and much delightful scene ry. The views from " Milton HiU," near the head of the Neponset, and "Blue Hill," a celebrated landmark for sailors, six hundred and thirty -five feet above the sea, in this town and Canton, twelve miles from Boston, are among the most admired in our coun try. The village caUed the "Mills," comprising a part of Dorchester, at the head of navigation on the Nepon set, is a wild, romantic place, and ever since the first settlement of the country, has been the seat of consider able trade and manufacture. The viUage at the railroad, near the granite quarry, in Quincy, about a mile south-east of the "Mills," is very pleasant and flourishing. By a new and beautiful bridge, called the " Granite bridge," across the Nepon set, the distance to the city is reduced to six miles. An academy was established in Milton in 1798, by contributions from the town, and a grant of land in Maine, by tbe state. The institution was opened in 1807, and continued to be very useful as a classical school for ten years, under the direction of the Rev. Warren Pierce. For the last twenty years, its success has been va rious, under the management of seve ral instructors. Many distinguished men have made Milton their residence ; among others, the celebrated historian of Massachu setts, Thomas Hutchinson, British governor of that state at the time of the destruction of the tea in Boston, by the Sons of Liberty, December 14, 1773. He died in England, in 1760, aged sixty-nine. Jonathan Belcher, British gov ernor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, from 1730 to 1741. He was afterwards governor of New Jer sey, and was a great benefactor to Princeton College, in that state. He died in England, in 1757, aged sev enty-six. Hon. Benjamin Pratt, a graduate of Harvard College, and chief justice of New York. Prior to his leaving Massachusetts, he made a collection for a history of New England, and became somewhat celebrated as a poet. He died in 1763, aged fifty- three. Hon. Edward H. Robeins, formerly speaker of the house of representa tives of Massachusetts, lieutenant- governor of that state, and judge of probate for the county of Norfolk at the time of his death, was a native of Milton. He was a man of great in tegrity, and performed his public trusts to general approbation. He died in November, 1829, aged seventy- one. The first paper-mill in New Eng land was erected in this town. We copy an account of it from that valu able little journal, the Daily Evening Transcript : — "An act to encourage the manu facture of paper in New England was passed by the general court of Massa chusetts, on the 13th September, 1728, and a patent was granted to Daniel Henchman, Gilman Phillips, Benja min Faneuil, Thomas Hancock, and Henry Bering, for the sole manufac ture of paper for ten years, on the fol lowing conditions : In the first fifteen months to make one hundred and forty reams of brown paper, and sixty reams of printing paper. The second year to make fifty reams of writing paper, in addition to the first-men tioned quantity. The third year and afterwards yearly, to make twenty- five reams of a superior quality of GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 205 writing paper, in addition to the for mer mentioned, that the total annual produce of the various qualities not to be less than five hundred reams a year. The afore-mentioned proprie tors erected a small paper-mill in Mil ton, on a site adjoining the Neponset river, near the lower bridge. What number of years the original proprie tors carried it on, is not now known ; their master-workman's name was Henry Woodman, an Englishman ; he married in Milton, and left chil dren, two daughters, Abigail and Re- bekah. The paper-mill, having been stopped for some time, was eventually sold to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, who, for want of workmen, was prevented making any use of it. In 1760, the business was again revived by James Boies, of Boston, who procured a pa per-maker from a British regiment, then stationed in Boston, by the name of Hazelton, who obtained a furlough long enough to set the mill to work, there being au American paper-maker, Abijah Smith, then living in Milton, a decent workman, who assisted him, and who continued at the business until an advanced age. On the regi ment to which Hazelton belonged be ing ordered to Quebec, the command er-in-chief would not permit him to remain behind, and he went with the army to Canada, and received a wound on the plains of Abraham, when Wolfe fell, and died a few weeks af ter. After a short time, Richard Clarke, an Englishman, arrived from New York, and again set the mill to work. He was an excellent work man, and made his own moulds. After a few years he was joined by his son, a young man of nineteen or twenty years, who was also considered a first-rate workman. Such is the origin of the first paper-mill built in New England, and probably the first erected this side of PhUadelphia, if not the first in America ; and such was the commencement of that now inval uable and extensive branch of New England productive industry, on which so many thousands depend for support." 18 MONROE. Franklin Co. Monroe was for merly a part of Rowe, and an unin corporated track called "the Gore." It is bounded north by Readsborough, Vermont, east by Rowe and Deer field river, south by Florida, and we< by Clarksburgh. There is some land in the town fit for the plough, but being very moun tainous, the greater part is adapted only to grazing. In 1837, there were one thousand one hundred sheep in the town, whose average fleeces weighed three and a quarter pounds. Monroe was named in honor of James Monroe, late president of the United States ; and lies twenty-five miles west north-west from Greenfield, and one hundred and fifteen miles west by north from Boston. MONSON. Hampden Co. Before its incorpor ation in 1760, Monson was a part of the town of Brimfield. A church was formed here about the year 1762, and the Hon. Simeon Strong, afterwards a judge of the Supreme Court, was the first officiating clergyman. Monson Ues seventeen mUes east of Springfield, eighty miles west south west of Boston, and four miles south of the railroad depot at Palmer. The surface of the town is agreea bly diversified by hill and dale, with much good soil and many excellent farms. The position of its central vUlage, in a vale running north and south, and bounded on either hand by sloping hills, is beautiful and roman tic, the prospect on some points being very rich and variegated. It contains one large Congregational church, a beautiful vestry, and a spacious acad emy building. This is an incorporated institution, and possessed of conside rable funds, and has been in successful operation many years. There is also in the town a Baptist meeting-house and a Methodist chapel. On a stream, a branch of the Chick ¦ opee, running north through the cen tre, are two cotton, and three satinet 206 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. mil's, in constant operation. Nearly a mile from the centre of the village, and two and a half miles from the wes.ern railroad, is an inexhaustible quarry of granite, of a beautiful qual ity, and much used for architectural purposes. Good samples of this may be seen in dwelling-houses and stores in Springfleld, Westfield, and other places. Blocks of this granite may be obtained seventy feet in length, and of any desired width. On dressing this stone, it presents a variety of col ors, and appears as handsome as clouded marble. There are in the town many me chanic shops of different kinds, and the manufacturing of Florence bon nets is carried on to a considerable extent, and much attention is paid to the manufacturing of palm-leaf hats ; also one spectacle shop, which manu factures from four to five thousand doUars worth of silver spectacles an nually. MONTAGUE. Franklin Cor This town, previous to 1753, was the north parish in Sun derland, and was called Hunting Hills, from a range of highlands in the east erly part of the town, bearing among others, the names of Harvey, Chestnut, Bald, Pine, and Quarry hills. The town contains some fine plains, and large tracts of good meadow on Con necticut river, on the east side of which the town is situated. It is bounded on the north partly by a bend of the Connecticut, and partly by MU- ler's river ; east by Wendall, and south by Leverett and Sunderland. Montague lies opposite to Deerfield and Greenfield, and united to them by a bridge. Turner's Falls, at the northerly part of the town, are more interesting than any in the state, and probably as much so as any in New England. The canal for passing these falls, three miles in length, and seventy- five feet lockage, with an immense dam across the river, greatly facili tates the navigation on Connecticut river. This place has a great water- power, and promises peculiar advan tages to the manufacturing interest. The scenery around this place is ro- mantic and beautiful, and to the lov ers of antiquarian lore, full of inter esting associations. MONTEREY. Berkshire Co. This town was incorporated April 12, 1847. It com prises the southern part of Tyring- ham, and partakes of the beautiful scenery of that alpine town. MONTGOMERY. Hamfden Co. This is a mountain ous township, bounded on the north by Norwich, east by Southampton and Westfield, south by Westfield and RusseU, and west by Blandford. The town is well watered by West- field river and Moose Meadow brook, and produces rich pastures for sheep and cattle. A church was organized here in 1797, and the first pastor, the Rev. Seth Noble, was settled in 1801. Montgomery lies, by the western railroad, which passes the south-west border of the town, eighteen miles north-west from Springfield, and one hundred and sixteen miles west by south from Boston. The depot is in Russell. MOUNT WASHINGTON. Berkshire Co. The territory of this town was formerly claimed as a part of Livingston Manor, New York, and was called Taucunnuck mountain. It was first settled about the year 1751, and when this highest town in the Commonwealth became a town, in 1776, the legislature wisely gave it the most elevated name on the scroll of his country. Mount Washington is bounded north by Egremont, east by Sheffield, south by Salisbury, Con necticut, and west by Boston Corner, and by Ancram and Copake, in the state of New York. This is truly a mountainous town, for its whole territory consists of a GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 207 vast pile of mountains, belonging to the Taconic range, which skirts Massachusetts on its western border. There are valleys in the town, but they are two thousand feet above the Housatonic, which lies about five miles east from the centre valley, or business part of the town. " A lowly vale, and yet uplifted high Among the mountains; even as if the spot Had been from oldest time, by wish of theirs, So placed to be shul oul from all Ihe world." On the sides of this mountain val ley are mountains rising some five hundred and some a thousand feet in height, from which descend some of the most beautiful cascades in nature, winding their aerial courses to the bo som of some distant lake or river. The mountain on the east, and near est to the Housatonic, is the highest and most interesting ; it is the Mount Washington of the group. We copy Dr. Hitchcock's description of the view from this summit, from his val uable " Geology of Massachusetts." "Its central part is a somewhat conical, almost naked eminence, ex cept that numerous yellow pines, two or three feet high, and whortleberry bushes, have fixed themselves where- ever the crevices of the rock afford sufficient soil. Thence the view from the summit is entirely unobstructed. And what a view ! — " In depth, in height, in circuit, how serene The spectacle, how pure !— Of nature's works In earth and air, A revelation in finite it seems." " You feel yourself to be standing above everything around you; and possess the proud consciousness of literally looking down upon all ter restrial scenes. Before you on the east, the valley through which the Housatonic meanders, stretches far northward in Massachusetts, and southward into Connecticut ; sprinkled over with copse and glebe, with small sheets of water and beautiful villages. To the south-east especially, a large sheet of water appears, I believe in Canaan, of surpassing beauty. In the south-west the gigantic Alender, Riga, and other mountains more re mote, seem to bear the blue heavens on their heads in calm majesty ; while stretching across the far distant west, the Catskills hang like the curtains of the sky. 0 what a glorious display of mountains all around you ! 0 how does one in such a spot turn round and round, and drink in new glories, and feel his heart swelling more and more with emotions of sublimity, until the tired optic nerve shrinks from its office. " Ah, thai such beauty, varying in the light Of living nature, cannot be portrayed By words, nor by Ihe pencil's silent skill, But is the property of him alone Who hath beheld it, noted it with care, And in his mind recorded it wilh love." "This certainly is the grandest prospect in Massachusetts; though others are more beautiful. And the first hour that one spends in such a spot, is among the richest treasures that memory lays up in her store house." To distinguish this mountain from the town, it is called "Bald Peak." Dr. Hitchcock, in his work, has given it the name of Mount Everett. The best way of getting to Mount Washington from any part of Massa chusetts, is through Egremont, which lies twenty-five miles south by west from Pittsfield. From Egremont you pass along a vast uncultivated slope, to the height of nearly two thousand feet, when you reach the broad val ley where the few inhabitants reside, a distance of about seven miles. From Hudson, New York, the dis tance to this enchanting spot is about twenty mUes. We passme beautiful lake in Copake, and up through the romantic gorge, on the west side of the mountain. It is truly surprising that while thousands are every year thronging to visit the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and the Catskills in New York, our own Mount Washington, possessing scenery which would repay a lover of nature for a voyage across the Atlantic, should be so little heed ed. 20S GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS, NANTUCKET, TOWN AND COUNTY. This island, town and county, formerly belonged to Dukes county, and was bought of Thomas Mayhew, July 2, 1659, by Thomas Macy, for thirty pounds, in merchantable pay, and two beaver hats. The Indians who dwelt on the island, sold their title to the white inhabitants from one lime to another. It was named Sherburne by Governor Lovelace, in 1673, and so called to June 8, 179.5. It was first settled in 1659. Its Indian name was Naulican. Nantucket lies east from Dukes county, and about thirty miles south of Cape Cod, or Barnstable county. This island is about fifteen miles in length from east to west, and about four miles average breadth. It contains fifty square miles. The town is in about the centre of the island, on the north side, in latitude 41° 16' 36"; west longitude, 70° 6' 06". It is one hundred and ten miles south-east by south from Boston, by raUroad and steamboat, fifty-five south east from New Bedford, thirty south-east from Falmouth, and four hundred and eighty-nine from Washington. Nantucket has a good harbor, with seven and a half feet of water at low tide, on the bar at its mouth. This island was formerly well wooded, but for many years it has not had a single tree of native growth. The soil is light and sandy ; it however affords pasturage for about seven thousand sheep, five hundred cows, and other cattle. In 1659, when this island was first set tled by the whites, it contained three thousand Indians, but now, not one. The whale fishery commenced here in 1690 ; and this place is, perhaps, more celebrated than any other, for the enterprise and success of its people, in that species of nautical adventure. Indeed, Nantucket is the mother of that great branch of wealth in America, if not in the world. In the year end ing April 1, 1844, Nantucket employed seventy-eight vessels in that fishery, the tonnage of which was twenty-six thousand six hundred and eighty- four tons ; one million eighty-six thousand four hundred and eighty-eight gaUons of sperm and whale oil were imported, the value of which was eight hundred and forty-six thousand dollars. The number of. hands employed was about two thousand. The capital invested was two million seven hundred and thirty thousand dollars ; this includes the ships and outfits only ; yet many of the manufactories of the place are appendages of the whale fishery : alto gether employing a capital of five millions of dollars. There are manufactures on the island, of vessels, whale boats, bar iron, tin-ware, boots, shoes, oil casks, and candle boxes. The whole amount of the manufactures of oil and candles, in 1844, was one mUlion three hun dred and sevenly-five thousand seven hundred and forty-five dollars. Total tonnage of the district of Nantucket in 1844, thirty thousand six hundred and ninety-seven tons. There are two daily penny papers published in the town, and one weekly newspaper. The public buildings consist of a court-house, alms-house, three banking houses, two hotels, an insurance office, a very convenient post-office, an extensive reading-room, nine houses of worship, (including two for the society of Friends, one Congregational, one Unitarian, two Methodists, one Episcopalian, and one Baptist;) a handsome structure occupied by the " Atheneum," containing a lecture-room, museum, library, &c ; six commodi ous edifices, for twelve or fourteen of the various town schools, (which embrace an aggregate of some fifteen hundred scholars,) among them the high school, with upwards of one hundred pupils. Great attention is paid to education on this island. The men are noted for their sedateness and daring spirit, and the ladies for their inteUigence and beauty. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 209 On the night of the 13th of July, 1846, a fire broke out m the most com pact part of the town, and in a few hours it destroyed not less than three hundred and fifty buildings ; among which were two banking houses, a church, the Athenseum, seven oil and candle factories, &c, tec The loss was estimated at $900,000 ; about one third of which was insured by offices in other places. The village of Siasconset is situated at the south-east extremity of the island, and contains about seventy houses. The cod-fishery was carried on there a few years since, but of late it has been nearly relinquished. The houses, with few exceptions, are occupied only in the warm season. The village is compactly built on a level grass plat, near the edge of a steep cliff; the land rises in the rear so as to cut off a view of the town of Nantucket. This place presents uncommon attractions in the warm season, for invalids. It has a fine bracing air, and excellent water. In front of the viUage " the eye rests on a broad expanse of the Atlantic, and below, the surf, rolling and breaking, gives animation to tbe scenes by day, and lulls to repose by night." It lies about seven mUes from the town. See State Tables. COURTS IN NANTUCKET COUNTY Supreme Cowrt. Law Term. At Boston, on the first Tuesday of March. Nisi Prius. At Nantucket, on the first Tuesday of July. Common Pleas. At Nantucket, on the first Mondays of June and October. Meetings of the County Commissioners. At Nantucket, on the third Monday of April, and second Monday of October. Probate Courts. At Nantucket, on the first Saturday of every month. NATICK. Middlesex Co. This township was originally granted by the general court to the Indians, as a place for a permanent residence. It was incor porated into an English district in 1761, and into a town in 1781, by the name of Natick, a word in the Indian language, signifying " the place of hills." It is watered by Charles river, and contains numerous fish ponds. There are two villages, which are upwards of a mile apart. The first Indian church in New England was formed here, in 1660. The Indians were first brought togeth er by Mr. Eliot, at Nonantum, (in Newton,) but not finding sufficient accommodation, they removed to Na tick in 1651. Here they built a town on the banks of Charles rivei, " which consisted of three long streets ; two on the Boston side of the river, and one on the other. To each house was attached a piece of ground. Most of the houses were built after the In- 18* dian fashion. One large house was erected in the English style, the lower apartment of which was employed as a school-room in the week, and as a place of worship on the Lord's day. There was likewise a large handsome fort, of a circular figure, palisadoed with trees; and a. foot bridge over the river, the foundation of which was secured with stone ; with several little houses after the English fashion. According to the advice of Mr. Eliot, they adopted the form of government proposed by Jethro to Moses. About one hundred of them met together, and chose one ruler of a hundred, two rulers of fifties, and ten rulers of tens. After their church was formed, they flourished under a succession of pious teachers, natives and English, until, by repeated wasting sickness and other causes so fatal to the race, they have now become nearly if not quite extinct. Mr. Eliot translated the whole Bible into the Natick (or Nipmuc) dialect. This Bible was printed at Cambridge, 210 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. in 1663, and is the first Bible printed in America. A second edition was printed in 1685, in the correction of which Mr. Eliot received great assist ance from Mr. John Cotton. The fol lowing is the title-page : — " Mamusse Wunneetupanatam we Up Bidlum God, Naneeswe Nukkone Testament Kah Wonk Wusku Testament." "It is related that while Mr. Eliot was engaged in translating the Bible into the Indian language, he came to the following passage in Judges v. 28. ' The mother of Sisera looked out at the window, and cried through the lattice,' tec Not knowing an Indian word to signify lattice, he applied to several of the natives, and endeavored to describe to them what a lattice re sembled. He described it as a frame work, netting, wicker, or whatever oc curred to him as illustrative ; when they gave him a long, barbarous, and unpronounceable word, as are most of the words in their language. Some years after, when he had learned their dialect more correctly, he is said to have laughed outright upon finding that the Indians had given him the true term for eelpot. ' The mother of Sisera looked out at the window, and cried through the eelpot.' " The manufactures of the town con sist principally of shoes. As early as 1836, the value of shoes made here was two hundred and fifteen thousand dollars, since which time the business has much increased. The largest part of Long Pond lies in this town. Natick lies thirteen miles south from Concord, and by the Worcester railroad seventeen miles west south west from Boston. NEEDHAM. Nortolk Co. This town was a part of Dedham until 1711. It is something of the nature of a penin sula, being surrounded for more than two thirds of its limits by Charles riv er. There are large bodies of meadow on the banks of this river ; Broad mea dow, lying partly in this town and the towns of Dedham and New-ton, is said lo be one of the largest iu ihe state. The town is uncommonly well water ed, and is diversified with hills and plains. In the course of the river which separates this town from New ton, there are two falls, called the upper and lower falls, which afford valuable water privileges. At the upper falls is tbe largest cataract in the whole of Charles river, from its source to its mouth. The water here falls twenty feet upon a bed of rocks. The principal settlements in the town are in the vicinity of the upper and lower faUs. There is a manufac turing viUage at both of these falls, lying partly in this town and partly in Newton. In these villages are large manu factures of paper, cotton goods, hats, window-bUnd hinges, boots, shoes, &c. The soU of the town is good, and weU farmed ; and the encirehng river presents much beautiful scenery. Needham lies five miles north-west from Dedham, and, by the Worcester railroad, thirteen mUes south-west from Boston. NEW ASHFORD. Berkshire Co. New Ashford lies thirteen miles north from Pittsfield, and, by the western railroad from Pittsfield, one hundred and sixty-four miles west from Boston. This township is situated princi pally on the steep and rugged hills which make from Saddle mountain on the east, and the Taconic range on the west, and which here approach each other. In the narrow valley be tween these hills, along the rise of the western branch of the Housatonic, and the eastern branch of Green river, are some small tracks of more feasi ble land, producing grain, grass, &c, though the soil in general is hard and gravelly, and of an indifferent quality. By these streams, with the connected springs and brooks, tbe town is well watered. The branch of Green river, on which are several mill-sites, runs northward into Williamstown, re ceives the branch from Hancock, and finds its way into the Hoosic. The rise of this stream is near the rise ot GAZETTEER OF .MASSACHUSETTS. 211 the western branch of the Housatonic, which takes an opposite direction, and flows into Lanesborough. The people of this town pay consid erable attention to rearing sheep ; and much beautifully variegated marble is found here, manufactured, and sent to market. NEW BEDFORD. Bristol Co. This town is plea santly and eligibly situated on the west side of a small estuary, called the Accushnut river, which makes up iu a northerly direction into the land, near the western extremity of Buz zard's Bay. It is a half-shire town of the county. It was formerly a part of the old town of Dartmouth, which once included the towns of Westport, Dartmouth, New Bedford, and Fair haven. New Bedford was incorpo rated in the year 1787. In the year 1812, that portion of the town situated on the east side of the river, was set off as a separate township, retaining the name of Fairhaven, by which it had always been distinguished from the opposite settlement of Bedford. New Bedford is situated in north latitude 41° 37' 43" ; and west longi tude 70° 59'. It lies, by the different lines of railroads, fifty-five miles south by east from Boston ; forty-nine south east from Providence ; and two hun dred and twenty-eight north-east -by east from New York ; and by the post-roads, four hundred and thirty- four miles from Washington. From New Bedford to Fall river is fourteen miles, and to Nantucket, by steam boat, fifty-five miles. The township of New Bedford is ten and a half miles in length, and its average width is about a mile and a half. The situation of New Bedford is very beautiful. It is . built upon ground which rises rapidly from the river, and the view from the opposite tcwn of Fairhaven, and from the har- b ir as you approach it from the south, is not excelled by that of any town in ihe country. It is laid out with much egularity, the streets crossing at right angles. Most of the sidewalks are flagged, and several of the streets are paved. The buildings are mostly of wood, although several of the finest houses and stores are of more durable mate rials. Few strangers who visit New Bedford, fail to be struck with the ex ceeding neatness and beauty of the dwellings in the upper part of the town. Much of this attractiveness is owing to the circumstance that they are nearly all surrounded by exten sive and well cultivated gardens, and that the streets on which they are built are bordered with a great vari ety of ornamental trees. County street, which runs the whole extent of the thickly settled part of the town, upon the summit of the rising ground, on which it is built, is allowed to be without a rival in this country for its various and attractive beauties. The whale fishery, and the manu facture of the product of that fishery, are the principal branches of business in which the inhabitants are engaged. As early as the year 1764, we find the settlers in the village of Bedford, sending out their small vessels, after the greasy monsters, some of which reached as far south as the Falkland Islands. Suspended by the war of the revolution, the business was vigo rously and successfully renewed at its close, and excepting the interruption caused by the second war with Eng land, it has been constantly pursued, and continually increasing. The whole number of vessels now belonging to the town, engaged in the fishery, is two hundred and thirty- nine, all ships but five, measuring seventy-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-four tons, and having on board upwards of six thousand sea men. During the year 1843, one hundred and one thousand nine hun dred and eighty-eight barrels, or three million two hundred and twelve thou sand six hundred and twenty-two gal lons of oil were brought into that port by the ships belonging to the town, sixty-one thousand and sixty-six bar rels of which was sperm, (cachelot,) and forty thousand nine'hundred and 212 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. twenty-two barrels of right whale, (Balosna Australis.) The value of the imports of oil and whalebone for the year 1843, was about two million three hundred and thirty thousand dollars. For the year 1844, the im ports were one hundred and fifty -seven thousand five hundred and one bar rels, or four millions nine hundred and sixty-one thousand two hundred and eighty-one gallons — sperm, fifty- four thousand five hundred and nine barrels ; right whale, one hundred and two thousand nine hundred and ninety-two barrels, and nine hundred and seventy-eight thousand five hun dred and ninety-two pounds of whale bone, valued at three milUon one hundred and four thousand six hun dred and ninety-five dollars. Eighty ships were fitted out during the year. In the district which includes the ports of New Bedford, Fairhaven, Dartmouth, Westport, Mattapoisett, Sippican, and Wareham, there are one hundred and nine thousand six hundred and fifty-four tons of ship ping — registered, one hundred and one thousand one hundred and fifty-four tons ; enrolled, eight thousand five hundred, of which ninety-seven thou sand four hundred and ninety-four tons are engaged in the whaling busi ness. In the coasting trade, there are four brigs, fifty-seven schooners, forty- three sloops, and one steamboat. The manufacture of the products of the fishery forms an important part of the business of the town. Much of the sperm oil imported, is prepared for use by the different processes by which Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter oil, as the different kinds are called, are produced, before it finds its way to the various markets of the country ; and from the spermaceti, an article exclusively the product of the sperm whale, is manufactured the spermaceti candle, so universally ad mired for its beauty, and esteemed for its pleasant light. There are nine teen oil and candle manufactorios now in operation in the town. A large proportion of the right whale oil is exported to the north of Europe. The manufacture of this kind of oil is carried on to some ex tent in the town, and more extensively in other parts of the country, the high price of sperm oil causing it to be much used in lamps as a substitute for the dearer and purer article. • By the new British tariff, the duty on sperm oil is much reduced, and since it has been in operation, consid erable quantities of that article have been sent to England. As a necessary appendage to the fisheries, the coopering business is extensively carried on. Ship building and ship repairing are occupations which employ many of the mechanics of the town. No better ships float the ocean than some of those which have been launched from the ship-yards of New Bedford. The New Bedford Railway and Wharf Company have a capital of fifty thousand doUars, and on a small island owned by the company, they have, besides wharves, ware-houses, dwelling-houses, and mechanics' shops, a marine railway, which af fords great facilities for cleaning and repairing the smaller class of vessels. There is an extensive steam cord age factory, the machinery of which is moved by two engines of twenty horse power each, in successful ope- ertion, employing seventy-five per sons, thirty-two of whom are females, and turning out annually four hun dred tons of cordage. There is also in operation a manufactory of Prus sian blue. An immense building has lately been erected for manufacturing and mechanical purposes. The power is steam. Apparatus for grinding grain, working iron, and planing and saw ing, is now in operation, and other machinery is soon to be added. Another planing mill, a large black smith shop, a block manufactory, a foundery, a copper-smith establish ment, a frame factory, and one or two other mechanics' establishments have steam engines connected with them . The valuation of the property of the town for the year 1844, was four teen millions seven hundred and sixty NEW BEDFOKD. 213 seven thousand dollars. The amount appropriated for the various muni cipal purposes, at the last annual town meeting, was fifty-four thousand nine hundred and sixty-two dollars, it being with the county tax, four dol lars on the.thousand. The churches are numerous. The Unitarians, Baptists, Universalists, Friends, Episcopalians, and .Roman Catholics, have each one ; the Metho dists, four ; the Orthodox Congrega tionalists, three ; the Christians, four. The Bethel Church, owned by the New Bedford Port Society, is devoted to the seamen. Connected with it are a reading-room and registry office. Several of~the churches are hand some and substantial structures. The Friends' meeting-house is of brick, the Unitarian and one of the Orthodox Congregational are of stone. The church of the Unitarian society has been pronounced by competent judges one of the finest in the country. Few towns have been more liberal in providing the means of education. There are now owned by the town twelve public school-houses, in which, and in other buildings hired for the purpose, are supported twenty-five schools, requiring the services of be tween forty and fifty teachers. The appropriation for the public schools in 1845, was rising twenty-eight thou sand dollars, twelve thousand of which are for the erection of a brick building, for the accommodation of the high school. There is an incorporated institution called the " Friends' Academy," now exclusively devoted to the education of females. The academy building is a handsome structure, pleasantly sit uated on County street, and environed by beautiful grounds. It contains a library, principally the donation of Samuel Elam, formerly of Newport, to whom the institution is otherwise indebted, and a philosophical appara tus. There are several other private schools. Among the public buildings may be mentioned the Town Hall, Custom House, and Court House. The town hall is a magnificent structure of granite, one hundred feet long, and sixty-one feet wide, three stories in height. The lower story is occupied as a public market, the sec ond is occupied as a hall for pubhc meetings, and in the third are rooms for Ihe accommodation of the officers of the town. Connected with the of fice of the town-clerk is a large fire proof apartment, in which the records and papers of the town are deposited. In the hall is suspended a portrait of Washington, an admirable copy of Stuart's celebrated picture, painted by William A. Wall, a native artist. The edifice, which, with the land be neath and around it, cost the town the sum of sixty thousand dollars, has been called by many the handsomest building in New England, devoted to civil purposes. The custom house is also a struc ture of granite. It is tasteful in its design, and makes a fine appearance. The post-office is kept in this building. The court house is a plain, neat structure of brick. Near it are the county jail and house of correction. The poor are supported upon a farm owned by the town, situated about two miles south of the village. The farm and buildings are valued at ten thousand dollars. The fire department is large, well organized, and effective. There are connected with it ten engines, and a. suitable number of hooks and ladders, beside which, there is always prepared for use apparatus for blowing up buildings, should a fire get beyond the control of the engines. Water is sup plied from twenty public reservoirs. There are five hundred men belong ing to the department. The firemen receive ten dollars per annum for their services. There is a public place of interment, called the Oak Grove Cemetery, situ ated at a convenient distance west of the village. It covers eight acres of ground. A part of the cemetery is laid out into lots, the exclusive occu pancy of which may be obtained from the authorities for a small considera tion, and the remainder devoted to indiscriminate burial. It is a beauti- 21-1 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ful spot* Nature has here been lav ish of her beauties, and good taste marks the arrangements which have been made by the officers of the town, to adapt the ground to its sacred pur pose. The New Bedford Rural Cem etery, a private place of interment, is laid out with much taste, and its ap pearance is creditable to its proprie tors and the town. The Social Library, owned by an incorporated association, contains about four thousand volumes of books. The number is annually increasing. Six newspapers are published in the town, two daily, one semi-weekly, and three weekly. The oldest of these is the New Bedford Mercury, estab lished as a weekly paper in the year 1807, and now conducted by the son of the first publisher. By the census of 1840, the town contained twelve thousand and eighty- seven inhabitants. This enumeration included but very few of the seamen then absent in the whaling fleet. The population in 1845 was about fifteen thousand, one thousand of whom were colored; and there is every indica tion that it is fast increasing. The number of buildings now in process of erection, is about one hundred, most of them small, but neat and con venient dwelling-houses. It is a cir cumstance worthy of notice, that near ly aU the buildings which have been put up the last two years have been of this character. Few places can be found where so large a proportion of the mechanics and laborers are own ers of the houses in which they reside. NEW BRAINTREE. Worcester Co. Six thousand acres of this township were granted to peo ple in ancient Braintree, for services rendered to the public in 1670 ; the residue of the township was taken from Brookfield and Hardwick. It was called " Braintree Farms," until its incorporation in 1751. The surface of the town is uneven, with moderate hills and valleys ; the soil is generally good, but better adapted to grazing than tillage. The town is celebrated for good farmers, and the abundance of excellent beef, butter, and cheese produced. The township is finely watered by brooks, rivulets, and springs. Ware river passes its western border. In the west part of the town is JPenimesstt brook, formed entirely by springs from the adjacent hills, which, running north, empties into Ware river. On this brook is an extensive and luxuri ant meadow of several hundreds of acres, called Wenimesset, the name given to it by the Indians, when a hide ous swamp. This was the head-quar ters and chief place of rendezvous of the savages, at the time when Brook field was destroyed. There are some manufactures in the town, of cotton goods, leather, palm-leaf hats, &c. It lies eighteen miles west north-west from Worcester, and sixty-two miles west from Boston. NEWBURY. Essex Co. This ancient and re spectable town, the mother of New buryport and West Newbury, although reduced in territory, still retains its former reputation and beauty. It was first settled in 1633, and was called by the Indians Quassacumcow. Newbury is bounded on the north by Newburyport and Merrimack river, on the east by the ocean, south by Rowley, and west by West Newbury. This town is well watered by Parker river and the Merrimack. The soil of this town is not naturally of great fertility, but 'is of that kind which well rewards the industrious cultivator. There is no section of the state where agricultural enterprise is more exerted, or where it is more highly honored by tokens of approba tion bestowed by the agricultural soci ety. There are farms in this town, in such a state of improvement as would add new charms to the banks of the Connecticut or Genesee. The value of hay, grain, and vegetables, the pro duct of five acres and a quarter, on a farm cultivated by Mr. Joshua Tap- pan, in this town, in 1842, was four hundred and six dollars GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 215 There are a number of smiling vil lages in the town, but those parts more immediately connected with Newburyport are the most popu lous. That portion of the town which lies on the south-east side of Newbu ryport, and which comprises a part of High street, so celebrated for its beau ty, is the most compact and business part of the town. Here considerable navigation is owned, and here the hsheries and ship-building are suc cessfully pursued. The village of Byfield, partly in Rowley, lies at the south-west part of the town, seven miles south south west from Newburyport, while Bell- ville constitutes the north-western boundary of that town. Few towns in the country furnish more pleasant scenery, or finer roads than Newbury. The road from New bury to Ipswich is delightful. It is ornamented with beautiful trees, and, running most of the distance on the summit of gentle rising ground, it of fers on one side a view of an extensive and well cultivated amphitheatre, and on the other, a complete view of le harbor, its shipping, Plum Island, tne isles of Shoals, Ipswich harbor, and Cape Ann. There is a curious cave in New bury, called the " Devil's Den," which contains specimens of asbestos, lime stone, marble, serpentine, and amian thus. In a fond, in the town, is a floating island, of about half an acre in extent. On the island are a num ber of trees, but it is mostly covered with bushes. Its annual rise and fall is from four to eight feet. Dummer Academy, founded in 1756, is a flourishing institution ; it is situated in the parish of "Byfield." The manufactures of Newbury con sist of cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, carriages, cordage, fishing-nets, bed-cords, and cotton lines ; annual value about seventy-five thousand dollars. A large number of vessels are built in the town, and some navi gation is owned, and employed in the coasting trade and fishery. This town is celebrated as the birth place of many distinguished men. Theophilus Parsons, LL. D., an emi nent jurist, was born in Newbury, Feb ruary 24, 1750. He died in Boston, October 6, 1813. By the eastern railroad, which passes through the town, Newbury lies three miles south from Newbury port, and thirty-one miles north by east from Boston. NEWBURYPORT. Essex Co. A seaport, port of en try, and one of the shire towns of the county, admitted to be one of the most beautiful in New England. It lies upon a gentle acclivity, on the south bank of the Merrimack, near its junc tion with the ocean. Its population occupies an area of about two miles in length, by about one quarter of a mile in breadth. At the two extremi ties of this area, upon the river, and closely connected with the town, are two populous villages, which lie within the limits of the surrounding town of Newbury. The territory of Newbu ryport is smaller than any other within the Commonwealth. It contains an area of only one square mile, and was taken from Newbury, in 1764. Its population in 1843, was seven thousand three hundred, and in 1845, at least eight thousand. This town was early noted for its commerce and ship-building. Located at the mouth of a river, famous for its excellent ship-timber, it was at an early day the principal seat of this branch of industry. The vessels built here attained a reputation throughout the colonies, and in the mother country, highly creditable to the skill and enterprise of its inhab itants. It is within the memory of persons now living, that ninety ves sels have been in progress of con struction in this place at one time. The settlement and growth of other places, favorably situated for ship building, tended to diminish this branch of its industry. The extensive establishments for ship-building in the vicinity of Boston, deriving their 216 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. materials through the Middlesex ca nal, from the forests of the Merri mack contributed to the same result. The business declined for twenty- five years, but it is now greatly re vived. Some of the finest packets and swift-sailing merchantmen of New York, have been recently built at this port. Several of these packet- ships have been upwards of one thou sand tons' burthen. There were built, for freighting and packet-ships, during the year 1844, six thousand two hun dred tons, besides about one thousand tons of smaUer vessels, including one steamer. The business is now on the increase, and when the improvements in the navigation of the river are completed, may attain its former mag nitude. The number of vessels now be longing to this port, are twenty-four ships, nine barks, seventeen brigs, ninety-six schooners, and one steamer. Total tonnage, twenty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty-two tons. In 1790, the tonnage of this port was eleven thousand eight hundred and seventy tons, and it arose in seven teen years to thirty thousand. In 1820, it had sunk to twenty thousand tons. No place upon the seacoast of Massachusetts, or in New England, has experienced severer commercial vicissitudes than this town. The commercial restrictions fell upon it with disastrous effect. Its capital had become largely invested in the fisher ies and freighting business, and the suspension of its commerce and ship building was long and severely felt. In 1811, before it had recovered from those severe losses, it was visited wilb an extensive conflagration. Its central and most compact and valua ble portion, covering an area of six teen acres, was laid in ashes. Super added to these accumulated disasters, the war greatly checked its prosperity, and at the conclusion of peace its wealth and population had greatly di minished. It continued to decline till the period of the fifth census, in 1830, when il had fallen from seven thou sand six hundred and thirty-four, in 18 10, to six thousand three hundred and eighty-eight. Its wealth had decreased in the mean time, from about seven to less than three millions. Since that period it has been rapidly recovering its former prosperity, and it is now advancing in wealth and population. In 1836, the manufacture of cotton goods by steam-power was commenc ed. This branch of industry has been greatly increased, and there are now five companies incorporated, three of which are in successful operation. The mills owned by these five com panies are four stories in height, and their aggregate length is thirteen hun dred feet. They will contain thir teen hundred looms and sixty-five thousand spindles. The annual product ofthe three com panies now operating, is one million five hundred thousand yards of print ing cloths, and four million yards of the finest cottons manufactured in the country. They consume about one million four hundred thousand pounds of cotton, ten thousand gallons of oil, and three thousand tons of coal. The capital paid in is about seven hundred thousand dollars, and their disburse ments amount to near thirty thousand dollars per month. These mills now employ about one thousand operatives, and are driven by four beautiful en gines of most perfect construction. In addition to cotton goods, its man ufactures are machinery, castings, stoves, hats, boots, shoes, organs, spirits, cigars, snuff, soap, and can dles, to an amount cf upwards of half a million annually. This town is distinguished for a liberal extension of the common school system, and for superior means of free education. It has, in addition to the schools supported by the town, two liberally endowed free schools. One of these was endowed by the late Moses Brown, Esq., a merchant of the place,and is designed to furnish an institution for classical studies. The other is now being established, and is designed for ihe higher branches of an English education. It is founded on a munifi cent bequest of the late Oliver Put nam. Esq., of Boston, formerly a res NEWBURYPORT. 217 ident of this town. This bequest amounts, at the present time, to up wards of seventy thousand dollars. The privileges of free education in Newburyport will exceed those of any place in Massachusetts, and be scarcely inferior to a collegiate course of instruction. Newburyport lies thirty-four miles north-east from Boston, twenty miles north from Salem, twenty miles south west from Portsmouth, and three miles from the mouth of the Merri mack. It is surrounded on all sides, except that upon the river, by the town of Newbury. By whatever ave nue it is approached, it never fails to leave favorable impressions on the mind. A railroad is in contemplation to connect Newburyport with the towns lying upon the river, to Lowell. The eastern railroad crosses the town through its northern section, by a tunnel under High street, and an em bankment to the bridge, which is laid over the site of the old Newburyport bridge. The new bridge is two stories high, the railroad track being upon the upper flooring, and the carriage way, for ordinary travel, upon the flooring beneath. The river at this point is about three eighths of a mile in width. High street runs nearly parallel to the river, at a distance of one thou sand feet from it, and at an elevation of nearly one hundred feet above its level. This has always been admired by strangers of taste, as a beautiful street. Near the centre of the town, adjoining this street, is a fine pond, of about six acres, the level of which is sixty feet above the river. This has been beautifully embellished, by sur rounding it with a mall, and terraced promenade. From the mouth of the harbor, Plum Island extends nine miles, to the mouth of Ipswich river. Nearly all this island is composed of shifting sand, blown into fantastic forms, sur mounted with clumps of the beach- plum. It is a favorite place of resort for recreation, during the summer. 19 months, to the inhabitants of the neighboring towns. It is connected j with the main by a bridge, from which a turnpike extends to the town. Judge Bradbury, and Judge Jack son, of the Supreme Court, were na tives of this town, and Judges Par sons, Thatcher, and Wild, of the same court, were residents here. The Hon. William Bartlett, and Moses Brown, Esq., distinguished for their enter prise and integrity as merchants, were natives of this town. The distin guished mechanician, Jacob Perkins, now of England, was born, and pur sued his inventions here, till fifty years of age. The late Rufus King was long a resident at Newburyport, and represented the town in the1 coun cils of the state. John Q,. Adams re sided here while pursuing his legal studies, under Parsons. The Rev. Gardner Spring, D. D., of New York, was born and educated here, as was also the late Rev. Dr. Morse, of the Episcopal church. Many respectable clergymen of New England, and be yond its bounds, were born here. During the depression of the town, the emigration of its young and enter prising citizens was very prevalent. They are to be found throughout the country, and many of them have at tained distinction in the learned pro fessions and in the walks of com merce. The town has eleven houses of public worship, and its other public buildings are numerous and elegant. A beautiful cemetery has been recent ly established in the immediate vicin ity of the town, in a grove of venera ble oaks, and forms a most inviting resort to the contemplative. The celebrated George Whitefield, one of the founders of the sect of the Methodists, and one of its most elo quent preachers, died in this town, September 21, 1770. A handsome cenotaph to his mem ory has been erected in the church beneath which he lies interred, by the Hon. William Bartlett. The foUow- ing is a part of the inscription : — 218 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. " This Cenotaph Is erected, with affectionate veneration, to The memory of the Rev. GEORGE WHITEFIELD: Born at Gloucester, England, December 16, 1714. Educated at Oxford University ; Ordained 1736. In a ministry of thirty-four years, lie crossed the Atlantic thirteen times, And preached more Than eighteen thousand sermons. As a soldier of the Cross, humble, devout, ardent, He put on the ^ Whole armor of God ; Preferring The honor of Christ To his own interest, repose, Reputation, and life. MEW MARLBOROUGH. Berkshire Co. The first improve ments in this town were made in 1739, by Mr. Benjamin Wheeler, from Marlborough. During the hard win ter of 1739-40, he remained the only white inhabitant in the town. The Indians, though in most respects friendly, forbade him the use of the gun, lest he should kill the deer, and thus withheld from him part of the means of his support. His nearest white neighbors were in Sheffield, a distance of ten miles, some of whom came on snow-shoes to see him. "The surface is generally uneven and hilly, and, like most of the more elevated towns in the county, stony ; though at the time of the settlement, the stones were so deeply covered with vegetable mould, that the first inhabitants are said to have expressed their fears that they should not find stone enough to answer the purposes of buUding. Their fears were re moved by finding a quarry of white stone, split by nature into blocks of different sizes, nearly square, on an . elevation called Dry Hill . In the north-west part of the town is Six -mile pond, first so called by some Indians who lived six miles distant from it, in Great Barrington, and who resorted to it for the 'purposes of fishing. The outlet from this pond, is cailed Konka- pot, from the circumstance that an Indian family of that name lived by its side, in the borders of Sheffield. A stream called Umpachene rises in the east part ofthe town, and passing by the centre, runs south-west, and empties in the Konkapot. This stream also derives its name from an Indian. In the south-feast part of the town ship is a pond nearly two miles in circumference, called Hermit pond, which is the source of a stream, which runs south-west into Canaan. This pond derived its name from the cir cumstance that a hermit lived for sev eral years on the south-eastern side. " The name of this hermit was Tim othy Leonard. He came from Fred ericksburg, Dutchess county, New York, five or six years before, the rev olutionary war ; and though he pur chased a farm, he led a solitary life till his death. He died June 13, 1817, from infirmity and old age, being, as was supposed, in his seventieth year. Unwilling that any one should remain with him during a single night, he died as he lived, alone and unattend ed. The cause of his leading a soli- taiy life is supposed lo be explained by the fact that he was an inveterate hater of women. His description of, them was, ' They say they wilt, and Ihey wont ; What they promise to do, they don't.' "Let none smile at the history of Timothy Leonard, for he is not a sol itary instance in which disappointed hope and mortified pride have been suffered to blot out the social affec tions, and produce uselessness, wretch edness and ruin. " In the west part of the town is a cave of some little note. It has seve ral apartments of various dimen sions, whose sides and roof are lime stone, on which stalactites are contin ually forming. About one fourth of a mile south-west of the south meet ing-house is a rock, judged to weigh thirty or forty tons, so equally bal anced on another rock, that a man may move it with his finger." GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 219 The manufactures of the town con sist of leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, and a variety of sawed lumber. The products of the dairy are considerable, and about one thou sand six hundred sheep are pastured. New Marlborough is situated twen ty-four miles south from Pittsfield, thirty-five west from Springfield, and one hundred and thirty-three west by south from Boston. NEW SALEM. Franklin Co. New Salem lies seventeen miles east south-east from Greenfield, about seven miles south west from the railroad at Athol, and about seventy miles west by north from Boston. It is bounded north by Orange, east by Athol, south by Pe tersham and Prescott, and west by Shutesbury and Wendell. This town is elevated, and some parts of it is mountainous, but the surface and soil are generally well adapted to agricultural purposes, par ticularly for grazing. It is well wa tered by Miller's river on the north, and a fine mill stream, the head wa ters of Swift river, rises in a pond in the town, and passes through it. This town comprises two handsome villages and some pleasant ponds. "The fogs of Connecticut river sel dom rise above this place, while it covers the surrounding country ; and the towering Monadnock on the north appears like an island rising from a boundless ocean." The manufactures of the town con sist of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather, straw bonnets, and ploughs. The first minister in the town was the Rev. Samuel Kendall, who died in 1792. The Rev. Joel Foster was settled in 1779, and died in 1812. The Rev. Warren Pierce was settled in 1804, and resigned in 1807. The Rev. Alpheus Harding was settled in 1807. The north Congregational church was organized in 1824, and the Rev. Levi French was settled pastor the next year. He was succeeded by the Rev. Erastus Curtiss, in 1834. NEWTON. Middlesex Co. This is a very beautiful town, encircled by Charles river on tbe north, the west, and the south, and bounded on the east by Brighton and Brookline. It was at first n part of Cambridge, and at its incorporation it adopted the old name of that venerable town, which it has never disgraced. This is the celebrated Nonantum of the Indians, a hallowed spot, where the red men of the forest first listened to the teachings of Christianity in New England, and where was erected for their use, the first house of prayer. Mr. Gookin, who formerly accom panied Mr. Eliot in his journeys, says " the first place he began to preach at, was at Nonantum, near Watertown, upon the south side of Charles river, about four or five miles from his own house ; where lived at that time Wa- ban, one of their principal men, and some Indians with him." Mr. Eliot set out upon his mission in October, 1646, and sent forerunners to apprize the Indians of his intentions. Wa- ban, a grave and wise man, of the same age of the missionary, forty- two, a person of influence, met him at a small distance from their settle ment, and welcomed him to a large wigwam, on the hill Nonantum. A considerable number of his country men assembled here from the neigh borhood, to hear the new doctrine. "A school was soon established among them, and the general court gave the neighboring Indians a tract of high land, called Nonantum, and furnished them with various implements of hus bandry. The Indians, many of them, professed Christianity, and the whole in the vicinity became settled, and con ducted their affairs with prudence and industry. They erected a house of worship for themselves ; they adopted the customs of their English neigh bors, made laws, and had magistrates of their own. The increase of the Indian converts was such, that they found the place too strait for them, and there was a removal of the tribe to Natick, about ten miles south-west 220 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. of Nonantum." The first organized church, purely Indian, was at Natick. The ardor and zeal of Eliot, Ma)'- hew, and others, were crowned with snch success, that in 1660, there were ten towns of Indians in Massachusetts, who were converted to the Christian religion. There are two falls on Charles river, m this town, of considerable extent, and great value, called Upper and Lower Falls, about two miles apart. At these falls are beautiful manufac turing villages. " The village at the lower falls is partly in Needham. It is a singular fact, that such is the winding of fhe river, that the lower falls are farther from its mouth and the city than the upper falls. The soil of the town is very good, and highly cultivated ; the surface is varied, presenting a variety of rich scenery, pleasant vUlages, country- seats, and tasteful gardens. The manufactures of the town con sist of cotton and woollen goods, large quantities of paper of the finest quali ties, nails, rolled iron, candles, vitriol, barilla, chaises, harnesses, morocco leather, boots, shoes, machinery, cabi- inet-ware, &c, the annual value of which exceeds a mUlion of dollars. In this town are an academy and a Normal school. Nonamtum Hill. This hill, in Newton, commands some of the most delightful scenery in the vicinity of Boston. The westerly side, and to the summit, is now in possession of William Kenrick, Esq., author of the New American Orchardist. This por tion of the hill is in the town of New ton, and near the division line between that town and Brighton. Here are Mr. Kenrick's garden and nurseries. The whole establishment covers an area of sixty-seven acres, a part be ing in young forest and grass. The principal nurseries comprise about thirty acres, including the dwelling- house and some of the appropriate out-buildings, with such portions of the land as are successively required in the rotation of productions^all being at times cleared and replanted. Here are cultivated all the most ap proved and superior varieties oi fruit- trees, the most hardy ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous peren nial plants. In the selection of these, Mr. Kenrick has spared no pains or expense in searching out and procur ing aU that is new, valBable, and beautiful, adapted to our climate, from all accessible resources and col lections of other countries. His pres ent collection of fruit-trees is proba bly unrivalled in this country, for rareness, variety, and excellence. Newton Theolosical Institution. This institution is located at Newton Centre vUlage, about seven miles from Boston. The institution build ings stand upon a lofty hill, on the east of the village. The mansion house, which is a large, three-story wooden edifice, built originally for a country-seat, stands fronting the vil lage, upon a beautiful circular mound, thrown up at the summit of the hill, and contains a chapel, recitation- rooms, accommodations for the stew ard, &c. An additional brick build ing, eighty-five feet long, forty-nine wide, and three stories high, was erected west of the mansion house in 1828, which contains a reading-room, a library-room, and thirty-one rooms for students, to each of which a bed room is attached. There is a farm of about eighty acres connected with the institution, the proceeds of which go for the benefit of the students. The grounds adja cent to the mansion house are orna mented with trees and shrubbery, and winding walks laid out in the adjoin ing grove of native forest trees. A long avenue, arched over with rows of shade trees, winds down the hill side to the village ; and near it stand three commodious houses erected for the use of the professors. Two of these stand abreast about midway down the hill, and the third is at its foot. The summit of the mansion house commands a wide prospect of the surrounding -country. Dorchester Heights, the summits of Boston, and Bunker HiU, are on the horizon at the east, and Mounts Wachusett and GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 221 Monadnock at the west. Nearer at hand several neat villages and hand some country-seats rise above the sea of green ; and not the least attraction is a beautiful pond, about a mile in circuit, which lies nestled amidst the forest near the foot of the hill. The institution is under the direc tion of persons of the Baptist denomi nation. It was founded in Novem ber, 1825, by the Massachusetts Bap tist Education Society ; and in the same month, Rev. Irah Chase was chosen first professor, and entered upon the duties of his office. In February, 1826, a bill of incorpora tion was granted, and a board of trus tees was appointed. The course of study pursued in the institution is adapted to graduates, or those whose attainments enablethem along with graduates to proceed profit ably in theological studies. It is open for all those who, together with the requisite literary qualifications, give evidence of possessing genuine piety, and of being influenced by proper motives, to pursue theological studies, and who, moreover, present certificates from the churches of which ihey are members, approving of their devoting themselves to the work of the ministry. The regular course of the institu tion occupies three years ; and the three classes corresponding are desig nated the junior, middle, and senior classes. The course of study em braces — first, Biblical Literature and Interpretation ; second, Christian The ology ; third, Ecclesiastical History ; fourth, Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Duties. There are four standing pro fessorships, corresponding to these four departments. Newton Centre village lies seven miles west by south from Boston; Newton or Angler's Corner, seven ; West Newton village, ten ; Upper Falls village, nine, and Lower Falls village, eleven miles from Boston. These vil lages are very flourishing and rapidly increasing. The Worcester railroad passes through the vUlages of Newton Corner and West Newton. NORFOLK COUNTY. Shire town, Dedham. This county is bounded north-east by Boston harbor, north by Suffolk county, west by the south-east corner of Worcester county, south by the north-east corner of the state of Rhode Island, and south, south east and east by the counties of Bristol and Plymouth. This county has a maritime coast on Boston harbor, of about twelve miles, which is indented with many small bays and navigable rivers. Its surface is uneven, and in some parts hilly. Its soil is generally strong and rocky. Great quantities of the dark-colored granite, or sienile, is found here. A large part of Norfolk county, particularly those towns near Boston, is under a high state of cultivation, and affords fruits and vegetables in great abundance. The proximity of this county to the capital gives it many facili ties ; and the towns in this and in the county of Middlesex that border on Boston harbor, may be called the Gardens of Boston. The Charles, Neponset, and Manatiquot are its chief rivers. The value of the manufactures in the county, the year ending April 1, 1 837, was six million four hundred and sixty-six thousand and ten dollars. The value of the fishery the same year, was two hundred and forty-four thousand nine hundred and tw&nty-seven dollars. See State Tables. COURTS IN NORFOLK COUNTY. Supreme Court. Law Term. At Dedham on the fifth Tuesday next after the fourth Tuesday of September. Nisi Prius Term. At Dedham on the •bird Tuesday in February. 19 222 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Common Pleas. At Dedham on the fourth Monday of April, the third Mon day in September, and third Monday in December. Meetings of the County Commissioners. At Dedham on the third Tuesday of April, the fourth Tuesdays of June and September, and on the last Wednes day of December. Probate Courts. At Dedham on the first Tuesdays of each month. At Quincy on the second Tuesdays in February, May, and August. At Rox bury on the fourth Tuesdays of February, May, August, and November. At Wrentham on the third Tuesdays of May, August, and November. At Med way on the third Tuesdays of February, June, and October. NORTHAMPTON. Hampshire Co. Shire town. This town is delightfully situated on the west bank of the Connecticut, on ris ing ground, about a mile from the river, and surrounded by large tracts of some of the most fertile and beauti ful meadow land in this, or any other country. This territory, with that of the other towns adjoining, was purchased in 1653, of "the chief and proper own ers," and conveyed to John Pynchon, for the planters, for the consideration of one hundred fathoms of wampum, ten coats, and some small gifts, and also for ploughing up sixteen acres of land on the east side of Quonnecticut river. The Indian name of the terri tory was Nonoiuck. Since the first settlements on the Connecticut basin, this town has been an important point of attraction. This was the third town settled on Connec ticut river in this state. The soil of the town is alluvial, and its products exuberant. Both before and since the division of the old county into three, this place has been the seat of justice. The buildings of the county and town are handsome, and the most important county offices are fire proof '. A tine stream passes through the cen tre of the town, possessing a good wa ter-power, on which are manufacto ries and mills of various kinds. The manufactures of Northampton ponsist of woollen and silk goods, bqqts, shoes, leather, paper, brooms, email's, ijon, tin, cabinet-wares, &c. ; total valpp the year ending April 1, 1837, about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The manufacture of sewing silk, ribbons, tec, is on a large scale. This place has considerable river and inland commerce, which is much increased by the Hampshire and Hampden canal, which meets the Connecticut river here, and termi nates at New Haven. There are many institutions of a literary and religious character in this town, and its schools are of the first order. The country around the town is enchanting; and those who visit Mount Holyoke, eight hundred and thirty feet above the river, on the east side, or Mount Tom, one thousand two hundred and fourteen feet above" the river, on the west side, will find a wonderful variety of landscape scene ry, probably unsurpassed in beauty by any in the New England states. A " Community," or " The North ampton Association of Education and Industry," was formed in 1842. It consisted of between one and two hun dred members of both sexes. They were located on a large farm, in a re tired spot, in tbe western part of the town, about two miles from the vil lage. This community became ex tinct in 1S46, and its location, water ed by the fine stream of Mill River, has become a flourishing manufac turing village. Of the twenty-three senators of the United States from Massachusetts, under the constitution since 1789, foui were residents in Northampton : Ca leb Strong, senator from 1789 to 1796 , Eli P. Ashman, from 1816 to 1818; Elijah II. Mills, from 1820 to 1827 ; and Isaac E. Bates, from 18-11 to 1845 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 223 David Bbainard. This faithful ser vant of Christ died at the house of the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, at North ampton, October 10, 1747. By his side rest the remains of his betrothed, Jerusha, the daughter of Mr. Ed wards. " If the greatness of a character is to be estimated by the object it pursues, the danger it braves, the difficulties it encounters, and the purity and energy of its motives, David Brainard is/ine of fhe gi-eatest characters that ever ap peared in the world. Compared with this standard of greatness, what little things are the Alexanders, the Cae sars, the conquerors of the whole earth. A nobler object no human or angelic mind could ever propose to itself than to promote the glory of the great Governor of the Universe, in studying and laboring to diffuse puri ty and happiness among his unholy and miserable creatures. " ' His Ufe and diary among the Indians,' says a celebrated Enghsh divine, ' exhibits a perfect pattern of the qualities which should distinguish the instructer of rude and barbarous tribes; the most invincible patience -and self-denial, the profoundest hu mility, exquisite prudence, indefatiga ble industry, and such a devotedness to God, or rather such an absorption of the whole soul in zeal for the divine glory, and the salvation of men, as is scarcely paralleled since the age of the apostles.' " Northampton lies, by the railroads, twenty miles north from Springfield, one hundred and eighteen west from Boston, forty five from Hartford, and twenty miles south from Greenfield. By the old roads it is ninety miles from Boston, and sixty-seven miles east from Albany. A passage in the cars from Spring field to Northampton offers to the lov ers of splendid scenery, a fine treat. We pass the whole distance on the banks of the river, through the gorge between Mounts Holyoke and Tom, and over the broad and beautiful mea dows, extending many miles between [ Mount Tom and Northampton. While here, we wiU just say, with all due respect to President Hitchcock, the learned geologist, that Mount Washington had better stand as it is, and give Mount Tom the name of Mount Everett. Nature has placed two beautiful mountains side by side, high in the estimation of mankind Let the name of the good Holyoke, the learned president of Harvard Col lege, from 1737 to 1769, be associated with one of a kindred spirit. NORTHBOROUGH. Worcester Co. Northborough was first settled in 1700, and, until 1766, was the north parish of West borough. It is bounded north by Berlin, east by Marlborough, south by Westborough, and west by Shrews bury and Boylston. This is a good farming town, lying between the highlands of Marlborough on the east, and those of Shrewsbury and Boylston on the west. The farms are large, well cultivated, and productive of fat cattle, wool, and aU the varieties of the dairy. This town is well watered by seve ral small streams and ponds, and by the Assabet river, which passes through it. On the banks of the As sabet are large tracts of good mea dow. The first minister in this town was the Rev. John Martin, in 1746. His successor was the Rev. Peter Whit ney, in 1767. Mr. Whitney published a good history of the county of Wor cester, in 1793. The following is from a grave-stone in the church-yard : — "Here lie buried the remains of Rabbi Judah Monis, M. A., Late He brew Instructor At Harvard College, in Cambridge; in which office he continued 40 years. He was by birth and religion a Jew, But embraced the Christian faith, And was publickly baptized at Cambridge, A. D. 1722, And departed this life April 25"- 1764, Aged eighty-one years, two months and twenty-one days." 221 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Northborough lies ten miles north east from Worcester, thirty-two from Boston, and five from Westboro' depot. NORTHBRIDGE. Worcester Co. Until 1772, this town was the north part of Uxbridge. The surface of this town is some what rocky and rough, but the soil is generally rich, strong, and good. It is finely watered by springs, streams, and rivers. Of these, Blackstone and Mumford rivers are the largest. On these rivers are tracts of good inter vale land. Blackstone canal passes through this town, on the west bank of Blackstone river. The manufactures of this town con sist of cotton and wooUen goods, cot ton machinery, boots, shoes, &c. The value of the manufactures here, as early as 1837, amounted to two hun dred and eighty thousand doUars. This is a good agricultural town, and the farmers send considerable produce to market. From Whitneysville, near the cen tre of the town, to Boston, is thirty- six miles north-east; to Worcester, thirteen mUes north-west. . NORTH BRIDGEWATER. Plymouth Co. This town lies twenty miles south from Boston, twenty-four north-west from Ply mouth, and ten south south-west from Weymouth Landing. A railroad will soon pass through it, between Boston and Fall River. The town is, well watered by Salisbury river, and an other small stream which empties into the Taunton. Its surface is uneven, but the soil is of a good quality, par ticularly for grazing. The manufactures of the town con sist of boots, shoes, hats, chairs, shoe- tools, forks, hoes, cabinet and wooden wares, brushes, &c. ; total amount, the year ending April 1, 1837, two hundred and thirty-seven thousand dollars. We regret that this very pleasant town was not called Titicut or Nunke- test, one of the Indian names of the ancient territory. This town was the first of the three Bridgewaters that have sprung from Old Bridgewater, named after a cele brated English duke. We can see no good cause for attaching a cardi nal point of the compass to the name Of any town, particularly one of for eign derivation, when some beautiful Indian name meets the ear on the bank of almost every stream. Had the noble duke bequeathed to good old mother Bridgewater and her three handsome daughters, (as he did to the city of Manchester,) the perpetual privilege of obtaining one hundred and forty pounds of coal for four pence, there would appear some reason for perpetuating and extending the name. Some just remarks on the names of towns appeared in the Providence Journal, which are worthy of repeti tion. Indiam Names. The new state of Michigan has passed one of the most sensible laws that was ever enacted. Its object is to preserve the noble and harmonious old Indian names, which have been given to every river, and lake, and forest, and mountain in our country, and which, by a bad taste, have, in many instances, been dis placed by the hackneyed names of European cities, or of distinguished men. The law provides that no town shall be named after any other place, or after any man, without first obtain ing the consent of the legislature. The consequence is, that Michigan is destitute of London, Paris, and Am sterdam ; unlike her sister states, she boasts neither Thebes, Palmyra, Car thage or Troy. No collection of log huts, with half a dozen grocery stores, have been honored with the appella tion of Liverpool, nor has any embryo city, with a coUege or an academy, received the appropriate name of Ath ens. She has no Moscow and Morocco, in the same latitude; and no Edin burgh and Alexandria within thirty miles of each other. Babylon, Spar ta, and Corinth, though they have been transplanted to other parts of GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 225 the Union, are destined never to flour ish on the soil of Michigan. No Franklin, or Greene, or Jefferson, no Washington is to be found in her borders. On the contrary, her rivers and lakes still retain the full, rich, and swelling names which were be stowed upon them by the red'men of the forest; and her towns bear the names of the sturdy chiefs who once battled or hunted in their streets. Strange, when we have such a noble nomenclature as the Indians have left us, that we should copy from the worn out names of ancient cities, and which awake no feelings but ridicule, by the contrast between the'old and the new. Mohawk, Seneca, Massasoit, Ontario, Erie, how infinitely superior to Paris, London,' Fishville, Butter- town, Bungtown, &c. The feeling which prompts us to perpetuate the names of our revolutionary heroes by naming towns after them, is highly honorable; but it should not be for gotten that frequent repetition (espe cially in cases where the town is ut terly unworthy of its namesake) ren ders the name vulgar and ridiculous. It seems, that not content with driv ing the Indians from the soil, we are anxious to obliterate every trace of their existence. We are glad to see a better taste beginning to prevail upon this sub ject, and we hope that the example of Michigan will be followed, if not by legal enactments, at least by the force of public opinion. NORTH BROOKFIELD. Worcester Co. This town, for merly the second parish of Brookfield, was incorporated in 1812, containing about twelve hundred inhabitants ; at which time it was almost exclusively agricultural, the soil and surface be ing highly favorable to that branch of industry. Since that period it has, however, become extensively a man ufacturing town ; and at present, in proportion to its inhabitants, produces annually as large a quantity, and value of boots and shoes, as any other of its size, perhaps, in the Common wealth. By the returns made in 1837, the whole manufactures of the town were five hundred and twenty-five thousand two hundred and twenty- four doUars. A very handsome village has grown up where only three houses stood thirty years ago ; and the town is dis tinguished for the industry, enterprise, and public spirit of its inhabitants, and the liberality with which tbey sustain all the benevolent and philan thropic movements of the day. This town is on elevated ground, is of good soil, well cultivated, well wa tered, and filled with many beautiful swells. It has an artificial pond, covering seven or eight hundred acres, raised for water-power. The village of East Brookfield, partly in this town and partly in Brookfield, lies, by the western rail road, sixty-four miles from Boston, and twenty west south-west from Worcester. From East Brookfield village to the viUage in the centre of the town, is four miles north-west. NORTH CHELSEA. See page 374. NORTHFIELD. Franklin Co. This town, the In dian Squeakeag, was first settled in 1673. Perhaps no town in the state suffered more from Indian depreda tions than this. A few years after its settlement, the town was laid waste. The inhabitants returned in 1685, and in a few years it was again destroyed. It lay waste many years, when, in 1713, after the erection of Fort Dum mer in its vicinity, the inhabitants re turned, and rebuilt the town. This is a fine township of land, on both sides of Connecticut river, bound ed north by Vernon, Vermont, and Winchester, New Hampshire ; east by Warwick; south by Erving and Gill, and west by Bernardston. The town contains large tracts of fine allu vial land on the banks of the river, and the uplands, with an undulating surface, are generally of a good quali ty. There are some smah streams in 226 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. the town, and some handsome ponds, producing a water-power sufficient for domestic uses. There are various manufactures in this town, such as leather, boots, shoes, ploughs, chairs, cabinet-ware, &c. ; but the inhabitants are principally en gaged in tilling the earth, and raising products for the market. The village of Northfield is very pleasant ; it is situated on an ele vated plain, rising above the mea dows, about a mile from the river, on the east side. Its main street extends along the river about a mile ; and is wide, beautifully shaded, and contains many elegant buildings, both public and private. The beauties of the vil lage and of the country around it, with the salubrity of its atmosphere, has already attracted many families of taste and fortune to make it their residence ; and, when the track is laid for the " Iron Horse " to traverse, this blooming village will be about as far distant from Boston, in respect to time, as Andover is by the old roads. The first minister in Northfield was the Rev. Benjamin Doolittle, in 1718. His successors were, the Rev. John Hubbard, in 1750 ; Rev. Samuel Al len, in 1795 ; Rev. Thomas Mason, in 1799 ; Rev. George W. Hosmer, in 1830; Rev. Oliver C. Everett, in 1837. Northfield lies thirty-seven miles west by north from Fitchburg ; from Boston eighty-seven miles, and eleven miles north-east from Greenfield. NORTON. Bristol Co. Before its incorpora tion, this town was the north part of Taunton. It began to be settled in 1670. Its first clergyman was the Rev. Joseph Avery, who was settled in 1714. Among its first settlers was George Leonard, Esq., a name which has been identified with much of the en terprise of the place. He discovered iron ore in the town, and there being a. number of good streams, branches of the Taunton, whereon could be erected extensive iron works, he com menced the business, and, with his posterity, pursued it to the present day, successfully to themselves, and profitably to the coumry. The surface of the town is pleas antly diversified, but the soil is not of the first quality. The village is pleasant, and remarkably healthful. About three miles to the eastward of the village, is Winnicunnet pond, a handsome sheet of water, which in former years was a great resort of the Indians, some of whom resided in caves along its shores, and lived by hunting and fishing. The manufactures of ihe town con sist of sheet copper, and copper bolts, cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, ploughs, shuttles, straw bonnets and baskets ; total value the year ending April 1, 1837, three hun dred and ninety-seven thousand seven hundred and sixty -three doUars. Young Ladies' School. There is a literary seminary in this town for the education of young ladies. It was founded by the munificence of Hon. Laban Wheaton, who expended in its behalf about eight thousand dol lars. It is placed under the direction of a board of trustees, to be under the control of them and their successors in office so long as they shall see that the school is continued. It went into operation in the summer of 1835, un der the management of Miss Eunice Caldwell, as principal. The school has thus far been very fortunate in respect to the qualifica tions of its principals, and it has main tained from the first a character of high order, so far as it regards mental discipline and moral and religious in struction. There is connected with the semi nary a large boarding-house, which will accommodate fifty scholars, be sides the teachers, with only two young ladies occupying a room ; and beyond this number ihe trustees will not engage to provide boarding-places. There is in this -seminary a cabinet, library, and apparatus for lectures, and experiments in chemistry and philosophy. This seminary is very advanta- GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 227 goously situated, in a. town through which the railroad passes, bringing communication with Boston, and Providence, Rhode Island, within about one hour's ride. The present condition of this school is prosperous, and its prospects are flattering. The New Bedford and Taunton railroad passes through the town; twenty-eight miles from Boston, twen ty-seven from New Bedford, seven from Taunton, and twenty-one from Providence. NORWICH. Hampshire .Co. A branch of West field river and a number of its tribu taries, give this town an excellent water-power.- The town is bounded north by Chesterfield, east by West Hampton and Southampton, south by Montgomery, and west by Chester. The first minister was the Rev. Ste phen Tracy, in 1781. Many parts of this town are fit for cultivation, the soil being strong and fertUe, but the larger part of it, being rough and hUly, is fit only for graz ing. There are in the town manufac tures of cotton, leather, boots, shoes, axes, Sec The western railroad just touches the south-western corner of the town, at Chester viUage depot, one hundred and nineteen miles west from Boston. To Northampton it is twelve miles. From Chester village to a pleasant viUage in the centre of the town is four miles. OAKHAM. Worcester Co. This was once a part of Rutland, and called " Rutland West Wing." The first minister in this town was the Rev. John Strick land, a Presbyterian, in 1768. His successor was the Rev. Daniel Tom linson, a Congregationalist, in 1786. The surface of Oakham is uneven, rough, and stony, but not mountain ous ; its soil is moist, and affords un common sweet pasturage for cattle. Ware river passes its north-western border, and it is otherwise watered by a number of rivulets, streams, and ponds. There are manufactures in the town of cloth, straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, ploughs, leather, boots, shoes, &c. Oakham is bounded north by Barre, east by Rutland, south by Spencer, and west by New Braintree. It lies fifteen mUes north-west from Wor cester, and fifty-nine west from Bos ton. ORANGE. Franklin Co. This town lies nineteen miles east from Greenfield, about twenty-five mUes west by north from Fitchburg, and by the railroad which will soon pass through it, about eighty-two miles west north-west from Boston. Orange is bounded north by War wick and Royalton, east and south east by Athol, south by New Salem, and west by Warwick. The villages of North and South Orange are very pleasantly situated ; the former is well watered by a tribu tary of MUler's river, and the latter by that noble stream. These vUlages are rapidly increasing, and, with the aid of steam-power for transportation, will soon become important sites for manufactures. In common with most of the towns in this section of the state, the surface of Orange is broken and hilly; but the soil is strong, and admirably adapted for grazing. The products iu cattle, wool, and the dairy, are considerable. The manufactures of the town in 1837, consisted of iron castings, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, chairs, cabinet- ware, tec, and at present, a great variety of other important articles. From Tully HiU, in this town, is a delightful prospect. The Rev. Ebenezer Foster was set tled here in 1798. Mr. Chandler preached here a short time. In 1837, an ecclesiastical council convened, and organized the "Evangelical Church of Orange." 228 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ORLEANS. Barnstable Co. Orleans was the south part of Eastham, until its incor poration in 1797. Its Indian name was Naumskeket. It is bounded on the south by Brewster and Chatham. It extends across the cape, and is in dented with coves and creeks on both sides, and contains a number of fine fresh-water ponds. Nauset harbor is at the north-east part of the town, and Pleasant Bay opens at the south-east corner of the town, and lies partly in Chatham. In this bay are several islands. In this town the cod and mackerel fishery is extensively pursued, and many of the people are engaged in manufacturing salt, of which between twenty and thirty thousand bushels have been made in a year. There are also in the town manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, tin-ware, and other domestic articles. There is a very pleasant viUage near the centre of the town, from which, to Barnstable court house is twenty-four miles. OTIS. Berkshire Co. The territory of Otis comprises that of the old town of Loudon, which was incorporated in 1773, and the old district of Bethle hem. The two were united by an act of incorporation in 1810, and named in honor of the venerable Harrison Gray Otis, of Boston, then speaker of the house of representatives. The town is bounded north by Becket, east by Blandford, south by Sandisfield, and west by Tyringham. The surface of the town is uneven, and in some parts too elevated for cultivation. There are, however, many tracts of good tillage land, and an abundance of feed for cattle. The town is well stored with forests of hard wood and granite. There are in the town a number of large and beautiful ponds, which, with a small stream from Becket, form the head-waters of Farmington river, which pass to the Connecticut. These waters furnish the town with good mill-seats. There are some manufactures in the town, such as leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, lumber, tec. Otis lies sixteen miles south-east from Lenox, and twenty-two from Pittsfield. From the vUlage in the south part of the town to the Becket depot, on the western railroad, is about ten miles ; from thence to Bos ton is one hundred and thirty-five miles. OXFORD. Worcester Co. The original township of Oxford was eight miles square, and was granted to Joseph Dudley and others, in 1683, for the accommodation of about thirty French Protestant families, who had escaped from France after the revocation of the edict of Nantz, when they became exposed to every cruelty and hard ship that Catholic intolerance and re ligious bigotry could invent. They were assisted in their emigration to this country by the proprietors of the grant, and settled here about 1686. They built a fort on a hiU in the east ern part of the town, now caUed Mayo's, or Fort Hill, where its re mains are still visible. It was con structed by the rules of art, with bas tions, and had a well within its enclo sure. They had another fort, and a meeting-house. The grapes, currants, and asparagus of their planting, still grow here, and the last of the peach- trees was destroyed by the gale of 1815. They had a minister whUe resident here, whose name was Bondet. These people remained here till 1696, when the Indians attacked the place, and murdered some of the people. This so terrified the inhabitants that they left the place, and most of them settled in Boston, where a French church was maintained by them sev eral years. The Indian name of the town was Mancharge. How soon after the people left, the town was settled by others, we cannot discover; but as early as 1721, a church of Christ was gathered here, GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 229 aud the Rev. John Campbell, a w-orthy gentleman from the north of Scotland, was settled the same year. The surface of the town is not very hilly ; in its centre is a fine plain, a mile and a half in length, and a mile in width. From this plain, the lands gently rise on aU sides. The soil of the plain and higher grounds is strong and fertile, and, under good cultiva tion, produces a great abundance of hay, grain, vegetables, fruit, and all the varieties of the dairy. About three fourths of a mile west from the plain, on which is a large and handsome village, runs French river, from the north to the south, and falls into the Quinebaug. This river, so named from the first settlers, and its tributaries, give to Oxford a great hydraulic power. Woollen and Thread villages, about a mUe apart, on French river, in this (own, are two important manufactur ing places. These villages are of re cent date, neat, handsome, and flour ishing. The manufactures consist of wooUen and cotton goods of various kinds. There are also in the town large manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, and various other articles in common use. The value of these manufactures probably exceeds a mU- lion of dollars a year. Under " Dorchester," we told a, sto ry about a brave woman ; we now tell another : — " On the 6th of August, 1774, four Indians came upon a smaU house in Oxford, which was built under a hill. They made a breach in the roof, and as one of them was attempting to en ter, he received a shot in his belly, from a courageous woman, the only person in the house, who had two muskets and two pistols charged, and was prepared for all four, but they thought fit to retreat, carrying off the dead or wounded man. It is a pity the name of this heroine is lost. The Norwich and Worcester rail road passes through the town, eleven mUes south from Worcester, fifty-five south-west by west from Boston, and forty -eight north from Norwich, Con necticut. 20 PALMER. Hampden Co. This town was for merly caUed "The Elbows," and had in it fifty families in 1749. A church was formed here in 1730, and a Pres byterian minister, the Rev. John Har vey, was settled in 1734. The church continued Presbylerian until the set tlement of the Rev. Simeon Colton, in 1811. The Chickopee, the Ware, the Swift, and some smaller streams wa ter the town, and give it a great hy draulic power. On the banks of these rivers are situated the pleasant and flourishing villages of Three Rivers, Thorndike, Sedgwick, and Palmer Depot, in which are manufactures of cotton and woollen goods to a large amount;' machinery, scythes, iron castings, &c. These are aU heavy establishments, and the business is rapidly increasing. The furnace at the depot is capable of making five hundred tons of castings in a year. There is a pleasant village in the centre of the town, two mUes north of the depot. There are also other manufactures in Palmer, such as boots, shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, carriages, &c. The surface of the town is some what broken, but the soil is strong and productive, particularly along the streams, where are tracts of fine in tervale. The farmers are striving to meet the demands of the factory villages for their " productions. How much better this state of things is, than when they had to lug their beef, pork, but ter, and cheese to Boston, to purchase foreign goods, at a dearer rate than such can now be made at their own doors, and of a better quality. Palmer enjoys peculiar privileges in its water power and mode of trans portation, and will doubtless become a very important manufacturing town. From the Palmer depot, on the west ern railroad, to Boston is eighty-three miles east by north ; to Springfield is fifteen miles west south-west ; and to Albany one hundred and seventeen miles north-west. 230 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. PAWTUCKET. Bristol' Co. This was a part of Seekonk until its incorporation in 1828, when the Indian name of the place was wisely given to the town. It is bounded by Attleborough on the north, Rehoboth on the east, Seekonk on the south, and Seekonk river, Paw tucket Falls, or North Providence, on the west. The gigantic mUl stream which passes this place on the west, and which is the boundary between Mas sachusetts and Rhode Island, is called Blackstone in Massachusetts, Pawtucket Falls untU it reaches the lower fall, and from thence to Providence river, it takes the name of Seekonk. The territory of the town comprises an area of only about two miles square. It is the village of Paw tucket thai gives importance to the town. The village is at the falls, on both sides of the river, comprising a part of the town of North Providence. It is an important manufacturing place, commanding considerable trade, and contains a population of about ten thousand. The first manufacture of cotton cloth in this country, by water-power machinery, was commenced at this place. The water-power is immense^ and the fall of the river within a short distance, is fifty feet. The river is navigable to the vil lage for vessels of considerable bur then. It runs four miles south by west to Providence river, ¦ at India Point, near the depot of the Boston and Providence railroad, one mile be low the centre of the city of Provi dence. At this place are twelve or more cotton mills and print works, and manufactures of cotton machinery, bobbins, spools, &c. ; of boots, shoes, carriages, vessels, chairs, cabinet- wares, &c. ; total annual value about two millions and a half of doUars. The turnpike road from this place to Providence is probably the best road of the kind in the world. It is very straight, wide, level, smooth, and shaded on each side by beautiful trees. Samuel Slater, Esq., the father of cotton manufactures in America, re sided in this village many years. Ho died at Webster, Massachusetts, great ly respected, April 20, 1835, aged sixty-seven. This viUage is pleasant, and the scenery around it delightful. It lies about two railes west from the See konk depot, on the Boston and Provi- dehce railroad, which is thirty-eight and a half miles from Boston. By the old roads it is sixteen mUes west from Taunton, thirty-eight south-east from Worcester, and four mUes north from Providence. PAXTON. Worcester Co. Previous to 1765, the territory of this town comprised the north part of Leicester and the south part of Rutland. It was first settled about 1720. The first minis ter in the town was the Rev. Silas Bigelow, in 1767. His successors were the Rev. Alexander Thayer, in 1770; Rev. John Foster, in 1785; Rev. Daniel Grosvenor, in 1794 ; Rev. Gaius Conant, in 1808; Rev. Moses Winch, in 1832; Rev. James D. Farnsworth, in 1835. Paxton is bounded north by Rut land, east by Holden, south by Lei cester, and west by Oakham. The surface of the town is elevated, so much so, that its numerous fine rivulets by which it is watered, flow some to the Nashua, and some to the Connecticut. There are but two hills in the town of any note ; they are the Bumsket and Turkey, and they, al though quite elevated, are arable to their summits. The vapors which gather around the former in the even ing, indicate to the farmers the state of the weather the succeeding day. The soil of the town is strong, moist, and well adapted to the purposes of agriculture. Many fine beeves, and much of the product of the dairy are sent to market. There are some manufactures in the town, but farm ing is the chief business of the people. Paxton lies seven miles north-west by west from Worcester, and fifty-one miles west from Boston. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSI: 1'Tc 231 PELHAM. Hampshire Co. Before its incor poration as a town, in 1743, Pelham bore the name of New Lisburne, or Stoddard's Town. In 1742, there were forty famihes in the town, and in 1744, the Rev. Robert Abercrom- bie, a Presbyterian, was settled as pastor. The ancestors of the first set tlers were from the north of Ireland. The surface of the town is elevated and uneven. It is well watered by Swift and Fort rivers and their branches ; and the soil is good, both for tillage and pastures. Some years ago, the notorious Ste phen Burroughs profaned the Chris tian Sabbath, by imposing himself on the innocent people of Pelham as a minister of the gospel. Pelham lies fourteen miles north east from Northampton, and about seventy-six mUes west from Boston. PEMBROKE. Plymouth Cc. This town was taken from Duxbury in 1711. North river separates it from Hanover ; and some branches of that stream, rising from ponds in Pembroke, give it a good water-power. For more than forty years after the settlement at Plymouth, this town contained tbe only saw-mill in the colony. Pembroke is at the head of navigation on the North river, and possesses superior advantages for ship-building; and many noble ves sels, constructed of native white oak, are annually launched. The manu factures of the town consist of ves sels, cotton goods, tacks, iron ware, chairs, cabinet-ware, tec The North river is very deep and narrow, and so exceedingly crooked, that it meanders eighteen miles in its course from Pembroke to Scituate harbor, when the distance by land is less than six miles. The Rev. Daniel Lewis was the first minister in the town, ordained in 1712. He was succeeded in 1754, by the Rev. Thomas Smith^who con tinued in the pastoral office thirty. four years. Pembroke contains a pleasant vil lage near the centre of the town, and, in connection with Hanson, some fine fish ponds. It lies twelve miles north north-west from Plymouth, and about four miles north-east from Hanson, where the Old Colony raUroad passes, twenty-four miles from Boston. PEPPERELL. Middlesex Co. This is .i very pleasant town, with a good soil, varie gated surface, and beautiful villages. It is watered by the Nashua river, which gives it a good water-power. There are a number of paper-mills in the town, and manufactures of palm- leaf hats, boots, shoes, &c. Col. William Prescott, one of the brave defenders of Charlestown heights, was a native of this town. He died in 1795, aged seventy. This town derived its name from Sir William Pepperell, who, about the year 1727, was chosen one of his majesty's council, and was annu ally reelected thirty-two years, till his death. Living in. a country exposcn to a ferocious enemy, he was well fitted for the situation in which he was placed ; for it pleased God to give him a vigorous frame, and a mind of firm texture, and of great calmness in danger. He rose to the highest military honors which his country could bestow upon him. When the expedition against Louis bourg was contemplated, he was com missioned by the governors of New England to command the troops. He invested the city in 1745. There was a remarkable series of providences in Ihe whole affair, and Mr. Pepperell ascribed his unparalleled success to the God of armies. The king, in re ward for his services, conferred upon him the dignity of a baronet of Great Britain, an honor never before con ferred on a native of New England. He died at his seat in Kittery, Maine, July 6, 1759, aged sixty-three years, leaving but one daughter, the wife of 232 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Colonel Nathaniel Sparhawk. The last Sir William, (son of Colonel Spar hawk,) died in London, in 1817. The name and title are extinct. Lady Mary Pepperell, relict of Sir William Pepperell, died at her seat in Kittery, November 25, 1789. She was daughter of Grove Hirst, Esq., and grand-daughter of Hon. Judge Sewall. Her natural and acquired powers were said to be very respecta ble, and she was much admired for her wit and sweetness of manners. William Pepperell, the father of the first Sir William, was a native of Cornwall, England, and emigrated to this country about the year 1676, and settled at the Isle of Shoals, as a fisher man. It is said, he was so poor for some time after his arrival, that the lady to whom he paid his addresses at the Shoals, would not hearken to him. However, iu a few years, by his industry and frugality, he got enough to send out a brig, which he loaded, to Hull. The lady now gave her consent. After his marriage, he removed to Kittery, where he became a very wealthy merchant, and died in 1734. Pepperell was formerly the second parish in Groton, and the first minis ter, the Rev. Joseph Emerson, was settled in 1775. This town lies twenty miles north: west from Concord, thirty-seven north west from Boston, and eight miles north by west from the, depot of the Fitchburg railroad, at Groton. The railroad from Worcester to Nashua will pass through this town. PERU. Berkshire Co. This township in cluded the greater part of Hinsdale until 1 804 . The whole was purchased at auction, at Boston, June 2, 1762, for one thousand four hundred and sixty pounds. This was denominated No. 2, of the nine townships which were sold at that time. It went into the hands of Oliver Partridge and Eli sha Jones, and, in honor of the for mer gentleman, was called Partridge- field from its incorporation, in 1771, until 1806, when it received its pres ent name. It is about six miles long and four and a half broad. Within these limits the settlement commenced about 1764. This town, occupying the height of land on the Green mountain range, has a cold, severe climate. The sur face is uneven, and the soil hard and stony, and best adapted to grazing. There is a Umestone quarry, from which lime is made of the best quali ty. The first team is said to have crossed the mountain in this town in 1767, over which a turnpike road now passes. This is a fine township for wool- growing. In 1837, it produced six thousand one hundred and twenty- seven fleeces, which weighed eighteen thousand three hundred and eighty- one pounds, and sold for eleven thou sand nine hundred and forty-eight dollars. A church was formed here in 1770, and its first pastor, the Rev. Stephen Tracy, was ordained in 1772. The meeting-house in this town is so sin gularly placed, that the rain from the east roof flows into the Connecticut, while that from the west passes to the Housatonic. Peru lies twelve mUes east from Pittsfield, and about five miles east from the depot of the western raUroad at Hinsdale, one hundred and forty- three mUes from Boston. PETERSHAM. Worcester Co. The natural situ ation of this town is very beautiful ; it is elevated, but not hilly or uneven. The centre of the town lies upon the highest land in it, which is a large, long, flat hill, upon the highest part of which runs the principal street from north to south, and for upwards of three miles in length, affords a most commanding prospect, not only of the whole town, but of the towns adjoin ing. The soil is rich and fertile, and the land bears all kinds of grain, but it is most natural to grass and pastur age. Though the town is high, yet the GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 233 Phillipston lies twenty-seven miles north-west from Worcester, and fifty- ei°ht north-west by west from Boston. The railroad from Fitchburg to Ver mont passes through this town. PITTSFIELD. i>»;" JysJy,ytsy,»ssr,tec u.b^.(^*,,SSi t The streams afford'good sites for mills, this beautiful town wa s gra ted to ..j „rp verv valuable. Boston in 1735. lt was caliea cos a1etrersSwt Lt settled about ton «»^/' ^^CtaE the year 1738. The _ early settlers | Jacob ^^^^^S land is not dry, but stony and moist, abounding with springs and brooks. West brook, a considerable stream, rises in the town, and Swift river passes its eastern and southern bor ders. There are many manufactures in the town, such as cotton and wool len cloth, palm-leaf hats, leather, ..,.„ year _ . . had much difficulty with the Indians who resided in the town, near Niche- woag Hill, the Indian name of the town. The first minister was the Tlev. Aaron Whitney, who came with the first settlers, and remained here as pastor until 1775. There are several handsome vil lages in the town ; that in the central part is very beautiful ; it lies twenty- seven miles north-west from Worces ter, and about sixty-five west by north from Boston. The Fitchburg railroad pisses through Athol, about five miles north from Petersham. PHILLIPSTON. Worcester Co. This town was formerly part of Templeton and Athol. At its incorporation, in 1786, the legis- I iture gave it the name of Gerry. In 1814 it took its present name. «¦ The first minister in the town was the Rev. Ebenezer Tucker, in 1788. This town is finely watered by streams and rivulets which flow into Swift and Miller's rivers. The surface is uneven, consisting of hills and valleys, but the soil is productive. Two miles west of the meeting-house is situated a very fer tile hill, large in extent, called Pros pect HiU. There is an eminence on this hill which overlooks all the high lands for many miles around. Upon it are many excellent farms. About a mile from the centre village is Fac tory village and a fine pond. The manufactures of the town con sist of cotton and woollen goods, palm- leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes, tec. 20* incorporation, in 1761, when it re ceived its present name, in honor of William Pitt, the English statesman. It was first settled in 1752. Its Indian name was Pontoosuck, signifying a run for deer, a name we should vote for in preference to all the rest. The first minister in the town was the Rev. Thomas Allen, in 1764. He was succeeded by his son, Rev. WUliam Allen, D. D., in 1810. Dr. Allen was afterwards president of Bowdoin College, from 1820 to 1838. The third minister was the Rev. He- man Humphrey, D. D., in 1817. Dr. Humphrey was president of Amherst College from 1823 to 1845. Pittsfield is bounded north by Lanesborough, east by Hinsdale, south by Lenox, and west by Han cock. It lies, by railroads, one hun dred and fifty -one miles west from Bos ton, forty-nine east from Albany, for ty-five northeast from Hudson ; from thence to New York by the Hudson river is one hundred and sixteen miles. From Pittsfield to Bridgeport, on Long Island Sound, by the western and Housatonic railroads, is one hun dred and nine miles, and from thence to New York by water, is sixty miles. Solomon Deming and family, from Wethersfield, in Connecticut, were the first white settlers. Mrs. Deming was the first white female who came into the town, and was often left alone through the night, by the necessary absence of her hub- band, when there was not another white inhabitant in the town, and the wilderness was filled with Indians. 234 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. She was the last, as well as the first, of the settlers, and died in March, 1818, aged ninety-two. "Pittsfield has no mountains, ex cept a point of Lenox mountain on the south, which extends a short dis tance into the town. The Taconic mountain, in Hancock, however, runs nearly parallel with the town line on the west, and a continuance of the Green mountain range bounds the town on the east. "The Housatonic river, which is formed by a number of brooks, in the mountain towns east of Dalton, enters this town at the north-east corner, and after running about four miles in a south-westerly direction, and within half a mile of the centre of the village it takes a southerly direction, which it preserves through the town. There are some fine water privileges on this stream, some of which are unoccu pied. " The Pontoosuc river, or as it is sometimes ealled, the western branch of the Housatonic, flows from a small but beautiful lake, partly in this town and partly in Lanesborough. It is a beautiful sheet of water, about a mile and a half long, and a mile wide. The river is formed by the outlet of the lake, which is at the south-east corner. This stream runs nearly south, and passes the vUlage of Pitts field, about half a mile to the west. It pursues a southerly course, about three fourths of a mile to the south of the centre of the village, where it turns to the east and unites with the Housatonic. As this - stream originates in a lake, it is not affected by droughts or freshets, while the fall is so considerable as to furnish a great number of invaluable water privileges. Most of the factories in the town are on this stream. " The Shaker brook originates in Richmond pond, on the south line of the town. It runs north-easterly, and unites with the Pontoosuc river. There are good water privileges on this brook, two of which are already occupied. "The soil is generally rich and productive. There is little or no waste land in the town. There is a large quantity of alluvial land on the rivers, especially on the Housatonic which usually overflows its banks in the spring. There was formerly much wheat and rye raised in this town for the market, and the mer chants exchanged beef, pork, butter, and cheese, for goods in New York. This is not now the case. A manu facturing and mechanical population, together with the schools, have within a few years, created a market at home." The village is well located, and contains many beautiful buildings, which, with the fine scenery, and well cultivated farms that surround it, pre sent a great variety to charm the eye and to gratify the taste of the in telligent agriculturalist. In a beautiful square in this village, is " a large elm, which was left stand ing when the original forest was cleared away- It is one hundred and twenty-six feet in height, and ninety feet to the limbs. It is a striking object, and never fails to attract the notice of strangers." Pittsfield is quite a busy place in manufacturing as weU as agricultural operations. As early as 1837, the various manufactures of the town amounted to about seven hundred thousand doUars, since which they have greatly increased. In that year, the value of wool sheared in the town amounted to twenty thousand doUars. Pittsfield is singularly located, as well as remarkably beautiful. In travelling from Northampton to Pitts field, through Worthington and Peru, it seems as if our horses would never reach the summit level between the Connecticut and Housatonic. The height gained, we descend into a large, deep, and delightful valley, surround ed at a distance by high and pictur esque mountains, with charming streams meandering at our feet. On looking around, one would think that he was as near the level of the sea as at Northampton or Worcester; but on noting ihe long and rapid course ihe Housatonic has to run and tum ble before it reaches its resting-place, amid the tide-waters at Derby, in PITTSFIELD. 235 Connecticut, he will find that that riv er, which ghdes so gently across the street at Pittsfield, is several hundred feet higher than the proud summit of Mount Holyoke. Pittsfield has become quite a seat of learning. Besides the "Dilling ham School," and Miss Hinsdale's select school, are the following insti tutions : — The Berkshire Medical Institu tion has handsome and commodious buildings, erected for its use, in the centre of Pittsfield. This institution was established in 1822, in connection with Williams' College, but became independent of it, by law, in 1837. The lectures commence on the 8th of August, and continue thirteen weeks. Fees for the course fifty dol lars. This institution has five profes sors, and generally about one hundred students. It is well conducted, and is an honor to the town, county, and state. The Young Ladies' Institute, in this town, is located within a few minutes' walk of the western railroad and the centre of the village. It can be reached, at all seasons of the year, in two hours and a half from Albany or Hudson, in twelve from New York, in three from Springfield, and in eight from Boston. In salubrity of climate, beauty of scenery, and environments of hill and valley, Pittsfield can hardly be sur passed. The long ranges of the Hoo sic and Taconic mountains on the east, south, and west, with Saddle mountain on the north, enclose a val ley of exceeding richness and fertility. In the very centre of this valley, on a gentle elevation, overlooking the town towards the south, and the country far and wide, stand the buildings of the institute, with a number of acres laid out in a circular garden, sloping from the green in front of the build ings towards the south, surrounded and intersected by spacious gravele.d walks, ornamented with shrubbery and flowers, tastefully set off with par terres and arbors, and enlivened by an artificial fountain. The number of pupils for the sum mer term is generally about seventy- five. The course of studies pursued in the institute is extensive and liberal, and cannot fail, in all cases where it is diligently and systematically prose cuted, to exert a decided influence over the female mind, and, through that powerful and pervading agency, to secure the most happy results in our rising republic. The Berkshire Jubilee, held at Pittsfield, August 22 and 23, 1844, was a most interesting and unique event in the history of our country. It was a meeting of the emigrants from Berkshire, and of its citizens ; and the exercises of the occasion were a sermon, a poem, and an oration, with various addresses, and short poetical effusions, closing with the conviviality of a public dinner, under a broad tent. An account of the jubilee, including the sermon, &c, has been published in a book of two hundred and forty four pages. The project of this convention ori ginated with some emigrants residing in the city of New York, among whom were Rev. J. C. Brigham, Rev. R. S. Cook, Samuel. R. Betts, Esq., Theodore Sedgwick, Esq., and Wil liam C. Bryant, Esq. A large com mittee in Berkshire cooperated with them in making and executing the necessary arrangements. Governor Briggs was the president, assisted by nearly fifty vice-presidenls, and five chaplains, among whom were Dr. Shepherd, who had been the minister of Lenox about half a century. The sermon was by Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D., president of Williams' College. It began as follows : — "And this is the Berkshire Jubilee ! — we have come, the sons and daughters of Berkshire, from our villages, and hill-sides, and mountain-tops ; — from the distant city, from the far west, from every place where the spirit of enterprise and adventure bears men, we have come. The farmer has left his field, the mechanic his work-shop, 236 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. the merchant his counting-room, the lawyer his brief, and the minister his people ; and we have come to revive old and cherished associations, and to renew former friendships — to lengthen the cords and strengthen the stakes of every kind and time-hallow ed affection." The text was Psalms 116: "Return unto thy rest, 0 my soul ; for the Lord hath dealt bounti fully with thee." God's bounty to us was illustrated in the provision made for our physical wants, and in the aspects of nature, and the influ ences of society by which we have been surrounded. Under this head, the preacher described the peculiar advantages of the natives and citi zens of Berkshire. In the secohd part of his discourse, he showed that there was no rest for the soul of man, except in God. The sermon, delivered in the Con gregational meeting-house, was fol lowed by a poem by Rev. Dr. Allen, of Northampton, late president of Bowdoin College, a native and for merly minister of Pittsfield, who preached his first sermon in that house more than forty years before. He said : — " We stand amidst the scenes of early days : — On brook and river, bill and mountain height, On meadow, field, and lake once more we gaze, Which fill'd our heart in youth with pure de light. The rainbow's wondrous arch first saw we here, On gloomy sky when setting sun outshone— ltd hues of blue, and gold, and red atl clear — God's sign no second flood ihe earth shall drown. First heard we here the robin's song of joy, Outpouring from the tree at early morn ; The bluebird here first cliarm'd our gazing eye, And sacred swallow on swift wing upborne. Here first in infancy the look of love, Dearer than rainbow's hues, pure bliss con- ferr'd : Here first affection's voice, as from above, Struck sweeter on our ear lhan song of bird. We come to think of what our fathers were — Of mothers, sisters, brothers, here of yore; To breathe again our childhood's fragrant air, And childhood's loveliest home lo see once more. We come to strengthen in our inmost mind Our child-learned principles, all good and true ; And here to worship, in one band entwin'd, In Father-land our fathers' God anew." In concluding his poem, of four or five hundred lines, he said : — " Our fathers' sepulchres ! farewell ! farewell ! Thus too may we find peaceful, glorious rest ! And, as our children on our memories dwell, May they too thrill with joy and call us blest!" The next day an oration was pro nounced, on Jubilee Hill, by Joshua A. Spencer, Esq., of Utica. He said : — " Since our return, we have seen the sun rise and set, where it rose and set to the eyes of our child hood ; have looked upon the green hills which we beheld in the days of our youth ; have visited the old dwel lings of our fathers ; looked into the well, and seen face answering to face in water, but not to the face of youth ; we have drank from the old moss- grown bucket ; trod the path-way to the old pasture, to the orchard, to the meadow ; have rambled over our old bathing, and hunting, and fishing grounds; slacked our thirst at the same perennial spring, or gurgling rill ; have run over the racing ground of our boyhood, and bathed in the same stream. Until this our return, we did not fully realize how ardently we love "our own, our native land." His historical account of Berkshire was instructive and interesting. The study of the Bible he recommended as essential to religious and civil lib erty. " Let the religion and the ex ample of our Pilgrim Fathers," he said, "take a strong hold on the hearts of men, and constantly remind them, that obedience to the laws of our country, and respect to the civil magistrate are among the first and highest duties of every citizen." Mr. Spencer having stated that the first printing-press in the county was set up in Slockbridge, and the first newspaper, in 1789, the "Western Star," soon followed by the " Sun," at Pittsfield, Judge Ezekiel Bacon, of Utica, a native of Stockbridge, fol lowed the orator, and corrected the error into which he had fallen, saying, that he held in his hand an earlier pa per than the "Star;" it was the " Berkshire Chronicle," " published PITTSFIELD. 237 at Pittsfield by Roger Storrs," dated August 7, 1788, vol. I., No. 14. And he read from it various extracts, with amusing comments. Only a brief account can be given of the other addresses. At the recep tion meeting, before the public exer cises alluded to, Thomas A. Gold, Esq., of Pittsfield, in a friendly and hospitable address, welcomed the emi grant sons of Berkshire to their native soil. He was answered by the Rev. Russell S. Cook, of New York. At informal meetings on the morning of the second day, addresses were made by Fred. Hollister, Esq., of Utica; Gov. George N. Briggs, of Pittsfield ; Mr. J. B. Eldridge, of Hartford ; J. W. Goodrich, Esq., of Worcester ; Dr. Sabin of Williamstown; Dr. H. H. Ohilds, of Pittsfield ; Rev. Joshua N. Danforth, of Alexandria ; Rev. Timo thy Woodbridge, of Spencer Town, and others. At the dinner-table, where two or three thousand persons' were seated, the president, Governor Briggs, said : — "We have come together around this family board, sons and daughters, whose residences are scattered over the surface of eighteen of these twenty- six states. We may well say to ourselves, that we must be rather a promising family, to have our chil dren spread thus far and wide over the four quarters of this great land, and gathered together again on an occasion of this kind." He stated the interesting fact, thai when a mem ber of Congress, he met in the house of representatives, seven or eight mem bers, who were sons of Berkshire. He concluded with saying, " Welcome to these green valleys and mountains. Welcome to this feast, to our homes, to our hearts, welcome to everything. Once more I say, welcome ! Other addresses were made by Marshall S. Bidwell, D. D. Field, and Theodore Sedgwick, Esqs., and Rev. Dr. Dew ey, of New York ; Judge Charles A. Dewey, of Northampton ; Professor C. Dewey, and Timothy Childs, Esq., of Rochester, New York ; Julius Rock well, Esq., of Pittsfield ; Judge Samuel R. Betts, of New York ; Rev. John Todd, of Pittsfield, and others. The poetical communications were from Judge Bacon, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Fanny Kemble Butler, William Pitt Palmer, Esq., Dr. O. W. Holmes, Mrs. Emily P. Dodge, and Mrs. L. Hyde. Other communications pub lished in the jubilee book were fur nished by John Mills, Esq., of Spring field ; Thomas Allen, Esq., of St. Louis; Miss C. M. Sedgwick, of Lenox, and others. The emigrant sons and daughters of Berkshire are scattered over the United States, and in other parts of the world. It has sent them out as missionaries to the western Indians, to the Sandwich Islands, to South America, to Greece, to Turkey, to Africa. Among its emigrant distinguished ministers are Rev. Drs. Stone, of Brook lyn; Dewey, of New York; Brims- made and Eddy, of Newark ; Yeo mans, of Peru, and Leland, of South Carolina. Many of its sons are teach ers, merchants, lawyers, and physi cians, widely spread over our coun try ; one of them, Dr. Anson Jones, is the president of Texas. The deceased ministers of Berk shire were many of them eminent for their learning and patriotism ; among whom were Mr. Sergeant, first mis sionary to the Housatonic Indians, President Edwards, and Drs. Hop kins, West, and Hyde. Rev. Tho mas Allen, the first minister of Pitts field, was not only a faithful pastor, but a zealous patriot of the revolution. In a campaign of three days, he ac companied his people to the field of battle, and participated in the contest and the victory of Bennington. Drs. Fitch, Moore, and Griffin, were presi dents of Williams' College. Meta physical theology has been much cul tivated in Berkshire . It was in Stock- bridge, that Mr. Edwards, while a teacher of the Indians, wrote his cel ebrated Treatise on tbe Will. And Professor Tappan, once a minister of Pittsfield, has written three volumes in review of his treatise. The writ- 238 GAZETTEEK OF MASSACHUSETTS. ings of Hopkins, West, and Griffin, are well known. Probably the few books on metaphysical theology, which have sprung from Berkshire minis ters, are more in number and value, than the other publications on the subject in all North America. The effect of this j ubilee was so good and important, that it is to be hoped, that many similar jubilees will be cele brated iri other counties and districts of our country. PliAINFIELD. Hampshire Co. The territory of this town was called Pontoosuck by the Indians. It was the north part of Cummington, incorporated as a district in 1785, and as a town in 1807. A church was formed here in 1786, but was without a regular pas tor until 1792, when the Rev. Moses Hallock was settled. " This township lies on the eastern side of the Green mountain range, and, as might be expected, the sur face is undulating, and, in many parts rough and broken, less so, how ever, than that of the adjoining towns. Indeed, the summit of East HiU, on which is the principal village, may be considered as level through nearly the whole breadth of the town. The soil is good and strong, and well adapted for grass. The township is exceedingly well supplied with springs and rivulets. There are no large streams in the town. Mill brook is the largest. There are two ponds, both in the north-west part of the town ; the North pond, which is about a mile long, and a half a mile wide, and the Crooked pond, so called from its figure. The scenery around these ponds is wild, and may perhaps be said to partake of the gloomy ; for here, for the most part, the forests have never been touched, and nature, in all her wildness, " Still on her bosom wears the enamel'd vest That bloomed and budded on her youthful breast. "The waters of the North pond empty into the Deerfield river at Charlemont, while those ofthe Crooked pond empty into the South pond, in Windsor, which is the head of one of the branches of Westfield river. The North pond is dotted with islands, and is a favorite place of resort for anglers and parties of pleasure; and both have peculiar attractions to the bota nist, as some very rare and interest ing aquatic plants are found on the shores and in the water." The manufactures of this town con sist of woollen and cotton goods, cab inet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, palm- leaf hats, chairs, &c. The value of wool sheared in this town in one year was five thousand three hundred and seventy-nine dollars. Plainfield lies twenty-seven miles north-west from Northampton, and one hundred and seventeen mUes west by north from Boston. We obtain the following account of the Mountain Miller, who died in this town, in 1S13, from Dr. Porter's history of Plainfield : — "Deacon Joseph Beals, who will be known through the future ages of the church as the Mountain Miller, was a native of Bridgewater, in this state, and removed with his family to this place in 1779. Here, in 1789, a year of great scarcity, he met with a severe affliction, the loss of his house and nearly all his provisions by a fire. Previous to this, he had been de pending on his external morality for salvation, considering a change as unnecessary. He now found that he could not truly submit to the will of God, and betook himself to the seek ing of his salvation in earnest. After a season of distressing anxiety, the Saviour was pleased to reveal him self to his sou! as ' the chief among ten thousand and altogether love ly,' and he suddenly broke forth in new strains of devotion, penitence, and praise, for redeeming love. From this time he consecrated himself to the service of his Saviour, and be came distinguished for his meekness and humility, his life of prayer, his exemplary deportment at all times and in all places, particularly in the house of God ; his abiding sense of GAZETTEEK OF MASSACHUSETTS. 239 the uncertainty of life and the retribu tions of eternity, his preciousness to the awakened sinner, his care for the spiritual welfare of his family, and of all with whom the providence of God brought him in contact, his persever ance in doing good, and his uniform and consistent piety. The pious trav eller will hereafter delight to visit the place, consecrated by the residence of the Mountain Miller, to drink at the spring by the road-side, bursting from the rock, and shaded by two beauti ful sugar maples, where he so often drank in passing between his house and mill, and, above all, to linger at the grave of this most devoted ser vant of the Most High." See "The Mountain Miller," an interesting tract, by WiUiam A. Hal lock. PLTMOUTH, Plymouth Co. Shire town. This town lies in north latitude 41° 57' 27", west longitude 70° 40' 19". By the Old Colony railroad it is thirty-seven miles south-east from Boston. The township of Plymouth was once much larger than it is at present; and it is now one of the very largest in point of territory, in the state. It extends on the coast about sixteen miles from north to south. The land is generally hilly, barren, and sandy ; but a border of considerable extent on the seaboard, consists of a rich loamy soil. Numerous small streams cross the township in various directions, and there are more than fifty perma nent ponds, and more than three thou sand acres are covered with water. The harbor is formed partly by a beach, extending three miles north erly from the mouth of Eel brook, south of the village. This beach, which serves to break the waves roll ing in from Massachusetts Bay, has been much damaged by violence, and in former years even the safety of the harbor has been endangered. Large appropriations have been made by the town, as well as by the state, and recently by the general government, for the repair and preservation of the beach, as essential to the preservation of the harbor. Plymouth village is situated at the north part of the town; it is com pactly built, and for the space of half a mile north and south from the town square, very few building lots are unoccupied. "Not a dwelling house of ancient date or antique form now remains in town. Those recently erected are in the style of modern architecture, and the largest propor tion of the buildings in the place are painted of a light color, and exhibit an air of neatness and elegance." Among the buildings most worthy of notice are Pilgrim HaU, the court house, and a Gothic structure, for the church of the first society. In 1834, Colonel Sargent, of Bos ton, presented to the Pilgrim Society his valuable painting, representing the landing of the Fathers from the May Flower, in 1620. This painting, which decorates the walls of the Pil grim Hall, is valued at three thousand dollars. It is about thirteen by six teen feet, and represents all the prom inent persons in the colony who first landed, being a most valuable and interesting acquisition. Among the antiquities in the cabinet of the Pil grim Society, there is an antique chair, said to have belonged to Gov ernor Carver, the identical sword- blade used by Captain Miles Stand ish, the identical cap worn by King Philip, and a variety of implements wrought of stone by the natives, such as ,axes, tomahawks, arrow-heads, tec The harbor of Plymouth is large, but not of sufficient depth for vessels of the largest class. Plymouth is cel ebrated for its shipping and ship building. Many merchantmen are owned here, and large numbers are constantly engaged in the coasting- trade and fisheries. There is consid erable water-power in the town, and this mother of all the towns in the land, is setting her daughters a good example of domestic industry. "Plymouth was the first town built in New England by civilized man ; and those by whom it was built were 240 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. inferior in worth to no body of men, whose names are recorded in history, during the last seventeen hundred years. A kind of venerableness, aris ing from these facts, attaches to this town, which may be termed a preju dice. StiU, it has its foundation in the nature of man, and will never be eradicated either by philosophy or rid icule. No New Englander, who is willing to indulge his native feelings, can stand upon the rock, where our ancestors set the first foot after their arrival on the American shore, with out experiencing emotions very dif ferent from those which are excited by any common object of the same nature. No New Englander could be willing to have that rock buried and forgotten. Let him reason as much, as coldly, and as ingeniously as he pleases, he will still regard that spot with emotions wholly different from those which are excited by other places of equal or even superior impor tance. We cannot wish this trait in the human character obliterated. In a higher state of being, where truth is universally as well as cordially em braced, and virtue controls without a rival, this prejudice, if it must be caU ed by that name; will become useless, and may, therefore, be safely discard ed. But in our present condition, ev ery attachment, which is innocent, has its use, and contributes both to fix and to soften man. When we call to mind the history of their suf ferings on both sides of the Atlantic, when we remember their preeminent patience, their unspotted piety, their immovable fortitude, their undaunted resolution, their love to each other, their justice and humanity to the sav ages, and their freedom from all those stains which elsewhere spotted the character even of their companions in affliction, we cannot but view them as illustrious brothers, claiming the ven eration and applause of all their pos terity. " The institutions, civil, literary, and religious, by which New England is distinguished on this side the Atlan tic, began here. Here the manner of holding lands in free soccage, now' universal in this country, commenced Here the right of suffrage was im parted to every citizen, to every in habitant not disqualified by poverty or vice. Here was formed the first es tablishment of towns, of the local legis lature, which is caUed a town meet ing, and of the peculiar town execu tive, styled the selectmen. Here the first parochial school was set up, and the system originated for communi cating to every child in the community the knowledge of reading, writing. and arithmetic. Here, also, the first building was erected for the worship of God; the first religious assembly gathered ; and the first miuister called and settled, by the voice of the church and congregation. On these simple foundations has since been erected a structure of good order, peace, liberty, knowledge, morals, and religion, with which nothing on this side the Atlan tic can bear a remote comparison." Billington Sea. This fine sheet of water is about two mUes south-west from the town, and from it issues the Town brook. In this pond there are two small islands. The largest, con taining about two acres, having been planted with apple-trees, produces ex cellent fruit. This pond is well stock ed with pickerel and perch. The ma jestic eagle is frequently seen cower ing over this pond, and has for ages built its nests in the branches of the trees, visiting the flats in the harbor at low tide in pursuit of fish and birds. Loons, and the beautiful wood-duck, produce their young in sequestered retreats about this pond, annually. The fallow deer, tenacious of their ancient place of rendezvous, continue to visit this pond for drink, and to browse on its margin. For many years this beautiful pond was a favor ite resort for social parties. A house was erected on the bank, a pleasure- boat was in the pond, and tea-parties and fishing-parties united in the hap piest enjoyments. There are on the road to Sandwich, in the woods, two rocks, called Sacri fice rocks. They are covered with sticks and stones, which have been PLYMOUTH. 241 accumulating for centuries. It was ihe constant practice among the abo riginals, to throw a stone or stick on the rock in passing. The late Rev. Mr. Hawley, who spent many years among the natives at Marshpee, en deavored to learn from them the de sign of this singular rite, but could only conjecture that it was an ac knowledgement of an invisible Being, the unknown God whom this people worshipped. This pUe was their altar. Burying Hill, formerly Fort Hill. Immediately in the rear of ihe town is a hill, rising one hundred and sixty five feet above the sea-level, embrac ing about eight acres. On the sum mit of the south-west side, the pil grims erected first some temporary defence, but, in 1G75, on the approach of Philip's war, they erected a strong fort, one hundred feet square, strongly palisadoed, ten and a half feet high. No other place could have been so well chosen, either for discovering the approach of savages, or for defending the town against their attacks. The settlement was rendered perfectly se cure, and springs of water were al their command. The whole circuit of the fort is still distinctly visible ; a watch-house of brick was also built. [see views of Plymouth 1620, 1846.] The view presented from this emi nence, embracing the harbor and the shores of the bay for miles around, is not, perhaps, inferior to any in the country. Let the antiquarian ' come at full tide, and when the billows are calmed, and seat himself on this mount, that he may survey the incom parable landscape, and enjoy the in teresting associations with which he will be inspired. Immediately be neath the hill lies the town in full view, and beyond this the harbor and shipping. The harbor is a beautiful expanse of water, bounded on the south by Manomet point, and near which commences a beach three miles in length, breasting the rolling billows of the bay, and serving as a barrier to the wharves ; and on the north-east is a promontory extending from Marsh- 21 field, called the Gurnet, on the point of which stands the light-house. These several points, together with the opposite shores, completely enclose the harbor, having Clark's Island aud Saquish in its bosom. Beyond these points opens the great bay of Massa chusetts, bounded at the southern ex tremity by the peninsula of Cape Cod, which is distinctly visible, and spread ing boundless tn the north-east. On the north appears the flourishing vil lage of Duxbury, shooting into the bay, and exhibiting a handsome coni cal hill, ever lo be remembered as once the property and residence of the gallant Standish. Between Dux bury and Plymouth, is the harbor and pleasant vUlage of Kingston. Having taken a survey of this mag nificent group, so exceedingly endear ed to the New England antiquarian, and enjoyed a spiritual vision of the Mayflower, laden with men, women, and children, come as founders of a mighty empire, we are next led to view a scene of more solemn contemplation. The whole extent of the hill is covered with the symbols of mortality, the sepulchres of our venerated fathers. We tread on the ashes of some of those to whom we are indebted, under Providence, for our most precious earthly enjoyments, all that is valua ble in life, much of principle and ex ample which are consoling in death. With what solicitude do we search for a sepulchral stone, bearing the names of Carver, Bradford, and their glorious associates. The following are the most ancient monuments which can be traced within this enclosure :— " Here lies the body of Edward Gray, gent., aged about fifty-two years, and departed this life the last of June, 1681." " Here lyes ye body of ye Honora ble Major William Bradford, who ex pired February ye 20, 1703-4, aged 79 years. " He lived long, but slill was doing good, And in his country's service lost much blood. After a life well spenl he 's now at rest — His very name and memory is blest." 242 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. The place where the pilgrims first located themselves was the whole ex tent of Leyden street, and its envi rons. This street extends from the town square to the shore, and termi nates a Uttle south of "Plymouth Rock," a deeply interesting spot, where our forefathers landed on the 22d of December, 1620, and which every lover of New England vene rates and wishes to see. In 1820, a society was instituted at Plymouth, caUed the Pilgrim Society, and was incorporated by the legisla ture of the state. The design of this association is to commemorate the " great historical event " of the land ing of the pilgrim fathers, " and to perpetuate the character and virtues of our ancestors to posterity." An Anniversary Commemoration of the landing of the pilgrims commenced in Plymouth on the 22d of December, 1769, and will, we trust, be continued in Pilgrim Hall, so long as the vir tues, unparalleled sufferings, and the conscientious performance of the du ties of piety and benevolence of our pilgrim fathers are held in veneration by a grateful people. PLYMOUTH COUNTY. Plymouth, chief town. The soil of this most ancient county in New Eng land is not so productive as that of many others in Massachusetts ; yet there is considerable good land within its limits. It has a great water-power, which is more particularly apphed to the manufacture of iron ware, of all sorts, both wrought and cast. It has an abundant supply of iron ore, of a superior quality. This county has a sea-coast on Massachusetts Bay, of between thirty and forty miles, and many ships are buUt in its numerous ports, of native white oak. This county has considerable foreign commerce ; but its shipping is principally engaged in the fishing business and coasting trade. It is bounded north-east and east by Massachusetts Bay, north by Norfolk county and Boston harbor, north-west by Norfolk county, west by Bristol coun ty, and south-east and south by Buzzard's Bay and Barnstable county. The North river, emptying into Massachusetts Bay, and numerous branches of the Taunton, are its chief rivers. In 1837, there were in this county, eleven thousand four hundred and ten sheep. The value of manufactures, the year ending April 1, 1837, was four miUion eight hundred and ninety-six thousand nine hundred and seven dol lars. The value of the fishery during the same period, was fiye hundred and eighty-two thousand four hundred and nineteen dollars. See State Tables. COURTS IN PLYMOUTH COUNTY. Supreme Court. Law Term. See Barnstable County. Nisi Prius. At Plymouth on the tenth Tuesday next after the first Tuesday in March. Common Pleas. At Plymouth, on the second Mondays in April and Au gust, and on the first Monday of December. Meetings of the County Commissioners. At Plymouth, on the third Tuesday in March, and on the first Tuesdays of August and January. Probate Courts. At Plymouth, on the third Mondays of January, Februa ry, and May, on the second Mondays of April and August, and on the first Monday of December. At Scituate, on the first Tuesdays of March and June, and the last Tuesdays of August and November. At East Bridgewa ter, on the first Tuesdays of April, July, and October. At Middleborough, on the first Tuesdays in May, and the first Tuesdays of August and Novem ber. At Rochester, on Wednesday next, after the first Tuesday in May, an<" on Wednesday next after the first Tuesday in November. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 243 PLYMPTON. Plymouth Co. Before its incorpo ration in 1707, Plympton comprised ihe north-west part of Plymouth. Its Indian name was Wenatukset. A ministry commenced here in 1698, and the Rev. Isaac Cushman was set tled the same year. The original growth of forest trees here was rather superior in size and variety to other kinds within the an cient limits of Plymouth township ; upland and swamp oak, maple, wal nut, white pine, white cedar, pitch pine, were common. The Wenatuck- set, a branch of Taunton river, passes through the western width of this town, and the natural meadows on this stream had early attractions, and first led to the settlement of these then "westerly precincts of Ply mouth." There are two pleasant villages in the town, and manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, nails, shovels, spades, hoes, forks, hoop rivets, shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs, and cabinet-ware. A noble white oak was cut in this town a few years ago. It contained seven tons and seven feet of ship-tim ber, and two cords of fire-wood. The Old Colony railroad passes through the town, twenty-nine and a half miles south-east by south from Boston, and seven and a half west by north from Plymouth. PRESCOTT. Hampshire Co . This to wn is bound ed by New Salem on the north, Dana on the east, Greenwich on the south, and Pelham and Shutesbury on the west. It was formerly part of Pel ham and New Salem. The surface of this town is rough and uneven, and in some parts quite hilly ; but it has a strong soil, with considerable arable land ; the greater part of it, however, is better suited to grazing than tillage. There are some good mill-streams in the town, branches of Swift river; and some manufactures ; but the inhabitants are chiefly employed in agricultural labor. Prescott lies eighteen miles north east from Northampton, and sixty- seven west by north from Boston. PRINCETON. Worcester Co. This town was named for the Rev. Thomas Prince, a large proprietor, the chronologer of New England, and pastor of the Old South Church in Boston. It was for merly called the East Wing of Rut land, and is bounded north by West minster, east by Sterling, south by Holden, and westerly by Rutland and Hubbardston. The surface of Princeton is ele vated, but agreeably diversified with undulating valleys. There are some noted high grounds in the town, the most prominent of which is Wachusett mountain, the Indian name of the township. The inhabitants of Princeton are generally occupied in agricultural employments ; the manufactures are consequently limited, and do not prob ably exceed in value fifty thousand dollars annually.' They consist of shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs, and cabinet-ware. From the excel lent grazing lands of this place, the city market is furnished with some of its best beef, butter, and cheese. Within a few years, large quantities of lumber, wood, and charcoal have been carried from this to the neigh boring towns, particularly Worcester. There are no large streams flowing in or through this town. The town is nevertheless well watered with brooks and small streams, which rise entirely within its limits. The waters of these streams divide, about equal portions flowing east to Massachusetts Bay, and west to the Connecticut. East, Souih, and West Wachusett brooks all rise at the foot of the mountain. The first, uniting with other smaU streams, is the source of the Nashua The last-named constitutes the east branch of Ware river. Wachusett mountain is situated in the north-westerly part of the town. 214 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. This mountain rears its conical head two thousand and eighteen feet above Massachusetts Bay. The base is cov ered with a heavy growth of wood, which dwindles to mere shrubbery as you approach the summit, giving the mountain, when seen from a dis tance, an exceedingly beautiful ap pearance. The hand of art could hardly have shorn its sides to more exactness, than nature has displayed, in proportioning the growth of wood to the ascent. The prospect from this mountain,on a clear summer morning, is delightful in the extreme. To the observer from its top, the whole state lies spread out like a map. On the one hand is visible the harbor of Bos ton, on the other, the Monadnock is seen rearing its bald and broken sum mit to the clouds, while the Hoosic and Green Mountains fade away in the distance, and mingle with the blue horizon. The numerous and beautiful viUages, with their churches and spires, scattered thickly in all di rections, give a charm to the scene. This mountain was much resorted to by the native Indians, and tradition says in many instances for the pur pose of discovering the location of the early settlers, by means of the smoke of their fires. The roads to its base are so good, and its ascent not diffi cult, that it is now much visited during the summer months. Princeton lies fifteen miles north by west from Worcester, nine miles south west from the Fitchburg railroad at Leominster, and, by the latter, fifty- two miles west by north from Boston. PROVINCETOWN. Barnstable Co. This noted har bor, and the first port the Mayflower made, on her passage with the pilgrim fathers, in 1620, is situated on the end of the peninsula of Cape Cod, and lies in the form of a hook. It averages about three miles and a half in length, and two and a half in breadth. The township consists of beaches and hills of sand, eight shallow ponds, and a great number of swamps. Cape har bor, in Cape Cod Bay, is formed by the bending of the land nearly round every point of the compass, and is com pletely land locked and safe. It is of sufficient depth for ships of any size, and it will contain more than three thousand vessels at once, and is a place of great importance to naviga tion in this quarter. The village stands on the north western side of the harbor, on the margin of a beach of loose sand. The houses are mostly situated on a sin gle street, about two mUes in length, passing round near the water's edge. A chain of sand hills rises immediately back from the houses. These hills are in some places partially covered with tufts of grass or shrubs, which appear to hold their existence by a frail tenure on these masses of loose sand, the light color of which strongly contrasts with few spots of deep verdure upon them. These hills, with the nu merous wind or salt mills, by which the salt water is raised for evaporation, thickly studding the shore throughout the whole extent of the village, give this place a most singular and novel appearance. An elaborate and highly interesting report of a survey of this harbor and the extremity of Cape Cod, by Major J. D. Graham, has been printed by order of Congress. The report is accompanied by a series of tables, showing the result of a long course of observations on the tide, which are not only curious, but may be useful to those who are in a situation for pursuing their specula tions on this subject, by comparing them with the results of similar ob servations in other places. The fulness and precision of these tables indicate the care and labor with which the work has been prosecuted. The result is of a nature to show the great importance of this position, both as a naval and commercial station. The value of Cape Cod harbor to our naval and mercantile marine in time of war is inappreciable. In pos session of an enemy, it would afford facilities for annoying our commerce, without exposure to the gales that so GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 245 often sweep along the coast. Forti fied, and in the occupancy of a portion of our navy, it offers a secure retreat, accessible at all seasons, and sheltered from every storm. There are more than one hundred vessels belonging to this place, em ployed in the whale, cod, and mackerel fisheries, besides a large number en gaged in the merchant service and coasting business. Fifty thousand bushels of salt have been made here in a year. During the stay of the pilgrims at Provincetown, in November, 1620, Susanna, the wife of WUliam White, gave birth to a son, who was named Perigrine; being the first English child born in New England. He died at Marshfield in 1764, aged eighty-four. Provincetown lies forty-five miles north from Barnstable, by land, and twenty-six by water. It is one huh- dred and ten miles east south-east from Boston, by land, and fifty-five by water. From Provincetown to Gloucester harbor, across the bay, is about fifty miles. Q.UINCY. Norfolk Co. This town was for merly the first and north parish in the ancient town of Braintree, and in cluded what was called "Dorchester Farms," and a romantic point of land called Squantum, jutting out between Quincy and Dorchester bays, now a noted watering place, and once the residence of Chickataubut, a celebrated Indian chief. This territory, in common with that of Braintree and Randolph, belonged to Boston, until the incorporation of Braintree as a town, in 1640. It was the first part of Braintree that was settled, and had been generally called Mount WoUaston, for Captain Wol laston, one of the first settlers, in 1625. In 1792, this part of Braintree was made a separate town, and ¦ called Quincy, to perpetuate the family name of one of its first proprietors, a name that will ever be dear to the lover of American liberty. 21* Quincy is bounded north by Dor chester, east by Boston harbor, south by Weymouth and Braintree, and west by Milton. The surface of the town is diversi fied by hills, valleys, and plains. The soil is generally of an excellent quali ty, and under good cultivation. There are large tracts of salt meadow in the town, and many large and beautiful farms, which, in respect to soil and skilful management, may vie with any in the state. The vUlage in the centre of the town, is situated on an elevated plain, and is remarkable for its neatness and beauty.- In this village is a stone church, designated the " Adams Tem ple." This building was dedicated, 1828, and cost forty thousand dollars. Within its waUs is a beautiful marble monument to the memory of the Hon. John Adams and his wife. The town house, in this village, is a noble building, eighty-five feet by fifty- five. It is built of granite, and is a better specimen of the Quincy stone, than the walls ofthe church. The ancestral estate of the Quincy family comprises one of the most beautiful and well cultivated farms in New England. It is the property of Josiah Quincy, LL. D., an eminent agriculturist, president of Harvard University from 1829 to 1845, and the only child of the patriot, Josiah Quin cy, jr. About two miles east from the vil lage is Quincy Point, at the junction of Town and Weymouth Fore rivers, and near Newcomb's neck, in Brain tree. This is a delightful spot, and contains many handsome buildings. This jpoint of land, with a peninsula near it, called Germantown, are admi rably located for ship-building, and for all the purposes of navigation and the fishery. Here is a fine harbor, a bold shore, and a beautiful country, within ten miles of the capital of New Eng land. Germantown was first settled by a number of weavers and glass makers from Germany, who made an unsuc cessful attempt to manufacture glass 246 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. and cloth, some time between 1750 and '60. At this place, the great ship Massachusetts was built in 1789, the largest vessel at that time in the coun try. Germantown is fast rising into notice, in consequence of its easy ac cess, beauty, and navigable facilities. An exceUent famUy school has been kept here some years by the Misses Sullivan. The manufactures of the town con sist of boots, shoes, leather, vessels, salt, carriages, harnesses, hats, books, coach lace, granite, slate stone, &c. ; the annual value of which, with the fisheries, amounted several years ago, to more than half a million of dollars. These manufactures have since in creased, and new ones have been add ed ; but the manufacture of granite, or sienite, so universaUy known and justly celebrated as the " Quincy Granite," is the most important arti cle of manufacture in the town. About two miles back from Quincy bay, in Boston harbor, is a range of elevated land, in some parts more than six hundred feet above the sea, con taining an inexhaustible supply of that invaluable building material, the Quincy granite, so much used and ap proved in all our Atlantic cities, for its durability and beauty. This range of granite extends through Milton, Quincy, and Braintree, but more of it is quarried in Quincy than in the other towns. In 1844, about one hundred thou sand tons of this valuable article was quarried and wrought in Quincy, by the most skilful workmen, into all di mensions, both plain and ornamental. There were in the town about twenty companies engaged in the business, employing about eight hundred hands. Pieces of this granite have been ob tained in these quarries weighing three bundred'tons each, from which the col umns of the new Custom House, and Merchant's Exchange, in Boston, were made, and to which we refer the rea der as specimens qf its quality and finish. By means of a railroad from these quarries to the tide-waters of Nepon set river, and of a canal to the centre of the town, this stone is transported with great expedition and httle cost. Railway vUlage, see Milton. These quarries of granite to the town of Quincy are of more value than a mine of gold, and it is fortunate foi the public that the supply is abundant, for the demand for it from various parts of the United States is constant and increasing. Quincy lies eight miles south by east from Boston, and ten east from Dedham, and there is perhaps no town in the state, of its distance from Bos ton, that has risen to greater prosper ity than Quincy. It has long been the centre of considerable trade and manufacture, and its exceUent roads, with its beautiful location on Boston harbor, have made it the chosen resi dence of many people of taste and affluence ; but now, when Quincy has become united to Boston by the Old Colony railroad, as closely in point of convenience, as Boston and Charles town, no one can doubt the rapid in crease of population and wealth of this delightful town. The first church in this place was gathered in the year 1639. Succession of the Clergy. ESv. Wm. Thompson, Henry Flint, Moses Fiske, Joseph Marsh, John Hancock, Lemuel Bryant, Anthony Wibird, Peter Whitney, Wm. P. Lunt, Set. Died or res. JE 1639. 1668. 68. 1640. 1668, 66. 1672. 1708. 66. 1709. 1726. 41. 1726. 1744. 42. 1745. res. 1753. 1755. 1800. 72. 1800. 1843. 73. 1835. Two presidents of the United States, father and son, were natives of this place. John Adams, born October 19, 1735. John Quincy Adams, born Julv 11, 1767. ' The senior Mr. Adams graduated at Harvard University in 1755. and was distinguished for his diligence and genius. He studied law at Woi- cester, and was admitted to p-actice QUINCY. 247 in 1758. He commenced the labors of his profession in Braintree, his na tive town, and soon obtained business and reputation. In 1764, Mr. Adams married Miss Abigail Smith, a grand daughter of Colonel Quincy, a lady as distinguished for her accomplish ments and virtues as for the elevated station in society which Providence had destined her to fill. Mrs. Adams died at Quincy, December 28, 1818, aged seventy -four. In 1765, Mr. Adams removed to Boston ; here he obtained an exten sive legal practice, and, refusing aU offers of patronage from the British government, espoused the cause of his native country with an ardor peculiar to himself, firmly resolved to sink or swim with its liberties. He was elected -a. member of Con gress, and was among the foremost in recommending the adoption of an independent government. In 1777, Mr. Adams was chosen commissioner to the Court of Versailles. In 1779, he was appointed minister plenipo tentiary to negotiate a peace and a commercial treaty with Great Britain. In 1780, he went ambassador to Hol land, and in 1782, to Paris, to negoti ate a treaty of peace with Great Bri tain, having received the assurance that that power would recognize the independence of the United States. In 1785, Mr. Adams was appointed the first minister to the Court of St. James. After remaining in Europe nine years, he returned to his native country, and in 1789, was elected first Vice President of the United States, which office he held during the whole of Washington's administration. On the resignation of Washington, in 1797, Mr. Adams became President of the United States, which office he sustained until the election of Mr. Jefferson, in 1801. Soon after this, Mr. Adams retired to his farm in Quincy, and spent the remainder of an eventful life in rural occupations, the pleasures of domestic retirement, and those enjoyments which a great and good mind always has in store. The account that Mr. Adams gives in a letter to a friend, of his introduc tion to George III., at tbe Court of St. James, as the first minister from the rebel colonies, is very interesting. The scene would form a noble picture, highly honorable both to his majesty and the republican minister. Here stood the stern monarch who had expended more than six hundred millions of dollars, and the lives of two hundred thousand of his subjects in a vain attempt to subjugate freemen ; and by his side stood the man, who, in the language of Jefferson, " was the great pillar of support to the declara tion of independence, and its ablest advocate and champion on the floor of Congress." Mr. Adams says, " At one o'clock, on Wednesday, the first of June, 1785, the master of ceremonies called at my house, and went with me to the sec retary of state's office, in Cleaveland row, where the Marquis of Carmar then received and introduced me to Mr. Frazier, his under secretary, who had been, as his lordship said, unin terruptedly in that office through all the changes in administration for thir ty years. After a short conversation, Lord Carmarthen invited me to go with him in his coach to court. When we arrived in the antechamber the mas ter of the ceremonies introduced him and attended me while the secretary of state went to take the commands of the king. While I stood in this place, where it seems all ministers stand upon such occasions, always attended by the master of ceremonies, the room was very full of ministers of state, bishops, and all other sorts of courtiers, as well as the next room, which is the king's bed-chamber. You may well suppose I was the fo cus of all eyes. I was relieved, how ever, from the embarrassment of it, by the Swedish and Dutch ministers, who came to me and entertained me with a very agreeable conversation during the whole time. Some other gentlemen whom I had seen before, came to make their compliments to me, until the Marquis of Carmarthen returned, and desired me to go with, him to his majesty. I went with his. lordship through the levee room, into 24S GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. the king's closet. The door was shut, and I was left with his majesty and the secretary of state alone. I made three reverences; one at the door, another about half way, and another before the presence, according to the usage established at this and all the northern courts of Europe, and then I addressed myself to his majesty in the following words : — "'Sire: the United States have appointed me minister plenipotentiary to your majesty, and have directed me to deliver to your majesty this let ter, which contains the evidence of it. It is in obedience to their express commands, that I have the honor to assure your majesty of their unani mous disposition and desire to culti vate the most friendly and liberal in tercourse between your majesty's sub jects and their citizens, and of their best wishes for your majesty's health and happiness, and for that of your family. " ' The appointment of a minister from the United States to your majes ty's court will form an epoch in the history of England and America. I think myself more fortunate than all my fellow-citizens, in having the dis tinguished honor to be the first to stand in your majesty's royal pres ence in a diplomatic character; and I shall esteem myself the happiest of men if I can be instrumental in recommending my country more and more to your, majesty's royal benevo lence, and of restoring an entire es teem, confidence, and affection ; or, in better words, "the old good na ture a»d the good old humor," be tween people who, though separated by an ocean, and under different gov ernments, have the same language, a similar religion, a kindred blood. I beg your majesty's permission to add, that although I have sometimes be fore been instructed by my country, it was never in my whole life in a man ner so agreeable to myself.' "The king listened to every word I said, with dignity, it is true, but with apparent emotion. Whether it was my visible agitation, for I felt more than I eould express, that touched bim, I cannot say ; but he was much affected, and answered me with more tremor than I had spoken with, and said : — " ' Sir : the circumstances of this au dience are so extraordinary, the lan guage you have now held is so ex tremely proper, and the feelings you have discovered so justly adapted to the occasion, that I not only receive with pleasure the assurance of the friendly disposition of the United States, but that I am glad the choice has fallen upon you to be their minis ter. I wish you, sir, to believe, and that it may be understood in America, that I have done nothing in the late contest but what I thought myself in- despensably bound to do, by the duty which I owed my people. I will be frank with you. I was the last to conform to the separation ; but the separation having become inevitable. I have always said, as I now say, that I would be the first to meet the friend ship of the United States as an inde pendent power. The moment I see such sentiments and language as yours prevaU, and a disposition to give this country the preference, that moment I shall say — let the circumstances of language, religion, and blood, have their natural full effect.' " I dare not say that these were the king's precise words ; and it is even possible that I may have, in some particulars, mistaken his meaning ; for although his pronunciation is as distinct as I ever heard, he hesitated sometimes between members of the same period. He was, indeed, much affected, and I was not less so, and therefore I cannot be certain that I was so attentive, heard so clearly, and understood so perfectly, as to be confi dent of all his words, or sense. This I do say, that the foregoing is his ma jesty's meaning, as I then understood it, and his own words, as nearly as I can recollect them. " The king then asked me whether I came last from France ; and upon my answering in the affirmative, he put on an air of familiarity, and, smiling, or rather, laughing, said, 'There is an opinion among some GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 249 people that you are not the most at tached of all your countrymen to the manners of France.' I was surprised at this, because I thought it an indis cretion, and a descent from his digni ty. I was a little embarrassed ; but determined not to deny truth on the one hand, nor lead him to infer from it any attachment to England, on the other, I threw off as much grav ity as I could, and assumed an air of gaiety, and one of decision, as far as was decent, and said, ' That opinion, sir, is not mistaken ; I must avow to your majesty, I have no attachment but to my own country.' The king replied as quick as lightning, 'An honest man will never have any other.' " The king then said a word or two to the secretary of state, which being between them, I did not hear, and then turned round and bowed to me, as is customary with all kings and princes when they give the signal to retire. I retreated, stepping back wards, as is the etiquette ; and mak ing my last reverence at the door of the chamber, I went to my carriage." Mr. Adams died on the 4th of July, 1826, with the same words on his lips which fifty years before, on that day, he had uttered on the floor of Con gress, " Independence forever." John Hancock, LL. D,, was born in this place, in 1737. As president of the illustrious Congress of 1776, he signed the Declaration of Indepen dence, and was the first governor of Massachusetts, under the constitution. He died in that office, October 8, 1793. " Sacred to the memory of Josiah Quincy, jun., of Boston, Barrister of Law, youngest son of Josiah Quincy, Esq., late of this place. Brilliant tal ents, uncommon eloquence, and inde fatigable application raised him to the highest eminence in his profession. His early, enlightened, inflexible at tachment to the cause of his country is attested by monuments more dura ble than this, and transmitted to pos terity by well-known productions of his genius. He was born the 23d of February, 1744, and died the 26th of April, 1775. His mortal remains are here deposited, with those of Abigail his wife, daughter of William Phillips, Esq., born on the 14th of April, 1745, died the 25th March, 1793. " Stranger, in contemplating this monument as the frail tribute of filial gratitude and affection, " Glows thy bold breast with patriotic flame J Let his example poinl the paths of fame I Or seeks thy heart, averse from public strife, The milder graces of domestic life ? Her kindred virtues let thy soul revere, And o'er the besl of molhers drop a tear ! " RANDOLPH. Norfolk Co. Randolph was the south parish of good old Braintree until its incorporation, in 1793. It was named in honor of Peyton Ran dolph, of Virginia, the first president of the»American Congress. A church was formed in 1731, and Kev. Elisha Eaton was ordained the first pastor, the same year. He con tinued about nineteen years in the ministry, when he resigned, and was succeeded by the Rev. Moses Taft, who continued in the pastoral office nearly forty years. Rev. Jonathan Strong, D. D., was ordained colleague pastor with Mr. Taft, in 1789. Dr. Strong died in 1814, and was suc ceeded by Rev. Thaddeus Pomeroy. Mr. Pomeroy was dismissed in 1820, and was succeeded by Rev. Calvin Hitchcock. "During Mr. Pomeroy's ministry, the east part of the town of Randolph became a separate society. They erected a meeting-house, organ ized a church, and on the 29th of December, 1821, Rev. David Brig ham, the first pastor, was ordained." Part of Punkapog pond lies in the town, and the Manatiquot river rises here, but the town is quite destitute of water-power. The land is elevated between the waters of Massachusetts Bay and Taunton river. The surface of the town is generally undulating, and the soil strong and productive. There are two very plea sant and flourishing villages in the town, East and West, surrounded by 250 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. fertile and well cultivated fields . Ran dolph has long been noted for the in dustry of its people, in the manufac ture of boots and shoes. There are manufactures of leather, and many other articles in the town, but that of boots and shoes is the principal ; the value of which is about a miUion of dollars annuaUy. The late Amasa Stetson, Esq., gave to this, his native town, a large and handsome town-hall, and made liberal donations for the accommodation and support of its schools. Randolph lies fourteen miles south from Boston, twelve south-east from Dedham, and seven south south-west from Weymouth Landing. The rail road from Boston to Fall River will pass about midway between the two viUages, which are about two miles apart. RAYNHAM. Bristol Co. This town was a part of Taunton until 1731. It was first settled in 1650. Its Indian name was Hockamock. The first minister in the town was the Rev. John Wales, in 1731 ; he died in 1765, and was suc ceeded by the Rev. Peres Forbes, LL. D., in 1766. The surface of the town is generaUy level, and the soil is light and not very productive. On its southern and eastern borders Raynham is finely watered by Taunton river, and it con tains a number of large and beautiful ponds. In this town are large manufactures of bar iron, nails, anchors, iron cast ings, shovels, forks, coffee mills, straw bonnets, &c. ; annual value about half a million of dollars. "The first adventurers from Eng land to this country, who were skilled in the forge iron manufacture, were two brothers, viz., James and Henry Leonard. They came to this town in the year 1652, which was about two years after the first settlers had plant ed themselves upon this spot ; and in the year 1652, these Leonards here built the first forge in America." " The original Leonard house in this town is still occupied by one ft the family, of the sixth generation from the builder, and, so far as we are in formed, is the oldest mansion now standing in this country. The vane at one of the gable-ends is inscribed with the date 1700 ; but there is little doubt of the house having been erect ed at least thirty years previous. The workmanship, especiaUy within, is remarkably massive and sound. It is apparently modelled after an Eng lish fashion of the eighteenth century, with some modifications proper for defence against the Indians. It was garrisoned during the war. The Fowling pond, still so called, has be come a thick swamp. An aged gen tleman was living not many years since, who, in boyhood, had frequently gone off in a canoe, to catch fish in its waters. Indian weapons and uten sils are still found on its borders." Raynham contains a pleasant vil lage near the centre of the town, about three miles north-east from Taunton. From Taunton to Boston by the rail road is thirty-five miles. READING. Midhlesex Co. The territory of this town was called Lynn village, and was a part of Lynn until its in corporation, in 1644. The first min ister in the town, the Rev. Daniel Putnam, was settled in 1720, and died in 1759. The surface of the town is plea santly diversified by hills and valleys ; the soil is generally good, in some parts excellent ; and the town is wa tered by Ipswich river. In 1844, the manufactures of Read ing were, boots and shoes, value two hundred thousand dollars ; cabinet- ware and clocks, value one hundred and forty-three thousand dollars; coach lace, value six thousand dol lars ; tin ware, five thousand dollars ; total value three hundred and fifty- four thousand dollars. There are two very pleasant and flourishing viUages in the town ; Wood End village lies at the south part of the town, through which the Boston UAZETTBER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 251 and Maine railroad passes, and West village, about three miles north of the other. Reading lies thirteen miles north from Boston, ten west from Salem, eighteen south-east from LoweU, and seventeen north-east from Concord. "In affectionate remembrance of James Bancroft, Esq. Venerated and beloved while living, his memory is blessed. Guided by Christian prin ciple, he was enabled, through a long and useful life, to perform its various duties with fidelity. A defender of his country in her struggle for inde pendence, he was magnanimous and devoted in the discharge of numerous civil offices, disinterested and faith ful ; and a deacon in the first church in the place during forty-six years, distinguished by integrity, consisten cy, and independence. In private life he was endeared by mildness and benignity, and ever evinced obedi ence to the first command by an ob servance of the second ' like unto it.' He was gathered to his fathers, ' as a shock of corn in its season,' May 17, 1831 ; 2Et. 92." REHOBOTH. Bristol Co. The original limits of Rehoboth were extensive, compre hending the present town, Seekonk, Pawtucket, Attleborough, and part of Swansey ; and Cumberland and Bar- - rington, Rhode Island. The first pur chase of land here for a settlement was made of Massasoit, in 1641, comprehending a tract of land about ten mUes square, embracing the pres ent towns of Rehoboth, Seekonk, and Pawtucket. The first white settler in the original limits of the town was William Blackstone, a non-eonformist minister of England, who fled from persecution, and sought an asylum in the wilds of America . He was the first white man who lived on the peninsula where the city of Boston now stands. He sold his lands on the peninsula in 1634, and probably removed to Reho both the next year. He located him self in what is now Cumberland, Rhode Island, on the river which bears his name, about three mUes above the village of Pawtucket. His house, which he named " Study Hall," stood near the east bank of the river, a few rods east of a knoll which rises abruptly from the meadow on the brink of the river to the height of sixty or seventy feet. His grave, and the well which he dug, are still to be seen. The celebrated Roger WUliams when driven from Massachusetts, first pitched his tent in the limits of Reho both, and resided there for a short pe riod. The Indian name of the town was Wannamoiset. This town has a varied surface, with a thin soil, and well watered by Palmer's river, and other fine mill streams. Its manufactures consist of cotton goods, leather, shoes, cut lery, ploughs, straw bonnets, carpen ters' and joiners' tools, wagons, ox- yokes, bobbins, cotton batting, &c. Rehoboth lies ten miles south-west from Taunton, and eight from the de pot at Attleborough, from which to Boston is thirty -one miles. Rev. Samuel Newman may be con sidered as the founder of Rehoboth He removed here with part of his church in Weymouth, in 1644. Mr. Newman was a man of great learn ing and piety. He compiled a Con cordance of the Bible, an herculean labor, which was published in Lon don in 1643, in folio. After his re moval to Rehoboth, (now Seekonk,) he revised this work, and greatly im proved it, using in the evening, ac cording to President Styles, pine knots instead of candles. He died in 1663, aged sixty-three. "'The manner of his death," says Elliot, "was peculiar. He had a certain premonition of it, and seemed to triumph in the pros pect of its being near. He was appa rently in perfect health, and preached a sermon from these words, Job xiv. 14, — 'All the days of my appointed time will I wait till my change come.' In the afternoon of the following Lord's day he asked the deacon to pray with him, saying he had not long to live. As soon as he had fin ished his prayer, he said the time was 252 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. come when he must leave the world ; but his friends seeing no immediate signs of dissolution, thought it was the influence of imagination. But he turned round, saying, 'Angels, do your office,' and immediately expired." RICHMOND. Berkshire Co. This is another delightful valley town among the mountains of Berkshire. Its Indian name was Yokun, and after its settle ment, in 1760, it was called Yocun- town, but at its incorporation in 1765, the popularity of the Duke of Rich mond deprived the poor Indian of the honor of its name. Richmond is bounded north by Hancock and Pittsfield, east by Lenox, south by Stockbridge and West Stock- bridge, and west by Canaan, in the state of New York. This town comprises an extensive, fertile, and beautiful valley, enclosed by elevated hills on the east and west. From these hills, enchanting land scapes are presented. Even English men say that the natural scenery of this place is superior to that of the celebrated Richmond HiU in England. This town produces in great abun dance all kinds of agricultural pro ducts common to the most fertile and best cultivated lands in the state ; a great variety of woods ; iron ore ; good brick clay, and limestone, and handsome marble. There is some water-power in the town, and its manufactures consist of pig iron, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, leather, . boots, shoes, &c. In the valley in this town is a wide street, extending some miles, on each side of which are neat farm-houses, and mechanics' shops, making a fine appearance. Through this valley the western railroad passes, eight miles south-west from Pittsfield, one hun dred and fifty -nine west from Boston, and forty-one east from Albany. A church was formed in Rich mond about 1765. In 1767, the Rev. Job Swift, afterwards the minister of Bennington, Vermont, was settled .as their pastor. He was a native of Sandwich, Massachusetts, and a graduate of Yale CoUege, in 1765. President Dwight says, "Dr. Swift was one of the best and most useful men I ever knew. To the churches and ministers of Vermont he was a patriarch; and wherever he was known he is remembered with the greatest veneration." ROCHESTER. Plymouth Co. This is a large township on the north-west side of Buzzard's Bay, having Fairhaven on its south-west, Wareham on its north east, and Middleborough on its north. This territory was called Seipican by the Indians ; and the site of the beau tiful village Mattapoiset, was so called by them, as its name signifies, a rest ing place ; it having been a famous resort of the red-skined gentry of the interior to enjoy their clam-bakes and chowders. The location of Rochester for navi gation and the fisheries is exceedingly favorable ; it having two excellent harbors, Mattapoiset and Sippican, with an easy access to the ocean. The people of the town improve these privileges very successfully; they own a number of whale ships and merchantmen, and large numbers of smaller vessels engaged in domestic fisheries, and the coasting-trade. The lowns in this part of the state are noted for their excellent white oak timber, and for its application to ship building ; and Rochester, with its fine coast on the bay, of some ten miles, has sent a^grea't number of vessels to the ocean in aid of the commerce of the country. Mattapoiset river, which rises in Snipatuit pond, a large sheet of water in the town, about nine miles from Mattapoiset village, Sippican and Weweantic rivers, afford the town a good water-power. The manufac tures consist of bar iron, vessels, boots, shoes, and various other arti cles. Large quantities of salt are made at this place. The surface of the town is plea santly varied; some parts of it are rocky and unfit for cultivation ¦ while GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 253 other parts vary from a tolerable soil to the very best. The two principal villages in this town are Mattapoiset and Sippican ; They are both flourishing sea-ports ; the former is about four miles south west from the latter. Mattapoiset lies twenty-four miles south south west from Plymouth, six miles east by north from New Bedford ; from thence to Boston is fifty-five miles. ROCKPORT. Essex Co. This was a part of the ancient town of Gloucester until its incorporation in 1840, when it received the appropriate name of Rockport. It comprises all the seaward portion of the extremity of Cape Ann, with its inlands, and that part of Gloucester long known as Sandy Bay, which opens to the sea on the north-east. Since the first settlement of the country, Sandy Bay, in common with Gloucester, has been associated with the enterprise ofthe fisheries ; and of rearing its sons for the manly exer cise of a nautical life ; thereby render ing them serviceable to their country abroad, and fit companions for its in telligent and rosy-cheeked damsels at home. There are two pleasant villages in the town ; Sandy Bay and Pigeon Cove, about a mile apart, the inhabi tants of both of which are largely en gaged in the cod and mackerel fishery. At Pigeon Cove, are inexhaustible quarries of excellent granite, of a lighter color, and rather harder than that of Quincy. These quarries are so near the sea-shore that vessels can be laden with trifling expense. This stone, under such circumstances, is of great value to the town. Twenty- five vessels were constantly engaged in freighting this stone in the sum mer of 1845. Artificial harbors have been con structed at both villages ; and at the village of Sandy Bay, the national government has expended within a few years about fifty thousand dol lars in the construction of a break water, which has been partially thrown down by the violence of the sea ; and it is thought by some that an expen- diture equal to that, already made, is necessary to make it answer the pur poses had in view in its erection. Although the town derives its name from the character of its shores and surface, it contains many large tracts of clear land. These, however, have mostly been brought to their present state, by the industry of the people in clearing them of rocks. This town is a resort for many strangers during the summer months, who here enjoy refreshing sea-breezes, and the sub limity of ocean views. Rockport lies four miles north-east from Gloucester harbor, thirty-two north-east from Boston, and eighteen north-east from Salem. ROWE. Franklin Co. This is a moun tainous town, adjoining Whiting ham, in the state of Vermont. It has Heath on the east, Charlemont on the south, and Monroe and Florida on the west. Deerfield river passes its western border. There is some arable land in the town, but the lands generally are best adapted to pastur age, and many cattle and sheep are fed here. In 1838, the legislature annexed a part of an unincorporated tract, called Zoar, to this town. This tract com prised one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five -acres of land, ad joining the south part of the town, on which were six families. One of the cordon of forts, erected about 1744, for a defence against the French and Indians, was situated in this town. The ruins of this fortification, called Fort Pelham, are situated south-east of the Congregational church in the centre of the town, on Pelham brook, a small stream, being the only one passing through the town. Rev. Pre served Smith, the first minister, was settled here in 1787. Rowe has a neat village near the centre of the town, about twenty-two miles west north-west from Green field, and one hundred and twelve west north-west from Boston. 254 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ROWLET. Essex Co. This town was first settled by a party of industrious and pious persons from Yorkshire, Eng land, in 1638. They erected the first fulling-mill in New England, and manufactured the first cloth in North America. There are a great variety of soils in this- town ; a large part is salt mea dow, and the residue is fertile and productive. It comprises a part of Plum Island, and large tracts of woodland. It is watered by Rowley river, which affords a water power, and which, before its junction with Plum Island Sound, forms a harbor for vessels of moderate draught of water, where many vessels have been built. Ancient Rowley was divided in 1838 ; its western part was detached, and incorporated by the name of George. town. Rowley possesses some man ufacturing interest, and a very valua ble agricultural one, to the latter of which its inhabitants are principally devoted. This ancient town is very pleasant, and has been the birth-place of. many learned and distinguished men. By the . eastern railroad, which passes through the town, Rowley lies twenty-nine miles north from Boston, fifteen north by west from Salem, and five south from Newburyport. From Rowley to LoweU is twenty-four miles. " Sacred to the memory of the Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, first minister of the church in Rowley, who emigrated from Britain to this place, with his church and flock, in 1638. He fin ished his labors and life, 23 January, 1660, in his seventieth year. He was a man of eminent piety, zeal, and abilities. His strains of oratory were delightful. Regeneration and union to Jesus Christ, by faith, were points on which he principally insisted. He so remarkably expressed the feelings, exercises, motives, and characters of his hearers, that they were ready to exclaim, who hath told him all this? With the youth he took great pains, and was a tree of knowledge laden with fruit, which children could reach. He bequeathed a part of his lands to the town of Rowley, for the support of the gospel, which generous bene faction we, in the first parish, enjoy to the present day, and here gratefully commemorate, by raising this monu ment to his memory, in 1805." ROXBCRY. Norfolk Co. This city is joined to Boston by a neck of land, over which are broad and pleasant ave nues. Between the centre of each city is about three miles. The sur face is rocky and uneven, with a strong soil, in a high state of culti vation. It displays a great degree of agricultural taste and skill, and abounds in country-seats and plea sure grounds. That part of this city bordering on Jamaica pond, four miles south-west from Boston, is ex ceedingly delightful. This town and Boston were incor porated the same year, (1630 ;) and Roxbury was incorporated as a city March 12, 1846. The first hourly coach from Boston commenced running to this town in 1827. There are now a large number continually running between the two places, and not less than six hun dred thousand persons pass annually. Since that time, others of a similar kind have been established to Charles town, Cambridge, Dorchester. &c, and tend greatly to promote the public convenience. The manufactures of Roxbury con sist of leather, nails, hats, chairs cabinet-ware, pig iron, and a grea. number of other articles. Many parts of Roxbury, which until recently were improved as farms or rural walks, are now covered wit! wide streets and beautiful buildings The population of the town in 1845 was thirteen thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine. The natural alliance which subsist* between Boston and Roxbury; their close connection bv -vide ap J beauti ful avenues; the"ci-.wdcd state of one, and the romanuc beauties of the 255 ether, can leave no doubt on the mind of an observer of the rapid in crease of Boston, that Roxbury, with i s crystal springs and admirable sites f >t buUding, wUl soon become the lo cation of a large portion of the wealth and fashion of the metropohs. The Rev. John Eliot, the justly celebrated "Apostle of the Indians," was settled in Roxbury in 1632. Mr. EUot imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, and his heart was touched with the wretched condition of the Indians. He learned their language, and translated the Scriptures into it. This would seem the business of a Ufe, when the sense of the simple ex pression, " Kneeling down to him," is conveyed in the Indian language by Wutappessttukqussunnooirehtunkquoh, a word that would puzzle a Demosthe nes to pronounce, without an extra pebble stone in his mouth. Mr. EUot was remarkable for his indefatigable labors and charities ; he endured hard ships as a good soldier of Jesus Christ, and went to his reward in 1690, aged eighty-six. This was the birth-place and resi dence of the patriot, Joseph Warren. Dr. Warren was born in 1740. He graduated at Harvard CoUege in 1759. He was an ardent lover of his coun try, and sensibly felt the weight of her oppressions. Four days previous io the battle of " Bunker Hill," he re ceived a commission in the army of major general. He was within the entrenchment, and was slain on that hallowed spot, just at the commence ment of the retreat. Dr. Warren was an able statesman, an eloquent ora tor, a man of uncompromising integ rity, and undaunted braver)'. Gene ral Warren was the first officer of rank that fell in that glorious contest for liberty. His death shed a gloom throughout the country. He was ex ceedingly beloved for the mildness and affability of his deportment, and for the virtues of bis private Ufe. Brook Farm Phalanx is an asso ciation established on the principles of Charles Fourier. It lies at the extreme western hmits of Roxbury, and was founded in 1841, by Rev. George Ripley, of Boston. A few friends united with Mr. Ripley, and commenced this undertaking, which, though feeble and comparatively in significant in its infancy, is probably destined to effect most important re sults. If only a tithe of the hopes and expectations of the advocates of asso ciation are realized, it will confer in estimable benefits on mankind. The associationists propose no less than a complete change of society through out the world, and a reorganization upon a system entirely different in its principles from existing systems. They hold that Fourier has discovered the natural and true laws of society, and that when mankind arrange their social relations accordingto these laws, all the evils which afflict the world will be destroyed, and universal happiness will reign on earth. Poyerly and op pression, crime, injustice, and fraud, will all pass away, and in their stead will come universal abundance and liberty, justice and virtue. In the place of war there will be peace ; of selfishness and hatred, benevolence and love ; of ignorance and brutality, intelligence and refinement ; and of disorder and discord, the most perfect harmony and order in society. These are but a few of the objects which the friends of association aim to accomplish by the application of their principles to society, and the de sign of the Brook Farm Phalanx is to give to the world a practical demon stration that they are feasible. The plan of the association differs essentially from all the arrangements of present society, particularly in those which concern industry, domestic manage ment, education and commerce. A new order of things in almost all re spects is established ; but while what is evil and hurtful in society is re jected, that which is good and condu cive to happiness is retained. Instead of separate and isolated familes having different interests, the members of the association reside on the same domain, and their interests 256 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. are united. They combine and pros ecute industry in concert, for the gen eral good. The system of property, is not, however, that of community ; it is a joint stock system, the interest or investment of each person being represented by shares, as in a bank ing or railroad company. By this system, the whole estate of the asso ciation, its lands, buildings, tools, tec, is the property of all its members, and what is the interest of one, is the in terest of all ; the holders of the stock are all concerned in its dividends, and as these depend on the amount of the total product of the industry of the association, the members are bound together by the tie of mutual interest. By an arrangement called Groups and Series, which gives all persons, both male and female, the opportunity of taking part in such branches of in dustry as suit their capacities and tastes, and by alternation of pursuits, or change from one occupation to an other, at regular periods, the indus trial affairs of the association are con ducted in an orderly and efficient manner ; and industry, instead of being repugnant and exhausting, as nnder present systems, is made invig orating and attractive. This arrange- 'ment of groups and series is the fun-. damental , law of association, which regulates all its social relations as well as its industry ; it is the law of order in the Universe, which Fourier has applied to society. In domestic affairs, immense econ omies and conveniences are secured by conducting them for the whole association as for one family, instead of each family living and attended to its own household matters separately. All the families of the Phalanx occupy one large building, called a phalans tery ; the families lodge apart in their suits of rooms, although residing under the same roof. The members eat at public tables as in a hotel, or are serv ed in their own apartments The cooking, washing, tec, are done for the whole establishment, on a large scale. The phalanstery of the Brook Farm Phalanx is now building, and one wing is nearly completed; but until the present time the members of the association have lived in sepa rate houses, though their domestic af fairs have been carried on as for one family. The Phalanx makes the amplest provision for education ; every child, whether its parents are rich or poor, is guarantied a complete education at the charge ofthe whole association. One of the most lucrative branches of industry hitherto pursued at the Brook Farm Phalanx, is a school, which has gained a high reputation. The Phalanx buys and. sells at wholesale, and supplies its members with goods at cost, by which means, the retail system of trade and traffic is abolished. The location of the Brook Farm Phalanx is picturesque, and the soil very good. The domain consists of a few hundred acres only, at present, but as more land is required, the ad joining farms will be purchased. Ag riculture and several branches of me chanical industry are in successful operation ; and as rapidly as circum stances will permit, others are to be added. Gardening and the nursery business are extensively entered into, as well as the cultivation of green house plants. Although the founder, and presi dent of the Phalanx, Mr. Ripley, was a Unitarian clergyman, the members are of various religious denomina tions, and there exists the most per fect religious freedom. Owing to losses by fire, and other circumstances, this institution ceased to exist in 1847. ROYALSTON. Worcester Co. This town was first settled in 1754, aud named for Colonel Isaac Royal, one of its pro prietors. In 1766, a church was formed, and in 1768. the Rev. Joseph Lee was settled as pastor. Royalston is bounded north by Richmond and Fitzwilliam, in New Hampshire, east by Winchendon, south by Athol, and west by Orange and Warwick. It lies thirty-five miles GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 257 north-west from Worcester, and sixty- five miles west north-west from Bos ton. The Boston and Vermont rail road passes through Athol, seven miles south from the centre ofthe town. The land in this town consists gen eraUy of hills and valleys, and the soil is excellent, being suitable for til lage or grazing. It is watered by Miller's river and its tributary streams, upon which is much good meadow. Several small streams, one of which has upon it a perpendicular fall of twenty feet, and descends one hundred feet in forty rods, unite and form Tully river, which pours into Miller's river a great quantity of water. These vari ous streams afford a number of good mill sites. There is a handsome village near the centre of the town ; and two ponds well stocked with fish. Although these ponds are within half a mile of each other, yet they vary in height one hundred and fifty feet. There are manufactures in the town of woollen goods, leather, boots, shoes, cabinet-ware, chairs, palm-leaf hats, mats, wooden-ware, &c. Roy alston bids fair to become a large manufacturing town. RUSSELL. Hampden Co. This town was for merly the north-west part of West- field, and the south-west part of Mont gomery. The western railroad passes through the town, eighteen miles west north-west from Springfield, and one hundred and eighteen miles west by south from Boston. This is a mountainous township, full of wild and romantic scenery, having Westfield river passing rapidly through it, as if attempting to rival tbe speed of the cars which pass along its margin. Russell presents a good specimen of what our railroads are doing for our inland towns, and what these towns can and will do for those on the borders of the Atlantic. It is by the union of power in drawing out the resources of each, that both are sustained ; and where that union fails, the people seek other abiding places. In 1830, the population of RusseU was five hundred and nine ; in 1837, it had dwindled down to four hundred and seventy-five; but in 1840, the year that the western railroad crossed the Connecticut, the population rose to nine hundred and fifty-six, and in 1846, it was advancing in its various interests. The surface of this town is more pleasant to the spectator than to the cultivator; yet the higlands afford exceUent grazing, and along the val leys are tracts of fertile meadow. Russell possesses an immense water- power, with an abundance of wood and stone, and other building materi als ; and all within six hours' ride of Boston. If Russell does not become " another Lowell," it surely bids fair to become a great auxiliary to the do mestic industry of the state. RUTLAND. Worcester Co. Rutland, com prising a territory of twelve miles square, was bought of the Indians, in 1686, for twenty-three pounds. Its Indian name was Naqueag. A church was gathered here, and the Rev. Tho mas Frink was settled as pastor, in 1727. This town is situated on the height of land between the sea and Connec ticut river, and is hilly and very une ven. It has no large stream, but is watered by a branch of Ware river, which affords power for several mills. This is a good grazing township, and the inhabitants export considerable beef, butter, and cheese. There is fine fishing at Mustapaug and Long ponds. About half a mile east of the meeting-house is a spring, the waters of which soon divide ; part runs to the Merrimack and part to Connecti cut river. The manufactures of the town con sist of wqqllen goods, leather, boots shoes, cabinet and wooden-wares, &c. The industry qf the people is generally devoted to agricultural pursuits. 258 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. In the central part of the town is a very pleasant village, containing a number of handsome buildings. This village lies thirteen miles north-west from Worcester, seventeen south by west from Fitchburg, and fifty west by north from Boston. SALEM. This is one of the shire towns in Es sex county. It is the oldest and largest seaport but one in old Massachusetts. Its Indian name was Naumkeag. Salem is nearly surrounded by wa ter, being situated between two inlets of the sea, called the north and south rivers. To the main and now in habited part of the town is attached a peninsular portion of land, called the Neck. This was the first inhabited land, and was formerly used for fish ing and other purposes. It ultimately becanle the property of the town, and was, for a long time, used as a public pasture. In 1816, when the present alms-house was built, a large portion of it was enclosed, and has since been cultivated as the alms-house farm. The finest and most comprehensive view of Salem may be had from " Gal lows Hill." Its situation is low, but pleasant and healthy. Its streets are quite irregular. Essex is the only street which runs through the town, and is very angular and crooked. Federal and Bridge streets are broad, straight, and regular. Chesnut is es teemed the handsomest, though it is not the most public street. It has rows of elms on either side. Winter and Broad streets are the widest.- The first pavement was made in Essex street, between Court and North streets, in 1773. The south church lias great architectural beauty, and I lie north church is built of stone, with :\ beautiful front of the Gothic order. There is a custom-house at the head of Derby wharf. Salem has always been a commer cial place. It has a convenient har bor, and good anchorage. In point of wealth and commerce, it has al ways ranked as the second town in New England. The history of Salem is identified with that of Massachusetts, and there is much in it to interest and instruct. Its rank, the character and number of its population, its facilities for com merce, and the advantage of being the chosen residence of many of the first and most distinguished settlers, made it early and seriously thought of as the capital, instead of' Boston. It was first settled in 1626, by Roger Conant, Peter Palfrey and others, who had failed in an attempt to plant them selves at Cape Ann. In 1628, a ces sion of Massachusetts was made to Sir Henry Roswell and others, with a view to establish a colony there. Of this company, Matthew Cradock was president, and in 1628, John Endicott was sent over to reside at Salem, as the company's agent. In the same year, the first church was formed. It has ever been remarkable for its succession of eminent, independent, and useful divines. In 1634, the first general court met at Newton. Roger Conant was one ofthe first deputies from Salem. In 1643, Massachusetts was divided into four counties ; Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, ajid Norfolk. In 1644, there was a strong party to make Salem the seat of government, but in this at tempt the deputies were defeated. In 1675, Captain Thomas Lathrop and his company were killed by the Indians, at Bloody Brook. He, with Roger Conant, had removed from Sa lem to Beverly, in 1668. His com pany were called the "Flower of Es sex," and many of them were from Salem. In 1681, Major William Hawthorn died. He was a leading and influen tial character in his time, having been speaker, assistant, judge, com missioner of the united colonies, &c, and having ever showed himself able, faithful, and worthy of confidence. In 16S7, William Brown gave a farm for the benefit of the schools of Salem. The Brown family were ever great friends and liberal patrons of learning. They not only made dona- tions to the Salem schools, but also to Harvard College far the benefit of poor scholars. SALEM. 259 In 1692, the witchcraft delusion pre vailed in Salem, and nineteen persons were tried and hanged as witches. Though designated " the Salem witch craft," it had pervaded other places, previously to its appearance here. In England, laws had been1 enacted against it, and Sir Matthew Hale gave to those laws his sanction. In 1648, Margaret Jones was condemned and hanged at Charlestown, and in 1655, Ann Hibbins, at Boston. The imputa tion for a time induced a belief of the reality of the imposition ; but time finally detected and exposed the error. The house in which the accused were tried is still standing at the western cor ner of Essex and North streets, and the place of their execution is now known as " Gallows Hill." A full and inter esting account of this delusion of the imagination has been written and published by Rev. C. W. Upham. In 1698, a great fire broke out, and destroyed several dwelling-houses. In 1718, the second or east church was built, and is stUl standing. The celebrated Dr. Bentley was pastor of this church. He wrote a "Descrip tion of Salem," which is published in the " Collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society." In 1774, General Gage ordered the removal of the general court to Sa lem. At lhat time, Boston was a closed port. The merchants and citi zens of Salem called a town meeting, at which resolutions, denouncing in very strong terms the Boston port bill, were passed unanimously. The meeting was very full, and a copy of their doings was communicated to their neighbors of Boston. On the 11th of June, when Governor Gage was at Salem, an address, numerously signed, was presented to him, which reflects high honor on the sense of justice and patriotism of this ancient town. Among other things it said, " By shutting up the port of Boston, some imagine that the course of trade might be turned hither and to our benefit ; but nature, in the formation of our harbor, forbids our becoming rivals in commerce to that convenient mart. And were it otherwise, we must be dead to every idea of justice — lost to all feelings of humanity — could we indulge one thought to seize on wealth and raise our fortunes on the ruin of our suffering neighbors." In 1776, February 26, Colonel Les lie, with a British regiment from Bos ton Castle, landed privately at Salem, and proceeded to the north bridge, with a view to seize on some military stores beyond it. The citizens were, at the time, in meeting ; but Colonel Timothy Pickering, with thirty or for ty men, got there in season to raise the draw, and thus prevent Leslie and his regiment from passing farther. The British attempted to cross the river in a gondola, but the Americans scuttled the boat. Finally, Colonel Leslie proposed that if he should be permitted to pass thirty rods beyond the bridge, he would return. Having been permitted, the gallant colonel returned peaceably to Boston. During the revolution, there were about sixty armed vessels fitted out from Salem, manned by four thou sand men ; and many unrecorded deeds of high daring and chivalrous adventure were performed on the sea by citizens of Salem, during that eventful period. Indeed, in her naval achievements consists principally the part which Salem bore in the revolu tionary struggle. This seaport has been more known for its East India trade than any other in the United States. The first ship from Salem engaged in this trade was the Grand Turk, owned by E. H. Derby. She was at the Cape of Good Hope in 1784, commanded by Captain Jonathan Ingersoll, and at Canton in 1786, commanded by Ebenezer West. A model of her, completely rigged, is in the Museum. In 1818, there were fifty-three vessels employed in this trade, belonging to Salem, the tonnage of which was fourteen thousand two hundred and seventy-two tons. Salem became a city in 1836. Its government consists of a mayor and six aldermen, and twenty-four com mon council men. Its public schools axe nineteen. The number of schol ars in 1837, was one thousand five 260 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. hundred and thirty-four, and the amount paid for instruction eight thousand eight hundred and seventy- seven dollars. The Athenceum was incorporated in 1810. Edward A. Holyoke, WilUam Orne, Nathaniel Silsbee and Samuel Putnam were authorized to call the first meeting of the proprietors. The stock is divided into ninety or one hundred shares. Its library contains about ten thousand volumes. The institution, though at present rather private, may ultimately become more public. The Museum is remarkable for the extent and variety of its natural and artificial curiosities, collecte'd from al most every part of the world. There are about five thousand names of dif ferent articles on the catalogue ; they are kept in a spacious hall built for that purpose, and belong to the East India Marine Society. This society consists of such only as have actually navigated the seas near the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, as master or factor. In 1823, there were one hundred and sixty of these enterpris ing men living in Salem. The hall is open daily for the reception of vis itors, and vast numbers of strangers throng there. All come with an eager and excited curiosity, and leave with that curiosity at least gratified, if not satisfied. The commerce of Salem is very ex tended. There is hardly any part of the world which her ships have not visited. The number of vessels en gaged in foreign commerce is one hundred or more, and eighteen in the whaling business, besides the vessels employed in the coasting trade and fishery. Many of the wharves bear the names of their builders and owners ; as .ne Allen, Derby, Peabody, Forester, and Phillips' wharf. This last was recently rebuilt by Stephen C. Phil lips, on the ruins of the old Crownin- shield wharf, which had become di lapidated and useless. It is an admi rable piece of work. Although Salem is without any im portant water-power, and has ever been almost exclusively devoted to maritime pursuits, yet its manufac- turing interests are by no means small. Some ten years since the value of its manufactures was a million and a half of dollars ; since which it has probably doubled. They consisted of vessels, cordage, leather, boots, shoes, hats, tin and cabinet-wares, chairs, spirits ; white, sheet, and pipe lead, carriages, straw bonnets, sperm can dles, tobacco, alum, saltpetre refined, aquafortis, muriatic acid, oil of vitriol, &c. The value of its whale, cod, and mackerel fisheries amounted to two hundred and ten thousand eight hun dred and forty-three dollars. The Aqueduct furnishes the city with a, constant supply of fresh and soft spring water. The fire department is under good regulations. Some of the societies in the city are the "East India Marine Society," incorporated in 1801; the "E.I. M. HaU Corporation," in 1824 ; the " Salem Charitable Mechanic As sociation," instituted in 1817, and in corporated in 1822; the "Essex His torical Society," in 1821, and the " Salem Lyceum," which was formed in 1830. The Common was reserved "as a training field for the use of Salem," in 1713. It is a beautiful, level spot of ground, surrounded by a double row of elm and other ornamental trees, and has a gravel walk around it. The alms-house formerly stood upon it, but it is now entirely unin cumbered. The City Hall was built in 1837. It has a beautiful granite front, and is handsomely finished and furnished within. The raihrad from Salem to Boston, was opened for travel, August 28, 1838 ; thus making Salem, as it were, a part of Boston. The first stage be tween these cities was run by Ezra Burrill, in 1782. It went to Boston one day and returned to Salem the next. Now the distance, fourteen miles, can be easily passed over in forty minutes ; and at the same time, the traveller will ride rapidly through a beautiful and picturesque country. SALEM. 261 Salem presents an unparalleled in stance of perseverance and success in nautical enterprizes. Although the prosperity of Salem, in its wealth and population, is built on its commerce with all the nations on the globe, such has been the foresight and caution of its people, that amid all the commer cial embarrassments which have af flicted the country, and even in times of war, Salem has buffeted every storm, and steadily progressed in its onward course. The population of Salem, at various periods, is as fol lows :— In 1762, 4,123; 1790,7,921; 1800, 9,457; 1810, 12,613; 1820, 12,731; 1830, 13,886; 1840, 15,083; 1845, 16,697. Among the distinguished men, in almost every profession, which Salem claims as among its sons, the name of Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., F. R. S., author ofthe Practical .Naviga tor, is identified with its fame and nautical achievements. Dr. Bowditch was born at Salem, March 26, 1773. He was taken from school at the age of ten years, and placed as an apprentice to a ship chandler. At the age of twenty -two, he went to sea, and spent nine years in the capacity of captain's clerk, su percargo, and finally, as master of a ship. In 1804, he became president of a marine insurance company, in Salem, which office he held until 1823, when his superior talents called him to become Actuary of the Massachu setts Hospital Life Insurance Com pany, in Boston ; the responsible and laborious duties of which office he faithfully discharged until his death, March 16, 1838. Notwithstanding his limited means of education, Dr. Bowditch acquired, by his extraordinary genius and econ omy of time, a perfect knowledge of all the modern languages, and became the most eminent mathematician and astronomer in America. The Practical Navigator has been translated into ev ery European language, and its use is coextensive with maritime adventures. Another work of Dr. Bowditch pla ces his name, as a man of science, still higher on the roll of fame. It is his translation of the Mecamque Ce leste, of La Place, with an elaborate and copious commentary on that work, in four large quarto volumes. This work was completed just before his death. CHURCHES AND MINISTERS FROM 1629 TO 1846. First Church. Rev. Francis Higginson, Samuel Skelton, Roger Williams, Hugh Peters, John Fiske, Edward Norris, John Higginson, Charles Nicholet, Nicholas Noyes, George Curwen, Samuel Fiske, John Sparhawk, Thomas Barnard, Asa Dunbar, John Prince, C. W. Upham, Set. 1629. 1629. 1631.1636.1636. 1640. 1660.1672. 1683. 1714.1718. 1736. 1755. 1772. 1779. 1824. dis. 1630. died 1634. res. 1635. res. 1641. res. 1639. died 1658. died 1708. res. 1676. died 1717. died 1717. res. 1735. died 1755. died 1776. res. 1779. died 1836. res. 1845. Second Church. Robert Staunton, 1719. died 1727. William Jennison, 1728. res. 1736. James Dimon, 1737. died 1788. William Bentley, 1783. died 1819. James Flint, 1821. Third Church. Samuel Fiske, Dudley Leavitt, John Huntington, Nath'l Whiltaker, Daniel Hopkins, Brown Emerson, 1736. res. 1745. 1745. died 1762. 1763. died 1766. 1769. res. 1774. 1778. died 1814. 1805. St. Peter's Church. Charles Brockwell, 1738. res. 1746. Wm. BlcGilchrist, 1747. died 1780. Robert B. Nichols, 1771. res. 1774. Nathaniel Fisher, 1782. died 1812. Thomas Carlisle, 1814. res. 1822. H. W. Ducachet, 1823. res. 1825. 262 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Rev. Set. Thomas W. Coit, 1827. res. 1829. Alex. V. Griswold, 1829. res. 1834. John A. Vaughan, 1834. res. 1836. Charles Mason, 1837. North Church. Thomas Barnard, 1773. died 1814. John E. Abbot, 1815. died 1819. John Brazer, 1820. died 1846. Tabernacle Church. Nath'l Whitaker, 1774. res. 1784. Joshua Spaulding, 1785. res. 1802. Samuel Worcester, 1803. died 1821. Elias Cornelius, 1819. res. 1826. John P. Cleaveland, 1827. res. 1834. S. M. Worcester, 1834. Branch Church. [Since 1S27 called Howard Street Church.] Joshua Spaulding, 1805. res. 1814. Henry Blatchford, 1818. res. 1620. William Williams, 1821. res. 1832. George B. Cheever, 1833. res. 1837. Charles T. Torrey, 1838. res. 1839. Joel Mann, 1840. First Baptist Church. Lucius Bolles, 1805. res. 1826. Rufus Babcock, 1826. res. 1834. John Wayland, 1834. res. 1841. Thos. D. Anderson, 1842. Freewill Baptist Church. [Christians.] Abner Jones, Samuel Rand, Moses Howe, Abner Jones, 1807. res. 1812. 1813. res. 1814. 1814. res. 1817. 1821. 1st. Universalist Cii;rch. Edward Turner, Hosea Ballou, Joshua Flagg, Barzillai Streeter, Seth Stetson, 1809. res. 1814. 1815. res. 1817. 1818. res. 1820. 1820. res. 1824. 1825. res. 1828. Rev. Set. Lemuel WiUis, 1829. res. 1837. Matthew H. Smith, 1838. res. 1841 Linus S. Everett, 1841. res. 1846. Ebenezer Fisher, 1847. St. Mary's Church. Bishop Cheverus and Dr. Ma- tignon from 1806 to 1811. Dr O'Brien, 1811. res. 1813. Bishop Cheverus and Dr. Ma- tignon from 1813 to 1819. Paul McQuaid, 1819. res. 1822. John Mahoney, William Wiley, John D. Brady, James Strain, Thos. J. O'Flaherty, 1842. First Methodist Episcopal Church. Jesse Filmore, J. B. Brown, J. Hamilton, S. C. Macreading, Aaron Waitt, J. Filmore, J. W. Downing, S. G. Hiler, J. Filmore, 1822. res. 1832. res. 1833. res. 1834. res. 1834. res. 1835. res. 1835. res. 1838. res. 1840. res. 1832. 1833.1834. 1834. 1835.1835.1838. 1839. 1844. This house is now occupied by the Second Universalist Church. Day K. Lee, 1845. res. 1848. B. F. Bowles, 1848. Independ. Congregational Church Henry Colman, 1824. res. 1832. Jas. W. Thompson, 1832. Second Baptist Church. George Leonard, 1826. res. 1828. Robert E. Pattison, 1829. res. 1830. C. P. Grosvenor, 1830. res. 1834. Joseph Banvard, 1835. res. 1846. Cromeie Street Church. WilUam Williams, 1832. res. 1838 Alex. J. Sessions, 1838. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 263 Second Methodist Church. Kev. Set. N. S. Spaulding, 1841. res. 1843. Joseph A. Merrill, 1843. res. 1843. David K. Merrill, 1843. res. 1845. Mr Moulton, 1845. Third Methodist Church. J. N. Mears, 1842. res. 1845. Samuel Palmer, 1845. Seamens' Church. Michael Carleton, 1842. Mormon Church. Elder Snow, 1842. SALISBURY. Essex Co. In 1638, this town was granted, by the name of Merrimack, to be a plantation, unto Simon Brad street, Daniel Dennison, and others. The year following, it was incorporat ed by the name of Colchester, and in 1640, assumed, by direction of the then general court, the name of Salisbury. It is seven by three miles in extent, and is bounded southerly by the river Merrimack, westerly by Powow river, which divides it from the town of Amesbury, northerly by the New Hampshire line, which separates it from the towns of South Hampton and Seabrook, and easterly by the sea. In 1643, the plantations in New Hampshire, viz., Hampton, Exeter, Portsmouth, and Dover, were united to Massachusetts, and, together with Salisbury and Haverhill, formed into a new and distinct county, called Nor folk, of which Salisbury was the shire town, and so continued to the year 1679, when New Hampshire was again separated, and formed into a royal government. In August, 1737, commissioners, appointed by the crown, met at Hampton Falls, for the purpose of setthng a controversy, re specting the boundary line, which had long subsisted between the two gov ernments of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. On this occasion the general court of New Hampshire con vened at Hampton, and that of Mas sachusetts at Salisbury. The first church in this town was formed in 1638 ; the first pastor was Rev. William Worcester, who came from Salisbury, in England, and was settled at the organization of the church. He died in 1662, and was succeeded by Rev. John Wheelwright. The third pastor was Rev. John Ai ling, who settled here in 1687, and died in 1696; he was succeeded by Rev. Caleb Cushing, in 1698. The fifth pastor was Rev. Edmund Noyes, who settled here in 1751, and died in 1809. The second Congregational church was founded in 1718. The first Baptist society was founded in 1779; the Methodist in 1805; the Christian in 1820 ; the Universalist in 1831 ; the Congregational Evangeli cal Union in 1835 ; and the Salisbury and Amesbury Mills Christian Union Society in 1833. There are two considerable villages in Salisbury; the largest is at the westerly part of the town, upon Pow ow river, at the head of tide water. The village is divided by said river into two pretty equal parts, one in Salisbury, the other in Amesbury. In that part of the viUage that lies in Salisbury, are two flannel factories, one two hundred feet long, and fifty feet wide, the other one hundred feet by forty feet. The establishment is called the Salisbury Manufacturing Corporation. Capital, five hundred thousand dollars. There is in this village a large tannery, and manufac tures of cotton goods, shoes, combs, boats, wherries, and molasses casks. These are the statistics of Salisbury in 1837, since which, the manufactur ing operations of this interesting town have greatly increased. The other village is pleasantly situ ated on the bank of the Merrimack,' 264 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. on a point of land formed by the junc tion of that river with, the Powow ; and is generally known by the dis tinctive name of " Webster's Point." Ship-building long has been, and still is, a principal branch of business in this place; and its character is well established for building excellent ves sels. There are many sail of vessels owned in this village, and employed partly in the coasting trade, and partly in the cod and mackerel fishery. The annual product of the manu factures of Salisbury, including ves sels, and of the fishery, is about seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Salisbury and Amesbury are finely located for business ; the villages are neat, and the scenery around them very pleasant. " Salisbury Beach " is noted for its beauty, and is much fre quented. It is a delightful place in summer ; about five miles from the town. See Amesbury. SANDISFIELD. Berkshire Co . This to wn is bound ed north by Tyringham and Otis, east by Otis and Tolland, south by Cole- brook and Norfolk, in the state of Connecticut, and west by New Marl borough. The town was incorporated in 1762, and first permanently settled in 1750. In 1819, "Southfield," or the "eleven thousand acres," was added to its territory. Sandisfield was never the residence of any tribe of Indians, though used by them as a hunting-field, as appears by the stone arrows found in the ground. The surface of the town is hilly in general ; the hills are to a considera ble height, but not abrupt, rising into large swells. In the south-east sec tion of the town, however, a consider able mountain rises on the western bank of Farmington river, known by the name of Hanging mountain. Its highest point of elevation is four hun dred and fifty feet above the bank, and presents to the south-east a mural perpendicular front, more than three hundred feet high. Large pieces of rocks, dislocated by the frost, or other causes, often faU from tl e jutting side with tremendous force. Farmington river runs near the east line of the town, through the whole extent, and affords many mill-seats and water privUeges. And there are other small streams intersecting the town, upon which are mills and other machinery. In the north part of the town, at the outlet of Spectacle pond, the water privileges are excellent. The soil is various, but generally of a good quality. It consists -of a moist loam ; stony in many places, and principally adapted to grazing. Some parts of the town, however, are suited to the cultivation of different kinds of grain. Formerly the raising of live stock of various kinds was the principal object of farmers; but for a number of years past, the dairj has been pursued with success, and car ried on extensively. A Congregational church was form ed here in 1756, when the Rev. Cor nelius Jones was settled. Mr. Jones was succeeded by the Rev. Eleazer Storrs, in 1766, and was followed by the Rev. Levi White, in 1798. Mr. White was dismissed in 1832, and was succeeded by the Rev. Piatt T. Holley, who was ordained the same year. Sandisfield lies about one hundred and fifteen miles west south-west from Boston, twenty-seven south south-east from Pittsfield, and about forty east by south from Hudson, on the Hud son river. SANDWICH. Barnstable Co. This town was granted to Edmund Freeman and oth ers, in 1637. Its Indian name was Shawme, and long after its first settle ment by the whites, was the residence of many of the natives of the forest, who perhaps enjoyed as good a loca tion for fishing and fowUng as any of their contemporaries. Sandwich is situated on the shoul der of Cape Cod, and although much of the soil is thin and sandy, yet there is not a little of an excellent quaUty- GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 265 It is watered by a number of streams which afford a good water-power ; and by numerous ponds, some of which are large, affording a variety of excellent fish. The forests afford an abundance of deer, and to the lov ers of rural sports, Sandwich and the neighboring towns of Barnstable and Falmouth have justly become favor ite resorts. Sandwichhas no goodharbor, within Ihe cape, but. navigable accommoda tions in Buzzard's Bay, at which are some ship-building, and a number of vessels owned and employed in fish ing and coasting. There are a num ber of flourishing villages in the town, and manufactures of salt, iron cast ings, stoves, nails, leather, tec ; but the principal manufacture, not only important to the town, but lo the state, is that of glass. The value of the New England glass ware manu factured here, has been fully tested, and found to be as clear, and stronger than any other now in use. The value of glass made at this place in 1836, was three hundred thousand dollars. It has been proposed to unite Mas sachusetts and Buzzard bays by a ship-canal through this town. The distance is five miles, and the route level. A glance at a map of New England shows most conclusively the immense advantages to be derived by such a work, or by the continua tion" of tbe Old Colony railroad from Plymouth through this town to Fal mouth. The Sandwich Collegiate Insti tute. This seminary of learning, for both sexes, has recently been estab lished at this place, by the Rev. Fred erick^ Freeman, of the Episcopal church, as principal and proprietor. None will be received as pupUs but such as board with the principal, it being his object to make the institu tion strictly a Family School, regu lated in all its arrangements with a view to improvement in morals and manners, as well as sound learning. The institution will not be limited to any definite course of study, it Being designed to afford all needed 23 facilities for tbe pursuit of any branch of science pertaining to practical life. Students will be received at any period of advancement in literature, and aid ed in securing higher attainments, whether in preparation for college, or, by a thorough and finished education, for respectability and usefulness in any of the honorable avocations of social life. The institution will be made to the pupil, as much as possible, a home, with all its comforts and de lights. The above school of Mr. Freeman is given up; but there is another school in this town which deserves high commendation. We allude to the Apple Grove Family School, lor young ladies, conducted by E. G. Wing, a lady of high attainments, and attached to the society of Friends. Sandwich lies twelve miles north west from Barnstable, sixteen south south-east from Plymouth, and fifty- three miles south-east from Boston. SAVOY. Berkshire Co. This town is bound ed north by Florida, east by Hawley, south by Windsor, and west by Ad ams and Cheshire. This is one of those wild mountain townships, whose soil and surface are better adapted to grazing than tillage. The people are generally farmers ; — grow wool, raise stock, keep dairies, and thrive. The most compact settlement is in the south part, on the road leading from Cheshire and Adams to Plain- field, &rc, at the confluence of the two streams which constitute the head waters of . Westfield river. This is sometimes called Savoy Village, but more commonly Savoy Hollow. A Baptist church was organized here in 1787, and Elder Nathan Hoskms, a native of Shutesbury, was ordained their first pastor, in the year 1789. A meeting-house was built in 1804. Savoy lies fifteen miles north-east from Pittsfield, twenty-four west from Greenfield, and about one hundred and fourteen west by north from Bos ton. 266 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. SAUGUS. Essex Co. This town formed the west parish of Lynn, until 1815, when it was incorporated, and received the Indian name of Lynn, and of the river that passes through the town. Saugus is bounded north by South Reading, east by Lynn, south by' Bos ton Bay, and west by Chelsea. Most of the land upon the river is excellent, and well cultivated. There are large tracts of salt meadow towards the sea, so large as to form one seventh part of the area of the town. The land back from the river is rough, and much of it covered with wood. Saugus is largely engaged in the manufacture of shoes, the value of which, ten years ago, was one hun dred and fifty thousand dollars, since which the business has much increas ed. There are also in the town man ufactures of morocco leather, choco late, snuff, cigars, bricks, wool clean ing, and dyeing of silks and woollens. Saugus river winds delightfully through the meadows, and makes a very picturesque appearance. On the west bank of this river, iron works were established in 1645. Near the banks of this river, a band of pirates concealed themselves in the year 1657 ; they were finally discovered, and three of the four which landed, were taken to England and executed. The one that remained, escaped to a cavern, in what is now called " Dungeon Pas- ture," in Lynn woods, where he lived till the great earthquake, in 1658, which rent the rock above, closed the entrance of the cavern, and buried him alive. The name of this man was Thomas Veal. The glen in which these pirates lived, was a se cluded spot, flanked by almost insur mountable crags. The well which they dug, and the garden they planted, are still perceptible. Veal's retreat is much visited by the curious. It was blown up, on the 4th of July, 1834, but nothing was found. Saugus lies eight miles south-west from Salem, and about the same dis tance north from Boston. SCITUATE. Plymouth Co. This town, suppos ed to be named from its Indian name, Satuit, lies at the mouth of North riv er, in Massachusetts Bay, and has a convenient harbor, two miles north of the mouth of the river, defended by rocky cliffs, and Cedar point, on which is a light-house. The North river rises near the sources of the Taunton. It passes Pembroke, Hanover, and Marshfield, and meets the tide-water here. This river is very deep, narrow, and crook ed, and is noted for the fine ships built on its banks. The manufactures of Scituate con sist of leather, boots, shoes, tacks, ves sels, &c. The value of vessels annu ally built is about forty thousand dol lars. These vessels are of superior mechanism, and are built of native white oak, remarkable for its durabfl- ity. There are a number of vessels be longing to this town employed in the merchant service and coasting trade, and the cod and mackerel fishery is extensively pursued. The town extends back from the bay a considerable distance ; it con tains large tracts of salt meadow and some valuable upland. Rev. John Lothrop, the first pastor in the first north or lower society, ar rived at Scituate in 1634. He re moved, with the greater part of his church, in 1639, and settled Barnsta ble. His successor was Rev. Charles Chauncy, who afterwards was elected president of Harvard College. This town suffered much during King Philip's war, and many of its people were slain. In this large town are a number of handsome vUlages, and some pleasant ponds. The principal villages are those at the harbor, Liberty Plain, and Snappet, on the border of Hano ver. From Snappet village to the harbor is about seven mUes. Scituate harbor lies twenty -five miles south-east by east from Boston, and seventeen north north-west from Ply mouth. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 267 SEEKONK. Bristol Co. In 1812, the west part of Rehoboth was incorporated into a distinct township, by its Indian name of Seekonk. This word in the Indian language is the name for the wild or black goose, and this place probably received its name from the circumstance that great numbers of wild geese used frequently to aUght in Seekonk river and cove. Seekonk is bounded on the north by Pawtucket, east by Rehoboth, south by Barrington in Rhode Island, and west by Seekonk and Providence riv ers. There is considerable water-power in the town, and several large cotton factories and manufactures of vari ous other articles. The first Enghsh mayor of the city of New York, the worthy Thomas Willet, Esq., lies buried in a seques tered "spot, in this town. He died in 1674, aged sixty-four. The depot of the Boston and Provi dence raUroad is on the border of this town, on Providence river, about a mile below the centre of the city of Providence. From this depot to the Seekonk depot, in the centre of the town, is two and a half miles ; from thence to Boston is thirty-eight and a half miles, and to the village of Paw tucket is about two miles. SHARON. Norfolk Co. This town was origi nally the second parish of the old town of Stoughton, and was incorpor ated in 1765, by the name of Stpugh- tonham, but the name becoming dis tasteful and unpopular, was soon changed to the more euphonic and scriptural name of Sharon. The natural scenery of this town is exceedingly beautiful and picturesque. It is the height of land between Bos ton and Providence ; and several streams of water here take their rise, which, running in opposite directions, fall into Massachusetts and Narra ganset bays. Mashapog pond is a beautiful lake, more than a mile in length, containing five or six hundred acres, and rests upon a bed of iron ore. When the water is low, large quantities of the ore are taken out by machines constructed for the purpose. During the latter part of every sum mer, the water changes its color to a greenish-yellow, and so continues for some- time. While this process of fermentation (if so it may be called) is going on, there is no perceptible difference in the taste of the water. This pond is now claimed as private property, and is kept as a reservoir to supply the mills below in the dry sea- : son of the year. The public are per mitted to use it for the purpose of fishing and pleasure-boat excursions. The outlet is into Neponset river ; but the pond being situated on a summit- level, a slight excavation on the south ern border would make a new outlet, and turn all its surplus water into Taunton river. Moose hill is the most elevated of a range of hills in the westerly part of this town. It is easily accessible. From its summit there is one of the most rich, commanding, and beauti ful views in New England. This town contains three houses for public worship. The Boston and Providence railroad passes near its centre. It contains one woollen and two cotton mills, situated on Masha pog brook; the pond alone supply ing sufficient water to drive the ma chinery. The pursuits of the people are principally agricultural, but there are manufactures of boots, shoes, lea ther, straw bonnets, wool-cards, axes, machinery, joiners' gauges, &c. ; an nual value about one hundred thou sand dollars. It is seventeen miles, by railroad, south-west from Boston, nine south from Dedham, and twenty-four north east from Providence. SHEFFIELD. Berkshire Co. The Indian name of this town was Houssatonnock. It was first settled in 1725, and at its incorporation, in 1733, it was named after a town in England. 268 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. "Mr. Obadiah Noble, from West- field, was the first white man who re sided in the town. He spent the first winter here with no other human be ing than the Indians. In spring, he went back to Westfield, and in June returned with his daughter. The first church in this town was organized on the 22d of October, 1735. Mr. Jona than Hubbard, of Sunderland, and a graduate of Yale College, was ordain ed their pastor on the same occasion." This town includes an extensive vale, and, except on the east, is gene rally level. In that part there is an extensive chain of considerable hills, extending from one end of the town ship to the other. On the west it is mountainous. Taconic, or Mount AVashington, as this part of the Ta conic range is more generally called, is about two thousand five hundred feet in height, and presents a magnifi cent spectacle. A part of this moun tain is within the limits of Sheffield. This town affords an abundance of white marble, and much of an excellent quality. The soil of the township is generally producti ve, and in the vale easily tilled. Large quantities of hay are easily obtained from the ex tensive intervales lying upon the river. The Housatonic, which passes through the length of the town,' is here, a si lent, sluggish stream, from six to eight rods in breadth. From this town, it passes into Connecticut, and, flowing through the western part of the state, empties into Long Island Sound. Sheffield is one of those delightful towns, so richly decorated with lovely valley and majestic mountain scenery, in which the traveller wishes to Unger a month, to gaze and admire. The village is on the west side of the river ; it contains many handsome buildings, and is full of rural simplicity and beauty. There are manufactures in the town of leather, marble, lime, hats, ploughs, &c, but the inhabitants are chiefly employed in agricultural pur suits", by which they live and prosper. The value of their wool in one year, has amounted to twelve thousand dollars. The Housatonic railroad passes through the village, eighteen miles from West Stockbridge, eighty from Bridgeport, Connecticut, and from thence, by water, sixty miles to New York. By the Housatonic and west ern railroads, Sheffield is twenty-nine miles from Pittsfield, one hundred and eighty from Boston, and fifty-six from Albany. To Hudson, on the Hudson river, by the old road, is twenty-seven miles. .. SHELBURNE. Franklin Co. This town, until 1768, was a part of Deerfield, and called "Deerfield North-West." At its incorporation it was named for Lord Shelburne. Shelburne is bounded north by Coleraine and Leyden, east by Green field and Deerfield, south by Conway, and west by Ashfield and Buckland. Deerfield river passes through the town, and in its course falls nearly fifty feet in the distance of forty rods, thereby producing a great hydraulic power. On the banks of this river Shelburne Falls village has sprung up, and promises to become a large manufacturing place ; already the manufactures are important. This village is very neat and handsome, and surrounded by charming scenery ; among other buildings, it contains a well endowed academy. This town is celebrated for its good schools and attention to mental culture. The first Congregational minister in Shelburne was the Rev. Robert Hubbard, in 1773, the second, the Rev. Jesse Townsend, in 1792; the third was the Rev. Theophilus Pack ard, D. D., in 1799, who was suc ceeded by his son, of the same name, in 1828. The first Baptist church was formed here in 1788. From Shelburne Falls village, at the west part of the town, to Green field, is seven miles. When the "Iron Horse" reaches Greenfield, he will doubtless visit this and other towns on one of the most beautiful rivers in ihe country. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 269 SHERBURNE. Middlesex Co. This town is bounded north by Natick east by Medfield and Dover, south by Hollis ton, and west by Hopkinton. At the time of its incorporation, in 1674, there were twenty families in the town. Its Indian name was Bogges- tow. The first minister was the Rev. Daniel Gookin, in 1718. Sherburne is watered by Charles river on its eastern boundary, and by several brooks and pleasant ponds. The soil of Sherburne is very good and productive. It contains many skilful farmers, and some delightful farms. The village is on elevated land; it is pleasant, and commands good prospects. The manufactures of the town consist of straw bonnets, boots, shoes, leather, axes, forks, ploughs, muskets, and whips. Sherburne lies eighteen miles south west from Boston, and sixteen south from Concord. From the principal village in this town to the Framing ham depot of the Worcester railroad, is about four miles north ; from thence to Boston is twenty-one miles. SHIRLEY. Middlesex Co. Before its incorpo ration, in 1753, the territory of this town was the south-west part of Gro ton. The lands in Shirley are rather level and low ; the soil of some part of them is cold and unproductive ; but generally they make good farms ; some parts of the town, particularly along the streams, are under a high state of cultivation, and very produc tive. Shirley is separated from Groton by Nashua river, and from Pepperell by the Squanicook, a branch of the Nash ua. These streams afford Shirley a fine water-power. There are several woollen and cotton mills in the town, and manufactures of boots, shoes, paper, leather, palm-leaf hats, &c. The union of a good hydraulic pow er with a speedy communication to the metropolis, and with a vast extent of country to the northward and west ward, by railroads, renders Shirley u. 23* favorable location for large manufac turing concerns. In the south part of the town is a pleasant village, through which the Fitchburg railroad passes. This vil lage lies eighteen and a half miles north-west from Concord, thirty-eight and a half north-west from Boston, and eleven and a half miles east by south from Fitchburg. About a mile south of this village is a family of more than a hundred of those most singular of all living creatures, denominated Shakers, or a United Society of Believers. Their territory lies partly in Shirley and partly in Lancaster. They own about the same quantity of land as their brethren at Harvard ; and their occu pations are much the same. Their neat viUage is in Shirley. See Har vard, and Hayward's Book of Reli gions. SHREWSBURY. Worcester Co. This town pre sents to the eye an uneven surface, variegated with hills and valleys. A range of highland, extending from north to south, passes through the middle of the town. The numerous swells and tracts of rolling land, which are most of them in good cultivation, are to be seen in all directions from the middle of the town, and give a pleasing variety to the landscape. The town is well watered by springs and rivulets, though there are no large rivers in the town. Long pond, called by the natives Quinsigamondr lying in this town by the line of Wor cester, is a beautiful piece of water. It lies in the form of a crescent, nearly four miles long as it runs, and from one hundred rods to near a mile in width. The water is, in general, of considerable depth ; in some places it has been found to be ninety feet deep. There are twelve islands in this pond, of various sizes. Stratton's Island, which contains one hundred and fifty acres under cultivation, has several families living upon it. Some of the other islands are more or less culti vated. This pond is the principal feeder of Blackstone canal. In the 270 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. south-west part of the town is a large meadow, which contains excellent peat. The manufactures of Shrewsbury consist of clothing, guns, hats, chairs, straw bonnets, leather, boots, shoes, &c. ; the value of which, during the year ending April 1, 1837, was two hundred and eleven thousand two hun dred and eighty-seven dollars. The first church was gathered in this town on the 4th of December, 1723. Rev. Job Cushing was settled as their pastor on the same occasion. He died in 1760, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Sumner, D. D., who was ordained in 1762. The next minister, Rev. Samuel B. Ingersoll, was settled in 1820, and died the same year. He was succeeded, in 1821, by Rev. Edwards Whipple. Rev. George Allen, the next pastor, was settled in 1823. Artemas Ward, the first major gen eral in the American army, was born in this town in 1727, and died here in 1800. After the arrival of Wash ington, in 1775, the command of the right wing of the army, at Roxbury, was entrusted to his care. He re signed his commission in 1776, though he continued for some time longer in command, at the request of Washing- Ion. Levi Pease, the father of mail stages in this country, was for many years a resident of this town. He died here in 1824, aged eighty-six. Mr. Pease was a man of great enterprise; he projected the first turnpike road in New England, and to his zeal and sacrifices the public is more indebted than to any other man, for its excel lent mail establishment. At the time Mr. Pease started his first line of mail stages between Boston and New York, in 1784, the mail between those places passed only once a fortnight, on horse back, in a pair of saddlebags. Shrewsbury lies thirty-six miles west south-west from Boston, and six miles east by north from Worcester. From the village near the centre of the town to the Westborough depot, on the Worcester railroad, is about six miles ; from thence to Boston is thirty- two miles. SHUTESBURY. Franklin Co. This is the moil southern town in the county. It was called Roadtown from the time of its grant, in 1734, to its incorporation, in 1761. It was first settled by people from Sudbury, about the year 1738. Shutesbury is bounded north by Wendell, east by Prescott and New Salem, south by Pelham, and west by Amherst and Leverett. The town is well watered by branch es of Mill river, which rise here ; and by Swift river, which passes through the town, and by several of its tribu taries, which also rise here. The surface of the town is elevated, and many parts of it are hilly and rocky ; in some parts the soil is thin, and not very productive ; but in other parts the soil is fertile, particularly along its numerous brooks and riv ers. At the north-west corner of the town, about four miles from the cen tre village, is Lock's pond, a sheet of water, covering about seven hundred acres, well stocked with fish of vari ous kinds. This pond has a northern and a southern outlet. Near this beautiful little lake is a neat village, where some manufacturing operations are going on. There is a mineral spring of some note near the centre of the town. It is said to have been opened by an earthquake, in 1815. How or when it was opened we are not certain ; but certain it is that it was first discovered about that time, and that it abounds in muriate of lime, a medicinal qual ity of much value in various diseases. This spring is frequently visited, and good accommodations are provided for guests. Ephraim Pratt lived in this town many years, and died here in 1804, aged one hundred and sixteen years He married at the age of twenty-one, and could count one thousand five hundred descendants. He was a very temperate man, so much so that for forty years he took no animal food. He was a farmer ; and his health was so uniformly good, that he was able GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 271 to mow a good swath one hundred and one years in succession. He was !?c/rn at Sudbury, 1687. Shutesbury centre village lies six teen miles south-east from Greenfield, seventy-four west by north from Bos ton, and about sixteen miles north north-east from Northampton. SOMERSET. Bristol Co. This was formerly the Indian ¦ Shemamet, and called the Shewamet purchase ; a part of'Swan- sey, at its incorporation as a town, in 17y0. It is bounded north by Digh ton, east by Taunton river, which di vides it from the town of Fall River, south by Mount Hope Bay, and west by Swansey. This town enjoys almost unlimited navigable facilities ; it extends its whole length and breadth on the deep, navigable waters of Taunton river and Mount Hope Bay ; besides, a part of its western boundary is Lee's river, jutting up from Mount Hope Bay ta Swansey village. This town com prises Long Pointand Shawmut Neck, at the mouth of Taunton ri ver. There are some, manufactures in the town, particularly of stone and earthen wares, of which large quanti ties are made ; but navigation and its kindred branches occupy the atten tion of most of the business part of the community. A large number of fine vessels are annually built at this place, and many are owned here, en gaged in the merchant service, the fisheries, and coasting trade. From Slade's Ferry, across Taun ton river, to Fall River village, is about a mile and a half south. For distances, see Fall River. SOMERVILLE. Middlesex Co. This is a new town, having been set off from Charlestown, and incorporated by an act of the leg islature, in 1842, and contained, at that time, a sparse population, of about eleven hundred. The town is pleasantly located : a considerable part of it is elevated above the surrounding country. The celebrated hills called Winter Hill and Prospect Hill, the lat ter of which more particularly is a distinguished spot in revolutionary annals, having been occupied for some time as the encampment of the American troops after the battle of" Bunker Hill, are comprised in the town of Somerville. The town is bounded in part by Charlestown, Mys tic river, Medford, West Cambridge, Cambridge, and East Cambridge ; and is divided from the latter in part by Miller's creek, and an arm of Charles river. Since the town has been incor porated, its growth and prosperity have been very rapid. Its fine loca tions for dwellings have been improv ed, and a large number of pleasant and handsome houses have been erected, both on what is called the Winter Hill road, and the Milk Row road. A portion of Prospect Hill, ex tending towards West Cambridge, and called Spring Hill, has been mostly laid out into lots, and made accessible by wide streets, which have been opened. No less than three important lines of railroads pass through the town, one on the north side, the Maine ex tension railroad, extending through Essex county to New Hampshire and Maine ; on the south-westerly side, the Fitchburg railroad, extending to a part of Worcester county, New Hamp shire and Vermont ; and in the centre, the Lowell railroad, extending to the manufacturing region of Lowell, Man chester, Nashua, and Concord, New Hampshire. Recently, the inhabi tants have erected a handsome church, on an elevated position, on Spring Hill, which has been dedicated, and is now occupied for religious services. It is of the Unitarian denomination. A new church, of the Baptist denom ination, has also just been erected, nearly on the dividing line in Charles town, on the Winter Hill road, where a large portion of the population can be accommodated. The town is also provided with schools, a fire depart 272 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ment, Sec ; but we believe has no alms-house, and only one town pauper. Population in 1845, about one thou sand seven hundred. The McLean Asylum for the In sane is in this town, of which an ac count will be found under State Insti tutions. A small stream, called the Shawshine, runs through the town, and affords some considerable fishing privileges, as some hundreds of bar rels of alewives are annually taken from it. The Milk Row Bleaching Company have their extensive works in this town, under the superintend ence of Major Alfred Allen, and a large amount of business is done by the company. The most extensive and beautiful views of the city and surrounding country are to be had from the tops of Winter and Prospect hills, well worth the walk there to en joy. Distance from Boston about three miles north-west. SOUTHAMPTON. Hampshire Co. This town was the second parish of Northampton until its incorporation, in 1753. It is bound ed north by Westhampton and East- hampton, east by Northampton and West Springfield, south by Westfield, and west by Norwich and Montgomery. This town is well supplied with mill sites, by Manham river, a con siderable stream. The course of this river is singular. It rises in West hampton, and passes through the west erly part of this town, to the border of AVestfield; it then turns abruptly, traverses the central and eastern parts of this town, and falls into the Con necticut at Northampton. The Hampshire and Hampden ca nal passes through the eastern part of the town. Lead, in various forms and qualities, is found here ; and here is a subterraneous passage leading to a lead mine. This is an artificial ex cavation, mostly in solid rock, of nine hundred feet in length, and large enough to admit a boat. It is a curi osity, and is much visited. There are some manufactures in the town, but the people are generally employed in agricultural pursuits, and the soil is well adapted to that pur pose. Southampton is pleasantly situated, eight miles south south-west from Northampton, and twelve miles north west from Springfield. To Boston, by the railroads, is one hundred and eighteen miles. SOUTHBOROUGH. Worcester Co. This town is bounded on the north by Marlbo rough, from which it was taken, in 1727. It has Framingham on the east, Hopkinton on the south, and Westborough and Norlhborough on the west. A church was organized here in 1730. Rev. Nathan Stone was settled the same year, and preached till his death, in 1781. This is one of the prettiest towns in the county. It is not large, but large enough for one municipality. The sur face is gently undulating; with Pine and Breakneck hills, just high enough to give a fair view of the delightful country surrounding them. The soil is a strong, gravelly loam, rich, well cultivated, and productive of all the fruits of the earth common to a New England climate, with an abundance for domestic uses and the market. Sudbury river, which rises in West borough, passes the southern border of this town, and divides it from Hop kinton. Stony and Angle brooks and some smaller streams afford the town an ample water-power for do mestic use wilh some to spare. There are some manufactures in this town, but the people are mostly engaged in cultivating their lands, gardens, and orchards ; and, by great industry and skill, have rendered themselves independent. Southborough Centre and Fryville are neat and pleasant villages. The latter is about a mile and a half east ward of the former. The Centre vil lage is about five miles from the Wor cester railroad depot at Westborough, from which, to Worcester is twelve miles west, and to Boston thirty-two east north-east. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 273 SOUTHBRIDGE. Worcester Co. This town was incorporated in 1816.- It was taken mostly from Sturbridge, but consider able portions from Charlton and Dud ley. It was formerly called Honest Town. It is bounded east by Dudley and Charlton, north by Charlton, west by Sturbridge, and south by Wood stock, Connecticut. It is about fifty- nine miles south-west from Boston, nineteen miles south south-west from Worcester, nine miles south from the Charlton depot of the western rail road, and about the same distance west from the Webster depot of the Norwich and Worcester railroad. Population in 1845 about two thou sand six hundred. The land is generally uneven and hilly, but of good quality for grain, fruit, pasturage, &c. The Quine- baug river, an excellent and perma nent mill stream, passes through the centre and principal parts of this town, uniting with French river, and other streams, to form a branch of the Thames. This river, with the favor able location of the town, has, within the last thirty years, led to the intro duction of manufacturing to a large extent. There are now three cotton mills, besides the site of the Colum bian mill, destroyed by fire, in De cember, 1844, on which other works will soon be erected. The woollen establishment of the Hamilton Wool len Company is one of the most ex tensive in the country. It has for merly been confined to broadcloths, but the proprietors have lately intro duced, and are now successfully pros ecuting the manufacture of muslin de laines, and other fancy cloths, for gentlemen and ladies' dresses. The Central Manufacturing Company, in the centre village, have also recently commenced the manufacture of this article, and other descriptions of fine fancy wool and worsted goods, for ladies' dresses, using the best models of machinery from England. Be sides the cotton and wopllen manu factories in this town, a large amount of boots, shoes, and other articles, and some fine cutlery are produced. A church was organized here in 1801, and the Rev. Jason Park was ordained the first pastor, in 1816. There are now four meeting-houses in the town, viz., Baptist, erected in 1800 ; Congregationalist, in 1821 ; Universalist, in 1842, and Methodist, in 1843. The town has a large and commo dious town-house, with a hall for town business, and upper rooms occu pied for a high school, which is now, and has been for several years, suc cessfully sustained, and well attended. The public schools are in seven dis tricts, and generally employ about ten teachers. The amount of money raised for schools is one thousand dollars. In general, it may be said, the town has a good, productive soil, with pleasant, attractive, and flourishing villages. SOUTH HADLEY. Hampshire Co. This towm was formerly the second parish of Hadley, and was first settled about the year 1721. It lies on the east side of Con necticut' river, about six miles south by east from the centre of Northamp ton, and about fourteen north from Springfield. The soil of the town is generally of a good quality and productive. The surface is varied from that of the rich and lovely meadows on the Connecti cut, to the lofty summit of Mount Ho lyoke. Tbe village in the centre of the town is very pleasant ; it lies about three miles north of the village at the falls. Hockanum is a small village nearly opposite to Northampton ; where we cross over to visit Mount Holyoke. There is a canal in this town, two miles long, on the east side of Con necticut river, and a dam across the river of eleven hundred feet, which is constructed to overcome a fall in the river of fifty feet. This dam produces a water-power of great extent. The 274 SOUTH HADLEY. canal has five locks, and a cut through solid rock of forty feet in depth, and three hundred in length. There are large manufactures in the town of paper, and woollen goods, but there remains a large volume of water unimproved. Here are also manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, iron, pearl buttons, &c. Blount Holyoke, on the northern borders of this town, rises eight hun dred and thirty feet above the level of the Connecticut at its base, and from its summit presents probably the rich est view in America, in point of culti vation and fertile beauty, and is quite a place of fashionable resort. "It is a part of a mountain ridge of green stone, commencing with West Rock, near New Haven, and proceeding northerly, interrupted by only occa sional valleys, across the state of Con necticut, until it enters Massachu setts between West Springfield and Southwick, and proceeds along the west line of the first-named place, and along the east line of Westfield, East- hampton, and Northampton, to the banks of Connecticut river. Until it reaches Easthampton its elevation is small ; but there it suddenly mounts up to the height of a thousand feet, and forms Mount Tom. The ridge crosses Connecticut river in a north-east direc tion, and curving still more to the east, passes along the dividing line of Am herst and South Hadley, until it ter minates, ten miles from the river, in the north-west part of Belchertown. All that part of the ridge east of the river is called Holyoke; though the prospect house is erected near its south-western extremity, opposite Northampton, and near the Connec ticut." "In the view from Holyoke we have the grand and beautiful united ; the latter, however, greatly predomi nating." "On the west is seen, a Utile elevated above the general level, the populous village of Northampton, with its elegant public and private buildings; a little more to the right the neat and substantial villages of Hadley and Hatfield ; and still further east and more distant, Amherst, wth its college, gymnasium and academy, on a commanding eminence, form a pleasant resting-place to the eye. On the south is seen the village of South Hadley. - Springfield and other places south, indistinctly visible along the banks of the Connecticut, and even the spires of the churches in Hartford may be seen in good weather, just rising above the trees. With a tele scope, the elevated peaks in the vicin ity of New Haven may be seen. Facing the south-west, the observer has before him the ridge called Mount Tom, which rises one or two hundred feet higher than Holyoke." " In the north-west the Graylock may be seen peering above the Hoosic, and still farther north, the Green mountains shoot up beyond the region of clouds. Near at hand, in the valley of the Connecticut, are seen the insulated Sugar-Loaf and Toby, presenting their fantastic outlines ; while far in the north-east rises in insulated grandeur the cloud-capt Monadnoc." Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. This is an institution of great prom ise, and from which the best results may be anticipated. It was incorpor ated a few years since, and is under the direction of a board of trustees. Its design is to give a solid, extensive, and well balanced English education to females, connected with that gene ra] improvement, that moral culture, and those enlarged views of duty, which will prepare them to become instructors. The institution is in tended to be permanent, and. to be placed on as lasting foundations as our colleges are for the other sex. All the teachers and pupils consti tute one family, and all the pupUs are to perform a part of the domestic la bor of the household. The buildings are large and commodious, and their site, in the viUage near the centre of the town, is unrivalled for the beauty and majesty of its scenery. This institu tion can accommodate two hundred and fifty scholars. The terms per annum, are sixty dollars. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 275 SOUTH READING. Middlesex Co. This town was formerly the south parish in Reading, and was. first settled in 1639. The first settled minister was the Rev. Henry Green, in 1645. South Reading has ii varied and pleasant surface, with a good soil, but a large part of its inhabitants are en gaged in the manufacturing business, particularly that of shoes. In 1844, when its population was about sixteen hundred, the value of shoes made was two hundred and twenty thou sand dollars ; of tin ware, twenty -five thousand dollars ; of medicines, twen ty thousand dollars ; of razor strops, five thousand dollars, and of shoe tools, five thousand dollars ; total value of manufactures, two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. The town is well watered by Sau gus river, and two delightful ponds. The village near the centre of the town is compact, neat, and flourish ing. The Boston and Maine railroad passes through the town. South Reading lies ten miles north from Boston, ten miles west from Sa lem, and fifteen mUes south-east from LoweU. The following are from the ancient records of the parish : — 1662. "This year the town. ordered that no woman, maid, nor boy, nor gall shall sit in the South Alley and East Alley of the M. House, upon penalty of twelvepence for every day they shall sit in thej alley after the present day. It was 'further ordered, •That every dog that comes to the meeting after the present day, either of Lord's day or lecture days, except it be their dogs that pays for a dog whipper, the owner of those dogs shall pay sixpence for every time they come to the meeting, that doth not pay the dog whipper.' " 1667. " This year the town contain ed 59 dwelling-houses. It was order ed, that every dog that comes into the meeting-house in time of service shall pay sixpence for every time he comes." SOUTHWICK. Hampden Co. This town was for merly the south part of Westfield. It was first settled about the year 1734. A Congregational church was organ ized here in 1773, and the Rev. Abel Forward was settled the same year. This town is elevated, but not mountainous ; it comprises a varied surface, with much good land. It is watered by Little river and some small streams. The Hampshire and Hampden canal passes through it, and receives a large portion of its waters from Congamnck pond, a long and large collection of water at the south eastern part of the town. The manufactures of the town con sist of gunpowder, leather, and vari ous other articles. Southwick is bounded north by Westfield, east by West Springfield, south by the state of Connecticut, and west by Granville. It will be seen, by a map of the state, that a part of the territory of this town is composed of a projection into the state of Connec ticut of about three miles square. This is owing to an error in an old survey. Previous to 1800, it was a subject of controversy between the two states ; but since that time the title of Massachusetts has not been contested. Mr. Richard Dickinson, who died in this town in 1824, appropriated sev enteen thousand dollars in his will for the benefit of the schools. A sum not exceeding one half goes to the support of a grammar-school, and the remain der to the district schools. The inter est only is appropriated. The gram-. mar school has been commenced, and is free to the youth of Southwick. There is a very pleasant vUlage in this town, which lies ten miles west south-west from Springfield, and six miles south of the Westfield de pot, on the western railroad, one hun dred and eight miles from Boston. The village in the south part of the town is pleasant ; it is about three miles from the other. Both viUageb are about a mile from the pond. 276 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. SPENCER. Worcester Co. The whole of this town was included in Ihe original grant of Leicester. It was made a parish in the year 1744, by the name of the West Parish of Leicester, and incorporated a town in 1753, by the name of Spencer. The church was organized here in 1744, and Rev. Joshua Eaton was ordained their pastor the same year. He continued with the people till his death, in 1772, and was succeeded, the next year, by Rev. Joseph Pope. The next minis ter was Rev. Stephen Crosby, who was settled in 1819. Mr. Crosby was succeeded by Rev. Levi Packard, in 1826. This town is elevated, and is said to be nine hundred and fifty feet above the tide-waters in Boston harbor. The surface is rough and uneven, but the soil is very fertile. It is watered by many streams, which run through the different parts ; but none of them are of much size. Seven-mile river is the largest. The manufactures of Spencer, are considerable ; they consist of woollen goods, scythe snaiths, straw bonnets, leather, boots, shoes, cabinet ware, chairs, palm-leaf hats, harnesses, &c. Spencer lies eighteen miles west by south from Worcester, by the western railroad, which passes through the town, and sixty-two miles west by south from Boston. SPRINGFIELD. Hampden Co. This is the chief and shire town of the county, and one of the most beautiful and important inland towns in New England. It is situated on the east bank of the Con necticut river, ninety-eight miles west by south from Boston, one hundred and two east by south from Albany, New York, twenty five from Hart ford, Connecticut, and twenty south from Northampton. Along the river are rich alluvial meadows, highly productive ; and back of them the grounds rise to con siderable elevation, and terminate in a plain of moderate fertility, extend ing east to Wilbraham. The busi ness part of the town is chiefly on Main street, which is spacious, nearly three miles in length, and contains many elegant buUdings. The street runs parallel with the river ; and east of it, on the rising ground, are many handsome private residences over looking the town. Springfield is the centre of a large inland and river commerce ; its natu ral and artificial advantages render ing it one of the most important com mercial depots on Connecticut river. Being nearly equi-distant on the line of the western railroad from Boston and Albany, and the terminus of the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield rail road, which is about being extended to New York; and also of the Springfield and Northampton railroad, which is in progress of completion to Greenfield, and will doubtless, in time, be extend ed much farther up the Connecticut valley, and even to Montreal, in Can ada. During the season of naviga tion, steamboats for the transportation of passengers ply between this place and Hartford, and freight boats to and from towns both above and below. There are in the town twenty churches ; six Congregational, one Unitarian Congregational, one Epis copal, four Methodist Episcopal, two Wesleyan Methodists, three Baptists, two Universalists, and one Roman Catholic ; three banks, the Spring field, Chickopee, and Cabotville ; five weekly papers are published here, the Republican, Gazette, Post, Washing- tonian, and Chronicle, and one daily, the Republican. The United States Armory, the largest and most important of the kind in the Union, is situated bere. The principal buildings are on elevated grpund, about half a mile from Main street. They are built of brick, and are handsomely arranged around a square, presenting a fine appearance. From twelve thousand to fifteen thou sand muskets are annually manufacT tured; and one hundred and fifty thousand are stored in the arsenal's connected with the establishment". SfRLNGFlEl.il. 277 About two hundred and fifty men are constantly employed in the various branches of manufacture. Springfield abounds in excellent water-power ; that of the Chickopee alone, within the limits of the town, it has been ascertained, is fully equal to that of the Merrimack at Lowell ; not half of which is yet occupied. And in manufacturing importance, Spring field is second only to" LoweU in New England. On Mill river are extensive paper, cotton, and iron casting manufactures, mills, and mechanical establishments. Also machine shops connected with the United States armory. CabotviUe, three miles north from the railroad depot, on the Chickopee river, is a large manufacturing vil lage. Three cotton manufacturing companies are established here ; the Cabot, Perkins, and Dwight, with a capital of one million seven hundred thousand dollars in all, and seven mUls, running fifty-three thousand spindles, with an annual consumption of twelve thousand bales of cotton, and a man ufacture of sixteen million yards of cloth, giving employment to fifteen hundred operatives. Also the Ames Company are largely engaged in the manufacture of swords, brass cannon, bells, machinery, and cutlery. This is the only place in the country where any considerable business is carried on in the manufacture of swords. The whole process, from the forging of the blade to the most exquisite fin ish, being done within the estabhsh ment. Chickopee Falls, a mile and a half farther up the Chickopee, is another considerable manufacturing village. The Chickopee company is established here, with a capital of seven hundred thousand dollars, having four mills, running twenty-two thousand five hundred and forty-four spindles, with an annual consumption of five thou sand bales of cotton, and a manufac ture of six million five hundred thou sand yards of cloth, giving employ ment to eight hundred operatives. There are also in the place extensive 24 manufactures of paper, iron castings, carbines and pistols, machinery, &c. Springfield was settled in 1635, then called Agawam, its Indian name. William Pynchon, Esq., who may be considered as the father of the town, with others, under the authority of the general court of Massachusetts, re moved from Roxbury, and commenced building a house on the west side of the river. Being informed by some friendly Indians that the house would be exposed to the flood, they aban doned it, and erected another on the east side. In 1640, the name of the town was changed from Agawam to Springfield. Some uncertainty exists as to the date of its incorporation; most probably, however, it was in 1641. Its limits, by various purchases from the natives and grants from the legislature, be came very extensive, embracing a tract nearly twenty-five mUes square, including many of the present sur rounding towns on each side of the river. For forty years after the commence ment of the settlement, the inhabitants lived in peace with the surrounding Indian tribes. During "King Phil ip's war," Springfield suffered with the other, settlements. On the 5th of October, 1675, an attack was made on the town by three hundred warriors. Three men and one woman were killed, and thirty dwelling-houses and twenty-five barns were destroyed. During the Massachusetts insurrec tion, in 1786, Springfield was in part the theatre of the movements of the insurgents. On the 20th of Decem ber, Shays marched into the town with about three hundred malcontents, and took possession of the court-house, and prevented the sitting of the court appointed to be holden at that time. In the January following an attempt was made to take possession of the United States arsenal. Shays, at the head of eleven hundred men, marched forward for this purpose. General Shepard, who, with a con siderable force, had taken post near the arsenal, for its defence, sent word 278 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. to tne insurgents to discontinue their approach. No regard being paid to this request, they were fired upon by Shepard, and three men were killed, and one wounded; whereupon the whole body were thrown into confu sion, and precipitately retreated. Since then, the town has rapidly increased. In 1791, the population was 1,574; in 1810, 2,767; in 1820, 3,914; in 1830, 6,784; in 1840, 10,985 ; and in 1845, 14,703. At the November election in 1844, the whole number of votes cast, was two thousand four hundred and nine, exceeding in amount, the entire pop ulation in 1800. STERLING. Worcester Co. This was for many years the second parish of Lancaster, and was first settled as early as 1720. Its Indian name was Chockset. At its incorporation, in 1781, it was named in honor of Lord Sterling, of New Jer sey, an American general. Sterling is a large town, bounded on the north by Leominster, east by Lan caster, south by West Boylston, and west by Princeton. The surface of the town is hilly and uneven, but there is very little broken or waste land in it. The soil is fertile, producing in rich abundance, to repay the husbandman for its culti vation. The land is naturally moist, and by the help of the rivulets, the water may be turned over the sides of most of the hills. There is but one river in the town, caUed Still river, from the placid motion of the waters. In the central part of the town, there is an uncommonly beautiful little vil lage, consisting of a number of church es, and about forty dwelling-houses. The manufactures of the town con sist of leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, straw bonnets, scythe snaths, and especially of chairs and cabinet- ware, of which a large amount is an nually made. There are in this town many large and well cultivated farms, and the people generaUy are good farmers, and find the business both healthful and lucrative. A church was gathered here in 1744, and the Rev. John Mellen was settled as pastor the same year. He was succeeded by the Rev. Reuben Holcomb, in 1779. Sterling lies twelve miles north from Worcester, ten south south-west from the Shirley depot, on the Fitch burg railroad, and forty west by north from Boston. STOCKBRIDGE. Berkshire Co. The surface of this town is exceedingly varied, from tall and majestic mountains to deep and lovely valleys. The soil in the valleys is rich, and produces great crops of grain and hay, and the higher grounds afford the -sweetest pasturage. Its water-power is large and very exten sive. Stockbridge mountain hes at the west, and Monument mountain at the south part of the town, and in the south-east corner the Beartown moun tains rise. On the height of the north west spur of these mountains, is a very narrow and deep ravine, per haps a quarter of a mile long, where the rocks of every size and form, are thrown together in the wUdest confu sion. This is called the "Ice Hole," from the fact that ice remains in this chaos through the year. On the east side of the town, and wholly within its limits, is Rattlesnake mountain, about two miles in length, and capable of cultivation in most places to nearly its summit. This is one of the very few single mountain elevations in New England. The Housatonic enters the town from Lee, along the northern base of the Beartown mountains, and takes first a western, then a northern, then again a western, and then a southern direction, passing round Monument mountain into Great Barrington. Its windings are many, and extensive meadows he on its borders. This receives Konkapot brook, a sluggish stream, from the south, and STOCKBRIDGE. 279 Barnum's brook, Great pond brook, and Mohawk brook, from the north. There are a number of large and oeautiful ponds in the town, which serve to swell the Housatonic. The manufactures of the town con sist of cotton and woollen goods, pig iron, iron castings, leather, machinery for boring iron and wood, chairs, boots, shoes, &c. ; annual value about five hundred thousand dollars. The ministry of the gospel com menced in this town, by the establish ment of a mission church for the Indians, by the Board of Commission ers for Indian Affairs, in Boston, in the year 1734 ; and perhaps there never were more faithful and success ful pioneers in this glorious work. From time to time, individuals from English families were united to the church, until the English professors became the most numerous. Succession of the Clergy of the First Church. Kev. Set. X. John Sergeant, 1735, died 1719, 39. Jona. Edwards, 1751, died 1758, 54. S. West, D. D., 1759, died 1819, 83. E. G. Swift, 1810, dis. 1818. David D. Field, 1819. Near the centre of the town is a delightful village, situated on an ele vated plain, between the river and what the Berkshire people modestly call the " Hill," but which the " down easters" would term a mountain. In this vUlage are a number of beautiful buildings, both for public uses and pri vate dwellings. Most of them are on a broad street, running from east to west, and lined on each side with trees. Here, one can but stop to ad mire the works of nature in her boldest and softest exhibitions, united to the beauties which civilization and refinement have mingled with her charms. This village lies about seven miles south-east from the depot of the west ern railroad at West Stockbridge, from which it is eleven miles to Pitts field, and one hundred and sixty-two to Boston. To Pittsfield, by the old road through Lenox, is about twelve miles north. Stockbridge Indians. This town ship was granted to the River or Hous atonic Indians in 1734, and in 1739, the settlement called " Indian Town" was incorporated by its present name, from a town in England; and from that time to the present, the people of this tribe have been called the " Stock- bridge Indians." The Indian name of the place was Muhhekaneews, signifying, as they say, " the people of the great waters, con tinually in motion." " Their history, as derived from the traditions of their ancestors, by one of the tribe," says President Dwight, "is summarily the following : — '' They came from a distant coun try, west by north ; i. e., a country lying in that direction from Stock- bridge ; crossed over the great waters which separate that country from this, and after a series of pilgrimages, ar rived on the borders of Hudson's river. Here they settled, and spread through the neighboring country. Their an cestors, they say, were much more civilized than their descendants ; lived in towns and villages, and were very numerous ; but, being dispersed by a famine, they were obliged to seek for subsistence in distant regions. In the progress, they lost their arts and man ners ; or in the language of the histo rian, 'apostatized.' Before they be gan sensibly to diminish, they could furnish, on any emergency, a thou sand warriors ; and of course consist ed of about four or five thousand per sons ; probably, however, not more than four thousand." A particular history of this people would be deeply interesting; as a tribe, they were peaceable, tractable, and intelligent ; ever friendly to the people of the United Slates, and nevei guilty of an act of hostility towards one of its citizens. They remained in this town until after fighting the bat tles of the revolution, when they be gan, in 1783, to emigrate to the coun ty of Oneida, in the state of New 2S0 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. York, where the Oneida Indians had given them a township. Having sold their lands in Stockbridge in 1788, they had all, in number about four hundred, reached their new homes, which they called New Stockbridge. After remaining in New York thirty- four years, they removed to Wiscon sin, where they tarried in another New Stockbridge seventeen years. They then ceded their lands to the government, and now the greater part of this tribe reside near Fort Leaven worth, on the western bank of the Missouri, where, it is said, they are quite civilized, and still retain the good impressions acquired by the ex ample and precepts of their faithful missionaries. They however live in constant dread of the influence of the white man's star, which is continually gliding westward. The sentiment of the poet is ever in their minds : — "They waste ns — aye, like April snow In the warm noon, we shrink away; And fast Ihey follow, as we go Towards the selling day — Till they shall fill the land, and we Are driven into the western sea." STONEHAM. Middlesex Co. The territory of this town comprised the north part of Charlestown until its incorporation, in 1725. It is bounded north by Read ing, east by Saugus, south by Med ford, and west by Woburn. There is some good land in Stone ham, and the soil is generally of a gravelly loam, but it is too rough and stony for easy cultivation. The man ufacture of shoes is much pursued in this town, and large quantities are made. Spot pond, a beautiful sheet of wa ter, covering an area of two hundred and eighty-three acres, lies in this town. Its southern edge is on the line of Medford. It is one hundred and forty-three feet above sea-level. Stoneham lies nine miles north from Boston, len west south-west from Sa lem, and about two miles east from the Boston and Lowell railroad at Woburn. STOUGHTON. Norfolk Co. This town was origi nally a part of Dorchester, and was named in honor of William Stoughton, lieutenant-governor of the province of Massachusetts Bay, from 1692 to 1702. The town of Stoughton was incorporated in 1726, and at that time included within its limits the present towns of Canton, Sharon, Stoughton, and the largest portion of Foxborough. Some of the head-waters of Neponset and Taunton rivers rise in this town. The records of the proprietors of Dorchester Swamp, (situated in this town,) were, by a resolve of the gene ral court, ordered to be deposited in the Registry of Deeds for the county of Norfolk. They consist of surveys of lots of land made by Mr. Blake, more than a century ago, interspersed with scraps of original poetry and other curious matters. The highest land in the town is a hill called the "Pinnacle," the sum mit of which commands an extensive view, including Boston harbor. There are a woollen and two cotton mills in the town, and manufactures of boots, shoes, shoe-tools, and boot- forms ; total value of manufactures the year ending AprU 1, 1837, exclu sive of cotton goods, five hundred and twenty-five thousand nine hundred and forty dollars ; of which four hun dred and eighty-seven thousand three hundred and ninety dollars were for boots and shoes. The number of per sons employed in manufactures was nine hundred and twenty. The busi ness of manufacturing boots and shoes has probably doubled since 1837. A large village of shoe manufac turers has, within a few years, "sprung up as if by enchantment." There are in the town five houses of public worship, and a spacious and commodious town house. The Stoughton Branch Railroad Company, chartered in 1844, have completed a railroad from the viUage above named to the Canton depot of the Boston and Providence railroad ; distance about four miles; cost of road about eighty thousand dollars GAZETTEER OF B1ASSACHUSETTS. 281 Tnis town lies eighteen miles south from Boston, and ten south-east from Dednam STOW. Middlesex Co. This is an ancient town. It was first settled about the year 1650. The Indians had two names for it, from two hills ; Pom- pascitticutt and Shabbukin. It is bound ed north by Boxborough and Acton, east by Sudbury, south by Marlbo rough, and west by Bolton. The surface of the town is varied by hill and vale ; the soil in many parts is light and sandy ; but it con tains much good land for cultivation ; hops are raised here in large quanti ties, and some of the product of the dairy is sent to market. The Assabet river passes through the town, and affords a good water-power. The manufactures of the town consist af woollen goods, leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, &c. Stow lies eight miles west south west from Concord, and three miles from the Fitchburg railroad at Acton, which is twenty-five miles from Boston . STURBRIDGE. Worcester Co. This town was formerly called Tantuesque by the In dians, and New Medfield by the Eng lish. It is bounded north by Brook field, and south by the state of Con necticut. This is a very pleasant town, and is well watered by Quinebaug river. The surface of the town is uneven and hilly, and the soil bard to sub due ; but it has become productive, by good management, of exceUent crops. There are some good fish ponds in the town, which serve to swell the Quine baug. There are five eotton mills in Stur bridge, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, chairs, cabinet-ware clothing, palm-leaf hats, trunks, har nesses, chairs, wagons, sleighs, pocket rifles, bitts and augers ; annual value about two hundred thousand dollars. Sturbridge lies eighteen miles south west from Worcester, sixty west south west from Boston, and about seven miles south of the western railroad at Brookfield. SUDBURY. Middlesex Co. This ancient town is situated on the west side of a river of the same name. It is watered by a small stream, a branch of Sudbury river, and has some water-power. There is a paper mill in the town, a plough factory, and manufactures of boots, shoes, &c. The surface of the town is pleasant, and rather romantic. The river di vides it from Wayland. Along the borders of this river are large tracts of low meadow land, some of which is very valuable. Sudbury was first settled in 1638. In 1676, about seventy men, on their march for the relief of Marlborough, fell into an ambuscade with the In dians ; twenty-six of the English were left dead on the field; the residue were captured, and many of them af terwards tortured and slain. West of Sudbury causeway, is a monument erected to their memory, by President Wadsworth, of Harvard College, a son ofthe captain ofthe band. Sudbury lies nineteen miles west from Boston, six south south-west from Concord, and eight north from the Worcester railroad at Framing. ham. SUFFOLK COUNTY. See Boston and Chelsea. Also, State Tables. 24* 282 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. SUNDERLAND. Franklin Co. This town lies on the east side of Connecticut river, ninety miles west from Boston, and nine south by east from Greenfield. It was taken from Hadley in 1718. The central village of Sunderland is pleasantly situated on a fine inter vale of land on the east bank of Con necticut river. It consists of about fifty dwelling-houses and a Congrega tional church. The village street is about three fourths of a mile in extent. The North village is about three miles from the centre, and contains about fifteen or twenty dwellings and a Baptist church. Plum Tree viUage is three miles south, and is about the size of the north village. At the cen tral village there is a bridge over the Connecticut, eight hundred and fifty- eight feet in length ; it was built in 1832, at an expense of twenty thou sand dollars. The viUage is hand somely buUt, and the scenery in the vicinity is uncommonly interesting ; the Sugar-loaf mountain rises at about half a mile's distance, on the western bank of the river, in solitary and strik ing grandeur ; whUe Mount Toby rises to the eastward. Mount Toby is a sand-stone moun tain, elevated about a thousand feet above Connecticut river, and lies part ly in Sunderland and partly in Lever ett, and is almost covered with forests. On the north-west side of this moun tain, in the north part of Sunderland, are a cave and fissure which have at tracted some attention. This moun tain is composed of pudding-stone, and the small stones within it are round and smooth, as though washed by the ocean ; they are of various sizes, and of every color. On one side of this mountain is a cavern be tween fifty and sixty feet in depth, and one hundred and forty-eight feet in length ; and other ruptures seem to indicate some great change in this mountain since its formation. The people of this town enjoy a fine display of grand and lovely scenery ; they are generally good farmers, and noted for their good schools and phi lanthropic dispositions SUTTON. Worcester Co. The territory Of this town was purchased of the In dians about the year 1704. It 13 bounded north by Millbury and Graf ton, east by Northbridge, south by Douglass, and west by Oxford. This is a pleasant town, and exten sively engaged in manufacturing. It is watered by the Blackstone river, and the Blackstone canal passes on the northern border. The township is generally hilly, though of good soil. It contains soap-stone, and exceUent granite for building. The manufactures of Sutton consist of cotton and woollen goods, machin ery of various kinds, scythes, boots, shoes, tec. ; amounting annually to about half a miUion of dollars. There are a number of neat ?md handsome villages in the town ; that near the centre, Wilkihsonville, at the north part of the town, and Man- chaug, at the south, are the principal. There are a number of beautiful ponds in Sutton, and a great curiosity, called "Purgatory Cavern." This cavern is a fissure in gneiss, nearly half a mile long, in most parts partially filled by the masses of rock that have been de tached from the walls. The sides are often perpendicular, and sometimes seventy feet high, being separated from each other about fifty feet. The first church in Sutton was organized in the fall of 1720, and Rev. John McKinstry ordained their pastor. He was a native of Scotland, and was there educated. He was dismissed in 1728, and was succeeded the next year by Rev. David Hall, D. D., who, after a life of usefulness, died 1789. He was succeeded by Rev. Edmund Mills, in 1790. The next pastor, Rev. John Maltby, was ordained in 1826. His successor, Rev. Hiram Tracy, was ordained in 1835. The second parish in Sutton was incorporated by the legislature in 1743. Rev. James Wel- man was their first pastor, ordained in 1747. The first Baptist society in the town was formed in 1785, and Rev. Benjamin Marsh was orlained their elder. Of the Baptist .vciely in the south-east part of the town, Elder GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 283 William Bachelder was the first pas tor, ordained in 1792. The centre village in Sutton lies nine miles- south by east from Wor cester, forty miles west south-west from Boston, three south-west from Wilkinsonville, four north from Man- chaug, and about five miles east from the Worcester and Norwich railroad at Oxford. SWANSEY. Bristol Co. The name of this town was originally spelt Swansea, from a town in Wales. Its Indian name was Pockanocket. This town is bounded north by Re hoboth and Dighton, east by Somer set, and south south-west and west by Mount Hope Bay, Warren and Bar rington, Rhode Island. Between Lee's and Cole's rivers, two arms of Mount Hope Bay, lies Mattapoiset Neck, about three miles in length, at the head of which is Swansey village, a place of considera ble trade and navigation. This town is favored with good navigable wa ters, 'and an hydraulic power. Ship building is carried on here to some extent, and here too are manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, paper, and many articles for domestic use. This is an interesting town, and will be memorable on account of its being the place where the first Eng lish blood was shed in " King Philip's War." Philip having laid his plans for the extermination of the English, his warriors were so impatient, that he was obliged to promise them that on the next Lord's day, when the English were gone to meeting, they should rifle their houses and kill their cattle. Accordingly, on Sunday, June 20th, 1675, he permitted his men to march out into the neighborhood of Swansey, and to annoy the English by killing their cattle, thus hoping to provoke them to commence the at tack ; for it is said a superstitious opinion prevailed among them, that the side which did the first execution would finally be conquered. Ths In dians were so insolent in their deport ment and language, that an English man was so provoked that he fired upon one of them and wounded him. This, according to Mr. Hubbard, in his " Indian Wars," was the first gun fired. According to tradition, this In dian who was wounded, after killing a number of cattle in the field, went into the man's house and demanded liquor; being refused, he attempted to take it by violence, and at the same time threatened revenge ; this caused the Englishman to fire upon him. The Indians upon this commenced open war. To as late a date as 1840, this town had been without a church of the Con gregational order. In 1649, Obadiah Holmes and others, of that part of Re hoboth now a part of Swansey, hav ing embraced the Baptist sentiments, withdrew from the Congregational church, and set up a separate meet ing of their own. The attempt to break them up, and the persecution they received, increased the number of Baptists. In 1663, they were much strengthened by the arrival of Rev. John Myles, with part of his church, which he had formed at Wales, whence he had been ejected for non-conform ity. In the year of his arrival, Mr. Myles formed a Baptist church in Rehoboth, now Swansey, it being the fourth formed in America. These and subsequent proceedings were deemed such an evil by the rest of the inhabitants of the town, and of the colony generally, that the court of Plymouth was called on to interfere. Each member of this new church was fined five pounds, prohibited from worship for the space of one month, and they were advised to remove from Rehoboth to some place where they might not prejudice any existing church. They accordingly removed to Barrington, Rhode Island. There are now three or four Baptist churches in Swansey, and a Union meeeting-house, where all denomina tions of Christians have the privUege to worship. Swansey lies four miles north-west from Fall River, thirteen south by west from Taunton, forty-eight south 284 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. from Boston, and thirteen miles south east from Providence, Rhode Island. TAUNTON. Bristol Co. This very beautiful town, one of the shire towns of the county, was incorporated in 1639, and made the county town in 1746. It was named for a town in England, from which some of the first settlers came. Its Indian name was Cohannet. About the period of its settlement, Miss Elizabeth Pool, a lady of family and fortune, from Taunton, in Som ersetshire, England, conceived the bold design of occupying the territory of Cohannet. It appears that an ar dent desire of planting another church in the American wilderness, induced this pious puritan lady to encounter all the dangers and hardships of form ing a settlement in the midst of the Indians. She died in 1654, and her kinsman placed over her grave a stone with an inscription which com memorates her virtues. In Lechford's pamphlet, entitled "News from New England," pub lished in London in 1642, is the fol lowing .- — "Cohannet, alias Taunton, is in Plymouth patent. There is a church gathered of late, and some ten or twenty of the church, the rest exclud ed ; Master Hooke, pastor ; Master Street, teacher. Master Hooke re ceived ordination from the hands of one Master Bishop, a school-master, and one Parker, a husbandman, and then Master Hooke joyned in ordain ing Master Street. One Master Dough ty, a minister, opposed the gathering of the church there, alleging that ac cording lo the covenant of Abraham, all men's children that were of bap tized parents, and so Abraham's chil dren, ought to be baptized ; and spoke so in publique, or to that effect, which was held a disturbance, and the min ister spake to the magistrate to order him ; the magistrate commanded the constable, who dragged Master Dough ty out of the assembly. He was forced lo go away from thence with his wife and children." Taunton is situated at the junction of Mill river with the Taunton, and possesses an admirable water-power. Mill river is formed of severa- streams which rise in the northern pari ofthe county, and Scaddings pond, in the north part of the town. Taun ton river, the Tetiquet of the Indians, rises in the county of Plymouth, and falls into Blount Hope Bay. The Taunton and its branches water the towns of Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plympton, alLthe Bridgewaters, Raynham, Taunton, Berkley, Dighton, Freetown, Fall River, and Somerset. It is navigable to Taunton, for small vessels, and with its contemplated improvement, steamboats will be en abled to run to Taunton, and thus be come another channel of conveyance between Boston and New York. This river is celebrated for the great and widely distributed water-power it pro duces, and for the multitude of ale wives within its waters. There is some excellent land in the town, under a high state of cultiva tion ; but the attention of the people is turned rather to manufacturing than to agricultural pursuits. There are in the town a large number of cotton mills, print works, paper mills, nail factories, forge, furnace, &c. Here are also manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, chairs, straw bon nets, books, bricks, vessels, &c. ; the annual value of which, as early as 1836, was about a million and a half of dollars, since which, every branch of manufacture has greatly increased. There is some navigation owned in this town, which is employed in the coastwise trade and domestic fishery. The manufacture of Britannia ware at this place, is of recent origin in this country, and proves successful. The articles manufactured, are tea- sets, castors, urns, and all the varie ties of that description of ware. The quality of the metal, and beauty of the polish of this ware, is said to equal any imported from "Britannia." The village in the centre of the town contains a large number of handsome public and private build ings, tastefully located around a beau- GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2S5 tiful enclosure, called " Taunton Green." This public walk is orna mented with trees,., which heightens the beauty of this delightful village. There are a number of beautiful ponds in the town, and some high grounds, from which delightful pros pects are obtained; but in the neat and flourishing vUlages scattered along on the banks of its rivers is an intrinsic charm blended with the nat ural beauties of the town. This place has long attracted the attention of skilful mechanics and men of wealth, and is fast filling up. The Mount Pleasant Cemetery, near " Taunton Green," is on a spot of ground of diversified surface, and laid out with much taste and judg ment, on the plan of that of Mount Auburn, near Boston. In this ceme tery the ladies of Taunton have erect ed a chaste and beautiful marble monument to the memory of Miss Poole. The following is the ancient inscription on her tomb-stone : — ¦ " Here rest the remains oi'Elizabeth Poole, a native of Old England, of good family, friends, and prospects, all of which she left in the prime of her life, to enjoy the religion of her conscience in this distant wilderness ; a great proprietor of the township of Taunton, a chief promoter of its set tlement, and its incorporation in 1639 — 40 ; about which time she settled near this spot, and having employed the opportunity of her virgin state in piety, liberality, and sanctity of man ners, died May 21, 1664, aged 65." Taunton is approached from all points with great facility, by the different lines of railroads connected with that of the Taunton and New Bedford, which passes through the town. The village of " Taunton Green " lies thirty-five miles south from Boston, twenty north north-west from New Bedford, seventeen north by east from FaU River, and twenty- eight east by north from Providence. Plymouth, by the old road, lies twen ty-eight miles east by north from Taunton. TEMPLETON. Worcester Co. This is a fine farming town, with a pleasant sur face, and fertile soil, it is bounded north by Winchendon, east by Gard ner, south by Hubbardston, and west by Phillipston. It lies twenty-six miles north-west from Worcester, fif teen west by south from Fitchburg ; from which to Boston is fifty miles. The raUroad from Boston to Vermont passes through the town. Templeton is somewhat elevated, and sends branches both to Miller's river on its north, and to the Chicko pee on its south. These streams af ford the town a constant and valuable water-power, which is rapidly im proving for manufacturing purposes. Along the streams are fine intervales, and the town is well supplied with all the varieties of woods for timber and fuel. There are a number of pleasant vil lages in the town ; that in the centre is very handsome. Baldwinsville and Dedmunsville, two neat and flourish ing manufacturing villages, of recent growth, are situated at the north part of the town, on Otter river, a branch of the Miller's. These villages, with their water-power and easy communi cation with Boston by railroad, give to them great promise of increase. The value of goods manufactured in this town nine years ago, amounted to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; since that time the amount is greatly enhanced. The articles man ufactured at that time consisted of woollen goods, boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, shovels, hoes, spades, forks, palm-leaf hats, chairs, carriages, cabinet, tin, and wooden wares. This town sends to market a large amount of the fruits ofthe soil. The first church was gathered here in 1755, and Rev. Daniel Pond was ordained pastor. He was dismissed in 1759, and succeeded by Rev. Ebe nezer Sparhawk in 1761. The next minister, Rev. Charles Wellington, was ordained in 1807. Rev. Lemuel P. Bates was installed pastor of the second church in 1833. He was suc ceeded by Rev. Lewis Sabin, in 1837 286 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. TEWKSBURY. Middlesex Co. Tewksbury was formerly an Indian village, a part of Billerica, and called Wamesitt. It is bounded northerly by Belvidere, a part of Lowell ; north-east by Ando ver, south-east by Wilmington, south by BUlerica, and west by Concord river, which divides it from Chelms ford and Lowell. The centre of the town lies five miles south-east from Lowell, and twenty north north-west from Boston. The Boston and LoweU railroad passes through the south western corner of the town, about two miles south-west of the centre village. The surface of this town is rather level, with a thin soil, better adapted to the growth of hops and rye than other crops. The first settled minister in Tewks bury was the Rev. Sampson Spauld ing, in 1737 ; the second, the Rev. Titus T. Barton, in 1792; the third, the Rev. Jacob Coggin, in 1806. TISBURY. Dukes Co. This is the central of the three towns on the island of Mar tha's Vineyard. It extends from Vineyard Sound on the north, to the sea on the south, and has Edgartown on the east, and Chilmark on the west. The noted harbor of "Holmes' Hole," in this town, is on Vineyard Sound. This harbor is large and safe, and of a sufficient depth of water for the largest merchantmen. It is much frequented by vessels passing through Vineyard Sound, particularly when the winds are contrary. The village at this harbor is pleasant, large, and quite a place of business. A number of vessels belong here engaged in va rious nautical pursuits. Good and faithful pilots reside here, to assist the inexperienced navigator in his pas sage along this dangerous coast. There are some highlands near the harbor, but the town is generaUy level. There is much good land in the town, in a state of cultivation, some that is covered with wood, and some that is low and swampy. In common with the neighboring towns of Ed gartown and Chilmark, this town pos sesses much delightful marine scene ry. There are some manufactures in the town of salt, leather, boots, shoes, hats, &c. Some articles of agricultural products are sent from the island beside large quantities of wool. Lagoon lake or pond communicates with Holmes' Hole by an opening which is only four rods wide and seven feet deep at high water. It is supposed formerly to have been wider and deeper, and to have been a part ' of the harbor. The pond is three miles in length and one mile in width, and in several places forty feet in depth. Newtown pond, in the south part of Tisbury, is a mile and a half long, and has a natural communication with the sea, through which the tide rises and falls. The largest brooks in the island empty into the head of this pond, not more than one hundred rods apart, one running from the west and one from the north-west. On the easterly side of this pond are a number of deep coves, around which is much marshy land. The wells in this town, and in other parts of the island, are not deep, the water in them being on a level with the sea. The common depth is from fifteen to twenty feet. The wa ter in them is soft, and of a good quality, and will wash as well as rain water. Rev. John Mayhew began to preach at Tisbury in 1673, but was not ordain ed. Rev. Josiah Torrey was ordained in 1701 ; Rev. Nathaniel Hancock in 1727; Rev. George Damon in 1760, and was dismissed about 1779. Rev. Asa Morse was installed in 1784, and dismissed at his request in 1799. He was succeeded in 1801, by Rev. Nym- phas Hatch. " Holmes' Hole " village lies eight miles north-west from Edgartown, six miles south-east from Woods' Hole, twenty-two east south-east from New Bedford, and seventy-seven south south-east from Boston. Across the sound to Falmouth is about six miles GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 287 TOLLAND. Hampden Co . This town was taken from Granville and Sandisfield, in 1810. The territory was formerly called Southfield. It is bounded north by Otis and Blandford, east by Gran ville, south by Colebrook, Connecti cut, and west by Sandisfield. This township is on elevated land, which is adapted for grazing. Con siderable quantities of butter and cheese are produced. It is watered by Farmington river, the western boundary of the town, which is here a beautiful and lively stream. The Rev. Roger Harrison was or dained here in 1798, and resigned in 1822. He was succeeded by Rev. Ben net F. Northrop, in 1827, who resigned the next year. The celebrated mis sionary, Gordon HaU, was a native of this town. Tolland has a neat village in the centre of the town, and a new one has sprung up on the border of the river, called New Boston. These vil lages are nearly four miles apart. The centre village lies twenty-two railes west from Springfield, one hun dred and twenty west south-west from Boston, and fifteen from Westfield depot. TOPSFIELD. Essex Co. Before the incorpora tion of this town, in 1650, it was called by the Indians Sheweenemeady, and by the whites, New Meadows. This is a very pleasant town, watered by Ipswich river and its branches. The surface is agreeably diversified by hills and valleys. There are some fine tracts of intervale in the town, and the uplands possess a strong soil, rendered productive by industrious and skilful farmers. The principal manufacture is that of boots and shoes, in whiah about eight hundred hands are employed, making annually a very large amount. This town lies twenty-one miles north by east from Boston, and nine north by west from Salem. The cen tre village is about four miles west from the depot at Hamilton, on the eastern railroad. Topsfield was first settled about the year 1642. Among the names of the first settlers were Peabody, Perkins, Clark, Cummings, Bradstreet, Gould, Town, Easty, Smith, and Wildes; many of whose descendants now cul tivate the soil of their progenitors. TOWNSEND. Middlesex Co. This town was formerly a part of "Turkey Hills," or Fitchburg, and was called North Town. A church was gathered here October 16, 1734, and the Rev. Phin ehas Hemenway was settled the same day. Townsend is bounded north by Ma son and Brookline, New Hampshire ; east by Pepperell, south by Lunen burg, and west by Ashby. The surface of this town is gener ally level ; there is a good deal of pine plain in the town, particularly in that part of It through which the great road passes. These plain lands, how ever, produce good crops of grain, while the higher lands afford good crops of hay and rich pasturage. The Squanicook, a good mill stream, rises in this town, and joins the Nashua in Shirley. On this stream, at the eastern part of the town, is a plea sant, flourishing little village, called " Townsend Harbor," where some manufacturing operations are per formed. About four miles west from Towns- end Harbor is the west village, a very pleasant place, and a site of consider able trade with the surrounding coun try. Among a number of handsome buildings in this vUlage, is one devoted to the improvement of the female mind, a well conducted Female Semi nary, a rich ornament to any town or viUage. This seminary went into operation in 1835. It has proved highly successful. Its number of stu dents is about one hundred and fifty. At Centreville, a neat village about equi-distant from the other, is an acad emy for youth of both sexes. 2SS GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. The manufactures of Townsend consist of leather, palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, ploughs, straw bonnets, fish barrels, nail kegs, dry casks, &c. Townsend west village lies twenty- five miles north-west from Concord, eight north north-east from Fitchburg, and forty-two north-west from Boston. TRURO. Barnstaele Co. Truro lies on both sides of Cape Cod, between Wellfleet and Provincetown. It was the Pamet of the Indians. Pamet river, which sets up from Cape Cod Bay, about the centre of the town, affords a good harbor for fishermen; it lies about nine miles south-east from Province- town harbor. There is in this town, near the light house, a vast body of clay, called ihe " Clay Pounds," which seems provi dentially plaeed in the midst of sand hills, for the preservation of this part of the cape. There are also in the town a number of beautiful ponds, and two hundred acres of peat land. Although there is but little vegeta tion at Truro, and the people are de pendent almost entirely for most of their food on other places ; yet there are but few towns in the state where the people are more flourishing and independent in their circumstances. To such towns as this, old Massachu setts looks with pride for one of her chief resources of wealth — the fishery ; and for men of noble daring in all her enterprises on the ocean. In 1837, there were sixty-three vessels owned at Truro, employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, measuring three thousand four hundred and thirty- seven tons ; the product of which, in one year, was sixteen thousand nine hundred and fifty quintals of cod fish, and fifteen thousand seven hundred and fifty barrels of mackerel, valued at one hundred and forty-five thou sand three hundred and fifty dollars. The number of hands employed was five hundred and twelve. The value of salt manufactured annually, is about twenty thousand dollars. There are ateo manufactures of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, &c. No one would suppose that this was much of a wool-growing place ; and it is not so in regard to the quantity grown, but much so as it regards its means. In 1837, the people of Truro sheared four hundred sheep of their own rearing. If the single county of Penobscot, in Maine, would produce as much wool, in proportion to its ter ritory and the quality of its soil, as the town of Truro, there would be no cause of strife about the tariff on wool or woollen cloths; for the quantity would be sufficient to clothe aU the inhabitants on the globe. Pamet vUlage, at the head of the river of that name, is very pleasant and flourishing, and is a fine location, and easy of access, for all those who wish to enjoy sea air and bathing, and marine scenery, in their greatest per fection on terra firma. Another neat settlement, called Pond Village, lies about three miles north of Pamet, on the road to Provincetown. This town, it is said, was sometimes called Dangerfieid, previous to its in corporation in 1705. In common with other towns on the cape, its people are greatly exposed to the dangers of the sea, which almost surrounds them. The awful gale, of October, 1841, brought the keenest anguish to the bosoms of thousands, particularly to the inhabi tants of Truro. In one day, sixty of its manly youth, and active men of mid dle age, found a watery grave, leaving twenty-seven widows, and fifty-one children, besides a numerous train of other relatives and friends, to mourn their melancholy fate ! Truro lies thirty-seven miles below Barnstable ; from Boston, by land, one hundred and two, and about sixty by water. "Here lie the Remains of ye Revd- Mr. John Avery, who departed this life y 23d of April, 1754, in the 69th year of his age, and 44th of his minis try, the first pastor ordained in this place. " In this dark cavern, or this lonesome grave, Here lays the honest, pious, virtuous Friend; Him, kind Heaven to us as Priest & Doctor gave; As such he lived, as such we mourn his end GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 289 TYNGSBOROUGH. Middlesex Co. The territory of this town was formerly attached to Dunstable. It was incorporated as a district in 1789, to enable it to receive a donation from Mrs. Sarah Winslow, daughter of Ebenezer Tyng, for whom the town was named. The Rev. Na thaniel Lawrence, the first minister in the town, was settled in 1790, the year of its incorporation as a town. This is a pleasant town, on both sides of Merrimack river. In the cars between Lowell and Nashua, we ride through this town, on the west bank of the Merrimack, which here is wide, placid, and majestic, and adds much to the beauty of the place. There is not much water-power in the town, and the soil is light and sandy. Large quantities of granite are quarried here, hammered, and fit ted for various uses, and taken down the river. Here are also manufac tures of brushes, barrels, boots and shoes. "The name of the first white in habitant," (says Mr. Lawrence, in his history of Tyngsborough, in the Col lections of the Massachusetts Histori cal Society, 1815,) "was Cromwell, originally from England, but last from Boston. It is about one. hundred and fifty years since he erected a hut in this place, on the bank of the Mer rimack, for the purpose of trading with the Indians. This, at that time, was the only English settlement on the south to Woburn, and on the north between there and Canada. Crom well, for some time, carried on a lucra tive trade with the Indians, weighing their furs with%is foot, till, enraged at his supposed or real deception, they formed the resolution to murder him. This intention was communicated to Cromwell, who buried his wealth and made his "escape. Within a few hours after his flight, a party of the Penna- cook tribe arrived, and not finding the object of their resentment, burnt his hut. Some time after, pewter was found in the well, and an iron pot and trammel in the sand; the latter are preserved. The present owner of the place was ploughing near Ihe spot, and found his plough moving over a flat stone, which gave a hollow sound. On removing the earth and stone, he discovered a hole, stoned, about six inches in diameter, from which he took a sum of money." Tyngsborough, by the raUroads, lies eight miles west by north from LoweU, thirty-four north-west from Boston, seven south from Nashua. and forty-two south by west from Concord, New Hampshire. By the old road to Concord, in this state, it is about seventeen miles. TYRINGHAM. Berkshire Co. This town was first settled in 1739. A church was formed here, and the Rev. Adonijah Bidwell was settled as pastor, in 1750. It is said to have received its name at the suggestion of Lord Viscount Howe, a few days before he fell in battle at Ticonderoga, July 6, 1758, who owned lands in Tyringham, in England. This town is twice crossed by two heavy ranges of hills, which run in an easterly and westerly direction. One of these stretches along the northern border of the town ; the other, a little above the south line, takes a westerly direction, and after passing a few miles, rises and spreads into the Bear town mountains. In the hollow be tween these ranges, the Hop brook, rising in a small pond in Otis, flows westerly and discharges itself into the Housatonic in Lee. It derives its name, in common with the intervale and settlement on its borders, from the wild hops which formerly grew upon its banks. In this town are a number of ponds and small rivers, whose waters fall into the Housatonic. Although the surface of the town is rough and une ven, yet the soil is strong and produc tive of the common varieties of agri cultural product, especially of the fruits of the dairy. The manufactures of the town con sist of paper, iron castings, boots, shoes, leather, forks, rakes, palm-leaf hats, chair stuff, wooden ware, tec. 290 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. There is a very neat and pretty vil- .age near the centre ofthe town, which lies about twenty miles south by east from Pittsfield, thirty-six west north west from Springfield, and one hun dred and thirty-four miles west south west from Boston. From this village about three miles north, are Hop Brook and Shaker viUages. Here a family of our friends, the Shakers, number about one hundred. They own an extensive tract of land, mostly on the hill top and mountain side, but which is excellent for grazing. They employ themselves in family garden ing, and raising stock; and in the spring of the year, they manufacture large quantities of sugar of the purest quality from the sap of the sturdy maple. They also manufacture many other articles with a neatness peculiar to themselves. From Shaker viUage to Becket depot is ten mUes. See Harvard UPTON. Worcester Co. Previous to its incorporation in 1735, the territory of this town was attached to Mendon, Sutton, Uxbridge, and Hopkinton. A church was gathered soon after its organization as a town, and the Rev. Thomas Weld was ordained its pastor. Upton is bounded north by Westbo rough, east by Hopkinton and Milford, south by Mendon, and west by Graf ton and Northbridge. The surface of the town is partly plain land, and partly rough and hilly, with a strong soil, capable of yielding good crops of grain and hay. Much attention has been paid to fruit-trees in this town, and many fine orchards of various kinds of fruit have been the result. West river, a branch of the Blackstone, rises from a pond in Upton, and furnishes a power for a number of mills. The manufactures consist of woollen goods, boots, shoes, leather, straw bonnets, sashes and blinds ; annual value about one hun dred and seventy-five thousand dollars . Near Pratt's pond and two other beautiful little Yankee lakes, is a plea sant village, near the centre of the town, which lies thirteen mUes south east from Worcester, and about seven miles south from the Worcester rail road at Westborough, from which it is thirty-two miles to Boston. UXBRIDGE. Worcester Co. This large, weal thy, and flourishing town was, until 1727, the west part of ancient Men don. Its Indian name was Wacuniug. It is bounded north by Northbridge, east by Mendon, south by Smithfield, in the state of Rhode Island, and west by Douglas. A church was formed here in 1731, and the Rev. Nathan Webb ordained pastor. The central part of the town has a . fair soil ; the surrounding hiUs are moist, and well adapted to grazing and orchards. There are in the town a quarry of stone, easily wrought and highly valuable, and an iron mine, from which much ore has been taken. Uxbridge enjoys important advan tages in being situated, for nearly its whole length, on the Blackstone river and canal, as well as from the water- power of West and Mumford rivers, which here join the Blackstone. The admirable hydraulic power which this town enjoys, renders it a location of great promise for the pros ecution of all the branches of domes tic industry, so rapidly and favorably progressing in our country. By the steed that never tires, the markets of Boston and Providence will be placed, as it were, at the door of its miUs. The manufactures of the town con sist of cotton and woollen goods of various kinds, yarn, straw bonnets, leather, boots, shoes, 'cabinet and tin wares, chairs, &c. The value of these manufactures in 1837, was about half a million of dollars ; since which it has much increased. There are a number of flourishing manufacturing viUages in Uxbridge, situated in valleys, and surrounded by picturesque scenery. The principal village is situated at the north part of the town. It is a beautiful place, containing many handsome public and private buildings. The railroad GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 291 from Worcester to Providence passes through it. It lies sixteen miles south east from Worcester, forty south-west from Boston, and twenty-four north north-west from Providence. WALES. Hampden Co. This town was for merly a part of Brimfield, and caUed South Brimfield. It is bounded north by Brimfield, east by Holland, south by Stafford and Union, in the state of Connecticut, and west by Monson. This is a mountainous township, but there is much good land in the valleys, and most of the highlands afford exceUent grazing. Near the village in the centre of the town is a beautiful pond, the outlet of which is the rise of the Wales branch of Quine- baug river. This stream affords the town a good water-power. From the top of Hitchcock's hill, in the north west corner of the town, one thousand one hundred and ninety feet above the sea, is a splendid prospect. There are some manufactures in the town, of woollen goods, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, axes, hatchets, &c. Wales was named for James Wales, Esq., one of the principal men in the town at the time of its incorporation, in 1828. Wales lies twenty miles east by south from Springfield, and about nine south-east from the depot of the west ern railroad at Palmer, from which to Boston is eighty-three miles. WALPOLE. Norfolk Co. Walpole was a part of Dedham until 1724. Its first min ister was the Rev. Philips Payson, in 1730. The second was the Rev. George Morey, in 1783. The Rev. John P. B. Storer -was settled colleague pastor with Mr. Morey in 1826. Walpole is bounded north by Ded ham, east by Sharon, south by Fox borough and Wrentham, and west by Wrentham and Medfield. The sur face of the town presents a pleasing variety of hill and valley, and its soil generaUy is of a good quahty. Three beautiful tributaries to the Neponset meet in this town. They rise in Foxborough, Medfield, and Sharon. These streams afford the town a good water-power ; a large part of which is already improved for manufacturing purposes. The man ufactures consist of cotton and wooUen goods, paper, iron castings, hoes, hats, leather, straw bonnets, twine, &c. As long ago as 1837, the value of goods made in this town amounted to but little less than three hundred thou sand dollars. This is a very pleasant and flour ishing town, with a number of plea sant villages within its borders. The south vUlage lies about three miles from the east village. The east vil lage lies nine miles south by west from Dedham, nineteen south south west from Boston, and three miles from the Boston and Providence rail road at Sharon. Mr. Eleazer Smith, the original inventor for cutting and heading nails ; also for pricking the leather, cutting, crooking, and setting card- teeth, all at one operation, was a na tive and resident of this town. WALTHAM. Middlesex Co. This town was the west parish of Watertown until its incorporation, in 1738. The three first ministers in the town were the Rev. Warham Williams, in 1723; the Rev. Jacob Cushing, D. D., in 1752, and the Rev. Samuel Ripley, in 1809. The surface of this town is moder ately level, with some elevations. "Prospect Hill," four hundred and eighty -two feet above the level of the sea, presents a delightful view of Bos ton, its harbor, and the adjacent towns and country. A part of Fresh pond lies within the limits of this town. The soil is generally not very fertile, but is rendered productive by indus trious and skilful farmers. "Waltham Plain" is a beautiful tract of land, under a high state of cultivation. It is about two and a half miles in length, and a mile in 292 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. width. On the road over this plain is a continuous village, containing many handsome dweUings and beau tiful gardens ; among the number, that of the Hon. Theodore Lyman is preeminently beautiful. Mr. Ly man's garden, of many acres in ex tent, is decorated with almost every variety of fruit-tree, shrub, and flow er, both native and exotic, and is rarely surpassed in costliness and splendor, by any private establishment of the kind in the United States. In this town, the first cotton mill, on an extensive scale, was erected, in 1814. The capital of the company was six hundred thousand dollars. By extraordinary skill and good man agement, through all the various commercial changes, this estabhsh ment gave a, character to domestic manufactures, both at home and abroad, which proved lucrative to the proprietors, and highly beneficial to the. pubhc. The waters of Charles river, which glide through the town, being fully improved, the proprietors extended their manufacturing opera tions at Lowell, on a scale and with a success never equalled in this or any other country. There were in Waltham, in 1837, three cotton mills, a bleachery, a ma chine shop, a paper mill, and manu factures of boots, shoes, hats, carria ges, wagons, chairs, cabinet and tin wares ; total value of manufactures, three hundred and fifty thousand dol lars. Beaver and Mead's ponds are hand some sheets of water, well stored with fish. Around their borders is some fine scenery, and well cultivated field*. The former produces a mUl stream which passes to Sudbury river. Waltham is a beautiful residence, and a fine retreat from the noise and bustle of a busy city. The common roads in this and the neighboring towns are uncommonly good ; indeed, in no part of the country are the roads better, if so good, as in the vicinity of Boston. The Fitchburg railroad pass es through Waltham, nine miles west by north from Boston, and eleven east south-east from Concord. WARE. Hampshire Co. Ware was for merly connected with Brookfield and Palmer, and was called " Ware River Parish." The first church in the town was formed in 1757, and the first minister, the Rev. Grindall Raw- son, was settled in 1757. The village church was constituted in 1826, and the Rev. Parsons Cooke was settled the same year. He resigned in 1835. Ware possesses a most extensive and valuable water-power, by Ware and Swift rivers, and Beaver branch, so called, all branches of the Chicko pee. Perhaps there is no better illus tration of the value of a good water- power to one of our rough and rocky New England towns than in the case of Ware. " Ware remained unset tled for many years after the adjoin ing towns were settled, the soil being so hard and rough that it was consid ered unfit for cultivation. At an early period nearly the whole territory now comprised in the town, was granted by the general court to a military company from Narragansett, as a re ward for expelling the Indians from that vicinity. So little value was placed upon it by the company, that they shortly after sold "it to John Reed, Esq., of Boston, for two coppers per acre ; yet it is now one of the most flourishing towns in this part of the state," and would probably command more money by the acre than some towns at the " far west," where the soil is said to be ten feet deep. Ware has become a large and im portant manufacturing town . Nearly ten years ago, the manufactures here amounted to nearly seven hundred thousand dollars annually, since which they have greatly increased. The articles manufactured were cotton and woollen goods, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, tin ware, hats, straw bonnets, augers, sheet iron, starch, carriages, harnesses, &c. Ware contains a beautiful village, surrounded by highlands and pictur esque scenery. It is a mart of busi ness for this- section of the county. It lies about five miles north-west GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 293 from the Warren depot on the western railroad, which is seventy-three miles west oy south from Boston; and twenty-two east south-east from Northampton, by the old road. WAREHAM. Plymouth Co. This town formerly comprised the east end of Rochester, and a plantation belonging to Ply mouth. The Indians called this place Wawayantat, the name of one of its rivers, now spelt W&weantic. The town was first settled about the year 1682. The first minister was the Rev. Rowland Thatcher, in 1740. Wareham is about seven miles long from east to west, and about five miles in width. It is bounded north by Plymouth, east by Plymouth and Sandwich, south by Buzzard's Bay, and west by Rochester. It lies at the head of Buzzard's Bay, and is watered by the Weweantic, Wankinco, and Agawam rivers, which severally fall about fifty feet, thereby produc ing a great and valuable water-power. Wareham presents a rare instance of the union of hydraulic and naviga ble privileges ; both of which being well improved, renders it an impor tant and flourishing commercial and manufacturing town. The harbor of Wareham is good and safe for vessels drawing twelve feet of water. In the year 1844, there were two hundred and forty arrivals of coasting vessels, bringing and tak ing away fifty thousand tons of goods. There were also belonging to this port three ships and three brigs engaged in the whaling business, at an outfit of one hundred and thirty-one thou sand doUars. The streams in this town are cross ed by nine mill dams, for the purpose of carrying four rolling mills, three puddling mills, with their appurtenan ces, and four extensive nail and hoop factories, which use not less than ten thousand tons of iron annually. There are also in the town a number of fur naces for castings, - manufactures of salt, and various other articles, the -whole employing a capital of more 25* than a million and a half of dollars. The business of the town is probably doubled since 1844, as in 1845, two new manufacturing companies went into operation, with a capital of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and yet, so great is the water-power at this place that there is an abun dance to spare for future operations. The soil of the town is generally light and sandy, but there is much good salt marsh, and many of the swamps have been drained, and made to produce excellent crops. There is a good deal of oak timber in the town, suitable for ship-buUding, and large quantities of pitch pine timber, and fire wood are sent to market. The rocks are generally granite bowlders, which answer a good purpose for building. There are a number of expensive bridges in the town across the streams; and six villages, called the Narrows, Centre, Agawam, Tihonet, Washing ton, and Poles. These villages are scattered along and near the head of tide-water streams, and bear evidence that their favorable position for busi ness is appreciated by their inhabi tants. The rivers and ponds of Wareham abound with a great variety of fish, the shores with oysters, lobsters, qua- hogs, and clams ; while the deer and the fox gambol in the forests. No part of the state affords a better field for the sportsman than this and the neighboring towns. Manomet is the name of a creek, or river, which runs through the town of Sandwich, into the upper part of Buzzard's Bay, formerly called Mano met Bay. Between this and Scusset Creek is the place which has been thought of, for more than a century, as proper to be cut through by a ca nal, and thus form a communication between Barnstable and Buzzard's Bays. It is only six miles across, Manomet rivulet was visited as early as 1622, by Governor Bradford, to procure corn. The stream was called ty the natives Pimesepoese, a word signifying, in their language, "pro vision rivulet." In 1627, the Ply- 294 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. mouth colonists, for the convenience of trade, built a small pinnace at Manomet, to which place they trans ported their goods. Having taken them up the creek within four or five miles, they carried them over land to the vessel, and thus avoided the dan gerous navigation around Cape Cod. For the safety of their vessels and goods, they built a house, and kept some servants there, who planted corn, raised hogs, &c. In the time of the last war with Great Britain, this mode of transportation was re vived again, and the inhabitants of Cape Cod found it convenient to re sort to this place, to avoid the risk of capture by the enemy's cruisers along the coast. Wareham lies fifty-two utiles south south-east from Boston, fifteen south from Plymouth, fifteen miles south east from Middleborough Four Cor ners, and fifteen north-east from New Bedford. The favorable posi tion of this and other towns at the head of Buzzard's Bay, for trade and manufactures, will doubtless induce the proprietors of some existing rail road from Boston, ere long, to extend a branch to this flourishing town. AVARREN. Worcester Co. Warren was for merly attached to Brookfield, Brim field, and Palmer, until its incorpora tion by the name of Western, in 1742. In 1834, it took its present name, in honor of the memory of the patriot Warren, who fell at Bunker HiU. A church was formed here in 1743, and ihe Rev. Isaac Jones was ordained their pastor in 1744. Warren is situated at the south west part of the county. Tbe land, though rather rough, is productive. The river Quoboag, from Brookfield, enters this town from the north-east, and, passing through it, goes out at the west part, and falls into the Chickopee river. Coy's hill, in the north part of this town, affords abun dance of granite, being here valuable for building stone. At the foot of the hill, near the river, iron ore js found, and a mineral spring has been dis covered, which has some visitants. Warren has a fine- water-power, and has become quite a manufactur ing town, having greatly increased in its business since the opening of the western raUroad, which passes through the town. Its manufactures are cot ton and woollen goods, palm-leaf hats, scythes, and various other articles. The Quoboag Seminary, in this town, is in successful operation. Warren depot lies twenty-nine miles west by. south from Worcester, seventy-three west by south from Boston, and twenty-five mUes east north-east from Springfield. WARWICK. Franklin Co. The territory of this town was granted in 1738, to the descendants of thirty-nine soldiers who went from Roxbury and Brook line, under Captain Andrew Gardner, in an expedition to Canada, in 1690 ; all of whom perished, save one, by the name of Newell. The tract was called Roxbury Canada until its in corporation by its present name in 1763. It was first settled about 1744, and the first church was formed, and the first minister, the Rev. Lemuel Hedge, was settled, in 1760. The Indian name of the territory was Shaomet. Warwick is bounded north by Win chester and Richmond, in the state of New Hampshire, east by Royalston, south -by Orange, and west by North- field. This town is elevated, and contains Mount Grace, one thousand six hun dred and twenty-eight feet in height, from which a delightful prospect is presented. The soU is strong, warm, and produces excellent pasturage. There are no considerable streams in the town, and its manufactures con- . sist only of leather, scythes, and palm- leaf hats. Moose pond, a pleasant sheet of water, furnishes an abun dance of fine trout, pickerel, and perch. There is a very pleasant viUage in the centre of the town, which lies six. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 295 teen mUes north-east from Greenfield, and about seventy-five miles west north-west from Boston. ¦WASHINGTON. Berkshire Co. This town was first settled in 1760, and was called Green wood, and for some time Hartwood. Its Indian name was Tukonick. The first minister was the Rev. WUliam G. Ballantine, in 1774. The town is bounded north by Hinsdale, east by Middlefield, south by Becket and Lee, and west by Lenox. This town is situated on the Green mountain range, and its surface is greatly diversified by hills and val leys. It is, however, a fine township for grazing, and within its limits are many large and productive farms. No large river waters the town, but the crystal springs which gush from the mountains, and the sparkling ponds which decorate the valleys, give to the town an ample water- power for domestic uses, and then pass to the Westfield and Housatonic. The principal settlement in the town is beautifully located in a moun tain valley, through which the west ern railroad passes, one hundred and thirty-eight mUes west from Boston, and thirteen mUes south-east from Pittsfield. WATERTOWN. Middlesex Co. The first English men who are known to have visited this place, were the Rev. Mr. Ware ham, and some of his people, who afterwards settled Dorchester. The place in Watertown where they re mained a few days, is stated yet to bear the name of Dorchester Fields. Shortly after their removal, a perma nent establishment was effected by another company. A party of the ad venturous emigrants who came in Winthrop's fleet, with Sir Richard Saltonstall and Rev. George PhiUips at their head, selected a place on the banks of Charles river for their plan tation. On the 7th of September, 1630, (0. S.,) the court of assistants, at Charlestown, "ordered that Tri- mountain be called Boston; Matta- pan, Dorchester ; and the town on Charles river, Watertown." The name of Watertown is said to have originated from the circumstance of its being a "well watered place," or, perhaps, from its being situated on a considerable fresh water river, and the communication with Boston being at first by water, in boats. Tbe Indian name of the town was Pigs- guesset. Tbe territory thus caUed Wa tertown was, like most of the towns of that early period, very large, and its boundaries on the west side for a con siderable time somewhat undefined. Waltham, Weston, and a part of Lin coln, were once comprehended within its limits. A church was gathered here in 1630, and the Rev. George Phillips was settled its pastor. His successors were the Rev. John Knowles, in 1640; Rev. John Sher man, in 1648 ; Rev. John Bailey, in 1686 ; Rev. Thomas Bailey, in 1687 ; Rev. Samuel Angier, in 1697. Charles river gives this town a good water-power ; it passes along its whole southern border, and divides the town from Brighton and Newton. This river is navigable to the centre of the town for vessels drawing six feet of water. The surface of the town is diversi fied by hills and valleys, which is rendered very beautiful by a high state of cultivation, and by the numer ous villas, neat farm-houses, cottages, and deUghtful gardens which meet the eye in every direction. A part of the beautiful sheet of wa ter, called "Fresh Pond," and a part of the celebrated Mount Auburn Cem etery lie in this town. On the north bank of the river, a short distance be low the principal village, the United States Arsenal, containing a large amount of munitions of war, occupies a site of forty acres of ground. In 1837, there were two paper mills in the town, a cotton mill, print works, an establishment for finishing woollen goods, and manufactures of soap, candles., boots, shoes, boxes, &c. In that year, three soap and candle man- 29G WATERTOWN. ufactories used three hundred tons of tallow, three hundred and fifty tons of barilla, fifty tons of palm-oil, one thousand seven hundred and fifty bar rels of rosin, two thousand casks of lime, and one thousand bushels of salt. Large quantities of beef, pork, bacon, &c, are annually packed at this place for the Boston market, and for transportation. In the early wars of the country, and in the revolutionary war, the in habitants of Watertown took an ac tive part. In the time of excitement preceding the war of American inde pendence, the article of tea was pro scribed in this town, in the foUowing words : " Voted, That we consent to lay aside all foreign teas, as expen sive and pernicious, as weU as unne cessary; this continent abounding with many herbs of a more salubri ous quality, which, if we were as much used to as the poisonous bohea, would, no doubt, in time be as agree able, perhaps much more so; and whilst by a manly influence, we ex pect our women to make this sacri fice to the good of their country, we hereby declare we shaU highly honor and esteem the encouragers of our own manufactures, and the general use of the productions of this conti nent ; this being in our judgment, at this time, a necessary means (under God) of rendering us a happy and free people." The second and third sessions of the provincial congress were held at Watertown, in the meet ing-house, within the first six months of the year 1775. Dr. Joseph Warren, the early and lamented martyr in the cause of freedom, on the memorable 17th of June, presided at their delibe rations. Watertown village, or the principal business part of the town, lies about seven miles west from Boston, and twelve south-east from Concord. The Fitchburg railroad passes on the north side of the town, and the Worcester railroad on the south. From the business part of the town to the Newton Corner depot, on the Worcester railroad, is about half a mile. The borders of Fresh pond are truly delightful, spread out as they are with country seats, pleasure-grounds, and places of resort for visitors in quest of country air, and rural sports. While the beauty of this pond, and the ease by which it is approached by railroad, attracts thousands to its banks in summer, it is scarcely less noticed in winter to witness a novel species of Yankee enterprise. Vast quantities of Ice are here prepared, for transportation. See Charlestown. Three hundred men and as many horses are often seen cutting, and stor ing it in large and costly brick build ings on the borders of the pond, pre paratory to its transportation by raU- road, about four mUes to Charles town ; from whence it is shipped to all parts of the world less cold than our own. The ice at this place is of the " first water," and is cut and taken from the pond by ingenious machinery prepared for the purpose, somewhat different from that described under Wenham. Mr. Cushing's Farm, in this town, two and a half mUes west from the buildings of Harvard University, is a superb concern, unquestionably with out a rival in America. It comprises about sixty acres of choice land, so elevated in its situation as to com mand a view of aU the rich and varied scenery which the vicinity of Boston so bountifuUy yields. Were a quarter part of the lands in the " Old Bay State " put into such exuberant tilth as Mr. Cushing's farm, Massachusetts might send hay to Vermont, potatoes to Maine, and furnish Maryland and Virginia with bread-stuffs. That part of Mr. Cushing's farm denominated " the Garden," is an en closure of a number of acres, near the centre of the estate. These grounds are laid out by wide and ad amantine walks into spacious lawns. gay parterres, and silent groves'. Here are found every tree, shrub, plant, or flower that will live and flour ish in a northern climate. Streams of soft and pure water from a neigh- GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSF.TTS. 297 boring fountain, pass around the whole. Within the enclosure are numerous large buildings calculated for produc ing and sustaining a suitable degree of temperature at aU seasons of the year, for the culture and perfection of every flower and fruit which blooms and ripens under every sky but our own. Within the enclosure are also a princely palace for the lord of the manor, gardener's house, and other buUdings suited to such a magnificent establishment. While we gaze with deUght on this fine exhibition of the varied views of nature's soft and lovely charms, we cannot but admire the exquisite taste of its proprietor ; and the patriotic feeling which directed him, after ac quiring an immense fortune in other climes, to build, within his native New England, an earthly paradise. WAYLAND. Middlesex Co. The name of this town was East Sudbury from 1780 to 1835. It lies on the east side of Sud bury river, and was once a part of Sudbury. The surface of the town is pleasant ; the soil is generally good, and contains some well cultivated farms. In 1837, there were four forges in this town, and manufac tures of chairs and cabinet-ware ; but the principal manufacture is that of boots and shoes. Wayland is bounded north by Lin coln, east by Weston, south by Fram ingham, and west by Sudbury. It lies sixteen miles west from Boston, and seven south from Concord. From the cfentre of the town to the Weston depot of the Fitchburg railroad is about four miles. A church was formed here in 1723. The following reverend gentlemen have been its pastors : — William Cooke, settled 1723; Josiah Bridge, 1761; Joel Foster, 1803; John B. Wight, 1815; Richard T. Austin, 1836. WEBSTER. Worcester Co. This town was incorporated in 1832, and named in compliment to Hon. Daniel Wedster, late secretary of state, United States, and now senator to Congress from Massachusetts. It included a part of Dudley and Oxford, and a tract of land previously unincorporated. It is bounded north by Oxford, east by Douglas, south by Thompson, in Con necticut, and west by Dudley. There were in operation in this town in 1837, two woollen and four large cotton mills, a cotton thread miU, one machine shop, one bleach- ery, a tannery, and a manufactory of tin ware ; total value of manufac tures the year ending April 1, 1837, three hundred and twelve thousand two hundred and seventy-seven dol lars. Since that date the business of the town has probably doubled. French river and a pond give this place a large and unfailing water- power. The original name of this pond, as appears from ancient deeds, was Chabanakon'gkomom, the same name by which Dudley was known, though the latter probably borrowed it from the former. Some records and maps of New England have given it the name of Chargoggagoggtnan- choggagogg. The fall at the outlet of this pond is twenty-four feet, which is increased after it empties into French river to about ninety feet be fore it joins the Quinebaug in the state of Connecticut. These waters afforded ample water-power for the late Samuel Slater, Esq., to concen trate here a large portion of his man ufacturing capital ; and it is to the enterprise of this " Father of American manufactures," that this place is in debted for most of the prosperity which it at present enjoys. It was his favorite residence, and where his remains now rest. A remnant of the Dudley, or more properly of the Nipmuck Indians, re side here. They are few in number and but few of them are of pure blood. These Indians formerly owned a con- 298 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. siderab'.e tract of reserved land in the centre of Chabanakongkomom or Dud ley. This was sold by order of the legislature, and the proceeds appro priated to their support, and to the purchase of about thirty acres, on which they now reside. This money is now expended, and they are de pendent upon the bounty of the state for support, Although the features of this town are rather rough, and uninviting to the farmer ; yet with the privilege of a home market and city prices, the stubborn soil has become subdued, and made to yield abundantly. There are a number of pleasant and flourishing villages in Webster, but Merino village, partly in this town, and partly in Dudley, is the largest. This village, through which the Worcester and Norwich railroad passes, lies sixteen miles south from Worcester, sixty south-west from Bos ton, fort3r-three north from Norwich, and thirtv-four north-west from Prov idence. WELLFLEET. Barnstable Co. This township extends across Cape Cod, between Eastham on the south, and Truro on the north. It was taken from East ham in 1763. Its Indian name was Punnonakanit. The viUage is on the west side of the cape ; it is neatly built ; and al though its soil is light and sandy, it presents a handsome appearance. It contains four churches, and ten school- houses. Wellfleet Bay sets into the town from the south, and is separated from Cape Cod Bay by several islands, which form a good harbor, at a place called "Deep Hole." The eastern section of the town is wooded to the edge of the ocean, which lashes a smooth, sandy beach. The people of Wellfleet are engaged mostly in the coasting trade, fisheries, and the manufacture of salt ; which is produced by solar evaporation. In 1844, there were eighty-two vessels 1'elonging to this place, measuring about four thousand five hundred tons, and employing six hundred and forty men. There were in the town three establishments for the inspec tion and packing of mackerel, at which there were put up during the same year, twelve thousand barrels, intended for the southern and western markets. The oyster business is also a source of revenue, furnishing em ployment for many vessels and men. At the first settlement of the town its bays and coves were well stored with this excellent shell-fish ; and since they have become exhausted, thousands of bushels are annually brought by ves sels belonging to this town from the rivers of Virginia. The oyster trade of Boston is principally carried on by the people of this town. There are some manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, fee, in the town, and several wind-miUs for grinding corn. During the summer months, this place, on account of its pure and wholesome air, and the facilities it affords for sporting, is the resort of many travellers and city denizens who love to "sit by the ocean's roar," or traverse the vales "to sound the shrill horn." Dr. Morse stated in 1797, that " since the memory of people now living, there have been in this smah town, thirty pair of twins, besides two births that produced three each." This is one of the most thriving towns in the state. One of its former residents, Colonel Elisha Doane, is said to have acquired a fortune of one hundred and twenty thousand pounds sterling on this sandy spot. Wellfleet lies thirty miles below Barnstable, and ninety-five miles east south-east from Boston, by land. To Boston by water is about sixty-five miles. WENDELL. Franklin Co. This town is bound ed north by Erving, east by Orange and New Salem, south by New Sa lem and Shutesbury, and west by Mon- tague . It was formerly part of Shutes bury and Erving, and was incorpor GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 299 ated in 1781, and named in honor of Oliver Wendell, Esq., a, very worthy man, for many years president of the Union Bank, in Boston, the second institution of the kind in Massachu setts. Mr. WendeU was a great pat ron of this town, and frequently vis ited it. The first minister in the town was the Rev. Joseph Eilburn, in 1783. This town is on elevated ground, and is the source of streams which flow to the Chickopee on the south, and MiUer's river, which separates it from Erving, on the north. Its soU is strong and fertUe, and weU adapted for grain and grass. Miller's river affords a valuable water-power ; and Jn its banks are some fine intervale and delightful scenery. At the north part of the town Bear mountain rears its head, one thousand two hundred and eighty- one feet in height. There are manufactures in the town of palm-leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, &c. Other manufactures have commenced, and doubtless will increase, as the Fitch burg raUroad passes along the side of the river, which, with its hydraulic power, wiU render WendeU an impor tant site for various mechanical oper ations. There is a handsome vUlage in the town, about four miles south of the river ; eleven miles east by south from Greenfield, and about eighty mUes west by north from Boston. WENHAM. Essex Co. This town was for merly a part of Salem. It was first settled about 1638, and was called Enon. The surface of the town is pleasant ; the soil generaUy of a good quality, and weU cultivated by industrious and independent farmers. Wenham or Enon pond is a beauti ful sheet of water, of irregular form, comprising an area of about a mile square, and affords an abundance of exceUent fish. The banks of this pond afford delightful scenery, and its silver waters are sometimes so beautifully crystalized as to merit the high encomium of the little queen or. whose dominions the sun never sets. The waters of this pond are very deep and remarkably pure; large quanti ties of ice are annually taken from it, and transported by railroad to Salem, and from thence shipped to all quar ters of the globe. It is stated that this ice is so nicely manufactured by Jack Frost, that one may see to read through a piece of it two and a half feet in thickness. Of this we have not had ocular demon stration ; but of the softness and pu rity of the waters of Essex county, there can be no. doubt, for its ladies are noted for their bloom and beauty. The following is a brief account of the manner of cutting and preserving ice at this place, for exportation : — The ice-house is built of wood, with double walls all around ; the space be tween which is filled with saw-dust ; thus interposing a medium, that is a non-conductor of heat, between the ice and the external air; the conse quence of which is, that the ice is en tirely unaffected by any condition or temperature of the external atmos phere ; and can be preserved without waste for an indefinite time. The machinery employed for cut ting the ice is very curious, and is worked by men and horses, in the following manner : From the time when the ice first forms, it is carefully kept free from snow until it is thick enough to be cut ; that process com mences when the ice is a foot thick. A surface of some two acres is then selected, which at that thickness will furnish about two thousand tons ; and a straight line is then drawn through its centre from side to side each way. A small hand-plough is pushed along one of these lines, untU the groove is about three inches deep, and a quar ter of an inch in width, when the "Marker" is introduced. This in strument is drawn by two horses, and makes two new grooves parallel with the first, from twenty to forty inches apart, the gauge remaining ih 300 WENHAM. the original groove. The marker is then shifted to the outside groove, and makes two more. Having drawn these' lines over the whole surface in one direction, the same process is re peated in a transverse direction, mark ing all the ice out into squares. In the mean time, the " plough," drawn by a single horse, is following in these grooves, cutting the ice to a depth of six inches. One entire range of blocks is then sawn out, and the remainder are split off toward the opening thus made with an iron bar. The bar is shaped like a spade and of a wedge-like form. When it is dropped into the groove, the block splits off; a very slight blow being sufficient to produce that effect, especially in very cold weather. The labor of "splitting" is light or otherwise, according to the tempera ture of the atmosphere. " Platforms," or low tables of frame-work, are placed near the opening made in the ice, with iron sides extending into the water, and a man stands on each side of this slide, armed with an ice hook. With this hook the ice is caught, and by a sudden jerk, thrown up the " slide " on to the "platform." Ina cold day everything is speedily covered with ice by the freezing of the water on the platforms, slides, tec ; and the enormous blocks of ice, weighing some of them more than three hun dred pounds, are hurled along these slippery surfaces as if they were with out weight. Forty men and twelve horses wiU cut and stow away four hundred tons a day ! in favorable weather one hun dred men are sometimes employed at once. When a thaw or a faU of rain occurs, it entirely unfits the ice for market, by rendering it opaque and porous, and occasionally snow is im mediately followed by rain, and that again by frost, forming snow ice, which is valueless, and must be re moved by the " plane." The operation of planing is similar to that of cutting. In addition to filling their ice-houses at the lake and in the large towns, the company fill a large number of pri vate ice-houses during the winter, all the ice for these purposes being trans ported by railway. It will easily be believed, that the expense of provid ing tools, buUding houses, furnishing labor, and constructing and keeping up the railway, is very great ; but the traffic is so extensive, and the man agement of the trade so good, that the ice can be furnished at a very trifling expense. The first sermon preached in this place was on the border of this pond, by the celebrated Hugh Peters, minis ter of Salem, about the year 1636. His text was, "At Enon near Salem, because there was much water there." Mr. Peters went to England, as agent for the colony, in 1641 ; engaged in the civil wars on the side of parliament, and was executed after the restora tion of Charles II. The first settled minister in this town was the Rev. John Fisk, in 1644. He was succeeded by the Rev. Antipas Newman in 1663 ; Rev. Jo seph Gerrish in 1675. John Duntan, an Englishman, who traveUed in this country in 1686, and on his return to England published a journal of his travels, gives the fol lowing account of Wenham, and of its minister, Rev. Joseph Gerrish : — " Wenham is a dehcious paradise ; it abounds with rural pleasures, and I would choose it above all other towns in America to dwell in; the lofty trees on each side of it are a suf ficient shelter from the winds, and the warm sun so kindly ripens both the fruits and flowers, as if the spring, the summer, and the autumn had agreed together to thrust the winter out of doors. " It were endless to enter on a de tail of each^faculty of learning Mr. Gerrish is master of, and I therefore take his character in short hand. The philosopher is acute, ingenious, and subtle. The divine, curious, ortho dox, and profound. The man of a ma jestic air, without austerity or sour ness ; his aspect is masterly and great, yet not imperious or naughty. The Christian is devout without mo- roseness, or starts of holy frenzy and GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 301 enthusiasm. The preacher is primi tive, without the occasional colors of whining or cant, and methodical, without intricacy or affectation ; and which crowns his character, he is a man of public spirit, zealous for the conversion of the Indians, and of great hospitality to strangers. He gave us a noble dinner, and enter tained us with such pleasant fruits, as I must own, Old England is a stran ger to." Wenham lies six miles north from Salem, and twenty north from Boston. The eastern railroad passes through the centre of the town, and very near the pond. WESTBOROUGH. Worcester Co. The territory of this town was a part of Marlborough, and called Chauncy village until its incorporation, in 1717. A church was gathered here in 1724, and at the same time, the Rev. Ebenezer Park- man was settled pastor, and continued such fifty-nine years, until his death, in 1782, aged eighty. As several persons in this town were engaged in a field spreading flax, in 1704, the Indians rushed upon them from the woods, and seized four boys, and killed one, named Nahor Rice, about five years of age, who was the first white person buried in the town. The men made their es cape to the house. One of the boys was redeemed ; the others remained, and mixed their posterity with the French and Indians. Timothy Rice, the youngest, seven years of age, wben taken, became a chief of the Cognawaga Indians. He visited Westborough in 1740, and remem bered the house where he had lived, and the field where he was captured, and some aged people. He had lost the English language, and was ac companied by an interpreter. He was sent for, and visited Governor Belcher, at Boston, but chose to re turn to his Indian habits. The waters of this town consist of some of the sources of Concord and Blackstone rivers, which furnish a 26 good water-power. There are several handsome ponds in the town, well stocked with fish. The manufactures consist of boots, shoes, leather, axes, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, ploughs, straw bon nets, sleighs, and harnesses ; total value in one year, one hundred and fifty thousand doUars ; principally for boots and shoes. This is a beautiful town ; the sur face is diversified by hills and val leys ; the soU is good, and appears to be cultivated by men who understand their business. Between four and five thousand hogsheads of milk are annually sent from this town to the Boston market. A brief statement of the products of Mr. Samuel Chamber lain's farm, of about one hundred acres, a few years since, is here given. Butter, 3,486 lbs., Cheese, 3,836, . . Beef, .... Pork Veal, .... Total, , $767 221603 652 . 152 $2,395 This is the native place of Eli Whitney. Soon after he graduated at Yale College, he went to Georgia, where he resided many years. While there, he invented the cotton gin, which is worth millions of dollars an nually to the southern states. He died, and was buried in the city of New Haven. The foUowing is in scribed on his monument : — " Eli Whitney, the inventor of the Cotton Gin. Of useful Science and Arts, the efficient patron and improver. Born December 8th, 1765. Died January 8th, 1825. In the social relations of hfe, a model of exceUence. While private affection weeps at his tomb, hw country honors his memory. There are a number of neat and handsome villages i:tts. OUTLINES OF MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts is divided into fourteen counties, three hundred and nine towns, and the two districts of Boston Corner and Marshpee. It contains an area of about eight thousand two hundred square mUes, and is bounded east, south-east, and south by the Atlantic ocean. It has, exclusive of the island counties of Dukes and Nantucket, a sea-coast of about two hundred and fifty mUes. It is bounded sooth and west by the state of Rhode Island, about sixty-eight mUes ; south by the state of Connecticut, eighty-seven miles ; west by the state of New York, fifty miles ; north by the state of Vermont, forty-two miles ; and north by the state of New Hampshire, eighty-seven mUes. It Ues between 41° 31', and 42° 53' north latitude, and 69° 48', and 73° 17' west longitude from Greenwich. The name of this state probably arose from the name of a tribe of Indians formerly at Barnstable; or from two Indian words — Mos and Wetusel; the former signifying an Indian arrow's head, the latter, Hill. It is stated that the sachem who governed in this region about the time of the landing of our forefathers, lived on a hiU in the form of an Indian arrow's head, a few nriles south of Boston, and was caUed by the Indians Moswetuset. The population of the state from 1790 to 1840, will be found in the tables. The population in 1701, was 70,000 ; in 1742, 164,000 ; in 1763, 241,025 ; in 1765, 227,926 ; in 1776, 348,004 ; and in 1784, 357,510. According to the censuses of the United States, from which the foregoing tables of population are taken, there were in 1840, in Massachusetts, one hundred and ninety-five white males, and three hundred and seventy-five white females, between ninety and one hundred years of age ; and seventeen white males, two white females, six colored males, and two colored females upward of one hundred years old. The senatorial districts are permanent ; the senate consists of forty mem bers, chosen in each district according to the number of inhabitants; but, in all cases, each district is entitled to at least one senator. The legislative power of this state is vested in a senate and house of representatives. The executive power is vested in a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and a Council. Every town or city containing 1,200 inhabitants is entitled to elect one rep resentative ; and 2,400 inhabitants are made the mean increasing number which entitles it to au additional representative. Every town containing less than 1,200 inhabitants is entitled to elect a. representative as many times, Within ten years, as the number 160 is contained in the number of inhabi tants of said town ; and such towns may also elect one representative for the year in which the valuation of estates within the Commonwealth is settled. The number of inhabitants which entitles a town to elect one representa tive, and the mean increasing number which entitles a town or city to elect (ijore than one, and also the number by which the population of towns, no GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 331 entitled to representatives every year, is to be divided, are to be increased, respectively, by one tenth of the numbers above mentioned, whenever the population of the Commonwealth shaU have increased to 770,000 ; and for every additional increase of 70,000 inhabitants, the same addition of one tenth is to be made, respectively, to the said numbers above mentioned. Nine councillors are annually chosen from among the people at large, on the first Wednesday in January, or as soon thereafter as may be, by a joint vote of the senators and representatives. ' The governor, lieutenant-governor, senators, and representatives, are chosen annually by the people, on the second Monday of November, and meet at Boston on the first Wednesday of January. The judiciary power is vested in a Suprelne Court, a Court of Common Pleas, and such other courts, as the legislature may, from time to time, estab lish. The judges are appointed by the governor and council, and hold their offices during good behavior. See Counties. SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS, JUDGES, &c, &c. Governors of Plymouth, chosen annually by the people. 1620 John Carver. 1621 WUliam Bradford. 1633 Edward Winslow. 1634 Thomas Prince. 1635 William Bradford. 1636 Edward Winslow. 1637 William Bradford. 1638 Thomas Prince. 1639 WiUiam Bradford. 1644 Edward Winslow. 1645 WilUam Bradford. 1657 Thomas Prince. °1673 Josias Winslow. 1681 Thomas Hinckley, who held his place, except during the interruption by Andros, till the junction with Mas sachusetts, in 1692. Governors of Massachusetts under the 1628 John Enflicott. 1630 John Winthrop. 1634 Thomas Dudley 1635 John Haynes. 1636 Henry Vane. 1637 John Winthrop. 1640 Thomas Dndley. 1641 Richard Bellingham. 1642 John Winthrop. 1644 John Endicott. First Charter, chosen annually by the peopU. 1645 Thomas Dudley. 1646 John Winthrop. 1649 John Endicott. 1650 Thomas Dudley. 1651 John Endicott. 1654 Richard Bellingham. 1655 John Endicott. 1665 Richard Bellingham. 1673 John Leverett. 1679 Simon Bradstreet. After the dissolution of the First Charter. 1686 Joseph Dudley, Pres. j pie, and Simon Bradstreet electee 1686 Sir Edmund Andros, Governor. President, who, in 1691, was chosen 1689 Sir Edmund deposed by the pec •! Governor. 332 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Governors of Massachusetts under the Second Charter, appointed by the King Lieutenant Governors. 1692 William Stoughton, to 1702. 1702 Thomas Povey. Governors. 1692 Sir William Phips. 1699—1700 Earl of Bellomont. 1702 May. The CouncU. Joseph Dudley. 1714 Feb. The Council. March. Joseph Dudley. 1716 Samuel Shute. 1728 WUliam Burnet. 1730 Jonathan Belcher. 1740 William Shirley. » 1753 William Shirley. 1757 April. The Council. Thomas Pownal. 1760 Francis Bernard. 1770 Thomas Hutchinson. 1774 Thomas Gage. 1715 WiUiam Tailer. 1723 WUliam Dummer. 1729 William Dummer. 1730 William TaUer. 1733 Spencer Phips. 1756 Spencer Phips. 1758 Thomas Hutchinson, to 1770. 1770 Andrew Oliver. 1774 Thomas Ohver. Since the Revolution. 1744. October. A Provincial Congress. 1775. July. The Council. Under the New Constitution, chosen annually by the people. Governors. 1780 John Hancock, 1785 James Bowdoin, 1787 John Hancock, 1794 Samuel Adams, 1797 Increase Sumner, 1800 Caleb Strong, 1807 James Sullivan, 1809 Christopher Gore, 1810 Elbridge Gerry, 1812 Caleb Strong, 1816 John Brooks, 1823 William Eustis, 1825 Levi Lincoln, 1834 John Davis, 1836 Edward Everett, 1840 Marcus Morton, 1841 John Davis, 1843 Marcus Morton, 1844 George N. Briggs. to 17851787 Oct. 8, 17911797 June 7, 17991807 Dec. 10, 18081810 1812 1816 1823 Feb. 6, 18251834 1836 1840 18411843 1844 Lieutenant Governors. 1780 Thos. Cushing, to Feb. 28, 1788 1788 Benjamin Lincoln, 1789 1789 Samuel Adams, 1794 1794 Moses Gill, May 20, 1800 1801 Samuel Phillips, Feb. 10, 1802 1802 Edward H. Robbins, 1807 1807 Levi Lincoln, 1809 1809 David Cobb, 1810 1810 WiUiam Gray, 1812 1812 WiUiam Phillips, 1823 1823 Levi Lincoln, Feb. 1824 1824 Marcus Morton, July, 1825 1826 Thomas L. Winthrop, 1832 1833 Samuel T. Armstrong, 1836 1836 George Hull, 1843 1843 Henry H. ChUds, 1844 1844 John Reed. Note. Those lieutenant governors whose names are in Italics, acted as governors pro-tern, 333 Succession of Chief Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court. William Cushing, Nath'l Peaslee Sargent, Francis Dana, Theophilus Parsons, 1776—1789 1789—1791 1791—1806 1806—1814 Samuel Sewall, Isaac Parker, Lemuel Shaw, 1814 1814—1830 1830 Succession of Associate Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court. Jedediah Foster, 1776—1779 Isaac Parker, 1806- -1814 James SuUivan, 1776—1782 Charles Jackson, 1813- -1823 David Sewall, 1777—1789 Daniel Dewey, 1814- -1815 Increase Sumner, 1782—1797 Samuel Putnam, 1814-1842 Francis Dana, 1785—1791 Samuel S. Wilde, 1815 Robert Treat Paine, 1790—1804 Levi Lincoln, 1824—1825 Nathan Cushing, 1790--1800 Marcus Morton, 1825- -1839 Thomas Davis, jr., 1792—1802 Charles A. Dewey, 1836 Theophilus Bradbury, 1797—1803 Samuel Hubbard, 1842- -1847 Samuel Sewall, 1800—1814 Charles A. Forbes, 1848- -1848 Simeon Strong, 1800—1805 Theron Metcalf, 1848 George Thatcher, 1801—1824 Richard Fletcher, 1848 Theodore Sedgwick, 1802—1813 RIVERS. Massachusetts cannot boast of her navigable rivers to facihtate the com merce of her capital ; but her people are justly proud of her numerous streams which rise on her elevated surface ; passing through, and decorating her fer tile valleys, faUing in every direction, and producing an hydraulic power of vast extent and usefulness. With the exception of the Connecticut and Merrimack, the streams of this state rise within its own borders, and many of them give an important water- power to the neighboring states. Since the introduction of railroads, the inconvenience long felt for an easy mode of intercommunication With distant sections of the country, is fast pass ing away, and the steam car will soon be seen traversing, with its magic power and speed, the banks of the best navigable rivers in the country. The most important rivers in the state are here given, all of which have impor tant tributaries, and are mentioned under the towns through which thev pass : — Assabet River. This river rises in the neighborhood of Westborough ; it passes through Marlborough, Northborough, and Stow, and joins Sudbury river at Concord. Concord River is formed by the union of Assabet and Sudbury rivers at Concord ; after passing through the towns of Bedford, Billerica, and Chelms 334 gazetteer of Massachusetts. ford, it falls into the. Merrimack between Lowell and Tewksbury. This river furnishes the Middlesex canal with most of its waters. Charles River. Charles river, in Massachusetts, is the Quinobequin of the Indians. This river rises on the borders of Hopkinton and Milford, and after meandering through BelUngham, Franklin, Medway, Medfield, Sherburne, Dover, Dedham, Needham, Natick, Newton, Waltham, and Watertown, it meets the tide waters, and forms a part of Boston harbor. It is navigable to Watertown, seven miles west from Boston. Blackstone River. The most inland branch of this river rises between Paxton and Holden. It passes Worcester, and the ponds in Shrewsbury pay it the tribute of their waters. After passing Auburn, Grafton, MUlbury, Sut- ton, Northbridge, Uxbridge, and Mendon, it passes into the state of Rhode Island, where it changes its name to Pawtucket, and meets the tide waters in Providence river. Connecticut River. This beautiful river, the Quonektacut of the Indians, and the pride of the Yankees, has its sources in New Hampshire and the mountainous tracts in Lower Canada. Its name in the Indian language is said to signify Long River, or, as some render it, River of Pines. Its general course is north and south. After forming the boundary line between New Hampshire and Vermont, it crosses the western part of Massachusetts, passes the state of Connecticut, nearly in its centre ; and, after a fall of one thousand six hundred feet, from its head, north of latitude 45°; it falls into Long Island Sound, in latitude 41° 16'. The breadth of this river, at its entrance into Vermont, is about one hundred and fifty feet, and in its course of sixty miles it increases to about three hundred and ninety feet. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, its breadth may be estimated from four hundred and fifty to one thousand and fifty feet. It is navigable to Hartford, forty-five mUes, for ves sels of considerable burthen, and to Middletown, thirty mUes from the sea, for vessels drawing twelve feet of water. By means of canals and other improve ments, it has been made navigable for boats to Fifteen MUe FaUs, nearly two hundred and fifty miles above Hartford. The most considerable rapids in this river, are Bellows' Falls, the falls of Queechy, just below the mouth of Waterqueechy river ; the White river falls, below Hanover, and the Fifteen fllile Falls, in New Hampshire and Vermont ; the falls at Montague and South Hadley, in Massachusetts, and the faUs at Enfield, in Connecticut, where it meets the tide water. The perpendicular height of the falls which have been overcome by dams and locks, between Springfield, in Massachu setts, and Hanover, in New Hampshire, a distance of one hundred and thirty miles, is two hundred and forty feet. Bars of sand and gravel extend across .his river in various places, over which, boats with difficulty pass, in low water. The most important tributaries to the Connecticut, in New Hamp shire, are Upper and Lower Amonoosuck, Israel's, John's, Mascbmy, Sugar, KIVEHS. 335 and Ashuelot rivers; in Vermont, Nulhegan, Passumpsic, Wells, Waits, Ompomponoosuck, White, Waterqueechy, Black, Williams, Sexton's, and West rivers ; in Massachusetts, Miller's, Deerfield, Agawam, Chickopee, and Westfield rivers ; and the Farmington, in Connecticut. The intervales are generally spread upon one or both sides of the river, nearly on a level with its banks, and extending from half a mile to five miles in breadth ; but its borders are in some places high, rocky, and precip itous. In the spring, it overflows its banks, and, through its winding course of nearly four hundred mUes, forms and fertilizes a vast tract of rich meadow. In point of length, utility, and beauty, this river forms a distinguished feature of New England. Large quantities of shad are taken in this river, but the salmon, which for merly were very plenty, have entirely disappeared. Connecticut river passes through a basin or valley of about twelve thousand square miles ; it is deco rated on each side with towns and vUlages, of superior beauty, and presents to the eye a wonderful variety of enchanting scenery. Chickopee River. This river rises in Spencer, Leicester, and Paxton, and receives the waters of Quaboag pond, in Brookfield. It passes through War ren. At Palmer it receives the waters of Ware, and Swift rivers, and enters the Connecticut at the north part of Springfield, seven miles south from South Hadley. Deerfield River. This beautiful and important Indian stream joins the Connecticut between Greenfield and Deerfield. It rises in the high grounds of Windham county, near Straton, Dover, and Somerset, Vermont ; and pro ceeding in a south-east course, it passes through Monroe, Florida, Rowe, Charlemont, Hawley, Buckland, Shelburne, and Conway. The most impor tant tributaries to this stream are Cold river ; a river from Heath and Cole raine ; one from Leyden, via Greenfield, and a river from Conway. Its whole length is about fifty miles. In some places, Deerfield river is rapid, and its banks very precipitous. Its passage through the mountains is very curious and romantic. French River. This river rises in Leicester, Massachusetts. It passes through Auburn, Oxford, and Dudley ; it then enters the state of Connecticut, . and joins the Quinebaugh at Thompson. Some French Protestants settled on this river in 1685. Housatonic River. The sources of this river are in the towns of Lanes borough and Windsor, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. The two branches meet at Pittsfield, where the river forms ; it then passes south, through Berk shire county, and enters the state of Connecticut. After meandering through the county of Litchfield, in that state, it separates the counties of New Haven and Fairfield, and meets the tide water at Derby, fourteen miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. The source of this mountain stream is 336 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. more than one thousand feet above the ocean ; and in its course of nearly one hundred and fifty miles, it affords numerous mill sites, and presents many pleasant and well cultivated towns. The volume of water of this river is not very large, except in seasons of freshet, when the rains from the moun tains that environ its borders, inundate the valleys, and greatly fertilize the soil. The scenery on the Housatonic is exceedingly beautiful; in some places it is enchanting. The romantic cataract at Canaan, Connecticut, of sixty feet perpendicular, is well worthy the notice of traveUers. The Indian name of this river signifies over the mountaais. A vocabulary of Indian names, so beautiful and expressive, would be not only curious, but valuable. Hoosack Rivee. Two branches of the Hoosack, Hosick, or Hoosick river, rise in New England : one in the highlands in the county of Berkshire, Massachusetts ; the other in the mountainous tracts of Bennington county, Vermont. These branches unite near Hoosack FaUs, in the state of New York, about three miles west of the celebrated Bennington battle ground- Hoosack river meets the Hudson at Schagthicoke, fifteen miles north of Troy, New York. This stream, in many places, is exceedingly rapid in its course, and affords a great aumber of miU sites. Merrimack River, one of the principal rivers of New England, is fotjned of two branches. The north branch, caUed Pemigewasset, rises near the Notch of the White Mountains, and passes southwardly through the corner of Franeonia, Lincoln/ Peeling, Thornton, and Campton, forming the boun dary between Plymouth and Holderness, and also th* boundary line between the xerahties of Belknap and Grafton, from the south corner of Holderness to near its junction with the Wvnnepisiogee. It receives several considerable branches in its course ; Mad river, in Campton ; Baker's, in Plymouth; and streams flowing from Squam and Newfound lakes, with numerous smaU tributaries. The east branch is the Winnepisiogee, through which pass the waters of the lake of that name. The descent of this branch from the lake to its junction with the Pemigewasset, is two hundred and thirty-two feet. The confluent stream bears the name of Merrimack, and pursues a south course, seventy-eight mUes, to Chelmsford, Massachusetts ; thence an east course, thirty-five miles, to the sea at Newburyport. On the north Une of Concord, the Contoocook discharges its waters into the Merrimack. The Soucook becomes a tributary in Pembroke, and the Sunkook between Pem broke and AUenstown. The Piscataquog unites in Bedford ; the Souhegan in Merrimack, and a beautiful river caUed Nashua, in Nashua. The princi pal tributaries are on the west side of the river, mostly rising in the highlands between the Connecticut and Merrimack. There are numerous falls in this river, the most noted of which are Garven's, in Concord, the falls in Hook- sett, and Amoskeag, in Goffstown and Manchester. These falls are all ren dered passable by locks, and boat navigation has for several years been extended as far as Concord. There are several bridges over the Merrimack. RIVERS. , 337 and its principal branches, besides a number of ferries. The Merrimack, whose fountains are nearly on a, level wilh the Connecticut, being much shorter in its course, has a far more rapid descent to the sea than the latter river. Hence the intervales on its borders are less extensive, and the scen ery less beautiful, than on the Connecticut. It is, however, a majestic river ; its waters are generaUy pure and healthy; and on its borders are situated some of the most important towns in N. England. The name of this river was originally written Merramacke and Monnomake, which in the Indian language signified a sturgeon. Its width varies from fifty to one hundred and twenty rods ; and at its mouth it presents a beautiful sheet of half a mile in width. Miller's River rises in ponds in Ashburnham and Winchendon ; it has many tributaries, and passes through Athol, Orange, and Wendell, and falls into the Connecticut at Irving. This is a noble mill stream. Nashua River, a beautiful stream on the south part of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, has its source in Worcester county, Massachusetts. It is formed of two branches, caUed the north and south branches. The north branch is formed of two streams, one from Ashburnham, the other from Wachuset ponds. The south branch is composed of StiU river, issuing from the east side of Wachuset moiuntain, and a small stream from Quine- poxet pond, in Holden. These branches are united in Lancaster, from which the main river proceeds in a north-east course, to Harvard, Shirley, Groton, and Pepperell,i in Massachusetts ; and from thence into New Hampshire, through Hollis,. and near the centre of the town of Nashua, where it falls into Merrimack river. Neponset River. The sources of this river are in Canton, Stoughton, and Sharon. It receives a tributary from Charles river, Mother brook, so called, and meets the tide of Boston harbor at MUton MiUs, four mUes from Dor chester bay. This is a noble mUl stream ; on its navigable waters is the depository of the Quincy granite railroad company, and at its mouth, the pleasant and flourishing village of Neponset. ' Quinebauo River. This beautiful stream rises in Mashapaug pond, in Union, Connecticut. It passes north, to Brimfield, Massachusetts, then a south-east course, to Thompson, Connecticut, where it receives French river from the north. - It then traverses a south direction about thirty miles, afford ing fertility, and a great hydraulic power in its course, when it joins the Shetucket, near the ,city of Norwich, and takes the name of that river to tbe Yantic. These three streams form the Thames, which passes to Long Island Sound, near New London. Sudbury River. This river rises in Hopkinton and its neighborhood, and after passing Framingham, Natick, Sudbury, Wayland, and Lincoln, it joins the Assabet at Concord. 29 338 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Taunton River. This river rises in the county of Plymouth, and falls into Mount Hope Bay. The Taunton and its branches water the towns of Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plympton, all the Bridgewaters, Raynham, Taunton, Berkley, Dighton, Freetown, Fall River, Somerset, and Swansey. It is navigable to Taunton for small vessels, and with its contemplated improvements, steamboats will be enabled to run to' Taunton, and thus become another channel of conveyance between Boston and New York. This river is celebrated for the great and widely distributed water-power it produces, and for the multitude of alewives within its waters. Ware River. Branches of this large and powerful mill stream rise in Hubbardston, Barre, and Oakham. It passes through Hardwick, New Brain tree, and Ware, and joins the Chickopee at Palmer. Westfield River. This river, often called the Agawam, rises in the north part of Berkshire county. It has many tributaries, and is exceedingly wild and romantic in many places. Its main branch traverses the towns of Plain- field, Cummington, Goshen, Worthington, Chesterfield, Norwich, Montgom ery, Russell, and Westfield, and meets the Connecticut at West Springfield. These rivers have many tributaries, all of which are more or less valuable for their hydraulic power. There are also numerous other streams, such as the Ipswich, at Ipswich; Mystic, at Medford; Manatiquot, at Braintree; North, at Pembroke ; Nemasket, at Middleborough, /cc. ; which rise near the sea, and unite at their mouths, both navigable and manufacturing priv ileges. Most, if not all the rivers in the state, are mentioned under the towns in which they rise or fall, or through which they pass. CAPES. The principal capes in Massachusetts are Capes Cod and Ann ; and which are described under Barnstable county and Gloucester. For notices of minor capes, see the towns in which they lie. BAYS AND HARBORS. Along the extensive coast of Massachusetts, are a number of bays of great capacity, enclosing harbors of as great depth of water, safety, and ease of access, as can be found on the seaboard of any country. The whole of Massachusetts Bay lies within this state. The exterior bounds qf this celebrated bay are Capes Cod and Ann. The length of this bay is about sixty-two miles, from north-west to south-east; its breadth is about twenty-five miles. Numerous bays, and rivers of various sizes, set in from this bay, and its whole coast is lined with commodious harbors, and pleasant commercial towns. ISLANDS AND MOUNTAINS. 339 This bay Is noted for its delightful scenery, and as containing the first set tlements ofthe Pilgrim Fathers of New England. Passing Cape Cod, on which, on the south side, are the harbors of Chat ham, Hyannis, Wood's Hole, Tarpolin Cove, on Naushon Island, &c, we come to Buzzard's Bay, jutting up north-west some twenty -five mUes from the sea, containing the important harbors of New Bedford, Fair Haven, Roch ester, Wareham, &c. This bay is formed on its south-eastern side by the Elizabeth Islands, and at its mouth is about seven miles in width ; its mean width is about six miles. South of New Bedford, at Dartmouth and West- port, are a number of exceUent harbors. See Dukes county, and Nantucket. ISLANDS. The principal islands along the coast of Massachusetts, are described under the heads of Boston Harbor, Chilmark, Edgartown, Nantucket, and Newbury port. MOUNTAINS. The surface of Massachusetts is elevated, and generally undulating. The most level parts are found in the counties of Plymouth, Bristol, and Barnsta ble. The most elevated parts he in the four western counties, Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden. Through these counties, the Green or Hoosic, and Taconic or Taghconnic mountains pass, from north to south ; but in few places are they remarkable for their elevation. In the following tables, taken principally from Borden's Map of the State, the greatest ele vations above the sea, of these ranges of mountains, are given, with their lat itude and longitude; also the height and location of the most important detached highlands in various parts of the state : — HEIGHTS, LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF EMINENCES IN MASSACHUSETTS. Names. Alumn-pond HiU, Alden's HU1, . Ayers Hill, . Bald Peak, . Bald Hill, . . Bear Mountain, Becket Station, Blue Hill, . . Bourne's Hill, Bumsket Hill, Colonel's Mountain, . Clarksburg Mountain, . Location. Douglas, .... Middleborough, . . Haverhill, .... Mount Washington, Douglas, .... WendeU, . . Becket, ... Milton, Sandwich, .... Paxton, .... Palmer, .... Clarksburg, . . . — . Latitude. Longitude. reel, o / // o / // 778 178 339 2,624 714 1,281 2,194 635297 1,4071,172 2,272 42 01 41 49 42 48 42 06 42 02 42 35 42 18 42 12 41 44 42 18 42 14 42 44 46 05 57 21 03 46 26 23 42 55 25 54 09 10 07 11 29 28 54 11 14 19 09 56 340 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSF.TTS. „„, Latitude. Longitude. ieet. o / // o / // Names. Location. Chandler's Hill, . Castle HiU, . . Codden's Hill, . Copecut Mountain, Dug Hill, . . . French's HU1, . Fay's Mountain, Falmouth HU1, . FaU River HiU, . German's HiU, . Great Meadow HU1, Great Rock HU1, Great Hill, . . Hilliard's Knob, . Hitchcock's Hill, Hawse's HiU, . Hatchet HiU, • . High Ridge, . . Holt's HiU, . . Hyannis HiU, . Jackson's HiU, . Joe's Rock HU1, , Manomet HU1, . Mendal's HiU, . Monk's Hill, . . More'sHM, . . Mount Daniel, . Mount Esther, . Mount Grace; Mount Lincoln, . Mount Tom, . . Mugget Hill, . . Nahant Hill, . . Packard's Mountain, Proven's Mountain, Perry's Peak, Peaked Mountain, Prospect Hill, . Powow Hill, . . Railcut Hill, . . Red Brush Hill, . Saddle Mountain, Scituate HiU, . . Seymore's Hill, . Sprague's Hill, . Spruce HU1, . . Telegraph HiU, . Tuft's Hill, . . Wachuset Mountain Walnut HiU, . . Watatick Hill, . Winchel's Mountain, Worcester,Saugus, Marblehead,Fall River, Blandford, . Peru, . . Westborough, Falmouth, . FaU River, Yarmouth, Rehoboth, . tt Rochester - Wales, . , Barre, . . Southbridge, WiUiamsburg, Andover, . Barnstable, Blandford, . Wrentham, Plymouth, . Fairhaven, Kingston, . Goshen, . Webster, . Whately, . Warwick, . Pelham, . Northampton, Charlton, . Ljrnn, . . New Salem, West Springfield Richmond, Monson, . Waltham, . Hingham, . Rowley, . Salisbury,.. Gloucester, Wrentham,Adams, Cohasset, . Sandisfield, Bridgewater, tt Marshfield, New Braintree Princeton, . Charlemont,Ashburnham, Granville, . 778 288 118 355 1,622 2,239 707 193 25.9 136 266 248 127 1,120 1,190 1,2851,016 1,480 423 81 1,717 486394 146 313 1,713 785995 1,628 1,2461,2141,012 90 1,278 665 2,' 1,239 482243 264328205456 3,505 180 1,698 192 2,588 205 1,179 2,018 1,8881,847 1,362 42 16 16 29 20 31 00 43 17 12 25 25 39 14 24 35 53 42 39 41 29 52 45 51 33 42 33 18 20 05 08 27 27 01 40 26 55 38 29 37 53 10 20 01 53 55 39 42 03 57 39 27 53 01 42 27 10 41 30 21 50 14 31 08 02 25 41 27 41 05 05 25 16 02 51 23 19 11 35 42 20 51 58 37 43 01 50 38 14 14 15 03 28 00 18 40 13 06 54 19 80 29 21 39 06 41 49 03 29| 47 31 03 00 51 35 03 55 56 50 02 39 38 02 37 22 09 04 12 52 13 21 17 34 43 37 31 00 15 56 07 28 05 07 43 29 06 42 18 43 00 13 24 36 35 45 53 18 43-4147 23 48 30 40 26 21 42 25 46 39 17 57 46 55 35 21 32 42 39" 33 12 20 47 15 34 51 45 53 51 56 36 39 15 22 42 10 22 50 09 06 38 58 18 04 33 42 08 05 25 53 34 46 52 53 55 54 30 COMMERCE. 341 HEIGHTS NEAR BOSTON. The following are from Hale's valuable "Map of Boston and its Vicinity." Feet. Braintree, near the east line, . . 205 Somerville, Prospect Hill, . . 120 " Winter Hill, . . 120 Chelsea, near Pulling Point, . . 84 Cohasset, near the west line, . .215 " near Nantasket Beach, 175 " near the sea, ... 110 Dedham, at Mr. White's Meeting house, 405 Dover, Pine Hill, 400 Hingham, north-west part of the town, 42 Hingham, Crown Point, . . . 102 " north of the village, . 107 south of the viUage, . 75 Lincoln, near the Meeting-house, 470 " Mount Tabor, ... 370 Lynn, near PhUlip's Point, . . 135 " near King's Beach, . . 147 " north of the hotel, ... 140 Feel Lynn, north-east of the hotel, . 120 Marblehead, Legg's hiU, . . . 160 " Neck, 137 " north of the village, 130 Milton, HiU, 208 Plymouth, near Town River Bay, 135 Quincy, near the village, . . . 210 Great Hill, 94 Squantum, 99 Salem, Spring Pond, .... 197 west of South Fields, . . 186 south-east part of the city, 175 north-west part of the town, 145 Waltham, Bear Hill, .... 510 near the north-east line, 570 Watertown, north-west corner, . 310 West Cambridge, near the south west line, 320 Weymouth, near the west line, . 210 COMMERCE. Statement of the Commerce qf Massachusetts, from July 1st, 1844, to July 1st, 1845 VALUE OF EXPORTS. Domestic Produce. Foreign Produce. In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. Total. In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. Total. $6,918,733 8837,663 $7,756,396 $1,871,110 $723,524 $2,594,634 VALUE OF IMPORTS. Total of Domestic and Foreign Produce. In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. Total. $10,351,030 $18,150,295 $4,630,729 $22,781,024 29* 342 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. NAVIGATION. Tonnage Cleared from Massachusetts. American. Foreign. Total American and Foreign. No. Tons. Men and Boys. No. Tons. Men and Boys. No. Tons. Men and Boys. 1056 231,096 12,395 1557 122,212 7,856 2613 353,308 20,251 ¦ Tonnage Entered into Massachusetts. American. Foreign. Total American and Foreign. No. Tons. Men and Boys. No. Tons. Men and Boys. No. Tons. Men and Boys. 1204 276,589 13,395 1571 118,398 9,101 2775 i 394,987r| 22,496 American and Foreign Vessels, with their Tonnage and Crews, which cleared from each District in Massachusetts. American Vessels. Foreign Vessels. American & Foreign. Men Men Men No. Tons. .and Boys. No. Tons. and Boys. No.. 52 Tons. and Boys. Newburyport, 15 2,849 135 37 1,834 133 . .4,683 268 Gloucester, . 9 1,668 81 120 5,721 394 129 7,389 475 Salem, . . 86 15,539 846 68 3,752 272 154 19,291 1,118 Marblehead, . 41 1,737 144 41 1,737 144 Plymouth, 3 368 64 8 756 39 11 1,124 103 Boston, . . 781 163,107 7,225 1248 103,097 6,630 2029 266,204 13,855 Edgartown, . 11 3,409 262 11 3,409 262 New Bedford, 141 42,619 3,660 16 3,510 151 157 46,129 3,811 Barnstable, . 1 60 3 7 390 27 8 450 30 Fall River, . 9 1,477 119 10 1,112 49 19 2,589 168 Nantucket, . 2 303 17 7,856 2 303 17 1056 231,096 12,395 1557 122,212 2613 353,308 20,251 NAVIGATION. 343 American and Foreign Vessels, with their Tonnage and Crews, which entered into each District in Massachusetts. American Vessels. , Foreign Vessels. Total Amer. & For. Men Men Men No. Tons. and Boys. No. Tons. and Boys, No. Tons. and Boys. Newburyport, 10 2,096 90 37 1,834 133 47 3,930 223 Gloucester, . 12 2,516 113 121 5,721 397 133 8,237 510 Salem, . . . 87 16,039 870 73 4,044 303 160 20,083 1,173 Marblehead, . 3 1,070 42 41 1,737 144 44 2,807 186 Plymouth, 3 368 57 8 756 39 11 1,124 96 Boston, . . 901 207,461 8,720 1265 101,491 6,945 2166 308,952 15,665 Edgartown, . 55 11,822 676 55 11,822 676 New Bedford, 106 31,415 2,600 6 950 45 112 32,365 2,645 Barnstable, . 2 254 12 8 450 29 10 704 41 FaU River, . 25 3,548 215 101 1,112 49 35 4,660 264 Nantucket, . 2| 303 16 2 303 16 1204 276,589|13,395 15711118,398 8,106 2775 394,987 21,495 Condensed statement of the Tonnage of the several Districts in Massachusetts, with -the Number and Tonnage of Vessels halt. Tons and Ninbty-fifths. Districts. Registered Tonnage. ¦Enrolled and, Licensed Tonnage. Total Ton nage. Tola! number . of Vessels built. Total Ton nage. Tons and 95lhs. Newburyport, Ipswich, . . Gloucester, . Salem, . . Marblehead, . Boston, . . Plymouth, . Fall River, . New Bedford, Barnstable, . Edgartown, . Nantucket, . Beverly, . . 16,586:32 2,380-34 18,781-31 1,849-31 .187,712-50 5,568-18 3,004-21 103,428-17 6,308-367,146-94 28,690-03 5,396-59 14,748-82 11,181-93 8,121-32 40,282-04 8,055-745,162-54 8,893-20 36,694-28 1,126-66 2,962-12 913-53 21,982 91 17,129-21 29,963-29 9,970-63 227,994-54 13,623-92 8,166-75 112,321-37 43,002 64 8,273-65 31,65215 913-53 15 16 47 10 25 17 2 1 5,463-53 1,000-59 14,741-11 895-37 128-52 1,701-84 1,315-59 376-18339:57 381,455-82 143,53907 524,994-89 115 25,962-50 344 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ra 5 CO o ^ iH ^f O O 00 •pa -Xo[dui3 Kput;jj ¦^ 1—1 irt ¦-# IO t- O I— -H i> o to co oi co_ O CV o o o o o o o o o »h o o o o o Ol CM O 00 o Ol -pa •1B3AU! jBJldBQ coW iJO>iOMO io CM CM C~ *0 CM ** to O CO CO oi to o 00^ oo" cm" T-T-H Ol NtOOOO 00 I> CO t-- co to CJ i-H o CO CM t-H CO CO^ »o ¦auoq «o" oT-rjT t^o* I>* -aiBqj^joentBA «6 O rH r* i-H -H ^ m CM «o^oco Ol CM hW^OO o •* MO^Ot* IO -»lwUi J*> SPJ 00 i-H to »o to o CM "«# rH CO CO 00 Oi CM* cm" CM O O Cl -^ Ol *o to UO O ¦^f Ol oo to »o 1-t w *«# |> "W^^f"^ to 3 1!0 «^of cftd'c^facTto' ,_r BI^IM. jo anFA CO OllCiHiHTf toOl * N of o OlGO NO^OO) ¦«#00 tO ¦** oo r-^ cm *o croTio'cTco' VJONOCD o HOIHHOI r- *0" to" to 1> TH H N Oj t* iO iH I> 00 Oi ao o »o •eSemiox CM 00 CO* o c* ¦«# *H i-H Ol 'Xjaqsij cm to HOJIOHION apqM eqi uj pa Xoiduia njasea^ cm cm co i-h r^ r- CO ^ 09sfcp 6 ffolk, . sex, . ddlesex, rfolk, . . stol, . mouth, , rnstable, , kes, .. ntucket, . 3^hi2s^bj art ot H 00-**OOtOlOOOi-ICOOOOiOlOOOOO OOOQOOO O O O i> t^ o C^ *HO! iH toIMim" 6 z OlOOCOOOOOOOOtOOlOOOCM— OOOCMOO C* O O O O i-H O O O O r-t O O O OO »o to EN C Z-** 0iO0»-HOOC0t0OOC0G0'-ii-tOl>O^'— lOi-tt^oor^t^i-fO^ o ooiooi o »o Tl* i> to CM i-iCM of i-T IO»o i¦4* (OomooociDtooncoHtDcoo^ifHoio^hwooiow ot-tm o»ooco *0, ^t, "^ CO,00 ¦"* *""' CM rj* — 1 co" —T r-T Ol o tooT to 6 z woco^ooooiooiiooc>^OTi'on i-i o i-h r» co o ¦<* ¦<# *o co to •«* oo o t^» »o ¦* O^ <* — ( CM^CO iH CM of »-T 00 uo 6 Z »0OHC0OO0i(M05C0n^?D>0ONI>f0 COO^^^OO— iCOtOCMCOOiCOOiOi-fOi CO^ WOJ^ r*t'~l.C^ ^ ^J® W ^^s10 t-T ef T-TotTi-r r-T of of oo"CO 6 Z tOOChOON^HiOOnOOOOtOOl ¦"#O"*C0lOOCM0lC0«-«^Oa0^O'-i-HOC0"HCMiOOCMi0CMC0t001CMOE^t* r»OtCMr»O^OtCtOOlCOCMOOOiOCOCMOo oq^towo o^cM^to^oi "o^^cm ¦«* o o r*« «-T *-Tt£* of otft^* ofco*cf irfoo'i-T i-H i-H © IM — 1 6 Z o^ntDOHonooooTfM^oncJnOiHHrlOtD i-^ o» to »o ^m^ oq^t- oi oo oi Of -T^fT r-T rH* IMvnr4 c fr I s s a -sig i ¦§.£¦§!.&§ e =s 1 MMMOOOPc6WSiz;fiKraraS^^ MANUFACTURES. 347 MANUFACTURES. From the first settlement of the country, to the general peace ;n Europe in 1815, New England was emphatically a commercial country. During the long wars in Europe, when the flag of the United States was the only pass port among the belligerent nations, New England ships became the carriers of almost the whole of the eastern continent. The change from war to peace, in Europe, shook this section of the country to its centre. It however stood firm. During a pause, in which conflicting interests in regard to the tariff on imports were settled for a time, the resources of the country were examined, ind it was found that a large portion of the capital which had been accus tomed to float on every gale, and subjected to the caprice of every nation, might profitably be employed at home, in supplying our own necessities, and placing our independence on a more sure foundation. A manufacturing sphit arose in Massachusetts, and throughout New England, whose power can only be excelled by the magnitude and grandeur of numerous streams on which it is seen to move. The following are abstracts from the tables of certain branches of domestic industry, to which reference is made on page 320. These statistics do not present the whole amount of the domestic industry of the state in 1845, they being taken at the commencement of that year ; but they unquestionably approach more closely to the desired result, than any hitherto given. At the close of the town tables, the aggregate amount and value of the most impor tant agricultural and manufacturing productions of the state are presented by counties. STATISTICS OF INDUSTRY. These statistics were prepared from returns made by the assessors of the several towns, by John G. Palfbev, D. D., Secretary of the Commonwealth, for the year ending April 1st, 1845, as required by law. BARNSTABLE COUNTY. BARNSTABLE. There were eight vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries ; value of fish taken, $15,800. Value of salt manufactured, $5,250. The manu- factures of saddles, harnesses, trunks, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, leather, boots, shoes, boats, blocks, pumps, and bricks, railroad, and other car riages, amounted to $13,725. Fruit raised, 2,746 bushels. Hav, 2,980 tons. • ' BREWSTER. The manufactures of paper, salt, tin ware, leather, boots, shoes, and blacking, amounted to $15,260. There were 4 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries; value of fares, $5,400. Hay cut, 525 tons. CHATHAM. Thirteen vessels engaged in the fisheries ; value offish taken, $19,000. 348 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Value of salt, boats, boots, and shoes, made, $4,550. Hay, 850 tons. DENNIS. In this town were seven forges, 85 establishments for making salt, and 32 vessels employed in the cod and mack erel fisheries. The value of common and Epsom salt manufactured, was $10,650, and of fish taken, $56,715. Here are manufactures of cod fish oil, boots, shoes, and large quantities of lamp-black. Many shad and ale wives are taken at this place. Fruit raised, 203 bushels. EASTHAM. There were 35 salt works in this town, which made 17,320 bushels of salt, worth $4,330 ; 5 vessels employed in the fisheries, and manufactures of boots and palm-leaf hats. The value of fish taken was $10,000. Hay, 682 tons. FALMOUTH. Two woollen mills, witn three sets of machinery ; value of satinet and flannel manufactured, $25,000. Here were 5 vessels employed in the whale- fishery, and two in the cod and macke rel fishing; value of the whale and other fishery in one year, $69,177. The value of leather, tin ware, boots, shoes, saddle, harness, trunks, boats, oil casks, and candle-boxes, was $8,- 284. The value of oil and candles manufactured, was $30,222. Hay, 1,000 tons. HARWICH. The manufactures of this town con sisted of cotton yarn and batting, wool len goods, salt, leather, boots, shoes, wearing apparel, sails, blacking, tec, [ $9,900. There were 22 vessels em ployed in the cod and mackerel fish ery ; value of fares, $32,305. ORLEANS. Here were 46 establishments for making salt, and nine vessels employ ed in the cod and mackerel fishing. Value of salt, $4,368 ; value of fish, $13,000. There were manufactures of carriages, tin-ware, boots, shoes, palm- leaf hats, boats, &c. Hay cut, 1,000 tons. PROVINCETOWN. There were in this town, 26 vessels employed in the whale fishery, and 50 in the cod and mackerel fishery ; and 70 establishments for the manu facture of salt. The product of the 4ishery was $156,984. Value of salt made, $6,500. There were manufac tures of joil and sperm candles, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, fishing boats, tec. SANDWICH. Here were two glass manufactories, with a capital of $300,000, employing 316 hands, and manufacturing $350,- 000 value of glass annually. Also a furnace for manufacturing hollow- ware and castings; value, $18,000. Manufactures of axes, saddles, trunks, harnesses, chairs, cabinet and tin ware, boots, shoes, bricks, vessels, casks, granite, &c. Fruit raised, 280 bushels. Hay, 2,689 tons. TRURO. There were 25 establishments for making salt in this town, and forty vessels employed in the cod and mack erel fishery, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, fish oil, Ace. Value of fish taken, $63,987. Value of salt made, $3,224. Fruit raised, 620 bushels. Hay, 653 tons. WELLFLEET. Sixty vessels belonging to this town were engaged in the fisheries, and there were 28 salt works or salt manufac tories in the town. Value of fish, $71,500 j value of salt, $1,680. The manufactures of leather, boots and shoes, amounted 'o $3,250. Fruit, 1000 bushels. Hay, 850 tons. YARMOUTH. Twenty-four vessels belonged to this town employed in the mackerel and DOMESTIC INI>USTll¥. 349 cod fisheries ; and here were manufac tures of common, and Epsom salts, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, cord age, saddles, trunks, harnesses, boots, shoes, &c. Value of the fisheries, $34,060. Hay cut, 1,025 tons. BERKSHIRE COUNTY. ADAMS. In this town were 14 cotton and 3 woollen mills ; 2 calico manufacto ries, 2 furnaces, and manufactures of ploughs, saddles, harnesses, trunks, railroad cars, soap, candles, chains, tin and cabinet-wares, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, marble, lime, &c. Value of printing cloth, &c, $270,274. Val ue of cassimeres, satinets, and Ken tucky jeans, $299,500 ; and of calico printing, (in part,) $50,612. Value of fruit, $1,248. Hay, 4,284 tons. ALFORD. Large quantities of lumber and pine wood are prepared for market in Alford, and some boots and shoes manufactured. Hay, 1,157 tons. BECKET. Some manufactures of leather and other articles. Value of butter and cheese, $5,856. See page 32. CHESHIRE. There were in this town a cotton mill, with 936 spindles, and some man ufactures of leather. 343,000 pounds of cheese were made here in 1844, and 14,100 pounds of butter; value of both, $16,845. See page 126. CLAKKSBURG. See page 129. DALTON. Two woollen mills, three paper mills, and manufactures of chairs, cabinet and tin-ware, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, lime, lumber, &c. Val ue of broadcloth and satinet manu factured, $100,000 ; value of paper, $85,000. Hay, 1,359 tons. 30 EGREMONT. Railroad cars and other carriages, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, &c. Fruit, 10,675 bushels. FLORIDA. See page 152. GREAT BARRINGTON. In this town were 4 cotton mills, with 6,884 spindles, and 2 woollen mills, with six sets of machinery; also a forge, an axe manufactory, and estab lishments for making chronometers, watches, gold and silver ware, jew- elry, saddles, harnesses, trunks, hats, caps, cordage, railroad cars, and other carriages, ehairs, cabinet, and tin- wares, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, lime, lumber, marble, last and boot- trees, a flouring mill, and a gin dis tillery. Value of shirtings, printing cloths, cassimeres, and satinet man ufactured, $175,000. Hay, 5,595 tons. HANCOCK. Two woollen mills, with two sets of machinery ; a furnace, and manu factures of hollow ware and castings, cordage, leather, boots, shoes, wooden - ware, and brooms. Value of satinet made, $13,200. Hay, 1,015 tons. HINSDALE. One woollen mill, with two sets of machinery, and manufactures of shovels, spades, hoes, forks, hats, caps, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, lime, lumber, &c. Value of leather, $15,000. Fruit raised, 4,578 bush els. Hay cut, 3,625 tons. Value of butter and cheese, $3,205. 350 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. -LANESBOROUGH. Value of marble and lime prepared for market, $11,150. Value of wool, $13, 036. Maple sugar, 17,745 pounds. Fruit, 5,779 bushels. Hay, 3,651 tons. LEE. There were 11 paper mills m Lee, 2 of which manufacture wrapping pa per. 1 cotton mill with 1000 spindles, 1 woollen mill, with 2 sets of machin ery ; also a powder mill, and manufac tures of bar iron, anchors, and other articles of wrought iron ; hollow-ware and castings, cotton, woollen, and other machinery, axes, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, saddles, harnesses, trunks, railroad cars, and other car riages, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, Ume, lum ber, &c, &c. Fruit, 4,810 bushels. LENOX. The value of pig iron manufactured was $45,000. Here were manufac tures of boots, shoes, leather, saddles, harnesses, trunks, tin-ware, bricks, marble, lime, lumber, &c. The value of mineral and iron ore mined, was $4,594. Fruit, 11,127 bushels. Hay, 1,675 tons. MOUNT WASHINGTON. Manufactures of iron casting, shov els, spades, forks, hoes, and lumber. The value of hay, grain, fruit, and veg etables raised in this town, was $9,609. Fruit. I,ul7 bushels ; honey, 1,100 pounds. Hay cut, 706 tons. NEW ASHFORD. See page 210. NEW MARLBOROUGH. There were 3 paper mills in this town, a powder mill, and manufactures of hollow ware and castings, axes, ploughs, saddles, harnesses, trunks, hats, caps, leather, boots, shoes, palm- leaf hats, Vricks, lime, lumber, &c. The value of paper manufactured, was $28,160. Maple sugar made 19,070 pounds. Fruit, 11,168 bush els. Hay cut, 5,433 tons. OTIS. There were 2 forges in this town, and manufactures of bar iron, anchors, and other articles of wrought iron, to the value of $16,500 ; also manufac tures of axes, hoes, clocks, chairs, cabinet-ware, flour, leather, bootsi shoes, cheese boxes, maple sugar, Sec. Fruit, 4,754 bushels. Hay cut, 2,295 tons. PERU. See page 232. Value of wool grown, $20,662. Bushels of grain raised, 4,009 ; hay cut, 2,460 tons. PITTSFIELD. There were in this town 6 woollen mills, with 15 sets of machinery ; 2 cotton mills, with 2,056 spindles; 4 furnaces for hollow ware and other castings. Manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery ; musi cal instruments, hats, caps, saddles, harnesses, trunks, railroad cars, and other carriages ; soap, candles, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, combs, leather, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, mechan ics' tools, bricks, building stone, mar ble, lime, wooden-ware, corn and other brooms, &c. There were also 2 establishments for the manufacture of muskets, rifles, fowling pieces, &c. The value of sheetings and other cot ton goods manufactured, amounted to $40,188 ; of woollen goods, $251,113 ; of iron- ware, $24,075 ; of machinery, $27,650 ; of carriages, $16,050 ; of fire-arms, $23,100. Maple sugar, 14,400 pounds ; fruit, 3,614 bushels. Hay cut, 6,700 tons ; value, $46,900. RICHMOND. The value of pig iron manufactured in this town, was $22,981. There were also manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, hoes, forks, brooms, lime. &c. The value of iron ore mined, was $6,875. Value of butter and cheese, $3,011. Hay, 2,269 tons DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 35] SANDISFIELD. Here was one woollen mill ; value of broadcloth and satinet manufactured, $14,000. There were also manufac tures of flour, railroad cars, and other carriages, chairs, and cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, building stone, lumber, &c. Value of wooden- ware, $16,699. Value of butter and cheese, $18,352; value of maple sugar, $10,239. Fruit, 24,156 bush els. Hay, 4,181 tons. SAVOY. The value of leather tanned in this town, amounted to $18,000. The value of lumber and fire wood pre pared, was $4,200. There were 1,844 bushels of fruit raised ; 24,710 pounds of butter, 70,540 pounds of cheese, and 5,870 pounds of maple sugar made, and 2,700 tons of hay cut. SHEFFIELD. The value of flour manufactured was $7,000. There were 7,184 tons of hay grown. There were also man ufactures of chronometers, watches, gold and silver ware, jewelry, ploughs, saddles, harnesses, trunks, hats, caps, cars, and other carriages, chairs, cab inet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, lime, whisky, &c. Value of marble quar ried, $25,600. Fruit, 33,0?3 bushels. STOCKBRIDGE. There were in this town a cotton mill, with 3,550 spindles ; a woollen mill, with six sets of machinery ; 2 furnaces, and manufactures of pig iron, hollow ware, castings, trunks, saddles, harnesses, wagons, sleighs, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, lime, lumber, &c. Value of cotton cloth, $40,250 ; of satinet, $143,000 ; of pig iron, $53,480 ; of chairs and cabinet-ware, $10,500. Fruit, 11,228 bushels. Teazles, 735,- 000 ; value, $735. Hay, 3,400 tons. There were raised in this town, 14,- 780 bushels of oats ; 11,842 bushels of other grain, and 11,100 bushels of vegetables. TYRINGHAM. Here were 2 cotton mills, (just com menced,) a woollen mill, 3 paper mills, and manufactures of shovels, spades, forks, hoes, chairs, cabinet- ware, combs, leather, boots, shoes, straw hats and bonnets, wooden-ware, corn and other brooms, lumber ; 100,- 000 bushels of charcoal, garden seeds, maple sugar, Sec Hay, 3,000 tons, WASHINGTON. The value of lumber prepared here, was $11,652; of fire wood, (7,448 cords,) $14,896 ; of charcoal, $6,250. Hay, 2,332 tons. WEST STOCKBRIDGE. There were in this place a rolling mill, a forge, a flouring mill, and manufactures of nails and nail ma chines, bar iron, musical instruments, harnesses, saddles, trunks, cars, and other carriages, chairs, tin and cabi net-wares, lime, lumber, tec. The value of iron ore mined, was $10,200 ; the value of marble quarried and pre pared, $29,224. Fruit, 4,842 bushels. Hay cut, 2,031 tons. WILLIAMSTOWN. The two cotton mills in this town, with 2,300 spindles, produced printing cloth, cotton yarn, and batting, to the amount of $35,911. The woollen mill made $10,400 worth of satinet. There were also manufactures in the town of cars and other carriages, sad dles, harnesses, trunks, chairs, tin, and cabinet-wares ; leather, boots, shoes, bricks, brooms, lumber, and, among other agricultural products, 4,416 tons of hay, 36,515 pounds of butter, and 132,095 pounds of cheese WINDSOR. Manufactures of chairs, cabinet ware, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, lime, lumber, &c. Value of fruit, $1,380 ; of butter and cheese, $7,779. Hay cut, 3,541 tons. 352 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. BRISTOL COUNTY. ATTLEBOROUGH. There were 7 cotton mills in this town, a calico printing establishment, a brass foundery, a furnace, and man ufactures of metal buttons, clocks, chronometers, gold and silver-ware, cars and other carriages, tin-ware, combs, leather, boots, shoes, straw hats and bonnets, snuff, whips, pumps and blocks, boats, bricks, saddles, harnesses, trunks, hooks and eyes, shuttles, thread spools, paper, and wooden boxes, spectacles, glass steps, black glass buttons, medals, weavers' reeds, tec, &c. The value of printed cloths, shirtings, and cotton thread, was $415,257; of metal buttons, $41,000; of clocks, chronometers, gold and silver ware, $90,950 ; of straw hats and bonnets, $18,955; of hooks and eyes, $20,222. Fruit, 9,866 bushels. Hay cut, 2,111 tons. BERKLEY. The value of the shad and alewive fishing, was $4,735. Manufactures of boots, shoes, straw bonnets, bricks, &c. Fruit, 2,591 bushels. Hay, 629 tons. DARTMOUTH. Here were 13 vessels employed in the whale fishery ; value of product, $188,000 ; product of thecod and mack erel fishery, $3,500; product of 7 salt manufactories, $2,960. Here were also manufactures of linseed oil, lea ther, boots, shoes, boats, &c. 250 barrels of Menhaden oil was made ; and 75,550 gallons of milk were sold for $9,500. Fruit, 8,500 bushels. DIGHTON. Two cotton mills ; value of printing cloth, nankeen cotton cloth, and cot ton batting, $72,340. A furnace, and manufactures of hollow-ware and iron Jastings; axes, boots, shoes, nail •tegs, &c. Shad taken, 253,500 ; val ue, $2,000. Hay cut, 998 tons. EASTON. Five cotton mills, for the manufac ture of printing cloth, yarn, thread, batting, cord, twine, and wicking. 2 furnaces for making hollow-ware and castings. Manufactures of cut lery, tacks, brads, shovels, spades, hoes, saddles, harnesses, trunks, cars, and other carriages, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, and hats. Mathemat ical instruments, boxes, &c. Fruit raised, 10,155 bushels. Hay, 1,423 tons. FAIR HAVEN. See page 147. FALL RIVER. See page 150. FREETOWN. At this place were 2 rolling, slitting, and nail mills, and manufactures of axes, hoes, shovels, spades, forks, sad dles, harnesses, trunks, chairs, cabi net-ware, leather, boots, shoes, &c. £md Z vessels employed in the whale fishery. Hay cut, 837 tons. MANSFIELD. This place had one woollen and 6 cotton mills ; two forges, and manu factures of cutlery, tacks, brads, cars, and other carriages, tin-ware, boots shoes, straw hats and bonnets, sad dles, harnesses, trunks, bar iron, and anchors, baskets, &c. . Fruit, 1,470 bushels. Hay cut, 694 tons. NEW BEDFORD. Seepage 211. NORTON. Four cotton mills, making cotton cloth, yarn, batting, pelisse wadding, &c. 1 furnace making hollow-ware and castings, to the amount of 835.- 000. 1 manufactory of copper, work DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 353 ing 750 tons of copper annually, val ued at $316,000. There were also manufactures of soap, candles, leather, boots, shoes, building and monumen tal stones. Fruit, 2,319 bushels. PAWTUCKET. This place had 6 cotton mills, with 17,500 spindles, and 1 calico manu factory. The goods manufactured were sheetings, shirtings, cambrics, prints, &c. Here was a large manufac tory of cotton and woollen machinery, and of coaches, and other carriages RAYNHAM. A forge, a furnace, and a rolling and slitting mill. Manufactures of nails and nail machines, bar iron, anchors, hollow-ware, castings, shov els, spades, forks, hoes, leather, boots, shoes, straw hats and bonnets, bricks, lumber, &c. Value of iron work produced, $256,500. Hay, 905 tons. REHOBOTH. One cotton mill, producing $16,500 value of printing cloth. Also manu factures of cotton batting, ploughs, shoes, straw bonnets, whips, mechan ics' tools, wooden ware, sashes, blinds, globes, cotton twine, Sec. Fruit, 15,- 000 bushels. Hay cut, 1,955 tons. SEEKONK. Here were 5 cotton mills, for the manufacture of printing cloth ; value manufactured, $56,000. Also manu factures of cars, and other carriages, saddles, trunks, harnesses, leather, boots, shoes, hames, mechanics' tools, tobacco, snuff, and cigars. Hay, 1,972 tons. SOMERSET. Here were two vessels employed in the whale fishery ; and manufactures of cars, and other carriages, stone ware, black lead crucibles, boots, shoes, &c. Fruit, 5,344 bushels. SWANZEY. One cotton mill, one paper mill, and manufactures of cars, and other car riages, leather, shoes, and bricks. Value of vessels and boats built, $30,100. Value of fruit, $2,326. TAUNTON. At this place were 5 cotton mills, a woollen mill, a paper mill, and man ufactures of cotton cloth, cotton flan nel, cassimeres, paper, nails, hollow- ware, and iron castings, axes, tacks, brads, colton, woollen, and other ma chinery, Britannia-ware, cars, and other carriages, saddles, harnesses, trunks, soap, tin-ware, leather, boots, shoes, straw hats and bonnets, yarn, kersey, fine bricks, knobs, nail casks, vessels, boats, bricks, cigars, mechan ics' tools, wooden-ware, tec. Value of fruit, $2,054. Hay cut, 2,423 tons. WESTPORT. Eleven vessels employed in the whale fishery; a cotton mill, and manufactures of axes, spades, forks, shovels, hoes, salt, cars, and other carriages, leather, boots, shoes, straw hats and bonnets, blocks, pumps, wooden-ware, oil casks, truss hoops, ship scrapes, &c. Fruit, 14,947 bush els, value, $3,737. Hay, 1,757 tons. DUKES COUNTY. CHILMARK. The value of mackerel and cod fish taken, was $1,951 ; of butter and cheese made, $2,822. Hay cut, 944 ons. 30* EDGARTOWN. There were 11 vessels belonging to this place, engaged in the whahnjr business, and manufactures of oil and 354 GAZETTEER OF sperm candles, salt, tin-ware, hats, caps, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, boats, and oil casks. Large quantities of herring are taken here, the value of which in 1844, was $3,400. There were 6,367 bushels of grain raised, and 9,699 bushels of vegetables. Hay cut, 576 tons. MASSACHUSETTS. TISBURY, The value of vessels and boats buib here was $3,735. There are four ves sels in the whaling business, and man ufactures of tin, leather, boots, shoes, oil casks, and domestic clothing. Fruit 1,200 bushels. Hay cut, 525 tons. ESSEX COUNTY. AMESBURY. Three woollen mills, with 19 sets of machinery, manufacturing cassi meres, satinets, tweeds, Kentucky jeans, and flannels, valued at $153,- 750. There were also manufactures of carriages to the amount of $66,100 ; leather, boots and shoes, to a large amount ; tin ware, hats, caps, saddles, harnesses, combs, bricks, vessels, car riage springs and bows, potter's ware, horse collars, &c. Fruit, 19,668 bush els. Hay cut, 1,673 tons. ANDOVER. See page 26. Fruit raised, 15,426 bushels. Hay cut, 4,826 tons. BEVERLY. Forty-six vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries ; value of fares, $67,533. Eight forges, manu facturing anchors, cables, and other articles of wrought iron. Also,.manu- i'actures of cordage, hats, caps, cars, and other carriages, soap, candles, tin-ware, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, blocks, pumps, boats, &c. Value of fruit, $2,250. Hay cut, 2,364 tons. BOXFORD. Manufactures of cars, and other carriages, cotton yarn, boots, shoes, :umher, &c. Fruit, 27,584 bushels. BRADFORD. Value of fruit, $3,683.. See page 110. DANVERS. Value of beef and pork sold for market, $150,000; value of fruit raised, $15,177. Milk sold, 47,452 gallons. Hay cut, 3,097 tons. See page 132. ESSEX. There were 28 vessels launched, and 10 boats built, valued at $51,750. Eight forges, producing bar-iron, an chors, chain cables, &c. Manufac tures of cordage, saddles, harnesses, trunks, cars, and other carriages, lea- ther, boots, shoes, pumps, blocks, &c. There were 27 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries. Value of clams dug, (1,600 bushels,) $8,000. Fruit, 11,495 bushels. Hay, 1,744 tons. GEORGETOWN. There were manufactured in this town, 26,260 pairs of boots, and 381,- 820 pairs of shoes, the whole valued at $306,198, employing 419 males, and 237 females. The other manu factures in the town consist of sad dles, harnesses, trunks, carriages, and tin-ware. There are in the town 1 1 tanneries. Value of fruit raised, $4, 873. Hay cut, 1,289 tons. GLOUCESTER. The value of grain, hay, fruit, veg etables, butter, and cheese in this town, in one year, amounted to $33,- 263. Value of halibut and hake taken, $43,882. There were in the town, 192 horses, 839 neat cattle, and 16,478 swine. See page 158, DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 355 HAMILTON. One woollen mill, with five sets of machinery; also manufactures of boots, shoes, &c. Fruit raised, 2 1,266 bushels. Hay cut, 1,493 tons. HAVERHILL. One woollen mill, with five sets of machinery, for manufacturing flannel, or blanketing ; value, $87,500. Also, 19 forges, and manufactures of bar iron, anchors, tacks, awls, silver ware, musical instruments, uphol stery, trunks, saddles, harnesses, hats, carriages, soap, chairs, tin and cabi net-wares, combs, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, lasts, machines for cut ting sole leather, &c. Fruit, 29,246 bushels, value $4,648. Hay, 2,898 tons. IPSWICH. One cotton mill, with 2,576 spin dles, five manufactories of hosiery; value of printed goods and hosiery, $52,840. Also, manufactures of up holstery, cars and other carriages, soap, candles, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, barrels, shaving soap, veneers, &c. Value of clams dug for bait, $9,000. Fruit, 16,382 bushels. Hay cut, 3,770 tons. LYNN. There were two vessels employed in the whaling business, and 16 in the cod and mackerel fisheries. The manufacture of calico amounted to $70,000. There are also manufac tures of chocolate, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, fire arms, soap, candles, ; hats, caps, carriages, butts and hinges, glue, bricks, snuff, tobacco, cigars, blocks, pumps, lasts, confectionary, paper hangings, silk, cotton and wool len dyeing ; sashes, blinds, India rub ber shoes, Sec, tec The value of morocco manufactured, $34,000 ; of fresh fish taken, $13,950. Fruit, 8,186 bjishels. Hay, 1,250 tons. See page 191. LYNNFIELD. A woollen mill, with one set of ma chinery ; and manufactures of shoes, cars and other carriages, lumber, &e. Value of shoes, $23,717. Hay, 714 tons. MANCHESTER. Eighteen vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries ; value of fares, $21,435. Manufactures of up holstery, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots shoes, bricks, snips' wheels, &c. MARBLEHEAD. This town produced in one year 1500 bushels of grain. 550 tons of hay, 17,525 bushels of vegetables, 2,000 bushels of fruit, and 1,295 pounds of butter. See page 194. METHUEN. Here were two cotton mills, with 4,400 spindles, a paper mill, and man ufactures of chairs, tin and cabinet- wares, hats, caps, trunks, saddles, harnesses, cars and other carriages, soap, candles, shoes, bricks, &c. Val ue of duck and ticking, $104,000. Value of shoes, $108,715. Value of paper manufactured, $20,000. Fruit raised, 33,395 bushels. Hay, 2,150 tons. MIDDLETON. The value of paper manufactured here was $20,592. Value of shoes made, $35,647 ; bushels of fruit raised, 7,949. Hay cut, 946 tons. NEWBURY. Belonging to this town were 18 ves sels employed in the cod and mack erel fisheries ; value of fares, $26,000. There were twelve vessels launched, and eight boats built, valued at $227,- 500. There were manufactures in the town of leather, boots, shoes, saddles, harnesses, trunks, glue, bricks, tobac co, tec. Value of boots and shoes, $29,305. Fruit, 41,497 bushels. Hay cut, 4,623 tons. NEWBURYPORT. There were 22 forges in this town, a furnace, and establishments for the manufacture of cotton and woollen machinery, fire engines, musical in struments, chronometers, watches, 356 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. gold and silver ware, jewelry, uphol stery, hats, caps, saddles, harnesses, trunks, cordage, cars and other car riages, soap, candles, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, snuff, &c, blocks, mechanics' tools, boats, wooden-ware, &c. The number of vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery was 57 ; value of fares, $100,322. On this little spot of ground, 10,500 bushels of fruit were raised, valued at $4,250. Since our statistics on page 216 were returned, companies, with large capi tals, have been formed for bleaching, and other manufacturing purposes; and for supplying this contemplated city with an abundant supply of soft and pure water from the celebrated Bartlet Springs, in Newbury. ROCKPORT. There were 69 vessels employed here in the mackerel and cod fishery ; value of fares, $32,760. There were manu factures of boots, shoes, straw bon nets and hats, isinglass, tec. The value of building stone quarried and prepared, was $90,000, employing 250 hands. Hay cut, 750 tons. ROWLEY. In this town were a forge, five tan neries, and manufactures of boots and shoes to the amount of $69,660. 18,543 bushels of fruit were raised. Hay cut, 1,774 tons. SALEM. The manufactures of Salem con sisted of gojd, silver, and brass wares, chemical preparations, chronometers, watches, saddles, harnesses, trunks, upholstery, cordage, cars and other carriages, lead* oil, sperm and tallow candles, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, white lead, gums, leather, boots, shoes, knives, tobacco, &c. ; blocks, pumps, lines, twine, &c. The value of lea ther tanned was $642,671 ; of boots and shoes made, $209,779; of chemi cals, $66,380; of cordage, $62,000. There were four whale ships belong ing to this place, and three cod and mackerel vessels. The value of grain, hay, fruit, and vegetables raised in Salem in 1844, was $32,791 SALISBURY. There were two woollen mills in this town, with 34 sets of machinery, making cassimeres, flannels, and other woollen goods, to the amount of $404,- 000. (One fifth of this concern be longs in Amesbury.) There are also manufactures of axes, &c, tacks, tec, saddles, &c, cars and other carriages, soap, candles, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, combs, glue, lea ther to a large amount, boots, shoes, and mechanics' tools. There were two vessels launched, and 310 boats built. Five vessels were employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, and 19,679 bushels of fruit grown. Hay cut, 2,390 tons. Corn raised, 5,749 bushels. SAUGUS. One woollen mill, with three sets of machinery, manufacturing flannels to the amount of $56,250. There were also manufactures of cars and other carriages, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, tobacco, &c, mills for grinding spices, coffee, cocoa, &c. The value of boots and shoes made, was $94,240. TOPSFIELD. The value of boots and shoes made in this town was $126,983, employing 133 hands. Value of fruit, $2,414. WENHAM. Cars and other carriages were man ufactured in this town ; and boots and shoes to the value of $109,580. Fruit, 14,508 bushels, valued at $2 308. Hay cut, 911 tons. WEST NEWBURY. The manufactures of this town con sisted of cars and other carriages, combs, leather, saddles, harnesses, trunks, and boots and shoes to the amount of $33,000. Fruit grown, 31,843 bushels, valued at $7,961 Hav, 2,039 tons. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 357 FRANKLIN COUNTY. ASHFIELD. There were three tanneries in this town, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, essences, patent medicines, linen bosoms and collars. There were 21,- 402 pounds of merino wool produced, and 59,981 pounds of maple sugar made. Value of hemlock bark pre pared, $4,500. Hay cut, 3,799 tons. BERNARDSTON. Here were some manufactures of boots, shoes, straw bonnets, scythes, snaiths, lumber, charcoal, &c, and 5,000 pounds of maple sugar was pro duced. Value of product of farms, $23,575. BUCKLAND. Some carriages were made here, and some wooden-ware. Value of fruit, $558. Hay cut, 990 tons. CHARLEMONT. The manufactures of this town con sisted of hollow-ware, iron castings, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, saddles, harnesses, trunks, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, scythes, snaiths, raw silk, tec. Hay cut, 2,386 tons. COLERAINE. This place had three cotton mills, with 6,900 spindles ; the value of cot ton cloth manufactured, was $84,000. Also, two furnaces for the manufac ture of hollow-ware and castings, sad- lery, trunks, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, mechanics' tools, wooden-ware, lumber, doors, blinds, &c. Fruit raised, 15,000 bushels; maple sugar produced, 34,760 lbs. Hay cut, 4,154 tons. CONWAY. There were two cotton mills in this town, with 2,416 spindles ; one wool len mill, with two sets of machinery, and two flouring mills. The value of printing cloth, sheetings, cotton yarn, and batting, was $27,431 ; value of woollen goods, $56,000 ; value of flour manufactured, $9,333. There were also manufactures of ploughs, saddlery, trunks, hats, caps, carriages, chairs, cabinet- ware, combs, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, wooden ware, &c. 40,000 pounds of maple sugar was made . Fruit grown, 3,219 bushels. Hay cut, 3,398 tons. DEERFIELD. The amount of cutlery manufac tured in this town was $60,000. There were also manufactures of ploughs, coaches, and other carriages, lead, leather, boots, shoes, straw braid, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, corn brooms, tobacco, raw silk, teazels, and 5,800 pounds of maple sugar. Fruit, 12,093 bushels. Hay, 4,195 tons. ERVING. One woollen mill, one tannery, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, and various kinds of lumber prepared for use. Hay cut, 259 tons. GILL. The manufactures of Gill consisted of leather, boots, shoes, carriages, ha*s, caps, corn and other brooms ; 400 pounds of tobacco were raised, and 5,954 bushels of fruit produced. GREENFIELD. In this town was one woollen mill, with five sets of machinery, manufac turing' cassimeres to the amount of $130,000. Also, manufactures of hollow-ware and iron castings, sad dlery and trunks, chairs, cabinet-ware, cars and other carriages, tin-ware, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, mechan ics' tools, Sec. Fruit, 4,000 bushels ; tobacco, 1,500 pounds. Hay, 2,681 tons. 358 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS HAWLEY. Manufactures of leather, boots, '.hoes, and palm-leaf hats. Fruit raised, 10,539 bushels ; maple sugar, 30,253 pounds. Hay cut, 1,381 tons. HEATH. Manufactures of chairs, leather, palm-leaf hats. Fruit, 8,893 bushels ; maple sugar, 16,080 pounds. Hay, 1,984 tons. LEVERETT. One woollen mill, and manufac tures of leather, boots, shoes, scythes, and scythe snaiths, hoes, carriages, palm-leaf hats, blocks and pumps, wooden-ware, brooms, &c. Value of charcoal, $1,200; of lumber, $5,890. LEYDEN. Value of agricultural productions, $21,217. MONROE. Value of agricultural productions, $9,464. MONTAGUE. In this place were manufactures of musical instruments, saddlery, trunks, hats, caps, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, mechan ics' tools, wooden-ware, corn and other brooms, confectionary, matches, &c. Tobacco raised, 1,000 lbs. Hay, 1,440 tons. NEW SALEM. Manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, saddles, harnesses, trunks, straw braid, bricks, lumber, &c. Fruit raised, 7,125 bushels. Hay, 1,131 tons. NORTHFIELD. Here were manufactures of car riages, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, ploughs, saddles, harnesses, trunks, leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, bricks, corn and other brooms, doors, sashes, blinds, &c. Value of broom brush raised, $4,325. Fruit raised, 4,000 bushels. Hay cut, 2,355 tons. ORANGE Manufactures of iron castings and hollow ware; cotton, woollen, and other machinery, agricultural tools, saddles, harnesses, trunks, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, straw braid, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, and 19,000 pounds of maple sugar. Fruit raised, 60,275 bushels. Hay ent, 2,380 tons. ROWE. One woollen mill ; value of satinet manufactured, $23,375; also manu factures of leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, palm-leaf hats, wooden- ware, and 23,000 pounds of maple sugar. Hay cut, 2,100 tons. SHELBURNE. This place had two woollen mills, which manufactured$ll,000 worth of satinet. Also, manufactures of scythes, axes, farming tools, gimlets, carriages, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, &c. The value of scythe snaiths manufactured, amounted to $60,000 ; quantity of maple sugar, 27,260 pounds; of fruit, 11,895 bushels. Hay, 2,803 tons. SHUTESBURY. Cars and other vehicles, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, straw braid palm-leaf hats, corn and other brooms large quantities of lumber, washing machines, felloes, &c. Hay, 881 tons SUNDERLAND. Boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet-ware, palm-leaf hats, bricks, blacking, &c. Value of corn and other brooms, $12,- 000 ; value of butter and cheese, $4,- 145; maple sugar, 14,500 pounds. Value of lumber and railroad ties, $3,730. The value of hay, grain, and other products of farms, $23,518. Domestic industry. 359 WARWICK. Three tanneries ; manufactures of boots, shoes, glue, gums, axes, and other edge tools, palm-leaf hats, lumber, maple sugar, &c. Hay, 1,086 .tons. WENDELL. Manufactures of railroad cars and other vehicles, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, straw braid, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, &c. The quan tity of lumber prepared was 1,258,000 feet, valued at $9,000. Hay, 1,154 tons. WHATELY. There were three woollen mills in this town ; value of satinets, flannel, and Kentucky jeans manufactured, $23,300. Also manufactures of cut lery, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, corn and other brooms, boots, stone and brown ware, teazels, pocket books and wallets, &c. The value of broom brush raised, was $4,008—66,800 pounds. Hay, 2,095 tons. HAMPDEN COUNTY. BLANDFORD. There was in this town one woollen mill, with two sets of machinery, making 12,000 yards of broadcloth, valued at $18,000. One paper mill, for wrapping paper, and three tanner ies, making $12,000 value of leather. Quantity of butter made, 53,155 pounds; of cheese made, 192,025 pounds. Value of both, $12,997. Hay, 4,085 tons. BRIMFIELD. One cotton mill, with 1,338 spindles, and manufactures of cutlery, leather, boots, shoes, saddlery, trunks, coaches, and other carriages, palm-leaf hats, copper pumps,' cider brandy, bricks, lumber, &c. The value of cotton sheetings manufactured, was $15,000 ; of boots and shoes, $22,892; hay, $22,666. CHESTER. One cotton mill, with 1,500 spin dles; value of cotton cloth, $13,500. Manufactures of cabinet-ware, chairs, leather, boots, shoes, mechanics' tools, wooden-ware, shoe pegs, fee. Hay, 2,745 tons. GRANVILLE. Here were manufactures of chro nometers, watches, gold and silver ware, jewelry, ploughs, powder kegs, maple sugar, and large quantities of butter and cheese. Hay, 2,895 tons. HOLLAND. Manufactures of carriages, palm- leaf hats, bricks, lumber, ice. Hay, 561 tons. LONG MEADOW. The value of watches, chronome ters, silver-ware and jewelry made in this town, was $15,000. There were also manufactures of cars and other carriages, leather, boots, shoes, corn and other brooms, bricks, building stone. Value of fruit raised, $1,084 ; of tobacco, $1,941. Hay, 2,372 tons. LUDLOW. One cotton mill, with 8,052 spin dles ; one woollen mill ; value of cot ton" cloth, batting, and satinet manu factured, $113,312. Also manufac tures of saddlery, boots, shoes, ploughs, palm-leaf hats, brooms, reeds, &c. 360 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. MONSON. TOLLAND. There were two cotton mills in this town, with 3,644 spindles, manufac turing $48,700 worth of brown sheet ing; also three woollen mills, with six sets of machinery, making $130,- 000 worth of satinet. There were also manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, axes, ploughs, jewelry, chronometers, watches, gold and silver-ware, saddlery, chairs, tin and cabinet- ware, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hate, lumber, building stone, &c. Value of fruit raised, $2,248. Hay, 3,475 tons. MONTGOMERY. See page 206. PALMER. In this town were two cotton and one woollen mills, making the value of satinet, printing and bleaching goods, $243,538. Here were also manufactures of hollow-ware and iron castings, cotton, woollen, and other machinery, scythes, saddlery, cars, and other carriages, soap, candles; chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, lumber, reeds, &c. Hay, 2,152 tons. RUSSELL. Manufactures of cotton twine, and large quantities of lumber. Hay, 875 tons. SOUTHWICK. The value of gunpowder made in this place, was $6,250. The value of fruit raised, was $2,675, of tobacco, $627. Here were also manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, snuff, tobacco, cigars, whips, lumber, &c. Hay, 1,748 tons. SPRINGFIELD. See page 276. Manufactures of clocks, leather, boots, shoes, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, lumber, &c. Hay, 2,259 tons. WALES. One woollen mill, with two sets of machinery ; value of satinet made, $56,000. Manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, straw braid, bricks, lum ber, &c. Hay, 1,000 tons. WESTFIELD. In this town were two powder mills, one paper mill, and manufactures of ploughs, saddlery, hats, caps, wag ons and other carriages, tin and cabi net-wares, chairs, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, cigars, snuff, tobacco, mechan ics' tools, and the value of $100,000 of whips, employing 100 males and 200 females. Value of paper, $25,. 000 ; Value of powder, $9,750. Fruit, 6000 bushels. Hay, 2,784 tons. WEST SPRINGFIELD. There was one paper mill. in this town, which manufactured $60,000 value of paper ; one cotton mill ; val ue of printing cloth made, $48,500. Here were also manufactures of wagons, sleighs, leather, boots, shoes, cigars, snuff, tobacco, whips, bricks, brooms, lumber, &c. The value of building stone quarried and prepared, amounted to $60,000. Fire wood sold, 2,720 cords, value $10,880. Fruit raised, 10,714 bushels ; tobacco, 30,150 pounds; teazels, 600,000, val ue, $700. Hay, 5,003 tons, value, $50,030. WILBRAHAM. Manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, ploughs, palm-leaf hats, build ing stone, corn and other brooms, fruit, 51,832 bushels ; tobacco, 29,100 pounds. Hay, 2,557 tons. Value of butter and cheese made, $4,982. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 361 HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. AMHERST. In this town were one cotton, two woollen, and two paper mills ; value of woollen goods, $52,600. There were also manufactures of saddlery, cards, cars and other carriages, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, mechanics' tools, bricks, corn brooms, laces and edgings, band and hat boxes, type cases, children's wagons, washing machines, steel springs, &c. Tobacco raised, 29,638 pounds. Fruit, 4,805 bushels. Hay, 3,900 tons. BELCHERTOWN. Manufactures of colton wicking shovels, spades, forks, hoes, ploughs, brass-ware, organs, saddlery, hats, caps, wagons and other vehicles, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, tobacco, snuff, cigars, lumber, &c. Value of car riages, $40,440 ; value of palm-leaf hats, $15,356. Fruit, 8,972 bushels ; hay, 4,421 tons. CHESTERFIELD. Here were manufactures of leather, hollow-ware, iron castings, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, lumber, &c. The value of leather tanned, was $ 17,400 ; of maple sugar made, $2,827. Hay, 2,423 tons. CUMMTNGTON. This place had two woollen mills, with two sets of machinery, and man ufactures of hollow-ware, iron cast ings, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, &c. Value of leather tanned and curried, $115,800. Maple sugar made, 29,500 pounds. Hay, 2,516 tons. EASTHAM PTON, One flouring mill, and manufac tures of cotton wicking; leather, boots, 31 shoes, palm-leaf hats, lumber, ter Hay, 912 tons. ENFIELD. In this town were two cotton mills, with 1,280 spindles; two woollen mills, with three sets of machinery. and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, ploughs, sad dlery, cards, carriages, chairs, cabi net-ware, leather, boots, shoes, palm- leaf hats, lumber, &c. Value of sati net and Kentucky jeans manufactur ed, $37,500; value of cotton and wool cards, $35,000. Hay, 1,172 tons. Fruit, 2,712 bushels. GOSHEN. Large qhiMtitles of lumber and bark are here prepared for market. Broom handles made, 350,000; ma ple sugar manufactured, 15,693 pounds. Millet, 1,246 tons; value, $7,476. T3RANBY. Two woollen mills, with two sets of machinery, one paper mill, and man ufactures of palm-leaf hats. Value of satinet and flannel made, $31,250; of paper, $7,200. Hay, 2,596 tons. Fruit, 3,129 bushels. GREENWICH. One woollen mill, and manufac tures of scythes, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, brushes, wagons, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, pails, lead pipe, &c. HADLEY. There were manufactured in this town 699,369 corn and other brooms, valued at $90,102. There were also manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, glue, gums, chairs, cabinet-ware, cards, children's wagons, saddlery, broom screws, cutlery, wire, pumps, bricks, palm-leaf hats, &c, &c. The 36i GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. value of lumber prepared, was $24,- 304. Hay, 3,059 tons. HATFIELD. The value of brooms and brushes manufactured in this town, was $40,- y50. There were also manufactures of palm-leaf hats, boots and shoes. The value of lumber prepared for mar- set, was $14,000. Hay, 2,216 tons. MIDDLEFIELD. In this town were three woollen mills, with five sets of machinery; value of broadcloth and satinet made, was $60,200. Also manufactures of leather, wooden bowls, and lumber. NORTHAMPTON. There were in this town one wool len mill, with eight sets of machinery, two paper mills, three establishments for manufacturing silk, and manufac tures of hollow-ware, iron castings, jewelry, gold and silver ware, saddlery, hats, caps, coaches and other carria ges, soap, candles, chair*, tin and cab inet-wares, leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, bricks, books, corn and other brooms, lumber, Sec Yards of broadcloth and cassimere manufac tured, 92,214. Value of paper made, $61,250; sewing silk manufactured, 6,100 pounds. Value, $41,500. Fruit raised, 16,002 bushels; tobacco, 18,- 260 pounds. Hay, 3,740 tons. There were raised in this town, 27,347 bush els of corn, 750 bushels of wheat, 4,863 bushels of rye, 60 bushels of barley, and 6,952 bushels of oats ; value of grain, $19,447. NORWICH. One flour mill, one woollen mill, and a tannery. Also manufactures of boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, scythe stones, lumber, tec. Hay, 1,260 tons. PELHAM. Manufactures of wagons, boots, s.hoes, palm-leaf hats, building stone, | lumber, lasts, bench and hand screws, Sec. Hay, 991 tons. PLAINFIELD. Here were two woollen mills, which manufactured cassimere, satinet, Ken tucky jeans, and flannel, to the amount of $2,872. Also manufactures of cabinet-ware, harnesses, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, wooden ware, farming utensils, Sec. Maple sugar made, 25,664 pounds. Hay, 1,625 tons. PRESCOTT. Manufactures of boots, shoes, palm. leaf hats, bricks, lumber, &c. Hay, 1,281 tons. SOUTH HADLEY. There were two woollen mills in this town, with three sets of machin ery ; three paper mills, and three tan neries ; value of cassimere and sati net manufactured, $28,000; of paper, $150,000, and of leather tanned and curried, $10,710. Also manufactures of pearl buttons, saddlery, coaches, and other carriages, boots, shoes, bricks, corn and other brooms, ice. Fruit raised, 3,428 bushels ; tobacco, 6,000 pounds. Hay, 1,792 tons. SOUTHAMPTON. Manufactures of satinet, ploughs, saddlery, tin-ware, bricks, lumber, railroad sleepers, baskets, leather; value of bricks made, $ 15,000. Hay, 1,725 tons. WARE. Here were three cotton mills, with a capital of $150,000; one woollen mill, with seven sets of machinery; and manufactures of saddlery, trunks, hats, soap, chairs, tin and cabinet- wares, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, augers, &c. There were. 26,- 000 Florence and fancy bonnets man ufactured, valued at $80,000. Value of cassimere and flannel manufac tured, $175,000. Fruit raised, 8,268 bushels. Value of milk sold, $800 Hay, 2,522 tons. DOMESllC INDUSTRY. 363 WESTHAMPTON. Manufactures of brass and silver, leather, hoes, bark, lumber, charcoal, axe-helves, bobbins, &c. Maple sugar, 5,744 pounds. Fruit, 11,677 bushels. Hay, 1,166 tons. WILLIAMSBURG. There were four woollen mills in this town, with five sets of machin ery ; value of broadcloth, cassimere, satinet, and flannel, $21,200. The value of covered buttons manufac tured at this place, was $175,000 ; of wood button moulds, $600 ; of horn buttons, $30,000 ; of japaned but tons, $15,000. There were also man ufactures in the town of iron castings and hollow-ware, axes, hoes, cutlery, saddlery, leather, boots, shoes, palm- leaf hats, lather boxes, lumber, (Sec. Also a flour mill, and a manufactory of steel pens ; value of pens, $15,000. Teazels raised, 1,418,000. Fruit, 2,650 bushels. Hay, 2,000 tons. WORTHINGTON. Manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, caps, painted curtain blinds, children's wagons, carpenters' planes, wooden-ware, &c. Value of leather, $37,500; maple sugar man ufactured, 37,280 pounds. Fruit, 3,000 bushels ; hay, 3,363 tons. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. ACTON. One powder mill, value of powder, $30,000. Manufactures of hats, caps, boots, shoes, straw braid, pencils, building stone, lumber, &c. Fruit raised, 9,305 bushels; value of ber ries sold, $2,000. Hay, 1,745 tons. ASHBY. ' Manufactures of cordage, carriages, chairs, leather, boots, shoes, pal m-leaf hats, building and grave stones, blocks, pumps, wooden-ware, lumber, barrels, tec Hay, 1,831 tons. Fruit, 9,909 bushels. Value of butter and cheese, $6,752. ASHr.AND. In the year of our Lord 1846, the southerly and westerly parts ofrfhe town of Framingham, the easterly part of Hopkinton, and the northerly part of Holliston, were incorporated by the legislature into a separate town, by the above name . It comprises an area of 14 square miles, and about 1,100 inhabitants. Its location is very plea sant, its water-power abundant, and its agricultural and manufacturing loncerns are in a flourishing condition. The Worcester railroad passes through the centre of the town, about midway between Worcester and Boston. See Framingham, tec BEDFORD. The value of boots and shoes man ufactured in this town, was $33,900. Manufactures of carriages, harnesses, lumber, &c. Fruit raised, 2,898 bushels ; milk sold, 64,112 gallons, value, $5,770. Hay, 1,251 tons. BILLERICA. One woollen mill, with three sets of machinery, three carpet factories, and establishments for bleaching or col oring cotton goods. Value of the above woollen goods, except carpet ing, $82,940. Manufactures of cot ton and woollen machinery, leather splitting machines, cars and other carriages, soap, candles, chairs, cab inet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, me chanics' tools, bed lace; dye stuffs, Sec One flour mill, value of flour, $18,962. Fruit raised, 8,371 bushels. Hay, 1,960 tons. The value of log wood cut, and dye-stuffs ground, was $52,430. 364 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. BOXBOROUGH. Manufactures of cars, coaches, and other carriages, shoes, straw braid, lime, lumber, &c. Whortleberries raised, 500 bushels ; cranberries, 200 bushels. Vaine ofthe former, $1,000"; of the latter, $300. Hay, 1,500 tons. BRIGHTON. Manufactures of bone buttons, whips, leather, wagons, sleighs and other carriages, trunks, saddlery, tec Value of fruit raised, $12,000. BURLINGTON. One calico manufactory ; value of printed goods, $15,000 ; value of shoes made, $8,598. Manufactures of chairs, cabinet-ware, lumber, &c. Fruit raised, $9,157 bushels; 40,635 gallons of milk sold for $4,180. Hops, 3,355 lbs., value, $402. CAMBRIDGE. The value of sundry articles man ufactured in this city was as fol lows :— Glass, $334,000, (three hous es,) soap and candles, 19 factories, $311,257 ; chemical preparations, $20,250; brushes, $18,000; sadlery, $10,130; hats and caps, $18,500; cordage, $31,000 ; cars, coaches,, and other carriages, $201,388 ; chairs and cabinet-ware, $13,000 ; leather, $18,- 700 ; boots and shoes, $28,476 ; bricks, $78,460; snuff, tobacco, and cigars, $47,000. There were also manufac tures of starch, ice cutters, latches, door handles, musical instruments, upholstery, tin-ware, whips, blacking, blocks, pumps, mechanics' tools, shav ing soap, confectionary, earthen-ware, ladders, sashes, blinds, marble manu factures of various kinds ; paper- hangings, astral lamps, stoves, frin ges, tassels, surgical instruments, &c. Value of fruit, $8,685. CARLISLE. Manufactures of carriages, boots, shoes, lumber, tec. Fruit, 20,761 bushels, value, $2,213. Hay, 1,018 tons. Value ef butter and cheese, $2,425. CHARLESTOWN. See page 122. CHELMSFORD. Two establishments for the manu facture of worsted goods, (one only in operation ;) value of worsted goods, $63,441. Also manufactures of hol low-ware and iron castings, fire en gines, scythes, wood-screws, ploughs, chemical preparations, saddlery, car riages, soap, candles, boots, shoes, building stone, lumber, tec Value of cotton, woollen, and other machin ery, $55,000. Milk, 97,025 gallons, sold for $8,777. Hay, 1,952 tons. CONCORD. One woollen mill, with four sets of machinery; value of flannel manu factured, $60,000. Also a lead fac tory, and manufactures of soap and candles, rifles, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, lumber, &c. Fruit raised, 3,895 bushels ; hay cut, 2,842 tons. DRACUT. One cotton mill ; value of cotton canvass made, $34,000 ; one woollen mill, with eight sets of machinery, making coatings, kerseys, negro cloths, and green bocking, to the amount of $122,000. One mill for carpeting, value of goods, $18,000. One paper mill, and manufactures of wagons and other" carriages ; boots, shoes, lumber, &c. Fruit raised, 20,183 bushels ; milk sold, 68,310 gal lons. Hay cut, 2,295 tons. DUNSTABLE. Manufactures of boots, shoes, palm- leaf hats, barrels, wagons, lumber, charcoal, &c. Hay cut, 1,389 tons. FRAMINGHAM. In tfiis town were three woollen and worsted mills, with sixteen sets DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 365 of machinery, making flannels, book ings, woollen yarn, blankets, worsted yarn, worsted bunting and carpeting, to the amount of $542,980 ; two pa per mills,_ value of paper, $52,500. Also manufactures of woollen and other machinery, axes, hatchets, cut lery, saddlery, millinery, caps, hats, cabinet and tin-wares, leather, boots, shoes, straw-bonnets, building stone, lumber, tec. Fruit raised, 22,381 bushels; value, $5,013. Hay cut, 3,212 tons. GROTON. Two paper mills ; value of paper, $11,400 ; and manufactures of sad dlery, hats, caps, cars and other car riages, chairs, cabinet and tin-ware ; leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, soap stone, marble and slate. Fruit raised, 14,606 bushels. Hay cut, 3,675 tons. Value of grain raised, $14,211. HOLLISTON. Value of boots and shoes, $176,369. Value of straw hats and bonnets,$36,- 671. Also manufactures of saddlery, trunks, cars and other carriages, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, combs, leather, pumps, tight-air stoves, lum ber, &c. Value of 1,000 bushels of cranberries raised, $1,500. Fruit, 13,374 bushels : hay cut, 1,351 tons. HOPKINTON. Three cotton mills, with 2,936 spin dles ; value of shirtings, cotton twine, and batting, $34,700. Also manufac tures of machines for making nails, ploughs, saddlery, cars and other car riages, chairs, cabinet-ware, bricks, brooms, boots, boot boxes, clothing, tec. Value of boots manufactured, $272,579; value of straw bonnets, $25,000. Fruit raised, 40,155 bush els. Hay cut, 1,334 tons. LEXINGTON. There were four manufactories of fur in this town ; value of caps and muffs made, $34,586. Here were also manufactures of boots, shoes, 30' tin-ware, &c. There were 20,604 bushels of fruit raised, 1,000 cords of wood cut, 300,000 gallons of milk sold, and 2,550 tons of hay produced. LINCOLN. Some manufactures of boots and shoes, and considerable sales of milk, fire-wood and lumber. Hay cut, 1,532 tons. Fruit raised, 8,527 bush els. / LITTLETON. See page 186. LOWELL. In addition to the manufactures of this noted place already mentioned on page 188, there were those of hosiery, iron castings, hollow-ware, locks, paper, brushes, saddlery, hats, caps, cards, soap, candles, tin, boots, shoes, tobacco, marble, whips ; also of cop per, brass, and a great number of other articles. Fruit raised, 5,100 bushels. Hay cut, 759 tons. MALDEN. At this place, a rolling, slitting, and nail mill, manufacturing nails, nail machines, Sec., to the annual amount of $76,500 ; also three dye houses, seven forges, and manufactures of cutlery, Britannia ware, saddlery, cor dage, carriages, tin-ware, boots, shoes, bricks, tassels, picture frames, ma chinery, kid and morocco leather, &c. Value of boots and shoes made, $65,- 755. Value of dyeing business, $93,- 000. Milk sold, 97,383 gallons. Fruit raised, 12,579 bushels. Hay, 1,655 tons. Value of vegetables sold, $4,975. MARLBOROUGH. Here were two tanneries, and man ufactures of boots, shoes, straw braid, boats, &c. Value of boots and shoes, $92,932. Fruit raised, 12,469 bushels ; milk sold, 60,540 gallons. Hay cut, 4,169 tons. Value of butter and cheese, $14,905. Vinegar afples, 31,772 bushels. 366 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. MEDFORD. There were 24 vessels launched in this town, whose tonnage was 9,660 tons, valued at $198,175. The other manufactures consisted of ha.t bodies, hats, caps, cars, and other carriages, soap, candles, chairs, tin and cabinet- wares, linseed oil, bricks, building stone, &c. Value of hats and caps manufactured, $40,000; of linseed oil, $59,500 ; and of building stone, $10,000. Fruit raised, 12,500 bush els. Hay cut, 2,000 tons. NATICK. There were 19,150 pairs of boots, and 614,200 pairs of shoes manufac tured at this place, valued at $420,- 774, and employing 871 hands. There were also in the town, manufactures of chairs, cabinet-ware, trunks, sad dlery, straw braid, blocks, pumps, shoe boxes, tec. Fruit raised, 9,348 bushels. Hay cut, 1,120 tons. NEWTON. At this place were four paper mills, a cotton mill, with 8,124 spindles, a calico manufactory, a furnace, and a rolling and slitting mill. The value of printing cotton and calico made, was $95,108. Value of paper made, $140,622 ; value of manufactures of nails, nail machines, and other iron, $53,875. There were also in the town manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, chemical prepara tions, saddlery, upholstery, carriages, soap, candles, tin-ware, boots, shoes, glue, dye stuffs, &c. Fruit raised, 27,270 bushels ; milk produced, 300,- 000 gallons ; 1,762 quarts of straw berries, and 2,550 tons of hay were cut. Value of nursery-trees sold, $15,400. PEPPERELL. There were one woollen, and two paper mills in this town ; value of paper manufactured, $66,240 ; value pf oassimeres and flannel, $9,200. Cottpn, woollen, and other machin ery, saddleiyj carriages, soap, can dles, boots, shoes, bricks, tec Fruit raised, 8,817 bushels. Hay cut, 1,981 tons. - READING. The value of 274,000 pairs of shoes manufactured in this town, was $166,- 734; of chairs and cabinet-ware, $103,100. The other manufactures consisted of tin-ware, cars, and other carriages, coach lace, lumber, &c. Cranberries raised, 400 bushels ; hops, 7,200 pounds; fruit, 9,000 bushels; hay cut, 1,900 tons. SHERBURNE. The value of boots and shoes mau ufactured here, was $21,399. Other manufactures, sewing silk, axes, sad dlery, carriages, fire-arms, leather, straw bonnets, whips, &c. Cran berries raised, 560 bushels. Value of vinegar* made, $10,136. Hay cut, 1,670 tons. Fruit, 26,596 bushels. SHIRLEY. Here were three cotton mills, with 2,334 spindles ; value of sheeting and cotton yarn made, $33,216. Three paper mills ; value of paper, $33,750. Value ol boots and shoes $22,000. Here were also manufactures of'lea- ther, saddlery, tin-ware, carriages, palm-leaf hats, corn and other brooms, bricks, &c. Hops raised, 23,389 pounds. Fruit, 5,200 bushels. Hay, 1,082 tons. SOMERVILLE. The value of goods bleached and colored, and not printed at this place, was $315,000. The quantity of bricks made, was 27,576,000 ; value, $166,- 980. There were also manufactures of cordage, tin-ware, paints, snuff, tobacco, cigars, &c. Fruit raised, 5,724 bushels. Hay cut, 989 tons. SOUTH READING. Two establishments for chemical preparations; value, $25,500. Also manufactures of saddlery, cordage, carriages, tin-Ware, shoes, blocks, DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 367 pumps, mechanics' tools, razor strops, tec Value of shoes manufactured, $200,000. Fruit raised, 8,000 bush els. Hay cut, 800 tons. STONEHAM. The value of shoes made here, was $150,290. Manufactures of carriages, mechanics' tools, lumber, &c. Hay cut, 717 tons. Fruit raised, 3,182 bushels. STOW. One woollen mill, with five sets of machinery ; value of broadcloth and cassimeres made, $101,300. Also manufactures of axes, saddlery, trunks, carriages, lime, lumber, &c. Hops raised, 2,571 pounds ; fruit, 8,969 bushels ; hay cut, 1,481 tons- SUDBURY. One paper mill, value of paper, $13,000. Manufactures of coaches and other carriages, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, candles, oaken bas kets, lumber, &c. Value of milk sold, $900. Cranberries raised, 842 bushels. Fruit, 14,540 bushels ; hay cut, 2,327 tons. TEWKSBURY. Two tanneries; value of leather, $32,000. Value of lumber and fire wood prepared, $13,200. Fruit rais ed, 10,347 bushels. Hops, 50,016 pounds. Milk sold, 35,000 gallons. Value of 100 tons of oakum manufac tured, $12,000. TOWNSEND. Manufactures of iron castings, hol low-ware, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, ploughs and other farming tools, cars, coaches, &c. ; leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, barrels, bricks, blocks, pumps, lumber, &c. Hops raised, 14,025 pounds ; fruit, 8,199 bushels ; hay cut, 1,605 tons. TYNGSBOROUGH. Manufactures of brushes, carriages, boots, shoes, lumber, &c. Fruit raised,1 14,831 bushels. Hay cut, 1.350 tons. WALTHAM. This place had three cotton mills, with 11,488 spindles, making shirt ings and sheetings to the amount of $230,838. Also an establishment for bleaching or coloring cotton goods ; value of goods bleached or colored, $900,000. Also a paper mill, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, saddlery, hats, caps, cars, and other carriages, fire-arms, chairs, cabinet-ware, tin-ware, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, &c. Fruit raised, 25,651 bushels ; squashes and melons, 240. tons ; milk sold, 109,200 gallons ; hay cut, 1,632 tons. WATERTOWN. At this place were one cotton mill, with 1,300 spindles, one paper mill, and manufactures of hosiery, saddlery, carriages, starch, axes, soap, candles, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, boots, shoes, snuff, tobacco, cigars, &c. Val ue of shirtings and printing cloths, $15,000; value of paper, $15,000. Fruit raised, 30,000 bushels, value, $20,000. Hay cut, 1,500 tons. WAYLAND,. The value of shoes made in this town, was $35,725. Manufactures of straw bonnets and hats, shoe-boxes, ship and other timber, fire-wood, &c. Fruit raised, 4,041 bushels; value of fruit, $2,021 ; hay cuf, 1,365 tons. WEST CAMBRIDGE. Value of saws, hatchets, and other edge tools manufactured, $40,000. Value of cards manufactured, $41,- 400 ; value of boots and shoes, $17,- 120. Other manufactures, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, cars, coaches, and other carriages, hats, caps, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, bricks, &c. Fruit raised, 50,340 bushels, milk sold, 150,- 757 gallons; hay cut, 1,500 tons; ice cut, 50,000 tons, value of ice, $25,000. Value of printed woollen, cotton, and silk and cotton goods, $150,000. Val ue of dye-woods, drugs, and spices 368 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. manufactured, $418,800. Value of mahogany sawed, $22,000. WESTFORD. Here were two forges, which man ufactured bar iron, anchors, and chain cables, to the amount of $20,000. Also manufactures of shoes, bricks, cars, coaches, and other carriages. Fruit raised, 5,326 bushels. Hay cut, 1,890 tons. WESTON. One cotton mill, with-768 spindles, value of goods made, $11,608. Value of cotton, woollen, and other ma chinery manufactured, $39,000. Al so, manufactures of cutlery, locks, ploughs, saddlery, trunks, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, loom-pickers, earthen-ware, &c. Fruit raised, 12,- 218 bushels, value, 6,271. Hay cut, 1,613 tons. WILMINGTON. Manufactures of boots, shoes, hats, caps, patent leather, wooden-ware, lumber, &c. Hops raised, 15,490 pounds. Hay cut, 800 tons. WOBURN. One calico manufactory, one wool len mill, one silk manufactory, and manufactures of machinery, harnes ses, chaises, and other carriages, fire arms, cabinet and tin-ware, piano-forte keys, leather, boots, shoes, pumps, wooden-ware, sashes, blinds, and doors. Value of veneers sawed, $36,- 500. Value of wooden door-knobs, $10,500. Value of silk manufactured, 22,750. Value of cabinet-ware, $28,- 000. Value of leather, $222,675. Value of boots and shoes, $234,533. Value of sashes, &c, $25,300. Fruit raised, 20,398 bushels. Hay cut, 1,536 tons. NANTUCKET COUNTY. NANTUCKET. In addition to the statistics of indus try of this island, town and county, printed on page 208, were the fol lowing: manufactures of brass, tin, cordage, boots, shoes, snuff, tobacco, cigars, blocks, pumps, candle-boxes, boats, coopers' tools, harpoons, tec. The value of casks manufactured, was $40,000 ; value of cordage, $30,- 000. See Comity Tables. NORFOLK COUNTY. BELLINGHAM. There were three cotton mills in this town, with 2,520 spindles, mak ing $33,640 worth of printing cloth, thread, and sheeting's. Also one woollen mill, with two sets of ma chinery; value of goods made, $10,- 000. There were also manufactures of brushes, carriages, farming tools, glue, straw braid, boats, &c. Value of lumber prepared, $20,194 ; value of boots manufactured, $48,862. Fruit raised, 1,455 bushels. Hay cut, 1,052 tons, BRAINTREE. One cotton mill, with 1,100 spin dles, and a woollen mill; value of cotton and woollen goods, $18,468; value of boots and shoes manufac tured, $196,280; value of building stone quarried and prepared, $27,000 ; of cotton gins, $15,000; of tacks and brads, $15,000; of shovels, spades, forks, and hoes, $26,000. Also one paper mill, manufacturing $20,000 value of paper ; also manufactures of saddles, harnesses, trunks, cars, coaches, and other carriages, choco- DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 369 late, tin-ware, leather, blocks, pumps, &c. Fruit raised, 11,248 bushels, value, $2,645 ; hay cut, 1,223 tons. BROOKLINE. Manufactures of chaises, wagons, and other carriages, saddlery, trunks, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, hosiery, &c. Value of fruit raised, $37,843. Cider made, 1,044 barrels ; value, a dollar a barrel ; hay cut, 1,789 tons. Value of vegetables, $63,684. CANTON. See page 121. COHASSET. There were 44 vessels engaged in the cod and mackerel fisheries, in this town, whose fares of fish amount ed to $58,443. Value of vessels built, $6,000. Value of boots and shoes, $18,600. Also manufactures of sad dlery, 'trunks, cars, and other carria ges, salt, building stone, &c. Value of fruit, $1,538 ; hay cut, 850 tons. DEDHAM. In this town were a cotton mill, with 4,400 spindles ; three woollen mills, with 12 sets ca machinery; a silk factory, a paper mill, a furnace, and manufactures of silk and other machinery, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, saddlery, hats, caps, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, glue, leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, cigars, pocket-books, &c. Value of cotton goods, $64,935 ; value of woollen goods, $250,000 ; of silk goods, $47,- 450 ; of iron ware and castings, $10,- 500; of boots and shoes, $28,285. Fruit raised, 10,362 bushels ; value, $2,853. Hay cut, 2,730 tons. DORCHESTER. One cotton mill, with 3,500 spin dles, two paper mills, and two choco late mills ; also two soap and candle works, and manufactures of Britannia ware, starch, chemicals, confection ary, earthen-ware, chronometers, ther mometers, saddlery, hats, caps, cord age, tin and cabinet-wares, chairs, coaches, chaises, and other vehicles, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, &c. Val ue of cotton goods, $100,840 ; of pa per, $45,000 ; of chocolate, $50,872 ¦ of soap and candles, $22,000 ; of cab inet-ware and chairs, $85,300 ; of tin ware, $15,000 ; of leather, $55,300 ; of playing cards, $15,001); of boots and shoes, $12,720. Fruit raised, 23,384 bushels, value, $10,000. Hay cut, 2,621 tons. Since the above statistics were re turned, a tide mill, on a new construc tion, has been erected at Neponset Village, in this town, which promises much usefulness in various branches of mechanics. DOVER. There were three rolling, slitting, and nail mills in this town, manufac turing iron, nails, &c. Amount of manufacture, $165,500. There are also manufactures of boots, shoes. brushes, whips, &c. Fruit, 4,850 bushels ; hay cut, 761 tons. FOXBOROUGH. Here were two cotton mills, with 934 spindles, one woollen mill, a fur nace, and manufactures of farming tools, cars, and other carriages, lea ther, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, planing machines, boxes, bonnet blocks, baskets, hoops, &c. Value of cotton goods, $11,000; of woollen goods, $21,000 ; of hollow-ware and castings, $20,000 ; ofleather, $11,000 ; of straw bonnets and hats, $320,929 ; of planing machines, $20,000. Fruit. 275 bushels. Hay, 856 tons. FRANKLIN. There were seven cotton mills in this town, with 4,422 spindles ; value of cotton goods, $54,5 10. Other man ufactures consisted of wagons, sleighs, boots, shoes, boats, &c. The value of 107,867 straw bonnets and hats, was $129,800. Fruit, 5,960 bushels I Hay cut, 1,625 tons. 370 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. \ MEDFIELD. QUINCY The manufactures of this place con sisted of leather, shoes, tin and cabi net-wares, chairs, cars, and other car riages, saddlery, trunks, brushes, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, &c. Fruit raised, 2,000 bushels. Hay cut, 1,100 tons. MEDWAY. There were nine cotton mills in Medway, with 4,837 spindles ; value of goods manufactured, $322,305; also a calico manufactory, and a bleaching establishment. There was also a woollen mill, manufacturing $10,650 value of Kentucky jeans. Also manufactures of bells, organs, cotton, woollen, and other machinery, scythes, hoes, ploughs, clocks, trunks, saddlery, carriages, chairs, tin and cabinet- wares, boots, shoes, bricks, bonnet pressing machines, tec. Value of straw bonnets and hats, $54,242 ; of wool and flocks, from woollen rags, $10,000. Value of bells manufac tured, $22,000. Value of lumber prepared, $16,650. Fruit raised, 6,017 bushels. Hay cut, 1,852 tons. MILTON. There were two paper mills in this town, a chocolate mill, and manufac tures of cars, coaches, and other car riages, saddlery, trunks, chairs, cabi net ware, leather, boots, shoes, &c. Value of paper made, $30,000 ; of chairs and cabinet-ware, $22,500 ; of building stone quarried and prepared, $79,000. Fruit, 13,465 bushels ; val- ue, $5,386. Hay cut, 1,698 tons. Six paper mills, value of paper, $144,834. One cotton mill, with 2,176 spindles ; value of manufactures, $34,800. Also manufactures of ho siery, sewing silk, hinges, blind fast- nings, glue, hoops, &c. Value of shoes made, $29,400. Fruit, 2,000 bushels. Hay cut, 1,450 tons. The value of granite quarried and prepared in this town, amounted to $324,500. Value of boots and shoes manufactured, $133,273; value of leather tanned and curried, $67,125; also manufactures of chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, coaches and other ve hicles, salt, slate, saddlery, trunks, blacking, tec. Value of bleached wax $15,000. There were four ves sels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, one in the whaling business, and two vessels built ; value of fish taken, $7,625. Fruit raised, 4,579 bushels. Hay cut, 1,565 tons. RANDOLPH. The manufactures of boots and shoes in this town amounted to $700,- 100. The other manufactures con sisted of cars and other carriages, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, sad dlery, trunks, straw bonnets and hats, blocks, pumps, mechanics' tools, build ing stone, lumber, &c. • Fruit, 25,555 bushels; value, $10,222. Hay cut, 988 tons. ROXBURY. The value of carpeting manufac tured in this city, amounted to $120,- 000 ; of worsted goods, $25,175 ; of silk and worsted fringe and tassels, $15,000 ; of manufactures of iron, $376,-600 ; of steam engines and boil ers, $15,800 ; of fire engines, $25,000 ; of starch, $68,000 ; of chemical prep arations, $90,000; of stained and stamped paper, $14,500 ; of uphol stery, $20,000 ; of cordage, $370,000 ; of cars and other carriages, $31,300 ; of soap and candles, $78,380 ; of chairs and cabinet-ware, $56,000 ; of sheet lead and pipe, white lead and other paints, $75,600 : of bread, $174,- 500 ; of leather, $287,000 ; of boots and shoes, $88,692 ; of bricks, $29,- 800 ; of stone, $17,500 ; of spirits of turpentine and rosin, $15,600; of rum, $7,200 ; of looking glass frames. &c, $20,000; of beer, $34,000; of DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 371 oakum, $24,000 ; of knit goods and yarn, $30,000. Also manufactures of hosiery, butts, hinges, brass, clocks, saddlery, trunks, hats, caps, rifles, and fowling-pieces, tin-ware, glue, blocks, pumps, boxes, barrels, &c. Fruit, 37,821 bushels, value, $30,822. Milk, 239,050 gallons, sold for $23,905. Hay cut, 3,547 tons. SHARON. Two cotton mills, with 1,300 Spin dles, one woollen mill, and manufac tures of axes, hoops, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats. Value of cotton and woollen goods, $35,360. Fruit, 4,437 bushels. Hay cut, 983 tons. STOUGHTON. There were three woollen mills in this town, and manufactures of cars, coaches, and other carriages, saddlery, trunks, soap, candles, boots, shoes, straw braid, mechanics' tools, hoops, &c. Value of boots and shoes, $418,- 274. Fruit raised, 7,775 bushels. Hay cut, 1,000 tons. WALPOLE. There were five cotton mills in this town, with 2,800 spindles ; three wool len mills, with five sets of machinery ; three paper mills, and manufactures of hollow-ware and castiftgs, cotton, woollen, and other machinery, hoes, harnesses, hats, caps, cordage, cards, wagons, and other carriages, cabinet- ware, leather, boots, shoes, straw bon nets and hats, twine, iron axletrees, &c. Value of cotton and woollen goods, $57,632; of paper manufac tured, $35,635 ; of carriages, $14,700 : of boot? and shoes, $17,025 ; of straw bonnets and hats, $60,000 ; of iron axletrees, $10,000. Fruit raised, 2,500 bushels. Hay cut, 1,500 tons. WEYMOUTH. There were three rolling, slitting and nail mills in this town ; value of manufactures of iron, $250,000. There were 1J9,905 pairs of boots, and 408,- 574 pairs of shoes manufactured, the value of which was $557,122, em ploying 835 hands. There were also manufactures of leather, saddlery, tacks, brads, trunks, carriages, chairs, cabinet and wooden-wares, sashes, doors, blinds, building stone, &c. Fruit raised, 7,434 bushels. Hay cut, 1,309 tons. WRENTHAM. Here were five cotton mills, with 3,856 spindles ; value of cotton goods manufactured, $39,160. Two carpet mills, making $44,136 value of goods. Also manufactures of fire-engines, saddlery, carriages, chairs, cabinet- ware, boots, straw bonnets and hats, walking canes, boxes, boats, bas kets, &c. Value of fruit, $1,590. Hay cut, 2,363 tons. PLYMOUTH COUNTY. ABINGTON. BRIDGEWATER. In this town were manufactured 198,314 pairs of boots, and 1,067,962 pairs of shoes, valued at $1,013,126. The vaiue of tacks, brads, &c, man ufactured, was $18,622. There were also manufactures of leather, saddlery, trunks, confectionary, boot and shoe boxes, lumber, &c. Value of fruit, $1,407. Hay cut, 1,031 tons. There were in this town two roll ing, slitting, and nail mills, one hol low auger factory, three furnaces, and manufactures of steam engines and boilers, butts, hinges, door handles and latches, tacks, brads, soap, can dles, boots, shoes, straw hats and bon nets, bricks, lumber, &c. Also a> piper mill, and two manufactories ol" 372 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. cotton gins. Also a brass foundery, with a capital of $96,000. Value of iron and iron manufactures, $187,600. Fruit raised, 6,906 bushels. Hay cut, 1,063 tons. CARVER. • • Here were five furnaces, manufac turing hollow-ware and castings to the amount of $36,350. Also manu factures of cars and other carriages, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, willow baskets, tec. Value of fruit, $854. Hay cut, 1,086 tons. DUXBURY. There were in this town nine ves sels employed in the cod and mack erel fisheries ; and four vessels were launched, valued at $39,794. There were also manufactures in the town of saddlery, cordage, salt, carriages, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, leather, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, bricks, building stone, lumber, &c. Also a woollen mill. Value of boots and shoes manufactured, $122,500. Fruit raised, 6,096 bdshels. Hay cut, 2,253 tons. EAST BRIDGEWATER, One rolling, slitting, and nail mill ; also manufactures of tacks, brads, brass-ware, saddlery, cars, and other carriages, soap, candles, leather, boots, shoes, building stone, lumber, &c. Value of manufactures of iron, $56,- 440; of boots and shoes, $153,440; of fruit, $736. Hay, 1,021 tons. HALIFAX. ' Two woollen mills, with five sets of machinery ; and manufactures of boots, shoes, corn and other brooms, lumber, &c. Value of boots and shoes, $34,368. Fruit, 862 bushels. Hay, 686 tons. HANOVER. Three iorges, one furnace, two man ufactories for tacks and brads; two tanneries, and manufactures of cars and other carriages, cotton gins, boots, shoes, wooden-ware, lumber, &c. Value of anchors, iron cables, &c, manufactured, $27,640. Value of tacks and b.-ads, $14,000; of boots and shoes, $97,626. Vessels launch ed, two; value, $12,000. Value of fruit, $1,289. Hay, 825 tons. HANSON. One rolling, slitting, and nail mill, one forge, three tack and brad facto ries, and manufactures of soap, can dles, wagons, saddlery, leather, boots, shoes, lumber, &c . Valu e of bar iron, nails, iron cables, anchors, tec, $39,- 675 ; of boots and shoes, $66,257 ; of fruit, $663. Hay, 620 tons. HINGHAM. Here were nine forges, two fur naces, two axe factories, one rope walk, three tanneries, a bleaching establishment, and manufactures of ploughs, truhks, saddlery, hats, caps, salt, carriages, fire-arms, chairs, cab inet and tin-wares, leather, boots, shoes, blocks, spars, pumps, mechan ics' tools, wooden- ware, vessels, &c. Value of worsted goods manufactured, $40,000; of hollow-ware, castings, &c, $13,200 ; of hats and caps, $26,- 500 ; of cordage, $28,000 ; of chairs and cabinet- ware, $10,200 ; of leather, $10,100 ; of ^dots and shoes, $38,097 ; of wooden-ware, $25,066 ; of Vessels, $23,000 ; of fruit, 8,431 bushels, $3,- 174. Vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries, 28 ; value of fares, $99,558. Hay cut, 1,492 tons. HULL. At this place were two establish ments for the manufacture of salt; four vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries, and manufactures of boots, shoes, &c. There were rais ed 625 bushels of grain, 325 tons of hay, 1,306 bushels of vegetables, and 8,431 bushels of fruit. There were also in the town, 381 sheep, 11 horses, 51 neat cattle, and 44 swine. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 373 KINGSTON. Here were two forges, one cotton mill, with 590 spindles; a furnace, three tack and brad factories, two tanneries, and manufactures of axes, saddlery, trunks, soap, candles, boots, shoes, augers, potters' -ware, hames, &c. Value of three vessels built, $15,500 ; value of manufactures of iron and iron-ware of all kinds, $36, 900; of boots and shoes, $30,000. Fruit raised, 8,347 bushels. Hay cut, 809 tons. There were 15 vessels em ployed in the cod and mackerel fish ery ; value of fares, $34,850. MARSHFIELD. Two cotton mills, with 2,016 spin dles ; wool carding, and manufactures of boots, shoes, lumber, &c. Value of fruit, $2,087. Hay cut, 3,019 tons. MIDDLEBOROUGH. There were two cotton mills in this town, with 3,200 spindles, a roll ing, slitting, and nail mill, a forge, a furnace, a tack and brad factory, and manufactures of latches, door handles, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, saddlery, trunks, carriages, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, palm-leaf hats, snuff, tobac co, cigars, pumps, blocks, mechanics' tools, nail casks, wooden-ware, build ing stone, lumber, &c. ; value of cot ton cloth manufactured, $40,232 ; of anchors, cables, nails, hollow-ware, fee., $30,650; of boots and shoes, $12,793 ; of straw hats and bonnets, $25,549 ; of lumber prepared, $7,631 ; of fruit raised, $4,192 ; of cranberries, $1,200. Hay cut, 3,453 tons. NORTH BRIDGEWATER. The manufactures of boots in this town, amounted to $179,716. The value of brushes amounted to $21,500 ; of chairs and cabinet-ware, $38,000 ; of mechanics' tools, $8,250. There were also manufactures of blocks, pumps, snuff, tobacco, cigars, tin ware, carriages, hats, caps, trunks, 32 saddlery, musical instruments, shov els, spades, forks, hoes, shoe lasts and boot trees, machines for rolling lea ther, packing-boxes, lumber, tec Fruit raised, 7,249 bushels; valu-- $1,812. Hay cut, 1,445 tons. PEMBROKE. Here were manufactures of wag ons, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes. packing-boxes, tec Fruit raised^ 6,246 bushels. Hay cut, 1,085 tons PLYMOUTH. There were five cotton mills in this town, with 2,768 spindles ; value of goods manufactured, $19,368 ; there were also two rolling, slitting, ana nail mills, one forge, five rope-walks, two sperm candle works, and manu factures of saddlery, trunks, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, building stone, blocks, pumps, casks, oil, soap, ship thimbles, &c. Value of manufactures of iron, $148,800 ; of cordage, $203,800 ; of oil and sperm candles, $46,887; of iron rivets, $10,000 ; of vessels launch ed, $9,568. At this place are five vessels employed in the whale fishery, and 55 in the cod and mackerel fish ery ; value of oil, $361,000 ; value of cod-fish andjnackerel, $93,887. There were 10,24*8 bushels of grain pro duced; 3,043 bushels of fruit, and l,-662 tons of hay. PLYMPTON. One cotton mill, with 1,100 spin dles ; one woollen mill, with two sets of machinery ; and manufactures of tacks, brads, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, iron rivets, shoes, shoe boxes, wooden hoops, lumber, &c. Value of cotton cloth, $11,320. Fruit raised, 1,577 bushels. Hay cut, 696 tons. ROCHESTER. There were belonging to this town, 14 vessels employed in the whale fish ery, and two in the cod and mackerel fishery ; value of the whale fishery, 374 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. $146,135. Here were a forge, and manufactures of anchors, iron cables, salt, hats, caps, chairs, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, snuff, tobacco, cigars, blocks, pumps, oil casks, boats, lumber, &c. The value of vessels built, was $82,720. Fruit raised, 13,312 bushels. Hay cut, 1,839 tons. SCITUATE. There were nine vessels belonging to this place, employed in the cod and mackerel fishery ; value of fares, $9,928. The manufactures consisted of tacks, brads, ploughs, wagons, lea ther, boots, shoes, bricks, mechanics' tools, lumber, tec. There were 30,000 lobsters taken, worth $900 ; and 10,- 488 bushels of fruit raised. Hay cut, 2,788 tons. There were 11,904 bush els of grain raised, the value of which was $8,761. Value of butter and cheese, $7,782. WAREHAM. Six vessels belonged to this town em ployed in the whale fishery ; value of oil and bone, $109,500. There were two cotton mills, not in operation. Here were four rolling, slitting, and nail mills, two forges, a furnace, and manufactures of saddlery, trunks, salt, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, shoes, staves, building stone, lumber, &c. Value of all manufactures of iron, $642,000. Fruit raised, 1,858 bushels. Hay cut, 924 tons. WEST BRIDGEWATER. There were three furnaces in this town, and manufactures of shovels, spades, forks, hoes, ploughs, wagons, sleighs, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, lumber, &c. Value of man ufactures of iron, $40,500 ; of boots and shoes, $99,201. Fruit raised, 5,626 bushels. Hay cut, 1,528 tons. SUFFOLK COUNTY. BOSTON See page 58. CHELSEA. The manufactures of this town con sisted of hollow-ware and castings, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, iron rail ings, safes, brass ware, salt, soap, tin, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, whit ing, tobacco, snuff, cigars, blacking, stone-ware, paper staining, spice grinding, &e. Value of manufactures of iron, $32,300. Corn grown, 45,000 bushels. Fruit raised, 2,800 bushels. Hay cut, 1,453 tons. NORTH CHELSEA. The ancient town of Chelsea was divided by an act of the legislature, passed March 19, 1846. Chelsea comprised an area of about seven thousand acres, and a popula tion of about five thousand souls. The new town, called North Chelsea, comprises Point Shirley, Pullin Point, and all the old town of Chelsea, ex cept Winnisimmit or Ferry Village, containing about one thousand acres, and a population of four thousand. The centre of the town being re mote from the centre of population, and the people near the Ferry being chiefly engaged in commerce and manufactures, while those in other parts of the town were agriculturists, were the reasons assigned for this separation. " The said town of North Chelsea shall continue to be a part of the town of Chelsea, for the purpose of electing a representative to the General Court, until the next appor tionment of representatives. All meetings for the election of represen tatives, until said apportionment, shall be called by the selectmen of Chelsea, and holden in the town of Chelsea." The centre of North Chelsea lies about three miles north by east from Winnisimmit Ferry. Sfee Ohelsea. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 375 WORCESTER COUNTY. ASHBURNHAM. This town had one cotton mill, with 1,125 spindles ; value of goods made, $20,591. Also manufactures of mu sical instruments, brushes, saddlery, trunks, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, palm-leaf hats, bricks, wooden-ware, copper pumps, thread spools, tubs, scythe irons, pails, lucifer matches, tec. Value of chairs and cabinet- ware, $57,604 ; of leather, $12,900 ; of lumber and shingles prepared, $29,000 ; of fruit, $1,306. Hay cut, 2,219 tons. ATHOL. One cotton mill, with 1,392 spin dles ; value of goods, $20,850 ; also two furnaces ; value of hollow-ware and castings, $900 ; also three flour ing mills, one paper mill, three tan neries, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, scythes, ploughs, saddlery, trunks, hats, caps, tin-ware, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, shoe pegs, &c. Value of lea ther tanned, $15,635 ; of boots and shoes, $53,181 ; of wooden- ware, $11,- 250; of lumber prepared, $10,000. Fruit, 7,225 bushels. Hay, 745 tons. AUBURN. Here were two cotton mills, with 1,948 spindles ; value of sheeting and cotton batting manufactured, $40,436. Also manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, leather, lumber, ifcc. Fruit, 4,470 bushels. Hay cut, 1,070 tons. BARRE. Two woollen mills, with six sets of machinery ; one cotton mill, with 2,200 spindles ; a powder mill, a fur nace, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, scythes, saddlery, trunks, upholstery, hats, caps, cars, and other carriages, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, blocks, pumps, boxes of various kinds, tec Value of cotton goods, $55,850 ; of woollen goods, $128,320 ; of powder, $4,500 ; of palm-leaf hats, $20,000. Fruit, 22,952 bushels ; value, $4,160. Hay cut, 4,955 tons. BERLIN. Manufactures of building stone, wooden-ware, straw braid, shoes, lumber, blinds, sashes, doors, palm- leaf baskets, &c. Hops raised, 6,300 pounds; fruit, 9,030 bushels. Hay, 1,268 tons. BLACKSTONE. At this place are twelve cotton mills, with 40,518 spindles ; seven woollen mills, with 32 sets of ma chinery, four forges, and manufac tures of scythes, saddlery, trunks, wagons, glue, boots, shoes, straw braid, &c. Value of clothing manu factured, $24,346; of cotton goods, $386,945; of woollen goods, $695,- 400 ; of iron goods, $26,000 ; of build ing stone, $4,375. Fruit raised, 6,536 bushels; milk sold, 47,589 gallons; hay cut, 1,401 tons. BOLTON. Manufactures of carriages, sad dlery, trunks, ploughs, chairs, cabinet- ware, combs, leather, boots, shoes, straw braid, snuff, tobacco, cigars hames, lime, lumber, raw silk, tec Hops raised, 9,400 pounds ; fruit, 6,500 bushels ; hay, 2,138 tons. BOYLSTON. The value of boots and shoes man ufactured in this town, amounted to $13,035. Manufactures of straw braid, palm-leaf hats, bricks, &c. Value of lumber prepared, $8,568. Fruit, 13,683 bushels. Butter made, 42,227 pounds. Hay cut, 1,556 tons. 376 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. BROOKFIELD. The manufacture of boots and shoes in this town, amounted to $164,362. Manufactures of hollow-ware and castings, cabinet-ware, straw cutters, bricks, lumber, &c. Value of palm- leaf hats, $10,126. Fruit, 17,260 bushels. Hay cut, 3,965 tons. CHARLTON. One cotton mill, with 640 spindles ; one woollen mill, and manufactures of cars and other carriages, chairs, cabinet-ware, whips, building stone. Value of leather tanned, $12,080. Fruit raised, 14,000 bushels. Hay cut, 3,379 tons. DANA. One flouring mill, a tannery, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, sash es, blinds, wagon spokes and hubs, lumber, Sec Fruit produced, 4,274 bushels. Hay cut, 1,001 tons. DOUGLAS. Two cotton mills, with 6,384 spin dles ; two axe factories, and manufac tures of cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, bricks, lumber, Sec Value of boots and shoes, $44,975. Fruit, 6,046 bushels. Hay cut, 1,079 tons. DUDLEY. Three woollen mills, with eight sets of machinery, and manufactures of saddlery, trunks, chairs, cabinet- ware, leather, boots, shoes, building stone, tec. Value of woollen goods manufactured, $119,250. Fruit rais ed, 3,287 bushels. Hay cut, 2,262 tons. FITCHBURG. There were in this town three cot ton mills, with 3,306 spindles ; three woollen mills, with eight sets of ma chinery ; three paper mills, one forge, a furnace, and manufactures of cot ton, woollen, and other machinery, scythes, axes, ploughs, saddlery, trunks, upholstery, hats, caps, cars and other carriages^, soap, candles, fire-arms, tin and cabinet-wares, chairs, flour, leather, boots, shoes, straw braid, palm-leaf hats, brieks. building stone, lumber, bellows, wire sieves, powder casks, baskets, &c. Value of cotton goods manufactured, $43,737 ; of woollen goods, $180,205 ; of iron castings, &c, $15,000 ; of scythes, $33,150 ; of paper,>$33,500 ; of cars and other carriages, $23,000 ; of boots and shoes, $10,600 ; of build ing stone, $12,000 ; of lumber pre pared, $17,576. Fruit raised, 10,446 bushels. Hay cut, 2,551 tons. GARDNER. Here were twenty establishments for the manufacture of chairs and cabinet-ware, employing 119 males, and 478 females ; value produced,' $110,723. Here were also manufac tures of .boots, shoes, wooden-ware, chair tools, &c. Value of lumber prepared, $12,444. Fruit raised, 2,910 bushels. Hay cut, 1,306 tons. GRAFTON. There were six cotton mills at this place, with 16,825 spindles ; value of goods manufactured, $204,550. Val ue of cotton, woollen, and other ma chinery manufactured, $20,000 ; of leather tanned and curried, $31,608; of boots and shoes, $250,575. Also manufactures of scythes, wood screws, wagons, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares straw braid, palm-leaf hats, shoe tools, bricks, tec. Value of fruit, $6,221, 14,337 bushels. Value of milk sold, $4,824. Hay cut, 2,554 tons. HARDWICK. There were two tanneries in this town, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats to the value of $30,000. Value of fruit, $1,971 ; of butter and chees» $18,292. Hay cut, 3,926 tons. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 377 HARVARD. In this town were three paper mills, and manufactures of woollen goods, saddlery, trunks, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, building stone, marble, brooms, lumber, pen cils, sieves, gloves, socks, fans, mats, trusses, &c. Fruit raised, 9,132 bushels; hops, 41,285 pounds. Hay cut, 2,808 tons. HOLDEN. There were five cotton mills, with 6,308 spindles; two woollen mills, two tanneries, and manufactures of cars and other carriages, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, whips, wooden-wares, sashes, blinds, doors, tec Value of cotton goods, $105,- 860; value of woollen goods, $18,- 660 ; of carnages, $8,000 ; of boots and shoes, $51,187; of lumber pre pared, $30,806; of fruit raised, $4,000; of charcoal made, $1,884, 31,400 bushels. Hay cut, 2,400 tons. HUBBARDSTON. Value of palm-leaf hats manufac tured, $10,485 ; value of boots and shoes, $20,700 ; chairs and cabinet- ware, $16,733. Other manufactures consisted of saddlery, trunks, cars and other carriages, tin-ware, leather, card boards, air-tight stoves, cylin der churns, boxes, &c. Fruit, 15,- 062 bushels; value, $1,546. Hay cut, 2,785 tons. LANCASTER. One cotton mill, one woollen mill, one bleaching establishment, and man ufactures of worsted goods, cotton, woollen, and other machinery, copper pumps, shovels, spades, hoes, forks, saddlery, trunks, chairs, cabinet and tin -wares, combs, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, mechanics' tools, brooms, bricks, &c. Value of cotton goods, (counterpanes,) $40,000; of bleached goods, $40,000; of coach lace, $36,000 ; of machinery, $20,000 ; of combs, $16,200 ; of boots and shoes, $17,750 ; of fruit, $800; hops, $305. Hay cut, 1,842 tons. LEICESTER. In this place were seven woollen mills, with 14 sets of machinery, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, tin-ware, boots, shoes, straw braid, wire, card boards, bobbins, &c. The value of cards manufactured, amounted to $154,700 ; of leather, $16,500; of scythes, $13,- 725 ; of broadcloth, cassimere, satinet, and flannel, $250,000. Fruit raised, 2,554 bushels. Hay cut, 1,879 tons. LEOMINSTER. Two paper mills, and manufactures of axes, ploughs, carriages, tin-ware, combs, flour, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, bricks, mechanics' tools, brooms, blocks, pumps, baskets, straw braid, building stone, horn but tons, &c. Value of paper manufac tured, $30,000 ; of fruit raised, $3,054 Hay cut, 2,854 tons. LUNENBURG. Manufactures of palm-leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet- ware, wagons, lumber, tec Hops raised, 20,762 pounds; fruit, 7,825 bushels. Hay cut, 2,022 tons. MENDON. Manufactures of boots, shoes, straw braid, saddlery, trunks, wagons, sleighs, chairs, cabinet-ware, boats, boot-boxes, lumber, building stone, &c. Value of boots and shoes, $58,- 896 ; of fruit, (7,529 bushels,) $3,245 Hay cut, 1,418 tons> ' MILFORD. The value of boots and shoes man ufactured in this town, was $373,835 . of straw braid and bonnets, $14,000 There were also manufactures of cab inet-ware, tin, soap, hats, saddlery, leather, mechanics' tools, building stone, lumber, boot-boxes, &c. Fruil 37S GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 13,552 bushels ; value, $5,000. Hay cut, 1,538 tons. MILLBURY. There were three cotton mills in this town, with 5,500 spindles ; five wool len mills, with 15 sets of machinery ; a mill for the manufacture of cotton carpeting, a furnace, a paper mill, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, soythes, cutlery, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, saddlery, trunks, hats, caps, cars and other car riages, black lead, fire-arms, chairs, cabinet and tin-wares, leather, boots, shoes, bricks, mechanics' tools, build ing stone, sashes, doors, blinds, tec. Fruit raised, 2,810 bushels; value, $1,405. Hay cut, 1,474 tons. Value of cotton goods, $76,400 ; of woollen goods, $240,750 ; of cotton carpeting, $67,500 ; of machinery, $32,000 ; of paper, $22,140; of leather, $12,000; of boots and shoes, $73,195. NEW BRAINTREE. Here were manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, spoke- shaves, tec Value of butter and cheese, $20,940; of fruit, $2,520. Hay cut, 3,210 tons. NORTHBOROUGH. Two cotton mills, with 2,345 spin dles ; value of cotton cloth, $26,029. Also manufactures of rifles, cabinet- ware, saddlery, trunks, combs, lea ther, boots, shoes, blocks, pumps, bricks, sleighs. Fruit, 9,207 bushels. Hay cut, 1,787 tons. NORTHBRIDGE. Five cotton mills, with 9,080 spin dles, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, aud other machinery, lea ther, boots, shoes, building stone, &c. Value of boots and shoes manufac tured, $53,300. Value of cotton goods, $125,220. Fruit raised, 1,700 bushels. Hay cut, "900 tons. There were 7,462 bushels of grain raised, valued at $4,449. NORTH BROOKFIELD. The value of boots and shoes made in this town, was $329,204, employ ing 324 males, and 231 females. There were also manufactures of leather, cars and other carriages, mechanics' tools, building stone, lumber,- &c. Also one woollen mill; value of goods, $4,327. Value of fruit, (8,790 bush. els,) $2,674. Hay cut, 2,583 tons. OAKHAM. There were manufactures in this town of satinet, ploughs, chairs, sad dlery, trunks, cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, twist, wire sieves, &c. Value of shoe bottoms manufactured, $10,500. Fruit raised, 8,302 bushels. Hay cut, 2,050 tons. OXFORD. Four cotton mills, with 8,040 spin dles ; two woollen mills, with seven sets of machinery, and manufactures of axes, saddlery, trunks, tin-ware, boots, shoes, mathematical instru ments, lumber, &c. The value of cotton goods manufactured, was $94,- 097 ; of woollen goods, $113,897 ; of boots and shoes, $49,235 ; of lumber prepared, $8,023. Fruit, 8,200 bush els. Hay, 2,941 tons. PAXTON. Manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, tec. Value of lumber and fire wood prepared, $8,232. Value of butter and cheese, $3,325. Fruit raised, 1,132 bushels. Hay cut, 1,005 tons. PETERSHAM. One woollen mill ; value of goods, $5,000. Value of boots and shoes, $10,369. Manufactures of ploughs, carriages, cabinet and tin-ware, chairs, leather, bricks, blocks, pumps, &c. Value of lumber, $17,822 ; value of palm-leaf hats, $14,953. Fruit, 23,542 bushels. Hay cut, 3,634 tons, DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 379 PHILLIPSTON. One. cotton mill, with 744 spindles ; one woollen mill; value of cotton goods, $13,000. Manufactures of sleighs, cabinet-ware, chairs, and cane chair bottoms, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, &c. Value of palm- leaf hats, $10,000. Fruit, 10,000 bushels. Hay cut, 1,700 tons. PRINCETON. Two tanneries ; value of leather tanned and curried, $25,000. Value of shoes made, $33,000 ; of chairs made, $5,800 ; of ploughs, $450 ; of lumber prepared, $8,400; of butter and cheese, $9,000. Fruit raised, 5,000 bushels. Hay cut, 4,000 tons. ROYALSTON. In this town were two woollen mills, with five sets of machinery ; value of goods made, $59,590 ; value of chairs and cabinet- ware manufactured, $ 14,- 185. Also manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, hats, blocks and pumps. Value of wooden- ware, $20,090 ; of lumber prepared, $15,115. Also manufactures of brush woods, shoe-boxes, rakes, palm-leaf hats, stave machines, tec Fruit, 7,631 bushels. Hay cut, 2,866 tons. RUTLAND. One woollen millj and manufactures of cars and other carriages, chairs, cabinet-ware, leather, boots, palm- leaf hats, wooden-ware, &c. Value of woollen goods, $20,000 ; of carriages, $6,800" ; of boots, $39,400 ; of palm- leaf hats, $6,000 ; of lumber and fire wood prepared, $12,400. Fruit, 3,000 bushels. Hay cut, 2,400 tons. SHREWSBURY. Manufactures of straw bonnets, leather, cabinet-ware, fire-arms, hats, saddlery, tec The value of shoes made here, amounted to $97,617. Fruit raised, 20,818 bushels; value, 611,274. Hay cut, 2,299 tons. SOUTHBOROUGH. Value of boots and shoes manufac tured, $52,202 ; value of straw bon nets and hats, $16,000 ; value ol brushes made, $2,500. Milk sold 68,912 gallons, for $5,513. Fruit, 8,900 bushels. Hay cut, 1,118 tons. SOUTHBRIDGE. In this town were six cotton mills with 13,098 spindles ; one woollen mill, and manufactures of soap, can dles, chairs, tin and cabinet-wares, gold and silver-wares, boots, shoes, bricks, saddlery, &c. The value of cotton goods manufactured, was $134,- 000 ; of woollen goods, $300,800 ; of water-twisted kersey, $11,617; of worsted goods, $195,000; of boots and shoes, $11,367. Fruit raised, 9,696 bushels; value, $1,444. Hay cut, 2,026 tons. SPENCER. Three cotton mills, with 1,200 spin dles; one woollen mill, one powder mill, and manufactures of scythes, cabinet-ware, chairs, leather, boots, palm-leaf hats, bricks, &c. Value of cotton goods, $22,250 ; of powder manufactured, $15,000 ; of boots, $93,100 ; of fruit raised, $1,370. Hay cut, 2,662 tons. STERLING. The value of chairs and cabinet ware made in this town was $41,050 ; value of palm-leaf hats, $29,000 ; of lumber prepared, $10,357; of butter made, $12,657, (75,145 lbs. ;) of fruit, $3,723; of hops, (1,000 lbs.) $100. Hay cut, 3321 tons. Also manufac tures of flour, leather, boots, shoes, saddlery, hats, caps, carriages, bricks, building stone, wooden and earthen wares, &c. STURBRIDGE. In this place, were four colton mills, with 12,320 spindles, two tan neries, and manufactures of ploughs, 380 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS saddlery, wagons and other vehicles, chairs, cabinet ware, tin, leather, boots, snoes, lumber, &c. The value of augers and bitts manufactured amounted to $9,375 ; of cotton goods, $118,000. Quantity of fruit, 13,191 bushels. Value of boots and shoes made, $16,178. Hay cut, 3,181 tons. SUTTON. At this place were four cotton mills, with 8,336 spindles; one woollen mill, with two sets of machinery. Value of cotton goods, $108,000 ; value of woollen goods, $30,000. Value of boots and shoes manufac tured, $60,860. Also one flouring mill, and manufactures of saddlery, scythes, ploughs, mechanics' tools, &c. Fruit raised, 5,046 bushels. Hay cut, 2,579 tons. TEMPLETON. Here were two woollen mills, with 7 sets of machinery ; value of wool len goods made, $180,000. Also a furnace and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other machinery, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, brushes, saddlery, trunks, hats, caps, carriages, tin and cabinet wares, chairs, leather, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, doors, sashes, blinds, packing boxes, metre cards and boxes, bricks, &c. Value of lumber prepared, $20,000 ; value of chairs and cabinet-ware, $34,330 ; palm-leaf hats, $14,000; of boots and shoes, $24,925. Value of fruit raised, $1,136. Hay eut, 2,250 tons. UPTON. Manufactures of straw bonnets and hats, leather, boots, shoes, cars and other carriages, trunks, saddlery, me chanics' tools, wooden ware, lumber, &c. Value of straw goods, $57,275 : raised, of boots and shoes, $41,357. Fruit 4,619 bushels; hay cut, 967 tons ; cranberries picked, 600 bushels. UXBRIDGE. There were four cotton mills in this town, with 9,036 spindles ; five wool len mills, with 14 sets of machinery ; and manufactures of boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, leather, flour, tin, copper, and sheet iron; coaches and. other carriages, cabinet-ware, trunks, saddlery, bricks, building stones, lumber, Sec. Value of cotton goods, $82,625; of woollen goods, $236,632; of boots and shoes, $20,- 800 ; of fruit, (8,866 bushels,) $3,646 ; of butter, (44,500 lbs.,) $7,416. Hay cut, 2,110 tons. WARREN. One cotton mill with 1,700 spindles, one woollen mill, one forge, and man ufactures of scythes, anchors, chain cables, hats, caps, boots, shoes, lum ber, &c. Value of cotton goods, $17,- 000 ; of woollen goods, $8,625 ; of butter and cheese, $12,205 ; fruit, raised, 12,596 bushels ; hay cut, 2,663 tons. WEBSTER. Here were three cotton mills with 9,328 spindles ; one woollen mill, with five sets of machinery, one forge, a furnace, and manufactures of boots, shoes, tin and cabinet ware, chairs, soap, candles, cars and other car riages, caps, trunks, saddlery, lumber, sheet iron stoves, stove pipe, copper boilers, baskets, wooden ware, &c. Value of cotton goods, $111,356 ; of woollen goods, $156,443 ; of hollow- ware, castings, bar iron, anchors, Sec, $8,700. Fruit raised, 3,489 bushels ; hay cut, 512 tons. WESTBOROUGH. . The value of boots and shoes man ufactured in this town, amounted to $84,699 ; of cars, and other carriages, $13,222. Also manufactures of tin and cabinet-wares, chairs, trunks, saddlery, straw-cutters, boxes, leather, straw bonnets and hats, bricks, build ing stone, lumber, &c. Value of fruit, $1,725 ; milk produced, 377,192 gal lons, value, $34,045. Hay cut, 2,303 tons. Number of busheis of grain raised. 20,114 ; value, $12,346. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 381 WEST BOYLSTON. Here were six cotton mills, with 8,220 spindles, seven forges. Also manufactures of cordage, saddlery, trunks, carriages, leather, boots, shoes, lumber, &c. Value of cotton goods, $118,360; of bar iron, anchors, tec, $2,900 ; of boots and shoes, $11,316. Value of fruit, $900. Hay cut, 1,354 tons. WESTMINSTER. Manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, car riages, chairs, cabinet-ware mechan ics' tools, wooden-ware, lumber, tec. Fruit raised, 19,253 bushels; butter made, 39,925 lbs. Hay cut, 2,710 tons. There were produced in this town, 5,243 bushels of corn, 1,058 bushels of wheat, and 6,917 bushels of other grain. Value of grain, $9,650. Also, 13,285 bushels of po tatoes, and 4,563 bushels of other es culent vegetables. WINCHENDON. One cotton mill with 4,600 spin dles; one woollen mill, with three sets of machinery. Also manufac tures of cotton, woollen, and other ma chinery, saddlery, trunks, carriages, leather, palm-leaf hats, wooden-ware, lumber, pails, tubs, &c. Value of cotton goods, $79,800; of woollen goods, $100,000 ; of machinery, $13,- 000 ; of leather, $10,000 ; of palm- leaf goods, $14,285 ; of lumber pre pared, $12,572. There were manu factured in this place 375,000 tubs and pails, valued at $62,000. Hay cut, 2,250- tons. WORCESTER. Three cotton mills, with 4,800 spin dles ; six woollen mills, with eleven sets of machinery ; one carpet fac tory, one paper-mill, and establish ments for the manufacture of hollow- ware, and castings ; cotton, woollen, and other machinery ; card wire, cot ton carpeting, saddlery, trunks, cars and other carriages, locks, ploughs, brass and tin-wares ; hats, caps, cord age, cards, soap, candles, chairs, cab inet-ware, boots, shoes, straw bonnets and hats, tobacco, &c. ; whips, me chanics' tools, wooden-ware ; machine card, hand card, and letter presses ; patent water-wheels, sashes, doors, blinds, fancy boxes, paper-hangings, window-blinds, musical instruments; marble monuments, japan and var- nish,silver-plated ware, sieve and wire- work, reeds and harnesses, nuts and washers, umbrellas, trusses, copper and wood pumps, &c. Value of cot ton goods, $45,184 ; of woollen goods, $194,040; of iron-ware, $134,500: of machinery, $310,000; of card wire, $110,000; of ploughs, $48,000; of paper, $30,000 ; of hats and caps, $24,752 ; of cards, $22,000 ; of cars and other carriages, $221,100; of chairs and cabinet-ware, $27,500 ; of tin-ware, $38,500 ; of boots and shoes, ¦ $288,550 ; of straw bonnets and hats, $10,000 ; of bricks, $28,000 ; of cotton carpetings, $26,000 ; of building stone, $23,500 ; of mechanics' tools, $1 2,000 ; of presses, $25,500 ; of door and other carpentry, $16,500. Fruit raised, 27,604 bushels, value, $9,201 ; butter made, 97,300 lbs., value, $16,217. The value of grain produced in this town, was $24,897; of vegetables, $25,980, and of hay, (5,100 tons,) $51,000. We rejoice to have it in our power to lay before our readers such valuable statements of the domestic industry of the state, as the foregoing abstracts and following tables present. The prices of the various articles, amount of capital invested in manufacturing, &c, are omitted as unnecessary ; — enough is given to show that the people of Massachusetts are alive to the beat interests of their country. 382 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. STATISTICS, BY COUNTIES, OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPOR TANT BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES IN THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. Statistics of the Manufacture of Leather, Boots and Shoes. [•ANNERIES. BOOTS AND SHOES. Counties. in .£ c c fi m-d •a a ffi £ -a "3 o . IO H . H 0 •uia ssjuiua^ -H CO Ol **¦ r- oo *0 L-- Ol CO Ol r- r- rH CO •paXoidiua saiejfl £*¦ IO . CO Ol Ol tD tO r-\ CO • CO 00 iO 10 I> . CO CJ 0CO tcf IO o 0 *o Ol o 0 01 'IB1IHBIJ . . tO . . . . o^ . ° • to uonoo jo Bpj-Bj^ 00 . . Ol o" . . . . o OJ . 00" CO o^ of CO of o o 0 0 0 o o 0 0 0 •SuippBjW Ol o^ o_ * 0 °i. 9BB!I3d J° spunoj . . "^ * * ¦ *CM oT 0 • r-i CD tif 0-^*10 to fH o o 0 0 O >o O T-H I> wwoo 0 0 0 to •Supi^jf IO ^ IO r-Tt-Too" . io_oi oo ¦oft-^ofcf o^oq^t-^od* CO0 tcf uonoo jo spunoj ¦^a* 00 . t-H Ol CO 0 IO oo to CO »oof to to 0 OJ ¦* t*- r~ t- Oi 1— f 'proiqX ^ • ¦• tq^ * • t-^ • 0^ °i. uo^oq jo epuuoj of * • to *-T 00 • Oi Oi cf o to oo O O Ol o 0 0 CO to o »> ¦«# ^OMO 0 ¦*# 00 OJ *M1°TD °1u! O^H . C^O^O^ xrV^L, "<* 0^ apBtu iou luujt cfr-^cf co" 0*10" co" ocfof r-T cf uon«0 jo spunoj t-tUO to r-l W . OJ CO l> Ol i-H i-H >o t- to co_ ooo 01 01 01 >o "=H 1> CO OS i-H CO tDCN £- to Oi 0D °is°q. O t-H tO i-H ^^ 00^ Ol •qioio * i-Tto" CO >o OJ * 01 co*«f cf of to CO co *o 01 r- CO !>¦ Ol 00 uonoo JO SpjEJ^ . GOOl to "^co^ . >q^ CO r- 00^ tq I>*af tcTof-^ of ¦^ of *rf 1-1 CNJ 1> 01 t^ OHIO >o 0 t- 0 CO CO T* to •** o io o rH O CO O "^ «o 0 _ ¦¦* IO c"v~i.cH, •-tfoo^o^tq Ol i-H "*-. °^ ¦pguinsuoo ^ocTtd* cfirf r-Tcfcxf ofto* cf uonoo jo spunoj t-H o o o to 10 co 01 0 »o OHO t- 01 0 ¦<* 10 to *# OJ 0 Ol HlO i-H t- CO01 OJ go" to"10 to to o 00 tO tO CM ^ H -<* 0 CO tO (M CO tH rH CO IO 00 •^ 1> "* CO •Bajpuidg uoiaog •«tf OS Ol T-^CO^-^Ol^O^ -^ to -rr< r-^of *-Tof "^r-Ttif cf of of trf CO *o IO 0 CO CO t> i— 1 H Ol i-H CO * -t— ++¦«<>» 'snsitt uonoo oi »o 00 *o Ol f- OJ O CO ¦*# rH >o 00 Ol0CO mWH O O Barnstable, .. Berkshire, . . Bristol, . .. Dukes, .. . Essex, .... Franklin, . .. Hampden, .. Hampshire, .. Middlesex, .. Nantucket, . . Norfolk, . .. Plymouth, .. Suffolk, .. . "Worcester, .. E£*0 '".2 tn--- I'l'cS¦3-£g-£ .— ^* QJ .— c c g a 3S4 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. -8 I e 4 ts. 2 JS 3 •peloid i> -<* -# o to oo to t> tOOl y—i 1 rH i-H O *«J« . vo r- oi to oi y—t -rf . to *> -ma saiBiuajf CO to Ol 00 ¦ tH Oi ¦^ 1 CO ¦«# t*- to Ol VO CO CO to 00 00 Ol tH 'paXoidma Bap3i\[ l-H rH f- CO CD oi to >o IO t-H i-H CO tO . CO •«# rH . OJi-H oOl CO o o o ¦pay pads iou o o CDo epooS jo spjEjt * * ' OOl • o • ¦ - r- * • of CD 1 o O O vo o o o »o •qiop oiui apBui iou ujbX ueaoojji jo epux j o O O CO O rH to o o. * • 'OH * * OJ . cf cf ¦ o • *OJ * O^vr^-of t-T ¦ 1— 1 1-i •to tcf vo i-H i-H OJ O CO o OOOOH OJ vo 1> O Ol o o t> o o -* i> vo CO ¦SupaiiuBia jo 'leu'uBijjospjBX O^OJ o^ • -tf^ O ¦* i-H • « i-H • o °i. ofofcfIO <<* vfoj^-^vrfirf • CO oco - i-H cfOl tO HW <«# •^ of i-T «¦#* o CD O O O O o vo vo o O O O o o o "* ¦<* •Efu,B9f jCapm . o • o^o^cqo^ ' c£. ' •00^ eo^ ¦uag jo spjt?.£ o" - o ¦ wf wfof-^o "OOlOH cf ¦ o • Vff ¦ oo ofVO Ol rH CO OJ iH vo tq^ r-T ooo CO o o o o oo o o ooo CD O CD O O o Ol o Ol CO^Ol^O • O^O^HO . co^ t^ 'lauiicg jo spjBjt tCtcfi^r cftcf r^^cf ocfcf i-T od" ^4^1 • i-H 00 •<* Ol o . CO -# ¦ -^ VO Ol 1-H TH Tj* rH ,-i ot T-T vq^cf o o o o oo -^ i-H O IO oo ¦** o co cd oi r- Ol o to VO •ejam •OJ o ¦OJ O • OJ 00 CO o -tf "*„ ¦isseo jo epjBjt o o ¦OOOJ l> O 1> CO o -iot- oo »o oj r- Olo 1-T vo Ol rH rH VO CO Ol of o o to o to r- Ol o O CO CD to »o vo ¦qiojo • R* • * * Rs^,'"^ to . VO^ CO -pBoja jo sp.rei of •00 ¦ of-*"cf . . i-H O tO to" df iO ofOl i-H t-H i-H VO o ooo o o o o o VO CO o 00 ooo CD CD O O O I> Ol CO •*# HOO vq^o^q^iq^ ^OJ^ *#, ¦** ¦pamnsuoo T-Tof-"* of !>'-#' cfi-T l>"cf vo" !<" [ooji jo spunoj "# Ol 00 Ol Ol Ol to o O i-H to CO ¦^CJ OJ oi-«# 00 Ol tO rH t-^ CO r-T of "tf" ¦*#" vo"»H •^J9UiqOBJ\[ ^f VO OJ VOrH coSo O "* OJ OHW*t* cooo OJ 00vo "* uaiiooji jo Bjag rH ^ rH VO C0O3C0 to O »-H CO IO oi ¦•# Ci 00 '*II!£ff U8II00j^ 0* i-H i-H t-H Ol y* I-t *- » TOH o O arnslable, erkshire, ristol, . ukes, . ssex. . Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk. . ymouth, iffolk, . "orcester, ( Mpqpqft w Ph W FS j DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 385 1 00 ^ tO •pa^oiduia spufcjj M""1 (n £j CO «<* VO O) , -h io CO 00 y-t i-h CM rH OJ •UOJJ gjj UBqi jaqio eSui -18BQ pUB 9JBj\{ *°n°H J° suox •uojx Si j u-eqi jaqio sSui-jbbo PUB SJBJ^ M0{ "I°H J° amiauj -nuBiu eqi joj 890BUJn,J jo *0J^J ON-hH o s§ •uoji s\d J° QJniOEj nuBtu eqi joj SSDBUjn^ JO 'Oft ¦uoji iqSnoj^ jo eapiyu ja -qiopue'eaiq-eouiBqo'sioqouv 'uojj j^a jo suo,! io o • to to J> OJ Ol -^ O Oi "NCOOTti IO tO "# rH Ol O VO CO ¦saSjOji jo 'on H •paXojdtaa spireji oi »o i-H o o . 00 1> co to •sijb^ jo epunoj oo o o O 00 ooo o to o cfoj" joamiOBjniiBui sqt joj samqoBjfl ¦hiibu oiu; apBta jou uoij jo suox •BI|IUI IIBJ.J pUB 'Su'jnilS 'Suiuoa IO 00 . -H CO rH Ol CO -* * CO CO oi to : co co pq m pq A W^ W M § fe fe Ph w p 33 386 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Statistics of the Manufacture of Chairs, Cabinet and Tin Wares. Counties. Barnstable, . Berkshire, . Bristol, . . Dukes, . . Essex, . . Franklin, . Hampden, . Hampshire, . Middlesex, . Nantucket, . Norfolk, . . Plymouth, . Suffolk, . . Worcester, . CHAIRS AND CABINET WARE. « 8 I-S 3 27 14 66 181113 4052 1535 155 o> — iS 3 22 $ 1,350 52,77024,050 199,605 37,73426,560 19,750 264,550 240,271 54,425 163,400 392,214 ¦2 S. aS 35 S- 4 86 45 318 63 3840 320 317 79 159 1125 449 $ 1,476,679 2594 231 $793,624 719 TIN. £.» 7 10 17 2 30 29 6 33 7 18 9 54 27 r $5,750 21,100 55,500 1,000 77,9t0 2,500 46,500 11,300 90,400 4,000 31,400 18,574 357,250 70,450 So 12 2148 2 82 3 32 18 103 12 51 36 221 78 Statistics of Grain. ^li V- o "8 o Counties. ig o N ¦3 j •SJ St ra •3 • Si JS Is CQ o Barnstable, . . • 76,340 438 17,092 2,722 7,719 Berkshire, 172,546 7,026 59,026 7,824 339,625 4,963 Bristol, . 139,392 33 15,165 1,723 46,789 Dukes, . 12,615 1,167 131 2,738 Essex,. . 172,618 2,674 16,448 9,908 50,341 Franklin, 193,652 8,139 52,827 8,680 109,377 2,825 Hampden, 180,155 5,S78 77,677 401 141,006 15,992 Hampshire, 188,441 6,254 60,627 4,014 101,368 4,553 Middlesex, 250,028 1,952 49,887 15,257 91,982 1,436 Nantucket, 500 . . . . Norfolk, . 85,569 191 14,240 5,474 14,600 . . Plymouth, 121,301 647 21,111 3,830 24,871 . . Suffolk, . 700 200 50 Worcester, 391,358 14,754 61,458 61,917 307,743 2,505 1,985,215 47,986 446,925 121,931 1,238,159 32,274 DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 387 ¦buims I oor-^oiotow^oTficoooo0101I>-HOl'HCO-^tOOOOCO-HCOtq^-^-^r*. o^tq^oi^oi *o co 01 1- o^co^ cfcfo" o'tcfi>sto"'-^-H'oft^x'-rto" rH rH rH -H •emBO waft »Or;lOOtOCOrHOJOOCOVOVOtOCOVOOOOOOltOVOVOCOOliOOlrHtO^ tOtOOJCOrHtOCOVOr^Ot-tOCOOO •BesjoH .3 -joomjo spunod jo j&qumu ibiox VO-^OJ-^CDiOCOOtOOitOvoCOtD0100'^O"«3OlOi>"^00C0l>-00tOOCOCOrHt--OlCOt--^00'-HOOCO Ht»0>OtOCll>lO^O'^tO OltOOsOir-^OiOJOO^tOtq^oi^to Ol^O -"d^C^t^tO vo 00^ oo to »o to CO o cf of CO r-Tcf t^ 00 OJ OltO VO t- I> rH Ol CO -H rH tocn • »oof • to •I00j& ja qiouBjo spunoj rHtO»OVOtOI>-^frHCOOOJOOlOJOO-^-^vOTHCOir-OOiOCOCOtOOO^Ot-I>tOrHlO *I00AV 0UIJ aH J° spunoj VO -* O O Ol CO tO CO O100 '¦^I-OCOIOH^H * "^ tO Ol Cl tO Ol rH O rH 00 -af Ol "Ioom. AnoxBg jo spunoj o to to O Ol CO CO. tO rH OJ 000 rH * CO O Ol Ol rf-tfOH jo jaqumu ibio£ •daaqg jo ppunj JaqiQ toeotot**oioojrHooo-^j'i> HOCOMSHHOWOI'O C0-<^0DtOC0'*Oil>-^VO-^Ol tOO-^QOt-OlOJOtOOtO-'a' rHt0rj*01tOI>tOtO00OC0tO (NNHW^OOtliHOtOOTlt ¦doaqg ouiJ9fl[ rHrHOllOi-HlOOtO •OlrH-^OltOOOrHOl oq^r- *^-"* tq^oi^vq^oi ' *•#* of — Tof t>* •dsaqs XnoxBg > rH bWHto O OOOOO Ol 388 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. •reSng 3ldeH[ jo spunoj I ¦litUjijo sniBA •jinjjjo spqsna o CT.O O to »=> . .O •o ¦ oo ON (N •¦¦* • 10 to co co 0 to r- oo o 00 o 0 ¦«* CO CO CO 00 CO CO t-H 00 t> .^wo-^ oq^oi^cMO r-^r-^tq^co^o^ r^oq^r-^iq^ icfcfof ofcfofcfr-T cfcfofotf 0101 *H Ol OJ Ol O) • OJ CO rH rH CsJ rH rH 00 O rH O O rH -^ O CO CO -^ O CO ¦«# VO rH Ol I> VO Ol 00 tO .hTfOO o^co^c^c^co^oq^o^o^io^ oj to 00 00 cfcftcfof ocfcf -^"cft-f vrfvrfoftcf rH 00 Ol tOtOi>rHQ0- ¦ O oovoc*-ojoiio-<#oaiocoto CO-^rH-^Ol>COt01>OOlOVOt>r-^t^oro^c^^^co^io vq^oo vo ¦«* 10 -^otf^of »rf cf ^ocf t-^cf cf of r-Totf rHQOOl VO VO ^ "^ l> CO OJ Ol •sajcpna jaqio jo S[aqsng 'saoi •Bioj jo epqeng •asaaqo jo spunoj ^¦^NtDlOHOlO^OOO lOrHCO-^OOC-tOOCOO-^Ol t*I*^',3^c'i.r~i.,~Jvt"^o^c0 o to Ol r-f t£fr^-**vrf cf **f otf vrf t>* r-T go ¦^ co r- rH to oj ^ oj o go to OJ Ol rH lOrHonorHootoocoo-^'toooolOOlOlOOCOOOOSOOOlOOlOiOO¦^oo "# ^"^^oi^^t** o Oi cq^o Oi o*of of rH^vf t-f cf r-T r-Ttd'tc" -^to^vrf QJNWW'HtOOCOi> OlrH t- CO "^ VO OJ CO Ol 00 CO ¦-* 00 OlOJ-^CDOlOitOtOOJ>vO^OJOOOJ-0)01rHi#iot0C0O0JG0^t^^o^tq^tq^c^tq-^o tq^co td'cf cf of of of cf of acTcf ad* of r^aioii-HooiOicococorHt- i-H 01 co to to to t>» o coco II to In C3«Si*3«to >r~ o DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 389 In addition to the articles manufactured, and other products, as exhibited in the foregoing tables, are the following, with their value, and the num ber of hands employed. Articles. Axes, Hatchets, and other edge tools, . 94,441 Beef, &c, killed, . . 225,918 Beeswax, .... 981 Berries, 10,842 Blacking, .... 10,422 Bleaching or coloring, 2,166,000 Blocks and pumps, . 127,249 Boats, 82,943 Boxes of all kinds, . 215.105 Brass articles, . . 331,890 Bricks, 612,832 Britannia ware, . . 102,550 Broom seed and brush, 86,111 Brooms, 200,814 Brushes, .... 153,900 Buttons, metal, . . 56,080 Butts or hinges, . . 25,390 Calico, 4,779,817 Candles sperm,and oil, 3,613,796 Candles, tallow, and soap, 836,156 Cannon, 82,000 Cards, cotton & woo), 323,845 Carpeting, .... 834,322 Cars, rail-road car riages, and other ve hicles, .... 1,343,576 Chemical preparations 331,965 Chocolate, .... 81,672 Clocks, 54,975 Coal, mineral and iron ore, 21,669 Combs, 198,965 Cooperage, .... 269,935 Copper, 610,950 Cordage, .... 906,321 Cutlery, 148,175 Dyeing, 98,700 Earthen te stone ware, 52,025 Engines, fire, . . . 37,800 Engines and boilers, steam 208,546 Fire arms, .... 260,819 Fringe and tassels, . 54,300 Gins, cotton, . . . 45,444 Glass, . . . 758,300 Glue,. . . 387,-575 33* Value. Hands empl. 94 35 211 204 164 235 145 1,407 93 313220 60 49 2,053 306343 48 147 1,034 1,881 113 27 4078 340487 197 647 197114 7242 221357 106 48 630 93 Articles. Hats and caps, . . Honey, Hops, Hosiery and yarn, . Instruments, mathe matical, tec, . . Iron railing, fences, and safes, . . . Jewelry, includ. chro nometers, watches, gold and silver ware, Lasts, Latches and door han dies, Lead pipe, and lead manufactures, . . Lead, white, Se paints. Lime, Linen thread, . . . Linseed oil, . . , Locks, Lumber and shingles, Machinery, . . . Marble, Milk, Millet, Musical instruments, Paper, Pens, steel, .... Ploughs and other ag ricultural tools, Poultry and eggs, Powder, ..... Saddles, harnesses and trunks, . . . Salt, Sashes, blinds, Se doors Scythes, .... Seeds, .... Shoe pegs, . . . Shovels, spades, forks and hoes, . . . Silk, raw, .... Silk, sewing, . . . Snuff, tobacco and ci gars, Starch, Stone, building. . . Value. 734,942 13,206 32,25194.892 54,050 129,300 305,623 80,145 3,200 90,880 356,200 43,629 145,000181,100 60,070 921,106 2,022,648 220,004 304,917 8,476 548,625 1,750,273 15,000 121,691 25,891 165,500 422,794 79,980 180,181 113,935 4,721 18,206 275.212 952 150,477 324,639 119,950 1,065,599 Hands empl. 1,003 238 6887 293 84 10 50 106 80 192 3475 2,5062,421 312 427 1,369 12 i5fc 49 648 584 215 171 259 156 572 39 1,849 390 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Articles. Value. Hand., empl. Articles. Value. Hands empl. Sugar, refined, . . Tacks and brads, . . Teazles, raised, . . Tobacco, do. . . . Tools, mechanics', . Upholstery, . . . 940,000 253,687 3,308 16,686 161,899 354,261 106 269256275 Whips, Wood (fire), bark and charcoal, .... Wooden ware, . . . Worsted goods, . . 111,947 1,088,656 416,366654,566 52b 2,925 806846 There are a number of articles, not included in any of the foregoing tables, which amount to $4,758,384, employing 3,232 hands, and a capital of $1,587,760. The articles consisted of stoves, bread, beer, books and station ery, balances, matches, lamps, pickles, paper-hangings, types, umbrellas, &c. &c. &e. The total amount of manufactures, as returned by the assessors, and exhibited by the Secretary of State, is $114,478,443 ; the capital invested as stated, was $59,145,767, and the number of hands employed was 152,766. It will be observed that in the aggregate amount of the domestic industry of the State, some articles are estimated or credited twice, as wool, with woollen goqds ; leather, with boots and shoes, &c. It will also be noticed that many important manufactures are entirely omitted in the accounts, and that no mention is made of the vast expenditures for buildings, and other improvements of a domestic character. While these abstracts were preparing, many of them were shown to good iudges of the manufacturing interests in the state, and it was their united opinion that the returns of the assessors were generally accurate, except in regard to the quantity and value of goods manufactured, which was thought to be much less than the actual amount in the spring of 1846. lg« 382. ti it '• 383. tl 384. tt 385. Note. — In the foregoing Tables the value of some articles of manufacture are omitted. They are here given : — Value of Leather, .... $3,836,657 " " Boots and Shoes, . . . 14,799,140 " « Cotton Goods, .... 12,193,449 " " Woollen Goods, .... 8,877,478 " " Nails, 1,502,275 " " " " Bar Iron, Chain Cables, &c, . . . 538,966 " " " " Pig Iron, ..... 148,761 " " " " Hollow Ware and Castings, . . . 1,280,141 The prices of live stock, wool, grain, hay, butter, cheese, Sec. Sec, are gen erally so well known, that it is deemed unnecessary to state them ; we how ever give the average prices of live stock, which were as follows : — Neat Cattle, $19.26 ; Horses, $52.94 ; Sheep, SI 57: Swine, $8.75. Se- page 387. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 391 392 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS.. H«co^u5to^ooaio^««^u5tofr-cooicr^«co-TOto^aieiQ^NC23;i2 t0-*OOP3**t0tD0a000i 530)™NWQ(OP)(NOJoiiOinu5(M«300'*(NOOoai' .. i-h Ol VO !>. CC t>OmONqU5qN«'Ht3qi0C5OIBCW«ONCi5iOKO_. 5ui toto eo c« i-J cd -h to 5 1 !—.«(>-" US — to* 2 OhNhO MinOiOpCTpPJtOOUJQNOOOOMQCOM^^OgW^OJnOOQOCJgOOOriNONO«^co«o«OHOoooowowwa)iS^55sR«ocoNinSoioeiiocii5 TtilO «5«rtS«oS 800lOOtDM«!OOQQStOOCOO£t)ip!DOfflCnQOO««OOOQOQOO!DC ifflSsocHOOC«t.«u5innoi3rt»n-lo "to jdgoi^^h — iuito n* tp .-J to -h .-j 5 — CC -h Ol Cl — . Htomn © CN 1-1 t^ -h « « « 2 2 ri nd—Io* co toeoo^ cs^us eo" fr»" fr-'j^-'-ep ci^'us ¦* ci « us" <-J vr *•- OSOl ScooiSQQOStooootDrtsooqoqooiNxpooosnQqoonoQOQ cooso«o«raowooa3»ioo«i5i5ohnFHSoO'H" io — o .— — i to — i >-« •fta to OOOnOO!DClDffltflpOOQOOOOOOU)ISOOO ' 05>pb.o«o«c,i)PwO'HCooioco«ioioou)n-Z'irjO«Nt-.i5io: US COfr^lN'-l US US WMM«wa2 <£> —• —. rH &t- gpo^ptDooopoPOOPifi-n^ocftmtnopooonppootHPOioo pcwPCToonpiooNospwcciNntoooinHOpotncocoopcDPtoisoHe O-hCO-hCO s- -CO IN &* 2 ~ hcov eoo*- nop'9PL';pii3PQpp©«p«Dto-gcjpinm!oppp«a)PPpppP«5gppnpONono^noooiDCQPotonooPisnHOOOTtiismoooooNPOO' ¦-''¦¦ — a5 to" to .-J ^ o « to oi o" gogogo-h «'*i*us"~eO(N«-ifr^i^cQ£ CO «¦* i-tTl< to oto Hgowptogw o-homoo «Hiopopg«tD ^SBS2;SlI)2o ¦ --¦¦- (pfr-'b-'-H ^ . to" i-i tt co' ^ to sjri I rH — . COS^ o s^SJSm 5 3 « "o £ 3 "3 "3 5 .ri o.ri-^^.a'S.o.oS rt S "3 "3 3-c^.o £ 5 ri s? ^lG Ui fan h o _ d 3} cd u i. c c ¦swamou -' ai « *j< o ««o8So3«ciffl^into~ioSS q'hhMQ Sh dlO^' hOMM B IT ' (N-^SCN—iOltDO C0"3"«tD- Diag-Hgwxgoo^oooo-HpioinowmgoPMcooooLDoo'-ioi.'j scqqNCsiHqoqSQqinqMqNN'q'C'iiJiooonN'iiiomioiooNos to-^eocj © «to HtD"iJ* LOCO-hIOi-h X (NCJO COrH -g«CO©C to©Tjo-* oScd-^i-H -*•<#•onowoa)Hpio5«NorioimowooHHOONoiioeDcicSq5)oo«0(oo Oi-ifc-" o dm'ccH ©"(m'o ci uii-i uscdri *j to of oi — I cd i-h © 2 OiHgaDgwogiHooiooogooMgiHooooiNgoincow'*i--iowc r^-rfit^r^ © ol O © >-h — 3 GO US — I to" tO Sooc USOi u oi oi — t 5SSS i©o©c* us us ot c *# oi -*' a C "J — 3 rt te m O 3.3 rt -Co & = . i.O OJ3 t0Wj^3 £3,a sax t 391 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. H«CO^iOtOt-.QOO»0--.5j l-H H 01 *ri 01 a - 5HO^«oo»o«ONq«««>OBHwqiNsan»oqq qlsqqoitog s tp oicotoJ-i us oi us to i-i oi t^ ri •**•& d-Hi-idH«2 DUSUSO*OtO©eO— £j ©USQlO©tO©COOJ© US10USOU5©Tjt©H*0©«00©©USfMOCQfr~CSDOUS©©LOO ©01U105 0M©©TOU5 .01J>.t0©C0©(NOUSUSC0«i-«USUSt>.r-t0OC0©-HO0*01©TIi©^ Sri ri us fr»" h h ©h uiHin us oi to' o" to h h rji us* ¦<# oi h «' « eo" o _ . H H O* «¦—• US © H « H H H *1» -* gniNoid DOfr-©©USOG0©USO0JQC0USUSe001©MUSt0C0USO©fr».©©©©©Q50»o»©tofr~vofr-o«©«Ovno»oioiH©ri«HtDusvnio_HU5iq55©2s5coi— i oiri^H ©oio ,h ri ujco'sh ht^^' ^" oi h ri -i .-j 2 0 09 h fc. OS 'h OI hphGO"* iG0©U5©TJ*©©©©USfr.fr-fc~O©O©©fr,-©OtDUS©©mus©©C0fr.l0©t0OQU5i;3©uscqo«o©«©fc-coeotD©o»oc90ususeRwo*©_ofr-eofc-5eotD'ti' us_h t. ffi t. ^ ^ 3 h -J ,-J co* o" h -*rifr^H us ai go n ci^ oi o" ¦** h h us us b-"ri *-J d -1 ri ° 8ooofr-©eo©©o©©uiQ©©fr-oo©us©usoi©©©eo©©c>i©u:©©©usgs> ow©OCTOO«oo««coc®ONOsoN«^qqqs;W'Hqts«qu)fr.qq5H USHNoicJ Oh HUSoici ©oius" Ol ^*h US*©riHHHfcJus* SD'Ttit-ifc-HjirOi S.o.a tmo£ o^Sjs oa tuiftoSS S — .o WiS bn££xi u o ton w>x> x: X S; o-oci o m#^» GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 393 h oi ri iji us" to" t>-* go" oid-i oi pi vfiu$ to' fr." go' oa" ©" — " eieo"'*" us" to t-1 co oi ©* MMMmMMMM«««'^^55^^«^^^ — . tp io to rtco to'© fr^'w «too*coH^usto©eotoosocouSfr.uso*«sci^iSH^;o5fc- gohco to «oo«ush gj-^g us" ,_: oifr^ri H Ol H """ ' *So)»? 8SSSS2SS^SS5SSSSSS22SS8ff»88SSSSSSa>SSg8SS.© cohh m fr.Q©oiusoiusou3osofr-©o©o _fc-oiususH©toH©fr.to_w^OT^©c^eooh to' ©"S fc-OJUSn UShcO to 3828 eoo*©t-©gpco©us©Hfr.ctOHpcoooriob-ooJcoci OICOh USi-i© US H 5G0O1 OS CO CO c « ooneo -3 SO09O*0©USHQ©©O0*Q©©H©C0USUSt0^t©U5US0»3iQl0USfc-USfc-USOO©3©oio-H©b-HOus©oi'!T'©" .a tfl o — oxiil^ o xi toWjii .j — xj bo== ob=: "doom bo.o ^ x: _ oxii, o M«^"t Q *£| S* "© O ¦E-s« o d Ml ., -/° « « ho a> -2&; _r- g >" .° ¦£ ** • JS S.2 .lA-.. £ _ §•& -¦g-g a = - s. o^ustofc-'adoiriHoiri^ustofr^riricsHoiri^iatofcCodrfoHoiriTf ph h i-h hh h i— ihhhCI Ol 04 OJ C4 Oi OlOKNOl CO CO CO COM W) t- 5,1 rtx= •-»,5 c n _ S M C .2 3 « «~"2 * I'cl 396 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. ioicO'«notot.cooi©«o$eoTt«uscDi>.coaic- JSS2«^.S fr lUS Ol CO tOCOrt* H HOlHCO COq rt- Hn-tooW- H*_ Hwnt» CC00120GO©GOOQCninG«USl.COGgvnGO 3hGO Ol Ol US O OI GO ^ fr- osoto h riusrin oioi *> oi P-(7J . . -. -QCO USHciUSO fr-US C swowwSiqooOiHqww- © i— i eo o h od fc- eo f fr; -WUl US © 00 ¦ cot-oi fr.to fc.oius h idhio GO -fr-USOI - © OGOOHMCOUS h©©uSG0CJO©O — lUSCOOUSfc- i*fO fr-©COH'U3©OIfr.USOIUS-H GO . O Ul US CM USHUSUS04©OICSGOpOIt.OIO-.© US O GO US Ol OI US (N H fr- h fr. m co .oinoi^ ©oiuji-" UShUS CO CO O h OI H oj eo fc-ci GOhUS h USh 8 H©-t}i USUS-+ftD oususustcocooi H*©fr-oa U3fr-«OaOlG000Hfc-5c0tO . ri ^ ri ci ri od h tO © 10 0"*iHb!0 «SOOUSCOO©OJO -*»©-*i©m -rtHei© OI US CO fr. CO O US HrtlSO©-© © h .Loto©oicooiH©«s t- ©tpo— i©oius -H^H©oito a hi>. mco ¦— fr- HoooSusfr-H .©g) co , tj« h oi ¦"¦ odrit^H d«6wwf0iH,H oiusTji h oi ri cdoi . ri 2 00©Hn©US- -OCOOhUSCO i- .odi-id^cd F~l fr^ ri cd - cous-^ih hOIO! fr-oi 3fr- ©« OJ CO HOI SUI © tO © ift US OI Hrtfr. fc. US Hn Ol © Ol Tjl Ol O h fr- CO co to fc- oi us' -d* ri ri co ci Ohh"h USOI USh us - C4C4 CON SSSW'O'S Sh . j2 y o W &f'— — -C - • "J! ¦•5*3 .-a is is* iL QJ hD O •* C ^ oj » o> a>« ^^ ' ¦g3S«i.|J r^ciLO-^vritDt^oSovLz^cin-^ui^St^tDavc B5«i3SS»!;oB<(iKS5,Joa' tn c .813 s FINANCES OF THE STATE. 397 FINANCES OF THE STATE. The receipts in the year 1845, were as follows :— Cash on hand, January 1, 1845, Auction Tax, Bank " . Probate " . State, » 1844, balance, " " 1845, part, Attorney for Suffolk County, Alien Passengers, Interest on Deposits, . Lands in Maine, received on old notes, State survfeys, on account of maps sold, Dividend on 10,000 shares Western Kail-road stock, 60,000 DO Miscellanies, .... Total reeeipts for the year 1845, on account of or dinary revenue, Amount borrowed in anticipation of the Revenue, per Eesolve of February 24, 1845, . Amount on hand, January 1, 1845, on account of Massachusetts School and other Funds, . Amount received during the year on account of said Funds, .... Total for the year 1845, Councillors, ..... Senate and House of Representatives, Salaries, ..... Adjutant and Quarter-master Gen.'s Department, Repairs of State House, State Printing, .... State Prison, ..... Term Reports, .... County Treasurer's Account, Roll of Accounts, (Paupers, &c. fee.,) Interest on Western Railroad Scrip, 34 . 8 10,677 59 849,295 17 304,720 83 . 98 05 62,324 50 . 8,393 25 . 9,447 90 . 6,920 24 . 241 51 . 2,567 80 . 480 00 , 60,000 DO . 1,058 24 505 517 dQ WtJ jUl I ttf • 516,225 08 ¦ 206,800 00 171,413 60 268,046 10 439,459 70 . $1,162,484 78 15, were as follows : — . 3,055 00 57,203 00 64,766 25 . 3,280 00 . 6,835 91 . 9,127 73 . 4,611 00 . 1,925 00 51,202 87 76,831 30 49,750 00 398 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Pensioners, . Agricultural Societies, Asylum for the Blind, » " " Deaf and Dumb, Eye and Ear Infirmary, Militia Bounty, Normal Schools, Miscellaneous, . 1,363 23 . 5,964 60 . 7,777 55 . 5,209 22 2,000 00 28,757 00 . 7,665 00 29,118 36 Five per cent. State Stock of 1842, redeemed, Ca ;h on hand, January 1, 1846, (ordinary revenue,) Total ordinary for year 1845, .... Temporary Loans of 1844, (bal.) repaid, . 85,000 00 " " of 1845, (part,) . . 170,000 00 Amount paid on account of Massachusetts School and other Funds during the year, . Amount on hand January 1, 1846, on account of said Funds, .... Total for the year 1845, 344,776 80 94,682 90 416,443 02 46,550 00 . 5,032 06 468,025 08 255,000 00 723,025 08 439,459 70 $1,162,484 78 Available property of the Commonwealth, January 1, 1846 : — Cash on hand, $5,032 10,000 shares in the Western Rail-road, . . 1,000,000 Notes for lands in Maine, sold prior to April 15, 1837, ...... 28,417 Balance of State Tax for 1845, . . . 66,607 Items, 3,039 Western Rail-road Sinking Fund, . . . 359,141 Estimated value of about two and a half millions of acres of land in Maine, after bringing the School Fund, (which now amounts to $810,494, and which is to be permanent,) and the Sinking Fund of the Western Rail-road up to a mil lion of dollars each, . . . 2,500,000 Amount due from the Commonwealth, Jan. 1, 1846, 1,103,095 2,859,141 $3,962,236 $1,083,767 CLIMATE. 399 Liability of the Commonwealth on account of 5 per cent. Scrip, loaned to various Rail-road Corporations, to aid in constructing their several roads. Kind of Scrip. Loan authorized. Amount authorized. Amount issued. When due. Western Rail-road, . . tt tt tv tt Feb. 21, 1838, Mar. 23, 1839, Mar. 18, 1841, Apr. 18, 1837, Mar. 20, 1837, Apr. 18, 1837, Apr. 9,1839, $2,100,000 1,200,000 700,000 $2,100,000 00 1,200,000 00 699,555 56 1868 Se 1869 1870 1871 Eastern Rail-road, . . Norwich & Worcest'r do. Andover Se Haverhill do. Boston Se Portland do. $4,000,000 500,000400,000 100,000 50,000 $3,999,555 56 500,000 00 400,000 00 100,000 00 50,000 00 1857 Se 1859 185718571859 * $5,050,000 $5,049,555 56 Tne Commonwealth holds, as security for the redemption of the above named scrip, a mortgage on all the roads. It also holds, in addition to the mortgage, 3000 shares of stock in the Eastern, 4000 " " " Norwich and Worcester, 1000 " « " Andover and Haverhill. CLIMATE. The climate of Massachusetts, in common with other parts of New England, is exceedingly various ; the temperature ranges from 15° below the zero of Fahrenheit to 95° above. The mercury has been known to descend from 20° *o 30° below, and to 102° above ; but such cases rarely occur. One of the greatest inconveniences suffered by the inhabitants of New England is derived from the frequent changes in the state of the atmosphere. The temperature has been known to change 44° in twenty-four hours. Changes are frequent, though seldom in the same degree. Changes from wet to dry, and from dry to wet, are at times unpleasant, and probably unhealthy. There is no month in the year which is not sometimes very pleasant, and sometimes disagreeable. In a series of years, our most pleas ant months are June, September and October. Often the first two, and not unfrequently the first three weeks in September are, however, very warm. From the 20th of September to the 20th of October, the weather is delightful. The temperature is mild, the air is sweet, and the sky singularly bright and beautiful. This is the period denominated the Indian Summer. Some per sons think June to be a more pleasant month than either September or Octo ber. In June there are usually a few days of intense heat. In all other respects, except the brilliancy and beauty of the heavens, this month must be confessed to have the superiority over all others. The progress of vegetation 400 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. is wonderful ; and it seems as if the creative hand was, in a literal sense, renewing its original plastic efforts, to adorn the world with richness and splendor. AU things are alive and gay. " The little hills rejoice on every side. The pastures are clothed with flocks. The valleys are also covered with corn, and shout for joy." Health at the same time prevails in a peculiar degree. The spring is often, chilled by easterly winds, and rendered uncom fortable by rains. The winter months, when the earth is clad with its mantle of snow, is the season for relaxation and pleasure. Weather Table. From the excellent Meteorological Journal, kept by Dr. Samuel B. Wood- wabd, Superintendent of the Lunatic Hospital, at Worcester, we topy the following notes of the Weather, Sec, for five successive years. Worcester lies 483 feet above the level of the sea, about forty miles west from Boston, and near the centre of New England. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 255 242 246 230 248 110 123 119 136 117 Days on which rain fell, .... 92 107 89 93 93 " " " snow fell, .... 40 32 45 30 29 " " " halos of the moon were 10 4 5 3 8 seen, .... u « u Aurora Bor. was seen, 19 12 7 2 8 " " " N. wind prevailed, 28 27 26 0 0 tt tt it j^( \y. tt u 107 83 90 113 120 tt «( « "W. « tl 13 24 46 29 29 ii « ii g, w, " " 82 134 79 102 107 ti tt tt g. » ti 24 5 12 1 2 u it ti s. E. " " 17 11 17 23 15 it ti tt £. ii if 2 00 1 2 1 it u u pjf# e. ii u 56 41 43 61 57 42.94 40.78 48.67 37.85 42.49 82 40 91 57 59 May 24. Mav9. May 14. May 8. May 2. First Frosts, at Waltham, 9 miles W. by N. from Boston, during 32 suc cessive years, taken from the observations of C. Fisk, Esq., published in the American Almanac, 1840. 1807 Oct. 7. 1815 Oct. 16. 1 1823 Sept. 30. 1831 Oct. 1. 1808 Sept. 22. 1816 Sept. 27. 1824 Oct. 9. 1832 Sept. 14. 1809 " 13. 1817 Oct. 1. 1825 « 18. 1833 » 14. 1810 Oct. 11. 1818 " 7. i 1826 » 9. 1834 " 30. 1811 " 1. 1819 " 14. 1827 " 17. 1835 " 17. 1&12 Sept. 24. 1820 " 7. 1 1828 " 13. 1836 " 7. 1813 Oct. 6. 1821 « 11. j 1829 Sept. 28. 1837 " 25. 1814 » 9. 1822 Sept. 23. 1830 Oct 4. 1838 Oct. 9. TOWN TABLE. 401 TOWN TABLE. Valuation, Polls, Schools, and Academies. Towns. Abington, Acton, Adams, Alford, Amesbury, Amherst, Andover, Ashburnham, Ashby, Ashfield, Ashland, (see page 363.) Athol, Attleborough, Auburn, Barnstable, Barre, Becket, Bedford, Belchertown, Bellingham, Berkley, Berlin, Bernardston, Beverly, Billerica, Blackstone, (See Mendon,) Blandford, Bolton, Boston, Boston Corner, Boxborough, Boxford, Boylston, Bradford, Braintree, Brewster, Bridgewater, Brighton, Brimfield, Brookfield, Brookline, 34* 491,876 260,202 773,929 93,915 , 604,299654,471 1,474,475 414,235319,493 326,945 348,372800,634 189,373 785,856 961,947224,161233,067 496,480 272,850 170,514 192,179 210,945 1,306,509 411,630397,051 402,181 109,304,219 8,000 144,665 387,304 241,986410,963 531,786211,275528,600458,485 443,410655,829 773,963 _m WCO o a. > atliRf- P. s •w . •_ . S-S o o • s O-L- z Jj XX Z co S3 2 862 3,884 12 6 303 896 6 1 917 2,487 18 4 1 143 230 4 650 2,378 14 6 599 2,530 12 7 1 1,348 9,449 22 14 2 449 925 20 2 373 783 9 4 1 431 700 14 1 411 1,156 13 2 851 2,609 23 2 145 588 5 1 1,007 4,319 20 20 815 1,958 16 1 264 400 11 254 792 6 4 676 1,800 17 1 314 800 9 1 227 603 7 4 229 750 5 1 242 680 14 1 1,245 6,052 10 22 1 381 1,167 24 2 408 -600 14 332 1,191 8 2 18,475 214,968 140 100 17 129 433 4 1 268 642 7 1 243 492 5 3 560 2,221 9 9 2 596 2,000 10 2 327 850 6 1 548 1,960 14 2 1 440 2,138. 5 1 383 950 11 .637 1,900 16 4 34Q 2,43u 4 4 975280 1,175 136 673 679 1,526 476 292 460448906202 1,022 670 2^fi 285 743282221 198 248 1,252 384 312 18,478 103 246212710637452511861411620 279 402 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Towss. Buckland, . . . Burlington, . . . Cambridge, . . . Canton, . . . . Carlisle, .... Carver, . . . . Charlemont, . . Charlestown, . . Charlton, . . . Chatham, . . . Chelmsford, . . . Chelsea, . . . . Cheshire, . . . Chester, .... Chesterfield, . . Chilmark,: • • * Clarksburgh, . . Cohasset, . . . Coleraine,. . . . Concord, . . . Conway, . . . . Cummington, . . Dalton, . . . . Sana,, Danvers, . • . . . Dartmouth, . . • Dedham, . . . . Deerfield, . . . Dennis, . . . . Dighton, . . . . Dorchester, . . . Douglas, . . . . Dover, . . . . Dracut, . . . . Dudley, . . . . Dunstable, . . . Duxbury, . . . East Bridgewater,, Eastham, . . . Easthampton, . . Easton, . . . . Edsartows, . . Egremont, . . . Enfield, . . . . Erving, . . . . Essex, . . . . Fairhaven, . . . fall River, . . . 159,844133,909 4,479,501 562,028 198,894 192,694 221,941 4,033,176 628,390285,962443,685695,782322,385 241,729250,112296,123 56,219 306,717420,180: 608,450 422,558244,078270,299 i 117,984 1,922,807 1,043,714 1,218,548 579,020 423,279 348,087 1,691,245 573,992 192,309 514,471445,870 191,314 713,667343,493 127,764181,495 421,385480,607 239,858 263,430 58,785 439,906 1,547,771 2,552,121 255 154 2,295 49S 174 272 317 2,869 558554 443 603262356264 191 97 333450515387309265 181 1,295 1,085 435 722360 1,144, 435 141 562 363 172 729 525242 182 456 487 294 277 83 465 1,027 1,' L% S. v "3- 2)2 I 440 25U 11,202 1,400 450 400782 18,695 1,355 1,4801,450 4,900 440769656457550 1,473 846 2,774 1,035 614400400 5,730 4,121 4,550 823 3,352 666 8,953 730492 1,4631,300 400 2,900 1,545 497 382 1,600 2,245 650880 150 1,100 4,500 8,550 10 4 26 757 9 39 13 12 11 14 101410 458 18101610 5 6 13 28 16 17 14 11 16 8 4 13 85 12 856985 827 17 14 13 41 4 1 18 1 11 1 23 11 1 TOWN TABLE. 403 Towns. Falmouth, . . . Fitchburg, . . . Florida, . . . . Foxborough, . . Framingham, . . Franklin, . . . Freetown, . . . Gardner, . . . . Georgetown, . . Gill, Gloucester, . . . Goshen, . . . . Grafton, . . . . Granby, . . . . Granville, . . . Great Barrington, . Greenfield, . . Greenwich, . . . Groton, . . . . Hadley, . . . . Halifax, . . . . Hamilton, . . . Hancock, . . . Hanover, . . . Hanson, . . . . Hardwick, . . . Harvard, . . . Harwich, . . . Hatfield, .... Haverhill, . . . Hawley, .... Heath, .... Hingham, . . . Hinsdale, . . . Holden, .... Holland, .... Holliston, . . . Hopkinton, . . . Hubbardston, . . Hull, Ipswich, .... Kingston, . . . Lancaster, . . . Lanesborough, . . Lee, Leicester, . . . Lenox, .... Leominster, . . *Lawrence. 682,998 721,486 68,406 206,578851,350417,078387,784348,630339,351 180,386 827,402 131,867 808,388 230,583289,889 625,125 561,175 156,879 722,441493,091 150,133 234,749317>950 321,187 234,420505,195425,873 238,932 449,684 ,224,379 175,187 195,811 812,613 231,930528,908 113,763 415,294501,989411,459 58,124 781,361398,488 459,832350,024474,761687,953310,978 606,295 682 743 116 310753444445363462 197 1,649 160 732261352 729503224560500 219219256 259238458443 707 500 1,190 268 211941228 511 120 479 580 486 60 760 407528297640 457 349 614 2,0692,550 200 1,067 3,730 1,1141,068 700 1,200 400 4,807 300 1,816 853806 2,225 1,910 575 2,020 1,720 410 400 312 1,256 712 1,090 900 1,610 1,208 3,788 453 580 3,814 538866200900 1,5001,030 139 2,140 1,230 1,851 675 2,8362,526 1,280 1,292 o 2 ¦= 3 rt> o n rt fc a* L, = » "sa a °< m ll ZS o Z 19 12 16 7 6 t 8 3 14 1 1 10 3 11 2 6 6 3 6 23 13 1, 5 10 10 8 1 10 5 16 1 1 10 2 1 J 8 1 13 2 1 13 1 5 1 4 5 1 8 2 1 8 2 ' 11 1 L 9 I 14 2 I 8 8 C 23 7 i,: 10 1 t 9 1 t 12 1 f 6 2 i 12 1 t 4 9 L 11 1 t 12 1 t 1 1 9 3 1 7 1 15 4 6 2 c 11 3 i 9 3 1 1 7 1 11 4 1 I i o 404 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Towns. Leverett, .... Lexington, . . . Leyden, .... Lincoln, .... Littleton, .... Longmeadow, . . Lowell, .... Ludlow, .... Lunenburg, . . . Lynn, Lynnfield, . . . Maiden, .... Manchester, . . . Mansfield, . . . Marblehead, . . . Marlborough, . . Marshfield, . . . Marshpee, . . . Medfield, .... Medford, .... Medway, .... Mendon, .... Methuen, .... Middleborough, . . Middlefield, . . . Middleton, . . . Milford Millbury, .... Milton, .... Monroe, .... Monson, .... #Montague, . . . Montgomery, . . Mount Washington, Nantucket, . . . Natick, .... Needham, . . . New Ashford, . . New Bedford, . . New Braintree, . . Newbury, Newburyport, . . New Marlborough, New Salern, . . Newton, .... Northampton, . . Northborough, Northbridge, . . 'Monterey. 162,473 561,550 170,897 232,615224,643 341,713 10,160,652 370,099 412,384 1,319,656 157,663 586,136 334,035 295,270 1,660,528 667,675 448,473229,174 1,095,195 492,325 1,317,593 576,619 1,042,357 205,128210,239418,211516,463663,247 41,750 630,774231,809 96,16052,126 6,074,374 282,936383,056 74,993 6,149,520 385,772904,026 3,208,857 380,943262,313 897,255 1,150,167 367,253294,055 j 238 541 165 186 238345 4,615 329315 2,243 192 723377348 1,354 550 429 222 715 589904 602 128 307 180 522636 589 64 558 372 155105 2,532 396399 61 3,084 219 1,0411,553 476333 804969 334343 & 443 2,075 422520 1,1501,092 25,086 675800 10,368 500 2,500 1,402 885 7,222 1,156 1,028 430 3,928 1,357 2,500 1,480 3,529 595500 1,5311,806 2.225 240 1,856 525200 155 12,930 885 1,560 183 22,963 860 2,590 8,783 685 1,263 4,875 5,200 1,157 693 fc8 76547 8 44 10 9 22 394 8 1110 z«: 73 5 1 6 11 17 5 3 22 3 3 1 52 21 21 29 1 4 21 1 4 1 31 4 I TOWN table. 405 Towns. North Bridgewater, .... North Brookfield, North Chelsea, (see page 374.) Northfield Norton, Norwich, Oakham, Orange, Orleans, Otis Oxford, Palmer, Pawtucket, Paxton, ........ Pelham, Pembroke, Pepperell, Peru, Petersham, Phillipston, Pittsfield, . Plainfield, Plymouth, Plympton, Prescott, Princeton, Provincetown, ." Quincy, Randolph, Raynham, Heading, Rehoboth, \ Richmond, Rochester, ] Rockport, Rowe, Rowley, .....,.', Roxbury, ! .' ! Royalston, ......' Russell, ! Rutland, ...*!! Salem, Salisbury, ....'.'' Sandisfield, ....'..'. Sandwich, [ Saugus, '.'.'. Savoy, ° ] Scituate, ' 423,514 429,600 436,876 578,670 173,064 284,341289,298 173,335 203,043 649,202 695,519539,689 157,378160,695 302,260 357,860 158,872 644,608 285,883 1,065,008 203,390 1,598,880 174,124 148.537 609 418424 418 199 290419480 313 493 572 466 196 241 329 447 168 501236 1,062 252 1,402 228 217 2,433 1,504 1,160 2,164 300790 800 1,365 570 1,845 857 1,700 460400 1,0131,350 414 1,267 500 3,523 682 7,739 663378 930 1,078 4,184 909 2,927 474,170 371 423,050 615) 2,290 912,105" 787,015 264,412 463,025 482,043234,147750,693333,475 159,424 248,295 3,257,503 433,314 98,390 422,289 10,218,109 725,714 371,508788,723 208,856 120,311 899,388 zS Z& S.SSSe .£T3_s .H g52 325691 488232 1,014 717 198 300 2,318 534 337 397 3,339 719 371 960 309221885 782 1,829 855 250 3,553 1,350 431 431 23,876 905 212890 25,551 1,975 720 10,834 800412 3,000 13 23 14 8 7 8 14 9 1013 14 8 57 8 87 15 7 13 9 37 6 5 10 10 1 22 3 1 2 1 2 3 6 3 8611 8 12 57 10 2 4 19 1 23 22 1 1 35 7 1 22 606 933198 285333 398 147 415 209 1,149 263 1,541 219 190 426 649 948 962 369605558 242 1,088 780 194 210 2,534 443 85 354 4,000 680367 1,171 333283 1,032 406 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Towns. Seekonk, Sharon, Sheffield, Shelburne, Sherburne, Shirley, Shrewsbury, Shutesbury, Somerset Somerville, (see Charlestown,) Southampton, Southborough, Southbridge, South Hadley, South Reading, Southwick, Spencer, Sprinofield, Sterling, Stockbridge, Stoneham, Stoughton, Stow, Sturbridge, Sudbury, Sunderland, Sutton, Swansey, Taunton, Templeton Tewksbury, Tisbury, Tolland, Topsfield, Townsend, Truro, Tyngsborough, Tyringham, Upton, Uxbridge, Wales, Walpole, Waltham, , Ware, , Wareham, Warren, Warwick, Washington, 401,433 310,461631,882255,944318,462 236,561 429,943177,954 231,952235,845296,303553,021271,438279,409 297,411 490,303 3,610,141 479,034469,427217,960 389,888337,452610,325410,716 183,279 711,238 359,889 2,260,402 581,846 342,703330,613 167,916 377,667355,107 130,491 264,133251,598327,331726,628 143,295 298,479 1,069,172 384,850518,290444,834 260,100 133,853 448311662259307251 427 231 249319 310533 401449304449 3,108 481465342 644 392 510385 196 633311 1,853 483255426 160 332497475229355411 556 175 379 659 472474 346287355 2O t. a. v P z£ z«5 : 1,858 614 1,880 900 1,013 747 900 528820 2,400 400 751 1,520 4,261 1,250 343888 12,052 1,136 2,968 1,000 1,373 788 1,190 877 597 1,272 838 4,950 1,000 715 1,515 250538 1,774 850850 551760 1,382 400 1,212 3,611 1,3171,499 2,497 650 581 6 10 779 10 35 11 87 10 5 13 57 13 11 28 10 6 77 4 1211 7 14 8 12 56 1014 11 1112 S 4 3 1 1 6 1 4 2522 1 4 10 5 1 7 1 2 11 5 11 3 4 10 TOWN TABLE. 407 Watertown, . . Wayland, . . . Webster, . . . Wellfleet, . . . Wendell, . . . Wenham, . . . Westborough, . . West Boylston, . West Bridgewater, West Cambridge, Westfield, . . . Westford, . . . Westhampton,Westminster, . . West Newbury, . Weston, . . . Westport, . . . West Springfield, West Stockbridge, Weymouth, . . Whately, . . . Wilbraham, . . Williamsburg,Williamstown, . Wilmington, . . Winchendon, . . Windsor, . . . Woburn, . . . Worcester, . . Worthington, . . Wrentham, Yarmouth, . . . 973,835232,525 487,041 59,552 183,735197,806 430,095365,727291,453472,423899,510357,313 165,067 457,983476,154386,494658,355964,318289,313868,081220,927387,336340,149 547,740 199,667 457,784 194,224 687,388 3,696,005 307,851 634,091465,466 543256321612225201462307292 432 1,089 332 199 468436308 691 756386 1,020 310 "428 326 617204493 248 952 1,825 314660610 2,500 1,3401,000 1,075 300910 1,492 676750 1,250 2,760 1,787 556 1,6001,098 "1,250 2,084 1,950 830 2,595 632 3,080 707 1,592 553 1,399 325 2,318 12,920 909 1,781 2,050 ZtS zos 470 247420715210 212 452 349 332 386950 392 188 472424 250800 1,030 370 1,124 306530 378 668229453 163 825 2,290 329806 671 Note.— The valuation and number of Foils, as above stated, may be found in the laws ofthe Commonwealth, passed in 1841. The account ofthe Schools is from the School returns, made in 1845, by the Hon. Horace BIann, Secretary of the Board of Education. Mr. Mann also stales that the number of scholars who attended school under 4 years of age was 6,997 ; and that the number of those over 16 years, who attended, was 11,572. The number of scholars of all ages in all the schools Was, in summer, 149,189; in winter, 169,977. The number of male teachers was 2,523; ol female, 4,774. The average monthly wages of males, including the value of board, was $32.1 1 ; of females, $13.08 ; and that the average value of board for males, per month, was $7.81 ; for females, 85.51. See County Table. 40S GAZETTEER. OF MASSACHUSETTS. ¦ft- S 1 •saiuiapuov psi io 'tf -^ h o CO co io h ¦BJOdjO-JUJ JO 'O^J | . ^-* *-• ¦eiooqog (MTjUOOlHtOHOJOVJOTfrJlt- (OtDt*rtHlOOIHCOHHtOIOI> I !>M-HC,lH01-«tOaHO00> rf^B JO bJKJA CO-tfHHIOHWfOHOJ(NQCOCO 91 ptJB £ U99M>yLj •Xauojfl ]ooqog 8JBAIJJ pU« oi jqn j jo iunorav csootti&oQxiQo* o*io*craEf co*aTao CONO O i-H W CO 0* i-i r-IW)tOTJO»MNHOH ,r-^oc^oc^oo, ft-**" or^" <=r ^ ^t CO ^H CO — < i-t i-H OiO«5OHO(D •bs oi uot^indoj ao^oicocoTsnoiocvjvit-H^-^vO"*" Cv| i-l *-• iH 00 00 to Ol *wiIJH arenfog l>WhO)OMOOOOOJWlN^«J tcmotpcoocsnooooio^toi-it*COOitOW^t-tOiOGO ^< SO (O •eoMox jo 'Otf Is O S3—" ~ -q'S'f S3 IS-* S m-» £T3 J* O •a 0)c per Enr volu add •s tJ •^ -Ss £ whoare 5,069 me onsenlist 470 men o m » -S3! £3*2 5 Slffrf Volu ry 1 cept abov 1 -_ « y. m 5tl £*a" a ia cons mbered f fdriy- 8 2 5-1 .£|feta *! n si1 •1 2£ •0 00 IS *3 *o 5 * 3 § - 5b oS«=eas Sov s--a ¦2 c- fe «•§ ? ""•5* 3 g -* f=*» "S3? 2 a -• o *j * a> GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 409 POST VILLAGES. There are no incorporated villages in Massachusetts ; but there are numer ous collections of buildings, or settlements, denominated viUages, scattered throughout the state ; many of which have different names from those of the towns in which they are located, and in which many of our Post Offices bearing the names of villages, are situated. Every town in the state, except Raynham and Hull, have Post Offices of the same names ; and there are but few towns in the Commonwealth without one or more Post Offices having north, east, south or west attached to its name. These offices are easily found by the names of the towns, and are omitted in the following list of Post Offices whose locations are more difficult to discover. Adamsville, Coleraine. Agawam, West Springfield. Annisquam, Gloucester. Ashleysville, Sheffield. Baldwinsville, Templeton. Belville Port, Newbury. Byfield, Newbury. Cabotsville, Springfield. Centreville, Barnstable. Charlton Depot, Charlton. Chester Factories, Chester. Chickopee Falls, Springfield. Clapville, Leicester. Cotuit Village, Barnstable. Cold Brook, Oakham. Curtisville, Stockbridge. Chiltonville, Plymouth. Ervingsville, Orange. Falley M Roads, Chester. Farnumsville, Grafton. Feeding Hills, West Springfield. Feltonville, Marlborough. Forge Village, Westford. Franklin City, Franklin. Hartsville, Tymgham. Haydensville, Williamsburg. Holmes' Hole, Tisbury. Holyoke Place, South Hadley. Hyannis, Barnstable. Hyannis Port, Barnstable. Ireland, West Springfield. Jamaica Plains, Roxbury. Lock's Village, Petersham. Long Plain, Fairhaven. Manchaug, Sutton. Marston's Mills, Barnstable. Mattapoiset, Rochester. Merrimac, Lawrence. 35 Middlesex Village, Chelmsford. Millington, New Salem. Mill River, Stockbridge. Montague Canal, Montague. Monument, Sandwich. Millville, Blackstone. Neponset Village, Dorchester. New Boston, Tolland. New England Village, Grafton. Newton Centre, Newton. Newton Lower Falls, Newton. Newton Upper Falls, Newton. Northville, Abington. Oysterville, Barnstable. Palmer's Depot, Palmer. Pocasset, Sandwich. Rock Bottom, Stow. Rockville, Medway. Saxonville, Framingham. Scotland, Bridgewater. Shelburne Falls, Shelburne. Shirley Village, Shirley. Sippican, Rochester. Stearnsville, Pittsfield. Three Rivers, Palmer. Townsend Harbor, Townsend. Unionville, Hopkinton. Vandeusenville, Great Barrington Weir Village, Taunton. Waterford, Blackstone. Whitingsville, Northbridge. Wilkinsonville, Sutton. Willimanset, Springfield. Wood's Hole, Falmouth. Woodsville, Hopkinton. Westport Point, Westport. Yarmouth Port, Yarmouth * Swampscot, Lynn. 410 GAZETTEER. OF MASSACHUSETTS. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge. This university, the oldest in the United States, was incorporated in 1638, and named Harvard College, from the Rev. 'John Harvard, ils principal founder. Its endowments have been since greatly increased by donations from the State, as well as by numerous acts of private bounty ; and, with regard to funds, library, professorships, and literary advantages in general, it is the first institution of the kind on the American continent. It com- prises a department for under-graduates, and one for students preparing for each of the learned professions, theology, law, and medicine. The principal college buildings are — University Hall, an elegant edifice of granite, containing a chapel, lecture rooms, dining halls, &c. ; Harvard Hall, a brick edifice, con taining the library, philosophical apparatus and mineralogical cabinet ; four other brick edifices, called Massachusetts, Hollis, Stoughton, and Holworthy halls, each four stories high containing rooms for the accommodation of under-graduates ; Divinity Hall, a large brick edifice for the accommoda tion of the theological students ; and Holden Chapel, containing the anatom ical museum, chemical laboratory, and lecture rooms. The library is the largest in the Union, and contains about 50,000 volumes. The philosophical apparatus is probably not surpassed by any in the country. The chemical laboratory, anatomical museum, and cabinet of minerals, are all valuable. The botanic garden comprises seven acres, laid out in an ornamental style, and is furnished with an interesting collection of trees, shrubs, and plants, both native and foreign. The legislative government is intrusted to a corporation, consisting of the president of the university and six fellows, and to a board of overseers, com posed of the president, the governor of the state, lieutenant-governor, members of the council and senate, and the speaker of the house of representatives, ex officiis, together with thirty others, fifteen clergymen and fifteen laymen, elected for the purpose. The officers of the university, to whom the business of instruction is confided, are a president, twenty-one professors, two tutors, and several instructors. The president, a part of the professors, and the tutors, constitute the immediate government of the institution. The course of education requisite to obtain the first degree in arts in this university, as in American colleges generally, is completed in four years. In the theological school, the course of education is completed in three years and the students are divided into three classes, junior, middle, and senior. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 411 Tuition is afforded free of expense to all pupils in this school, and further assistance is given to such as are indigent. Graduates of any college, of good moral character, may be admitted to share in all the benefits of this institution. The law school was established in 1817. Candidates for admission must be graduates of some college, or qualified, according to the rules of court, to become students at law. Students in this department, who are graduates of a college, complete their education in three years. Those who are not gradu ates, complete it in five years. The lectures for the medical students are delivered in Boston, at the Mas sachusetts Medical College, which is a spacious edifice of brick, and contains a medical library of about 4,000 volumes. They commence annually on the third Wednesday in November, and continue three months. In order to obtain a degree of M. D., it is necessary for a student to attend two courses of lectures, and to pass three years, including the time occupied in attending the lectures, under the direction of some regular practitioner. In 1846, the number of under-graduates was 279, theological students 32, law students 145, medical students 157 ; resident graduates, 15 ; — total, 628. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in August. The academical year is divided into two terms, of twenty weeks each, and two vacations. The first vacation is from the end of the first term, six weeks ; the second, from the end of the second term, to Friday after commencement, six weeks. Succession of Presidents. Accessus. Exitus. 1640. Aug. 27. Rev. Henry Dunster, M. A 1654. 1654. Nov. 27. Rev. Charles Chauncy, B. D 1672. 1672. Sept. 10. Rev. Leonard Hoar, M. D 1675. 1675. April 7. Rev. Uriah Oakes, M. A 1681. 1682. Aj>ril 10. Rev. John Rogers, M. A 1684. 168^". June 11. Rev. Increase Mather, D. D 1701. 1701. Sept. 6. Rev. Samuel Willard, M. A., V. Pres 1707. 1707-8. Jan. 14. Hon. John Leverett, M. A 1724. 1725. July 7. Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, M. A 1737. 1737. Sept. 28. Rev. Edward Holyoke, M. A 1769. 1770. March 21. Rev. Samuel Locke, D. D 1773. 1774. Oct. 14. Rev. Samuel Langdon, D. D 1780. 1781. Dec. 19. Rev. Joseph Willard, D. D., LL. D 1804. 1806. March 6. Rev. Samuel Webber, D. D 1810. 1810. Nov. 14. Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, D. D., LL. D. . . 1828. 1829. Jan. 15. Hon. Josiah Quincy, LL. D 1845 1846. April 29. Rev. Edward Everett, LL. D 412 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Williamstown. This institution was incorporated in 1793, and the first commencement was held in 1795. It was named in honor of Col. Ephraim Williams, the founder, a native of Newton, near Boston, and eldest son of Col. Ephraim Williams, one of the first settlers of Stockbridge. The buildings consist of one brick edifice of four stories, and two of three stories for students ; a brick chapel 93 by 38 feet, an obser-vatory for astronomical purposes, (the first erected in the United States,) a magnetic observatory, and a laboratory. The chemical and philosophical apparatus is among the most extensive and valuable in the country ; and the college library, together with the " Adelphic Union," or students' library, numbers about 10,000 volumes. The terms of admission, and the course of studies, are essentially the same as at other New England colleges ; and all the expenses, except for clothing, are less than one hundred dollars a year. The fast property of the college, with the library, apparatus and cabinet of minerals, cost about $50,000, and the productive fund is $50,000. Besides the president and tutors, there is established a professorship of divinity, of intellectual and moral philosophy, of languages, of natural history, of natural philosophy and astronomy, of rhetoric and political economy, of chemistry, and of mathematics. Com mencement is on the third Wednesday in August. Vacations : — From com mencement four weeks ; from the third Wednesday in December, six weeks ; and from the first Wednesday in May, three weeks. Students in 1846, 168. Acctssus. 1793.1815. 1821.1836. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D. D. ........ 1815. Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D 1821. Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D *. 1836. Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D. AMHERST COLLEGE, Amherst. This institution is situated on elevated ground, and commands an exten sive and delightful prospect. There are three brick buildings for the accom modation of the scholars ; halls, lecture rooms, &c. The institution was opened in 1821, and incorporated in 1825. The basis of the institution is a fund of $50,000, subscribed by individuals, five sixths of the interest of which is appropriated to the education of indigent young men for the ministry. The officers are, a president and PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 4] 3 professors of divinity, mathematics, natural philosophy, languages, and Oriental literature. Commencement is on the last Thursday of July. Vacations :— From com mencement, four weeks ; from the Wednesday preceding tire annual thanks giving, six weeks ; and from the third Wednesday in April, two weeks. Volumes in libraries, 12,500. Number of students, 157. Succession of Presidents. Accessus. ^ Exitus 1821. . . . Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D 1823 1823. . . . Rev. Heman Humphrey, D. D 1815. 1845. . . . Rev. Edward Hitchcock, LL. D See Note No. 4. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, Andover. This theological seminary is properly a branch of Phillips' Academy, inasmuch as it is under the supervision of the same Board of Trustees, and grew out of this school. Aside from this connection, however, it is an entirely distinct institution. This Seminary was formed in 1808. Early in its history it had the "good fortune to enlist in its behalf the zeal of several wealthy and large-hearted men. The founder of the Abbot professorship of Christian Theology, after having largely aided the institution in other ways, made its board of trustees his residuary legatee ; thus contributing, in all, about $120,000 to its objects. The founder of the Bartlett professorship of Sacred Rhetoric, besides giving $25,000 to endow this professorship, erected, at his sole expense, two valuable dwel ling houses for professors ; built one of the large halls and the chapel ; paid the salary of a president for five or six years, which was $1,500 per annum : contributed largely with others to found still another professorship ; and bequeathed $50,000 to the institution in his will. And from other sources the seminary has received numerous donations in sums varying from $500 to $10,000 or more ; so that it may now be said, for an American institution, to be liberally endowed — although it cannot vie in this respect with the older institutions of the other continent. For several years there were but three professors; now there are five, one of whom acts as president. Each mem ber of the faculty has a salary of $1,500 per annum, together with the use of a dwelling house and a few acres of land. The number of volumes in the library is between fourteen and fifteen thousand. The library of the Porter Rhetorical Society connected with the seminary contains 2,500 volumes. And there is also a valuable library of 1,400 volumes, which belongs tc the Society of Inquiry, together with a museum and cabinet of minerals, con taining contributions from various missionary stations in all parts of the 35* 414 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. world. The site on which the seminary edifices stand, is well chosen, and the grounds in front of the buildings are tastefully laid out. The number of students at this time is 86 ; of the whole number, from the beginning, 970. Its Alumni are widely dispersed. NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION. (See Newton.) WESLEYAN ACADEMY. (See Wilbraham.) CATHOLIC COLLEGE. (See Worcester.) MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL (Seepage 62.) McLEAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. This establishment is located on a beautiful rise of ground, in Somer ville, near East Cambridge, and about a mile and a half from the City Hall, in Boston. The buildings are large, and exceedingly well adapted to their philanthropic design. They cost about $186,000. This house was opened lor patients on the 6th of October, 1818. Belonging to and surrounding this asylum, are about fifteen acres of land, appropriated to courts and gardens. These are laid out with gravelled walks. The former are furnished with summer houses, and the latter are ornamented with groves of fruit and ornamental trees, shrubbery and rlowers. Surrounding the lower garden, and within the enclosure, is a carriage path, where patients are taken to ride. In the centre is a small fresh water pond, containing several hundred gold and silver fish, and immediately contiguous is a summer house, where the patients at times resort for games and amuse ments. The system of moral treatment adopted and pursued, is founded upon princi ples of elevated benevolence and philanthropy, and an acquaintance with iiuman nature, and the capabilities and wants of the insane. The previous tastes, habits and pursuits, and the present inclinations and feelings of each individual are habitually consulted. A library for the use of the patients has been purchased, and those of them who are disposed to read, are permitted at stated neriods to send in their names and the number of the book desired ; the PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 415 list is examined and approved by the physician, and the books are distributed >y the librarian . In the same way writing materials are distributed, and patients are engaged in keeping journals— writing sketches of their lives, poetry, addressing letters to their friends, drawing, &c. Some engage in games, as bowling, throwing the ring, battledore, graces, jumping the rope, chess, draughts, back-gammon, &c, or are occupied in walking and riding into the country, or in making fishing excursions in the company of their attendants, while others are working on the farm and in the garden. The female pa tients, besides being employed in various kinds of needle and ornamental work, are engaged in various domestic labors. The quiet and convalescent patients regularly attend the religious exercises of the family, and a portion of them join in the vocal and instrumental music of the occasion ; a part of this number also attend church on the Sabbath, in company with the nurses and" attendants, and dine with the family. A regulated intercourse with the family and society is regarded as an important auxiliary in the means of cure, and on suitable occasions they are invited into the house, where par ties are made for their special amusement and benefit. John McLean, Esq., of Boston, an eminent merchant, who died in 1823, aged 64, bequeathed a large amount of property to this institution ; hence its name. See page 62. STATE LUNATIC HOSPITAL, Worcester. This hospital, established in 1832, is an institution honorable to the nature of man. It is a beautiful building, delightfully located, and admirably con ducted. Its plan and arrangements are so excellent as to render it a model for similar institutions in other states. This institution is a receptacle for all persons arraigned as criminals, but found to have committed the offences in a state of insanity ; of paupers, and of those who are so furiously mad as to render their continuance at large dangerous to the community. Although the worst cases of insanity are found here, yet experience has proved that there are very few cases of derangement which may not be ameliorated by the kindly influence of humane treatment. The number of patients committed to this hospital, since its foundation, to November 30, 1845, was 2,306 ; the number discharged, was 1,946, and the number recovered was 1,038. The number remaining was 360 ; the average number in the hospital was 316. The establishment can accommodate about 400 patients. The whole number of officers and attendants connected with the institution, including the superintendent, two assistant physicians, chaplain, steward, matron, supervisors and assistants, was seventy-five. 415 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. N Dr Samuel B. Woodward, a gentleman of great learning and experience, and under whose superintendence the hospital was conducted from its es tablishment to 1846, in his last report, says : " In my experience of six years as physician of a prison, and thirteen as superintendant of this hospital, I have seen many individuals who were broken off abruptly from all stimulat ing drinks, yet I do not think a single case of delirium tremens has occurred. " Alcohol is not the only narcotic which affects the brain and nervous system. Tobacco is a powerful narcotic agent, and its use is very deleterious to the nervous system, producing tremors, vertigo, faintness, palpitation of the heart, and other serious diseases. That tobacco certainly produces insanity, I am unable positively to observe ; but thai it produces a predispo sition to it, I am fully confident. Its influence upon the brain and nervous system generally, is hardly less obvious than that of alcohol, and if used excessively, is equally injurious. ' " The very general use of tobacco among young men at the present day, is alarming, and shows the ignorance and devotion of the devotees of this dangerous practice to one of the most virulent poisons of the vegetable world. The testimony of medical men, of the most respectable character, could be quoted, to any extent, to sustain these views of the deleterious influence of this dangerous narcotic." STATE PRISON. This institution was founded in 1800, and soon after located on a point of land in Charlestown, near East Cambridge, and which is connected with Canal bridge by a lateral bridge of 1,820 feet in length. After having struggled with many and great difficulties attendant on the establishment of an institution so entirely new, the state, by the agency of suitable men, have so placed it as to effect all the objects proposed, without any expense to the commonwealth. The number of commitments to this institution since the year it was opened, (1805,) to February 23, 1846, was 3,926 ; averaging about 96 a year. The largest numbers were committed in 1817, (161,) 1818, (151,) and in the year 1834, (141 ;) the smallest numbers were in 1806, (42,) 1807, f55,) and in 1831, (60.) V The number pardoned, during that period, was 460. The number com mitted for life, and pardoned by the governor and council, was 125. "The average period of imprisonment of convicts committed for life, and pardoned. was five years and nearly nine and a half months." The whole number of prisoners, September 30, 1845, was 287, of which number 103 were natives oi Massachusetts, 118 of other states in the Union, 18 Englishmen, 27 Irish men, and 21 from other countries. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 417 VOTES FOR GOVERNOR. Votes for the two prominent candidates for Governor, throughout the State of Massachusetts, from 1800 to the present time. In 1831 the Constitution ofthe State was amended ; the June session of the Legislature abolished, the time for electing a Governor was changed from April to November, and the commencement of the political year was altered from the last Wednesday in May to the first Wednesday in January. The names of the successful candidates are in the first column. In the years 1834, 1842, 1843, and 1846, the Governors were elected by the legisla ture, there being no choice by the people, the preceding years. Rateable Polls. — We give the rateable polls in the State at the six decennial valuations to show the comparative interest excited at the various elections. The number of rateable polls in the State, including Maine, in 1791, was 106,427; in 1801, 126,010; in 1811,167,770; in 1821, (without Maine,) 122,715; in 1831, 150,591 and in 1841, 185,908. Polls in Boston, see p. 41. 1800, Caleb Strong, . . . . 19,630. Elbridge Gerry, . . . 16,958. 1801. do. . . . 25,452. do. ... . 20,169. 1802. do. . . . 29,983. do. ... . 19,584. 1803. do. . . . 29,199. do. ... . 11,656. 1804. do. . 30,011. James Sullivan, . . . 21,979. 1805. do. . . . 35,204. do. ... . 33,250. 1806. do. . 36,433. do. . . . 36,031. 1807. James Sullivan, . . 41,954. Caleb Strong, . . . 39,224. 1808. do. . . . 41,193. Christopher Gore, . . 39,643. 1809. Christopher Gore, . 47,916. Levi Lincoln, . . . 45,118. 1810. Elbridge Gerry, . 46,541. Christopher Gore, . . . 44,272. 1811. do. . 43,328. do. ... . 40,142. 1812. Caleb Strong, . 52,696. Elbridge Gerry, . 51,396. 1813. do. . 56,754, Joseph B. Varnum, . 42,789. 1814. do. . 56,374. Samuel Dexter, . 45,953. 1815. do. . 50,921. do. . . . 43,938. 1816. John Brooks, . 49,578. do. . . . 47,384. 1817. do. . 46,160. Henry Dearborn, . . 38,129. 1818. do. . 39,533. B. W. Crowninshield, . 30,041. 1819. do. . 42,875. do. . 35,271. 1820. do. . 31,072. William Eustis, . . 21,927. 1821. do. . 28,608. do. . 20,608. 1822. do. . . 28,487. do. . . 21,177. 1823. William Eustis, . . 34,402. Harrison G. Otis, . . , 30,171. 1824. do. . . 38,650. Samuel Lothrop, . . . 34,210. 1825. Levi Lincoln, . . 35,221. All others, . . . . . 2,945. 1826. do. . . 27,884. do, ... . . 3,108. 1827. do. . . 29,029. do. ... . . 10,090. 1828. do. . . 27,981. do. ... . . 6,337. 418 VOTES FOR GOVERNOR IN BOSTON. 1829. Levi Lincoln, .... 25,217. 1830. do 30,908. 1831. do 24,448. 1832. do 28,804. 1833. do 33,946. 1834. John Davis, 25,149. 1835. do 43,757. 1836. Edward Everett, . . . 37,555. 1837. do 42,160. 1838. do 50,565. 1839. do 51,642. 1840. Marcus Morton, . . . 51,035. 1841. John Davis, 70,884. 1842. do 55,974. 1843. Marcus Morton, . . . 56,491. 1844. George N. Briggs, . . . 57,899. 1845. do. ... 69,570. 1846. do. ... 51,638. 1847. do. ... 54,818. All others, 9,986. Marcus Morton, . . . 14,440. do 12,694 Lothrop and Morton, . . 24,332 do. ... 29,952 J. Q. Adams & M. Morton, 33,767. Morton and Bayley, . . 28,843. Marcus Morton, . . 25,227 do. . . 35,992 do. . . 32.987 do. . . 41,795 Edward Everett, . . 51,034 Marcus Morton, . . 55,169 do. . . 51,367 George N. Briggs, . . 54,939 Marcus Morton, . . 54,242 George Bancroft, . . 54,714 Isaac Davis, . . . . 37,427 do. 33,119 VOTES FOR GOVERNOR, IN BOSTON. From the adoption of the Constitution in 1780 to the present time. Years. Voles Names of promi- Votes rec'd Years. Votes Names of promi- Votes rec'd given. nent Candidates. by each. given. nent Candidates. by each. 1780. 923. John Hancock, . . 858 1790. 765. John Hancock, . 739 James Bowdoin, . 64 James Bowdoin, 24 1781. 1011. John Hancock, . . 513 1791. 628. John Hancock, 543 James Bowdoin, . 440 Francis Dana, . 80 1782. 607. John Hancock, . . 598 1792. 721. John Hancock, . 689 James Bowdoin, 7 Francis Dana, . 31 1783. 859. John Hancock, . . 747 1793. 1176. John Hancock, . 1124 James Bowdoin, . 60 Elbridge Gerry, 34 1784. 571. John Hancock, . . 560 1794. 2302. Samuel Adams, 1400 James Bowdoin, . 10 William Cushing, 894 1785. 951. James Bowdoin, . 574 1795. 2043. Samuel Adams, 2008 Thomas Cushing . 337 William Cushing, 10 1786. 780. James Bowdoin, . 765 1796. 2464. Samuel Adams, 1614 John Hancock, . . 13 Increase Sumner, 848 1787. 1499. John Hancock, . . 775 1797. 1959. Increase Sumner, 1054 James Bowdoin, . 721 Moses Gill, . . 889 1788. 1437. John Hancock, . . 1427 1798. 1581. Increase Sumner, 1461 James Bowdoin, 5 James Sullivan, 103 1789. 1835. John Hancock, . . 1265 1799. 2452. Increase Sumner, 1904 James Bowdoin, . 569 William Heath, 546 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 419 le-VS. 1800.1801.1802. 1803. 1804. 1805.1806.1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811.1812.1813. 1814.1815. 1816.1817. 1818.1819.1820. 1821. 1822. 1823 Names of promi nent Candidates; Votes given. 3097. Caleb Strong, . Elbridge Gerry, 3929. Caleb Strong, . Elbridge Gerry, 3870. Caleb Strong, . Elbridge Gerry, 2745. Caleb Strong, . Elbridge Gerry, 2630. Caleb Strong, . James Sullivan, 3845. Caleb Strong, . James Sullivan, 4114. Caleb Strong, . James Sullivan, 5235. James Sullivan, Caleb Strong, . 4737. James Sullivan, Christopher Gore, 4945. Christopher Gore, Levi Lincoln, . 5288. Elbridge Gerry, Voles rec'd by each. 5015. . 1531 . 1555 . 1851 . 20782372 . 14981864 . 881 . 1980 650 2587 1253 2503 1605 2086 3149 211826102982 1952 2211 Christopher Gore, . 3076 5669. 4579. 5550. 4894. Elbridge Gerry, . 1879 Christopher Gore, . 3128 Caleb Strong, . . 3830 Elbridge Gerry, 1833 5069. Caleb Strong, . . 3571 Joseph B. Varnum, 1446 5120. Caleb Strong, . . 3557 Samuel Dexter, . 1557 Caleb Strong, . .3135 Samuel Dexter, . 1439 John Brooks, . . 3522 Samuel Dexter . . 2022 John Brooks, . . 3578 Henry Dearborn, . 1315 3747. John Brooks, . . 2999 B. W. Crowninshield, 744 5374. John Brooks, . . 3641 B. W. Crowninshield, 1744 5209. John Brooks, . ' . 3521 William Eustis, . 1682 4399. John Brooks, . . 3088 William Eustis, . 1303 4548. John Brooks, . . 3114 William Eustis, . 1421 5628. William Eustis, . 2728 Harrison G. Otis, . 2836 Years.1824.1825.1826. 1827. 1828. 1829.1830. 1831. 1832. 1833.1834. 1835.1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841.1842.1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. Votesgiven. 6418. 3043.3706. 4449.3756. 2800. 3953.3573. 4255. 5335. 5686. 8584. 6741. 7628. 7416. 8170. 8634. 11,58910,54810,831 11,27413,57810,241 9,380 Names of promi nent Candidates. Votes rec'd by each. William Eustis, . 3055 Samuel Lothrop, . 3352 Levi Lincoln, . . 2493 Marcus Morton, . 8 Levi Lincoln, . . 2249 Marcus Morton, . 11 Levi Lincoln, . . 2702 Marcus Morton, . 34 Levi Lincoln, . . 2943 Marcus Morton, . 531 Levi Lincoln, . . 2290 Marcus Morton, _. 392 Levi Lincoln, . . 3142 Marcus Morton, . 758 Levi Lincoln, . . 2840 Marcus Morton, . 640 Levi Lincoln, . . 3007 Marcus Morton, . 531 Levi Lincoln, . . 3236 Marcus Morion, . 1217 John Davis, . . . 2742 Marcus Morton, . 1233 John Davis, . . . 5590 Marcus Morton, . 1995 Edward Everett, . 4108 Marcus Morton, . 1989 Edward Everett, . 4689 Marcus Morton, . 2928 Edward Everett, . 5312 Marcus Morton, . 2060 Edward Everett, . 5141 Marcus Morton, . 2941 Marcus Morton, . 3702 Edward Everett, . 4906 . John Davis, . .7115 Marcus Morton, . 4397 John Davis, . . 5980 Marcus Morton, 4373 Marcus Morton, . 4619 John Davis, . . 5836 George N. Briggs, 6610 Marcus Morton, . 4222 . George N. Briggs, 8523 George Bancroft, 4540 . George N. Briggs, 55£.5 Isaac Davis, . .2213 George N. Briggs, 6159 Isaac Davis, . . 1826 420 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. Massachusetts is divided into ten districts for the choice of Representatives to Congress. The Representatives are elected by the people for the term of two years, on the basis of population. Each district elects one Representa tive from a continuous section of the state, according to the law of 1842, requiring one representative for every 70,680 inhabitants. NUMBER ONE. The City of Boston. NUMBER TWO. Beverly, Chelsea, Danvers, Essex, Gloucester, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynn, Lynnfield, Manchester, Marblehead, Maiden, Middleton, Medford, North Chelsea, Reading, Rockport, Salem, Saugus, South Reading, Stoneham, Topsfield, Wenham. NUMBER THREE. Amesbury, Andover, Boxford, Bradford, Georgetown, Haverhill, Methuen, Newbury, Newburyport, Rowley, Salisbury, and West Newbury, in Essex County; and Billerica, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Dracut, Dunstable, Groton, Lit tleton, Lowell, Tewksbury, Tyngstioro', Westford, and Wilmington, in the County of Middlesex. NUMBER FOUR. Acton, Ashby, Ashland, Bedford, Boxboro', Burlington, Cambridge, Charles town, Concord, Framingham, Hopkinton, Lexington, Lincoln, Marlboro', Pepperell, Shirley, Somerville, Stow, Sudbury, Townshend, Waltham, Wa tertown, Wayland, West Cambridge, Weston, and Woburn, in the County of Middlesex; and Berlin, Bolton, Boylston, Fitchburg, Harvard, Lancaster, Leominster, Lunenburg, Northboro', Shrewsbury, Southboro', Sterling and Westboro', in the County of Worcester. NUMBER FIVE. All the towns in Worcester County, except the thirteen attached to District Number Four, and Athol and Royalston, included in District Number Six. NUMBER SIX. Amherst, Belchertown, East-Hampton, Enfield, Granby, Greenwich, Had ley, Hatfield, Northampton, Pelham, Prescott, South Hadley, and Ware, in the County of Hampshire ; Brimfield, Holland, Longmeadow, Ludlow, Mon son, Palmer, Southwick, Springfield, Wales, Westfield, West Springfield, and Wilbraham, in the County of Hampden ; Bernardston, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Leverett, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, and Whately. in the County qf Franklin ; and Athol and Royaiston, in the County of Wr xster. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 4£>1 NUMBER SEVEN. The whole of Berkshire County; Ashfield, Buckland, Charlemont, Coleraine, Conway, Hawley, Heath, Leyden, Monroe, Rowe, and Shelburne, in Franklin County; Chesterfield, CJummington, Goshen, Middlefield, Norwich, Plainfield Southampton, Westhampton, Williamsburg, and Worthington, in Hampshire County; and Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, and Tol land, in the County of Hampden. NUMBER EIGHT. All the towns in Norfolk County ; Abington, North Bridgewater, Hing ham, and Hull, in the County of Plymouth; and Brighton, Holliston, Natick. Newton, and Sherburne, in the County qf Middlesex. NUMBER NINE. The towns in the County of Plymouth, excepting Abington, Hingham, Hull, North Bridgewater, Rochester, and Wareham; and all the towns in the County of Bristol, excepting Dartmouth, Fairhaven, and New Bedford. NUMBER TEN. The Counties of Barnstable, Nantucket, and Dukes ; and the towns of Dart mouth, Fairhaven, New Bedford, Rochester, and Wareham. For Valuation, Population, and the number of Polls in the several districts see Population and Town Tables. CANALS. MIDDLESEX CANAL. This Canal commences at Boston harbor, and passes in a northwesterl) direction through Charlestown and Medford, 5 miles from Boston ; Woburn, 10 Wilmington, 14, to Lowell, 27 miles, on the Merrimack River. It was incor porated in 1789, and completed 1808; cost, $528,000. Summit* level, 104 feet above tide water, and 32 above the Merrimack at Lowell. Breadth at the surface, 30 feet; at bottom, 20 ; depth of water, 3 feet. Lockage, 136 feet; 20 locks. This and other short canals on the Merrimack, open a navigable communication between Boston and Concord, the capital of New Hampshire. SOUTH HADLEY CANAL. Incorporated in 1792. This canal overcomes a fall at South Hadley, by a dam 1100 feet in length, 5 locks, and a. cut through solid rock, 40 feet in iepth, and 300 in length. MONTAGUE CANAL. This canal is in the town of Montague, on Connecticut River, 20 miles above Northampton, and was constructed for passing falls on that river. It 36 422 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. is 3 miles in length, with 75 feet lockage, and greatly promotes the naviga tion of the river. BLACKSTONE CANAL. This canal commences at Worcester, 40 miles W. by S. of Boston, and extends to Providence, R. I. Length, 45 miles. Completed in 1828. Cost, $600,000. Pall, from the summit at Worcester to tide water at Providence, 451-$j\f feet. 48 locks. This canal serves to divert the trade of the large, fertile and manufacturing county of Worcester, and its neighborhood, from Boston to the beautiful and flourishing city of Providence. By this canal, 45 miles, with Providence River to Newport, 75 ; and Long Island Sound, 152 ; Worcester is 227 miles from the city of New York. Before the completion of a railroad from Boston to Worcester, a ton of merchandize might be transported from Worcester to New York for 25 per cent, less than to Boston. FARMINGTON CANAL. This canal commences at New Haven, and passes through Hampden, Cheshire, Southington, Farmington, Simsbury, and Granby, to the Massa chusetts line at Southwick, 58 miles north of New Haven. From thence it passes through Westfield and Easthampton to Northampton, by the Hamp shire and Hampden Canal, 20 miles ; total length, 78 miles. The Connecticut part of the canal has 218 feet lockage, and a basin of 20 acres at New Haven. Completed in 1831, and cost $600,000. The great design of this canal is to place New Haven in a position to compete with Hartford, and other towns on the Connecticut River, for the valuable trade of the extensive, luxuriant, and highly cultivated valley of the Connecticut. RAILROADS. Before steam became a powerful agent in the transportation of persons and property, gjeat and laudable exertions were made by the citizens of Massa chusetts for the extension of their trade to the north and to the west, by the construction of turnpike roads and canals. But the elevated ridges of land which»lie between their capital city and the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Hudson rivers, proved insuperable obstacles to their success. The trade of the extensive valleys which these rivers drain, and of the vast country far beyond them, could not be diverted from its accustomed channels by any thing less than the magnificent power, which, setting at nought all animal strength, and outstripping the speed of the wind in its course, is destined to overcome the most difficult elevations, and plant its footsteps on the banks of every important lake and river in our country. While the Bostonians design to use their newly acquired agent in the pros ecution of their internal commerce, with all that zeal and perseverance which have distinguished them on the ocean and in foreign lands, in the RAILROADS. 423 same pursuit, no intelligent citizen among them will deny the just and hon orable claims of the citizens of New York, as their most powerful competitors. The magnitude and wealth of that beautiful city, the enterprise of its people, and us favorable location, renders it a durable mart of commerce, which no new mode of transportation can destroy, and which all modes will tend to reacn. The great basin, of which we shall presently speak, and the great commercial cities in Europe, are about as near to one of those cities as the other;— what New York gain3, in distance on the land, Boston gains a full equivalent on the sea. The following Table of the size of the vast bodies of water contained in the St. Lawrence basin, is taken from a Report of Douglas Houghton, Esq., State Geologist of Michigan : — "Waters. c c a c ¦5 ,c j cd" BP« S V H<^j © " ~S &% •=« ¦S& d § o Xi E . £ s rt Lake Superior, Green Bay, . . Lake Michigan, " Huron, . " St. Clair, " Erie, " Ontario, . St. Lawrence, . 400 80 900 596 100 20 500 578 320 70 1000 578 240 80 1000 578 20 18 20 570 240 40 84 565 180 35 500 232 — 20 32,000 2,000 22,400 20,400 360 9,600 6,300 940 "The basin ofthe St. Lawrence," Mr. Houghton says, " is truly a region of 'broad rivers and streams,' containing, it is estimated, an area of 400,000 square miles, of which 94,000 " (as per Table) " are covered with water. From the western extremity of Lake Superior to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the distance is about 1900 miles. These ocean-lakes have been estimated to contain 11,300 cubic miles of water — a quantity supposed to exceed more than half of all the fresh water on the face of the globe. Lakes Huron and Michigan, which have the deepest chasms, have been sounded to the amazing depth of 1800 feet, without discovering bottom." Lake Erie is the most southern and central of this unrivalled chain of navigable waters. An assemblage of such vast fresh water seas, the immense basin or coun try in which they are embodied, the great arteries which supply them, and the rapid increase of population, wealth and products within this basin, and which has become united to Massachusetts in its commercial operations by railroads, deserves a particular notice in a work of this kind. Around these inland seas, a cluster of powerful states and flourishing ter ritories are rapidly rising. The territory which they comprise embraces that 424 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. great area, extending from the lakes on the north, to Ohio on the south, and from the western confines of the state of New York to the upper Mississippi, containing 306,000 square miles. This area is twice as large as the kingdom of France, five times as extensive as the whole of England, and thirty-six times the area of Massachusetts : it contains 196,000,000 of acres of arable land, a large portion of which is of surpassing fertility. In 1800, this vast territory contained only 50,780 inhabitants ; but such has been its growth, that it now contains at least 3,500,000. Should its population continue to increase in the same ratio for ten years, it will double that of the whole United States in 1775. When this region becomes as thickly populated as old Massachusetts, it will contain near 30,000,000 souls. This broad area is intersected in numerous directions by streams, furnish ing ample means of conveyance ; while uncommon facilities for the construc tion of canals and railroads are afforded by the level and uniform character of its surface. This section of country probably possesses a greater aggregate power of production, than any other portion of equal extent on the globe. Its popula tion is made up almost exclusively of the young, the resolute, the vigorous, and the intelligent, who have gone from the more densely populated com munities in New England and the Middle States, to seat themselves around this chain of waters, and there to build up an empire. They have taken with them the laws, the habits, the language, and fhe institutions, civil and religious, of their parent states ; but, above all, they have carried into that vast field an honest love of labor, and in the very act of organizing their gov ernments, they manifest their willingness to exert and rely on their own energies, by prohibiting slavery forever throughout their limits. This group of inland states and territories has two outlets for its commerce to the ocean ; one by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, the other through the lakes, and the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. These outlets are so circuitous and difficult of navigation, even in seasons when unimpeded by ice or the lowness of the waters, that transportation by railroads, in a direct course, must supersede all other modes of conveyance between the Atlantic ocean, and lakes Erie and Ontario, the common depos its of this wide field of commercial operations. In the commerce of this western world New England cannot fail to partici pate to a great extent. Her extended and extending railroads to meet this trade, her wealth and enterprise, her immense amount of tonnage, her foreign and domestic commerce, her vast investments in manufactures, her fisheries, together with good markets for all kinds of western products, offer unrivalled advantages to her western brethren. Such is the preference of the western people for northern markets, that the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, have commenced systems of internal improvement, by canals and railroads, to meet the waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario, which will extend more than 2,500 miles, and at a cost, when completed, of nearly fiftv mil lions of dollars. RAILROADS. 425 BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. This road was commenced in the autumn of 1831, and was opened for travel on the 4th of July, 1835. It is 44 miles in length, and has a double track. (See RaUroad Table.) This road, although a distinct corporation. may be considered the eastern part of the WESTERN RAILROAD. The Western Railroad was chartered in 1833, and opened for travel from Worcester to Springfield, in 1839, and to the City of Albany, in 1842. The distances from Boston to Albany, on this road, are as follows : Brighton,Angiers Corner, . Newton,Needham, . Natick, . . Framingham,Hopkinton, . Southboro', Westboro', . Grafton, Worcester, Clappville, . Charlton, . Spencer, Miles. 57 9 2,2,4, 13 4,174,21 3,244,28 4,32 6,38 6,44 9,53 4,575,62 East Brookfield, South Brookfield, West Brookfield, Warren, . . . Palmer, . . . N. Wilbraham, . Wilbraham, . . Springfield, W. Springfield, , Westfield, . . . Russell, . . . . Chester Village, . Chester Factory, . Becket, . , Miles. 2,64 3, 67 2,69 . 4, 73 10,83 . 6,89 . 3,92 . 6,98 . 2, 100 . 8, 108 . 8, 116 . 3, 119 . 7, 126 . 9, 135 Washington, . Hinsdale, . . Dalton, . . . Pittsfield,Shaker Village, Richmond, . . State Line, . . Edwards, N. Y., Canaan, " E.Chatham,"Chatham, " Kinderhook, " Schodack, " Albany, " Miles. . 3, 138 , 5, 143 . 3, 146 . 5, 151 , 3, 154 5, 159 3, 162 2,164 3, 167 5, 172 5,1777, 184 8, 192 8,200 The distances from Albany to Buffalo, by railroads, are as follows : — Schenectady, 15 miles ; Utica, 93 ; Syracuse, 146 ; Auburn, 172 ; Geneva, 199; Rochester, 251; Batavia, 283, and to Buffalo, 321 miles. By the Erie Canal, the distance is 364 miles. From Albany to New York, by water, is 145 miles ; by stage, on the east side of the river, 154, and on the west side, 174 miles. From Albany to Whitehall, is 72 miles ; Tyconderoga, 96 ; Burlington, Vt., 154 ; St. Johns, in Canada, 229, La Prairie, (by railroad,) 245, and to Montreal, 254 miles. From Albany to Oswego, on Lake Ontario, via Syracuse, is 184 miles ; to Sackett's Harbor, by this route, is 229 ; and to Ogdensburg, 333 miles. From Albany to Saratoga Springs is 37 miles ; to Lake George, via the Springs and Glenn's Falls, is 64 miles ; to Trenton Falls, 100 ; and to the Catskill Moun tains, 46 miles. Distances from Buffalo, N.Y. to St. Louis, Mo., by Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Michigan, and the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers : — 36* 426 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Miles. Fort Gratiot, Mn. 72, 399 Thunder Bay, " 150, 549 Presque Isle, " 80, 629 Mackinaw, " 65, 694 Manitou, . " 103, 797 Mn.wAXiE,Wis. 150, 947 Racine, " 25, 972 Southport, « 13,985 From Mackinaw to the Falls of St. Maty, at the Outlet of Lake Superior, is about 100 miles ; to Copper Harbor, 200 ; and to Long Point, near the head of that lake, is about 400 miles. From Detroit, across the Peninsula of Michigan to Chicago is about 250 miles ;— making the distance from Buffalo to Chicago 577 miles, and to St. Louis 977 miles. Miles. Dunkirk, N. Y., . 45 Erie, . . Pa., 46, 91 Conneaut, " 30, 121 Ashtabula, Ohio, 14, 135 Grand River, " 30, 165 Cleveland, " 30, 195 Huron, . " 47, 242 Detroit, Mich., 85, 327 Miles. Chicago, IU., 57, 1042 Juliet, . " 40, 1082 Ottawa, ^ " 45, 1127 Peru, . " 16, 1143 Peoria, . " 69, 1212 Beardstown," 90, 1302 Alton, . " 118, 1420 Sr. Loi?is, Mo. , 22, 1442 Distances from Buffalo to St. Louis, by Lake Erie, the Ohio canal, and the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers : — Miles. O., by lake, . 195 " by canal, 307, 502 " by river, 54,556 « . ¦¦ . 66,622 " . » . 143, 765 » . « . 185, 950 Miles. Shawneetown, 111., . . . 70, 1020 Smithland, Ky., .... 51, 1071 Cairo, Ky., at the mouth of Ohio River, ...... 60,1131 St. Louis, Mo., . . . .183,1314 Cleveland, . Portsmouth,Maysville,Cincinnati,Louisville, Evansville, From St. Louis to New Orleans, down the Mississippi, is 1273 miles ; to St. Anthony's Falls, up that river, is 705 miles. From Portsmouth, up the Ohio, to Guyandot, Va., is 48 miles ; to Mari etta, Ohio, 175 ; to Wheeling, Va., 261 ; and to Pittsburg, Pa., 353 miles. From Toledo, on Sandusky Bay, on Lake Erie, 240 miles from Buffalo, to Cincinnati, by the Miami canal, is 217 miles. From Sandusky to Cincinnati, by railroads, is about the same distance. Thus a direct water communica tion is opened between the Ohio river and the Atlantic ; and passengers may pass between the "Queen city of the west," and Boston or New York, by steam conveyance, in less than three days. From Buffalo to Niagara Falls, by railroad, is 22 miles ; to Fort Niagara, 36 ; and to the mouth of the Welland Canal, on Lake Erie, across the lake, in Canada, is about 50 miles. This canal is 42 miles in length, and overcomes an elevation between Lakes Ontario,and Erie, of 334 feet. It is navigable for the largest lake vessels ; more than a thousand of which annually pass through it. This canal terminates at Port Dalhousie, on Lake Ontario, about 20 miles from the mouth of Niagara River; 40 from Toronto, 175 from Kingston, 150 from Oswego, 235 from Ogdensburg, 355 from Montreal, 535 from Quebec, and 900 miles from the ocean. — See page 45, and Railroad Table. RAILROADS. 427 BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILROAD. This road was incorporated on the 5th of June, 1830, and was opened for travel in June, 1835. Its length is 26 miles, and passes through Cambridge, Somerville, Medford, Woburn, Wilmington, Tewksbury, Billerica, to Lowell; from which a line of railroads extends to Nashua, N. H., 41 miles from Bos ton ; to Manchester, 59 ; and to Concord, the capital of New Hampshire, 76 miles. The Lowell and Nashua railroads have double tracks ; and, in com mon with all railroads in New England, are laid with heavy railroad iron, and constructed in the most substantial manner. — See page 44, and Railroad Table. This road is the commencement of a line of railroads from Boston to Mon treal, by the way of Concord and Haverhill, in New Hampshire, and Mont pelier and Burlington, in Vermont. The distance from Boston to Burling ton, by this route, is about 220 miles ; making the distance from Boston to Montreal, all the way by railroads, 310 miles ; or, by railroads and Lake Champlain, 320. — See Fitthburg Railrodd. A railroad is contemplated to pass from Haverhill to St. Johnsbury, Vt., from thence to the Canada line, and through the eastern townships to Mon treal. The distance is about the same as by the way of Burlington. Miles. Miles. • • 17J Dodgeville, . . . 324 • • 214 Perrin's Corner, . 35 . . 24 Seekonk, . . . 384 . . 26 Providence, R. I., 41 . . 31 boston and providence railroad. This road was incorporated in 1831, and opened for public use in June 1835. The distances on this road from Boston are as follows : — Miles. Roxbury, .... 2 Sharon, . Jamaica Plains, . . 34 Foxboro', Toll Gate,. ... 44 Mansfield, Dedham, Low Plain, 8J Toby's Corner, . Canton, .... 14 Attleboro', This road extends to Stonington, Ct., 88 miles from Boston. From Stoning ton we cross the Sound to Greenport, on Long Island, 28 miles ; from thence to New York, by railroad, is 94 miles, making the whole distance from Bos ton to New York, by this route, 210 miles. The distance from Providence to New York, by water, is as fol tows : — Newport 30 miles; Point Judith, 41; Stonington, 68; New London, 80; New Haven, 102 ; Bridgeport, 122 ; and New York, 182 ; — making the dis tance between Boston and New York, by the above railroad and Long Island Sound, 223 miles. — See Railroad Table, and page 44 TAUNTON AND NEW BEDFORD RAILROAD. This road leaves the Boston and Providence railroad at Mansfield, 24 miles from Boston ; it then passes through Norton, 28, and then to TaDnton, 428 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 35 miles. From Taunton it passes MyricVs, 42, and to New Bedford, 65 miles from Boston. From New Bedford to Wood's Hole, is 18 miles; Holmes' Hole, 26, Edgartown, 34 ; and to Nantucket, 62 miles. From Bos ton to Nantucket, by this route, is 117 miles. EASTERN RAILROAD. This road was opened for travel to Salem in 1839 ; to Portsmouth, N. H., in 1840, and to Portland, Me., in 1842. This road has branches to Glouces ter and Marblehead. Distances from Boston to Portland are as follows : — Miles. Lynn, 9 Salem, 14 Beverly, .... 16 Hamilton, ... 20 Ipswich, .... 25 Rowley, .... 29 Newburyport, . . 34 Salisbury, ... 36 Preparations are making for the extension of this and the Boston ani Maine lines of railroads to more distant sections in Blaine. The distance from Portland to Augusta is 54 miles ; to Bangor, 122 ; to Ellsworth, 135 ; to Machias, 205 ; to Eastport, 230 ; to St. John, N. B., 290, and to Halifax, N. S., 465 miles. — See Railroad Table, and page 44. Miles. - Miles. Seabrook, . N. H. , 40 South Berwick, Me., 67 Hampton Falls, " . 43 North Berwick, " . 72 Hampton, . . " . 44 Wells, . . . » . 76 North Hampton, . 46 Kennebunk, . " . 82 Greenland, . " . 49 Saco, . . . " . 91 Portsmouth, . " . 54 Scarborough, " . 99 Elliot,. . . Me. , 60 Portland, . " . 105 BOSTON AND MAINE RAILROAD. This road was opened for travel to Dover, N. H., in 1841, and in 1843 to South Berwick, in Maine, where it meets the Eastern Railroad. The dis tances from Boston, on this road, are as follows : — Miles. Miles. Miles. Somerville, . . 2 North Andover, . 26 Newmarket, N. H., 56 Maiden, . . . 5 Bradford, . . . 31 Durham, . . " 61 N. Maiden, . . 7 Haverhill, . 32 Madbury, . . " 63 S. Reading, . . 10 Plaistow, . N H., 37 Dover, ..." 66 Reading, . . . 12 Newtown, . . " 40 Somersworth, . " 69 Wilmington, . . 16 East Kingston, " 44 Berwick, . Me., 70 BJlardvala, . . 21 Exeter, . . . " 49 South Berwick, " 71 Andover, . . . 23 S. Newmarket, " 53 Portland, . . " 110 -See page 44, and Railroad Table. A branch qf this rqad gxten4s from the South parish in Andover, across the Merrimack, to Methuen. Length, about 4 miles. KAlLKlUtV. 429 NORWICH AND WOROKSTKK KAlUtOVP This road was opened for travel from Worcester to .Norwich, in 1S40. The distance from Boston to Norwich, by the Boston and Worcester, and Nor wich and Worcester railroads, is 103 miles ; to Allen's Point, by steamboat, 110; to New London, 118 ; to Greenport, on Long Island, across the Sound, is 138 miles, and to New York, by the Long Island Railroad, is i?32 miles. By steamboats, on Long Island Sound, from Allen's Point to New York, is 110 miles. — See Railroad Table. BERKSHIRE AND HOUSATONIC RAILROADS. These roads are connected to form a railroad communication between the Western Railroad, at the State Line, and Long Island Sound, at Bridgeport, Connecticut. Distances from West Stockbridge to Bridgeport : — Miles. Miles. Miles. Canaan, . . . Ct., 24 New Milford, Ct., 60 Bottsford, . . Ct., 81 Canaan Falls, . " 30 Brookfield, . « 66 Stepney, . " 86 Cornwall, . . « 36 Newtown, . " 76 Bridgeport, . « 96 Kent, . . . « 48 From Bridgeport to New York is 60 miles, making this route from Bostor to New York, 318 miles. From Albany to New York, by this route, is 194 miles. The Hudson and Berkshire railroad, extending from West Stockbridge to the City of Hudson, N. Y., was opened for travel 29th Sept., 1838. Length, 34 miles. From Hudson to New York, by water, is 116 miles. FITCHBURG RAILROAD. This, like the Boston and Lowell and Boston and Worcester Railroads, is the commencement of an important channel of communication between the waters of the great northern and western lakes and those of Massachusetts Bay, at Boston. It passes about 80 miles in Massachusetts ; through the southern section of New Hampshire ; across the State of Vermont ; and through the northern counties of the State of New York, to Ogdensburg, at the foot of all the great Lakes, on the River St. Lawrence. From Boston to Fitchburg is 49 miles ; to Keene, New Hampshire, by the Cheshire Railroad, 91 ; to Bellows Falls, 114 ; to Rutland, Vt., 166 ; to Bur lington, Vt., 226 ; to Port Kent, N. Y., across Lake Champlain, 236 ; and to Ogdensburg, 363 miles. Ogdensburg is a beautiful place, and admirably adapted as a storehouse for the vast trade of one of the largest and most productive regions in the 430 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. world, seeking an outlet for a market on the Atlantic borders, by a more direct and expeditious course than it at present pursues. Acts of incorporation have been granted by the several states for the con struction of this line of railroads, and laudable exertions are making by com panies and individuals for the accomplishment of this noble enterprise. See Boston and Lowell Railroad; page 44, and Railroad Table. CONNECTICUT RIVER RAILROAD. This road passes from Springfield to Greenfield, and is destined to extend up the Connecticut to meet the railroads from Boston, on their routes to the great northern and western waters. This road was opened from Springfield to Northampton, a distance of 17 miles, on the 13th of December, 1845, and from thence to Greenfield, 20 miles, in 1846. From Greenfield to Brattle boro', Vt., is 21 miles ; Bellows Falls, 45 ; Windsor, Vt., 70 ; Lebanon, N. H, 90 ; Haverhill, 125 ; Lancaster, 175 ; and to the Canada line, about 225 miles. HARTFORD AND SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. This road extends from Springfield to Longmeadow ; crosses the Connec ticut at Enfield, Ct., and passes through Windsor to Hartford, Ct., a distance of 25 miles. From Hartford to New Haven, by railroad, is 34 miles, and from thence to New York, per steamer, is 80 miles ; making the distance from Boston to New York, by this route, 237 miles. A railroad will soon be in operation between New Haven and New York, a distance of about eighty miles. From Hartford to Middletown is 15 miles, and to Saybrook, at the mouth of Connecticut river, 45 miles. OLD COLONY RAILROAD. This road was opened for travel on the 10th of November, 1845. The dis tances on this road from Boston, are as follows : Miles. Savin Hill, . . 24 Harrison Square, , 3 Neponset Village . 44 Quincy, . . .8 North Braintree, . 10 Miles. Miles • 114 Halifax, . . . . 28 ¦ Wi Plympton, . • 294 • 184 Kingston, . . . 321 . 20 ¦ 244 Plymouth, . 37 South Braintree, South Weymouth, Abington, . . South Abington, Hanson, . . . From Plymouth to Barnstable is 28 miles ; to Hyannis Port, on the south side of Cape Cod, 34 ; to Edgartown, on Martha's Vineyard, 56, and to Nan tucket, 63 miles. A branch of this road extends from South Abington depot, to the ancient town of Bridgewater, erroneously called South Bridgewater. Length about 6 miles. RAILROADS. 431 VERMONT AND MASSACHUSETTS RAILROAD. This is another branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, to meet the Connecticut River Railroad in a more direct line than by the Cheshire branch to Bellows Falls. It will extend to Greenfield and Northfield ; but its location between Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, was unsettled in Oct, 1846. PROVIDENCE AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. This road commences at Worcester, and passes through Millbury, Uxbridge and Blackstone, in Mass., and Smithfield, and North Providence, in R. I., to the City of Providence, a distance of about 45 miles. WORCESTER AND NASHUA RAILROAD. This road extends from Worcester to Nashua, N. H, a distance of 45 miles. It passes north through the towns of Holden, Lancaster, Harvard, Shirley, Groton and Pepperell, and meets the great northern railroad from Boston to Canada, at Nashua, N. H. PITTSFIELD AND NORTH ADAMS RAILROAD. This road leaves the Western Railroad about two miles east of the Pitts field depot, and passes up a branch of the Housatonic River, and down a branch of the Hoosic, through Lanesborough, Cheshire, and South Adams, to North Adams, a distance of 184 miles. This railroad was chartered in 1845, and is designed as the commencement of a long line of railroad communication, to be extended northerly, through Williamstown into Vermont, and through Bennington, Manchester, and Rut land, to Burlington ; passing along the entire valley of Western Vermont. At Rutland, this road will meet a railroad from Boston. — See Fitchburg Railroad. FALL RIVER RAILROAD. This new route from Boston to Narraganset Bay and New York, passes through Dorchester, Quincy and Braintree, by the Old Colony Railroad, a distance of 114 miles. It then passes through Randolph, North Bridgewater, West Bridgewater, Middleborough, and Berkley, to Fall River, a distance from Boston of 50 miles. From Fall River, it will proceed to Newport, R. I., by railroad, a distance of 17 miles. From Newport to Greenport, on Long Island, is 60 miles, and from thence to New York, by railroad, is 94 miles, making the distance from Boston to New York, by this route, 221 miles. From Newport to New York, by steamboat, is 152 miles. 432 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. WEST BROOKFIELD AND BARRE BRANCH OF THE WESTERN RAILROAD. This road will extend from the village of West Brookfield to the centre of the town of Barre. Length about 15 miles. LEXINGTON AND WEST CAMBRIDGE RAILROAD. This road leaves the Charlestown branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, near Fresh Pond, about four miles from Charlestown, and extends through West Cambridge, to Lexington, about 11 miles from Boston. Note. Most of our principal Railroads have branches connected with them ; but as those branches are generally mentioned in the descriptions of towns where they exist, they are not particularly noticed here. RAILROADS GRANTED IN 1846. At the sitting of the Legislature in 1846, a number of Railroads was granted ; about which all we can say, at present, is to mention their names, location, and probable length. They are as follow : — Adams and Bennington. — This is a link in the line of railroads from rhe Western Railroad to the valley of Western Vermont. It passes from North Adams, through Williamstown, to the line of Vermont. Length about 7 miles. — See Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad. Essex. — This road commences near the North River, in Salem, and passes through Danvers, Middleton, and North Andover, to Andover Bridge, and crosses the Merrimack to Methuen. Length about 20 miles. Newburyport. — From Newburyport to Georgetown, through Byfield Village. About 10 miles. South Shore. — Commencing at the Old Colony Railroad in Quincy, and passing through the northerly part of Braintree, by Weymouth Landing, and East Weymouth ; and through the towns of Hingham, Cohasset, Scituate, and Marshfield, to the town of Duxbury. Length, about 22 miles. Hanover Branch. — Extending from the Four Corners in Hanover, to meet the Old Colony Railroad in Abington. About 6 miles. Cape Cod Branch. — From some point of the Fall River Railroad, near the ifuui Coiners in Middleborough ; through that town, a corner of Rochester, and the westerly part of Wareham ; and from thence to a point near the Glass Works in Sandwich. Length, about 25 miles. Dorchester and Milton. This road commences at or near the depot of the Old Colony Railroad, at Neponset Village, in the town of Dorchester, and after running through the southeasterly part of that town, it crosses Neponset River, and passes through the northerly part of the town of Milton, and ter minates at or near the "Upper Mills." so called. Length about 3 miles. RAILROADS. 433 Walpole. — From the western termination of the Dedham branch railroad, in the town of Dedham, to the centre of the town of Walpole. Length about 9 miles. . Lancaster and Sterling Branch. — From the Fitchburg railroad in Acton, through the towns of Stow, Bolton, and Lancaster, to the town of Sterling ; or from Concord, through the towns of Acton, Sudbury, Stow, Marlboro', Bolton, Berlin, and Lancaster, to the said town of Sterling. Length, (from Acton to Sterling,) about 18 miles. Wrentham and Foxborough. — From the depot of the Boston and Providence Railroad, in Mansfield, through the towns of Foxborough, Wrentham, and Bellingham, to the line of Cumberland, in the State of Rhode Island, near the southeast corner of the town of Blackstone. About 15 miles. Bedford. — From near the centre village in Bedford to Lexington, to con nect with the West Cambridge and Lexington Railroad. About 6 miles. Watertown Branch. — From a point near the Bemis Factory, in Watertown, and from thence running on the northerly side of Charles River, through or near the village of Watertown, to some point of junction with the Fresh Pond aranch of the Charlestown Branch Railroad, on the easterly side of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge. Length about 2 miles. Framingham Branch. — This road commences in or near the centre village in Framingham ; from thence it passes easterly near Saxonville, and from thence, through Sudbury, Wayland, and Weston, to a point on the Fitchburg Railroad, in the said town of Weston. Length, about 12 miles. Lomell and Andover. — From the city of Lowell, through the town of Tewks bury, to some point on the Boston q,nd Maine Branch Railroad to Methuen. About 9 miles. Boston and Providence Branch. — From Attleboro' to the line of the State of Rhode Island, in the said town of Attleboro', — 6 miles. Mount Holyoke. — From the village of Hockanum, in the town of Hadley, through South Hadley, and a part of Springfield, to some point on the Con necticut River Railroad at or near Willimanset, in said Springfield. Distance, about 9 miles. Peterborough and Shirley. — Along the Squannacook and Nashua Rivers in Townsend, Groton and Shirley; from Townsend Harbor, so called, in Townsend, to the Fitchburg Railroad, in Shirley. About 9 miles. Chelsea Branch. — From a point at or near the Eastern Railroad in Chelsea, .0 the Boston arid Maine Railroad, in Maiden ; a distance of about 3 miles. CC?" For a full account of Railroads, in this and other states, see Hay- ward's Book of Reference. 37 434 ll.ULBOAD TABLJS. fl Cfl l Tl a P 1= ^J -fl CJ ¦ii C fl. M Tl o a 1 Prt -fl o 6(1 Ph JS 13 ¦^ fl O £ ft CJ ,P -. ja a> n-t 17)rt rfl bo ¦a g U. o ti P w c53 flOtoL. 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